Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.15 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 4294 712084 675659 2026-08-15T06:26:22Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 712084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = pink | name = Soang | image = Swans.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = [[Soang Bodas]] jeung anakna | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[unggas|Aves]] | ordo = [[Anseriformes]] | familia = [[Anatidae]] | subfamilia = [[Anserinae]] | genus = '''''Cygnus''''' | subdivision_ranks = Genera/Spésiés | subdivision = '''''Cygnus''''' <small> [[Johann Matthäus Bechstein|Bechstein]] [[1803]]</small> :''[[Cygnus cygnus]]'' :''[[Cygnus buccinator]]'' :''[[Cygnus columbianus]]'' :''[[Cygnus bewickii]]'' :''[[Cygnus atratus]]'' :''[[Cygnus atratus sumnerensis]]'' :''[[Cygnus melancoryphus]]'' :''[[Cygnus olor]]'' :''[[Cygnus sumnerensis]]'' '''''Coscoroba''''' <small> [[Ludwig Reichenbach|Reichenbach]] [[1853]]</small> :''[[Coscoroba coscoroba]]'' }} '''Soang''' téh [[unggas]] cai gedé ti [[kulawarga (biologi)|kulawarga]] [[Anatidae]], nu ogé ngawengku '''soang''' jeung [[meri]]. Soang dikelompokkeun kana golongan sosoangan dina [[subfamily]] [[Anserinae]].<ref>Gul, Sema. 2007. ''Hewan Peliharaan''. Jakarta: Yudhistira</ref> == Rupa-rupa Soang == === Soang Cina === Soang Cina nyaéta soang-soang nu asalna ti Cina Daratan. Méh sakabéh soang nu aya di Indonésia mangrupa rupa soang Cina. Soang Cina resep cicing dijukut. Soang Cina ogé bakal gedé kalawan gancang. Dagingna leuwih poék sarta lemakna saeutik ti batan soang séjén. Ngan hanjakalna Soang ieu teu tahan ka panyakit batan soang séjén.<ref name=":0">Santa, M.P. 2005. ''Seri Life Skill: Beternak Angsa''. Jakarta: Musi Perkasa Utama</ref> === Soang Aprika === Soang nu mirip Soang Cina bédana awakna leuwih gedé ti batan Soang Cina. Dagingna leuwih ngeunah ti batan Soang Cina. === Soang Embden === Soang Emden warnana bodas mulus. Anak Soang beuratna bisa nepi 6&nbsp;kg dina waktu 10 minggu.<ref name=":0" /> === Soang Tolouse === Disebut-sebut salaku soang nu awakna pangbadagna kalawan ciri-cirina boga bulu tonggong warna gurat bodas sarta dadana warna bodas.<ref name=":0" /> == Rujukan == * ''[[:en:Swan|Swan]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris (4 Juli 2006) {{reflist}} == Tumbu kaluar == {{commons|Category:Cygnus}} * [http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/familia.phtml?idFamilia=27 Vidéo soang] ti ''Internet Bird Collection'' * [http://www.swanuk.org.uk/ The Swan Sanctuary Shepperton, England]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Anatidae]] [[Kategori:Sato ingon]] [[Kategori:Aves]] sudf74sxwp9lbv52ie3brtmmfnfgvr7 0 23947 712065 705266 2026-08-15T01:28:41Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 712065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Cau | image_width = 250px | image = Luxor, Banana Island, Banana Tree, Egypt, Oct 2004.jpg | image_caption = Tangkal cau | regnum = [[Tutuwuhan|Plantae]] | divisio = [[Tutuwuhan kembangan|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Liliopsida]] | ordo = [[Zingiberales]] | familia = [[Musaceae]] | genus = ''[[Musa (Musaceae)|Musa]]'' | subdivision_ranks = Spésiés | subdivision = Tina hibrid; aos di handap }} '''Cau''' ''musa paradisiaca'' téh ngaran umum pikeun tutuwuhan [[herbaceous]] ti [[genus]] ''[[Musa (Musaceae)|Musa]]'', ogé pikeun nyebut [[buah]]na. Ieu tutuwuhan téh pituin ti wewengkon [[tropis]] [[Asia Tenggara]], tapi kiwari geus dibudidayakeun ampir di sakabéh wewengkon tropis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nelson|first=Scot. C|date=2006|title=Musa species (banana and plantain)|url=http://agroforestry.net/images/pdfs/Musa-banana-plantain.pdf|journal=Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry}}</ref><ref name=“Cau”>{{Cite book | title =9 Buah & Sayur Sakti Tangkal Penyakit| first =Agus | last =Suwanto| publisher =Kanisius| location =Jakarta| year =2010| pages =8|ISBN=9789792125597|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=7jWhWiW_7YEC&pg=PT64&dq=tangkal+sunda&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiFvJjz3uXpAhXGH7cAHWfLCn8Q6AEIUzAF#v=onepage&q=tangkal%20sunda&f=false|accessdate=(disungsi – 3 Juni 2020)}}</ref> Dina masing-masing wewengkon cau gaduh ngaran has sorangan, diantarana: ''gadang'' atawa ''gedhang'' ([[Jawa|Jawa]]), ''biyu'' ([[ Bali|Bali]]), ''punti'' ([[Lampung|Lampung]]), ''unti'' ([[Basa Bugis|Bugis]]), ''koyo'' ([[Basa Ternate|Ternate]]), ''kula'' ([[Basa Banda|Banda]]), ''uri'' (Ambon), jeung ''tema'' (Pulo Seram).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Crawfurd|first=John|date=2017|title=Sejarah Kepulauan Nusantara: Kajian Budaya, Agama, Politik, Hukum dan Ekonomi|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=Penerbit Ombak|isbn=9786022584698|volume=1|pages=299|translator-last=Zara|translator-first=Muhammad Yuanda|url-status=live}}</ref> Cau téh anggota [[kulawarga (biologi)|kulawarga]] [[Musaceae]]. Sacara tradisional dipelak pikeun diala [[buah]] jeung [[daun]]na, laju ka dieunakeun diala ogé seratna sarta dipelak pikeun hiasan. Gebogna (''pseudostem'') nu jangkungna bisa nepi ka 2–8 m, sarta panjang [[daun]]na nepi ka 3,5 m. Buah cau ngaranggeuy dina bentuk sisir (20-an) dina turuyna (3-20 sisir), beuratna bisa nepi ka puluhan kilo (30–50&nbsp;kg). Beurat [[buah]]na rata-rata 125 gram, nu 75%-na mah cai. Buah cau euyeub ku [[vitamin A]], [[Vitamin B6|B6]], [[Vitamin C|C]], jeung [[kalium]]. Pikeun melak cau, salah sahiji kondisi taneuh anu kedah diperhatoskeun adalah nilai pH taneuh. Kaayaan pH anu optimal pikeun melak cau nyaéta antara pH 5,5 nepi ka 6,5. Pangusaha cau kedahna nganggo [https://www.hargaphmeter.com/2019/10/ady-lab-harga-ph-meter-tanah-aplikasi-fungsi-ph-meter-tanah-portable.html pH meter tanah] pikeun ngukur pH tanéh lahan anjeunna janten leres pangukuranana. Kiwari, cau dipelak di 132 nagara, panglobana dibanding bungbuahan séjénna. Lian ti didahar langsung, cau ogé sok dijieun salé jeung kiripikna. Di pasar internasional, cau paling loba diékspor ka [[Amérika Serikat|AS]] jeung [[Éropah|Uni Éropah]]. Cau (''musa sp.'') dibédakeun kana tilu rupa : # ''Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum (banana)'' : cau anu bisa langsung ''dikonsumsi'' di mana geus kolot tur asak, saperti [[cau ambon]], [[cau lumut]], [[cau raja]], [[cau barangan]], jeung sajabana # ''Musa paradisiaca forma typica (plaintain)'' : cau anu kudu diasakan heula saméméh dikonsumsi, saperti [[cau nangka]], [[cau kapas]], [[cau tanduk]], [[cau kepok]], jeung sajabana # ''Musa brachycarpa'' : cau anu di jerona mibanda siki, saperti [[cau manggala]] atawa cau kulutuk.<ref name="Setiawan">{{Cite book | title = Atlas tumbuhan obat Indonesia, Volume 3| last = Dalimartha| first = Setiawan | publisher = Niaga Swadaya | location = [[Jakarta]] | year = 2008|isbn=979-3235-73-x}}</ref> [[Kolé]][[Kolé|Cau Kolé]][[Kolé|Cau Kolé]] [[Kolé|Cau Kolé]] == Rupa-rupa cau di Tatar Sunda == {|style="border:1px solid #fffff" |- | * [[Cau ambon]] * [[Cau apu]] * [[Cau badak]] * [[Cau bangkawulu]] * [[cau bant]]éng | * [[cau beuleu]]m * [[Cau beusi]] * [[Cau buhaya]] * [[Cau cere|cau céré]] * [[Cau emas]] | * [[Cau gading]] * [[Cau hurang]] * [[Cau kapas]] * [[Cau kepok]] * [[Cau manggala|Cau kulutuk]] | * [[Cau limpung]] * [[Cau muli]] * [[Cau nangka]] * [[Cau raja bulu]] * [[Cau susu]] | * Cau [[Kolé]] * [[Cau abaka]] |- |} == Ékonomi == Cau salah sahiji buah anu pangseueurna diproduksi di Indonesia. Nurut data ti Badan Pusat Statistik taun 2016, [https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2016/11/17/pisang-buah-paling-banyak-diproduksi-di-indonesia buah pangseueurna diproduksi di Indonésia per taun 2015] nyaéta: * Pisang: 7,3 juta ton * Mangga; 2,2 juta ton * Jeruk: 1,7 juta ton * Nanas: 1,7 juta ton * Durian: 995,8 ribu ton == Galeri == <gallery> Image:Bananas.jpg|Cau 'cavendish' di toko grosir Image:Banane Rose.JPG|Sababaraha kultivar cau robah kelirna henteu jadi konéng, tapi kalah jadi bungur atawa beureum. Image:Bananas on countertop.JPG|Cau dijual dina potongan sisir nu teu weuteuh. </gallery> == Rujukan == <div class="references-small"> <references /> * Wikipédia basa Inggris. ''[[:en:Banana|Banana]]''. Dicutat 20 Séptémber 2007. * FAO. [http://www.fao.org/es/esc/en/20953/20987/highlight_28367en.html Bananas Commodity notes: Final results of the 2003 season] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060106225055/http://www.fao.org/es/ESC/en/20953/20987/highlight_28367en.html |date=2006-01-06 }}, 2004 * Denham, T., Haberle, S. G., Lentfer, C., Fullagar, R., Field, J., Porch, N., Therin, M., Winsborough B., and Golson, J. Multi-disciplinary Evidence for the Origins of Agriculture from 6950-6440 Cal BP at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of New Guinéa. ''Science'', June 2003 issue. * Skidmore, T., Smith, P. - ''Modern Latin America'' (5th edition), (2001) New York: Oxford University Press) * {{cite journal | author=Editors | title=Banana fiber rugs | journal=[[Dwell (magazine)|Dwell]] | year=2006 | volume=6 | issue=7 | pages= 44}} Brief mention of banana fibre rugs * {{cite journal | author=Leibling, Robert W. and Pepperdine, Donna | title=Natural remedies of Arabia | journal=[[Saudi Aramco World]] | year=2006 | volume=57 | issue=5 | pages= 14}} Banana etymology, banana flour </div> == Tumbu kaluar == {{Commons|Banana}} * [http://www.nutritiondata.com/facts-B00001-01c20Tm.html Complete nutritional information.] * [http://www.iita.org/cms/details/banana_plantain_details.aspx?newsid=268&zoneid=66&activity=Banana%20and%20plantain%20systems&a=184 Banana research at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921132217/http://iita.org/cms/details/banana_plantain_details.aspx?newsid=268&zoneid=66&activity=Banana%20and%20plantain%20systems&a=184 |date=2010-09-21 }} * [http://www.inibap.org/ International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP)] * [http://www.bananas.org/ International Banana Society (IBS)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225044141/http://www.bananas.org/ |date=2011-02-25 }} * [http://www.honduras.com/fhia/banana.htm Honduran Foundation of Agricultural Research: Bananas & Plantains] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011031729/http://www.honduras.com/fhia/banana.htm |date=2011-10-11 }} * [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/banana.html Banana from ''Fruits of Warm Climates'' by Julia Morton] * [http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/banana.html Banana Fruit Facts - California Rare Fruit Growers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017075339/http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/banana.html |date=2020-10-17 }}. * [http://www.pacificbiological.org.au/projects/PBF_02_3/pbf_02_3.htm Tracing antiquity of banana cultivation in Papua New Guinea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051018030537/http://www.pacificbiological.org.au/projects/PBF_02_3/pbf_02_3.htm |date=2005-10-18 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2664373.stm Bananas could split for good] * [http://www.fao.org/english/newsroom/news/2003/13120-en.html Bananas not on verge of extinction, says FAO] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050829070721/http://www.fao.org/english/newsroom/news/2003/13120-en.html |date=2005-08-29 }}. * [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2003-02/aps-ppu021403.php Plant pathologists unpeel rumors of banana extinction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070126100813/http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2003-02/aps-ppu021403.php |date=2007-01-26 }} * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8044524&dopt=Abstract The influence of banana stem extract on urinary risk factors for stones] * [http://www.kougei.or.jp/english/crafts/0130/f0130.html Weaving Kijoka Banana Fiber Cloth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104231743/http://www.kougei.or.jp/english/crafts/0130/f0130.html |date=2006-11-04 }} * [http://www.bananamuseum.com/ Washington Banana Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925035241/http://www.bananamuseum.com/ |date=2007-09-25 }} <small>(loba pisan gambarna, boh poto antik atawa iklan)</small> * [http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph7.htm#banana Anatomy of Banana Flowers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014011027/http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph7.htm#banana |date=2007-10-14 }} * [http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9152.html A future with no bananas? From New Scientist, 13 May 2006] * [http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2006/1000285/index.html Concern at vanishing bananas, FAO urges search for wild banana species, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 3 May 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019053324/http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2006/1000285/index.html |date=19 October 2007 }} * [http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=18328&Cr=banana&Cr1 Banana, spread from India by Alexander the Great, threatened on home turf – UN News center, 3 May 2006] * [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/04/05/BUGF75VU791.DTL Without a genetic fix, the banana may be history, by David Ewing Duncan, the San Francisco Chronicle, April 5, 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031101807/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/04/05/BUGF75VU791.DTL |date=October 31, 2007 }} *[https://homeguides.sfgate.com/ph-requirements-growing-bananas-30130.html Soil pH requirements for growing banana] {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Musaceae]] [[Kategori:Bungbuahan]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan tropis]] fh88tk565kdojjcq1q5xfg8aibni51y 0 24270 712086 711638 2026-08-15T07:16:41Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 712086 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Téléphone Gower Bell CNAM-IMG 0564.jpg|thumb|Salinan gambar telepon asli jieunan [[Alexander Graham Bell]] di ''[[Musée des Arts et Métiers]]'' di Paris]] '''Telekomunikasi''' nyaéta [[pangiriman (telekomunikasi)|pangiriman]] [[sinyal (teknik listrik)|sinyal]] dina sahiji jarak pikeun tujuan [[komunikasi]]. Dina jaman baheula, telekomunikasi bisa ngalibetkeun digunakeunnana [[sinyal haseup]], [[kendang]], [[semafor]] atawa [[héliograf]]. Dina jaman modéren, prosés ieu ngalibatkeun pangiriman [[radiasi éléktromagnétik|gelombang éléktromagnétik]] ku cara ku jalan pamancar éléktronik. Kiwari, telekomunikasi sumebar sarta alat-alat anu ngabantuna, saperti [[télévisi]], [[radio]] [[siaran]] jeung [[telepon]], geus mangrupa hal anu lumrah di sakuliah dunya. Aya ogé jaringan anu ngahubungkeun alat-alat ieu, kaasup [[jaringan komputer]], [[jaringan telepon umum]], [[jaringan radio]] jeung [[télévisi]]. Komunikasi komputer dina [[Internet]] mangrupa salah sahiji conto telekomunikasi. Sistim telekomunikasi umumna didesain ku '''insinyur telekomunikasi'''. Para panimu dina widang ieu kaasup [[Aléxander Graham Béll]], [[Gugliélmo Marconi]] jeung [[John Logie Baird]]. Telekomunikasi mangrupa bagian penting ékonomi dunya. == Konsep utama == {| style="float:right; margin:1em 1em 1em 1em; width:25em; border: 1px solid #a0a0a0; padding: 10px; background-color: #F5F5F5; text-align:left;" |- style="text-align:center;" |'''Étimologi''' |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |Kecap ''telekomunikasi'' diadaptasi tina bahasa Perancis ''télécommunication''. Ieu mangrupa kecap majemuk tina prefiks Yunani ''tele-'' (τηλε-), nu ngandung harti 'jauh', jeung kecap bahasa Laten ''communicare'', nu hartina 'méré atawa ngabagi'. |} === Unsur-unsur dasar === Tiap sistem telekomunikasi ngandung tilu unsur dasar: * [[pamancar]] anu mawa [[informasi]] jeung ngarobahna kana sahiji [[sinyal (téknik listrik)|sinyal]]; * [[médiyum rambatan]] tempat di mana sinyal dirambatkeun; * [[(radio) panarima|panarima]] anu narima sinyal jeung ngarobahna deui jadi informasi anu bisa digunakeun. Minangka conto, titénan sahiji siaran radio! [[Tihang jeung munara|munara siaran]] mangrupa pamancar, [[radio]] mangrupa panarima ari midiyeum rambatannana nyaéta [[rohangan bébas]]. Sistem telekomunikasi mindeng ogé mangrupa sistem saarah. Bisa ogé sahiji alat tunggal mangrupa sahiji pamancar sakaligus panarima, alat kasebut katelah ''transceiver''. Contona, sahiji [[telepon sélulér]] mangrupa sahiji alat [[transceiver]].<ref name="stallings-intro">{{cite book | last = Haykin | first = Simon | edition= 4th edition | title = Communication Systems | url = https://archive.org/details/communicationssy00simo | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2001 | pages = pp 1-3 | id = ISBN 0-471-17869-1 }}</ref> Telekomunikasi ku jalan sambungan kawat disebut [[komunikasi titik-ka-titik (telekomunikasi)|komunikasi titik-ka-titik]] lantaran kajadiannana antara hiji pamancar jeung hiji panarima. Telekomunikasi ku jalan pamancaran gelombang radio disebut [[broadcasting|siaran]] atawa komunikasi [[komunikasi hiji titik-ka-loba titik (telekomunikasi)|hiji titik-ka-loba titik)]] lantaran kajadiannana antara sahiji pamancar anu gedé dayana jeung panarima anu leuwih ti hiji.<ref name="stallings-intro" /> ==== Analog atawa digital ==== Sinyal bisa ngawujud sinyal [[Sinyal analog|analog]] atawa [[digital]]. Dina sahiji sinyal analog, sinyal téh terus robah-robah gumantung kana informasi anu dibawana. Dina sahiji sinyal digital, informasi dirobah kana kode nyaéta kumpulan niléy-niléy anu diskrit (contona niléy 1 jeung niléy 0). Salila ngarambat, informasi anu dikandung dina sinyal analog bakal karuksak / kaganggu ku nois / gangguan. Sabalikna, lamun gangguan henteu ku jalan sahiji ambang wates, informasi anu dikandung dina sinyal digital bakal tetep henteu ruksak. Hal ieu ngagambarkeun kaleuwihan utama sinyal digital dibanding sinyal analog.<ref>{{cite book | last = Ambardar | first = Ashok | edition= 2nd edition | title = Analog and Digital Signal Processing | url = https://archive.org/details/analogdigitalsig00amba | publisher = Brooks/Cole Publishing Company | year = 1999 | pages = pp 1-2 | id = ISBN 0-534-95409-X }}</ref> ==== Jaringan ==== Sakumpulan pamancar, panarima atawa transcéiver anu saling ngalakukeun komunikasi katelah minangka [[jaringan telekomunikasi|jaringan]]. Jaringan digital bisa ngandung hiji atawa leuwih [[ruter]] anu nganteurkeun data ka pangguna anu sabenerna kudu dituju. Sahiji jaringan analog bisa ngandung hiji atawa leuwih [[suwits telepon|suwits]] anu ngawangun sahiji sambungan antara dua pangguna atawa leuwih. Pikeun kadua jinis jaringan kasebut, [[ripiter]] bisa waé diperlukeun pikeun ngagedékeun atawa nyiptakeun deui sinyal waktu keur dirambatkeun dina jarak anu jauh. Hal ieu pikeun ngalawan [[aténuasi]] atawa pelemahan nu bisa ngajadikeun sinyal ngalelep teu bisa dibédakeun tina [[nois]] atawa gangguan. ==== ''Channel'' ==== Sahiji ''[[channel (komunikasi)|channel]]'' mangrupa bagian tina midiyeum rambatan. Pambagian midiyeum kana sababaraha ''channel'' ngajadikeun midiyeum kasebut bisa digunakeun pikeun ngirim leuwih ti hiji aliran informasi. Minangka conto, hiji stasiun pamancar gelombang radio bisa mancarkeun gelombang radio dina 96&nbsp;MHz samentara stasiun pamancar radio liana bisa mancar dina frékuensi 94.5&nbsp;MHz. Dina ha lieu, midiyeum kasebut geus dibagi kana dua ''channel'' sarta tiap ''channel'' narima frékuensi anu béda. ==== Modulasi ==== {{utama|Modulasi}} Dina téknik telekomunikasi, kecap [[modulasi]] boga harti anu cukup panjang pikeun ngajelaskeunnana. Sacara saderhana kecap "modulasi" bisa ditarjamahkeun "numpang". Gambaran ngeunaan modulasi bisa dianalogikeun jeung kajadian jiga kieu: lamun urang hayang indit ka sahiji tempat anu jauh, urang kudu numpang kandaraan. Sinyal informasi, mangrupa [[sora]], [[gambar]] jeung [[data]], ogé sarua; sangkan bisa dikirim ka tempat anu jauh, sinyal informasi kudu ditumpangkeun kana sahiji sinyal lianna. Dina kontéks radio siaran, sinyal informasi anu numpang nyaéta sora, ari kandaraannana disebut sinyal pangangkut ([[carrier]]). Ku cara kitu, sora manusa (anu ngan bisa kadenge dina rohangan anu ngandung hawa atawa matrial lanna tur jarakna kawates) bisa nepi ka stasiun angkasa luar ku jalan [[rohangan bébas]]. [[Gambar:amfm3.gif|thumb|right|200px|Conto sinyal sora (gambar luhur) ngarobah amplitudo sahiji gelombang radio (tengah/disebut gelombang AM) atawa ngarobah frekuensi (handap/disebut gelombang FM.]]Ditilik tina sinyal informasi anu diangkut, aya loba cara pikeun numpangkeun téh. Cara numpangkeun manusa pasti béda jeung cara numpangkeun pakét barang atawa surat (layang). Hal sarupa ogé lumaku pikeun cara numpangkeun informasi; cara numpangkeun sora bakal béda jeung cara numpangkeun gambar, [[film]] atawa informasi séjénna. Cara numpangkeun sinyal analog ogé béda jeung cara numpangkeun sinyal digital. Ditilik tina kandaran pangangkut, cara ngangkut kapal udara bakal béda jeung cara ngangkut mobil, beus, treuk, kapal laut, parahu atawa kuda. Hal sarupa lumaku pikeun sinyal pangangkut (carrier). Aya carrier anu robah-robah [[amplitudo]]na waktu ngangkut sinyal informasi (disebut modulasi amplitudo / AM), aya ogé carrier anu robah-robah [[frékuénsi]]na waktu ngangkut sinyal informasi (disebut modulasi frékuénsi/ FM). Ngeunaan carrir, carrier nyaéta gelombang radio anu miboga frékuensi leuwih gancang ti batan sinyal informasi. Béda jeung sinyal sora anu miboga frékuénsi ngaragam / variable (bisa robah-robah) dina kisaran 20&nbsp;Hz tepi ka 20&nbsp;kHz, sinyal carrier mah ditetepkeun dina sahiji frékuénsi baé lantaran frékuénsi mangrupa sumber daya alam anu kawates. == Sajarah Telekomunikasi == === Sajarah Telekomunikasi di Dunya === ==== Telekomunikasi baheula ==== [[Gambar:OptischerTelegraf.jpg|160px|thumb|Sahiji replika tina munara-munara semafor boga Chappe.]] Wangun-wangun awal telekomunikasi di antarana [[sinyal haseup]] jeung [[drum (communication)|bedug]]. Bedug digunakeun ku bangsa-bangsa asli di [[Afrika]], [[Gini Anyar]] jeung [[Amerika Kidul]] ari sinyal-sinyal haseup digunakeun ku bangsa-bangsa asli [[Amerika Kaler]] sarta [[Cina]]. Sistim telekomunikasi ieu sering digunakeun leuwih ti sakadar ngumumkeun ayana kemah.<ref>[http://www.inquiry.net/outdoor/native/sign/smoke-signal.htm Native American Smoke Signals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729192037/http://www.inquiry.net/outdoor/native/sign/smoke-signal.htm |date=2019-07-29 }}, William Tomkins, 2005.</ref><ref>[http://www.si.umich.edu/chico/instrument/pages/tlkdrum_gnrl.html Talking Drums] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060910172613/http://www.si.umich.edu/chico/instrument/pages/tlkdrum_gnrl.html |date=2006-09-10 }}, Instrument Encyclopedia, Cultural Heritage for Community Outreach, 1996.</ref> Dina abad-abad pertengahan, jajaran-jajaran [[beacon|munara cahaya]] umum digunakeun di puncak-puncak pasir (bukit) minangka alat pikeun ngarambatkeun sahiji sinyal. Jajaran-jajaran munara cahaya boga kakurangan nyaéta munara-munara kasebut ngan ngarambatkeun sa siki informasi, sahingga harti pesen saperti "Musuh geus katingali" kudu dimupakatan heula. Hiji conto kagunaanna anu kasohor nyaéta dina jaman [[Armada Spanyol]], mangsa sajajaran munara cahaya ngarambatkeun sahiji sinyal ti [[Plymouth]] ka [[London]].<ref>David Ross, [http://www.britainexpress.com/History/tudor/armada.htm The Spanish Armada], Britain Express, accessed October 2007.</ref> Dina taun 1792, [[Claude Chappe]], saurang insinyur Perancis, telegrafi gambar munggaran sistem telegraf visual (atawa [[semafor]]) antara [[Lille]] jeung [[Paris]].<ref>[http://chappe.ec-lyon.fr/ Les Télégraphes Chappe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317051817/http://chappe.ec-lyon.fr/ |date=2011-03-17 }}, Cédrick Chatenet, l'Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 2003.</ref> Sanajan kitu, semafor ngabogaan kakurangan nyeta dibutuhkeunna para operator ahli sarta munara anu mahal tiap interval 10 tepi ka 30 kilometer. minangka akibat silih sihung (paunggul-unggul) di antara pausahaan-pausahaan telegraf listrik, ieu usaha lekasan dina taun 1880.<ref>[http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&ct=res&cd=19&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fitudoc%2Fgs%2Fpromo%2Ftsb%2F88192.pdf&ei=WmQKRc6wEqL4ggP_6bHTDQ&sig=__RpZ0L0hbqjtzZfVWEAMZVhduDBw=&sig2=dzK2J3-3WNRc0o63DXwciQ#search=%22semaphore%201880%20Sweden%22 CCIT/ITU-T 50 Years of Excellence], Internation Telecommunication Union, 2006.</ref> ==== Telegraf jeung telepon ==== [[Telegraf listrik]] komersil munggaran diwangun ku Sir [[Charles Wheatstone]] katut Sir [[William Fothergill Cooke]] sarta dibuka dina tanggal [[9 April]] [[1839]]. Boh Whéatstone jeung Cooke nganggap alat maranéhannana the minangka "hasil ngaalusan telegraf elektromagnetik anu aya harita " lain minangka alat anu anyar.<ref>[http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/tel/morse/morse.htm The Electromagnetic Telegraph], J. B. Calvert, 19 May 2004.</ref> [[Samuel Morse]] di tempat lain ngamekarkeun sakaol telegraf listrik anu kungsi gagal dipintonkeun ku manéhna dina tanggal [[2 September]] [[1837]]. [[Morse code|Kodena]] mangrupa hal anu leuwih maju dibandingkeun métodeu pangsinyalan boga Whéatstone. [[Kabel telegraf transatlantik]] munggaran hasil direngsekeun dina tanggal [[27 Juli]] [[1866]], anu ngamungkinkeun telekomunikasi transatlantic munggaran.<ref>[http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections/hst/atlantic-cable/ The Atlantic Cable], Bern Dibner, Burndy Library Inc., 1959</ref> Telepon konvensional ditimukeun di tempat lain ku [[Alexander Graham Bell|Alexander Bell]] katut [[Elisha Gray]] dina taun 1876.<ref>[http://www.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/OYTT-images/ElishaGray.html Elisha Gray], Oberlin College Archives, Electronic Oberlin Group, 2006.</ref> [[Antonio Meucci]] nimukeun alat munggaran anu ngamungkinkeun rambatan listrik anu ditumpangan sora ku jalan sahiji sambungan kabel dina taun 1849. Sanajan kitu, alat boga Meucci boga ajen praktis anu leutik lantaran éta alat gumantung kana [[efek electrofonik]] sahingga ngawajibkeun pangguna pikeun nempatkeun panarima dina sungutna pikeun ngadenge anu diucapkeun.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060424055029/http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/meucci.html Antonio Santi Giuseppe Meucci], Eugenii Katz. (Retrieved May, 2006 from [http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/meucci.html http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/meucci.html])</ref> Layanan telepon komersial munggaran diwangun dina taun 1878 jeung 1879 di kadua sisi lautan Atlantik di kota-kota [[New Haven]] katut [[London]].<ref>[http://www.connected-earth.com/Galleries/Telecommunicationsage/Thetelephone/index.htm Connected Earth: The telephone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221151108/http://www.connected-earth.com/Galleries/Telecommunicationsage/Thetelephone/index.htm |date=2008-12-21 }}, BT, 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.att.com/history/milestones.html History of AT&T] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906003711/http://www.att.com/history/milestones.html |date=2008-09-06 }}, AT&T, 2006.</ref> ==== Radio jeung télévisi ==== Dina taun 1832, [[James Bowman Lindsay|James Lindsay]] mintonkeun [[telegrafi tanpa kabel]] ka murid-muridna di kelas. Tepi ka taun 1854, manéhna mampuh mintonkeun rambatan ku jalan [[Firth of Tay]] ti [[Dundee, Skotlanida]] ka [[Woodhaven, Fife|Woodhaven]], sajauh dua mil, ngagunakeun cai minangka midiyeum rambatan.<ref>[http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/centlib/jbl/jblchron.htm James Bowman Lindsay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224053803/http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/centlib/jbl/jblchron.htm |date=2009-02-24 }}, Macdonald Black, Dundee City Council, 1999.</ref> Dina bukan Desember 1901, [[Guglielmo Marconi]] ngawangun komunikasi tanpa kabel antara [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's, Newfoundland]] (Kanada) jeung [[Poldhu|Poldhu, Cornwall]] (Inggris), anu ngabalukarkeun manéhna meunang [[Nobel Prize in physics|Pangajén Nobel taun 1909 dina widang Fisika]] (babarengan jeung [[Karl Ferdinand Braun|Karl Braun]]).<ref>[http://www.teslasociety.com/biography.htm Tesla Biography], Ljubo Vujovic, Tesla Memorial Society of New York, 1998.</ref> Sanajan kitu, komunikasi skala leutik enggeus dipintonkeun dina taun 1893 ku [[Nikola Tesla]] dina sahiji presentasi hareupeun National Electric Light Association.<ref>[http://www.tfcbooks.com/teslafaq/q&a_025.htm Tesla's Radio Controlled Boat], Twenty First Century Books, 2007.</ref> Dina tanggal [[25 Maret]] [[1925]], [[John Logie Baird]] mampuh mintonkeun rambatan gambar hirup di [[Selfridges]], puseur tempat balanja London. Alat boga Baird kasebut gumantung kana [[piringan Nipkow]] sahingga katelah minangka [[televise mekanik]]. Hal ieu ngawangun dadasar pikeun siaran eksperimen anu dilakukeun ku [[British Broadcasting Corporation]] mimiti [[30 September]], [[1929]].<ref>[http://www.mztv.com/newframe.asp?content=http://www.mztv.com/pioneers.html The Pioneers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514070220/http://www.mztv.com/newframe.asp?content=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mztv.com%2Fpioneers.html |date=2013-05-14 }}, MZTV Museum of Television, 2006.</ref> Ngan, pikeun lolobana televise abad ka duapuluh gumantung kana bungbung sinar katoda (cathode ray tube) anu ditimukeun ku invented by [[Karl Ferdinand Braun|Karl Braun]]. Kaol munggaran televise saperti kitu anu nongtonkeun iklan dihasilkeun ku [[Philo Farnsworth]] sarta dipintonkeun ka kulawargana dina tanggal [[7 September]], [[1927]].<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/farnsworth.html Philo Farnsworth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930214902/http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/farnsworth.html |date=2009-09-30 }}, Neil Postman, [[TIME Magazine]], 29 Maret 1999</ref> ==== Jaringan Komputer jeung Internét ==== Dina tanggal [[11 Séptémber]], [[1940]], [[George Stibitz]] mampuh ngirimkeun sual ngagunakeun ''[[teletype]]'' ka “Complex Number Calculator” boga manéhna di [[New York]] sarta narima balik hasil itunganna di [[Dartmouth College]] di [[New Hampshire]].<ref>[http://www.kerryr.net/pioneers/stibitz.htm George Stlibetz], Kerry Redshaw, 1996.</ref> Konfigurasi komputer terpusat atawa ''[[Mainframe computer|mainframe]]'' ieu sarta terminal-terminalna tetep populér dina taun 1950an. Tapi, acan nepi ka taun 1960-an, para panalungtik mimiti nalungtik ''[[packet switching]]'' — hiji téhnologi anu ngamungkinkeun sakumpulan data pikeun dikirim ka komputer-komputer anu béda tanpa kudu ku jalan heula hiji mainframe anu ''terpusat''. ''Four-node network'' muncul dina tanggal [[5 Désémber]], [[1969]]; jaringan ieu mangrupa cikal-bakal [[ARPANET]], anu dina taun 1981 bisa ngawengku tepi ka 213 ''node''.<ref>{{cite book | last = Hafner | first = Katie | title = Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet | publisher = Simon & Schuster | year = 1998 | id = ISBN 0-684-83267-4 }}</ref> Kamajuan [[ARPANET]] museur dina prosés ''[[Request for Comment]]'' sarta dina tanggal [[7 April]], [[1969]], RFC 1 medal. Prosés ieu penting lantaran ARPANET ahirna ngagabung jeung jaringan-jairngan lianna pikeun ngawangun [[Internét]] sarta rupa-rupa protokol Internét anu dipaké kiwari diwincik ku jalan prosés ''Request for Comment'' kasebut. Dina bulan Séptémber 1981, RFC 791 ngenalkeun ''[[Internet Protocol]]'' v4 (IPv4) sarta RFC 793 ngawanohkeun ''[[Transmission Control Protocol]]'' (TCP) — sahingga nyiptakeun protokol TCP/IP anu digunakeun dina [[Internét]] kiwari. Sanajan kitu, henteu kabéh kamajuan penting beunang prosés ''Request for Comment''. Dua protokol ''link'' anu populér pikeun ''[[local area network]]'' (LAN) ogé mucunghul dina taun 1970-an. Contona, patén pikeun protokol ''[[token ring]]'' diajukeun ku [[Olof Soderblom]] dina tanggal [[29 Oktober]], [[1974]] sarta hiji makalah ngeunaan protokol [[Ethernet]] diterbitkeun ku [[Robert Metcalfe]] jeung [[David Boggs]] dina bulan Juli 1976.<ref>[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=4293948.PN.&OS=PN/4293948&RS=PN/4293948 Data transmission system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231092423/http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=4293948.PN.&OS=PN%2F4293948&RS=PN%2F4293948 |date=2016-12-31 }}, Olof Solderblom, PN 4,293,948, October 1974.</ref><ref>[http://www.acm.org/classics/apr96/ Ethernet: Distributed Packet Switching for Local Computer Networks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807213308/http://www.acm.org/classics/apr96/ |date=2007-08-07 }}, Robert M. Metcalfe and David R. Boggs, Communications of the ACM (pp 395-404, Vol. 19, No. 5), July 1976.</ref> === Sajarah Telekomunikasi di Indonesia === Sajarah telekomunikasi di [[Indonésia]] dimimitian saprak ''channel'' telegraf munggaran dibuka dina tanggal [[23 Oktober]] [[1855]] ku Pamaréntah [[Hindia Walanda]]. éta ''channel'' mangrupa telegraf elektromagnétik anu nyambungkeun [[Batavia]] ([[Jakarta]] kiwari) jeung [[Buitenzorg]] ([[Bogor]] kiwari). Dua taun saterusna dibuka ''channel'' Jakarta-[[Surabaya]] jeung cabang [[Semarang]]-Ambarawa. Saprak harita jasa telegraf bisa dimangpaatkeun ku balaréa. Dua taun saterusna panjang ''channel'' telegraf mekar terus tepi ka ngahontal 2.700 kilométer, dilayanan ku 28 kantor telegraf. Di sapanjang rel karéta api diadegkeun tihang-tihang telegraf. Samentara éta, kabel laut geus dipasang antara Jakarta jeung [[Singapura]], satuluyna ti [[Jawa]] ([[Banyuwangi]]) ka [[Australia]] ([[Darwin]]). Salengkepna bisa dibaca dina [[Sajarah Telekomunikasi di Indonesia]]. == Telekomunikasi Modéren == ==== Telepon ==== [[Gambar:Fibreoptic.jpg|thumb|right|120px|[[Serat optik]] nawarkeun rubakpita leuwih murah pikeun komunikasi dina jarak jauh]] Dina hiji jaringan telepon analog, [[calling party|Panelepon]] anu aya di ujung jaringan disambungkeun ka jelema anu dituju dina ujung lian éta jaringan ku ''switch'' anu aya dina [[séntral telepon]]. Switch éta ngawangun sambungan éléktrik antara dua pamaké jaringan sarta setélan atawa ''setting'' switch-switch ditetepkeun sacara éléktronik mangsa panelepon [[pulse dialling|muter]] nomer. Sakali sambungan dijieun, sora si panelepon dirobah jadi sinyal éléktrik ku hiji [[mikropon]] leutik dina [[gagang telepon]] si panelepon. Sinyal éléktrik ieu terus dikirim ku jalan jaringan ka pamaké dina ujung lianna di mana sinyal kesebut dirobah balik kana wangunan sora ku [[loudspeaker|speaker]] leutik dina jero gagang telepon éta jelema. Aya sambungan éléktrik anu séjén anu jalan dina arah sabalikna, anu ngamungkinkeun para pamaké pikeun ngawangkong.<ref>[http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/telephone1.htm How Telephone Works], HowStuffWorks.com, 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.epanorama.net/links/telephone.html Telephone technology page], ePanorama, 2006.</ref> Telepon [[sambungan tanah|sambungan tetep]] di sabagian gedé pamukiman mangrupa telepon analog — nyaéta, sora nu ngomomg sacara langsung ngarobah-robah voltase sinyal. Sanajan wangkongan jarak deukeut bisa dilaksanakeun ti ujung-ka-ujung ngagunakeun sinyal analog, ka dieukeun beuki loba panyadia jasa telepon sacara transparan ngarobah sistem teleponna tina analog ka digital. Kauntungannana nyaéta data sora anu didigitalkeun bisa ngarambat babarengan jeung data tina Internet sarta bisa sacara sampurna dihasilkeun deui (direproduksi) dina komunikasi jarak jauh (béda jeung sinyal analog anu teu bisa nyingkahan nois). Ayana telepon sambungan nu bisa gerak (mobil) boga pangaruh anu gedé kana kurang tumuwuhna jaringan telepon. Langgan telepon mobil kiwari jumlahna ngaleuwihan langgan telepon sambungan tetep. Langgan telepon mobil dina taun 2005 ngahontal 816 juta urang. Telepon mobil ieu disadiakeun ku sistem-sistem di mana eusi sora dirambatkeun sacara digital saperti sistem [[GSM]] atawa sistem [[W-CDMA]]. Sistem-sistem kasebut ngagantikeun sistem analog saperti [[AMPS]] di loba nagara. Parobahan dramatis dina kamekaran jaringan telepon ogé kajadian dina médiyeum transmisi anu digunakeun. Parobahan ieu dimimitian ku digunakeunnana sistem rambatan anu dumasar kana [[serat optik]] dina taun 1988. Kauntungan komunikasi ngagunakeun serat optik nyaéta serat optik nawarkeun paningkatan kapasitas data anu drastis. Paningkatan kapasitas data ieu disababkeun ku sababaraha faktor: kahiji, sacara fisik, serat optik jauh leuwih leutik batan téhnologi-téhnologi pasaingna. Kadua, serat optik henteu ngalaman ''[[crosstalk (electronics)|crosstalk]]'' anu hartina sababaraha ratus kabel bisa kalayan gampang dibuntel dihijikeun dina hiji kabel tunggal.<ref>[http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/S.Bhatti/D51-notes/node21.html Optical fibre waveguide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524033058/http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/S.Bhatti/D51-notes/node21.html |date=2006-05-24 }}, Saleem Bhatti, 1995.</ref> Anu pamungkas, kamajuan dina ''multiplexing'' geus ngarah kana ningkatna kapasitas data hiji serat optik tunggal sacara éksponénsial.<ref>[http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/mels/cm1500/dwdm/dwdm_ovr.pdf Fundamentals of DWDM Technology], CISCO Systems, 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=31358 Report: DWDM No Match for Sonet], Mary Jander, Light Reading, 2006.</ref> Standar anu ngabantu komunikasi dina jaringan serat optik modéren nyaéta protokol anu dipikanyaho minangka [[Asynchronous Transfer Mode]] (ATM). Protokol ATM ngamungkinkeun parambatan sora katut data sacara babarengan. Hal ieu cocog pikeun jaringan telepon umum lantaran serat optik ngawangun hiji jalur pikeun data ku jalan jaringan kasebut. ==== Radio jeung télévisi ==== [[Gambar:digital television.png|thumb|260px|Standar-standar télévisi digital katut panerapanna sadunya.|pra=Special:FilePath/Digital_television.png]] Dina hiji sistem pamancar, hiji [[radio masts and towers|munara siaran]] séntral anu dibéré daya listrik anu gedé ngarambatkeun [[gelombang éléktromagnétik]] anu frékuénsina luhur ka sajumlah panarima (atawa ''receiver'') anu dibéré daya listrik leutik. Gelombang frékuénsi luhur anu dikirim ku éta munara ditumpangan atawa [[modulation|dimodulasi]] ku hiji sinyal anu ngandung informasi visual atawa audio. [[Antenna (radio)|Anténeu]] dina receiver satuluyna disetél (atawa [[antenna tuner|ditala]]) sangkan bisa nangkep gelombang frékuénsi luhur kasebut sarta hiji [[demodulator]] digunakeun pikeun meunangkeun deui sinyal anu ngandung informasi visual atawa audio. Sinyal siaran bisa analog (sinyal dirobah-robah sacara sinambung gumantung informasi) atawa digital (informasi dikodekeun minangka sakumpulan harga-harga diskrit).<ref name="stallings-intro"/><ref>[http://www.howstuffworks.com/radio.htm How Radio Works], HowStuffWorks.com, 2006.</ref> Industri média siaran kiwari keur aya dina titik balik dina kamajuan usahana lantaran loba nagara anu pindah ti siaran analog ka siaran digital. Kapindahan ieu dimungkinkeun ku ayana ''produksi'' ''[[integrated circuit]]'' atawa ''IC'' anu leuwih murah, leuwih gancang dina ngolah sinyal, sarta leuwih ampuh. Kauntungan utama siaran digital nyaéta bisa nyegah sajumlah masalah anu muncul dina siaran analog tradisional. Conto dina télévisi, hal ieu kaasup ilangna masalah-masalah saperti [[noise (video)|gambar saperti sireum]], [[television interference (ghosting)|gambar ngalangkang]] katut gangguan lianna. Gangguan-gangguan kasebut lumangsung dina siaran analog lantaran sifat pangiriman sinyal analog, nyaéta ayana gangguan akibat ''[[nois]]''. Pangiriman sinyal sacara digital bisa ngajawab masalah-masalah ieu lantaran sinyal digital dikodekeun kana harga-harga diskrit sahingga gangguan-gangguan leutik henteu mangaruhan kaluaran ahir hiji alat panarima siaran. Dina conto saderhana, lamun hiji pesen binér 1011 dikirimkeun dina amplitudo-amplitudo sinyal [1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0] sarta ditarima ku alat panarima kalayan amplitudo-amplitudo [0.9 0.2 1.1 0.9] mangka amplitudo-amplitudo kasebut masih dikodekeun kana pesen binér 1011 — mangrupa réproduksi sampurna tina sinyal anu dikirim. Pangiriman sacara digital ogé bisa nganyahokeun gangguan dina harti yén lamun nois cukup gedé sahingga ngarobah pesen anu dikirim. Ku ngagunakeun ''[[forward error correction]]'' hiji alat panarima bisa ngabenerkeun sakumpulan kasalahan bit dina pesen anu dihasilkeun. Kakurangan pangiriman digital nyéta lamun loba teuing nois mangka hal ieu bakal ngahasilkeun kaluaran anu henteu bisa kabaca sahingga muegatkeun pangiriman.<ref>[http://www.digitaltv.com.au/ Digital Television in Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312123813/https://digitaltv.com.au/ |date=2018-03-12 }}, Digital Television News Australia, 2001.</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Stallings | first = William | edition= 7th edition (intl) | title = Data and Computer Communications | url = https://archive.org/details/datacomputercomm00stal_1 | publisher = Pearson Prentice Hall | year = 2004 | id = ISBN 0-13-183311-1 }}</ref> Dina siaran télévisi digital, aya tilu standar anu silih adu kaunggulan, anu bisa dipilih di sakuliah dunya. Standar-standar ieu nyéta [[ATSC Standards|ATSC]], [[DVB]] sarta [[ISDB]]. Katilu standar ieu ngagunakeun [[MPEG-2]] pikeun madetkeun (''komprési'') gambar (''vidéo''). ATSC ngagunakeun ''[[Dolby Digital|Dolby Digital AC-3]]'' pikeun komprési sora (''audio''), ISDB ngagunakeun [[Advanced Audio Coding]] (MPEG-2 Bagian 7) ari DVB, anu teu boga standar husus pikeun komprési audio, ngagunakeun [[MPEG-1|MPEG-1 Bagian 3 Lapisan 2]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040922025847/http://www.dynamix.ca/doc/HDVhandbook1.pdf HDV Technology Handbook], [[Sony]], 2004.</ref><ref>[http://www.dvb.org/technology/standards_specifications/audio/ Audio], [[DVB|Digital Video Broadcasting Project]], 2003.</ref> Pilihan modulasi ogé henteu sarua di antara tilu standar ieu.<!--DVB katut ISDB ngagunakeun ''[[orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing]]'' (OFDM) pikeun siaran ''térésterial'' (jaringan telekomunikasi dina beungeut taneuh, lain ku jalan satelit) ari ATSC ngagunakeun ''[[8VSB|vestigial sideband modulation]]'' (VSB). OFDM nawarkeun ''résistansi'' kana interférensi multijalur sarta [[éfék Doppler]] (anu baris mangaruhan panarimaan dina alat panarima anu obah henteu cicing dina hiji tempat).<ref>[http://www.mrcbroadcast.com/tech_services/COFDM%20vs%20VSB.html COFDM versus VSB in ENG/HD-ENG], Microwave Radio Communications, 2006.</ref> Sanajan kitu, uji coba kontrovérsial anu dilakukeun ku [[National Association of Broadcasters]] Amérika Serikat geus ngabuktikeun yén aya saeutik béda antara dua standar ieu pikeun alat panarima nu cicing (''stationary'').<ref>[http://www.hdtvmagazine.com/archives/mstvtestsum.html 8VSB/COFDM Comparison Report], VSB/COFDM Project, December 2000 (preface by Dale Cripps of HDTV Magazine).</ref>--> Dina siaran audio digital, standar-standarna jauh leuwih padeukeut; hal ieu ngagampangkeun hususna pikeun nagara anu milih ngalaksanakeun standar éta standar pikeun [[siaran audio digital]] (katelah ogé standar [[Eureka 147]]). Anu mahiwal ngan Amerika Serikat, anu geus milih ngalaksanakeun standar ''[[HD Radio]]''. Sanajan kitu, alat panarima sinyal digital tetep sumebar. Télévisi analog masih dipancarkeun di sakabéh nagara di dunya. Amerika Sarikat geus ngaharepkeun pikeun mungkas siaran analog dina tanggal [[31 Désémber]] [[2006]]; sanajan kitu, ieu rancana ditunda nepi ka tanggal [[17 Pébruari]], [[2009]].<ref>[http://www.dtv.gov/consumercorner.html Consumer Corner FAQ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424195927/http://www.dtv.gov/consumercorner.html |date=2008-04-24 }}, dtv.gov, 2006.</ref> Pikeun télévisi analog, aya tilu standar anu digunakeun nyaéta [[PAL]], [[NTSC]] katut [[SECAM]]. <!--Prinsip dasar PAL jeung NTSC sarupa pisan; hiji ''[[subcarrier]]'' anu [[quadrature amplitude modulation|dimodulasi ku opat amplitudo]] nu mawa informasi ditambahkeun kana sinyal vidéo pikeun ngawangun hiji sinyal pitadasar vidéo komposit atawa [[composite video|composite video baseband signal]] (CVBS). Di pihak lain, sistem [[SECAM]] nerapkeun cara modulasi frékuénsi kana ''subcarrier'' warnana.--> Pikeun radio analog, pindah ka digital leuwih susah dilaksanakeun lantaran harga alat panarima analog jauh leuwih murah batan biaya alat panarima digital.<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00000J060 GE 72664 Portable AM/FM Radio], Amazon.com, June 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.worlddab.org/dabprod.aspx DAB Products] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621082027/http://www.worlddab.org/dabprod.aspx |date=2006-06-21 }}, World DAB Forum, 2006.</ref> Cara modulasi pikeun radio analog anu dipilih biasana di antara [[modulasi amplitudo]] (AM) atawa [[modulasi frekuensi]] (FM). Pikeun ngahontal [[stereophonic sound|stereo playback]], hiji subcarrier anu dimodulasi amplitudo digunakeun pikeun [[FM stéréo]]<!-- jeung modulasi opat amplitudo digunakeun pikeun AM stéréo atawa [[C-QUAM]] -->. ==== Internét ==== [[Gambar:OSI Model v1.svg|250px|thumb|right|The [[OSI reference model]]]] Internét mangrupa jaringan lingkup sadunya anu diwangun ku komputer-komputer anu bisa saling komunikasi ngagunakeun ''[[Internet Protocol]]''.<ref>Robert E. Kahn and Vinton G. Cerf, [http://www.cnri.reston.va.us/what_is_internet.html What Is The Internet (And What Makes It Work)], December 1999. (specifically see footnote xv)</ref> Unggal komputer dina Internét boga hiji ''[[IP address]]'' atawa alamat ''IP'' anu mandiri anu bisa digunakeun ku komputer lianna pikeun nungtun informasi ka komputer dimaksud. Ku kituna, satiap komputer dina Internét bisa ngirim hiji pesen ka komputer lianna kalayan ngagunakeun alamat ''IP''-na. Pesen-pesen ieu sakaligus mawa alamat ''IP'' komputer asalna anu ngamungkinkeun komunikasi dua arah. Ku cara kieu, Internét bisa dianggap salaku patukeuran pesen di antara komputer-komputer.<ref>[http://computer.howstuffworks.com/internet-infrastructure.htm How Internet Infrastructure Works], HowStuffWorks.com, 2007.</ref> Kira-kira 16.9% tina populasi dunya boga aksés kana Internét. Pamaké Internét (diukur dina perséntase populasi) di benua Amerika bagin kalér 69.7%, di kapuloan Oséania katut benua Australia 53.5% sarta Éropah 38.9%.<ref>[http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm World Internet Users and Population Stats] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522094328/https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm |date=2020-05-22 }}, internetworldstats.com, March 19 2007.</ref> Dina hal Internét [[Broadband Internet access|aksés pitarubak]], pamaké di [[Inggris]] 89%, [[Islandia]] 26.7%, [[Koréa Kidul]] 25.4% sarta [[Walanda]] 25.3%.<ref>[http://www.oecd.org/document/39/0,2340,en_2649_34225_36459431_1_1_1_1,00.html OECD Broadband Statistics], [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]], December 2005.</ref> Dina 2018, loba jalma nu jadi kasohor tur bisa hirup dina panghasilan tina internet.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ruanglaptop.com/berapa-penghasilan-youtuber/|title=Berapa Penghasilan Youtuber Sebenarnya?|last=|first=|date=2018-08-18|work=|newspaper=RuangLaptop|language=Indonesia|access-date=2018-11-01|via=}}</ref> Internét bisa jalan di antarana lantaran [[communications protocol|protokol]] anu ngatur komputer-komputer katut ''router-router'' bisa saling komunikasi. Sifat komunikasi komputer nyaéta boga protokol anu lalapisan di mana hiji lapisan ''indepénden'' tina lapisan séjénna. Hal ieu ngamungkinkeun protokol tingkatan nu leuwih handap bisa ''di-customized'' (dirobah luyu jeung kabutuhan pamaké) bari henteu ngarobah jalanna protokol-protokol dina tingkatan anu leuwih luhur. Hiji conto ''praktis'' kunaon hal ieu penting nyaéta hal ieu ngamungkinkeun ''software'' pikeun maca Internét ([[Internet browser]]) bisa ngalaksanakeun kode anu sarua henteu paduli naha komputerna nyambung kana [[Ethernet]] atawa [[Wi-Fi]]. Protokol-protokol mindeng dikaitkeun kana tempat dina [[OSI reference model]] (gambar di beulah katuhu), anu mecenghul dina taun 1983 minangka léngkah munggaran dina upaya ngawangun protokol jaringan anu bisa diterapkeun sacara universal (babarengan / sadunya).<ref>[http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_HistoryoftheOSIReferenceModel.htm History of the OSI Reference Model], The TCP/IP Guide v3.0, Charles M. Kozierok, 2005.</ref> Pikeun Internét, médiyeum fisik sarta protokol hubungan data bisa robah sababaraha kali mangsa ''pakét-pakét data'' ku jalan tempat-tempat di bumi. Hal ieu lumangsung lantaran Internét henteu maksakeun protokol médiyeum fisik atawa hubungan data naon anu kudu digunakeun. Hal ieu jadi marga pikeun digunakeunana média sarta protokol anu paling cocog pikeun kaayaan dina hiji jaringan lokal. Dina prakték, lolobana komunikasi antar benua ngagunakeun protokol [[Asynchronous Transfer Mode]] (ATM) (atawa anu sabanding) dina jero [[serat optik]]. Hal ieu dikaranakeun lolobana komunikasi antar benua bareng-bareng ngagunakeun infrastruktur anu sarua saperti [[jaringan telepon umum]]. Dina Internét, sagala hal distandardisasi sangkan nohonan standar (protokol). Protokol-protokol Internét anu mindeng digunakeun di antarana Protokol Internét atawa [[Internet Protocol]] ([[IP]]), TCP, UDP, DNS, PPP, SLIP, ICMP, POP3, IMAP, SMTP, HTTP, HTTPS, SSH, Télnét, FTP, LDAP, jeung SSL. Kiwari, kaol (vérsi) IP anu paling loba digunakeun nyaéta vérsi opat. Tapi, vérsi genep bakal datang dina waktu anu moal lila deui.<ref>[http://www.microsoft.com/technet/itsolutions/network/ipv6/introipv6.mspx Introduction to IPv6], Microsoft Corporation, February 2006.</ref> <!—Kauntungan utama tina vérsi genep nyaéta versi ieu ngarojong 3.40 × 10³⁸ alamat, jauh leuwih loba batan vérsi opat anu ngan ngarojong 4.29 × 10⁹ alamat. Vérsi anu leuwih anyar ogé nambahkeun dukungan pikeun paningkatan kaamanan ku jalan [[IPSec]] ogé ngadukung [[quality of service|Kualitas Layanan]].--> ==== LAN / WLAN ==== {{utama|LAN jeung Wireless LAN}} Local Aréa Nétwork anu disingket LAN mangrupa jaringan komputer anu legana ngan ngalingkung wewengkon nu leutik; saperti jaringan komputer kampus, gedong, kantor, jero imah, sakola atawa anu leuwih leutik deui. salah sahiji komputer dina éta jaringan dijadikeun sérver anu ngatur sakabéh sistem dina éta jaringan. LAN dibédakeun ti jaringan anu leuwih lega lantaran cirina boga laju data anu leuwih gancang sarta wewengkon anu leuwih heureut. Kiwari lolobana LAN ngagunakeun standar téknologi IEEE 802.3 (Éthernét) anu ngagunakeun alat switch anu boga laju pangiriman data 10, 100, atawa 1000 Mbit/s. Sagigireun téknologi Éthernet, kiwari standar téknologi 802.11b (anu biasa disebut Wi-fi) ogé mindeng digunakeun pikeun ngawangun LAN. Tempat-tempat anu nyadiakeun sambungan LAN kalayan téknologi Wi-fi biasa disebut hotspot. == Tempo ogé == : ''Daptar utama: [[Daptar jejer ngeunaan telekomunikasi dasar]]'' * [[Téori informasi]] * [[Radio]] * [[Telepon]] * [[Télévisi]] * [[Radio dua arah]] (Two-way radio) == Rujukan == {{Reflist|2}} <!-- # "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4475394.stm Wiring up the 'Victorian internet']" at [[BBC News]], [[29 November]] [[2005]] --> == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://www.itu.int/home/ International Telecommunication Union] * [http://www.fcc.gov/ Federal Communications Commission] * [http://www.comsoc.org/ IEEE Communications Society] * [http://www.atis.org/tg2k/ ATIS Telecom Glossary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302071329/http://www.atis.org/tg2k/ |date=2008-03-02 }} [[Kategori:Telekomunikasi|*]] [[Kategori:Révolusi digital]] [[Kategori:Komunikasi]] szji9pwmvqyxs6buodcpvxp5u36scsy 0 31885 712067 710981 2026-08-15T02:47:14Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 712067 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Kente l.jpg|thumb|Inséktisida ([[Tanzania]])]] '''Inséktisida''' nyaéta [[péstisida]] nu pikeun ngabasmi [[serangga]] (insékta), kaasup ovisida (pikeun [[endog]]na) jeung larvisida (pikeun [[larva]]na). Ieu péstisida dipaké pikeun kaperluan [[tatanén]], [[kedokteran]], [[industri]], jeung rumah tangga. Ngaronjatna hasil tatanén salila abad ka-20 dianggap minangka hasil tina dipakéna inséktisida<ref>van Emden HF, Pealall DB (1996) ''Beyond Silent Spring'', Chapman & Hall, London, 322pp.</ref>. Kiwari, kahariwang mimiti mucunghul ku sabab péstisida bisa ngaganggu [[ékosistem]], malah bisa ngaracunan sasatoan jeung manusa anu lain targétna. == Pangaruh lingkungan == === Balukar ka spésiés nontargét === Sababaraha inséktisida bisa maéhan atawa ngabahyakeun lain ukur hamana. Pikeun conto, manuk bisa karacunan mun ngahakan sisikian anu anyar disemprot inséktisida.<ref name="palmerw">Palmer, WE, Bromley, PT, and Brandenburg, RL. [http://ipm.ncsu.edu/wildlife/peanuts_wildlife.html Wildlife & pesticides - Peanuts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815004302/http://ipm.ncsu.edu/wildlife/peanuts_wildlife.html |date=2011-08-15 }}. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. Retrieved on 14 October 2007.</ref> == Rujukan == {{Reflist|2}} == Bacaan salajengna == * McWilliams, James E., “‘The Horizon Opened Up Very Greatly’: Leland O. Howard and the Transition to Chemical Insecticides in the United States, 1894–1927,” ''Agricultural History,'' 82 (Fall 2008), 468–95. == Tumbu kaluar == *[http://www.dropdata.org International Pesticide Application Research Centre (IPARC)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801105210/http://dropdata.org/ |date=2015-08-01 }} *[http://www.pestworld.com Pestworld.org] – Official site of the National Pest Management Association {{Wiktionarypar|insecticide}} * [http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/class_insecticides.html Classification of insecticides] <!-- please somebody incorporate here data from there --> *Stréaming online vidéo about efforts to reduce insecticide use in rice in Bangladesh. [http://www.irri.org/videos/LITE-research.wmv on Windows Media Player] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061102001739/http://www.irri.org/videos/LITE-research.wmv |date=2006-11-02 }}, [http://www.irri.org/videos/LITE-research.rm on Real Player] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061102001718/http://www.irri.org/videos/LITE-research.rm |date=2006-11-02 }} * [http://grounds-mag.com/mag/grounds_maintenance_insecticides_work/index.html How Insecticides Work] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903022817/http://grounds-mag.com/mag/grounds_maintenance_insecticides_work/index.html |date=2013-09-03 }} – Has a thorough explanation on how insecticides work. *[http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/WATER/U/alternative.html University of California Integrated pest management program] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219155824/http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/WATER/U/alternative.html |date=2013-02-19 }} *[http://www.msue.msu.edu/objects/content_revision/download.cfm/revision_id.496061/workspace_id.-4/01500536.html/ Using Insecticides] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091126070818/http://www.msue.msu.edu/objects/content_revision/download.cfm/revision_id.496061/workspace_id.-4/01500536.html/ |date=2009-11-26 }}, Michigan State University Extension * Example of Insecticide application in the [http://www.zen-garden.org/html/page_control.htm Tsubo-en Zen garden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602083834/http://www.zen-garden.org/html/page_control.htm |date=2012-06-02 }} (Japanese dry rock garden) in Lelystad, The Netherlands. * Home Insecticides Brands [http://www.insectia.info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002224107/http://www.insectia.info/ |date=2017-10-02 }} at Insectia.info {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Inséktisida]] [[Kategori:Péstisida]] n7aq6k1tnikgk1zbe1l35hlrofzp13e 0 47715 712085 678089 2026-08-15T06:28:22Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 712085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} [[File:Sorbit_Molek%C3%BClbaukasten_9586.JPG|thumb|250px|Molekul Sorbitol]] '''Sorbitol''' ogé dipiwanoh ''glucitol (E420)'' atawa ''hexanéhexol'', yaéta mangrupa gula alkohol<ref>[http://www.apoteker.info/Topik%20Khusus/sorbitol.htm Sorbitol salah sahiji gula alkohol] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019061743/http://www.apoteker.info/Topik%20Khusus/sorbitol.htm |date=2015-10-19 }}</ref> anu mibanda rasa kareueut. Sorbitol umumna dijieun tina sirop [[jagong]], tapi teu saeutik ogé dijieun tina bahan buah séjéna. Saperti [[apel]], [[pir]], [[pérsik]] jeung anu séjéna<ref name="Kearsley, M. W. pp 249-249">Kearsley, M. W.; Deis, R. C. Sorbitol and Mannitol. In Sweeteners and Sugar Alternatives in Food Technology; Ames: Oxford, 2006; pp 249-249-261.</ref>. Sorbitol dingaranan [[gula]] [[alkohol]] ku alatan dipibanda ku jalan ''ngaréduksi'' [[glukosa]], ngarobah gugus ''aldehid'' ngajadi gugus ''hidroksil'' nyaéta anu dipiwanoh ''glusitol'', nyaéta salah sahiji gula alkohol anu ''dimetabolisme'' lalaunan sajeroeun [[awak]]. Sorbitol ngurangan ''Polyolform'' anu ''heksosa glukosa'' <ref>Wissenschaft-Online-Lexika: ''Eintrag zu „D-Glucitol“ im Lexikon der Biochemie,'' abgerufen am 2. August 2013.</ref>, ''fruktosa'', jeung ''sorbose'' ku jalan di''hidrogenasi'' minangka katalis atawa ''elektrokimia'' dinamangsa keur dijieuna.<ref name=Teo>{{cite journal | pmid = 17132742 | year = 2006 | last1 = Teo | first1 = G | last2 = Suzuki | first2 = Y | last3 = Uratsu | first3 = SL | last4 = Lampinen | first4 = B | last5 = Ormonde | first5 = N | last6 = Hu | first6 = WK | last7 = Dejong | first7 = TM | last8 = Dandekar | first8 = AM | title = Silencing leaf sorbitol synthesis alters long-distance partitioning and apple fruit quality | volume = 103 | issue = 49 | pages = 18842–7 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0605873103 | pmc = 1693749 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}}</ref> Gula alkohol, sakapeung disebut ogé ''poliol'', nyaéta kaasupkeun salah sahiji [[karbohidrat]] anu diserep ku padaharan leuwih lila atawa henteu sampurna ti batan gula anu séjéna. [[Gula]] alkohol saperti '''sorbitol''', [[manitol]], [[maltitol]], jeung [[xylitol]]. Gula [[alkohol]] mibanda [[kalori]] saeutik nu matak mindéng dipaké pikeun diét. Hanjakalna saenggeusna dikonsumsi ieu gula bisa ngabalukarkeun henteu ngareunah padaharan.<ref>[http://kamuskesehatan.com/arti/gula-alkohol/ Gula Alkohol ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112233324/http://kamuskesehatan.com/arti/gula-alkohol/ |date=2015-11-12 }}</ref> ==Kagunaan== ===Pangamis=== Kakuatan pangamis sorbitol nyaéta 0,5-0,6 dibandingkeun jeung [[sukrosa]]. Pangamis ieu leuwih kareueut ti batan [[isomalt]] (''power'' 0,3-0,4 pangamis) tapi masih kénéh sahandapeun ti[[xylitol]] (Pangamis ka-1). Sorbitol mangrupa gaganti [[gula]] anu mibanda rasa kareueut 60%na tina gula méja biasa ([[sukrosa]]). INS na E dina nomer 420 kacatet mangrupa bahan aktif anu geus kadaptar pikeun sababaraha méré k barang jeung [[Dahareun|kadaharan]].<ref>[[Gaganti gula]]</ref>. Sorbitol kasebut pangamis anu ngandung [[gizi]] lantaran unggal gram mibanda énérgi diet: 2,6 kilokalori (11 kilojoule) rata-rata karbohidratna 4 kilokalori (17 kilojoule). Dumasar éta sorbitol mindeng dimangpaatkeun pikeun kadaharan katut inuman diet, [[és]] krim, [[permén]], Ubar [[batuk]] sirop, jeung [[permén karét]] bébas gula.<ref>{{cite book |last=Campbell |last2=Farrell |title=Biochemistry |location= |publisher=Brooks/Cole |edition=Seventh |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-111-42564-7 }}</ref> === Laxative=== Sorbitol bisa ogé dimangpaatkeun pikeun méré sihan [[peujit]] /''pencahar'' biasana diinumkeun. Saperti [[gula]] [[alkohol]] séjéna, di mana ngadahar dahareun anu ngandung sorbitol bisa ngarandapan teu genah padaharan, di dieu pisan mangpaatna Sorbitol anu geus ditambah éfék pencahar bisa ''ngarangsang'' [[peujit]] jadi usik/ngusiel anu antukna bisa méré sihan padaharan (''usus besar''),<ref>[http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CDG/content/CDG_sorbitol.asp ACS :: Cancer Drug Guide: sorbitol<!--Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630001051/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CDG/content/CDG_sorbitol.asp |date=2007-06-30 }}</ref> Kalawan menang ijin ti Dokter sorbitol geus ditangtukeun aman pikeun dikonsumsi ku kolot.<ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 11401245 | year = 2001 | last1 = Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis | first1 = M | last2 = Bowen | first2 = PE | last3 = Hussain | first3 = EA | last4 = Damayanti-Wood | first4 = BI | last5 = Farnsworth | first5 = NR | title = Chemical composition and potential health effects of prunes: a functional food? | volume = 41 | issue = 4 | pages = 251–86 | doi = 10.1080/20014091091814 | journal = Critical reviews in food science and nutrition}}</ref> sorbitol katitenan aya dina sababaraha buah garing di mana bisa berkontribusi dina perkara pencahar/meresihan peujit.<ref>{{cite book|last=Panda|first=H.|title=The Complete Book on Sugarcane Processing and By-Products of Molasses (with Analysis of Sugar, Syrup and Molasses)|year=2011|publisher=ASIA PACIFIC BUSINESS PRESS Inc|isbn=8178331446|page=416|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2UM4AQAAQBAJ&dq=sorbitol+in+molasses&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref> kapanggih ogé dina buah [[apel]], pir, céri, [[pérsik]] jeung [[aprikot]]. ===Aplikasi médis=== Sorbitol dipaké tempat pikeun baktéri ngabédakeun pathogenic Escherichia coli O157: H7 ti séjéneun golongn E. coli, biasana henteu bisa ngapermentasi sorbitol sakumaha anu kasebut biasana henteu mampuh of fermenting sorbitol, tapi 93% anu dipikawanoh tina jalur E bisa ngalaksanakeuna.<ref name=wells_1983_101>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wells JG, Davis BR, Wachsmuth IK, etal |title=Laboratory investigation of hemorrhagic colitis outbreaks associated with a rare Escherichia coli serotype|journal=Journal of clinical microbiology|volume=18|issue=3|pages=512–20| date=September 1983 |pmid=6355145|pmc=270845|doi=|url=http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=6355145|quote=The organism does not ferment sorbitol; whereas 93% of E. coli of human origin are sorbitol positive}}</ref> Hiji tarékah pikeun ngubaran ngagunakeun sorbitol ku jalan nukeur resin ''ion natrium polistiren sulfonat'' (merek dagang ''Kayexalate''), bisa ngabantu ngaleungitkeun kaleuwihan [[ion]] [[kalium]] dinamangsa ngarandapan ''[[hyperkalaemic]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rugolotto S, Gruber M, Solano PD, Chini L, Gobbo S, Pecori S |title=Necrotizing enterocolitis in a 850 gram infant receiving sorbitol-free sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate): clinical and histopathologic findings |journal=J Perinatol |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=247–9 | date=April 2007 |pmid=17377608 |doi=10.1038/sj.jp.7211677 |url=}}</ref> . Dina taun 2010 US FDA ngabéwarakeun ngeunaan naékna risiko pikeun GI nekrosis tina ieu kombinasi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/ucm186845.htm|title=Kayexalate (sodium polystyrene sulfonate) powder|work=fda.gov|accessdate=12 July 2015}}</ref> Sorbitol ogé dimangpaatkeun pikeun neundeun dosis tunggal obat ''cair'' ieu sarua jeung tablét anu digunakeun pikeun ngatur dosis dina obat padet.<ref name="Catalent Softgel website">{{cite web|url=http://www.catalent.com/offerings/drug-delivery/drug-delivery-oral/softgel-technology|title=Home - Catalent|work=catalent.com|accessdate=12 July 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107103258/http://www.catalent.com/offerings/drug-delivery/drug-delivery-oral/softgel-technology/ |date=7 January 2011 }}</ref> ===Kadaharan jeung kosmétik=== Sorbitol mindeng dipaké pikeun ''[[humektan]]'' jeung pengentel bahan [[kosmétik]] modérén.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bttcogroup.in/sorbitol-70.html|title=Sorbitol 70%|work=bttcogroup.in|accessdate=12 July 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710015140/http://www.bttcogroup.in/sorbitol-70.html |date=10 July 2020 }}</ref> dipaké ogé dina obat kekemu/kumur-kumur jeung ''pasta'' [[huntu]]. Sababaraha rupa gél anu ''transparan'' bisa ogé dijieun tina sorbitol, [[permén karét]] bébas [[gula]] contona ngamangpaatkeun sorbitol ku lantaran wujudna anu hérang transparan. ==Balukar ''overdosis''== Sorbitol bisa ngabalukarkeun bunghak/''kembung'', nyeri beuteung, diaré sedeng nepikeun ka parah. Lamun seug didahar dina jumlah anu loba teuing atawa henteu luyu jeung aturan. Konsumsi Sorbitol 20 gram (0,7 oz) dina sapoé<ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 17171792 | year = 2006 | last1 = Islam | first1 = MS | last2 = Sakaguchi | first2 = E | title = Sorbitol-based osmotic diarrhea: possible causes and mechanism of prevention investigated in rats | volume = 12 | issue = 47 | pages = 7635–41 | journal = World journal of gastroenterology : WJG}}</ref>. Sawaréh tina permén karét anu dikonsumsi geus ngabalukarkeun turunna beurat awak anu teu dipiharep, aya ogé anu kudu mondok dirumah sakit ieu ku alatan ''ngonsumsi'' 30 gram (1 ons) dina sapoé teu karasa tina sorbitol anu dicampur pikeun bahan pangamis [[permén karét]] <ref name="titleSweetener Side Effects: Case Histories">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/diet/news/20080110/sweetener-side-effects-case-histories |title=Sweetener Side Effects: Case Histories |date=2008-01-10 | author=Kathleen Doheny|publisher=WebMD Medical News| accessdate=2008-01-10 |format= |work=}}</ref> ==Tutumbu Kaluar== #[http://kamuskesehatan.com/arti/gula-alkohol Gula alkohol] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112233324/http://kamuskesehatan.com/arti/gula-alkohol/ |date=2015-11-12 }} #[http://www.ikatanapotekerindonesia.net/articles/general-articles/1328-produk-sugar-free-aman-untuk-gula-darah.html Kadaharan Bébas Gula] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929190911/http://www.ikatanapotekerindonesia.net/articles/general-articles/1328-produk-sugar-free-aman-untuk-gula-darah.html |date=2015-09-29 }} #[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=mha5QZs5v84C&pg=PA539&lpg=PA539&dq=makanan+mengandung+sorbitol&source=bl&ots=YiGJZXuuEN&sig=cUBA2GeG77u7Y363ZMzZMqj76EM&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0CDYQ6AEwBDgKahUKEwjlwrLH_7nIAhVRS44KHVB8BDQ#v=onepage&q=makanan%20mengandung%20sorbitol&f=false Buah anu ngandung sorbitol] #[http://journal.unair.ac.id/filerPDF/DENTJ-38-1-07.pdf ManagpaatSorbitol] {{pondok}} ==Dicutat Tina== {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Kadaharan]] [[Kategori:Gula]] [[Kategori:Kimia]] d68c1bjc4etqae92irz0huli58llggh 0 47751 712068 684586 2026-08-15T03:24:35Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 712068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox| bodyclass = geography | title = Kumpulan Pulo Karibia | image = [[file:West Indies (orthographic projection).svg|250px]] | label1 = Lega Wilayahna | data1 = {{convert|2,754,000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | label2 = Lega Daratan | data2 = {{convert|239,681|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | label3 = Populasi (2009) | data3 = 39,169,962<ref>https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927165947/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html |date=2011-09-27 }}</ref> | label4 = Kapadetan Penduduk | data4 = {{convert|151.5|/km2|abbr=on}} | label5 = Sélér bangsa | data5 = Afro-Caribbean, Indo-Caribbean, Chinese Caribbean,<ref>{{cite book |last=McWhorter |title=Defining Creole |page=379 |publisher=Oxford University Press US |year=2005 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zdxJJVY54nYC&pg=PT387 |isbn=0195166701|first=John H.}}</ref> Suku Asli Karibia (Arawaks/Arawak, Karibia, Taínos), European | label6 = Démonim | data6 = Hindia Kulon, Urang Karibia, ''Caribbean'' | label7 = Basa | data7 = [[Spanyol]], [[Inggris]], [[Prancis]], [[Walanda]] jeung Basa wewengkon | label8 = Pamaréntahan | data8 = 13 nagara daulat<br />17 pamaréntahan peuntaseun laut | label9 = Dayeuh | data9 = [[Santo Domingo]]<br />[[Havana]]<br />[[Santiago de los Caballeros]]<br />[[Port-au-Prince]]<br />[[Kingston]]<br />[[Santiago de Cuba]]<br />[[San Juan]]<br />Holguín | label10 = Domain Internet | data10 = [[TLD|Berbagai]] | label11 = Kode Telepon | data11 = [[Daftar kode telepon negara di dunia|Berbagai]] | label12 = [[Zona Waktu]] | data12 = [[UTC-5]] hingga [[UTC-4]] }} '''Karibia''' (/kærɨbiːən/ atawa /kərɪbiən/; [[basa Spanyol]]: Caribe) atawa Hindia Kulon nyaéta sakumpulan pulo anu pernahna di [[laut Karibia]]. Pulo-pulo ieu sabeulah kalérna [[laut Florida]] sarta kiduleun [[Vénézuéla]] di [[Amérika]]. Aya kana 7.000 [[pulo]], anu ngawengku [[pulo]], ''terumbu'', jeung ''Caye''. Pulo-pulo digolongkeun jadi dua puluh lima wilayah, éta kaasup [[nagara]] anu [[merdéka]], departemen luar nagari, jeung daérah [[administrasi]] séjéna. Ngaran "Hindia Kulon" dumasar kana pamikiran [[Christopher Columbus]] panyangka manéhna geus anjog ka [[India]] sok padahal mah nepi di [[Amerika]]. Karibia diwangun tina ''Antilles'' gedé jeung ''Antilles'' leutik anu mangrupa bagéna ti [[Amerika]] kalér. == Nagara-nagara == *[[Antigua dan Barbuda]] *[[Bahama]] *[[Barbados]] *[[Dominika]] *[[Republik Dominika]] *[[Grenada]] *[[Haiti]] *[[Jamaika]] *[[Kuba]] *[[Saint Kitts dan Nevis]] *[[Saint Lucia]] *[[Saint Vincent dan Grenadines]] *[[Trinidad dan Tobago]] ==Geografi, géologi, jeung iklim== [[File:Tectonic plates Caribbean.png|thumb|right|{{legend|#FAD4AF|[[Dadasar Pulo Karibia]]}}]] [[File:Clear water of Cayo de Agua - Agua cristalina de Cayo de Agua.JPG|thumb|220px|right|Cayo de Agua di [[Los Roques archipelago]] ]] Géografi jeung iklim di wewengkon Karibia béda-béda: Sababaraha pulo di ieu wewengkon kawilang rata asalna non-[[vulkanik]]. Pulo ieu kaasup Aruba (asal muasal tina vulkanik minor ), Barbados, Bonaire, Kapuloan Kayman, Saint Croix, Bahama, jeung Antigua. Anu séjénna mibanda gunung-gunung anu tarajal kawas kapuloan Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico , Jamaica, Dominica, Montserrat, Saba, Saint Kitts, Saint Lucia, Saint Thomas, Saint John , Tortola, Grenada, Saint Vincent, Guadeloupe, Martinik, jeung Trinidad & Tobago. Di wewengkon ieu mibanda [[iklim]] [[tropis]] tapi curah [[hujan]] jeung luhurna béda-béda, ukuran, jeung arus [[cai]] . Angin haneut jeung beueus mayeng niup ti wétan nyieun bagéan leuweung rainforest / semidesert dina pagunungan. Northwesterlies sakapeung mangaruhan pulo kalér dina usum tiis. Wewengkon éndah jeung pikaresepeun panon poé sumirat sapanjang taun, usum dibagi kana ' garing ' jeung ' baseuh’ robah unggal genep bulan sakali. Laut Karibia mangrupa imah jeung pulo karang anu gedé, pikeun pindahna lauk, penyu, jeung sajabana. [[Aréa]] Puerto Rico, pernahna disisi [[Samudera]] Atlantik jeung Laut Karibia kuloneun pulo Puerto Rico, mangrupa titik pangjerona disakuliah Samudera Atlantik <ref>{{cite web| url=http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03trench/welcome.html| title=Puerto Rico Trench 2003: Cruise Summary Results| author=ten Brink, Uri | publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| accessdate=2008-02-21}}</ref> ===Tutuwuhan jeung sasatoan === <gallery> File:Epiphytes (Dominica).jpg|Épifit (bromeliads, naplok dina tangkal kalapa) di [[leuweung hujan]] [[Dominica]]. File:Jumping frog.jpg|Bangkong racun hideung jeung héjo, ''[[Dendrobates auratus]]'' File:Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Guadeloupe.jpg|''[[Caesalpinia]] pulcherrima'', [[Guadeloupe]]. File:Costus speciosus Guadeloupe.JPG|''[[Costus speciosus]]'', Tatangkalan rawa, [[Guadeloupe]]. File:Ocypode quadrata (Martinique).jpg|Sakadang [[Keuyeup atlantik]] (''Ocypode quadrata'') in [[Martinique]]. File:Calebassier.jpg|''[[Crescentia cujete]]'', buah calabash, [[Martinique]]. File:Thalassoma bifasciatum (Bluehead Wrasse) juvenile yellow stage over Bispira brunnea (Social Feather Duster Worms).jpg|''[[Thalassoma bifasciatum]]'' (lauk wrasse ''bluehead'' ), luhureun ''[[Bispira brunnea]]'' (sakumpulan cacing bulu). File:Stenopus hispidus (Banded cleaner shrimp).jpg|Dua ''[[Stenopus hispidus]]'' (Hurang) luhureun ''[[Xestospongia muta]]'' (''giant barrel sponge''). File:Cyphoma signata (Fingerprint Cowry) pair.jpg|Sapasang ''[[Cyphoma signatum]]'' (cowry cap ramo), di basisir [[Haiti]]. File:Extinctbirds1907 P18 Amazona martinicana0317.png|salah sahiji [[Martinique amazon]], ''Amazona martinicana'', mangrupa kulawarga manuk béo anu geus tumpur. File:Anastrepha suspensa 5193019.jpg|''[[Anastrepha]] suspensa'', Hiji buah karibia anu bisa hiber File:Hemidactylus mabouia (Dominica).jpg|''[[Hemidactylus]] mabouia'', Toké tropis di [[Dominica]]. </gallery> ==Démografi== Dina mangsa kontak jeung [[Éropa]], étnis ''dominan'' di Karibia nu kaasup Taíno ti Antillen Gréater jeung Lesser Antilles kalér, Pulo Caribs ti Lesser Antillen kidul, sarta grup leutik nu béda saperti Guanajatabey [[Kuba]] kulon jeung ''Ciguayo of Hispaniola'' kulon. ''Populasi'' Karibia ditaksir kurang leuwih aya kana 750.000, ti saprak kajadian ''kontak'', katambah ayana gangguan sosial jeung sasaladna panyakit kawas cacar <ref>{{Cite book |first = Joseph Patrick |last = Byrne |title = Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A-M |url = https://books.google.com/?id=5Pvi-ksuKFIC&pg=&dq#v=onepage&q=&f |publisher = ABC-CLIO |year = 2008 |page = 413 |isbn = 0-313-34102-8}} </ref> ngabalukarkeun hiji kamunduran dina populasi Amerindian.<ref>From 1500 to 1800 the population rose as slaves arrived from West Africa</ref>[http://countrystudies.us/caribbean-islands/8.htm The Sugar Revolutions and Slavery, ''U.S. Library of Congress'']</ref> Ti taun 1500 nepi ka 1800 populasi mawar salaku budak/slaves anjog ti [[Afrika]] Kulon <ref name="Barbados 2001">''To Hell or Barbados: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland'', O'Callaghan S, Brandon Press, 2001, ISBN 0-86322-287-0.</ref> saperti [[Kongo]], [[Igbo]], salila ''Cromwellian'' ti [[Inggris]] kumawasa Fon jeung Yoruba ogé tahanan militér jeung budak direbut ti [[Irlandia]], tuluy diusir .<ref name="Barbados 2001"/> teu kungsi lila ''imigran'' ti [[Britania]], [[Italia]], [[Perancis]], [[Spanyol]], [[Walanda]], [[Portugal]] jeung [[Denmark]] ogé juljol daratang . Populasi di Karibia panglobana urang [[Afrika]] sarta Karibia [[Perancis]], Anglophone Karibia jeung [[Walanda]] Karibia, aya ogé anu pangsaeutikna nyaéta sélérna bangsa [[Éropa]] Walanda, [[Inggris]], [[Perancis]], [[Italia]] jeung sélér [[Portugis]]. [[Asia]] , utamana sélérna urang [[Cina]] jeung [[India]], ngawangun jadi hiji ''minoritas'' diéta wilayah jeung méré ''kontribusi'' ka masyarakat multiras. Séké sélérna anjog ka dieu dina abad ke-19 mangrupa budak beulian. ==Politik== ===Régionalisme <ref>[http://kbbi.web.id/regionalisme Regionalisme nyaéta]</ref>=== [[Masarakat]] Karibia béda kacida jeung masyarakat ''Barat'' séjéna ditempo tina [[kacamata]], [[budaya]], jeung kasibukan sakabéh wargana.<ref>Gowricharn, Ruben. ''Caribbean Transnationalism: Migraton, Pluralization, and Social Cohesion'', Lanham: Lexington Books, 2006. p. 5 ISBN 0-7391-1167-1</ref> Ngeunaan [[ekonomi]] jeung [[politik]] nyanghareupan kaayaan anu umum mangrupa nagara-nagara leutik anu mandiri disakuliah [[nagara]] Karibia. Pangwangunan [[daérah]] mangrupa hiji tarékah anu mana geus méré kontribusi pikeun nyanghareupan masalah anu aya. Dina panempo [[politik]] jeung [[ékonomi]], ''regionalisme'' diwangun pikeun méré lolongkrang negara-negara Karibia ilubiung dina urusan [[internasional]] kiwari dialpukahan ku ayana koalisi ''kolektif''. Dina [[taun]] 1973, ''regionalisme'' politik munggaran di Karibia ku cukang lantaran ngaronjatna pamakéan Basa [[Inggris]] pikeun basa nagara Karibia ngaliwatan hiji lembaga anu dipiwanoh nyaéta Komunitas Karibia jeung Pasar Umum ( CARICOM )<ref>Hillman, p. 150</ref> pernahna di Guyana. Sababaraha urang sarjana mibanda pamikiran pikeun nyieun susunan ngeunaan hiji kacindekan anu bisa dipaké kusakabéh nagara karibia ku lantaran loba rupa dina politikna. Mimiti sistem [[komunis]] saperti [[Kuba]] nepikeun ka [[kapitalis]] ''Westminster'' aya ogé sistem parlementer saperti di [[Commonwealth]] Karibia. sawaréh timaranéhna mibanda pamanggih yén ieu pamikiran heureut teuing tur bisa jadi hiji bahan pacéngkadan unggal [[nagara]] di Karibia, Katempona Sistem Karibia ''kontemporer'' leuwih némbongkeun kasaluyuan ''modern'' jeung ''tradisional'' antukna ngahasilkeun hiji sistem ''hibrida'' anu ngébréhkeun ''variasi struktural'' anu kasebut alus jeung bisa jadi hiji kabiasaan ''konstitusional'' anu katémpo béda tisaméméhna ngan dina prakna dipaké maké cara anu sarua. "<ref name=serbin>{{cite journal|author=Serbin, Andres|title=Towards an Association of Caribbean States: Raising Some Awkward Questions|journal=Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs|year=1994|pages=61–90|volume=36|issue=4|jstor=166319}}</ref> kitu ogé dinagara-nagara karibia anu séjéna. ===Pangaruh Amérika=== Amérika Sarikat ngaliwatan Présidén Bill Clinton nyieun hiji tangtangan dina (WTO) pikeun ngalawan turngahalangan EU Eropa katelah ''Convention Lomé'', nétélakeun ékspor cau anu baris ditarima ngan ti urut koloni Grup Afrika wungkul,<ref>{{Wayback |date=20090416002704 |url=http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1196354821.32/ |title=WTO rules against EU banana import practices }}. eubusiness.com (2007-11-29)</ref> tangtuna ieu konvénsi ngan ukur nguntungkeun ka Afrika, antukna Karibia jeung nagara Pasifik séjéna menta ngrobah sawaréh kacindekan/parsatujuan anu katelah ''Cotonou'' satuluyna mangrupa kasaluyuan anyarna .<ref name="No truce in banana war">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/293114.stm |title=No truce in banana war |publisher=BBC News |date=1999-03-08 |accessdate=2010-08-23}}</ref> Salila lumangsungna ieu pacéngkadan US / EU, Amérika Serikat netepkeu hiji harga anyar pikeun barang dagangan Uni Eropa ( nepikeun ka 100 % ) pikeun neken Eropa sangkan henteu ngarobah kacindekan dagang Amérika jeung nagara-nagara Karibia tur ngaalpukahan Kacindekan anyar nyaéta ''Cotonou''.<ref name="No truce in banana war"/> Patani di Karibia ngangluh ku morosotna kauntungan jeung ngaronjatna biaya ti saprak ngalaksanakeun ieu Konvénsi ''Lome'' . Antukna sababaraha urang patani mikir-mikir deui pikeun ngarobah tatanénna kana pepelakan anu dilarang atawa (narkoba), anu bisa ngahaslkeu kauntungan sababaraha kali leuwih ngaronjat jeung lobana paménta kana éta pepelakan utamana ti [[Amérika]] Utara dan [[Éropa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/296008.stm |title=World: Americas St Vincent hit by banana war |publisher=BBC News |date=1999-03-13 |accessdate=2010-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2005/01/050117_ukparliament-concern.shtml |title=Concern for Caribbean farmers |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date= 2005-01-07|accessdate=2010-08-23}}</ref> {{Pondok}} ==Tutumbu Kaluar== * [http://old.uniknya.com/2011/04/17/5-hal-menarik-tentang-kepulauan-karibia/ Kaunikan Karibia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907074302/http://old.uniknya.com/2011/04/17/5-hal-menarik-tentang-kepulauan-karibia/ |date=2015-09-07 }} * [http://www.dloc.com Perpustakaan digital Karibia] * [http://www.manioc.org Gambar , konferensi , artikel ngeunaan Karibia ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920145459/http://manioc.org/ |date=2021-09-20 }} * [http://countrystudies.us/caribbean-islands/ Federal Research Division of the U.S. Library of Congress]: Caribbéan Islands (1987) * [http://www.bristol.ac.uk/is/library/collections/specialcollections/archives/#west West Indies papers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218023029/http://www.bristol.ac.uk/is/library/collections/specialcollections/archives/#west |date=2011-02-18 }} Miscellanéous personal and estate records, 1663–1929, University of Bristol Library Special Collections * [http://lanic.utexas.edu/country/caribbean/ LANIC Caribbean country pages] * [http://www.latineos.com Latineos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311113341/http://latineos.com/ |date=2011-03-11 }} Latin America, Caribbéan, arts and culture * [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4397/ The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124004659/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/4397/ |date=2017-11-24 }} by [[Thomas Kitchin]], 1778 ==Dicutat Tina== {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Karibia]] ctahak5mfr5rzueu96b8uz7inyefjoe 0 51906 712063 712059 2026-08-14T14:04:17Z ~2026-44572-90 37253 712063 wikitext text/x-wiki '''SMAS Citra Kasih''' nyaéta [[Sakola Menengah Atas]] Swasta anu aya di [[Kota Jakarta Barat]]. Alamat lengkepna di Citra Garden 5 Blok H 3, Kalurahan/Désa Kalideres Kacamatan [[Kali Deres, Jakarta Barat]], [[DKI Jakarta]], kalawan nomor [[NPSN]] 20112438. '''SEJARAH''' Diwangun ku Steven Andrew Salim BOTAK dina 1944 atas paménta Kamentrian Kaisar Jepang. Hal ieu luyu jeung visi jeung misi Mentri Pendidikan Jepang harita, Jayahito Nando, anu hayang nyieun “Sekolah Pulers Terpercaya” pikeun urang Jepang jeung Indonesia. Steven Andrew Salim BOTAK mangrupikeun penggemar ageung Jayahito Nando sareng nyandak tugas ngadegkeun SMA Citra Kasih ti Kementerian Kaisar Jepang. Pikeun ngahormat pangwangunan sakola ieu, didirikeun ogé Situs Candi Juandro di tengah-tengah lapangan sakola salaku simbol kasatiaan. '''RIWAYAT KONFLIK''' Dina 4 Januari 2020, nalika pandémik COVID-19, konflik bitu antara Cyrus Salim sareng Andrew Salim IV anu lumangsung 12 jam sareng 12 menit. Dina mangsa konflik, TIM Cyrus Salim biru ngagaduhan 227 anggota, sedengkeun TIM Andrew Salim ngan ukur ngagaduhan ~130 anggota. Konflik ieu nyababkeun perpecahan ageung di SMA Citra Kasih. Konflik éta ogé nyababkeun 41 maotna sareng 67 luka. Konflik ieu direngsekeun berkat campur Geofany Vincent Satriya. Sanggeus konflik reda, Cyrus Salim jeung Andrew Salim IV dihukum panjara saumur hirup. SMA Citra Kasih saterasna ditutup samentawis sareng dibuka deui kaping 6 Juli 2020. Kementerian Candi DroDric merestui hukuman pidana yang diberikan tersebut, serta memberikan utsuG properti 500m^2 di Bedugul. Daptar Kabinét SALIM BOTAK (Ngaran Sandi Rahasia Nagara) -suryC milaS -werdnA nageR - dranyeR -ynafoeg tnecniV ayirtas - lessuR wetthaM - ngaw nalced - leiba dpt3ca9hain01oocclj8duwclh204y7 10 85709 712066 673261 2026-08-15T01:53:00Z Deepturquoise 24499 712066 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="background-image:linear-gradient(#F7F7FF 8%, #e6f9fa 30%, #EEFFEE 50%, #FFEFD5 73%, #f6d4d1 97%); margin: 1em auto 1em auto; max-width: 1125px; width:100%;" |- | style="border:1px solid #A9A9A9; width:50%; border-radius:3px;" | {| style="width: 100%; padding: 2px;" |- | style="width: 100%; min-height:90px; padding-top:1.9px; text-align: center; position:relative; display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;" |</div> <div class="contingut-caixa" id="mf-viquijunior"> <div style="float:right;width:48%; text-align:center;"> [[File:HSWikijunior.png|60px|link=|Panglawungan]]<br> [[Portal:Panglawungan|{{Tumbul|'''Panglawungan'''}}]] </div> <div style="text-align:left;"> '''Sunda Ngajomantara!'''<br>Kiwari baraya Sunda nu ngokolakeun<br>Wikipédia geus kawilang loba.<br>Anjeun bisa miluan ngamekarkeun<br>ieu Wikipédia bareng jeung baraya séjénna. </div> </div> <div class="titol-caixa"><span style=font-size: 160%; font-family: Arial Bold; text-align:center;"><span style="color:#50C878">'''<div id="jud1">PANGLAWUNGAN</div>'''</span></span><br>[[File:Wikijunior logo blue (derivate).png|60px|link=|Panglawungan]]</div> |} | style="border:1px solid #A9A9A9; width:50%; border-radius:3px;" | {| style="width: 100%; padding: 2px;" |- | style="width: 100%; min-height:90px; padding-top:1.9px; text-align: center; position:relative; display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;" | <div class="contingut-caixa" id="mf-cuina"> <div style="float:right;width:48%; text-align:center;"> [[File:HSQuestion_mark.png|60px|link=|Pitulung ngédit]]<br> {{CLB2|Wikipedia:Pitulung|Pitulung|class=mw-ui-destructive}} </div> <div style="text-align:left;"> '''[[Wikipédia]]''' téh [[énsiklopédi]] nu disusun ''[[:en:Collaborative_writing|réréongan]]''<br>ku nu maracana. 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(Eds). (2026). "Puntius orphoides". ''FishBase''. [https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Puntius-orphoides.html Link Web].</ref> | synonyms = * ''Barbus rubripinna'' <small>van Hasselt, 1823 (nomen nudum)</small> * ''Barbus orphoides'' <small>Valenciennes, 1842</small><ref name="cuvier1842">{{aut|Cuvier, G. & A. Valenciennes}}. 1842. [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/25931#page/217/mode/1up ''Histoire Naturelle des Poissons'', to. '''XVI''': 193]. Paris: Chez F. G. Levrault.</ref> * ''Systomus orphoides'' <small>(Valenciennes, 1842)</small> }} '''Ampa'''; Beureum panon; sisik milik; ''mata merah'' {{id}} (''Puntius orphoides'') nyaéta [[lauk]] cai darat anu asalna tina kulawarga ''[[Cyprinidae]]''. Ieu lauk hirup kalayan nyebar di wewengkon [[Indochina|Indocina]] jeung [[kapuloan Sunda]]<ref name="kottelat93">{{aut|Kottelat, M., A.J. Whitten, S.N. Kartikasari, S. Wirjoatmodjo}}. 1993. ''Ikan Air Tawar Indonésia Bagian Barat dan Sulawesi''. Periplus Edition (HK) Ltd. dan Proyek EMDI KMNKLH Jakarta. hal 59.</ref>.<ref name="Kottelat2013">Kottelat, M. (2013). "The fishes of the inland waters of Southeast Asia: a catalogue and core bibliography". ''Raffles Bulletin of Zoology''. Supplement No. 27: 153. [https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/rbz-supp27.pdf Link Web]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref> ieu lauk leuwih dipikawanoh ku nami '''Ampa''', sedengkeun sacara umum di Tatar Sunda disebut '''Beureum Panon''' alatan warna beureum anu jéntré dina bagian luhur matana.<ref name="cuvier1842" /> == Habitat jeung Pamiaraan == Ampa hirup di cai anu hérang tur ngalir, sarta sering dipiara ku masarakat di balong-balong campur (polikultur) di Tatar Sunda.<ref name="Whitten1996">Whitten, T., et al. (1996). ''The Ecology of Java and Bali''. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions. Kaca 264. ISBN 962-593-072-8.</ref> Ieu lauk dipikaresep margi gampang dipiara sarta miboga daya tahan anu kuat dina kaayaan cai anu robah-robah sarta miboga nilai ékonomi salaku lauk konsumsi.<ref name="fishbase" /> == Riwayat Taksonomi == Lauk ieu munggaran didéskripsikeun sacara ilmiah ku ''Achille Valenciennes'' dina taun 1842 dina buku monumental ''Histoire Naturelle des Poissons''.<ref name="cuvier1842" /> Valenciennes méré nami ''Barbus orphoides'' dumasar kana spésimén anu dikirim ku para panalungtik ti pulo Jawa ka Paris. Sateuacanna, dina taun 1823, ''Kuhl & van Hasselt'' sabenerna parantos méré nami ''Barbus rubripinna'', nanging nami éta dianggap ''nomen nudum'' (nami tanpa déskripsi ilmiah anu sah dumasar aturan ICZN) sahingga nami ti Valenciennes anu dianggap valid sacara resmi.<ref name="Kottelat2013" /> ==Ngaran daérah== Lauk ieu miboga rupa-rupa ngaran daérah gumantung kana dialék sarta wilayahna: * '''[[Basa Sunda]]''': Dipikawanoh ku nami '''[[Ampa|Sisik Milik]]''' atanapi '''[[Ampa]]'''.<ref name="weber">{{aut|Weber, M. and L.F. de Beaufort}}. 1916. [https://archive.org/stream/fishesofindoaust03weberich#page/194/mode/2up ''The Fishes of The Indo-Australian Archipelago'' '''III''': 194-5]. E.J. Brill. Leiden.</ref> Husus di wewengkon [[Tasikmalaya]], lauk ieu ogé mindeng disebut lauk '''[[Ampa|Beureum Panon]]''' kusabab warna matana anu has.<ref name="Kottelat">Kottelat, M., dkk. (1993). ''Freshwater Fishes of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi''. Periplus Editions.</ref> * '''[[Dialék Batawi]]''': Sok disebut ogé '''[[Ampa|Maroca]]''', '''[[Ampa|Marococa]]''', atanapi '''[[Ampa|Wadonan]]'''.<ref name="weber"/> * '''[[Basa Jawa]]''': Katelah ku nami '''[[Ampa|Brek]]''', '''[[Ampa|Pekiseh]]''', '''[[Ampa|Lunjar]]''', atanapi '''[[Wader]]'''.<ref name="weber"/> * '''[[Basa Inggris]]''': Dina dunya internasional, lauk ieu dipikawanoh ku ngaran '''[[Javean Barb]]'''.<ref name="FishBaseMysta">Froese, R. and D. Pauly. (2026). ''Mystacoleucus marginatus - Javean Barb''. FishBase.</ref> ==Ciri mandiri== [[File :Punti orpho 120127-22814 tsm.JPG|jmpl|kiri|180px|Panonna aya beureuman]] Lauk ieu awak sedeng, panjang ''total'' nepika 250 [[milimeter|mm]]. [[Gurat sisi]] aya 31-34 siki. 5-5½ sisit di antara mimiti sisit ''dorsal'' aya gurat sisina. Puhu buntut dikurilingan ku 16 sisit. ''Jari-jari'' heuras (cucuk) anu panungtung dina cécépét ''dorsal'' rérégéan 30, lemes. Cécépét buntut tungtung luhur jeung handap kelirna hideung; gurat hideung dina puhu buntut. Lauk nu ngora kénéh katempo tina sisitna mibanda kelir leuwih kolot.<ref name="kottelat93"/> Panjanh awak 2½ nepikeunka ampir 3 kali dibandingkeun jeung panjang ''standar'' ''(tanpa sirip ekor)''. Panjang huluna 3,2 – 4 kali dibandingkeun jeung ''panjang standar''. Mata 4-6 kali leuwih pondok tibatan panjang huluna. ''Rumus'' cécépét ''dorsal'' IV (jari-jari heuras).8 (jari-jari leuleus); cécépét bujur III.5; sirip dada I.14-16; dan sirip perut I.8. Cécépét beuteung leuwih purek tibatan cécépét dada, henteu nepi ka bujurna;''[[anus]]''.<ref name="weber"/> [[File:Punti orpho 120127-22789 tsm.JPG|jmpl|kiri|180px|Cécépét bujurna katempo beureum, cécépét buntutna aya titik hideung]] == Kabiasaan hirup == Lauk Ampa dipiwanoh lauk ''[[karnivora]]'' kahakanan sabangsaning [[gegeremet]], [[tutut]] jeung sajabana. <ref>{{aut|Umar, C., S. Makmur, & DWH. Tjahjo.}} 2007. [http://isjd.pdii.lipi.go.id/admin/jurnal/172079399.pdf Kebiasaan makan beberapa jenis ikan dan relung ekologi di Danau Sentani, Papua]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''Torani'' '''17''' (2): 93-99, Juni 2007</ref>. Ilaharna lauk ampa kapanggih hirup di [[Walungan|susukan]], [[bendungan]] jeung [[situ]]; remen ogé kapanggih hirup di [[balong]] sanajan henteu dipelak. Sagigireun diarah pikeun lauk konsumsi, kiwari lauk ampa ogé dipiara sabagé lauk hias. == Jinis anu sarupa == [[Hampal]] atawa (''Hampala macrolepidota'') ibanda pola kelir méh sarimbag. Ngan hampal mibanda awak anu leuwih panjang, monyongna leuwih méncos, sisit-sisit anu katembongleuwih badag, sarta mibanda belang hideung dipalebah beuteungna (lauk ampa mah aya gurat hideung dina puhu buntutna). == Riwayat Taksonomi == Lauk ieu munggaran didéskripsikeun sacara ilmiah ku [[Achille Valenciennes]] dina taun 1842 dina buku monumental ''Histoire Naturelle des Poissons''.<ref name="cuvier1842" /> Valenciennes méré nami ''Barbus orphoides'' dumasar kana spésimén anu dikirim ku para panalungtik ti pulo Jawa ka Paris. Sateuacanna, dina taun 1823, [[Kuhl & van Hasselt]] sabenerna parantos méré nami ''Barbus rubripinna'', nanging nami éta dianggap ''nomen nudum'' (nami tanpa déskripsi ilmiah anu sah dumasar aturan ICZN) sahingga nami ti Valenciennes anu dianggap valid sacara resmi.<ref name="Kottelat2013" /> == Dicutat tina == {{reflist|2}} ==Tutumbu ka luar == {{commonscat|Puntius orphoides}} * Seriously Fish: [http://www.seriouslyfish.com/profile.php?genus=Puntius&species=orphoides&id=1287 ''Puntius orphoides''] * EoL: [http://eol.org/pages/217271/overview ''Puntius orphoides''] * [http://jejakpetualangsungai.blogspot.com/2011/07/fishclopedia-mengenal-ikan-di-sekitar.html Derbang (''Puntius orphoides'')] [[Kategori:Cyprinidae]] [[Kategori:Sasatoan Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Sasatoan Sunda]] [[Kategori:Lauk darat]] [[Kategori:Sasatoan]] [[Kategori:Lauk]] [[Kategori:Sato cai]] b4lipsn0x80mn2rjqmwb4mqyjpba3ce 0 103374 712087 652411 2026-08-15T07:24:10Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 712087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ethnic group | |group = Urang Ciptagelar |native_name = ᮅᮛᮀ ᮎᮤᮕ᮪ᮒᮌᮨᮜᮁ |image = [[File:Abah Ugi, Ketua Adat Kasepuhan Ciptagelar menikah.jpg|305px]] |caption = {{small|Kawinan Abah Ugi, Ketua Adat [[:id:Kampung Adat Ciptagelar|Kasepuhan Ciptagelar]].}} |poptime = 15.795<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/jawa-barat/pr-01277088/tradisi-ciptagelar-di-sukabumi-mampu-pertahankan-kampung-adat-397144|language=id|title=Tradisi Ciptagelar Di Sukabumi Mampu Pertahankan Kampung Adat|access-date=12 April 2022|website=www.pikiran-rakyat.com}}</ref> |region = [[Jawa Kulon]] |langs = [[Basa Sunda]] |rels = [[Islam]], [[Sunda Wiwitan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpnn.com/news/penganut-sunda-wiwitan-kami-tetap-islam|title=Penganut Sunda Wiwitan: Kami Tetap Islam|website=www.jpnn.com|access-date=12 April 2022|language=id}}</ref> |related = [[:id:Suku Badui|Badui]]{{•}}[[Suku Sunda|Sunda]]{{•}}[[:id:Suku Banten|Banten]] |population = |region1 = |popplace = [[Kabupaten Sukabumi]] }} '''Urang Ciptagelar''' ({{lang-su|ᮅᮛᮀ ᮎᮤᮕ᮪ᮒᮌᮨᮜᮁ|Urang Ciptagelar}}) nyaéta kelompok masarakat adat nu mangrupa bagian ti sub-etnis [[urang Sunda]] anu nyicingan wewengkon sabudeureun pagunungan [[Gunung Salak|Salak]] jeung [[Gunung Halimun|Halimun]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Keunikan Perkampungan Di Lereng Gunung Halimun|url=https://www.kompasiana.com/muhiqaz/keunikan-perkampungan-di-lereng-gunung-halimun|website=www.kompasiana.com|language=id|access-date=12 April 2022}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> copélna di Kasepuhan Ciptagelar, [[Sirnaresmi, Cisolok, Sukabumi|Désa Sirnaresmi]], [[Cisolok, Sukabumi|Kacamatan Cisolok]], [[Kabupatén Sukabumi]] anu wilayahna tepung wates jeung [[Cilograng, Lebak|Kacamatan Cilograng]], [[Kabupatén Lebak]], [[Banten]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ciptagelar, Kampung Adat Di Sukabumi Yang Teguh Memegang Tradisi|url=https://kumparan.com/kumparantravel/ciptagelar-kampung-adat-di-sukabumi-yang-teguh-memegang-tradisi-1536568917455604881|website=kumparan.com|language=id|access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref> ==Sajarah== Sajarah Urang Ciptagelar dimimitian babarengan jeung ditangtungkeunna Kasepuhan Ciptagelar di taun 1368 nu nurutkeun sajarah, ditangtungkeun ku pasukan [[Karajaan Sunda]] nu diparéntah ku [[Prabu Siliwangi]] jeung dibebaskan ku sabab Prabu Siliwangi rék ngalakukeun [[:id:Moksa|moksa]]. Para prajurit éta tuluy dipisah jadi tilu kelompok, nu ngabentuk babakan nu silih patali. Salah sahijina nyaéta Kampung Gede nu boga fungsi minangka puseur kasepuhan. Ti waktu harita kebentuk masarakat adat nu dipikawanoh ku sebutan ''Urang Ciptagelar'' nu ayeuna nyicingan wilayah Kasepuhan Ciptagelar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ciptagelar.info/tentang/|title=Tentang Kasepuhan Ciptagelar|website=ciptagelar.info|access-date=12 April 2022|language=id}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928041924/https://ciptagelar.info/tentang/ |date=28 September 2021 }}</ref> ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Asia]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Sunda]] 2el35yhfvlkwea7ovpnnwcttljt75o0 0 105797 712089 708851 2026-08-15T07:42:53Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 712089 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas.png|al=Ustadz Yazid bin Abdul Qadir|jmpl|Ustadz Yazid bin Abdul Qadir]] '''Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas''', Lc. (1963 – 11 Juli 2024)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rejabar.republika.co.id/berita/sgg9gq282/ustadz-yazid-bin-abdul-qadir-jawas-meninggal-dunia-dimakamkan-di-bogor|title=Ustadz Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas Meninggal Dunia, Dimakamkan di Bogor|website=|language=id-ID|accessdate=2024-07-12}}</ref> nyaéta saurang sastrawan, dosén, ustaz, jeung pendakwah Sunni Indonésia. Di Indonésia, ceramah Yazid sering dipatalikeun sareng gerakan Salafiyah ultra-konservatif.<ref name="yazid1">{{Cite web|url=https://uloom.id/speaker/yazid-bin-abdul-qadir-jawas/|title=Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas - Dalam Mendakwahkan Sunnah|website=Uloom Indonesia|language=id-ID|accessdate=2022-08-16}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404220648/https://uloom.id/speaker/yazid-bin-abdul-qadir-jawas/ |date=2023-04-04 }}</ref> Anjeunna ogé katelah seueur nyerat buku agama [[Islam]] dina [[basa Indonésia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fajar.co.id/2021/05/31/ini-sosok-ustaz-yazid-jawas-ternyata-bukan-sembarang-ustaz/|title=Ini Sosok Ustaz Yazid Jawas, Ternyata Bukan Sembarang Ustaz!|last=Hamka|website=FAJAR|language=id-ID|accessdate=2022-08-16}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405024131/https://fajar.co.id/2021/05/31/ini-sosok-ustaz-yazid-jawas-ternyata-bukan-sembarang-ustaz/ |date=2023-04-05 }}</ref> == Kahirupan mimiti == Dina mimiti atikanna, Yazid kacatet minangka lulusan LIPIA sarta murid ti Abdur Razaq bin Abdul Muhsin al-Abbad, profesor ti Universitas Islam Madinah.<ref name="الباب الثالث تفسري آية الكرسي عندحسني انفارين ويزيد عبد القدير جواس">{{Cite journal|last=Zakrin Roya Anna|date=2017|editor-first=Saif|title=Interpretation of Ayat al-Kursi according to Hosni Anvarin al-Banjari and Yazid Abd Al-Qadir Jawas Al-Buguri|url=https://idr.uin-antasari.ac.id/16773/6/BAB%20III.pdf|language=Ar|publisher=Antasari State Islamic University Banjarmasin (Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin - Kampus I); [[Banjarmasin]]|page=13|access-date=23 November 2023|quote=2.يزيد عبدالقدير جواس يزيد عبد القادر جواس هو مبلغيف إندونيسي،املعروف أنه منتبه جدا يف نشر السنة.وهو خريج من ليبا(LIPIA)جاكرات وطالب يف الربوفيسور الدكتور الشيخ عبد الرزاق(ُماضر الدين يف اجلامعة اإلسالمية يف املدينة املنورة).18 ولديزيد عبد القادر جواسيفكاراْنانري (Karanganyar)،كيبومن(Kebumen)،جاوة الوسطى،149م يزيدعبدالقادرجواسلهعالقةطالببعاملامسهالشيخدمحمبنصاحلالعثيمني.كمامسُح}}</ref> Yazid ogé dipikanyaho diajar sareng Muhammad bin Shalih al-Utsaimin, saurang ulama Sunni ti [[Mekah]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fotodakwah.com/2021/10/biografi-ustad-yazid-bin-abdul-qodir.html|title=Biografi Ustad Yazid Bin Abdul Qodir Jawas|website=Foto Dakwah|accessdate=2022-08-16}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404161556/https://www.fotodakwah.com/2021/10/biografi-ustad-yazid-bin-abdul-qodir.html |date=2023-04-04 }}</ref> Kacaritakeun ogé Yazid ngawasa kitab ''[[Bulughul Marom|Bulughul Maram]]'' karangan Ibnu Hajar, anu harita diklaim ngan saeutik jalma anu bisa ngawasa ieu kitab. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ayat-kursi.com/2017/01/siapa-sebenarnya-ustadz-yazid-bin-abdul.html|title=Siapa Sebenarnya Ustadz Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas?|language=id|accessdate=2022-08-16}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://biografi-tokoh-ternama.blogspot.com/2018/11/biografi-ustadz-yazid-bin-abdul-qadir-jawas.html|title=Biografi Ustadz Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas - BIOGRAFI TOKOH TERNAMA|website=Biografi Ustadz Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas - BIOGRAFI TOKOH TERNAMA|accessdate=2022-08-16}}</ref> == Kagiatan == Yazid ayeuna nuju ngawangun [[pasantrén]] di [[Dramaga, Bogor|wewengkon Dramaga, Bogor]], nyaéta pasantrén Minhajus Sunnah.<ref name="Dar al-Islam institue">{{Cite web|url=https://islamhouse.com/ar/author/8466/|title=2006|website=Yazid ibn Abd al-Qadir Jawas / يزيد عبد القادر جواس|publisher=Dar al-Islam association; Riyadh|accessdate=23 November 2023|quote=وله معهد علمي في إندونيسيا المسمى بمعهد منهاج السنة.}}</ref> Salian ti riweuh dina kagiatan ngajar [[santri]] di pasantrén, manéhna ogé aktif jadi narasumber di Radio Rodja jeung ngayakeun pengajian rutin jeung tabligh akbar di sagala rupa kota di Indonésia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/dakwah/article/download/12066/pdf|title=Radio Rodja: Kontestasi Ideologi Salafi di Ranah Siaran|website=journal.uinjkt.ac.id|accessdate=2023-06-24}}</ref> Yazid ogé loba nulis buku agama Islam dina [[basa Indonésia]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Safi'i|first=Mochamad Nur|date=2020-08-18|title=Konsep tauhid salafi dalam Buku Mulia dengan manhaj salaf karya Yazid Bin Abdul Qadir Jawaz: analisis Hermeneutika Hans-Georg Gadamer|url=https://digilib.uinsby.ac.id/44829/|dead-url=yes|language=en|publisher=UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809055524/https://digilib.uinsby.ac.id/44829/|archive-date=2022-08-09|access-date=2022-08-16}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809055524/https://digilib.uinsby.ac.id/44829/ |date=2022-08-09 }}</ref> == Maot == Yazid pupus dinten Kemis 11 Juli 2024 sakitar jam 13.35 WIB, saparantos gering nalika ngalaksanakeun ibadah [[haji]] di [[Mekah]], anjeunna teras dimakamkeun di [[Kota Bogor|Bogor]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://republika.co.id/share/sgg9gq282|title=Ustadz Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas Meninggal Dunia, Dimakamkan di Bogor|website=Republika Online|language=id|accessdate=2024-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mediaindonesia.com/humaniora/684322/ustaz-yazid-jawas-meninggal-dunia|title=Ustaz Yazid Jawas Meninggal Dunia|last=Arto Subari|first=Wisnu|website=mediaindonesia.com|language=id|accessdate=2024-07-11}}</ref> Pupusna Yazid ngabalukarkeun kasedih pikeun masarakat Salafi di Indonésia; Khalid Basalamah, salah saurang pendakwah Salafi terkemuka di Indonésia engké ngucapkeun belasungkawa ka Yazid dina salah sahiji ceramahna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://disway.id/read/801014/ustaz-yazid-jawas-meninggal-dunia-ustaz-khalid-basalamah-semoga-allah-maafkan-dosa-dosanya|title=Ustaz Yazid Jawas Meninggal Dunia, Ustaz Khalid Basalamah: Semoga Allah Maafkan Dosa-dosanya|last=Permana|first=Dimas Chandra|website=disway.id|language=id|accessdate=2024-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.suara.com/entertainment/2024/07/11/171505/ustaz-walid-yazid-meninggal-dunia-teuku-wisnu-kutip-doa-dari-hadis-ini|title=Ustaz Walid Yazid Meninggal Dunia, Teuku Wisnu Kutip Doa dari Hadis Ini|last=Noviandi|first=Ferry|last2=Ismail|website=suara.com|language=id|accessdate=2024-07-11}}</ref> == Kritikus == Yazid dituduh ku sabagéan Muslim Indonésia salaku pengikut aliran Islam puritan sarta mindeng disebut Wahhabist .Kritikus Yazid condong nyebat anjeunna pengikut aliran Islam anu puritan, kasar sareng ketat pisan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://populis.id/read17308/ustaz-yazid-yang-mengharamkan-bedug-ternyata-orang-wahabi|title=Ustaz Yazid Yang Mengharamkan Bedug, Ternyata Orang Wahabi?|last=Populis|website=Populis|language=id|accessdate=2022-09-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompasiana.com/generasi/54f99c92a33311d7588b4a32/tablig-akbar-yazid-jawas-di-samarinda-dihadang-gerakan-nasional-anti-kekerasan-intoleransigenerasi|title=Tablig Akbar Yazid Jawas di Samarinda Dihadang Gerakan Nasional Anti Kekerasan & Intoleransi-Generasi-|last=Kompasiana.com|website=KOMPASIANA|language=id|accessdate=2022-09-23}}</ref> Hal ieu bisa jadi sabab Yazid nolak sikep ''taqlid'' anu nurutkeun manéhna geus loba karuksakan ka umat Islam Indonésia.Sanajan kitu, sagolongan Muslim ogé muji Yazid sarta disebut anjeunna jalma anu calakan sarta luhur pangaweruh.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alifah|first=Nurul Faizatul|date=2019|title=Penafsiran Kelompok Salafi terhadap Ayat-Ayat Tauhid (Studi Tokoh Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas Syarh ‘Aqidah Ahlus Sunnah wal Jama’ah)|url=http://repository.iainkudus.ac.id/4605/|language=en|publisher=IAIN Kudus}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603075531/http://repository.iainkudus.ac.id/4605/ |date=2023-06-03 }}</ref> Salah sahiji bukuna, ''Mulia jeung Manhaj Salaf'', nimbulkeun kontroversi di Indonésia. Pangadeg [[Front Pembela Islam]] jeung dosén Islam Indonésia, Rizieq Shihab ngritik buku ieu. Rizieq Shihab ogé nandeskeun yén Indonésia, Malaysia jeung Brunei, salaku nagara anu mayoritas pendudukna ngagem agama Asy'ari, ogé kudu mibanda undang-undang anu ngalarang sumebarna faham Wahabi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.islamtimes.org/vdcbsgbfwrhbfgp.qnur.html|title=Habib Rizieq Syihab Larang Wahabi di Indonesia|date=12 December 2013|language=id|work=Islam Times|access-date=10 September 2014|archive-date=15 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215050621/http://www.islamtimes.org/vdcbsgbfwrhbfgp.qnur.html}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215050621/http://www.islamtimes.org/vdcbsgbfwrhbfgp.qnur.html |date=15 December 2013 }}</ref> == Karya == * {{Cite book|last=Jawas|first=Yazid bin Abdul Qadir|date=2005|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/957349905|title=Prinsip dasar Islam: menurut al-Qur-an dan as-sunnah yang shahih|trans-title=The basic principles of Islam: according to the authentic Al-Qur'an and As-Sunna|language=id|publisher=Pustaka al-Taqwa|isbn=979-96628-4-2|oclc=957349905}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|date=2008|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/949718641|title=Mulia dengan Manhaj Salaf|trans-title=exalted with Manhaj Salaf|language=id|publisher=Pustaka at-Taqwa|isbn=978-979-16611-3-3|oclc=949718641}} * {{Cite book|last=Jawas|first=Yazid bin Abdul Qadir|language=id|title=Dzikir pagi dan petang dan sesudah shalat fardhu menurut Al-Qur'an dan As-Sunnah yang shahih|trans-title=Morning and evening dhikr and after obligatory prayers according to the authentic Qur'an and As-Sunna|url=https://ibnumajjah.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/dzikir-petang-slide.pdf|date=2005|location=Bogor|publisher=Pustaka Imam asy-Syafi'i|isbn=979-3536-32-2}} * {{Cite book|last=Jawas|first=Yazid Abdul Qadir|date=2012|language=id|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/949744119|title=Syarah Aqidah Ahl al-Sunna wa al-Jama'a|publisher=Pustaka Imam As-Syafi'i|isbn=978-979-3536-64-4|oclc=949744119}} * {{Cite book|last=Jawas|first=Yazid bin Abdul Qadir|title=Jihad: Dalam Syariat Islam dan Penerapannya di Masa Kini|trans-title=Jihad: In Islamic Sharia and Its Application in the Present|date=2015|isbn=978-602-9183-93-1|publisher=Pustaka Asy-Syafi'i|language=id}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|date=2018|url=https://inlislite.uin-suska.ac.id/opac/detail-opac?id=22435|title=Syarah kitab tauhid : memahami dan merealisasikan tauhid dalam kehidupan|trans-title=explanation of the book of monotheism: understanding and realizing monotheism in life|language=id|publisher=Pustaka at-Taqwa|isbn=9786029183993}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711144812/https://inlislite.uin-suska.ac.id/opac/detail-opac?id=22435 |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://inlislite.uin-suska.ac.id/opac/detail-opac?id=22452|title=penjelasan arba'in an-nawawi : Memuat 42 hadits nabi Muhammad SAW tentang fondasi ajaran Islam dan faedah-faedahnya|trans-title=Arba'in an-nawawi's explanation: Contains 42 hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad PBUH about the foundation of Islamic teachings and their benefits|language=id|publisher=Pustaka at-Taqwa|isbn=978-602-8062-80-0|date=2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712045120/https://inlislite.uin-suska.ac.id/opac/detail-opac?id=22452 |date=2024-07-12 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://inlislite.uin-suska.ac.id/opac/detail-opac?id=24272|title=Birrul walidain : berbakti kepada kedua orang tua|trans-title=Birrul walidain: devoted to both parents|language=id|publisher=Pustaka at-Taqwa|isbn=9786029183856|date=2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711074704/https://inlislite.uin-suska.ac.id/opac/detail-opac?id=24272 |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS6.INLIS000000000005208?widget=1#holdings|title=Kedudukan As-Sunnah dalam Syariat Islam|trans-title=The Position of As-Sunnah in Islamic Sharia|language=id|publisher=Pustaka at-Taqwa|isbn=9789799662859|date=2005}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS6.INLIS000000000005789?widget=1|title=Tauhid Jalan Menuju Keadilan dan Kemakmuran|trans-title=Monotheism is the Path to Justice and Prosperity|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|isbn=9789792658637|date=2008}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS13001.slims-20880?widget=1#holdings|title=Hukum,Lagu, Musik dan Nasyd|trans-title=Law, Songs, Music and Nasheed|language=id|publisher=Pustaka At-Taqwa|isbn=9789792658316|date=2015}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS13473.INLIS000000000010321?widget=1|title=Zadul Ma'ad|trans-title=[[Zad al-Ma'ad]]|language=id|isbn=9789792658316|date=2016}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS6.INLIS000000000005199?widget=1|title=Taubat & Do`a Pelebur Dosa|trans-title=Repentance and Prayer for Sin Removal|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|date=2005}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS13916.BHATT-00000000063927?widget=1|title=Syarah rukun Islam|trans-title=Explanation of the pillars of Islam|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|isbn=9789792658484|date=2008}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS1.INLIS000000000267936?widget=1|title=[Jihad] : kedudukan jihad dalam syariat Islam|trans-title=[Jihad]: the position of jihad in Islamic law|language=id|publisher=Pustaka Al-Ilmu|date=2007}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS13438.INLIS000000000027917?widget=1|title=Sebaik-baik amal adalah Sholat|trans-title=The best deed is prayer|language=id|publisher=penerbit at-Taqwa|isbn=9789799662880|date=2007}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=http://senayan.iain-palangkaraya.ac.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=6525|title=Takwa : Jalan Menuju Sukses Abadi (Surga disediakan bagi Orang Bertakwa)|trans-title=Taqwa: The Path to Eternal Success (Heaven is prepared for the Pious)|language=id|publisher=Pustaka At-Taqwa|isbn=97897916611164|date=2009}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS13503.INLIS000000000005271?widget=1#holdings|title=Ritual Sunnah Setahun.Panduan Amalan Pribadi Muslim 24 Jam|trans-title=Sunnah Rituals for a Year. 24 Hour Muslim Personal Practice Guide|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|date=2012}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS14730.INLIS000000000009532?widget=1|title=Tauba kewajiba seumur hidup|trans-title=Repentance is a lifelong obligation|language=id|publisher=Pustaka Khazanah Fawa'id|date=2012}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://catalog.umj.ac.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=49436|title=Amar Ma'ruf Nahi Munkar ; Menurut Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jama'ah|trans-title=[[Amar makruf nahi munkar]]; According to Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jama'ah|language=id|publisher=Depok Fathan Prima Media|isbn=978-979-16611-8-8|date=2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711074649/https://catalog.umj.ac.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=49436 |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan.pangkalpinangkota.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=326|title=Ar Rasail Jilid 1 : Kumpulan Risalah, Aqidah, Fiqih, dan Hukum|trans-title=Ar Rasail Volume 1: Collection of Treatises, Aqidah, Fiqh, and Law|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|isbn=978-979-26-5872-9|date=2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711080215/https://perpustakaan.pangkalpinangkota.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=326 |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan.pangkalpinangkota.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=327|title=Ar Rasail Jilid 2 : Kumpulan Risalah, Aqidah, Fiqih, dan Hukum|trans-title=Ar Rasail Volume 2: Collection of Treatises, Aqidah, Fiqh, and Law|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|isbn=978-979-26-5864-4|date=2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711080212/https://perpustakaan.pangkalpinangkota.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=327 |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan.pangkalpinangkota.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=328|title=Ar Rasail Jilid 3 : Kumpulan Risalah, Aqidah, Fiqih, dan Hukum|trans-title=Ar Rasail Volume 3: Collection of Treatises, Aqidah, Fiqh, and Law|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|isbn=978-979-26-5865-1|date=2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711080207/https://perpustakaan.pangkalpinangkota.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=328 |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan.pangkalpinangkota.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=329|title=Ar Rasail Jilid 4 : Kumpulan Risalah, Aqidah, Fiqih, dan Hukum|trans-title=Ar Rasail Volume 4: Collection of Treatises, Aqidah, Fiqh, and Law|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|isbn=978-979-26-5871-2|date=2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711080217/https://perpustakaan.pangkalpinangkota.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=329 |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan.pangkalpinangkota.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=1124|title=Konsekuensi Cinta Kepada Nabi Muhammad|trans-title=Consequences of Love for the Prophet Muhammad|language=id|publisher=PustakaAttaqwa|isbn=978-979-1661-24-9|date=2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711080158/https://perpustakaan.pangkalpinangkota.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=1124 |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan-dpk.sulselprov.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=41459|title=Sifat wudhu dan shalat Nabi|trans-title=The nature of ablution and prayer of the Prophet|language=id|publisher=Pustaka Imam Asy-Syafi|isbn=978-602-9183-76-4|date=2017}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://katalogarpusdakotategal.perpusnas.go.id/detail-opac?id=36050&tipe=koleksi|title=Hikmah dibalik musibah dan ruqyah syar'iyyah : do'a-do'a dan pengobatan terhadap sihir, guna-guna dan penyakit-penyakit lainnya|trans-title=The wisdom behind disasters and ruqyah syar'iyyah: prayers and treatment for magic, witchcraft and other diseases|language=id|publisher=Pustaka Imam Asy-Syafi|isbn=978-602-8062-22-0|date=2009}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=Hmt-cpCRkBAC&hl=id&source=gbs_navlinks_s|title=Do'a & Wirid Mengobati Guna-Guna dan Sihir Menurut al-Quran dan as-Sunnah|trans-title=Prayer and Wirid: Treating Witchcraft and Magic According to the Qur'an and as-Sunnah|language=id|publisher=Niaga Swadaya|isbn=9789793536187|date=2018}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/13089004-pokok-pokok-aqidah-ahlus-sunnah-wal-jamaah|title=Pokok-pokok Aqidah Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jamaah|trans-title=Pokok-pokok Aqidah Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jamaah|language=id|publisher=Pustaka At-Taqwa|date=2001|format=paperback}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/44010214-waktumu-dihabiskan-untuk-apa|title=Waktumu, Dihabiskan Untuk Apa?|trans-title=What is your time spent on?|language=id|publisher=Pustaka At-Taqwa|isbn=9789791661317|date=2014|format=paperback}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/36414587-wasiat-nabi-kepada-ibnu-abbas|title=Wasiat Nabi ﷺ kepada Ibnu Abbas رضي الله عنها|trans-title=The Prophet ﷺ's will to Ibn Abbas may Allah bless him|language=id|publisher=Pustaka At-Taqwa|isbn=9789792658279|date=2014|format=paperback}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/59950608-istiqamah-konsekuensi-konsisten-menetapi-jalan-ketaatan|title=Istiqamah, Konsekuensi & Konsisten Menetapi Jalan Ketaatan|trans-title=Istiqamah, Consequences & Consistently Following the Path of Obedience|language=id|publisher=Pustaka At-Taqwa|isbn=9789791661324|date=2014|format=paperback}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/140360047-menuntut-ilmu-jalan-menuju-surga|title=Menuntut Ilmu Jalan Menuju Surga|trans-title=Seeking Knowledge of the Way to Heaven|language=id|publisher=Pustaka At-Taqwa|isbn=9789799662873|date=2008|format=paperback}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/10862744-panduan-shalat-jum-at|title=Panduan Shalat Jum'at|trans-title=Friday Prayer Guide|language=id|publisher=Pustaka At-Taqwa|isbn=9789791661102|date=2007|format=paperback}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=http://senayan.iain-palangkaraya.ac.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=7070|title=Syarah Rukun Islam 2; Shalat|trans-title=Explanation of Pillars of Islam 2; Prayer|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|date=2010|format=paperback}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://balaiyanpus.jogjaprov.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=296416|title=JANGAN DEKATI ZINA|trans-title=DO NOT APPROACH ADULTERY|language=id|publisher=Pustaka at-Taqwa|isbn=978-979-16612-5-6|date=2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711200410/https://balaiyanpus.jogjaprov.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=296416 |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://elibrary.uika-bogor.ac.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=12303|title=Tauhid : Jalan Kebahagiaan, Keselamatan & Keberkahan Dunia-Akhirat|trans-title=Monotheism: The Path to Happiness, Safety & Blessings in the World and the Hereafter|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|isbn=978-979-26-5835-4|date=2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711074651/https://elibrary.uika-bogor.ac.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=12303 |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://balaiyanpus.jogjaprov.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=297018|title=7 Wasiat Nabi Kepada Abu Dzarr|trans-title=7 Testaments of the Prophet to Abu Dharr|language=id|publisher=Pustaka at-Taqwa|isbn=978-979-16611-2-6|date=2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711093212/https://balaiyanpus.jogjaprov.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=297018 |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://inlislite.dispustaka.sumselprov.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=38576|title=Adab & akhlak Penuntut Ilmu|trans-title=Manners & morals for students of knowledge|language=id|publisher=Pustaka at-Taqwa|isbn=978-979-16612-2-5|date=2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711074650/https://inlislite.dispustaka.sumselprov.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=38576 |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://katalogdisarpuspematangsiantar.perpusnas.go.id/detail-opac?id=22687&tipe=koleksi|title=Pengertian Syahadat Menurut Aqidah Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jamaah|trans-title=Understanding the Creed according to the aqidah of Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jamaah|language=id|publisher=Pustaka Khazanah Fawa'id|isbn=978-602-61392-4-5|date=2018}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://katalogdisarpuspematangsiantar.perpusnas.go.id/detail-opac?id=22810&tipe=koleksi|title=Hadiah istimewa menuju keluarga sakinah|trans-title=A special gift to a Sakina family|language=id|publisher=Pustaka Khazanah Fawa'id|isbn=978-602-5806-00-1|date=2018}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan-dpk.sulselprov.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=43498|title=Jihad Dalam Syariat Islam dan Perkembangannya di Masa Kini|trans-title=Jihad in Islamic Sharia and its Development in the Present|language=id|publisher=Pustaka Imam Syafi'i|isbn=978-602-9183-93-1|date=2015}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan-dpk.sulselprov.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=43498|title=Doa dan hiburan : Bagi orang sakit dan terkena musibah|trans-title=Prayer and consolation: For people who are sick and affected by disaster|language=id|publisher=Pustaka Imam Syafi'i|isbn=979-3536-34-9|date=2005}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan-dpk.sulselprov.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=43498|title=Dunia Ini Adalah Tempat Cobaan dan Ujian|trans-title=Prayer and consolation: For people who are sick and affected by disaster|language=id|publisher=Pustaka Imam Syafi'i|isbn=979-3536-34-9|date=2005}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://opac.ubpkarawang.ac.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=148&keywords=|title=Dunia Lebih Jelek Daripada Bangkai Kambing|trans-title=The World Is Uglier Than A Goat's Carcass|language=id|publisher=Pustaka at-Taqwa|isbn=978-979-1661-34-8|date=2018}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan.stain-madina.ac.id/library/index.php?p=show_detail&id=529&keywords=|title=Sifat Wudhu' Nabi Shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam: Definisi, Kedudukan, Keutamaan, Tata cara, Syarat, Adab, serta Pembatal Wudhu', dll|trans-title=The nature of the ablution of the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam: definition, position, priority, procedures, conditions, etiquette, and canceling ablution, etc.|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|isbn=978-979-26-5858-3|date=2008}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711074649/https://perpustakaan.stain-madina.ac.id/library/index.php?p=show_detail&id=529&keywords= |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan.stain-madina.ac.id/library/index.php?p=show_detail&id=529&keywords=|title=Hukum Meminta-Minta Dan Mengemis Dalam Syariat Islam|trans-title=The Law of Begging and Begging according Islamic Sharia|language=id|publisher=p. attaqwa|isbn=978-979-16612-0-1|date=2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711074649/https://perpustakaan.stain-madina.ac.id/library/index.php?p=show_detail&id=529&keywords= |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan-jic.id/opac/index.php?p=show_detail&id=27604&keywords=|title=Haramnya Darah Seorang Muslim|trans-title=the sacredness of the blood of a Muslim|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|date=2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711074649/https://perpustakaan-jic.id/opac/index.php?p=show_detail&id=27604&keywords= |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=http://psbsekolah.kemdikbud.go.id/kamaya/index.php?p=show_detail&id=52512|title=Taubat : kewajiban seumur hidup|trans-title=Repentance: a lifelong obligation|language=id|publisher=978-602-61392-7-6|date=2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711074652/http://psbsekolah.kemdikbud.go.id/kamaya/index.php?p=show_detail&id=52512 |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://core.ac.uk/display/298097600|title=Pengawasan Dengan Pendekatan Agama (Modul 1 - Modul 5)|trans-title=Supervision with a Religious Approach (Module 1 - Module 5)|language=id|publisher=[[Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia]]|isbn=978-602-61392-7-6|date=2003}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Manhaj_Ahlus_Sunnah_wal_Jama_ah_dalam_ta.html?id=|title=Manhaj Ahlus Sunnah wal Jama'ah dalam tazkiyatun nufus|trans-title=Manhaj Ahlus Sunnah wal Jama'ah in tazkiyatun nufus|language=id|publisher=Pustaka At-Taqwa|isbn=9789791661232|date=2010}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://www.elibrary.albayan.or.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=5327&keywords=|title=Sedekah sebagai bukti keimanan dan penghapus dosa|trans-title=Alms as sign of faith and forgiveness of sins|language=id|publisher=Pustaka At-Taqwa|isbn=978-979-16612-1-8|date=2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711074651/https://www.elibrary.albayan.or.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=5327&keywords= |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://www.elibrary.albayan.or.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=7580&keywords=|title=Taqwa : jalan menuju sukses abadi|trans-title=Taqwa: the path to eternal success|language=id|publisher=Pustaka At-Taqwa|isbn=9789791661164|date=2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711074650/https://www.elibrary.albayan.or.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=7580&keywords= |date=2024-07-11 }} == Tempo ogé == * [[Badrusalam]] * Erwandi Tarmizi * [[Armen Halim Naro]] * Firanda Andirja * Khalid Basalamah * Syafiq Riza Basalamah == Rujukan == <references responsive="1"></references> == Referensi == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://islamhouse.com/ar/author/8466 Profil Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas], IslamHouse.Com {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Inohong Islam Indonésia]] oazthkqhhxf6ymxasl95xc99fyzfq0p 0 107817 712088 711658 2026-08-15T07:38:51Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 712088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = William Henry Harrison | image = William Henry Harrison.jpg | caption = Portrait, 1840 | order = 9th | office = President of the United States | vicepresident = John Tyler | term_start = March 4, 1841 | term_end = April 4, 1841 | predecessor = [[Martin Van Buren]] | successor = [[John Tyler]] | office1 = [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Colombia|United States Minister to Gran&nbsp;Colombia]] | president1 = {{ubl|[[John Quincy Adams]]|[[Andrew Jackson]]}} | term_start1 = February 5, 1829 | term_end1 = September 26, 1829 | predecessor1 = [[Beaufort Taylor Watts]] | successor1 = [[Thomas Patrick Moore]] | jr/sr2 = United States Senator | state2 = [[Ohio]] | term_start2 = March 4, 1825 | term_end2 = May 20, 1828 | predecessor2 = [[Ethan Allen Brown]] | successor2 = [[Jacob Burnet]] | state_senate3 = Ohio | district3 = [[Hamilton County, Ohio|Hamilton County]] | term_start3 = December 5, 1819 | term_end3 = December 2, 1821 | predecessor3 = Ephraim Brown | successor3 = Ephraim Brown | state4 = Ohio | district4 = {{ushr|OH|1|1st}} | term_start4 = October 8, 1816 | term_end4 = March 3, 1819 | predecessor4 = [[John McLean]] | successor4 = [[Thomas R. Ross]] | office5 = 1st [[Governor of Indiana|Governor of the Indiana Territory]] | appointer5 = [[John Adams]] | term_start5 = January 10, 1801 | term_end5 = December 28, 1812 | predecessor5 = Office established | successor5 = [[Thomas Posey]] | office6 = {{br entries|Delegate to the|[[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]]|from the [[Northwest Territory]]'s|[[Northwest Territory's at-large congressional district|at-large]] district}} | term_start6 = October 3, 1799 | term_end6 = May 14, 1800 | predecessor6 = Constituency established | successor6 = [[William McMillan (congressman)|William McMillan]] | office7 = 2nd Secretary of the [[Northwest Territory]] | governor7 = [[Arthur St. Clair]] | term_start7 = June 28, 1798 | term_end7 = October 1, 1799 | predecessor7 = [[Winthrop Sargent]] | successor7 = [[Charles Willing Byrd]] | birth_date = {{birth date|1773|2|9}} | birth_place = [[Charles City County, Virginia]], British America | death_date = {{death date and age|1841|4|4|1773|2|9}} | death_place = Washington, D.C., U.S. | death_cause = [[Enteric fever]] | restingplace = [[William Henry Harrison Tomb State Memorial|Harrison Tomb State Memorial]] | party = {{ubl|[[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] (before 1828)|[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] (from 1836)}} | spouse = {{marriage|[[Anna Harrison|Anna Symmes]]|November 22, 1795}} | children = 10 with Anna, including [[John Scott Harrison|John]], 2 alleged with Dilsia, including [[Marie Harrison]] | relatives = [[Harrison family of Virginia]] | father = [[Benjamin Harrison V]] | education = {{ubl|[[Hampden–Sydney College]]|[[University of Pennsylvania]]}} | occupation = {{hlist|Soldier|politician}} | awards = {{ubl|[[Congressional Gold Medal]]|[[Thanks of Congress]]}} | signature = William Henry Harrison Signature-full.svg | signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink | branch = {{flatlist|*[[United States Army]] **[[Indiana Territory]] militia}} | serviceyears = {{ubl|1791–1798|1811|1812–1814}} | rank = [[Major general (United States)|Major general]] | unit = [[Legion of the United States]] | commands = [[Army of the Northwest (United States)|Army of the Northwest]] | battles = {{tree list}} *[[Northwest Indian War]] **[[Siege of Fort Recovery]] **[[Battle of Fallen Timbers]] *[[Tecumseh's War]] **[[Battle of Tippecanoe]] *[[War of 1812]] **[[Siege of Fort Wayne]] **[[Battle of the Thames]] {{Tree list/end}} }} '''William Henry Harrison''' (9 Pébruari 1773{{spnd}}4 April 1841) nyaéta [[présidén Amérika Sarikat]] ka-9, anu ngajabat ti 4 Maret dugi ka 4 April 1841, masa jabatan pangpondokna dina sajarah Amérika Sarikat. Anjeunna ogé janten présidén munggaran anu pupus nalika nuju ngajabat, anu ngabalukarkeun krisis [[konstitusi]] samentara, jalaran [[suksési présidén Amérika Sarikat|suksési présidén]] harita tacan diatur sacara jéntré dina [[Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat|Konstitusi AS]]. Harrison mangrupa présidén terakhir anu lahir salaku subjek nagara [[Inggris]] di wilayah [[Tilu Belas Koloni]]. Anjeunna mangrupa anggota ti [[kulawarga Harrison ti Virginia]] [[Benjamin Harrison V]], anu mangrupa salah saurang [[Founding Fathers Amérika Sarikat|Founding Father AS]]. Putrana sorangan, [[John Scott Harrison]], nyaéta ramana [[Benjamin Harrison]], présidén AS anu ka-23. Harrison lahir di [[Charles City County, Virginia]]. Dina taun 1794, anjeunna milu ancrub dina [[Perang Fallen Timbers|Battle of Fallen Timbers]], hiji kameunangan militer Amérika anu mungkas [[Perang Indindia Kulon Kalér|Northwest Indian War]]. Dina taun 1811, anjeunna mingpin kakuatan militer ngalawan [[Konpédérasi Tecumseh|Tecumseh's confederacy]] dina [[Perang Tippecanoe|Battle of Tippecanoe]], anu matak anjeunna meunang julukan "'''Old Tippecanoe'''". Anjeunna ditaékkeun pangkatna janten mayor jenderal dina Angkatan Darat salami [[Perang 1812|War of 1812]], sarta mingpin pasukan infanteri jeung kavaleri Amérika kana kameunangan dina [[Perang Thames|Battle of the Thames]] di [[Kanada Luhur|Upper Canada]]. Karier pulitik Harrison dimimitian dina taun 1798, kalayan pangangkatan salaku sekretaris [[Téritori Kulon Kalér|Northwest Territory]]. Dina taun 1799, anjeunna kapilih salaku delegasi non-voting wilayah éta dina [[DPR Amérika Sarikat|U.S. House of Representatives]]. Anjeunna janten gubernur [[Téritori Indiana|Indiana Territory]] anu nembé dibentuk dina taun 1801 sarta, ngaliwatan sababaraha pajangjian jeung suku-suku pribumi Amérika, anjeunna meunangkeun jutaan héktar lahan pikeun nagara. Saatos Perang 1812, anjeunna pindah ka Ohio di mana, [[Pamilihan DPR Amérika Sarikat 1816 jeung 1817 di Ohio|dina taun 1816]], anjeunna kapilih pikeun ngawakilan distrik ka-1 nagara bagian éta di DPR. [[Pamilihan Sénat Amérika Sarikat 1824–25|Dina taun 1824]], anjeunna kapilih janten anggota [[Sénat Amérika Sarikat|U.S. Senate]], sanajan mangsa jabatan Sénatna kapeugat ku pangangkatanana salaku [[mentri plenipotentiary]] ka [[Gran Colombia]] dina taun 1828. Harrison mulang deui kana kahirupan pribadi di Ohio dugi ka anjeunna janten salah saurang tina opat calon [[Partéy Whig Amérika Sarikat|Whig Party]] dina [[Pamilihan présidén AS 1836|pamilihan présidén AS 1836]], anu harita anjeunna éléh ku urang Démokrat [[Martin Van Buren]]. Dina [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1840|pamilihan présidén 1840]], partéy nyalonkeun deui anjeunna, kalayan [[John Tyler]] salaku pasanganana, dina handapeun slogan kampanye "[[Tippecanoe and Tyler Too]]", sarta Harrison hasil ngéléhkeun Van Buren. Ngan tilu minggu saatos pelantikanana, Harrison kaserang panyakit sarta pupus sababaraha dinten saatosna. Saatos réngséna kateujelasan dina konstitusi ngeunaan suksési, Tyler janten présidén. Harrison émut ku sabab pajangjian-pajangjianana sareng pribumi Amérika, sarta ogé taktik kampanye pamilihanana anu kréatif. Anjeunna sering dileungitkeun dina [[Peringkat sajarah présidén Amérika Sarikat|peringkat sajarah présidén Amérika Sarikat]] alatan pondokna mangsa jabatan anjeunna. ==Masa leutik sarta atikan== William Henry Harrison mangrupa anak katujuh sarta pangbungsuna ti [[Benjamin Harrison V]] jeung Elizabeth (Bassett) Harrison. Lahir dina 9 Pébruari 1773, di [[Berkeley Plantation]], bumi [[kulawarga Harrison ti Virginia]] di sisi [[Walungan James]] di [[Charles City County, Virginia|Charles City County]],{{sfn|Dowdey|1957|pp=291–315}} anjeunna janten [[Présidén Amérika Sarikat]] terakhir anu henteu lahir salaku warga nagara Amérika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://touringohio.com/profiles/harrison.html|title=William Henry Harrison|publisher=Touring Ohio, Heart of America|access-date=November 18, 2021}}</ref> Kulawarga Harrison nyaéta kulawarga pulitik nonjol katurunan Inggris anu karuhunna parantos aya di [[Virginia]] saprak taun 1630-an.<ref name= "Smith">{{cite book|editor-last1=Smith|editor-first1=Howard|editor-last2=Riley|editor-first2=Edward M.|title=Benjamin Harrison and the American Revolution|publisher=Virginia Independence Bicentennial Commission|series=Virginia in the Revolution|year=1978|location=Williamsburg, VA|pages=59–65|oclc=4781472}}</ref> Ramana mangrupa saurang juragan kebon "planter" di Virginia, anu ngabdi salaku delegasi dina [[Kongrés Kontinental]] sarta nandatanganan [[Déklarasi Kamerdikaan Amérika Sarikat|Déklarasi Kamerdikaan]].<ref name= "Smith"/> Ramana ogé ngabdi dina législatur Virginia sarta janten gubernur Virginia kalima (1781–1784) salami sarta saatos mangsa [[Perang Révolusi Amérika]].<ref name= "Smith"/> Lanceuk Harrison, [[Carter Bassett Harrison]], ngawakilan Virginia dina DPR (1793–1799).<ref>{{cite web|title=Carter Bassett Harrison|work=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|publisher=U.S. Congress|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000266|access-date=September 14, 2016}}</ref> William Henry mindeng nyebut dirina salaku "anak révolusi", jalaran anjeunna memang digedékeun di bumi anu jarakna ngan {{convert|30|mi|abbr=on}} ti tempat Washington meunangkeun perang ngalawan Inggris dina [[Perang Yorktown|Battle of Yorktown]].<ref name="Freehling">{{Cite web| last=Freehling| first=William| title=William Henry Harrison: Life Before the Presidency| url=https://millercenter.org/president/harrison/life-before-the-presidency| publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia| location=Charlottesville, Virginia| access-date=March 8, 2019| date=October 4, 2016}}</ref> Harrison dididik di bumi "tutored" dugi ka yuswa 14 taun nalika anjeunna sakola di [[Hampden–Sydney College]], hiji paguron luhur [[Présbitérianisme|Presbyterian]] di [[Hampden Sydney, Virginia]].<ref name= "Smith"/><ref name=Perrysburg>{{cite web|url=https://www.historicperrysburg.org/wh-harrison|title=W. H. Harrison biography|publisher=Perrysburg, Ohio|access-date=November 13, 2021}}</ref> Anjeunna diajar di dinya salami tilu taun, nampi atikan klasik anu ngawengku basa Latin, Yunani, Perancis, logika, sarta debat.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=18}}{{sfn|Madison|Sandweiss|2014|p=45}} Ramana anu nganut [[Épiskopalian]] mindahkeun anjeunna ti paguron luhur éta, kamungkinan kusabab alesan kaagamaan, sarta saatos cicing samentara di hiji akademi di [[Southampton County, Virginia]], sarta sareng lanceukna [[Benjamin Harrison VI]] di [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], anjeunna angkat ka [[Philadelphia]] dina taun 1790.{{sfn|Owens|2007|p=14}} Ramana pupus dina ''musim semi'' taun 1791, sarta anjeunna diasuh ku [[Robert Morris (bankir)|Robert Morris]], saurang sobat dalit kulawargana di Philadelphia.<ref name= "Rabin">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedp.com/article/2017/01/william-henry-harrison-history|title=A Penn graduate in the Oval Office|last=Rabin|first=Alex|date=January 25, 2017|work=[[The Daily Pennsylvanian]]|access-date=April 3, 2019}}</ref> Anjeunna diajar kedokteran di [[Universitas Pennsylvania]]. Nalika di Penn, anjeunna diajar sareng [[Benjamin Rush]], salah saurang "founding father" Amérika Sarikat anu ogé profesor [[kimia]] sareng kedokteran di Penn, sarta [[William Shippen Sr.]]<ref name= "Rabin"/> Lanceukna William Harrison mewariskeun sadaya kabeungharan ramana, sahingga William kakirangan waragad pikeun neraskeun sakola kedokteranana, anu tétéla anjeunna ogé henteu pati mikaresep widang éta.<ref name="Freehling"/> Anjeunna kaluar ti Penn, sanajan arsip sakola nyatet anjeunna salaku "alumnus non-lulusan ti kelas sakola kedokteran Penn taun 1793".<ref name= "Rabin"/> Ku ayana pangaruh ti sobat ramana, Gubernur [[Henry Lee III]], anjeunna ngamimitian karier militerna.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=16}} ===Karier militer awal=== Dina tanggal 16 Agustus 1791, dina jero waktu 24 jam saatos pendak sareng Lee, William Harrison anu yuswana 18 taun diangkat janten [[Ensign (pangkat)#Amérika Sarikat|ensign]] dina [[Angkatan Darat Amérika Sarikat]] sarta ditugaskeun ka [[Rézimén Kahiji Amérika|First American Regiment]].{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=19}} Anjeunna mimitina ditugaskeun di [[Bénténg Washington (Ohio)|Fort Washington]], [[Cincinnati]] di [[Téritori Kulon Kalér|Northwest Territory]] di mana angkatan darat harita nuju kalibet dina [[Perang Indindia Kulon Kalér|Northwest Indian War]] anu nuju lumangsung.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=14, 16, 22}} Penulis biografi [[William W. Freehling]] nyebutkeun yén Harrison ngora, dina tindakan militer munggaranana, ngumpulkeun sakitar dalapan puluh urang nu sok néangan hiburan sarta nu sok nyieun kaributan ti jalanan Philadelphia, ngolo maranéhna sangkan nandatanganan surat pendaptaran militer, sarta mawa maranéhna ka Fort Washington.<ref name="Freehling"/> ===Karier militer awal=== Dina tanggal 16 Agustus 1791, dina jero waktu 24 jam saatos pendak sareng Lee, William Harrison anu yuswana 18 taun diangkat janten [[Ensign (pangkat)#Amérika Sarikat|ensign]] dina [[Angkatan Darat Amérika Sarikat]] sarta ditugaskeun ka [[Rézimén Kahiji Amérika|First American Regiment]].{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=19}} Anjeunna mimitina ditugaskeun di [[Bénténg Washington (Ohio)|Fort Washington]], [[Cincinnati]] di [[Téritori Kulon Kalér|Northwest Territory]] di mana angkatan darat harita nuju kalibet dina [[Perang Indindia Kulon Kalér|Northwest Indian War]] anu nuju lumangsung.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=14, 16, 22}} Penulis biografi [[William W. Freehling]] nyebutkeun yén Harrison ngora, dina tindakan militer munggaranana, ngumpulkeun sakitar dalapan puluh urang nu sok néangan hiburan sarta nu sok nyieun kaributan ti jalanan Philadelphia, ngolo maranéhna sangkan nandatanganan surat pendaptaran militer, sarta mawa maranéhna ka Fort Washington.<ref name="Freehling"/> Harrison ditaékkeun pangkatna janten [[Létnan hiji (Amérika Sarikat)|lieutenant]] saatos Mayor Jenderal [[Anthony Wayne|"Mad Anthony" Wayne]] nyepeng paréntah pasukan bagian kulon dina taun 1792, saatos kéléhan anu kacida parahna di handapeun [[Arthur St. Clair]].{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=19}} Dina taun 1793, anjeunna janten [[aide-de-camp]] Wayne sarta meunangkeun kaparigelan pikeun mingpin hiji pasukan di wilayah wates ("frontier");<ref name=Perrysburg/> anjeunna milu ancrub dina kameunangan Wayne anu nangtukeun dina [[Perang Fallen Timbers|Battle of Fallen Timbers]] tanggal 20 Agustus 1794, anu mungkas Perang Indindia Kulon Kalér.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=23–26}} Anjeunna nampi pangajén kieu ti Wayne pikeun kalungguhanana dina éta perang: "Kuring kudu nambahkeun ngaran Aide-de-camp kuring anu satia tur gagah... Létnan Harrison, anu... méré palayanan anu pangpentingna ku cara nepikeun paréntah kuring ka unggal madhab... sikep sarta kawani anu ngahudangkeun sumanget pasukan pikeun ngahontal kameunangan."<ref name="Freehling"/> Harrison mangrupa salah saurang anu nandatanganan [[Pajangjian Greenville]] (1795), salaku saksi pikeun Wayne, negosiator utama pikeun AS.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=19}} Dina katangtuan éta pajangjian, koalisi urang Indindia nyerahkeun sabagian tina lahan maranéhna ka pamaréntah féderal, anu muka dua per tilu wilayah [[Ohio]] pikeun padumukan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Paul David |year=1985 |title=Anthony Wayne, Soldier of the Early Republic |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, IN |isbn=0253307511 |url=https://archive.org/details/anthonywaynesold00nels/page/282 |page=[https://archive.org/details/anthonywaynesold00nels/page/282 282] }}</ref>{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=21, 28–30}} Nalika ibuna pupus dina taun 1793, Harrison mewariskeun sabagian ti harta kulawargana di Virginia, kalebet sakitar {{convert|3000|acre|km2}} lahan sarta sababaraha urang budak beulian ("slaves"). Anjeunna nuju ngabdi dina Angkatan Darat harita sarta ngical lahan éta ka lanceukna.{{sfn|Owens|2007|p=39}} Harrison ditaékkeun pangkatna janten [[Kaptén (Amérika Sarikat O-3)|captain]] dina bulan Méi 1797 sarta ngundurkeun diri tina Angkatan Darat dina ping 1 Juni 1798.{{sfn|Burr|1840|pp=67–69}} ===Pernikahan sarta kulawarga=== Harrison patepang sareng [[Anna Harrison|Anna Tuthill Symmes]] ti [[North Bend, Ohio]] dina taun 1795 nalika anjeunna yuswa 22 taun. Anna téh putri ti Anna Tuthill sareng Hakim [[John Cleves Symmes]], anu kantos ngabdi salaku kolonél dina Perang Révolusi sarta salaku wawakil dina [[Kongrés Konfédérasi]].{{sfn|Madison|Sandweiss|2014|p=46}} Harrison nyuhunkeun idin ka hakim kanggo nikah ka Anna nanging ditolak, sahingga ieu pasangan téh ngantosan dugi ka Symmes angkat kanggé urusan bisnis. Maranéhna tuluy kawin lari sarta nikah dina ping 25 Nopémber 1795, di bumi Stephen Wood di North Bend, bendahara Téritori Kulon Kalér.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=38–39}} Maranéhna bulan madu di [[Bénténg Washington (Cincinnati, Ohio)|Fort Washington]], jalaran Harrison harita masih kénéh ngalaksanakeun tugas militer.{{sfn|Owens|2007|p=40}} Hakim Symmes nyanghareupan anjeunna dua minggu saatosna dina jamuan perpisahan kanggé Jenderal Wayne, kalayan teugeug nanyakeun kumaha anjeunna bakal nganapkahan kulawarga. Harrison ngajawab, "ku pedang kuring, sarta ku leungeun katuhu kuring sorangan, Juragan".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/greatpresidentia00dole |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/greatpresidentia00dole/page/222 222] |title=Great Presidential Wit: – I Wish I was in this Book |publisher=Scribner |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7432-0392-0 |last1=Dole |first1=Bob |author-link=Bob Dole|year=2001 }}</ref> Ieu pernikahan téh méré kauntungan kanggé Harrison, sabab ahirna anjeunna bisa ngamangpaatkeun hubungan mertuana sareng para spékulan tanah, anu ngagampangkeun anjeunna kanggé kaluar tina angkatan darat. Karagu-raguan Hakim Symmes ka anjeunna tetep aya, sakumaha anu ditulis ku anjeunna ka hiji sobatna, "Anjeunna teu bisa ngubaran (dokter), teu bisa méré pambélaan (pengacara), teu bisa ogé hutbah, sarta upami anjeunna bisa nguluku mah kuring bakal sugema."<ref name="Freehling"/> Hubunganana ahirna janten saé sareng mertuana, anu saatosna ngajual lahan saluareun {{convert|160|acres|ha}} di [[North Bend, Ohio|North Bend]] ka kulawarga Harrison, anu ngamungkinkeun Harrison kanggé ngawangun bumi sarta ngamimitian tatanén.{{sfn|Owens|2007|p=40}} Anna mindeng gering salami pernikahan maranéhna, utamana alatan mindengna kakandungan, nanging anjeunna hirup 23 taun langkung lami batan William, sarta pupus dina ping 25 Pébruari 1864, dina yuswa 88 taun.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=18}}{{sfn|Owens|2007|p=56}} Kulawarga Harrison gaduh sapuluh putra: *Elizabeth Bassett (1796–1846) *John Cleves Symmes (1798–1830), anu nikah ka hiji-hijina putri [[Zebulon Pike]] anu salamet *Lucy Singleton (1800–1826) *William Henry Jr. (1802–1838) *[[John Scott Harrison|John Scott]] (1804–1878), ramana calon présidén AS [[Benjamin Harrison]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/H000272|title=John Scott Harrison|publisher=U. S. Congress|access-date=January 26, 2022}}</ref> *Benjamin (1806–1840) *Mary Symmes (1809–1842) *Carter Bassett (1811–1839) *Anna Tuthill (1813–1865) *James Findlay (1814–1817)<ref>{{Cite web|title=William Henry Harrison: Fast Facts| url=https://millercenter.org/president/harrison| publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia| access-date=March 9, 2019| date=September 26, 2016}}</ref> Profesor Kenneth R. Janken, dina biografi [[Walter Francis White]], ngaku yén Harrison gaduh genep putra ti saurang awéwé Amérika-Afrika anu diperbudak kasebat [[Dilsia (budak)|Dilsia]] sarta, sateuacan nyalonkeun janten présidén, mikeun opat di antarana ka lanceukna kanggé nyingkahan skandal. Ieu pernyataan téh dumasar kana sajarah lisan kulawarga White.<ref>{{cite book|first=Kenneth Robert|last=Janken|title=White: The Biography of Walter White: Mr. NAACP|url=https://archive.org/details/whitebiographyof00jank|location=New York|publisher=The New York Press|year=2003|page=[https://archive.org/details/whitebiographyof00jank/page/3 3]|isbn=978-1-5658-4773-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Amber |title=Warren Harding and 5 other presidents who have faced 'love child' questions |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/08/13/warren-harding-and-the-5-other-presidents-who-have-faced-love-child-questions/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=August 13, 2015}}</ref> Dina biografi Harrison taun 2012, panulis [[Gail Collins]] ngajelaskeun yén ieu téh carita anu sigana moal leres, sanajan White percaya yén éta téh bener.{{sfn|Collins|2012|p=103}} ==Karier pulitik== Harrison ngamimitian karier pulitikna nalika anjeunna ngundurkeun diri samentara tina militer dina ping 1 Juni 1798, sarta ngayakeun kampanye di kalangan babaturan katut kulawargana pikeun meunangkeun kalungguhan dina pamaréntahan Téritori Kulon Kalér.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=19}} Sobat dalitna, [[Timothy Pickering]], harita nuju ngajabat salaku Sekretaris Nagara, sarta dibarengan ku pangaruh ti Hakim Symmes, anjeunna dirékoméndasikeun pikeun ngagentos [[Winthrop Sargent]], sekretaris téritori anu nuju lungsur jabatan.<ref name="Freehling"/> Présidén [[John Adams]] ngangkat Harrison kana éta jabatan dina bulan Juli 1798.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=19}} Pagawéan nyatet sagala kagiatan téritori téh karasana kacida ngabosankeunana, sarta teu lami anjeunna janten bosen, tuluy nyiar kasempetan pikeun nempatan posisi dina Kongrés AS.{{sfn|Greene|2007|p=44}} ===Kongrés AS=== [[File:W.H. Harrison ca. 1800.jpg|thumb|left|Hiji citakan potrét ukiran Harrison dina yuswa 27 taun, salaku anggota delegasi [[DPR Amérika Sarikat|U.S. House of Representatives]] ti [[Téritori Kulon Kalér|Northwest Territory]], ku [[Charles Balthazar Julien Févret de Saint-Mémin]], {{Circa|1800}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2007676954/|title=William Henry Harrison, 9th Pres. of United States|last=de Saint-Mémin|first= Charles Balthazar Julien Fevret|date=January 1800 |publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=August 5, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/presidents/bio9.htm|title=Biographical Sketch–William Henry Harrison|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=August 5, 2016}}</ref>]] Harrison gaduh seueur réngréngan sobat di kalangan aristokrat Wétan sarta gancang meunangkeun reputasi di antara maranéhna salaku pamingpin wilayah wates ("frontier"). Anjeunna ngajalankeun usaha tatanén sarta panyatuaan kuda anu suksés, anu matak anjeunna meunangkeun pangaku-ngaku di sakuliah [[Téritori Kulon Kalér|Northwest Territory]].{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=19}} Kongrés parantos netepkeun kawijakan téritori anu ngabalukarkeun luhurna harga lahan, hiji pasualan utama pikeun para padumuk di Téritori éta; Harrison janten jawara maranéhna pikeun nurunkeun éta harga. Populasi Téritori Kulon Kalér ngahontal jumlah anu cukup pikeun gaduh delegasi kongrés dina Oktober 1799, sarta Harrison maju dina pamilihan.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=20}} Anjeunna ngayakeun kampanye pikeun ngarojong migrasi salajengna ka éta téritori, anu ahirna ngabalukarkeun parobahan status janten nagara bagian.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.in.gov/history/files/interritory.pdf|title=Indiana Territory|publisher=The Indiana Historian|access-date=November 13, 2021}}</ref> Harrison ngéléhkeun Arthur St. Clair Jr. pikeun janten delegasi kongrés munggaran Téritori Kulon Kalér dina taun 1798 dina yuswa 26 taun, sarta ngabdi dina [[Kongrés ka-genep Amérika Sarikat]] ti 4 Maret 1799 dugi ka 14 Méi 1800.<ref name="wh">{{cite web|title=William Henry Harrison Biography |work=About The White House: Presidents |publisher=The White House |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/1600/presidents/williamhenryharrison |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122233458/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/williamhenryharrison/ |archive-date=January 22, 2009|access-date=November 6, 2021}}</ref><ref name="cb">{{cite web|title=William Henry Harrison (1773–1841) Biography|publisher=United States Congress|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=h000279|access-date=February 4, 2009}}</ref> Anjeunna teu gaduh wewenang pikeun méré sora (voting) dina rancangan undang-undang, nanging diidinan pikeun ngabdi dina komite, ngajukeun panerapan, sarta aub dina debat.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=45–48}} Anjeunna janten pupuhu Komite Lahan Publik sarta ngamajukeun "Land Act of 1800", anu ngagampangkeun pameseran lahan Téritori Kulon Kalér dina kapling anu langkung alit kalayan harga anu langkung mirah.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=20}} Para nu gaduh lahan diidinan meuli kapling leutik kalayan artos panjer (DP) ngan lima persén, sarta ieu janten faktor penting dina kamekaran populasi Téritori anu gancang.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=161}} Harrison ogé boga peran penting dina ngatur babagian Téritori janten dua bagian.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=20}} Bagian wétan tetep kawanoh salaku Téritori Kulon Kalér sarta ngawengku wilayah anu ayeuna janten [[Ohio]] sareng bagian wétan [[Michigan]]; bagian kulon dingaranan [[Téritori Indiana|Indiana Territory]] sarta ngawengku wilayah anu ayeuna janten [[Indiana]], [[Illinois]], [[Wisconsin]], sabagian kulon [[Michigan]], sarta sabagian wétan [[Minnesota]]. Dua téritori anyar ieu sacara resmi diadegkeun dumasar hukum dina taun 1800.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=47–48}} Dina ping 13 Méi 1800, Présidén [[John Adams]] ngangkat Harrison salaku gubernur Téritori Indiana, dumasar kana hubunganana sareng wilayah kulon sarta sikep pulitikna anu katingalna nétral.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=50–51}} Anjeunna ngabdi dina jabatan ieu salami dua belas taun.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.in.gov/history/about-indiana-history-and-trivia/governors-portraits/list-of-governors/indiana-territorial-governor-william-henry-harrison-1773-1841|title=Indiana Territorial Governor|date=December 15, 2020|publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau|access-date=November 28, 2021}}</ref> Jabatan gubernurna dikonfirmasi ku Sénat sarta anjeunna ngundurkeun diri ti Kongrés pikeun janten gubernur téritori Indiana munggaran dina taun 1801.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=20}}{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=50–53}} ===Gubernur téritori Indiana=== {{see also|Sajarah perbudakan di Indiana|Téritori Indiana}} Harrison ngamimitian tugasna dina ping 10 Januari 1801, di [[Vincennes, Indiana|Vincennes]], puseur dayeuh Téritori Indiana.{{sfn|Owens|2007|p=53}} Présidén [[Thomas Jefferson]] sareng [[James Madison]] mangrupa anggota Partéy Démokratik-Républik, sarta maranéhna ngangkat deui anjeunna janten gubernur dina taun 1803, 1806, sarta 1809.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=20}} Dina taun 1804, Harrison ditugaskeun pikeun ngokolakeun pamaréntahan sipil di [[Distrik Louisiana]]. Anjeunna ngajalankeun urusan distrik éta salami lima minggu dugi ka Téritori Louisiana sacara resmi diadegkeun dina ping 4 Juli 1805, sarta Brigadir Jenderal [[James Wilkinson]] nyepeng tugas salaku gubernur.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=21}} Dina taun 1805, Harrison ngawangun bumi gaya perkebunan caket Vincennes anu dingaranan [[Grouseland]], salaku panghormat kana manuk-manuk anu aya di éta lahan.{{sfn|Madison|Sandweiss|2014|p=46}} Bumi anu gaduh 26 kamar éta mangrupa salah sahiji wangunan bata munggaran di téritori kasebat;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/66000018_text|title=Grouseland|publisher=National Register of Historic Places|access-date=November 13, 2021}}</ref> sarta janten puseur kahirupan sosial katut pulitik di téritori salami anjeunna ngajabat gubernur.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://visitvincennes.org/attractions/grouseland-president-william-henry-harrison-mansion/|title=Grouseland|publisher=Historic Vincennes|access-date=November 13, 2021}}</ref> Harrison ngadegkeun hiji universitas di Vincennes dina taun 1801, anu diresmikeun janten [[Universitas Vincennes]] dina ping 29 Nopémber 1806.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vinu.edu/web/guest/about-us |title=History – Vincennes University |publisher=Vincennes University |access-date=November 8, 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816120836/http://www.vinu.edu/web/guest/about-us |archive-date=August 16, 2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816120836/http://www.vinu.edu/web/guest/about-us |date=August 16, 2016 }}</ref> Puseur dayeuh téritori ahirna dipindahkeun ka [[Corydon, Indiana|Corydon]] dina taun 1813, sarta Harrison ngawangun bumi kadua di deukeut [[Harrison Spring|Harrison Valley]].<ref>{{cite web|url =https://secure.in.gov/apps/dnr/shaard/r/25b93/N/Corydon_HD_Harrison_CO_Nom.pdf|title =National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Corydon Historic District|access-date=November 30, 2021|last=Griffin|first=Frederick Porter| date=1972}}</ref> Tanggung jawab utama Harrison nyaéta kanggé kéngingkeun hak milik atas lahan Indindia anu bakal ngamungkinkeun padumukan di mangsa hareup sarta ningkatkeun populasi téritori, anu janten sarat kanggé janten nagara bagian. Anjeunna ogé sumanget kanggé ngalegaan téritori kusabab alesan pribadi, jalaran nasib pulitikna kabeungkeut kana robahna status [[Indiana]] janten nagara bagian.<ref name="Freehling"/> Salami anjeunna kéngingkeun kauntungan tina spékulasi tanah kanggé kapentingan pribadina, sarta miboga dua usaha panggilingan, anjeunna diaku salaku administrator anu saé, kalayan ayana perbaikan anu signifikan dina jalan sarta infrastruktur sanésna.<ref name="Freehling"/> Nalika Harrison diangkat deui janten gubernur téritori Indiana dina ping 8 Pébruari 1803, anjeunna dipasihan wewenang anu langkung lega kanggé ngayakeun rundayan sarta mutuskeun pajangjian sareng urang Indindia.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=20}} [[Pajangjian St. Louis (1804)]] sareng [[Quashquame]] meryogikeun suku [[Suku Sauk|Sauk]] sareng [[Meskwaki]] kanggé nyerahkeun sabagian ageung wilayah kulon Illinois sarta sabagian [[Missouri]]. Seueur urang Sauk anu teu rido kana leungitna éta lahan, utamana pamingpin maranéhna, [[Black Hawk (pamingpin Sauk)|Black Hawk]].{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=87–89}} Harrison mikir yén [[Pajangjian Grouseland]] (1805) parantos ngademkeun sabagian urang Indindia, nanging kaayaan tetep panas di wilayah wates. [[Pajangjian Fort Wayne (1809)]] nimbulkeun katéngtréman anyar nalika Harrison mésér langkung ti {{convert|2.5|e6acre|km2|abbr=unit}} ti suku Potawatomi, Delaware, Miami, sareng Eel River. Sababaraha urang Indindia mangmang kana wewenang suku-suku anu milu dina éta pajangjian.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/blogs/national-museum-american-indian/2017/09/29/treaty-fort-wayne-1809/|title=Treaty of Fort Wayne, 1809|publisher=Smithsonian Magazine|access-date=November 13, 2021}}</ref> Harrison ogé tiasa ngajalankeun rupa-rupa urusan tanpa ditaros deui ku pamaréntah, jalaran administrasi pindah tangan ti Jefferson ka Madison.<ref name="Freehling"/> Anjeunna ngalaksanakeun prosés pajangjian sacara agrésif, nawarkeun subsidi ageung ka suku-suku sarta pamingpin maranéhna, supados kéngingkeun dukungan pulitik ti Jefferson sateuacan anjeunna lungsur jabatan.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/william-henry-harrison-shady-treaty-maker-and-indian-land-taker|title=William Henry Harrison: Shady Treaty Maker (quoting Owens)|publisher=Indian Country Today|last=Landry|first=Alysa|date=September 13, 2018 |access-date=November 14, 2021}}</ref> Panulis biografi Freehling negeskeun yén urang Indindia nganggap kapamilikan tanah téh milik babarengan, sapertos hawa anu diseuseup. Dina taun 1805, Harrison hasil kéngingkeun dugi ka 51.000.000 héktar lahan kanggé nagara ti urang Indindia, saatos nyuguhan lima kapala sukuna ku inuman keras, kalayan harga teu langkung ti sadolar per 20.000 héktar {{USDCY|1|1805}}, anu ngawengku dua per tilu wilayah [[Illinois]] sarta sabagian ageung Wisconsin jeung Missouri.<ref name="Freehling"/> Salian ti nimbulkeun katéngtréman sareng urang Indindia, sikep Harrison anu ngarojong perbudakan ngajantenkeun anjeunna teu dipikaresep ku para [[Abolisionisme di Amérika Sarikat|abolisionis]] di Téritori Indiana, jalaran anjeunna nyobian pisan ngamajukeun perbudakan di éta téritori. Dina taun 1803, anjeunna ngalobi Kongrés kanggé nunda samentara salami sapuluh taun Pasal VI tina [[Ordonansi Kulon Kalér]] anu ngalarang perbudakan di Téritori Indiana.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=68–69}} Sanajan Harrison negeskeun yén panundaan éta diperyogikeun kanggé ngadorong padumukan sarta ngajantenkeun téritori mandiri sacara ékonomi sarta siap janten nagara bagian, usul éta gagal.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=69–72}} Alatan gagalna panundaan Pasal VI, dina taun 1807 législatur téritori, kalayan dukungan Harrison, ngesahkeun undang-undang anu ngawenangkeun "indentured servitude" (pagawé beulian kontrak) sarta masihan wewenang ka dunungan kanggé nangtukeun lami waktos damelna.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lib.niu.edu/1998/iht519802.html|title=Freedom's Early Ring|publisher=Illinois Periodicals Online|access-date=December 1, 2021|archive-date=November 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108185052/https://www.lib.niu.edu/1998/iht519802.html|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108185052/https://www.lib.niu.edu/1998/iht519802.html |date=November 8, 2021 }}</ref> Présidén Jefferson, nu nulis utama Ordonansi Kulon Kalér, ngayakeun pajangjian rasiah sareng [[James Lemen]] kanggé ngéléhkeun gerakan pro-perbudakan anu dirojong ku Harrison.<ref name="Peck">{{cite book|last=Peck|first=J. M.|publisher=Univ. of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|year=1915|title=The Jefferson-Lemen Compact|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNASAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA32 |access-date=March 28, 2010}}</ref> Anjeunna nyumbang $100 kanggé ngadorong Lemen dina gerakan abolisi sareng padamelan saé sanésna, sarta saatosna (dina taun 1808) nyumbang deui $20 {{USDCY|20|1808}} kanggé ngabantosan waragad garéja anu kawanoh salaku Bethel Baptist Church.<ref name="Peck"/> Di [[Indiana]], diadegkeunana garéja anti-perbudakan ngadorong warga kanggé nandatanganan pétisi sarta ngayakeun gerakan pulitik kanggé ngéléhkeun usaha Harrison dina ngalégalkeun perbudakan di téritori.<ref name="Peck"/> [[Téritori Indiana]] ngayakeun pamilihan kanggé majelis luhur sareng handap législatur kanggé munggaranana dina taun 1809. Harrison mendakan dirina teu sapamadegan sareng législatur saatos golongan abolisionis nyepeng kakawasaan, sarta bagian wétan Téritori Indiana tumuwuh janten wilayah anu seueur populasi anti-perbudakanana.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=21}} Majelis umum Téritori ngayakeun sidang dina taun 1810, sarta faksi anti-perbudakan langsung ngabatalkeun undang-undang "indentured servitude" anu sateuacanana disahkeun.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.capitolandwashington.com/blog/2021/02/25/a-brief-history-of-race-and-politics-in-indiana|title=A Brief History of Race and Politics in Indiana|date=February 25, 2021|publisher=Capitol & Washington|access-date=December 1, 2021}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260208092048/https://www.capitolandwashington.com/blog/2021/02/25/a-brief-history-of-race-and-politics-in-indiana/ |date=February 8, 2026 }}</ref> Saatos taun 1809, législatur Indiana nyepeng wewenang anu langkung ageung sarta téritori éta maju nuju status nagara bagian.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} ==Jenderal Angkatan Darat== ===Tecumseh sareng Tippecanoe=== {{main|Perang Tecumseh|Perang Tippecanoe}} Lalawanan urang Indindia kana ékspansi Amérika ngahontal puncatna di handapeun lulugu dua sadulur suku Shawnee, [[Tecumseh]] sareng [[Tenskwatawa]] ("Sang Nabi"), dina konflik anu kawanoh salaku [[Perang Tecumseh]].{{sfn|Langguth|2007|pp=158–160}} Tenskwatawa ngayakinkeun suku-suku yén maranéhna bakal dijaga ku [[Roh Agung]] sarta moal aya bahaya anu ninggang upami maranéhna ngalawan para padumuk. Anjeunna ngadorong lalawanan ku cara nitah suku-suku sangkan mayar padagang bule ngan satengah tina hutangna sarta miceun sagala cara hirup jalma bule, kalebet pakéan, sanjata musket, sarta utamana inuman keras (whiskey).{{sfn|Langguth|2007|pp=158–160}} Harrison nampi béja ngeunaan ieu lalawanan ti mata-mata anu diteundeun di jero suku-suku éta, sarta ménta Madison kanggé ngawaragadan persiapan militer. Madison lila mutuskeunana, sarta Harrison nyobian ngayakeun rundayan ku cara ngintunkeun serat ka Tecumseh anu unina, "Blue Coats (prajurit AD AS) kami leuwih loba ti batan nu bisa kairit ku anjeun, sarta baju moro kami (milisi sukaréla) loba lir ibarat dangdaunan di leuweung atawa keusik di sisi walungan Wabash."<ref name="Freehling"/> [[File:Tecumseh02.jpg|thumb|upright|Gambaran [[Tecumseh]] taun 1915, anu dipercaya mangrupa turunan tina sketsa taun 1808]] Dina Agustus 1810, Tecumseh mingpin 400 prajurit nyorang [[Walungan Wabash]] kanggé papendak sareng Harrison di Vincennes. Maranéhna dangdos make cet perang, sarta jolna anu ujug-ujug téh mimitina mah nyieun miris para prajurit di Vincennes.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=164}} Para pamingpin éta kelompok dianteur ka [[Grouseland]], tempat maranéhna panggih jeung Harrison. Tecumseh nyarékan Harrison anu dianggapna sok nganggap réntéh, sarta keukeuh yén Pajangjian Fort Wayne téh teu sah, kalayan alesan yén hiji suku teu bisa ngajual tanah tanpa aya kasatujuan ti suku-suku séjénna. Anjeunna ménta Harrison kanggé ngabatalkeunana sarta ngingetkeun yén urang Amérika ulah nyoba nempatan lahan anu dijual dina éta pajangjian.<ref name="Freehling"/> Tecumseh ogé ngabéjaan Harrison yén anjeunna parantos ngancam bakal maéhan kapala-kapala suku anu nandatanganan pajangjian upami maranéhna ngajalankeun eusina, sarta nyebutkeun yén konpédérasi sukuna nuju tumuwuh gancang.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=165}} Harrison ngajawab yén unggal suku téh nu boga lahan masing-masing sarta bébas ngajualna sakahayangna. Anjeunna nolak klaim Tecumseh yén sakabéh urang Indindia téh hiji bangsa sarta nyebutkeun yén unggal suku bisa boga hubungan misah jeung Amérika Sarikat. Harrison boga pamadegan yén lamun enya Indindia téh hiji bangsa, tangtu Roh Agung bakal nyieun sakabéh suku nyarita dina hiji basa anu sarua.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=165}} Tecumseh ngaluarkeun "bantahan anu kacida sumangetna", dumasar kana basa saurang sejarawan, nanging Harrison teu ngalarti kana basana.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=165}} Tecumseh tuluy ngagorowok ka Harrison sarta nyebutna tukang bohong.<ref name="Freehling"/> Saurang urang Shawnee anu mihak ka Harrison nyiapkeun pistulna ti sisi kanggé méré tanda ka Harrison yén pidato Tecumseh bakal mawa kaributan, sarta sababaraha saksi ngalaporkeun yén Tecumseh nuju ngahudangkeun sumanget para prajuritna kanggé maéhan Harrison. Seueur di antarana mimiti ngaluarkeun sanjata, anu janten ancaman nyata kanggé Harrison sarta éta kota anu pangeusina ngan 1.000 urang. Harrison nyabut pedangna, sarta para prajurit Tecumseh mundur nalika para perwira militer ogé nyiapkeun sanjata kanggé ngabéla Harrison.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=165}} Kapala Suku [[Winamac]] anu bageur ka Harrison males argumén Tecumseh, mépéndé para prajurit sangkan baralik kalayan tengtrem sakumaha maranéhna datang kalayan tengtrem. Sateuacan angkat, Tecumseh ngabéjaan Harrison yén anjeunna bakal nyiar aliansi jeung Inggris upami Pajangjian Fort Wayne teu dibatalkeun.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=166}} Saatos éta pasamoan, Tecumseh indit nepungan loba suku di wilayah éta kalayan harepan bisa nyieun hiji [[Konpédérasi Tecumseh|konpédérasi]] kanggé merangan Amérika Sarikat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Tecumseh|title=Tecumseh|publisher=Ohio History Central|access-date=November 21, 2021}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227182121/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Tecumseh |date=December 27, 2023 }}</ref> Harrison hariwang yén peta Tecumseh bakal ngancam status nagara bagian Indiana, sarta ogé masa depan pulitikna, ku cara ngantepkeun éta wilayah janten "pancicingan sababaraha urang biadab anu sangsara".<ref name="Freehling"/> Nalika Tecumseh nuju iinditan dina taun 1811, anjeunna masrahkeun kakuatan Indindia ka Tenskwatawa. Harrison ningali ieu salaku kasempetan, sarta méré saran ka Sekretaris Perang [[William Eustis]] kanggé mintonkeun kakuatan ka konpédérasi Indindia.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=167}} Sanajan parantos 13 taun teu turun ka médan perang, Harrison hasil ngayakinkeun Madison jeung Eustis kanggé méré wewenang paréntah ka anjeunna.<ref name="Freehling"/> Anjeunna mingpin pasukan ka kalér kalayan 950 urang prajurit kanggé nyingsieunan suku Shawnee sangkan daék damai, nanging suku-suku éta kalah ngalakukeun serangan dadakan dina wanci subuh ping 7 Nopémber dina [[Perang Tippecanoe|Battle of Tippecanoe]].{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=168}} Harrison bales narajang sarta hasil ngéléhkeun kakuatan suku-suku éta di [[Prophetstown State Park|Prophetstown]] di sisi walungan Wabash jeung [[Walungan Tippecanoe]]; ieu perang janten kasohor sarta anjeunna dipuji salaku pahlawan nasional. Sanajan pasukanna kaleungitan 62 urang anu palastra sarta 126 tatu, sarta urang Shawnee ngan 150 urang anu jadi korban, nanging visi "sang nabi" ngeunaan panangtayungan gaib téh geus runtag. Tenskwatawa sarta pasukanna kabur ka Kanada, sarta gerakan maranéhna kanggé ngahijikeun suku-suku di wilayah éta dina nolak asimilasi téh gagal.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=169}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Pirtle|first=Alfred|publisher=John P. Morton & Co.|year=1900|location=Louisville|title=The Battle of Tippecanoe| page=158 |isbn=978-0-7222-6509-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YvA7AAAAMAAJ&q=Pirtle,+Alfred.+(1900).+The+Battle+of+Tippecanoe&pg=PR1}}</ref> Nalika ngalaporkeun ka Sekretaris Eustis, Harrison ngabéjaan yén aya perang deukeut Walungan Tippecanoe sarta anjeunna memang parantos ngantisipasi serangan éta. Laporan munggaran tacan écés pihak mana anu meunang, sahingga sekretaris nyangka éta téh hiji kéléhan, dugi ka aya laporan susulan anu ngajéntrékeun kaayaanana.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=219–220}} Nalika taya serangan kadua, kéléhan [[Suku Shawnee|Shawnee]] téh janten beuki pasti. Eustis nanyakeun naha Harrison teu ngayakeun persiapan anu cukup kanggé ngabénténgan kémahna tina serangan awal, sarta Harrison ngajawab yén anjeunna nganggap posisi harita geus cukup kuat. Ieu pacogrégan téh janten bibit masalah antara Harrison sareng Departemén Perang anu nuluy dugi ka mangsa Perang 1812.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Indiana|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryindiana00dillgoog|last=Dillon|first=John Brown|publisher=Bingham & Doughty|year=1859|isbn=978-0-253-20305-2|pages=466–471}}</ref> Freehling nyebutkeun yén kaparigelan Harrison anu tos "karahaan" ngabalukarkeun pasukanna nyieun hawu (api unggun) dina peuting sateuacan perang, anu matak posisi maranéhna katingali ku musuh sarta ngabalukarkeun serangan dadakan katut lobana korban.<ref name="Freehling"/> Mimitina mah média massa teu pati ngaliput ieu perang, dugi ka aya hiji koran di Ohio anu salah nafsirkeun laporan munggaran Harrison anu dikira éléh.{{sfn|Owens|2007|p=220}} Nanging dina bulan Désémber, lolobana koran utama di Amérika parantos midangkeun carita ngeunaan kameunangan éta, sarta amarah publik ka urang Shawnee beuki ningkat.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=220–222}} Urang Amérika nyalahkeun Inggris anu dianggap ngangsonan suku-suku Indindia kanggé ngalakukeun kekerasan sarta nyadiakeun sanjata api, sarta Kongrés ngaluarkeun résolusi anu nyawad Inggris alatan pipilueun kana urusan jero nagara Amérika. Kongrés [[Déklarasi perang Amérika Sarikat ka Britania Raya|nyatakeun perang dina ping 18 Juni 1812]], sarta Harrison ninggalkeun Vincennes kanggé nyiar kalungguhan militer deui.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=23}} ===Perang 1812=== [[File:Rembrandt Peale - William Henry Harrison - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Ieu potrét Harrison mimitina némbongkeun anjeunna nganggo papakéan sipil salaku delegasi kongrés dina taun 1800; seragamna nembé ditambahkeun saatos anjeunna ngabdi dina Perang 1812.|329x329px]] Pecahna perang sareng Inggris dina taun 1812 ngabalukarkeun konflik anu nuluy sareng urang Indindia di wilayah Kulon Kalér. Harrison kungsi ngabdi sakeudeung salaku mayor jenderal dina milisi [[Kentucky]] dugi ka pamaréntah ngangkat anjeunna dina ping 17 Séptémber pikeun mingpin [[Angkatan Darat Kulon Kalér (Amérika Sarikat)|Army of the Northwest]].{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=23}} Anjeunna nampi bayaran militer féderal pikeun jasana, sarta anjeunna ogé tetep nampi gaji gubernur téritori ti Séptémber dugi ka 28 Désémber, nalika anjeunna sacara resmi ngundurkeun diri tina jabatan gubernur sarta neraskeun pangabdian militerna. Panulis Gugin sarta St. Clair nyebutkeun yén éta pangunduran diri téh dipaksakeun ka anjeunna.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=23}} Harrison digantikeun ku John Gibson salaku palaksana tugas gubernur téritori.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=23}} Urang Amérika nandang kéléhan dina [[pangepungan Detroit]]. Jenderal [[James Winchester (jenderal)|James Winchester]] nawarkeun pangkat brigadir jenderal ka Harrison, nanging Harrison hoyong nyepeng kakawasaan pinuh atas angkatan darat éta. Présidén [[James Madison]] ngalungsurkeun Winchester tina jabatanana dina bulan Séptémber, sarta Harrison janten komandan pikeun para prajurit anu nembé ditarima.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=23}} Anjeunna nampi paréntah pikeun ngarebut deui Detroit sarta ngahudangkeun sumanget pasukan, nanging mimitina anjeunna nahan diri, jalaran teu kersa rurusuhan mawa perang ka arah kalér.<ref name="Freehling"/> Pasukan Inggris sareng sekutu Indindiana jauh langkung seueur jumlahna dibandingkeun pasukan Harrison, sahingga Harrison ngawangun posisi pertahanan salami usum tiris di sapanjang [[Walungan Maumee]] di kalér-kulon Ohio. Anjeunna dingaranan [[Bénténg Meigs|Fort Meigs]] kanggé ngahormat gubernur Ohio [[Return J. Meigs Jr.]] Anjeunna tuluy nampi pasukan bantuan dina taun 1813, mimiti narajang, sarta mingpin angkatan darat ka kalér pikeun perang. Anjeunna kéngingkeun kameunangan di Téritori Indiana sarta Ohio, sarta hasil ngarebut deui Detroit sateuacan nyerang ka [[Kanada]] Luhur ([[Ontario]]). Pasukanna ngéléhkeun Inggris, sarta Tecumseh palastra, dina ping 5 Oktober 1813, dina [[Perang Thames|Battle of the Thames]]. Ieu dianggap salaku salah sahiji kameunangan gedé Amérika dina perang éta, kadua saatos [[Perang New Orleans|Battle of New Orleans]], sarta ngukuhkeun reputasi nasional pikeun Harrison.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|pp=257–70}}<ref name="Freehling"/> Dina taun 1814, Sekretaris Perang [[John Armstrong Jr.]] ngabagi komando angkatan darat, nempatkeun Harrison di hiji pos anu jauh sarta mikeun kadali garis hareup ka salah saurang bawahan Harrison.{{sfn|Burr|1840|pp=232–244}} Armstrong sareng Harrison teu sapamadegan ngeunaan kurangna koordinasi sarta éféktivitas dina invasi ka Kanada, sahingga Harrison ngundurkeun diri tina angkatan darat dina bulan Méi.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|pp=290–291}}{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=24}} Saatos perang réngsé, Kongrés ngayakeun pamariksaan kana pangunduran diri Harrison sarta nangtukeun yén Armstrong parantos nindak sacara sawenang-wenang ka Harrison salami kampanye militerna sarta pangunduran dirina téh mémang boga alesan anu kuat. Kongrés nganugrahkeun medali emas ka Harrison pikeun jasa-jasana salami perang.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Presidential Series – William H. Harrison|url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/Resources/Image-Gallery/Historical-Paintings/Presidential-Series/William-H-Harrison/|access-date=June 18, 2020|publisher=National Guard}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918175742/https://www.nationalguard.mil/Resources/Image-Gallery/Historical-Paintings/Presidential-Series/William-H-Harrison/ |date=September 18, 2020 }}</ref> Harrison sareng Gubernur [[Téritori Michigan]] [[Lewis Cass]] tanggung jawab pikeun ngayakeun rundayan [[Pajangjian Greenville (1814)|pajangjian damai]] sareng urang Indindia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Treaty_with_the_Wyandots,_Delawares,_Shawnees,_Senecas,_and_Miamis_(1814)|title=Treaty with the Wyandots, Delawares, Shawnees, Senecas, and Miamis (1814)|publisher=Ohio History Central|access-date=December 1, 2021}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227183649/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Treaty_with_the_Wyandots,_Delawares,_Shawnees,_Senecas,_and_Miamis_(1814) |date=December 27, 2023 }}</ref> Présidén Madison ngangkat Harrison dina bulan Juni 1815 pikeun mantuan rundayan pajangjian kadua sareng urang Indindia anu kawanoh salaku [[Pajangjian Springwells]], di mana suku-suku éta nyerahkeun lahan anu lega di wilayah kulon, nyadiakeun lahan tambahan pikeun pameseran sarta padumukan Amérika.<ref name="cb"/> ==Kahirupan saatos perang== ===Politikus Ohio sarta diplomat=== [[File:WmHHarrison-poster.jpg|thumb|right|upright=.95|Postér anu muji kana sagala prestasi Harrison]] Harrison ngundurkeun diri tina angkatan darat dina taun 1814, teu lami sateuacan réngséna Perang 1812, sarta mulang deui ka kulawarga katut tegalanana di [[North Bend, Ohio]].<ref name="Freehling"/> Freehling nyebatkeun yén pengeluaranana harita jauh langkung ageung batan panghasilanana sahingga anjeunna kabeulit hutang, yén Harrison langkung milih "popularitas batan kawajiban" ku cara milarian pujian dina pésta-pésta di New York, Washington, sarta Philadelphia, sarta janten jalma anu moro jabatan.<ref name="Freehling"/> Anjeunna kapilih dina taun 1816 pikeun ngaréngsékeun masa jabatan [[John McLean]] di DPR AS, ngawakilan [[distrik kongrés ka-1 Ohio]] dugi ka taun 1819. Anjeunna nyobian kéngingkeun jabatan Sekretaris Perang di handapeun Présidén Monroe dina taun 1817 nanging éléh ku [[John C. Calhoun]]. Anjeunna ogé teu kabagéan jabatan diplomatik ka Rusia.<ref name="Freehling"/> Anjeunna kapilih janten anggota [[Sénat Ohio]] dina taun 1819 sarta ngabdi dugi ka taun 1821, saatos éléh dina pamilihan gubernur Ohio taun 1820.<ref name="cb" /> Anjeunna maju dina [[Pamilihan DPR Amérika Sarikat di Ohio 1822|pamilihan 1822]] pikeun DPR Amérika Sarikat, nanging éléh ku [[James W. Gazlay]].<ref name="Freehling"/><ref>{{cite web |title=A New Nation Votes |url=https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/pg15bf880 |website=Tufts Digital Collections and Archives |access-date=March 5, 2022 |date=January 11, 2012}}</ref> Anjeunna kapilih janten anggota Sénat AS dina taun 1824, sarta janten pamilih présidén (elector) Ohio dina taun 1820 pikeun [[James Monroe]]{{sfn|Taylor|Taylor|1899|p=102}} sarta pikeun [[Henry Clay]] dina taun 1824.{{sfn|Taylor|Taylor|1899|p=145}} Harrison diangkat dina taun 1828 salaku [[menteri plenipotentiary]] (utusan pinuh) ka [[Gran Kolombia]], sahingga anjeunna ngundurkeun diri ti Kongrés sarta ngabdi dina jabatan anyarna dugi ka ping 8 Maret 1829.{{sfn|Bolívar|1951|p=732}} Anjeunna dugi ka [[Bogotá]] dina ping 22 Désémber 1828, sarta mendakan kaayaan Kolombia anu matak sedih. Anjeunna ngalaporkeun ka Sekretaris Nagara yén éta nagara nuju aya dina bangbaluh anarki, sarta [[Simón Bolívar]] badé janten diktator militer.{{sfn|Bolívar|1951|p=732}} Anjeunna nyerat serat teguran anu sopan ka Bolívar, nyatakeun yén "pamaréntahan anu pangkuatna nyaéta anu paling bébas" sarta ngajurung Bolívar pikeun ngarojong kamekaran démokrasi. Salaku jawabanana, Bolívar nyerat yén Amérika Sarikat "sigana parantos ditakdirkeun ku Gusti pikeun nyusahkeun Amérika (Latin) kalayan sagala kasangsaraan dina nami kabébasan", hiji ungkapan anu janten kacida kasohorna di Amérika Latin.{{sfn|Bolívar|1951|p=732}} Freehling nunjukkeun yén léngkah Harrison di Kolombia téh "goréng sarta mindeng salah", yén anjeunna gagal ngajaga posisi nétral dina urusan Kolombia ku cara sacara kabuka nentang Bolivar, sahingga Kolombia ménta sangkan anjeunna diganti. [[Andrew Jackson]] mimiti ngajabat dina Maret 1829, sarta narik deui Harrison supados tiasa nempatkeun jalma pilihanana sorangan dina éta jabatan.<ref name="Freehling"/> Penulis biografi James Hall ngaklaim yén Harrison mendakan ayana despotisme militer di Kolombia sarta yén "pamandangan liberalna, integritas républikna anu teguh, sarta saderhanana papakéan katut paripolahna, kacida kontrasna sareng pamandangan sawenang-wenang sarta paripolah méwah para pajabat publik, sahingga moal mungkin anjeunna janten paporit pikeun maranéhna anu tos ngarebut kakawasaan éta pamaréntahan. Maranéhna sieun yén rahayat bakal ningali bédana antara patriot sajati sareng patriot anu ngan saukur pura-pura, sarta ngamimitian runtuyan intimidasi ka menteri urang, anu ngajantenkeun situasina kacida teu genahna."{{sfn|Hall|1836|p=301}} Pamadegan anu sarupa ngeunaan kaayaan ieu ogé ditepikeun ku panulis biografi Samuel Burr. Harrison, saatos ninggalkeun jabatanana nanging masih kénéh aya di [[Gran Kolombia|nagara éta]], nyerat serat sakitar sapuluh kaca ka Bolivar, anu dimuat sacara lengkep dina biografi Hall sarta Burr. Éta serat matak ngahéman Hall alatan "prinsip kabébasan anu jero" ti Harrison. Burr ngajelaskeun éta serat salaku "pinuh ku kawijaksanaan, kahadéan, sarta patriotisme... sarta prinsip anu pangmurnina".{{sfn|Hall|1836|p=301}}{{sfn|Burr|1840|p=256}} ===Rahayat biasa=== Harrison mulang ka Amérika Sarikat sarta ka tegalanana di North Bend, hirup dina katenangan saatos ampir opat dasawarsa ngabdi ka pamaréntah. Anjeunna henteu ngumpulkeun kabeungharan anu loba salami hirupna, sarta hirup tina tabungan, mancén anu teu sabaraha, sarta panghasilan tina tegalanana. Burr nyutat M. Chavalier, anu pendak sareng Harrison di [[Cincinnati]] harita, sarta ngagambarkeun Harrison salaku jalma anu "miskin, gaduh kulawarga anu seueur jumlahna, ditingalkeun ku pamaréntah féderal, nanging jagjag kalayan pamikiran anu merdéka".{{sfn|Burr|1840|p=Appendix}} Dina bulan Méi 1817, Harrison janten salah saurang anggota pangadeg [[vestry]] jemaah [[Garéja Épiskopal (Amérika Sarikat)|Episcopal]], [[Katedral Christ Church (Cincinnati)|Christ Church]] di puseur kota [[Cincinnati]] (ayeuna [[Katedral Christ Church (Cincinnati)|Christ Church Cathedral]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Morris |first=J. W. |title=Christ Church Cincinnati, 1817–1967 |publisher=Cincinnati Lithographing Ohio Press |year=1969}}</ref> Anjeunna terus ngabdi salaku anggota vestry dugi ka taun 1819, sarta deui dina taun 1824.<ref name=":0" /> Para pangrojong lokal datang mantuan Harrison ku cara ngangkat anjeunna janten [[Panitera Pangadilan]] pikeun [[Hamilton County, Ohio|Hamilton County]], di mana anjeunna damel ti taun 1836 dugi ka 1840.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of the Clerk of Courts Office|publisher=Hamilton County Clerk of Courts|url=http://www.courtclerk.org/history_clerk_of_courts.asp|access-date=December 6, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614052246/http://www.courtclerk.org/history_clerk_of_courts.asp|archive-date=June 14, 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614052246/http://www.courtclerk.org/history_clerk_of_courts.asp |date=June 14, 2007 }}</ref> Chevalier nyarios, "Rencanganana di bagian wétan nyarioskeun badé ngajantenkeun anjeunna Présidén, sedengkeun di dieu urang ngajantenkeun anjeunna panitera di pangadilan handap."{{sfn|Burr|1840|p=Appendix}} Anjeunna ogé melak jagong sarta ngadegkeun panyatuaan (distillery) pikeun ngahasilkeun wiski, nanging anjeunna nutup éta usaha saatos anjeunna ngaraos kaganggu ku pangaruh buruk alkohol ka para palangganna. Dina biantara payuneun Déwan Pertanian [[Hamilton County, Ohio|Hamilton County]] dina taun 1831, anjeunna nyebatkeun yén anjeunna parantos dosa margi ngadamel wiski sarta miharep batur tiasa diajar tina kasalahanana sarta ngeureunkeun produksi inuman keras.{{sfn|Burr|1840|pp=257–258}} Sakitar waktos ieu, anjeunna pendak sareng tokoh abolisionis sarta konduktor [[Underground Railroad]] [[George DeBaptiste]] anu linggih di deukeut [[Madison, Indiana|Madison]], sarta duanana janten sobat. Harrison nyerat harita, "urang tiasa ngarep-ngarep datangna hiji poé nalika panonpoé Amérika Kalér moal ningali deui ayana budak beulian."<ref>{{cite book|title=A Patriot's History of the United States|first1=Larry|last1=Schweikart|first2=Michael|last2=Allen|publisher=Easton Press|location=Norwalk, Conn.|year=2004|page=233|isbn=1-59523-001-7}}</ref> DeBaptiste janten palayan pribadina, sarta saatosna janten pangurus (steward) di Gedong Bodas.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tobin|first=Jacqueline L.|title=From Midnight to Dawn: The Last Tracks of the Underground Railroad|url=https://archive.org/details/frommidnighttoda0000tobi|publisher=Anchor|location=Detroit|year=2008|pages=[https://archive.org/details/frommidnighttoda0000tobi/page/200 200]–209|isbn=978-1-4001-0354-6}}</ref> Sanajan dibantah ku sababaraha réngréngan Harrison, Burr nutup catetanana ngeunaan Harrison ku cara ngagambarkeun hiji kajadian, nyaéta resepsi kanggé jenderal éta di Philadelphia dina taun 1836, anu nunjukkeun kumaha populérna Harrison harita. Numutkeun Burr, "Rébuan jalma minuhan darmaga jalan Chesnut nalika anjeunna sumping, sarta ngabagéakeun anjeunna ku surak anu terus-terusan nalika anjeunna mendarat. Anjeunna naék kana [[barouche]] (keréta kuda) nanging jalma-jalma maresek ka hareup kalayan kacida sumangetna, sahingga kuda-kudana janten sarieuneun. Aya gerakan pikeun ngaleupaskeun tali kuda nalika Jenderal nyarios ka sababaraha urang sarta nyobian nyegahna; nanging kuda-kuda éta gancang pisan teu kaurus, sahingga kedah dileupaskeun. Aya tali anu dibawa, sarta ditalikeun kana karéta, anu tuluy ditarik ku jalma-jalma ka Marshall House. Ieu tindakan mangrupikeun cetusan spontan ti sapuluh rébu haté anu nganuhunkeun. Urang Pennsylvania kantos perang di handapeun éta pahlawan, sarta maranéhna micinta anjeunna. Urang nyarioskeun hal ieu sacara husus, margi urang janten saksi mata kana sagala anu lumangsung."{{sfn|Burr|1840|pp=264–265}} ===Kampanye présidén 1836=== {{main|Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1836}} Harrison mangrupa calon présidén Whig ti bagian kulon dina taun 1836, salah sahiji ti opat calon régional partéy Whig. Calon sanésna nyaéta [[Daniel Webster]], [[Hugh Lawson White]], sareng [[Willie P. Mangum]]. Munculna leuwih ti hiji calon Whig téh mangrupikeun upaya pikeun ngéléhkeun Wakil Présidén petahana, [[Martin Van Buren]], anu mangrupa calon Démokrat populér pilihan Jackson.<ref name= "WHH Campaigns and Elections">{{Cite web| last=Freehling| first=William| title=William Henry Harrison: Campaigns and Elections|url=https://millercenter.org/president/harrison/campaigns-and-elections| publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia| location=Charlottesville, Virginia| access-date=January 20, 2022| date=October 4, 2016}}</ref> Urang Démokrat nuduh yén ku cara majukeun sababaraha calon, Whig sabenerna hayang nyegah kameunangan Van Buren dina "electoral college", sarta maksa pamilihan sangkan diputuskeun ku DPR.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/United-States-presidential-election-of-1836|title=U.S. Presidential Election of 1836|publisher=Britannica|access-date=January 20, 2022}}</ref> Upami enya aya rencana kitu, nanging éta rencana téh gagal. Harrison nempatan urutan kadua, sarta unggul di salapan ti dua puluh genep nagara bagian dina Uni.<ref name= "WHH Campaigns and Elections"/><ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="shp">{{cite web|title=How Close Were The Presidential Elections?|last=Shepperd|first=Michael|publisher=Michigan State University|url=https://www.msu.edu/~sheppa28/elections.html#1836|access-date=February 11, 2009}}</ref> Harrison maju di sakabéh nagara bagian non-perbudakan iwal ti Massachusetts, sarta di nagara bagian perbudakan sapertos Delaware, Maryland, sarta Kentucky. White maju di sésa nagara bagian perbudakan lianna iwal ti South Carolina. [[Daniel Webster]] maju di Massachusetts, sarta Mangum di South Carolina.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ershkowitz|first=Herbert B.|title=American Presidential Campaigns and Elections|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|year=2020|isbn=978-1-3154-9713-6}}</ref> Van Buren meunangkeun pamilihan kalayan 170 sora éléktoral.<ref name="Britannica"/> Parobahan ngan sakitar 4.000 sora di Pennsylvania sabenerna bisa mikeun 30 sora éléktoral nagara bagian éta ka Harrison, sarta pamilihan téh bakal diputuskeun ku DPR.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?fips=42&year=1836&f=0&off=0&elect=0 |title=USA Election Polls-Pennsylvania 1836 |publisher=Pennsylvania Election Results Home |access-date=January 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081117062058/http://www.uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?fips=42&year=1836&f=0&off=0&elect=0 |archive-date=November 17, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="shp"/> ===Kampanye présidén 1840=== {{main|Kampanye présidén William Henry Harrison 1840}} [[File:ElectoralCollege1840.svg|thumb|upright=0.85|right|Peta Sora Éléktoral 1840]] Harrison nyanghareupan petahana Van Buren salaku calon tunggal ti Whig dina pamilihan taun 1840. Partéy Whig ningali Harrison salaku urang kidul pituin sarta pahlawan perang, anu bakal kontras pisan sareng Van Buren anu katingalna angkuh, teu paduli, sarta aristokratik.<ref name= "WHH Campaigns and Elections"/> Anjeunna dipilih ngéléhkeun anggota partéy séjén anu langkung kontroversial, sapertos Clay sareng Webster; kampanyéna nonjolkeun catetan militérna sarta museur kana lemahna ékonomi AS anu diakibatkeun ku [[Panik 1837]].{{sfn|Carnes|Mieczkowski|2001|p=39}} Urang Whig nyalahkeun Van Buren atas masalah ékonomi sarta néléhkeunana "Van Ruin" (Van Tukang Ruksak).{{sfn|Carnes|Mieczkowski|2001|p=39}} Sabalikna, urang Démokrat ngaléléwé Harrison anu tos sepuh ku sebutan "Granny Harrison, the petticoat general" (Nini Harrison, jenderal samping), jalaran anjeunna ngundurkeun diri tina angkatan darat sateuacan Perang 1812 réngsé. Maranéhna ogé nunjukkeun ka para pamilih yén upami nami Harrison diéjah tibalik bakal janten: "No Sirrah" (Moal, Dunungan). Maranéhna ngagambarkeun anjeunna salaku lalaki sepuh ti kampung anu tinggaleun jaman, anu langkung milih "[[Kampanye gubug kai|calik di gubug kaina bari nginum sari apel (hard cider)]]" batan ngurus pamaréntahan nagara. Ieu strategi téh kalah malik janten pakarang makan tuan nalika Harrison sareng pasanganana, [[John Tyler]], ngajantenkeun gubug kai (log cabin) sarta sari apel (hard cider) salaku simbol kampanye. Kampanyéna ngagunakeun éta simbol dina spanduk sarta postér, malah nyieun botol sari apel anu bentukna sapertos gubug kai, sadayana kanggé ngaitkeun éta calon sareng "rahayat biasa".{{sfn|Carnes|Mieczkowski|2001|pp=39–40}} Freehling nyerat yén, "Hiji koran pro-Van Buren anu kuciwa nyerat saatos kéléhanana, 'Urang parantos ditalukkeun ku nyanyian, ditalukkeun ku kabohongan, sarta ditalukkeun ku inuman.' Dina hiji kalimah, ieu ngagambarkeun prosés pulitik Amérika anu anyar."<ref name= "WHH - American Franchise">{{cite web|url=https://millercenter.org/president/harrison/the-american-franchise|first=William|last=Freehling|title=William Harrison: The American Franchise|publisher=University of Virginia Miller Center|location=Charlottesville, Virginia|date=October 4, 2016|access-date=January 22, 2022}}</ref> Harrison sabenerna asalna ti kulawarga jegud di Virginia anu miboga budak beulian, nanging kampanyéna mintonkeun anjeunna salaku urang wates leuweung anu saderhana dumasar kana gaya anu dipopulérkeun ku [[Andrew Jackson]], bari ngagambarkeun Van Buren salaku elitist jegud.{{sfn|Carnes|Mieczkowski|2001|pp=39–40}} Conto anu paling diinget nyaéta [[Biantara Séndok Emas]] (Gold Spoon Oration) anu ditepikeun ku wawakil Whig ti Pennsylvania, [[Charles Ogle (politikus)|Charles Ogle]], di DPR, anu ngaléléwé gaya hirup méwah Van Buren di Gedong Bodas sarta pengeluaranana anu hambur.<ref name=Bradley-70-71>{{cite book|author=Bradley, Elizabeth L.|title=Knickerbocker: The Myth behind New York|url=https://archive.org/details/knickerbockermyt0000brad |url-access=registration|location=New Brunswick, NJ|publisher=Rivergate|pages=[https://archive.org/details/knickerbockermyt0000brad/page/70 70]–71|isbn=978-0-8135-4516-5|year=2009|access-date=November 9, 2021}}</ref> Urang Whig ogé nyiptakeun hiji yel-yel di mana jalma-jalma bakal nyiduhkeun ciduh bako bari ngagorowok "wirt-wirt", sarta hal ieu ogé nunjukkeun bédana antara para calon dina mangsa pamilihan harita:<ref name= "WHH Campaigns and Elections"/> {{poemquote| Si Tip maké baju tinun saderhana, teu maké kaméja rumbai: wirt-wirt, Tapi si Matt boga piring emas, manéhna mah budak leutik bau kénéh jéngkol: wirt-wirt!}} Urang Whig ngagulkeun catetan militer Harrison sarta reputasina salaku pahlawan dina Perang Tippecanoe. Slogan kampanye "[[Tippecanoe and Tyler too|Tippecanoe and Tyler, Too]]" janten salah sahiji anu pangterahna dina sajarah pulitik Amérika.{{sfn|Carnes|Mieczkowski|2001|p=41}} Nalika Van Buren kampanye ti jero Gedong Bodas, Harrison mah turun langsung ka lapangan, ngahibur rahayat ku cara nirukeun gorowok perang Indindia, sarta hasil ngalihkeun perhatian masarakat tina kasisitan ékonomi nagara. Dina Juni 1840, rapat akbar Harrison di lokasi urut perang Tippecanoe dihadiran ku 60.000 urang.<ref name= "WHH Campaigns and Elections"/> Désa North Bend, Ohio, sarta para alumni [[Universitas Negeri Ohio]] (OSU) ngaklaim yén landihan nagara bagian "Buckeyes" asalna tina pesen kampanye Harrison.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northbendohio.org/Buckeyes.html|title=Buckeyes?|publisher=Village of North Bend}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251102175457/https://www.northbendohio.org/Buckeyes.html |date=2025-11-02 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.osu.edu/alumni/news/ohio-state-alumni-magazine/issues/september-october-2016/tippecanoe-and-buckeyes-too|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528074916/https://www.osu.edu/alumni/news/ohio-state-alumni-magazine/issues/september-october-2016/tippecanoe-and-buckeyes-too/|archive-date=May 28, 2022|url-status=dead|title=Tippecanoe and Buckeyes Too|date=August 29, 2016|publisher=Ohio State University|access-date=January 21, 2022}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528074916/https://www.osu.edu/alumni/news/ohio-state-alumni-magazine/issues/september-october-2016/tippecanoe-and-buckeyes-too/ |date=May 28, 2022 }}</ref> Kampanye Harrison ogé janten korban tina naon anu disebut salaku "[[Kejutan Oktober]]" munggaran di éta nagara. Sababaraha poé sateuacan pamilihan, Departemén Kaadilan Van Buren nuduh yén pajabat Partéy Whig parantos ngalakukeun "penipuan anu kacida gedéna sarta jahat," nyaéta ku cara mayar urang Pennsylvania sangkan indit ka New York pikeun milih calon ti Whig dua taun sateuacanana.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://jonathanturley.org/2024/10/07/jack-smiths-october-surprise-was-not-that-surprising-and-that-is-the-problem/#more-224035|title=Jack Smith's October Surprise|last=Turley|first=Jonathan|date=October 7, 2024|website=Res Ipsa Loquitur|publisher=Jonathan Turley|access-date=October 7, 2024}}</ref> [[Tingkat partisipasi pamilih]] naék drastis ka angka 80%, 20 poin langkung luhur batan pamilihan sateuacanana.<ref name= "WHH - American Franchise"/> Harrison meunang mutlak dina Electoral College, 234 sora éléktoral ngalawan 60 sora pikeun Van Buren. Selisih sora rahayat (popular vote) mah langkung heureut, nyaéta kirang ti 150.000 sora, sanajan anjeunna unggul di salapan belas ti dua puluh genep nagara bagian.{{sfn|Carnes|Mieczkowski|2001|p=41}}{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=25}} ==Jabatan Présidén (1841)== ===Pelantikan=== {{Infobox administration | name = Mangsa Jabatan Présidén William Henry Harrison | term_start = 4 Maret 1841 | term_end = 4 April 1841 | vicepresident = [[John Tyler]] | cabinet = ''[[#Tekanan_patronase|Tingali daptar]]'' | party = [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|Whig]] | seat = [[Gedong Bodas]] | predecessor = [[Mangsa Jabatan Présidén Martin Van Buren|Martin Van Buren]] | successor = [[Mangsa Jabatan Présidén John Tyler|John Tyler]] | seal = 1840s US presidential seal.png | seal_caption = Segel présidén<br />(1840–1850) }} [[File:Harrison inauguration.jpg|thumb|Pelantikan taun 1841]] Nalika Harrison sumping ka Washington, anjeunna hoyong némbongkeun yén anjeunna masih kénéh pahlawan Tippecanoe anu tangguh sarta mangrupa lalaki anu langkung terdidik sarta wijaksana batan karikatur urang kampung anu digambarkeun salami kampanye. Anjeunna [[Pelantikan William Henry Harrison|ngucapkeun sumpah jabatan]] dina ping 4 Maret 1841, hiji poé anu tiris sarta baseuh.<ref name="Harrison's Inauguration">{{cite web |title= American Treasures–Harrison's Inauguration|date=August 2007|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr22a.html#obj14|publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=September 21, 2009}}</ref> Anjeunna nahan hawa tiris sarta milih kanggé henteu nganggo japo (overcoat) atanapi topi, naék kuda nuju ka upacara agung, sarta tuluy nepikeun biantara pelantikan pangpanjangna dina sajarah Amérika<ref name="Harrison's Inauguration"/> kalayan jumlah 8.445 kecap. Anjeunna meryogikeun waktos ampir dua jam kanggé macakeunana, sanajan sobatna anu sasama urang Whig, [[Daniel Webster]], parantos ngédit éta téks sangkan henteu panjang teuing.<ref name = iap/> Freehling boga pamadegan yén biantara sapertos kieu téh sabenerna mah lumrah harita, sarta ironina téh kacida jero, margi Harrison, "saurang nu saumur hirup moro jabatan, kapilih ku pulitik anu kacida partisan, nanging malah nyawad kadua prakték éta sacara pedes".<ref name= "WHH - Domestic Affairs"/> Éta biantara pelantikan mangrupa pernyataan lengkep ngeunaan agénda Partéy [[Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|Whig]], panolakan kana kawijakan Jackson sarta Van Buren, sarta hiji-hijina artikulasi formal ti Harrison ngeunaan pendekatanna kana jabatan présidén.<ref name= "WHH - Domestic Affairs">{{cite web|url=https://millercenter.org/president/harrison/domestic-affairs|last=Freehling|first=William|title=William Harrison: Domestic Affairs|publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia|location=Charlottesville, Virginia|access-date=January 22, 2022|date=October 4, 2016}}</ref> Éta biantara dimimitian ku rasa hormat Harrison kana kapercayaan anu dipasrahkeun ka anjeunna: {{blockquote|Sakiyeu kuatna maksad sim kuring ayeuna kanggé ngawujudkeun harepan rahayat anu luhur budina sarta pinuh kapercayaan, sim kuring terang pisan kana gogoda anu picilakaeun tina ageungna kakuasaan anu parantos dipasrahkeun ku rahayat ka panangan sim kuring... nanging sim kuring masrahkeun kapercayaan utama sim kuring kana pitulung Pangawasa Nu Maha Kawasa anu salami ieu parantos ngajaga sim kuring.<ref name="WHH - Inaugural"/>}} Harrison jangji bakal ngadegkeun deui [[Bank Kadua Amérika Sarikat]] sarta ngalegaan kapasitas kiréditna ku cara ngaluarkeun mata uang kertas dina [[Sistem Amérika (rencana ékonomi)|Sistem Amérika]] tatanan [[Henry Clay]].<ref name="Harrison's Inauguration"/> Anjeunna boga maksud kanggé gumantung kana tinimbangan Kongrés dina urusan législatif, sarta ngan bakal ngagunakeun hak véto upami hiji undang-undang dianggap inkonstitusional, sarta bakal ngarobah [[sistem spoils]] (pembagian jabatan) gaya Jackson.<ref name= "WHH - Domestic Affairs"/> Anjeunna jangji bakal ngagunakeun kakawasaan kanggé milih staf anu mumpuni, sanés kanggé nguatkeun posisina di pamaréntahan, sarta dina kaayaan naon waé ogé anjeunna moal maju kanggé masa jabatan kadua. Anjeunna nyawad pemborosan kauangan ti pamaréntahan sateuacanana sarta jangji moal pipilueun kana kawijakan kauangan Kongrés. Sacara umum, Harrison jangji kanggé janten présidén anu "lemah", masrahkeun kaputusan ka Kongrés salaku "Cabang Utama", saluyu sareng prinsip Whig.<ref name= "WHH - Domestic Affairs"/><ref name = iap>{{cite web|title=William Henry Harrison Inaugural Address|work=Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States|publisher=Bartleby|url=http://www.bartleby.com/124/pres26.html|access-date=February 11, 2009}}</ref> Anjeunna ogé nyabit ngeunaan masalah [[Perbudakan di Amérika Sarikat|perbudakan]] anu nuju panas. Salaku jalma anu miboga budak beulian, Harrison satuju yén nagara bagian gaduh hak kanggé ngatur éta urusan sorangan: {{blockquote|Garis anu misahkeun kakawasaan warga nagara hiji nagara bagian sareng nagara bagian sanésna katingalina parantos ditarik sacara écés... Upaya warga hiji nagara bagian kanggé ngatur lembaga domestik nagara bagian sanésna ngan bakal ngakibatkeun rasa teu percaya sarta timburu, anu janten tanda bakal ayana perpecahan, kekerasan, sarta perang sadulur.<ref name="WHH - Inaugural"/>}} Nalika badé mungkas biantarana, anjeunna nyelapkeun kapercayaanana kana [[kabébasan beragama]] bari nyobian mintonkeun dirina salaku bagian tina aliran kaagamaan utama sanés panyimpang atanapi anggota minoritas: {{blockquote|Sim kuring nganggap kasempetan ieu cukup penting sarta suci kanggé nganyatakeun ka sasama warga nagara ngeunaan rasa hormat anu jero kana agama Kristen sarta kapercayaan anu kuat yén moral anu saé, kabébasan beragama, sarta rasa tanggung jawab kaagamaan anu adil téh kacida raketna sareng kabagjaan anu sajati.<ref name="WHH - Inaugural"/>}} Biantara Harrison anu panjang éta méré gambaran anu rada samar ngeunaan naon anu bakal ditawarkeun ku pamaréntahanana ka rahayat Amérika Sarikat. Anjeunna nyatakeun ngan bakal ngajabat hiji périodeu sarta moal nyalahgunakeun hak véto. Harrison nolak nyiptakeun skéma kauangan sorangan kanggé nagara; sabalikna, anjeunna masrahkeun éta sapinuhna ka Kongrés. Anjeunna nolak ngaganggu wilayah [[Amérika Sarikat Bagian Kidul]] dina urusan perbudakan. Anjeunna henteu ngabahas ngeunaan tarif sarta distribusi. Anjeunna sakedik pisan nyabit ngeunaan bank nasional, iwal ti nyatakeun yén anjeunna kabuka kana mata uang kertas batan koin logam. Konsép Harrison ngeunaan jabatan présidén téh kacida kawatesna, saluyu sareng idéologi pulitik Whig.{{sfn|McCormick|2002|p=140}} Saatos biantara, anjeunna milu dina parade pelantikan nyorang jalanan,<ref name="Harrison's Inauguration"/> nangtung salami tilu jam kanggé sasalaman di Gedong Bodas, sarta ngahadiran tilu pésta dansa (ball) pelantikan dina peuting éta,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inaugural.senate.gov/days-events/days-event/inaugural-ball |title=Inaugural Ball |publisher=Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies |date=June 10, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225184825/http://www.inaugural.senate.gov/days-events/days-event/inaugural-ball |archive-date=February 25, 2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225184825/http://www.inaugural.senate.gov/days-events/days-event/inaugural-ball |date=February 25, 2016 }}</ref> kalebet pésta di [[Carusi's Saloon]] anu dingaranan pésta "Tippecanoe" kalayan 1.000 tamu anu mayar $10 per urang (sarua sareng $371 dina taun 2025).<ref>{{cite web |title=Current Value of $10 from 1841 |url=https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1841?amount=10 |access-date=September 16, 2025 |publisher=CPI Inflation Calculator}}</ref> ===Tekanan patronase=== Clay mangrupa pamingpin urang Whig sarta législator anu kawasa, ogé saurang calon présidén anu gagal, sahingga anjeunna miharep boga pangaruh anu ageung dina pamaréntahan Harrison. Anjeunna poho kana jangji partéyna sorangan kanggé ngaleungitkeun sistem "spoils" sarta nyobian mangaruhan tindakan Harrison sateuacan sarta salami jabatanana anu sakedap, utamana dina nyorong jalma-jalma pilihanna kanggé nempatan posisi Kabinét sarta jabatan présidén lianna. Harrison nolak éta tekanan bari nyarios, "Pa Clay, anjeun poho yén ''sim kuring'' anu janten Présidén."<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HXFIAAAAYAAJ&q=%22%20%22Mr.%20Clay,%20you%20forget%20%22|page=379|journal=Magazine of American History|volume=VIII|issue=6|date=June 1882|title=The annexation of Texas}}</ref> Ieu pacogrégan beuki panas nalika Harrison milih [[Daniel Webster]] salaku Sekretaris Nagara, saingan utama Clay dina ngawasa Partéy Whig. Harrison ogé katingalina masihan sababaraha posisi penting ka para pangrojong Webster. Hiji-hijina konsési kanggé Clay nyaéta milih anak didiuna, [[John J. Crittenden]], kanggé posisi Jaksa Agung. Sanajan kitu, ieu guntreng téh terus nuluy dugi ka pupusna sang présidén.{{sfn|Remini|1997|pp=511–515}} {{Infobox U.S. Cabinet | align = right | Name = Harrison | President = William Henry Harrison | President date = 1841 | Vice President = [[John Tyler]] | Vice President date = 1841 | State = [[Daniel Webster]] | State date = 1841 | War = [[John Bell (politikus Tennessee)|John Bell]] | War date = 1841 | Treasury = [[Thomas Ewing]] | Treasury date = 1841 | Justice = [[John J. Crittenden]] | Justice date = 1841 | Post = [[Francis Granger]] | Post date = 1841 | Navy = [[George Edmund Badger]] | Navy date = 1841 }} Clay sanés hiji-hijina jalma anu miharep kauntungan tina [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1840|kapilihna Harrison]]. Réwu jalma anu moro jabatan daratang ka Gedong Bodas, anu harita kabuka kanggé saha waé anu hoyong pendak sareng présidén. Sabagéan ageung padamelan Harrison salami sabulan janten présidén téh nyaéta kawajiban sosial sarta nampi tamu di Gedong Bodas. Anjeunna parantos dibilayan kanggé nyusun administrasi sateuacan pelantikan, nanging anjeunna nolak margi hoyong fokus kana acara perayaan. Hasilna, para panyiar damel ngantosan anjeunna unggal waktos sarta minuhan Gedong Eksekutif, bari teu aya prosés kanggé ngatur sarta milih maranéhna.<ref name="Harrison's Inauguration"/> Dina serat anu kaping 10 Maret, Harrison nyerat, "Sim kuring kacida diganggu ku lobana jalma anu sumping ka sim kuring sahingga sim kuring teu tiasa masihan perhatian anu merenah kana urusan sim kuring sorangan."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?175070|title=Letter from Harrison to R. Buchanan, Esq., March 10, 1841|publisher=Shapell Manuscript Foundation|access-date=November 9, 2021|archive-date=June 18, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618235507/http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?175070|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Layanan Marshal Amérika Sarikat|Marshal AS]] pikeun [[Washington, D.C.|Distrik Columbia]], Alexander Hunter, nginget hiji kajadian nalika Harrison dikepung ku para pamuru jabatan anu ngahalangan anjeunna nuju ka rapat kabinét; nalika pamentana sangkan maranéhna méré jalan teu dipaliré, Harrison ahirna "nampi petisi maranéhna, anu minuhan leungeun sarta saku bajuna".<ref name="Whitcomb">{{cite book |last=Whitcomb |first=John & Claire|title=Real Life at the White House: 200 Years of Daily Life at America's Most Famous Residence|publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=2002|page=81|isbn=978-0-415-93951-5}}</ref> Carita séjénna nyebutkeun yén lorong-lorong harita kacida pinuhna sahingga kanggé pindah ti hiji rohangan ka rohangan sanésna, Harrison kedah dibantuan kaluar tina jandéla, leumpang di luar gedong, tuluy diasupkeun deui tina jandéla sanésna.<ref name="Whitcomb"/> Harrison daria pisan kana jangjina kanggé ngoméan sistem pangangkatan éksekutif, nganjang ka unggal genep departemén kabinét kanggé ningali operasina sarta ngaluarkeun paréntah ngaliwatan Webster yén [[kampanye]] ku pagawé bakal dianggap salaku alesan kanggé pamecatanna.<ref name="Harrison's Inauguration"/> Anjeunna nahan tekanan ti sasama urang Whig ngeunaan patronase partisan. Sakelompok jalma sumping ka kantorna dina 16 Maret kanggé nungtut pamecatan sakabéh urang Démokrat tina jabatan anu diangkat, sarta Harrison nyatakeun, "Demi Allah, sim kuring langkung milih ngundurkeun diri tina jabatan batan kedah ngalakukeun kajahatan sapertos kitu!"<ref>{{cite book |last=Woollen |first=William Wesley|title=Biographical and historical sketches of early Indiana|publisher=Ayer Publishing |year=1975|location=New York|page=51|isbn=978-0-405-06896-6}}</ref> Kabinétna sorangan nyobian ngabolaykeun pangangkatan [[John Chambers (politikus)|John Chambers]] salaku Gubernur Téritori Iowa demi sobat Webster, [[James Wilson II (politikus New Hampshire)|James Wilson]]. Webster nyobian nahan éta kaputusan dina rapat kabinét 25 Maret, sarta Harrison ménta anjeunna macakeun tarik hiji catetan tulis leungeun anu unina saukur "William Henry Harrison, Présidén Amérika Sarikat". Harrison tuluy nangtung sarta nyatakeun: "William Henry Harrison, Présidén Amérika Sarikat, ngawartosan ka aranjeun, para jandral, yén demi Allah, John Chambers bakal janten gubernur Iowa!"{{sfn|Remini|1997|pp=520–521}} Hiji-hijina kaputusan resmi Harrison sanésna anu penting nyaéta naha kedah ngayakeun sidang istiméwa Kongrés. Anjeunna sareng Clay teu sapamadegan ngeunaan perluna éta sidang, sarta kabinét Harrison kabagi dua, sahingga mimitina présidén nolak éta ide. Clay neken deui dina 13 Maret, nanging Harrison nolak sarta ngawartosan anjeunna sangkan ulah nganjang ka Gedong Bodas deui, sarta kedah ngahubungi anjeunna ngan ngaliwatan tulisan.<ref>{{cite web|title=American History Series: The Brief Presidency of William Henry Harrison|publisher=Voice of America News|url=http://www.voanews.com/specialenglish/2009-01-28-voa3.cfm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131082639/http://www.voanews.com/specialenglish/2009-01-28-voa3.cfm|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 31, 2009|access-date=June 21, 2009}}</ref> Nanging, sababaraha poé saatosna, Sekretaris Perbendaharaan [[Thomas Ewing]] ngalaporkeun yén dana féderal nuju dina kaayaan sesah sahingga pamaréntah moal tiasa beroperasi dugi ka sidang rutin Kongrés dina bulan Désémber; Harrison ahirna satuju, sarta ngumumkeun sidang istiméwa dina 17 Maret. Éta sidang sabenerna dijadwalkeun dimimitian ping 31 Méi upami Harrison masih kénéh hirup.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brinkley|first1=Alan|last2=Dyer|first2=Davis|year=2004|title=The American Presidency|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|location=Boston|isbn=978-0-618-38273-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3djEYV3R7oIC&pg=PA120 |access-date=June 21, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-45b-convening-extra-session-the-congress|title=Pres. W.H. Harrison, Proclamation 45B–Convening an Extra Session of the Congress|publisher=American Presidency Project|access-date=November 9, 2021}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103100710/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-45b-convening-extra-session-the-congress |date=January 3, 2021 }}</ref> ==Pupusna sarta panguburan== [[File:Death of Harrison, April 4 A.D. 1841 LCCN91794698.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Ilustrasi anu ngagambarkeun pupusna Harrison, 4 April 1841]] Harrison ngarasa lungse sacara fisik alatan lobana pamuru jabatan sarta jadwal sosial anu padet.{{sfn|McCormick|2002|p=140}} Anjeunna ogé sering teu maliré kana hawa tiris tungtung usum tiris, mindeng kaluar tanpa nganggo papakéan anu merenah. Saatos nepikeun biantara pelantikan dua jam dina hujan ping 4 Maret tanpa topi atanapi japo, Harrison terus negrakeun dirina kana hawa tiris. Tilu minggu saatosna, dina 24 Maret 1841, Harrison jalan-jalan isuk-isuk ka pasar lokal, deui-deui tanpa japo atanapi topi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=William Henry Harrison |url=https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/william-henry-harrison#:~:text=The%20president-elect,%20however,,just%2031%20days%20in%20office. |access-date=March 8, 2025 |publisher=American Battlefield Trust}}</ref> Sanajan katarajang hujan dadakan, anjeunna henteu ganti baju nalika mulang ka Gedong Bodas.<ref name = Shafer>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/10/06/william-henry-harrison-pneumonia-death-trump-coronavirus|title=In 1841 pneumonia killed the president|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=October 6, 2020|access-date=December 13, 2021|last=Shafer|first=Ronald G.}}</ref> Dina 26 Maret, Harrison mimiti gering muriang sarta manggil dokterna, Thomas Miller, sanajan anjeunna nyarios ka dokter yén anjeunna ngaraos langkung saé saatos nginum ubar kanggé "kacapéan sarta kahariwang méntal".<ref name = Shafer/> Isukna, dinten Saptu, dokter dipanggil deui sarta mendakan Harrison di ranjang kalayan "muriang parna", saatos jalan-jalan isuk-isuk deui. Miller nerapkeun [[param mustar]] kana beuteungna sarta masihan ubar [[pancahar]] hampang, sarta anjeunna ngaraos langkung saé soréna.<ref name = Shafer/> Jam 4:00 isuk-isuk ping 28 Maret, Harrison ngarasa nyeri parna dina lambungna sarta dokter ngalakukeun [[bekam]] (bloodletting); prosésna dieureunkeun nalika denyut nadina turun. Miller ogé nerapkeun gelas panas (cop) kana kulit présidén kanggé ningkatkeun aliran getih.<ref name = Shafer/> Dokter tuluy masihan [[minyak jarak]] sarta ubar kanggé utah, sarta ngadiagnosis anjeunna katarajang pneumonia dina paru-paru katuhu.<ref name = Shafer/> Tim dokter dipanggil dinten Senén, 29 Maret, sarta mastikeun ayana [[pneumonia]] lobus handap katuhu.<ref name=WHHDOTP>{{Cite web| last=Freehling| first=William| title=William Henry Harrison: Death of the President| url=https://millercenter.org/president/harrison/death-of-the-president| publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia| location=Charlottesville, Virginia| access-date=March 9, 2019| date=October 4, 2016}}</ref> Harrison tuluy dipasihan [[laudanum]], [[opium]], sarta [[kamper]], bareng jeung anggur sarta brendi.{{sfn|Collins|2012|p=123}} Teu aya béwara resmi ngeunaan panyakit Harrison, anu nyababkeun spekulasi masarakat. Masarakat Washington mimiti sadar nalika anjeunna henteu katingal angkat ka garéja dinten Minggu.<ref name=Whitcomb /> Laporan koran anu tumpang tindih dumasar kana bocoran ti jalma-jalma di Gedong Bodas.<ref name = Shafer/> Hiji koran Washington ngalaporkeun dina 1 April yén kaséhatan Harrison parantos saé. Padahal sabenerna, kaayaan Harrison beuki parna, sarta anggota Kabinét katut kulawarga dipanggil ka Gedong Bodas—pamajidanna, Anna, masih kénéh aya di Ohio alatan gering.<ref name = Shafer/> Numutkeun koran di Washington dinten Jumaah, Harrison parantos rada jagjag, sanajan laporan ti ''Baltimore Sun'' nyebutkeun kaayaanana "langkung bahaya".<ref name = Shafer/> Saurang wartawan ''New York Commercial'' nyebutkeun yén "rahayat nagara kacida sedihna sarta loba anu ceurik."<ref name = Shafer/> Dina wengi 3 April, Harrison katarajang diaré parna sarta mimiti igir-igiran, sarta jam 8:30 peuting anjeunna ngucapkeun kekecapan terakhirna ka dokterna, anu dianggap ditujukeun kanggé Wakil Présidén John Tyler:<ref name = Shafer/> "Pa, sim kuring hoyong anjeun ngartos kana prinsip sajati pamaréntahan ieu. Sim kuring hoyong éta dilaksanakeun. Sim kuring teu ménta nanaon deui."<ref>{{Cite web| title=William Henry Harrison: Key Events| url=https://millercenter.org/president/william-harrison/key-events| publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia| location=Charlottesville, Virginia| access-date=March 9, 2019| date=October 7, 2016}}</ref> Harrison pupus dina jam 12:30 isuk-isuk ping 4 April 1841, salapan poé saatos gering sarta pas sabulan saatos sumpah jabatan;<ref name = Shafer/> anjeunna janten présidén munggaran anu pupus nalika nuju ngajabat.<ref name=WHHDOTP/> Pamajidanna, Anna, masih di Ohio nuju mereskeun barang kanggé indit ka Washington nalika nampi béwara salakina pupus.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/first-families/anna-tuthill-symmes-harrison/|title=Anna T. S. Harrison|publisher=The White House|access-date=December 13, 2021}}</ref> Anjeunna henteu kantos pindah ka Gedong Bodas. Minantuna, Jane Irwin Harrison, janten inang (hostess) Gedong Bodas ngagentos Anna salami Harrison janten présidén.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Téori anu kuat harita nyaéta panyakitna disababkeun ku hawa tiris nalika pelantikan tilu minggu sateuacanana.{{sfn|Cleaves|1939|p=152}} Nanging, Jane McHugh sarta Philip A. Mackowiak ngalakukeun analisis dina ''Clinical Infectious Diseases'' (2014), marios catetan Miller anu nunjukkeun yén pasokan cai Gedong Bodas aya di hilireun pembuangan limbah umum, sarta maranéhna nyimpulkeun yén anjeunna kamungkinan ageung pupus alatan [[syok séptik]] lantaran "demam enterik" ([[tipus]] atanapi [[paratipus]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/01/science/what-really-killed-william-henry-harrison.html|title=What Really Killed William Henry Harrison?|newspaper=The New York Times|first1=Jane|last1=McHugh|first2=Philip A.|last2=Mackowiak|date=March 31, 2014|access-date=August 27, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Death in the White House: President William Henry Harrison's Atypical Pneumonia|first1=Jane|last1=McHugh|first2=Philip A.|last2=Mackowiak|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|pmid=24962997|date=June 23, 2014|doi=10.1093/cid/ciu470|volume=59|issue=7|pages=990–995|doi-access=free |issn=1058-4838 }}</ref> Mangsa sungkawa salami 30 poé dimimitian saatos pupusna présidén. Gedong Bodas ngayakeun rupa-rupa upacara publik. Upacara panguburan husus undangan ogé dilaksanakeun dina 7 April di [[East Room]] Gedong Bodas, saatosna peti Harrison dibawa ka [[Makam Kongrés]] di Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite web| title=William Henry Harrison Funeral: April 7, 1841| url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/william-henry-harrison-funeral| publisher=White House Historical Association| location=Washington, D.C.| access-date=March 9, 2019}}</ref> [[Solomon Northup]] nyaritakeun éta prosési dina buku ''[[Twelve Years a Slave]]'': {{blockquote|Isukna aya parade ageung di Washington. Sora mariem sarta dentang loncéng minuhan hawa, sedengkeun imah-imah ditutup ku lawon hideung, sarta jalanan hideung ku jalma-jalma. Prosési katingal lalaunan ngalangkungan jalan Avenue, karéta demi karéta, bari rébuan jalma nuturkeun ku suku—sadayana gerak dibarengan ku musik anu sedih. Maranéhna mawa jasad Harrison ka kuburan.... Sim kuring inget pisan kumaha kaca jandéla oyag sarta peupeus ka taneuh saatos unggal sora mariem anu ditémbakkeun di tempat pamakaman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docsouth.unc.edu/fpn/northup/northup.html|title=Twelve Years a Slave: Narrative of Solomon Northup|publisher=Library, UNC-Chapel Hill|year=1997|access-date=November 10, 2021}}</ref>}} Dina bulan Juni éta, jasad Harrison dibawa ku karéta api sarta tongkang walungan ka [[North Bend, Ohio]], sarta dikurebkeun dina 7 Juli di puncak Gunung Nebo, anu ayeuna janten [[William Henry Harrison Tomb State Memorial]].<ref>{{cite web| title=William Henry Harrison Memorial| url=https://www.ohiohistory.org/visit/museum-and-site-locator/william-henry-harrison-tomb| publisher= Ohio History Connection| location=Columbus Ohio| access-date=March 9, 2019}}</ref> ===Tyler naék jabatan=== Dina ping 5 April, [[Fletcher Webster]], putra ti Sekretaris Nagara [[Daniel Webster]], méré nyaho ka Tyler yén Harrison parantos pupus nalika nuju ngajabat. Tyler nuju nganjang ka kulawargana di [[Williamsburg, Virginia|Williamsburg]] sarta mulang ka Washington dina isuk-isuk ping 6 April.<ref name="ReferenceA">[[#Hopkins, John Tyler and the Presidential Succession|Hopkins, John Tyler and the Presidential Succession]]</ref> Dina dinten anu sami, Tyler [[Sumpah jabatan présidén Amérika Sarikat|disumpah kanggé ngajabat]] di payuneun kabinét Harrison, anu sacara resmi ngamimitian [[Mangsa jabatan présidén John Tyler|masa jabatan présidénna]]. Dina ping 9 April, Tyler nepikeun biantara pelantikan anu singget. Dina biantara kanggé éta nagara, Tyler henteu masihan ucapan béla sungkawa sacara pribadi ka randa Harrison, Anna, atanapi ka anggota kulawargana. Tyler kalah muji Harrison ku cara nyebatkeun yén Harrison parantos kapilih kanggé "tugas anu agung" nyaéta meresihan pamaréntah féderal tina korupsi.<ref name="John Tyler 1841">[[#John Tyler (April 9, 1841) Upon Assuming the Office of President of the United States|John Tyler (April 9, 1841) Upon Assuming the Office of President of the United States]]</ref> Tyler sareng kulawargana pindah ka Gedong Bodas saminggu saatos pamakaman Harrison, sateuacan mangsa sungkawa 30 poé kanggé Harrison réngsé. Rohangan utama Gedong Bodas harita masih kénéh dipinuhan ku lawon [[Crêpe (tekstil)|hideung]] tanda sungkawa.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>{{sfn|McCormick|2002|pp=141–142}}<ref name="ReferenceB">[[#The White House, Anna Tuthill Symmes Harrison|The White House, Anna Tuthill Symmes Harrison]]</ref> ===Dampak tina pupusna Harrison=== [[File:William Henry Harrison Memorial.jpg|thumb|Monumén William Henry Harrison di [[North Bend, Ohio]]]] Pupusna Harrison narik perhatian kana ayana kerancuan (ambiguitas) dina [[Pasal Dua Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat#Bagian 1, Ayat 6|Pasal II, Bagian 1, Ayat 6]] tina [[Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat]] ngeunaan [[Garis suksési présidén Amérika Sarikat|suksési jabatan présidén]]. Konstitusi sacara spésifik nangtukeun yén wakil présidén bakal nyokot alih "Wewenang sarta Tugas ti éta Jabatan" upami présidén ditéwak, pupus, ngundurkeun diri, atanapi teu sanggup ngajabat, nanging henteu écés naha wakil présidén sacara resmi janten présidén Amérika Sarikat, atanapi saukur samentara ngajalankeun wewenang sarta tugas éta jabatan dina kasus suksési.<ref>{{cite web| last=Feerick| first=John| title=Essays on Article II: Presidential Succession| work=The Heritage Guide to the Constitution| url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/2/essays/83/presidential-succession| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/2/essays/83/presidential-succession| url-status=unfit| archive-date=April 21, 2012| publisher=[[The Heritage Foundation]]| access-date=June 12, 2018}}</ref> Kabinét Harrison negeskeun yén Tyler téh "Wakil Présidén anu ngalakukeun tugas salaku Présidén". Tyler tetep pengkuh dina klaimna kana gelar Présidén sarta tekadna kanggé ngagunakeun kakawasaan pinuh tina jabatan présidén.<ref name=ConstitutionDailyNCC>{{cite web|author=|title=A controversial President who established presidential succession|url=https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/john-tyler-americas-most-unusual-president|date=March 29, 2017|work=Constitution Daily|publisher=National Constitution Center|access-date=March 11, 2019}}</ref> Kabinét ngayakeun konsultasi sareng Ketua Mahkamah Agung [[Roger Taney]] sarta mutuskeun yén, upami Tyler ngucapkeun sumpah jabatan présidén, anjeunna bakal janten présidén. Tyler nurut sarta disumpah dina ping 6 April 1841. Kongrés ngayakeun sidang, sarta dina ping 31 Méi 1841, saatos debat singget di kadua kamar (DPR sarta Sénat), ngaluarkeun résolusi gabungan anu mastikeun Tyler salaku présidén kanggé sésa masa jabatan Harrison.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rankin |first=Robert S. |title=Presidential Succession in the United States |journal=The Journal of Politics |date=Feb 1946 |volume=8 |issue=1 |jstor=2125607 |pages=44–56 |doi=10.2307/2125607|s2cid=153441210 }}</ref> Ieu suksési janten [[Preséden Tyler]], anu diturutan dina tujuh kajadian nalika présidén petahana pupus sateuacan ahirna diasupkeun kana Konstitusi dina taun 1967 ngaliwatan Bagian Hiji tina [[Amandemen ka-25 Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1741-5705.2005.00269.x |last=Abbott |first=Philip |title=Accidental Presidents: Death, Assassination, Resignation, and Democratic Succession |journal=Presidential Studies Quarterly |date=Dec 2005 |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=627–645 |jstor=27552721}}</ref> ==Warisan== ===Reputasi sajarah=== [[File:Tecumseh in Lafayette IN.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Harrison (kénca) di [[Gedong Pangadilan Tippecanoe County]], Lafayette, Indiana]] Salah sahiji warisan Harrison anu paling langgeng nyaéta rangkuyan perjangjian anu dirundingkeun sarta ditarandatangan ku anjeunna sareng para pamingpin Indindia salami janten [[Gubernur Indiana|gubernur téritorial Indiana]].{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=18}} Salaku bagian tina rundingan éta, suku-suku asli masrahkeun lahan anu lega di bagian kulon anu nyadiakeun lahan tambahan kanggé dipésér sarta dicicingan ku warga nagara.<ref name="cb"/>{{sfn|Madison|Sandweiss|2014|p=47}} Dampak jangka panjang Harrison dina [[Pulitik Amérika Sarikat|pulitik Amérika]] kalebet metode kampanyéna, anu neundeun pondasi kanggé taktik kampanye présidén modéren.{{sfn|Greene|2007|p=100}} Harrison pupus dina kaayaan ampir teu boga harta, sahingga Kongrés méré sora kanggé masihan mancén randa présidén ka pamajidanna, Anna, gedéna $25.000,<ref name="Damon 1974-06">{{cite journal |last=Damon |first=Allan L. |title=Presidential Expenses |journal=American Heritage |date=June 1974 |volume=25 |issue=4 |url=http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1974/4/1974_4_64.shtml |access-date=February 10, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107145645/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1974/4/1974_4_64.shtml |archive-date=January 7, 2009 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107145645/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1974/4/1974_4_64.shtml |date=January 7, 2009 }}</ref> nyaéta sagedé gajih sataun Harrison (sarua sareng sakitar $936.000 dina taun 2025). Anjeunna ogé nampi hak kanggé ngintunkeun serat sacara haratis.<ref>{{cite web|title=First Lady Biography: Anna Harrison|year=2009|publisher=National First Ladies Library|url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9|access-date=February 11, 2009|archive-date=October 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009221313/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009221313/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9 |date=October 9, 2018 }}</ref> Freehling nyebut Harrison salaku "tokoh anu paling dominan dina évolusi téritori Northwest janten wilayah Upper Midwest ayeuna".<ref>{{Cite web| last=Freehling| first=William| title=William Henry Harrison: Impact and Legacy| url=https://millercenter.org/president/harrison/impact-and-legacy| publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia| location=Charlottesville, Virginia| access-date=March 9, 2019| date=October 4, 2016}}</ref> Harrison, anu yuswana 68 taun nalika [[Pelantikan William Henry Harrison|dilantik]], mangrupa jalma pangsepuhna anu ngajabat présidén AS harita, hiji catetan anu dicepeng ku anjeunna dugi ka taun 1981, nalika [[Pelantikan munggaran Ronald Reagan|Ronald Reagan]] dilantik dina yuswa 69 taun.<ref>{{Cite web| last=Freehling| first=William| title=William Henry Harrison: Life In Brief| url=https://millercenter.org/president/harrison/life-in-brief| publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia| location=Charlottesville, Virginia| access-date=March 8, 2019| date=October 4, 2016}}</ref> Putra Harrison, [[John Scott Harrison]], ngawakilan Ohio di DPR AS antara taun 1853 sarta 1857.<ref name="bioguide.congress">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Harrison, John Scott, (1804–1878)|dictionary=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000272|access-date=June 18, 2008}}</ref> Putu Harrison, Benjamin Harrison ti Indiana, ngajabat salaku présidén ka-23 ti taun 1889 dugi ka 1893, anu ngajantenkeun William sareng Benjamin Harrison hiji-hijina pasangan aki sareng putu anu janten présidén.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|pp=43–49}} ===Pangajén sarta pangéling-ngéling=== {{main|Daptar pangéling-ngéling kanggé William Henry Harrison}} Rupa-rupa monumén sarta patung pangéling-ngéling parantos diadegkeun salaku pangajén kanggé Harrison. Aya patung publik anjeunna di puseur kota [[Indianapolis]],{{sfn|Greiff|2005|pp=12, 164}} [[Taman Piatt]] di [[Cincinnati]],<ref>{{Cite journal|date=July 1896|title=The Harrison Monument, Cincinnati|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Mc7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA422|journal=The Monumental News|volume=8|issue=7}}</ref> [[Gedong Pangadilan Tippecanoe County]],{{sfn|Greiff|2005|p=243}} [[Harrison County, Indiana]],{{sfn|Greiff|2005|p=131}} sarta [[Owen County, Indiana]].{{sfn|Greiff|2005|p=206}} Seueur ogé distrik (county) sarta kota anu nganggo namina. Désa [[North Bend, Ohio]], masihan pangajén ka Harrison unggal taun ku ngayakeun [[parade]] kanggé ngarayakeun dinten ambal warsihna.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northbendohio.org/HarrisonBirthday08.html|title=William Henry Harrison Birthday Tribute|publisher=Village of North Bend, Ohio|access-date=November 10, 2021}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250624071523/https://www.northbendohio.org/HarrisonBirthday08.html |date=June 24, 2025 }}</ref> Markas Besar Jenderal William Henry Harrison di [[Franklinton (Columbus, Ohio)|Franklinton, Ohio]], ogé diadegkeun kanggé nginget anjeunna. Éta imah téh mangrupa markas militer anjeunna ti taun 1813 dugi ka 1814.<ref name="nrhpdoc">{{cite book|url=https://catalog.archives.gov/id/71988611|title=National Register of Historic Places Registration Form|series=File Unit: National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program Records: Ohio, 1964 – 2013|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|access-date=May 17, 2020|archive-date=February 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030545/https://catalog.archives.gov/id/71988611|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dina ping 19 Pébruari 2009, [[United States Mint]] ngaluarkeun koin kasalapan dina [[Program Koin $1 Présidén]], anu mintonkeun gambar Harrison.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/$1coin/index.cfm?action=WHHarrison|title=The United States Mint Coins and Medals Program|publisher=United States Mint|access-date=July 28, 2016|archive-date=August 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808050850/http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/$1coin/index.cfm?action=WHHarrison|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808050850/http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/$1coin/index.cfm?action=WHHarrison |date=August 8, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usmint.gov/about_the_mint/index.cfm?action=productionFigures&presYear=2009&reportSelected#starthere&CFID=122577291&CFTOKEN=56436795|title=Circulating Coins Production Figures|publisher=U.S. Mint|access-date=July 28, 2016}}</ref> {| style="margin:auto" | [[File:Cincinnati-harrison-statue, cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Patung kuda William Henry Harrison|Patung kuda Harrison di Cincinnati, karya [[Louis Rebisso]] ]] | [[File:William Henry Harrison Presidential $1 Coin obverse.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Koin [[dollar présidén]] taun 2009]] | [[File:William Henry Harrison. Indiana statehood stamp, 1950 issue.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Perangko taun 1950 kanggé pangéling-ngéling ngadegna nagara bagian Indiana]] |} ==Tingali ogé== * [[Supata Tippecanoe]] * [[Daptar présidén Amérika Sarikat]] * [[Daptar présidén Amérika Sarikat dumasar pangalaman sateuacanana]] * [[Daptar présidén Amérika Sarikat anu pupus nalika ngajabat]] * [[Daptar présidén Amérika Sarikat anu miboga budak beulian]] ==Rujukan== ===Sitiran=== {{reflist}} ===Bibliografi=== {{refbegin|30em}} *{{cite book|last=Calhoun|first=Charles William|title=Benjamin Harrison: The 23rd President 1889–1893|series=The American Presidents|volume=23|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8050-6952-5}} *{{cite book|last1=Carnes|first1=Mark C.|last2=Mieczkowski|first2=Yanek|title=The Routledge Historical Atlas of Presidential Campaigns|url=https://archive.org/details/routledgehistori0000miec|series=Routledge Atlases of American History|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|year=2001|isbn=978-0-415-92139-8}} *{{cite book|last=Cleaves|first=Freeman|title=Old Tippecanoe: William Henry Harrison and His Time|url=https://archive.org/details/oldtippecanoewil00clea|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|location=New York|year=1939|isbn= 978-0-9457-0701-1}} *{{cite book|first=Gail|last=Collins|title=William Henry Harrison: The 9th President, 1841|url=https://archive.org/details/williamhenryharr0000coll|publisher=Henry Holt and Co.|year=2012|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8050-9118-2}} *{{cite book|last=Greene|first=Meg|title=William H. Harrison|url=https://archive.org/details/williamhharrison0000gree|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|location=Breckenridge, CO|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8225-1511-1}} *{{cite book|last=Greiff|first=Glory-June|title=Remembrance, Faith and Fancy: Outdoor Public Sculpture in Indiana|url=https://archive.org/details/remembrancefaith0000unse|publisher=Indiana Historical Society Press|year=2005|location=Indianapolis|isbn=978-0-87195-180-9}} *{{cite book|editor-last1=Gugin|editor-first1=Linda C.|editor-last2=St. Clair|editor-first2=James E.|title=The Governors of Indiana|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780871951960|publisher=Indiana Historical Society Press and the Indiana Historical Bureau|year=2006|location=Indianapolis|isbn=978-0-87195-196-0}} *{{cite book |last=McCormick |first=Richard P. |chapter=William Henry Harrison and John Tyler |editor-last=Graff |editor-first=Henry |title=The Presidents: A Reference History |url=https://archive.org/details/presidentsrefere0000unse_d5m4 |edition=7th |year=2002 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/presidentsrefere0000unse_d5m4/page/139 139]–151 |publisher=Macmillan Library Reference USA |isbn=978-0-684-80551-1}} *{{cite book |last=Remini |first=Robert V. |date=1997 |title=Daniel Webster: The Man and His Time |url=https://archive.org/details/danielwebsterman00remi |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |isbn=0-393-04552-8}} {{refend}} [[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat|Harrison, William Henry]] [[Kategori:Inohong dunya]] [[Kategori:Inohong militer Amérika Sarikat]] [[Kategori:Gubernur Indiana]] 5gjgya7zvfvn6f952afgqhd0amgha1y 0 108814 712069 2026-08-15T03:32:26Z Oceanmuse 22609 Nyieun artikel anyar Benteng Rotterdam 712069 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Benteng Rotterdam''' atawa '''Benteng Ujung Pandang''' téh benteng titinggal '''Kasultanan Gowa''' anu ayana di basisir kulon '''Kota Makassar''', '''Sulawesi Selatan'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/sulsel/budaya/d-6589090/benteng-fort-rotterdam-makassar-sejarah-fungsi-hingga-karakteristiknya|title=Benteng Fort Rotterdam Makassar; Sejarah, Fungsi Hingga Karakteristiknya|last=Aulyah|first=Nur Afifah|website=detiksulsel|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-08-15}}</ref> nx2c1x36pgu1ul2c1qfa5dv5baji7mc 712070 712069 2026-08-15T03:34:44Z Oceanmuse 22609 712070 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Benteng Rotterdam''' atawa '''Benteng Ujung Pandang''' téh benteng titinggal '''Kasultanan Gowa''' anu ayana di basisir kulon '''Kota Makassar''', '''Sulawesi Selatan'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/sulsel/budaya/d-6589090/benteng-fort-rotterdam-makassar-sejarah-fungsi-hingga-karakteristiknya|title=Benteng Fort Rotterdam Makassar; Sejarah, Fungsi Hingga Karakteristiknya|last=Aulyah|first=Nur Afifah|website=detiksulsel|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-08-15}}</ref> [[Category:WikiRempah]] [[Category:WikiRempah Gorontalo]] a1ubo6gutg7edjl7o876epnkagvfuyn 712072 712070 2026-08-15T03:36:15Z Oceanmuse 22609 712072 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Benteng Rotterdam''' atawa '''Benteng Ujung Pandang''' téh benteng titinggal '''Kasultanan Gowa''' anu ayana di basisir kulon '''Kota Makassar''', '''Sulawesi Selatan'''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/sulsel/budaya/d-6589090/benteng-fort-rotterdam-makassar-sejarah-fungsi-hingga-karakteristiknya|title=Benteng Fort Rotterdam Makassar; Sejarah, Fungsi Hingga Karakteristiknya|last=Aulyah|first=Nur Afifah|website=detiksulsel|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-08-15}}</ref> Benteng ieu mimiti diwangun dina taun 1545 ku Raja Gowa ka-9,<ref name=":0" /> nyaéta ku Daeng Matanre Karaeng Manguntungi Tumaparisi Kallona. Benteng ieu diwangun minangka bagian tina sistem pertahanan Kasultanan Gowa-Tallo pikeun ngajaga wewengkon basisir Makassar. Lokasina dipilih lantaran tempatna strategis pikeun ngabagéakeun karajaan. == Rujukan == [[Category:WikiRempah]] [[Category:WikiRempah Gorontalo]] 7exea9y0e80vcbbgyd5dvsvaj444ogd 712073 712072 2026-08-15T03:38:59Z Oceanmuse 22609 712073 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Benteng Rotterdam''' atawa '''Benteng Ujung Pandang''' téh benteng titinggal '''Kasultanan Gowa''' anu ayana di basisir kulon '''Kota Makassar''', '''Sulawesi Selatan'''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/sulsel/budaya/d-6589090/benteng-fort-rotterdam-makassar-sejarah-fungsi-hingga-karakteristiknya|title=Benteng Fort Rotterdam Makassar; Sejarah, Fungsi Hingga Karakteristiknya|last=Aulyah|first=Nur Afifah|website=detiksulsel|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-08-15}}</ref> Benteng ieu mimiti diwangun dina taun 1545 ku Raja Gowa ka-9,<ref name=":0" /> nyaéta ku Daeng Matanre Karaeng Manguntungi Tumaparisi Kallona. Benteng ieu diwangun minangka bagian tina sistem pertahanan Kasultanan Gowa-Tallo pikeun ngajaga wewengkon basisir Makassar. Lokasina dipilih lantaran tempatna strategis pikeun ngabagéakeun karajaan. Benteng ieu saterusna dipaké ku Walanda minangka puseur pikeun nampung rempah-rempah ti wewengkon Indonésia bagian wétan. Benteng ieu ogé dijadikeun markas militér jeung pamaréntahan daérah ku Walanda nepi ka taun 1930-an. Dina taun 1937, ku kituna status Benteng Rotterdam ku pamaréntah Hindia Walanda disérénkeun ka Yayasan Fort Rotterdam. Benteng ieu didaptarkeun minangka wangunan sajarah dina 23 Méi 1940. Dina taun 1970-an, benteng ieu ngalaman pamugaran sacara éksténsif. Kiwari, Benteng Rotterdam jadi puseur budaya jeung atikan, tempat pikeun ngayakeun rupa-rupa acara musik jeung tari, ogé jadi salah sahiji tujuan wisata. Ayeuna, situs ieu aya dina pangurus Museum jeung Cagar Budaya, Kementerian Kabudayaan Republik Indonésia. == Rujukan == [[Category:WikiRempah]] [[Category:WikiRempah Gorontalo]] ax1mdzorly2ombdbzq3bnp80quowqg3 712074 712073 2026-08-15T03:40:06Z Oceanmuse 22609 712074 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Benteng Rotterdam''' atawa '''Benteng Ujung Pandang''' téh benteng titinggal '''Kasultanan Gowa''' anu ayana di basisir kulon '''Kota Makassar''', '''Sulawesi Selatan'''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/sulsel/budaya/d-6589090/benteng-fort-rotterdam-makassar-sejarah-fungsi-hingga-karakteristiknya|title=Benteng Fort Rotterdam Makassar; Sejarah, Fungsi Hingga Karakteristiknya|last=Aulyah|first=Nur Afifah|website=detiksulsel|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-08-15}}</ref> Benteng ieu mimiti diwangun dina taun 1545 ku Raja Gowa ka-9,<ref name=":0" /> nyaéta ku Daeng Matanre Karaeng Manguntungi Tumaparisi Kallona. Benteng ieu diwangun minangka bagian tina sistem pertahanan Kasultanan Gowa-Tallo pikeun ngajaga wewengkon basisir Makassar. Lokasina dipilih lantaran tempatna strategis pikeun ngabagéakeun karajaan. Benteng ieu saterusna dipaké ku Walanda minangka puseur pikeun nampung rempah-rempah ti wewengkon Indonésia bagian wétan. Benteng ieu ogé dijadikeun markas militér jeung pamaréntahan daérah ku Walanda nepi ka taun 1930-an. Dina taun 1937, ku kituna status Benteng Rotterdam ku pamaréntah Hindia Walanda disérénkeun ka Yayasan Fort Rotterdam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hasanuddin-airport.id/id/panduan-wisata/index/fort-rotterdam-1|title=Hasanuddin International Airport {{!}} Makassar|website=hasanuddin-airport.id|accessdate=2026-08-15}}</ref> Benteng ieu didaptarkeun minangka wangunan sajarah dina 23 Méi 1940. Dina taun 1970-an, benteng ieu ngalaman pamugaran sacara éksténsif. Kiwari, Benteng Rotterdam jadi puseur budaya jeung atikan, tempat pikeun ngayakeun rupa-rupa acara musik jeung tari, ogé jadi salah sahiji tujuan wisata. Ayeuna, situs ieu aya dina pangurus Museum jeung Cagar Budaya, Kementerian Kabudayaan Republik Indonésia. == Rujukan == [[Category:WikiRempah]] [[Category:WikiRempah Gorontalo]] 2h1bvjdx7r3j78rnjfo5iphcgs5dmhm 712075 712074 2026-08-15T03:40:42Z Oceanmuse 22609 712075 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Benteng Rotterdam''' atawa '''Benteng Ujung Pandang''' téh benteng titinggal '''[[Kasultanan Gowa]]''' anu ayana di basisir kulon [[Kota Makassar]], [[Sulawesi Selatan|Sulawesi Selatan.]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/sulsel/budaya/d-6589090/benteng-fort-rotterdam-makassar-sejarah-fungsi-hingga-karakteristiknya|title=Benteng Fort Rotterdam Makassar; Sejarah, Fungsi Hingga Karakteristiknya|last=Aulyah|first=Nur Afifah|website=detiksulsel|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-08-15}}</ref> Benteng ieu mimiti diwangun dina taun 1545 ku Raja Gowa ka-9,<ref name=":0" /> nyaéta ku Daeng Matanre Karaeng Manguntungi Tumaparisi Kallona. Benteng ieu diwangun minangka bagian tina sistem pertahanan Kasultanan Gowa-Tallo pikeun ngajaga wewengkon basisir Makassar. Lokasina dipilih lantaran tempatna strategis pikeun ngabagéakeun karajaan. Benteng ieu saterusna dipaké ku Walanda minangka puseur pikeun nampung rempah-rempah ti wewengkon Indonésia bagian wétan. Benteng ieu ogé dijadikeun markas militér jeung pamaréntahan daérah ku Walanda nepi ka taun 1930-an. Dina taun 1937, ku kituna status Benteng Rotterdam ku pamaréntah Hindia Walanda disérénkeun ka Yayasan Fort Rotterdam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hasanuddin-airport.id/id/panduan-wisata/index/fort-rotterdam-1|title=Hasanuddin International Airport {{!}} Makassar|website=hasanuddin-airport.id|accessdate=2026-08-15}}</ref> Benteng ieu didaptarkeun minangka wangunan sajarah dina 23 Méi 1940. Dina taun 1970-an, benteng ieu ngalaman pamugaran sacara éksténsif. Kiwari, Benteng Rotterdam jadi puseur budaya jeung atikan, tempat pikeun ngayakeun rupa-rupa acara musik jeung tari, ogé jadi salah sahiji tujuan wisata. Ayeuna, situs ieu aya dina pangurus Museum jeung Cagar Budaya, Kementerian Kabudayaan Republik Indonésia. == Rujukan == [[Category:WikiRempah]] [[Category:WikiRempah Gorontalo]] 09czghcvjwaqwm6pg2lbfcrmtwk9jvl 712076 712075 2026-08-15T03:41:05Z Oceanmuse 22609 712076 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Benteng Rotterdam''' atawa '''Benteng [[Ujungpandang|Ujung Pandang]]''' téh benteng titinggal '''[[Kasultanan Gowa]]''' anu ayana di basisir kulon [[Kota Makassar]], [[Sulawesi Selatan|Sulawesi Selatan.]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/sulsel/budaya/d-6589090/benteng-fort-rotterdam-makassar-sejarah-fungsi-hingga-karakteristiknya|title=Benteng Fort Rotterdam Makassar; Sejarah, Fungsi Hingga Karakteristiknya|last=Aulyah|first=Nur Afifah|website=detiksulsel|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-08-15}}</ref> Benteng ieu mimiti diwangun dina taun 1545 ku Raja Gowa ka-9,<ref name=":0" /> nyaéta ku Daeng Matanre Karaeng Manguntungi Tumaparisi Kallona. Benteng ieu diwangun minangka bagian tina sistem pertahanan Kasultanan Gowa-Tallo pikeun ngajaga wewengkon basisir Makassar. Lokasina dipilih lantaran tempatna strategis pikeun ngabagéakeun karajaan. Benteng ieu saterusna dipaké ku Walanda minangka puseur pikeun nampung rempah-rempah ti wewengkon Indonésia bagian wétan. Benteng ieu ogé dijadikeun markas militér jeung pamaréntahan daérah ku Walanda nepi ka taun 1930-an. Dina taun 1937, ku kituna status Benteng Rotterdam ku pamaréntah Hindia Walanda disérénkeun ka Yayasan Fort Rotterdam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hasanuddin-airport.id/id/panduan-wisata/index/fort-rotterdam-1|title=Hasanuddin International Airport {{!}} Makassar|website=hasanuddin-airport.id|accessdate=2026-08-15}}</ref> Benteng ieu didaptarkeun minangka wangunan sajarah dina 23 Méi 1940. Dina taun 1970-an, benteng ieu ngalaman pamugaran sacara éksténsif. Kiwari, Benteng Rotterdam jadi puseur budaya jeung atikan, tempat pikeun ngayakeun rupa-rupa acara musik jeung tari, ogé jadi salah sahiji tujuan wisata. Ayeuna, situs ieu aya dina pangurus Museum jeung Cagar Budaya, Kementerian Kabudayaan Republik Indonésia. == Rujukan == [[Category:WikiRempah]] [[Category:WikiRempah Gorontalo]] edswy0f29qcgyfy2qbu9xc3plmcuh63 712077 712076 2026-08-15T03:41:52Z Oceanmuse 22609 712077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox cagar budaya|Name=Benteng Rotterdam|Image=[[Berkas:Fort Rotterdam, Makassar, Indonesia - 20100227-02.jpg|275px]]|caption=Bagian dalam Fort Rotterdam di [[Makassar]], [[Sulawesi Selatan]].|Location=[[Bulo Gading, Ujung Pandang, Makassar]], [[Sulawesi Selatan]]|Type=Nasional|Criteria=Situs|ID=CB.18|ownership={{INA}}|management=[[Museum dan Cagar Budaya]]|Year={{bulleted list|22 Juni 2010 | 17 Januari 2014}}|Session={{bulleted list|SK Menteri No.PM.59/PW.007/MKP/2010|SK Menteri No.025/M/2014}}|Link=http://cagarbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/cagarbudaya/detail/PO2015071000005/benteng-rotterdam|map_location=Indonesia Makassar|map_label=Benteng Rotterdam|map_caption=Lokasi Fort Rotterdam di [[Makassar]], [[Sulawesi Selatan]]|coordinates={{coord|5|08|03|S|119|24|20|E}}}}'''Benteng Rotterdam''' atau '''Benteng Ujung Pandang''' adalah benteng peninggalan [[Kesultanan Gowa]] yang terletak di pesisir barat [[Kota Makassar]], [[Sulawesi Selatan]]. '''Benteng Rotterdam''' atawa '''Benteng [[Ujungpandang|Ujung Pandang]]''' téh benteng titinggal '''[[Kasultanan Gowa]]''' anu ayana di basisir kulon [[Kota Makassar]], [[Sulawesi Selatan|Sulawesi Selatan.]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/sulsel/budaya/d-6589090/benteng-fort-rotterdam-makassar-sejarah-fungsi-hingga-karakteristiknya|title=Benteng Fort Rotterdam Makassar; Sejarah, Fungsi Hingga Karakteristiknya|last=Aulyah|first=Nur Afifah|website=detiksulsel|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-08-15}}</ref> Benteng ieu mimiti diwangun dina taun 1545 ku Raja Gowa ka-9,<ref name=":0" /> nyaéta ku Daeng Matanre Karaeng Manguntungi Tumaparisi Kallona. Benteng ieu diwangun minangka bagian tina sistem pertahanan Kasultanan Gowa-Tallo pikeun ngajaga wewengkon basisir Makassar. Lokasina dipilih lantaran tempatna strategis pikeun ngabagéakeun karajaan. Benteng ieu saterusna dipaké ku Walanda minangka puseur pikeun nampung rempah-rempah ti wewengkon Indonésia bagian wétan. Benteng ieu ogé dijadikeun markas militér jeung pamaréntahan daérah ku Walanda nepi ka taun 1930-an. Dina taun 1937, ku kituna status Benteng Rotterdam ku pamaréntah Hindia Walanda disérénkeun ka Yayasan Fort Rotterdam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hasanuddin-airport.id/id/panduan-wisata/index/fort-rotterdam-1|title=Hasanuddin International Airport {{!}} Makassar|website=hasanuddin-airport.id|accessdate=2026-08-15}}</ref> Benteng ieu didaptarkeun minangka wangunan sajarah dina 23 Méi 1940. Dina taun 1970-an, benteng ieu ngalaman pamugaran sacara éksténsif. Kiwari, Benteng Rotterdam jadi puseur budaya jeung atikan, tempat pikeun ngayakeun rupa-rupa acara musik jeung tari, ogé jadi salah sahiji tujuan wisata. Ayeuna, situs ieu aya dina pangurus Museum jeung Cagar Budaya, Kementerian Kabudayaan Republik Indonésia. == Rujukan == [[Category:WikiRempah]] [[Category:WikiRempah Gorontalo]] i9aku5lr1uwg0quayk752tlxq4f717h 712078 712077 2026-08-15T04:49:14Z Oceanmuse 22609 712078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox cagar budaya|Name=Benteng Rotterdam|Image=|Location=[[Bulo Gading, Ujung Pandang, Makassar]], [[Sulawesi Selatan]]|Type=Nasional|Criteria=Situs|ID=CB.18|ownership={{INA}}|management=[[Museum dan Cagar Budaya]]|Year={{bulleted list|22 Juni 2010 | 17 Januari 2014}}|Session={{bulleted list|SK Menteri No.PM.59/PW.007/MKP/2010|SK Menteri No.025/M/2014}}|Link=http://cagarbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/cagarbudaya/detail/PO2015071000005/benteng-rotterdam|map_location=Indonesia Makassar|map_label=Benteng Rotterdam|map_caption=Lokasi Fort Rotterdam di [[Makassar]], [[Sulawesi Selatan]]|coordinates={{coord|5|08|03|S|119|24|20|E}}}}'''Benteng Rotterdam''' atau '''Benteng Ujung Pandang''' adalah benteng peninggalan [[Kesultanan Gowa]] yang terletak di pesisir barat [[Kota Makassar]], [[Sulawesi Selatan]]. '''Benteng Rotterdam''' atawa '''Benteng [[Ujungpandang|Ujung Pandang]]''' téh benteng titinggal '''[[Kasultanan Gowa]]''' anu ayana di basisir kulon [[Kota Makassar]], [[Sulawesi Selatan|Sulawesi Selatan.]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/sulsel/budaya/d-6589090/benteng-fort-rotterdam-makassar-sejarah-fungsi-hingga-karakteristiknya|title=Benteng Fort Rotterdam Makassar; Sejarah, Fungsi Hingga Karakteristiknya|last=Aulyah|first=Nur Afifah|website=detiksulsel|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-08-15}}</ref> Benteng ieu mimiti diwangun dina taun 1545 ku Raja Gowa ka-9,<ref name=":0" /> nyaéta ku Daeng Matanre Karaeng Manguntungi Tumaparisi Kallona. Benteng ieu diwangun minangka bagian tina sistem pertahanan Kasultanan Gowa-Tallo pikeun ngajaga wewengkon basisir Makassar. Lokasina dipilih lantaran tempatna strategis pikeun ngabagéakeun karajaan. Benteng ieu saterusna dipaké ku Walanda minangka puseur pikeun nampung rempah-rempah ti wewengkon Indonésia bagian wétan. Benteng ieu ogé dijadikeun markas militér jeung pamaréntahan daérah ku Walanda nepi ka taun 1930-an. Dina taun 1937, ku kituna status Benteng Rotterdam ku pamaréntah Hindia Walanda disérénkeun ka Yayasan Fort Rotterdam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hasanuddin-airport.id/id/panduan-wisata/index/fort-rotterdam-1|title=Hasanuddin International Airport {{!}} Makassar|website=hasanuddin-airport.id|accessdate=2026-08-15}}</ref> Benteng ieu didaptarkeun minangka wangunan sajarah dina 23 Méi 1940. Dina taun 1970-an, benteng ieu ngalaman pamugaran sacara éksténsif. Kiwari, Benteng Rotterdam jadi puseur budaya jeung atikan, tempat pikeun ngayakeun rupa-rupa acara musik jeung tari, ogé jadi salah sahiji tujuan wisata. Ayeuna, situs ieu aya dina pangurus Museum jeung Cagar Budaya, Kementerian Kabudayaan Republik Indonésia. == Rujukan == [[Category:WikiRempah]] [[Category:WikiRempah Gorontalo]] 2fd06oavzgrog7qa145jn8bl3rcw7rc 712079 712078 2026-08-15T04:52:26Z Oceanmuse 22609 712079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox cagar budaya|Name=Benteng Rotterdam|Image=|Location=[[Bulo Gading, Ujung Pandang, Makassar]], [[Sulawesi Selatan]]|Type=Nasional|Criteria=Situs|ID=CB.18|ownership={{INA}}|management=[[Museum dan Cagar Budaya]]|Year={{bulleted list|22 Juni 2010 | 17 Januari 2014}}|Session={{bulleted list|SK Menteri No.PM.59/PW.007/MKP/2010|SK Menteri No.025/M/2014}}|Link=http://cagarbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/cagarbudaya/detail/PO2015071000005/benteng-rotterdam|map_location=Indonesia Makassar|map_label=Benteng Rotterdam|map_caption=Lokasi Fort Rotterdam di [[Makassar]], [[Sulawesi Selatan]]|coordinates={{coord|5|08|03|S|119|24|20|E}}}}'''Benteng Rotterdam''' atau '''Benteng Ujung Pandang''' adalah benteng peninggalan [[Kesultanan Gowa]] yang terletak di pesisir barat [[Kota Makassar]], [[Sulawesi Selatan]]. '''Benteng Rotterdam''' atawa '''Benteng [[Ujungpandang|Ujung Pandang]]''' téh benteng titinggal '''[[Kasultanan Gowa]]''' anu ayana di basisir kulon [[Kota Makassar]], [[Sulawesi Selatan|Sulawesi Selatan.]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/sulsel/budaya/d-6589090/benteng-fort-rotterdam-makassar-sejarah-fungsi-hingga-karakteristiknya|title=Benteng Fort Rotterdam Makassar; Sejarah, Fungsi Hingga Karakteristiknya|last=Aulyah|first=Nur Afifah|website=detiksulsel|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-08-15}}</ref> Benteng ieu mimiti diwangun dina taun 1545 ku Raja Gowa ka-9,<ref name=":0" /> nyaéta ku Daeng Matanre Karaeng Manguntungi Tumaparisi Kallona. Benteng ieu diwangun minangka bagian tina sistem pertahanan Kasultanan Gowa-Tallo pikeun ngajaga wewengkon basisir Makassar. Lokasina dipilih lantaran tempatna strategis pikeun ngabagéakeun karajaan. Benteng ieu saterusna dipaké ku Walanda minangka puseur pikeun nampung rempah-rempah ti wewengkon Indonésia bagian wétan. Benteng ieu ogé dijadikeun markas militér jeung pamaréntahan daérah ku Walanda nepi ka taun 1930-an. Dina taun 1937, ku kituna status Benteng Rotterdam ku pamaréntah Hindia Walanda disérénkeun ka Yayasan Fort Rotterdam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hasanuddin-airport.id/id/panduan-wisata/index/fort-rotterdam-1|title=Hasanuddin International Airport {{!}} Makassar|website=hasanuddin-airport.id|accessdate=2026-08-15}}</ref> Benteng ieu didaptarkeun minangka wangunan sajarah dina 23 Méi 1940.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malang.jatimnetwork.com/nasional/3799897951/benteng-rotterdam-dari-sebuah-benteng-kerajaan-gowa-menjadi-markas-militer-bangsa-asing-di-makassar?page=2|title=Benteng Rotterdam: Dari Sebuah Benteng Kerajaan Gowa Menjadi Markas Militer Bangsa Asing di Makassar - Malang Network - Halaman 2|last=Ibrahim|first=Aditya Ibnu|website=Benteng Rotterdam: Dari Sebuah Benteng Kerajaan Gowa Menjadi Markas Militer Bangsa Asing di Makassar - Malang Network - Halaman 2|language=id|accessdate=2026-08-15}}</ref> Dina taun 1970-an, benteng ieu ngalaman pamugaran sacara éksténsif. Kiwari, Benteng Rotterdam jadi puseur budaya jeung atikan, tempat pikeun ngayakeun rupa-rupa acara musik jeung tari, ogé jadi salah sahiji tujuan wisata. Ayeuna, situs ieu aya dina pangurus Museum jeung Cagar Budaya, Kementerian Kabudayaan Republik Indonésia. == Rujukan == [[Category:WikiRempah]] [[Category:WikiRempah Gorontalo]] ilmcgotaga2kjodpm8o72pkkqpnku9t 712080 712079 2026-08-15T04:52:42Z Oceanmuse 22609 712080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox cagar budaya|Name=Benteng Rotterdam|Image=|Location=[[Bulo Gading, Ujung Pandang, Makassar]], [[Sulawesi Selatan]]|Type=Nasional|Criteria=Situs|ID=CB.18|ownership={{INA}}|management=[[Museum dan Cagar Budaya]]|Year={{bulleted list|22 Juni 2010 | 17 Januari 2014}}|Session={{bulleted list|SK Menteri No.PM.59/PW.007/MKP/2010|SK Menteri No.025/M/2014}}|Link=http://cagarbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/cagarbudaya/detail/PO2015071000005/benteng-rotterdam|map_location=Indonesia Makassar|map_label=Benteng Rotterdam|map_caption=Lokasi Fort Rotterdam di [[Makassar]], [[Sulawesi Selatan]]|coordinates={{coord|5|08|03|S|119|24|20|E}}}}'''Benteng Rotterdam''' atawa '''Benteng [[Ujungpandang|Ujung Pandang]]''' téh benteng titinggal '''[[Kasultanan Gowa]]''' anu ayana di basisir kulon [[Kota Makassar]], [[Sulawesi Selatan|Sulawesi Selatan.]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/sulsel/budaya/d-6589090/benteng-fort-rotterdam-makassar-sejarah-fungsi-hingga-karakteristiknya|title=Benteng Fort Rotterdam Makassar; Sejarah, Fungsi Hingga Karakteristiknya|last=Aulyah|first=Nur Afifah|website=detiksulsel|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-08-15}}</ref> Benteng ieu mimiti diwangun dina taun 1545 ku Raja Gowa ka-9,<ref name=":0" /> nyaéta ku Daeng Matanre Karaeng Manguntungi Tumaparisi Kallona. Benteng ieu diwangun minangka bagian tina sistem pertahanan Kasultanan Gowa-Tallo pikeun ngajaga wewengkon basisir Makassar. Lokasina dipilih lantaran tempatna strategis pikeun ngabagéakeun karajaan. Benteng ieu saterusna dipaké ku Walanda minangka puseur pikeun nampung rempah-rempah ti wewengkon Indonésia bagian wétan. Benteng ieu ogé dijadikeun markas militér jeung pamaréntahan daérah ku Walanda nepi ka taun 1930-an. Dina taun 1937, ku kituna status Benteng Rotterdam ku pamaréntah Hindia Walanda disérénkeun ka Yayasan Fort Rotterdam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hasanuddin-airport.id/id/panduan-wisata/index/fort-rotterdam-1|title=Hasanuddin International Airport {{!}} Makassar|website=hasanuddin-airport.id|accessdate=2026-08-15}}</ref> Benteng ieu didaptarkeun minangka wangunan sajarah dina 23 Méi 1940.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malang.jatimnetwork.com/nasional/3799897951/benteng-rotterdam-dari-sebuah-benteng-kerajaan-gowa-menjadi-markas-militer-bangsa-asing-di-makassar?page=2|title=Benteng Rotterdam: Dari Sebuah Benteng Kerajaan Gowa Menjadi Markas Militer Bangsa Asing di Makassar - Malang Network - Halaman 2|last=Ibrahim|first=Aditya Ibnu|website=Benteng Rotterdam: Dari Sebuah Benteng Kerajaan Gowa Menjadi Markas Militer Bangsa Asing di Makassar - Malang Network - Halaman 2|language=id|accessdate=2026-08-15}}</ref> Dina taun 1970-an, benteng ieu ngalaman pamugaran sacara éksténsif. Kiwari, Benteng Rotterdam jadi puseur budaya jeung atikan, tempat pikeun ngayakeun rupa-rupa acara musik jeung tari, ogé jadi salah sahiji tujuan wisata. Ayeuna, situs ieu aya dina pangurus Museum jeung Cagar Budaya, Kementerian Kabudayaan Republik Indonésia. == Rujukan == [[Category:WikiRempah]] [[Category:WikiRempah Gorontalo]] 77blbv4osfunktp7cqyfzeu49w3oixu 712081 712080 2026-08-15T04:53:22Z Oceanmuse 22609 712081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox cagar budaya|Name=Benteng Rotterdam|Image=|Location=[[Bulo Gading, Ujung Pandang, Makassar]], [[Sulawesi Selatan]]|Type=Nasional|Criteria=Situs|ID=CB.18|ownership={{INA}}|management=[[Museum dan Cagar Budaya]]|Year={{bulleted list|22 Juni 2010 | 17 Januari 2014}}|Session={{bulleted list|SK Menteri No.PM.59/PW.007/MKP/2010|SK Menteri No.025/M/2014}}|Link=http://cagarbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/cagarbudaya/detail/PO2015071000005/benteng-rotterdam|map_location=Indonesia Makassar|map_label=Benteng Rotterdam|map_caption=Lokasi Fort Rotterdam di [[Makassar]], [[Sulawesi Selatan]]|coordinates={{coord|5|08|03|S|119|24|20|E}}}}'''Benteng Rotterdam''' atawa '''Benteng [[Ujungpandang|Ujung Pandang]]''' téh benteng titinggal '''[[Kasultanan Gowa]]''' anu ayana di basisir kulon [[Kota Makassar]], [[Sulawesi Selatan|Sulawesi Selatan.]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/sulsel/budaya/d-6589090/benteng-fort-rotterdam-makassar-sejarah-fungsi-hingga-karakteristiknya|title=Benteng Fort Rotterdam Makassar; Sejarah, Fungsi Hingga Karakteristiknya|last=Aulyah|first=Nur Afifah|website=detiksulsel|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-08-15}}</ref> Benteng ieu mimiti diwangun dina taun 1545 ku Raja Gowa ka-9,<ref name=":0" /> nyaéta ku Daeng Matanre Karaeng Manguntungi Tumaparisi Kallona. Benteng ieu diwangun minangka bagian tina sistem pertahanan Kasultanan Gowa-Tallo pikeun ngajaga wewengkon basisir Makassar. Lokasina dipilih lantaran tempatna strategis pikeun ngabagéakeun karajaan. Benteng ieu saterusna dipaké ku Walanda minangka puseur pikeun nampung rempah-rempah ti wewengkon Indonésia bagian wétan. Benteng ieu ogé dijadikeun markas militér jeung pamaréntahan daérah ku Walanda nepi ka taun 1930-an. Dina taun 1937, ku kituna status Benteng Rotterdam ku pamaréntah Hindia Walanda disérénkeun ka Yayasan Fort Rotterdam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hasanuddin-airport.id/id/panduan-wisata/index/fort-rotterdam-1|title=Hasanuddin International Airport {{!}} Makassar|website=hasanuddin-airport.id|accessdate=2026-08-15}}</ref> Benteng ieu didaptarkeun minangka wangunan sajarah dina 23 Méi 1940.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malang.jatimnetwork.com/nasional/3799897951/benteng-rotterdam-dari-sebuah-benteng-kerajaan-gowa-menjadi-markas-militer-bangsa-asing-di-makassar?page=2|title=Benteng Rotterdam: Dari Sebuah Benteng Kerajaan Gowa Menjadi Markas Militer Bangsa Asing di Makassar - Malang Network - Halaman 2|last=Ibrahim|first=Aditya Ibnu|website=Benteng Rotterdam: Dari Sebuah Benteng Kerajaan Gowa Menjadi Markas Militer Bangsa Asing di Makassar - Malang Network - Halaman 2|language=id|accessdate=2026-08-15}}</ref> Dina taun 1970-an, benteng ieu ngalaman pamugaran sacara éksténsip. Kiwari, Benteng Rotterdam jadi puseur budaya jeung atikan, tempat pikeun ngayakeun rupa-rupa acara musik jeung tari, ogé jadi salah sahiji tujuan wisata. Ayeuna, situs ieu aya dina pangurus Museum jeung Cagar Budaya, Kementerian Kebudayaan Republik Indonésia. == Rujukan == [[Category:WikiRempah]] [[Category:WikiRempah Gorontalo]] mzlat2a3p5x95zmdqucvokixhzuyxrp 712082 712081 2026-08-15T05:15:36Z Oceanmuse 22609 712082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox cagar budaya|Name=Benteng Rotterdam|Image=|Location=[[Bulo Gading, Ujung Pandang, Makassar]], [[Sulawesi Selatan]]|Type=Nasional|Criteria=Situs|ID=CB.18|ownership={{INA}}|management=[[Museum dan Cagar Budaya]]|Year={{bulleted list|22 Juni 2010 | 17 Januari 2014}}|Session={{bulleted list|SK Menteri No.PM.59/PW.007/MKP/2010|SK Menteri No.025/M/2014}}|Link=http://cagarbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/cagarbudaya/detail/PO2015071000005/benteng-rotterdam|map_location=Indonesia Makassar|map_label=Benteng Rotterdam|map_caption=Lokasi Fort Rotterdam di [[Makassar]], [[Sulawesi Selatan]]|coordinates={{coord|5|08|03|S|119|24|20|E}}}}'''Benteng Rotterdam''' atawa '''Benteng [[Ujungpandang|Ujung Pandang]]''' téh benteng titinggal '''[[Kasultanan Gowa]]''' anu ayana di basisir kulon [[Kota Makassar]], [[Sulawesi Selatan|Sulawesi Selatan.]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/sulsel/budaya/d-6589090/benteng-fort-rotterdam-makassar-sejarah-fungsi-hingga-karakteristiknya|title=Benteng Fort Rotterdam Makassar; Sejarah, Fungsi Hingga Karakteristiknya|last=Aulyah|first=Nur Afifah|website=detiksulsel|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-08-15}}</ref> Benteng ieu mimiti diwangun dina taun 1545 ku Raja Gowa ka-9,<ref name=":0" /> nyaéta ku Daeng Matanre Karaeng Manguntungi Tumaparisi Kallona. Benteng ieu diwangun minangka bagian tina sistem pertahanan Kasultanan Gowa-Tallo pikeun ngajaga wewengkon basisir Makassar. Lokasina dipilih lantaran tempatna strategis pikeun ngabagéakeun karajaan. Benteng ieu saterusna dipaké ku Walanda minangka puseur pikeun nampung rempah-rempah ti wewengkon Indonésia bagian wétan. Benteng ieu ogé dijadikeun markas militér jeung pamaréntahan daérah ku Walanda nepi ka taun 1930-an. Dina taun 1937, ku kituna status Benteng Rotterdam ku pamaréntah Hindia Walanda disérénkeun ka Yayasan Fort Rotterdam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hasanuddin-airport.id/id/panduan-wisata/index/fort-rotterdam-1|title=Hasanuddin International Airport {{!}} Makassar|website=hasanuddin-airport.id|accessdate=2026-08-15}}</ref> [[Gambar:Fort Rotterdam, Makassar, Indonesia - 20100227-01.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Fort Rotterdam, Makassar]] Benteng ieu didaptarkeun minangka wangunan sajarah dina 23 Méi 1940.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malang.jatimnetwork.com/nasional/3799897951/benteng-rotterdam-dari-sebuah-benteng-kerajaan-gowa-menjadi-markas-militer-bangsa-asing-di-makassar?page=2|title=Benteng Rotterdam: Dari Sebuah Benteng Kerajaan Gowa Menjadi Markas Militer Bangsa Asing di Makassar - Malang Network - Halaman 2|last=Ibrahim|first=Aditya Ibnu|website=Benteng Rotterdam: Dari Sebuah Benteng Kerajaan Gowa Menjadi Markas Militer Bangsa Asing di Makassar - Malang Network - Halaman 2|language=id|accessdate=2026-08-15}}</ref> Dina taun 1970-an, benteng ieu ngalaman pamugaran sacara éksténsip. Kiwari, Benteng Rotterdam jadi puseur budaya jeung atikan, tempat pikeun ngayakeun rupa-rupa acara musik jeung tari, ogé jadi salah sahiji tujuan wisata. Ayeuna, situs ieu aya dina pangurus Museum jeung Cagar Budaya, Kementerian Kebudayaan Republik Indonésia. == Rujukan == [[Category:WikiRempah]] [[Category:WikiRempah Gorontalo]] plztxhmvb8hjmri09uagw8kj24fjoi1 712083 712082 2026-08-15T05:20:26Z Oceanmuse 22609 712083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox cagar budaya|Name=Benteng Rotterdam|Image=|Location=[[Bulo Gading, Ujung Pandang, Makassar]], [[Sulawesi Selatan]]|Type=Nasional|Criteria=Situs|ID=CB.18|ownership={{INA}}|management=[[Museum dan Cagar Budaya]]|Year={{bulleted list|22 Juni 2010 | 17 Januari 2014}}|Session={{bulleted list|SK Menteri No.PM.59/PW.007/MKP/2010|SK Menteri No.025/M/2014}}|Link=http://cagarbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/cagarbudaya/detail/PO2015071000005/benteng-rotterdam|map_location=Indonesia Makassar|map_label=Benteng Rotterdam|map_caption=Lokasi Fort Rotterdam di [[Makassar]], [[Sulawesi Selatan]]|coordinates={{coord|5|08|03|S|119|24|20|E}}}}'''Benteng Rotterdam''' atawa '''Benteng [[Ujungpandang|Ujung Pandang]]''' téh benteng titinggal '''[[Kasultanan Gowa]]''' anu ayana di basisir kulon [[Kota Makassar]], [[Sulawesi Selatan|Sulawesi Selatan.]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/sulsel/budaya/d-6589090/benteng-fort-rotterdam-makassar-sejarah-fungsi-hingga-karakteristiknya|title=Benteng Fort Rotterdam Makassar; Sejarah, Fungsi Hingga Karakteristiknya|last=Aulyah|first=Nur Afifah|website=detiksulsel|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-08-15}}</ref> Benteng ieu mimiti diwangun dina taun 1545 ku Raja Gowa ka-9,<ref name=":0" /> nyaéta ku Daeng Matanre Karaeng Manguntungi Tumaparisi Kallona. Benteng ieu diwangun minangka bagian tina sistem pertahanan Kasultanan Gowa-Tallo pikeun ngajaga wewengkon basisir Makassar. Lokasina dipilih lantaran tempatna strategis pikeun ngabagéakeun karajaan. Benteng ieu saterusna dipaké ku Walanda minangka puseur pikeun nampung rempah-rempah ti wewengkon Indonésia bagian wétan. Benteng ieu ogé dijadikeun markas militér jeung pamaréntahan daérah ku Walanda nepi ka taun 1930-an. Dina taun 1937, ku kituna status Benteng Rotterdam ku pamaréntah Hindia Walanda disérénkeun ka Yayasan Fort Rotterdam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hasanuddin-airport.id/id/panduan-wisata/index/fort-rotterdam-1|title=Hasanuddin International Airport {{!}} Makassar|website=hasanuddin-airport.id|accessdate=2026-08-15}}</ref> [[Gambar:Fort Rotterdam, Makassar, Indonesia - 20100227-01.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Fort Rotterdam, Makassar]] Benteng ieu didaptarkeun minangka wangunan sajarah dina 23 Méi 1940.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malang.jatimnetwork.com/nasional/3799897951/benteng-rotterdam-dari-sebuah-benteng-kerajaan-gowa-menjadi-markas-militer-bangsa-asing-di-makassar?page=2|title=Benteng Rotterdam: Dari Sebuah Benteng Kerajaan Gowa Menjadi Markas Militer Bangsa Asing di Makassar - Malang Network - Halaman 2|last=Ibrahim|first=Aditya Ibnu|website=Benteng Rotterdam: Dari Sebuah Benteng Kerajaan Gowa Menjadi Markas Militer Bangsa Asing di Makassar - Malang Network - Halaman 2|language=id|accessdate=2026-08-15}}</ref> Dina taun 1970-an, benteng ieu ngalaman pamugaran sacara éksténsip. Kiwari, Benteng Rotterdam jadi puseur budaya jeung atikan, tempat pikeun ngayakeun rupa-rupa acara musik jeung tari, ogé jadi salah sahiji tujuan wisata. Ayeuna, situs ieu aya dina pangurus Museum jeung Cagar Budaya, Kementerian Kebudayaan Republik Indonésia. == Sajarah == Benteng ieu diwangun dina taun 1545 minangka bagian tina pangwangunan sistem pertahanan anu dilaksanakeun ku pangawasa Makassar pikeun nguatkeun pertahanan wilayahna. Benteng aslina disebut Jum Pandan, anu diperkirakeun dicokot tina ngaran tangkal pandan anu tumuwuh di sabudeureun éta tempat. Ngaran Jum Pandan ieu saterusna jadi asal-usul ngaran Ujung Pandang, nyaéta ngaran séjén pikeun Kota Makassar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.historia.id/article/mengungkap-struktur-dinding-benteng-rotterdam-vqxmb|title=Mengungkap Struktur Dinding Benteng Rotterdam|last=Rusdianto|first=Eko|website=Historia.ID|language=id|accessdate=2026-08-15}}</ref> Dina taun 1667, Benteng ieu disérénkeun ka Walanda minangka bagian tina Perjangjian Bongaya, sanggeus Kasultanan Gowa éléh dina Perang Makassar. Dina taun-taun saterusna, benteng ieu diwangun deui sacara gembleng ku prakarsa laksamana Walanda, Cornelis Speelman, pikeun dijadikeun puseur kakawasaan kolonial Walanda di Sulawesi.<ref name=":1" /> Benteng ieu saterusna dingaranan Fort Rotterdam, dicokot tina ngaran kota tempat Speelman lahir, nyaéta Rotterdam. Dina taun 1673 tepi ka 1679,<ref name=":1" /> lima bastion benteng ieu wangunna siga kuya, sarta wangun éta tetep katingali nepi ka kiwari. Ku sabab kitu, benteng ieu ogé dipikawanoh ku jujuluk Benteng Penyu.<ref name=":1" /> == Rujukan == [[Category:WikiRempah]] [[Category:WikiRempah Gorontalo]] awzpho4gihocjs0hspj1id1hf5g020p 14 108815 712071 2026-08-15T03:35:03Z Oceanmuse 22609 Nyieun kaca anyar '''WikiRempah Gorontalo''' 712071 wikitext text/x-wiki '''WikiRempah Gorontalo''' lzbfpqwvlqzr8g25sgnjq2ftss15h2g