Muhammad

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      <text bytes="23953" sha1="kg6l6smn37pfof95chu48sscrs2tx88" xml:space="preserve">{{Islam}}
{{geulis}}
[[File:Mohammad SAW.svg|thumb]]
: ''&quot;Muhammad&quot; geus jadi ngaran nu ilahar dipaké ku lalaki [[muslim]].''

'''Muhammad''' {{Audio|Ar-muhammad.ogg|listen}} ([[Aksara Arab]]: '''محمد''', nu [[alih aksara|dialihaksarakeun]] dina [[basa Latin|aksara Latin]] jadi '''''Mohammad''''', '''''Mohammed''''', '''''Muhammed''''', '''''Muhamad''''', atawa '''''Mahomet''''', [[Aksara Sunda]]: '''ᮙᮥᮠᮙ᮪ᮙᮓ᮪''') dianggap ku umat  [[Islam]] salaku [[rosul]]/utusan Gusti nu pangangeusan/ahir. Numutkeun babad salira (biografi) nu disebut [[siroh]] ([[basa Arab]]), anjeunna dibabarkeun tina tanggal [[20 April 570]] di [[Mekah]], pupus di [[Madinah]] [[8 Juni]] [[632]], nu duanana aya di wewengkon kalér Arab.
  
Umat Islam percaya yén pancén Muhammad nyaéta pikeun nyampurnakeun agama [[tauhid]] ([[monotéisme]]), nyaéta Islam, nu geus diajarkeun/didugikeun ku para nabi saméméhna, sarta yakin yén Islam geus aya saméméh anjeunna. Nalika disebutkeun ngaran anjeunna, umat Islam biasa nuturkeun ku kalimah ''sallallahu `alayhi wa s-salām'' (saw., &quot;mugia Gusti Alloh maparinkeun kasalametan ka anjeunna&quot;).

== Ringkesan ==

Muhammad waktu keur ngora kungsi jadi sudagar nu ngumbara ka mana-mana. Dina taun [[610]], dina yuswa 40, anjeunna narima [[wahyu]], nu ku anjeunna digambarkeun yén anjeunna kadatangan [[Malaikat]] [[Jibril]], nu ngadugikeun paréntah Pangéran sangkan ngapalkeun sarta ngadugikeun ayat-ayat nu salajengna dikumpulkeun salaku [[Qur'an]]. Anjeunna salajengna ngalegaan udaganana, da'wah ngeunaan katauhidan jeung [[Poé Balitungan]] pikeun jalma nu sok nyieun [[dosa]] sarta sok nyembah-nyembah berhala — kawas séké sélér jeung tatanggana di Mekah. Anjeunna teu nolak sagemblengna ajaran [[Yahudi]] jeung [[Kristen]], atawa agama monotéis séjén nu dipikawanoh di Arab; anjeunna mung pikeun ngalengkepan sarta nyampurnakeun ajaranana. Dina taun [[622]] anjeunna [[hijrah|ngungsi]], bareng jeung warga séjénna nu geus ariman, ninggalkeun Mekah nuju ka Madinah, tempat nu salajengna anjeunna ngadegkeun pamaréntahan masarakat Islam. Perang antara Mekah jeung madinah sababaraha kali lumangsung, nu pamustunganana pasukan Islam bisa balik deui nalukkeun Mekah. Pasukan Islam ieu salajengna bajoang nalukkeun kaom [[paganisme|pagan]] séjénna di Tatar Arab. Nalika Muhammad pupus, anjeunna tos hasil ngahijikeun Tatar Arab sarta ngintunkeun sababaraha ékspédisi ka wewengkon kalér, ka [[Suriah]] jeung [[Paléstina]].

Dina [[khalifah|kapamingpinan]] satutasna Muhammad, kakawasaan Islam geus nepi ka Paléstina, Siria, [[Mésopotamia]], [[Pérsia]], [[Mesir]], [[Nagri Magribi|Afrika Kalér]], jeung [[Spanyol]]. Panalukan salajengna, kontak dagang antara Muslim jeung non-Muslim, sarta kagiatan da'wah geus hasil nyebarkeun Islam ka sakuliah dunya.

== Kumaha bisa nyaho ngeunaan Muhammad? ==

Sumber-sumber rujukan nu bisa ngémbarkeun ngeunaan Muhammad nyaéta [[Qur'an]], babad salira [[siroh]], jeung kumpulan [[hadith]]. Najan lain mangrupa babad salira Muhammad, Qur'an méré sababaraha émbaran ngeunaan kahirupanana. Babad salira nu munggaran nyaéta karya [[Ibnu Ishaq]] (pupus [[768]]), diédit ku [[Ibnu Hisham]] (pupus [[833]]); jeung karya [[al-Waqidi]] (pupus [[822]]). Ibnu Ishaq nulis babad salira Muhammad kira 120 - 130 taun sapupusna Muhammad. Sumber katilu, kumpulan [[hadits]], saperti Qur'an, lain samata-mata biografi. Hadits nyaéta kumpulan sasanggeman sarta laku lampah Muhammad sarta para sahabatna.

Sababaraha sarjana sképtik ([[Ignaz Goldziher|Goldziher]], Schacht, [[John Wansbrough|Wansbrough]], Cook, [[Patricia Crone|Crone]], Rippin, Berg, jeung nu lianna) ngarasa mangmang kana kabisapercayaan sumber-sumber di luhur, utamana kumpulan hadits. Nu jadi alesan nyaéta nalika tradisi lisan ieu dikumpulkeun, masarakat Muslim geus bengkah jadi sababaraha madhab pamikiran. Unggal kelompok jeung madhab boga séwang-séwangan nu eusina mindeng patukang tonggong. Pikeun para sarjana Muslim, hal ieu nimbulkeun tangtangan pikeun nalungtik bebeneran kalawan leuwih anteb maké cara-cara modérn.

Loba sarjana Muslim jeung non-Muslim nu sapuk kana ayana (loba) tradisi nu teu oténtik/asli ngeunaan kahirupan Muhammad dina kumpulan haditsna (Malah, kabiasaan/tradisi ieu ''lolobana'' dicaritakeun ku otoritas Muslim nu dianggap ''lemah''; ngan saeutik kumpulan hadits nu dianggap ''sahih'', atawa bisa dipercaya; pikeun leuwih lengkep, buka [[élmu hadits]]).

Tapi, kaasup pikeun nu sképtik, ringkesan kasajarahan jeung babad salira nu dituliskeun di luhur bisa ditarima.

== Kahirupan Muhammad numutkeun Siroh ==

=== Silsilah Muhammad ===

Numutkeun tradisi, Muhammad nyusud [[silsilah]]na nepi ka [[Adnan]], nu dipercaya ku urang Arab kalér salaku karuhunna. Kasebutkeun yén Adnan téh turunan [[Ismail]] putra [[Ibrahim]], najan silsilah pastina mah teu jéntré. Silsilah Rosululloh dugi ka Adnan nyaéta:

Muhammad bin [[Abdulloh bin Abdul Mutolib|Abdulloh]] bin [[Abdul Mutolib]] (Shaiba) bin [[Hashim]] (Amr) bin Abdul Manaf (al-Mughira) bin Qusai (Zaid) bin Kilab bin Murra bin Ka`b bin Lu'ay bin Ghalib bin Fahr ([[Quraish]]) bin Malik bin an-Nadr (Qais) bin Kinana bin Khuzaimah bin Mudrikah (Amir) bin Ilyas bin [[Mudar]] bin Nizar bin Ma`ad bin [[Adnan]]. (bin = &quot;putra&quot; dina basa Arab; ngaran séjén jalma nu dua ngaranna disebut dina kurung.)

=== Keur budak ===

Muhammad lahir ti kulawarga aya nu matuh di Arab kalér nu disebut [[Mekah]]. Dumasar itungan, anjeunna kira-kira lahir [[20 April]] [[570]]; nu dumasar tradisi katelah [[Taun Gajah]]. Ramana, Abdulloh, pupus saméméh anjeunna babar antukna Muhammad dirorok ku akina ti bapa [[Abdul Mutolib]], pamingpin bangsa [[Quraisy]]. Luyu jeung kabiasaan urang Mekah, ibuna ngirim anjeunna ka pilemburan sangkan disusuan sarta dirorok ku urang Baduy. Hawa pilemburan leuwih bérésih batan di Mekah, jeung karasa yén dina iklim kieu, urang kota baris mibanda awal nu leuwih kokoh dina kahirupanna. Dina yuswa genep taun Muhammad dikantun pupus ku ibuna, Aminah, sarta akina, Abdul Mutolib, dina yuswa dalapan taun. Salajengna Muhammad dirawatan ku pamanna [[Abu Tolib]], pamingpin anyar bani [[Hasyim]] bangsa Quraisy, nu pangkuatna di Mekah.

Mekah mangrupa puseur dagang nu penting, salah sahijina ku sabab ayana [[Ka'bah]] salaku tujuan jarah. Para sudagar ti rupa-rupa suku bakal datang dina mangsa usum jarah, nalika perang antarsuku dicaram pisan antukna dadagangan bisa aman jeung teu kaganggu.

Salaku rumaja Muhammad mimiti marengan pamanna dagang ngumbara ka Suriah, antukna anjeunna boga pangaweruh lega ngeunaan sabudeureunana.

=== Manjing sawawa ===

Salah saurang dunungan Muhammad nyaéta [[Siti Khodijah binti Khuwailid|Siti Khodijah]], rangda beunghar umur 40 taun. Dina yuswa 25 taun, anjeunna nikah ka Khodijah ([[595]]). Tina nikah ieu anjeunna jadi beunghar, najan ti kulawarga bapana, anjeunna teu nampa warisan.

Catetan ''siroh'' nunjukkeun yén Khodijah jeung Muhammad gaduh lima putra, hiji lalaki jeung opat awéwé. Sababaraha ahli sajarah ngabantah yén sababaraha anak awéwéna sabenerna ti salaki nu kadua, sedengkeun ahli séjénna keukeuh yén sadayana putra Muhammad. Lima putra éta babar sateuacanna Muhammad mimiti da'wah Islam. Putrana ''Qasim'' pupus dina yuswa dua taun. Muhammad dilandih ''Abul Qasim'', nu hartina bapana Qasim. Putra nu opat nyaéta ''Zainab'', ''Ruqayah'', ''Ummu Kulsum'', jeung ''[[Fatimah Zahra|Fatimah]]''.

{{Kulawarga Nabi Muhammad}}

=== Mitembeyan da'wah ===
[[Gambar:Cave_Hira.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Guha Hiro numana, dumasar tradisi Muslim, Muhammad narima wahyu munggaran.]]
Muhammad mindeng niiskeun pikir di hiji guha deukeut Mekah. Kira taun [[610]], nalika niis, Muhammad kadatangan Malaikat Jibril sarta ngadangukeun sasanggemanana nu hartina &quot;Baca, kalawan asma Alloh, Gusti nu Maha Nyipta. Nu nyiptakeun manusa tina saguruntul getih. Baca, kalawan asma Gusti nu Maha Ngawulang. Nu ngawulangkeun élmu migunakeun kalam; Nu ngajarkeun ka manusa sagala rupa nu teu dipikanyaho.&quot; (Tingal surat ''[[Al-Alaq]]'' pikeun lengkepna.)

Pangalaman munggaran jeung Jibril ieu matak ngaganggu kana pipikiran Muhammad, tapi Khodijah istrina ngayakinkeun jeung percaya yén ieu pangalaman téh bener; salajengna Khadijah jadi nu munggaran iman ka Muhammad. Khodijah salajengna dituturkeun ku adi sabrayna Muhammad nu kakara sapuluh taun [[Ali bin Abi Tolib]] sarta sobatna [[Abu Bakar]].

Dugi ka pupusna, Muhammad sering nampi wahyu, najan antara nu munggaran jeung nu kadua aya jarak wanci nu lila. Nalika mangsa nunggu nu matak melang ieu, anjeunna nampa surat [[ad-Dhuha]], nu eusina ngalelerkeun nu nuju marojéngja.

Kira taun [[613]], Muhammad mitembeyan da'wah di tempat umum. Mimiti mah lolobana teu miroséa, malah ngahinakeun anjeunna. Tapi salajengna, jul-jol hiji-hiji ngagabung jeung para [[sahabat]]na.

=== Dimusuhan ===

Ngalobaanana umat Muhammad, nimbulkeun mumusuhan pikeun sawatara pamingpin lokal. Kawaluyaan aranjeunna gumantung ka Ka'bah, tempat jarah pamujaan. Mun aranjeunna mariceunan pamujaan-pamujaan éta, sakumaha nu diajarkeun ku Muhammad, bakal ngabalukarkeun leungitna nu jararah, dadagangan moal ramé, moal aya kabeungharan. Suku Muhammad nyalira, kaom Quraisy, pangrugina, sabab maranéhna pisan nu jadi pangawal Ka'bah. Muhammad jeung kaomna dihukuman, sababaraha di antarana aya nu diusir ka [[Habasyah]] Afrika sarta dugi ka ngababakan di tempat éta.

Sababaraha surat jeung bagian surat disebutkeun turun dina mangsa ieu sarta ngagambarkeun kaayaan ieu: tempo misalna [[al-Masadd]], [[al-Humazah]], sabagian surat [[Maryam (surat)|Maryam]] jeung [[al-Anbiya]], [[al-Kafirun]], jeung [['Abasa]]. It was during this period that the episode known as [[The Satanic Verses]] may have happened. It is said that Muhammad was briefly tempted to relax his condemnation of Meccan polytheism and buy péace with his neighbors, but repented and recanted his words (see the article on [[The Satanic Verses]]). The incident is reported in only a few sources, and many Muslims do not accept it as fact.

Taun [[619]], Khodijah istri Muhammad sarta pamanna Abu Tolib pupus; katelah salaku ''&quot;taun tunggara.&quot;'' Bani Hashim nolak jadi panyalindungan Muhammad (sabab pamanna nu jadi pamingpin bani Hashim pupus), antukna loba muslim nu ngarandapan siksaan jeung kalaparan.

Kira taun [[620]], anjeunna ngumumkeun yén anjeunna ngalaman [[Isro jeung Mi'roj]] - further alienating his enemies.

=== Hijrah ===

Taun [[622]], nyanghareupan kasusah jeung ancaman pati, Muhammad bareng jeung para sahabatna di Mekah [[hijrah]] ka Madinah, di mana anjeunna loba nampi nu arasup Islam. Ku jalan megatkeun kasukuanana Muhammad nunjukkeun yén beungkeut kasukuan jeung kulawarga bisa kalindih ku beungkeutan Islam, hiji pamanggih révolusionér pikeun masarakat Arab. ''Hijrah'' atawa migrasi ieu nandakeun munggaran [[kala Islam|kala/kalénder Islam]].

Masarakat Madinah miharep Muhammad bisa ngahijikeun kotana nu kabagi ku kelompok-kelompok, nu salajengna Muhammad ngabéwarakeun [[Piagem Madinah]] (antara [[622]]-[[623]]), nu jadi dadasar sangkan kelompok-kelompok nu béda bisa hirup kumbuh babarengan. Tradisi toléransi awal ieu mangrupa salah sahiji sabab kuatna kakawasaan Muslim salajengna.

=== Perang ===

Hubungan antara Mekah jeung Madinah cepet pisan jadi goréng silih musuhan (tempo surat [[al-Baqarah]]). Urang Mekah nyita sagala titinggalan Muslim nu ditinggalkeun di Mekah. Di Madinah, Muhammad nawis perjangjian nyatru jeung silih tulungan jeung suku-suku tatangga.

Bulan Maret [[624]], Muhammad mingpin 300 perjurit pikeun nyerang rombongan dagang Mekah. Urang Mekah hasil ngagagalkeun serbuan ieu sarta males ngirim pasukan leutik ka Madinah.

Tanggal [[15 Maret]] [[624]] di deukeut lelewek [[Perang Badar|Badar]], pasukan Mekah jeung MUslim bantrok. Najan 300 ngalawan 800 dina perangna, pasukan Muslim meunang, nelasan sahanteuna 45 sarta nahan 70 urang Mekah; ti pihak Muslim ukur 14 urang nu palastra.

=== Kapamingpinan Muhammad beuki kuat ===

Pikeun kelompok Muslim, meunangna di Badar jadi bukti nu nguatkeun karosulan Muhammad. Following this victory, after minor skirmishes, the victors expelled a local [[Jew]]ish clan, the Banu Qainuqa.  Virtually all the remaining [[Medina]]ns converted and Muhammad became ''[[de facto]]'' ruler of the city.

Sapupusna Khodijah, Muhammad nikah deui, ka [[Aisyah]] putra [[Abu Bakar]] (nu salajengna jadi khalifah ngagentos Muhammad). Di Madinah, anjeunna nikah ka Hafsah, putra [[Umar bin Khattab|Umar]] (nu ngaganti Abu Bakar). Putra Muhammad nu salamét ogé nikah di Madinah: [[Fatimah Zahra|Fatimah]] ka [[Ali bin Abu Tolib|Ali]] sarta Ummu Kulsum ka [[Usman bin Affan|Usman]].

Para sahabat tadi, dina mangsa salajengna jadi pamingpin ngaganti Muhammad. Kaopat khalifah, atawa panerus Rosul ieu, katumbukeun jeung Muhammad ku getih, nikah, atawa duanana (tapi tempo ogé [[Khalifah]] piekun émbaran nu leuwih lengkep ngeunaan kontrovérsi saha sabenerna khalifah kahiji).

=== Perang diteruskeun ===

Taun [[625]], pamingpin [[Mekah]] [[Abu Sufyan]] nyerbu [[Madinah]] kalawan kakuatan 3.000 perjurit. Perangna lumangsung [[23 Maret]] di [[Perang Uhud|Uhud]], hasilna imbang. Pihak Mekah ngaku meunang, tapi leungiteun loba teuing soldadu pikeun ngadesek pasukan Muslim nepi ka Madinah.

Bulan [[April]] [[627]] Abu Sufyan mingpin deui pasukan nu leuwih kuat ka Madinah. Anjeunna dibantuan ku simpatisan urang Madinah, suku [[Yahudi]] Banu Qurayza. Muhammad ngalawan ku ngali lombang sabudeureun Madinah antukna salamet. This was the ''[[Battle of the Trench]]''.

Satutasna perang, sadaya lalaki sawawa Banu Qurayza jeung saurang awéwé di[[pancung]] dumasar paréntah [[Saad bin Muadh]], pamingpin nu dipilih ku Banu Qurayza. Sésa Banu Qurayza dijadikeun budak atawa tebusan, sedengkeun sadaya harta titinggalna dibagikeun di antara Muslim.

Satutasna perang ieu, pasukan Muslim bisa, maké cara panalukan atawa arasup Islam, ngalegaan pangaruhna ka kota-kota jeung suku tatangga.

=== Nalukkeun Mekah ===

Taun [[628]], posisi Muslim geus cukup kuat antukna Muhammad wani balik ka Mekah, munjungan kalawan daméy. Bulan Maret [[628]] anjeunna siap-siap deui ka Mekah, dibarengan ku 1,600 urang. Sanggeus badami, hiji perjangjian dijieun di Hudaibiyah. Muhammad teu diwidian neruskeun jarahna ka Mekah taun éta. Taun payunna pihak Muslim diidinan jarah ka Mekah.

Alatan perjangjian dirumpak, perang lumangsung deui. taun [[630]], Muhammad nyerbu Mekah kalawan pasukan loba pisan, cenah nepi ka 10,000 perjurit. Nyanghareupan balai nu teu bisa dilawan, urang Mekah nyerah tanpa perang. Ku kituna Muhammad ngajangjikeun pangampunan sacara umum (aya sababaraha urang sacara husus anu henteu). Urang Mekah lolobana asup Islam, sedengkeun sesembahan-sesembahan sabudeureun Ka'bah diancurkeun. Ku ayana ieu, jarah nu biasa lumangsung robah jadi jarah Muslim.

=== Ngahijikeun Tatar Arab ===

Saatosna wangsul ka Mekah, Muhammad ngéléhkeun satru suku-suku nu ngamusuhan di Hunayn, antukna Muslim jadi kakuatan nu onjoy di Tatar Arab, katambah ku gancangna suku-suku jeung séjén nu ngagabung ka Muhammad.

=== Muhammad salaku soldadu ===

Salami hirup 63 taun, Muhammad kungsi jadi sudagar, lajeng ahli da'wah. Anjeunna ngangkat pedang dina mangsa ahir hirupna. Anjeunna jadi soldadu ukur sapuluh taun.

Loba kritik ditujukeun ka Muhammad alatan nyerang rombongan dagang jeung panalukan. Kritik nyebutkeun yén perangna jauh mela-melu ti mélaan manéh, tapi komentator Muslim ngajawab yén perang-perangna ukur pikeun mélaan masarakat Muslim ngalawan urang Mekah, kalawan tetep ngajaga kamanusaan nalika perang. Pikeun salawa salajengna, tempo [[Muhammad salaku soldadu]].

=== Kahirupan kulawarga Muhammad ===

Ti taun [[605]] nepi ka [[619]], Muhammad mung gaduh hiji istri, [[Khadijah]]. Saatos anjeunna pupus, nikah deui ka Aisyah, lajeng Hafsah. Salajengna anjeunna nikah deui ka sababarah istri, jumlahna aya sawelas (salapan atawa sapuluh aya kénéh nalika anjeunna pupus). Aya nu nyebatkeun anjeunna ogé nikah ka Maria al-Qibtiyya, tapi aya ogé nu ngabantah.

* [[Siti Khodijah binti Khuwailid]]
* [[Sawada binti Zama]]  
* [[Aisyah]]
* [[Hafsah binti Umar]]  
* [[Zaynab binti Khuzaymah]]   
* [[Ummu Salamah Hind binti Abi Umayyah]]  
* [[Zaynab binti Jahsh]]  
* [[Juwayriyah binti al-Harith]]  
* [[Ummu Habibah Ramlah]]    
* [[Safiyyah binti Huyayy]]  
* [[Maymunah binti al-Harith]] 
* [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] (?)

Khadijah istri munggaran Muhammad sarta ibu pikeun opat putra nu nyésa [[Fatimah]]. Istri-istri anjeunna salajengna di antarana mangrupa randa nu dikantun maot dipangperangan. Nu sanésna mangrupa putra sahabat-sahabat sarta pamingpin suku. salah sahiji pertikahan nu ahir ngahasilkeun saurang putra, mung lajeng pupus dina yuswa sapuluh sasih.

Nikahna ka [[Aisyah]] sering dikritik kiwari dumasar sumber tradisional nu nyebutkeun yén Aisyah ditikah nalika yuswa salapan taun (tempo [[Aisyah]] pikeun sawala ngeunaan hal ieu). Kritik ogé natanyakeun nikahna ka randa putra kukutna, [[Zaynab binti Jahsh]], sarta dirumpakna paréntah Qur'an nikah ka leuwih ti opat istri. Pikeun émbaran leuwih lengkep ngeunaan kahirupan kulawarga Muhammad, katut kritikna, tingal [[pertikahan Muhammad]].

=== Sahabat Muhammad ===
:''Tempo artikel utama [[Sahabat]]''
Istilah '''sahabat''' nujul ka singsaha baé nu nedunan tilu sarat: sapantar sareng Muhammad, kungsi ngadangu atawa ningal cacarios sahanteuna dina hiji kasempetan, geus asup Islam. Sahabat boga tanggung jawab pikeun nepikeun [[Hadits]], sabab hadits kudu ditepikeun munggaran ku sahabat. Opat sahabat awal dina daptar di handap ogé mangrupa opat khalifah munggaran masarakat Muslim sapupusna Muhammad. Di handap ieu sababaraha urang sahabat anu utama,

* [[Abu Bakar]]
* [[Umar bin al-Khattab|Umar]]
* [[Utsman bin Affan|Utsman]]
* [[Ali bin Abi Tolib|Ali]]
* [[Abdullah bin Abbas]]
* [[Zubair]]
* [[Sa'id]]
* [[Tolhah]]
* [[Amir]]
* [[Abdulrahman]]
* [[Sa'd]]
* [[Sa'ad bin Abi Waqqas]]
* [[Salman al-Farisi]]
* [[Hamzah]]

=== Pupusna Muhammad ===

Sapanjang hirupna, Muhammad mung sakali ngalaman kabancén, nyaéta méméh pupusna (sigana [[malaria]]). Anjeunna pupus dinten [[Minggu]], kira pasosoré [[8 Juni]] [[632]], di Kota Madinah, dina yuswa 63 taun.

[[Gambar:Masjid_Nabawi.jpg||right|thumb|350px|[[Masjid Nabawi]] di Madinah. Di kompléks masjid ieu ogé ayana makam Muhammad jeung dua khalifah munggaran, Abu Bakar jeung Umar bin al-Khattab]]

Numutkeun kaom [[Si'ah]], Muhammad kungsi ngémbarkeun minantuna (adi sabrayna), Ali, salaku panerusna dina pidato umum di [[Ghadir Khom]]. Tapi Abu Bakar jeung Umar bisa nyiasatan antukna Abu Bakar jadi khalifah.

Mayoritas kaom [[Sunni]] ngabantah hal ieu, sarta nyebutkeun yén pamingpin-pamingpin masarakat harita, kalawan bébas, sapuk milih Abu Bakar, salah saurang nu munggaran iman/ngarojong ka Muhammad salaku Rosululloh.

Najan aya kajadian kitu, Abu Bakar jadi pamingpin anyar. Kapamingpinanana lolobana kapaké pikeun ngalawan baruntakna suku-suku dina [[Perang Ridda]].

Ku geus ngahijina Tatar Arab, salajengna pasukan Islam bisa nalukkeun sarta ngahijikeun Timur Tengah dina hiji kapamingpinan.

=== Turunan Muhammad ===

Turunan Muhammad nu panjang yuswa mung [[Fatimah Zahra|Fatimah]] sarta paraputrana (aya ogé nu nyebatkeun yén putuna ti [[Zainab]], Ammah atanapi Umamah, ogé panjang yuswa).

Kaom Si'ah percaya yén carogé Fatimah, Ali, sarta paraputrana mangrupa pamingpin nu bener pikeun umat Islam. Najan kaom Sunni teu percaya hal ieu, turunan Muhammad tetep dipihormat.

Turunan Muhammad katelah dina sababaraha landihan, kayaning [[sayyid]], [[syed]] سيد, jeung [[syarif]] شريف (jamak: ِأشراف Asyrof). Loba pamingpin jeung inohong di nagara-nagara Muslim, baheula atawa kiwari, ngaku turunan anjeunna, kayaning wangsa [[Fatimid]] di [[Afrika Kalér]], [[Idrisi]], kulawarga karajaan [[Yordania]] jeung [[Maroko]] kiwari, sarta [[Agha Khan]], [[Imam]] kaom [[Ismaili]]. Aya ogé sakumpulan masarakat di nagara-nagara Muslim nu ngakukeun nu sarupa kieu.

== Pentingna sajarah Muhammad ==

Sateuacan pupusna taun [[632]], Muhammad tos ngadegkeun Islam salaku kakuatan sosial jeung pulitik nu geus ngahijikeun ampir sakuliah Tatar Arab. Sababaraha puluh taun saatosna, panerusna geus hasil ngahijikeun sakuliah Tatar Arab, sarta nalukkeun Iran, Iraq, Mesir, Paléstina, Suriah, Arménia, jeung lolobana Afrika Kalér. Taun 750, Afrika Kalér geus sagemblengna dina kakawasaan Muslim, kitu ogé Spanyol kidul jeung Asia Tengah (kaasup Sind, di Lembah Indus). Dina abad kasapuluh, dipingpin ku Ghaznavid, Islam geus ngalegaan nepi ka wewengkon Hindu di wétaneun Indus, wewengkon India kalér kiwari. Salajengna, Islam sumebar kalawan daméy nepi ka sakuliah Afrika jeung Asia Tenggara. Islam kiwari diagem ku leuwih ti samilyar urang di sakuliah dunya, sarta jadi ageman kadua pangbadagna.

== Tempo ogé ==

* Muhammad dina sawangan Muslim - tempo [[Islam]], utamana [[siroh]].
* Ajaran Muhammad - tempo [[Islam]], utamana [[hadits]].
* [[Daptar istilah Islami dina aksara Arab]] ngagambarkeun pangaruh Muhammad.
* [[Daptar inohong agama-agama utama]].

== Tumbu kaluar ==

{{wikiquote|Muhammad}}

Biografi non-madhab:
* [http://www.pbs.org/muhammad Public Broadcasting System program on Muhammad]
* [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761553918/Muhammad_(prophet).html/ Encarta Encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623201920/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761553918/Muhammad_(prophet).html/ |date=2006-06-23 }}
* [http://31.1911encyclopedia.org/M/MA/MAHOMET.htm 1911 Encyclopedia article of Muhammad]

Biografi Sunni:
* [http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/MH_LM/default.htm The Life of Muhammad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809201742/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/MH_LM/default.htm |date=2007-08-09 }} Muhammad Husayn Haykal ditarjamahkeun ku Isma'il Razi A. al-Faruqi
* [http://www.islamonline.net/English/In_Depth/mohamed/1424/index.shtml Islam-online]
* [http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/prophet/ About the Prophet Muhammad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060612062303/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/prophet/ |date=2006-06-12 }}

Biografi Si'ah:
* [http://www.al-islam.org/restatement/ A Restatement of the History of Islam and Muslims by Sayed Ali Asgher Razwy]
* [http://al-islam.org/lifeprophet/ The Life of Muhammad The Prophet by Syed Saeed Akhtar Rizvi]

Jihat kritik: 
* [http://www.answering-islam.org.uk/Books/Jeffery/historical_mhd.htm The Quest for the Historical Mohammed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012094953/http://www.answering-islam.org.uk/Books/Jeffery/historical_mhd.htm |date=2006-10-12 }}
* [http://debate.org.uk/topics/theo/muhbiog.htm Trends in Biographies of Muhammad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925024042/http://debate.org.uk/topics/theo/muhbiog.htm |date=2006-09-25 }}

Rupa-rupa:
* [http://faculty.washington.edu/wheelerb/swords/swords_index.html Swords of the Prophet Muhammad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050730080812/http://faculty.washington.edu/wheelerb/swords/swords_index.html |date=2005-07-30 }}

== Rujukan ==

* [[Ibn Warraq]], ''The Quest for the Historical Muhammad'', Prometheus Books, March 2000, hardback, 554 pages, ISBN 1-57392-787-2 
* [[Martin Lings]], ''Muhammad:  His Life Based on Earliest Sources'', Inner Traditions International, Limited, 1987, paperback, 368 pages, ISBN 0-89281-170-6
* [[Karen Armstrong]], ''Muhammad'', ISBN 1-84212-608-3
* [[Muhammad Husayn Haykal]], ''The Life of Muhammad'', Islamic Book Service, 1995, paperback, ISBN 1-57731-195-7, translation of an Arabic original
* [[Maxime Rodinson]], ''Muhammad'', ISBN 1-56584-752-0

{{Nabi Islam}}

[[Kategori:Bani Hasyim]]
[[Kategori:Nabi Islam]]
[[Kategori:Nu babar taun 570]]
[[Kategori:Nu pupus taun 632]]
[9Kategori:Ulul Azmi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rinyuh</title>
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      <text bytes="9504" sha1="d8lhc02ld0nta76h726udu2p40w5pj5" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Rinyuh
| image = Coptotermes formosanus shiraki USGov k8204-7.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = Rinyuh jero taneuh Formosa
| domain = [[Eukariota]]
| regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]]
| subregnum = [[Metazoa]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Serangga]]
| ordo = '''Isoptera'''
| ordo_authority = [[Gaspard Auguste Brullé|Brullé]], 1832
| subdivision_ranks = Famili
| subdivision = 
[[Mastotermitidae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Kalotermitidae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Termopsidae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Hodotermitidae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Rhinotermitidae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Serritermitidae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Termitidae]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}
'''Rinyuh''' (ordo '''Isoptera''') mangrupa [[serangga sosial]] nu kahakananana [[kai]] jeung bahan/zat nu ngandung [[selulosa]]. Spésiés rinyuh lolobana aya di wewengkon [[tropis]] atawa [[subtropis]], tapi aya ogé nu hirup di wewengkon sedeng. Rinyuh mibanda ajén [[biologi]]s jeung [[ékonomi]]s nu penting.

== Morfologi ==
Tina bentukna mah rinyuh téh sarupa jeung [[sireum]], antukna kadang sok disebut 'sireum bodas'.

Sungut rinyuh aya cacapitan, awakna hipu, panjangna ukur kira 10&amp;nbsp;mm. Hirupna dina liang-liang nu poék, ukur kaluar mun keur ngawangun sayang, ngala hakaneun, atawa mun geus jadi '''siraru''' (warnana robah jadi coklat). Jangjang siraru ieu bakal murudul mun siraruna geus hiber, manggih tempat pikeun sayang anyar.

== Struktur sosial jeung paripolah ==
Salaku [[serangga sosial]], rinyuh hirup dina koloni nu pangeusina ratusan nepi ka jutaan rinyuh sawawa. Rinyuh téh mangrupa conto sistim deséntralisasi otonom ngagunakeunkacerdasan gorombol (''swarm intelligence'') pikeun ngokolakeun hakaneun jeung lingkungan nu teu mungkin dipigawé ku sorangan. Koloni ieu diwangun ku kasta pagawé, perjurit, jeung jalu-bikang nu baranahan, sarta kadang ditambah ku sababaraha ratu tukang [[endog (biologi)|ngendog]]. 
&lt;!--
=== Ratu jeung Raja ===
[[Image:Termite alates 9759.JPG|right|thumb|Termite alates in the spring.]]
At maturity, a primary queen can lay several thousand eggs a day. In [[physogastric]] species, the queen adds an extra set of ovaries with each [[moult]], resulting in a greatly distended [[abdomen]] and increased [[fecundity]]. The queen is widely believed to be a primary source of [[pheromone]]s useful in colony integration. The king remains only slightly bigger than an average termite and continues to mate with the queen. 
===Workers===
Worker termites undertake the labours of foraging, food storage, brood rearing, nest maintenance and a proportion of the defence effort. 
===Soldiers===
The soldier caste has anatomical and behavioural specializations, primarily against ant attack.  Many have jaws so enlarged that they cannot feed themselves, but instead, like juveniles, are fed by workers. Some species have soldiers with the ability to exude noxious liquids through either a horn-like nozzle (nasus) or simple hole in the head ([[fontanelle]]). Among the drywood termites, a soldier's enlarged (phragmotic) head can be used to block their narrow tunnels. Termites undergo incomplete [[metamorphosis (biology)|metamorphosis]], with their freshly hatched young taking the form of small termites that grow without significant morphological changes.
===Hiding===
Termites try to remain hidden, building tunnels in earth and wood. When they have to cross some impermeable material they build several feet long shelter tubes (from packed earth/feces).--&gt;

== Kahakanan ==
Sacara umum, rinyuh digolongkeun dumasar paripolah daharna: ''Subterranean'' (rinyuh jero taneuh), ''Soil-feeding'', Kigaring, Kibaseuh, jeung rinyuh jukut (''Grass eating'').  Nu sok ngaruksak wangunan téh nyaéta nu kahiji jeung nu katilu.

Sakabéh rinyuh ngahakan [[selulosa]] jeung serat tutuwuhan. Selulosa mangrupa sumber hakaneun nu beunghar énergi (tingal we kahuruan leuweung), tapi hésé dicerna. pikeun nyerna selulosa, rinyuh gumantung pisan ka protozoa simbiotik ([[métamonad]]) jeung [[mikroba]] lianna dina [[burih]]na. Protozoa na burih rinyuh gumantung ka [[baktéri]] simbiotik nu napel na awakna nu ngahasilkeun sababaraha [[énzim]] panyerna nu diperlukeun. Hubungan ieu mangrupa conto panghadéna hubungan mutualisme di antara sasatoan. Najan aya bangsa rinyuh dina famili Termitidae nu bisa ngahasilkeun énzim selulase sorangan, tetep baé burihna mah pinuh ku baktéri nu sarupa tadi.

== Sayang ==
[[Gambar:Somalia termitstack BÅn.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Munara sayang rinyuh di Somalia]]
Di sababaraha wewengkon, utamana di [[sabana tropis]] nu gersang, rinyuh sok ngawangun sayang mangrupa gugunungan nu bentukna rupa-rupa pikeun kolonina. Misalna ''Amitermes meridionalis'' jeung ''A. laurensis'' nu ngawangun sayang jangkung kawas tihang nu aksisna manjang ngalér-ngidul. Oriéntasi ieu, numutkeun hasil percobaan, pikeun mantuan [[térmorégulasi]] gawé rinyuh. Sayang ieu jangkungna bisa nepi ka 6 m, tapi lolobana mah tara leuwih ti 2 m. Struktur sayang ieu bisa pajeulit pisan, mangrupa rohangan-rohangan nu nyadiakeun panas, nyerep cahya panonpoé, panyalindungan, pangaturan atmosfir, gudang hakaneun, jeung 'kebon' suung (dina sababaraha spésiés).
[[Gambar:Magnetic_Termite_Mounds.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Sayang magnétik (aksisna ampir ngalér-ngidul)]]

== Hubungan jeung manusa ==
ku sabab beuki kai, mun hirupna di lingkungan pakotaan/paimahan mah rinyuh téh bisa ngaruksak wangunan-wangunan tina kai. Lian ti kai, bahan séjénna ogé sok diarah, kayaning [[keretas]], [[pakéan]], [[karpét]], sarta bahan lianna nu ngandung selulosa.

=== Merangan rinyuh ===
* Kai ulah nepi ka antel kana taneuh, maké tatapakan nu teu dipikaresep ku rinyuh (tapi mun geus kalacak mah, tetep baé bisa diakalan ku rinyuh téh).
* Kai diolah heula (dikeueum atawa diolés/dilapis ku bahan anti gegeremet)
* Paké kai nu sacara alami tahan/teu dipikaresep ku rinyuh.

Mun rinyuhna geus nepi ka wangunan, jalan-jalan tembusna kudu dipeungpeuk, sarta sayang/kolonina diancurkeun maké inséktisida. Di Australia mah, geus dipaké ti taun [[1930-an]], ngusir rinyuh téh maké tipung [[arsenik trioksida]]. Nu leuwih teu bahya pikeun mamalia, di antarana [[triflumuron]], [[fipronil]], jeung [[imidacloprid]].

== Ékologi ==
Sacara [[ékologi]]s, rinyuh téh penting pikeun daur ulang [[hara]], ngabentuk [[habitat]], formasi jeung kualitas [[taneuh]], sarta—siraruna—mangrupa hakaneun pikeun pirang-pirang [[prédator]]. Sacara global, rinyuh sumebar antara koordinat 50&amp;deg Bujur Kalér jeung Bujur Kidul, tapi biomassa panglobana mah aya di wewengkon tropis. Rinyuh ogé dianggap salaku sumber utama [[métana]] atmosfir, salah sahiji [[gas rumah kaca]] utama.

== Sajarah évolusionér jeung hubunganana ==
Salila ieu mah rinyuh téh dianggap deukeut jeung [[cucunguk]] sarta [[congcorang]], tapi panalungtikan anyar justru nunjukkeun yén rinyuh téh golongan cucunguk nu sacara évolusionér ngalaman modifikasi, boh paripolahna (jadi sato sosial) atawa kahakananana (jadi beuki kai). Ayana baktéri éndosimbiotik dina rinyuh jeung cucunguk ''Cryptocercus'' nunjukkeun yén ieu dua spésiés téh sacara filogénétik leuwih padeukeut batan ka cucunguk lianna. Fitur sosial jeung morfologis dua gegeremet ieu ogé mirip.

== Rujukan ==
* [http://www.earthlife.net/insects/isoptera.html Earthlife] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426094746/http://www.earthlife.net/insects/isoptera.html |date=2006-04-26 }}
* [http://www.drdons.net/Dr_Dons_Termite_Glossary.htm Termite terms]
* [http://www.gsajournals.org/gsaonline/?request=get-abstract&amp;doi=10.1130%2F0091-7613(1986)14%3C87:OTNFTU%3E2.0.CO%3B2 Cretaceous termites]
# {{note|Evolution}} [http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/20/6/907.pdf Evidence for Cocladogenesis Between Diverse Dictyopteran Lineages and Their Intracellular Endosymbionts]

== Tumbu kaluar ==
* [http://ianrpubs.unl.edu/Insects/g1062.htm University of Nebraska page on Termites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060116010501/http://ianrpubs.unl.edu/Insects/g1062.htm |date=2006-01-16 }}
* [http://drdons.net/control.htm A summary of termite control methods] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810025441/http://drdons.net/control.htm |date=2014-08-10 }}
* [http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7440.html University of California advice on Drywood Termites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808023902/http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7440.html |date=2010-08-08 }} 
* [http://www.pygmies.info/gathering.html African Pygmies - Termites gathering] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070117013130/http://www.pygmies.info/gathering.html |date=2007-01-17 }}
* [http://www.unb.br/ib/zoo/docente/constant/catal/catnew.html Catalogue of the termites of the World]
* [http://lancaster.unl.edu/enviro/pest/TermitePhoto.htm Pictures of termites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124200354/http://lancaster.unl.edu/enviro/pest/TermitePhoto.htm |date=2005-11-24 }}
* [http://darwinblog.blogspot.com/2005/12/transitional-species-in-insect_24.html Transitional Species in Insect Evolution] 
* [http://members.tripod.com/~charles_W/laterite.html Did the Termites Cause Laterites?] 
* [http://www.angelfire.com/nc/isoptera/soil.html Cretaceous Termites and Soil Phosphorus] 
* [http://www.utoronto.ca/forest/termite/benefice.htm Beneficial Uses of Termites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405050648/http://www.utoronto.ca/forest/termite/benefice.htm |date=2008-04-05 }}

[[Kategori:Isoptera]]</text>
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    <title>Pengacara</title>
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[[Gambar:Advokat, Fransk advokatdräkt, Nordisk familjebok.png|thumb|200px|Advokat]]
'''Pengacara''', '''Advokat''' nyaéta [[jelema]] anu prakték méré jasa hukum, boh dina jero [[pangadilan]] boh di luar pangadilan anu minuhan pasaratan dumasar undang-undang anu lumaku, alus minangka Advokat, Pengacara, Panaséhat Hukum, Pengacara prakték atawa minangka konsultan hukum.&lt;ref name=sumber1&gt;{{id}} [http://www.peradi.or.id/admin/download.php?docid=1dd8b42e3dcc7fc592934b359e2c1469 Kode Etik Advokat Indonésia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130010905/http://www.peradi.or.id/admin/download.php?docid=1dd8b42e3dcc7fc592934b359e2c1469 |date=2011-11-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jasa hukum anu dibikeun ku advokat mangrupa konsultasi sarta bantuan [[hukum]].&lt;ref name=sumber2&gt;{{id}} Syukur, Abdul. dkk. 2005. Ensiklopedia Umum untuk Pelajar. PT Ichtiar Baru Van Hoeve&lt;/ref&gt; Sajaba ti éta saurang advokat ogé ngajalankeun kawasa, ngawakilan, maturan, sarta ngabéla, sarta ngalakonan léngkah hukum séjén, pikeun kapentingan klien.&lt;ref name=sumber2 /&gt; Dumasar UU No.18 taun [[2003]] ngeunaan advokat, jelema anu diangkat minangka advokat nyaéta [[sarjana]] anu kasang tukang atikanna tina hukum sarta geus nuturkeun atikan husus profési advokat anu dilaksanakeun ku [[organisasi advokat]].&lt;ref name=sumber2 /&gt; Sajaba ti éta aya ogé pasaratan anu kudu dipinuhan pikeun diangkat jadi advokat, kawas umurna sakurang-kurangna 25 taun, statusna lain minangka [[pagawé nagari]] sarta [[pajabat nagara]], magang sakurang-kurangna dua taun dina kantor advokat, sarta henteu kungsi dipenjara alatan ngalakonan lampah pidana kajahatan anu diancam kalayan pidana penjajra lima taun atawa leuwih.&lt;ref name=sumber2 /&gt; 
==Fungsi sarta peran advokat==
Advokat miboga fungsi sarta peran anu pohara penting dina [[masarakat]].&lt;ref name=sumber2 /&gt; Peran sarta fungsina antara séjén nyaéta bajoang [[hak asasi manusa]] (HAM) dina nagara hukum, ngadegkeun hukum, kaadilan, sarta bebeneran, nyegah penyalahgunaan kaahlian kanyaho anu ngarugikeun masarakat; méré pangladén hukum (legal sevice) méré naséhat (legal device), konsultasi (legal consultation) sarta informasi hukum (legal information) sarta méré wangun hukum sacara cuma-cuma ka rahayat anu lemah sarta teu mampu (legal aid).&lt;ref name=sumber2 /&gt;

==Rujukan==
{{Reflist}}
{{Pondok}}

[[Kategori:Pengacara]]
[[Kategori:Pakasaban]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Spoon Sports</title>
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{{Infobox Company |
  company_name   = Spoon Sports Co., Ltd. |
  company_logo   = [[Image:Spoonlogo.png|100px]] |
  company_type   = [[Public company|Public]] |
  foundation     = 1988 |
  location       = [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] |
  key_people     = [[Ichishima Tatsuru]]|
  industry       = [[Automobile tuning &amp; parts manufacturer]]|
  products       = Automobile racing products |
  homepage       = [http://www.spoon.jp/ www.spoon.jp]
}}

'''Spoon Sports''' nyaéta hiji pausahaan [[Jepang]]  anu diadegkeun taun 1988. . Ieu téh  [[Car tuning|tuner]] mesin sarta produsén suku cadang anu ngahususkeun diri dina mobil anu dijieun ku [[Honda]]. Konsép maranéhanana nyaéta pikeun nyiptakeun mobil anu nyadiakeun &quot; téknologi total &quot; sarta &quot; kanyamanan nyata &quot;. Logo pausahaan Spoon Sports nyaéta kaulinan kecap dina ngaran Ichishima. Ngaran kahiji Ichishima nyaéta Tatsuru, sarta ngaran Jepang pikeun manuk bango nyaéta Tsuru, mangka logo manuk bango. &quot;Ngaran pausahaan Spoon asalna ti kubu anu teu kaéléhkeun ti hiji tikungan di [[Sirkuit Suzuka]] taun katukang.&quot; &lt;!--(from the Spoon Sports catalog)--&gt;

&lt;!--[[Image:Wall display.JPG|thumb|left|Spoon Products]]--&gt;
Pausahaan nyetél ''(tuner)'' sarta balap mobil Honda disagala rupa balapan katahanan, sarta, sajaba ti éta ngajual bagian ''aftermarket'' pikeun panggemar otomotif. '''Spoon Sports''' loba nyadiakeun bagian ''aftermarket'' pikeun mobil Honda. Ieu kaasup ''powertrain, suspensi'', bagian-aero, kikiping, ''drivetrain'', sistem pangeréman, sistem pendingin, jeung sajabana.

Some of the races Spoon has competed in include:
*[[Super GT|All Japan GT Championship]]
*[[Tsukuba Circuit|Tsukuba]] 9 Hours Endurance Race
*[[24 Hours Nürburgring]]
*25 Hours of [[Thunderhill Park|Thunderhill]]
*USTCC (United States Touring Car Championship)

==Sajarah Pausahaan==
Pangadegna, Ichishima Tatsuru awalna saurang  tukang balap. Jadi sarua kawas Honda sorangan, getih balap ngancik dina  Spoon Sport. Mobil munggaran anu dipaké balap Ichishima nyaéta [[Honda Civic]].

Spoon diadegkeun pikeun ngahususkeun diri dina nyetél mesin Honda di Takaido, [[Suginami, Tokyo]] sapanjag jalan raya Kōshū Kaidō. Dina taun 1988, Spoon mitembeyan mekarkeun imah computer balap pikeun dipaké dina mobil Honda. Spoon ngadésain sarta ngawangun kadua komponén mayor sarta minor pikeun mesin Honda pikeun dipaké dina mobil balap Spoon Sports sarta pikeun dijual kamasarakat umum.

Dina taun 1996, Spoon mimitian ngajual rakitan [[Honda B engine]] kalayan présisi Spoon sarta nyitak ''blueprints'' pikeun ngajamin kinerja anu optimal salila balap katahanan. Saprak harita, Spoon Sports geus ngahanca pikeun nyampurnakeun mesin Honda séjénna kawas K20A ti Civic / Integra sarta L15A ti Honda Fit / Jazz.

&lt;!--[[Image:Spoon Sports.JPG|thumb|left|Spoon Entrance]]--&gt;
Dina taun 1997, Spoon pindah ka gedong anyar di Ogikubo, Suginami. Maranéhanana ogé mimitian nyadiakeun &quot;Kuliah Mesin&quot; minangka bagéan ti program layanan ka langganan maranéhanana.

[[Image:Type-ONE.JPG|thumb|The Type-ONE shop]]

Dina taun 2001, Spoonmuka &quot;Speed Shop Type-One&quot; dipeuntas jalan ti markas Spoon. Toko ieu ngahususkeun diri dina modifikasi Honda &quot;Type-R&quot; sarta mobil séjénna anu orientasina kinerja Honda anu ngawengku Civic Type-R, [[Honda Integra#Type R|Integra Type-R]], [[Honda Type R#Accord Euro R|Accord Euro-R]] and [[Honda NSX|NSX-R]]. However, Tapi, Spoon ogé geus ngamodifikasi mobil non-R kawas [[Civic SiR]], [[Honda S2000]], [[Honda Legend]] sarta Honda Fit/Jazz. Vérsi balap ti S2000 taun 2001 sarta Honda Fit taun 2003 (duanana Spoon biru-konéng) anu dipidangkeun di [[Gran Turismo 4]].

Type-One nyaéta visi Ichishima ngeunaan kumaha Spoon Sports kudu jadi agén. Sarta visi éta téh tawaran &quot;mobil disetél pepek, lain ngan bagian suku cadang individu tanpa tinimbangan naha maranéhanana baris digawé dina harmoni atawa ngan ngaréwong anu séjén. &quot;Ogé, Ichishima hayang nyieun tokona ieu dipikawanoh henteu ngan pikeun ngajual baian-bagian, tapi pikeun nyadiakeun langganan sarta pangabisa instalasi Type-One sarta pangabisa ti produk Spoon..

==Tumbu kaluar==
*[http://www.spoon.jp/ Spoon Sports Official Site]
*[http://www.typeone.jp/ TYPE ONE Spoon's Original Tuning Shop Official Site ]
*[http://spoonsportseurope.net/ Spoon Sports Official Distributor of UK Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329235900/http://www.spoonsportseurope.net/ |date=2013-03-29 }}
*[http://www.aj-racing.com/ Spoon Sports Official Distributor of Canada]
*[http://www.gotuning.com/ Spoon Sports Official Distributor of U.S.A.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217000250/http://gotuning.com/ |date=2013-02-17 }}
*[http://www.man-autoparts.com/ Spoon Sports Official Distributor of Hong Kong ・China・Macau]
*[http://asia.vtec.net/article/Spoon1/ Temple of VTEC ASIA visits Spoon Sports] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204162818/http://asia.vtec.net/article/Spoon1/ |date=2012-02-04 }}
*[http://www.proconcept.com.au/ Spoon Sports Official Distributor of Australia - Proconcept, Sydney, Australia]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Automotive industry in Japan}}

[[Kategori:Auto parts suppliers]]
[[Kategori:Automotive companies of Japan]]
[[Kategori:Companies established in 1988]]
[[Kategori:Automotive motorsports and performance companies]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Lua</title>
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      <id>712136</id>
      <parentid>712101</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-18T19:10:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nimmzo</username>
        <id>37272</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* See also */ +[[:Kategori:Lua-based templates]]</comment>
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{{WikiProject Lua/header}}
{{Information page|WP:Lua}}
{{Namespaces}}

[[Lua (programming language)|Lua]] is a programming language that is now available, via the [[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] MediaWiki extension, on the English Wikipedia. Lua code can now be embedded into wiki templates by employing the &quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot; functionality of the Scribunto MediaWiki extension.

The Lua [[source code]] is stored in pages called modules (e.g., [[Module:Bananas]]). These individual modules are then invoked (by code &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;) on template pages (e.g., [[Module:Bananas/doc]] uses the code &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:Bananas|hello}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; to print the text &quot;Hello, world!&quot;).

== Running a module ==

Modules are run on normal wiki pages using the #invoke parser function. The syntax of #invoke is similar to template syntax, but with some differences. The most important difference is that you need to specify a ''function name''. A function is a set of instructions that takes input values, processes them, and returns an output value.&lt;ref&gt;You can also have multiple output values, but functions that do this are not normally meant to be accessed from wiki pages.&lt;/ref&gt; This is much like what a template does: you give it arguments, it processes them, and you get a result. However, you can define many functions in one Lua module, whereas you can only define one template on one page.

Furthermore, you can't just run a Lua module directly - you can only run one of the module's functions. The module is just a container for the functions, and doesn't do anything by itself. So there are two reasons that we need to input a function name: we can't run a module by itself, and without specifying a function name, Lua will not know which function it is we want to run.

The simplest way to run a module from a wiki page is like this:

 &amp;#123;{#invoke:''module name''|''function name''}}

For example, we can run [[Module:Bananas]] in this way, which has one function named &quot;hello&quot;.

* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:Bananas|hello}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; &amp;rarr; {{#invoke:Bananas|hello}}

=== Using arguments ===

Arguments are passed to modules in the same way that they are passed to templates. Note, however, that the text after the first pipe character is always the function name; the first positional argument is the text after the ''second'' pipe.

 &amp;#123;{#invoke:''module name''|''function name''|''first positional argument''|''second positional argument''|''named argument'' = ''value''}}

For example, in [[Module:BananasArgs]], the &quot;hello&quot; function greets different people depending on the first positional argument. It works like this:
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Kate}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; &amp;rarr; {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Kate}}
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Fred}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; &amp;rarr; {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Fred}}

BananasArgs also has a function named &quot;count_fruit&quot; which uses the named arguments &lt;code&gt;bananas&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;apples&lt;/code&gt; to count the number of bananas and apples we have. It can be run like this:
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|apples=3|bananas=4}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; &amp;rarr; {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|apples=3|bananas=4}}
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|bananas=5|apples=2}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; &amp;rarr; {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|bananas=5|apples=2}}

Most modules will have a documentation page explaining what arguments can be used and what their effects will be.

== Example modules ==
* [[Module:Bananas]]: The simplest possible script, providing a single function with no arguments.
* [[Module:BananasArgs]]: Demonstrates how to access and use parameters.

== Request a script ==
Visit '''[[Wikipedia:Lua requests]]''' to request help in writing a Lua script to perform a specific task on Wikipedia or another Wikimedia Foundation project.

== History ==
[[mw:Manual:MediaWiki architecture#Magic words and templates|Sordid history]]. {{tl|qif}}, [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions|ParserFunctions]], [[mw:Extension:Lua|Lua extension]], wiki scripting language debated (JavaScript v. Lua), [[mw:Extension:WikiScripts]], Tim writes [[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] with initial support for Lua.

Discussed for years, Lua was installed in 2012 for testing on [[test2wiki:|test2.wikipedia.org]], with open invitation to all editors to experiment with developing Lua modules. Lua was installed on the English Wikipedia in February 2013, after testing on mediawiki.org and Wikimedia test wikis.

== About Lua ==
:''See also [[:File:WMF Tech Talk 2013-02-28 slides - Scribunto presentation.pdf|Brad Jorsch's short presentation for a basic example of how to convert a wikitext template into a Lua module.]]''
Lua is a [[scripting language]] which can be used to analyze data, calculate expressions, and format results using functions or [[object-oriented programming]]. Although some Lua scripts can be kept simple, for easy understanding, Lua allows complex structures including tables, dynamic functions, and [[associative array]]s where index [[subscript]]s can be words as well as index numbers. Lua also supports [[recursion]] of re-nested functions, so care should be taken to avoid excessive complexity where other users would not understand how to maintain a Lua module. The following is an example of Lua [[source code]] for a [[hello world]] function contained in [[Module:HelloWorld]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot;&gt;
-- All Lua modules on Wikipedia must begin by defining a variable that will hold their
-- externally accessible functions. They can have any name and may also hold data.
my_object = {}

-- Add a function to the variable. These are callable in Wikipedia via the #invoke command.
-- &quot;frame&quot; will contain the data that Wikipedia sends this function when it is called. 
my_object.hello = function( frame ) 

    -- Declare a local variable and assign data to it.
    local str = &quot;Hello World!&quot;  

    -- Quit this function and send the information in &quot;str&quot; back to Wikipedia.
    -- The &quot;print&quot; function is not allowed, so all output is accomplished via 
    -- returning strings in this fashion.
    return str    

-- End the function.
end

-- All modules end by returning the variable containing its functions to Wikipedia.
return my_object

-- We can now use this module by calling {{#invoke: HelloWorld | hello }}.
-- The #invoke command begins with the module's name, in this case &quot;HelloWorld&quot;,
-- then takes the name of one of its functions as an argument, in this case &quot;hello&quot;.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
A sample of Lua is highlighted by tag &quot;&amp;lt;source lang=&quot;lua&quot;&gt;...&amp;lt;/source&gt;&quot; placed around the Lua source code. To view some more complex examples of Lua, see article: &quot;[[Lua (programming language)]]&quot;.

For instructions on how to use Lua within MediaWiki (and hence Wikipedia), see [[mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual]].

== Unit testing ==
A unit testing framework for Lua scripts on Wikipedia is available at [[Module:UnitTests]]. It allows you to execute your script on a given set of inputs and verify that the expected outputs are produced. Unit tests are especially useful for rapidly detecting regressions, where modifications to a script introduce new problems.

By convention, unit tests for a module like [[Module:Bananas]] are placed in [[Module:Bananas/testcases]], and are executed on [[Module talk:Bananas/testcases]] with e.g. &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke: Bananas/testcases | run_tests}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Test methods must begin with &quot;test&quot;. A simple example from [[Module:Bananas/testcases]] is below.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot;&gt;
-- Unit tests for [[Module:Bananas]]. Click talk page to run tests.
local p = require('Module:UnitTests')
 
function p:test_hello()
    self:preprocess_equals('{{#invoke:Bananas | hello}}', 'Hello, world!')
end
 
return p
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

For a list of all modules using unit tests, see [[Special:Whatlinkshere/Module:UnitTests]]. 

There's also an alternative unit testing framework [[Special:Whatlinkshere/Module:ScribuntoUnit|in use]] called [[Module:ScribuntoUnit]], that originates from Hungarian Wikipedia. Feature-wise it's very similar to [[Module:UnitTests]], but it has a different coding style, and throws real errors that are trapped using protected calls. It also has a method to compare floats within a given precision.

== Wikipedia-specific features ==
Overall: Lua can only get input as text strings passed to the &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and what can be fetched via mw.title.new(...):getContent() and frame:expandTemplate(). Lua output will not be preprocessed unless frame:preprocess() is explicitly called, meaning that template calls, parser functions, etc. in the output will not work correctly.  Also, all Lua in the page is limited to 10 seconds CPU time (you can look in the source code of a rendered page to see how long a template or module took to parse). And relative to standard Lua, Scribunto's Lua lacks all sorts of functions (see [[mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Differences from standard Lua]]).

=== Lua input limitations ===
Lua code in Scribunto is only run when the page is being parsed.  Therefore, the only user input that Lua can receive is by ''page editing'' - it cannot create a box that calculates the square root of a number you type in, or recalculate a piece of the Mandelbrot set depending on which part of the parent set you click on.  The input Lua can receive includes any transcludeable text page on Wikipedia.  This does ''not'' include graphics files (not even [[Wikipedia:SVG help|.SVG]] files, although they are actually text, unless you cut and paste it onto a Wiki text page), the list of pages listed in a [[Help:Category|category]], nor the contents of [[Wikipedia:Transclusion#Special pages|non-transcludeable]] [[Help:Special|special pages]].

=== Wikitext ===
Transcluded Wikipedia headers frequently contain a hidden code such as &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;&quot;UNIQ5ae8f2aa414ff233-h-3--QINU&quot;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; which may need to be stripped out in order for them to be parsed effectively.

Wikilinks of the type &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Wikipedia:Pitulung&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; won't work if returned as output - they need to be written explicitly as &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;[[Wikipedia:Pitulung|&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Pitulung&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;]]&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;. Other pre-save transforms, such as replacing &lt;code&gt;~~&lt;nowiki/&gt;~~&lt;/code&gt; with signatures, will also fail to be processed. Template transclusions, parser function calls, and variable substitutions (i.e. anything with a &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{...}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;) will not be processed, nor will tags such as {{tag|ref|o}} or {{tag|nowiki|o}}.

== Labeling converted templates ==
{{lua|Module:Bananas}}
Please place the {{tl|lua}} template on the documentation subpage of all templates that use Lua. It will help to better communicate Lua usage and template conversions.
{{clear}}

== See also ==
* [[Husus:IndeksAwalan/Modul:]] daptar modul Lua
* [[:Kategori:Lua-based templates]] &amp;ndash; l-groups ta templates based kan Lua

; English Wikipedia-specific resources
* [[Wikipedia:Lua style guide]] &amp;ndash; standards to improve the readability of code through consistency
* [[Help:Lua debugging]] &amp;ndash; a how-to guide about [[debugging]] Lua modules
* [[Module:Sandbox]] provides a pseudo-namespace for experimenting with Lua modules
* [[WP:Lua requests]] &amp;ndash; requests for Lua-based templates or tasks

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

{{WikiProject Lua/header}}

[[Category:Wikipedia modules]]</text>
      <sha1>95a4n91o4rpj1vbzd6q7ga79whdh2wv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>712137</id>
      <parentid>712136</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Nimmzo</username>
        <id>37272</id>
      </contributor>
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{{WikiProject Lua/header}}
{{Information page|WP:Lua}}
{{Namespaces}}

[[Lua (programming language)|Lua]] is a programming language that is now available, via the [[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] MediaWiki extension, on the English Wikipedia. Lua code can now be embedded into wiki templates by employing the &quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot; functionality of the Scribunto MediaWiki extension.

The Lua [[source code]] is stored in pages called modules (e.g., [[Module:Bananas]]). These individual modules are then invoked (by code &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;) on template pages (e.g., [[Module:Bananas/doc]] uses the code &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:Bananas|hello}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; to print the text &quot;Hello, world!&quot;).

== Running a module ==

Modules are run on normal wiki pages using the #invoke parser function. The syntax of #invoke is similar to template syntax, but with some differences. The most important difference is that you need to specify a ''function name''. A function is a set of instructions that takes input values, processes them, and returns an output value.&lt;ref&gt;You can also have multiple output values, but functions that do this are not normally meant to be accessed from wiki pages.&lt;/ref&gt; This is much like what a template does: you give it arguments, it processes them, and you get a result. However, you can define many functions in one Lua module, whereas you can only define one template on one page.

Furthermore, you can't just run a Lua module directly - you can only run one of the module's functions. The module is just a container for the functions, and doesn't do anything by itself. So there are two reasons that we need to input a function name: we can't run a module by itself, and without specifying a function name, Lua will not know which function it is we want to run.

The simplest way to run a module from a wiki page is like this:

 &amp;#123;{#invoke:''module name''|''function name''}}

For example, we can run [[Module:Bananas]] in this way, which has one function named &quot;hello&quot;.

* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:Bananas|hello}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; &amp;rarr; {{#invoke:Bananas|hello}}

=== Using arguments ===

Arguments are passed to modules in the same way that they are passed to templates. Note, however, that the text after the first pipe character is always the function name; the first positional argument is the text after the ''second'' pipe.

 &amp;#123;{#invoke:''module name''|''function name''|''first positional argument''|''second positional argument''|''named argument'' = ''value''}}

For example, in [[Module:BananasArgs]], the &quot;hello&quot; function greets different people depending on the first positional argument. It works like this:
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Kate}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; &amp;rarr; {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Kate}}
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Fred}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; &amp;rarr; {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Fred}}

BananasArgs also has a function named &quot;count_fruit&quot; which uses the named arguments &lt;code&gt;bananas&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;apples&lt;/code&gt; to count the number of bananas and apples we have. It can be run like this:
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|apples=3|bananas=4}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; &amp;rarr; {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|apples=3|bananas=4}}
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|bananas=5|apples=2}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; &amp;rarr; {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|bananas=5|apples=2}}

Most modules will have a documentation page explaining what arguments can be used and what their effects will be.

== Example modules ==
* [[Module:Bananas]]: The simplest possible script, providing a single function with no arguments.
* [[Module:BananasArgs]]: Demonstrates how to access and use parameters.

== Request a script ==
Visit '''[[Wikipedia:Lua requests]]''' to request help in writing a Lua script to perform a specific task on Wikipedia or another Wikimedia Foundation project.

== History ==
[[mw:Manual:MediaWiki architecture#Magic words and templates|Sordid history]]. {{tl|qif}}, [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions|ParserFunctions]], [[mw:Extension:Lua|Lua extension]], wiki scripting language debated (JavaScript v. Lua), [[mw:Extension:WikiScripts]], Tim writes [[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] with initial support for Lua.

Discussed for years, Lua was installed in 2012 for testing on [[test2wiki:|test2.wikipedia.org]], with open invitation to all editors to experiment with developing Lua modules. Lua was installed on the English Wikipedia in February 2013, after testing on mediawiki.org and Wikimedia test wikis.

== About Lua ==
:''See also [[:File:WMF Tech Talk 2013-02-28 slides - Scribunto presentation.pdf|Brad Jorsch's short presentation for a basic example of how to convert a wikitext template into a Lua module.]]''
Lua is a [[scripting language]] which can be used to analyze data, calculate expressions, and format results using functions or [[object-oriented programming]]. Although some Lua scripts can be kept simple, for easy understanding, Lua allows complex structures including tables, dynamic functions, and [[associative array]]s where index [[subscript]]s can be words as well as index numbers. Lua also supports [[recursion]] of re-nested functions, so care should be taken to avoid excessive complexity where other users would not understand how to maintain a Lua module. The following is an example of Lua [[source code]] for a [[hello world]] function contained in [[Module:HelloWorld]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot;&gt;
-- All Lua modules on Wikipedia must begin by defining a variable that will hold their
-- externally accessible functions. They can have any name and may also hold data.
my_object = {}

-- Add a function to the variable. These are callable in Wikipedia via the #invoke command.
-- &quot;frame&quot; will contain the data that Wikipedia sends this function when it is called. 
my_object.hello = function( frame ) 

    -- Declare a local variable and assign data to it.
    local str = &quot;Hello World!&quot;  

    -- Quit this function and send the information in &quot;str&quot; back to Wikipedia.
    -- The &quot;print&quot; function is not allowed, so all output is accomplished via 
    -- returning strings in this fashion.
    return str    

-- End the function.
end

-- All modules end by returning the variable containing its functions to Wikipedia.
return my_object

-- We can now use this module by calling {{#invoke: HelloWorld | hello }}.
-- The #invoke command begins with the module's name, in this case &quot;HelloWorld&quot;,
-- then takes the name of one of its functions as an argument, in this case &quot;hello&quot;.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
A sample of Lua is highlighted by tag &quot;&amp;lt;source lang=&quot;lua&quot;&gt;...&amp;lt;/source&gt;&quot; placed around the Lua source code. To view some more complex examples of Lua, see article: &quot;[[Lua (programming language)]]&quot;.

For instructions on how to use Lua within MediaWiki (and hence Wikipedia), see [[mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual]].

== Unit testing ==
A unit testing framework for Lua scripts on Wikipedia is available at [[Module:UnitTests]]. It allows you to execute your script on a given set of inputs and verify that the expected outputs are produced. Unit tests are especially useful for rapidly detecting regressions, where modifications to a script introduce new problems.

By convention, unit tests for a module like [[Module:Bananas]] are placed in [[Module:Bananas/testcases]], and are executed on [[Module talk:Bananas/testcases]] with e.g. &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke: Bananas/testcases | run_tests}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Test methods must begin with &quot;test&quot;. A simple example from [[Module:Bananas/testcases]] is below.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot;&gt;
-- Unit tests for [[Module:Bananas]]. Click talk page to run tests.
local p = require('Module:UnitTests')
 
function p:test_hello()
    self:preprocess_equals('{{#invoke:Bananas | hello}}', 'Hello, world!')
end
 
return p
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

For a list of all modules using unit tests, see [[Special:Whatlinkshere/Module:UnitTests]]. 

There's also an alternative unit testing framework [[Special:Whatlinkshere/Module:ScribuntoUnit|in use]] called [[Module:ScribuntoUnit]], that originates from Hungarian Wikipedia. Feature-wise it's very similar to [[Module:UnitTests]], but it has a different coding style, and throws real errors that are trapped using protected calls. It also has a method to compare floats within a given precision.

== Wikipedia-specific features ==
Overall: Lua can only get input as text strings passed to the &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and what can be fetched via mw.title.new(...):getContent() and frame:expandTemplate(). Lua output will not be preprocessed unless frame:preprocess() is explicitly called, meaning that template calls, parser functions, etc. in the output will not work correctly.  Also, all Lua in the page is limited to 10 seconds CPU time (you can look in the source code of a rendered page to see how long a template or module took to parse). And relative to standard Lua, Scribunto's Lua lacks all sorts of functions (see [[mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Differences from standard Lua]]).

=== Lua input limitations ===
Lua code in Scribunto is only run when the page is being parsed.  Therefore, the only user input that Lua can receive is by ''page editing'' - it cannot create a box that calculates the square root of a number you type in, or recalculate a piece of the Mandelbrot set depending on which part of the parent set you click on.  The input Lua can receive includes any transcludeable text page on Wikipedia.  This does ''not'' include graphics files (not even [[Wikipedia:SVG help|.SVG]] files, although they are actually text, unless you cut and paste it onto a Wiki text page), the list of pages listed in a [[Help:Category|category]], nor the contents of [[Wikipedia:Transclusion#Special pages|non-transcludeable]] [[Help:Special|special pages]].

=== Wikitext ===
Transcluded Wikipedia headers frequently contain a hidden code such as &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;&quot;UNIQ5ae8f2aa414ff233-h-3--QINU&quot;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; which may need to be stripped out in order for them to be parsed effectively.

Wikilinks of the type &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Wikipedia:Pitulung&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; won't work if returned as output - they need to be written explicitly as &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;[[Wikipedia:Pitulung|&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Pitulung&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;]]&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;. Other pre-save transforms, such as replacing &lt;code&gt;~~&lt;nowiki/&gt;~~&lt;/code&gt; with signatures, will also fail to be processed. Template transclusions, parser function calls, and variable substitutions (i.e. anything with a &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{...}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;) will not be processed, nor will tags such as {{tag|ref|o}} or {{tag|nowiki|o}}.

== Labeling converted templates ==
{{lua|Module:Bananas}}
Please place the {{tl|lua}} template on the documentation subpage of all templates that use Lua. It will help to better communicate Lua usage and template conversions.
{{clear}}

== See also ==
* [[Husus:IndeksAwalan/Modul:]] daptar modul Lua
* [[:Kategori:Lua-based templates]] &amp;ndash; l-groups ta templates based kan Lua

; English Wikipedia-specific resources
* [[:mw:Manual:Coding conventions/Lua]] &amp;ndash; standards to improve the readability of code through consistency
* [[Help:Lua debugging]] &amp;ndash; a how-to guide about [[debugging]] Lua modules
* [[Module:Sandbox]] provides a pseudo-namespace for experimenting with Lua modules
* [[WP:Lua requests]] &amp;ndash; requests for Lua-based templates or tasks

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

{{WikiProject Lua/header}}

[[Category:Wikipedia modules]]</text>
      <sha1>gvexip5dah08af55wxnl8ys3ycslsrd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>712138</id>
      <parentid>712137</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-18T19:30:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nimmzo</username>
        <id>37272</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* See also */ +[[:en:Help:Lua debugging]] -[ [debugging] ]</comment>
      <origin>712138</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11749" sha1="3o0dz4czl753r58pcdvgt6dxzz1tbt5" xml:space="preserve">{{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}

{{WikiProject Lua/header}}
{{Information page|WP:Lua}}
{{Namespaces}}

[[Lua (programming language)|Lua]] is a programming language that is now available, via the [[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] MediaWiki extension, on the English Wikipedia. Lua code can now be embedded into wiki templates by employing the &quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot; functionality of the Scribunto MediaWiki extension.

The Lua [[source code]] is stored in pages called modules (e.g., [[Module:Bananas]]). These individual modules are then invoked (by code &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;) on template pages (e.g., [[Module:Bananas/doc]] uses the code &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:Bananas|hello}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; to print the text &quot;Hello, world!&quot;).

== Running a module ==

Modules are run on normal wiki pages using the #invoke parser function. The syntax of #invoke is similar to template syntax, but with some differences. The most important difference is that you need to specify a ''function name''. A function is a set of instructions that takes input values, processes them, and returns an output value.&lt;ref&gt;You can also have multiple output values, but functions that do this are not normally meant to be accessed from wiki pages.&lt;/ref&gt; This is much like what a template does: you give it arguments, it processes them, and you get a result. However, you can define many functions in one Lua module, whereas you can only define one template on one page.

Furthermore, you can't just run a Lua module directly - you can only run one of the module's functions. The module is just a container for the functions, and doesn't do anything by itself. So there are two reasons that we need to input a function name: we can't run a module by itself, and without specifying a function name, Lua will not know which function it is we want to run.

The simplest way to run a module from a wiki page is like this:

 &amp;#123;{#invoke:''module name''|''function name''}}

For example, we can run [[Module:Bananas]] in this way, which has one function named &quot;hello&quot;.

* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:Bananas|hello}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; &amp;rarr; {{#invoke:Bananas|hello}}

=== Using arguments ===

Arguments are passed to modules in the same way that they are passed to templates. Note, however, that the text after the first pipe character is always the function name; the first positional argument is the text after the ''second'' pipe.

 &amp;#123;{#invoke:''module name''|''function name''|''first positional argument''|''second positional argument''|''named argument'' = ''value''}}

For example, in [[Module:BananasArgs]], the &quot;hello&quot; function greets different people depending on the first positional argument. It works like this:
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Kate}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; &amp;rarr; {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Kate}}
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Fred}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; &amp;rarr; {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Fred}}

BananasArgs also has a function named &quot;count_fruit&quot; which uses the named arguments &lt;code&gt;bananas&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;apples&lt;/code&gt; to count the number of bananas and apples we have. It can be run like this:
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|apples=3|bananas=4}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; &amp;rarr; {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|apples=3|bananas=4}}
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|bananas=5|apples=2}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; &amp;rarr; {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|bananas=5|apples=2}}

Most modules will have a documentation page explaining what arguments can be used and what their effects will be.

== Example modules ==
* [[Module:Bananas]]: The simplest possible script, providing a single function with no arguments.
* [[Module:BananasArgs]]: Demonstrates how to access and use parameters.

== Request a script ==
Visit '''[[Wikipedia:Lua requests]]''' to request help in writing a Lua script to perform a specific task on Wikipedia or another Wikimedia Foundation project.

== History ==
[[mw:Manual:MediaWiki architecture#Magic words and templates|Sordid history]]. {{tl|qif}}, [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions|ParserFunctions]], [[mw:Extension:Lua|Lua extension]], wiki scripting language debated (JavaScript v. Lua), [[mw:Extension:WikiScripts]], Tim writes [[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] with initial support for Lua.

Discussed for years, Lua was installed in 2012 for testing on [[test2wiki:|test2.wikipedia.org]], with open invitation to all editors to experiment with developing Lua modules. Lua was installed on the English Wikipedia in February 2013, after testing on mediawiki.org and Wikimedia test wikis.

== About Lua ==
:''See also [[:File:WMF Tech Talk 2013-02-28 slides - Scribunto presentation.pdf|Brad Jorsch's short presentation for a basic example of how to convert a wikitext template into a Lua module.]]''
Lua is a [[scripting language]] which can be used to analyze data, calculate expressions, and format results using functions or [[object-oriented programming]]. Although some Lua scripts can be kept simple, for easy understanding, Lua allows complex structures including tables, dynamic functions, and [[associative array]]s where index [[subscript]]s can be words as well as index numbers. Lua also supports [[recursion]] of re-nested functions, so care should be taken to avoid excessive complexity where other users would not understand how to maintain a Lua module. The following is an example of Lua [[source code]] for a [[hello world]] function contained in [[Module:HelloWorld]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot;&gt;
-- All Lua modules on Wikipedia must begin by defining a variable that will hold their
-- externally accessible functions. They can have any name and may also hold data.
my_object = {}

-- Add a function to the variable. These are callable in Wikipedia via the #invoke command.
-- &quot;frame&quot; will contain the data that Wikipedia sends this function when it is called. 
my_object.hello = function( frame ) 

    -- Declare a local variable and assign data to it.
    local str = &quot;Hello World!&quot;  

    -- Quit this function and send the information in &quot;str&quot; back to Wikipedia.
    -- The &quot;print&quot; function is not allowed, so all output is accomplished via 
    -- returning strings in this fashion.
    return str    

-- End the function.
end

-- All modules end by returning the variable containing its functions to Wikipedia.
return my_object

-- We can now use this module by calling {{#invoke: HelloWorld | hello }}.
-- The #invoke command begins with the module's name, in this case &quot;HelloWorld&quot;,
-- then takes the name of one of its functions as an argument, in this case &quot;hello&quot;.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
A sample of Lua is highlighted by tag &quot;&amp;lt;source lang=&quot;lua&quot;&gt;...&amp;lt;/source&gt;&quot; placed around the Lua source code. To view some more complex examples of Lua, see article: &quot;[[Lua (programming language)]]&quot;.

For instructions on how to use Lua within MediaWiki (and hence Wikipedia), see [[mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual]].

== Unit testing ==
A unit testing framework for Lua scripts on Wikipedia is available at [[Module:UnitTests]]. It allows you to execute your script on a given set of inputs and verify that the expected outputs are produced. Unit tests are especially useful for rapidly detecting regressions, where modifications to a script introduce new problems.

By convention, unit tests for a module like [[Module:Bananas]] are placed in [[Module:Bananas/testcases]], and are executed on [[Module talk:Bananas/testcases]] with e.g. &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke: Bananas/testcases | run_tests}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Test methods must begin with &quot;test&quot;. A simple example from [[Module:Bananas/testcases]] is below.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot;&gt;
-- Unit tests for [[Module:Bananas]]. Click talk page to run tests.
local p = require('Module:UnitTests')
 
function p:test_hello()
    self:preprocess_equals('{{#invoke:Bananas | hello}}', 'Hello, world!')
end
 
return p
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

For a list of all modules using unit tests, see [[Special:Whatlinkshere/Module:UnitTests]]. 

There's also an alternative unit testing framework [[Special:Whatlinkshere/Module:ScribuntoUnit|in use]] called [[Module:ScribuntoUnit]], that originates from Hungarian Wikipedia. Feature-wise it's very similar to [[Module:UnitTests]], but it has a different coding style, and throws real errors that are trapped using protected calls. It also has a method to compare floats within a given precision.

== Wikipedia-specific features ==
Overall: Lua can only get input as text strings passed to the &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and what can be fetched via mw.title.new(...):getContent() and frame:expandTemplate(). Lua output will not be preprocessed unless frame:preprocess() is explicitly called, meaning that template calls, parser functions, etc. in the output will not work correctly.  Also, all Lua in the page is limited to 10 seconds CPU time (you can look in the source code of a rendered page to see how long a template or module took to parse). And relative to standard Lua, Scribunto's Lua lacks all sorts of functions (see [[mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Differences from standard Lua]]).

=== Lua input limitations ===
Lua code in Scribunto is only run when the page is being parsed.  Therefore, the only user input that Lua can receive is by ''page editing'' - it cannot create a box that calculates the square root of a number you type in, or recalculate a piece of the Mandelbrot set depending on which part of the parent set you click on.  The input Lua can receive includes any transcludeable text page on Wikipedia.  This does ''not'' include graphics files (not even [[Wikipedia:SVG help|.SVG]] files, although they are actually text, unless you cut and paste it onto a Wiki text page), the list of pages listed in a [[Help:Category|category]], nor the contents of [[Wikipedia:Transclusion#Special pages|non-transcludeable]] [[Help:Special|special pages]].

=== Wikitext ===
Transcluded Wikipedia headers frequently contain a hidden code such as &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;&quot;UNIQ5ae8f2aa414ff233-h-3--QINU&quot;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; which may need to be stripped out in order for them to be parsed effectively.

Wikilinks of the type &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Wikipedia:Pitulung&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; won't work if returned as output - they need to be written explicitly as &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;[[Wikipedia:Pitulung|&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Pitulung&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;]]&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;. Other pre-save transforms, such as replacing &lt;code&gt;~~&lt;nowiki/&gt;~~&lt;/code&gt; with signatures, will also fail to be processed. Template transclusions, parser function calls, and variable substitutions (i.e. anything with a &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{...}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;) will not be processed, nor will tags such as {{tag|ref|o}} or {{tag|nowiki|o}}.

== Labeling converted templates ==
{{lua|Module:Bananas}}
Please place the {{tl|lua}} template on the documentation subpage of all templates that use Lua. It will help to better communicate Lua usage and template conversions.
{{clear}}

== See also ==
* [[Husus:IndeksAwalan/Modul:]] daptar modul Lua
* [[:Kategori:Lua-based templates]] &amp;ndash; l-groups ta templates based kan Lua

; English Wikipedia-specific resources
* [[:mw:Manual:Coding conventions/Lua]] &amp;ndash; standards to improve the readability of code through consistency
* [[:en:Help:Lua debugging]] &amp;ndash; a how-to guide about debugging Lua modules
* [[Module:Sandbox]] provides a pseudo-namespace for experimenting with Lua modules
* [[WP:Lua requests]] &amp;ndash; requests for Lua-based templates or tasks

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

{{WikiProject Lua/header}}

[[Category:Wikipedia modules]]</text>
      <sha1>3o0dz4czl753r58pcdvgt6dxzz1tbt5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>712140</id>
      <parentid>712138</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-18T19:40:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nimmzo</username>
        <id>37272</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* See also */ [[:en:WP:Lua requests]] is redirected to → [[:en:Wikipedia talk:Lua]]</comment>
      <origin>712140</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11760" sha1="jnzelqq0anye6fk02jaaxjwodm9c9fy" xml:space="preserve">{{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}

{{WikiProject Lua/header}}
{{Information page|WP:Lua}}
{{Namespaces}}

[[Lua (programming language)|Lua]] is a programming language that is now available, via the [[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] MediaWiki extension, on the English Wikipedia. Lua code can now be embedded into wiki templates by employing the &quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot; functionality of the Scribunto MediaWiki extension.

The Lua [[source code]] is stored in pages called modules (e.g., [[Module:Bananas]]). These individual modules are then invoked (by code &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;) on template pages (e.g., [[Module:Bananas/doc]] uses the code &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:Bananas|hello}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; to print the text &quot;Hello, world!&quot;).

== Running a module ==

Modules are run on normal wiki pages using the #invoke parser function. The syntax of #invoke is similar to template syntax, but with some differences. The most important difference is that you need to specify a ''function name''. A function is a set of instructions that takes input values, processes them, and returns an output value.&lt;ref&gt;You can also have multiple output values, but functions that do this are not normally meant to be accessed from wiki pages.&lt;/ref&gt; This is much like what a template does: you give it arguments, it processes them, and you get a result. However, you can define many functions in one Lua module, whereas you can only define one template on one page.

Furthermore, you can't just run a Lua module directly - you can only run one of the module's functions. The module is just a container for the functions, and doesn't do anything by itself. So there are two reasons that we need to input a function name: we can't run a module by itself, and without specifying a function name, Lua will not know which function it is we want to run.

The simplest way to run a module from a wiki page is like this:

 &amp;#123;{#invoke:''module name''|''function name''}}

For example, we can run [[Module:Bananas]] in this way, which has one function named &quot;hello&quot;.

* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:Bananas|hello}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; &amp;rarr; {{#invoke:Bananas|hello}}

=== Using arguments ===

Arguments are passed to modules in the same way that they are passed to templates. Note, however, that the text after the first pipe character is always the function name; the first positional argument is the text after the ''second'' pipe.

 &amp;#123;{#invoke:''module name''|''function name''|''first positional argument''|''second positional argument''|''named argument'' = ''value''}}

For example, in [[Module:BananasArgs]], the &quot;hello&quot; function greets different people depending on the first positional argument. It works like this:
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Kate}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; &amp;rarr; {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Kate}}
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Fred}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; &amp;rarr; {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Fred}}

BananasArgs also has a function named &quot;count_fruit&quot; which uses the named arguments &lt;code&gt;bananas&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;apples&lt;/code&gt; to count the number of bananas and apples we have. It can be run like this:
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|apples=3|bananas=4}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; &amp;rarr; {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|apples=3|bananas=4}}
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|bananas=5|apples=2}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; &amp;rarr; {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|bananas=5|apples=2}}

Most modules will have a documentation page explaining what arguments can be used and what their effects will be.

== Example modules ==
* [[Module:Bananas]]: The simplest possible script, providing a single function with no arguments.
* [[Module:BananasArgs]]: Demonstrates how to access and use parameters.

== Request a script ==
Visit '''[[Wikipedia:Lua requests]]''' to request help in writing a Lua script to perform a specific task on Wikipedia or another Wikimedia Foundation project.

== History ==
[[mw:Manual:MediaWiki architecture#Magic words and templates|Sordid history]]. {{tl|qif}}, [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions|ParserFunctions]], [[mw:Extension:Lua|Lua extension]], wiki scripting language debated (JavaScript v. Lua), [[mw:Extension:WikiScripts]], Tim writes [[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] with initial support for Lua.

Discussed for years, Lua was installed in 2012 for testing on [[test2wiki:|test2.wikipedia.org]], with open invitation to all editors to experiment with developing Lua modules. Lua was installed on the English Wikipedia in February 2013, after testing on mediawiki.org and Wikimedia test wikis.

== About Lua ==
:''See also [[:File:WMF Tech Talk 2013-02-28 slides - Scribunto presentation.pdf|Brad Jorsch's short presentation for a basic example of how to convert a wikitext template into a Lua module.]]''
Lua is a [[scripting language]] which can be used to analyze data, calculate expressions, and format results using functions or [[object-oriented programming]]. Although some Lua scripts can be kept simple, for easy understanding, Lua allows complex structures including tables, dynamic functions, and [[associative array]]s where index [[subscript]]s can be words as well as index numbers. Lua also supports [[recursion]] of re-nested functions, so care should be taken to avoid excessive complexity where other users would not understand how to maintain a Lua module. The following is an example of Lua [[source code]] for a [[hello world]] function contained in [[Module:HelloWorld]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot;&gt;
-- All Lua modules on Wikipedia must begin by defining a variable that will hold their
-- externally accessible functions. They can have any name and may also hold data.
my_object = {}

-- Add a function to the variable. These are callable in Wikipedia via the #invoke command.
-- &quot;frame&quot; will contain the data that Wikipedia sends this function when it is called. 
my_object.hello = function( frame ) 

    -- Declare a local variable and assign data to it.
    local str = &quot;Hello World!&quot;  

    -- Quit this function and send the information in &quot;str&quot; back to Wikipedia.
    -- The &quot;print&quot; function is not allowed, so all output is accomplished via 
    -- returning strings in this fashion.
    return str    

-- End the function.
end

-- All modules end by returning the variable containing its functions to Wikipedia.
return my_object

-- We can now use this module by calling {{#invoke: HelloWorld | hello }}.
-- The #invoke command begins with the module's name, in this case &quot;HelloWorld&quot;,
-- then takes the name of one of its functions as an argument, in this case &quot;hello&quot;.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
A sample of Lua is highlighted by tag &quot;&amp;lt;source lang=&quot;lua&quot;&gt;...&amp;lt;/source&gt;&quot; placed around the Lua source code. To view some more complex examples of Lua, see article: &quot;[[Lua (programming language)]]&quot;.

For instructions on how to use Lua within MediaWiki (and hence Wikipedia), see [[mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual]].

== Unit testing ==
A unit testing framework for Lua scripts on Wikipedia is available at [[Module:UnitTests]]. It allows you to execute your script on a given set of inputs and verify that the expected outputs are produced. Unit tests are especially useful for rapidly detecting regressions, where modifications to a script introduce new problems.

By convention, unit tests for a module like [[Module:Bananas]] are placed in [[Module:Bananas/testcases]], and are executed on [[Module talk:Bananas/testcases]] with e.g. &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke: Bananas/testcases | run_tests}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Test methods must begin with &quot;test&quot;. A simple example from [[Module:Bananas/testcases]] is below.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot;&gt;
-- Unit tests for [[Module:Bananas]]. Click talk page to run tests.
local p = require('Module:UnitTests')
 
function p:test_hello()
    self:preprocess_equals('{{#invoke:Bananas | hello}}', 'Hello, world!')
end
 
return p
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

For a list of all modules using unit tests, see [[Special:Whatlinkshere/Module:UnitTests]]. 

There's also an alternative unit testing framework [[Special:Whatlinkshere/Module:ScribuntoUnit|in use]] called [[Module:ScribuntoUnit]], that originates from Hungarian Wikipedia. Feature-wise it's very similar to [[Module:UnitTests]], but it has a different coding style, and throws real errors that are trapped using protected calls. It also has a method to compare floats within a given precision.

== Wikipedia-specific features ==
Overall: Lua can only get input as text strings passed to the &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#invoke:}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and what can be fetched via mw.title.new(...):getContent() and frame:expandTemplate(). Lua output will not be preprocessed unless frame:preprocess() is explicitly called, meaning that template calls, parser functions, etc. in the output will not work correctly.  Also, all Lua in the page is limited to 10 seconds CPU time (you can look in the source code of a rendered page to see how long a template or module took to parse). And relative to standard Lua, Scribunto's Lua lacks all sorts of functions (see [[mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Differences from standard Lua]]).

=== Lua input limitations ===
Lua code in Scribunto is only run when the page is being parsed.  Therefore, the only user input that Lua can receive is by ''page editing'' - it cannot create a box that calculates the square root of a number you type in, or recalculate a piece of the Mandelbrot set depending on which part of the parent set you click on.  The input Lua can receive includes any transcludeable text page on Wikipedia.  This does ''not'' include graphics files (not even [[Wikipedia:SVG help|.SVG]] files, although they are actually text, unless you cut and paste it onto a Wiki text page), the list of pages listed in a [[Help:Category|category]], nor the contents of [[Wikipedia:Transclusion#Special pages|non-transcludeable]] [[Help:Special|special pages]].

=== Wikitext ===
Transcluded Wikipedia headers frequently contain a hidden code such as &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;&quot;UNIQ5ae8f2aa414ff233-h-3--QINU&quot;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; which may need to be stripped out in order for them to be parsed effectively.

Wikilinks of the type &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Wikipedia:Pitulung&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; won't work if returned as output - they need to be written explicitly as &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;[[Wikipedia:Pitulung|&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Pitulung&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;]]&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;. Other pre-save transforms, such as replacing &lt;code&gt;~~&lt;nowiki/&gt;~~&lt;/code&gt; with signatures, will also fail to be processed. Template transclusions, parser function calls, and variable substitutions (i.e. anything with a &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{...}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;) will not be processed, nor will tags such as {{tag|ref|o}} or {{tag|nowiki|o}}.

== Labeling converted templates ==
{{lua|Module:Bananas}}
Please place the {{tl|lua}} template on the documentation subpage of all templates that use Lua. It will help to better communicate Lua usage and template conversions.
{{clear}}

== See also ==
* [[Husus:IndeksAwalan/Modul:]] daptar modul Lua
* [[:Kategori:Lua-based templates]] &amp;ndash; l-groups ta templates based kan Lua

; English Wikipedia-specific resources
* [[:mw:Manual:Coding conventions/Lua]] &amp;ndash; standards to improve the readability of code through consistency
* [[:en:Help:Lua debugging]] &amp;ndash; a how-to guide about debugging Lua modules
* [[:en:Module:Sandbox]] provides a pseudo-namespace for experimenting with Lua modules
* [[:en:Wikipedia talk:Lua]] &amp;ndash; requests for Lua-based templates or tasks

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

{{WikiProject Lua/header}}

[[Category:Wikipedia modules]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nutrisi</title>
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'''Nutrisi''' nyaéta [[zat]] dina [[kadaharan|dahareun]] anu dibutuhkeun ku [[organisme]] supaya bisa [[tumuwuh]] sarta mekar kalawan hadé luyu jeung fungsina.&lt;ref name=&quot;hiji&quot;&gt;{{id}}[https://kamusq.com/nutrisi-adalah-pengertian-dan-defenisi/ Pengertian Nutrisi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910034320/http://www.kamusq.com/2013/11/nutrisi-adalah-pengertian-dan-definisi.html|date=2015-09-10}}  diakses 10 juli  2015&lt;/ref&gt;  Nutrisi diala tinahasil direcahna dahareun ku [[sistim]] [[pencernaan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;hiji&quot; /&gt; Sarta mindeng disebut maké istilah sari-sari dahareun.&lt;ref name=&quot;hiji&quot; /&gt;

==Jenis-jenis Nutrisi==
Di handap ieu aya sababaraha rupa nutrisi:&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot;&gt;{{id}}[http://www.diwarta.com/2012/07/21/pengertian-nutrisi-menurut-beberapa-ahli-dan-jenis-jenis-nutrisi.html Pengertian Nutrisi Menurut Para Ahli] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428120409/http://www.diwarta.com/2012/07/21/pengertian-nutrisi-menurut-beberapa-ahli-dan-jenis-jenis-nutrisi.html |date=2015-04-28 }}  diakses 10 Juli 2015&lt;/ref&gt;

===Karbohidrat===
Karbohidrat nyaéta komposisi nu diwangun tina unsur karbon, hidrogén jeung oksigén, aya dina tutuwuhan saperti béas, jagong, gandum, beubeutian, sarta kawangun ngaliwatan prosés asimilasi dina tutuwuhan.&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot; /&gt;
===Lemak===
Lemak nyaéta sumber énergi anu dipadetkeun.&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot; /&gt; Lemak jeung minyak diwangun tina gabungan [[gliserol]] jeung asam-asam lemak.&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot; /&gt;
===Protéin===
Protéin nyaéta ''konstituen'' penting tina sagala sel, jinis nutrien ieu mangrupa struktur kompléks nu diwangun tina asam-asam amino.&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot; /&gt;
===Vitamin===
Vitamin nyaéta bahan organik nu teu bisa dibentuk ku awak sarta boga fungsi salaku katalis pikeun prosés métabolik awak.&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot; /&gt;
===Mineral===
Mineral nyaéta unsur esensial keur fungsi normal sabagian énzim, jeung penting pisan dina ngadalikeun sistim cairan awak.{{fact}} Mineral mangrupa konstituen utama tina jaringan lemes, cairan jeung rorongkong.&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot; /&gt; Rorongkong ngandung lolobana mineral.&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot; /&gt; Awak teu bisa nyintésis jadi kudu disadiakeun ngaliwatan dahareun.&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot; /&gt;
===Cai===
Cai nyaéta komponén panggedéna dina struktur awak manusa.&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot; /&gt; Kurang leuwih 60-70% tina beurat awak jalma sawawa mangrupa cai, mangka cai  diperlukeun pisan ku awak, utamana keur maranéhna anu ngalakonan olahraga atawa aktivitas beurat.&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot; /&gt;

==Referrensi==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Kadaharan]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tuna</title>
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      <text bytes="16126" sha1="90v2u9uogphdpjzlbtk9nsg5xlzw058" xml:space="preserve">{{redirect|Tuna}}
{{Taxobox
| name = Tuna (''Thunnini'')
| image = tuna_assortment.png
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Rupaning jinis tuna (ti luhur): [[albakora]], [[tuna sirip biru Atlantik]], [[cakalang]], [[madidihang]], [[tuna mata besar]]
| regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
| ordo = [[Perciformes]]
| familia = [[Scombridae]]
| tribus = '''''[[Thunnini]]'''''
| subdivision_ranks = [[Spésiés]]
| subdivision = Tempo téks.
}}
'''Tuna''' nyaéta [[lauk]] ''[[zona pelagik|laut pelagik]]'' anu kaasup kana [[tribus]] '''''Thunnini''''', diwangun ku sababaraha [[spésiés]] tina ''famili'' [[Scombridae]], utamana genus ''[[Thunnus]]''. Lauk ieu mangrupikeun pangojay anu gancang (pernah diukur gancangna dugi ka 77&amp;nbsp;km/jam). Teu jiga kalolobaan lauk anu miboga [[daging]] kelir bodas, daging tuna mah kelirna [[beureum]] ngora dugi ka beureum kolot. Hal ieu disababkeun ku [[otot]] tuna anu langkung seueur ngandung ''[[mioglobin]]'' dibandingkeun lauk sanésna.

Sababaraha spésiés tuna anu langkung ageung, sapertos [[tuna sirip biru Atlantik]] (''Thunnus thynnus''), tiasa naékkeun suhu getihna di luhur suhu cai ku cara ''aktivitas'' ototna. Hal ieu nyababkeun maranéhna tiasa hirup dina cai anu langkung tiis sarta tiasa tahan dina rupa-rupa kaayaan lingkungan. Kalolobaanana miboga awak anu badag, tuna mangrupikeun lauk anu miboga ajén komérsial anu luhur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Block |first=Barbara A. |title=Tuna: Physiology, Ecology, and Evolution |url=https://archive.org/details/tunaphysiologyec0000barb |year=2001 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=0-12-350443-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Biologi ==
Tuna miboga wangun awak anu sakedik seueur mirip sareng [[torpédo]], disebutna ''fusiform'', radagepéng dina sisi-sisina sarta miboga ''moncong'' anu méncos. [[Cécépét tonggong]] (''dorsal'') aya dua jumpluk, cécépét tonggong kahiji ukuranna rada leutik sarta papisah ti cécépét tonggong kadua. Di tukangeun cécépét tonggong sarta [[cécépét ''dubur'' (''anal'') aya cécépét tambahan ngabaris leutik  anu disebut ''finlet''. Cécépét buntut nyagak jero kalayan ''jari-jari'' pangrojong anu nutupan sakuliah tungtung ''hipural''. Dina kadua sisi batang buntut masing-masing aya dua lunas gigir ukuran leutik; anu dina sababaraha spésiésna ngapit hiji lunas gigir anu langkung badag.

Kalolobaan awakna miboga wilayah ''barut badan'' (''corselet''), nyaéta bagian di tukangeun sirah sarta di sabudeureun cécépét dada anu ditutupan ku [[sisit lauk|sisit-sisit]] anu kandel sarta rada badag. Bagian awak sésana miboga sisit leutik atanapi tanpa sisit. [[Tulang tonggong]] (''vertebrae'') antara 31–66 siki.&lt;ref name=&quot;fao&quot;&gt;{{aut|Carpenter, Kent E. &amp; Volker H. Niem}}. 2001. FAO Species Identification Guide: ''The Living Marine Resources of The Western Pacific''. Vol. '''6''' : 3721. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fisiologi ==
Aspék anu luar biasa tina [[fisiologi]] tuna nyaéta kamampuhna pikeun ngajaga suhu awak anu langkung luhur batan suhu sabudeureunana. Salaku conto, tuna sirip biru tiasa ngajaga suhu awak 24–35&amp;nbsp;°C (75–95&amp;nbsp;°F), sanajan dina cai tiis anu suhuna {{convert|43|F|C}}. Nanging, teu jiga mahluk [[endotermik]] sapertos [[mamalia]] sarta [[manuk]], lauk tuna henteu tiasa ngajaga suhu awakna dina kisaran anu rupa-rupa sarta heureut (''narrow range'').&lt;ref name=tbot&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://science.jrank.org/pages/7020/Tuna-Biology-tuna.html
|title=Tuna - Biology Of Tuna
|accessdate=26 Januari 2026
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102133857/http://science.jrank.org/pages/7020/Tuna-Biology-tuna.html |date=2011-11-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tuna mampuh ngalakukeun hal kasebut ku cara ngahasilkeun panas tina prosés métabolisme. ''[[Rete mirabile]]'', nyaéta ''jalinan pembuluh'' [[vena]] sarta [[arteri]] anu aya di sisi awak, mindahkeun panas tina [[getih vena]] ka [[getih arteri]]. Hal ieu bakal ngurangan tiisna awak palebah luar sarta ngajaga otot sangkan tetep haneut. Ieu pisan anu nyababkeun tuna mampuh ngojay langkung gancang kalayan énergi anu langkung saeutik.&lt;ref name=tbot/&gt;

[[File:Tuna_Countercurrent_Heat_Exchange.png|thumb|right|250px|Diagram sistem ''rete mirabile'' dina tuna anu mindahkeun panas tina getih vena ka getih arteri pikeun ngajaga suhu otot.]]

== Jinis-jinis tuna ==
[[File:Tuna all sizes Pengo.svg|thumb|350px|Babandingan ukuran maksimum rupaning jinis tuna. ''Thunnus thynnus'' mangrupikeun jinis anu pangageungna, dituturkeun ku jinis tuna sanésna sapertos madidihang sarta cakalang.|alt=Grafik batang anu némbongkeun Thunnus thynnus salaku tuna pangageungna (458 cm), dituturkeun ku Thunnus orientalis (300 cm), Thunnus obesus (250 cm), Gymnosarda unicolor (248 cm), Thunnus maccoyii (245 cm), Thunnus albacares (239 cm), Gasterochisma melampus (164 cm), Thunnus tonggol (145 cm), Thunnus alalunga (140 cm), Euthynnus alletteratus (122 cm), Katsuwonus pelamis (108 cm), Thunnus atlanticus (108 cm), Allothunnus fallai (105 cm), Euthynnus affinis (100 cm), Auxis thazard thazard (65 cm), Auxis rochei rochei (50 cm), sarta Auxis rochei eudorax (36.5 cm).]]

Aya leuwih ti 15 spésiés tuna anu sumebar di sagara dunya. Sababaraha jinis tuna anu miboga ajén ékonomi penting di antarana:

* '''[[Tuna sirip biru Atlantik]]''' (''Thunnus thynnus''): Jinis tuna pangageungna anu beuratna tiasa dugi ka 600 kg.
* '''[[Madidihang]]''' (''Thunnus albacares''): Katelah ogé ku nami ''yellowfin tuna'', seueur ditéwak di perairan tropis.
* '''[[Tuna mata besar]]''' (''Thunnus obesus''): Tuna anu hirup dina cai anu langkung jero.
* '''[[Albakora]]''' (''Thunnus alalunga''): Jinis tuna anu dagingna warna bodas sarta sering janten bahan tuna kaléng.
* '''[[Cakalang]]''' (''Katsuwonus pelamis''): Sanajan ukuranna langkung alit, cakalang mangrupikeun jinis tuna anu paling seueur ditéwak di dunya.


Aya leuwih ti 48 spésiés tuna. Marga ''[[Thunnus]]'' nyalira miboga 9 spésiés:
* ''Thunnus alalunga'' &lt;small&gt;([[Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre|Bonnaterre]], 1788)&lt;/small&gt;, [[albakora]], {{convert|105|cm|in}}.
* ''Thunnus albacares'' &lt;small&gt;([[Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre|Bonnaterre]], 1788)&lt;/small&gt;, [[madidihang]] atanapi tuna jabrig.
* ''Thunnus atlanticus'' &lt;small&gt;([[René-Primevére Lesson|Lesson]], 1831)&lt;/small&gt;, [[tuna sirip hideung]].
* ''Thunnus maccoyii'' &lt;small&gt;([[François Louis Nompar de Caumat de Laporte Castelnau|Castelnau]], 1872)&lt;/small&gt;, [[tuna sirip biru kidul]].
* ''Thunnus obesus'' &lt;small&gt;(Lowe, 1839)&lt;/small&gt;, [[tuna mata badag]].
* ''Thunnus orientalis'' &lt;small&gt;([[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]] &amp; [[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], 1844)&lt;/small&gt;, [[tuna sirip biru Pasifik]].
* ''Thunnus thynnus'' &lt;small&gt;([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)&lt;/small&gt;, [[tuna sirip biru Atlantik]].
* ''Thunnus tonggol'' &lt;small&gt;([[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1851)&lt;/small&gt;, [[tongkol kulawu]].
* ''Thunnus karasicus'' &lt;small&gt;([[René-Primevére Lesson|Lesson]], 1831)&lt;/small&gt;, [[tuna karasik]].

[[File:Fish1316.jpg|thumb|220px|Saurang pamayang sareng tuna kenging ditéwakna.]]
Salian ti éta, masih aya sababaraha anggota marga sanés tina [[familia]] [[Scombridae]] anu ogé digolongkeun salaku tuna:
* ''Allothunnus fallai'' &lt;small&gt;(Serventy, 1948)&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Auxis rochei'' &lt;small&gt;(Risso, 1810)&lt;/small&gt;, [[tongkol lisong]].
* ''Auxis tongolis'' &lt;small&gt;([[Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre|Bonnaterre]], 1788)&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Auxis thazard'' &lt;small&gt;(Lacepede, 1800)&lt;/small&gt;, [[tongkol krai]].
* ''Euthynnus affinis'' &lt;small&gt;(Cantor, 1849)&lt;/small&gt;, [[tongkol como]].
* ''Euthynnus alletteratus'' &lt;small&gt;(Rafinesque, 1810)&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Euthynnus lineatus'' &lt;small&gt;(Kishinouye, 1920)&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Gymnosarda unicolor'' &lt;small&gt;([[Edward Rüppell|Rüppell]], 1836)&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Katsuwonus pelamis'' &lt;small&gt;([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)&lt;/small&gt;, [[cakalang]].
* ''Thunnus lineaus'' &lt;small&gt;([[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]] &amp; [[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], 1844)&lt;/small&gt;.
Perobihan Utama:

== Étimologi ==
Kecap &quot;Tuna&quot; asalna tina basa [[bahasa Spanyol|Spanyol]] ''atún'', tina [[basa Arab]] تن atanapi نون (''tun/tunn''), tina [[basa Latin]] ''thunnus'', tina {{lang-grc|θύννος|(thýnnos)|lauk tuna}} – anu asal-usulna ditalungtik deui asalna tina {{lang|grc|θύνω}} {{transl|grc|(''thynō'')}}, anu hartosna &quot;nyuruwuk&quot; atanapi &quot;melesat&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=A lexicon abridged from Liddell and Scott's Greek-English lexicon|first1=H.G.|last1=Liddell|first2=R.|last2=Scott|first3=J.M.|last3=Whiton|edition=17th|publisher=Ginn &amp; Co.|year=1887}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Perikanan ==
Jinis-jinis tuna anu pangpentingna pikeun perikanan téwak sarta olahraga nguseup nyaéta madidihang, tuna mata badag, tuna-tuna sirip biru sarta tatihu, albakor, sarta cakalang.

Antawis taun 1940 sarta pertengahan 1960-an, hasil téwak perikanan dunya pikeun lima spésiés tuna pangpentingna parantos ningkat tina angka sakitar 300 rébu janten sakitar sajuta ton per taun, kalolobaanana ditéwak nganggo pakakas pancing. Kalayan kamekaran téknologi alat téwak [[pukat cingcin]] (''purse-seine''), dina sababaraha taun terakhir hasil téwak tuna luncat dugi ka langkung ti 4 juta ton per taun. Sakitar 68 persén tina angka kasebut asalna tina [[Samudra Pasifik]], 22 persén tina [[Samudra Hindia]], sarta 10 persén sésana kabagi antawis [[Samudra Atlantik]] sarta [[Laut Tengah]]. Hasil téwak [[cakalang]] ngadominasi dugi ka 60% tina total téwakan, dituturkeun ku [[madidihang]] (24%), [[tuna mata badag|mata badag]] (10%) sarta [[albakora]] (5%). Sakitar 62% produksi dunya ditéwak ku cara ngagunakeun pukat cingcin, 14% ngagunakeun pancing rawai tuna (''longline''), 11% ngagunakeun pancing huhate (''pole and line''), sarta sésana nganggo pakakas sanésna.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISSF&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.iss-foundation.org/files/b45a4eb2-f9d7-4ed6-87a1-2efe2519baf6/ISSF_A-1%20Introduction.pdf
|title=Status of the World Fisheries for Tuna
|publisher=ISSF
|date=10 November 2009
|accessdate=26 Januari 2026
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327021649/http://www.iss-foundation.org/files/b45a4eb2-f9d7-4ed6-87a1-2efe2519baf6/ISSF_A-1%20Introduction.pdf |date=2010-03-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina taun 2006, Pamaréntah [[Australia]] nuduh yén [[Jepang]] parantos manén tuna sacara kalebihan (''overfishing'') sarta ilégal, ku cara nangkep 12–20 rébu ton per taun, jauh di luhur kuota anu parantos disatujuan nyaéta 6 rébu ton per taun. Ajén tina kalebihan téwakan éta ditaksir dugi ka 2 miliar dolar (Amérika).&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20061113131846/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200610/s1765413.htm Bradford, Gillian. &quot;Bluefin Tuna Plundering Catches Up With Japan.&quot;] ABC News. October 16, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Éta kalebihan téwak téh anu diduda parantos ngaruksak stok tuna sirip biru.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/28/AR2009112801066.html Eilperin, Juliet. &quot;Saving the Riches of the Sea.&quot;] ''Washington Post.'' November 29, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nurutkeun [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]], &quot;pangabutuh Jepang anu kacida badagna kana tuna bakal mawa ''stok'' lauk anu paling ditéang ieu kana [[katumpuran]] komérsial, iwal ti upami pihak perikanan satuju kana kuota anu langkung ketat&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2007/jan/22/japan.conservationandendangeredspecies
|title=Japan warned tuna stocks face extinction
|first=Justin |last=McCurry
|work=The Guardian
|date=22 Januari 2007
|accessdate=26 Januari 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina taun 2010, hiji tuna sirip biru anu beuratna 232 kilogram (511,47 pon) pajajalan di [[Pasar lauk Tsukiji]] Tokyo kalayan harga 16,28 juta yen ($US 175.000).&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8440758.stm Tuna hits highest price in nine years at Tokyo auction] ''BBC News'', 5 January 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
Perobihan
== Réferénsi ==
{{reflist}}

== Bacaan salajengna ==
* Clover, Charles. 2004. ''[[The End of the Line: How Overfishing Is Changing the World and What We Eat]]''. Ebury Press, London. ISBN 0-09-189780-7
* [[Organisasi Kadaharan jeung Tatanén|FAO]]: Species Catalog Vol. 2 Scombrids of the World. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, Volume 2. FIR/S125 Vol. 2. ISBN 92-5-101381-0
* [[Organisasi Kadaharan jeung Tatanén|FAO]]: Review of the state of world marine fishery resources: [http://firms.fao.org/firms/resource/16001/en Tuna and tuna-like species - Global, 2005] Rome.
* Majkowski, Jacek (1995) [http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/y5852e/Y5852E08.htm#ch3.1 &quot;Tuna and tuna-like species&quot;] In: ''Review of the state of world marine fishery resources'', FAO Fisheries technical paper 457, FAO, Rome. ISBN 95-5-105267-0.
* Majkowski J, Arrizabalaga H, Carocci F and Murua H (2011) [http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2389e/i2389e.zip &quot;Tuna and tuna-like species&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170625/http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2389e/i2389e.zip |date=2016-03-03 }} In: ''Review of the state of world marine fishery resources'', pages 227–244, FAO Fisheries technical paper 569, FAO, Rome. ISBN 978-92-5-107023-9.
* Standard of Identity for Canned Tuna (United States), Code of Federal Regulations: 21 CFR 161.190 - Canned tuna.
* Viñas J and Tudela S (2009) [http://dugi-doc.udg.edu/bitstream/10256/3594/1/Validated-Methodology.pdf &quot;A validated methodology for genetic identification of tuna species (genus ''Thunnus'')&quot;]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''PLoS One'', '''4'''(10): e7606.
Perobihan Utama:

== Tutumbu kaluar ==
{{Commons category|Scombridae}}
{{Cookbook}}
* {{en}} [http://www.atuna.com/ Atuna.com] - Gerbang pasar tuna dunya.
* {{en}} [http://www.healthytuna.com/health-nutrition Mangpaat nutrisi tuna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101025031417/http://www.healthytuna.com/health-nutrition |date=2010-10-25 }}
* {{en}} [http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/oceans/tuna/ Tuna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606141701/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/oceans/tuna/ |date=2011-06-06 }} di [[Greenpeace]]
* {{en}} [http://www.stanford.edu/group/microdocs/sucks.html Tuna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727042839/http://www.stanford.edu/group/microdocs/sucks.html |date=2011-07-27 }} di Stanford University Microdocs
* {{en}} [http://www.mbayaq.org/cr/seafoodwatch.asp Program ''Seafood Watch'' Monterey Bay Aquarium]
* {{en}} [http://www.kallipolis.com/diet/food.php?id=15118 Inpormasi nutrisi tuna sirip biru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060421052048/http://www.kallipolis.com/diet/food.php?id=15118 |date=2006-04-21 }}
* {{en}} [http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~frf/sea-mehg.html Tabel tingkat merkuri rélatif dina lauk (FDA)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060110235714/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~frf/sea-mehg.html |date=2006-01-10 }}
* {{en}} [http://GotMercury.Org GotMercury.Org, kalkulator merkuri dumasar kana data FDA sarta rumus EPA.]
* {{en}} [http://oceans.greenpeace.org/en/our-oceans/tuna Fakta ngeunaan tuna ti Greenpeace] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609133958/http://oceans.greenpeace.org/en/our-oceans/tuna |date=2007-06-09 }}
Perobihan anu Dilakukeun:

=== Warta ===
* {{en}} [http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=bluefin-tuna-in-peril&amp;print=true The Bluefin Tuna in Peril], Scientific American, 24 Juni 2008.
* {{en}} [http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=104543&amp;org=NSF&amp;from=news How Hot Tuna (and Some Sharks) Stay Warm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706033400/https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=104543&amp;org=NSF&amp;from=news |date=2017-07-06 }}, National Science Foundation, 27 Oktober 2005.
* {{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/25/nyregion/25nyc.html?ref=nyregion|title=Tuna Fish Stories: The Candidates Spin the Sushi|last=Haberman|first=Clyde|date=25 January 2008|work=[[The New York Times]]}}

{{Scombridae}}

[[Kategori:Scombridae]]
[[Kategori:Lauk laut]]
[[Kategori:Lauk komérsial]]
[[Kategori:Lauk Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Lauk konsumsi]]
[[Kategori:Lauk pancing]]
[[Kategori:Komoditas perikanan]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nepenthes gracilis</title>
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      <text bytes="11371" sha1="hwds9n22r7o2oxu6bavynp9fet88t9u" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name               = ''Nepenthes gracilis''
| image              = Nepenthes gracilis.jpg
| image_alt          = Tutuwuhan kantong semar nu hirup dina rurungkunan baseuh.
| image_caption      = ''Nepenthes gracilis''
| regnum             = [[Plantae]]
| divisio            = [[Tracheophyta]]
| classis            = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo               = [[Nepenthales]]
| familia            = [[Nephentaceae]]
| genus              = ''[[Nepenthes]]''
| species            = '''''gracilis'''''
| binomial           = ''Nepenthes gracilis''
| binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
}}

'''''Nepenthes gracilis''''' nyaéta tutuwuhan karnivora tina génus kantong semar (''Nepenthes''')''''' anu ukuranna leutik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lipi.go.id/publikasi/Nepenthes-gracilis-Korth-KANTONG-SEMAR-KECIL-YANG-MENARIK-DAN-MEKANISME-DALAM-MENJEBAK-MANGSA/24679|title=Nepenthes gracilis Korth.: KANTONG SEMAR KECIL YANG MENARIK DAN MEKANISME DALAM MENJEBAK MANGSA|website=lipi.go.id|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-28}}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sumebarna umumna di [[Brunei Darussalam]], [[Indonésia|Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra|Sumatera]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sartika|first=Sartika|last2=Setiawan|first2=Agus|last3=Master|first3=Jani|date=2017-07-31|title=Populasi dan Pola Penyebaran Kantong Semar (Nepenthes gracilis) di Rhino Camp Resort Sukaraja Atas Kawasan Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan (TNBBS)|url=https://jurnal.fp.unila.ac.id/index.php/JHT/article/view/1557|journal=Jurnal Sylva Lestari|language=en|volume=5|issue=3|pages=12–21|doi=10.23960/jsl3512-21|issn=2549-5747}}&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Kalimantan]], [[Sulawesi]]), [[Malaysia]] ([[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]], [[Semenanjung Malaysia]]), [[Singapura]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://uforest.org/Species/N/Nepenthes_gracilis.php|title=Slender Pitcher Plant - Nepenthes gracilis|website=uforest.org|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-29}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517042758/http://uforest.org/Species/N/Nepenthes_gracilis.php |date=2021-05-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;, jeung [[Thailand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Nepenthes gracilis|last=University|first=Charles Clarke (IUCN SSC Carnivorous Plants SG / Monash|last2=Sunway|first2=Bandar|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|accessdate=2020-05-29|last3=Malaysia)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://portal.cybertaxonomy.org/flora-malesiana/node/11873|title=Nepenthes gracilis|last=|first=|website=Flora Malesiana|publisher=|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;br /&gt; 

== Morfologi ==
Panjang areuyna bisa nepi ka 5 méter. Kembangna aya anu kelir bodas, héjo, kayas atawa coklat. Panjang tutup buahna 14-35 mm.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Kandel batang areuyna 5 mm.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=DWI MURTI PUSPITANINGTYAS|first=HARY WAWANGNINGRUM|date=April 2007|title=Keanekaragaman Nepenthes di Suaka Alam Sulasih Talang, Sumatera Barat|journal=B I O D I V E R S I T A S|doi=|pmid=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daunna kandel jeung kaku, tanpa catang,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Aung|first=H. H|last2=Chia|first2=L. S|last3=Goh|first3=N. K|last4=Chia|first4=T. F|last5=Ahmed|first5=A. A|last6=Pare|first6=P. W|last7=Mabry|first7=T. J|date=2002-08-01|title=Phenolic constituents from the leaves of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes gracilis|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0367326X02001132|journal=Fitoterapia|language=en|volume=73|issue=5|pages=445–447|doi=10.1016/S0367-326X(02)00113-2|issn=0367-326X}}&lt;/ref&gt; panjangna 15 cm, rubak 3 cm, congona seukeut, kana arah tanglana beuki leutik, areuyna 7-15 cm. Kantong handap jeung rosét wangunna buleud sarupa endog ti bagian 1/4-1/3 handap, jeung 2/3 bagian luhur wangunna silindris, jangkungna 10 cm, rubak 3 cm. Jangjangna dua, rubakna 3 mm, sisina aya rumbai atawa rambut getar, manjang ti luhur ka handap kalawan pinuh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.natureloveyou.sg/Nepenthes%20gracilis/Main.html|title=Nepenthes gracilis|website=www.natureloveyou.sg|accessdate=2020-05-29}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Liang bahamna buleud saperti endog, panjang 2,5 cm, rubak 1,8 cm. Panutup liangna buleud jeung bagian puhuna saperi wangun jantung, panjang kira-kira 2 cm, rubak 2 cm.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://idsba.com/nepenthes-gracilis/|title=Nepenthes gracilis {{!}} IDSBA - Indonesian Society of Botanical Artists|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-29}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809025443/http://idsba.com/nepenthes-gracilis/ |date=2020-08-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Puhu tangkal jeung akar ''Nepenthes gracilis'' rélatif katutupan ku gundukan sirung jeung akar, ari bagian daun, kantong jeung batangna mah ngarambat nuturkeun datangna cahaya [[panonpoé]] (tempat nu nembrak).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kissinger|first=Kissinger|last2=Zuhud|first2=Ervizal A. M.|last3=Darusman|first3=Latifah K.|last4=Z.Siregar|first4=Iskandar|date=2015|title=ANALISIS FUNGSI NEPENTHES GRACILIS KORTH. TERHADAP LINGKUNGAN HUTAN KERANGAS|url=https://ppjp.ulm.ac.id/journal/index.php/jht/article/view/4166|journal=Jurnal Hutan Tropis|language=en-US|volume=3|issue=1|pages=61–66|doi=10.20527/jht.v3i1.4166|issn=2337-7992}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116120619/https://ppjp.ulm.ac.id/journal/index.php/jht/article/view/4166 |date=2024-01-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Jumlah kantong tina ieu tutuwuhan bisa béda, gumantung tempatna hirup.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Niken Paluvi, Mukarlina|first=Riza Linda|date=(2015) Vol. 4 (1) : 103-107|title=Struktur Anatomi Daun, Kantung dan Sulur epenthes gracilis Korth. yang Tumbuh di Area Intensitas Cahaya Berbeda|url=|journal=Jurnal Protobiont|doi=|pmid=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina leuweung kerangas nu nembrak jumlah kantongna leuwih réa ti batan anu hirup di tempat nu kaiuhan. Ieu mangrupa pangaruh tina intensitas gahaya panonpoé.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Habitat ==
''Nepenthes gracilis'' nyaéta spésiés kantong semar anu pangréana kapanggih dina rupa-rupa tipeu [[leuweung]]. Ieu tutuwuhan bisa tumuwuh jeung baranahan kalawan hadé di hutan kerangas nu nembrak, jeung leuweung kerangas nutup kanopi [[tatangkalan]]. Kamampuhna anu kawilang hadé pikeun adaptasi di lingkungan anu ékstrim. Jumlah individu ''Nepenthes gracilis'' bakal ngaronjat upama dibandingkeun jeung jinis ''Nepenthes'' linanna di leuweung kerangas nu geus nembrak. Jumlah individu Nepenthes gracilis anu luhur jadi indikasi yén ieu tutuwuhan mangrupa jinis panaratas dina leuweung kerangas anu teu kaiuhan ku tatangkalan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

''Nepenthes gracilis'' rélatif mampuh tumuwuh dina lahan anu nembrak, upama masih aya lapisan ipis anu nutupan [[Akar|akarna]]. Dina kondisi [[Cahya|cahaya]] anu pinuh, bisa adaptasi kalawan kondisi gundukan rungkunna tumuwuh leuwih gancang, nepi ka akarna katutupan ku rungkun tangkal, daun jeung kantong nu tumuwuh rapet dina jumlah anu réa. Tapi, lamun kondisina kieu, mangka tumuwuhna téh jadi pendék kalawan ukuran catang, daun jeung kantong anu leuwih leutik dibandingkeun jeung anu hirup bari akarna katutupan ku dangdaunan buruk jeung kaiuhan ku tatangkalan nu leuwih jangkung.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

Réana jumlah individu ''Nepenthes gracilis'' anu kawilang luhur dina lahan anu nembrak jeung boga lapisan gambut atawa dangdaunan ligar nu ipis. Nepenthes gracilis réa kapanggih dina lahan anu boga pH rélatif handap. Nepenthes gracilis mampu hirup jeung kantong semar jinis séjénna. Tapi, hirupna kawilang leuwih lila ti batan jinis lianna saperti ''Nepenthes'' ''rafflesiana'' jeung ''Nepenthes ampularia''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

== Karnivora ==
Saperti kulawarga kantong semar séjénna, Nepenthes gracilis kaasup tutuwuhan handap anu boga kamampuh pikeun ngahakan [[gegeremet]] (serangga) nu matak digolongkeun minangka tutuwuhan [[karnivora]] jeung umumna hirup dina [[taneuh]] anu ngandung saeutik unsur hara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bauer|first=Ulrike|last2=Giusto|first2=Bruno Di|last3=Skepper|first3=Jeremy|last4=Grafe|first4=T. Ulmar|last5=Federle|first5=Walter|date=2012-06-13|title=With a Flick of the Lid: A Novel Trapping Mechanism in Nepenthes gracilis Pitcher Plants|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0038951|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=7|issue=6|pages=e38951|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0038951|issn=1932-6203|pmc=PMC3374759|pmid=22719998}}&lt;/ref&gt; Éta kamampuh ngahakan sato téh mangsupa cara pikeun ieu tutuwuhan sangkan bisa ngungkulan kakurangan [[nutrisi]] tina taneuh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sartika|first=Sartika|last2=Setiawan|first2=Agus|last3=Master|first3=Jani|date=2017-07-31|title=Populasi dan Pola Penyebaran Kantong Semar (Nepenthes gracilis) di Rhino Camp Resort Sukaraja Atas Kawasan Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan (TNBBS)|url=https://jurnal.fp.unila.ac.id/index.php/JHT/article/view/1557|journal=Jurnal Sylva Lestari|language=en|volume=5|issue=3|pages=12–21|doi=10.23960/jsl3512-21|issn=2549-5747}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Konservasi ==
Dumasar kana Undang-Undang No.5 taun 1990 ngeunaan Konservasi Sumberdaya Alam Hayati dan Ekosistemnya jeung Peraturan Pemerintah No. 7/1999 ngeunaan Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa, ''Nepenthes gracilis'' kaasup tutuwuhan anu dilindung ku nagara, ieu hal sajalan jeung régulasi Convention on Internasional Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cites.org/eng/node/37762|title=Nepenthes gracilis {{!}} CITES|website=cites.org|accessdate=2020-05-29}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; anu ngasupkeun ieu tutuwuhan kana Appendix II.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Iwal ti éta asup ogé kana status IUCN minangka ''Least Concern''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Pikeun ngajaga sumebarna ieu tutuwuhan, sawatara usaha budidaya geus dilakukeun. Di antarana ku cara [[kultur jaringan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Febrianto|first=Rio|last2=Suwirmen|first2=Suwirmen|last3=Syamsuardi|first3=Syamsuardi|date=2015-06-15|title=Aklimatisasi Planlet Kantong Semar (Nepenthes gracilis Korth.) pada berbagai Campuran Media Tanam Tanah Ultisol|url=http://jbioua.fmipa.unand.ac.id/index.php/jbioua/article/view/152|journal=Jurnal Biologi UNAND|language=en|volume=4|issue=2|doi=10.25077/jbioua.4.2.%p.2015|issn=2655-9587}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711225909/http://jbioua.fmipa.unand.ac.id/index.php/jbioua/article/view/152 |date=2020-07-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Manfaat ==
Ieu spésiés dipikawanoh ogé ninangka bahan ubar tradisional pikeun panyakit kanker, batuk, diabétés jeung kaséhatan panon. Mékanismeu adaptasi kana lingkungan ngajadikeun ''Nepenthes gracilis'' boga poténsi sacara fisiologis pikeun ngalakukeun prosés métobolot sékunder anu haislna bisa dimanfaatkeun minangka [[Sanyawa kimia|senyawa kimia]] tutuwuhan nu boga poténsi pikeun bahan ubar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Nepenthes gracilis boga poténsi ajén ékonomi pikeun dimanfaatkeun kalawan optimal, nyaéta minangka tutuwuhan hias. Di sawatara nagara saperti [[Jepang]], [[Éropa]], [[Amérika (buana)|Amérika]] jeung [[Australia]], kantong semar dijieun pepelakan hias pilihan anu éksotis, tapi di Indonésia can pati dipaké.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; 

== Référénsi ==
{{Reflist|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Asia]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Hias]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nagara Wa</title>
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      <text bytes="32259" sha1="1kew9iynbedlo6zpgz2ec8mvoty0r6q" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Nagara Wa
| native_name              = {{lang|zh|佤邦}}&lt;br /&gt;Meung Vax
| common_name              = Nagara Wa
| image_flag               = Flag of Wa State (white sun).svg
| image_coat               = Emblem_of_Wa_State.png
| alt_coat                 =
| symbol_type              =
| national_motto           =
| national_anthem          = {{lang|zh-hans|我爱佤邦}}&lt;br /&gt;(&quot;Aing nyaah ka Nagara Wa&quot;)
| image_map                = Wa State territory map.svg
| alt_map                  = Peta anu nampilkeun Nagara Wa dina warna héjo, sedengkeun Myanmar dina warna abu
| map_caption              = Peta wewengkon nu diaku ku Nagara Wa [[United Wa State Party|UWSP]] (héjo),&lt;br&gt;jeung peta Nagara Myanmar (abu).
| capital                  = [[Pangkham]]
| coordinates              = {{Coord|22|10|N|99|11|E|type:city}}
| largest_city             = [[Pangkham]]
| official_languages       = ''taya basa resmi''
| national_languages       = [[Basa Wa|Wa]]
| regional_languages       = {{flatlist|
* [[Basa Mandarin beulah Kidul Kulon]]
* [[Basa Shan|Dai]]&lt;!-- Geus ilahar dipaké dina média --&gt;
}}
| languages_type           = Basa gawé
| languages                = {{flatlist|
* [[Standard Chinese]]
* [[Burmese language|Burmese]]
* [[Shan language|Dai]]&lt;!-- The name used in official Wa media --&gt;
* [[Wa language|Wa]]
}}
| ethnic_groups            = [[Wa people|Wa]], [[Shan people|Dai]], [[Lahu people|Lahu]], [[Akha people|Akha]], jeung nu séjénna
| ethnic_groups_year       =
| demonym                  =
| status                   =
| government_type          = [[Nagara hiji partéy|Nagara Hiji-partéy]] [[Nagara sosialis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hay&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Hay |first1=Wayne |title=Myanmar: No sign of lasting peace in Wa State |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/myanmar-sign-lasting-peace-wa-state-190929075944087.html |access-date=6 March 2020 |work=Al Jazeera |date=29 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_title1            = Présidén
| leader_name1             = [[Bao Youxiang]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.shanland.org/politics/2006/News-08180406/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131013221841/http://www.shanland.org/politics/2006/News-08180406/ |archive-date=13 October 2013 }} '''Quote:''' &quot;'Officially, Bao Youxiang is still the President of the Wa State Government and Commander-in-Chief of the United Wa State Army,' said a Thai security officer, a ten-year veteran on the Thai-Burma border...&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_title2            = Wakil Présidén
| leader_name2             = Xiao Mingliang&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://democracyforburma.wordpress.com/2011/09/29/a-united-wa-state-army-uwsa-delegation-led-by-vice-president-xiao-minliang-bao-youliang-and-zhao-guo-ang-left-panghsang-for-lashio-today/ |title = A United Wa State Army (UWSA) delegation led by Vice President Xiao Minliang, Bao Youliang and Zhao Guo-ang left Panghsang for Lashio today |work = democracy for Burma |access-date = 29 November 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| sovereignty_type         = Sajarah
| established_event1       = Ngadéklarasikeun kamerdikaanna ti [[Myanmar]]
| established_date1        = 17 April 1989
| established_event2       = Dibéré hak otonomi ku [[Myanmar]]
| established_date2        = 9 Méi 1989
| established_event3       = Ngajieun [[Pamaréntahan Nagara Wa nu Mandiri]]
| established_date3        = 20 Agustus 2010
| area_rank                =
| area_magnitude           =
| area_km2                 = 30000
| percent_water            = teu maliré
| area_label               =
| area_footnote            =
| population_estimate      = 558,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Wa Self-Administered Division WFP Myanmar |url=https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000107118/download/ |publisher=World Food Programme |access-date=20 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_estimate_rank =
| population_estimate_year =
| population_census        =
| population_census_year   =
| population_density_km2   = 32.8
| population_density_rank  =
| population_density_sq_mi = 12.7
| currency                 = [[Rénminbi]] (kalér)&lt;br /&gt;[[Thai baht]] (kidul)
| currency_code            =
| time_zone                = [[Myanmar Standard Time|MMT]]
| utc_offset               = +06:30
| drives_on                = katuhu
| calling_code             = [[Nomer telepon di Cina|+86 (0)879]] (kalér)&lt;br /&gt;[[Nomer telepon di Thailand|+66 (0)53]] (kidul)
| GDP_PPP                  =
| GDP_PPP_year             =
| HDI                      =
| HDI_year                 =
| today                    =
}}

'''Nagara Wa''' ( Basa Wa: ''Meung Vax''; Basa Cina: 佤邦; Aksara Pinyin Cina: ''Wǎ Bāng''; [[Basa Burma]]: ဝပြည်နယ်: [[Basa Sunda]]: ᮔᮌᮛ ᮝ; Aksara Sunda Latén: ''Nagara Wa'') mangrupa daérah otonom nu aya dina jero Nagara [[Myanmar]] (Burma). Nagara ieu dianggap nagara anu statusna ''de facto'' kénéh, tapi sanajan ''de facto'' kénéh ogé manéhna geus jadi nagara anu mandiri ti nagara Myanmar, diantarana Nagara Wa geus mibanda lembaga politik, babagéan administrasi jeung angkatan darat sorangan.&lt;ref name=&quot;phoenix&quot;&gt;29 December 2004, [http://www.phoenixtv.com/phoenixtv/76575495906394112/20041229/477702.shtml 佤帮双雄] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050525020629/http://www.phoenixtv.com/phoenixtv/76575495906394112/20041229/477702.shtml |date=2005-05-25 }}, [[Phoenix TV]]&lt;/ref&gt; Tapi salian ti éta, manéhna tetep ngaku kana kadaulatan Myanmar jeung sakabéh daérahna, ku kituna, salaku balesanna ti pamaréntah [[Myanmar]], Nagara Wa dibéréan tingkat otonomi anu luhur ku pamaréntah pusat nu aya di Naypyidaw .&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,397549,00.html Soldiers of Fortune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824123825/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,397549,00.html |date=2013-08-24 }}, Time Magazine.&lt;/ref&gt; Dumasar kana Konstitusi 2008 di Myanmar wewengkon Nagara Wa dianggap salaku ''Divisi Nu Bisa Ngurus Diri Sorangan Wa'' ti Nagara Bagéan Shan .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=တိုင်းခုနစ်တိုင်းကို တိုင်းဒေသကြီးများအဖြစ် လည်းကောင်း၊ ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရ တိုင်းနှင့် ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရ ဒေသများ ရုံးစိုက်ရာ မြို့များကို လည်းကောင်း ပြည်ထောင်စုနယ်မြေတွင် ခရိုင်နှင့်မြို့နယ်များကို လည်းကောင်း သတ်မှတ်ကြေညာ|work=[[Weekly Eleven|Weekly Eleven News]]|date=20 August 2010|url=http://www.news-eleven.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=4375:2010-08-20-12-39-51&amp;catid=42:2009-11-10-07-36-59&amp;Itemid=112|access-date=23 August 2010|language=my}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Salaku nagara sosialis hiji partai anu dipingpin ku Partai Nagara Bagéan Wa Ngahiji, Nagara Wa dibagi jadi tilu kabupatén, dua kabupatén husus, jeung hiji zona pangembangan ékonomi. Ibukota administrasina nyaéta Pangkham, baheulana ngarana dipikawanoh salaku Panghsang. Ngaran ''Wa'' dumasar tina grup étnis Wa, anu nyatur maké basa Austroasiatik.

== Pulitik jeung masarakat ==
Nagara Wa dibagi jadi dua wewengkon, nyaéta wewengkon anu beulah kalér jeung wewengkon anu beulah kidul. Kabéhanana papisah sorangan-sorangan, wewengkon beulah kidul legana téh aya kana {{Convert|13000|sqkm|abbr=on}}, nu diwatesan ku Nagara Thailand di beulah kiduleunana jeung mibanda populasi saloba 200.000 jalma. Total wewengkon anu dipikawasa ku Nagara Wa nyaéta {{Convert|17000|sqkm|abbr=on}}.

Pingpinan politik di Nagara Wa téh lolobana ti étnis Wa. Sistim pamaréntahan Propinsi Wa tuturut kana pulitik pamaréntahan [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok]], diantarana miboga panitia pusat jeung partéy pusat anu dipikawanoh salaku Partai Propinsi Wa. Sanajan Nagara Wa téh statusna otonom, anu hartina manéhna bébas tina kontrol pamaréntah pusat di Naypyidaw,&lt;ref&gt;2011年11月15日, [http://www.excite.co.jp/News/reviewbook/20111115/E1321281192211.html 地図にない街、ワ州潜入ルポが凄い『独裁者の教養』] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130172550/http://www.excite.co.jp/News/reviewbook/20111115/E1321281192211.html |date=2012-11-30 }}, エキサイトレビュー&lt;/ref&gt; hubungan maranéhanana tetep tengtrem, dumasar kana koéksistensi anu damai, barina ogé Nagara Wa ngaku kana kadaulatan pamaréntahan pusat jeung kabéh Nagara Bagéan di Myanmar.

Basa nu sok dipaké pikeun gawé di pamaréntahan Propinsi Wa téh nyaéta Basa Cina Mandarin.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.stimson.org/programs/myanmar-map/ Interactive Myanmar Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708051141/http://www.stimson.org/programs/myanmar-map/ |date=2013-07-08 }}, The Stimson Center&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20050929165301/http://www.shanland.org/resources/bookspub/humanrights/wa/general_background_of_the_wa.htm General Background of the Wa]. '''Quote:''' &quot;The official languages (designated by the current UWSP administration) are Mandarin and Wa.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Dialék Basa Mandarin beulah Kidul Kulon jeung Basa Wa loba diparaké ku penduduk, jeung basa nu digunakeun pikeun atikan nyaéta basa Cina Standar. Siaran télévisi di Nagara Wa disiarkeun maké basa Mandarin jeung basa Wa.

Komoditi nu aya di Nagara Wa biasana asalna ti [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Cina]], malahan ogé Mata Uang Yuan geus ilahar dipaké pikeun patuker barang. China Mobile mibanda cakupan sélulér di sababaraha bagéan Nagara Wa.

== Sajarah ==
Kanggo waktos anu lami, suku lurah sumebar di sakuriling daérah pagunungan Wa, kalayan henteu aya pamaréntahan anu ngahiji. Salami dinasti Qing, daérah janten papisah sareng kendali militér tribal masarakat Dai. Penguasaan Inggris di Burma henteu ngatur nagara-nagara Wa &lt;ref name=&quot;JGS&quot;&gt;[[Sir J. George Scott]], ''Burma : a handbook of practical information''.&lt;/ref&gt; sareng perbatasan sareng Cina tetep teu ditangtoskeun.&lt;ref name=&quot;GanesanHlaing2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor-last=N Ganesan|title=''Myanmar: State, Society and Ethnicity''|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRQa0RuucF8C&amp;pg=PA269|date=1 February 2007|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-230-434-6|page=269}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ti akhir 1940an, nalika Perang Sipil Cina, sésa-sésa Tentara Révolusi Nasional Tiongkok mundur ka daérah di Burma nalika komunis nguasaan daratan Cina. Di daérah pagunungan Kuomintang pasukan divisi [[:zh:泰北孤軍|Delapan Angkatan Darat 237 sareng divisi Angkatan Darat 93]] nyekel jabatanana salami dua dasawarsa salaku persiapan serangan balik ka daratan Cina. Dina tekanan ti Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, serangan balik ieu dibolaykeun sareng tentara ditarik ka Thailand kalér sareng teras deui ka [[Républik Tiongkok|Taiwan]] ; Nanging, sababaraha pasukan mutuskeun tetep aya di Burma. Wétaneun walungan Salween, kelompok gerilya suku pribumi ngalaksanakeun kontrol ku dukungan Partai Komunis Burma.

Salami taun 1960an, Partai Komunis Burma kaleungitan pangkalan operasi di tengah Burma, sareng ku bantosan komunis Tiongkok, ngalegaan di daérah perbatasan di belah belah wétan-kalér. Seueur nonoman intelektual ti Cina ngagabung sareng Partai Komunis Burma, sareng kakuatan ieu ogé nyerep seueur gerilyawan lokal.  Komunis Burma ngagaduhan kendali ka Pangkham, anu janten markas operasionalna.

Dina akhir taun 1980an, étnis minoritas beulah kalér-kalér Burma janten dipisahkeun sacara politik ti Partai Komunis Burma. Tanggal 17 April 1989, angkatan bersenjata Bao Youxiang ngumumkeun pisah aranjeunna ti Partai Komunis Burma, sareng ngawangun Partai Etnik Myanmar Bersatu, anu teras janten Partai Nagara Wa Wa. Tanggal 18 Méi, Pasukan Nagara Serikat Wa nandatanganan perjanjian gencatan senjata sareng Déwan Pamulihan Hukum sareng Orde Nagara, anu ngagentos rézim militér Ne Win saatos Pemberontakan 8888.

Ketegangan antara pamaréntahan pusat sareng nagara Wa ningkat dina 2009.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.epo.de/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=5385:myanmar-krieg-mit-rebellen-im-wa-staat-droht&amp;catid=28&amp;Itemid=70 Myanmar: Krieg mit Rebellen im Wa-Staat droht]&lt;/ref&gt; Salami waktos ieu, usulan inisiatif perdamaian ku Wa State ditolak ku pamaréntah Myanmar.  Pamaréntah ngingetkeun tanggal 27 April 2010 yén program WHP tiasa ngadorong Myanmar sareng Wa State kana konflik salajengna.

== Babagian administrasi ==
Wa State dibagi kana kabupatén ( Wa : {{Lang|prk|gaeng}} ; Mandarin :{{Lang|cmn-Hans|县}}), kabupaten khusus ( Wa : {{Lang|prk|lūm}} ; Mandarin :{{Lang|cmn-Hans|特区}}), zona pangembangan ékonomi sareng panitia urusan administrasi. Unggal kabupatén dibagi deui kana kabupatén ( Wa : {{Lang|prk|vēing}} ; Mandarin :{{Lang|cmn-Hans|区}}).

Ieu di handap aya administrasi tingkat kota: kacamatan ( Wa : {{Lang|prk|ndaex eeng / yaong}} ; Mandarin :{{Lang|cmn-Hans|乡}}) sareng jalan-jalan ( Wa : {{Lang|prk|laih}} ; Mandarin :{{Lang|cmn-Hans|街}}).
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+
!Tingkat
! Tingkat County
! Tingkat kabupaten
! Township
! Kampung
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | '''Jenis Divisi'''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kabupatén Husus&lt;br /&gt;( {{Lang|prk|lūm}} /{{Lang|cmn-Hans|特区}})
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | jalan&lt;br /&gt;( {{Lang|prk|laih}} /{{Lang|cmn-Hans|街}})

Kota ({{Lang|cmn-Hans|镇}}/ “ {{Lang|prk|jēng}} ”)

Township

({{Lang|prk|ndaex eeng}} /{{Lang|cmn-Hans|乡}})
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Kelompok
({{Lang|cmn-Hans|组}})

Kampung( {{Lang|prk|yaong}}? /{{Lang|cmn-Hans|村}})
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Zona Pangwangunan Ékonomi ({{Lang|cmn-Hans|经济开发区}})
|-
| Kabupatén
( {{Lang|prk|gaeng}} /{{Lang|cmn-Hans|县}})
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Avenue
( {{Lang|prk|ndaex laih}} /{{Lang|cmn-Hans|街道}})

Kabupatén

( {{Lang|prk|vēing}} / {{Lang|shn|ဝဵင်း}} /{{Lang|cmn-Hans|区}})
|-
| Urusan Administrasi&lt;br /&gt;Panitia ({{Lang|cmn-Hans|行政事务管理委员会}})
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Township (kidul)
( {{Lang|prk|yaong}} /{{Lang|cmn-Hans|乡}})
|}
Dina tabel di luhur, nami dina apostrophe aya dina urutan Wa / Dai / Mandarin. Avenue ( {{Lang|prk|ndaex laih}} /{{Lang|cmn-Hans|街道}}) ngan ukur aya sakali di Mong Maoe County; kota ({{Lang|cmn-Hans|镇}}/ “ {{Lang|prk|jēng}} ”) Ngan ukur aya sakali dina Mōung Ping EDZ. Jalan-jalan sareng jalan-jalan mangrupikeun métaforis perkawis jinis perkotaan nami analogis sareng kacamatan Cina sareng henteu kedah ngartos sacara harfiah. Aranjeunna dibagi deui kana sababaraha kelompok. Kalurahan mangrupikeun padesaan kelompok sareng sahandapeun kota-kota. Di beulah kidul Wa, kota-kota dibéré idéntitas kota ({{Lang|cmn-Hans|乡}}) numutkeun nami Mandarin na tapi henteu kabagi janten désa kalayan nami Wa na nunjukkeun yén éta {{Lang|prk|yaong}} /{{Lang|cmn-Hans|寨}}), tapi panginten janten bagian tina sanyawa sapertos {{Lang|prk|ndaex eeng yaong XX}} (XX-pakampungan kota / {{Lang|cmn-Hans|XX寨乡}}).

Sacara umum, nami Wa tina divisi nuturkeun urutan ngaran Romance. Salaku conto, ''Vēing Yaong Lēen'' hartosna Kabupatén Yaong Lēen sareng mangrupikeun ''vēing'' (kabupatén) sanés ''yaong'' (padumukan alam). Éta kota Mōung Ping di Mōung Ping EDZ mangrupikeun pengecualian - éta nuturkeun paréntah nami Jérman salaku &quot;Mōung Ping Jēng&quot; tibatan &quot;Jēng Mōung Ping&quot;. Dina basa Wa, ''x'' dina tungtung suku kata ngagambarkeun titik glotal.

Dina bagian di handap, nami anu '''kandel''' nunjukkeun korsi kabupatén. Ngaran kalayan &quot;tanda petik&quot; mangrupikeun transkripsi pinyin tina basa Mandarin sedengkeun nami dina ''miring'' nyaéta transkripsi Burma Mandarin. Sanaos Mandarin mangrupikeun salah sahiji tina opat basa damel di Nagara Wa, sababaraha nami administrasi Mandarin henteu tiasaonis. Salaku conto,{{Lang|zh|班阳区}}sareng{{Lang|zh|邦洋区}}mangrupikeun dua transkripsi anu sami tina nami Wa atanapi Dai anu sami Kecamatan ''Pang Yang.''

=== Wewengkon beulah kalér ===
Wewengkon kalér Wa State dibagi kana tilu kabupatén, dua distrik khusus, sareng hiji zona pangembangan ékonomi. Unggal kabupatén dibagi deui kana kabupatén; jumlahna aya 21 kacamatan.
{{Image label begin|image=Administrative Divisions of North Wa State.svg|width=300|link=}}
{{Image label|x=125|y=20|scale=1|text=&lt;big&gt;'''Babagéan Administratif di&lt;br /&gt;beulah kalér Nagara Wa'''&lt;/big&gt;}}

&lt;!--Mong Maoe County --&gt;
{{Image label|x=110|y=125|scale=1|text='''[[Kutapraja Mongmao|Kabupatén&lt;br&gt;Mong&lt;br&gt;Maoe]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=60|y=90|scale=1|text=1}}
{{Image label|x=105|y=105|scale=1|text=2}}
{{Image label|x=165|y=105|scale=1|text=3}}
{{Image label|x=240|y=115|scale=1|text=[[Kunma, Myanmar#Distrik Dāoh Mīe|4]]}}
{{Image label|x=195|y=120|scale=1|text=5}}
{{Image label|x=215|y=150|scale=1|text=6}}
{{Image label|x=175|y=160|scale=1|text=7}}
{{Image label|x=175|y=200|scale=1|text=8}}
{{Image label|x=70|y=130|scale=1|text=9}}
{{Image label|x=105|y=180|scale=1|text=10}}
{{Image label|x=70|y=180|scale=1|text=11}}

&lt;!-- Mōung Nēng County --&gt;
{{Image label|x=80|y=255|scale=1|text='''Kabupatén&lt;br&gt;Mōung&lt;br&gt;Nēng'''}}
{{Image label|x=67|y=225|scale=1|text=12}}
{{Image label|x=121|y=238|scale=1|text=13}}
{{Image label|x=170|y=240|scale=1|text=14}}
{{Image label|x=57|y=270|scale=1|text=15}}
{{Image label|x=110|y=315|scale=1|text=16}}

&lt;!-- Mōung Bōg County --&gt;
{{Image label|x=180|y=340|scale=1|text='''[[Mong Pawk|Mōung&lt;br&gt;Bōg County]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=160|y=345|scale=1|text=17}}
{{Image label|x=190|y=325|scale=1|text=18}}
{{Image label|x=185|y=380|scale=1|text=19}}
{{Image label|x=225|y=367|scale=1|text=20}}
{{Image label|x=242|y=325|scale=1|text=21}}
{{Image label|x=277|y=340|scale=1|text=——}}
{{Image label|x=300|y=330|scale=1|text='''Mōung Ping&lt;br&gt;Economic&lt;br&gt;Development&lt;br&gt;Zone'''}}

&lt;!--Special districts --&gt;
{{Image label|x=135|y=280|scale=1|text=[[Pangkham|'''Pangkham&lt;br&gt;Special District''']]}}
{{Image label|x=78|y=20|scale=1|text=[[Namtit Subtownship|'''Nām&lt;br&gt;Dēeg&lt;br&gt;Special&lt;br&gt;District''']]}}

&lt;!-- Outside of northern Wa State --&gt;
{{Image label|x=240|y=220|scale=1|text=&lt;small&gt;[[Yunnan|{{grey|China&lt;br&gt;(Yunnan)}}]]&lt;/small&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=0|y=220|scale=1|text=&lt;small&gt;[[Shan State|{{grey|Shan&lt;br /&gt;State}}]]&lt;/small&gt;}}
{{Image label end}}&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;position: relative&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

; Kabupatén

* Mong Maoe County :
*# Kacamatan Nax Vī ( ''Nawi'' ),
*# '''Mōuig Nū District''' (&quot;Gongmingshan&quot; / ''Kaung Ming Sang'' District) sareng '''Mēng Hmae Avenue'''
*# Kab Bang Vāi (Kab &quot;Shaopa&quot;),
*# Dāoh Mīe District (&quot;Gemai&quot; / &quot;Kunma&quot; District) ,
*# Kacamatan Yaong Lēen,
*# Kabupatén Ndūng Ngid (&quot;Longtan&quot;),
*# Qeng Mīang (&quot;Yancheng&quot; / ''Yiang Chen'' ) Kab,
*# Distrik Gon Māe (&quot;Yingpan&quot; / ''Yin Pan'' ),
*# Kacamatan Man Doun,
*# Mōuig Raix (&quot;Lianhe&quot;) Kab.
*# Kacamatan Glong Ba
* Mōung Nēng County [ zh ], baheulana County Vēing Gāo:
*: 12. Kacamatan Man Sīang,
*: 13. Kacamatan Noung Kied,
*:: 13.1 Perumahan Noung Kied, 6 kalurahan
*:: 13.2 Kota Si Lōg, 4 kampung
*:: 13.3 Ndaex Gaeng (Vēing Gāo, Weng Kao, ''Wein'' ) Township, 8 desa
*:: 13,4 Noung Lai Sing Township, 8 desa
*: 14. Kab Ba Lēen (Nāng Kang Vū),
*: 15. Kacamatan Nax Gāo,
*: 16. Bāng Yāng (Pang Yang) Kab
* Mōung Bōg County :
*: 17. Distrik Nām Pad,
*: 18. '''Mōung Bōg Kab'''
*: 19. Kacamatan Mōung Ning,
*: 20. Kacamatan Mōung Ga,
*: 21. Houx Dao ( ''Hotao'' ) Kab

; Kabupatén Husus

* Kecamatan Khusus Pangkham (Lūm Bāng Kam): &quot;Guanghong&quot; (Guang Houng) Township, Na Lod Township, Man Pad (&quot;Nanpa&quot;) Township, Dōng O Township, Yaong Dīng Township, Man Mao Township
* Kabupatén Khusus Nām Dēeg : '''Kabupatén Mgōng Lang (Nām Dēeg)''' sareng '''Jalan''' Nām Dēeg, Kabupatén Yaong Mox, Kabupatén Bīang Krom (&quot;Bangkong&quot;), Kabupatén Da Ai, Kabupatén &quot;Lufang&quot;, Kabupatén Nām Vēing Kam

; Zona pangwangunan ékonomi

* Zona Pangwangunan Ékonomi Mōung Ping, baheulana Kacamatan Mōung Ping Kabupatén Mōung Bōg: '''Kota''' Mōung Ping, Kabupatén Mōung Ping Brim, Kabupatén &quot;Donglong&quot; (Dōung Lōung), Kabupatén Yaong Krom (&quot;Tuanjie&quot;), Kabupatén Bāng Sax Jax, Kabupatén Kox Song

Wa State tumpang tindih sareng tujuh ''kota de jure anu'' ditunjuk ku pamaréntah Burma. Hubungan géografis antara kabupatén (tingkat kadua) sareng kabupatén khusus (tingkat kahiji) Nagara Wa sareng kabupatén Nagara Shan dibéréndélkeun di handap:
{{columns|colwidth=19em|col1=; Kho Pang Township of Shan State
* Qeng Mīang (&quot;Yancheng&quot;/''Yiang Chen'') District
* Nax Vī (''Nawi'') District

; Mong Mau Township of Shan State
* Gong Ming Shan (Mōuig Nū) District
* Glong Ba District
; Pang Wai (Bang Vāi) Township of Shan State
* Kun Ma (Dāoh Mīe) District
* Wangleng (Yaong Lēen) District
; Man Phang Township of Shan State
* Mōuig Raix (Lien He) District|col2=; Nah Parn Township of Shan State
* Gon Māe District

; Pang Yang Township of Shan State
* Bāng Yāng District
* Ting Aw District (Dōng O Township?)
* Weng Kao District (Ndaex Gaeng Township?)
* [[Pangkham]] Special District

; Mong Yang Township of Shan State
* Mōung Bōg District
* Mong Ngen (Mōung Ning?) District
* Houx Dao District}}

=== Daérah kidul ===
Daérah kidul Wa State sanés bagian tina daérah Wa tradisional, tapi dikabulkeun dina 1989 ku junta militér Burma anu harita maréntah pikeun kerjasama UWSA dina upaya ngalawan panglima perang narkoba Khun Sa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=&quot;金三角&quot;毒王 让缅、泰差点打起来|url=http://www.people.com.cn/GB/paper68/6304/621943.html|access-date=20 March 2020|work=www.people.com.cn}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227120815/http://www.people.com.cn/GB/paper68/6304/621943.html |date=27 February 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wewengkon ieu mimitina dicicingan ku masarakat Austroasiatic Tai Loi, tapi ayeuna kalebet komunitas Lahu sareng Shan anu signifikan.

Éta diatur ku Komite Urusan Administrasi Kidul ( Wa : {{Lang|prk|Mēng Vax Blag Jō}} ): '''Kabupatén Wan Hoong (Mgōng Sam Soung)''', Kabupatén Huix Ox, Kabupatén Yaong Kraox (&quot;Kailong&quot;, Yaong Mgōng), Kabupatén Yaong Bang, Kabupatén Mōung Jōd, Kabupatén Yaong Mōuig (&quot;Menggang&quot; / Num Mōuig), Kax Nax ( &quot;Huyue&quot;) Kab. Kabupatén Kax Nax (&quot;Huyue&quot;) sigana parantos ngahiji kana Kabupatén Wan Hoong (Mgōng Sam Soung).

== Géografi jeung ékonomi ==
[[Gambar:Wa_state.png|ka|jmpl|473x473px| Peta Nagara Wa]]
Daérah ieu biasana pagunungan, sareng lebak jero. Titik anu panghandapna sakitar 600 méter dpl, kalayan gunung-gunung pangluhurna langkung ti 3000 méter. Mimitina Wa State gumantung pisan kana produksi candu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.asienhaus.de/public/archiv/focus26-045.pdf Die Wa in Gefahr] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175318/http://www.asienhaus.de/public/archiv/focus26-045.pdf |date=2015-09-23 }} (German)&lt;/ref&gt; Kalayan bantosan Tionghoa, parantos aya kamajuan nuju kebon karét sareng téh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.burmanet.org/news/2007/02/20/xinhua-general-news-service-china-develops-more-substitute-crops-for-opium-poppy-in-bordering-countries/|title=&quot;Xinhua General News Service: China develops more substitute crops for opium poppy in bordering countries&quot;|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413123959/http://www.burmanet.org/news/2007/02/20/xinhua-general-news-service-china-develops-more-substitute-crops-for-opium-poppy-in-bordering-countries/|archivedate=13 April 2014|accessdate=20 October 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413123959/http://www.burmanet.org/news/2007/02/20/xinhua-general-news-service-china-develops-more-substitute-crops-for-opium-poppy-in-bordering-countries/ |date=13 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wa State ngempelkeun karét 220,000 hektar.&lt;ref name=&quot;not fair&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Myanmar's strongest ethnic armed group says drug label 'not fair'|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-wa-idUSKCN1270R3|access-date=20 March 2020|work=Reuters|date=7 October 2016|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kusabab pamukiman padumukan ti daérah pagunungan dugi ka lebak anu subur,&lt;ref name=&quot;nachrichten&quot;&gt;[http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs3/BN2005-02-25.html BURMA NACHRICHTEN 4/2005, 25. ]&lt;/ref&gt; ogé aya penanaman nasi baseuh, jagong sareng sayuran. Puluhan urang maot nalika pamukiman kusabab panyakit sareng kacilakaan jalan.  Wa State gumantung sacara ékonomis ka Cina, anu ngadukungna sacara finansial sareng nyayogikeun penasihat militér sareng sipil sareng senjata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.burmanet.org/news/2006/12/13/world-politics-watch-on-myanmar-china-border-tensions-escalate-between-spdc-narco-militias-michael-black/|title=World Politics Watch: On Myanmar-China border, tensions escalate between SPDC, narco-militias – Michael Black|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142227/http://www.burmanet.org/news/2006/12/13/world-politics-watch-on-myanmar-china-border-tensions-escalate-between-spdc-narco-militias-michael-black/|archivedate=13 April 2014|accessdate=20 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bagikeunana 82 mil (133&amp;nbsp;km) perbatasan sareng Cina.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.irrawaddy.org/archives/20470 UWSA Talks Business, Drugs Cooperation with China]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Perdagangan narkoba terlarang ===
Angkatan Darat Negara Wa Wa (UWSA) saacanna mangrupikeun organisasi perdagangan narkotika pangageungna [[Asia Kidul Wétan|di Asia Tenggara]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/2019-07/pw_147-the_united_wa_state_army_and_burmas_peace_process.pdf|title=The United Wa State Army and Burma's Peace Process|last=Lintner|first=Bertil|publisher=United States Institute of Peace|accessdate=20 March 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813050138/https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/2019-07/pw_147-the_united_wa_state_army_and_burmas_peace_process.pdf |date=13 August 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The UWSA dibudidaya wewengkon vast taneuh pikeun candu poppy, nu ieu engké disampurnakeun mun [[Heroin, Putauw|heroin]] . Perdagangan Methamphetamine ogé penting pikeun ékonomi Nagara Wa.&lt;ref name=&quot;not fair&quot;/&gt; Artos tina candu utami dianggo pikeun ngagaleuh senjata.

Dina Agustus 1990, pejabat pamaréntah mimitian nyusun rencana pikeun ngeureunkeun produksi narkoba sareng perdagangan manusa di Wa State.&lt;ref name=&quot;fenghuang&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=记者亲历金三角腹地佤邦：毒品造就强大武装_资讯_凤凰网|url=http://news.ifeng.com/mainland/200706/0626_17_142585_2.shtml|access-date=21 March 2020|work=Phoenix New Media|date=26 June 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Numutkeun hiji wawancara sareng pajabat Wa di 1994, Bao Youyi (Tax Kuad Rang; ogé katelah Bao Youyu) janten anu dipikahoyong ku pulisi Tiongkok kusabab kalebet na kana perdagangan narkoba. Hasilna, Bao Youxiang sareng Zhao Nyi-Lai angkat ka Cangyuan Va Otonom County of China sareng nandatanganan Perjanjian Cangyuan sareng pejabat lokal, anu nyatakeun yén, &quot;Henteu aya ubar anu asup kana masarakat internasional (ti Wa State); moal aya ubar lebet ka Cina (ti Wa State); henteu ubar-ubaran anu lebet kana wilayah anu dikawasa ku pamaréntah Burma (ti Wa State). &quot; &lt;ref&gt;[http://digest.creaders.net/articleViewer.php?atid=203629&amp;id=203629 ''China's dangerous neighbor''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060327/http://digest.creaders.net/articleViewer.php?atid=203629&amp;id=203629 |date=2019-02-27 }} [[Phoenix Television|''Phoenix Weekly'']] 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Tapi, perjanjian éta henteu nyebatkeun naha atanapi henteu Wa Waér tiasa ngajual ubar ka kelompok anu teu berontak.

Dina taun 1997, Partéi Nagara Wa Wa sacara resmi ngumumkeun yén Wa State bakal bébas narkoba dina akhir taun 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;fenghuang&quot;/&gt; Kalayan bantosan PBB sareng pamaréntah Cina, seueur patani candu di Nagara Wa ngalih kana produksi karét sareng téh. Nanging, sababaraha patani popi tetep ngokolakeun kembang di luar Nagara Wa.&lt;ref name=&quot;TNI&quot;&gt;[https://www.tni.org/files/download/brief33.pdf China’s Opium Substitution Policy in Burma and Laos – TransNational Institute]&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanaos pamaréntah Burma parantos ngamimitian nyandak tindakan pikeun ngirangan produksi obat-obatan sapertos kitu, éta mangrupikeun tugas anu beurat kusabab korupsi di tingkat tinggi di pamaréntah sareng kurangna infrastruktur pikeun ngalaksanakeun operasi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004316/http://www.mjfqw.com/bencandy.php?fid=44&amp;id=3007 缅甸第二特区佤邦,一切好象是中国的一个延伸], 15 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina taun 2005, Wa State dinyatakeun ku UWSP salaku &quot;zona bebas narkoba&quot; sareng penanaman candu dijantenkeun haram.&lt;ref name=&quot;nachrichten&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unodc.org/pdf/myanmar/myanmar_strategic_programme_framework.pdf Myanmar Strategic Programme Framework]&lt;/ref&gt;

Presentasi BBC anu ditayangkeun dina 19 Nopémber 2016 nunjukkeun pembakaran methamphetamine, ogé perdagangan anu mekar di bagian sato ilegal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Drugs, money and wildlife in Myanmar's most secret state|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37996473|access-date=20 March 2020|work=BBC News|date=17 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tempo ogé ==

* [[Mang Lon]]

== Rujukan ==

=== Cutatan ===
 {{Reflist|30em}}

=== Sumber ===

* Andrew Marshall, ''The Trouser People: Carita Burma dina Kalangkang Kakaisaran'' . London: Penguin; Washington: Counterpoint, 2002. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-58243-120-5|1-58243-120-5]] .
* Ba Nyan, [http://www.english.panglong.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=4744:who-are-the-wa&amp;catid=93:general&amp;Itemid=291 Saha ari Wa?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508025142/http://www.english.panglong.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=4744:who-are-the-wa&amp;catid=93:general&amp;Itemid=291 |date=2016-05-08 }}
* Enchen Lan, [https://www.grin.com/document/992005 Ngamajukeun sadayana Townships Wa di Nagara Shan pikeun Ngiringan Pamilu Umum Myanmar Future], Munich: GRIN Verlag, 2020. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9783346354228|9783346354228]] .
* Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2011). ''Padagang Segitiga Emas'' . Chiang Mai: Buku Cognoscenti. ASIN: B006GMID5.
* Hideyuki Takano, ''The Shore Beyond Good and Evil: A Report from Inside Burma's Opium Kingdom'' (2002, Kotan,  )
* Tengah wengi di Burma. ''Ein Roman über die Tochter eines Generals im Wa-Staat, nicht gerade historisch mit vielen historischen Fehlern, aber sehr spannend geschrieben'', Alex O'Brien. Buku Asia  (2001).
* The Wa State, Burma [http://nationalstrategy.com/Portals/0/documents/Summer%202011%20NSFR/The%20Wa%20State.pdf Tinjauan Forum Strategi Nasional] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111164539/http://nationalstrategy.com/Portals/0/documents/Summer%202011%20NSFR/The%20Wa%20State.pdf |date=2016-01-11 }}
* {{Cite news|title=Wa leader: UWSA able to defend itself|url=http://www.english.panglong.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=4602:wa-leader-uwsa-able-to-defend-itself&amp;catid=85:politics&amp;Itemid=266|agency=Shan Herald|work=panglong.org|date=19 April 2012|access-date=5 May 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912235019/http://www.english.panglong.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=4602:wa-leader-uwsa-able-to-defend-itself&amp;catid=85:politics&amp;Itemid=266 |date=12 September 2017 }}

== Tumbu Luar ==

* [[Sistim koordinat géografi|Koordinat]] :{{Coord|22|10|N|99|00|E|region:MM_type:adm1st_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=it}} &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
* [http://blog.sina.com.cn/u/2424587420 Wa state News Bureau] ( Sina ) (dina Basa Cina)
* [http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMjU2NTA3NDM2.html Warta tivi nu disiarkeun ti Nagara Wa] (dina Basa Cina)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081021123008/http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/states/newsrel/nyc012405.html DEA Halaman]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101031100157/http://www.burmaissues.org//En/wa.html Wa - Masalah Burma]

[[Kategori:Category:Myanmar]]
[[Kategori:Category:Cina Daratan]]
[[Kategori:Category:Nagara]]
[[Kategori:Category:Militer]]
[[Kategori:Category:Narkotika]]
[[Kategori:Category:Thailand]]
[[Kategori:Halaman dengan terjemahan tak tertinjau]]</text>
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    <title>Hotél Savoy Homann</title>
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      <text bytes="2252" sha1="mxtkxl5auiaoax39o3mps1bd54c68gx" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Hotel Savoy Homann (27166453832).jpg|jmpl|Hotél Savoy Homann]]
'''Hotél Savoy Homan''' mangrupakeun salah sahiji wangunan hotél anu ngabogaan unsur sajarah di Kota Bandung. Savoy Homann mangrupa Gedong Warisan Budaya diwangun dina taun 1880. Hotél ieu diwangun sarta dipiboga ku warga [[Jérman]] ngaranna [[A. Homann]]. Saméméhna dingaranan Savoy Homann, hotél ieu dingaranan Hotél Pos Road. Gaya wangunan Hotél Jalan Pos harita mah gaya [[Baroq]]. Dina 1883 gaya wangunan dirobah jadi gaya arsitéktur ''[[art nouveau]]''.

== Sajarah ==
[[Gambar:Savoy Homann Hotel - Oceanwave.jpg|jmpl|Gedong Hotél Savoy Homann]]
Dina taun 1910, hotél heubeul ieu dibongkar sarta hotél anyar diwangun ku gaya arsitéktur ''[[gothic revival]]''. Taun 1938 wangunan hotél ieu dibongkar deui jeung diganti ku hotél anyar kalawan gaya internasional modern ''(nieuw bouwen).'' Pangwangunan ieu dilaksanakeun ku arsiték [[A.F. Aalbers]]. Aalbers nyiptakeun wangunan anyar anu leuwih modéren luyu jeung kahayang [[DPRD Kota Bandung]] harita. Wangunan anyar Hotél Savoy Homann mangrupa puncak karya arsiték modérn A.F. Aalbers anu jadi ikon gerakan arsitéktur anu dipaké di [[Hindia-Walanda|Hindia Walanda]] saméméh [[Perang Dunya II]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bandung.go.id/features/detail/3/savoy-homann-hotel-bandung|title=SAVOY HOMANN HOTEL BANDUNG|last=Bandung|first=Website Resmi Kota|website=https://www.bandung.go.id|language=id|accessdate=2023-11-15}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115070711/https://www.bandung.go.id/features/detail/3/savoy-homann-hotel-bandung |date=2023-11-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hotél Savoy Homann ogé fungsina salaku wisma [[Jepang]] (1942-1945) jeung wisma PMI (1945-1948). Taun 1949 fungsina dibalikeun salaku hotél ka fungsi aslina. Dina waktu [[Konférénsi Asia Afrika]] taun 1955, Hotél Savoy Homann dijadikeun tempat pamondokan para kapala nagara saperti [[Gamal Abdul Nasser]], [[Chuo En Lai]], [[Jawaharlal Néhru|Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Sukarno|Soekarno]], [[Sir John Kotelawala]] jeung sajabana. Dina waktu éta, Hotél Savoy Homann dikokolakeun ku [[Fr. J. van Es]] anu pernah ngokolakeun [[Hotél Des Indes]] di [[Jakarta]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Rujukan ==
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      <text bytes="2265" sha1="ptoigqpui0pnjudst05phy8ta9owrh2" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Hotel Savoy Homann (27166453832).jpg|jmpl|Hotél Savoy Homann]]
'''Hotél Savoy Homan''' mangrupakeun salah sahiji wangunan hotél anu ngabogaan unsur sajarah di Kota Bandung. Savoy Homann mangrupa Gedong Warisan Budaya diwangun dina taun 1880. Hotél ieu diwangun sarta dipiboga ku warga [[Jérman]] ngaranna [[A. Homann]]. Saméméhna dingaranan Savoy Homann, hotél ieu dingaranan Hotél Pos Road. Gaya wangunan Hotél Jalan Pos harita mah gaya [[Baroq]]. Dina 1883 gaya wangunan dirobah jadi gaya arsitéktur ''[[art nouveau]]''.

== Sajarah ==
[[Gambar:Savoy Homann Hotel - Oceanwave.jpg|jmpl|Gedong Hotél Savoy Homann]]
Dina taun 1910, hotél heubeul ieu dibongkar sarta hotél anyar diwangun ku gaya arsitéktur ''[[gothic revival]]''. Taun 1938 wangunan hotél ieu dibongkar deui jeung diganti ku hotél anyar kalawan gaya internasional modern ''(nieuw bouwen).'' Pangwangunan ieu dilaksanakeun ku arsiték [[A.F. Aalbers]]. Aalbers nyiptakeun wangunan anyar anu leuwih modéren luyu jeung kahayang [[DPRD Kota Bandung]] harita. Wangunan anyar Hotél Savoy Homann mangrupa puncak karya arsiték modérn A.F. Aalbers anu jadi ikon gerakan arsitéktur anu dipaké di [[Hindia-Walanda|Hindia Walanda]] saméméh [[Perang Dunya II]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bandung-go2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bandung.go.id/features/detail/3/savoy-homann-hotel-bandung |title=Savoy Homann Hotél  Bandung|location=Bandung |website=bandung.go |language=id |date=2021-10-18 |accessdate=2023-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115070711/https://www.bandung.go.id/features/detail/3/savoy-homann-hotel-bandung |archive-date=2023-11-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hotél Savoy Homann ogé fungsina salaku wisma [[Jepang]] (1942-1945) jeung wisma PMI (1945-1948). Taun 1949 fungsina dibalikeun salaku hotél ka fungsi aslina. Dina waktu [[Konférénsi Asia Afrika]] taun 1955, Hotél Savoy Homann dijadikeun tempat pamondokan para kapala nagara saperti [[Gamal Abdul Nasser]], [[Chuo En Lai]], [[Jawaharlal Néhru|Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Sukarno|Soekarno]], [[Sir John Kotelawala]] jeung sajabana. Dina waktu éta, Hotél Savoy Homann dikokolakeun ku [[Fr. J. van Es]] anu pernah ngokolakeun [[Hotél Des Indes]] di [[Jakarta]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bandung-go2021&quot; /&gt;

== Rujukan ==
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    <title>Parijata</title>
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'''Parijata''' atawa '''Parijoto''' ([[Medinilla speciosa)|''Medinilla speciosa'')]] nyéta tuttuwuhan [[Epifit|''epifit'']] menahun kalayan marga ''[[Medinilla]]'', suku ''[[Melastomataceae]]''. Tutuwuhan ieu teu ngabogaan subspesies. Buahna ngandung antioksidan sarta ''[[beta-karoten]]'', kalayan kadarna anu lumayan gedé. Ku kituna dipercaya bisa ngaronjatkeun kasuburan sangkan babari ngandeg. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biodiversitywarriors.kehati.or.id/artikel/parijoto-medinilla-speciosa-2/|title=Parijoto {{!}} Medinilla speciosa {{!}} Biodiversity Warriors|website=biodiversitywarriors.kehati.or.id|accessdate=2025-02-15}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922125057/https://biodiversitywarriors.kehati.or.id/artikel/parijoto-medinilla-speciosa-2/ |date=2022-09-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Dadaran ==
Parijata atawa partijoto ngabogaan akar tunggang, kalayan jangkungna kira-kira 0,5 nepi ka 1,2 meter. Cara ngurus parijoto kaitung babari, di antarana ku cara dicébor, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=|title=|url=http://repository.iainkudus.ac.id/10904/7/7.%20BAB%20IV.pdf|journal=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415025902/http://repository.iainkudus.ac.id/10904/7/7.%20BAB%20IV.pdf |date=2025-04-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Artikel WikiTutuwuhan]]
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    <title>SMP Negeri 1 Ciamis</title>
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| nama          = SMP Negeri 1 Ciamis
| nama_asli     = 
| nama_latin    = 
| gambar        = 
| didirikan     = 1946
| tipe          = Negeri
| akreditasi    = A
| NSS           = 201021401001
| NPSN          = 20211519
| motto         = Nesacis EKSIS (Édukatif, Kréatif, Shidiq, Inovatif, jeung Simpatik)
| slogan        = 
| maskot        = 
| rektor        = 
| kepsek        = Asép Surur Mulyadi, S.Pd., M.Pd.
| ketua komite  = 
| moderator     = 
| kelas         = 27 kelas (VII: 9, VII: 9, IX: 9)
| jurusan       = 
| rentang kelas = VII, VIII, IX
| kurikulum     = [[Kurikulum Merdeka]]
| murid         = &lt;!-- siswa (/kelas)--&gt;
| status        = [[Sakola Standar Nasional]]
| lonem         = 
| hinem         = 
| avgnem        = 
| alamat        = Jl. Jénderal Sudirman №6, [[Ciamis, Ciamis, Ciamis|Kal. Ciamis]], [[Ciamis, Ciamis|Kac. Ciamis]]
| kota          = [[Kabupatén Ciamis]]
| provinsi      = [[Jawa Kulon]]
| negara        = [[Indonésia]]
| telp          = +62-265-771078
| koordinat     = {{Coord|7.325121|S|108.352454|E|format=dms|region:ID_type:edu_scale:1000|display=title,inline}}
| situs web     = {{URL|https://www.smpn1ciamis.sch.id}}
| surel         = {{Email|nesacis46|gmail.com}}
| kampus        = 
| alumni        = 
| institusi     = 
| afiliasi      = [[Kamenterian Pangatikan Dasar jeung Menengah Républik Indonesia]]
| catatan       = 
}}
[[Gambar:Gate of SMPN 1 Ciamis.jpg|jmpl|al=Gerbang SMPN 1 Ciamis|Gerbang asup ka wangunan utama sakola]]

'''SMP Negeri (SMPN) 1 Ciamis''' nyaéta salah sahiji [[sakola menengah pertama]] negeri anu perenahna di Jalan Jénderal Sudirman №6, [[Ciamis, Ciamis, Ciamis|Kalurahan Ciamis]], [[Ciamis, Ciamis|Kacamatan Ciamis]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Kulon]], [[Indonésia]]. SMP Negeri 1 Ciamis diadegkeun taun [[1946]]. Sami sareng SMP sacara umumna di [[Indonésia]] masa [[atikan]] [[sakola]] di SMPN 1 Ciamis dicokot dina waktu 3 taun pangajaran, dimimitian di Kelas VII dugi ka Kelas IX.

== Sajarah ==
[[Gambar:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_controleursvrouw_met_haar_schooltje_te_Tjiamis_Java_TMnr_10002383.jpg|jmpl|Sakola Sunda pikeun Wanoja (''Haar Schooltje te Tjiamis'') ti jaman Walanda]]

Ditilik tina sajarah, lahan anu ayeuna dipaké SMPN 1 Ciamis mangrupa Sakola Sunda pikeun Wanoja (''Haar Schooltje te Tjiamis'') anu didirikeun taun 1864. Sakola ieu perenahna aya di antara Kantor Kawat (ayeuna Kantor Pos) sareng Pendopo. Sakola ieu ogé didirikeun ku [[R.A.A. Kusumadiningrat]] atawa Kanjeng Prabu anu mangrupakeun sakola formal pangmimitina di Kabupatén Ciamis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Dani|first=Andri M|editor-last=Juhariyono|editor-first=Asep|date=2 Méi 2025|title=RAA Kusumadiningrat, Tokoh Visioner di Balik Sekolah Formal Pertama di Ciamis|url=https://ciamisraya.inews.id/read/589292/raa-kusumadiningrat-tokoh-visioner-di-balik-sekolah-formal-pertama-di-ciamis|work=[[iNews]]|language=id-ID|access-date=2 Juni 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 2008, sakola ieu pernah mibanda status Taratas Sakola Bertaraf Internasional (RSBI) anu mangrupakeun angkatan kadua.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=28 Séptémber 2011|title=DAFTAR SMP RINTISAN SEKOLAH BERTARAF INTERNASIONAL (SMP-RSBI) |url=https://id.scribd.com/embeds/138706446/content|website=Scribd|language=id-ID|access-date=2 Juni 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502154354/https://www.scribd.com/embeds/138706446/content|archive-date=21 Pébruari 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 2020-an, kagiatan diajar-ngajar kadampak ku pandemi Covid-19. Siswa basa éta ngamimitian diajar daring di imahna. Salah sahiji pangajaran anu kadampak nyaéta pangajaran IPA. Siswa waktos éta biasana ngalaksanakeun praktikum di laboratorium kalawan pasilitas anu parantos disadiakeun. Basa aya pandemi, praktikum dilaksanakeun virtual ngagunakeun alat-alat basajan anu gampil dipilarian di sabudeureun siswa ku cara démonstrasi sareng ékspérimén.{{Sfn|Setiawati|Sopyan|Maladona|2021|p=234}}

Taun 2024, sakola ieu meunang gelar sakola Adiwiyata Mandiri Tingkat Nasional.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Kuraetin|first=Imas|date=2 Oktober 2024|title=Adiwiyata Mandiri Tingkat Nasional Diraih SMPN 1 Ciamis|url=https://infopriangan.com/berita-ciamis/adiwiyata-mandiri-tingkat-nasional-diraih-smpn-1-ciamis|work=Info Priangan|language=id-ID|access-date=2 Juni 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kapala sakola ==
Kapala sakola (pupuhu sakola) salaku kapala SMP Negeri 1 Ciamis geus ngalaman sababaraha parobahan. Di handap ieu nyaéta '''daptar kapala sakola''' anu pernah atawa nuju ngajabat di SMP Negeri 1 Ciamis ti masa ka masa:

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
!No.
!Kapala Sakola
!Mimiti Jabatan
!Tungtung Jabatan
!Katerangan
!Wakil Kapala Sakola
(Kasiswaan)
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|Dodo Natapura
|align=&quot;center&quot;|–
|align=&quot;center&quot;|–
|align=&quot;center&quot;|
|
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot;|2
|Sudjatma
|align=&quot;center&quot;|–
|align=&quot;center&quot;|–
|align=&quot;center&quot;|
|
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot;|3
|Agus Yudhono, &lt;small&gt;S.Pd., M.Pd.&lt;/small&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|–
|align=&quot;center&quot;|ca. 2013-2015
|align=&quot;center&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=SMP Negeri 1 Ciamis|url=http://www.smpn1ciamis.sch.id|website=SMPN 1 CIAMIS|access-date=4 Juni 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221104029/http://smpn1ciamis.sch.id|archive-date=21 Désémber 2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot;|4
|&lt;small&gt;Dr.&lt;/small&gt; Agus Sumantri, &lt;small&gt;M.Pd.&lt;/small&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|ca. 2013-2015
|align=&quot;center&quot;|23 Juni 2022
|align=&quot;center&quot;|
|
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot;|5
|&lt;small&gt;Dr.&lt;/small&gt; Wawan Hermawan, &lt;small&gt;M.Pd.&lt;/small&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|23 Juni 2022
|align=&quot;center&quot;|11 Januari 2024
|align=&quot;center&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite instagram|postid=C2F-vxUyCax|user=wawan_ciamis|title=Setiap masa ada orangnya, Setiap orang ada masanya.|date=15 Januari 2024|author=Wawan Hermawan}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot;|6
|Asep Surur Mulyadi, &lt;small&gt;S.Pd., M.Pd.&lt;/small&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|11 Januari 2024
|align=&quot;center&quot;|Méi 2024
|align=&quot;center&quot;|
|
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot;|–
|Memet Priadi, &lt;small&gt;S.Pd., M.Pd.&lt;/small&gt; (Plh.)
|align=&quot;center&quot;|Méi 2024
|align=&quot;center&quot;|Juli 2024
|align=&quot;center&quot;|
|
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot;|6
|&lt;small&gt;H.&lt;/small&gt; Asep Surur Mulyadi, &lt;small&gt;S.Pd., M.Pd.&lt;/small&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|Juli 2024
|align=&quot;center&quot;|Petahana
|align=&quot;center&quot;|
|
|}

== Pasilitas ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;180&quot;&gt;
Gambar:An-Nur Mosque in SMPN 1 Ciamis (1).jpg|al=Masjid An-Nur SMPN 1 Ciamis|Masjid An-Nur
Gambar:Library of SMPN 1 Ciamis.jpg|al=Perpustakaan Puspa Pertiwi SMPN 1 Ciamis|Perpustakaan Puspa Pertiwi
Gambar:Front field of SMPN 1 Ciamis.jpg|al=Lapangan hareup/upacara SMPN 1 Ciamis|Lapangan hareup/upacara
Gambar:Back field of SMPN 1 Ciamis.jpg|al=Lapangan tukang SMPN 1 Ciamis|Lapangan tukang
Gambar:Canteen of SMPN 1 Ciamis.jpg|al=Kantin tukang SMPN 1 Ciamis|Kantin tukang
&lt;/gallery&gt;

Kalawan lega 7.640 m&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, SMPN 1 Ciamis kagungan sababaraha macam pasilitas pikeun ngarojong kagiatan diajar-ngajar. Sapertos anu aya di handap:
* Ruang kelas (27)
* Perpustakaan Puspa Pertiwi
* Ruang laboratorium (7)
* Ruang kapala sakola
* Ruang guru (3)
* Masjid An-Nur
* Ruang UKS
* Ruang toilét (14)
* Ruang gudang (2)
* Ruang sirkulasi (6)
* Lapangan hareup/upacara
* Lapangan tukang
* Ruang tata usaha
* Ruang bimbingan jeung konseling
* Ruang OSIS
* Ruang bangunan (13)

== Ékstrakurikulér ==
Di handap ieu nyaéta daptar ékstrakurikulér di SMP Negeri 1 Ciamis:&lt;ref name=&quot;ekskul&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Admin86|date=19 Juli 2024|title=Pengenalan Ekstrakurikuler Bagi Siswa Baru SMPN 1 Ciamis Berjalan Lancar|url=https://86news.co/2024/07/19/pengenalan-ekstrakulikuler-bagi-siswa-baru-smpn-1-ciamis-berjalan-lancar|work=86News.co|language=id-ID|access-date=3 Juni 2025}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603014233/https://86news.co/2024/07/19/pengenalan-ekstrakulikuler-bagi-siswa-baru-smpn-1-ciamis-berjalan-lancar/ |date=2025-06-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Pramuka inti/Déwan Penggalang (DePe)
* Pasukan Pangibar Bendéra (Paskibra)
* Palang Mérah Remaja (PMR)
* Adiwiyata
* Bola baskét
* Bola voli
* Sépak bola
* Bandung Karate Club (BKC)
* Silat
* Kelompok Penggemar Matématika (KPM)
* Kelompok Penggemar IPA (KPI)
* ''Social Education Nesacis'' (ASEAN)
* Jurnalistik
* Sinématografi
* Sastra Indonésia
* Sastra Sunda
* ''English Club''
* Seni batik
* Seni musik
* Seni rupa
* Seni tari
* Téater
* Vokal
* Ikatan Remaja Masjid (IRMA)

== Galéri ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Gambar:Art stage of SMPN 1 Ciamis.jpg|al=Panggung seni SMPN 1 Ciamis|Panggung seni
Gambar:UKS inscription and flag in SMPN 1 Ciamis.jpg|al=Prasasti UKS sareng tiang bendera di SMPN 1 Ciamis|Prasasti UKS sareng tiang bendera
Gambar:Inscription of SMPN 1 Ciamis establishment as the National Standardized School.jpg|al=Prasasti peresmian SMPN 1 Ciamis jadi Sakola Standar Nasional|Prasasti peresmian SMPN 1 Ciamis jadi Sakola Standar Nasional
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Réferénsi ==
=== Catetan suku ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Daptar pustaka ===
* {{Cite journal|last=Setiawati|first=Eli|last2=Sopyan|first2=Taupik|last3=Maladona|first3=Adi|year=2021|title=ANALISIS PENGELOLAAN LABORATORIUM IPA DAN ALTERNATIF PRAKTIKUM IPA PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19 DI SMP NEGERI 1 CIAMIS|url=https://jurnal.unigal.ac.id/J-KIP/article/view/6290|journal=J-KIP (Jurnal Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan)|language=id|volume=2|issue=3|pages=229–236|doi=10.25157/j-kip.v2i3.6290|issn=2722-6069}}

== Tumbu luar ==
* {{URL|https://www.smpn1ciamis.sch.id|Loka Resmi SMP Negeri 1 Ciamis}}
* {{Commons-inline|SMP Negeri 1 Ciamis}}


{{Sakola-pondok}}
[[Kategori:SMP di Kabupatén Ciamis]]
[[Kategori:Sakola Negeri di Kabupatén Ciamis]]
[[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 1946 di Indonésia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Yani Afri</title>
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      <text bytes="3628" sha1="qmf85ogjn1j536iki9hj7eqhwv395si" xml:space="preserve">'''Yani Afri''' nyaéta hiji supir angkot anu ngaleungit nalika jaman réformasi 1998 di Indonésia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://disappeared-asia.org/whats-happening/98-remembering-desaparecidos-indonesia|title=Remembering Desaparecidos: Indonesia|last=Secretariat|website=Disappeared Asia|language=en-gb|accessdate=16 Désémber 2025}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811053934/https://disappeared-asia.org/whats-happening/98-remembering-desaparecidos-indonesia |date=2024-08-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Saméméhna, Yani Afri aktip dina partéy Démokrat Indonésia (PDI) jeung miluan ngadukung [[Mégawati Sukarnoputri|Megawati Sukarnoputri]] salaku calon pikeun ngagantikeun [[Suharto|Soeharto]]. Keur harita, tilu poé saméméh pamilihan, nalika Yani nuju kampanye, anjeunna ditéwak kalayan tuduhan ngahasut karusuhan. Yani Afri ngaleungit dina April 1997 di Jakarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Wiji Thukul, Teka-Teki Orang Hilang|last=Tempo Publishing|publisher=Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia|year=Agustus 2025|isbn=9786024817619|location=Jakarta|pages=142|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/_/90mtwgEACAAJ?hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiKhIbGi7yRAxWqzzgGHR7CAmcQre8FegQIChAH|language=Indonésia|access-date=16 Désémber 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Numutkeun laporan, anjeunna terahir pamitan pikeun ngiringan kampanye nganggo motor jeung sempet trahir katingal di Kelapa Gading.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Detik-Detik Sopir Angkot Yani Afri Diculik Pada 1997, Awalnya Pamit Ingin Kampanye PDI|url=https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2023/05/28/06524591/detik-detik-sopir-angkot-yani-afri-diculik-pada-1997-awalnya-pamit-ingin?page=all|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|date=28 Méi 2023|access-date=16 Désémber 2025|language=id|first=Zintan|last=Prihatini|last2=Ihsanuddin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kontras.org/backup/buletin/indo/kontras_OK_dng_RevHal4.pdf|title=Kasus Penculikan dan Penghilangan Paksa Aktivis 1997-1998: Siapa Bertanggungjawab?|last=Tim Redaksi|website=kontras.org|page=2|language=id}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Panéangan ==
Sanggeus kajadian éta, indung jeung pamajikanana ogé milarian ayana Yani Afri, nanyakeun ka kantor pulisi jeung Komando Distrik Militer (Kodim). Katerangan ti Kodim TNI yén maranéhanana geus ngabebaskeun Yani Afri, ngan kanyataanna, anjeunna henteu pernah uih deui ka bumi nepika ayeuna. Ti kulawargana ogé nyobian ngalaporkeun ka Lembaga Bantuan Hukum sareng aktivis hak asasi manusa, [[Munir Said Thalib|Munir]], tapi ogé henteu hasil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Kasus panyulikan Yani Afri nyababkeun trauma pikeun kulawargana. Pamajikanana, Tinah, sok ngingetkeun barudakna méh ulah reuseup teuing ulin jauh ti imah sangkan teu diculik. Sanggeus Yani Afri leungit, Tinah mutuskeun pindah ka Tangerang sareng damel saayana, kalebet ngajual papakéan di Tanjung Priuk, [[Kota Jakarta Kalér|Jakarta Kalér]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Trauma Keluarga Yani Afri, Sopir Angkot  yang Diculik Sejak 1997 dan Tak Pernah Kembali|url=https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2023/05/29/06000041/trauma-keluarga-yani-afri-sopir-angkot-yang-diculik-sejak-1997-dan-tak|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|date=29 Méi 2023|access-date=16 Désémber 2025|language=id|first=Zintan|last=Prihatini|last2=Maullana|first2=Irfan}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Kahirupan pribadi ==
Yani Afri gaduh hiji pamajikan, Tinah, jeung tilu murangkalih. Salah sahiji murangkalihna, Hardingga, sareng indungna, Tuti Koto, masih aktip ngabela jalma-jalma anu leungit nalika reformasi 1998.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
[[Kategori:Jelema anu leungit di Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Jalma hirup]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Situs Pangindelan Emas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="3304" sha1="3r3r09bdwzk1tefrxvvyb4i5jviklgf" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Situs Pangindelan Emas.jpg|jmpl|323x323px|Kaayaan Situs Pangindelan Emas dina taun 2026]]
'''Situs Pangindelan Emas''' atawa disebut '''Pengindelan Emas''' mangrupa salah sahiji situs paninggalan mangsa Kasultanan Banten anu geus resmi ditetepkeun jadi cagar budaya di wewengkon [[Banten]] Lama. Perenahna aya di kampung Sukadiri, [[Kasunyatan]], [[Kasemen, Sérang|Kasemen]], [[Kota Sérang]], Banten, pas pisan ayana di tengah pasawahan warga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://budaya.data.kemdikbud.go.id/cagarbudaya/objek/KB001536|title=Pengindelan Emas|last=Pusdatin Kemendikbudristek|website=budaya.data.kemdikbud.go.id|publisher=Kemendikbudristek|accessdate=24 Februari 2026}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Profil Budaya dan Bahasa Kota Serang Provinsi Banten|last=Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|publisher=Pusat Data dan Statistik Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|year=2019|isbn=978-602-8449-19-9.|location=Jakarta|url=https://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/22864/1/Profil%20budaya%20dan%20bahasa%20Kota%20Serang%20Provinsi%20Banten.pdf}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251118130043/https://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/22864/1/Profil%20budaya%20dan%20bahasa%20Kota%20Serang%20Provinsi%20Banten.pdf |date=2025-11-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Situs Pangindelan Emas téh panyaring cai pamungkas ti Walungan Cibanten saentas ngaliwatan Pangindelan Abang jeung Pangindelan Putih. Cai beresih hasil panyaringan dialirkeun ka Keraton Surosowan sarta ka sababaraha titik di kota pikeun kabutuhan cai sapopé.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://banten.pikiran-rakyat.com/pendidikan/pr-3279700344/pengindelan-putih-dan-pengindelan-emas-di-banten-lama-segera-ditetapkan-jadi-cagar-budaya|title=Pengindelan Putih dan Pengindelan Emas di Banten Lama segera Ditetapkan jadi Cagar Budaya|last=Mamora|first=Rukman Nurhalim|website=Trust Banten|language=id|accessdate=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=RAGAM PUSAKA BUDAYA BANTEN|last=DINAS KEBUDAYAAN DAN PARIWISATA PROVINSI BANTEN|publisher=Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Provinsi Banten dan Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Banten|year=2005|location=Serang|url=https://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/25723/2/Buku%20Ragam%20Pusaka%20Banten.pdf}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251027184445/https://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/25723/2/Buku%20Ragam%20Pusaka%20Banten.pdf |date=2025-10-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kayaanana ayeuna ngan nyésakeun satengah wangunan kalayan hateup nu geus ancur, sanajan sésa saluran cai tinu bata nu masih aya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

== Sajarah ==
Situs Pangindelan Emas dibangun dina mangsa Kasultanan Banten nyaéta Sultan Maulana Yusuf dina taun 1570-1580 M.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://banpos.co/artikel/2025/11/21/melampaui-zamannya-ini-teknologi-smart-water-kesultanan-banten-di-tasikardi-yang-kini-terlupakan/|title=Melampaui Zamannya, Ini Teknologi &amp;#8216;Smart Water&amp;#8217; Kesultanan Banten di Tasikardi yang Kini Terlupakan|last=Hapidin|first=Lukman|website=Banten Pos|language=id|accessdate=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wangunan bata anu wangunna pasagi panjang ieu téh mangrupa salah sahiji karya Lucas Cardeel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rujukan ==

[[Kategori:Artikel Tim WCB 3.0]]
[[Kategori:Banten]]</text>
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    <title>Situ Tasikardi</title>
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      <text bytes="3797" sha1="nvw77lzxjpvptb9no3d9rv6egb0vb0i" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Danau Tasikardi-4.jpg|jmpl|405x405px|Situ Tasikardi dina taun 2026]]
'''Situ Tasikardi''' mangrupa situ jieunan nu perenahna di Désa Margasana, Kacamatan Kramatwatu, Kota [[Sérang, Sérang|Sérang]], Provinsi [[Banten]]. Ieu situ mangrupa salasahiji cagar budaya titinggal ti mangsa pamarétahan Sultan Maulana Yusuf nu geus ditetepkeun sacara resmi dina taun 1998.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://budaya.data.kemdikbud.go.id/cagarbudaya/objek/KB000237|title=Tasik Ardi|last=Pusdatin Kemendikbudristek|year=2022|website=budaya.data.kemdikbud.go.id|accessdate=2 Maret 2026}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Perenahna kurang leuwih 10 km ti puseur Kota Sérang, ngaran Tasikardi sorangan asalna tina basa Sunda Kuno nu hartina 'situ jieunan'. Dina mangsa ayeuna, situ tasikardi lain ngan ukur situs sajarah, tapi ogé dimangpaatkeun jadi tempat rékréasi masakarat sabudeureunana. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://banten.idntimes.com/travel/destination/danau-tasikardi-peninggalan-kasultanan-banten-00-lm183-0bnl53|title=Danau Tasikardi Peninggalan Kasultanan Banten|last=Hyperlocal|first=IDN Times|website=IDN Times Banten|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sajarah ==
Situ Tasikardi diwangun dina mangsa pamaréntahan Sultan Maulana Yusuf (1570-1580 M), salaku tempat panyimpangan sultan jeung kulawargana. Situ ieu mangrupa karya arsiték urang Walanda nyaéta Hendrik Lucas Cardeel, nu miboga fungsi salaku nampung cai ti Walungan Cibanten pikeun ngairian sawah, sarta jadi sumber cair beresih pikeun karaton jeung masarakat sabudeureunana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Profil Budaya dan Bahasa Kota Serang Provinsi Banten|last=Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|publisher=Pusat Data dan Statistik Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.|year=2019|location=Jakarta|url=https://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/22864/1/Profil%20budaya%20dan%20bahasa%20Kota%20Serang%20Provinsi%20Banten.pdf}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251118130043/https://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/22864/1/Profil%20budaya%20dan%20bahasa%20Kota%20Serang%20Provinsi%20Banten.pdf |date=2025-11-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Cai ti Tasikardi dialirkeun ka Karaton Surosowan ngagunakeun pipa tina taneuh liat anu diaméterna 2,40 méter. Saacan digunakeun, cai téh disaring heula sacara husus ngaliwatan tilu tahapan panyaringan, nyaéta [[situs Pangindelan Abang]], [[situs Pengindelan Putih]], sarta [[situs Pangindelan Emas]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Andiyan|first=Andiyan|last2=Budianto|first2=Eddy|date=2021-06-20|title=Penerapan Konsep Arsitektur Kontemporer pada Penataan Cagar Budaya Situ Tasikardi|url=https://jurnal.syntaxliterate.co.id/index.php/syntax-literate/article/view/3163|journal=Syntax Literate ; Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia|language=en-US|volume=6|issue=6|pages=2624–2636|doi=10.36418/syntax-literate.v6i6.3163|issn=2548-1398}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629195429/https://jurnal.syntaxliterate.co.id/index.php/syntax-literate/article/view/3163 |date=2024-06-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Di tengah situ aya hiji pulo ngaranna Pulo Kaputrén, anu baheukana dipaké pikeun tempat tafakur (nyepi) ku ibuna Sultan. Di éta pulo, masih kénéh aya wangunan titinggal jaman Kasultanan Banten, saperti balong paranti nampung cai, pendopo jeung kamar mandi. Ngan, lila-lila fungsi ieu situ téh robah. Nu asalna saukur tempat ulin kulawarga Sultan, ayeuna mah Situ Tasikardi geus jadi tempat rékréasi pikeun masarakat umum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Lian ti éta, dina taun 1706 ieu situ ogé kungsi jadi tempat keur narima tamu ti Walanda, nyaéta Cornellis de Bruin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Rujukan ==

[[Kategori:Artikel Tim WCB 3.0]]
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    <title>Penti</title>
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      <text bytes="1444" sha1="m88bng5nyet2w0djgz2uuxnxj26vvxo" xml:space="preserve">Penti nya éta upacara adat taunan masarakat Manggarai di Flores, Nusa Tenggara Wétan, anu fungsina minangka ekspresi rasa sukur kana panén ogé minangka sarana mulangkeun hubungan antara manusa, alam jeung Nu Nyipta (Mori Kraeng) . Upacara ieu ngagambarkeun hubungan spiritual, sosial jeung ékologi masarakat Manggarai sarta mangrupa salah sahiji tradisi penting anu masih dimumulé nepi ka kiwari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Oban|first=Yohanes Kurniawan|last2=Bening|first2=Silvinus Hayon|last3=Kamanto|first3=Wilfridus|date=2025-10-27|title=Ritual Adat Penti dalam Perspektif Kosmoteologis: Studi pada Masyarakat Manggarai|url=https://journal.actual-insight.com/index.php/intheos/article/view/4327|journal=In Theos : Jurnal Pendidikan dan Theologi|language=en|volume=5|issue=10|pages=439–451|doi=10.56393/intheos.v5i10.4327|issn=2775-7676}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tahap tahapan Acara Penti

# Barong waé jeung barong Oka (upacara ngajemput)

Acara barong wae jeung barong Oka dilaksanakeun bareng ku cara warga dibagi jadi tilu kelompok aya lalaki jeung awewe bari dipirig ku musik gong jeung gendang bari mawa sato kurban. Barong wae: (barong =nepikeun, wae= walungan)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tirtoutomo.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/THANKSGIVING-CEREMONY.2013.pdf|title=tahapan tahapan acara penti}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
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[[Kategori:WikiLatih Bogor 2026]]</text>
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      <comment>Created empty Talk page to avoid red wikilink (&quot;Talk&quot; | contribs) in History</comment>
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