Wikipedia:Jumuiya

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* '''en:'''Welcome to the '''Swahili Wikipedia Village Pump!''' 

* '''sw:''' Ukurasa huu ni kwa ajili ya kuwasaidia watu wanaotaka kuboresha kamusi hii na kujadiliana mambo ya jumuiya yetu! 
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya/Matukio ya Kimataifa|Orodha ya Matukio ya Kimataifa]]:Unaweza kuangalia kalenda hiyo ya matukio ya kimataifa na ukipendezwa unaweza kushiriki tukio lolote iwapo utaona linakuhusu.
Viungo vya jumuiya:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]] &lt;br/&gt;'''Fungua hapa kuona kura kuhusu wakabidhi wapya!'''
|[[Wikipedia:Makala kwa ufutaji]] 
|[[Wikipedia:Maboresho yanayohitajika]]
|[http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikiviewstats/?locale=en&amp;lang=sw&amp;project=&amp;page=&amp;datefrom=2014-05-02&amp;autofilter&amp;type=world Makala zinazotembelewa sana leo hii]
|[[Wikipedia:Kuzuia watumiaji]]
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Ubalozi]]
|[[Wikipedia:Kundi la Jenga Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]]
|[[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Daruser|Wikimedia Community User Group Tanzania]]
|[[Wikipedia:Makala zilizoombwa]]
|[https://xtools.wmcloud.org/ec Michango yote ya mtumiaji] (jaza jina)  *  [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maalum:CentralAuth?target=  Angalia michango ya watumiaji]* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maalum:Kumbukumbu&amp;offset=&amp;limit=500&amp;type=newusers&amp;user=&amp;page=&amp;wpdate=&amp;tagfilter=&amp;wpfilters%5B0%5D=newusers Watumiaji wapya]
|}

==Kumbukumbu ya miaka iliyopita==
&lt;small&gt;'''Majadiliano ya awali yamehamishiwa hapa:'''
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya/Kumbukumbu hadi Julai 2008]]
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu Julai 2008 hadi Desemba 2009]]'''
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu Desemba 2009 hadi Desemba 2011]]'''
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu 2012 hadi 2013]]
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu 2014]]
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu 2015]]
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu 2016]]
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu 2017]]
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu 2018-2019]]
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu 2020-2021-VI]]
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya/Kumbukumbu 2021-VI - 2022-I]]
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia/Kumbukumbu 2022 - 2025 I]]
&lt;/small&gt;

==Jenga Wikipedia ya Kiswahili==
Kwa wote wanaopenda kutafakari na kujadiliana nasi namna ya kuendeleza wikipedia hii ya Kiswahili wakabidhi walianzisha kundi la '''[[meta:Jenga Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]]'''. Unaweza kujiandikisha pale kama umehariri hapa kwa muda wa mwaka moja angalau. 


==Jamii / Kategoria==
Ndugu zangu, kuna mtu amebadili ujumbe wa kusano kutoka JAMII kwenda kategoria. Kwa sasa inaonekana juu lakini baadaye itachukua nafasi. Huu ni uharibifu wa tafsiri. Tazama hapa: https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:1000

Inabidi tudhibiti mapema tafsiri zijadiliwe na wasemaji wa Kiswahili badala ya kikundi cha wahuni wanaojiita wafasiri.

== Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025: Invitation ==

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[[File:UCDM 2025 general.png|180px|right]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Hello, dear Wikipedians!&lt;br/&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the fifth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from '''14th April''' until '''16th May 2025'''. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design, and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contributions in every language! 

The most active contesters will receive prizes.

If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.
&lt;br/&gt;

We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]])
&lt;/div&gt;

16:11, 16 Aprili 2025 (UTC)
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== Vote now on the revised UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines (&quot;UCoC EG&quot;) and the UCoC's Coordinating Committee Charter is open now through the end of 1 May (UTC) ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Voter_information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review of the EG and Charter was planned and implemented by the U4C. Further information will be provided in the coming months about the review of the UCoC itself. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:34, 17 Aprili 2025 (UTC)
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== Sub-referencing: User testing ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|400px|right]]
&lt;small&gt;''Apologies for writing in English, please help us by providing a translation below''&lt;/small&gt;

Hi I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]'s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. We are making great strides with the new [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]] and we’d love to invite you to take part in two activities to help us move this work further:

#'''Try it out and share your feedback'''
#:[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing# Test the prototype|Please try]] the updated ''wikitext'' feature [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on the beta wiki] and let us know what you think, either [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|on our talk page]] or by [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/talktotechwish booking a call] with our UX researcher. 
#'''Get a sneak peak and help shape the ''Visual Editor'' user designs'''
#:Help us test the new design prototypes by participating in user sessions – [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/gxk0taud/apply sign up here to receive an invite]. We're especially hoping to speak with people from underrepresented and diverse groups. If that's you, please consider signing up! No prior or extensive editing experience is required. User sessions will start ''May 14th''.

We plan to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We’ll reach out to wikis for piloting in time for deployments. Creators and maintainers of reference-related tools and templates will be contacted beforehand as well.

Thank you very much for your support and encouragement so far in helping bring this feature to life! &lt;/div&gt; &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:03, 28 Aprili 2025 (UTC)
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== Pigia kura mapendekezo ya marekebisho ya Miongozo ya Utekelezaji ya UCoC na Mkataba wa U4C ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Kipindi cha kupigia kura marekebisho ya Mkataba wa Utekelezaji wa Kanuni za Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Mwenendo na Maadili na U4C itafungwa tarehe 1 Mei 2025 saa 23:59 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 angalia kwa saa za eneo lako]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Soma maelezo kuhusu jinsi ya kushiriki na kusoma pendekezo kabla ya kupiga kura]] kwenye ukurasa wa UCoC kwenye Meta-wiki.

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Kamati ya Kuratibu Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Mwenendo na Maadili (U4C)]] ni kikundi cha kimataifa kinachojitolea kutoa utekelezaji sawa na thabiti wa UCoC. Tathmini hii ya kila mwaka ilipangwa na kutekelezwa na U4C. Kwa maelezo zaidi na majukumu ya U4C, unaweza [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|kuupitia Mkataba wa U4C]].

Tafadhali washirikishe ujumbe huu wanajumuiya wenzako katika lugha yako, kadri utakavyoona inavyofaa, ili waweze kushiriki pia.

Kwa ushirikiano na U4C -- &lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

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[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 03:41, 29 Aprili 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== We will be enabling the new Charts extension on your wiki soon! ==

''(Apologies for posting in English)''

Hi all! We have good news to share regarding the ongoing problem with graphs and charts affecting all wikis that use them.

As you probably know, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|old Graph extension]] was disabled in 2023 [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EWL4AGBEZEDMNNFTM4FRD4MHOU3CVESO/|due to security reasons]]. We’ve worked in these two years to find a solution that could replace the old extension, and provide a safer and better solution to users who wanted to showcase graphs and charts in their articles. We therefore developed the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Charts extension]], which will be replacing the old Graph extension and potentially also the [[:mw:Extension:EasyTimeline|EasyTimeline extension]].

After successfully deploying the extension on Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedia, as well as on MediaWiki.org, as part of a pilot phase, we are now happy to announce that we are moving forward with the next phase of deployment, which will also include your wiki.

The deployment will happen in batches, and will start from '''May 6'''. Please, consult [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|our page on MediaWiki.org]] to discover when the new Charts extension will be deployed on your wiki. You can also [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|consult the documentation]] about the extension on MediaWiki.org.

If you have questions, need clarifications, or just want to express your opinion about it, please refer to the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension_talk:Chart/Project|project’s talk page on Mediawiki.org]], or ping me directly under this thread. If you encounter issues using Charts once it gets enabled on your wiki, please report it on the [[:mw:Extension_talk:Chart/Project|talk page]] or at [[phab:tag/charts|Phabricator]].

Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:07, 6 Mei 2025 (UTC)
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== Vandalism ==
I suppose the two pictures in the text [[Adidas]] are simple vandalism and do not make sence in the text. But not being active in this wikipedia, I don't know how to attract more attention to the doubtful edit of march 2023. 
:Nadhani picha mbili katika maandishi [[Adidas]] ni uharibifu rahisi na hazina maana katika maandishi. Lakini kutokuwa hai katika wikipedia hii, sijui jinsi ya kuvutia umakini zaidi kwa uhariri wa shaka wa Machi 2023.
--'''[[Mtumiaji:ThomasPusch|ThomasPusch]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:ThomasPusch|majadiliano]])''' 12:06, 12 Mei 2025 (UTC)

:It has been fixed! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;i&gt;Aguahrz&lt;sup&gt;Chronist&lt;sup&gt;2.0&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;'''&lt;/div&gt;]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 12:20, 12 Mei 2025 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Call for Candidates for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
The results of voting on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025#Results|available on Meta-wiki]].

You may now [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Candidates|submit your candidacy to serve on the U4C]] through 29 May 2025 at 12:00 UTC. Information about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|eligibility, process, and the timeline are on Meta-wiki]]. Voting on candidates will open on 1 June 2025 and run for two weeks, closing on 15 June 2025 at 12:00 UTC.

If you have any questions, you can ask on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|the discussion page for the election]]. -- in cooperation with the U4C, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|majadiliano]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:07, 15 Mei 2025 (UTC)
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== Changes to the way some users are granted the right to see temporary account IP addresses ==

Hello! This is the [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Trust_and_Safety_Product|Trust and Safety Product]] team. We would like to share that we have decided to change the requirements for access to temporary account IP addresses. '''The impact on your community will be minimal'''. We are planning on implementing the change in the week of May 26 ([[phab:T393358|T393358]] + [[phab:T393360|T393360]] + [[phab:T390942|T390942]]). I will keep you updated about the details.

We are only changing the rules for users who do not have extended rights (e.g. admins, bureaucrats, checkusers – [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia_Access_to_Temporary_Account_IP_Addresses_Policy#requirements-for-access|see the policy for more examples]]) but their account is a minimum of 6 months old, and who have made a minimum of 300 edits on this wiki. They will lose access to IP addresses ([[phab:T393360|T393360]]), and to have it back, '''they will need to apply for the right. Admins or stewards will decide whether to grant it''' ([[phab:T390942|T390942]]). This will entail human manual work, but this method will be safer than if we continued to grant the rights automatically. We want to emphasize that there has been no user who wouldn't have extended rights to ever reveal a temporary account's IP addresses on your wiki.

We made this decision based on what we heard from you, piloting wikis, particularly Romanian Wikipedians. We also consulted on options with Stewards, and had discussions on Meta-Wiki and about 20 Wikipedias with large communities. When we deploy temporary accounts to more wikis, we will evaluate the impact and may adjust our approach again.

In addition, we'd like you to know that requirements for access to the [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Trust_and_Safety_Product/IP_Info|IP Info]] feature will be identical with the ones for access to the temporary accounts' IP addresses (a user will either have full information or none).

'''The rationale for the change'''

We chose the current numerical thresholds and automatic granting before deploying temporary accounts on any wiki. However, it’s become clear to us that these requirements are quite low and it is still too easy for bad-faith actors to gain access to temporary account IP addresses. We want temporary accounts to meaningfully improve editor privacy, so we need to be more restrictive. Our goal is to more consistently limit IP address access to only those who need it.

'''How will this work'''

* When a user without extended rights needs to view temporary account IP addresses, they will need to file a request for being added to the &quot;Temporary account IP viewers&quot; group. They will file the request to admins (the local communities will be able to decide what that process will be) or stewards (for wikis without local admins).
* The software will require that the user has at least 300 edits and the account since at least 6 months. Admins and stewards will not be able to grant temporary account IP access to accounts that do not meet that criteria. This is a minimum, and we encourage you to enforce higher thresholds.
* The user reviewing the request will check if the user applying for the right meets requirements and that they have provided a valid justification. The right itself will be granted through Special:UserRights.
* Users who grant requests for the right will also handle removal of the right.

We would also like to clarify some details. For your convenience, we will also document some of it in [[mediawikiwiki:Trust_and_Safety_Product/Temporary_Accounts/FAQ|the project FAQ]].

{{hidden|Access to IP addresses|bg1=background-color:#eee;|2 =
* '''Separation of the new right''' (checkuser-temporary-account) out to a new group ([[metawiki:Meta:Temporary_account_IP_viewer|Temporary account IP viewers]]), as opposed to technically attaching it to any [[Special:ListGroupRights|existing group]] (like patroller). We have decided to do this for a few reasons:
** '''Having access to IP addresses carries risk'''. This right is similar to checkuser. IP addresses are considered personally identifiable information (a kind of [[:en:personal data|personal data]]). Outside actors who want to access IP addresses will now need to interact with users who have this right. Users with this right should be aware of this, and alert to the possibility of suspicious access requests.
** '''Good practices for privacy protection'''. Giving access to users who are trusted but do not need access to carry on their work is not in line with good practices for processing personal data.
** '''Removal of right'''. Access to IPs will be [[phab:T325658|logged]] ([https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?type=checkuser-temporary-account example]). If any misuse of this right is detected, it can be taken away separately from any other permissions the user may hold. It would be difficult and sometimes also unreasonable to remove the rights unrelated to access to IP addresses.
** You may grant the new right to all users belonging to a certain existing group individually. These users must meet the criteria for Temporary account IP viewers, though.
** For clarity – all this does not affect administrators, bureaucrats, checkusers, stewards, and other groups mentioned in the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|global policy]].
* '''Activity requirement'''. With regards to users who would need to be granted access manually, the policy says that they &quot;must edit or take a logged action to the local project at least once within a 365-day period&quot;. This requirement is not changing.
}}
{{hidden|Process of granting the right|bg1=background-color:#eee;|2 =
* '''Formality of granting the right'''. There is no need for discussions or votes like Request for Adminship. It does suffice if a single admin makes a decision using their own judgement.
* '''Additional requirements for the users applying for the right'''.
** You have autonomy over the process for granting the right. You can adopt thresholds higher than 300 edits, or disallow the &quot;non-admin+&quot; users to have the right. The granting process can be as basic or elaborate as you deem appropriate.
** Which criteria admins should take when deciding whether to grant the right – how to tell whether a user needs access to IP addresses? There are no mandatory requirements beyond a minimum of 300 edits and a 6 month old account. You may introduce additional criteria related to trust to the user (such as no prior blocks or copyright violations) or experience in patrolling activities.
* '''Additional burden on administrators'''. We understand the toil of having to grant and remove an additional right. This is indeed a downside. We think that it will only have to be a one-time effort to grant this right to a larger number of people. We are curious if you can find ways to limit this burden.
}}
'''Next steps on your side we would like to suggest'''

* We are encouraging you to consider '''adopting a policy''' on granting and removing the right, if you think you need to add anything to the global policy.
* We are encouraging you to '''start granting the right'''. Considering our data (up to a few non-functionaries have ever revealed temporary account IP addresses here), we believe you don't need to rush or spend a lot of time preparing for this before the change comes into force, though.
* We would like to show you what level of wiki-bureaucracy seems sufficient from our point of view. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=28667152 In the sandbox], we have created a draft of what a page with requests for the flag could look like. Of course the final content of the page will depend on your community. We do not want to imply that we are instructing you on this matter.
Let us know if you have any questions. Thank you! [[metawiki:User:NKohli_(WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]] and '''[[Mtumiaji:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|majadiliano]])''' 02:27, 16 Mei 2025 (UTC)

== RfC ongoing regarding Abstract Wikipedia (and your project) ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
''(Apologies for posting in English, if this is not your first language)''

Hello all! We opened a discussion on Meta about a very delicate issue for the development of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. Since some of the hypothesis involve your project, we wanted to hear your thoughts too. 

We want to make the decision process clear: we do not yet know which option we want to use, which is why we are consulting here. We will take the arguments from the Wikimedia communities into account, and we want to consult with the different communities and hear arguments that will help us with the decision. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation.

You can read the various hypothesis and have your say at [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 15:27, 22 Mei 2025 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Uchaguzi wa Bodi ya Wadhamini ya Wikimedia Foundation mwaka 2025 na Wito wa Maswali ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Wapendwa wote,

Mwaka huu, Muda wa Wadhamini 2 (wawili) waliochaguliwa na jumuiya na Washirika kwenye Bodi ya Wadhamini ya Shirika la Wikimedia Foundation utakamilika [1]. Bodi inakaribisha harakati nzima kushiriki katika mchakato wa uteuzi wa mwaka huu na kupiga kura kujaza viti hivyo.

Kamati ya Uchaguzi inasimamia mchakato huu kwa msaada kutoka kwa  wafanyakazi wa Shirika [2]. Kamati ya Utawala inayoundwa na wadhamini ambao si wagombea katika mchakato wa uteuzi wa wadhamini waliochaguliwa na jumuiya na washirika wa mwaka 2025 (Raju Narisetti, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Lorenzo Losa, Kathy Collins, Victoria Doronina na Esra’a Al Shafei) [3], ina jukumu la kutoa usimamizi wa Bodi ya wadhamini kwa ajili ya kuweka taarifa kwa Bodi ya wadhamini. Maelezo zaidi kuhusu majukumu ya Kamati ya Uchaguzi, Bodi, na wafanyakazi yako hapa [4].

Hapa kuna tarehe kuu zilizopangwa:

* Mei 22 – Juni  5: Tangazo (mawasiliano hayo) na mwito wa kipindi cha maswali
* Juni 17 – Julai 1, 2025: Wito wa wagombea
* Julai 2025: Ikihitajika, washirika hupigia kura wagombea waliopo kwenye orodha fupi ikiwa 10 au zaidi wataomba [5]
* Agosti 2025: Kipindi cha kampeni
* Agosti – Septemba 2025: Kipindi cha wiki mbili cha kupiga kura kwa jumuiya
* Oktoba – Novemba 2025: Ukaguzi wa usuli wa watahiniwa waliochaguliwa
* Mkutano wa Bodi mnamo Decemba  2025: Wadhamini wapya wamekaa kwenye kiti

Jifunze zaidi kuhusu uchaguzi wa 2025 - ikiwa ni pamoja na ratiba ya kina ya matukio, mchakato wa kugombea, sheria za kampeni na vigezo vya kustahiki kwa mpiga kura - kwenye ukurasa huu wa Meta-wiki [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025|[kiungo]]].

'''Wito wa Maswali'''

Katika kila mchakato wa uchaguzi, jumuiya ina fursa ya kuwasilisha maswali kwa wagombea wa Bodi ya Wadhamini kujibu. Kamati ya Uchaguzi huchagua maswali kutoka kwenye orodha iliyoandaliwa na jumuiya ili wagombea wajibu. Wagombea lazima wajibu maswali yote yanayohitajika katika maombi ili kustahiki; vinginevyo maombi yao yatakataliwa. Mwaka huu, Kamati ya Uchaguzi itachagua maswali 5 kwa wagombea kujibu. Maswali yaliyochaguliwa yanaweza kuwa mchanganyiko wa yale yaliyowasilishwa kutoka kwa jumuiya, ikiwa yanafanana au yanahusiana. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates|[kiungo]]]

'''Watu wa kujitolea katika uchaguzi'''

Njia nyingine ya kuhusika katika mchakato wa uchaguzi wa mwaka 2025 ni kuwa Mtu wa Kujitolea katika Uchaguzi. Watu wa Kujitolea katika Uchaguzi ni daraja kati ya Kamati ya Uchaguzi na jumuiya zao.  Wanasaidia kuhakikisha jumuiya inawakilishwa na kuwahamasisha kupiga  kura. Jifunze zaidi kuhusu mpango  na jinsi ya kujiunga kwenye ukurasa huu wa Meta-wiki  [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Election_volunteers|[kiungo]]].

Asante!

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Results

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter

[3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Committee_Membership,_December_2024

[4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles

[5] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/FAQ

[6] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates

Salamu sana,

Victoria Doronina

Uhusiano wa Bodi na Kamati ya Uchaguzi

Kamati ya Utawala&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

'''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 03:08, 28 Mei 2025 (UTC)
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== U4C case - conclusion ==

Hello Swahili community, &lt;br /&gt;
first of all I would like to apologize for writing in English, an automatic translation in Swahili will follow but we are aware that automatic translations in your language are not very good so we will need your help to make sure that the text is understandable.

On 21 December 2024 a request to U4C was filed here: [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Cases/Sysop abuse in Swahili Wikipedia]]. Some deadlines were extended and we are aware that it took us a long time to conclude the case. I will report our conclusion below in English and with translation in Swahili. I will add also a translation in Italian which is a language one of your most active users (sysop and bureaucrat) is familiar with. 

Please contact the committee for any clarification needed. 
As a coordinating committee we would also like to offer our support if you need help with the requested actions. 

=== U4C Motion ===
(The original text with votes is here: [[:m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Cases/Sysop_abuse_in_Swahili_Wikipedia#Motions]])

According to UNESCO (https://www.unesco.org/en/days/kiswahili-language), Swahili is among the 10 most widely spoken languages in the world, with more than 200 million speakers and it is one of the ''lingua franca'' in many countries within East, Central and Southern Africa as well as in the Middle East. 

According to Wikipedia ([[:w:Swahili_language|Swahili_language]]), Swahili is one of the national languages in Tanzania, Kenya, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Uganda, it is an official language of Rwanda, in some areas of Somalia and is spoken in other areas in the African Great Lakes region and East and Southern Africa.

With the exception of Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda, in all the countries where Swahili is national language, homosexuality is not only illegal (in some cases - Uganda - with death penalty as punishment) but apparent &quot;promotion&quot; of homosexuality is also severely punished. More about this in following links:
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/tanzania 
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/kenya
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/burundi
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/uganda

U4C requested a legal opinion to assess what risks editors and administrators residing in those countries could face in editing or restoring content which may be considered to &quot;promote&quot; homosexuality even if for Wikimedian (or Western) standards that content would not be considered promotional but only neutral or descriptive. 

The U4C's priorities in this case are:
*Protect local users, especially advanced right holders who could be misinterpreted as &quot;responsible&quot; for the content of a project
*Protect all the readers and their right to have neutral and informative content

'''U4C Actions'''

# Recommend that the Swahili Wikipedia community work on a guideline about Neutral Point of View (Wikidata [[d:Q4656487]]) and a guideline about reliable sources (Wikidata [[d:Q4663914]]). The U4C will review progress in 6 months.&lt;br /&gt;
# Recommend that the community seek local expertise on how it is permissible to educate a reader about topics related to LGBTQ issues without violating laws in Swahili-speaking countries and at the same time avoiding discrimination (as per the UCoC). Use this information to support NPOV on these topics.
# Recommend that the community start discussing on dealing with local appeals and creating a procedure for this compliant with the [[:foundation:Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#3.3.3_Appeals|Enforcement Guidelines]].
# Recommend that the community define a list of pages or &quot;contentious topics&quot; (starting from LGBTQ topics) where, once created, the above mentioned policies are particularly used/applied more strictly.

At the same time:
*Administrators on Swahili Wikipedia (swwiki) are topic banned from LGBTQ related pages, with admin actions related to content and conduct moderation delegated to Stewards and Global sysops (any interventions can be requested on Meta: [[:m:Stewards' noticeboard]] or [[:m:Steward requests/Miscellaneous]]). Here is a non-exhaustive list of pages that are covered:
**https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapenzi_ya_jinsia_moja - Homosexuality, 
**https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndoa_ya_jinsia_moja - Same sex marriage, 
**https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbadili_jinsia - Transgender
*Once the recommended measures as described above are set up, swwiki admins may appeal to the topic ban.

=== Translation in Swahili ===
''This is an automatic translation, please kindly fix mistakes or parts which need clarification.'' 

Kulingana na UNESCO (https://www.unesco.org/en/days/kiswahili-language), Kiswahili ni miongoni mwa lugha 10 zinazozungumzwa na watu wengi zaidi duniani, ikiwa na wazungumzaji zaidi ya milioni 200 na ni mojawapo ya ''lingua franca'' katika nchi nyingi za Mashariki, Kati na Kusini mwa Afrika na pia Mashariki ya Kati.

Kwa mujibu wa Wikipedia ([[:w:Swahili_language|Swahili_language]]), Kiswahili ni mojawapo ya lugha za kitaifa nchini Tanzania, Kenya, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, Burundi, Uganda, ni lugha rasmi ya Rwanda, katika baadhi ya maeneo ya Somalia na inazungumzwa katika maeneo mengine katika eneo la Maziwa Makuu ya Afrika na Afrika Mashariki na Kusini.

Isipokuwa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo na Rwanda, katika nchi zote ambako Kiswahili ni lugha ya taifa, ushoga sio tu ni kinyume cha sheria (katika baadhi ya matukio - Uganda - na adhabu ya kifo kama adhabu) lakini &quot;kukuza&quot; kwa ushoga pia kunaadhibiwa vikali. Zaidi kuhusu hili katika viungo vifuatavyo:
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/tanzania
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/kenya
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/burundi
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/uganda

U4C iliomba maoni ya kisheria ili kutathmini hatari ambazo wahariri na wasimamizi wanaoishi katika nchi hizo wanaweza kukabiliana nazo katika kuhariri au kurejesha maudhui ambayo yanaweza kuchukuliwa kuwa &quot;kukuza&quot; ushoga hata kama kwa viwango vya Wikimedian (au Magharibi) maudhui hayo hayatachukuliwa kuwa ya utangazaji bali yasiyoegemea upande wowote au maelezo.

Vipaumbele vya U4C katika kesi hii ni:
*Linda watumiaji wa ndani, haswa wamiliki wa haki wa hali ya juu ambao wanaweza kutafsiriwa vibaya kama &quot;wajibiki&quot; kwa maudhui ya mradi.
*Linda wasomaji wote na haki yao ya kuwa na maudhui yasiyoegemea upande wowote na yenye taarifa

'''Vitendo vya U4C'''

# Pendekeza kwamba jumuiya ya Wikipedia ya Kiswahili ifanyie kazi mwongozo kuhusu Mtazamo wa Kuegemea (Wikidata [[d:Q4656487]]) na mwongozo kuhusu vyanzo vya kuaminika (Wikidata [[d:Q4663914]]). U4C itakagua maendeleo baada ya miezi 6.&lt;br /&gt;
# Pendekeza kwamba jumuiya itafute utaalamu wa ndani kuhusu jinsi inavyoruhusiwa kuelimisha msomaji kuhusu mada zinazohusiana na masuala ya LGBTQ bila kukiuka sheria katika nchi zinazozungumza Kiswahili na wakati huo huo kuepuka ubaguzi (kulingana na UCoC). Tumia habari hii kusaidia NPOV kwenye mada hizi.
# Pendekeza kwamba jumuiya ianze kujadiliana kuhusu kushughulikia rufaa za eneo lako na kuunda utaratibu wa kutii [[:foundation:Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#3.3.3_Appeals|Enforcement Guidelines|Mwongozo wa Utekelezaji]].
# Pendekeza kwamba jumuia ifafanue orodha ya kurasa au &quot;mada zinazogombana&quot; (kuanzia mada za LGBTQ) ambapo, mara tu zikiundwa, sera zilizotajwa hapo juu hutumiwa/hutumiwa kwa ukali zaidi.

Wakati huo huo:
*Wasimamizi kwenye Wikipedia ya Kiswahili (swwiki) wamepigwa marufuku kwenye kurasa zinazohusiana na LGBTQ, huku vitendo vya wasimamizi vinavyohusiana na udhibiti wa maudhui na maadili vimekabidhiwa kwa Stewards na Global sysops (afua zozote zinaweza kuombwa kwenye Meta: [[:m:Stewards' noticeboard]] au [[:m:Steward requests/Miscellaneous]]). Hapa kuna orodha isiyo kamili ya kurasa ambazo zimefunikwa:
**https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapenzi_ya_jinsia_moja - Ushoga,
**https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndoa_ya_jinsia_moja - Ndoa ya jinsia moja,
**https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbadili_jinsia - Transgender
*Baada ya hatua zilizopendekezwa kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu kusanidiwa, wasimamizi wa swwiki wanaweza kukata rufaa dhidi ya marufuku ya mada.

{{hidden
| style = border: 1px black; width: 100%;
| headerstyle = background:#f5f5f5
| contentstyle = 
| header = Translation in Italian/Tafsiri katika Kiitaliano
| content = Secondo l'UNESCO (https://www.unesco.org/en/days/kiswahili-language), lo Swahili è tra le 10 lingue più parlate al mondo con oltre 200 milioni di persone che lo parlano ed è una &quot;lingue franche&quot; in diversi paese dell'Africa orientale, centrale e meridionale nonché nel Medio-Oriente.

Secondo Wikipedia ([[:en:w:Swahili_language|Swahili_language]]), lo Swahili è una delle lingue nazionali in Tanzania, Kenya, Repubblica Democratica del Congo, Burundi, Uganda, è lingua ufficiale in Ruanda, in alcune aree della Somalia ed è abitualmente usato in altre aree della regione dei Grandi Laghi e dell'Africa Orientale e meridionale.

Con l'eccezione della Repubblica Democratica del Congo e del Ruanda, in tutti i paese in cui lo Swahili è lingua nazionale, l'omosessualità non è solo illegale (in alcuni casi, come l'Uganda, è punita con la pena di morte) ma anche l'apparente promozione dell'omosessualità è severamente punita. Maggiori informazioni nei seguenti link:
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/tanzania 
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/kenya
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/burundi
*https://www.equaldex.com/region/uganda

U4C ha richiesto un parere legale per individuare quali rischi corrano i volontari e amministratori residenti in questi paese nell'effettuare modifiche o ripristinare contenuti che possono essere considerati promozionali dell'omosessualità anche se per standard Wikimediani (o del mondo occidentale) non sono considerati promozionali ma solo descrittivi o neutrali. 

Nel trattare questo caso le priorità dello U4C sono:
*Tutelare gli utenti locali, specialmente coloro con diritti addizionali che possono essere erroneamente considerati come &quot;responsabili&quot; dei contenuti di un progetto 
*Tutelare i lettori e il loro diritto ad avere informazioni e contenuti neutrali

'''In considerazione di ciò U4C'''

# Raccomanda che la comunità della Wikipedia in Swahili lavori sulla creazione di linee guida sul punto di vista neutrale (Neutral Point of View - Wikidata [[d:Q4656487]]) e su una linea guida dedicata alle fonti attendibili e al loro uso (Wikidata [[d:Q4663914]]). U4C verificherà i progressi fra 6 mesi.&lt;br /&gt;
# Raccomanda che la comunità ricerchi informazioni o consulenza locale su come fornire contenuti informativi sui temi collegati a LGBTQ senza violare leggi nei paesi di lingua Swahili ma allo stesso tempo senza discriminare (ai sensi di UCoC). Le informazioni ottenute andranno a supporto della linea guida sul punto di vista neutrale sull'argomento.
# Raccomanda che la comunità inizi una discussione sulla gestione locale degli appelli ai blocchi e su una procedura degli stessi conforme alle linee guida sull'applicazione del codice di condotta [[:foundation:Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#3.3.3_Appeals|Enforcement Guidelines]].
# Raccomanda che la comunità definisca una lista di pagine di &quot;argomenti controversi&quot; (partendo dal tema LGBTQ) dove, una volta create le linee guida del punto 1, queste vengano usate e applicate con particolare rigore. 

Allo stesso tempo:
*Gli amministratori della Wikipedia in Swahili hanno un topic ban (blocco selettivo su tema specifico) dalle pagine riguardanti tematiche LGBTQ, gli interventi amministrativi legati alla moderazione di condotta e contenuto sono delegate agli Steward e ai Global sysop (gli interventi possono essere richiesti nelle pagine su Meta: [[:m:Stewards' noticeboard]] oppure [[:m:Steward requests/Miscellaneous]]). Di seguito una lista non esasustiva delle pagine coinvolte:
**https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapenzi_ya_jinsia_moja - Homosexuality, 
**https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndoa_ya_jinsia_moja - Same sex marriage, 
**https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbadili_jinsia - Transgender
*Una volta che i rimedi raccomandati descritti nei punti più sopra sono stati attuati gli amministratori di swwiki possono richiedere la rimozione del topic ban.
}}

On behalf of U4C, '''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 13:23, 31 Mei 2025 (UTC)

== Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies for writing in English.
{{Int:Please-translate}}

Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC].

Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:01, 13 Juni 2025 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 - Call for Candidates&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;
Hello all,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|call for candidates for the 2025 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection is now open]] from June 17, 2025 – July 2, 2025 at 11:59 UTC [1]. The Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's work, and each Trustee serves a three-year term [2]. This is a volunteer position.

This year, the Wikimedia community will vote in late August through September 2025 to fill two (2) seats on the Foundation Board. Could you – or someone you know – be a good fit to join the Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees? [3]

Learn more about what it takes to stand for these leadership positions and how to submit your candidacy on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidate application|this Meta-wiki page]] or encourage someone else to run in this year's election.

Best regards,

Abhishek Suryawanshi&lt;br /&gt;
Chair of the Elections Committee

On behalf of the Elections Committee and Governance Committee

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Call_for_candidates

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Bylaws#(B)_Term.

[3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Resources_for_candidates&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

'''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 17:44, 17 Juni 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Sister Projects Task Force reviews Wikispore and Wikinews&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
Dear Wikimedia Community,

The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee (CAC)]]  of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees assigned [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Sister Projects Task Force|the Sister Projects Task Force (SPTF)]] to update and implement a procedure for assessing the lifecycle of Sister Projects – wiki [[m:Wikimedia projects|projects supported by Wikimedia Foundation (WMF)]].

A vision of relevant, accessible, and impactful free knowledge has always guided the Wikimedia Movement. As the ecosystem of Wikimedia projects continues to evolve, it is crucial that we periodically review existing projects to ensure they still align with our goals and community capacity.

Despite their noble intent, some projects may no longer effectively serve their original purpose. '''Reviewing such projects is not about giving up – it's about responsible stewardship of shared resources'''. Volunteer time, staff support, infrastructure, and community attention are finite, and the non-technical costs tend to grow significantly as our ecosystem has entered a different age of the internet than the one we were founded in. Supporting inactive projects or projects that didn't meet our ambitions can unintentionally divert these resources from areas with more potential impact.

Moreover, maintaining projects that no longer reflect the quality and reliability of the Wikimedia name stands for, involves a reputational risk. An abandoned or less reliable project affects trust in the Wikimedia movement.

Lastly, '''failing to sunset or reimagine projects that are no longer working can make it much harder to start new ones'''. When the community feels bound to every past decision – no matter how outdated – we risk stagnation. A healthy ecosystem must allow for evolution, adaptation, and, when necessary, letting go. If we create the expectation that every project must exist indefinitely, we limit our ability to experiment and innovate.

Because of this, SPTF reviewed two requests concerning the lifecycle of the Sister Projects to work through and demonstrate the review process. We chose Wikispore as a case study for a possible new Sister Project opening and Wikinews as a case study for a review of an existing project. Preliminary findings were discussed with the CAC, and a community consultation on both proposals was recommended.

=== Wikispore ===

The [[m:Wikispore|application to consider Wikispore]] was submitted in 2019. SPTF decided to review this request in more depth because rather than being concentrated on a specific topic, as most of the proposals for the new Sister Projects are, Wikispore has the potential to nurture multiple start-up Sister Projects.

After careful consideration, the SPTF has decided '''not to recommend''' Wikispore as a Wikimedia Sister Project. Considering the current activity level, the current arrangement allows '''better flexibility''' and experimentation while WMF provides core infrastructural support. 

We acknowledge the initiative's potential and seek community input on what would constitute a sufficient level of activity and engagement to reconsider its status in the future.

As part of the process, we shared the decision with the Wikispore community and invited one of its leaders, Pharos, to an SPTF meeting.

Currently, we especially invite feedback on measurable criteria indicating the project's readiness, such as contributor numbers, content volume, and sustained community support. This would clarify the criteria sufficient for opening a new Sister Project, including possible future Wikispore re-application. However, the numbers will always be a guide because any number can be gamed.

=== Wikinews ===

We chose to review Wikinews among existing Sister Projects because it is the one for which we have observed the highest level of concern in multiple ways.

Since the SPTF was convened in 2023, its members have asked for the community's opinions during conferences and community calls about Sister Projects that did not fulfil their promise in the Wikimedia movement.[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WCNA_2024._Sister_Projects_-_opening%3F_closing%3F_merging%3F_splitting%3F.pdf &lt;nowiki&gt;[1]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee/Sister_Projects_Task_Force#Wikimania_2023_session_%22Sister_Projects:_past,_present_and_the_glorious_future%22 &lt;nowiki&gt;[2]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F &lt;nowiki&gt;[3]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] Wikinews was the leading candidate for an evaluation because people from multiple language communities proposed it. Additionally, by most measures, it is the least active Sister Project, with the greatest drop in activity over the years.

While the Language Committee routinely opens and closes language versions of the Sister Projects in small languages, there has never been a valid proposal to close Wikipedia in major languages or any project in English. This is not true for Wikinews, where there was a proposal to close English Wikinews, which gained some traction but did not result in any action[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_closing_projects/Closure_of_English_Wikinews &lt;nowiki&gt;[4]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F &lt;nowiki&gt;[5]&lt;/nowiki&gt;, see section 5] as well as a draft proposal to close all languages of Wikinews[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proposals_for_closing_projects/Archive_2#Close_Wikinews_completely,_all_languages? &lt;nowiki&gt;[6]&lt;/nowiki&gt;].

[[:c:File:Sister Projects Taskforce Wikinews review 2024.pdf|Initial metrics]] compiled by WMF staff also support the community's concerns about Wikinews.

Based on this report, SPTF recommends a community reevaluation of Wikinews. We conclude that its current structure and activity levels are the lowest among the existing sister projects. SPTF also recommends pausing the opening of new language editions while the consultation runs.

SPTF brings this analysis to a discussion and welcomes discussions of alternative outcomes, including potential restructuring efforts or integration with other Wikimedia initiatives.

'''Options''' mentioned so far (which might be applied to just low-activity languages or all languages) include but are not limited to:
*Restructure how Wikinews works and is linked to other current events efforts on the projects,
*Merge the content of Wikinews into the relevant language Wikipedias, possibly in a new namespace,
*Merge content into compatibly licensed external projects,
*Archive Wikinews projects.
Your insights and perspectives are invaluable in shaping the future of these projects. We encourage all interested community members to share their thoughts on the relevant discussion pages or through other designated feedback channels.

=== Feedback and next steps ===

We'd be grateful if you want to take part in a conversation on the future of these projects and the review process. We are setting up two different project pages: [[m:Public consultation about Wikispore|Public consultation about Wikispore]] and [[m:Public consultation about Wikinews|Public consultation about Wikinews]]. Please participate between 27 June 2025 and 27 July 2025, after which we will summarize the discussion to move forward. You can write in your own language.

I will also host a community conversation 16th July Wednesday 11.00 UTC and 17th July Thursday 17.00 UTC (call links to follow shortly) and will be around at Wikimania for more discussions. 
&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Victoria|Victoria]] on behalf of the Sister Project Task Force, 20:57, 27 Juni 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikidata Item and Property labels soon displayed in Wiki Watchlist/Recent Changes ==

''(Apologies for posting in English, you can help by translating into your language)''

Hello everyone, the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team is excited to announce an upcoming change in how Wikidata edit changelogs are displayed in your [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlists]] and [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] lists. If an edit is made on Wikidata that affects a page in another Wikimedia Project, the changelog will contain some information about the nature of the edit. This can include a QID (or Q-number), a PID (or P-number) and a value (which can be text, numbers, dates, or also QID or PID’s). Confused by these terms? See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Glossary|Wikidata:Glossary]] for further explanations.

The upcoming change is scheduled for '''17.07.2025''', between '''1300 - 1500 UTC'''.
The change will display the label (item name) alongside any QID or PIDs, as seen in the image below:
[[File:Apr10 edit summary on Wikidata.png|An edit sum entry on Wikidata, labels display alongside their P- and Q-no.'s]]

These changes will only be visible if you have Wikidata edits enabled in your User Preferences for Watchlists and Recent Changes, or have the active filter ‘Wikidata edits’ checkbox toggled on, directly on the Watchlist and Recent Changes pages.

Your bot and gadget may be affected! There are thousands of bots, gadgets and user-scripts and whilst we have researched potential effects to many of them, we cannot guarantee there won’t be some that are broken or affected by this change.

Further information and context about this change, including how your bot may be affected can be found on this [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|project task page]]. We welcome your questions and feedback, please write to us on this dedicated [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Talk page]].

Thank you, - [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] on behalf of the Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects Team. '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 12:46, 14 Julai 2025 (UTC)
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== Boti ya kukaribisha ya [[user:AmmarBot|Ammar]] ==

Ndugu zangu wanaWikipedia. Hivi karibuni, nikiwa huko jijini Nairobi, nilikutana na Ammar. Kijana wa Kihausa kutoka nchini Nigeria. Katika maongezi yetu, tukafikia hatua ya kuzungumzia boti za kukaribisha watu. Kijana huyu alikubali kutumia muda wake mchache kuunda boti ya kukaribisha watu. Hivyo basi kila kibarua cha karibu kila wakati kimetuishia. Tafadhalini msipoteza muda wenu kukaribisha watu. Boti itafanya kazi. Tazameni: [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maalum%3AMichango&amp;target=AmmarBot&amp;namespace=all&amp;tagfilter=&amp;start=&amp;end=&amp;limit=50 Hapa] [[User:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;'''Muddyb'''&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;gray&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''Longa'''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/font&gt; 13:45, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC)

:Hii nzuri! '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|majadiliano]])''' 15:02, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC)
::Ila BOT atachukua muda gani tangu mgeni kajiunga hadi atakapokaribishwa? '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|majadiliano]])''' 15:02, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC)

== Introducing Paste Check: a new Edit Check for Wikipedia ==

Hello!

Sorry for using English language. {{int:please-translate}}. {{int:Thank-you}}

Paste Check is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] feature to help avoid and fight copyright violations. When editors paste text into an article, Paste Check can prompt them to confirm the origin and licensing of the content.

'''Why Paste Check?'''

Paste Check benefits two audiences:

* Newcomers: Many new editors are unaware of Wikipedia’s policies regarding copyright violations. Some mistakenly believe that pasting from what they consider reliable sources is the way to edit.
* Experienced editors: Paste Check aims to make it easier to identify and patrol edits that may contain pasted content (which can be either legit or copyright violations), helping us save time.

The goal is to reduce the rate of copyright violations by at least 10% among newer editors.

'''How it works'''

By default, Paste Check will be shown to editors who have published 100 or fewer edits locally.

When an editor matching this requirement pastes at least 50 characters of text from somewhere else, Paste Check will ask them to confirm if they wrote the content. Two options are then available:

* Keep the text – the user is then asked to explain why.
* Remove the text – the text is removed.

In both cases, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|edits will be tagged]] so that experienced editors can identify edits in which Paste Check was shown. The tag will be visible even if the final edit didn’t include any pasted text.

Paste Check will trigger when text is pasted a source it doesn’t recognize as another editing environment. It won’t show up if the editor has pasted text that we can technically recognize is coming from another MediaWiki visual editor instance, MS Office, Libre Office, Google Docs, or is plain text.

To start, Paste Check will only work in the visual editor.

'''Get involved'''

The Editing team is seeking input on the proposed user experience and configuration.

We plan to test the following interface with new users ([https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;showMessage=editcheck-dialog-addref-reject-question&amp;group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&amp;language=&amp;filter=&amp;optional=1&amp;action=translate please help translating it]):  

[[File:Paste_Check_interface_for_September_2025's_test.png|575x575px]]

We're planning to refine this interface over time, but want to start by launching a test so that we can determine whether the check is useful. We presented this interface to people who don't participate in Wikipedia, and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#Qualitative evaluation|they found it practical and easy to understand]].

As a consequence, we would like to start by showing the feature to a fraction of newcomers for approximately 6 weeks. After this point, we will review the experiment results and decide what to do next.

'''Configuration and test'''

For experienced users, Paste Check will be configurable by the local communities (e.g. edit count thresholds, ignored sections and namespaces). Edits triggering Paste Check will be marked with the tag &lt;code&gt;editcheck-paste-shown&lt;/code&gt; for easier tracking.

You can try the proposed Paste Check interface:

* visit https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/w/index.php?title=Cats&amp;veaction=edit&amp;ecenable=2

* Paste 50 characters or more from an external source, such as a website, to see the prompt.

Your feedback is valuable! Please share your thoughts below, and ping me. {{int:Thank-you}}

[[user:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]] 13:47, 18 Septemba 2025 (UTC)
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:This test is planned to start on this Wednesday, 8 October. Let me know if you have any question! '''[[Mtumiaji:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Trizek (WMF)|majadiliano]])''' 15:31, 6 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

== Hivi karibuni Wiki yenu itakuwa kwenye mfumo wa kutoharirika. ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Soma ujumbe huu kupitia lugha nyingine]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

[[foundation:|Shirika la Wikimedia]] litafanya mbadilishano wa taarifa baina ya vituo vyake vya data. Hii itahakikisha kuwa Wikipedia na Wiki nyingine za Wikimedia zinabaki mtandaoni hata likitokea janga.

Mbadilishano wa taarifa utafanyika: '''{{#time:j xg|2025-09-24|sw}}'''. Mbadilishano utaanza $muda huu:

Inasikitisha kwamba, kutokana na vipingamizi kwenye [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], uhariri wa kila namna itabidi usitishwe wakati wa mbadilishano. Tunaomba radhi kwa mvurugiko huo, na tunafanya juhudi kupunguza kutokea kwa adha kama hiyo siku za ver. 

Bango litaanikizwa kwenye Wiki zote dakika 30 kabla ya kuanza kwa mchakato. Bango litabaki likionekana mpaka operesheni itapofikia mwisho. 
&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&amp;task=view&amp;language=&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.&lt;/span&gt;

'''Mtaweza kusoma, lakini si kuhariri, kwenye Wiki zote, kwa kipindi kifupi.'''

*Hutoweza kuhariri kwa takriban saa moja {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-09-24|sw}}.
*Ukijaribu kuhariri na kuhifadhi kwenye nyakati his, utaona ujumbe kukujulisha kuwa umekosea. Tunanatumaini kuwa hakuna maharirio yatakayopotea kwenye dakika hizo, lakini hatuwezi kuahidi. Ukiona ujumbe unaokuarifu kuwa unakosea, basi tafadhali subiri hadi iwe ya kawaida. Baadae utaweza kuhifadhi kuhifadhi maharirio yako. Kakini, tunashauri uweke kwanza nakala ya mabadiliko uliyofanya, kwa tahadhari tu.

''Athari nyingine ''

*Shughuli za nyuma ya pazia zitakuwa za taratibu sana, na nyingine zinaweza kuachwa. Viungo vyekundu vinaweza vikasasishwa polepole kuliko kawaida. Ukianzisha makala makala ambayo tayari imeunganishwa na sehemu nyingine, kiungo kitabaki chekundu kwa muda mrefu kuliko kawaida. Baadhi ya maandishi ya muda mrefu italazimika kuyasimamisha.
* Tunatarajia utekelezaji wa kimsimbo utafanyika kama kwenye wiki [juma] zingine. Hata hivyo, kuzuiwa Kwa baadhi ya misimbo itayoainishwa, kunaweza kutokea bila kuchelewa kama operesheni itahitaji baadae.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|Gitlab]] haitopatikana kwa kiasi cha dakika 90.

Mradi huu unaweza kuahirishwa panapo ulazima. Unaweza [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|kusoma ratiba hiyo kwenye wikitech. wikimedia.org]]. Mabadiliko yoyote yatatangazwa kwenye mpangilio wa ratiba. 

'''Tafadhali shiriki habari hii na jumuia yako.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;

&lt;span dir=ltr&gt;[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])&lt;/span&gt; 15:41, 18 Septemba 2025 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Migration to Parsoid&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|Read this in another language]]&lt;/em&gt;

Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier.

If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation.

There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Confidence_Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki.

To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]].
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:User:ABreault (WMF)|Content Transform Team]]&lt;/bdi&gt;  19:49, 2 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Event Organizer Right for [[user:EUwandu-WMF|EUwandu-WMF]] ==

Dear Swahili Wikipedia Admins,

The Community Organizing Experience team (formerly the Campaigns team) at the Wikimedia Foundation is supporting Wikimedia Arusha and Wikimedia Kilimanjaro to strengthen their capacity in adopting the CampaignEvents extension tools, including Event Registration tool for their 2025-26 General Support Funds activities. In order to implement this support, I would need the event organizer right on Swahili Wikipedia. I have also communicated this to [[user:Jadnapac|Jadnapac]] who recommended I ask for the right here. '''[[Mtumiaji:EUwandu-WMF|EUwandu-WMF]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:EUwandu-WMF|majadiliano]])''' 17:19, 6 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:@[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]], @[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] please gather here.  [[User:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;'''Muddyb'''&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;gray&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''Longa'''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/font&gt; 18:17, 6 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
:I support granting the event organizer right to EUwandu-WMF. '''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])''' 20:17, 6 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

== Toa maoni yako: pigia kura Bodi ya Wadhamini ya mwaka 2025 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Habarini nyote,

Kipindi cha upigaji kura cha [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|uchaguzi wa Bodi ya Wadhamini wa 2025]] sasa kimefunguliwa. Wagombea wanagombea viti 2 (viwili) kwenye Bodi.

Ili kuangalia ustahiki wako wa mpiga kura, tafadhali tembelea [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Voter eligibility guidelines|ukurasa wa ustahiki wa mpiga kura]].

Jifunze zaidi kuwahusu kwa [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidates|kusoma taarifa zao za maombi na kutazama video zao za ugombeaji]].

Ukiwa tayari, nenda kwenye ukurasa wa kupiga kura wa [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/405|SecurePoll kupiga kura]].

'''Upigaji kura utaanza tarehe 8 Oktoba saa 00:00 UTC hadi Oktoba 22 saa 23:59 UTC.'''

Kila la kheri,

Abhishek Suryawanshi&lt;br /&gt;Mwenyekiti, Kamati ya Uchaguzi&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

'''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 04:48, 9 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Message from U4C ==
Dear Swahili community,

(''Apologies for writing in English. A machine-translated version of this message is attached below for your convenience. In case of any discrepancies, please refer to the English version as the source.'')

We have been made aware of the deletion of the article [[Historia ya ubadilishaji jinsia]] and the subsequent block of @[[User:E.N. Emmanuel]] (who can appeal on their talk page).&lt;br /&gt; 
@[[User:Olimasy]], could you please briefly explain what was the reason, among those listed here [[Wikipedia:Kufuta_makala]], for the speedy deletion of that page? 

We would like to remind you all and the administrators of this project in particular that local admins are currently topic banned from LGBTQ related pages, and admin actions related to content and conduct moderation are delegated to Stewards and Global sysops. Any intervention concerning related content or users should be requested on Meta. You can read our motion here [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya#U4C_case_-_conclusion]].

This measure will remain in effect until the actions we have recommended for this project (listed here [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya#U4C_case_-_conclusion]] in the section U4C Actions) have been completed. If you need any help with these steps please do not hesitate to contact us.
On behalf of the U4C, --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 17:51, 19 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

(''Hii ni tafsiri ya kiotomatiki'')&lt;br /&gt;
Ndugu waswahili,&lt;br /&gt;
Tumefahamishwa kuhusu kufutwa kwa makala [[Historia ya ubadilishaji jinsia]] na kizuizi kilichofuata cha @[[User:E.N. Emmanuel]] (anayeweza kukata rufaa kwenye ukurasa wao wa mazungumzo).&lt;br /&gt;
@[[User:Olimasy]], tafadhali unaweza kueleza kwa ufupi sababu ilikuwa nini, miongoni mwa walioorodheshwa hapa [[Wikipedia:Kufuta_makala]], kwa kufutwa haraka kwa ukurasa huo?

Tungependa kuwakumbusha nyote na wasimamizi wa mradi huu hasa kwamba wasimamizi wa ndani kwa sasa wamepigwa marufuku kutoka kwa kurasa zinazohusiana na LGBTQ, na vitendo vya wasimamizi vinavyohusiana na udhibiti wa maudhui na maadili hukabidhiwa kwa Steward na Global sysops. Uingiliaji kati wowote kuhusu maudhui yanayohusiana au watumiaji unapaswa kuombwa kwenye Meta. Unaweza kusoma hoja yetu hapa [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya#U4C_case_-_conclusion]].

Hatua hii itaendelea kutumika hadi hatua ambazo tumependekeza kwa mradi huu (zilizoorodheshwa hapa [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya#U4C_case_-_conclusion]] katika sehemu ya U4C Actions) zimekamilika. Ikiwa unahitaji msaada wowote kwa hatua hizi tafadhali usisite kuwasiliana nasi. 

Kwa niaba ya U4C, --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 17:51, 19 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:@[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] I’ve reviewed the deletion log, and the article has already been removed. Judging by the structure and grammar, it seems the contributor may not be fluent in Kiswahili—the article had significant linguistic and formatting issues.
:While we appreciate efforts to represent diverse communities, it’s equally important that all articles meet the quality standards of Swahili Wikipedia.
:In a constructive spirit, we can encourage the contributor to collaborate with others to improve the article before republishing. [[User:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;'''Muddyb'''&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;gray&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''Longa'''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/font&gt; 20:22, 19 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

Contributor is banned and only option for him is new account. '''[[Mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|Mumba Chilekwa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|majadiliano]])''' 08:08, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:@[[User:Muddyb]] the first version of the article was created by the user and [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maalum:Kumbukumbu&amp;logid=312781 deleted] on 1 October. After being pinged yesterday the user recreated the page ([https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maalum:Kumbukumbu&amp;logid=315152 here]), it turned out that the user is a cross wiki abuser and the page was deleted by a Global Sysop who later [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maalum:Kumbukumbu&amp;logid=315181 undeleted the page] because apparently it is a translation of enwiki. Nobody of us is able to understand if that content makes sense in Swahili or if it is an automatic translation, or meets speedy deletion criteria like you mentioned. Personally speaking U4C asked that articles about contentious topics should be based on reliable sources and that content does not meet that requirement. The user is global blocked so I do not foresee cooperation. If the content meets deletion criteria please use the delete template (I think it is this one {{tl|Futa}}?) and then request deletion on Meta (here: [[:m:Global_sysops/Requests]]). I understand that this is a little complicated but it is a temporary measure. Please do not hesitate to contact us for any help or suggestion about the recommended actions in our motion. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 09:03, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
::@[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] I have informed the admin team again not to interfere directly with those kinds of articles instead we should inform  Stewards to take the matter. Thanks. We will surely reach out in case of anything resurfaced.  [[User:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;'''Muddyb'''&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;gray&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''Longa'''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/font&gt; 09:33, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
:@[[User:Muddyb]] many thanks, yes the right way is to inform Stewards or Global Sysops, your guidance is of course welcome (and needed) to overcome the language barrier. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) 

Alternate version was correctly remade by TEMPORARY ACCOUNT and makes sense. Both &quot;Emmanuel&quot; accounts are ABUSERS, one locally blocked and other globally blocked. '''[[Mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|Mumba Chilekwa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|majadiliano]])''' 09:18, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:@[[Mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|Mumba Chilekwa]] Share the recreated article that makes sense, please!  [[User:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;'''Muddyb'''&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;gray&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''Longa'''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/font&gt; 09:34, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

Recreated article with sense is here: [[Historia ya ubadilishaji jinsia]]. '''[[Mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|Mumba Chilekwa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|majadiliano]])''' 09:45, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

Se non fossi impedito, metterei il template &lt;nowiki&gt;{{tafsiri kompyuta}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; perché è una traduzione orripilante. Pace a te, Civvì! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 10:05, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:If there is consensus on deletion due to low quality please request the deletion on Meta (explaining the reasons). For sure the goal of our requests is not to lower your quality standards. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 11:05, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
::@[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] na @[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] The recreated article is another trash in the block. I will write global sysop to delete it.  [[User:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;'''Muddyb'''&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;gray&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''Longa'''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/font&gt; 12:03, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

::Do not forget REDIRECTS and TALKS when deleting. '''[[Mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|Mumba Chilekwa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|majadiliano]])''' 12:01, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
::Four instances to delete:
::[[Historia ya ubadilishaji jinsia]], [[Majadiliano:Historia ya ubadilishaji jinsia]]
::[[Historia ya Ubadilishaji jinsia]], [[Majadiliano:Historia ya Ubadilishaji jinsia]]
::'''[[Mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|Mumba Chilekwa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mumba Chilekwa|majadiliano]])''' 12:08, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

::&quot;The recreated article is another trash in the block.&quot; FOUR INSTANCES. '''[[Mtumiaji:Soggo Ionno|Soggo Ionno]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Soggo Ionno|majadiliano]])''' 12:15, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;function1&quot;/&gt;
{{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki that will enable users to combine functions from [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] and data from Wikidata in order to generate natural language sentences in any supported languages. These sentences can then be used by any Wikipedia (or elsewhere).

There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with votes beginning on 20 October and 17 November 2025. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on mid-December 2025. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki.
{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
&lt;section end=&quot;function1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:43, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

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== Kutafuta watu wa kujitolea kujiunga na kamati kadhaa za harakati. ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Kila mwaka, kwa kawaida kuanzia Oktoba hadi Desemba, kamati kadhaa za harakati hutafuta watu wapya wa kujitolea. 

Soma zaidi kuhusu kamati hizo kwenye kurasa zao za Meta-wiki:
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Kamati ya Ushirikiano (AffCom)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|Tume ya Wachunguzi Maalum (OC)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Kamati ya Mapitio ya kesi (CRC)]]

Maombi ya kamati hizo yatafunguliwa tarehe 30 Oktoba 2025.  Maombi ya Kamati ya Ushirikiano, tume ya Wachunguzi Maalum na Kamati ya Mapitio ya Kesi yatafungwa tarehe 11 Desemba 2025. Jifunze namna ya kutuma maombi kwa [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Committee appointments| kutembelea ukurasa wa uteuzi kwenye Meta-Wiki]].Tuma kwenye ukurasa wa majadiliano au barua pepe cst[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org na maswali yoyote ambayo unaweza kuwa nayo.

Kwa timu ya Msaada ya Kamati,
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

-[[m:User:MKaur (WMF)| MKaur (WMF)]] 14:13, 30 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

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== Will you help us test an updated Databox? ==

''Apologies for posting in English - you can help by translating it''

Hello everyone, recently an update has been made to the [[w:sw:Module:Databox|Module:Databox]] / [[w:sw:Template:Databox|Template:Databox]] page with the following changes:

* A Wikidata logo and link to the connected Wikidata Item


* New parameters &lt;code&gt;useImage=&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;excludeProperties=&lt;/code&gt; can be invoked in the source code to give a greater degree of control on what the Databox displays.
** '''&lt;code&gt;useImage=&lt;/code&gt;''' choose a different [[d:Property:P18|image(P18)]] to display in the Databox.&lt;br&gt; Example: &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Databox|useImage=Hubble_Ultra_Deep_Field_part d.jpg}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
** '''&lt;code&gt;excludeParameters=&lt;/code&gt;''' hides selected Properties (and values) in from displaying in the current Databox.&lt;br&gt;Example: &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Databox|excludeProperties=P1290,P66}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 

* The parameters can be combined, separated by a pipe |:&lt;br&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Databox|'''useImage='''image_file.jpg|'''excludeProperties='''P123}}&lt;/code&gt;

=== How can you help? ===
Please help us by playing with the new features, adding Databoxes to Articles and using the new parameters (if it is good for the article). Mostly we just want to collect feedback on whether this is a positive change, is useful, interrupts your editing workflows and / or causes any issues or bugs.

Only the first change (Wikidata Logo+Link) will automatically apply to existing Databoxes (may take upto 30 days from this post) or after any edit to a page with a Databox (including null-edits).

The two Parameters will only show if the &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Databox}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; wikitext is edited with the new parameter code.&lt;br&gt;[[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Databox#Changes_to_Databox|Find instructions to do that here]].&lt;br&gt;
Any questions, please feel free to reply here or add them to the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Databox|Talk page]].&lt;br&gt;
Thank you, - '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 14:41, 6 Novemba 2025 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Reminder: Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;function2&quot;/&gt;
{{int:Hello}}. Reminder: Please help to choose name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Abstract Wikipedia, Multilingual Wikipedia, Wikiabstracts, Wikigenerator, Proto-Wiki&lt;/span&gt;. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki.
{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
&lt;section end=&quot;function2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:22, 20 Novemba 2025 (UTC)

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== Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 ==

Dear Wikimedia communities,

We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year.

''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.''

In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects.

We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community.

📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]]

If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs:  
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]]
* [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]]

''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]'''''

''Stay connected and receive updates:''  
* [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel]  
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list]

We look forward to collaborating with you and your community.


'''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:45, 16 Januari 2026 (UTC)

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== Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&quot;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 

Dear Wiki Community,

We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia.

The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects.

;About the Campaign 
'''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices.

;What Can Participants Write About? 
Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to:

* Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations  
* Folk dances, music, and traditional performances  
* Women and queer figures in folklore  
* Women in mythology and oral traditions  
* Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives  
* Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends  
* Folk games, sports, and cultural practices  

Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools.

;How to Sign Up as an Organizer 
Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community:

# Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] 
# Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool  
# Prepare a local article list and clearly mention:
#* Campaign timeline  
#* Local and international prizes  
# Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]]  
# Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]'''

;Campaign Tools

The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants:

* '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats.
* '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore.

Both tools are now available for use in the campaign.  '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]'''

;Learn More &amp; Get Support
For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''.

If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via:
* '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]'''
* Email us using details on the contact page.

;Join Us 
We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia.

Thank you and best wishes,
  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]'''

----

''Stay connected:''  
[[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp;
[[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]
Hello everyone,

We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe.

;About Wiki Loves Folklore 

'''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight:
* Folk traditions and rituals  
* Cultural festivals and celebrations  
* Traditional attire and crafts 
* Performing arts, music, and dance  
* Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage  

Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world.

[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] 

; Host a Local Edition 

As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to:
* Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture  
* Engage new contributors in your community  
* Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content  

'''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:'''  

If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know.

If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region.

;Get in Touch 
If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via:

* The project Talk pages  
* Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org'''

We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail.

Warm regards,  

'''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team'''
&lt;/div&gt;
'''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 13:21, 18 Januari 2026 (UTC)

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== Mapitio ya kila mwaka ya Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Mwenendo na Nidhamu na Miongozo ya Utekelezaji ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Ninakuandikia ili kukujulisha kuwa muda wa upitiaji wa kila mwaka wa Kanuni za Maadili na Miongozo ya Utekelezaji umefunguliwa sasa. Unaweza kutoa mapendekezo ya mabadiliko hadi tarehe 9 Februari 2026. Hii ni hatua ya kwanza kati ya kadhaa itakayochukuliwa kwa upitiaji wa kila mwaka. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Soma maelezo zaidi na utafute mazungumzo ya kujiunga kwenye ukurasa wa UCoC kwenye Meta]].

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Kamati ya Kuratibu Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Mwenendo na Nidhamu]] (U4C) ni kundi la kimataifa linalojitolea kutoa utekelezaji sawa na thabiti wa UCoC. Tathmini hii ya kila mwaka ilipangwa na kutekelezwa na U4C. Kwa maelezo zaidi na majukumu ya U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|unaweza kukagua Mkataba wa U4C]].

Tafadhali washirikishe habari hii washiriki wengine katika jumuiya yako popote inapohitajika.

-- Kwa ushirikiano na U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:Mazungumzo ya mtumiaji:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

21:02, 19 Januari 2026 (UTC)

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== Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Dear Wikipedians!

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''.

The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences.

🧩'''How to participate?'''

Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine.

🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''.

'''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.'''

If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&amp;messages=&amp;language=en&amp;x=D banner] into your own language.

Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! 

[[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;

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== Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) ==

Hello everyone,

This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as &lt;code&gt;Module:Itemgroup/list&lt;/code&gt;).

'''The Change:'''&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. 

We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''.

'''What You Need To Do:'''&lt;br /&gt;
To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search.

'''Deadline:'''&lt;br /&gt;
We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles.

Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 17:11, 3 Aprili 2026 (UTC)

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(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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    <title>Thomas Jefferson</title>
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      <comment>/* Viungo vya Nje */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2838" sha1="547d7pwtvj1p87fa9zvpqnqp5h0bhy9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Thomas Jefferson
|image = Official Presidential portrait of Thomas Jefferson (by Rembrandt Peale, 1800)(cropped).jpg
|alt = 
|caption = 
|order = 3
|office = Rais wa Marekani
|vicepresident =[[Aaron Burr]] (1801–1805)&lt;br&gt;[[George Clinton]] (1805–1809)
|term_start = Machi 4, 1801
|term_end = Machi 4, 1809
|predecessor = [[John Adams]]
|successor = [[James Madison]]
|jr/sr2 = 
|state2 = 
|term_start2 = 
|term_end2 = 
|predecessor2 = 
|successor2 = 
|office3 = 
|term_start3 = 
|term_end3 = 
|predecessor3 = 
|successor3 = 
|birth_name = 
|birth_date = {{birth date|1743|4|13}}
|birth_place = Shadwell, [[Colony of Virginia]], [[British America]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1826|7|4|1743|4|13}}
|death_place = Charlottesville, [[Virginia]], [[Marekani]]
|restingplace = Monticello, [[Virginia]], [[Marekani]]
|nationality = 
|party = [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]]
|parents = 
|relations = 
|spouse = {{marriage|Martha Wayles|January 1, 1772|September 6, 1782|reason=died}}
|children = 11
|residence = 
|alma_mater = College of William &amp; Mary (Bachelor of Arts)
|profession = 
|religion = 
|blank1 =
|data1 =
|signature =  Thomas Jefferson Signature.svg
|signature_alt = 
|website = 
}}
'''Thomas Jefferson''' ([[2 Aprili]] [[1743]] – [[4 Julai]] [[1826]]) alikuwa [[Rais]] [[Orodha ya Marais wa Marekani|wa tatu]] wa [[Marekani]] kuanzia [[mwaka]] wa [[1801]] hadi [[1809]]. 

Pia alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa [[katiba]] ya [[Marekani]] aliyetumia [[nadharia]] ya [[John Locke]] na kupanga [[hoja]] za kupinga Marekani kuendelea kuwa chini ya mfumo wa [[utawala]] wa [[Ufalme|kifalme]] chini ya [[Uingereza]].

==Viungo vya Nje==
{{Sister project links |wikt=Jeffersonian |b=US History/Jeffersonian Democracy |s=Author:Thomas Jefferson |v=The US Presidents/Thomas Jefferson}}
* [https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/thomasjefferson White House biography]
* [http://www.masshist.org/thomasjeffersonpapers/ Thomas Jefferson Papers: An Electronic Archive]
* [http://guides.lib.virginia.edu/content.php?pid=77323&amp;sid=572858 Thomas Jefferson collection] {{Wayback|url=http://guides.lib.virginia.edu/content.php?pid=77323&amp;sid=572858 |date=20160304024932 }}
* [https://founders.archives.gov/content/volumes#Jefferson The Papers of Thomas Jefferson]
* [https://jeffersonhour.com/ The Thomas Jefferson Hour]
* [http://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/jeffpap.asp The Papers of Thomas Jefferson]
* {{Gutenberg author |id=1638}}
* [http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Presidents/Jefferson-Thomas Collection of Thomas Jefferson Manuscripts and Letters]
* http://tjrs.monticello.org/letter/44
{{Marais wa Marekani}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jefferson, Thomas}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1743]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1826]]
[[Jamii:Marais wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Virginia (jimbo)]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Niger</title>
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      <comment>[[File:Niger Rebel-Leader-fighting-01apr08.jpg]]
[[File:Great Mosque of Djenné 1.jpg]]
----
[[WP:Mradi wa Nchi]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="10778" sha1="mfwe0ls4r7elz1ijhdrv9mykjtv08yx" xml:space="preserve">{{Kwa|maana nyingine|Niger (maana)}}
{{Jedwali la nchi  
 | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Niger
 | jina_asili = {{native name|ha|Jamhuriyar Nijar}}
 | bendera = Flag of Niger.svg
 | nembo = Coat of arms of Niger.svg
 | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = Niamey
 | lugha_rasmi = Hausa
 | lugha2 = 
  {{Collapsible list|
* [[Kiarabu]]
* [[Kifulfulde]]
* [[Kizarma]]
* [[Kikanuri]]
* [[Kituareg]]
  }}
 | dini = 
  {{plainlist|
* 99.3% [[Uislamu]]
* 0.3% [[Ukristo]]
* 0.2% [[Dini za jadi]]
* 0.1% [[Wasio na dini]]
  }}
 | serikali = Jamhuri ya nusu-rais chini ya utawala wa kijeshi
 | cheo_kiongozi1 = [[Rais]]
 | kiongozi1 = [[Abdourahamane Tchiani]]
 | cheo_kiongozi2 = Makamu wa Rais wa Baraza la Taifa la Kulinda Nchi
 | kiongozi2 = Salifou Modi
 | bunge = Baraza la Taifa la Kulinda Nchi
 | muundo_uhuru = Uhuru
 | tukio1 = Kutangazwa kwa jamhuri
 | tukio1_tarehe = 18 Desemba 1958
 | tukio2 = Uhuru kutoka Ufaransa
 | tukio2_tarehe = 3 Agosti 1960
 | eneo_jumla = 1,267,000
 | watu_kadirio = 26,342,784
 | mwaka_kadirio = 2024
 | msongamano = 21
 | mwaka_plt_ppp = 2025
 | plt_ppp = $61.040 bilioni
 | plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = $2,100
 | mwaka_plt = 2025
 | plt = $21.870 bilioni
 | plt_kwa_mtu = $751
 | hdi = 0.419
 | mwaka_maendeleo = 2023
 | cheo_maendeleo = 188
 | gini = 32.9
 | fedha = Faranga ya CFA ya Afrika Magharibi (XOF)
 | majira_saa = +1
 | tld = .ne
 | msimbo_simu = +227
}}
'''Nijer''' ( pia ''Nijeri'' [[jina rasmi]]: '''Jamhuri ya Niger'''; kwa [[Kifaransa]]: ''République du Niger'') ni [[nchi]] isiyo na bahari katika [[Afrika ya Magharibi]], inayopakana na [[Aljeria]] na [[Libya]] kaskazini, [[Chad]] mashariki, [[Nigeria]] na [[Benin]] kusini, pamoja na [[Burkina Faso]] na [[Mali]] magharibi; kufikia mwaka 2024, ina idadi ya watu takriban milioni 27, ikiwa miongoni mwa nchi zenye watu wengi katika eneo hilo, na mji mkuu pamoja na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Niamey]], huku nchi ikigawanywa katika maeneo ya kiutawala na [[Kifaransa]] kikiwa [[lugha rasmi]].

Niger ina sifa ya kuwa na mandhari inayotawaliwa na [[jangwa]], ambapo sehemu kubwa ya eneo lake imefunikwa na [[Jangwa la Sahara]], huku maeneo ya kusini yakiwa sehemu ya [[Sahel|Ukanda wa Sahel]] na ndipo yanapokaliwa na idadi kubwa ya watu. [[Mto Niger]], ambao nchi imepewa jina lake, ndio chanzo kikuu cha maji na unasaidia shughuli za kilimo, uvuvi, na makazi ya watu. Nchi ina [[hali ya hewa]] ya [[majira ya joto|joto]] na [[ukame]], yenye mvua chache, hali inayochangia changamoto kama ukame, uhaba wa chakula, na uharibifu wa mazingira. Idadi kubwa ya watu wa Niger wanaishi vijijini, wakitegemea [[kilimo]] cha kujikimu na [[ufugaji]].

Uchumi wa Niger ni miongoni mwa uchumi ambao haujaendelea sana duniani na unategemea kwa kiasi kikubwa [[kilimo]] na rasilimali za asili. Madini ya ''Uranium'' ndizo bidhaa kuu za [[mauzo ya nje]] na chanzo muhimu cha mapato ya serikali, pamoja na mifugo na uzalishaji mdogo wa mazao ya kilimo. Nchi inakabiliwa na changamoto za kimuundo kama [[miundombinu]] duni, ongezeko la haraka la idadi ya watu, na athari za mabadiliko ya [[tabianchi]]. Nijeri pia ni mwanachama wa mashirika ya kikanda kama [[ECOWAS|Jumuiya ya Kiuchumi ya Nchi za Afrika Magharibi (ECOWAS)]] na Umoja wa Kiuchumi na Fedha wa Afrika Magharibi (WAEMU), ambayo huathiri sera zake za kiuchumi na kisiasa.

==Jiografia==
[[Picha:Ng-map.png|thumb|290px|right|thumb|Ramani ya Niger.]]
Niger haina [[pwani]] kwenye [[bahari]] yoyote. 

Ni sehemu ya kanda la [[Sahel]], yaani sehemu kubwa ya nchi ni [[yabisi]], kaskazini mwake ni yabisi sana ikiwa [[jangwa]] la [[Sahara]]. 

[[Ardhi]] yenye [[rutuba]] iko kusini kabisa, karibu na [[Niger (mto)|mto wa Niger]].

==Historia==
Historia ya Niger inaakisi maendeleo mapana ya kihistoria ya [[Sahel|ukanda wa Sahel]] wa [[Afrika ya Magharibi]], ambapo nafasi yake ya kijiografia ilifanya iwe njia muhimu ya biashara, uhamaji wa watu, na mwingiliano wa tamaduni. Katika nyakati za kale na za kati, eneo hili lilikuwa sehemu ya njia kuu za biashara za kuvuka [[Jangwa la Sahara]] zilizounganisha [[Afrika Kaskazini]] na [[Kusini kwa Sahara|Afrika kusini mwa Sahara]]. Dola zenye nguvu kama [[Dola ya Songhai]] upande wa magharibi na Dola ya Kanem-Bornu upande wa mashariki zilikuwa na ushawishi katika sehemu za Niger ya sasa, zikiwezesha biashara ya dhahabu, chumvi na bidhaa nyingine. Miji kama [[Agadez]] ilikua kuwa vituo muhimu vya biashara na elimu ya [[Kiislamu]], huku makundi ya wahamaji kama [[Tuareg]] na [[Fulani]] yakichangia kuunda maisha ya kijamii na kiuchumi ya eneo hilo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://sahistory.org.za/archive/brief-history-niger-part-2-us-department-state|title=A Brief History of Niger - Part 2 by US Department of State|publisher=US Department of State|website=www.sahistory.org.za|access-date=2026-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 19]], Niger iliingia chini ya udhibiti wa kikoloni wa [[Ufaransa]] kama sehemu ya [[Afrika ya Magharibi ya Kifaransa]]. Utawala wa kikoloni ulileta mipaka mipya ya kisiasa, mifumo ya kiutawala na miundo ya kiuchumi, mara nyingi ukilenga uchimbaji wa rasilimali na udhibiti badala ya maendeleo ya ndani. Upinzani dhidi ya utawala wa kikoloni ulijitokeza kwa njia mbalimbali, lakini kufikia mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 20]] mamlaka ya [[Ufaransa]] yalikuwa yamesimikwa kikamilifu. Miundombinu kama barabara na vituo vya utawala vilijengwa, ingawa faida za kiuchumi kwa wananchi wa eneo hilo zilibaki kuwa ndogo.

Niger ilipata uhuru wake kutoka [[Ufaransa]] tarehe 3 Agosti 1960, na kuwa [[jamhuri]]. Tangu uhuru, nchi imepitia vipindi vya ukosefu wa utulivu wa kisiasa, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[mapinduzi]] ya kijeshi, serikali za kiraia za muda mfupi, na mabadiliko ya katiba. Katika miongo ya hivi karibuni, Niger imekabiliwa na changamoto za utawala, maendeleo ya kiuchumi, na usalama, ikiwa ni pamoja na uasi katika baadhi ya maeneo ya nchi. Licha ya changamoto hizi, inaendelea kushiriki katika ushirikiano wa kikanda na kimataifa huku ikijaribu kufikia utulivu wa kisiasa na maendeleo.

==Demografia==
Wakazi walikuwa zaidi ya [[milioni]] 17 katika [[sensa]] ya [[mwaka]] [[2012]]. Kwa sasa ni 22.4 kutokana na ongezeko la haraka. [[Idadi]] kubwa wako kusini. 

Kadiri ya [[utafiti]] wa mwaka 2005, [[asilimia]] 8 walikuwa [[watumwa]]. 
=== Kabila===
Mipaka ilichorwa wakati wa [[ukoloni]] wa [[Ufaransa]], ikiunganisha watu wenye [[utamaduni]] tofautitofauti, kama vile [[Watuareg]] (9.3% za wakazi wote) wa Sahara, [[wahamaji]] [[Wafula]] (8.5%) na [[Wakanuri]] (4.7%) wa eneo la Sahel na [[wakulima]] wa kusini kama [[Wasonghai]] (21%) na [[Wahausa]]: hawa wa mwisho ni 55.4% . 

Tofauti hizo kubwa zilileta kipindi cha [[ugomvi]] kati ya ma[[kabila]] uliopoa tena baada ya mwaka [[2000]]. [[Tatizo]] kubwa la nchi ni vipindi vya [[ukame]] na [[njaa]] vinavyorudiarudia mara kwa mara.
=== Lugha ===
Tangu wakati wa ukoloni, [[lugha rasmi]] ilikuwa [[Kifaransa]]. Lakini kuna [[lugha ya taifa|lugha 10 za taifa]] kati ya lugha kuu za makabila asili. Muhimu zaidi ni [[Kihausa]] na [[Kizarma]]-Sonrai. Mwaka [[2025]] Kihausa kimetangazwa lugha rasmi mpya.
===Dini===
[[File:Great Mosque of Djenné 1.jpg|thumb|Mskiti kuu wa Djenne, Mali]]
Walio wengi kabisa (99.3%) ni wafuasi wa [[Uislamu]]; baadhi yao wanasemekana kuchanganya Uislamu na [[dini asilia za Kiafrika]]. [[Wakristo]] ni 0.3% tu. Hata hivyo Niger ni [[nchi isiyo na dini]] [[Dini rasmi|rasmi]].

== Siasa ==
[[File:Niger Rebel-Leader-fighting-01apr08.jpg|Kiongozi wa Waasi Niger kwa Vita]]
Siasa za Niger zimepangwa kama [[jamhuri]] ya nusu-rais, ingawa kwa vitendo mfumo huu mara nyingi umekumbwa na usumbufu kutokana na [[mapinduzi]] ya [[jeshi|kijeshi]] na vipindi vya serikali za mpito. [[Rais]] wa Niger ni mkuu wa nchi, wakati [[Waziri Mkuu]] ni mkuu wa serikali na husimamia shughuli za kila siku za utawala wa nchi. Chombo cha kutunga sheria ni [[Bunge la Taifa]] la Niger, ambalo ni bunge la chumba kimoja linalochaguliwa kutunga [[sheria]], kuidhinisha [[bajeti]], na kusimamia shughuli za [[serikali]]. Mfumo wa kisiasa unategemea vyama vingi vya siasa, na uchaguzi hufanyika pale tu utaratibu wa kikatiba unapokuwa umewekwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Niger, Government and Society|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Niger/Government-and-society|publisher=Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|access-date=2026-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tangu uhuru mwaka 1960, [[historia]] ya kisiasa ya Niger imekuwa na vipindi vinavyobadilishana kati ya utawala wa [[raia|kiraia]] na uingiliaji wa kijeshi. Mapinduzi kadhaa yametokea, yakionesha kutokuwa na utulivu katika utawala na mabadiliko ya madaraka. Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, [[uchaguzi]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] umekuwa ukifanyika mara kwa mara, lakini mwendelezo wa kisiasa umekuwa dhaifu. Marekebisho ya katiba yamefanyika nyakati tofauti ili kubadili mamlaka ya utendaji, taratibu za [[uchaguzi]], na miundo ya [[taasisi]], mara nyingi kufuatia migogoro ya kisiasa au mabadiliko ya uongozi.

Masuala ya kisiasa nchini Niger ni pamoja na utulivu wa utawala, changamoto za usalama, [[rushwa]], na maendeleo ya kiuchumi. Nchi inakabiliwa na vitisho vya kiusalama kutoka kwa makundi yenye silaha katika [[Sahel|ukanda wa Sahel]], jambo linaloathiri sera za ndani na ushirikiano wa kimataifa. Niger pia ni mwanachama wa mashirika ya kikanda kama [[ECOWAS]] na [[Umoja wa Afrika]], ambayo yana jukumu katika upatanishi, viwango vya utawala, na ushirikiano wa usalama wa kikanda. Hivyo, maisha ya kisiasa nchini humo yanahusiana kwa karibu na uthabiti wa ndani pamoja na mwelekeo mpana wa kikanda katika [[Afrika Magharibi]].

==Tazama pia==
* [[Shirikisho la Mataifa ya Sahel]]
* [[Orodha ya lugha za Niger]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi kulingana na idadi ya watu]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kwa pato la taifa]]
* [[Demografia ya Afrika]]

== Marejeo==
{{marejeo}}
== Viungo vya nje ==
*[http://www.presidence.ne/ Rais wa Niger tovuti rasmi] {{fr}}
*{{CIA World Factbook link|ng|Niger}}
*[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/niger.htm Niger] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/niger.htm |date=20080607085340 }} from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
*{{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Niger}}
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13943662 Niger profile] from the [[BBC News]]
*{{wikiatlas|Niger}}
*[http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=NE Key Development Forecasts for Niger] from [[International Futures]]
*[http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/NER/Year/2012/Summary 2012 Niger Trade Summary Statistics]

{{Commons|Niger}}

{{Afrika}}
{{African Union}}
[[Jamii:Niger| ]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Nchi zinazotumia lugha ya Kifaransa]]
[[Jamii:Sahara]]

[[Jamii:Nchi]]</text>
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      <text bytes="10999" sha1="3pexsq7jl5xxvw3j6va6wjcomnadtyk" xml:space="preserve">{{Kwa|maana nyingine|Niger (maana)}}
{{Jedwali la nchi  
 | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Niger
 | jina_asili = {{native name|ha|Jamhuriyar Nijar}}
 | bendera = Flag of Niger.svg
 | nembo = Coat of arms of Niger.svg
 | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = Niamey
 | lugha_rasmi = Hausa
 | lugha2 = 
  {{Collapsible list|
* [[Kiarabu]]
* [[Kifulfulde]]
* [[Kizarma]]
* [[Kikanuri]]
* [[Kituareg]]
  }}
 | dini = 
  {{plainlist|
* 99.3% [[Uislamu]]
* 0.3% [[Ukristo]]
* 0.2% [[Dini za jadi]]
* 0.1% [[Wasio na dini]]
  }}
 | serikali = Jamhuri ya nusu-rais chini ya utawala wa kijeshi
 | cheo_kiongozi1 = [[Rais]]
 | kiongozi1 = [[Abdourahamane Tchiani]]
 | cheo_kiongozi2 = Makamu wa Rais wa Baraza la Taifa la Kulinda Nchi
 | kiongozi2 = Salifou Modi
 | bunge = Baraza la Taifa la Kulinda Nchi
 | muundo_uhuru = Uhuru
 | tukio1 = Kutangazwa kwa jamhuri
 | tukio1_tarehe = 18 Desemba 1958
 | tukio2 = Uhuru kutoka Ufaransa
 | tukio2_tarehe = 3 Agosti 1960
 | eneo_jumla = 1,267,000
 | watu_kadirio = 26,342,784
 | mwaka_kadirio = 2024
 | msongamano = 21
 | mwaka_plt_ppp = 2025
 | plt_ppp = $61.040 bilioni
 | plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = $2,100
 | mwaka_plt = 2025
 | plt = $21.870 bilioni
 | plt_kwa_mtu = $751
 | hdi = 0.419
 | mwaka_maendeleo = 2023
 | cheo_maendeleo = 188
 | gini = 32.9
 | fedha = Faranga ya CFA ya Afrika Magharibi (XOF)
 | majira_saa = +1
 | tld = .ne
 | msimbo_simu = +227
}}
'''Nijer''' (pia ''Nijeri''; [[jina rasmi]]: '''Jamhuri ya Niger'''; kwa [[Kifaransa]]: ''République du Niger'') ni [[nchi]] isiyo na bahari katika [[Afrika ya Magharibi]], inayopakana na [[Aljeria]] na [[Libya]] kaskazini, [[Chad]] mashariki, [[Nigeria]] na [[Benin]] kusini, pamoja na [[Burkina Faso]] na [[Mali]] magharibi; kufikia mwaka 2024, ina idadi ya watu takriban milioni 27, ikiwa miongoni mwa nchi zenye watu wengi katika eneo hilo, na mji mkuu pamoja na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Niamey]]. [[Kifaransa]] ndiyo [[lugha rasmi]].

Niger ina sifa ya kuwa na mandhari inayotawaliwa na [[jangwa]], ambapo sehemu kubwa ya eneo lake imefunikwa na [[Jangwa la Sahara]], huku maeneo ya kusini yakiwa sehemu ya [[Sahel|Ukanda wa Sahel]] na ndipo yanapokaliwa na idadi kubwa ya watu. [[Mto Niger]], ambao nchi imepewa jina lake, ndio chanzo kikuu cha maji na unasaidia shughuli za kilimo, uvuvi, na makazi ya watu. Nchi ina [[hali ya hewa]] ya [[majira ya joto|joto]] na [[ukame]], yenye mvua chache, hali inayochangia changamoto kama ukame, uhaba wa chakula, na uharibifu wa mazingira. Idadi kubwa ya watu wa Niger wanaishi vijijini, wakitegemea [[kilimo]] cha kujikimu na [[ufugaji]].

Uchumi wa Niger ni miongoni mwa uchumi ambao haujaendelea sana duniani na unategemea kwa kiasi kikubwa [[kilimo]] na rasilimali za asili. Madini ya ''Uranium'' ndizo bidhaa kuu za [[mauzo ya nje]] na chanzo muhimu cha mapato ya serikali, pamoja na mifugo na uzalishaji mdogo wa mazao ya kilimo. Nchi inakabiliwa na changamoto za kimuundo kama [[miundombinu]] duni, ongezeko la haraka la idadi ya watu, na athari za mabadiliko ya [[tabianchi]]. Nijeri pia ni mwanachama wa mashirika ya kikanda kama [[ECOWAS|Jumuiya ya Kiuchumi ya Nchi za Afrika Magharibi (ECOWAS)]] na Umoja wa Kiuchumi na Fedha wa Afrika Magharibi (WAEMU), ambayo huathiri sera zake za kiuchumi na kisiasa.

==Jiografia==
[[Picha:Ng-map.png|thumb|290px|right|thumb|Ramani ya Niger.]]
Niger haina [[pwani]] kwenye [[bahari]] yoyote. 

Ni sehemu ya kanda la [[Sahel]], yaani sehemu kubwa ya nchi ni [[yabisi]], kaskazini mwake ni yabisi sana ikiwa [[jangwa]] la [[Sahara]]. 

[[Ardhi]] yenye [[rutuba]] iko kusini kabisa, karibu na [[Niger (mto)|mto wa Niger]].

==Historia==
Historia ya Niger inaakisi maendeleo mapana ya kihistoria ya ukanda wa Sahel wa [[Afrika ya Magharibi]], ambapo nafasi yake ya kijiografia ilifanya iwe njia muhimu ya biashara, uhamaji wa watu, na mwingiliano wa tamaduni. Katika nyakati za kale na za kati, eneo hili lilikuwa sehemu ya njia kuu za biashara za kuvuka [[Jangwa la Sahara]] zilizounganisha [[Afrika Kaskazini]] na [[Kusini kwa Sahara|Afrika kusini mwa Sahara]]. Madola yenye nguvu kama [[Dola la Songhai]] upande wa magharibi na [[Milki ya Bornu|Dola la Kanem-Bornu]] upande wa mashariki yalikuwa na ushawishi katika sehemu za Niger ya sasa, zikiwezesha biashara ya dhahabu, chumvi na bidhaa nyingine. Miji kama [[Agadez]] ilikua kuwa vituo muhimu vya biashara na elimu ya [[Kiislamu]], huku makundi ya wahamaji kama [[Watuareg]] na [[Wafulani]] yakichangia kuunda maisha ya kijamii na kiuchumi ya eneo hilo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://sahistory.org.za/archive/brief-history-niger-part-2-us-department-state|title=A Brief History of Niger - Part 2 by US Department of State|publisher=US Department of State|website=www.sahistory.org.za|access-date=2026-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 19]], Niger iliingia chini ya udhibiti wa kikoloni wa [[Ufaransa]] kama sehemu ya [[Afrika ya Magharibi ya Kifaransa]]. Utawala wa kikoloni ulileta mipaka mipya ya kisiasa, mifumo ya kiutawala na miundo ya kiuchumi, mara nyingi ukilenga uchimbaji wa rasilimali na udhibiti badala ya maendeleo ya ndani. Upinzani dhidi ya utawala wa kikoloni ulijitokeza kwa njia mbalimbali, lakini kufikia mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 20]] mamlaka ya [[Ufaransa]] yalikuwa yamesimikwa kikamilifu. Miundombinu kama barabara na vituo vya utawala vilijengwa, ingawa faida za kiuchumi kwa wananchi wa eneo hilo zilibaki kuwa ndogo.

Niger ilipata uhuru wake kutoka [[Ufaransa]] tarehe 3 Agosti 1960, na kuwa [[jamhuri]]. Tangu uhuru, nchi imepitia vipindi vya ukosefu wa utulivu wa kisiasa, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[mapinduzi]] ya kijeshi, serikali za kiraia za muda mfupi, na mabadiliko ya katiba. Katika miongo ya hivi karibuni, Niger imekabiliwa na changamoto za utawala, maendeleo ya kiuchumi, na usalama, ikiwa ni pamoja na uasi katika baadhi ya maeneo ya nchi. Licha ya changamoto hizi, inaendelea kushiriki katika ushirikiano wa kikanda na kimataifa huku ikijaribu kufikia utulivu wa kisiasa na maendeleo.

Jaribio la [[mapinduzi]] lilifanyika [[usiku]] wa kuamkia [[Machi 31]], [[2021]], siku chache kabla ya kuapishwa kwa [[Mohamed Bazoum]], aliyekuwa [[rais]] mteule.

Mnamo [[Aprili 2]], 2021, Mohamed Bazoum aliapishwa na kuchukua [[madaraka]] ya kutawala Niger.

==Demografia==
Wakazi walikuwa zaidi ya [[milioni]] 17 katika [[sensa]] ya [[mwaka]] [[2012]]. Kwa sasa ni 22.4 kutokana na ongezeko la haraka. [[Idadi]] kubwa wako kusini. 

Kadiri ya [[utafiti]] wa mwaka 2005, [[asilimia]] 8 walikuwa [[watumwa]]. 
=== Kabila===
Mipaka ilichorwa wakati wa [[ukoloni]] wa [[Ufaransa]], ikiunganisha watu wenye [[utamaduni]] tofautitofauti, kama vile [[Watuareg]] (9.3% za wakazi wote) wa Sahara, [[wahamaji]] [[Wafula]] (8.5%) na [[Wakanuri]] (4.7%) wa eneo la Sahel na [[wakulima]] wa kusini kama [[Wasonghai]] (21%) na [[Wahausa]]: hawa wa mwisho ni 55.4% . 

Tofauti hizo kubwa zilileta kipindi cha [[ugomvi]] kati ya ma[[kabila]] uliopoa tena baada ya mwaka [[2000]]. [[Tatizo]] kubwa la nchi ni vipindi vya [[ukame]] na [[njaa]] vinavyorudiarudia mara kwa mara.
=== Lugha ===
Tangu wakati wa ukoloni, [[lugha rasmi]] ilikuwa [[Kifaransa]]. Lakini kuna [[lugha ya taifa|lugha 10 za taifa]] kati ya lugha kuu za makabila asili. Muhimu zaidi ni [[Kihausa]] na [[Kizarma]]-Sonrai. Mwaka [[2025]] Kihausa kimetangazwa lugha rasmi mpya.
===Dini===
[[File:Great Mosque of Djenné 1.jpg|thumb|Mskiti kuu wa Djenne, Mali]]
Walio wengi kabisa (99.3%) ni wafuasi wa [[Uislamu]]; baadhi yao wanasemekana kuchanganya Uislamu na [[dini asilia za Kiafrika]]. [[Wakristo]] ni 0.3% tu. Hata hivyo Niger ni [[nchi isiyo na dini]] [[Dini rasmi|rasmi]].

== Siasa ==
[[File:Niger Rebel-Leader-fighting-01apr08.jpg|Kiongozi wa Waasi Niger kwa Vita]]
Siasa za Niger zimepangwa kama [[jamhuri]] ya nusu-rais, ingawa kwa vitendo mfumo huu mara nyingi umekumbwa na usumbufu kutokana na [[mapinduzi]] ya [[jeshi|kijeshi]] na vipindi vya serikali za mpito. [[Rais]] wa Niger ni mkuu wa nchi, wakati [[Waziri Mkuu]] ni mkuu wa serikali na husimamia shughuli za kila siku za utawala wa nchi. Chombo cha kutunga sheria ni [[Bunge la Taifa]] la Niger, ambalo ni bunge la chumba kimoja linalochaguliwa kutunga [[sheria]], kuidhinisha [[bajeti]], na kusimamia shughuli za [[serikali]]. Mfumo wa kisiasa unategemea vyama vingi vya siasa, na uchaguzi hufanyika pale tu utaratibu wa kikatiba unapokuwa umewekwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Niger, Government and Society|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Niger/Government-and-society|publisher=Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|access-date=2026-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tangu uhuru mwaka 1960, [[historia]] ya kisiasa ya Niger imekuwa na vipindi vinavyobadilishana kati ya utawala wa [[raia|kiraia]] na uingiliaji wa kijeshi. Mapinduzi kadhaa yametokea, yakionesha kutokuwa na utulivu katika utawala na mabadiliko ya madaraka. Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, [[uchaguzi]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] umekuwa ukifanyika mara kwa mara, lakini mwendelezo wa kisiasa umekuwa dhaifu. Marekebisho ya katiba yamefanyika nyakati tofauti ili kubadili mamlaka ya utendaji, taratibu za [[uchaguzi]], na miundo ya [[taasisi]], mara nyingi kufuatia migogoro ya kisiasa au mabadiliko ya uongozi.

Masuala ya kisiasa nchini Niger ni pamoja na utulivu wa utawala, changamoto za usalama, [[rushwa]], na maendeleo ya kiuchumi. Nchi inakabiliwa na vitisho vya kiusalama kutoka kwa makundi yenye silaha katika [[Sahel|ukanda wa Sahel]], jambo linaloathiri sera za ndani na ushirikiano wa kimataifa. Niger pia ni mwanachama wa mashirika ya kikanda kama [[ECOWAS]] na [[Umoja wa Afrika]], ambayo yana jukumu katika upatanishi, viwango vya utawala, na ushirikiano wa usalama wa kikanda. Hivyo, maisha ya kisiasa nchini humo yanahusiana kwa karibu na uthabiti wa ndani pamoja na mwelekeo mpana wa kikanda katika [[Afrika Magharibi]].

==Tazama pia==
* [[Shirikisho la Mataifa ya Sahel]]
* [[Orodha ya lugha za Niger]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi kulingana na idadi ya watu]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kwa pato la taifa]]
* [[Demografia ya Afrika]]

== Marejeo==
{{marejeo}}
== Viungo vya nje ==
*[http://www.presidence.ne/ Rais wa Niger tovuti rasmi] {{fr}}
*{{CIA World Factbook link|ng|Niger}}
*[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/niger.htm Niger] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/niger.htm |date=20080607085340 }} from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
*{{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Niger}}
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13943662 Niger profile] from the [[BBC News]]
*{{wikiatlas|Niger}}
*[http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=NE Key Development Forecasts for Niger] from [[International Futures]]
*[http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/NER/Year/2012/Summary 2012 Niger Trade Summary Statistics]
{{Commons|Niger}}
{{Afrika}}
{{African Union}}
[[Jamii:Niger| ]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Nchi zinazotumia lugha ya Kifaransa]]
[[Jamii:Sahara]]
[[Jamii:Nchi]]</text>
      <sha1>3pexsq7jl5xxvw3j6va6wjcomnadtyk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509739</id>
      <parentid>1509728</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:50:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historia */</comment>
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      <text bytes="11059" sha1="tphac2qhcn0ofutmlojxwt54tn1xb02" xml:space="preserve">{{Kwa|maana nyingine|Niger (maana)}}
{{Jedwali la nchi  
 | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Niger
 | jina_asili = {{native name|ha|Jamhuriyar Nijar}}
 | bendera = Flag of Niger.svg
 | nembo = Coat of arms of Niger.svg
 | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = Niamey
 | lugha_rasmi = Hausa
 | lugha2 = 
  {{Collapsible list|
* [[Kiarabu]]
* [[Kifulfulde]]
* [[Kizarma]]
* [[Kikanuri]]
* [[Kituareg]]
  }}
 | dini = 
  {{plainlist|
* 99.3% [[Uislamu]]
* 0.3% [[Ukristo]]
* 0.2% [[Dini za jadi]]
* 0.1% [[Wasio na dini]]
  }}
 | serikali = Jamhuri ya nusu-rais chini ya utawala wa kijeshi
 | cheo_kiongozi1 = [[Rais]]
 | kiongozi1 = [[Abdourahamane Tchiani]]
 | cheo_kiongozi2 = Makamu wa Rais wa Baraza la Taifa la Kulinda Nchi
 | kiongozi2 = Salifou Modi
 | bunge = Baraza la Taifa la Kulinda Nchi
 | muundo_uhuru = Uhuru
 | tukio1 = Kutangazwa kwa jamhuri
 | tukio1_tarehe = 18 Desemba 1958
 | tukio2 = Uhuru kutoka Ufaransa
 | tukio2_tarehe = 3 Agosti 1960
 | eneo_jumla = 1,267,000
 | watu_kadirio = 26,342,784
 | mwaka_kadirio = 2024
 | msongamano = 21
 | mwaka_plt_ppp = 2025
 | plt_ppp = $61.040 bilioni
 | plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = $2,100
 | mwaka_plt = 2025
 | plt = $21.870 bilioni
 | plt_kwa_mtu = $751
 | hdi = 0.419
 | mwaka_maendeleo = 2023
 | cheo_maendeleo = 188
 | gini = 32.9
 | fedha = Faranga ya CFA ya Afrika Magharibi (XOF)
 | majira_saa = +1
 | tld = .ne
 | msimbo_simu = +227
}}
'''Nijer''' (pia ''Nijeri''; [[jina rasmi]]: '''Jamhuri ya Niger'''; kwa [[Kifaransa]]: ''République du Niger'') ni [[nchi]] isiyo na bahari katika [[Afrika ya Magharibi]], inayopakana na [[Aljeria]] na [[Libya]] kaskazini, [[Chad]] mashariki, [[Nigeria]] na [[Benin]] kusini, pamoja na [[Burkina Faso]] na [[Mali]] magharibi; kufikia mwaka 2024, ina idadi ya watu takriban milioni 27, ikiwa miongoni mwa nchi zenye watu wengi katika eneo hilo, na mji mkuu pamoja na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Niamey]]. [[Kifaransa]] ndiyo [[lugha rasmi]].

Niger ina sifa ya kuwa na mandhari inayotawaliwa na [[jangwa]], ambapo sehemu kubwa ya eneo lake imefunikwa na [[Jangwa la Sahara]], huku maeneo ya kusini yakiwa sehemu ya [[Sahel|Ukanda wa Sahel]] na ndipo yanapokaliwa na idadi kubwa ya watu. [[Mto Niger]], ambao nchi imepewa jina lake, ndio chanzo kikuu cha maji na unasaidia shughuli za kilimo, uvuvi, na makazi ya watu. Nchi ina [[hali ya hewa]] ya [[majira ya joto|joto]] na [[ukame]], yenye mvua chache, hali inayochangia changamoto kama ukame, uhaba wa chakula, na uharibifu wa mazingira. Idadi kubwa ya watu wa Niger wanaishi vijijini, wakitegemea [[kilimo]] cha kujikimu na [[ufugaji]].

Uchumi wa Niger ni miongoni mwa uchumi ambao haujaendelea sana duniani na unategemea kwa kiasi kikubwa [[kilimo]] na rasilimali za asili. Madini ya ''Uranium'' ndizo bidhaa kuu za [[mauzo ya nje]] na chanzo muhimu cha mapato ya serikali, pamoja na mifugo na uzalishaji mdogo wa mazao ya kilimo. Nchi inakabiliwa na changamoto za kimuundo kama [[miundombinu]] duni, ongezeko la haraka la idadi ya watu, na athari za mabadiliko ya [[tabianchi]]. Nijeri pia ni mwanachama wa mashirika ya kikanda kama [[ECOWAS|Jumuiya ya Kiuchumi ya Nchi za Afrika Magharibi (ECOWAS)]] na Umoja wa Kiuchumi na Fedha wa Afrika Magharibi (WAEMU), ambayo huathiri sera zake za kiuchumi na kisiasa.

==Jiografia==
[[Picha:Ng-map.png|thumb|290px|right|thumb|Ramani ya Niger.]]
Niger haina [[pwani]] kwenye [[bahari]] yoyote. 

Ni sehemu ya kanda la [[Sahel]], yaani sehemu kubwa ya nchi ni [[yabisi]], kaskazini mwake ni yabisi sana ikiwa [[jangwa]] la [[Sahara]]. 

[[Ardhi]] yenye [[rutuba]] iko kusini kabisa, karibu na [[Niger (mto)|mto wa Niger]].

==Historia==
Historia ya Niger inaakisi maendeleo mapana ya kihistoria ya ukanda wa Sahel wa [[Afrika ya Magharibi]], ambapo nafasi yake ya kijiografia ilifanya iwe njia muhimu ya biashara, uhamaji wa watu, na mwingiliano wa tamaduni. Katika nyakati za kale na za kati, eneo hili lilikuwa sehemu ya njia kuu za biashara za kuvuka [[Jangwa la Sahara]] zilizounganisha [[Afrika Kaskazini]] na [[Kusini kwa Sahara|Afrika kusini mwa Sahara]]. Madola yenye nguvu kama [[Dola la Songhai]] upande wa magharibi na [[Milki ya Bornu|Dola la Kanem-Bornu]] upande wa mashariki yalikuwa na ushawishi katika sehemu za Niger ya sasa, zikiwezesha biashara ya dhahabu, chumvi na bidhaa nyingine. Miji kama [[Agadez]] ilikua kuwa vituo muhimu vya biashara na elimu ya [[Kiislamu]], huku makundi ya wahamaji kama [[Watuareg]] na [[Wafulani]] yakichangia kuunda maisha ya kijamii na kiuchumi ya eneo hilo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://sahistory.org.za/archive/brief-history-niger-part-2-us-department-state|title=A Brief History of Niger - Part 2 by US Department of State|publisher=US Department of State|website=www.sahistory.org.za|access-date=2026-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 19]], Niger iliingia chini ya udhibiti wa kikoloni wa [[Ufaransa]] kama sehemu ya [[Afrika ya Magharibi ya Kifaransa]]. Utawala wa kikoloni ulileta mipaka mipya ya kisiasa, mifumo ya kiutawala na miundo ya kiuchumi, mara nyingi ukilenga uchimbaji wa rasilimali na udhibiti badala ya maendeleo ya ndani. Upinzani dhidi ya utawala wa kikoloni ulijitokeza kwa njia mbalimbali, lakini kufikia mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 20]] mamlaka ya [[Ufaransa]] yalikuwa yamesimikwa kikamilifu. Miundombinu kama barabara na vituo vya utawala vilijengwa, ingawa faida za kiuchumi kwa wananchi wa eneo hilo zilibaki kuwa ndogo.

Niger ilipata uhuru wake kutoka [[Ufaransa]] tarehe 3 Agosti 1960, na kuwa [[jamhuri]]. Tangu uhuru, nchi imepitia vipindi vya ukosefu wa utulivu wa kisiasa, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[mapinduzi]] ya kijeshi, serikali za kiraia za muda mfupi, na mabadiliko ya katiba. Katika miongo ya hivi karibuni, Niger imekabiliwa na changamoto za utawala, maendeleo ya kiuchumi, na usalama, ikiwa ni pamoja na uasi katika baadhi ya maeneo ya nchi. Licha ya changamoto hizi, inaendelea kushiriki katika ushirikiano wa kikanda na kimataifa huku ikijaribu kufikia utulivu wa kisiasa na maendeleo.

Jaribio la [[mapinduzi]] lilifanyika [[usiku]] wa kuamkia [[Machi 31]], [[2021]], siku chache kabla ya kuapishwa kwa [[Mohamed Bazoum]], aliyekuwa [[rais]] mteule. Mnamo [[Aprili 2]], 2021, Mohamed Bazoum aliapishwa na kuchukua [[madaraka]] ya kutawala Niger, lakini alipinduliwa na [[Abdourahamane Tchiani]] mwaka 2023.

==Demografia==
Wakazi walikuwa zaidi ya [[milioni]] 17 katika [[sensa]] ya [[mwaka]] [[2012]]. Kwa sasa ni 22.4 kutokana na ongezeko la haraka. [[Idadi]] kubwa wako kusini. 

Kadiri ya [[utafiti]] wa mwaka 2005, [[asilimia]] 8 walikuwa [[watumwa]]. 
=== Kabila===
Mipaka ilichorwa wakati wa [[ukoloni]] wa [[Ufaransa]], ikiunganisha watu wenye [[utamaduni]] tofautitofauti, kama vile [[Watuareg]] (9.3% za wakazi wote) wa Sahara, [[wahamaji]] [[Wafula]] (8.5%) na [[Wakanuri]] (4.7%) wa eneo la Sahel na [[wakulima]] wa kusini kama [[Wasonghai]] (21%) na [[Wahausa]]: hawa wa mwisho ni 55.4% . 

Tofauti hizo kubwa zilileta kipindi cha [[ugomvi]] kati ya ma[[kabila]] uliopoa tena baada ya mwaka [[2000]]. [[Tatizo]] kubwa la nchi ni vipindi vya [[ukame]] na [[njaa]] vinavyorudiarudia mara kwa mara.
=== Lugha ===
Tangu wakati wa ukoloni, [[lugha rasmi]] ilikuwa [[Kifaransa]]. Lakini kuna [[lugha ya taifa|lugha 10 za taifa]] kati ya lugha kuu za makabila asili. Muhimu zaidi ni [[Kihausa]] na [[Kizarma]]-Sonrai. Mwaka [[2025]] Kihausa kimetangazwa lugha rasmi mpya.
===Dini===
[[File:Great Mosque of Djenné 1.jpg|thumb|Mskiti kuu wa Djenne, Mali]]
Walio wengi kabisa (99.3%) ni wafuasi wa [[Uislamu]]; baadhi yao wanasemekana kuchanganya Uislamu na [[dini asilia za Kiafrika]]. [[Wakristo]] ni 0.3% tu. Hata hivyo Niger ni [[nchi isiyo na dini]] [[Dini rasmi|rasmi]].

== Siasa ==
[[File:Niger Rebel-Leader-fighting-01apr08.jpg|Kiongozi wa Waasi Niger kwa Vita]]
Siasa za Niger zimepangwa kama [[jamhuri]] ya nusu-rais, ingawa kwa vitendo mfumo huu mara nyingi umekumbwa na usumbufu kutokana na [[mapinduzi]] ya [[jeshi|kijeshi]] na vipindi vya serikali za mpito. [[Rais]] wa Niger ni mkuu wa nchi, wakati [[Waziri Mkuu]] ni mkuu wa serikali na husimamia shughuli za kila siku za utawala wa nchi. Chombo cha kutunga sheria ni [[Bunge la Taifa]] la Niger, ambalo ni bunge la chumba kimoja linalochaguliwa kutunga [[sheria]], kuidhinisha [[bajeti]], na kusimamia shughuli za [[serikali]]. Mfumo wa kisiasa unategemea vyama vingi vya siasa, na uchaguzi hufanyika pale tu utaratibu wa kikatiba unapokuwa umewekwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Niger, Government and Society|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Niger/Government-and-society|publisher=Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|access-date=2026-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tangu uhuru mwaka 1960, [[historia]] ya kisiasa ya Niger imekuwa na vipindi vinavyobadilishana kati ya utawala wa [[raia|kiraia]] na uingiliaji wa kijeshi. Mapinduzi kadhaa yametokea, yakionesha kutokuwa na utulivu katika utawala na mabadiliko ya madaraka. Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, [[uchaguzi]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] umekuwa ukifanyika mara kwa mara, lakini mwendelezo wa kisiasa umekuwa dhaifu. Marekebisho ya katiba yamefanyika nyakati tofauti ili kubadili mamlaka ya utendaji, taratibu za [[uchaguzi]], na miundo ya [[taasisi]], mara nyingi kufuatia migogoro ya kisiasa au mabadiliko ya uongozi.

Masuala ya kisiasa nchini Niger ni pamoja na utulivu wa utawala, changamoto za usalama, [[rushwa]], na maendeleo ya kiuchumi. Nchi inakabiliwa na vitisho vya kiusalama kutoka kwa makundi yenye silaha katika [[Sahel|ukanda wa Sahel]], jambo linaloathiri sera za ndani na ushirikiano wa kimataifa. Niger pia ni mwanachama wa mashirika ya kikanda kama [[ECOWAS]] na [[Umoja wa Afrika]], ambayo yana jukumu katika upatanishi, viwango vya utawala, na ushirikiano wa usalama wa kikanda. Hivyo, maisha ya kisiasa nchini humo yanahusiana kwa karibu na uthabiti wa ndani pamoja na mwelekeo mpana wa kikanda katika [[Afrika Magharibi]].

==Tazama pia==
* [[Shirikisho la Mataifa ya Sahel]]
* [[Orodha ya lugha za Niger]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi kulingana na idadi ya watu]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kwa pato la taifa]]
* [[Demografia ya Afrika]]

== Marejeo==
{{marejeo}}
== Viungo vya nje ==
*[http://www.presidence.ne/ Rais wa Niger tovuti rasmi] {{fr}}
*{{CIA World Factbook link|ng|Niger}}
*[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/niger.htm Niger] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/niger.htm |date=20080607085340 }} from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
*{{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Niger}}
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13943662 Niger profile] from the [[BBC News]]
*{{wikiatlas|Niger}}
*[http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=NE Key Development Forecasts for Niger] from [[International Futures]]
*[http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/NER/Year/2012/Summary 2012 Niger Trade Summary Statistics]
{{Commons|Niger}}
{{Afrika}}
{{African Union}}
[[Jamii:Niger| ]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Nchi zinazotumia lugha ya Kifaransa]]
[[Jamii:Sahara]]
[[Jamii:Nchi]]</text>
      <sha1>tphac2qhcn0ofutmlojxwt54tn1xb02</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kamboja</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4102</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509803</id>
      <parentid>1509576</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:35:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Viungo vya nje */</comment>
      <origin>1509803</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5431" sha1="tr1gyr6ggl93iv9r53buda8rpysh9y9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country |
native_name = [[Picha:Official name of Cambodia.png]]&lt;br /&gt;''Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea'' &lt;br /&gt;''Royaume du Cambodge''|
conventional_long_name = Ufalme wa Kamboja |
common_name = Kamboja |
image_flag = Flag of Cambodia.svg |
image_coat =Royal arms of Cambodia.svg |
symbol_type = Nembo |
image_map = LocationCambodia.png |
national_motto = [[Picha:Kh-Motto.png|170px]]&lt;br /&gt;(Khmer: Taifa, Dini, Mfalme) |
national_anthem = [[Nokoreach]] |
official_languages = Ki[[Khmer]]&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; |
capital = [[Phnom Penh]] |latd=11|latm=33|latNS=N|longd=104|longm=55|longEW=E|
largest_city = [[Phnom Penh]] |
government_type = [[Ufalme wa Kidemokrasia]]|
leader_titles = [[Mfalme wa Kamboja|Mfalme]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Waziri Mkuu]] |
leader_names = [[Norodom Sihamoni]] &lt;br /&gt;[[Hun Manet]] |
area_rank = 88th |
area_magnitude = 1 E11 |
area = 181,035 |
areami² = 69,898 | &lt;!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --&gt;
percent_water = 2.5% |
population_estimate = 15,458,332 |
population_estimate_year = Julai 2014 |
population_estimate_rank = 65th |
population_census = 13,388,910 |
population_census_year = 2008 |
population_density = 81.8 |
population_densitymi² = 211.8 | &lt;!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --&gt;
population_density_rank = 118th |
GDP_PPP_year = 2005 |
GDP_PPP = $30,650 million |
GDP_PPP_rank = 98th |
GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,000 |
GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 178th |
HDI_year = 2004 |
HDI = 0.571 |
HDI_rank = 130th |
HDI_category = &lt;font color=&quot;#FFCC00&quot;&gt;medium&lt;/font&gt; |
sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru wa Kamboja|Uhuru]]|
established_events = Kutangazwa&lt;br /&gt;Kutambuliwa |
established_dates = Kutoka [[Ufaransa]]&lt;br /&gt;1949 &lt;br /&gt;1953 |
currency = ៛ [[Riel (currency)|Riel]] &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; | &lt;!-- what's the ? for   Answer: it's not a &quot;?&quot; if you have Khmer Unicode Fonts installed, it's the currency symbol for the Khmer Riel--&gt;
currency_code = KHR |
time_zone = |
utc_offset = +7 |
time_zone_DST = |
utc_offset_DST = +7 |
cctld = [[.kh]] |
calling_code = 855 |
footnotes = &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Kifaransa]] na [[Kiingereza]] hueleweka na wasomi tu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Lakini pesa za Marekani hutumiwa sana.
}}

'''Kamboja''' au '''Kampuchia''' ni [[ufalme]] katika [[bara]] la [[Asia]] upande wa [[Kusini]]-[[Mashariki]], katika [[rasi]] ya [[Indochina]]. 

Inapakana na nchi za [[Thailand]], [[Laos]] na [[Vietnam]].

==Watu==
Wakazi wengi (90%) ni [[Wakhmer]]. 5% ni [[Vietnam|Wavietnam]], 1% ni [[Wachina]] na 4% ma[[kabila]] mbalimbali.

Kuna [[orodha ya lugha za Kamboja|lugha 22]] ambazo huzungumzwa nchini Kamboja. [[Lugha rasmi]] na ya kawaida ni [[Kikhmer]].

Upande wa [[dini]], 96.4% ni [[Wabuddha]], [[madhehebu]] ya [[Theravada]]. 2.1% ni [[Waislamu]] na 1.5% ni [[Wakristo]].

== Tazama pia ==
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]

== Viungo vya nje ==
{{Commons|Cambodia}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|cb|Cambodia}}
* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/cambodia.htm Cambodia] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/cambodia.htm |date=20080703234535 }} from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/Cambodia}}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13006539 Cambodia profile] from the [[BBC News]]
* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90520/Cambodia Cambodia] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
* Cambodia - Traveling the [http://www.tourismcambodia.com/ far east]
* {{Wikiatlas|Cambodia}}
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=KH Key Development Forecasts for Cambodia] from [[International Futures]]

;Serikali
* [http://www.norodomsihanouk.info/ King of Cambodia, Norodom Sihanouk] Official website of former King Norodom Sihanouk {{fr icon}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/home.frame.html |title=Cambodia.gov.kh |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005044434/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/home.view.html |archivedate=2006-10-05 |accessdate=2015-10-28 }} Official Royal Government of Cambodia Website (English Version)
* [http://www.mfaic.gov.kh/ Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation]
* [http://www.mot.gov.kh/ Ministry of Tourism] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mot.gov.kh/ |date=20020202171903 }}

'''Jamii'''
* [http://ccc-cambodia.org/ Cooperation Committee for Cambodia (CCC)]
* [http://adhoc-cambodia.org/ Cambodian Human Rights and Development Association (ADHOC)] {{Wayback|url=http://adhoc-cambodia.org/ |date=20101230020740 }}
* [http://www.cchrcambodia.org/ Cambodian Center for Human Rights (CCHR)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cchrcambodia.org/ |date=20210322174010 }}
* [http://www.licadho-cambodia.org/ Cambodian League for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights (LICADHO)]
* [http://report.globalintegrity.org/Cambodia/2008 Global Integrity Report: Cambodia] {{Wayback|url=http://report.globalintegrity.org/Cambodia/2008 |date=20090503024545 }} Cambodia Integrity Scorecard and Country Report
* [http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&amp;year=2011&amp;country=8009 Freedom in the World 2011: Cambodia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&amp;year=2011&amp;country=8009 |date=20111023143655 }}
* [http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=251&amp;year=2011&amp;country=8009 Freedom of the Press 2011: Cambodia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=251&amp;year=2011&amp;country=8009 |date=20120107104436 }}
{{Asia}}
{{Mbegu-jio-Asia}}
[[Jamii:Kamboja| ]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Asia]]
[[Jamii:Nchi]]</text>
      <sha1>tr1gyr6ggl93iv9r53buda8rpysh9y9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Papa Anacletus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>12718</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509810</id>
      <parentid>1423456</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:40:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Clavan de Vallis</username>
        <id>88254</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Neno &quot;Kirumi&quot; kwenda &quot;Roma&quot;</comment>
      <origin>1509810</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2472" sha1="em773uecffj1lcgs5jb5im4ucll6p3y" xml:space="preserve">[[Picha:Interior of Chiesa dei Gesuiti (Venice) - sacristy - Papa Cleto - 1592-1593 - by Palma il Giovane.jpg|thumb|right|Papa Anacletus]]
'''Papa Anacletus''' (pia: '''Cletus, Kleti'''&lt;ref name=Campbell&gt;[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01446a.htm Campbell, Thomas. &quot;Pope St. Anacletus.&quot; The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 27 September 2017&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/50800&lt;/ref&gt;) alikuwa [[Papa]] kuanzia takriban [[80]] hadi [[kifo]] chake takriban [[92]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father&lt;/ref&gt;. Alitokea [[Roma]], [[Italia]].

Alimfuata [[Papa Linus]] akafuatwa na [[Papa Klementi I]]. 

Tangu kale anaheshimiwa kama [[mtakatifu]] na kutajwa katika [[Kanuni ya Kirumi|Kanuni ya Roma]] 

[[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[26 Aprili]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Martyrologium Romanum]]: ex Decreto Sacrosancti oecumenici Concilii Vaticani II instauratum auctoritate Ioannis Pauli P.P. II promulgatum'', Romae 2001, ISBN 8820972107&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Tazama pia==
*[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]]
*[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]]
*[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]]
*[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]]
*[[Orodha ya mapapa]]

==Tanbihi==
{{reflist}}

==Marejeo ya Kiswahili==
* John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 145
* Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 125

== Marejeo ya lugha nyingine==
*Donald Attwater and Catherine Rachel John, ''The Penguin Dictionary of Saints'', 3rd edition, New York: Penguin Books, 1993. ISBN 0-140-51312-4.
*Louise Ropes Loomis, ''The Book of Popes'' (''Liber Pontificalis''). Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. ISBN 1-889758-86-8 (Reprint of the 1916 edition. (Ends with [[Pope Pelagius]], who reigned from 579 until 590. English translation with scholarly footnotes, and illustrations).
*Richard P. McBrien, ''Lives of the Popes'', (Harper, 2000). ISBN 0-06-065304-3

== Viungo vya nje ==
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01446a.htm Kuhusu Papa Anacletus katika Kamusi Elezo ya Kikatoliki]
*[http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_0076-0088-_Anacletus_I,_Sanctus.html ''Maandishi yanayodhaniwa kuwa yake'']
{{Mapapa}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Anacletus}}
[[Jamii:Papa]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 92]]
[[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Italia]]</text>
      <sha1>em773uecffj1lcgs5jb5im4ucll6p3y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Charles Bronson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14018</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509770</id>
      <parentid>1509430</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:08:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Viungo vya nje */</comment>
      <origin>1509770</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3784" sha1="8bkumlrzzyh6mqqwos3df0bcbtceqk3" xml:space="preserve">{{Muigizaji
| rangi                      = DeepSkyBlue
| jina                       = Charles Bronson
| picha                      = Charles Bronson - 1966.JPG
| maelezo_ya_picha           = Charles Bronson (1973).
| jina la kuzaliwa           = Charles Dennis Buchinsky
| alizaliwa                  = [[3 Novemba]] [[1921]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Marekani]]
| kafariki                   = [[30 Agosti]] [[2003]]
| jina lingine               =
| kazi yake                  =
| miaka ya kazi              =
| ndoa                       = Harriet Tendler (1949-1967)&lt;br /&gt;
Jill Ireland (1968-1990)&lt;br /&gt;
Kim Weeks (1998-2003)
| rafiki                     =
| watoto                     =
| wazazi                     =
| mahusiano                  =
| tovuti                     =
}}

'''Charles Bronson''' (jina la kuzaliwa ''Charles Dennis Buchinsky'',[[3 Novemba]] [[1921]] - [[30 Agosti]] [[2003]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] wa [[filamu]] kutoka nchini [[Marekani]], alikuwa akiitwa &quot;Mtu Shupavu&quot;.
[[Filamu]] nyingi alipendelea kucheza kama askari mpelelezi, pia mpiganaji wa wa kutumia silaha katika [[filamu za western]] ambayo moja kati ya filamu hizo ni ile aliocheza na [[Henry Fonda]] chini ya uongozi wake [[Sergio Leone]] katika [[Once Upon a Time in the West]] iliyochezwa [[1968]].

==Filamu alizoigiza==
* ''The People Against O'Hara'' (1951)
* ''The Mob'' (1951)
* ''The Marrying Kind'' (1952)
* ''My Six Convicts'' (1952)
* ''Pat and Mike'' (1952)
* ''Battle Zone'' (1952)
* ''House of Wax'' (1953)
* ''Crime Wave'' (1954)
* ''Apache'' (1954)
* ''Vera Cruz'' (1954)
* ''Big House USA'' 1955
* ''Jubal'' (1956)
* ''The Magnificent Seven'' (1960)
* ''Master of the World'' (1961)
* ''X-15'' (1961)
* ''Kid Galahad'' (1962)
* ''The Great Escape'' (1963)
* ''4 for Texas'' (1963)
* ''Battle of the Bulge'' (1965)
* ''The Sandpiper'' (1965)
* ''This Property Is Condemned'' (1966)
* ''The Dirty Dozen'' (1967)
* ''Honor Among Thieves'' (1968)
* ''Once Upon a Time in the West'' (1968)
* ''Lola'' (1969)
* ''Le Passager de la Pluie'' (1969)
* ''The Family'' (1970)
* ''Cold Sweat'' (1970)
* ''Red Sun'' (1971)
* ''Chato's Land'' (1972)
* ''The Valachi Papers'' (1972)
* ''The Mechanic'' (1972)
* ''The Stone Killer'' (1973)
* ''Chino'' (1974)
* ''Mr. Majestyk'' (1974)
* ''Death Wish'' (1974)
* ''Breakout'' (1975)
* ''Breakheart Pass'' (1975)
* ''Hard Times'' (1975)
* ''St. Ives'' (1976)
* ''From Noon Till Three'' (1976)
* ''Telefon'' (1977)
* ''The White Buffalo'' (1977)
* ''Raid on Entebbe'' (1977)
* ''Love and Bullets'' (1979)
* ''Borderline'' (1980)
* ''Death Hunt'' (1981)
* ''Death Wish II'' (1982)
* ''10 to Midnight'' (1983)
* ''The Evil That Men Do'' (1984)
* ''Death Wish 3'' (1985)
* ''Act of Vengeance'' (1985)
* ''Murphy's Law (1986)
* ''Assassination'' (1987)
* ''Death Wish 4: The Crackdown'' (1987)
* ''Messenger of Death'' (1988)
* ''Kinjite: Forbidden Subjects'' (1988)
* ''The Indian Runner'' (1991)
* ''Death Wish V: The Face of Death'' (1994)

== Viungo vya nje ==
* {{IMDb name|id=0000314|name=Charles Bronson}}
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hollywood_Republicans List of Hollywood Republicans]
* [http://www.charles-bronson.com Tovuti Rasmi ya Charles Bronson] {{Wayback|url=http://www.charles-bronson.com/ |date=20200121044402 }}
* [http://www.charlesbronson.ca Tovuti Rasmi ya Charles Bronson ya Kanada] {{Wayback|url=http://www.charlesbronson.ca/ |date=20090414074305 }}
* [http://charles-bronson.hp.infoseek.co.jp/menutop.htm Tovuti ya Mashabiki wa Charles ya Ujapani] {{Wayback|url=http://charles-bronson.hp.infoseek.co.jp/menutop.htm |date=20100428161146 }}
{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu-USA}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bronson, Charles}}
[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waigizaji wa filamu za Western]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1921]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2003]]</text>
      <sha1>8bkumlrzzyh6mqqwos3df0bcbtceqk3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dynamite Warrior</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>29096</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509780</id>
      <parentid>1509490</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:18:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tovuti mbalimbali */</comment>
      <origin>1509780</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5825" sha1="o6m6os7rra389gn7n7fwqviu88zl96l" xml:space="preserve">{{Filamu 2
| jina           = Dynamite Warrior&lt;BR&gt;ฅนไฟบิน (Khon Fai Bin)
| picha          = Konfaibinposter.jpg
| maelezo ya picha  = The Thai movie poster.
| mwongozaji       = [[Chalerm Wongpim]]
| mtayarishaji       = [[Prachya Pinkaew]]
| mtunzi         =
| nyota       = [[Dan Chupong]]&lt;br&gt;[[Panna Rittikrai]]
| muziki na          =
| cinematografa =
| mhariri        =
| msambazaji    = [[Sahamongkol Film International]]&lt;br&gt;[[Magnolia Pictures]]
| imetolewa     = Thailanda&lt;br&gt; [[21 Desemba]] [[2006]]&lt;br&gt;Marekani&lt;br&gt; [[28 Juni]] [[2007]]
| muda        =
| nchi        = [[Thailand]]
| lugha       = [[Kithai]]
| bajeti        =
| ilitanguliwa na    =
| ikafuatiwa na    =
}}

'''''Dynamite Warrior''''' ([[Kithai]]: '''ฅนไฟบิน''' au '''''Khon Fai Bin''''') ni filamu ya [[Uthai|Kithailand]] ya kimartial arts ya mwaka wa 2006. Filamu imeongozwa na  [[Chalerm Wongpim]] na nyota wa filamu hii ni [[Dan Chupong]] (kutoka katika filamu ya ''[[Born to Fight]]'').

==Hadithi==
Hadithi ipo kwenye seti ya miaka ya 1890 ya [[Thailand|Siam]].&lt;ref name = &quot;SRT&quot;&gt;Lord Waeng mentions that the railway to [[Nakhon Ratchasima|Korat]] has been newly opened, placing the time frame of the story sometime in the 1890s. ([http://www.railway.co.th/English/History.asp Historical background] {{Wayback|url=http://www.railway.co.th/English/History.asp |date=20070129053850 }}, [[:en:State Railway of Thailand|State Railway of Thailand]], 29 Desemba 2006.)&lt;/ref&gt; Siang ([[Dan Chupong]]) ni bwana shujaa wa [[Muay Thai]] na mtaalamu wa  [[:en:Rocket Festival|rocket]] ambaye anarudisha nyati maji walioibiwa kutoka kwa wakulima  maskini wa  [[Isan]] na waiba ng'ombe wa kimabavu. Anamtafuta mtu mwenye alama ya tatoo ambaye ndiye aliyeua wazazi wake.

Diwani mmoja wa serikali za mitaa, Lord Waeng (Phutiphong Sriwat), anataka kuunda soko lake la matrekta ya mvuke, hivyo amemkodi pumbavu moja lililofungwa kwa fujo na wizi, &quot;Jizi&quot; (Somdet Kaewleu), kuwaua wafanyabiashara wote wa ng'ombe na kukusanya nyati maji wote na kuwachinja, anachukua wanyama wanawafanyia kazi wakulima ambao wanatumia kwa ajili ya kulimia mchele. Watu wa Lord Waeng wakajikuta wanatia huruma dhidi ya Nai Hoi Sing (Samart Payakaroon), mfanyabiashara wa ng'ombe mwenye nguvu za kichawi za martial arts na tatoo kifuani kwake. Tatoo zile zikamfanya Siang kuwa tayari, na wakati Jizi linajaribu kuiba mifugo ya Sing, Siang ghafla akamvamia Sing, lakini alishindwa.

Baada ya jaribio lile la kuiba ng'ombe wa Sing kushindwa, Waeng akaamua kwenda kumtaka ushauri bwana anayeitwa Mchawi Mweusi ([[Panna Ritikrai]]), ambaye awali alilaaniwa na Sing hivyo hawezi kuhimili mwanga wa jua, na hiyo ilikuwa njia pekee ya kuweza kumshinda Sing. Lile Chawi Jeusi likasema: njia pekee ya kurejesha nguvu zake za awali ni kutumia damu ya hedhi ya mwanamke bikra – ambayo ilitolewa kwa binti wake mwenye yule Chawi Jeusi, E'Sao ([[Kanyaphak Suwankut]]).

Baada ya kufanikiwa kutengeneza dawa wa kuweza kumwangamiza Sing, kazi ya kupambana naye ilifanywa na Siang mwenyewe kwa sababu yeye alikuwa akiamini kwamba Siang ndiye aliyewaua wazazi wake. Kumbe, haikuwa hivyo - Sing ndiye aliyemwokoa na kumpeleka katika nyumba za ibada ya Mabudha na baadaye kufunzwa namna ya kupambana. Baadaye, Siang anaonekana kwenda kupamba na yule diwani, huku diwani akipata msaada mkubwa kutoka kwa lile Chawi Jeusi.

Shughuli haikuwa ndogo ya kuondoshwa tawala hii, kwani hata yule diwani naye alikuwa keshaanza kujua kutumia nguvu za giza. Mwishowe yule bwana Sing (mfanyabiashara wa ng'ombe) akampa nguvu zake za kichawi bwana mdogo Siang ili aweze kummaliza Chawi Jeusi. Kwa nguvu hizo, alifanikwa kuwangusha wote wawili. Picha inaishia katika jengo jipya la diwani.

==Marejeo==
{{Marejeo}}

==Viungo vya Nje==
* {{official|http://www.konfaibin.com/|Dynamite Warrior&lt;BR&gt;ฅนไฟบิน (Khon Fai Bin)}}
* {{imdb title|0963915|Dynamite Warrior&lt;BR&gt;ฅนไฟบิน (Khon Fai Bin)}}
* {{Amg movie|382655|Dynamite Warrior&lt;BR&gt;ฅนไฟบิน (Khon Fai Bin)}}

===Tovuti mbalimbali===
* [http://www.konfaibin.com/ Official website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.konfaibin.com/ |date=20061206032902 }} (in Thai and English)
**[http://www.konfaibin.com/trailer/konfaibin_trailer.wmv Trailer (WMV)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.konfaibin.com/trailer/konfaibin_trailer.wmv |date=20070930043214 }}
* {{imdb title|id=0963915|title=Khon fai bin}}
* {{Amg movie|382655|Dynamite Warrior}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|id=1178560-dynamite_warrior|title=Dynamite Warrior}}
* {{Metacritic film|id=dynamitewarrior|title=Dynamite Warrior}}
* {{Mojo title|id=dynamitewarrior|title=Dynamite Warrior}}

===Makala na ripoti===
* [http://www.coffeecoffeeandmorecoffee.com/archives/2006/12/konfaibin.html Review by Peter Nellhaus] {{Wayback|url=http://www.coffeecoffeeandmorecoffee.com/archives/2006/12/konfaibin.html |date=20090922121423 }}
* [http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/12/21/entertainment/entertainment_30022154.php High-kicking cowboys from Isaan] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/12/21/entertainment/entertainment_30022154.php |date=20090712031452 }} at ''[[The Nation (Thailand)|The Nation]]''

===Picha===
* [http://www.twitchfilm.net/archives/008127.html Khon Fai Bin (Dynamite Warrior) Posters] {{Wayback|url=http://www.twitchfilm.net/archives/008127.html |date=20090710104016 }} at Twitch
* [http://www.twitchfilm.net/archives/008502.html Dynamite Warrior sales reel] {{Wayback|url=http://www.twitchfilm.net/archives/008502.html |date=20090726125411 }} at Twitch
* '''(Thai)''' [http://www.deknang.com/index.php?option=content&amp;task=view&amp;id=493&amp;Itemid=2 Production stills at Deknang] {{Wayback|url=http://www.deknang.com/index.php?option=content&amp;task=view&amp;id=493&amp;Itemid=2 |date=20090712092551 }}
{{-}}
[[Jamii:Filamu za 2006]]
[[Jamii:Filamu za Uthai]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kisonono</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-26T07:21:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="3548" sha1="alq6u636zb7nax62p6xwb7sv80teyg9" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Neisseria gonorrhoeae micrograph.jpg|thumb|Bakteria ya ''[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]'', inayosababisha ugonjwa huu.]]
[[Image:Gonococcal lesion on the skin PHIL 2038 lores.jpg|thumb|Dalili ya ugonjwa katika ngozi.]]
[[File:Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum.jpg|thumb|Dalili ya mtoto aliyezaliwa na mama mwenye kisonono.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/clinic-clinique/pdf/s1c16e.pdf|title=Prophylaxis for Gonococcal and Chlamydial Ophthalmia Neonatorum ''in'' the Canadian Guide to Clinical Preventative Health Care|publisher=Public Health Agency of Canada|accessdate=2016-10-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310075359/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca//publicat/clinic-clinique/pdf/s1c16e.pdf|archivedate=2010-03-10|=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310075359/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca//publicat/clinic-clinique/pdf/s1c16e.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''Kisonono''' (au '''kisalisali''') ni [[maradhi ya zinaa]] ambayo husababishwa na [[bakteria]] wanaofahamika [[uainishaji wa kisayansi|kisayansi]] kama ''Neisseria gonorrhoeae''. Bakteria hao hushambulia [[utandotelezi]] unaozunguka [[sehemu za siri]], lakini pia [[Kinywa|mdomo]] na [[rektamu]] (puru). 

==Dalili==
Kama ilivyo [[klamidia]], kisonono nacho huwa hakionyeshi [[dalili]] kila mara. Zikiwepo ni kama zile za [[klamidia]] ambazo huhusisha [[maumivu]] wakati wa kukojoa na ya chini ya kitovu kwa wanawake pamoja na kutokwa kwa [[majimaji]] yanayonuka au [[usaha]] mzito wa njano katika [[uke]] au [[uume]]. Dalili hixo hujitokeza siku 2 hadi 10 baada ya maambukizi.

Kisonono huonekana kwa urahisi kwa wanaume ambao hutoa [[usaha]] kutoka katika [[mfereji wa mkojo]] (''urethra''). Huanza kidogo, lakini huongezeka na huwa mwingi na kusababisha kusikia haja ya kukojoa mara kwa mara huku kukiwa na maumivu. 

==Matokeo==
Kisonono kikisambaa na kufikia [[tezi kibofu]], mfereji wa mkojo huziba kwa kiasi fulani. Kwa wanawake maambukizi hutokea katika [[urethra]], [[uke]] au [[mlango wa uzazi]] (''cervix''). Ingawa mwasho unaotokana na majimaji katika uke unaweza kuwa mkubwa, mara nyingi dalili hizo ni chache au hamna kabisa katika hatua za awali.

Kisonono kisichotibiwa kinaweza kusababisha PID (''Pelvic Infiammatory disease'') kwa wanawake. [[Watoto]] wanaozaliwa na akina [[mama]] wenye kisonono huwa na hatari ya kuambukizwa wakati wa kuzaliwa; maambukizo hayo yanaweza kusababisha magonjwa ya [[meno]] kwa wachanga. 

==Utambuzi==
Utambuzi wa ugonjwa hufanywa kwa kuchunguza usaha kutoka katika uke au uume au mkojo kwa uwepo wa ''Neisseria gonorrhoeae''. 

==Uenezi==
Kimataifa yanakadiriwa kuwa kati ya milioni 33 na 106 kwa mwaka. Wagonjwa ni 0.8% ya [[wanawake]] wote na 0.6% ya [[wanaume]] wote. 

Huko [[Marekani]] kisonono kiliongezeka kwa kiasi kikubwa  mnamo [[miaka ya 1970]] na mwanzoni mwa [[miaka ya 1980]], hadi kukaribia kufikia kiwango cha [[magonjwa ya mlipuko]] (''epidemic proportions'') kwa [[vijana]] [[balehe|wanaobalehe]] na watu wa [[umri wa kati]]. Ingawa kwa makisio maambukizi 360,000 ya kisonono huripotiwa kila mwaka nchini huko, wataalamu wamekisia kuwa watu karibia 650,000 huambukizwa bado kwa mwaka. 

Kisonono hutibiwa kwa [[antibiotiki]] kadhaa, ingawa maambukizi yamekuwa na ukinzani juu ya [[tiba]] ya baadhi ya [[dawa]] katika miongo ya nyuma. Moja kati ya mambo magumu katika kupambana na kisonono ni kutafuta mahusiano yote ya kimapenzi ya nyuma ya aliyeambukizwa ili kuweza kuzuia usambaaji zaidi wa ugonjwa.

==Tanbihi==
{{marejeo}}
{{mbegu-tiba}}
[[Jamii:Maradhi ya zinaa|Kisonono]]
[[Jamii:Maradhi ya ngozi]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3862" sha1="qsry7xm4bpw4t6089h4olf9c3xkb0y4" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Neisseria gonorrhoeae micrograph.jpg|thumb|Bakteria ya ''[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]'', inayosababisha ugonjwa huu.]]
[[Image:Gonococcal lesion on the skin PHIL 2038 lores.jpg|thumb|Dalili ya ugonjwa katika ngozi.]]
[[File:Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum.jpg|thumb|Dalili ya mtoto aliyezaliwa na mama mwenye kisonono.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/clinic-clinique/pdf/s1c16e.pdf|title=Prophylaxis for Gonococcal and Chlamydial Ophthalmia Neonatorum ''in'' the Canadian Guide to Clinical Preventative Health Care|publisher=Public Health Agency of Canada|accessdate=2016-10-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310075359/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca//publicat/clinic-clinique/pdf/s1c16e.pdf|archivedate=2010-03-10|=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310075359/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca//publicat/clinic-clinique/pdf/s1c16e.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''Kisonono''' (au '''kisalisali''') ni [[maradhi ya zinaa]] ambayo husababishwa na [[bakteria]] wanaofahamika [[uainishaji wa kisayansi|kisayansi]] kama ''Neisseria gonorrhoeae''. Bakteria hao hushambulia [[utandotelezi]] unaozunguka [[sehemu za siri]], lakini pia [[Kinywa|mdomo]] na [[rektamu]] (puru). 

==Dalili==
Kama ilivyo [[klamidia]], kisonono nacho huwa hakionyeshi [[dalili]] kila mara. Zikiwepo ni kama zile za [[klamidia]] ambazo huhusisha [[maumivu]] wakati wa kukojoa na ya chini ya kitovu kwa wanawake pamoja na kutokwa kwa [[majimaji]] yanayonuka au [[usaha]] mzito wa njano katika [[uke]] au [[uume]]. Dalili hixo hujitokeza siku 2 hadi 10 baada ya maambukizi.

Kisonono huonekana kwa urahisi kwa wanaume ambao hutoa [[usaha]] kutoka katika [[mfereji wa mkojo]] (''urethra''). Huanza kidogo, lakini huongezeka na huwa mwingi na kusababisha kusikia haja ya kukojoa mara kwa mara huku kukiwa na maumivu. 

==Matokeo==
Kisonono kikisambaa na kufikia [[tezi kibofu]], mfereji wa mkojo huziba kwa kiasi fulani. Kwa wanawake maambukizi hutokea katika [[urethra]], [[uke]] au [[mlango wa uzazi]] (''cervix''). Ingawa mwasho unaotokana na majimaji katika uke unaweza kuwa mkubwa, mara nyingi dalili hizo ni chache au hamna kabisa katika hatua za awali.

Kisonono kisichotibiwa kinaweza kusababisha PID (''Pelvic Infiammatory disease'') kwa wanawake. [[Watoto]] wanaozaliwa na akina [[mama]] wenye kisonono huwa na hatari ya kuambukizwa wakati wa kuzaliwa; maambukizo hayo yanaweza kusababisha magonjwa ya [[meno]] kwa wachanga. 

==Utambuzi==
Utambuzi wa ugonjwa hufanywa kwa kuchunguza usaha kutoka katika uke au uume au mkojo kwa uwepo wa ''Neisseria gonorrhoeae''. 

==Uenezi==
Kimataifa maambukizi yanakadiriwa kuwa milioni 88 kwa mwaka, mengi yakitokea [[Afrika]] na [[Asia ya Kusini|Asia Kusini]]. Wagonjwa ni 0.8% ya [[wanawake]] wote na 0.6% ya [[wanaume]] wote. Mwaka 2013 ugonjwa ulisababisha vifo 3,200.

Huko [[Marekani]] kisonono kiliongezeka kwa kiasi kikubwa  mnamo [[miaka ya 1970]] na mwanzoni mwa [[miaka ya 1980]], hadi kukaribia kufikia kiwango cha [[magonjwa ya mlipuko]] kwa [[vijana]] [[balehe|wanaobalehe]] na watu wa [[umri wa kati]]. Ingawa kwa makisio maambukizi 360,000 ya kisonono huripotiwa kila mwaka nchini huko, wataalamu wamekisia kuwa watu 820,000 na zaidi huambukizwa bado kwa mwaka. 

==Tiba==
Kisonono hutibiwa kwa [[antibiotiki]] kadhaa, ingawa maambukizi yamekuwa na ukinzani juu ya [[tiba]] ya baadhi ya [[dawa]] katika miongo ya nyuma. Mwaka 2017 [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] liliangalisha kuhusu baadhi ya bakteria hao kutodhibitika tena. 

Moja kati ya mambo magumu katika kupambana na kisonono ni kutafuta mahusiano yote ya kimapenzi ya nyuma ya aliyeambukizwa ili kuweza kuzuia usambaaji zaidi wa ugonjwa.

==Tanbihi==
{{marejeo}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
{{Commons category|Gonorrhea}}
* [https://www.cdc.gov/gonorrhea/about/ &quot;Gonorrhea – CDC Fact Sheet&quot;]
{{mbegu-tiba}}
[[Jamii:Maradhi ya zinaa|Kisonono]]
[[Jamii:Maradhi ya ngozi]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1510011</id>
      <parentid>1509991</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T07:59:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3910" sha1="4bhfzddhosopqosyyhsoetjo17w9lr5" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Neisseria gonorrhoeae micrograph.jpg|thumb|Bakteria ya ''[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]'', inayosababisha ugonjwa huu.]]
[[Image:Gonococcal lesion on the skin PHIL 2038 lores.jpg|thumb|Dalili ya ugonjwa katika ngozi.]]
[[File:Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum.jpg|thumb|Dalili ya mtoto aliyezaliwa na mama mwenye kisonono.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/clinic-clinique/pdf/s1c16e.pdf|title=Prophylaxis for Gonococcal and Chlamydial Ophthalmia Neonatorum ''in'' the Canadian Guide to Clinical Preventative Health Care|publisher=Public Health Agency of Canada|accessdate=2016-10-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310075359/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca//publicat/clinic-clinique/pdf/s1c16e.pdf|archivedate=2010-03-10|=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310075359/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca//publicat/clinic-clinique/pdf/s1c16e.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''Kisonono''' (au '''kisalisali''') ni [[maradhi ya zinaa]] ambayo husababishwa na [[bakteria]] wanaofahamika [[uainishaji wa kisayansi|kisayansi]] kama ''Neisseria gonorrhoeae''. Bakteria hao hushambulia [[utandotelezi]] unaozunguka [[sehemu za siri]], lakini pia [[Kinywa|mdomo]], [[Jicho|macho]] na [[rektamu]] (puru). 

==Dalili==
Kama ilivyo [[klamidia]], kisonono nacho huwa hakionyeshi [[dalili]] kila mara. Zikiwepo ni kama zile za [[klamidia]] ambazo huhusisha [[maumivu]] wakati wa kukojoa na ya chini ya kitovu kwa wanawake pamoja na kutokwa kwa [[majimaji]] yanayonuka au [[usaha]] mzito wa njano katika [[uke]] au [[uume]]. Dalili hixo hujitokeza siku 2 hadi 10 baada ya maambukizi.

Kisonono huonekana kwa urahisi kwa wanaume ambao hutoa [[usaha]] kutoka katika [[mfereji wa mkojo]] (''urethra''). Huanza kidogo, lakini huongezeka na huwa mwingi na kusababisha kusikia haja ya kukojoa mara kwa mara huku kukiwa na maumivu. 

==Matokeo==
Kisonono kikisambaa na kufikia [[tezi kibofu]], mfereji wa mkojo huziba kwa kiasi fulani. Kwa wanawake maambukizi hutokea katika [[urethra]], [[uke]] au [[mlango wa uzazi]] (''cervix''). Ingawa mwasho unaotokana na majimaji katika uke unaweza kuwa mkubwa, mara nyingi dalili hizo ni chache au hamna kabisa katika hatua za awali.

Kisonono kisichotibiwa kinaweza kusababisha PID (''Pelvic Infiammatory disease'') kwa wanawake. [[Watoto]] wanaozaliwa na akina [[mama]] wenye kisonono huwa na hatari ya kuambukizwa wakati wa kuzaliwa; maambukizo hayo yanaweza kusababisha magonjwa ya [[meno]] kwa wachanga. 

==Utambuzi==
Utambuzi wa ugonjwa hufanywa kwa kuchunguza usaha kutoka katika uke au uume au mkojo kwa uwepo wa ''Neisseria gonorrhoeae''. 

==Uenezi==
Kimataifa maambukizi yanakadiriwa kuwa milioni 88 kwa mwaka, mengi yakitokea [[Afrika]] na [[Asia ya Kusini|Asia Kusini]]. Wagonjwa ni 0.8% ya [[wanawake]] wote na 0.6% ya [[wanaume]] wote. Mwaka 2013 ugonjwa ulisababisha vifo 3,200.

Huko [[Marekani]] kisonono kiliongezeka kwa kiasi kikubwa  mnamo [[miaka ya 1970]] na mwanzoni mwa [[miaka ya 1980]], hadi kukaribia kufikia kiwango cha [[magonjwa ya mlipuko]] kwa [[vijana]] [[balehe|wanaobalehe]] na watu wa [[umri wa kati]]. Ingawa kwa makisio maambukizi 360,000 ya kisonono huripotiwa kila mwaka nchini huko, wataalamu wamekisia kuwa watu 820,000 na zaidi huambukizwa bado kwa mwaka. 

==Tiba==
Kisonono hutibiwa kwa [[antibiotiki]] kadhaa, ingawa maambukizi yamekuwa na ukinzani juu ya [[tiba]] ya baadhi ya [[dawa]] katika miongo ya nyuma. Mwaka 2017 [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] liliangalisha kuhusu baadhi ya bakteria hao kutodhibitika tena. 

Moja kati ya mambo magumu katika kupambana na kisonono ni kutafuta mahusiano yote ya kimapenzi ya nyuma ya aliyeambukizwa ili kuweza kuzuia usambaaji zaidi wa ugonjwa.

==Tanbihi==
{{marejeo}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
{{Commons category|Gonorrhea}}
* [https://www.cdc.gov/gonorrhea/about/ &quot;Gonorrhea – CDC Fact Sheet&quot;]
{{mbegu-tiba}}
[[Jamii:Maradhi ya zinaa|Kisonono]]
[[Jamii:Maradhi ya ngozi]]
[[Jamii:magonjwa ya bakteria]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Klamidia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>36298</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510007</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-26T07:52:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="2932" sha1="fsynb4qifiabvcnkjr4w2b466adztct" xml:space="preserve">[[Picha:Pap smear showing clamydia in the vacuoles 500x H&amp;E.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Vijududu vinavyosababisha klamidia]]
'''Klamidia''' ni [[ugonjwa wa kuambukiza]] ambao husababishwa na [[bakteria]] wanaoitwa katika [[uainishaji wa kisayansi]] ''Chlamydia trachomatis''. 

==Dalili==
[[Ugonjwa]] huo huwa hauonyeshi [[dalili]] za wazi kwa karibia [[asilimia]] 75 ya [[wanawake]] na asilimia 50 ya [[wanaume]], hivyo [[Maambukizo|maambukizi]] mengi hushindwa kufahamika mapema. Watu ambao hawajafahamu kuwa wameambukizwa klamidia wanaweza wasitafute [[tiba]] na hivyo wakaendelea kufanya [[ngono]], bila ya kujua kuwa wanaeneza [[ugonjwa]]. 

Wakati dalili zinapoanza kujitokeza wanaume husikia [[maumivu]] wakati wa kukojoa au kutokwa [[usaha]] au uchafu pamoja na kupata mwasho katika [[uume]]. Wanawake wanaweza kutokwa [[damu]] nje ya [[hedhi|kipindi chao]], kukojoa mara kwa mara, maumivu wakati wa kukojoa, kutokwa usaha au majimaji machafu katika [[uke]], mwasho kwenye uke na maumivu chini ya [[kitovu]] au sehemu za nyonga. 

==Matokeo==
Kama utaachwa bila kutibiwa katika wanawake, klamidia inaweza kuleta madhara makubwa kwa [[afya]] ya binafsi na [[afya ya jamii|ya jamii]]. Klamidia huaribu [[tishu]] za [[uzazi]] za mwanamke na kusababisha [[uvimbe]] katika [[fupanyonga]] (''pelvic inflammatory disease'', PID). PID inaweza kusababisha mauvimu makali sana katika fupanyonga, [[utasa]]/ugumba au utata katika [[ujauzito]] ambao unaweza kusababisha [[kifo]]. Wanawake wenye bakteria hao wana urahisi mkubwa hadi mara tano zaidi wa kuambukizwa [[Virusi vya UKIMWI]].

[[Watoto]] waliozaliwa na [[mama]] aliyembukizwa klamidia huwa na hatari ya kupata [[upofu]] au maambukizi katika [[mapafu]].

==Utambuzi==
Utambuzi wa maambukizi ya klamidia hufanyika kwa kuchunguza [[fupanyonga]] na kiwango kidogo cha majimaji kutoka katika [[uke]] au [[uume]] ambayo huchunguzwa kwa uwepo wa ''Chlamydia trachomatis''. Uchunguzi mpya kama ule wa [[mkojo]] ili kufahamu uwepo wa bakteria wa klamidia umekuwa ukitumika pia ili kufanya uchunguzi rahisi zaidi wa watu ambao hawaonyeshi dalili za ugonjwa.

==Tiba==
Klamidia inatibika kwa [[antibiotiki]].

==Uenezi==
Duniani mwaka 2015 wagonjwa walihesabiwa kuwa milioni 61, wengi wakiwa [[Afrika]] na [[Asia ya Kusini|Asia Kusini]]. Kulingana na [[wakala]] wa [[afya]] wa [[Marekani]] ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention'' ndiyo ya kwanza kati ya [[maradhi ya zinaa]] yanayoripotiwa zaidi nchini humo: [[wataalamu]] wamekadiria kuwa karibia watu [[milioni]] [[tatu]] huambukizwa klamidia kila [[mwaka]], lakini [[maambukizi]] 1,600,000 tu ndiyo ambayo huripotiwa.

== Viungo vya nje ==
{{commons category|Chlamydia infections}}
* [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chlamydia WHO fact sheet on chlamydia]
* [https://www.cdc.gov/chlamydia/about/ About Chlamydia] from the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] 
{{mbegu-tiba}}
[[Jamii:Maradhi ya zinaa]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1510008</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
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      <text bytes="2963" sha1="cro61h2qagyaugxhovkvb8bknlv2vcn" xml:space="preserve">[[Picha:Pap smear showing clamydia in the vacuoles 500x H&amp;E.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Vijududu vinavyosababisha klamidia]]
'''Klamidia''' ni [[ugonjwa wa kuambukiza]] ambao husababishwa na [[bakteria]] wanaoitwa katika [[uainishaji wa kisayansi]] ''Chlamydia trachomatis''. 

==Dalili==
[[Ugonjwa]] huo huwa hauonyeshi [[dalili]] za wazi kwa karibia [[asilimia]] 75 ya [[wanawake]] na asilimia 50 ya [[wanaume]], hivyo [[Maambukizo|maambukizi]] mengi hushindwa kufahamika mapema. Watu ambao hawajafahamu kuwa wameambukizwa klamidia wanaweza wasitafute [[tiba]] na hivyo wakaendelea kufanya [[ngono]], bila ya kujua kuwa wanaeneza [[ugonjwa]]. 

Wakati dalili zinapoanza kujitokeza wanaume husikia [[maumivu]] wakati wa kukojoa au kutokwa [[usaha]] au uchafu pamoja na kupata mwasho katika [[uume]]. Wanawake wanaweza kutokwa [[damu]] nje ya [[hedhi|kipindi chao]], kukojoa mara kwa mara, maumivu wakati wa kukojoa, kutokwa usaha au majimaji machafu katika [[uke]], mwasho kwenye uke na maumivu chini ya [[kitovu]] au sehemu za nyonga. 

==Matokeo==
Kama utaachwa bila kutibiwa katika wanawake, klamidia inaweza kuleta madhara makubwa kwa [[afya]] ya binafsi na [[afya ya jamii|ya jamii]]. Klamidia huaribu [[tishu]] za [[uzazi]] za mwanamke na kusababisha [[uvimbe]] katika [[fupanyonga]] (''pelvic inflammatory disease'', PID). PID inaweza kusababisha mauvimu makali sana katika fupanyonga, [[utasa]]/ugumba au utata katika [[ujauzito]] ambao unaweza kusababisha [[kifo]]. Wanawake wenye bakteria hao wana urahisi mkubwa hadi mara tano zaidi wa kuambukizwa [[Virusi vya UKIMWI]].

[[Watoto]] waliozaliwa na [[mama]] aliyembukizwa klamidia huwa na hatari ya kupata [[upofu]] au maambukizi katika [[mapafu]].

==Utambuzi==
Utambuzi wa maambukizi ya klamidia hufanyika kwa kuchunguza [[fupanyonga]] na kiwango kidogo cha majimaji kutoka katika [[uke]] au [[uume]] ambayo huchunguzwa kwa uwepo wa ''Chlamydia trachomatis''. Uchunguzi mpya kama ule wa [[mkojo]] ili kufahamu uwepo wa bakteria wa klamidia umekuwa ukitumika pia ili kufanya uchunguzi rahisi zaidi wa watu ambao hawaonyeshi dalili za ugonjwa.

==Tiba==
Klamidia inatibika kwa [[antibiotiki]].

==Uenezi==
Duniani mwaka 2015 wagonjwa walihesabiwa kuwa milioni 61, wengi wakiwa [[Afrika]] na [[Asia ya Kusini|Asia Kusini]]. Kulingana na [[wakala]] wa [[afya]] wa [[Marekani]] ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention'' ndiyo ya kwanza kati ya [[maradhi ya zinaa]] yanayoripotiwa zaidi nchini humo: [[wataalamu]] wamekadiria kuwa karibia watu [[milioni]] [[tatu]] huambukizwa klamidia kila [[mwaka]], lakini [[maambukizi]] 1,600,000 tu ndiyo ambayo huripotiwa.

== Viungo vya nje ==
{{commons category|Chlamydia infections}}
* [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chlamydia WHO fact sheet on chlamydia]
* [https://www.cdc.gov/chlamydia/about/ About Chlamydia] from the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] 
{{mbegu-tiba}}
[[Jamii:Maradhi ya zinaa]]
[[Jamii:magonjwa ya bakteria]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kaswende</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <origin>1509980</origin>
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      <text bytes="44519" sha1="m84g55vdvraywaw4n9ufbjjyqazpf4r" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox disease
 | Name           = Kaswende - Syphilis
 | Image          = Treponema pallidum.jpg
 | Caption        = Electron micrograph of ''Treponema pallidum''
 | ICD10          = {{ICD10|A|50||a|50}}-{{ICD10|A|53||a|50}}
 | ICD9           = {{ICD9|090}}-{{ICD9|097}}
 | ICDO           =
 | OMIM           =
 | DiseasesDB     = 29054
 | MedlinePlus    = 000861
 | eMedicineSubj  = med
 | eMedicineTopic = 2224
 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|emerg|563}} {{eMedicine2|derm|413}}
 | MeshID         = D013587 |
}}
[[Image:Chancres on the penile shaft due to a primary syphilitic infection caused by Treponema pallidum 6803 lores.jpg|thumb|200px|Vipele vya awali vya kaswende katika [[uume]].]]
[[Image:Secondary Syphilis on palms CDC 6809 lores.rsh.jpg|right| thumb|200px|Hatua ya pili ya kaswende inavyojitokeza mikononi.]]
[[Image:Tertiary syphilis head.JPG|image|thumb|200px|Mfano wa kichwa cha mtu mwenye kaswende katika hatua ya tatu.]]
'''Kaswende''' ([[ing.]] ''syphilis'') ni mojawapo kati ya [[maradhi ya zinaa]] ambayo inasababishwa na [[bakteria]] inayofahamika kama ''Treponema pallidum''.

Katika hatua za mwanzo, vipele katika sehemu za uzazi huanza kujitokeza muda mfupi baada ya maambukizi ambavyo baadaye hupotea vyenyewe.  

Kama [[ugonjwa]] hautatibiwa, maambukizi huendelea kwa miaka, yakishambulia [[mifupa]], [[ubongo]] na [[moyo]] na kusababisha madhara mengine yanayotokana na matatizo katika [[mfumo wa fahamu]] kama vile [[homa ya uti wa mgongo]] na magonjwa ya [[moyo]] na [[kiharusi]].
 
Kaswende wakati wa ujauzito unaweza kuwa hatari kubwa kwa kiumbe tumboni, kama vile kusababisha kutoumbika vizuri (''deformity'') na [[kifo]]. 

Wanawake wengi wajawazito katika [[nchi zilizoendelea]] huchunguzwa kwa uwepo wa ugonjwa huu katika majuma ya kwanza ya [[mimba]] ili kutibu ugonjwa kabla kitoto hakijaathirika. 

Siku hizi kaswende inaweza kutibika kwa urahisi fulani kwa [[penicillin]].

==Maelezo zaidi ya msingi==
Kaswende inasababishwa na [[bakteria ya]] spirochete ''[[Treponema pallidum]]'' baadhi ya spishi ''pallidum''. Njia ya kawaida zaidi ya kuambukizwa ni kupitia [[ngono]]; hata hivyo, kaswende pia inaweza kuambukizwa kutoka kwa mama hadi kwa [[mimba]] wakati wa ujauzito au wakati wa kuzaliwa kwa mtoto, na kusababisha [[kuzaliwa na kaswende]]. Magonjwa mengine ya binadamu yanayohusiana ni''[[Treponema pallidum]]''bakteria inajumusiha [[buba]] (baadhi ya spishi ''pertenue''), [[Pinta (ugonjwa)|pinta]] (baadhi ya spishi ''carateum'') na [[bejel]] (baadhi ya spishi ''endemicum'').

Dalili na ishara za kaswende hutofautiana kulingana na hatua iliyoko kati ya hatua nne. Hatua ni ya kwanza, ya pili, fiche, na ya mwisho. Hatua ya kwanza kawaida inajitokeza kimoja na [[shanka]] utokeaji wa kidonda kwa ngozi isiyowasha, ngumu, isiyokuwa na uchungu). Hatua ya pili ya kaswende hujitokeza na upele ambayo mara kwa mara inahusisha viganja vya mikono na nyayo za miguu. Hatua fiche ya kaswende hujitokeza na dalili kiasi au hata bila. Hatua ya mwisho ya kaswende hujitokeza na [[Guma (patholojia)|guma]], dalili zinazohusiana na mfumo wa neva, au zinazohusiana na moyo. 

Hata hivyo, kaswende imeitwa &quot;mwiigaji mkuu&quot; sababu mara nyingi hujitokeza kwa njia isiyo ya kawaida. 

Kwa kawaida kaswende hutambulika kwa [[kuchunguzwa na serolojia|uchunguzi wa damu]];hata hivyo, bakteria inaweza kuonekana kwa kutumia hadubini. Kaswende inaweza kutibiwa kwa njia inayofaa kwa kutumia [[antibiotiki]], haswa ndani ya misuli [[penisilini G]]. Hii inapendekezwa kwa watu walio na aleji ya penisilini, [[seftriaksoni]].

Inaaminika kwamba kufikia mwaka wa 1999 watu milioni 12 walikuwa wameambukizwa kaswende ulimwenguni na zaidi ya asilimia 90 ya hali hizi kutoka kwa [[nchi zinazoendelea]]. Hali za kaswende zilipungua kwa kasi baada ya penisilini kupatikana kwa urahisi katika miaka ya 1940, lakini viwango vya maambukizi vimeongezeka tangu mwaka 2000 katika nchi nyingi. Mara nyingi kaswende hupatikana pamoja na [[virusi vinavyosababisha UKIMWI]] (VVU). Hii imehusishwa na sehemu ya matendo ya ngono yasiyokuwa salama kati ya [[wanaume wanaofanya ngono na wanaume wengine]];Ongezeka la uasherati; ukahaba; na kupungua kwa matumizi ya kondomu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Coffin|first=LS|coauthors=Newberry, A, Hagan, H, Cleland, CM, Des Jarlais, DC, Perlman, DC|title=Syphilis in Drug Users in Low and Middle Income Countries|journal=The International journal on drug policy|date=2010 Jan|volume=21|issue=1|pages=20–7|pmid=19361976|doi=10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.02.008|pmc=2790553}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Gao|first=L|coauthors=Zhang, L, Jin, Q|title=Meta-analysis: prevalence of HIV infection and syphilis among MSM in China|journal=Sexually transmitted infections|date=2009 Sep|volume=85|issue=5|pages=354–8|pmid=19351623|doi=10.1136/sti.2008.034702}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Karp|first=G|coauthors=Schlaeffer, F, Jotkowitz, A, Riesenberg, K|title=Syphilis and HIV co-infection|journal=European journal of internal medicine|date=2009 Jan|volume=20|issue=1|pages=9–13|pmid=19237085|doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2008.04.002}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

{{TOC limit|3}}

==Dalili na ishara==
Kaswende inaweza kuwa katika hatua moja kati ya hatua nne tofauti: ya kwanza, ya pili, fiche, na ya mwisho,&lt;ref name=Kent08&gt;{{cite journal |author=Kent ME, Romanelli F |title=Reexamining syphilis: an update on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management |journal=Ann Pharmacother |volume=42|issue=2 |pages=226–36 |year=2008 |month=February |pmid=18212261 |doi=10.1345/aph.1K086 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-pharmacotherapy_2008-02_42_2/page/226}}&lt;/ref&gt; na pia inaweza kujitokeza [[wakati wa kuzaliwa]].&lt;ref name=ST10/&gt; ilirejelewa kama &quot;mwiigaji mkuu&quot; na [[Sir William Osler]] kutokana na njia mbalimbali inavyojitokeza&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;&lt;ref name=TUS00/&gt;

===Hatua ya kwanza===
[[Image:Extragenital syphilitic chancre of the left index finger PHIL 4147 lores.jpg|thumb|200px|Vipele vya awali vya kaswende katika mkono.]]
Hatua ya kwanza ya kaswende kawaida hupatikana kwa kuwasiliana kwa njia ya moja kwa moja kwa ngono na vidonda vilivyoambukizwa vya mtu mwingine.&lt;ref name=RedBookSyphilis&gt;{{cite book|author=Committee on Infectious Diseases |editor = Larry K. Pickering |title=Red book 2006 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases|url=https://archive.org/details/redbook0000larr |year=2006| pages=[https://archive.org/details/redbook0000larr/page/631 631]–44|publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics|location=Elk Grove Village, IL|isbn=9781581102079|edition=27th}}&lt;/ref&gt;Takriban siku 3 hadi 90 baada ya kuathiriwa hapo awali ( wastani ya siku 21&amp;nbsp;) kidonda kwa ngozi, iitwayo [[shanka]], hutokea mahali palipogusana.&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt; Huu ni mfano hasa&amp;nbsp;(Asilimia 40 ya wakati) kidonda kimoja, kigumu, kisichokuwa na uchungu, kisichowasha na sehemu yake ya chini iliyokuwa safi na mipaka mikali kati ya sentimita 0.3 na 3.0 kwa ukubwa .&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt; Hata hivyo, kidonda, kinaweza kuonekana kuwa tofauti sana. &lt;ref name=Pri2008&gt;{{cite journal|last=Eccleston|first=K|coauthors=Collins, L, Higgins, SP|title=Primary syphilis|journal=International journal of STD &amp; AIDS|date=2008 Mar|volume=19|issue=3|pages=145–51|pmid=18397550|doi=10.1258/ijsa.2007.007258}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika viwango, hugeuka kutoka[[macule]] hadi [[kipele]]na kisha kwa [[uyeyukaji (ugonjwa wa ngozi)#Hatua ya kwanza ya vidonda|uyeyukaji]] au [[Donda (ngozi)|donda]].&lt;ref name=Pri2008/&gt; Mara chache, kutakuwa na vidonda kadhaa. (~40%),&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt; Hii pia ni ya kawaida mtu anapoambukizwa Virusi Vya Ukimwi&lt;!-- Pri2008 --&gt; 
	 
Shanka yanaweza kuwa na uchungu au nyororo (30%),&lt;!-- Pri2008 --&gt; na zinaweza kutokea nje viungo vya uzazi (2–7%).&lt;!-- Pri2008 --&gt; Mahali pa kawaida zaidi pa chanikeri kwa wanawake ni [[kwa seviksi]](44%). Mahali pa kawaida zaidi kwa wanaume wanaovutiwa na jinsia tofauti ni [[Kwa uume]] (99%). Wakati mwingine shanka hutokea kwa tupu ya nyama au rektamu kwa[[wanaume wanaojishirikisha ngono na wanaume wengine]] (34%).&lt;ref name=Pri2008/&gt; [[Tenzi]] kuvimba mara kwa mara&amp;nbsp;(80%)hutokea pahali palipo ambukizwa,&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt; hutokea siku 7 hadi 10&amp;nbsp;baada ya kutokea kwa shanka&lt;ref name=Pri2008/&gt; [[kidonda]] kinaweza kuendelea kutokea wiki watatu hadi sita bila matibabu&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;

===Hatua ya pili===
[[image:Syphilis second state 2.jpg|thumb|Nyekundu [[vipele]] na [[Uvimbe (daktari wa ngozi)#Hatua ya kwanza ya vidonda|vipele]] kuzidi mwilini kutokana na hatua ya pili ya kaswende]]
Hatua ya pili ya kaswende hutokea takriban wiki nne hadi kumi baada ya hatua ya kwanza ya maambukizi.&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt; hatua ya pili ya ugonjwa unaweza kujitokeza kwa njia nyingi tofauti, lakini kwa kawaida dalili sana sana huhusisha ngozi, [[membreni ute]], na [[tezi ya limfu]].&lt;ref name=Sec2010/&gt; kunaweza kuwa na upele mwekundu-waridi-isiyokuwa na mwasho kwa kiwiliwili pamoja na limbu (miguu na mikono), ikiwa ni pamoja na viganja na nyayo.&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;&lt;ref name=2darySyphilis&gt;{{cite journal | author=Dylewski J, Duong M | title=The rash of secondary syphilis | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-medical-association-journal_2007-01-02_176_1/page/33 | journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal | date= 2 January 2007 |volume=176 | issue=1 | pages=33–5 | doi= 10.1503/cmaj.060665 | pmid=17200385 | pmc=1764588}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vipele vinaweza kuwa [[makulopapula]] au [[usaha|yenye pustuli]].&lt;!-- Kent08 --&gt; inaweza kutengeneza chunjua kama vidonda iliyopana, nyeupe na sawa sawa inayojulikana kama [[kondiloma latum]] kwa [[membreni yenye ute]]s.&lt;!-- Kent08 --&gt; Vidonda hivi vyote vinamaambukizi na yanahifadhi bakteria.&lt;!-- Kent08 --&gt; Dalili zingine inaweza ni pamoja na [[homa]], [[uchungu wa koo]], [[hitilafu ya mwili]],[[kupunguza uzito]], [[kutokwa na nywele]], na [[maumivu ya kichwa]].&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt; matokeo yasiyo kuwa ya kawaida ni pamoja na [[hepatitisi]], [[figo]] ugonjwa, [[athritisi]],[[periostitisi]], [[neuritsi ya kuona]], [[uveitisi]], na [[keratitisi ya interstitial]].&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;&lt;ref name=Eye07/&gt; 

Kwa kawaida dalili kali uyeyuka baadaye kati ya wiki tatu hadi sita;&lt;ref name=Eye07/&gt; hata hivyo, katika hali iliyokaribia 25%, dalili ya hatua ya pili yanaweza kurudi. &lt;!-- Sec2010 --&gt; Watu wengi walio katika hatua ya pili ya kaswende (40–85% ya wanawake, 20–65% ya wanaume) hawatoi ripoti kuwa na shanka ya kiwango kilicho juu cha hatua ya kwanza ya kaswende.&lt;ref name=Sec2010&gt;{{cite journal|last=Mullooly|first=C|coauthors=Higgins, SP|title=Secondary syphilis: the classical triad of skin rash, mucosal ulceration and lymphadenopathy|journal=International journal of STD &amp; AIDS|date=2010 Aug|volume=21|issue=8|pages=537–45|pmid=20975084|doi=10.1258/ijsa.2010.010243}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Hatua fiche===
Hatua fiche ya kaswende imefafanuliwa kama kuwa na [[serolojia|serologic]] utambuzi wa maambukizi bila dalili ya magonjwa.&lt;ref name=RedBookSyphilis/&gt; Imeelezwa zaidi kama ya hapo awali (chini ya mwaka wa 1&amp;nbsp;mwaka mmoja baada ya hatua ya pili ya kaswende) katika Marekani&lt;ref name=Eye07/&gt; Uingerezani, masaa hizi huitwa miaka miwili ya hatua fiche ya kaswende ya mapema na iliyochelewa.&lt;ref name=Pri2008/&gt; Dalili ya hatua fiche ya kaswende ya mapema huweza kurudi tena.&lt;!-- Eye07 --&gt; Hatua fiche ya kaswende iliyochelewa huwa [[haina dalili za magonjwa]] (hayana dalili), na hatua fiche ya kaswende iliyochelewa haiambukizwi kwa urahisi kama hatua fiche ya kaswende ya mapema.&lt;ref name=Eye07/&gt;

===Hatua ya mwisho===
Hatua ya mwisho ya kaswende inaweza kutokea takriban miaka mitatu hadi 15 baada ya maambukizi ya kwanza, na inaweza kugawanywa kwa aina tatu tofauti: kaswende iliyosababishwa na guma (15%), iliyochelewa [[kaswende katika mfumo wa neva]] (6.5%), na kaswende inayoathiri moyo na mishipa ya damu (10%).&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;&lt;ref name=Eye07/&gt; Bila matibabu, theluthi moja ya watu ambao wameambukizwa kaswende hupata hatua ya mwisho ya kaswende.&lt;ref name=Eye07/&gt; Watu walio na awamu ya mwisho ya kaswende hawawezi kuambukiza wengine.&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;

Kaswende inayosababishwa na gum, pia inayoitwa [[mwanzo|hafifu]] kaswende, kwa kawaida hutokea moja kwa miaka&amp;nbsp;46 baada ya maambukizi ya awali, kwa wastani wa miaka.15&amp;nbsp; &lt;!-- Kent08 --&gt; Hatua hii ni sifa ya muundo sugu wa [[guma(patholojia)|guma]], ambayo ni uvimbe nyororo zinazofanana na vidonge vya inflamesheni vinavyoweza kuwa zinabadilika kulingana na ukubwa.&lt;!-- Kent08 --&gt; Kawaida huathiri ngozi, mifupa, na ini, lakini inaweza kutokea mahali popote.&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;

[[Kaswende katika mfumo wa neva]] inamaanisha maambukizi inayohusisha [[mfumo mkuu wa neva]]. Unaweza kutokea mapema, ikiwa aidha isiyo kuwa na dalili ya ugonjwa au ya kusababisha kaswende [[meninjitisi]]; au inaweza kuchelewa, kama kaswende ya veni za tando za ubongo, [[paresi ya jumla]], au [[tabesi dorsalisi]], ambayo inahusu usawa wa mwili na uchungu mkali kwa limbu za chini.&lt;!-- Kent08 --&gt; Kaswende ya neva iliyochelewa huja kabisa baada ya miaka minne hadi 25 baada ya maambukizi ya hapo awali.&lt;!-- Kent08 --&gt; Kaswende ya veni za utando za ubongo hufanana hasa ikiwa haiwezi kuzuiliwa [[kifafa]], na paresi ya jumla hufanana hasa na [[dimenshia]] na [[tabtesi dorsalisi]].&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt; Pia, kunaweza kuwa na [[Mboni za Agryll Robertson]] ambazo ni mboni ndogo kwa macho zinazofinyika mtu anapotazama vitu vilivyokaribu, lakini hayafinyiki zikiwa wazi kwa mwanga mkali.

Kaswende ya moyo na mishipa kwa kawaida hutokea miaka 10 hadi30&amp;nbsp;baada ya maambukizi ya awali.&lt;!-- Kent08 --&gt; Tatizo la kawaida kabisa ni ule wa [[kaswende ya kuvimba kwa aota]], ambayo inaweza kusababisha [[aneurisimi wa aota|aneurisimi]] kuundwa.&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt; 

===Ya kuzaliwa nayo===
[[Kaswende ya kuzaliwa nayo]] inaweza kutokea wakati wa mimba au wa kuzaa.&lt;!-- Wood09 --&gt; Theluthi-mbili ya watoto wazawa wanazaliwa bila dalili.&lt;!-- Wood09 --&gt; Dalili ambazo huendelea zaidi ya miaka michache ya kwanza ya maisha ni pamoja na: [[kunenepa nenepa kwa ini au wengu]] (70%), upele (70%), joto jingi mwilini (40%), kaswende ya neva (20%), na [[ugonjwa wa mapafu kuvimba]] (20%).&lt;!-- Wood09 --&gt; Ikiwa haita tibiwa, [[kaswende ya kuzaliwa ya baadae]] inaweza kutokea kwa 40 %, ikiwa ni pamoja na: [[pua lenye umbo la tandiko]]ulemavu, [[Higoumenakis sign]], [[saber shin]], au [[Clutton's joints]], miongoni mwa zingine.&lt;ref name=Wood09/&gt;

==Chanzo==
===Bakteriolojia===
[[Picha:Treponema pallidum 01.png|thumb|Histopatholojia ya ''Treponema pallidum'' spirosheti zinazotumia kifaa chembamba cha kutia waa cha kisasa]]
''Treponema pallidum'', kundi la spishi ''pallidum'' ni wa umbo la mzunguko, [[gramu-hasi]], bakteria inayosambaa kwa kasi.&lt;ref name=Pri2008/&gt;&lt;ref name=Music08/&gt;Magonjwa mengine matatu ya binadamu husababishwa na zinazohusiana na ''Treponema pallidum'', ikiwa ni pamoja na [[buba]] (kundi la spishi ''pertenue''), [[Pinta (maradhi)|pinta]](kundi la spishi ''carateum''), na [[bejel]] (kundi la spishi ''endemicum'').&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt; Tofauti na aina ya ''pallidum'' haya hayasababishi ugonjwa wa neva.&lt;ref name=Wood09&gt;{{cite journal |author=Woods CR|title=Congenital syphilis-persisting pestilence|journal=Pediatr. Ambukiza. Dis. J. |volume=28|issue=6 |pages=536–7 |year=2009 |month=June |pmid=19483520|doi=10.1097/INF.0b013e3181ac8a69 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wanadamu tu ndio wanaojulikana kuwa na [[hifadhi asili]] kwa kundi la spishi ''pallidum''.&lt;ref name=ST10/&gt; Bakteria hii haiwezi kuishi bila kimelea.&lt;!-- Pri2008 --&gt; Hii ni kwa sababu ya jenomu yake ndogo (1.14&amp;nbsp;[[Yuniti ya masi atomu|MDa]])na hivyo basi haitaweza kutengeneza virutubishi vikuu.&lt;!-- Pri2008 --&gt; Ina wakati mfupi wa kujiongeza zaidi ya saa&amp;nbsp;30.&lt;ref name=Pri2008/&gt;

===Maambukizi===
Kaswende huambukizwa kimsingi kwa kupitia ngono [[ujauzito]] kutoka kwa mama hadi kwa [[fetasi]]; spirosheti huweza kupitia ukiwa mzima kwa membreni ya utetelezi au ngozi yenye haina kinga.&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;&lt;ref name=ST10&gt;{{cite journal |author=Stamm LV |title=Global Challenge of Antibiotic-Resistant Treponema pallidum |journal=Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=583–9 |year=2010 |month=February |pmid=19805553 |pmc=2812177 |doi=10.1128/AAC.01095-09 |url=http://aac.asm.org/content/54/2/583.full.pdf |access-date=2013-11-28 |archive-date=2014-04-25 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6P5jOzkSb?url=http://aac.asm.org/content/54/2/583.full.pdf |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; na hivyo husambazwa kwa[[kubusu]], pia mdomo kwa, uke, na tupu ya nyuma wakati wa ngono.&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt; Takriban 30% hadi 60% kwa wale wako wazi kwa hatua ya kwanza au ya pili ya kaswende watapata ugonjwa huo.&lt;ref name=Eye07&gt;{{cite journal |author=Bhatti MT |title=Optic neuropathy from viruses and spirochetes |journal=Int Ophthalmol Clin |volume=47|issue=4 |pages=37–66, ix |year=2007 |pmid=18049280 |doi=10.1097/IIO.0b013e318157202d |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-ophthalmology-clinics_fall-2007_47_4/page/37}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maambukizi ya kaswende imefananishwa na ukweli kwamba mtu ambaye amechanjwa na mshushio 57 pekee  ana nafasi 50% ya kuambukizwa.&lt;ref name=Pri2008/&gt; Nyingi ya (60%) hali mpya Marekani hutokea kwa wanaume ambao hufanya ngono na wanaume wengine.&lt;!-- Kent08 --&gt; Kaswende inaweza kusambazwa kupitia [[vifaa vya damu]]. Hata hivyo, bidhaa za damu hupimwa kama kuna kaswende katika nchi nyingi, na hivyo hatari hupunguka.&lt;!-- Kent08 --&gt; Hatari ya maambukizi kutoka kwa [[kugawana sindano]] imeonekana kuwa ni chache.&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt; Kaswende haiwezi kusambazwa kwa kupitia makalio ya choo, shughuli za kila siku, beseni ya maji moto, au kugawana vyombo vya kukulia au mavazi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC Fact Sheet&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title = Syphilis - CDC Fact Sheet | publisher = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) | date = 16 September 2010 | url =http://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/STDFact-Syphilis.htm | accessdate = 2007-05-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Utambuzi==
[[Picha:Syphilis false shame and fear may destroy your future.png|thumb|Bango ya kupima kaswende, inaonyesha mwanamke na mwanaume wakiinamisha vichwa vyao kwa aibu (1936 hivi)]]
Ni vigumu kutambua kaswende kwa kliniki mapema katika uwasilishaji wake.&lt;ref name=Pri2008/&gt; Uthibitisho wake hufanywa aidha kupitia [[kupima damu]] au moja kwa moja kukagua kwa kupitia [[uchunguzi kwa kutumia hadubini]].&lt;!-- Kent08 --&gt; Kwa kawaida vipimo vya damu hutumika, kwa sababu hutambulika kwa urahisi zaidi.&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt; Vipimo vya kutambua ugonjwa haziwezi, hata hivyo, hutofautisha kati ya hatua ya ugonjwa.&lt;ref name= Orgin10/&gt;

===Kupima damu===
Kupimwa kwa damu hugawanywa katika [[Uchunguzi wa kaswende usiokuwa na treponemal |nontreponemal]] na vipimo vya treponemal .&lt;ref name=Pri2008/&gt; Vipimo vya Nontreponemal hutumika hapo awali, na ni pamoja na [[utafiti wa ugonjwa wa zinaa maabarani]] na [[vipimo vya]] Kuongeza ghafla tena kwa plasma. Hata hivyo, kwa vile vipimo hivi ni vya mara kwa mara[[Matokeo chanya#Kosa la kuandika I |matukio chanya]],uthibitisho inahitajika kwa kupima treponemal, kama vile [[treponemal pallidum particle agglutination]] au [[Uchunguzi wa ufonyzaji wa antibodi ya treponemal iliyo na mwangaza]] (FTA-Abs).&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt; matukio chanya usiokuwa ya ukweli katika uchuguzi wa usio kuwa wa treponemal inaweza kutokea na maambukizi fulani ya virusi kama vile [[tetekuwanga]] na [[ukambi]], pia inaweza kutokea na [[limfoma]], [[kifua kikuu]], [[malaria]],[[uvimbemoyo]], [[ugonjwa wa kuungana kwa tishu]], na [[mimba]].&lt;ref name=RedBookSyphilis/&gt; Vipimo vya antibodi vya treponemal kawaida huwa chanya baada ya wiki mbili hadi tano ya maambukizi ya hapo awali.&lt;ref name=Pri2008/&gt; Kaswende ya neva hutambulika kwa kupata idadi ya juu ya [[lukosaiti]] (kuzidi[[limfositi]]) na kiwango cha juu cha protini [[viowevu vya ubongo na uti wa mgongo]] katika mazingira ya kaswende inayojulikana.&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;&lt;ref name=RedBookSyphilis/&gt;

===Uchunguzi wa moja kwa moja===
[[Eneo la giza linalochunguzwa kwa kutumia hadubini|Eneo la giza linalochunguzwa kwa kutumia hadubini]] ya [[viowevu vya seramu]] kutoka shanka inaweza kutumika kwa kufanya utambuzi wa haraka.&lt;!-- Pri2008 --&gt;Hata hivyo, sio kawaida kupata vifaa au wakazi wenye ujuzi hospitalini, na vipimo hivi lazima vifanywe kati ya dakika &amp;nbsp;10 ya kupata sampuli.&lt;!-- Pri2008 --&gt; [[kiwango cha hisi na udhihirishaji|Kiwango cha hisi]] kimeripotiwa kuwa takriban 80%, hivyo vipimo hivi vinaweza kutumika tu kuthibitisha utambuzi, lakini si kwa kuchuja moja nje.&lt;!-- Pri2008 --&gt; Vipimo vingine viwili vina weza kufanywa kwa sampuli iliyo toka kwa shanka ni [[antibodi ya mwangaza ya moja kwa moja]] na [[msururu wa athari za polima na vipimo vya|asidi ya kiini]] .&lt;!-- Pri2008 --&gt; antibodi ya floresini ya njia ya moja kwa moja [[antibodi]]zilizobandikwa na[[floresini]], ambayo inajishikilia kwa protini maalum za kaswende. Asidi ya kiini hutumia ufundisanifu, kama vile [[msururu wa athari za polima]], kutambua uwepo wa jeni maalum ya kaswende.&lt;!-- Pri2008 --&gt; Uchunguzi hizi sio shida kwa wakati kama makroskopu inayotumia giza, kwa sababu bakteria hahitajiki ili kufanya utambuzi.&lt;ref name=Pri2008/&gt;

==Udhibiti==
Hakuna chanjo inayofaa kudhibiti. &lt;ref name=ST10/&gt; Kujiepusha na uhusiano kimwili na mtu aliyeambukizwa ni shahihi kwa kupunguza maambukizi ya kaswende, kama ilivyo kiasi kwa matumizi sahihi ya [[kondomu]], ambayo, hata hivyo, hayaondoi kabisa hatari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Koss CA, Dunne EF, Warner L |title=A systematic review of epidemiologic studies assessing condom use and risk of syphilis |journal=Sex Transm Dis |volume=36 |issue=7 |pages=401–5 |year=2009 |month=July |pmid=19455075 |doi=10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181a396eb|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_sexually-transmitted-diseases_2009-07_36_7/page/401}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC Fact Sheet&quot; /&gt; Hivyo, [[Vituo vya kudhibiti na kuzuia magonjwa]]vinapendekeza uhusiano wa muda-mrefu, kwa kushirikiana na mtu mmoja hajaambukizwa na kujiepusha na vitu kama [[vinywaji vinavyolewesha|pombe]] na dawa zingine ambazo huongeza hatari za kufanya ngono kiholela.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC Fact Sheet&quot; /&gt; 

Kaswende ya kuzaliwa nayo inaweza kuzuiwa kwa kuchunguzi mama mapema wakati wa ujauzito na kutibu wale ambao wameambukizwa.&lt;ref name=Screening04&gt;{{cite journal|last=Schmid|first=G|title=Economic and programmatic aspects of congenital syphilis prevention|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=2004 Jun|volume=82|issue=6|pages=402–9|pmid=15356931|pmc=2622861}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Muungano wa Wahudumu wa kutoa udhibiti Merikani]] inapendekeza sana uchunguzi kwa wanawake wote wajawazito,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=U.S. Preventive Services Task|first=Force|title=Screening for syphilis infection in pregnancy: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement|journal=Annals of internal medicine|date=2009 May 19|volume=150|issue=10|pages=705–9|pmid=19451577}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] inapendekeza wanawake wote kupimwa mara ya kwanza wakitembelea kliniki(kabla ya kujifungua)na tena katika[[kipindi cha tatu cha ujauzito]].&lt;ref name=Lancet11/&gt; Iwapo vipimo vinaonyesha uwepo wa ungojwa,inapendekezwa washirika wa akina mama hawa pia watibiwe.&lt;ref name=Lancet11&gt;{{cite journal|last=Hawkes|first=S|coauthors=Matin, N, Broutet, N, Low, N|title=Effectiveness of interventions to improve screening for syphilis in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=The Lancet infectious diseases|date=2011 Jun 15|pmid=21683653|volume=11|issue=9|pages=684–91|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70104-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Kaswende ya kuzaliwa nayo, hata hivyo, bado iko kawaida katika inch zinazoendelea, kwa kuwa wanawake wengi hawapati [[huduma ya kliniki ya wajauzito]] &gt; kabisa, na wengine huduma ya kliniki ya wajawazito wanayopata haijumulishi uchunguzi wa kaswende.&lt;ref name=Screening04/&gt; Kaswende ya kuzaliwa nayo huaipatikani mara kwa mara katika nchi zilizoendelea, kwa sababu wale wanaoweza kupata kaswende (kupitia matumizi ya dawa, n.k) pia wako uwezo mdogo zaidi wa kupata huduma wakati wa ujauzito.&lt;ref name=Screening04/&gt; Hatua zingine za kuongezea upatikanaji wa kupimwa huonekana kuwa na ufanisi katika kupunguza viwango vya kaswende ya kuzaliwa nayo katika chini zilizo na mapato ya chini na ya kati.&lt;ref name=Lancet11/&gt;

Kaswende ni [[ugonjwa inayohitaji kutolewa taarifa]] katika nchi nyingi, ikiwa ni pamoja na Canada,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=National Notifiable Diseases|url=http://dsol-smed.phac-aspc.gc.ca/dsol-smed/ndis/list-eng.php|publisher=Public Health Agency of Canada|date=2005-04-05|accessdate=2 August 2011|archivedate=2011-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809162040/http://dsol-smed.phac-aspc.gc.ca/dsol-smed/ndis/list-eng.php}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umoja wa Ulaya,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Viñals-Iglesias|first=H|coauthors=Chimenos-Küstner, E|title=The reappearance of a forgotten disease in the oral cavity: syphilis|journal=Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal|date=2009 Sep 1|volume=14|issue=9|pages=e416–20|pmid=19415060}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Marikani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Table 6.5. Infectious Diseases Designated as Notifiable at the National Level-United States, 2009 [a]|url=http://www.unboundmedicine.com/redbook/ub/view/RedBook/187389/all/Table_6_5__Infectious_Diseases_Designated_as_Notifiable_at_the_National_Level_United_States__2009_%5Ba%5D|work=Red Book|accessdate=2 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hii inamaanisha kuwa wahuduma wa Afya wanatakiwa kutoa taarifa kwa[[wizara ya Afya]] ambayo itatoa [[taarifa kwa washirika]] hadi kwa washirika wa watu. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Brunner &amp; Suddarth's textbook of medical-surgical nursing.|year=2010|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780781785891|pages=2144|edition=12th|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=SmtjSD1x688C&amp;pg=PA2144}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madaktari pia wanaweza kuhimiza wagonjwa kutumia washirika wao kupata huduma.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Hogben|first=M|title=Partner notification for sexually transmitted diseases|journal=Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America|date=2007 Apr 1|volume=44 Suppl 3|pages=S160–74|pmid=17342669|doi=10.1086/511429}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kituo cha kudhibiti na kuzuia magonjwa kinapendekeza kwamba wanaume wanaoshiriki ngono na wanaume wengine lazima wapimwe angalau kila mwaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Trends in Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the United States: 2009 National Data for Gonorrhea, Chlamydia and Syphilis|url=http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats09/tables/trends-table.htm|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|date=22 November 2010|accessdate=3 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Matibabu==
===Maambukizi ya mapema===
Chaguo la kwanza kwa matibabu ya kaswende isiyo na tatizo bado tu ni dosi kimoja ya shindano kwa misuli[[Benzlipenisillini|penisilini G]] au dosi moja ya dawa ya kumeza[[azithromycin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author = David N. Gilbert, Robert C. Moellering, George M. Eliopoulos, ''et al.''|title=The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy 2011|publisher=Antimicrobial Therapy |location=Sperryville, VA|isbn=9781930808652|pages=22| edition = 41st }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- ST10 --&gt;[[Doksiklini]] na [[tetrasaiklini]] ni chaguo mbadala; hata hivyo, hazitumiki kwa akina mama wajawazito.&lt;!-- ST10 --&gt; [[Pingamizi kwa antibiotiki]]imetokezea kwa baadhi ya maajenti, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[makrolidi]], [[klindamisini]], na [[rifampini]].&lt;ref name=ST10/&gt; [[seftriaksoni]], sephalosporini-za tokeo la tatu [[antibiotiki]], zinaweza kufanya kazi kama penisilini kulingana na matibabu.&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;

===Maambukizi ya baadaye===
Kwa kaswende kwa sababu ya uingiaji duni wa penisilini G kwenye [[mfumo mkuu wa neva]], watu walioathiriwa wanashauriwa kupewa dosi kubwa za penisilini kwa mshipa kwa muda usiopungua siku 10 .&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;&lt;ref name=ST10/&gt; Iwapo mtu ana aleji ya penisilini, seftriaksoni inaweza kutumiwa, au utoaji wa aleji ya penisilini unaweza kujaribiwa.&lt;!-- Kent08 --&gt; Zinaotokea baadaye zinaweza kutibiwa na shidano ya  penisilini G kwa misuli mara moja-kwa wiki kwa muda wa wiki tatu.&lt;!-- Kent08 --&gt; Ikiwa mgonjwa ana aleji, doksikilini au tetrasaikilini zinaweza kutumiwa, lakini kwa muda mrefu.&lt;!-- Kent08 --&gt;Matibabu kwa wakati huu huzuia uendeleaji wa ugonjwa, lakini ina mabaadiliko madogo tu kwa madhara yenye tayari yametokea.&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;

===Athari ya Jarisch-Herxheimer===
Moja wapo ya athari inayoweza kutokana na matibabu ni [[athari aina ya Jarisch-Herxheimer]].&lt;!-- Kent08 --&gt; Mara nyingi inaanza ndani ya saa moja baada ya matibabu na hudumu kwa masaa 24, kukiwa na dalili za joto nyingi mwilini, maumivu kwa misuli, maumivu ya kichwa, na [[takikadia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kent08&quot;/&gt; Inasababishwa na [[saitokini]] zinazotolewa na mfumo wa kinga kutokana na lipoprotini zinazotolewa wakati bakteria za kaswende zinazopasuka.&lt;ref name=Radolf2006&gt;{{cite book |author= Radolf, JD; Lukehart SA (editors)| year=2006 |title=Pathogenic ''Treponema'': Molekiuli na bayolojia ya chembechembe |url= https://archive.org/details/pathogenictrepon0000unse| publisher=Caister Academic Press | isbn= 1-904455-10-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Epidemiolojia==
[[Image:Syphilis world map - DALY - WHO2004.svg|thumb|[[Age adjustment|Age-standardized]] death from syphilis per 100,000&amp;nbsp;inhabitants in 2004&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index.html |title=Disease and injury country estimates |year=2004 |publisher = [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |accessdate=11 November 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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Inaaminiwa kuwa kaswende iliathiri watu milioni 12 mwaka wa 1999, 90% ya maambukizi yakiwa kwa [[nchi zinazoendelea]].&lt;ref name=ST10/&gt; Huathiri kati ya mimba 700,000 na milioni 1.6&amp;nbsp; kwa mwaka, na kusababisha [[kuharibika kwa mimba bila hiari]]s, [[kuzaa mtoto aliyekufa]] na kuzaliwa na kaswende.&lt;!-- Wood09 --&gt; Katika[[sub-Saharan Africa]], kaswende huchangia takriban 20% ya [[vifo vya watoto wakati wa kuzaliwa]].&lt;ref name=Wood09/&gt; Viwango viko juu zaidi vikilinganishwa na [[wanaotumia dawa ya kulevya|wanaojidunga dawa kwa mshipa]], walio na maambukizi ya VVU, na wanaume wanaofanya ngono na wanaume wengine.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Coffin|first=LS|coauthors=Newberry, A, Hagan, H, Cleland, CM, Des Jarlais, DC, Perlman, DC|title=Syphilis in Drug Users in Low and Middle Income Countries|journal=The International journal on drug policy|date=2010 Jan|volume=21|issue=1|pages=20–7|pmid=19361976|doi=10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.02.008|pmc=2790553}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Gao|first=L|coauthors=Zhang, L, Jin, Q|title=Meta-analysis: prevalence of HIV infection and syphilis among MSM in China|journal=Sexually transmitted infections|date=2009 Sep|volume=85|issue=5|pages=354–8|pmid=19351623|doi=10.1136/sti.2008.034702}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Karp|first=G|coauthors=Schlaeffer, F, Jotkowitz, A, Riesenberg, K|title=Syphilis and HIV co-infection|journal=European journal of internal medicine|date=2009 Jan|volume=20|issue=1|pages=9–13|pmid=19237085|doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2008.04.002}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nchini Marekani viwango vya kaswende mno mwaka wa 2007 vilikuwa mara sita zaidi kwa wanaume kuliko ya Wanawake, hata ingawa viwango hivi vilikuwa karibu sawa mwaka wa 1997.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Trends in Reportable Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the United States, 2007|url=http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats07/trends.htm|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]](CDC)|date=13 January 2009|accessdate=2 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wafrika Wamarika]] walichangia kwa takriban nusu ya walioambukizwa mwaka wa 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=STD Trends in the United States: 2010 National Data for Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, and Syphilis|url=http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats10/tables/trends-table.htm|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|date=22 November 2010|accessdate=20 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kaswende ilikuwa ni kawaida nchini Ulaya wakati wa karne ya 18 na 19.&lt;!-- Music08 --&gt; -!&gt;. Katika nchi zilizoendelea mwanzo wa karne ya 20, maambukizi yalipungua kwa haraka kwa sababu ya ongezeko la matumizi ya [[antibiotiki]], hadi miaka ya 1980 na 1990.&lt;ref name=Music08/&gt; Tangu mwaka wa 2000, viwango vya kaswende vimeongezeka nchini Marekani, Uingereza, Australia na Ulaya, hasa kati ya wanaume wanaofanya mapenzi na wanaume wengine.&lt;ref name=ST10/&gt; viwango vya kaswende miongoni mwa wanawake wa Marekani, hata hivyo,imebakia sawa wakati huu, na viwango kati ya wanawake Uingereza vimeongezeka, lakini katika kiwango cha chini kuliko kile cha wanaume.&lt;ref name=AOP08&gt;{{cite journal|last=Kent|first=ME|coauthors=Romanelli, F|title=Reexamining syphilis: an update on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-pharmacotherapy_2008-02_42_2/page/226|journal=The Annals of pharmacotherapy|date=2008 Feb|volume=42|issue=2|pages=226–36|pmid=18212261|doi=10.1345/aph.1K086}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ongezeko kwa viwango miongoni mwa wapenzi wa jinsia tofauti ilitokea China na Urusi tangu miaka ya 1990.&lt;ref name=ST10/&gt; Hii imehusishwa na mazoea ya kufanya mapenzi bila kinga, kuwa na wapenzi wengi, ukahaba, na upunguvu wa matumizi ya kinga kama vile kondomu.&lt;ref name=ST10/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Ficarra|first=G|coauthors=Carlos, R|title=Syphilis: The Renaissance of an Old Disease with Oral Implications|journal=Head and neck pathology|date=2009 Sep|volume=3|issue=3|pages=195–206|pmid=20596972|doi=10.1007/s12105-009-0127-0|pmc=2811633}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AOP08/&gt;

Bila kutibiwa, kaswende inasababisha vifo kwa 8% hadi 58%,kiwango kikubwa ikiwa kwa wanaume.&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt; Dalili za kaswende zimepunguka kwa ukali katika karne ya 19 na 20&amp;nbsp;,kwa sababu ya ueneaji na upatikanaji wa matibabu yanayofaa, na pia kupungua kwa[[ukali]] wa spirochaete.&lt;ref name=Sec2010/&gt; Ikitibiwa mapema, matatizo chache hutokea.&lt;ref name=Pri2008/&gt; Kaswende huongeza hatari ya maambukizi ya VVU kwa mara 2-5, na yale yanayoambatana ni ya kawaida (30-60% kwa baadhi ya vituo vya mijini).&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;&lt;ref name=ST10/&gt;

== Historia==
[[Image:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 095.jpg|thumb|Portrait of [[Gerard de Lairesse]] na [[Rembrandt van Rijn]], ca. 1665–67, oil on canvas. De Lairesse,mwenyewe ni mchoraji na mwanasanaa, aliathiriwa na kaswende kutoka kuzaliwa iliyomwaribu uso wake na hatimaye ikasababisha upofu kwake&lt;ref&gt;''[[Metropolitan Museum of Art|The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin]]'', Summer 2007, pp. 55–56.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Mwanzo halisi wa kaswende haujulikani &lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt; Kuna nadharia tete mbili za kimsingi:. Moja inapendekeza kuwa kaswende ililetwa Ulaya na wafanyikazi wa meli kutoka [[Christopher Columbus]] safari kuelekea [[Marikani]], na nyingine inapendekeza kwamba kaswende ilikuwepo Ulaya hapo awali, lakini haikuwa imetambuliwa. &lt;!-- Orgin10 --&gt; nadharia hizi hujulikana kama nadharia &quot;Columbian&quot; na &quot;kabla ya Columbian&quot;, mtawalio.&lt;ref name=Orgin10&gt;{{cite journal|last=Farhi|first=D|coauthors=Dupin, N|title=Origins of syphilis and management in the immunocompetent patient: facts and controversies|journal=Clinics in dermatology|date=2010 Sep-Oct|volume=28|issue=5|pages=533–8|pmid=20797514|doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nadharia ya Columbia inathibitiswa na ushahidi uliopo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Rothschild|first=BM|title=History of syphilis|journal=Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America|date=2005-05-15|volume=40|issue=10|pages=1454–63|pmid=15844068|doi=10.1086/429626}}&lt;/ref&gt; Taarifa ya kwanza iliyoandikwa kuhusu mlipuko wa kaswende katika Ulaya iliyotokea katika mwaka wa 1494/1495 katika[[Naples|Naples, Italia]], wakati waliingiliwa na Ufaransa.&lt;ref name=Music08&gt;{{cite journal|last=Franzen|first=C|title=Syphilis in composers and musicians--Mozart, Beethoven, Paganini, Schubert, Schumann, Smetana|journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases |date=2008 Dec|volume=27|issue=12|pages=1151–7|pmid=18592279|doi=10.1007/s10096-008-0571-x}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Orgin10/&gt; Kutokana na kuenezwa na kundi la wapiganaji wafaransa waliporudi, hapo awali ilijulikana kama &quot;ugonjwa wa Kifaransa&quot;. Mwaka wa 1530, jina &quot;kaswende&quot; lilitumiwa kwanza na daktari Mwitaliano na mshairi [[GirolamoFracastoro]] kama kichwa cha[[Kilatini]] shairi lake kuelezea ongezeko la ugonjwa huo Italia.&lt;ref&gt; Nancy G. &quot;Siraisi, Drugs and Diseases: New World Biology and Old World Learning,&quot; in Anthony Grafton, Nancy G. raisi, with April Shelton, eds., New World, Ancient Texts (Cambridge MA: Belknap Press/Harvard University Press, 1992), 159-94 &lt;/ref&gt; Kaswende pia ilijulikana kihistoria kama &quot;Poksi Kuu&quot;.&lt;ref name=Old05&gt;{{cite journal|last=Dayan|first=L|coauthors=Ooi, C|title=Syphilis treatment: old and new|journal=Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy|date=2005 Oct|volume=6|issue=13|pages=2271–80|pmid=16218887|doi=10.1517/14656566.6.13.2271}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Euro04&gt;{{cite journal|last=Knell|first=RJ|title=Syphilis in renaissance Europe: rapid evolution of an introduced sexually transmitted disease?|journal=Proceedings. Biological sciences / the Royal Society|date=2004-05-07|volume=271 Suppl 4|pages=S174–6|pmid=15252975|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2003.0131|pmc=1810019|issue=Suppl 4|url=http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/271/Suppl_4/S174.full.pdf|archive-date=2014-08-03|access-date=2013-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803093827/http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/271/Suppl_4/S174.full.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Viumbe visababishi, ''Treponema pallidum'', vilitambuliwa kwa mara ya kwanza na [[Fritz Schaudinn]] na [[Erich Hoffmann]] mwaka wa 1905. &lt;ref name=Music08/&gt; matibabu yaliyofaa ya kwanza([[Salvarsan]]) yalitengezwa mwaka wa 1910 na [[Paul Ehrlich]], ambayo ilifuatiliwa na majaribio ya [[penisilini
]] na uthibitisho wa ufanisi wa dawa hiyo mwaka wa 1943 &lt;ref name=Music08/&gt;&lt;ref name=Old05/&gt; Kabla ya kuwepo kwa matibabu yaliyofaa, [[mercury (elementi)|mercury]] na kwa kawaida utengaji ulitumika mara nyingi, pamoja na matibabu yaliyokuwa mara nyingi mbaya zaidi kuliko ugonjwa &lt;ref name=Old05/&gt; Watu wengi maarufu wa kihistoria, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Franz Schubert]],[[Arthur Schopenhauer]], [[ÉdouardManet]]&lt;ref name=Music08/&gt; and [[Adolf Hitler]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/2842819.stm | title = Hitler syphilis theory revived | publisher = BBC News | date = 12 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; waliaminika kuwa walikuwa na ugonjwa huo.

==Jamii na Utamaduni==
===Sanaa na Fasihi===
[[Picha:400Behandlung der Syphilis.jpg|thumb|The earliest known medical illustration of patients suffering from syphilis, Vienna, 1498]]
Sanamu ya kwanza Ulaya iliyoonyesha kaswende ni ya[[Albrecht Dürer]] ''Mtu aliye kuwa na Kaswende'', sanamu ilioyo katwa kutoka kwa mti aliaminika kuonyeza [[Landsknecht]], mtu wa kutoka Ulaya kaskazini[[kufanya kwa lengo la pesa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Eisler|first=CT|title=Who is Dürer's &quot;Syphilitic Man&quot;?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_perspectives-in-biology-and-medicine_winter-2009_52_1/page/48|journal=Perspectives in biology and medicine|date=2009 Winter|volume=52|issue=1|pages=48–60|pmid=19168944|doi=10.1353/pbm.0.0065}}&lt;/ref&gt; kisasili cha''[[femme fatale]]'' au &quot;Wanawake sumu&quot; wa karne ya 19 inaaminika kuwa ilitokana na uharibifu wa kaswende, ikiwa na mifano maarufu katika maelezo pamoja na [[John Keats]]' [[La Belle Dame sans Merci]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Hughes|first=Robert|title=Things I didn't know : a memoir|url=https://archive.org/details/thingsididntknow00unse|year=2007|publisher=Vintage|location=New York|isbn=9780307385987|pages=[https://archive.org/details/thingsididntknow00unse/page/346 346]|edition=1st Vintage Book}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=[ed]: Joanne Entwistle, Elizabeth|title=Body dressing|year=2005|publisher=Berg Publishers|location=Oxford|isbn=9781859734445|pages=205|edition=[Online-Ausg.]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Msanii [[Jan van der Straet]] alichora mtu tajiri akipokea matibabu ya kaswende kwenye mti wa tropiki [[guaiacum]] hapo karibu mwaka wa 1580.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Reid|first=Basil A.|title=Myths and realities of Caribbean history|year=2009|publisher=University of Alabama Press|location=Tuscaloosa|isbn=9780817355340|pages=113|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KtT0_P-9xiAC&amp;pg=PA113|edition=[Online-Ausg.]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kichwa cha kazi hiyo ni &quot;Maandalizi na Matumizi ya Guayaco kwa Kutibu Kaswende&quot;.Kwa kuwa msanii alichagua kuweka picha hii kwa kazi zilizofuatana za kuadhimisha Dunia mpya inayoonyesha umuhimu wa matibabu ya kaswende, hata ingawa yasiofaa, ya kaswende ulivyokuwa kwa wasomi wa Ulaya wakati huo. Mchoro uliyokuwa na rangi nyingi na tondoti inaonyesha wafanyi kazi wanne wakiandaa mchanganyiko huo wakati daktari akiangalia, akiwa ameficha kitu nyuma wakati mgonjwa hasio bahatika anakunywa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ALLPOSTERS&quot;&gt;[http://www.allposters.com/-sp/Preparation-and-Use-of-Guayaco-for-Treating-Syphilis-Posters_i1587366_.htm&quot;Preparation and Use of Guayaco for Treating Syphilis&quot;] {{Wayback|url=http://www.allposters.com/-sp/Preparation-and-Use-of-Guayaco-for-Treating-Syphilis-Posters_i1587366_.htm |date=20110521060238 }}. Jan van der Straet. Retrieved 6 August 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Utafiti wa Tuskegee na Guatemala===
Moja ya hali iliyokuwa na sifa mbaya Merikani kuhusu [[maadili ya kimatibabu]] katika karne ya 20 ilikuwa  [[Utafiti wa kaswende ya Tuskegee]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Katz RV, Kegeles SS, Kressin NR, ''et al.''|title=The Tuskegee Legacy Project: Willingness of Minorities to Participate in Biomedical Research |journal=J Health Care Poor Underserved |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=698–715|year=2006 |month=November |pmid=17242525|pmc=1780164 |doi=10.1353/hpu.2006.0126 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-health-care-for-the-poor-and-underserved_2006-11_17_4/page/698}}&lt;/ref&gt; Utafiti ulifanywa [[Tuskegee, Alabama]], ilifadhiliwa na [[Huduma ya afya ya umma Marikani]] (PHS) ikisaidiana na [[Taasisi ya Tuskegee]].&lt;ref name=CDCTime&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/timeline.htm |title=U.S. Public Health Service Syphilis Study at Tuskegee | publisher = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) | date = 15 June 2011 |accessdate=2010-07-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Utafiti huu ulianza mwaka wa 1932, wakati kaswende ilikuwa tatizo sana na hakukuwa na matibabu yaliyofaa na salama.&lt;ref name=TUS00&gt;{{cite journal|last=White|first=RM|title=Unraveling the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis|journal=Archives of internal medicine|date=2000-03-13|volume=160|issue=5|pages=585–98|pmid=10724044|doi=10.1001/archinte.160.5.585}}&lt;/ref&gt; Utafiti huo ulinuia kupima Maendeleo ya kaswende bila matibabu. Kufikia 1947, penisilini ilikuwa imekubaliwa kuwa ndio tiba sahihi kwa matibabu yaliofaa kwa kaswende na ilikuwa ikitumika sana kwa kutibu ugonjwa huo. &lt;-! CDCTime -&gt;Wakurugenzi wa utafiti huu, hata hivyo, waliendelea na utafiti na hawakuwapa washiriki matibabu na penisilini. &lt;ref name=CDCTime/&gt;hiiimejadiliwa, na baadhi yao wamegundua kwamba penisilini alipewa washirika wengi&lt;ref. name=&quot;TUS00&quot;/&gt;Utafiti haukuisha hadi 1972.&lt;ref name=CDCTime/&gt;

Majaribio ya kaswende pia yalifanywa katika[[Guatemala]] kutoka 1946 hadi 1948. Yalikuwa yamefadhiliwa na[[marikani]] [[|utafiti kwa binadamu|majaribio kwa binadamu]], yaliyofanywa wakati wa serikali ya [[Juan José Arévalo]] ikiwa na ushirikiano na baadhi ya wizara za afya na maafisa wa Guatemala. Madaktari waliambukiza askari, wafungwa, na [[wagonjwa wa akili]] na kaswende na magonjwa mengine[[magojnwa ya zinaa]], bila [[ridhaa]] ya washiriki, na kisha kuwatibi na [[antibiotiki]]. Mwezi wa Oktoba 2010, Marekani iliomba msamaha rasmi kwa Guatemala kwa kufanya majaribio haya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author= |coauthors= |title=U.S. apologizes for newly revealed syphilis experiments done in Guatemala|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/01/AR2010100104457.html |quote=The United States revealed on Friday that the government conducted medical experiments in the 1940s in which doctors infected soldiers, prisoners and mental patients in Guatemala with syphilis and other sexually transmitted diseases.|work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=1 October 2010 |accessdate=1 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{clear}}

==Tanbihi==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
[[Jamii:Maradhi ya zinaa]]
[[Jamii:Maradhi ya ngozi]]</text>
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      <text bytes="44550" sha1="nc8dwo4wbphdfi22ioce4qk8lxjisrv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox disease
 | Name           = Kaswende - Syphilis
 | Image          = Treponema pallidum.jpg
 | Caption        = Electron micrograph of ''Treponema pallidum''
 | ICD10          = {{ICD10|A|50||a|50}}-{{ICD10|A|53||a|50}}
 | ICD9           = {{ICD9|090}}-{{ICD9|097}}
 | ICDO           =
 | OMIM           =
 | DiseasesDB     = 29054
 | MedlinePlus    = 000861
 | eMedicineSubj  = med
 | eMedicineTopic = 2224
 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|emerg|563}} {{eMedicine2|derm|413}}
 | MeshID         = D013587 |
}}
[[Image:Chancres on the penile shaft due to a primary syphilitic infection caused by Treponema pallidum 6803 lores.jpg|thumb|200px|Vipele vya awali vya kaswende katika [[uume]].]]
[[Image:Secondary Syphilis on palms CDC 6809 lores.rsh.jpg|right| thumb|200px|Hatua ya pili ya kaswende inavyojitokeza mikononi.]]
[[Image:Tertiary syphilis head.JPG|image|thumb|200px|Mfano wa kichwa cha mtu mwenye kaswende katika hatua ya tatu.]]
'''Kaswende''' ([[ing.]] ''syphilis'') ni mojawapo kati ya [[maradhi ya zinaa]] ambayo inasababishwa na [[bakteria]] inayofahamika kama ''Treponema pallidum''.

Katika hatua za mwanzo, vipele katika sehemu za uzazi huanza kujitokeza muda mfupi baada ya maambukizi ambavyo baadaye hupotea vyenyewe.  

Kama [[ugonjwa]] hautatibiwa, maambukizi huendelea kwa miaka, yakishambulia [[mifupa]], [[ubongo]] na [[moyo]] na kusababisha madhara mengine yanayotokana na matatizo katika [[mfumo wa fahamu]] kama vile [[homa ya uti wa mgongo]] na magonjwa ya [[moyo]] na [[kiharusi]].
 
Kaswende wakati wa ujauzito unaweza kuwa hatari kubwa kwa kiumbe tumboni, kama vile kusababisha kutoumbika vizuri (''deformity'') na [[kifo]]. 

Wanawake wengi wajawazito katika [[nchi zilizoendelea]] huchunguzwa kwa uwepo wa ugonjwa huu katika majuma ya kwanza ya [[mimba]] ili kutibu ugonjwa kabla kitoto hakijaathirika. 

Siku hizi kaswende inaweza kutibika kwa urahisi fulani kwa [[penicillin]].

==Maelezo zaidi ya msingi==
Kaswende inasababishwa na [[bakteria ya]] spirochete ''[[Treponema pallidum]]'' baadhi ya spishi ''pallidum''. Njia ya kawaida zaidi ya kuambukizwa ni kupitia [[ngono]]; hata hivyo, kaswende pia inaweza kuambukizwa kutoka kwa mama hadi kwa [[mimba]] wakati wa ujauzito au wakati wa kuzaliwa kwa mtoto, na kusababisha [[kuzaliwa na kaswende]]. Magonjwa mengine ya binadamu yanayohusiana ni''[[Treponema pallidum]]''bakteria inajumusiha [[buba]] (baadhi ya spishi ''pertenue''), [[Pinta (ugonjwa)|pinta]] (baadhi ya spishi ''carateum'') na [[bejel]] (baadhi ya spishi ''endemicum'').

Dalili na ishara za kaswende hutofautiana kulingana na hatua iliyoko kati ya hatua nne. Hatua ni ya kwanza, ya pili, fiche, na ya mwisho. Hatua ya kwanza kawaida inajitokeza kimoja na [[shanka]] utokeaji wa kidonda kwa ngozi isiyowasha, ngumu, isiyokuwa na uchungu). Hatua ya pili ya kaswende hujitokeza na upele ambayo mara kwa mara inahusisha viganja vya mikono na nyayo za miguu. Hatua fiche ya kaswende hujitokeza na dalili kiasi au hata bila. Hatua ya mwisho ya kaswende hujitokeza na [[Guma (patholojia)|guma]], dalili zinazohusiana na mfumo wa neva, au zinazohusiana na moyo. 

Hata hivyo, kaswende imeitwa &quot;mwiigaji mkuu&quot; sababu mara nyingi hujitokeza kwa njia isiyo ya kawaida. 

Kwa kawaida kaswende hutambulika kwa [[kuchunguzwa na serolojia|uchunguzi wa damu]];hata hivyo, bakteria inaweza kuonekana kwa kutumia hadubini. Kaswende inaweza kutibiwa kwa njia inayofaa kwa kutumia [[antibiotiki]], haswa ndani ya misuli [[penisilini G]]. Hii inapendekezwa kwa watu walio na aleji ya penisilini, [[seftriaksoni]].

Inaaminika kwamba kufikia mwaka wa 1999 watu milioni 12 walikuwa wameambukizwa kaswende ulimwenguni na zaidi ya asilimia 90 ya hali hizi kutoka kwa [[nchi zinazoendelea]]. Hali za kaswende zilipungua kwa kasi baada ya penisilini kupatikana kwa urahisi katika miaka ya 1940, lakini viwango vya maambukizi vimeongezeka tangu mwaka 2000 katika nchi nyingi. Mara nyingi kaswende hupatikana pamoja na [[virusi vinavyosababisha UKIMWI]] (VVU). Hii imehusishwa na sehemu ya matendo ya ngono yasiyokuwa salama kati ya [[wanaume wanaofanya ngono na wanaume wengine]];Ongezeka la uasherati; ukahaba; na kupungua kwa matumizi ya kondomu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Coffin|first=LS|coauthors=Newberry, A, Hagan, H, Cleland, CM, Des Jarlais, DC, Perlman, DC|title=Syphilis in Drug Users in Low and Middle Income Countries|journal=The International journal on drug policy|date=2010 Jan|volume=21|issue=1|pages=20–7|pmid=19361976|doi=10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.02.008|pmc=2790553}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Gao|first=L|coauthors=Zhang, L, Jin, Q|title=Meta-analysis: prevalence of HIV infection and syphilis among MSM in China|journal=Sexually transmitted infections|date=2009 Sep|volume=85|issue=5|pages=354–8|pmid=19351623|doi=10.1136/sti.2008.034702}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Karp|first=G|coauthors=Schlaeffer, F, Jotkowitz, A, Riesenberg, K|title=Syphilis and HIV co-infection|journal=European journal of internal medicine|date=2009 Jan|volume=20|issue=1|pages=9–13|pmid=19237085|doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2008.04.002}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

{{TOC limit|3}}

==Dalili na ishara==
Kaswende inaweza kuwa katika hatua moja kati ya hatua nne tofauti: ya kwanza, ya pili, fiche, na ya mwisho,&lt;ref name=Kent08&gt;{{cite journal |author=Kent ME, Romanelli F |title=Reexamining syphilis: an update on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management |journal=Ann Pharmacother |volume=42|issue=2 |pages=226–36 |year=2008 |month=February |pmid=18212261 |doi=10.1345/aph.1K086 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-pharmacotherapy_2008-02_42_2/page/226}}&lt;/ref&gt; na pia inaweza kujitokeza [[wakati wa kuzaliwa]].&lt;ref name=ST10/&gt; ilirejelewa kama &quot;mwiigaji mkuu&quot; na [[Sir William Osler]] kutokana na njia mbalimbali inavyojitokeza&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;&lt;ref name=TUS00/&gt;

===Hatua ya kwanza===
[[Image:Extragenital syphilitic chancre of the left index finger PHIL 4147 lores.jpg|thumb|200px|Vipele vya awali vya kaswende katika mkono.]]
Hatua ya kwanza ya kaswende kawaida hupatikana kwa kuwasiliana kwa njia ya moja kwa moja kwa ngono na vidonda vilivyoambukizwa vya mtu mwingine.&lt;ref name=RedBookSyphilis&gt;{{cite book|author=Committee on Infectious Diseases |editor = Larry K. Pickering |title=Red book 2006 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases|url=https://archive.org/details/redbook0000larr |year=2006| pages=[https://archive.org/details/redbook0000larr/page/631 631]–44|publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics|location=Elk Grove Village, IL|isbn=9781581102079|edition=27th}}&lt;/ref&gt;Takriban siku 3 hadi 90 baada ya kuathiriwa hapo awali ( wastani ya siku 21&amp;nbsp;) kidonda kwa ngozi, iitwayo [[shanka]], hutokea mahali palipogusana.&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt; Huu ni mfano hasa&amp;nbsp;(Asilimia 40 ya wakati) kidonda kimoja, kigumu, kisichokuwa na uchungu, kisichowasha na sehemu yake ya chini iliyokuwa safi na mipaka mikali kati ya sentimita 0.3 na 3.0 kwa ukubwa .&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt; Hata hivyo, kidonda, kinaweza kuonekana kuwa tofauti sana. &lt;ref name=Pri2008&gt;{{cite journal|last=Eccleston|first=K|coauthors=Collins, L, Higgins, SP|title=Primary syphilis|journal=International journal of STD &amp; AIDS|date=2008 Mar|volume=19|issue=3|pages=145–51|pmid=18397550|doi=10.1258/ijsa.2007.007258}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika viwango, hugeuka kutoka[[macule]] hadi [[kipele]]na kisha kwa [[uyeyukaji (ugonjwa wa ngozi)#Hatua ya kwanza ya vidonda|uyeyukaji]] au [[Donda (ngozi)|donda]].&lt;ref name=Pri2008/&gt; Mara chache, kutakuwa na vidonda kadhaa. (~40%),&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt; Hii pia ni ya kawaida mtu anapoambukizwa Virusi Vya Ukimwi&lt;!-- Pri2008 --&gt; 
	 
Shanka yanaweza kuwa na uchungu au nyororo (30%),&lt;!-- Pri2008 --&gt; na zinaweza kutokea nje viungo vya uzazi (2–7%).&lt;!-- Pri2008 --&gt; Mahali pa kawaida zaidi pa chanikeri kwa wanawake ni [[kwa seviksi]](44%). Mahali pa kawaida zaidi kwa wanaume wanaovutiwa na jinsia tofauti ni [[Kwa uume]] (99%). Wakati mwingine shanka hutokea kwa tupu ya nyama au rektamu kwa[[wanaume wanaojishirikisha ngono na wanaume wengine]] (34%).&lt;ref name=Pri2008/&gt; [[Tenzi]] kuvimba mara kwa mara&amp;nbsp;(80%)hutokea pahali palipo ambukizwa,&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt; hutokea siku 7 hadi 10&amp;nbsp;baada ya kutokea kwa shanka&lt;ref name=Pri2008/&gt; [[kidonda]] kinaweza kuendelea kutokea wiki watatu hadi sita bila matibabu&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;

===Hatua ya pili===
[[image:Syphilis second state 2.jpg|thumb|Nyekundu [[vipele]] na [[Uvimbe (daktari wa ngozi)#Hatua ya kwanza ya vidonda|vipele]] kuzidi mwilini kutokana na hatua ya pili ya kaswende]]
Hatua ya pili ya kaswende hutokea takriban wiki nne hadi kumi baada ya hatua ya kwanza ya maambukizi.&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt; hatua ya pili ya ugonjwa unaweza kujitokeza kwa njia nyingi tofauti, lakini kwa kawaida dalili sana sana huhusisha ngozi, [[membreni ute]], na [[tezi ya limfu]].&lt;ref name=Sec2010/&gt; kunaweza kuwa na upele mwekundu-waridi-isiyokuwa na mwasho kwa kiwiliwili pamoja na limbu (miguu na mikono), ikiwa ni pamoja na viganja na nyayo.&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;&lt;ref name=2darySyphilis&gt;{{cite journal | author=Dylewski J, Duong M | title=The rash of secondary syphilis | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-medical-association-journal_2007-01-02_176_1/page/33 | journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal | date= 2 January 2007 |volume=176 | issue=1 | pages=33–5 | doi= 10.1503/cmaj.060665 | pmid=17200385 | pmc=1764588}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vipele vinaweza kuwa [[makulopapula]] au [[usaha|yenye pustuli]].&lt;!-- Kent08 --&gt; inaweza kutengeneza chunjua kama vidonda iliyopana, nyeupe na sawa sawa inayojulikana kama [[kondiloma latum]] kwa [[membreni yenye ute]]s.&lt;!-- Kent08 --&gt; Vidonda hivi vyote vinamaambukizi na yanahifadhi bakteria.&lt;!-- Kent08 --&gt; Dalili zingine inaweza ni pamoja na [[homa]], [[uchungu wa koo]], [[hitilafu ya mwili]],[[kupunguza uzito]], [[kutokwa na nywele]], na [[maumivu ya kichwa]].&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt; matokeo yasiyo kuwa ya kawaida ni pamoja na [[hepatitisi]], [[figo]] ugonjwa, [[athritisi]],[[periostitisi]], [[neuritsi ya kuona]], [[uveitisi]], na [[keratitisi ya interstitial]].&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;&lt;ref name=Eye07/&gt; 

Kwa kawaida dalili kali uyeyuka baadaye kati ya wiki tatu hadi sita;&lt;ref name=Eye07/&gt; hata hivyo, katika hali iliyokaribia 25%, dalili ya hatua ya pili yanaweza kurudi. &lt;!-- Sec2010 --&gt; Watu wengi walio katika hatua ya pili ya kaswende (40–85% ya wanawake, 20–65% ya wanaume) hawatoi ripoti kuwa na shanka ya kiwango kilicho juu cha hatua ya kwanza ya kaswende.&lt;ref name=Sec2010&gt;{{cite journal|last=Mullooly|first=C|coauthors=Higgins, SP|title=Secondary syphilis: the classical triad of skin rash, mucosal ulceration and lymphadenopathy|journal=International journal of STD &amp; AIDS|date=2010 Aug|volume=21|issue=8|pages=537–45|pmid=20975084|doi=10.1258/ijsa.2010.010243}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Hatua fiche===
Hatua fiche ya kaswende imefafanuliwa kama kuwa na [[serolojia|serologic]] utambuzi wa maambukizi bila dalili ya magonjwa.&lt;ref name=RedBookSyphilis/&gt; Imeelezwa zaidi kama ya hapo awali (chini ya mwaka wa 1&amp;nbsp;mwaka mmoja baada ya hatua ya pili ya kaswende) katika Marekani&lt;ref name=Eye07/&gt; Uingerezani, masaa hizi huitwa miaka miwili ya hatua fiche ya kaswende ya mapema na iliyochelewa.&lt;ref name=Pri2008/&gt; Dalili ya hatua fiche ya kaswende ya mapema huweza kurudi tena.&lt;!-- Eye07 --&gt; Hatua fiche ya kaswende iliyochelewa huwa [[haina dalili za magonjwa]] (hayana dalili), na hatua fiche ya kaswende iliyochelewa haiambukizwi kwa urahisi kama hatua fiche ya kaswende ya mapema.&lt;ref name=Eye07/&gt;

===Hatua ya mwisho===
Hatua ya mwisho ya kaswende inaweza kutokea takriban miaka mitatu hadi 15 baada ya maambukizi ya kwanza, na inaweza kugawanywa kwa aina tatu tofauti: kaswende iliyosababishwa na guma (15%), iliyochelewa [[kaswende katika mfumo wa neva]] (6.5%), na kaswende inayoathiri moyo na mishipa ya damu (10%).&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;&lt;ref name=Eye07/&gt; Bila matibabu, theluthi moja ya watu ambao wameambukizwa kaswende hupata hatua ya mwisho ya kaswende.&lt;ref name=Eye07/&gt; Watu walio na awamu ya mwisho ya kaswende hawawezi kuambukiza wengine.&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;

Kaswende inayosababishwa na gum, pia inayoitwa [[mwanzo|hafifu]] kaswende, kwa kawaida hutokea moja kwa miaka&amp;nbsp;46 baada ya maambukizi ya awali, kwa wastani wa miaka.15&amp;nbsp; &lt;!-- Kent08 --&gt; Hatua hii ni sifa ya muundo sugu wa [[guma(patholojia)|guma]], ambayo ni uvimbe nyororo zinazofanana na vidonge vya inflamesheni vinavyoweza kuwa zinabadilika kulingana na ukubwa.&lt;!-- Kent08 --&gt; Kawaida huathiri ngozi, mifupa, na ini, lakini inaweza kutokea mahali popote.&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;

[[Kaswende katika mfumo wa neva]] inamaanisha maambukizi inayohusisha [[mfumo mkuu wa neva]]. Unaweza kutokea mapema, ikiwa aidha isiyo kuwa na dalili ya ugonjwa au ya kusababisha kaswende [[meninjitisi]]; au inaweza kuchelewa, kama kaswende ya veni za tando za ubongo, [[paresi ya jumla]], au [[tabesi dorsalisi]], ambayo inahusu usawa wa mwili na uchungu mkali kwa limbu za chini.&lt;!-- Kent08 --&gt; Kaswende ya neva iliyochelewa huja kabisa baada ya miaka minne hadi 25 baada ya maambukizi ya hapo awali.&lt;!-- Kent08 --&gt; Kaswende ya veni za utando za ubongo hufanana hasa ikiwa haiwezi kuzuiliwa [[kifafa]], na paresi ya jumla hufanana hasa na [[dimenshia]] na [[tabtesi dorsalisi]].&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt; Pia, kunaweza kuwa na [[Mboni za Agryll Robertson]] ambazo ni mboni ndogo kwa macho zinazofinyika mtu anapotazama vitu vilivyokaribu, lakini hayafinyiki zikiwa wazi kwa mwanga mkali.

Kaswende ya moyo na mishipa kwa kawaida hutokea miaka 10 hadi30&amp;nbsp;baada ya maambukizi ya awali.&lt;!-- Kent08 --&gt; Tatizo la kawaida kabisa ni ule wa [[kaswende ya kuvimba kwa aota]], ambayo inaweza kusababisha [[aneurisimi wa aota|aneurisimi]] kuundwa.&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt; 

===Ya kuzaliwa nayo===
[[Kaswende ya kuzaliwa nayo]] inaweza kutokea wakati wa mimba au wa kuzaa.&lt;!-- Wood09 --&gt; Theluthi-mbili ya watoto wazawa wanazaliwa bila dalili.&lt;!-- Wood09 --&gt; Dalili ambazo huendelea zaidi ya miaka michache ya kwanza ya maisha ni pamoja na: [[kunenepa nenepa kwa ini au wengu]] (70%), upele (70%), joto jingi mwilini (40%), kaswende ya neva (20%), na [[ugonjwa wa mapafu kuvimba]] (20%).&lt;!-- Wood09 --&gt; Ikiwa haita tibiwa, [[kaswende ya kuzaliwa ya baadae]] inaweza kutokea kwa 40 %, ikiwa ni pamoja na: [[pua lenye umbo la tandiko]]ulemavu, [[Higoumenakis sign]], [[saber shin]], au [[Clutton's joints]], miongoni mwa zingine.&lt;ref name=Wood09/&gt;

==Chanzo==
===Bakteriolojia===
[[Picha:Treponema pallidum 01.png|thumb|Histopatholojia ya ''Treponema pallidum'' spirosheti zinazotumia kifaa chembamba cha kutia waa cha kisasa]]
''Treponema pallidum'', kundi la spishi ''pallidum'' ni wa umbo la mzunguko, [[gramu-hasi]], bakteria inayosambaa kwa kasi.&lt;ref name=Pri2008/&gt;&lt;ref name=Music08/&gt;Magonjwa mengine matatu ya binadamu husababishwa na zinazohusiana na ''Treponema pallidum'', ikiwa ni pamoja na [[buba]] (kundi la spishi ''pertenue''), [[Pinta (maradhi)|pinta]](kundi la spishi ''carateum''), na [[bejel]] (kundi la spishi ''endemicum'').&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt; Tofauti na aina ya ''pallidum'' haya hayasababishi ugonjwa wa neva.&lt;ref name=Wood09&gt;{{cite journal |author=Woods CR|title=Congenital syphilis-persisting pestilence|journal=Pediatr. Ambukiza. Dis. J. |volume=28|issue=6 |pages=536–7 |year=2009 |month=June |pmid=19483520|doi=10.1097/INF.0b013e3181ac8a69 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wanadamu tu ndio wanaojulikana kuwa na [[hifadhi asili]] kwa kundi la spishi ''pallidum''.&lt;ref name=ST10/&gt; Bakteria hii haiwezi kuishi bila kimelea.&lt;!-- Pri2008 --&gt; Hii ni kwa sababu ya jenomu yake ndogo (1.14&amp;nbsp;[[Yuniti ya masi atomu|MDa]])na hivyo basi haitaweza kutengeneza virutubishi vikuu.&lt;!-- Pri2008 --&gt; Ina wakati mfupi wa kujiongeza zaidi ya saa&amp;nbsp;30.&lt;ref name=Pri2008/&gt;

===Maambukizi===
Kaswende huambukizwa kimsingi kwa kupitia ngono [[ujauzito]] kutoka kwa mama hadi kwa [[fetasi]]; spirosheti huweza kupitia ukiwa mzima kwa membreni ya utetelezi au ngozi yenye haina kinga.&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;&lt;ref name=ST10&gt;{{cite journal |author=Stamm LV |title=Global Challenge of Antibiotic-Resistant Treponema pallidum |journal=Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=583–9 |year=2010 |month=February |pmid=19805553 |pmc=2812177 |doi=10.1128/AAC.01095-09 |url=http://aac.asm.org/content/54/2/583.full.pdf |access-date=2013-11-28 |archive-date=2014-04-25 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6P5jOzkSb?url=http://aac.asm.org/content/54/2/583.full.pdf |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; na hivyo husambazwa kwa[[kubusu]], pia mdomo kwa, uke, na tupu ya nyuma wakati wa ngono.&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt; Takriban 30% hadi 60% kwa wale wako wazi kwa hatua ya kwanza au ya pili ya kaswende watapata ugonjwa huo.&lt;ref name=Eye07&gt;{{cite journal |author=Bhatti MT |title=Optic neuropathy from viruses and spirochetes |journal=Int Ophthalmol Clin |volume=47|issue=4 |pages=37–66, ix |year=2007 |pmid=18049280 |doi=10.1097/IIO.0b013e318157202d |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-ophthalmology-clinics_fall-2007_47_4/page/37}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maambukizi ya kaswende imefananishwa na ukweli kwamba mtu ambaye amechanjwa na mshushio 57 pekee  ana nafasi 50% ya kuambukizwa.&lt;ref name=Pri2008/&gt; Nyingi ya (60%) hali mpya Marekani hutokea kwa wanaume ambao hufanya ngono na wanaume wengine.&lt;!-- Kent08 --&gt; Kaswende inaweza kusambazwa kupitia [[vifaa vya damu]]. Hata hivyo, bidhaa za damu hupimwa kama kuna kaswende katika nchi nyingi, na hivyo hatari hupunguka.&lt;!-- Kent08 --&gt; Hatari ya maambukizi kutoka kwa [[kugawana sindano]] imeonekana kuwa ni chache.&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt; Kaswende haiwezi kusambazwa kwa kupitia makalio ya choo, shughuli za kila siku, beseni ya maji moto, au kugawana vyombo vya kukulia au mavazi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC Fact Sheet&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title = Syphilis - CDC Fact Sheet | publisher = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) | date = 16 September 2010 | url =http://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/STDFact-Syphilis.htm | accessdate = 2007-05-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Utambuzi==
[[Picha:Syphilis false shame and fear may destroy your future.png|thumb|Bango ya kupima kaswende, inaonyesha mwanamke na mwanaume wakiinamisha vichwa vyao kwa aibu (1936 hivi)]]
Ni vigumu kutambua kaswende kwa kliniki mapema katika uwasilishaji wake.&lt;ref name=Pri2008/&gt; Uthibitisho wake hufanywa aidha kupitia [[kupima damu]] au moja kwa moja kukagua kwa kupitia [[uchunguzi kwa kutumia hadubini]].&lt;!-- Kent08 --&gt; Kwa kawaida vipimo vya damu hutumika, kwa sababu hutambulika kwa urahisi zaidi.&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt; Vipimo vya kutambua ugonjwa haziwezi, hata hivyo, hutofautisha kati ya hatua ya ugonjwa.&lt;ref name= Orgin10/&gt;

===Kupima damu===
Kupimwa kwa damu hugawanywa katika [[Uchunguzi wa kaswende usiokuwa na treponemal |nontreponemal]] na vipimo vya treponemal .&lt;ref name=Pri2008/&gt; Vipimo vya Nontreponemal hutumika hapo awali, na ni pamoja na [[utafiti wa ugonjwa wa zinaa maabarani]] na [[vipimo vya]] Kuongeza ghafla tena kwa plasma. Hata hivyo, kwa vile vipimo hivi ni vya mara kwa mara[[Matokeo chanya#Kosa la kuandika I |matukio chanya]],uthibitisho inahitajika kwa kupima treponemal, kama vile [[treponemal pallidum particle agglutination]] au [[Uchunguzi wa ufonyzaji wa antibodi ya treponemal iliyo na mwangaza]] (FTA-Abs).&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt; matukio chanya usiokuwa ya ukweli katika uchuguzi wa usio kuwa wa treponemal inaweza kutokea na maambukizi fulani ya virusi kama vile [[tetekuwanga]] na [[ukambi]], pia inaweza kutokea na [[limfoma]], [[kifua kikuu]], [[malaria]],[[uvimbemoyo]], [[ugonjwa wa kuungana kwa tishu]], na [[mimba]].&lt;ref name=RedBookSyphilis/&gt; Vipimo vya antibodi vya treponemal kawaida huwa chanya baada ya wiki mbili hadi tano ya maambukizi ya hapo awali.&lt;ref name=Pri2008/&gt; Kaswende ya neva hutambulika kwa kupata idadi ya juu ya [[lukosaiti]] (kuzidi[[limfositi]]) na kiwango cha juu cha protini [[viowevu vya ubongo na uti wa mgongo]] katika mazingira ya kaswende inayojulikana.&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;&lt;ref name=RedBookSyphilis/&gt;

===Uchunguzi wa moja kwa moja===
[[Eneo la giza linalochunguzwa kwa kutumia hadubini|Eneo la giza linalochunguzwa kwa kutumia hadubini]] ya [[viowevu vya seramu]] kutoka shanka inaweza kutumika kwa kufanya utambuzi wa haraka.&lt;!-- Pri2008 --&gt;Hata hivyo, sio kawaida kupata vifaa au wakazi wenye ujuzi hospitalini, na vipimo hivi lazima vifanywe kati ya dakika &amp;nbsp;10 ya kupata sampuli.&lt;!-- Pri2008 --&gt; [[kiwango cha hisi na udhihirishaji|Kiwango cha hisi]] kimeripotiwa kuwa takriban 80%, hivyo vipimo hivi vinaweza kutumika tu kuthibitisha utambuzi, lakini si kwa kuchuja moja nje.&lt;!-- Pri2008 --&gt; Vipimo vingine viwili vina weza kufanywa kwa sampuli iliyo toka kwa shanka ni [[antibodi ya mwangaza ya moja kwa moja]] na [[msururu wa athari za polima na vipimo vya|asidi ya kiini]] .&lt;!-- Pri2008 --&gt; antibodi ya floresini ya njia ya moja kwa moja [[antibodi]]zilizobandikwa na[[floresini]], ambayo inajishikilia kwa protini maalum za kaswende. Asidi ya kiini hutumia ufundisanifu, kama vile [[msururu wa athari za polima]], kutambua uwepo wa jeni maalum ya kaswende.&lt;!-- Pri2008 --&gt; Uchunguzi hizi sio shida kwa wakati kama makroskopu inayotumia giza, kwa sababu bakteria hahitajiki ili kufanya utambuzi.&lt;ref name=Pri2008/&gt;

==Udhibiti==
Hakuna chanjo inayofaa kudhibiti. &lt;ref name=ST10/&gt; Kujiepusha na uhusiano kimwili na mtu aliyeambukizwa ni shahihi kwa kupunguza maambukizi ya kaswende, kama ilivyo kiasi kwa matumizi sahihi ya [[kondomu]], ambayo, hata hivyo, hayaondoi kabisa hatari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Koss CA, Dunne EF, Warner L |title=A systematic review of epidemiologic studies assessing condom use and risk of syphilis |journal=Sex Transm Dis |volume=36 |issue=7 |pages=401–5 |year=2009 |month=July |pmid=19455075 |doi=10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181a396eb|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_sexually-transmitted-diseases_2009-07_36_7/page/401}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC Fact Sheet&quot; /&gt; Hivyo, [[Vituo vya kudhibiti na kuzuia magonjwa]]vinapendekeza uhusiano wa muda-mrefu, kwa kushirikiana na mtu mmoja hajaambukizwa na kujiepusha na vitu kama [[vinywaji vinavyolewesha|pombe]] na dawa zingine ambazo huongeza hatari za kufanya ngono kiholela.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC Fact Sheet&quot; /&gt; 

Kaswende ya kuzaliwa nayo inaweza kuzuiwa kwa kuchunguzi mama mapema wakati wa ujauzito na kutibu wale ambao wameambukizwa.&lt;ref name=Screening04&gt;{{cite journal|last=Schmid|first=G|title=Economic and programmatic aspects of congenital syphilis prevention|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=2004 Jun|volume=82|issue=6|pages=402–9|pmid=15356931|pmc=2622861}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Muungano wa Wahudumu wa kutoa udhibiti Merikani]] inapendekeza sana uchunguzi kwa wanawake wote wajawazito,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=U.S. Preventive Services Task|first=Force|title=Screening for syphilis infection in pregnancy: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement|journal=Annals of internal medicine|date=2009 May 19|volume=150|issue=10|pages=705–9|pmid=19451577}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] inapendekeza wanawake wote kupimwa mara ya kwanza wakitembelea kliniki(kabla ya kujifungua)na tena katika[[kipindi cha tatu cha ujauzito]].&lt;ref name=Lancet11/&gt; Iwapo vipimo vinaonyesha uwepo wa ungojwa,inapendekezwa washirika wa akina mama hawa pia watibiwe.&lt;ref name=Lancet11&gt;{{cite journal|last=Hawkes|first=S|coauthors=Matin, N, Broutet, N, Low, N|title=Effectiveness of interventions to improve screening for syphilis in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=The Lancet infectious diseases|date=2011 Jun 15|pmid=21683653|volume=11|issue=9|pages=684–91|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70104-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Kaswende ya kuzaliwa nayo, hata hivyo, bado iko kawaida katika inch zinazoendelea, kwa kuwa wanawake wengi hawapati [[huduma ya kliniki ya wajauzito]] &gt; kabisa, na wengine huduma ya kliniki ya wajawazito wanayopata haijumulishi uchunguzi wa kaswende.&lt;ref name=Screening04/&gt; Kaswende ya kuzaliwa nayo huaipatikani mara kwa mara katika nchi zilizoendelea, kwa sababu wale wanaoweza kupata kaswende (kupitia matumizi ya dawa, n.k) pia wako uwezo mdogo zaidi wa kupata huduma wakati wa ujauzito.&lt;ref name=Screening04/&gt; Hatua zingine za kuongezea upatikanaji wa kupimwa huonekana kuwa na ufanisi katika kupunguza viwango vya kaswende ya kuzaliwa nayo katika chini zilizo na mapato ya chini na ya kati.&lt;ref name=Lancet11/&gt;

Kaswende ni [[ugonjwa inayohitaji kutolewa taarifa]] katika nchi nyingi, ikiwa ni pamoja na Canada,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=National Notifiable Diseases|url=http://dsol-smed.phac-aspc.gc.ca/dsol-smed/ndis/list-eng.php|publisher=Public Health Agency of Canada|date=2005-04-05|accessdate=2 August 2011|archivedate=2011-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809162040/http://dsol-smed.phac-aspc.gc.ca/dsol-smed/ndis/list-eng.php}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umoja wa Ulaya,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Viñals-Iglesias|first=H|coauthors=Chimenos-Küstner, E|title=The reappearance of a forgotten disease in the oral cavity: syphilis|journal=Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal|date=2009 Sep 1|volume=14|issue=9|pages=e416–20|pmid=19415060}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Marikani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Table 6.5. Infectious Diseases Designated as Notifiable at the National Level-United States, 2009 [a]|url=http://www.unboundmedicine.com/redbook/ub/view/RedBook/187389/all/Table_6_5__Infectious_Diseases_Designated_as_Notifiable_at_the_National_Level_United_States__2009_%5Ba%5D|work=Red Book|accessdate=2 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hii inamaanisha kuwa wahuduma wa Afya wanatakiwa kutoa taarifa kwa[[wizara ya Afya]] ambayo itatoa [[taarifa kwa washirika]] hadi kwa washirika wa watu. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Brunner &amp; Suddarth's textbook of medical-surgical nursing.|year=2010|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780781785891|pages=2144|edition=12th|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=SmtjSD1x688C&amp;pg=PA2144}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madaktari pia wanaweza kuhimiza wagonjwa kutumia washirika wao kupata huduma.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Hogben|first=M|title=Partner notification for sexually transmitted diseases|journal=Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America|date=2007 Apr 1|volume=44 Suppl 3|pages=S160–74|pmid=17342669|doi=10.1086/511429}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kituo cha kudhibiti na kuzuia magonjwa kinapendekeza kwamba wanaume wanaoshiriki ngono na wanaume wengine lazima wapimwe angalau kila mwaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Trends in Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the United States: 2009 National Data for Gonorrhea, Chlamydia and Syphilis|url=http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats09/tables/trends-table.htm|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|date=22 November 2010|accessdate=3 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Matibabu==
===Maambukizi ya mapema===
Chaguo la kwanza kwa matibabu ya kaswende isiyo na tatizo bado tu ni dosi kimoja ya shindano kwa misuli[[Benzlipenisillini|penisilini G]] au dosi moja ya dawa ya kumeza[[azithromycin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author = David N. Gilbert, Robert C. Moellering, George M. Eliopoulos, ''et al.''|title=The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy 2011|publisher=Antimicrobial Therapy |location=Sperryville, VA|isbn=9781930808652|pages=22| edition = 41st }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- ST10 --&gt;[[Doksiklini]] na [[tetrasaiklini]] ni chaguo mbadala; hata hivyo, hazitumiki kwa akina mama wajawazito.&lt;!-- ST10 --&gt; [[Pingamizi kwa antibiotiki]]imetokezea kwa baadhi ya maajenti, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[makrolidi]], [[klindamisini]], na [[rifampini]].&lt;ref name=ST10/&gt; [[seftriaksoni]], sephalosporini-za tokeo la tatu [[antibiotiki]], zinaweza kufanya kazi kama penisilini kulingana na matibabu.&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;

===Maambukizi ya baadaye===
Kwa kaswende kwa sababu ya uingiaji duni wa penisilini G kwenye [[mfumo mkuu wa neva]], watu walioathiriwa wanashauriwa kupewa dosi kubwa za penisilini kwa mshipa kwa muda usiopungua siku 10 .&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;&lt;ref name=ST10/&gt; Iwapo mtu ana aleji ya penisilini, seftriaksoni inaweza kutumiwa, au utoaji wa aleji ya penisilini unaweza kujaribiwa.&lt;!-- Kent08 --&gt; Zinaotokea baadaye zinaweza kutibiwa na shidano ya  penisilini G kwa misuli mara moja-kwa wiki kwa muda wa wiki tatu.&lt;!-- Kent08 --&gt; Ikiwa mgonjwa ana aleji, doksikilini au tetrasaikilini zinaweza kutumiwa, lakini kwa muda mrefu.&lt;!-- Kent08 --&gt;Matibabu kwa wakati huu huzuia uendeleaji wa ugonjwa, lakini ina mabaadiliko madogo tu kwa madhara yenye tayari yametokea.&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;

===Athari ya Jarisch-Herxheimer===
Moja wapo ya athari inayoweza kutokana na matibabu ni [[athari aina ya Jarisch-Herxheimer]].&lt;!-- Kent08 --&gt; Mara nyingi inaanza ndani ya saa moja baada ya matibabu na hudumu kwa masaa 24, kukiwa na dalili za joto nyingi mwilini, maumivu kwa misuli, maumivu ya kichwa, na [[takikadia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kent08&quot;/&gt; Inasababishwa na [[saitokini]] zinazotolewa na mfumo wa kinga kutokana na lipoprotini zinazotolewa wakati bakteria za kaswende zinazopasuka.&lt;ref name=Radolf2006&gt;{{cite book |author= Radolf, JD; Lukehart SA (editors)| year=2006 |title=Pathogenic ''Treponema'': Molekiuli na bayolojia ya chembechembe |url= https://archive.org/details/pathogenictrepon0000unse| publisher=Caister Academic Press | isbn= 1-904455-10-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Epidemiolojia==
[[Image:Syphilis world map - DALY - WHO2004.svg|thumb|[[Age adjustment|Age-standardized]] death from syphilis per 100,000&amp;nbsp;inhabitants in 2004&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index.html |title=Disease and injury country estimates |year=2004 |publisher = [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |accessdate=11 November 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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Inaaminiwa kuwa kaswende iliathiri watu milioni 12 mwaka wa 1999, 90% ya maambukizi yakiwa kwa [[nchi zinazoendelea]].&lt;ref name=ST10/&gt; Huathiri kati ya mimba 700,000 na milioni 1.6&amp;nbsp; kwa mwaka, na kusababisha [[kuharibika kwa mimba bila hiari]]s, [[kuzaa mtoto aliyekufa]] na kuzaliwa na kaswende.&lt;!-- Wood09 --&gt; Katika[[sub-Saharan Africa]], kaswende huchangia takriban 20% ya [[vifo vya watoto wakati wa kuzaliwa]].&lt;ref name=Wood09/&gt; Viwango viko juu zaidi vikilinganishwa na [[wanaotumia dawa ya kulevya|wanaojidunga dawa kwa mshipa]], walio na maambukizi ya VVU, na wanaume wanaofanya ngono na wanaume wengine.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Coffin|first=LS|coauthors=Newberry, A, Hagan, H, Cleland, CM, Des Jarlais, DC, Perlman, DC|title=Syphilis in Drug Users in Low and Middle Income Countries|journal=The International journal on drug policy|date=2010 Jan|volume=21|issue=1|pages=20–7|pmid=19361976|doi=10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.02.008|pmc=2790553}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Gao|first=L|coauthors=Zhang, L, Jin, Q|title=Meta-analysis: prevalence of HIV infection and syphilis among MSM in China|journal=Sexually transmitted infections|date=2009 Sep|volume=85|issue=5|pages=354–8|pmid=19351623|doi=10.1136/sti.2008.034702}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Karp|first=G|coauthors=Schlaeffer, F, Jotkowitz, A, Riesenberg, K|title=Syphilis and HIV co-infection|journal=European journal of internal medicine|date=2009 Jan|volume=20|issue=1|pages=9–13|pmid=19237085|doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2008.04.002}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nchini Marekani viwango vya kaswende mno mwaka wa 2007 vilikuwa mara sita zaidi kwa wanaume kuliko ya Wanawake, hata ingawa viwango hivi vilikuwa karibu sawa mwaka wa 1997.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Trends in Reportable Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the United States, 2007|url=http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats07/trends.htm|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]](CDC)|date=13 January 2009|accessdate=2 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wafrika Wamarika]] walichangia kwa takriban nusu ya walioambukizwa mwaka wa 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=STD Trends in the United States: 2010 National Data for Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, and Syphilis|url=http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats10/tables/trends-table.htm|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|date=22 November 2010|accessdate=20 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kaswende ilikuwa ni kawaida nchini Ulaya wakati wa karne ya 18 na 19.&lt;!-- Music08 --&gt; -!&gt;. Katika nchi zilizoendelea mwanzo wa karne ya 20, maambukizi yalipungua kwa haraka kwa sababu ya ongezeko la matumizi ya [[antibiotiki]], hadi miaka ya 1980 na 1990.&lt;ref name=Music08/&gt; Tangu mwaka wa 2000, viwango vya kaswende vimeongezeka nchini Marekani, Uingereza, Australia na Ulaya, hasa kati ya wanaume wanaofanya mapenzi na wanaume wengine.&lt;ref name=ST10/&gt; viwango vya kaswende miongoni mwa wanawake wa Marekani, hata hivyo,imebakia sawa wakati huu, na viwango kati ya wanawake Uingereza vimeongezeka, lakini katika kiwango cha chini kuliko kile cha wanaume.&lt;ref name=AOP08&gt;{{cite journal|last=Kent|first=ME|coauthors=Romanelli, F|title=Reexamining syphilis: an update on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-pharmacotherapy_2008-02_42_2/page/226|journal=The Annals of pharmacotherapy|date=2008 Feb|volume=42|issue=2|pages=226–36|pmid=18212261|doi=10.1345/aph.1K086}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ongezeko kwa viwango miongoni mwa wapenzi wa jinsia tofauti ilitokea China na Urusi tangu miaka ya 1990.&lt;ref name=ST10/&gt; Hii imehusishwa na mazoea ya kufanya mapenzi bila kinga, kuwa na wapenzi wengi, ukahaba, na upunguvu wa matumizi ya kinga kama vile kondomu.&lt;ref name=ST10/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Ficarra|first=G|coauthors=Carlos, R|title=Syphilis: The Renaissance of an Old Disease with Oral Implications|journal=Head and neck pathology|date=2009 Sep|volume=3|issue=3|pages=195–206|pmid=20596972|doi=10.1007/s12105-009-0127-0|pmc=2811633}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AOP08/&gt;

Bila kutibiwa, kaswende inasababisha vifo kwa 8% hadi 58%,kiwango kikubwa ikiwa kwa wanaume.&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt; Dalili za kaswende zimepunguka kwa ukali katika karne ya 19 na 20&amp;nbsp;,kwa sababu ya ueneaji na upatikanaji wa matibabu yanayofaa, na pia kupungua kwa[[ukali]] wa spirochaete.&lt;ref name=Sec2010/&gt; Ikitibiwa mapema, matatizo chache hutokea.&lt;ref name=Pri2008/&gt; Kaswende huongeza hatari ya maambukizi ya VVU kwa mara 2-5, na yale yanayoambatana ni ya kawaida (30-60% kwa baadhi ya vituo vya mijini).&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;&lt;ref name=ST10/&gt;

== Historia==
[[Image:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 095.jpg|thumb|Portrait of [[Gerard de Lairesse]] na [[Rembrandt van Rijn]], ca. 1665–67, oil on canvas. De Lairesse,mwenyewe ni mchoraji na mwanasanaa, aliathiriwa na kaswende kutoka kuzaliwa iliyomwaribu uso wake na hatimaye ikasababisha upofu kwake&lt;ref&gt;''[[Metropolitan Museum of Art|The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin]]'', Summer 2007, pp. 55–56.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Mwanzo halisi wa kaswende haujulikani &lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt; Kuna nadharia tete mbili za kimsingi:. Moja inapendekeza kuwa kaswende ililetwa Ulaya na wafanyikazi wa meli kutoka [[Christopher Columbus]] safari kuelekea [[Marikani]], na nyingine inapendekeza kwamba kaswende ilikuwepo Ulaya hapo awali, lakini haikuwa imetambuliwa. &lt;!-- Orgin10 --&gt; nadharia hizi hujulikana kama nadharia &quot;Columbian&quot; na &quot;kabla ya Columbian&quot;, mtawalio.&lt;ref name=Orgin10&gt;{{cite journal|last=Farhi|first=D|coauthors=Dupin, N|title=Origins of syphilis and management in the immunocompetent patient: facts and controversies|journal=Clinics in dermatology|date=2010 Sep-Oct|volume=28|issue=5|pages=533–8|pmid=20797514|doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nadharia ya Columbia inathibitiswa na ushahidi uliopo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Rothschild|first=BM|title=History of syphilis|journal=Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America|date=2005-05-15|volume=40|issue=10|pages=1454–63|pmid=15844068|doi=10.1086/429626}}&lt;/ref&gt; Taarifa ya kwanza iliyoandikwa kuhusu mlipuko wa kaswende katika Ulaya iliyotokea katika mwaka wa 1494/1495 katika[[Naples|Naples, Italia]], wakati waliingiliwa na Ufaransa.&lt;ref name=Music08&gt;{{cite journal|last=Franzen|first=C|title=Syphilis in composers and musicians--Mozart, Beethoven, Paganini, Schubert, Schumann, Smetana|journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases |date=2008 Dec|volume=27|issue=12|pages=1151–7|pmid=18592279|doi=10.1007/s10096-008-0571-x}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Orgin10/&gt; Kutokana na kuenezwa na kundi la wapiganaji wafaransa waliporudi, hapo awali ilijulikana kama &quot;ugonjwa wa Kifaransa&quot;. Mwaka wa 1530, jina &quot;kaswende&quot; lilitumiwa kwanza na daktari Mwitaliano na mshairi [[GirolamoFracastoro]] kama kichwa cha[[Kilatini]] shairi lake kuelezea ongezeko la ugonjwa huo Italia.&lt;ref&gt; Nancy G. &quot;Siraisi, Drugs and Diseases: New World Biology and Old World Learning,&quot; in Anthony Grafton, Nancy G. raisi, with April Shelton, eds., New World, Ancient Texts (Cambridge MA: Belknap Press/Harvard University Press, 1992), 159-94 &lt;/ref&gt; Kaswende pia ilijulikana kihistoria kama &quot;Poksi Kuu&quot;.&lt;ref name=Old05&gt;{{cite journal|last=Dayan|first=L|coauthors=Ooi, C|title=Syphilis treatment: old and new|journal=Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy|date=2005 Oct|volume=6|issue=13|pages=2271–80|pmid=16218887|doi=10.1517/14656566.6.13.2271}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Euro04&gt;{{cite journal|last=Knell|first=RJ|title=Syphilis in renaissance Europe: rapid evolution of an introduced sexually transmitted disease?|journal=Proceedings. Biological sciences / the Royal Society|date=2004-05-07|volume=271 Suppl 4|pages=S174–6|pmid=15252975|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2003.0131|pmc=1810019|issue=Suppl 4|url=http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/271/Suppl_4/S174.full.pdf|archive-date=2014-08-03|access-date=2013-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803093827/http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/271/Suppl_4/S174.full.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Viumbe visababishi, ''Treponema pallidum'', vilitambuliwa kwa mara ya kwanza na [[Fritz Schaudinn]] na [[Erich Hoffmann]] mwaka wa 1905. &lt;ref name=Music08/&gt; matibabu yaliyofaa ya kwanza([[Salvarsan]]) yalitengezwa mwaka wa 1910 na [[Paul Ehrlich]], ambayo ilifuatiliwa na majaribio ya [[penisilini
]] na uthibitisho wa ufanisi wa dawa hiyo mwaka wa 1943 &lt;ref name=Music08/&gt;&lt;ref name=Old05/&gt; Kabla ya kuwepo kwa matibabu yaliyofaa, [[mercury (elementi)|mercury]] na kwa kawaida utengaji ulitumika mara nyingi, pamoja na matibabu yaliyokuwa mara nyingi mbaya zaidi kuliko ugonjwa &lt;ref name=Old05/&gt; Watu wengi maarufu wa kihistoria, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Franz Schubert]],[[Arthur Schopenhauer]], [[ÉdouardManet]]&lt;ref name=Music08/&gt; and [[Adolf Hitler]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/2842819.stm | title = Hitler syphilis theory revived | publisher = BBC News | date = 12 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; waliaminika kuwa walikuwa na ugonjwa huo.

==Jamii na Utamaduni==
===Sanaa na Fasihi===
[[Picha:400Behandlung der Syphilis.jpg|thumb|The earliest known medical illustration of patients suffering from syphilis, Vienna, 1498]]
Sanamu ya kwanza Ulaya iliyoonyesha kaswende ni ya[[Albrecht Dürer]] ''Mtu aliye kuwa na Kaswende'', sanamu ilioyo katwa kutoka kwa mti aliaminika kuonyeza [[Landsknecht]], mtu wa kutoka Ulaya kaskazini[[kufanya kwa lengo la pesa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Eisler|first=CT|title=Who is Dürer's &quot;Syphilitic Man&quot;?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_perspectives-in-biology-and-medicine_winter-2009_52_1/page/48|journal=Perspectives in biology and medicine|date=2009 Winter|volume=52|issue=1|pages=48–60|pmid=19168944|doi=10.1353/pbm.0.0065}}&lt;/ref&gt; kisasili cha''[[femme fatale]]'' au &quot;Wanawake sumu&quot; wa karne ya 19 inaaminika kuwa ilitokana na uharibifu wa kaswende, ikiwa na mifano maarufu katika maelezo pamoja na [[John Keats]]' [[La Belle Dame sans Merci]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Hughes|first=Robert|title=Things I didn't know : a memoir|url=https://archive.org/details/thingsididntknow00unse|year=2007|publisher=Vintage|location=New York|isbn=9780307385987|pages=[https://archive.org/details/thingsididntknow00unse/page/346 346]|edition=1st Vintage Book}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=[ed]: Joanne Entwistle, Elizabeth|title=Body dressing|year=2005|publisher=Berg Publishers|location=Oxford|isbn=9781859734445|pages=205|edition=[Online-Ausg.]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Msanii [[Jan van der Straet]] alichora mtu tajiri akipokea matibabu ya kaswende kwenye mti wa tropiki [[guaiacum]] hapo karibu mwaka wa 1580.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Reid|first=Basil A.|title=Myths and realities of Caribbean history|year=2009|publisher=University of Alabama Press|location=Tuscaloosa|isbn=9780817355340|pages=113|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KtT0_P-9xiAC&amp;pg=PA113|edition=[Online-Ausg.]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kichwa cha kazi hiyo ni &quot;Maandalizi na Matumizi ya Guayaco kwa Kutibu Kaswende&quot;.Kwa kuwa msanii alichagua kuweka picha hii kwa kazi zilizofuatana za kuadhimisha Dunia mpya inayoonyesha umuhimu wa matibabu ya kaswende, hata ingawa yasiofaa, ya kaswende ulivyokuwa kwa wasomi wa Ulaya wakati huo. Mchoro uliyokuwa na rangi nyingi na tondoti inaonyesha wafanyi kazi wanne wakiandaa mchanganyiko huo wakati daktari akiangalia, akiwa ameficha kitu nyuma wakati mgonjwa hasio bahatika anakunywa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ALLPOSTERS&quot;&gt;[http://www.allposters.com/-sp/Preparation-and-Use-of-Guayaco-for-Treating-Syphilis-Posters_i1587366_.htm&quot;Preparation and Use of Guayaco for Treating Syphilis&quot;] {{Wayback|url=http://www.allposters.com/-sp/Preparation-and-Use-of-Guayaco-for-Treating-Syphilis-Posters_i1587366_.htm |date=20110521060238 }}. Jan van der Straet. Retrieved 6 August 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Utafiti wa Tuskegee na Guatemala===
Moja ya hali iliyokuwa na sifa mbaya Merikani kuhusu [[maadili ya kimatibabu]] katika karne ya 20 ilikuwa  [[Utafiti wa kaswende ya Tuskegee]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Katz RV, Kegeles SS, Kressin NR, ''et al.''|title=The Tuskegee Legacy Project: Willingness of Minorities to Participate in Biomedical Research |journal=J Health Care Poor Underserved |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=698–715|year=2006 |month=November |pmid=17242525|pmc=1780164 |doi=10.1353/hpu.2006.0126 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-health-care-for-the-poor-and-underserved_2006-11_17_4/page/698}}&lt;/ref&gt; Utafiti ulifanywa [[Tuskegee, Alabama]], ilifadhiliwa na [[Huduma ya afya ya umma Marikani]] (PHS) ikisaidiana na [[Taasisi ya Tuskegee]].&lt;ref name=CDCTime&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/timeline.htm |title=U.S. Public Health Service Syphilis Study at Tuskegee | publisher = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) | date = 15 June 2011 |accessdate=2010-07-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Utafiti huu ulianza mwaka wa 1932, wakati kaswende ilikuwa tatizo sana na hakukuwa na matibabu yaliyofaa na salama.&lt;ref name=TUS00&gt;{{cite journal|last=White|first=RM|title=Unraveling the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis|journal=Archives of internal medicine|date=2000-03-13|volume=160|issue=5|pages=585–98|pmid=10724044|doi=10.1001/archinte.160.5.585}}&lt;/ref&gt; Utafiti huo ulinuia kupima Maendeleo ya kaswende bila matibabu. Kufikia 1947, penisilini ilikuwa imekubaliwa kuwa ndio tiba sahihi kwa matibabu yaliofaa kwa kaswende na ilikuwa ikitumika sana kwa kutibu ugonjwa huo. &lt;-! CDCTime -&gt;Wakurugenzi wa utafiti huu, hata hivyo, waliendelea na utafiti na hawakuwapa washiriki matibabu na penisilini. &lt;ref name=CDCTime/&gt;hiiimejadiliwa, na baadhi yao wamegundua kwamba penisilini alipewa washirika wengi&lt;ref. name=&quot;TUS00&quot;/&gt;Utafiti haukuisha hadi 1972.&lt;ref name=CDCTime/&gt;

Majaribio ya kaswende pia yalifanywa katika[[Guatemala]] kutoka 1946 hadi 1948. Yalikuwa yamefadhiliwa na[[marikani]] [[|utafiti kwa binadamu|majaribio kwa binadamu]], yaliyofanywa wakati wa serikali ya [[Juan José Arévalo]] ikiwa na ushirikiano na baadhi ya wizara za afya na maafisa wa Guatemala. Madaktari waliambukiza askari, wafungwa, na [[wagonjwa wa akili]] na kaswende na magonjwa mengine[[magojnwa ya zinaa]], bila [[ridhaa]] ya washiriki, na kisha kuwatibi na [[antibiotiki]]. Mwezi wa Oktoba 2010, Marekani iliomba msamaha rasmi kwa Guatemala kwa kufanya majaribio haya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author= |coauthors= |title=U.S. apologizes for newly revealed syphilis experiments done in Guatemala|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/01/AR2010100104457.html |quote=The United States revealed on Friday that the government conducted medical experiments in the 1940s in which doctors infected soldiers, prisoners and mental patients in Guatemala with syphilis and other sexually transmitted diseases.|work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=1 October 2010 |accessdate=1 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{clear}}

==Tanbihi==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
[[Jamii:Maradhi ya zinaa]]
[[Jamii:Maradhi ya ngozi]]
[[Jamii:magonjwa ya bakteria]]</text>
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    <title>Upungufu wa steroidi za ubongo katika mgonjwa mahututi</title>
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        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
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      <text bytes="20831" sha1="3j3f6cm0cmkhv6nz3g9sfru5ra33cf9" xml:space="preserve">'''Upungufu wa steroidi za ubongo katika mgonjwa mahututi''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency; [[kifupi]]: CIRCI) ni aina ya ukosefu wa [[adrenali]] katika wagonjwa walio taabani wenye viwango visivyotosha vya [[steroidi]] za [[ubongo]] kwa ambayo ni duni kwa mwitikio wa dhiki kuu wanayoipitia. Ikiungana na kupungua kwa kiwango cha hisi cha kipokezi cha glukokotikoidi na majibu ya [[tishu]] kwa steroidi za ubongo, upungufu huo wa Adrenali unasababisha ubashiri hasi kwa wagonjwa walio chini ya uangalizi makini. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18496365&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Marik PE, Pastores SM, Annane D, ''et al.'' |title=Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of corticosteroid insufficiency in critically ill adult patients: consensus statements from an international task force by the American College of Critical Care Medicine |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=1937–49 |year=2008 |month=Juni |pmid=18496365 |doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31817603ba |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31817603ba |access-date=2010-10-18 |archive-date=2012-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226151520/http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31817603ba |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jira ya hypothalamic-pituitary-Adrenal axis (HPA axis), ambapo haipothalamasi na tezi ya pituitari hudhibiti utoaji wa ugiligili wa  Adrenali, hupitia mabadiliko makubwa wakati wa ugonjwa taabani. Viwango vya juu sana na vya chini sana vya kotisoli zote zimehusishwa na matokeo mabaya katika huduma ya wagonjwa walio chini ya uangalizi makini.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid8001391&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Rothwell PM, Lawler PG |title=Prediction of outcome in intensive care patients using endocrine parameters |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=78–83 |year=1995 |month=Januari |pmid=8001391 |doi= 10.1097/00003246-199501000-00015|url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0090-3493&amp;volume=23&amp;issue=1&amp;spage=78}}&lt;/ref&gt; Imependekezwa kuwa viwango vya juu vinaweza kuwakilisha dhiki kali, ili hali viwango vya chini hutokana na kupunguzwa kwa uzalishaji wa kotisoli na mwitikio. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid10697064&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Annane D, Sébille V, Troché G, Raphaël JC, Gajdos P, Bellissant E |title=A 3-level prognostic classification in septic shock based on cortisol levels and cortisol response to corticotropin |journal=JAMA |volume=283 |issue=8 |pages=1038–45 |year=2000 |month=Februari |pmid=10697064 |doi= 10.1001/jama.283.8.1038|url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10697064}}&lt;/ref&gt;

CIRCI inaweza kushukiwa katika wagonjwa wenye kiwango cha chini cha mskumo wa damulicha ya  ufufuaji kwa ugiligili za ndani ya [[vena]] na madawa ya kushinikiza [[mishipa ya damu]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18158437&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM, ''et al.'' |title=Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008 |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=296–327 |year=2008 |month=Januari |pmid=18158437 |doi=10.1097/01.CCM.0000298158.12101.41 |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?doi=10.1097/01.CCM.0000298158.12101.41 |access-date=2010-10-18 |archive-date=2012-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226151530/http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?doi=10.1097/01.CCM.0000298158.12101.41 |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Miongozo ya Kampeni ya Surviving Sepsis inatetea haidrokotisoni ya ndani ya vena kwa watu wazima pekee wenye mshtuko wa maambukizo hasa baada ya upasuaji na kiwango cha chini cha mskumo wa damu kisichotibika. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18158437&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Maana halisi ya hali hii, njia nzuri zaidi za kupima upungufu wa kotikoidi kwa wagonjwa mahututi, na matumizi ya kimatibabu ya (vipimo vya chini kwa kawaida ) vya steroidi za bongo bado swala la kujadiliwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18695699&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Mesotten D, Vanhorebeek I, Van den Berghe G |title=The altered adrenal axis and treatment with glucocorticoids during critical illness |journal=Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab |volume=4 |issue=9 |pages=496–505 |year=2008 |month=Septemba |pmid=18695699 |doi=10.1038/ncpendmet0921}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Dalili==
Sifa inayojulikana vyema zaidi inayoonyesha uwezekano wa msingi wa upungufu wa Adrenali ni kiwango cha chini cha mskumo wa damu licha ya ufufuaji na ugiligili wa ndani ya vena, unaohitaji madawa ya kushinikiza mishipa ya damu. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18158437&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wagonjwa hawa kwa kawaida huonyesha takikadia na ishara zingine za mshtuko wa nguvu kupita kiasi. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18695699&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dalili zingine ni pamoja na [[Homa|homa]], papura falminansi, na usumbufu wa utumbo au  wa neva. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18695699&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Sifa hizi zote sio maalum kati ya wagonjwa walio chini ya uangalizi makini. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18695699&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Kati ya baadhi ya wagonjwa, sababu moja maalum ya upungufu wa Adrenali inaweza kutuhumiwa, kama vile utumiaji wa awali wa steroidi za bongo ambazo zilikandamiza jira la HPA, au matumizi ya madawa  yanayoanzisha kimeng'enya kama vile fenintoini. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18695699&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Matibabu kwa madawa ya imidazoli kama vile etomidate, ketoconazole na miconazoleyanaweza pia kuzuia jira ya HPA, pamoja na madawa yanayotumika hasa kwa kusudi hili, kama vile metyrapone. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid3027305&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Lamberts SW, Bons EG, Bruining HA, de Jong FH |title=Differential effects of the imidazole derivatives etomidate, ketoconazole and miconazole and of metyrapone on the secretion of cortisol and its precursors by human adrenocortical cells |journal=J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. |volume=240 |issue=1 |pages=259–64 |year=1987 |month=Januari |pmid=3027305 |doi= |url=http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=3027305}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hali kadhaa zisizo za kawaida katika upimaji damu inaweza kuonyesha uwezekano kuwa kuna upungufu wa steroidi za bongo, kama vile kiwango cha chini cha sukari kwenye damu, ukolezi wa kiwango cha chini cha ioni za sodiamu kwenye damu, kiwango cha juu cha potasiamu katika damu, kiwango cha juu cha kalisi kwenye damu, nutropenia, ongezeko ozini, haipaprolaktinemia na kiwango cha juu cha uzalishaji wa homoni za thairoidi mwilini. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18695699&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Utambuzi wa Ugonjwa==
Hakuna makubaliano kuhusu njia halisi za upimaji na vipimo vya chini zaidi vya kutambua upungufu wa steroidi za bongo unaohusiana na ugonjwa mahututi. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18496365&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Hii pia inatumika kutofautisha kati ya upungufu kamili na linganifu wa adrenali, na sababu hii inafanya upungufu wa dharura wa steroidi za bongo unaohusiana na ugonjwa ipendelewe zaidi ya upungufu linganifu wa adrenali. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18695699&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tofauti katika viwango vya ngazi kotisoli kulingana na aina na ukali wa ugonjwa, pamoja na tofauti zinazojitokeza ndani ya mgonjwa yayo hayo, inazuia uimarishaji wa kiwango wazi cha juu ambapo CIRCI hutokea chini yake. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18695699&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Aidha, kati ya wagonjwa ambao tayari adrenali imechangamshwa kufikia upeo, jaribio la kusisimua halingeweza kutoa habari. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18695699&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Aidha, majaribio mafupi huenda yasitatathmini vya kutosha mwitikio kwa kukabiliana na msongo wa muda mrefu wa ugonjwa mahututi. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18695699&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Jumla ya viwango vyote viwili vya kotisoli vilivyochukuliwa bila mpangilio wowote, jumla ya viwango vya kotisoli au kuongezwa baada ya majaribio ya uchangamshaji wa ACTH, viwango vya kotisoli huru, au mchanganyiko wa hizi zimependekezwa kama majaribio ya kutambua ugonjwa. Majaribio mengine ya upungufu wa adrenali ambayo yanatumika katika wagonjwa wasio mahututi, kama vile jaribio la kutumia metairaponi au jaribio linalotumia insulini kwa kusababisha kiwango cha chini cha glukosi kwenye damu, havipendelewi kwa CIRCI. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18695699&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Upungufu wa kotisoli uliosababishwa na metairaponi na kiwango cha chini cha glukosi kwenye damu zote huenda zikaleta madhara kwa wagonjwa walio chini ya uangalizi makini. Kiwango halisi cha ACTH bado ni suala linalojadiliwa. Katika utafiti wa CORTICUS, jaribio kuhusu uchangamshaji wa ACTH ulitabiri kutokea kwa vifo huku viwango vya awali vya kotisoli havikufanya hivyo. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17334243&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Lipiner-Friedman D, Sprung CL, Laterre PF, ''et al.'' |title=Adrenal function in sepsis: the retrospective Corticus cohort study |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=1012–8 |year=2007 |month=Aprili |pmid=17334243 |doi=10.1097/01.CCM.0000259465.92018.6E |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?doi=10.1097/01.CCM.0000259465.92018.6E |access-date=2010-10-18 |archive-date=2012-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226151626/http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?doi=10.1097/01.CCM.0000259465.92018.6E |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hata hivyo, uwezekano wa faida za matibabu ya steroidi za bongo hayaonekani kama kwamba yalitabiriwa kabisa na jaribio la usisimuaji la ACTH. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18184957&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Sprung CL, Annane D, Keh D, ''et al.'' |title=Hydrocortisone therapy for patients with septic shock |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=358 |issue=2 |pages=111–24 |year=2008 |month=Januari |pmid=18184957 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa071366 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&amp;pmid=18184957&amp;promo=ONFLNS19}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid12186604&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Annane D, Sébille V, Charpentier C, ''et al.'' |title=Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock |journal=JAMA |volume=288 |issue=7 |pages=862–71 |year=2002 |month=Agosti |pmid=12186604 |doi= 10.1001/jama.288.7.862|url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12186604}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kutokana na sababu hizi, miongozo ya sasa haipendekezi kuwa majaribio ya usisimuaji wa ACTH yanafaa kuongoza uamuzi kuhusu ikiwa steroidi za bongo zinafaa kutumika au la. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18496365&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18158437&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Vitambulisho vya kinga vya kotisoli kwa upande mwingine vimeonyeshwa kuelekea kukadiriwa pungufu na kukadiriwa kupita kiasi. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18158437&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tiba==
Kwa watu wazima wenye mshtuko wa maambukizo hasa baada ya upasuaji na kiwango cha chini cha mskumo wa damu licha ya ufufuaji kwa kutumia maji maji ya ndani ya mshipa na dawa zinazoshinikiza mishipa ya damu, haidrokotioni ndiyo steroidi ya bongo inayopendelewa zaidi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika vipimo kadhaa au kutolewa kama unasimamiwa kama mchanganyiko unaoendelea kunyweshwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18496365&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Fludrokotisoni si lazima katika CIRCI, na deksamethasoni haipendekezwi. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18158437&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ushahidi mdogo sana unapatikana ili kutoa hukumu kuhusu wakati na jinsi matibabu ya steroidi za bongo yanafaa kusimamishwa; miongozo inapendekeza kupunguzwa polepole kwa steroidi za bongo wakati ambapo dawa zinazoshinikiza mishipa ya damu havihitajiki tena. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18496365&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18158437&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Matibabu ya steroidi za bongo pia yamependekeza kama chaguo la tiba ya mapema kwa wagonjwa wenye matatizo sugu ya upumuaji. Steroidi havijaonyeshwa kuwa na manufaa kwa sepsisi pekee. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid7600840&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Lefering R, Neugebauer EA |title=Steroid controversy in sepsis and septic shock: a meta-analysis |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=1294–303 |year=1995 |month=Julai |pmid=7600840 |doi= 10.1097/00003246-199507000-00021|url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0090-3493&amp;volume=23&amp;issue=7&amp;spage=1294}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kihistoria, vipimo vikubwa zaidi vya steroidi vilitolewa, lakini vipimo hivi vimependekezwa kuwa na madhara vikilinganishwa na vipimo vya chini vinavyopendekezwa sasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15238370&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Minneci PC, Deans KJ, Banks SM, Eichacker PQ, Natanson C |title=Meta-analysis: the effect of steroids on survival and shock during sepsis depends on the dose |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=141 |issue=1 |pages=47–56 |year=2004 |month=Julai |pmid=15238370 |doi= |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Katika utafiti wa CORTICUS, haidrokotisoni iliharakisha upunguzaji wa mshtuko wa maambukizo, lakini hauku athiri vifo, na ukaleta ongezeko la kuugua tena kutokana na mshtuko wa maambukizo na haipanatremia. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18184957&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Matokeo ya mwisho yalizima shauku kwa matumizi mapana ya steroidi za ubongo katika mshtuko wa maambukizo. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18158437&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Kabla ya utafiti huu, tafiti kadhaa ndogo zaidi zilionyesha manufaa ya kutumia vipimo vya chini vya kotikoidi kwa muda mrefu. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid12186604&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15289273&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Annane D, Bellissant E, Bollaert PE, Briegel J, Keh D, Kupfer Y |title=Corticosteroids for severe sepsis and septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=BMJ |volume=329 |issue=7464 |pages=480 |year=2004 |month=Agosti |pmid=15289273 |pmc=515196 |doi=10.1136/bmj.38181.482222.55 |url=http://bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15289273}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid10321661&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Briegel J, Forst H, Haller M, ''et al.'' |title=Stress doses of hydrocortisone reverse hyperdynamic septic shock: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, single-center study |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=723–32 |year=1999 |month=Aprili |pmid=10321661 |doi= |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0090-3493&amp;volume=27&amp;issue=4&amp;spage=723}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid9559600&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Bollaert PE, Charpentier C, Levy B, Debouverie M, Audibert G, Larcan A |title=Reversal of late septic shock with supraphysiologic doses of hydrocortisone |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=645–50 |year=1998 |month=Aprili |pmid=9559600 |doi= 10.1097/00003246-199804000-00010|url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0090-3493&amp;volume=26&amp;issue=4&amp;spage=645}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16276166&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Oppert M, Schindler R, Husung C, ''et al.'' |title=Low-dose hydrocortisone improves shock reversal and reduces cytokine levels in early hyperdynamic septic shock |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=33 |issue=11 |pages=2457–64 |year=2005 |month=Novemba |pmid=16276166 |doi= 10.1097/01.CCM.0000186370.78639.23|url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0090-3493&amp;volume=33&amp;issue=11&amp;spage=2457}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid12133187&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Yildiz O, Doganay M, Aygen B, Güven M, Keleştimur F, Tutuû A |title=Physiological-dose steroid therapy in sepsis [ISRCTN36253388] |journal=Crit Care |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=251–9 |year=2002 |month=Juni |pmid=12133187 |pmc=125315 |doi=10.1186/cc1498 |url=http://ccforum.com/content/6/3/251 |access-date=2010-10-18 |archive-date=2002-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020618151805/http://ccforum.com/content/6/3/251 |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sababu kadhaa (kama vile ukosefu wa nguvu za takwimu kutokana na uajiri wa mwendo wa pole) huenda ulileta matokeo hasi na ya uongo kuhusu vifo katika utafiti wa CORTICUS; hivyo, utafiti zaidi unahitajika. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18695699&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Fiziolojia==
Katika hali sugu za dhiki kali, utoaji wa kotisoli kupitia tezi ya adrena huongezeka hadi mara sita, kulingana na ukali wa hali hiyo. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15084695&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Jambo hili linatokana kwa kiasi fulani na kuongezeka kwa utoaji wa homoni inayotoa tropinigamba (CRH) na homoni ya adrenokotikotropiki (ACTH). Saitokini kadhaa pia zimeonyeshwa kuwa zinavuruga jira ya HPA katika viwango mbalimbali. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid12426284&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Marik PE, Zaloga GP |title=Adrenal insufficiency in the critically ill: a new look at an old problem |journal=Chest |volume=122 |issue=5 |pages=1784–96 |year=2002 |month=Novemba |pmid=12426284 |doi=10.1378/chest.122.5.1784 |url=http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12426284 |access-date=2010-10-18 |archive-date=2013-04-14 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130414114740/http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12426284 |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pia kuna ongezeko katika idadi na mvuto wa vipokezi vya glukokotikoidi. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18695699&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Viwango vya steroidi gamba ya kushikanisha globulini (CBG) na albumini, ambayo kwa kawaida huunganisha kotisoli, hupungua, na hivyo kusababisha viwango vilivyoongezeka vya kotisoli huru. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15084695&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hamrahian AH, Oseni TS, Arafah BM |title=Measurements of serum free cortisol in critically ill patients |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=350 |issue=16 |pages=1629–38 |year=2004 |month=Aprili |pmid=15084695 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa020266 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&amp;pmid=15084695&amp;promo=ONFLNS19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aidha, madawa ya nusukaputi kama vile etomidate yanaweza kuvurugana na jira ya HPA. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid2982387&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Duthie DJ, Fraser R, Nimmo WS |title=Effect of induction of anaesthesia with etomidate on corticosteroid synthesis in man |journal=Br J Anaesth |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=156–9 |year=1985 |month=Februari |pmid=2982387 |doi= 10.1093/bja/57.2.156|url=http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=2982387}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Utoaji pia hupoteza mkondo wake wa kawaida wa [[Siku|kila siku]] wa viwango vya upeo vya asubuhi na kiwango cha chini zaidi nyakati za jioni na usiku. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid12594318&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Cooper MS, Stewart PM |title=Corticosteroid insufficiency in acutely ill patients |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=348 |issue=8 |pages=727–34 |year=2003 |month=Februari |pmid=12594318 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra020529 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&amp;pmid=12594318&amp;promo=ONFLNS19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hata hivyo, utoaji huendelea kurindima na kuna mabadiliko makuu katika sampuli za damu kutoka kwa mtu yule yule. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15960402&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Venkatesh B, Mortimer RH, Couchman B, Hall J |title=Evaluation of random plasma cortisol and the low dose corticotropin test as indicators of adrenal secretory capacity in critically ill patients: a prospective study |journal=Anaesth Intensive Care |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=201–9 |year=2005 |month=Aprili |pmid=15960402 |doi= |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Viwango vya juu vya damu vya kotisoli wakati wa ugonjwa mahututi vinaweza kuwa kinga kinadharia kutokana na sababu kadhaa. Viwango hivi hudhibiti umetaboli (kwa mfano, kwa kuleta viwango vya juu vya sukari ya damu, na hivyo kutoa nguvu kwa mwili). Pia viwango hivi huzuia uchangamshaji wa kupita kiasi wa mfumo wa kinga na huleta athari nzuri kwenye mfumo wa usambazaji. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid12426284&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Kuongezeka kwa wepesi wa kupata maambukizi, kiwango cha juu cha sukari katika damu (kati ya wagonjwa ambao tayari wana mwelekeo wa kupata kiwango cha juu cha sukari katika damu kinachotokana na dhiki), kutoka damu kwenye utumbo, mivurugiko ya elektrolaiti na mayopathia yaliyosababishwa na steroidi (kwa wagonjwa ambao tayari wana mwelekeo wa kupata kukabiliwa na ugonjwa mahututi wa neva za pembeni) ni madhara yanayoweza kujitokeza. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18695699&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Viwango vya damu vya chakulabadala, huongezeka, na viwango vya salfeti ya chakulabadala hupungua ili kukabiliana na ugonjwa mahututi. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid12771606&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Marx C, Petros S, Bornstein SR, ''et al.'' |title=Adrenocortical hormones in survivors and nonsurvivors of severe sepsis: diverse time course of dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, and cortisol |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=1382–8 |year=2003 |month=Mei |pmid=12771606 |doi=10.1097/01.CCM.0000063282.83188.3D |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0090-3493&amp;volume=31&amp;issue=5&amp;spage=1382}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid11800520&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Vermes I, Beishuizen A |title=The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response to critical illness |journal=Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=495–511 |year=2001 |month=Desemba |pmid=11800520 |doi=10.1053/beem.2001.0166 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Katika awamu sugu ya ugonjwa mkali, viwango vya kotisoli hupungua polepole na kurejea ya kiwango cha kawaida wakati mgonjwa anapopona. Hata hivyo, viwango vya ACTH ni vya chini, na viwango vya CBG huongezeka. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18695699&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{Marejeo|2}}

[[Category:Magonjwa]]
[[Category:Endokrinolojia]]</text>
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    <title>Mathias E. Mnyampala</title>
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      <comment>Nimeongeza viungo vya chanzo huria vya kitabu cha &quot;Maisha ni kugharimia&quot; kwenye [[Internet Archive]] na [[Zenodo]]</comment>
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'''Mathias E. Mnyampala''' ([[Ihumwa|Muntundya Ihumwa]], [[Wilaya ya Chamwino]], [[mkoa wa Dodoma]], [[18 Novemba]] [[1917]] - [[Dodoma (mji)|mjini Dodoma]], [[8 Juni]] [[1969]]) alikuwa [[mwanasheria]], [[mzalendo]] wa [[Taifa]] la [[Tanzania]] na [[lugha]] yake [[Kiswahili]], [[Ukristo|Mkristo]] [[Kanisa Katoliki|Mkatoliki]], [[mwandishi]] na [[mshairi]] maarufu. 

Machapisho yake ya kwanza yalitokea wakati wa enzi ya ukoloni, yakiwemo kitabu cha historia ya Wagogo wa Tanganyika kilichoandikwa kwa Kiswahili (Mathias Mnyampala, 1954) pamoja na vitabu vya hadithi. Mnyampala hakuchagua lugha yake ya kiasili, [[Kigogo (lugha)|Kigogo]], kama lugha ya uandishi, bali alipendelea kutumia Kiswahili katika kazi zake zote za fasihi. Alitunga mashairi mengi ya Kiswahili yaliyochapishwa kwenye magazeti ya kipindi hicho. Mnyampala aliandika zaidi ya [[Kitabu|vitabu]] 25.

Mwandishi huyu alikuwa wa kabila la [[Wagogo]] kwa upande wa mama na baba yake. Alizaliwa katika kitongoji cha Muntundya huko Ihumwa, kijiji kilichoko Ugogo vijijini, takriban kilomita 22 kutoka Dodoma. Ingawa baadhi ya nyaraka, zikiwemo za kiofisi, hutaja mwaka 1919 kama mwaka wake wa kuzaliwa, jambo hilo halijathibitishwa na tawasifu yake, ''[[iarchive:9791092789027/mode/2up|Maisha ni Kugharimia]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Mathias E. Mnyampala, Mathieu Roy, Charles Mathias Mnyampala. Maisha ni kugharimia. DL2A BULUU PUBLISHING, 2013, 9791092789027. ⟨hal-04534063⟩ [Tawasifu ya Mathias E. Mnyampala iliyochapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza mnamo mwaka 2013 kutokana na muswada wa miaka ya 1968–1969.] [soma kwenye : [[iarchive:9791092789027|Internet Archive]]] [soma kwenye : [https://zenodo.org/records/19738559 Zenodo]]&lt;/ref&gt; (iliyochapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka 2013 kulingana na mswada wake wa mwaka 1968-1969), ambamo anataja mwaka 1917. Vilevile, hati ya kikoloni ya mwaka 1956 inayoeleza taarifa zake kamili za kiraia inathibitisha tarehe hiyo ya 1917&lt;ref&gt;Mathieu Roy. Personal Record Form 1956 - État civil et données personnelles complètes de l'écrivain, juriste et poète tanzanien Mathias E. Mnyampala. Photography. Dodoma, Tanzania. 2008. ⟨medihal-00864020⟩ https://media.hal.science/medihal-00864020v1&lt;/ref&gt;. Wakati huo wa utoto, herufi ya E. katika orodha ya majina yake, ambayo tunaijua kupitia barua za baadaye kuwa ni jina la [[Ukristo|Kikristo]] la Eugen, ilitokana na jina la Kigogo: Emnzehe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Roy|first=Mathieu|title=MATHIAS E. MNYAMPALA (1917-1969) : POÉSIE D'EXPRESSION SWAHILIE ET CONSTRUCTION NATIONALE TANZANIENNE|date=2013-01-18|url=https://theses.hal.science/tel-00778667|publisher=Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales- INALCO PARIS - LANGUES O'|language=fr|access-date=2026-02-24}}. [Tasnifu ya uzamifu. Tazama kuanzia ukurasa wa 70, &quot;Les années de jeunesse&quot; / &quot;Miaka ya ujana&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt; Baba yake alikuwa mhunzi, hali iliyomhakikishia ukwasi fulani na umiliki wa mifugo. Ilikuwa ni maisha ya kijijini yasiyokosa changamoto za maradhi. Kwa mujibu wa tawasifu, alinusurika kifo mnamo mwaka wa 1926 akiwa na umri wa miaka 9, akapona shukrani kwa msaada wa mganga Ngalya na kwa msaada wa Mungu: « Namkumbuka mganga mmoja jina lake Ngalya [...] aliyesaidiwa na Mungu [...] nikapona kabisa »&lt;sub&gt;.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mnyampala alijifunza kuandika Kiswahili katika misheni ya Kikristo akiwa tayari ameshaoa&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; , na hata hivyo, akaja kuwa mmoja wa waandishi mashuhuri wa Kiswahili katika karne ya ishirini. Hii ni safari ya kipekee na ya kustaajabisha iliyomgeuza mwanafunzi wa ukubwani kuwa malenga wa fasihi na ushairi wa Kiswahili. Mathias E. Mnyampala alibaki kuwa [[Ukristo|Mkristo]] [[Kanisa Katoliki|mkatoliki]] tangu alipoongoka kipindi hicho.

Katika miaka ya mwisho ya maisha yake, alishuhudia uhuru wa Tanganyika tarehe 9 Desemba 1961, na baadaye muungano wa taifa hilo huru na visiwa vya Zanzibar tarehe 26 Aprili 1964 kuunda [[Tanzania|Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania]]. Mwaka wa 1969 alishikwa na maradhi makali na kuhisi kuwa mwisho wake unakaribia, kama anavyoeleza kwenye moja ya mashairi yake ya mwisho, ''Ndwele Imenishika''&lt;ref&gt;Ndwele imenishika (Mathias E. Mnyampala, 1969). Photography. Dodoma, Tanzania. 2013. ⟨medihal-00864055⟩ https://media.hal.science/medihal-00864055v1&lt;/ref&gt;. Alifariki dunia tarehe 8 Juni 1969 mjini Dodoma akiwa na umri wa miaka 51.

Kazi za ushairi za Mnyampala zina misingi mizito ya kiteolojia na kifalsafa ambayo utafiti umeanza tu kuigusa kwa juu juu. Kwa maoni ya [[Profesa]] Madumulla, Mathias E. Mnyampala sasa hivi nchini Tanzania ni ''&quot;Jabali Lililosahaulika&quot;''. Utafiti haujakaa kimya kuhusu kazi yake upande wa [[mashairi|Ushairi]] wa Kiswahili na [[Historia]] ya [[Wagogo]] wa [[Tanganyika]]. Lakini bado matokeo yake yanahitaji kuenezwa. 

== Vitabu vichache vya Mathias E. Mnyampala ==
* Mnyampala, M. E. (1954). ''Historia, mila, na desturi za Wagogo wa Tanganyika''. Eagle Press.
* Mnyampala, M. (1962). ''Utenzi wa Enjili Takatifu''. Ndanda Mission Press.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (1963). ''[https://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0unescoen--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&amp;a=d&amp;cl=CL1.12&amp;d=HASH017d47781845c2097f82d3a4.2 Diwani ya Mnyampala] (Vol. 5)''. East African Literature Bureau.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (''c''. 1968, mswada huajachapishwa). ''[https://media.hal.science/medihal-01054343v1/document Azimio la Arusha na Maandiko Matakatifu].''
* Mnyampala, M. E. (1970). ''Ngonjera za ukuta''. Oxford University Press.
* Shihabdin Chiraghdin na Mathias E. Mnyampala (1977). ''Historia ya Kiswahili.'' Oxford University Press.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (1995). Maddox, G. H. ''The Gogo: history, customs, and traditions''. ME Sharpe Inc.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (2011). ''Historia ya Hayati Sheikh Kaluta Amri Abedi (1924-1964).'' Ahmadiyya Printing Press. Dar es Salam. Tanzania. ISBN 9789976891645. 109 p.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (2013). ''[[iarchive:9791092789027|Maisha ni kugharimia.]]'' Tawasifu: Toleo la kwanza lililochapishwa baada ya kifo cha mwandishi, kutokana na mswada wa 1968–1969. DL&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;A - Buluu Publishing. France. ISBN 9791092789027. 112 p. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=AZWlklu5mn0C&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false &lt;nowiki&gt;[Google Books]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] [https://hal.science/hal-04534063v1 &lt;nowiki&gt;[HAL]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]
* Mnyampala, M. E. (2014). ''[[iarchive:9791092789201|Ugogo na ardhi yake]]''. Toleo la kwanza lililochapishwa baada ya kifo cha mwandishi, kutokana na mswada wa 1961. DL&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;A - Buluu Publishing. France. ISBN 9791092789201. 112 p. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=7d8TBAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false &lt;nowiki&gt;[Google Books]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] [https://hal.science/hal-04534102v1 &lt;nowiki&gt;[HAL]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]

== Kujua zaidi kuhusu Mathias E. Mnyampala ==
* '''(sw)''' Nicholaus, Kyamba Anna. (2018). ''[http://ir.mu.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2333 Mwingilianomatini katika ushairi wa Mathias Mnyampala.]'' PhD diss., Chuo Kikuu cha Moi, Kenya.
* '''(sw''') Longinus, Ponera Denice. (2015). ''[http://repository.udom.ac.tz:8080/server/api/core/bitstreams/984530db-e533-487a-9fc2-8be66ee15473/content Nafasi ya ukristo katika ushairi wa Mnyampala.] {{Wayback|url=http://repository.udom.ac.tz:8080/server/api/core/bitstreams/984530db-e533-487a-9fc2-8be66ee15473/content |date=20240103181617 }}'' Shahada ya uzamili, Chuo Kikuu cha Dodoma, Tanzania.
* '''(sw''') Madumulla, J. S. (2011). ''Mathias Eugene Mnyampala (Jabali Lililosahaulika)''.
* '''(en)''' Mulokozi, M. M., &amp; Sengo, T. S. (1995). ''History of Kiswahili poetry.'' TUKI/Inst. of Kiswahili Research.
* '''(fr)''' Roy, Mathieu, &amp; Mnyampala, Charles M. (2007). Picha yake Mathias E. Mnyampala. http://medihal.archives-ouvertes.fr/medihal-00517208/
* '''(fr)''' Roy, Mathieu (2013).  ''[http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00778667 Mathias E. Mnyampala (1917-1969) : poésie d'expression swahilie et construction nationale tanzanienne]'' [tafsiri : Mathias E. Mnyampala (1917-1969): Ushairi wa Kiswahili na Ujenzi wa Taifa la Tanzania.] PhD diss., INALCO-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Ufaransa.
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1917]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1969]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Tanzania]]
[[Jamii:Washairi wa Tanzania]]</text>
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      <comment>/* Vitabu vichache vya Mathias E. Mnyampala */ Nimeongeza viungo vya chanzo huria vya kitabu cha &quot;Maisha ni kugharimia&quot; kwenye [[Zenodo]]</comment>
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'''Mathias E. Mnyampala''' ([[Ihumwa|Muntundya Ihumwa]], [[Wilaya ya Chamwino]], [[mkoa wa Dodoma]], [[18 Novemba]] [[1917]] - [[Dodoma (mji)|mjini Dodoma]], [[8 Juni]] [[1969]]) alikuwa [[mwanasheria]], [[mzalendo]] wa [[Taifa]] la [[Tanzania]] na [[lugha]] yake [[Kiswahili]], [[Ukristo|Mkristo]] [[Kanisa Katoliki|Mkatoliki]], [[mwandishi]] na [[mshairi]] maarufu. 

Machapisho yake ya kwanza yalitokea wakati wa enzi ya ukoloni, yakiwemo kitabu cha historia ya Wagogo wa Tanganyika kilichoandikwa kwa Kiswahili (Mathias Mnyampala, 1954) pamoja na vitabu vya hadithi. Mnyampala hakuchagua lugha yake ya kiasili, [[Kigogo (lugha)|Kigogo]], kama lugha ya uandishi, bali alipendelea kutumia Kiswahili katika kazi zake zote za fasihi. Alitunga mashairi mengi ya Kiswahili yaliyochapishwa kwenye magazeti ya kipindi hicho. Mnyampala aliandika zaidi ya [[Kitabu|vitabu]] 25.

Mwandishi huyu alikuwa wa kabila la [[Wagogo]] kwa upande wa mama na baba yake. Alizaliwa katika kitongoji cha Muntundya huko Ihumwa, kijiji kilichoko Ugogo vijijini, takriban kilomita 22 kutoka Dodoma. Ingawa baadhi ya nyaraka, zikiwemo za kiofisi, hutaja mwaka 1919 kama mwaka wake wa kuzaliwa, jambo hilo halijathibitishwa na tawasifu yake, ''[[iarchive:9791092789027/mode/2up|Maisha ni Kugharimia]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Mathias E. Mnyampala, Mathieu Roy, Charles Mathias Mnyampala. Maisha ni kugharimia. DL2A BULUU PUBLISHING, 2013, 9791092789027. ⟨hal-04534063⟩ [Tawasifu ya Mathias E. Mnyampala iliyochapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza mnamo mwaka 2013 kutokana na muswada wa miaka ya 1968–1969.] [soma kwenye : [[iarchive:9791092789027|Internet Archive]]] [soma kwenye : [https://zenodo.org/records/19738559 Zenodo]]&lt;/ref&gt; (iliyochapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka 2013 kulingana na mswada wake wa mwaka 1968-1969), ambamo anataja mwaka 1917. Vilevile, hati ya kikoloni ya mwaka 1956 inayoeleza taarifa zake kamili za kiraia inathibitisha tarehe hiyo ya 1917&lt;ref&gt;Mathieu Roy. Personal Record Form 1956 - État civil et données personnelles complètes de l'écrivain, juriste et poète tanzanien Mathias E. Mnyampala. Photography. Dodoma, Tanzania. 2008. ⟨medihal-00864020⟩ https://media.hal.science/medihal-00864020v1&lt;/ref&gt;. Wakati huo wa utoto, herufi ya E. katika orodha ya majina yake, ambayo tunaijua kupitia barua za baadaye kuwa ni jina la [[Ukristo|Kikristo]] la Eugen, ilitokana na jina la Kigogo: Emnzehe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Roy|first=Mathieu|title=MATHIAS E. MNYAMPALA (1917-1969) : POÉSIE D'EXPRESSION SWAHILIE ET CONSTRUCTION NATIONALE TANZANIENNE|date=2013-01-18|url=https://theses.hal.science/tel-00778667|publisher=Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales- INALCO PARIS - LANGUES O'|language=fr|access-date=2026-02-24}}. [Tasnifu ya uzamifu. Tazama kuanzia ukurasa wa 70, &quot;Les années de jeunesse&quot; / &quot;Miaka ya ujana&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt; Baba yake alikuwa mhunzi, hali iliyomhakikishia ukwasi fulani na umiliki wa mifugo. Ilikuwa ni maisha ya kijijini yasiyokosa changamoto za maradhi. Kwa mujibu wa tawasifu, alinusurika kifo mnamo mwaka wa 1926 akiwa na umri wa miaka 9, akapona shukrani kwa msaada wa mganga Ngalya na kwa msaada wa Mungu: « Namkumbuka mganga mmoja jina lake Ngalya [...] aliyesaidiwa na Mungu [...] nikapona kabisa »&lt;sub&gt;.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mnyampala alijifunza kuandika Kiswahili katika misheni ya Kikristo akiwa tayari ameshaoa&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; , na hata hivyo, akaja kuwa mmoja wa waandishi mashuhuri wa Kiswahili katika karne ya ishirini. Hii ni safari ya kipekee na ya kustaajabisha iliyomgeuza mwanafunzi wa ukubwani kuwa malenga wa fasihi na ushairi wa Kiswahili. Mathias E. Mnyampala alibaki kuwa [[Ukristo|Mkristo]] [[Kanisa Katoliki|mkatoliki]] tangu alipoongoka kipindi hicho.

Katika miaka ya mwisho ya maisha yake, alishuhudia uhuru wa Tanganyika tarehe 9 Desemba 1961, na baadaye muungano wa taifa hilo huru na visiwa vya Zanzibar tarehe 26 Aprili 1964 kuunda [[Tanzania|Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania]]. Mwaka wa 1969 alishikwa na maradhi makali na kuhisi kuwa mwisho wake unakaribia, kama anavyoeleza kwenye moja ya mashairi yake ya mwisho, ''Ndwele Imenishika''&lt;ref&gt;Ndwele imenishika (Mathias E. Mnyampala, 1969). Photography. Dodoma, Tanzania. 2013. ⟨medihal-00864055⟩ https://media.hal.science/medihal-00864055v1&lt;/ref&gt;. Alifariki dunia tarehe 8 Juni 1969 mjini Dodoma akiwa na umri wa miaka 51.

Kazi za ushairi za Mnyampala zina misingi mizito ya kiteolojia na kifalsafa ambayo utafiti umeanza tu kuigusa kwa juu juu. Kwa maoni ya [[Profesa]] Madumulla, Mathias E. Mnyampala sasa hivi nchini Tanzania ni ''&quot;Jabali Lililosahaulika&quot;''. Utafiti haujakaa kimya kuhusu kazi yake upande wa [[mashairi|Ushairi]] wa Kiswahili na [[Historia]] ya [[Wagogo]] wa [[Tanganyika]]. Lakini bado matokeo yake yanahitaji kuenezwa. 

== Vitabu vichache vya Mathias E. Mnyampala ==
* Mnyampala, M. E. (1954). ''Historia, mila, na desturi za Wagogo wa Tanganyika''. Eagle Press.
* Mnyampala, M. (1962). ''Utenzi wa Enjili Takatifu''. Ndanda Mission Press.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (1963). ''[https://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0unescoen--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&amp;a=d&amp;cl=CL1.12&amp;d=HASH017d47781845c2097f82d3a4.2 Diwani ya Mnyampala] (Vol. 5)''. East African Literature Bureau.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (''c''. 1968, mswada huajachapishwa). ''[https://media.hal.science/medihal-01054343v1/document Azimio la Arusha na Maandiko Matakatifu].''
* Mnyampala, M. E. (1970). ''Ngonjera za ukuta''. Oxford University Press.
* Shihabdin Chiraghdin na Mathias E. Mnyampala (1977). ''Historia ya Kiswahili.'' Oxford University Press.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (1995). Maddox, G. H. ''The Gogo: history, customs, and traditions''. ME Sharpe Inc.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (2011). ''Historia ya Hayati Sheikh Kaluta Amri Abedi (1924-1964).'' Ahmadiyya Printing Press. Dar es Salam. Tanzania. ISBN 9789976891645. 109 p.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (2013). ''[[iarchive:9791092789027|Maisha ni kugharimia.]]'' Tawasifu: Toleo la kwanza lililochapishwa baada ya kifo cha mwandishi, kutokana na mswada wa 1968–1969. DL&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;A - Buluu Publishing. France. ISBN 9791092789027. 112 p. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=AZWlklu5mn0C&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false &lt;nowiki&gt;[Google Books]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] [https://hal.science/hal-04534063v1 &lt;nowiki&gt;[HAL]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]
* Mnyampala, M. E. (2014). ''[[iarchive:9791092789201|Ugogo na ardhi yake]]''. Toleo la kwanza lililochapishwa baada ya kifo cha mwandishi, kutokana na mswada wa 1961. DL&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;A - Buluu Publishing. France. ISBN 9791092789201. 112 p. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=7d8TBAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false &lt;nowiki&gt;[Google Books]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] [https://hal.science/hal-04534102v1 &lt;nowiki&gt;[HAL]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] [[https://zenodo.org/records/19738559 Zenodo]]

== Kujua zaidi kuhusu Mathias E. Mnyampala ==
* '''(sw)''' Nicholaus, Kyamba Anna. (2018). ''[http://ir.mu.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2333 Mwingilianomatini katika ushairi wa Mathias Mnyampala.]'' PhD diss., Chuo Kikuu cha Moi, Kenya.
* '''(sw''') Longinus, Ponera Denice. (2015). ''[http://repository.udom.ac.tz:8080/server/api/core/bitstreams/984530db-e533-487a-9fc2-8be66ee15473/content Nafasi ya ukristo katika ushairi wa Mnyampala.] {{Wayback|url=http://repository.udom.ac.tz:8080/server/api/core/bitstreams/984530db-e533-487a-9fc2-8be66ee15473/content |date=20240103181617 }}'' Shahada ya uzamili, Chuo Kikuu cha Dodoma, Tanzania.
* '''(sw''') Madumulla, J. S. (2011). ''Mathias Eugene Mnyampala (Jabali Lililosahaulika)''.
* '''(en)''' Mulokozi, M. M., &amp; Sengo, T. S. (1995). ''History of Kiswahili poetry.'' TUKI/Inst. of Kiswahili Research.
* '''(fr)''' Roy, Mathieu, &amp; Mnyampala, Charles M. (2007). Picha yake Mathias E. Mnyampala. http://medihal.archives-ouvertes.fr/medihal-00517208/
* '''(fr)''' Roy, Mathieu (2013).  ''[http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00778667 Mathias E. Mnyampala (1917-1969) : poésie d'expression swahilie et construction nationale tanzanienne]'' [tafsiri : Mathias E. Mnyampala (1917-1969): Ushairi wa Kiswahili na Ujenzi wa Taifa la Tanzania.] PhD diss., INALCO-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Ufaransa.
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1917]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1969]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Tanzania]]
[[Jamii:Washairi wa Tanzania]]</text>
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      <text bytes="8337" sha1="mz0fyjpt98dmmi95ggyoed4tpaymp9i" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Mathias E. Mnyampala.jpg|thumb|Mathias E. Mnyampala.]]
'''Mathias E. Mnyampala''' ([[Ihumwa|Muntundya Ihumwa]], [[Wilaya ya Chamwino]], [[mkoa wa Dodoma]], [[18 Novemba]] [[1917]] - [[Dodoma (mji)|mjini Dodoma]], [[8 Juni]] [[1969]]) alikuwa [[mwanasheria]], [[mzalendo]] wa [[Taifa]] la [[Tanzania]] na [[lugha]] yake [[Kiswahili]], [[Ukristo|Mkristo]] [[Kanisa Katoliki|Mkatoliki]], [[mwandishi]] na [[mshairi]] maarufu. 

Machapisho yake ya kwanza yalitokea wakati wa enzi ya ukoloni, yakiwemo kitabu cha historia ya Wagogo wa Tanganyika kilichoandikwa kwa Kiswahili (Mathias Mnyampala, 1954) pamoja na vitabu vya hadithi. Mnyampala hakuchagua lugha yake ya kiasili, [[Kigogo (lugha)|Kigogo]], kama lugha ya uandishi, bali alipendelea kutumia Kiswahili katika kazi zake zote za fasihi. Alitunga mashairi mengi ya Kiswahili yaliyochapishwa kwenye magazeti ya kipindi hicho. Mnyampala aliandika zaidi ya [[Kitabu|vitabu]] 25.

Mwandishi huyu alikuwa wa kabila la [[Wagogo]] kwa upande wa mama na baba yake. Alizaliwa katika kitongoji cha Muntundya huko Ihumwa, kijiji kilichoko Ugogo vijijini, takriban kilomita 22 kutoka Dodoma. Ingawa baadhi ya nyaraka, zikiwemo za kiofisi, hutaja mwaka 1919 kama mwaka wake wa kuzaliwa, jambo hilo halijathibitishwa na tawasifu yake, ''[[iarchive:9791092789027/mode/2up|Maisha ni Kugharimia]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Mathias E. Mnyampala, Mathieu Roy, Charles Mathias Mnyampala. Maisha ni kugharimia. DL2A BULUU PUBLISHING, 2013, 9791092789027. ⟨hal-04534063⟩ [Tawasifu ya Mathias E. Mnyampala iliyochapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza mnamo mwaka 2013 kutokana na muswada wa miaka ya 1968–1969.] [soma kwenye : [[iarchive:9791092789027|Internet Archive]]] [soma kwenye : [https://zenodo.org/records/19738559 Zenodo]]&lt;/ref&gt; (iliyochapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka 2013 kulingana na mswada wake wa mwaka 1968-1969), ambamo anataja mwaka 1917. Vilevile, hati ya kikoloni ya mwaka 1956 inayoeleza taarifa zake kamili za kiraia inathibitisha tarehe hiyo ya 1917&lt;ref&gt;Mathieu Roy. Personal Record Form 1956 - État civil et données personnelles complètes de l'écrivain, juriste et poète tanzanien Mathias E. Mnyampala. Photography. Dodoma, Tanzania. 2008. ⟨medihal-00864020⟩ https://media.hal.science/medihal-00864020v1&lt;/ref&gt;. Wakati huo wa utoto, herufi ya E. katika orodha ya majina yake, ambayo tunaijua kupitia barua za baadaye kuwa ni jina la [[Ukristo|Kikristo]] la Eugen, ilitokana na jina la Kigogo: Emnzehe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Roy|first=Mathieu|title=MATHIAS E. MNYAMPALA (1917-1969) : POÉSIE D'EXPRESSION SWAHILIE ET CONSTRUCTION NATIONALE TANZANIENNE|date=2013-01-18|url=https://theses.hal.science/tel-00778667|publisher=Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales- INALCO PARIS - LANGUES O'|language=fr|access-date=2026-02-24}}. [Tasnifu ya uzamifu. Tazama kuanzia ukurasa wa 70, &quot;Les années de jeunesse&quot; / &quot;Miaka ya ujana&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt; Baba yake alikuwa mhunzi, hali iliyomhakikishia ukwasi fulani na umiliki wa mifugo. Ilikuwa ni maisha ya kijijini yasiyokosa changamoto za maradhi. Kwa mujibu wa tawasifu, alinusurika kifo mnamo mwaka wa 1926 akiwa na umri wa miaka 9, akapona shukrani kwa msaada wa mganga Ngalya na kwa msaada wa Mungu: « Namkumbuka mganga mmoja jina lake Ngalya [...] aliyesaidiwa na Mungu [...] nikapona kabisa »&lt;sub&gt;.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mnyampala alijifunza kuandika Kiswahili katika misheni ya Kikristo akiwa tayari ameshaoa&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; , na hata hivyo, akaja kuwa mmoja wa waandishi mashuhuri wa Kiswahili katika karne ya ishirini. Hii ni safari ya kipekee na ya kustaajabisha iliyomgeuza mwanafunzi wa ukubwani kuwa malenga wa fasihi na ushairi wa Kiswahili. Mathias E. Mnyampala alibaki kuwa [[Ukristo|Mkristo]] [[Kanisa Katoliki|mkatoliki]] tangu alipoongoka kipindi hicho.

Katika miaka ya mwisho ya maisha yake, alishuhudia uhuru wa Tanganyika tarehe 9 Desemba 1961, na baadaye muungano wa taifa hilo huru na visiwa vya Zanzibar tarehe 26 Aprili 1964 kuunda [[Tanzania|Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania]]. Mwaka wa 1969 alishikwa na maradhi makali na kuhisi kuwa mwisho wake unakaribia, kama anavyoeleza kwenye moja ya mashairi yake ya mwisho, ''Ndwele Imenishika''&lt;ref&gt;Ndwele imenishika (Mathias E. Mnyampala, 1969). Photography. Dodoma, Tanzania. 2013. ⟨medihal-00864055⟩ https://media.hal.science/medihal-00864055v1&lt;/ref&gt;. Alifariki dunia tarehe 8 Juni 1969 mjini Dodoma akiwa na umri wa miaka 51.

Kazi za ushairi za Mnyampala zina misingi mizito ya kiteolojia na kifalsafa ambayo utafiti umeanza tu kuigusa kwa juu juu. Kwa maoni ya [[Profesa]] Madumulla, Mathias E. Mnyampala sasa hivi nchini Tanzania ni ''&quot;Jabali Lililosahaulika&quot;''. Utafiti haujakaa kimya kuhusu kazi yake upande wa [[mashairi|Ushairi]] wa Kiswahili na [[Historia]] ya [[Wagogo]] wa [[Tanganyika]]. Lakini bado matokeo yake yanahitaji kuenezwa. 

== Vitabu vichache vya Mathias E. Mnyampala ==
* Mnyampala, M. E. (1954). ''Historia, mila, na desturi za Wagogo wa Tanganyika''. Eagle Press.
* Mnyampala, M. (1962). ''Utenzi wa Enjili Takatifu''. Ndanda Mission Press.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (1963). ''[https://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0unescoen--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&amp;a=d&amp;cl=CL1.12&amp;d=HASH017d47781845c2097f82d3a4.2 Diwani ya Mnyampala] (Vol. 5)''. East African Literature Bureau.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (''c''. 1968, mswada huajachapishwa). ''[https://media.hal.science/medihal-01054343v1/document Azimio la Arusha na Maandiko Matakatifu].''
* Mnyampala, M. E. (1970). ''Ngonjera za ukuta''. Oxford University Press.
* Shihabdin Chiraghdin na Mathias E. Mnyampala (1977). ''Historia ya Kiswahili.'' Oxford University Press.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (1995). Maddox, G. H. ''The Gogo: history, customs, and traditions''. ME Sharpe Inc.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (2011). ''Historia ya Hayati Sheikh Kaluta Amri Abedi (1924-1964).'' Ahmadiyya Printing Press. Dar es Salam. Tanzania. ISBN 9789976891645. 109 p.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (2013). ''[[iarchive:9791092789027|Maisha ni kugharimia.]]'' Tawasifu: Toleo la kwanza lililochapishwa baada ya kifo cha mwandishi, kutokana na mswada wa 1968–1969. DL&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;A - Buluu Publishing. France. ISBN 9791092789027. 112 p. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=AZWlklu5mn0C&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false &lt;nowiki&gt;[Google Books]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] [https://hal.science/hal-04534063v1 &lt;nowiki&gt;[HAL]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] [[https://zenodo.org/records/19738559 Zenodo]]
* Mnyampala, M. E. (2014). ''[[iarchive:9791092789201|Ugogo na ardhi yake]]''. Toleo la kwanza lililochapishwa baada ya kifo cha mwandishi, kutokana na mswada wa 1961. DL&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;A - Buluu Publishing. France. ISBN 9791092789201. 112 p. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=7d8TBAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false &lt;nowiki&gt;[Google Books]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] [https://hal.science/hal-04534102v1 &lt;nowiki&gt;[HAL]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]

== Kujua zaidi kuhusu Mathias E. Mnyampala ==
* '''(sw)''' Nicholaus, Kyamba Anna. (2018). ''[http://ir.mu.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2333 Mwingilianomatini katika ushairi wa Mathias Mnyampala.]'' PhD diss., Chuo Kikuu cha Moi, Kenya.
* '''(sw''') Longinus, Ponera Denice. (2015). ''[http://repository.udom.ac.tz:8080/server/api/core/bitstreams/984530db-e533-487a-9fc2-8be66ee15473/content Nafasi ya ukristo katika ushairi wa Mnyampala.] {{Wayback|url=http://repository.udom.ac.tz:8080/server/api/core/bitstreams/984530db-e533-487a-9fc2-8be66ee15473/content |date=20240103181617 }}'' Shahada ya uzamili, Chuo Kikuu cha Dodoma, Tanzania.
* '''(sw''') Madumulla, J. S. (2011). ''Mathias Eugene Mnyampala (Jabali Lililosahaulika)''.
* '''(en)''' Mulokozi, M. M., &amp; Sengo, T. S. (1995). ''History of Kiswahili poetry.'' TUKI/Inst. of Kiswahili Research.
* '''(fr)''' Roy, Mathieu, &amp; Mnyampala, Charles M. (2007). Picha yake Mathias E. Mnyampala. http://medihal.archives-ouvertes.fr/medihal-00517208/
* '''(fr)''' Roy, Mathieu (2013).  ''[http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00778667 Mathias E. Mnyampala (1917-1969) : poésie d'expression swahilie et construction nationale tanzanienne]'' [tafsiri : Mathias E. Mnyampala (1917-1969): Ushairi wa Kiswahili na Ujenzi wa Taifa la Tanzania.] PhD diss., INALCO-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Ufaransa.
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1917]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1969]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Tanzania]]
[[Jamii:Washairi wa Tanzania]]</text>
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        <id>16049</id>
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      <comment>/* Vitabu vichache vya Mathias E. Mnyampala */ Nimeongeza viungo vya chanzo huria vya kitabu cha &quot;Maisha ni kugharimia&quot; kwenye [[Internet Archive]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="8392" sha1="38c4o9n1e9xz956m3j2yd407q2exr6j" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Mathias E. Mnyampala.jpg|thumb|Mathias E. Mnyampala.]]
'''Mathias E. Mnyampala''' ([[Ihumwa|Muntundya Ihumwa]], [[Wilaya ya Chamwino]], [[mkoa wa Dodoma]], [[18 Novemba]] [[1917]] - [[Dodoma (mji)|mjini Dodoma]], [[8 Juni]] [[1969]]) alikuwa [[mwanasheria]], [[mzalendo]] wa [[Taifa]] la [[Tanzania]] na [[lugha]] yake [[Kiswahili]], [[Ukristo|Mkristo]] [[Kanisa Katoliki|Mkatoliki]], [[mwandishi]] na [[mshairi]] maarufu. 

Machapisho yake ya kwanza yalitokea wakati wa enzi ya ukoloni, yakiwemo kitabu cha historia ya Wagogo wa Tanganyika kilichoandikwa kwa Kiswahili (Mathias Mnyampala, 1954) pamoja na vitabu vya hadithi. Mnyampala hakuchagua lugha yake ya kiasili, [[Kigogo (lugha)|Kigogo]], kama lugha ya uandishi, bali alipendelea kutumia Kiswahili katika kazi zake zote za fasihi. Alitunga mashairi mengi ya Kiswahili yaliyochapishwa kwenye magazeti ya kipindi hicho. Mnyampala aliandika zaidi ya [[Kitabu|vitabu]] 25.

Mwandishi huyu alikuwa wa kabila la [[Wagogo]] kwa upande wa mama na baba yake. Alizaliwa katika kitongoji cha Muntundya huko Ihumwa, kijiji kilichoko Ugogo vijijini, takriban kilomita 22 kutoka Dodoma. Ingawa baadhi ya nyaraka, zikiwemo za kiofisi, hutaja mwaka 1919 kama mwaka wake wa kuzaliwa, jambo hilo halijathibitishwa na tawasifu yake, ''[[iarchive:9791092789027/mode/2up|Maisha ni Kugharimia]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Mathias E. Mnyampala, Mathieu Roy, Charles Mathias Mnyampala. Maisha ni kugharimia. DL2A BULUU PUBLISHING, 2013, 9791092789027. ⟨hal-04534063⟩ [Tawasifu ya Mathias E. Mnyampala iliyochapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza mnamo mwaka 2013 kutokana na muswada wa miaka ya 1968–1969.] [soma kwenye : [[iarchive:9791092789027|Internet Archive]]] [soma kwenye : [https://zenodo.org/records/19738559 Zenodo]]&lt;/ref&gt; (iliyochapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka 2013 kulingana na mswada wake wa mwaka 1968-1969), ambamo anataja mwaka 1917. Vilevile, hati ya kikoloni ya mwaka 1956 inayoeleza taarifa zake kamili za kiraia inathibitisha tarehe hiyo ya 1917&lt;ref&gt;Mathieu Roy. Personal Record Form 1956 - État civil et données personnelles complètes de l'écrivain, juriste et poète tanzanien Mathias E. Mnyampala. Photography. Dodoma, Tanzania. 2008. ⟨medihal-00864020⟩ https://media.hal.science/medihal-00864020v1&lt;/ref&gt;. Wakati huo wa utoto, herufi ya E. katika orodha ya majina yake, ambayo tunaijua kupitia barua za baadaye kuwa ni jina la [[Ukristo|Kikristo]] la Eugen, ilitokana na jina la Kigogo: Emnzehe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Roy|first=Mathieu|title=MATHIAS E. MNYAMPALA (1917-1969) : POÉSIE D'EXPRESSION SWAHILIE ET CONSTRUCTION NATIONALE TANZANIENNE|date=2013-01-18|url=https://theses.hal.science/tel-00778667|publisher=Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales- INALCO PARIS - LANGUES O'|language=fr|access-date=2026-02-24}}. [Tasnifu ya uzamifu. Tazama kuanzia ukurasa wa 70, &quot;Les années de jeunesse&quot; / &quot;Miaka ya ujana&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt; Baba yake alikuwa mhunzi, hali iliyomhakikishia ukwasi fulani na umiliki wa mifugo. Ilikuwa ni maisha ya kijijini yasiyokosa changamoto za maradhi. Kwa mujibu wa tawasifu, alinusurika kifo mnamo mwaka wa 1926 akiwa na umri wa miaka 9, akapona shukrani kwa msaada wa mganga Ngalya na kwa msaada wa Mungu: « Namkumbuka mganga mmoja jina lake Ngalya [...] aliyesaidiwa na Mungu [...] nikapona kabisa »&lt;sub&gt;.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mnyampala alijifunza kuandika Kiswahili katika misheni ya Kikristo akiwa tayari ameshaoa&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; , na hata hivyo, akaja kuwa mmoja wa waandishi mashuhuri wa Kiswahili katika karne ya ishirini. Hii ni safari ya kipekee na ya kustaajabisha iliyomgeuza mwanafunzi wa ukubwani kuwa malenga wa fasihi na ushairi wa Kiswahili. Mathias E. Mnyampala alibaki kuwa [[Ukristo|Mkristo]] [[Kanisa Katoliki|mkatoliki]] tangu alipoongoka kipindi hicho.

Katika miaka ya mwisho ya maisha yake, alishuhudia uhuru wa Tanganyika tarehe 9 Desemba 1961, na baadaye muungano wa taifa hilo huru na visiwa vya Zanzibar tarehe 26 Aprili 1964 kuunda [[Tanzania|Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania]]. Mwaka wa 1969 alishikwa na maradhi makali na kuhisi kuwa mwisho wake unakaribia, kama anavyoeleza kwenye moja ya mashairi yake ya mwisho, ''Ndwele Imenishika''&lt;ref&gt;Ndwele imenishika (Mathias E. Mnyampala, 1969). Photography. Dodoma, Tanzania. 2013. ⟨medihal-00864055⟩ https://media.hal.science/medihal-00864055v1&lt;/ref&gt;. Alifariki dunia tarehe 8 Juni 1969 mjini Dodoma akiwa na umri wa miaka 51.

Kazi za ushairi za Mnyampala zina misingi mizito ya kiteolojia na kifalsafa ambayo utafiti umeanza tu kuigusa kwa juu juu. Kwa maoni ya [[Profesa]] Madumulla, Mathias E. Mnyampala sasa hivi nchini Tanzania ni ''&quot;Jabali Lililosahaulika&quot;''. Utafiti haujakaa kimya kuhusu kazi yake upande wa [[mashairi|Ushairi]] wa Kiswahili na [[Historia]] ya [[Wagogo]] wa [[Tanganyika]]. Lakini bado matokeo yake yanahitaji kuenezwa. 

== Vitabu vichache vya Mathias E. Mnyampala ==
* Mnyampala, M. E. (1954). ''Historia, mila, na desturi za Wagogo wa Tanganyika''. Eagle Press.
* Mnyampala, M. (1962). ''Utenzi wa Enjili Takatifu''. Ndanda Mission Press.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (1963). ''[https://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0unescoen--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&amp;a=d&amp;cl=CL1.12&amp;d=HASH017d47781845c2097f82d3a4.2 Diwani ya Mnyampala] (Vol. 5)''. East African Literature Bureau.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (''c''. 1968, mswada huajachapishwa). ''[https://media.hal.science/medihal-01054343v1/document Azimio la Arusha na Maandiko Matakatifu].''
* Mnyampala, M. E. (1970). ''Ngonjera za ukuta''. Oxford University Press.
* Shihabdin Chiraghdin na Mathias E. Mnyampala (1977). ''Historia ya Kiswahili.'' Oxford University Press.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (1995). Maddox, G. H. ''The Gogo: history, customs, and traditions''. ME Sharpe Inc.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (2011). ''Historia ya Hayati Sheikh Kaluta Amri Abedi (1924-1964).'' Ahmadiyya Printing Press. Dar es Salam. Tanzania. ISBN 9789976891645. 109 p.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (2013). ''[[iarchive:9791092789027|Maisha ni kugharimia.]]'' Tawasifu: Toleo la kwanza lililochapishwa baada ya kifo cha mwandishi, kutokana na mswada wa 1968–1969. DL&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;A - Buluu Publishing. France. ISBN 9791092789027. 112 p. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=AZWlklu5mn0C&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false &lt;nowiki&gt;[Google Books]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] [https://hal.science/hal-04534063v1 &lt;nowiki&gt;[HAL]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[iarchive:9791092789027|Internet Archive]]] [[https://zenodo.org/records/19738559 Zenodo]]
* Mnyampala, M. E. (2014). ''[[iarchive:9791092789201|Ugogo na ardhi yake]]''. Toleo la kwanza lililochapishwa baada ya kifo cha mwandishi, kutokana na mswada wa 1961. DL&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;A - Buluu Publishing. France. ISBN 9791092789201. 112 p. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=7d8TBAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false &lt;nowiki&gt;[Google Books]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] [https://hal.science/hal-04534102v1 &lt;nowiki&gt;[HAL]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]

== Kujua zaidi kuhusu Mathias E. Mnyampala ==
* '''(sw)''' Nicholaus, Kyamba Anna. (2018). ''[http://ir.mu.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2333 Mwingilianomatini katika ushairi wa Mathias Mnyampala.]'' PhD diss., Chuo Kikuu cha Moi, Kenya.
* '''(sw''') Longinus, Ponera Denice. (2015). ''[http://repository.udom.ac.tz:8080/server/api/core/bitstreams/984530db-e533-487a-9fc2-8be66ee15473/content Nafasi ya ukristo katika ushairi wa Mnyampala.] {{Wayback|url=http://repository.udom.ac.tz:8080/server/api/core/bitstreams/984530db-e533-487a-9fc2-8be66ee15473/content |date=20240103181617 }}'' Shahada ya uzamili, Chuo Kikuu cha Dodoma, Tanzania.
* '''(sw''') Madumulla, J. S. (2011). ''Mathias Eugene Mnyampala (Jabali Lililosahaulika)''.
* '''(en)''' Mulokozi, M. M., &amp; Sengo, T. S. (1995). ''History of Kiswahili poetry.'' TUKI/Inst. of Kiswahili Research.
* '''(fr)''' Roy, Mathieu, &amp; Mnyampala, Charles M. (2007). Picha yake Mathias E. Mnyampala. http://medihal.archives-ouvertes.fr/medihal-00517208/
* '''(fr)''' Roy, Mathieu (2013).  ''[http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00778667 Mathias E. Mnyampala (1917-1969) : poésie d'expression swahilie et construction nationale tanzanienne]'' [tafsiri : Mathias E. Mnyampala (1917-1969): Ushairi wa Kiswahili na Ujenzi wa Taifa la Tanzania.] PhD diss., INALCO-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Ufaransa.
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1917]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1969]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Tanzania]]
[[Jamii:Washairi wa Tanzania]]</text>
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      <text bytes="8386" sha1="3v5z9c5uocog61m1rs3qgakoovpuu5r" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Mathias E. Mnyampala.jpg|thumb|Mathias E. Mnyampala.]]
'''Mathias E. Mnyampala''' ([[Ihumwa|Muntundya Ihumwa]], [[Wilaya ya Chamwino]], [[mkoa wa Dodoma]], [[18 Novemba]] [[1917]] - [[Dodoma (mji)|mjini Dodoma]], [[8 Juni]] [[1969]]) alikuwa [[mwanasheria]], [[mzalendo]] wa [[Taifa]] la [[Tanzania]] na [[lugha]] yake [[Kiswahili]], [[Ukristo|Mkristo]] [[Kanisa Katoliki|Mkatoliki]], [[mwandishi]] na [[mshairi]] maarufu. 

Machapisho yake ya kwanza yalitokea wakati wa enzi ya ukoloni, yakiwemo kitabu cha historia ya Wagogo wa Tanganyika kilichoandikwa kwa Kiswahili (Mathias Mnyampala, 1954) pamoja na vitabu vya hadithi. Mnyampala hakuchagua lugha yake ya kiasili, [[Kigogo (lugha)|Kigogo]], kama lugha ya uandishi, bali alipendelea kutumia Kiswahili katika kazi zake zote za fasihi. Alitunga mashairi mengi ya Kiswahili yaliyochapishwa kwenye magazeti ya kipindi hicho. Mnyampala aliandika zaidi ya [[Kitabu|vitabu]] 25.

Mwandishi huyu alikuwa wa kabila la [[Wagogo]] kwa upande wa mama na baba yake. Alizaliwa katika kitongoji cha Muntundya huko Ihumwa, kijiji kilichoko Ugogo vijijini, takriban kilomita 22 kutoka Dodoma. Ingawa baadhi ya nyaraka, zikiwemo za kiofisi, hutaja mwaka 1919 kama mwaka wake wa kuzaliwa, jambo hilo halijathibitishwa na tawasifu yake, ''[[iarchive:9791092789027/mode/2up|Maisha ni Kugharimia]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Mathias E. Mnyampala, ''Maisha ni kugharimia.'' DL&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;A Buluu Publishing, Paris, Ufaransa, 2013, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9791092789027&lt;/nowiki&gt;. [Tawasifu ya Mathias E. Mnyampala iliyochapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza mnamo mwaka 2013 kutokana na mswada wa miaka ya 1968–1969.] [soma kwenye : [[iarchive:9791092789027|Internet Archive]]] [soma kwenye : [https://zenodo.org/records/19738559 Zenodo]]&lt;/ref&gt; (iliyochapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka 2013 kulingana na mswada wake wa mwaka 1968-1969), ambamo anataja mwaka 1917. Vilevile, hati ya kikoloni ya mwaka 1956 inayoeleza taarifa zake kamili za kiraia inathibitisha tarehe hiyo ya 1917&lt;ref&gt;Mathieu Roy. Personal Record Form 1956 - État civil et données personnelles complètes de l'écrivain, juriste et poète tanzanien Mathias E. Mnyampala. Photography. Dodoma, Tanzania. 2008. ⟨medihal-00864020⟩ https://media.hal.science/medihal-00864020v1&lt;/ref&gt;. Wakati huo wa utoto, herufi ya E. katika orodha ya majina yake, ambayo tunaijua kupitia barua za baadaye kuwa ni jina la [[Ukristo|Kikristo]] la Eugen, ilitokana na jina la Kigogo: Emnzehe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Roy|first=Mathieu|title=MATHIAS E. MNYAMPALA (1917-1969) : POÉSIE D'EXPRESSION SWAHILIE ET CONSTRUCTION NATIONALE TANZANIENNE|date=2013-01-18|url=https://theses.hal.science/tel-00778667|publisher=Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales- INALCO PARIS - LANGUES O'|language=fr|access-date=2026-02-24}}. [Tasnifu ya uzamifu. Tazama kuanzia ukurasa wa 70, &quot;Les années de jeunesse&quot; / &quot;Miaka ya ujana&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt; Baba yake alikuwa mhunzi, hali iliyomhakikishia ukwasi fulani na umiliki wa mifugo. Ilikuwa ni maisha ya kijijini yasiyokosa changamoto za maradhi. Kwa mujibu wa tawasifu, alinusurika kifo mnamo mwaka wa 1926 akiwa na umri wa miaka 9, akapona shukrani kwa msaada wa mganga Ngalya na kwa msaada wa Mungu: « Namkumbuka mganga mmoja jina lake Ngalya [...] aliyesaidiwa na Mungu [...] nikapona kabisa »&lt;sub&gt;.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mnyampala alijifunza kuandika Kiswahili katika misheni ya Kikristo akiwa tayari ameshaoa&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; , na hata hivyo, akaja kuwa mmoja wa waandishi mashuhuri wa Kiswahili katika karne ya ishirini. Hii ni safari ya kipekee na ya kustaajabisha iliyomgeuza mwanafunzi wa ukubwani kuwa malenga wa fasihi na ushairi wa Kiswahili. Mathias E. Mnyampala alibaki kuwa [[Ukristo|Mkristo]] [[Kanisa Katoliki|mkatoliki]] tangu alipoongoka kipindi hicho.

Katika miaka ya mwisho ya maisha yake, alishuhudia uhuru wa Tanganyika tarehe 9 Desemba 1961, na baadaye muungano wa taifa hilo huru na visiwa vya Zanzibar tarehe 26 Aprili 1964 kuunda [[Tanzania|Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania]]. Mwaka wa 1969 alishikwa na maradhi makali na kuhisi kuwa mwisho wake unakaribia, kama anavyoeleza kwenye moja ya mashairi yake ya mwisho, ''Ndwele Imenishika''&lt;ref&gt;Ndwele imenishika (Mathias E. Mnyampala, 1969). Photography. Dodoma, Tanzania. 2013. ⟨medihal-00864055⟩ https://media.hal.science/medihal-00864055v1&lt;/ref&gt;. Alifariki dunia tarehe 8 Juni 1969 mjini Dodoma akiwa na umri wa miaka 51.

Kazi za ushairi za Mnyampala zina misingi mizito ya kiteolojia na kifalsafa ambayo utafiti umeanza tu kuigusa kwa juu juu. Kwa maoni ya [[Profesa]] Madumulla, Mathias E. Mnyampala sasa hivi nchini Tanzania ni ''&quot;Jabali Lililosahaulika&quot;''. Utafiti haujakaa kimya kuhusu kazi yake upande wa [[mashairi|Ushairi]] wa Kiswahili na [[Historia]] ya [[Wagogo]] wa [[Tanganyika]]. Lakini bado matokeo yake yanahitaji kuenezwa. 

== Vitabu vichache vya Mathias E. Mnyampala ==
* Mnyampala, M. E. (1954). ''Historia, mila, na desturi za Wagogo wa Tanganyika''. Eagle Press.
* Mnyampala, M. (1962). ''Utenzi wa Enjili Takatifu''. Ndanda Mission Press.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (1963). ''[https://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0unescoen--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&amp;a=d&amp;cl=CL1.12&amp;d=HASH017d47781845c2097f82d3a4.2 Diwani ya Mnyampala] (Vol. 5)''. East African Literature Bureau.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (''c''. 1968, mswada huajachapishwa). ''[https://media.hal.science/medihal-01054343v1/document Azimio la Arusha na Maandiko Matakatifu].''
* Mnyampala, M. E. (1970). ''Ngonjera za ukuta''. Oxford University Press.
* Shihabdin Chiraghdin na Mathias E. Mnyampala (1977). ''Historia ya Kiswahili.'' Oxford University Press.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (1995). Maddox, G. H. ''The Gogo: history, customs, and traditions''. ME Sharpe Inc.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (2011). ''Historia ya Hayati Sheikh Kaluta Amri Abedi (1924-1964).'' Ahmadiyya Printing Press. Dar es Salam. Tanzania. ISBN 9789976891645. 109 p.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (2013). ''[[iarchive:9791092789027|Maisha ni kugharimia.]]'' Tawasifu: Toleo la kwanza lililochapishwa baada ya kifo cha mwandishi, kutokana na mswada wa 1968–1969. DL&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;A - Buluu Publishing. France. ISBN 9791092789027. 112 p. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=AZWlklu5mn0C&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false &lt;nowiki&gt;[Google Books]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] [https://hal.science/hal-04534063v1 &lt;nowiki&gt;[HAL]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[iarchive:9791092789027|Internet Archive]]] [[https://zenodo.org/records/19738559 Zenodo]]
* Mnyampala, M. E. (2014). ''[[iarchive:9791092789201|Ugogo na ardhi yake]]''. Toleo la kwanza lililochapishwa baada ya kifo cha mwandishi, kutokana na mswada wa 1961. DL&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;A - Buluu Publishing. France. ISBN 9791092789201. 112 p. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=7d8TBAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false &lt;nowiki&gt;[Google Books]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] [https://hal.science/hal-04534102v1 &lt;nowiki&gt;[HAL]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]

== Kujua zaidi kuhusu Mathias E. Mnyampala ==
* '''(sw)''' Nicholaus, Kyamba Anna. (2018). ''[http://ir.mu.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2333 Mwingilianomatini katika ushairi wa Mathias Mnyampala.]'' PhD diss., Chuo Kikuu cha Moi, Kenya.
* '''(sw''') Longinus, Ponera Denice. (2015). ''[http://repository.udom.ac.tz:8080/server/api/core/bitstreams/984530db-e533-487a-9fc2-8be66ee15473/content Nafasi ya ukristo katika ushairi wa Mnyampala.] {{Wayback|url=http://repository.udom.ac.tz:8080/server/api/core/bitstreams/984530db-e533-487a-9fc2-8be66ee15473/content |date=20240103181617 }}'' Shahada ya uzamili, Chuo Kikuu cha Dodoma, Tanzania.
* '''(sw''') Madumulla, J. S. (2011). ''Mathias Eugene Mnyampala (Jabali Lililosahaulika)''.
* '''(en)''' Mulokozi, M. M., &amp; Sengo, T. S. (1995). ''History of Kiswahili poetry.'' TUKI/Inst. of Kiswahili Research.
* '''(fr)''' Roy, Mathieu, &amp; Mnyampala, Charles M. (2007). Picha yake Mathias E. Mnyampala. http://medihal.archives-ouvertes.fr/medihal-00517208/
* '''(fr)''' Roy, Mathieu (2013).  ''[http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00778667 Mathias E. Mnyampala (1917-1969) : poésie d'expression swahilie et construction nationale tanzanienne]'' [tafsiri : Mathias E. Mnyampala (1917-1969): Ushairi wa Kiswahili na Ujenzi wa Taifa la Tanzania.] PhD diss., INALCO-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Ufaransa.
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1917]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1969]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Tanzania]]
[[Jamii:Washairi wa Tanzania]]</text>
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      <comment>/* Vitabu vichache vya Mathias E. Mnyampala */ Nimeweka rejeo la kitabu cha Ugogo na Ardhi Yake kwenye tovuti rasmi ya chanzo huria ya Umoja wa Ulaya [[ Zenodo]] ili watu waweze kukipata kwa urahisi.</comment>
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'''Mathias E. Mnyampala''' ([[Ihumwa|Muntundya Ihumwa]], [[Wilaya ya Chamwino]], [[mkoa wa Dodoma]], [[18 Novemba]] [[1917]] - [[Dodoma (mji)|mjini Dodoma]], [[8 Juni]] [[1969]]) alikuwa [[mwanasheria]], [[mzalendo]] wa [[Taifa]] la [[Tanzania]] na [[lugha]] yake [[Kiswahili]], [[Ukristo|Mkristo]] [[Kanisa Katoliki|Mkatoliki]], [[mwandishi]] na [[mshairi]] maarufu. 

Machapisho yake ya kwanza yalitokea wakati wa enzi ya ukoloni, yakiwemo kitabu cha historia ya Wagogo wa Tanganyika kilichoandikwa kwa Kiswahili (Mathias Mnyampala, 1954) pamoja na vitabu vya hadithi. Mnyampala hakuchagua lugha yake ya kiasili, [[Kigogo (lugha)|Kigogo]], kama lugha ya uandishi, bali alipendelea kutumia Kiswahili katika kazi zake zote za fasihi. Alitunga mashairi mengi ya Kiswahili yaliyochapishwa kwenye magazeti ya kipindi hicho. Mnyampala aliandika zaidi ya [[Kitabu|vitabu]] 25.

Mwandishi huyu alikuwa wa kabila la [[Wagogo]] kwa upande wa mama na baba yake. Alizaliwa katika kitongoji cha Muntundya huko Ihumwa, kijiji kilichoko Ugogo vijijini, takriban kilomita 22 kutoka Dodoma. Ingawa baadhi ya nyaraka, zikiwemo za kiofisi, hutaja mwaka 1919 kama mwaka wake wa kuzaliwa, jambo hilo halijathibitishwa na tawasifu yake, ''[[iarchive:9791092789027/mode/2up|Maisha ni Kugharimia]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Mathias E. Mnyampala, ''Maisha ni kugharimia.'' DL&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;A Buluu Publishing, Paris, Ufaransa, 2013, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9791092789027&lt;/nowiki&gt;. [Tawasifu ya Mathias E. Mnyampala iliyochapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza mnamo mwaka 2013 kutokana na mswada wa miaka ya 1968–1969.] [soma kwenye : [[iarchive:9791092789027|Internet Archive]]] [soma kwenye : [https://zenodo.org/records/19738559 Zenodo]]&lt;/ref&gt; (iliyochapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka 2013 kulingana na mswada wake wa mwaka 1968-1969), ambamo anataja mwaka 1917. Vilevile, hati ya kikoloni ya mwaka 1956 inayoeleza taarifa zake kamili za kiraia inathibitisha tarehe hiyo ya 1917&lt;ref&gt;Mathieu Roy. Personal Record Form 1956 - État civil et données personnelles complètes de l'écrivain, juriste et poète tanzanien Mathias E. Mnyampala. Photography. Dodoma, Tanzania. 2008. ⟨medihal-00864020⟩ https://media.hal.science/medihal-00864020v1&lt;/ref&gt;. Wakati huo wa utoto, herufi ya E. katika orodha ya majina yake, ambayo tunaijua kupitia barua za baadaye kuwa ni jina la [[Ukristo|Kikristo]] la Eugen, ilitokana na jina la Kigogo: Emnzehe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Roy|first=Mathieu|title=MATHIAS E. MNYAMPALA (1917-1969) : POÉSIE D'EXPRESSION SWAHILIE ET CONSTRUCTION NATIONALE TANZANIENNE|date=2013-01-18|url=https://theses.hal.science/tel-00778667|publisher=Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales- INALCO PARIS - LANGUES O'|language=fr|access-date=2026-02-24}}. [Tasnifu ya uzamifu. Tazama kuanzia ukurasa wa 70, &quot;Les années de jeunesse&quot; / &quot;Miaka ya ujana&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt; Baba yake alikuwa mhunzi, hali iliyomhakikishia ukwasi fulani na umiliki wa mifugo. Ilikuwa ni maisha ya kijijini yasiyokosa changamoto za maradhi. Kwa mujibu wa tawasifu, alinusurika kifo mnamo mwaka wa 1926 akiwa na umri wa miaka 9, akapona shukrani kwa msaada wa mganga Ngalya na kwa msaada wa Mungu: « Namkumbuka mganga mmoja jina lake Ngalya [...] aliyesaidiwa na Mungu [...] nikapona kabisa »&lt;sub&gt;.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mnyampala alijifunza kuandika Kiswahili katika misheni ya Kikristo akiwa tayari ameshaoa&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; , na hata hivyo, akaja kuwa mmoja wa waandishi mashuhuri wa Kiswahili katika karne ya ishirini. Hii ni safari ya kipekee na ya kustaajabisha iliyomgeuza mwanafunzi wa ukubwani kuwa malenga wa fasihi na ushairi wa Kiswahili. Mathias E. Mnyampala alibaki kuwa [[Ukristo|Mkristo]] [[Kanisa Katoliki|mkatoliki]] tangu alipoongoka kipindi hicho.

Katika miaka ya mwisho ya maisha yake, alishuhudia uhuru wa Tanganyika tarehe 9 Desemba 1961, na baadaye muungano wa taifa hilo huru na visiwa vya Zanzibar tarehe 26 Aprili 1964 kuunda [[Tanzania|Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania]]. Mwaka wa 1969 alishikwa na maradhi makali na kuhisi kuwa mwisho wake unakaribia, kama anavyoeleza kwenye moja ya mashairi yake ya mwisho, ''Ndwele Imenishika''&lt;ref&gt;Ndwele imenishika (Mathias E. Mnyampala, 1969). Photography. Dodoma, Tanzania. 2013. ⟨medihal-00864055⟩ https://media.hal.science/medihal-00864055v1&lt;/ref&gt;. Alifariki dunia tarehe 8 Juni 1969 mjini Dodoma akiwa na umri wa miaka 51.

Kazi za ushairi za Mnyampala zina misingi mizito ya kiteolojia na kifalsafa ambayo utafiti umeanza tu kuigusa kwa juu juu. Kwa maoni ya [[Profesa]] Madumulla, Mathias E. Mnyampala sasa hivi nchini Tanzania ni ''&quot;Jabali Lililosahaulika&quot;''. Utafiti haujakaa kimya kuhusu kazi yake upande wa [[mashairi|Ushairi]] wa Kiswahili na [[Historia]] ya [[Wagogo]] wa [[Tanganyika]]. Lakini bado matokeo yake yanahitaji kuenezwa. 

== Vitabu vichache vya Mathias E. Mnyampala ==
* Mnyampala, M. E. (1954). ''Historia, mila, na desturi za Wagogo wa Tanganyika''. Eagle Press.
* Mnyampala, M. (1962). ''Utenzi wa Enjili Takatifu''. Ndanda Mission Press.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (1963). ''[https://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0unescoen--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&amp;a=d&amp;cl=CL1.12&amp;d=HASH017d47781845c2097f82d3a4.2 Diwani ya Mnyampala] (Vol. 5)''. East African Literature Bureau.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (''c''. 1968, mswada huajachapishwa). ''[https://media.hal.science/medihal-01054343v1/document Azimio la Arusha na Maandiko Matakatifu].''
* Mnyampala, M. E. (1970). ''Ngonjera za ukuta''. Oxford University Press.
* Shihabdin Chiraghdin na Mathias E. Mnyampala (1977). ''Historia ya Kiswahili.'' Oxford University Press.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (1995). Maddox, G. H. ''The Gogo: history, customs, and traditions''. ME Sharpe Inc.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (2011). ''Historia ya Hayati Sheikh Kaluta Amri Abedi (1924-1964).'' Ahmadiyya Printing Press. Dar es Salam. Tanzania. ISBN 9789976891645. 109 p.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (2013). ''[[iarchive:9791092789027|Maisha ni kugharimia.]]'' Tawasifu: Toleo la kwanza lililochapishwa baada ya kifo cha mwandishi, kutokana na mswada wa 1968–1969. DL&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;A - Buluu Publishing. France. ISBN 9791092789027. 112 p. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=AZWlklu5mn0C&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false &lt;nowiki&gt;[Google Books]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] [https://hal.science/hal-04534063v1 &lt;nowiki&gt;[HAL]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[iarchive:9791092789027|Internet Archive]]] [[https://zenodo.org/records/19738559 Zenodo]]
* Mnyampala, M. E. (2014). ''[[iarchive:9791092789201|Ugogo na ardhi yake]]''. Toleo la kwanza lililochapishwa baada ya kifo cha mwandishi, kutokana na mswada wa 1961. DL&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;A - Buluu Publishing. France. ISBN 9791092789201. 112 p. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=7d8TBAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false &lt;nowiki&gt;[Google Books]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] [https://hal.science/hal-04534102v1 &lt;nowiki&gt;[HAL]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] [[https://zenodo.org/records/19738988 Zenodo]]

== Kujua zaidi kuhusu Mathias E. Mnyampala ==
* '''(sw)''' Nicholaus, Kyamba Anna. (2018). ''[http://ir.mu.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2333 Mwingilianomatini katika ushairi wa Mathias Mnyampala.]'' PhD diss., Chuo Kikuu cha Moi, Kenya.
* '''(sw''') Longinus, Ponera Denice. (2015). ''[http://repository.udom.ac.tz:8080/server/api/core/bitstreams/984530db-e533-487a-9fc2-8be66ee15473/content Nafasi ya ukristo katika ushairi wa Mnyampala.] {{Wayback|url=http://repository.udom.ac.tz:8080/server/api/core/bitstreams/984530db-e533-487a-9fc2-8be66ee15473/content |date=20240103181617 }}'' Shahada ya uzamili, Chuo Kikuu cha Dodoma, Tanzania.
* '''(sw''') Madumulla, J. S. (2011). ''Mathias Eugene Mnyampala (Jabali Lililosahaulika)''.
* '''(en)''' Mulokozi, M. M., &amp; Sengo, T. S. (1995). ''History of Kiswahili poetry.'' TUKI/Inst. of Kiswahili Research.
* '''(fr)''' Roy, Mathieu, &amp; Mnyampala, Charles M. (2007). Picha yake Mathias E. Mnyampala. http://medihal.archives-ouvertes.fr/medihal-00517208/
* '''(fr)''' Roy, Mathieu (2013).  ''[http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00778667 Mathias E. Mnyampala (1917-1969) : poésie d'expression swahilie et construction nationale tanzanienne]'' [tafsiri : Mathias E. Mnyampala (1917-1969): Ushairi wa Kiswahili na Ujenzi wa Taifa la Tanzania.] PhD diss., INALCO-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Ufaransa.
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1917]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1969]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Tanzania]]
[[Jamii:Washairi wa Tanzania]]</text>
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      <comment>/* Vitabu vichache vya Mathias E. Mnyampala */ Ugogo na ardhi yake kwenye [Internet Archive] -  Chanzo Huria 100%</comment>
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      <text bytes="8488" sha1="9by7dipsqa7nodg5wzvvik5rfmdr80c" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Mathias E. Mnyampala.jpg|thumb|Mathias E. Mnyampala.]]
'''Mathias E. Mnyampala''' ([[Ihumwa|Muntundya Ihumwa]], [[Wilaya ya Chamwino]], [[mkoa wa Dodoma]], [[18 Novemba]] [[1917]] - [[Dodoma (mji)|mjini Dodoma]], [[8 Juni]] [[1969]]) alikuwa [[mwanasheria]], [[mzalendo]] wa [[Taifa]] la [[Tanzania]] na [[lugha]] yake [[Kiswahili]], [[Ukristo|Mkristo]] [[Kanisa Katoliki|Mkatoliki]], [[mwandishi]] na [[mshairi]] maarufu. 

Machapisho yake ya kwanza yalitokea wakati wa enzi ya ukoloni, yakiwemo kitabu cha historia ya Wagogo wa Tanganyika kilichoandikwa kwa Kiswahili (Mathias Mnyampala, 1954) pamoja na vitabu vya hadithi. Mnyampala hakuchagua lugha yake ya kiasili, [[Kigogo (lugha)|Kigogo]], kama lugha ya uandishi, bali alipendelea kutumia Kiswahili katika kazi zake zote za fasihi. Alitunga mashairi mengi ya Kiswahili yaliyochapishwa kwenye magazeti ya kipindi hicho. Mnyampala aliandika zaidi ya [[Kitabu|vitabu]] 25.

Mwandishi huyu alikuwa wa kabila la [[Wagogo]] kwa upande wa mama na baba yake. Alizaliwa katika kitongoji cha Muntundya huko Ihumwa, kijiji kilichoko Ugogo vijijini, takriban kilomita 22 kutoka Dodoma. Ingawa baadhi ya nyaraka, zikiwemo za kiofisi, hutaja mwaka 1919 kama mwaka wake wa kuzaliwa, jambo hilo halijathibitishwa na tawasifu yake, ''[[iarchive:9791092789027/mode/2up|Maisha ni Kugharimia]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Mathias E. Mnyampala, ''Maisha ni kugharimia.'' DL&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;A Buluu Publishing, Paris, Ufaransa, 2013, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9791092789027&lt;/nowiki&gt;. [Tawasifu ya Mathias E. Mnyampala iliyochapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza mnamo mwaka 2013 kutokana na mswada wa miaka ya 1968–1969.] [soma kwenye : [[iarchive:9791092789027|Internet Archive]]] [soma kwenye : [https://zenodo.org/records/19738559 Zenodo]]&lt;/ref&gt; (iliyochapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka 2013 kulingana na mswada wake wa mwaka 1968-1969), ambamo anataja mwaka 1917. Vilevile, hati ya kikoloni ya mwaka 1956 inayoeleza taarifa zake kamili za kiraia inathibitisha tarehe hiyo ya 1917&lt;ref&gt;Mathieu Roy. Personal Record Form 1956 - État civil et données personnelles complètes de l'écrivain, juriste et poète tanzanien Mathias E. Mnyampala. Photography. Dodoma, Tanzania. 2008. ⟨medihal-00864020⟩ https://media.hal.science/medihal-00864020v1&lt;/ref&gt;. Wakati huo wa utoto, herufi ya E. katika orodha ya majina yake, ambayo tunaijua kupitia barua za baadaye kuwa ni jina la [[Ukristo|Kikristo]] la Eugen, ilitokana na jina la Kigogo: Emnzehe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Roy|first=Mathieu|title=MATHIAS E. MNYAMPALA (1917-1969) : POÉSIE D'EXPRESSION SWAHILIE ET CONSTRUCTION NATIONALE TANZANIENNE|date=2013-01-18|url=https://theses.hal.science/tel-00778667|publisher=Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales- INALCO PARIS - LANGUES O'|language=fr|access-date=2026-02-24}}. [Tasnifu ya uzamifu. Tazama kuanzia ukurasa wa 70, &quot;Les années de jeunesse&quot; / &quot;Miaka ya ujana&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt; Baba yake alikuwa mhunzi, hali iliyomhakikishia ukwasi fulani na umiliki wa mifugo. Ilikuwa ni maisha ya kijijini yasiyokosa changamoto za maradhi. Kwa mujibu wa tawasifu, alinusurika kifo mnamo mwaka wa 1926 akiwa na umri wa miaka 9, akapona shukrani kwa msaada wa mganga Ngalya na kwa msaada wa Mungu: « Namkumbuka mganga mmoja jina lake Ngalya [...] aliyesaidiwa na Mungu [...] nikapona kabisa »&lt;sub&gt;.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mnyampala alijifunza kuandika Kiswahili katika misheni ya Kikristo akiwa tayari ameshaoa&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; , na hata hivyo, akaja kuwa mmoja wa waandishi mashuhuri wa Kiswahili katika karne ya ishirini. Hii ni safari ya kipekee na ya kustaajabisha iliyomgeuza mwanafunzi wa ukubwani kuwa malenga wa fasihi na ushairi wa Kiswahili. Mathias E. Mnyampala alibaki kuwa [[Ukristo|Mkristo]] [[Kanisa Katoliki|mkatoliki]] tangu alipoongoka kipindi hicho.

Katika miaka ya mwisho ya maisha yake, alishuhudia uhuru wa Tanganyika tarehe 9 Desemba 1961, na baadaye muungano wa taifa hilo huru na visiwa vya Zanzibar tarehe 26 Aprili 1964 kuunda [[Tanzania|Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania]]. Mwaka wa 1969 alishikwa na maradhi makali na kuhisi kuwa mwisho wake unakaribia, kama anavyoeleza kwenye moja ya mashairi yake ya mwisho, ''Ndwele Imenishika''&lt;ref&gt;Ndwele imenishika (Mathias E. Mnyampala, 1969). Photography. Dodoma, Tanzania. 2013. ⟨medihal-00864055⟩ https://media.hal.science/medihal-00864055v1&lt;/ref&gt;. Alifariki dunia tarehe 8 Juni 1969 mjini Dodoma akiwa na umri wa miaka 51.

Kazi za ushairi za Mnyampala zina misingi mizito ya kiteolojia na kifalsafa ambayo utafiti umeanza tu kuigusa kwa juu juu. Kwa maoni ya [[Profesa]] Madumulla, Mathias E. Mnyampala sasa hivi nchini Tanzania ni ''&quot;Jabali Lililosahaulika&quot;''. Utafiti haujakaa kimya kuhusu kazi yake upande wa [[mashairi|Ushairi]] wa Kiswahili na [[Historia]] ya [[Wagogo]] wa [[Tanganyika]]. Lakini bado matokeo yake yanahitaji kuenezwa. 

== Vitabu vichache vya Mathias E. Mnyampala ==
* Mnyampala, M. E. (1954). ''Historia, mila, na desturi za Wagogo wa Tanganyika''. Eagle Press.
* Mnyampala, M. (1962). ''Utenzi wa Enjili Takatifu''. Ndanda Mission Press.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (1963). ''[https://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0unescoen--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&amp;a=d&amp;cl=CL1.12&amp;d=HASH017d47781845c2097f82d3a4.2 Diwani ya Mnyampala] (Vol. 5)''. East African Literature Bureau.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (''c''. 1968, mswada huajachapishwa). ''[https://media.hal.science/medihal-01054343v1/document Azimio la Arusha na Maandiko Matakatifu].''
* Mnyampala, M. E. (1970). ''Ngonjera za ukuta''. Oxford University Press.
* Shihabdin Chiraghdin na Mathias E. Mnyampala (1977). ''Historia ya Kiswahili.'' Oxford University Press.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (1995). Maddox, G. H. ''The Gogo: history, customs, and traditions''. ME Sharpe Inc.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (2011). ''Historia ya Hayati Sheikh Kaluta Amri Abedi (1924-1964).'' Ahmadiyya Printing Press. Dar es Salam. Tanzania. ISBN 9789976891645. 109 p.
* Mnyampala, M. E. (2013). ''[[iarchive:9791092789027|Maisha ni kugharimia.]]'' Tawasifu: Toleo la kwanza lililochapishwa baada ya kifo cha mwandishi, kutokana na mswada wa 1968–1969. DL&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;A - Buluu Publishing. France. ISBN 9791092789027. 112 p. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=AZWlklu5mn0C&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false &lt;nowiki&gt;[Google Books]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] [https://hal.science/hal-04534063v1 &lt;nowiki&gt;[HAL]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[iarchive:9791092789027|Internet Archive]]] [[https://zenodo.org/records/19738559 Zenodo]]
* Mnyampala, M. E. (2014). ''[[iarchive:9791092789201|Ugogo na ardhi yake]]''. Toleo la kwanza lililochapishwa baada ya kifo cha mwandishi, kutokana na mswada wa 1961. DL&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;A - Buluu Publishing. France. ISBN 9791092789201. 112 p. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=7d8TBAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false &lt;nowiki&gt;[Google Books]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] [https://hal.science/hal-04534102v1 &lt;nowiki&gt;[HAL]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[iarchive:9791092789201|Internet Archive]]] [[https://zenodo.org/records/19738988 Zenodo]]

== Kujua zaidi kuhusu Mathias E. Mnyampala ==
* '''(sw)''' Nicholaus, Kyamba Anna. (2018). ''[http://ir.mu.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2333 Mwingilianomatini katika ushairi wa Mathias Mnyampala.]'' PhD diss., Chuo Kikuu cha Moi, Kenya.
* '''(sw''') Longinus, Ponera Denice. (2015). ''[http://repository.udom.ac.tz:8080/server/api/core/bitstreams/984530db-e533-487a-9fc2-8be66ee15473/content Nafasi ya ukristo katika ushairi wa Mnyampala.] {{Wayback|url=http://repository.udom.ac.tz:8080/server/api/core/bitstreams/984530db-e533-487a-9fc2-8be66ee15473/content |date=20240103181617 }}'' Shahada ya uzamili, Chuo Kikuu cha Dodoma, Tanzania.
* '''(sw''') Madumulla, J. S. (2011). ''Mathias Eugene Mnyampala (Jabali Lililosahaulika)''.
* '''(en)''' Mulokozi, M. M., &amp; Sengo, T. S. (1995). ''History of Kiswahili poetry.'' TUKI/Inst. of Kiswahili Research.
* '''(fr)''' Roy, Mathieu, &amp; Mnyampala, Charles M. (2007). Picha yake Mathias E. Mnyampala. http://medihal.archives-ouvertes.fr/medihal-00517208/
* '''(fr)''' Roy, Mathieu (2013).  ''[http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00778667 Mathias E. Mnyampala (1917-1969) : poésie d'expression swahilie et construction nationale tanzanienne]'' [tafsiri : Mathias E. Mnyampala (1917-1969): Ushairi wa Kiswahili na Ujenzi wa Taifa la Tanzania.] PhD diss., INALCO-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Ufaransa.
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1917]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1969]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Tanzania]]
[[Jamii:Washairi wa Tanzania]]</text>
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 |
}}
'''Unene wa kupindukia''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]] &quot;obesity&quot; kutokana na [[neno]] la [[Kilatini]] ''obesitas'', linalomaanisha &quot;gumu, nono au nene” &lt;ref name=etymol&gt;''Ēsus'' is the past participle of ''edere'' (to eat), with ''ob'' (over) added to it. {{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=obesity |title=Online Etymology Dictionary: Obesity |work=Douglas Harper|accessdate=December 31, 2008}}; ''[[Kamusi ya Kingereza ya Oxford]]''  ilichapisha kutumika kwake kwa mara ya kwanza mnamo mwaka wa 1611 na [[Randle Cotgrave]]. {{cite web |url=http://www.oed.com/ |title=Obesity, n |work=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] 2008|accessdate=March 21, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;; [[jina la kisayansi]] kwa [[Kilatini]] ni &quot;adipositas&quot;) ni hali mbaya ambapo [[mafuta ya ziada ya mwili]] hulimbikizana hadi kiwango kinachoweza kuathiri vikubwa [[afya]], ikipelekea ongezeko la [[maradhi]] na kupungua kwa [[matarajio ya kuishi]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO 2000 p.6&quot;&gt;WHO 2000 p.6&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=HaslamJames/&gt; 

[[Kipimo]] cha [[mwili]] kuwa mnene na mzito mno ni [[uwiano]] kati ya [[urefu]] wa mtu na [[uzito]] wake. Watu hutajika kuwa na unene wa kupindukia wakati [[nambapeo ya mata ya mwili]] (NMM), kipimo kinachopatikana kwa kugawanya [[uzito]] wa mtu kwa [[kilogramu]] kwa mraba wa [[urefu]] wake katika [[mita]], kimezidi 30&amp;nbsp;kg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO 2000 p.9&quot;&gt;WHO 2000 p.9&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuwa mneme mno kunaleta [[hatari]] ningi kwa [[afya]] na kusababisha au kuongeza uwezekano wa [[magonjwa]] kama vile: 
* [[Shinikizo la juu la damu]]
* Ugonjwa wa [[kisukari]]
* [[Maradhi ya moyo]]
* [[Ugonjwa wa kupooza]]
* Shida za kupumua na [[pumu]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/24118.php&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=HaslamJames/&gt;
* Matatizo ya viungo vya [[miguu]] na ya [[uti wa mgongo]]
* [[Maradhi ya mishipa]], 
* [[Apnea pingani ya usingizi]]
* [[Osteoathritisi]]&lt;ref name=HaslamJames/&gt;.

Watu wakinenepa mno hufa mapema na kuwa na magonjwa mengi kuliko watu wembamba wanaokula kiasi tu, jinsi wanavyohitaji [[chakula]]. Tatizo la unene [[duniani]] hukumba [[wanaume]] zaidi ya [[wanawake]].

Unene wa kupindukia mara nyingi husababishwa na ujumuisho wa kula chakula kilicho na nguvu nyingi, ukosefu wa [[mazoezi ya mwili]], na [[urithi]] wa [[jeni]] maalumu, ingawa visa vichache vina msingi wa jeni, matatizo ya [[kiendrosini]], [[matibabu]] au [[maradhi ya akili]].

Ushahidi wa kuthibitisha dhana kuwa baadhi ya watu hunenepa ingawa hula kiasi kidogo hautoshi; kwa wastani, watu wanene hutumia nguvu nyingi kuliko watu wenye mwili mdogo kwa sababu ya nguvu zinazohitajika kuimarisha [[mata]] kubwa ya mwili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Kushner, Robert |title=Treatment of the Obese Patient (Contemporary Endocrinology) |publisher=Humana Press |location=Totowa, NJ|year=2007 |page=158 |isbn=1-59745-400-1 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=vWjK5etS7PMC&amp;pg=PA121&amp;lpg=PA121&amp;dq=measurement+of+metabolism+in+obese+Bessesen |doi= |accessdate=April 5, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Anes2000&gt;{{cite journal |author=Adams JP, Murphy PG |title=Obesity in anaesthesia and intensive care |journal=Br J Anaesth |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=91–108 |year=2000 |month=July |pmid=10927998 |doi= 10.1093/bja/85.1.91|url=http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/85/1/91}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Chakula bora]] na [[mazoezi ya mwili]] ndiyo njia kuu za kutibu unene wa kupindukia. Ubora wa chakula unaweza kuimarishwa kwa kutumia vyakula vilivyo na nguvu nyingi, kama vile vyakula vilivyo na kiwango cha juu cha mafuta na [[sukari]], na kwa kutumia [[unyuzi wa chakula]] kwa wingi zaidi. 

[[Dawa za kukabiliana na unene]] zinaweza kutumiwa kupunguza hamu ya chakula au kuzuia ufyonzaji wa mafuta, huku mtu akila chakula kinachofaa. Iwapo chakula bora, mazoezi na matibabu hayatoshi, [[mpira wa utumboni]] unaweza kusaidia kupunguza uzito wa mwili, au [[upasuaji]] unaweza kufanywa ili kupunguza ukubwa na/au urefu wa matumbo. Upasuaji huo hupelekea mtu [[kushiba]] upesi na kupunguza uwezo wa kufyonza [[virutubishi]] vilivyomo katika chakula.&lt;ref&gt;NICE 2006 p.10–11&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=balloon2008&gt;{{cite journal |author=Imaz I, Martínez-Cervell C, García-Alvarez EE, Sendra-Gutiérrez JM, González-Enríquez J |title=Safety and effectiveness of the intragastric balloon for obesity. Uchanganuzi wa kina|journal=Obes Surg |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=841–6 |year=2008 |month=July |pmid=18459025|doi=10.1007/s11695-007-9331-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Unene wa kupindukia ni [[kisababishi kinachozuilika cha kifo]] kilicho kikuu ulimwenguni kote, huku kiwango chake cha [[ueneaji]] kikiongezeka kwa watu wazima na [[watoto]]. Viongozi huamini kuwa hili ni mojawapo ya matatizo makuu zaidi ya [[afya ya umma]] katika [[karne ya 21]].&lt;ref name=Barn1999&gt;{{cite journal |author=Barness LA, Opitz JM, Gilbert-Barness E |title=Obesity: genetic, molecular, and environmental aspects |journal=Am. J. Med. Genet. A|volume=143A |issue=24 |pages=3016–34 |year=2007 |month=December |pmid=18000969 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.32035 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Unene wa kupindukia hufedheheshwa katika sehemu nyingi za [[ulimwengu]] wa kisasa (hasa katika [[Ustaarabu wa Magharibi]]&lt;ref&gt;Huko wengine wanalazimika kutumia vifaa maalum (butt wipers]) kushililia karatasi shashi wakiwa msalani&lt;/ref&gt;), ingawa hali hii ilitazamwa na watu wengi kama [[ishara]] ya [[utajiri]] na afya bora katika nyakati za awali za [[historia]], na pia huonekana hivyo katika baadhi ya sehemu za [[dunia]].&lt;ref name=HaslamJames/&gt;&lt;ref name=Woodhouse/&gt;

==Uainishaji==
Unene wa kupindukia ni hali ya kimatibabu ambapo [[mafuta ya mwili]] ya ziada hulimbikizana hadi kiwango kinachoathiri afya kwa vikubwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO 2000 p.6&quot;/&gt; Hali hii hufasiliwa kwa [[Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili]] na kukadiriwa zaidi kwa kupima ugawaji wa mafuta kupitia kwa uwiano wa kiuno na nyonga na ujumla wa vipengele hatari vya magonjwa ya mishipa na moyo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |journal= Nutr J |year=2007 |volume=6 |page=32 |title= Measurement and Definitions of Obesity In Childhood and Adolescence: A field guide for the uninitiated |author= Sweeting HN|doi=10.1186/1475-2891-6-32|pmid=17963490 |url=http://www.nutritionj.com/content/6/1/32  |pmc= 2164947|issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;NHLBI p.xiv&lt;/ref&gt;  

Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili kinahusiana kwa karibu na asilimia ya mafuta ya mwili na jumla ya mafuta ya mwili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Gray DS, Fujioka K |title=Use of relative weight and Body Mass Index for the determination of adiposity |journal=J Clin Epidemiol |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=545–50 |year=1991 |pmid=2037859 |doi= 10.1016/0895-4356(91)90218-X|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-epidemiology_1991_44_6/page/545}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Obesity6.JPG|thumb|kushoto|alt=mtazamo wa mbele na upande wa kiwiliwili cha mwanamume aliye &quot;mnene kupindukia&quot;. Alama za kuvutika kwa ngozi zinaonekana pamoja na jinakomastia.|Mwanamume &quot;mnene kupindukia&quot; aliye na Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili cha 47&amp;nbsp;kg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;: uzito 146&amp;nbsp;kg (322&amp;nbsp;lb), urefu sentimita 177&amp;nbsp; (5&amp;nbsp;ft 10&amp;nbsp;in)]]
Katika [[watoto]], uzito ulio bora hutofautiana kwa sababu ya [[umri]] na [[jinsia]]. Katika watoto na [[vijana]] [[baleghe]], unene wa kupindukia hufasiliwa si kwa [[nambari]] kamili, lakini kulingana na kundi la kawaida la wakati huo, hivi kwamba unene wa kupindukia ni wa Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili kilichozidi [[asilimia]] 95 &lt;ref name=&quot;cdc.gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/childrens_BMI/about_childrens_BMI.htm  |title=Healthy Weight: Assessing Your Weight: BMI: About BMI for Children and Teens|publisher=[[Center for disease control and prevention]]|accessdate=April 6, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;Data ya marejeleo ambayo ilitumiwa kukadiria hesabu hii ni ya kutoka mwaka 1963 hadi 1994, hivyo haijaathiriwa na ongezeko la uzito la hivi karibuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flegal KM, Ogden CL, Wei R, Kuczmarski RL, Johnson CL 2001 1086–93&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Flegal KM, Ogden CL, Wei R, Kuczmarski RL, Johnson CL|title=Prevalence of overweight in US children: comparison of US growth charts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention with other reference values for body mass index |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=73 |issue=6|pages=1086–93 |year=2001 |month=June |pmid=11382664 |doi= |url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/73/6/1086}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style = &quot;float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center&quot;
|-
! BMI !! Classification
|-
|width=50%| &lt; 18.5 ||underweight
|-
|18.5–24.9 || normal weight
|-
|25.0–29.9 || overweight
|-
|30.0–34.9 || class I obesity
|-
|35.0–39.9 || class II obesity
|-
|≥ 40.0 || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;class III obesity&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|}

Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili hukadiriwa kwa kugawanya uzito wa mtu kwa kipeo cha uzito wake, na kwa kawaida huandikwa aidha kwa [[Mfumo wa mita]] au kwa [[vipimo vya Marekani]]:

:Metric:&lt;math&gt;BMI=kilograms/meters^2&lt;/math&gt;

:US customary and [[Imperial System|imperial]]: &lt;math&gt;BMI=lb*703/in^2&lt;/math&gt;

ambapo &lt;math&gt;lb&lt;/math&gt; ni uzito wa mtu katika [[pauni (uzito)|pauni]] na&lt;math&gt;in&lt;/math&gt; ni urefu wa mtu katika inchi.

Fasili zinazotumika mara nyingi, ambazo zilitolewa na [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] mwaka wa 1997 na kuchapishwa mwaka wa 2000, hutoa ukadiriaji kama ilivyoorodheshwa katika jedwali lililo upande wa kulia.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO 2000 p.9&quot;/&gt;

Baadhi ya mashirika yamerekebisha kidogo fasili zilizotolewa na SAD. Habari ya kiupasuaji hugawanya unene wa kupindukia wa &quot;daraja la 3&quot; katika vikundi zaidi, ambavyo ukadiriaji wake ungali unakumbwa na utata.&lt;ref name=morbid2007&gt;{{cite journal|author=Sturm R |title=Increases in morbid obesity in the USA: 2000–2005 |journal=Public Health |volume=121 |issue=7|pages=492–6 |year=2007 |month=July |pmid=17399752 |pmc=2864630 |doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2007.01.006 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_public-health_2007-07_121_7/page/492}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Any BMI ≥ 35 or 40 is ''severe obesity''
* A BMI of ≥ 35 or 40–44.9 or 49.9 is ''morbid obesity''
* A BMI of ≥ 45 or 50 is ''super obesity''

Kwa sababu watu wa asili ya [[Asia]] wameendelea kuathiriwa vibaya katika kiwango cha KUM cha chini kuliko kile cha [[Wazungu]], baadhi ya [[mataifa]] yamefasili upya unene wa kupindukia; [[Wajapani]] wameufasili kama kiwango chochote cha KUM kinachozidi 25&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Kanazawa M, Yoshiike N, Osaka T, Numba Y, Zimmet P, Inoue S |title=Criteria and classification of obesity in Japan and Asia-Oceania|journal=Asia Pac J Clin Nutr |volume=11 Suppl 8 |issue= |pages=S732–S737 |year=2002 |month=December |pmid=12534701|doi= 10.1046/j.1440-6047.11.s8.19.x|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; huku [[China]] ikitumia kipimo cha KUM cha juu ya 28.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Bei-Fan Z |title=Predictive values of body mass index and waist circumference for risk factors of certain related diseases in Chinese adults: study on optimal cut-off points of body mass index and waist circumference in Chinese adults |journal=Asia Pac J Clin Nutr |volume=11 Suppl 8 |issue= |pages=S685–93 |year=2002 |month=December|pmid=12534691 |doi= 10.1046/j.1440-6047.11.s8.9.x|url= |author2=Cooperative Meta-Analysis Group of Working Group on Obesity in China}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Madhara ya kiafya==
Uzito uliozidi huhusianishwa na [[magonjwa]] mengi, hasa [[magonjwa ya moyo]] na [[mishipa]], [[kisukari aina ya 2]], [[apnea pingani ya usingizi]], aina fulani za [[saratani]], [[osteoathritisi]]&lt;ref name=HaslamJames/&gt; na [[pumu]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/24118.php&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=HaslamJames/&gt;. Matokeo yake ni kwamba unene wa kupindukia umetambulika kupunguza [[matarajio ya kuishi]].&lt;ref name=HaslamJames/&gt;

===Hatari ya kufa===
{{Double image|right|MenBMIMort.png|200|WomenBMIMort.png|200|alt=(Left) A graph showing how the risk of death varies with BMI. The lowest risk is found at a BMI of 20 to 25 and increases in both directions. (Right) A graph showing how the risk of death varies with BMI. The lowest risk is found at a BMI of 20 to 25 and increases in both directions.|Relative risk of death over 10 years for White men (left) and women (right) who have never smoked in the United States by BMI.&lt;ref name=NEJM10&gt;{{cite journal |author=Berrington de Gonzalez A |title=Body-Mass Index and Mortality among 1.46 Million White Adults |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=363 |issue=23 |pages=2211–9 |year=2010|month=December |pmid=21121834 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1000367 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2010-12-02_363_23/page/2210|pmc=3066051 |author-separator=,|display-authors=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;||}}
Unene wa kupindukia ni kati ya [[visababishi vya kifo vinavyozuilika]] kote ulimwenguni.&lt;ref name=Barn1999/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL |title=Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000|journal=JAMA |volume=291 |issue=10 |pages=1238–45 |year=2004 |month=March |pmid=15010446 |doi=10.1001/jama.291.10.1238|url=http://www.csdp.org/research/1238.pdf|format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Allison&gt;{{cite journal |author=Allison DB, Fontaine KR, [[JoAnn E. Manson|Manson JE]], Stevens J, VanItallie TB |title=Annual deaths attributable to obesity in the United States |journal=JAMA |volume=282 |issue=16 |pages=1530–8 |year=1999 |month=October |pmid=10546692 |doi= 10.1001/jama.282.16.1530|url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/282/16/1530}}&lt;/ref&gt; Utafiti mkuu wa Ulaya na Marekani umeonyesha kuwa hatari ya kufa iko chini zaidi katika kiwango cha KUM cha 20–25 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=NEJM10/&gt;&lt;ref name=Lancet2009&gt;{{cite journal |author=Whitlock G |title=Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies |journal=Lancet |volume=373 |issue=9669 |pages=1083–96 |year=2009|month=March |pmid=19299006 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60318-4 |url= |pmc=2662372 |author-separator=,|author2=Lewington S |author3=Sherliker P |display-authors=3 |last4=Sherliker |first4=P |last5=Clarke |first5=R|last6=Emberson |first6=J |last7=Halsey |first7=J |last8=Qizilbash |first8=N |last9=Collins |first9=R}}&lt;/ref&gt; katika watu wasiovuta sigara na 24–27 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; katika watu wanaoendelea kuvuta sigara, huku hatari hii ikiongezeka na mabadiliko kuelekea pande zote mbili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Calle EE, Thun MJ, Petrelli JM, Rodriguez C, Heath CW |title=Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. adults |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=341 |issue=15 |pages=1097–105|year=1999 |month=October |pmid=10511607 |doi= 10.1056/NEJM199910073411501|url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/341/15/1097}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Euro2008&gt;{{cite journal |author=Pischon T |title=General and abdominal adiposity and risk of death in Europe |journal=N. Engl. J. Med.|volume=359 |issue=20 |pages=2105–20 |year=2008 |month=November |pmid=19005195 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0801891 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2008-11-13_359_20/page/2104|author-separator=, |author2=Boeing H |author3=Hoffmann K |display-authors=3 |last4=Bergmann |first4=M. |last5=Schulze|first5=M.B. |last6=Overvad |first6=K. |last7=Van Der Schouw |first7=Y.T. |last8=Spencer |first8=E. |last9=Moons|first9=K.G.M.}}&lt;/ref&gt;Kipimo cha Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili cha zaidi ya 32 kimehusishwa na ongezeko la mara mbili la vifo kwa wanawake kwa muda wa miaka 16.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Manson JE |title=Body weight and mortality among women |journal=N. Engl. J. Med.|volume=333 |issue=11 |pages=677–85 |year=1995 |pmid=7637744| doi = 10.1056/NEJM199509143331101 |author-separator=,|author2=Willett WC |author3=Stampfer MJ |display-authors=3 |last4=Colditz |first4=Graham A. |last5=Hunter|first5=David J. |last6=Hankinson |first6=Susan E. |last7=Hennekens |first7=Charles H. |last8=Speizer |first8=Frank E.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nchini Marekani, inakisiwa kuwa unene wa kupindukia husababisha zaidi ya vifo 111,909 hadi 365,000 kila mwaka,&lt;ref name=HaslamJames&gt;{{cite journal |author=Haslam DW, James WP|title=Obesity |journal=Lancet |volume=366 |issue=9492|pages=1197–209 |year=2005 |pmid=16198769 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67483-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Allison/&gt; huku milioni 1 (7.7%) ya vifo katika nchi za Ulaya husababishwa na uzito uliozidi.&lt;ref name=EuroG2008/&gt;&lt;ref name=Euro2007&gt;{{cite journal|author=Fried M |title=Inter-disciplinary European guidelines on surgery of severe obesity |journal=Int J Obes (Lond)|volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=569–77 |year=2007 |month=April |pmid=17325689 |doi=10.1038/sj.ijo.0803560 |url=|author-separator=, |author2=Hainer V |author3=Basdevant A |display-authors=3 |last4=Buchwald |first4=H |last5=Deitel|first5=M |last6=Finer |first6=N |last7=Greve |first7=J W M |last8=Horber |first8=F |last9=Mathus-Vliegen|first9=E}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa wastani, unene hupunguza muda wa maisha miaka 6 hadi 7:&lt;ref name=HaslamJames/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Peeters A, Barendregt JJ, Willekens F, Mackenbach JP, Al Mamun A, Bonneux L |title=Obesity in adulthood and its consequences for life expectancy: A life-table analysis |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=138 |issue=1 |pages=24–32 |year=2003 |month=January |pmid=12513041 |doi=|url=http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/138/1/24  | format=PDF |last7=Nedcom}}&lt;/ref&gt;Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili cha 30–35 hupunguza miaka 2 hadi 4 matarajio ya kuishi&lt;ref name=Lancet2009/&gt; ilhali unene uliokithiri (Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili&amp;nbsp;&gt;&amp;nbsp;40) hupunguza miaka 10 matarajio ya kuishi &lt;ref name=Lancet2009/&gt;

===Hali ya kuugua===
Unene wa kupindukia huongeza hatari ya hali nyingi za kimwili na kiakili. Ambatani hizi kwa kawaida huonyeshwa sana katika [[dalili]] za magonjwa ya [[metaboli]],&lt;ref name=HaslamJames/&gt; kama: [[kisukari aina ya 2]], [[shinikizo la juu la damu]], [[kolestro]], and [[hypertriglyceridemia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Grundy SM |title=Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=89 |issue=6 |pages=2595–600|year=2004 |pmid=15181029 |doi=10.1210/jc.2004-0372}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matatizo aidha husababishwa na unene moja kwa moja au kwa njia isiyo ya moja kwa moja inayohusiana kupitia utaratibu ulio na sababu sawa kama vile [[lishe duni]] au [[uzembe maishani]]. Uhusiano mkuu kati ya unene na hali maalum inatofautiana. Mojawapo ni [[kisukari aina ya 2]]. Mafuta ya ziada mwilini ndiyo kisababishi cha 64% ya kisukari kwa wanaume na 77% kwa wanawake.&lt;ref&gt;Seidell 2005 p.9&lt;/ref&gt;

Madhara ya kiafya huwa katika vikundi viwili vipana: 
* yale yanayotokana na madhara ya kiasi cha mafuta kilichozidi (kama vile [[osteoarthritisi]], [[apnea pingani ya usingizi]], kutengwa na jamii) na 
* yale yanayotokana na idadi iliyozidi ya [[seli za mafuta]] ([[kisukari]], [[saratani]], [[ugonjwa wa moyo na mishipa ya damu]], [[ugonjwa wa maini iliyo na mafuta usiohusiana na pombe]]).&lt;ref name=HaslamJames/&gt;&lt;ref name=Bray2004&gt;{{cite journal |author=Bray GA |title=Medical consequences of obesity |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=89 |issue=6 |pages=2583–9 |year=2004 |pmid=15181027|doi=10.1210/jc.2004-0535}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ongezeko la mafuta katika mwili hugeuza hali ambavyo mwili huitikia [[insulini]] hata kusababisha [[kupinga insulini]]. Ongezeko la mafuta pia husababisha [[inflamesheni]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Shoelson SE, Herrero L, Naaz A |title=Obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gastroenterology_2007-05_132_6/page/2169 |journal=Gastroenterology|volume=132 |issue=6 |pages=2169–80 |year=2007 |month=May |pmid=17498510|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.059}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Shoelson SE, Lee J, Goldfine AB|title=Inflammation and insulin resistance |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=116 |issue=7 |pages=1793–801 |year=2006|month=July |pmid=16823477 |pmc=1483173 |doi=10.1172/JCI29069 |url=http://www.jci.org/articles/view/29069}}&lt;/ref&gt; na kuandaa [[thrombosi]].&lt;ref name=Bray2004/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Dentali F, Squizzato A, Ageno W|title=The metabolic syndrome as a risk factor for venous and arterial thrombosis |journal=Semin. Thromb. Hemost.|volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=451–7 |year=2009 |month=July |pmid=19739035 |doi=10.1055/s-0029-1234140}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Fumbo kuhusu kuendeleza uhai===
Ingawa madhara ya kiafya ya unene wa kupindukia miongoni mwa jumla ya watu imeungwa mkono na ushahidi uliopo, matokeo ya kiafya katika vikundi mahususi yanaonekana kuboreka kwa kiwango cha Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili kinachoongezeka. Tukio hilo linajulikana kama fumbo kuhusu kuendelea kuishi kwa watu walio na unene wa kupindukia.&lt;ref name=Schmidt2007&gt;{{cite journal |author=Schmidt DS, Salahudeen AK |title=Obesity-survival paradox-still a controversy? |journal=Semin Dial |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=486–92 |year=2007 |pmid=17991192|doi=10.1111/j.1525-139X.2007.00349.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mara ya kwanza fumbo hili lilielezwa mwaka 1999, likiwakumba watu wenye unene wa kupindukia waliokuwa wakisafishwa damu,&lt;ref name=Schmidt2007/&gt; kisha kupatikana katika watu waliokuwa na [[mshtuko wa moyo]] na [[ugonjwa wa ateri za pembeni]] (UAP).&lt;ref name=paradox2003&gt;{{cite journal |author=|title=Behavioral counseling in primary care to promote a healthcite journal y diet: recommendations and rationale |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2003-06-15_67_12/page/2572|journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=67 |issue=12 |pages=2573–6 |year=2003 |month=June |pmid=12825847 |doi= |author1= U.S. Preventive Services Task Force }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Katika watu waliokuwa na mshtuko wa moyo, wale wenye kipimo cha Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili cha kati ya 30.0. na 34.9 walikuwa na kima cha vifo cha chini kuliko wenye uzito wa kawaida. Hii ni kwa sababu watu mara nyingi hupoteza uzito kadiri wanavyoendelea kuwa wagonjwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Habbu A, Lakkis NM, Dokainish H |title=The obesity paradox: Fact or fiction?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-cardiology_2006-10-01_98_7/page/944 |journal=Am. J. Cardiol. |volume=98 |issue=7 |pages=944–8 |year=2006 |month=October |pmid=16996880|doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.04.039}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Matokeo sawa na haya yamepatikana katika aina nyingine za magonjwa ya moyo. Watu walio na unene wa kupindukia wa daraja la 1 na magonjwa ya moyo hawana kima cha matatizo ya moyo kuliko watu walio na uzito wa kawaida ambao wana matatizo ya moyo. Hata hivyo, katika watu walio na viwango vikubwa zaidi vya unene, hatari ya kutokea kwa matatizo ya ziada huongezeka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Romero-Corral A |title=Association of bodyweight with total mortality and with cardiovascular events in coronary artery disease: A systematic review of cohort studies |journal=Lancet |volume=368|issue=9536 |pages=666–78 |year=2006 |pmid=16920472 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69251-9 |author-separator=,|author2=Montori VM |author3=Somers VK |display-authors=3 |last4=Korinek |first4=Josef |last5=Thomas |first5=Randal J|last6=Allison |first6=Thomas G |last7=Mookadam |first7=Farouk |last8=Lopez-Jimenez|first8=Francisco}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Oreopoulos A, Padwal R, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Fonarow GC, Norris CM, McAlister FA |title=Body mass index and mortality in heart failure: A meta-analysis |journal=Am. Heart J. |volume=156|issue=1 |pages=13–22 |year=2008 |month=July |pmid=18585492 |doi=10.1016/j.ahj.2008.02.014 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-heart-journal_2008-07_156_1/page/13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hata baada ya [[upasuaji wa kipenyo cha moyo]], hakuna ongezeko la vifo linalotambulika katika watu walio na uzito mkubwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Oreopoulos A, Padwal R, Norris CM, Mullen JC, Pretorius V, Kalantar-Zadeh K|title=Effect of obesity on short- and long-term mortality postcoronary revascularization: A meta-analysis|journal=Obesity (Silver Spring) |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=442–50 |year=2008 |month=February |pmid=18239657|doi=10.1038/oby.2007.36}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Utafiti mmoja ulionyesha kuwa ongezeko la muda wa kuishi kwa watu wenye unene wa kupindukia husababishwa na matibabu madhubuti ambao watu hao hupata baada ya tukio la tatizo la moyo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal| author=Diercks DB | title=The obesity paradox in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: Results from the Can Rapid risk stratification of Unstable angina patients Suppress ADverse outcomes with Early implementation of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines Quality Improvement Initiative | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-heart-journal_2006-07_152_1/page/140 | journal=Am Heart J | year=2006 | month=July | volume=152 |issue=1 | pages=140–8 | pmid=16824844 | doi=10.1016/j.ahj.2005.09.024| author-separator=,| author2=Roe MT|author3=Mulgund J| display-authors=3| last4=Pollack| first4=Charles V.| last5=Kirk| first5=J. Douglas| last6=Gibler|first6=W. Brian| last7=Ohman| first7=E. Magnus| last8=Smith| first8=Sidney C.| last9=Boden| first9=William E.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Utafiti mwingine unaonyesha kuwa mtu anapouchukulia kwa makini [[ugonjwa wa muda mrefu wa kuzibika kwa mapafu]] (COPD) kwa walio na PDA, manufaa ya unene wa kupindukia hayapo tena.&lt;ref name=paradox2003/&gt;

==Visababishi==
Katikia kiwango cha mtu binafsi, ujumlisho wa kula [[chakula kinachotoa nguvu]] na kutofanya [[mazoezi ya kimwili]] hudhaniwa kusababisha visa vingi zaidi vya unene wa kupindukia.&lt;ref name=CADG2006/&gt;Matukio machache sana husababishwa hasa na jeni, sababu za kimatibabu au ugonjwa wa akili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Bleich S, Cutler D, Murray C, Adams A |title=Why is the developed world obese? |journal=Annu Rev Public Health |volume=29 |pages=273–95 |year=2008 |pmid=18173389|doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090954}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kinyume na matarajio, inakisiwa kuwa viwango vya unene wa kupindukia vinavyoongezeka katika jamii vinasababishwa na urahisi wa kupata chakula kinachovutia,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Drewnowski A, Specter SE|title=Poverty and obesity: the role of energy density and energy costs |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=79 |issue=1|pages=6–16 |year=2004 |month=January |pmid=14684391 |doi= |url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/79/1/6}}&lt;/ref&gt;ongezeko la kutegemea gari na uzalishaji wa bidhaa kwa kutumia mitambo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Nestle M, Jacobson MF|title=Halting the obesity epidemic: a public health policy approach |journal=Public Health Rep |volume=115 |issue=1|pages=12–24 |year=2000 |pmid=10968581 |pmc=1308552 |doi= 10.1093/phr/115.1.12|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=James2008&gt;{{cite journal |author=James WP |title=The fundamental drivers of the obesity epidemic |journal=Obes Rev |volume=9 |issue= Suppl 1 |pages=6–13 |year=2008 |month=March |pmid=18307693 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00432.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uhakiki mmoja wa 2006 ulionyesha mambo mengine kumi yanayochangia katika ongezeko la unene wa kupindukia wa hivi majuzi: 
# kukosa usingizi wa kutosha, 
# [[matatizo ya mfumo wa mwili]] ([[vichafuzi vya mazingira]] vinavyotatiza umetaboli wa lipidi), 
# upungufu wa mabadiliko ya halijoto ya mazingira, 
# upungufu wa viwango vya [[kuvuta sigara]], kwa sababu uvutaji sigara hugandamiza hamu ya chakula, 
# kuendelea kutumia dawa zinazoweza kusababisha ongezeko la uzito wa mwili (kwa mfano, [[dawa ya kuzuia magonjwa ya akili yasiyo ya kawaida]]), 
# ongezeko la vikundi vya kikabila na umri vinavyoweza kukita zaidi, 
# ujauzito wa miaka ya uzeeni (jambo ambalo linaweza kusababisha hatari ya unene wa kupindukia katika watoto), 
# hatari za [[jenetikia|kijenetikia]]zinazoweza kupitishwa kutoka kizazi hadi kingine, 
# [[uteuzi wa kiasili]] kwa watu wenye kima cha juu zaidi cha Kielezo cha Uzito wa Mwili, na 
# [[kujamiiana kiubaguzi]] jambo ambalo huongeza vipengele hatari vya unene wa kupindukia (hii inaweza kuongezea idadi ya watu wanene sana kwa kuongezea kiwango cha tofauti kati ya idadi ya watu na uzito).&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16801930&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Keith SW |title=Putative contributors to the secular increase in obesity: Exploring the roads less traveled|journal=Int J Obes (Lond) |volume=30 |issue=11 |pages=1585–94 |year=2006 |pmid=16801930 |doi=10.1038/sj.ijo.0803326|url=http://www.nature.com/ijo/journal/v30/n11/full/0803326a.html |author-separator=, |author2=Redden DT|author3=Katzmarzyk PT |display-authors=3 |last4=Boggiano |first4=M M |last5=Hanlon |first5=E C |last6=Benca |first6=R M |last7=Ruden |first7=D |last8=Pietrobelli |first8=A |last9=Barger |first9=J L}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingawa kuna utafiti wa kutosha unaoonyesha jinsi taratibu hizi zinavyopelekea ongezeko la kutokea kwa unene wa kupindukia, utafiti huu bado haujaweza kutoa hitimisho kamili. Watafiti walioufanya wanasema kuwa inawezekana kuwa taratibu hizi zina athari ya kiwango cha chini kuliko zile zilizojadiliwa katika aya iliyotangulia.

===Chakula bora===
{{Double image|right|World map of Energy consumption 1961,2.svg|200|World map of Energy consumption 2001-2003.svg|200|alt=(Left) A world map with countries colored to reflect the food energy consumption of their people in 1961. North America, Europe, and Australia have relatively high intake, while Africa and Asia consume much less.(Right) A world map with countries colored to reflect the food energy consumption of their people in 2001–2003. Consumption in North America, Europe, and Australia has increased with respect to previous levels in 1971 Food consumption has also increased substantially in many parts of Asia. However, food consumption in Africa remains low.|Map of dietary energy availability per person per day in 1961 (left) and 2001–2003 (right) in kcal/person/day.
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[[File:World Per Person Energy Consumption.png|thumb|alt=A graph showing a gradual increase in global food energy consumption per person per day between 1961 and 2002.|Average per capita energy consumption of the world from 1961 to 2002&lt;ref name=Earth09&gt;{{cite web |url=http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/index.php?theme=8&amp;variable_ID=212&amp;action=select_countries |title=EarthTrends: Nutrition: Calorie supply per capita |work=World Resources Institute |accessdate=Oct. 18, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Kima cha ugavi wa nguvu za kimlo kwa kila mtu hutofautiana pakubwa katika maeneo na nchi mbali mbali. Kima hiki pia kimebadilika pakubwa kwa muda mrefu sasa.&lt;ref name=Earth09/&gt; Kutoka mwanzoni wa miaka ya 1970 hadi mwishoni wa kiaka ya 1990, wastani wa kalori kwa kila mtu kila siku (kiwango cha chakula kilichonunuliwa) uliongezeka katika maeneo yote duniani ila Mashariki mwa Uropa. Nchi ya Marekani ilikuwa na kima cha juu zaidi cha upatikanaji, ikiwa ni [[kalori]] 3,654 kwa kila mtu katika mwaka wa 1996. Kima hiki kiliongezeka zaidi hadi 3,754 katika mwaka wa 2003.&lt;ref name=Earth09/&gt; Katika miaka ya mwisho ya 1990 Uropa ilikuwa na kalori &amp;nbsp3,394; kwa kila mtu. Katika maeneo yanayostawi kiuchumi ya Asia kulikuwa na kalori&amp;nbsp2,648; kwa kila mtu na katika kusin mwa jangwa la Sahara, watu walikuwa na kalori &amp;nbsp 2,176;kwa kila mtu.&lt;ref name=Earth09/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/1470965/USDA-frsept99b|title=USDA: frsept99b |work=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=January 10, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Jumla ya kalori inayotumika imetambulika kuwa inahusiana na unene wa kupindukia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-003-x/2009004/article/10933-eng.htm |title=Diet composition and obesity among Canadian adults |work=Statistics Canada |accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upatikanaji mkubwa wa vielekezo kuhusu lishe&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=National Control for Health Statistics | title=Nutrition For Everyone | publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | url=http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/nutrition/nutrition_for_everyone | accessdate=2008-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;haujafaulu kutatua shida za kula kupita kiasi na uamuzi mbaya kuhusu lishe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Marantz PR, Bird ED, Alderman MH |title=A call for higher standards of evidence for dietary guidelines |journal=Am J Prev Med|volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=234–40 |year=2008 |month=March |pmid=18312812 |doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2007.11.017|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-preventive-medicine_2008-03_34_3/page/234}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kutoka mwaka wa 1971 hadi 2000, viwango vya unene wa kupindukia viliongezeka kutoka 14.5% hadi 30.9%.&lt;ref name=Flegal2002&gt;{{cite journal | author=Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL| title=Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2000 | journal=JAMA | year=2002 | month=October | volume=288| pages=1723–1727 |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/288/14/1723 | doi=10.1001/jama.288.14.1723 | pmid=12365955 |issue=14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika kipindi hicho pia, wastani wa matumizi ya chakula kinachotoa nguvu yaliongezeka. Katika wanawake, wastani wa ongezeko hili ulikuwa kalori 335 kwa siku (1,542 mwaka wa 1971 na kalori 1,877 mwaka wa 2004), ilhali katika wanaume, wastani katika ongezeko hilo ulikuwa kalori 168 kwa siku (kalori 2,450 mwaka wa 1971 na kalori 2,618 mwaka wa 2004). Kiwango kikubwa cha nguvu hizi za ziada kilitokana na ongezeko la kutumia [[kabohidrati]] badala ya mafuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author=Wright JD, Kennedy-Stephenson J, Wang CY, McDowell MA, Johnson CL |title=Trends in intake of energy and macronutrients—United States, 1971–2000 | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep |year=2004 | month=February | volume=53 | issue=4 | pages=80–2 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5304a3.htm | pmid=14762332}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vyanzo vya msingi vya kabohidrati hizi za ziada ni vinywaji vilivyo na sukari ambavyo vinakadiriwa kusababisha karibu 25% ya nguvu za kila siku katika vijana wakomavu Marekani, &lt;ref name=Caballero&gt;{{cite journal |author=Caballero B |title=The global epidemic of obesity: An overview|journal=Epidemiol Rev |volume=29 |issue= |pages=1–5 |year=2007 |pmid=17569676 |doi=10.1093/epirev/mxm012 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;na [[chipsi]] za [[viazi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Mozaffarian|first=D|coauthors=Hao, T, Rimm, EB, Willett, WC, Hu, FB|title=Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2011-06-23_364_25/page/2392|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=2011 Jun 23|volume=364|issue=25|pages=2392–404|pmid=21696306|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1014296|pmc=3151731}}&lt;/ref&gt; Utumiaji wa vinywaji vilivyo na sukari unaaminika kuchangia katika ongezeko la viwango vya unene wa kupindukia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB |title=Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review work=Statistics Canada | J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=274–88 |year=2006 |month=August |pmid=16895873 |doi=|url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/84/2/274 |pmc=3210834}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Olsen NJ, Heitmann BL |title=Intake of calorically sweetened beverages and obesity |journal=Obes Rev |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=68–75|year=2009 |month=January |pmid=18764885 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00523.x |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jinsi jamii nyingi zinavyoendelea kutegemea [[nguvu nyingi za chakula]], viwango vikubwa vya chakula na vyakula duni, ndivyo uhusiano wa utumiaji wa vyakula duni na unene wa kupindukia unavyoendelea kusababisha madhara. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Rosenheck R|title=Fast food consumption and increased caloric intake: a systematic review of a trajectory towards weight gain and obesity risk |journal=Obes Rev |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=535–47 |year=2008 |month=November |pmid=18346099|doi=10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00477.x |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nchini Marekani, utumiaji wa vyakula duni uliongezeka mara tatu huku utumiaji wa chakula chenye nguvu ukiongezeka mara nne kati ya mwaka 1977 na 1995.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Lin BH, Guthrie J and Frazao E |editor=Frazão E |title=Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 750: America's Eating Habits: Changes and Consequences |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aib750/ |year=1999 |publisher=US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service |location=Washington, DC |pages=213–239 |chapter=Nutrient contribution of food away from home |access-date=2013-11-28 |archive-date=2002-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020611183104/http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aib750/ |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Sera za kilimo]] na [[ufundisanifu]] zinazozingatia mazingira nchini Marekani na barani Uropa zimesababisha kushuka kwa bei ya vyakula. Kule Marekani, hatua ya kupunguza bei ya mahindi, soya, ngano na mchele kupitia bili ya ukulima ya Marekani imepelekea kushuka kwa bei ya chakula cha viwandani ikilinganishwa na matunda na mboga.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Pollan, Michael|title=You Are What You Grow|work=New York Times|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/22/magazine/22wwlnlede.t.html?ex=1186027200&amp;en=bbe0f6a2c10e3b3c&amp;ei=5070|date= 22 April 2007|accessdate= 2007-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wakati mwingi, watu wanene kupindukia hawaripoti vyema jinsi wanavyotumia chakula ikilinganishwa na wale walio na uzito wa kawaida.&lt;ref&gt;Kopelman and Caterson 2005:324.&lt;/ref&gt; Utafiti huu ni kwa mujibu wa uchunguzi wa watu uliofanyika katika chumba cha kipima kalori &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Metabolism alone doesn't explain how thin people stay thin |publisher=The Medical Post|work=John Schieszer|format=registration required}}&lt;/ref&gt; na kwa kutazama moja kwa moja.

===Mwenendo wa kuzembea===
[[Mwenendo wa kuzembea]] huchangia pakubwa katika unene wa kupindukia.&lt;ref&gt;Seidell 2005 p.10&lt;/ref&gt; Kote ulimwenguni, watu wengi wamegeukia kazi isiyohusisha nguvu nyingi za kimwili&lt;ref name=WHO2009&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/facts/obesity/en/ |title=WHO: Obesity and overweight |work=[[World Health Organization]] |accessdate=January 10, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218104805/http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/facts/obesity/en/ |archivedate=2008-12-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=WHOExercise&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_inactivity/en/index.html |title=WHO &amp;#124; Physical Inactivity: A Global Public Health Problem |work=[[World Health Organization]]  |accessdate=February 22, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Ness2006&gt;{{cite journal |author=Ness-Abramof R, Apovian CM |title=Diet modification for treatment and prevention of obesity |journal=Endocrine |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=5–9 |year=2006 |month=February |pmid=16622287|doi=10.1385/ENDO:29:1:135 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; na kwa wakati huu angalau 60% ya idadi ya watu duniani hupata mazoezi yasiyotosheleza.&lt;ref name=WHOExercise/&gt; Hii hasa ni kwa sababu ya ongezeko la kutumia mitambo katika uchukuzi, na teknologia inayosaidia sana kikazi huko nyumbani.T&lt;ref name=WHO2009/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHOExercise/&gt;&lt;ref name=Ness2006/&gt;  Katika watoto, viwango vya  kufanya mazoezi vinaonekana kushuka kwa sababu ya kutotembea sana na kutohusika katika somo la mazoezi ya mwili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Salmon J, Timperio A |title=Prevalence, trends and environmental influences on child and youthphysical activity |journal=Med Sport Sci |volume=50 |issue= |pages=183–99 |year=2007 |pmid=17387258|doi=10.1159/000101391 |series=Medicine and Sport Science |isbn=978-3-318-01396-2 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Mienendo ya dunia katika burudani ambapo watu huusika moja kwa moja[[mazoezi ya mwili]] inaendelea kufifia.   [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] linaonyesha kuwa, ulimwenguni kote, watu wanaendelea kuhusika katika burudani isiyohusisha maoezi, ilhali katika utafiti mmoja huko Finland&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Borodulin K, Laatikainen T, Juolevi A, Jousilahti P |title=Thirty-year trends of physical activity in relation to age, calendar time and birth cohort in Finnish adults |journal=Eur J Public Health |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=339–44 |year=2008|month=June |pmid=17875578 |doi=10.1093/eurpub/ckm092 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; ulionyesha ongezeko, ilhali utafiti mwingine huko Marekani ulionyesha kuwa mazoezi katika burudani hayajabadilika sana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Brownson RC, Boehmer TK, Luke DA |title=Declining rates of physical activity in the United States: what are the contributors?|journal=Annu Rev Public Health |volume=26 |issue= |pages=421–43 |year=2005 |pmid=15760296|doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144437 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Katika watoto na watu wazima, kuna uhusiano kati ya kutazama runinga na hatari ya unene wa kupindukia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Gortmaker SL, Must A, Sobol AM, Peterson K, Colditz GA, Dietz WH |title=Television viewing as a cause of increasing obesity among children in the United States, 1986–1990 |journal=Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med |volume=150 |issue=4 |pages=356–62 |year=1996 |month=April |pmid=8634729|doi=10.1001/archpedi.1996.02170290022003}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Vioque J, Torres A, Quiles J |title=Time spent watching television, sleep duration and obesity in adults living in Valencia, Spain |journal=Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. |volume=24 |issue=12 |pages=1683–8 |year=2000 |month=December |pmid=11126224 |doi= 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801434|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Tucker LA, Bagwell M |title=Television viewing and obesity in adult females |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=81 |issue=7 |pages=908–11 |year=1991 |month=July|pmid=2053671 |pmc=1405200 |doi= 10.2105/AJPH.81.7.908|url=http://www.ajph.org/cgi/reprint/81/7/908  |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ukaguzi ulitambua kuwa 63 kati ya tafiti 73 (86%) zilionyesha ongezeko katika kiwango cha unene wa kupindukia wa utotoni pindi watoto wanavyofikia vyombo vya mawasiliano, huku viwango hivi vikiongezeka kulingana na muda unaotumika kutazama runinga.ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ipsdweb.ipsd.org/uploads/IPPC/CSM%20Media%20Health%20Report.pdf |title=Media + Child and Adolescent Health: A Systematic Review |publisher=Common Sense Media |year=2008 |format=PDF |work=Ezekiel J. Emanuel |accessdate=April 6, 2009 |archive-date=2012-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122070205/http://ipsdweb.ipsd.org/uploads/IPPC/CSM%20Media%20Health%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Usomijeni===
[[File:La monstrua desnuda (1680), de Juan Carreño de Miranda..jpg|thumb|wima|alt=Mchoro wa msichana mweusi wa kike mwenye nywele nyeusi, mashavu ya waridi aliye uchi akiegemea meza. Msichana huyu ameshika zabibu na majani ya zabibu katika mkono wake wa kushoto ambayo yamezifunika jenitalia zake.| Mchoro uliochorwa mwaka wa 1680 na [[Juan Carreno de Miranda]], wa msichana aliyedhaniwa kuwa na [[sindromu ya Prader-Will]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.esst.org/newsletter2000.htm |title=Case Study: Cataplexy and SOREMPs Without Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Prader Willi Syndrome. Is This the Beginning of Narcolepsy in a Five Year Old?|author=Mary Jones|publisher=European Society of Sleep Technologists|accessdate=April 6, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Kama magonjwa mengine mengi, unene wa kupindukia hutokana na mwingiliano kati ya vipengele vya kijeni na vya kimazingira. [[Upolimofi]] katika [[jeni]] nyingi zinazodhibiti [[hamu ya kula[[]] na [[umetaboli]]hupelekea unene wa kupindukia wakati nguvu za kutosha zinazotoka katika chakula zinapatikana.  Katika mwaka wa 2006, zaidi ya 41 za sehemu hizi zimehusishwa na kuendelea kwa unene wa kupindukia wakati mazingira mwafaka yanapokuwepo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Poirier P |title=Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss |journal=Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=968–76 |year=2006 |month=May |pmid=16627822 |doi=10.1161/01.ATV.0000216787.85457.f3|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_arteriosclerosis-thrombosis-and-vascular-biology_2006-05_26_5/page/968|author-separator=, |author2=Giles TD |author3=Bray GA |display-authors=3 |last4=Hong |first4=Y |last5=Stern|first5=JS |last6=Pi-Sunyer |first6=FX |last7=Eckel |first7=RH}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Watu walio na aina mbili za[[jeni ya FTO]]  (jeni inayohusishwa na wingi wa mafuta na unene wa kupindukia) wamepatikana kwa wastani kuwa na uzito wa kilogramu 3-4]] &amp;nbsp; zaidi na huwa katika hatari mara1.67 zaidi ya kukumbwa na unene wa kupindukia wakilinganishwa na wale wasio na hatari hii [[aleli]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Loos RJ, Bouchard C |title=FTO: the first gene contributing to common forms of human obesity |journal=Obes Rev |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=246–50|year=2008 |month=May |pmid=18373508 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00481.x |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Asilimia ya unene wa kupindukia unaoweza kuhusishwa visababishi vya kijeni ni ya kubadilika kutoka 6% hadi 85% kulingana na idadi ya watu waliochunguzwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Yang W, Kelly T, He J |title=Genetic epidemiology of obesity |journal=Epidemiol Rev |volume=29 |issue=|pages=49–61 |year=2007 |pmid=17566051 |doi=10.1093/epirev/mxm004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Unene wa kupindukia ni kipengele kikuu katika sindromu kadhaa kama vile [[sindromu ya Prader-Willi]], [[sindromu ya Bardet-Biedl]], [[sindromu ya Cohen]], na [[sindromu ya MOMO]]. Neno unene wa kupindukia usiosababishwa na sindromu hutumika wakati mwingine kuzitenga hali hizi.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19506576&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Walley AJ, Asher JE, Froguel P |title=The genetic contribution to non-syndromic human obesity |journal=Nat. Rev. Genet. |volume= 10|issue= 7|pages= 431–42|year=2009|month=June |pmid=19506576 |doi=10.1038/nrg2594 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kwa watu walio na mwanzo mkali wa mapema wa unene wa kupindukia (unaofasiliwa na mwanzo kabla ya umri wa miaka 10&amp;nbsp; na  kielezo cha uzani wa mwili zaidi ya tatu [[standard deviation]] zaidi ya kawaida), 7% huwa na kipimo kimoja cha mgeuko papale &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Farooqi S, O'Rahilly S |title=Genetics of obesity in humans |journal=Endocr. Rev. |volume=27 |issue=7 |pages=710–18 |year=2006 |month=December |pmid=17122358 |doi=10.1210/er.2006-0040 |url=http://edrv.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/7/710 |access-date=2013-11-28 |archive-date=2010-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710170521/http://edrv.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/7/710 |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tafiti zilizolenga mitindo ya urithi badala ya jeni maalum zimetambua kuwa asilimia 80 ya watoto wa watu wawili walio wanene kupindukia walikuwa vilevile na unene wa kupindukia, ikilinganishwa na asilimia chini ya 10 ya watoto wa wazazi wawili waliokuwa na uzito wa kawaida.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Kolata,Gina |title=Rethinking thin: The new science of weight loss&amp;nbsp;– and the myths and realities of dieting |publisher=Picador |location= |year=2007 |page=122|isbn=0-312-42785-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Nadharia tete ya jeni yenye mafanikio]] hudai kuwa watu wana uwezekano mkubwa wa kupatwa na unene wa kupindukia kutokana na ukosefu wa chakula wakati wa mageuko ya binadamu. Uwezo wao wa kujinufaisha katika vipindi visivyo vya kawaida vya wingi kwa kuweka nguvu kama mafuta unaweza kuwafaa katika nyakati ambapo upatikanaji wa chakula si yakini na watu walio na hifadhi kubwa ya mafuta wanaweza kuwa na uwezekano mkubwa wa kuongoka[[njaa]]. Hata hivyo, huenda jamii zilizo na chakula kwa wingi zisizoee kujiwekea mafuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Chakravarthy MV, Booth FW |title=Eating, exercise, and &quot;thrifty&quot; genotypes: Connecting the dots toward an evolutionary understanding of modern chronic diseases |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-applied-physiology_2004-01_96_1/page/3 |journal=J. Appl. Physiol.|volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=3–10 |year=2004 |pmid=14660491 |doi=10.1152/japplphysiol.00757.2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nadharia hii imeweza kukosolewa sana na kupelelea kupendekezwa kwa nadharia zingine za kimageuko kama vile [[nadharia tete ya jeni isiyo na mkondo]] na[[fenotipu yenye mafanikio|nadharia tete ya fenotipu yenye mafanikio]]zilizopendekezwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite doi|10.1038/ijo.2009.175}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite doi|10.1002/ajhb.21100}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Maradhi mengine===
Maradhi mengine ya mwili na akili na dawa za kifamasia zinazotumiwa kuyatibu zinaweza kuongeza hatari ya unene wa kupindukia. Maradhi yanayoongeza hatari ya unene huo ni sindromu kadhaa za kijenetikia zisizo za kawaida (zilizoorodheshwa hapo juu) na aidha magonjwa mengine ya kuzaliwa nayo au ya kujitokeza baada ya kuzaliwa: [[uhipothiroidi]], [[Sindromu ya Cushing]], [[kukosa homoni ya kukua]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Rosén T, Bosaeus I, Tölli J, Lindstedt G, Bengtsson BA |title=Increased body fat mass and decreased extracellular fluid volume in adults with growth hormone deficiency |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-endocrinology_1993-01_38_1/page/63 |journal=Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |year=1993 |pmid=8435887| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1993.tb00974.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; na [[matatizo ya kula]]: [[matatizo ya kula yatokanayo na ulevi]] na [[sindromu ya kula usiku]].&lt;ref name=HaslamJames/&gt;.Hata hivyo, unene wa kupindukia hauchukuliwi kuwa tatizo la kiakili na kwa hiyo haujaorodheshwa katika Mwongozo wa Utambuzi na Takwimu za Maradhi ya Akili (DSM-IVR) kama maradhi ya akili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Zametkin AJ, Zoon CK, Klein HW, Munson S |title=Psychiatric aspects of child and adolescent obesity: a review of the past 10 years |journal=J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=134–50 |year=2004 |month=February |pmid=14726719|doi=10.1097/00004583-200402000-00008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hatari ya uzito wa kupita kiasi na unene wa kupindukia iko juu kwa wagonjwa walio na maradhi ya akili kuliko kwa watu ambao hawana maradhi ya akili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author=Chiles C, van Wattum PJ |title=Psychiatric aspects of the obesity crisis | journal=Psychiatr Times | year=2010 | volume=27 | issue=4 |pages=47–51}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matibabu mengine yanaweza kusababisha kuongezeka kwa uzito au mabadiliko katika [[mchanganyiko wa mwili]]; nayo ni [[insulini]], [[salfonyilurea]], [[thiasolidinedioni]], [[dawa za magonjwa ya kiakili]], [[dawa ya unyogovu]], [[glucocorticoids|steroidi]], aina nyingine za [[dawa za mitukutiko]] ([[fenitoini]] na [[valproeati]]), [[pisotifeni]], na za [[uzuiaji mimba wa kihomoni]].&lt;ref name=HaslamJames/&gt;

===Vigezo vya kijamii===
Ingawa athari za kijenetiki ni muhimu katika kuelewa unene wa kupindukia, haziwezi kuwajibikia mkondo uliopo wa ongezeko katika nchi fulani au duniani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Yach D, Stuckler D, Brownell KD |title=Epidemiologic and economic consequences of the global epidemics of obesity and diabetes |journal=Nat. Med. |volume=12 |issue=1|pages=62–6 |year=2006 |month=January |pmid=16397571 |doi=10.1038/nm0106-62 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingawa imekubalika kuwa utumizi wa nguvu zaidi ya kiasi kinachostahili kutumika husababisha unene wa kupindukia kibinafsi, kisababishi cha mageuko katika vipengele hivi viwili kwa kiwango cha jamii hujadiliwa sana. Kuna nadharia kadhaa zinazohusu visababishi vya unene wa kupindukia. Hata hivyo, nadharia nyingi zimeshikilia kuwa unene husababishwa na mchanganyiko wa vipengele tofauti.

Uhusiano kati ya [[hadhi ya kijamii]] na Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili huwa tofauti ulimwenguni. Tathmini katika mwaka wa 1989 ilionyesha kuwa wanawake wenye hadhi ya juu ya kijamii katika nchi zinazostawii walikuwa na uwezekano mdogo wa kukumbwa na unene wa kupindukia. Hakuna tofauti muhimu zilizoonekana miongoni mwa  wanaume wa hadhi tofauti za kijamii. Katika nchi zinazostawi, wanawake, wanaume na watoto kutoka katika hadhi ya juu ya kijamii walikuwa na viwango vikubwa vya unene wa kupindukia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Sobal J, Stunkard AJ |title=Socioeconomic status and obesity: A review of the literature |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-bulletin_1989-03_105_2/page/260 |journal=Psychol Bull |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=260–75 |year=1989 |month=March |pmid=2648443|doi=10.1037/0033-2909.105.2.260}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Toleo la tathmini hii uliofanyika mwaka wa 2007 ulionyesha uhusiano uo huo lakini ulikuwa dhaifu. Upungufu katika uthabiti wa uhusiano huo ulihisika kuwa uliotokana na [[utandawazi]].&lt;ref name=McLaren2007&gt;{{cite journal |author=McLaren L |title=Socioeconomic status and obesity |journal=Epidemiol Rev|volume=29 |issue= |pages=29–48 |year=2007 |pmid=17478442 |doi=10.1093/epirev/mxm001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika nchi zilizostawi, viwango vya unene wa kupindukia kwa watu wazima, na asilimia ya watoto waliobalehe walio na uzani wa kupindukia vinahusiana na  [[tofauti za kiuchumi|tofauti za kimapato]].  Uhusiano kama huu hunekana katika majimbo ya Marekani: watu wengi wazima, hata walio katika matabaka ya juu katika jamii wana unene wa kupindukia hata katika majimbo yaliyo na tofauti za kimapato.&lt;ref name=&quot;spirit&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=[[The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better]]|last1=Wilkinson|first1=Richard|authorlink1=Richard G. Wilkinson|last2=Pickett|first2=Kate|publisher=Allen Lane|location=London|isbn=978-1-84614-039-6|year=2009|pages=91–101|url=http://www.equalitytrust.org.uk/why/evidence/obesity}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maelezo mengi yametolewa yakilinganisha Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili na hadhi ya kijamii. Inadhaniwa mwilia mwilizo wa kumudu vyakula bora zaidi, nao huwa katika shinikizo zaidi la kusalia wembamba kutoka kwa jamii, na wana nafasi na matumaini makubwa ya kudumisha [[siha njema ya kimwili]]. Katika [[nchi zisizostawi]] inaaminika kuwa uwezo wa kumudu chakula, utumizi mkubwa wa nguvu katika kufanya kazi za sulubu, na tamaduni zinazothamini miili mikubwa huchangia katika kuleta mitindo hii.&lt;ref name=McLaren2007/&gt;  Mitazamo inayoshikiliwa na watu kuhusu ukubwa wa mwili maishani pia inaweza kuchangia unene wa kupindukia. Uhusiano wa mabadiliko katika Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili kwa muda mrefu umeonekana miongoni mwa marafiki, ndugu na wachumba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Christakis NA, [[James H. Fowler|Fowler JH]] |title=The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network over 32 Years |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2007-07-26_357_4/page/370 |journal= New England Journal of Medicine|volume=357 |issue=4|pages=370–379 |year=2007 |pmid=17652652 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsa066082}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Stress and perceived low social status appear to increase risk of obesity.&lt;ref name=&quot;spirit&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Bjornstop P|title=Do stress reactions cause abdominal obesity and comorbidities?|journal=Obesity Reviews|volume=2|issue=2|pages=73–86|year=2001|doi=10.1046/j.1467-789x.2001.00027.x|pmid=12119665}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Goodman E, Adler NE, Daniels SR, Morrison JA, Slap GB, Dolan LM|title=Impact of objective and subjective social status on obesity in a biracial cohort of adolescents|journal=Obesity Reviews|volume=11|issue=8|pages=1018–26|year=2003|pmid=12917508|doi=10.1038/oby.2003.140}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uvutaji sigara huathiri pakubwa uzani wa mtu. Watu wanaokoma kuvuta sigara huongeza uzito kwa wastani wa kilo  4.4&amp;nbsp; 9.7&amp;nbsp;lb) katika wanaume na kilo 5.0&amp;nbsp;(11.0&amp;nbsp;lb) katika wanawake kwa muda wa miaka kumi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Flegal KM, Troiano RP, Pamuk ER, Kuczmarski RJ, Campbell SM |title=The influence of smoking cessation on the prevalence of overweight in the United States |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=333 |issue=18 |pages=1165–70 |year=1995 |month=November |pmid=7565970 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199511023331801 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/333/18/1165 |access-date=2013-11-28 |archive-date=2003-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030405192136/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/333/18/1165 |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hata hivo mabadiliko katika viwango vya uvutaji yamekuwa na matokeo duni kwa viwango vya jumla vya unene wa kupindukia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Chiolero A, Faeh D, Paccaud F, Cornuz J |title=Consequences of smoking for body weight, body fat distribution, and insulin resistance|journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=801–9 |date=1 April 2008|pmid=18400700|url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/87/4/801  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nchini Marekani, idadi ya watoto alionao mtu inahusiana na hatarisho lao la unene wa kupindukia. Hatari ya mwanamke huongezeka kwa 7% kwa kila mtoto, ilhali hatarisho la mwanamume huongezeka kwa 4%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Weng HH, Bastian LA, Taylor DH, Moser BK, Ostbye T |title=Number of children associated with obesity in middle-aged women and men: results from the health and retirement study |journal=J Women's Health (Larchmt) |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=85–91 |year=2004|pmid=15006281 |doi=10.1089/154099904322836492}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hii inaweza kuelezwa kwa kiasi fulani kutokana na ukweli kwamba kuwa na watoto wanaokutegemea hupunguza shughuli za kimwili kwa wazazi katika nchi za Ulaya na Marekani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Bellows-Riecken KH, Rhodes RE |title=A birth of inactivity? A review of physical activity and parenthood |journal=Prev Med |volume=46|issue=2 |pages=99–110 |year=2008 |month=February |pmid=17919713 |doi=10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.08.003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Katika nchi zinazostawi, ukuaji wa miji unachangia katika kiwango kinachoongezeka cha unene wa kupindukia.  Nchini [[Uchina]]viwango vya jumla vya unene wa kupindukia viko chini ya asilimia 5; hata hivyo, katika miji mingine, viwango vya unene wa kupindukia ni zaidi ya asilimia 20.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/media/en/gsfs_obesity.pdf |title=Obesity and Overweight |format=PDF|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |accessdate=February 22, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Utapiamlo]] mwanzoni mwa maisha umeaminika kuchangia katika viwango vinavyoongezeka vya unene wa kupindukia katika[[nchi zinazostawi]].&lt;ref name=DC2001&gt;{{cite journal |author=Caballero B |title=Introduction. Symposium: Obesity in developing countries: biological and ecological factors |journal=J. Nutr. |volume=131 |issue=3 |pages=866S–870S |year=2001|month=March |pmid=11238776 |doi= |url=http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/131/3/866S}}&lt;/ref&gt;Mabadiliko ya endokrini yanayotokea katika vipindi vya utapiamlo yanaweza kuendeleza uhifadhiwaji wa mafuta mara tu chakula zaidi kiletacho nguvu kinapopatikana.&lt;ref name=DC2001/&gt;

Sawa na data za [[epidemiolojia tambuzi|epidemiolojia tambuzi]], na tafiti nyingi  huthibitisha kuwa unene wa kupindukia unahusiana na upungufu katika utambuzi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Smith2011&quot;&gt; {{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00920.x|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00920.x/abstract|doi_brokendate=1-1-2012|author1=&lt;Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Iwapo unene wa kupindukia husababisha upungufu katika utambuzi kwa vyovyote vile bado haijulikani kwa sasa.

===Vikolezo viambukizi===
Utafiti wa jinsi vikolezo viambukizi vinavyoathiri umetaboli ungali katika hatua zake za kwanza.  [[Flora ya utumbo]] imeonekana kutofautiana kati ya watu wembamba na wale walio na unene wa kupindukia. Kuna ishara kuwa flora ya utumbo katika watu wanene kupindukia na wale wembamba inaweza kuathiri uwezo wa umetaboli. Mabadiliko haya dhahiri katika uwezo wa umetaboli yanaaminika kuchangia kwa kiwango kikubwa katika kuvuna nguvu zinazosababisha unene wa kupindukia. Iwapo tofauti hizi ndizo visababishi vya  moja kwa moja au ndiyo matokeo ya unene wa kupindukia, bado haijabainishwa kwa kiasi kisichopotosha&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=DiBaise JK, Zhang H, Crowell MD, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Decker GA, Rittmann BE |title=Gut microbiota and its possible relationship with obesity |journal=Mayo Clinic proceedings. Mayo Clinic |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=460–9 |year=2008 |month=April |pmid=18380992|doi=10.4065/83.4.460}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uhusiano kati ya [[virusi]] na unene wa kupindukia umeonekana kwa wanadamu na spishi kadhaa za wanyama. Kiasi ambacho ushirikiano huu unaweza kuwa umechangia katika kuongezeka kwa kiwango cha unene wa kupindukia bado hakijabainishwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Falagas ME, Kompoti M |title=Obesity and infection |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=6 |issue=7|pages=438–46 |year=2006 |month=July |pmid=16790384 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70523-0 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Pathofiziolojia==
[[File:Fatmouse.jpg|thumb|alt=Panya wawili weupe wenye masikio yanayotoshana, macho meusi na pua za waridi. Hata hivyo upana wa mwili wa panya aliye kushoto ni takribani mara tatu zaidi ya ule wa panya wa kulia aliye na ukubwa wa kawaida.|Ulinganisho wa panya asiyeweza kutoa [[leptini]]  na hatimaye kupelekea unene wa kupindukia (kushoto) na panya wa kawaida (kulia)]]

Flier anafupisha taratibu nyingi za [[pathofiziolojia]] zinazohusika katika ukuaji na udhibiti wa unene wa kupindukia.&lt;ref name=&quot;flier&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | author=Flier JS | title=Obesity wars: Molecular progress confronts an expanding epidemic Molecular progress confronts an expanding epidemic | journal=Cell | year=2004 | pages=337–50 | volume=116 | issue=2 | pmid=14744442 | doi = 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)01081-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kitengo hiki cha utafiti kilikuwa hakijaangaziwa hadi mwaka wa 1994[[leptini]] ilipogunduliwa. Tangu ugunduzi huu ulipofanyika, taratibu zingine nyingi za homoni zinazohusika katika udhibiti wa [[hamu ya kula]] na ulaji, mitindo ya uhifadhi ya [[tishu ya mafuta]] na ukuaji wa [[ukinzani kwa insulini zimefumbuliwa]]. Tangu kuvumbuliwa kwa leptini, [[grelin]], [[insulini]], [[oreksini]], [[PYY 3-36]], [[kolesistokinini]],[[adiponektini]], na vipengele vinginevyo zimechunguzwa. [[Adipokini]] ni chembe zinazoundwa na tishu ya mafuta; utendakazi wake unadhaniwa kubadilisha magonjwa mengi yanayohusiana na unene wa kupindukia.

Inachukuliwa kuwa leptini na grelini hufanya kazi pamoja katika jinsi zinavyoathiri hamu ya kula; huku grelini, inayotolewa na tumbo, ikirekebisha uthibiti wa muda mfupi wa hamu ya kula (yaani kula wakati ambapo tumbo liko tupu na kukoma tumbo inapotanuka). Leptini hutolewa na tishu ya mafuta kuchochea hifadhi za mafuta mwilini na kupatanisha uthibiti wa muda mrefu wa hamu ya kula (yaani, kula kwa wingi ambapo hifadhi za mafuta ziko chini na kula kiasi kidogo zinapokuwa juu). Ingawa utoaji wa leptini unaweza kufaa katika kikundi kidogo cha watu wenye unene wa kupindukia walio na upungufu wa leptini, watu wengi wenye unene huu hufikiriwa kuwa wenye ukinzani wa leptini na wamepatikana kuwa na viwango vya juu vya leptini.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Hamann A, Matthaei S |title=Regulation of energy balance by leptin |journal=Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes|volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=293–300 |year=1996 |pmid=8886745 |doi=10.1055/s-0029-1211457}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ukinzani huu hufikiriwa kueleza kwa kiasi fulani sababu inayofanya utoaji wa leptini usionekane kufaa katika kukandamiza hamu ya kula kwa watu wengi walio na unene wa kupindukia.&lt;ref name=&quot;flier&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Leptin.png|thumb|kushoto|alt=Modeli ya mitazamo mitatu iliyo na jozi mbili za nguzo mkabala zilizopinda na kushikanishwa pamoja kwenye miisho na sehemu zingine zilizopangwa katika mistari.||Kielelezo cha molekuli ya leptini]]
Ingawa leptini na grelini hutolewa pembezoni, zinadhibiti hamu ya kula kupitia jinsi zinavyoathiri[[mfumo mkuu wa neva]]. Hasa, leptini na grelini, na homoni zingine zinazohusiana na hamu ya kula huichochea [[hipothalamasi]], sehemu ya ubongo iliyo muhimu zaidi katika kudhibiti ulaji na utumiaji wa nguvu. Kuna mizunguko kadhaa katika hipothalamasi inayochangia kwenye jukumu lake katika kuongeza na kudumisha hamu ya kula, ambapo[[melanokotini]] ndiyo njia inayoeleweka vizuri sana.&lt;ref name=&quot;flier&quot;/&gt; Mzunguko huu huanzia katika sehemu ya  hipothalamasi iitwayo [[kiini akueti]], ambayo matokeo yake huenda kwenye [[hipothalamasi ya pembeni]] na [[hipothalamasi inayotambua shibe]], sehemu za ubongo zinazodhibiti kula na shibe mtawalia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Boulpaep, Emile L.; Boron, Walter F. |title=Medical physiologya: A cellular and molecular approach |url=https://archive.org/details/medicalphysiolog0000boro_a6j9 |publisher=Saunders|location=Philadelphia |year=2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/medicalphysiolog0000boro_a6j9/page/n1227 1227]|isbn=0-7216-3256-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kiini akueti kina makundi mawili tofauti ya [[nyuroni]].&lt;ref name=&quot;flier&quot;/&gt; Kundi la kwanza hudhirisha [[nuropeptaidi Y]] na [[peptaidi inayohusiana na agouti]] kwa pamoja na kuchangia katika kuichochea hipothalamasi ya pembeni na kuikandamiza hipothalamasi inayotambua shibe. Kundi la pili hudhihirisha [[pro-opiomelanokotini]] na [[nakala inayodhitiwa na kokeni na amfetamini]] (NIKA) na huchangia katika kuichochea hipothalamasi inayotambua shibe  na kuikandamiza hipothalamasi ya pembeni. Kwa hiyo, nyuroni za nuropetaidi Y/peptaidi inayohusiana na agouti (NPY/AgRP) huchochea kula na kuzuia kushiba, ilhali nuroni za POMC/NIKA huchochea kushiba na kuzuia kula. Makundi yote mawili ya nuroni za kiini akueti nuroni hudhibitiwa kwa kiasi fulani na leptini. Leptini hukandamiza kundi la nuropetaidi Y/peptaidi inayohusiana na agouti (NPY/AgRP) huku ikilichochea kundi la POMC/NIKA. Kwa hivyo, ukosefu wa uchochelezi wa leptini, iwe ni kutokana na ukosefu wa leptini au ukinzani kwa leptin, hupelekea kula zaidi na inaweza kusababisha unene wa kupindukia wa kijenetikia na wa kupatikana maishani.&lt;ref name=&quot;flier&quot;/&gt;
{{clear}}

==Afya ya umma==
[[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] (WHO) linatabiri kuwa hivi karibuni, [[uzito wa kupita kiasi]] na unene wa kupindukia unaweza kuchukua nafasi ya matatizo ya jadi ya [[afya ya umma]] kama vile [[utapiamlo]] na [[magonjwa ya kuambukiza]] kama visababishi vikuu vya afya duni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Loscalzo, Joseph; Fauci, Anthony S.; Braunwald, Eugene; Dennis L. Kasper; Hauser, Stephen L; Longo, Dan L. |title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |location=|year=2008 |pages= |isbn=0-07-146633-9 |oclc=|doi= |accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unene wa kupindukia ni tatizo la afya ya umma na la kisera kwa sababu yaueneaji wake, gharama na athari za kiafya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | author=Satcher D | title=The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity | year=2001 | publisher=U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of Surgeon General | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44206/|isbn=978-0-16-051005-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Juhudi za afya ya umma hulenga kuelewa na kurekebisha mazingira yanayochangia kukithiri kwa unene wa kupindukia miongoni mwa watu. Suluhisho hutazamia kubadilisha mambo yanayosababisha utumiaji zaidi wa vyakula viletavyo nguvu na kukandamiza shughuli/mazoezi ya mwili. Juhudi ni programu za milo zinazofadhiliwa na serikali katika shule, kupunguza uuzaji wa[[chakula visivyo bora]] kwa watoto, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author=Brook Barnes | title=Limiting Ads of Junk Food to Children |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/18/business/18food.html | work=New York Times | date=2007-07-18 |accessdate=2008-07-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; na kupunguza upatikanaji wa vinywanji vyenye sukari katika shule.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.healthfinder.gov/news/newsstory.aspx?docID=625759 |title=Fewer Sugary Drinks Key to Weight Loss -healthfinder.gov |work=U.S.. Department of Health and Human Services |accessdate=Oct 18,2009 |archivedate=2012-11-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116045620/http://www.healthfinder.gov/news/newsstory.aspx?docID=625759 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Juhudi zimefanywa katika uundaji wa mazingira ya miji ili kuongeza ufikiaji wa bustani na kutengeneza njia za waendao kwa miguu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author=Brennan Ramirez LK | title=Indicators of activity-friendly communities: An evidence-based consensus process | journal=Am J Prev Med | year=2006 | month=December | issue=6 | pages=530–32 | pmid=17169714 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-preventive-medicine_2006-12_31_6/page/530|doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2006.07.026 | volume=31 | author-separator=, | author2=Hoehner CM | author3=Brownson RC |display-authors=3 | last4=Cook | first4=R | last5=Orleans | first5=C | last6=Hollander | first6=M | last7=Barker |first7=D | last8=Bors | first8=P | last9=Ewing | first9=R}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nchi nyingi pamoja na vikundi vimechapisha ripoti zinazohusu unene wa kupindukia. Mnamo mwaka wa 1998, miongozo ya kwanza ya serikali ya shirikisho ya Marekani ilichapishwa kwa jina &quot;Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report&quot; (Mwongozo wa Kitabibu kuhusu Utambuzi, Utathmini na Matibabu ya Unene na Unene wa Kupindukia katika Watu Wazima).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute|title=Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults|publisher=International Medical Publishing, Inc |location=|year= 1998 |isbn=1-58808-002-1 |oclc=|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/ob_gdlns.pdf|format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo mwaka wa 2006 [[Mfumo wa Unene wa Kupindukia wa Kanada]] ulichapisha &quot;Canadian Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) on the Management and Prevention of Obesity in Adults and Children&quot; [Taratibu za Kitabibu za Kanada zinazohusu Udhibiti na uzuiaji wa Unene wa Kupindukia kwa Watu Wazima na Watoto] Huu ni utaratibu wa kina unaozingatia ushahidi ili kushughulikia udhibiti na uzuiaji wa uzani wa kupita kiasi na unene wa kupindukia kwa watu wazima na watoto.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Lau DC, Douketis JD, Morrison KM, Hramiak IM, Sharma AM, Ur E |title=2006 Canadian clinical practice guidelines on the management and prevention of obesity in adults and children summary |journal=CMAJ |volume=176 |issue=8|pages=S1–13 |year=2007 |month=April |pmid=17420481 |pmc=1839777|doi=10.1503/cmaj.061409 |url=http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/176/8/S1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo mwaka wa 2004 nchini Uingereza, [[Chuo cha Mafizishiani cha Royal]], [[Kitengo cha Afya ya Umma]] na [[Chuo cha Pediatria na Afya ya Watoto]] vilitoa ripoti, “Kuhifadhi Matatizo&quot;, iliyodokeza kuhusu kuongezeka kwa tatizo la unene wa kupindukia nchini Uingereza. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Storing up problems; the medical case for a slimmer nation |date=2004-02-11|publisher=Royal College of Physicians |location= London|isbn=1-86016-200-2 |author=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka huohuo, Kamati Teule ya Afya ya Bunge la Uingereza ilichapisha &quot;uchunguzi wake wa kina zaidi [...] uliowahi kufanywa kuhusu athari ya unene wa kupindukia kwa afya na jamii nchini Uingereza na njia mwafaka zinazoweza kutumiwa katika kutatua tatizo hili.&lt;ref name =GB2004&gt;{{cite book |author=Great Britain Parliament House of Commons Health Committee |title=Obesity– Volume 1 – HCP 23-I, Third Report of session 2003–04. Report, together with formal minutes|url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmhealth/23/2302.htm|accessdate=2007-12-17|year=2004 |month=May|publisher=TSO (The Stationery Office)|location=London, UK|isbn=978-0-215-01737-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka wa 2006, [[Taasisi ya Kitaifa ya Afya na Ubora wa Kitabibu]] ilitoa utaratibu wa kutambua na kutibu unene wa kupindukia na vilevile athari za kisera kwa mashirika yasiyo ya kiafya kama vile mabaraza ya mitaa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG43NICEGuideline.pdf |title=Obesity: guidance on the prevention, identification, assessment and management of overweight and obesity in adults and children|publisher=[[National Health Services]] (NHS)|year= 2006|format=PDF |work=National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence(NICE)|accessdate=April 8, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ripoti iliyotolewa na Bwana [[Derek Wanless]] mwaka wa 2007 kwa [[Hazina ya Mfalme]] ilionya kuwa iwapo hatua zaidi hazitachukuliwa, unene wa kupindukia una uwezo wa kulemaza [[Huduma ya Afya ya Kitaifa]]kifedha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Wanless |first=Sir Derek |coauthors=John Appleby, Anthony Harrison, Darshan Patel|title=Our Future Health Secured? A review of NHS funding and performance|url=http://www.kingsfund.org.uk/research/publications/our_future.html|accessdate=2007-12-17 |year=2007 |publisher=The King's Fund|location=London, UK |isbn=1-85717-562-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hatua za kina zinabuniwa ili kuthibiti viwango vinavyoongezeka vya unene wa kupindukia. Mfumo wa Sera ya Kukabiliana na Unene wa Kupindukia hugawanya hatua kwa sera za ‘juu’, sera za ‘katikati’ na sera za ‘chini’. Sera za ‘juu’ zinalenga kubadilisha jamii, sera za ‘kati’ hujaribu kubadilisha mienendo ya watutu ili kuzuia unene wa kupindukia nazo sera za ‘chini’ hujaribu kuwahudumia wale ambao tayari wameathirika.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Sacks G, Swinburn B, Lawrence M|title=Obesity Policy Action framework and analysis grids for a comprehensive policy approach to reducing obesity|journal=Obes Rev |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=76–86 |year=2009 |month=January|pmid=18761640|doi=10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00524.x |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Udhibiti==
[[File:Obesity Med2008.JPG|thumb|alt=Kifurushi cha kadibodi kinachotumika kupakia aina mbili za dawa zinazotumika kutibu unene wa kupindukia. Orlistat imeonyeshwa hapo juu chini ya jina la chapa la Xenical kwa kifurushi cheupe kilicho na nembo ya Roche kwa kona hapo chini upande wa kulia (jina Roche lililo kwenye pembe sita). Sibutramine iko hapo chini, chini ya chapa Meridia.  Kifurushi kina rangi nyeupe upande wa juu na samawati upande wa chini zilizotenganishwa na utepe wa kupima. Herufi A ya Abbott iko kwenye nusu ya chini ya kifurushi.|kulia|[[Orlistat]] (Xenical), tiba inayotumika sana katika kutibu unene wa kupindukia, na [[sibutramine]](Meridia) dawa iliyoondolewa hivi karibuni kutokana na athari zake kwa moyo]]
Matibabu makuu ya unene wa kupindukia ni [[kudhibiti jinsi unavyokula]] and [[mazoezi ya mwili]].&lt;ref name=CADG2006&gt;{{cite journal|author=Lau DC, Douketis JD, Morrison KM, Hramiak IM, Sharma AM, Ur E |title=2006 Canadian clinical practice guidelines on the management and prevention of obesity in adults and children summary |journal=CMAJ |volume=176 |issue=8|pages=S1–13 |year=2007 |month=April |pmid=17420481 |pmc=1839777 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.061409 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;Mipango ya lishe inaweza kupelekea [[kupoteza uzito]]kwa kipindi cha muda mfupi&lt;ref name=Strychar&gt;{{cite journal |author=Strychar I |title=Diet in the management of weight loss |journal=CMAJ |volume=174 |issue=1 |pages=56–63 |year=2006 |month=January |pmid=16389240|pmc=1319349 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.045037 |url=http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/174/1/56}}&lt;/ref&gt; lakini kudumisha kiwango hiki cha kupoteza uzito mara nyingi huwa vigumu na hivyo huhitaji kudumisha mwenendo wa maisha ya mazoezi ya kimwili na kula chakula kilicho na kiwango cha chini cha nguvu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Shick SM, Wing RR, Klem ML, McGuire MT, Hill JO, Seagle H|title=Persons successful at long-term weight loss and maintenance continue to consume a low-energy, low-fat diet|journal=J Am Diet Assoc |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=408–13 |year=1998 |month=April |pmid=9550162|doi=10.1016/S0002-8223(98)00093-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Tate DF, Jeffery RW, Sherwood NE, Wing RR|title=Long-term weight losses associated with prescription of higher physical activity goals. Are higher levels of physical activity protective against weight regain? |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=954–9|date=1 April 2007|pmid=17413092 |url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/85/4/954}}&lt;/ref&gt;Kufanikiwa kudumisha kiwango cha kupoteza uzani na mabadiliko katika mienenbo ni chini mno kati ya asilimia 2 - asilimia 20.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author= Wing, Rena R; Phelan, Suzanne|title=Science-Based Solutions to Obesity: What are the Roles of Academia, Government, Industry, and Health Care? Proceedings of a symposium, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 10–11 March 2004 and Anaheim, California, USA, 2 October 2004 |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=82 |issue=1 Suppl |pages=207S–273S |date=1 July 2005|pmid=16002825|url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/82/1/222S }}&lt;/ref&gt;Mabadiliko ya kilishe na kimienendo ni muhimu katika kudhibiti uongezaji wa kupita kiasi wa uzani katika [[ujauzito]] na kuboresha hali ya mama na mtoto.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Thangaratinam|first=S|coauthors=Rogozinska, E; Jolly, K; Glinkowski, S; Roseboom, T; Tomlinson, JW; Kunz, R; Mol, BW; Coomarasamy, A; Khan, KS|title=Effects of interventions in pregnancy on maternal weight and obstetric outcomes: meta-analysis of randomised evidence|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=2012 May 16|volume=344|pages=e2088|pmid=22596383|pmc=3355191|doi=10.1136/bmj.e2088}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aina moja ya dawa, [[Orlistat]] (Xenical), inapatikana kwa urahisi na imeidhinishwa kwa matumizi ya muda mrefu. Hata hivyo, kupoteza uzito ni jambo la kadri kwa wastani wa kilogramu 2.9 &amp;nbsp;kg  (6.4&amp;nbsp;lb) kwa mwaka 1 hadi 4&amp;nbsp;na kuna habari kidogo kuhusu jinsi dawa hizi zinavyoathiri matatizo ya muda mrefu ya unene wa kupindukia.&lt;ref name=Orli07&gt;{{cite journal |author=Rucker D, Padwal R, Li SK, Curioni C, Lau DC |title=Long term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight: updated meta-analysis |journal=BMJ|volume=335 |issue=7631 |pages=1194–99 |year=2007 |pmid=18006966 |doi=10.1136/bmj.39385.413113.25|url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/335/7631/1194 |pmc=2128668}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matumizi yake yanahusiana na viwango vya juu vya athari kwa utumbo &lt;ref name=Orli07/&gt; and concerns have been raised about negative effects on the kidneys.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Wood|first=Shelley|title=Diet Drug Orlistat Linked to Kidney, Pancreas Injuries|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/740855?src=mp&amp;spon=30|work=Medscape|publisher=Medscape News|accessdate=26 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aina zingine mbili za dawa pia zinapatikana  [[Lorcaserin]](Belviq) hupelekea upotezaji wa uzito kwa wastani kilogramu 3.1&amp;nbsp; (asilimia 3 ya uzani wa mwili) zaidi ya plasebo kwa muda wa mwaka mmoja.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Bays|first=HE|title=Lorcaserin: drug profile and illustrative model of the regulatory challenges of weight-loss drug development|journal=Expert review of cardiovascular therapy|date=2011 Mar|volume=9|issue=3|pages=265–77|pmid=21438803|doi=10.1586/erc.10.22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mchanganyiko wa [[Phentermine/topiramate|phentermine na topiramate]] (Qsymia) pia ni bora kwa kiwango fulani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Bays HE, Gadde KM |title=Phentermine/topiramate for weight reduction and treatment of adverse metabolic consequences in obesity |journal=Drugs Today |volume=47 |issue=12 |pages=903–14 |year=2011 |month=December|pmid=22348915 |doi=10.1358/dot.2011.47.12.1718738 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Njia mwafaka zaidi ya kutibu unene wa kupindukia ni [[upasuaji wa kibariatriki]]. Upasuaji kwa mujibu wa unene mkali wa kupindukia unahusiana na upotezaji wa uzito kwa muda mrefu na upunguaji katika vifo kwa ujumla. Utafiti mmoja ulitambua upotezaji wa uzito wa kati wa asilimia 14 na 25 (kulingana na utaratibu uliofuatwa) kwa miaka 10&amp;nbsp; na upunguaji wa asilimia 29 katika vifo vitokanavyo na unene huu ikilinganishwa na hatua za kawaida za upotezaji wa uzito.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Sjöström L |title=Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=357 |issue=8 |pages=741–52 |year=2007 |month=August|pmid=17715408 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa066254 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2007-08-23_357_8/page/740|author-separator=, |author2=Narbro K |author3=Sjöström CD|display-authors=3 |last4=Karason |first4=Kristjan |last5=Larsson |first5=Bo |last6=Wedel |first6=Hans |last7=Lystig|first7=Ted |last8=Sullivan |first8=Marianne |last9=Bouchard |first9=Claude}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hata hivyo, kutokana na gharama yake na hatari ya matatizo, watafiti wanatafuta tiba zingine mwafaka ilhali zisizo na madhara.
{{clear}}

==Epidemiolojia==
{{Double image|right|World map of Male Obesity, 2008.svg|200|World map of Female Obesity, 2008.svg|200|World obesity prevalence among males (left) and females (right).&lt;ref name=IOTF2008&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iotf.org/database/documents/GlobalPrevalenceofAdultObesity16thDecember08.pdf  |title=Global Prevalence of Adult Obesity |format=PDF |work=[[International Obesity Taskforce]]  |accessdate=January 29, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Multicol}}
{{legend|#ffff65|&lt;5%}}
{{legend|#fff200|5–10%}}
{{legend|#ffdc00|10–15%}}
{{Multicol-break}}
{{legend|#ffc600|15–20%}}
{{legend|#ffb000|20–25%}}
{{legend|#ff9a00|25–30%}}
{{Multicol-break}}
{{legend|#ff8400|30–35%}}
{{legend|#ff6e00|35–40%}}
{{legend|#ff5800|40–45%}}
{{Multicol-break}}
{{legend|#ff4200|45–50%}}
{{legend|#ff2c00|50–55%}}
{{legend|#cb0000|&gt;55%}}
{{Multicol-end}}
|alt=A map of the world with countries colored to reflect the percentage of men who are obese.  Obese males and females have higher prevalence (above 30%) in the U.S. and some Middle Eastern and Oceanian countries, medium prevalence in the rest of North America and Europe, and lower prevalence (&lt;5%) in most of Asia and Africa.||}}

Kabla ya [[karne ya 20]], unene wa kupindukia ulikuwa wa nadra;&lt;ref name=Haslam2007/&gt; in 1997 the WHO formally recognized obesity as a global epidemic.&lt;ref name=Caballero/&gt; As of 2005 the WHO estimates that at least 400&amp;nbsp;million adults (9.8%) are obese, with higher rates among women than men.&lt;ref name=WHO2009a&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/index.html |title=Obesity and overweight |work=World Health Organization |accessdate=April 8, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kiwango cha unene wa kupindukia pia huongezeka kulingana na umri kwa angalau kufikia umri wa miaka 50 au 60&amp;nbsp; &lt;ref&gt;Seidell 2005 p.5&lt;/ref&gt;  na unene mkali wa kupindukia nchini Marekani, Australia, na Canada unaongezeka haraka kuliko kiwango cha jumla cha unene wa kupindukia.&lt;ref name=morbid2007/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Howard, Natasha J.|title=Severe obesity: Investigating the socio-demographics within the extremes of body mass index  |journal=Obesity Research &amp;Clinical Practice |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=51–59 |year=2008|month=March |pmid=|doi=10.1016/j.orcp.2008.01.001 |url= |first2=A |first3=T |first4=C |last2=Taylor |last3=Gill|last4=Chittleborough}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Tjepkema2005&gt;{{cite book | author=Tjepkema M | chapter=Measured Obesity–Adult obesity in Canada: Measured height and weight | title=Nutrition: Findings from the Canadian Community Health Survey |publisher=Statistics Canada | date=2005-07-06 | location=Ottawa, Ontario |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-620-m/2005001/article/adults-adultes/8060-eng.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ijapokuwa uliwahi kuchukuliwa kama tatizo la nchi zilizo na mapato ya juu pekee,  viwango vya unene wa kupindukia vinaongezeka ulimwenguni kote na kudhuru nchi zilizostaw na aidha zinazostawi&lt;ref name=EuroG2008&gt;{{cite journal |author=Tsigosa Constantine |title=Management of Obesity in Adults: European Clinical Practice Guidelines |journal=The European Journal of Obesity |volume=1 |year=2008 |month=April |pmid=20054170 |doi=10.1159/000126822 |url=http://www.gojaznost.org/gs/dodatak/OMTFManagementofObesityinAdults2008.pdf |first2=Vojtech |issue=2 |first3=Arnaud |first4=Nick |first5=Martin |first6=Elisabeth |first7=Dragan |first8=Maximo |first9=Gabriela |pages=106–16 |last2=Hainer |last3=Basdevant |last4=Finer |last5=Fried |last6=Mathus-Vliegen |last7=Micic |last8=Maislos |last9=Roman |access-date=2013-11-28 |archive-date=2012-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426034913/http://www.gojaznost.org/gs/dodatak/OMTFManagementofObesityinAdults2008.pdf |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;.Ongezeko hili limeonekana sana katika maeneo ya miji.&lt;ref name=WHO2009a/&gt;  Sehemu inayobakia ulimwenguni ambayo unene wa kupindukia sio jambo la kawaida ni[[mataifa ya kusini mwa sahara]].&lt;ref name=HaslamJames/&gt;
{{clear}}

==Historia==
[[File:Charles Mellin zugeschr - Porträt eines Herrn - Gemäldegalerie Berlin.jpg|thumb|wima|alt=Mwanamume mwenye unene zaidi wa kupindukia aliye na kidevu chenye sehemu mbili, masharubu, na kuvalia nguo nyeusi huku akiwa na kitara kwenye upande wake wa kushoto.|Katika[[Enzi za Kati]] na[[kipindi cha mvuvumko]], mara nyingi unene wa kupindukia ulionekana kama ishara ya utajiri na ulikuwa umekithiri kwa tabaka aali: ''The Tuscan General [[Alessandro del Borro]]'', attributed to Charles Mellin, 1645&lt;ref name=Zach2003&gt;{{cite journal |author=Zachary Bloomgarden |title=Prevention of Obesity and Diabetes |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=26 |pages=3172–3178 |year=2003|pmid= 14578257|doi= 10.2337/diacare.26.11.3172|url=http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/26/11/3172.full|issue=11}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Venus von Willendorf 01.jpg|thumb|wima|alt= Kisanamu kilichochongwa kutoka kwa jiwe kilionyesha mwanamke mwenye unene wa kupindukia.|''[[Venus of Willendorf]]'' kilichotengenezwa 24,000–22,000 BC]]
[[Wagiriki]] ndio waliokuwa wa kwanza kutambua unene wa kupindukia kama tatizo la kiafya.&lt;ref name=Haslam2007&gt;{{cite journal|author=Haslam D |title=Obesity: a medical history |journal=Obes Rev |volume=8 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=31–6 |year=2007|month=March |pmid=17316298 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00314.x |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[&quot;Hippocrates]] aliandika kuwa &quot;Unene wa kupindukia si ugonjwa kivyake tu, bali ni dalili  ya magonjwa mengine&quot;.&lt;ref name=HaslamJames/&gt; Daktari Mhindi wa upasuaji [[Sushruta]] (karne ya 6 BCE) alihusisha unene wa kupindukia na kisukari na matatizo ya moyo.&lt;ref name=Dwivedi&amp;Dwivedi07/&gt; He recommended physical work to help cure it and its side effects.&lt;ref name=Dwivedi&amp;Dwivedi07&gt;{{cite web |url=http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf |format=PDF |title=History of Medicine: Sushruta – the Clinician –Teacher par Excellence |accessdate=2008-09-19 |work=Dwivedi, Girish &amp; Dwivedi, Shridhar |publisher= |year=2007 |archivedate=2008-10-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010045900/http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf |=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010045900/http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;Katika historia ya watu, wanadamu wamekumbwa sana na ukosefu wa chakula.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Theodore Mazzone; Giamila Fantuzzi |title=Adipose Tissue And Adipokines in Health And Disease (Nutrition and Health) |publisher=Humana Press|location=Totowa, NJ |year=2006 |page=222 |isbn=1-58829-721-7 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;Kwa hivyo, kihistoria, unene wa kupindukia umeonekana kama ishara ya utajiri na ustawi. Ulikuwa umekithiri kwa maafisa wakuu barani Uropa katika [[Enzi za Kati]] na [[Kipindi cha Mvuvumko]]&lt;ref name=Zach2003/&gt; as well as in Ancient East Asian civilizations.&lt;ref&gt;Keller p. 49&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwa kuwepo kwa mwanzo wa [[mvuvumko wa viwanda]], iligunduliwa kuwa uwezo wa kijeshi na kiuchumi wa mataifa ulitegemea ukubwa wa mwili na nguvu za wanajeshi na wafanyikazi.&lt;ref name=Caballero/&gt;  Kuongeza wastani wa kielezo cha uzito wa mwili kutoka kile kinachofikiriwa kuwa uzito wa chini hadi kwa kile kilicho anuwai ya kawaida kulichangia pakubwa katika ustawi wa jamii zilizo na viwanda.&lt;ref name=Caballero/&gt;  Kutokana na hayo, kimo na uzito viliongezeka katika karne ya 19&amp;nbsp; katika nchi zilizostawi. Katika karne ya 20, watu walipofikia kikamilifu uwezo wao wa kijenetiki wa kimo, uzito ulianza kuongezeka sana zaidi ya kimo na kupelekea unene wa kupindukia.&lt;ref name=Caballero/&gt;Katika miaka ya 1950, kuongezeka kwa utajiri katika nchi zilizostawi kulipunguza vifo vya watoto. Hata hivyo, uzito ulipoongezeka, ugonjwa wa moyo na figo ulikithiri.&lt;ref name=Caballero/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | doi=10.2105/AJPH.42.9.1116 | author=Breslow L |title=Public Health Aspects of Weight Control | journal=Am J Public Health Nations Health | year=1952 | month=September| volume=42 | issue=9 | pages=1116–20 | pmid=12976585 | pmc=1526346}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Katika kipindi hiki, kampuni za bima ziligundua uhusiano kati ya uzito na matarajio ya muda wa kuishi na hivyo basi zikaongeza malipo ya bima kwa walio na unene wa kupindukia.&lt;ref name=HaslamJames/&gt;

Tamaduni nyingi katika historia zimeona unene wa kupindukia kama ambayo inatokana na makosa ya kimienendo. Mwigizaji aliyekuwa na ''obesus'' au mafuta katika[[uigizaji wa Kigriki]] aliwakilisha ulafi na utani. Katika nyakati za Ukristo, chakula kilichukuliwa kama njia inayoelekeza kwenye dhambi za [[uzembe]]na[[tamaa]].&lt;ref name=Woodhouse/&gt; Katika tamaduni za kisasa za Ulaya na Marekani, unene wa kupita kiasi unachukuliwa kama jambo lisilovutia na unene wa kupindukia mara nyingi huhusishwa na mambo kadhaa mabaya yasiyo na uasili. Watu wa umri tofauti wanaweza kufedheheshwa na kulengwa na wadhalimu au kutengwa na wenzao. Unene wa kupindukia kwa mara nyingine ni sababu ya ubaguzi&lt;ref name=Bias2001&gt;{{cite journal |author=Puhl R, Brownell KD |title=Bias, discrimination, and obesity|journal=Obes. Res. |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=788–805 |year=2001 |month=December |pmid=11743063|doi=10.1038/oby.2001.108 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fahamu za umma katika jamii ya Ulaya na Marekani kuhusu uzito bora wa mwili  zinatofautiana na zile zinazohusu uzito unaofikiriwa kuwa bora &amp;nbsp;– na zote zimebadilika tangu mwanzo wa karne ya 20. Uzito unaochukuliwa kuwa bora  umekuwa chini tangu miaka ya 1920. Marekani uliongezeka kwa asilimia 2 kutoka mwaka wa 1922 hadi 1999 ilhali wastani wa uzito wao ulipungua kwa asilimia 12.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Rubinstein S, Caballero B |title=Is Miss America an undernourished role model? |journal=JAMA |volume=283|issue=12 |page=1569 |year=2000 |pmid=10735392 |doi= 10.1001/jama.283.12.1569|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa upande mwingine, mitazamo ya watu kuhusu uzito bora imebadilika na kuchukua mkondo pinzani. Nchini Uingereza, uzito ambapo watu walijiona kuwa na uzito wa kupita kiasi  ulikuwa juu kwa kiasi cha haja katika mwaka wa 2007 kuliko 1999.&lt;ref name=John2008&gt;{{cite journal|author=Johnson F, Cooke L, Croker H, Wardle J |title=Changing perceptions of weight in Great Britain: comparison of two population surveys |journal=BMJ |volume=337 |issue= |pages=a494 |year=2008 |pmid=18617488 |pmc=2500200 |doi= 10.1136/bmj.a494|url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/337/jul10_1/a494}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mabadiliko haya yanaaminika kusababishwa na viwango vinavyoongezeka vya uadiposi (unene), hali inayopelekekea ukubalifu wa mafuta ya ziada mwilini kama jambo la kawaida.&lt;ref name=John2008/&gt;

Unene wa kupindukia ungali unachukuliwa kuwa ishara ya utajiri na ufanisi katika sehemu nyingi za [[Afrika]]. Hili limekuwa jambo la kawaida hasa tangu kuzuka kwa janga la  [[VVU]]lilianza. &lt;ref name=HaslamJames/&gt;

==Sanaa==
Sanaa ya kwanza ya uchongaji iliyoleta mfano wa mwili wa binadamu kati ya miaka 20,000 - 35,000 &amp;nbsp; iliyopita ilionyesha wanawake walio na unene wa kupindukia. Baadhi ya watu huihusisha [[sanamu ya Zuhura]]na juhudi za kusisitiza uwezo wa kuzaa ilhali wengine huhisi kuwa wao husimamia “unene” kwa watu wa wakati huo.&lt;ref name=Woodhouse/&gt; Hata hivyo, unene wa kupindukia haupo katika sanaa ya Wagiriki na Waroma, yamkini kwa kudumisha ulimbwende wao kwa mujibu wa kiasi. Haya yaliendelea katika sehemu kubwa ya historia ya ukristo barani Uropa ambapo wale tu walio na mapato ya chini wakichukuliwa kuwa wenye unene wa kupindukia.&lt;ref name=Woodhouse/&gt;

Katika [[Kipindi cha Mvuvumko]], baadhi ya watu katika tabaka la juu walianza kuuringia ukubwa wao jinsi inavyoonekana katika picha za Henry wa nane na Alessandro del Borro.&lt;ref name=Woodhouse&gt;{{cite journal |author=Woodhouse R |title=Obesity in art: A brief overview |journal=Front Horm Res |volume=36 |issue= |pages=271–86 |year=2008 |isbn=978-3-8055-8429-6|pmid=18230908 |doi=10.1159/000115370 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=nXRU4Ea1aMkC&amp;pg=PA271&amp;lpg=PA271&amp;dq=Obesity+in+art:+a+brief+overview |series=Frontiers of Hormone Research}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[Peter Paul Rubens|Rubens]] (1577–1640) alionyesha wanawake wenye miili mikubwa katika picha zake, ambapo anatoa neno [[Rubenesque]]. Hata hivyo, wanawake hawa bado walilidumisha umbo la shisha na uhusiano wake na uwezo wa kuzaa.&lt;ref name=Fumento&gt;{{cite book |author=Fumento, Michael |title=The Fat of the Land: Our Health Crisis and How Overweight Americans Can Help Themselves |publisher=Penguin (Non-Classics) |year=1997|page=126|isbn=0-14-026144-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika karne ya 19 &amp;nbsp; mitazamo kuhusu unene wa kupindukia ilibadilika katika nchi za Ulaya na Amerika. Baada ya karne kadhaa ambapo unene wa kupindukia ulihusiana na mali na hadhi ya kijamii katika jamii, wembamba ulianza kuonekana kama kipimo kifaacho.&lt;ref name=Woodhouse/&gt;

==Jamii na utamaduni==
===Athari za kiuchumi===
Pamoja na athari zake za kiafya, unene wa kupindukia husababisha matatizo mengi yakiwemo ugumu katika ajira &lt;ref name=&quot;Puhl R. p.29&quot;&gt;Puhl R., Henderson K., and Brownell K. 2005 p.29&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ehb.2009.01.008|author=Johansson E, Bockerman P, Kiiskinen U, Heliovaara M |title=Obesity and labour market success in Finland: The difference between having a high BMI and being fat |journal=Economics and Human Biology |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=36–45|year=2009 |pmid=19249259}}&lt;/ref&gt; na gharama za juu za biashara.  Athari hizi zinazikumba sekta zote za jamii kutoka kwa watu binafsi, hadi kwa mashirika, na hadi kwa serikali.

Katika mwaka wa 2005, gharama za kimatibabu zinazoweza kuhusishwa na unene wa kupindukia nchini Marekani zilikuwa takribani dola bilioni &amp;nbsp;190.2 &amp;nbsp; au asilimia 20.6 ya gharama zote za kimatibabu,&lt;ref name=medical-costs&gt;{{cite journal|coauthors=John Cawley, Chad Meyerhoefer|title=The medical care costs of obesity: An instrumental variables approach|journal=Journal of Health Economics|year=2012|month=January|volume=31|issue=1|pages=219–230|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629611001366|accessdate=2 August 2012|doi=10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.10.003|pmid=22094013|last1=Cawley|first1=J}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Finkelstein EA, Fiebelkorn IA, Wang G |title=National medical spending attributable to overweight and obesity: How much, and who's paying |journal= Health Affairs|volume=Online |issue=May |pages=|date=1 January 2003|url=http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/full/hlthaff.w3.219v1/DC1  }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/economic_consequences.htm  |title=Obesity and overweight: Economic consequences | publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] | date=22 May 2007 |accessdate=2007-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; while the cost of obesity in Canada was estimated at CA$2 billion in 1997 (2.4% of total health costs).&lt;ref name=&quot;CADG2006&quot;/&gt; Jumla ya gharama ya unene wa kupindukia nchini Kanada ilikuwa imekadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 2 za Australia  katika mwaka wa 2005. Waustralia walio na uzito wa kupita kiasi na wanene kupindukia pia walipokea dola za Australia bilioni 35.6 kama ruzuku kutoka kwa serikali.&lt;ref name=MJA2009&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The cost of overweight and obesity in Australia|url=http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/192_05_010310/col10841_fm.html|year=2009|author=Colagiuri, Stephen|journal=The Medical Journal of Australia|accessdate=2011-06-18|last2=Lee|first2=Crystal M. Y.|last3=Colagiuri|first3=Ruth|display-authors=4|author5=&lt;Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kadiri ya gharama ya bidhaa za lishe imekadiriwa kuwa kati ya dola bilioni 40&amp;nbsp; hadi dola bilioni 100&amp;nbsp&amp;nbsp; nchini Marekani pekee.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news  | last = Cummings  | first = Laura|title = The diet business: Banking on failure|publisher = BBC News| date = 5 February 2003| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2725943.stm| accessdate = 25 February 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Miradi ya kuzuia unene wa kupindukia imezinduliwa ili kupunguza gharama ya kutibu magonjwa yanayohusiana na unene huu. Hata hivyo, jinsi watu wanavyoendelea kuishi ndivyo wanavyogharamika zaidi. Kwa hivyo, watafiti huafiki kuwa kupunguza unene wa kupindukia kunaweza kuidumisha afya ya umma lakini huenda isipunguze gharama ya jumla ya afya..&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=van Baal PH |title=Lifetime Medical Costs of Obesity: Prevention No Cure for Increasing Health Expenditure |journal=PLoS Med. |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=e29 |year=2008 |month=February |pmid=18254654 |pmc=2225430 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050029 |url=http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050029 |author-separator=, |author2=Polder JJ |author3=de Wit GA |display-authors=3 |last4=Hoogenveen |first4=Rudolf T. |last5=Feenstra |first5=Talitha L. |last6=Boshuizen |first6=Hendriek C. |last7=Engelfriet |first7=Peter M. |last8=Brouwer |first8=Werner B. F. |access-date=2013-11-28 |archive-date=2015-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111110729/http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050029 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Wide Chair.jpg|thumb|kushoto|alt= Kiti cha ziada kipana kando ya viti kadhaa vyenye ukubwa wa kawaida.|Ni sharti huduma ziwazingatie watu walio na unene wa kupindukia kwa vifaa maalumu kama vile viti vipana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Bakewell J|title=Bariatric furniture: Considerations for use|journal=Int J Ther Rehabil|issue=7|pages=329–33|year=2007|url=http://www.ijtr.co.uk/cgi-bin/go.pl/library/article.cgi?uid=23858;article=IJTR_14_7_329_333|volume=14|access-date=2013-11-28|archive-date=2011-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008202913/http://www.ijtr.co.uk/cgi-bin/go.pl/library/article.cgi?uid=23858;article=IJTR_14_7_329_333|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Unene wa kupindukia unaweza kusababisha fedheha ya kijamii na ugumu katika ajira.&lt;ref name=&quot;Puhl R. p.29&quot;/&gt; Wakilinganishwa na wenzao walio na uzito wa kawaida, wafanyikazi walio na unene wa kupindukia kwa wastani wana viwango vya juu vya kutokuwa kazini kwao na huchukua likizo ya udhaifu mara kwa mara na kupelekea kuongezeka kwa gharama upande wa waajiri na kupunguka kwa tija.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Neovius K, Johansson K, Kark M, Neovius M|title=Obesity status and sick leave: a systematic review |journal=Obes Rev |volume=10|issue=1 |pages=17–27 |year=2009|month=January |pmid=18778315 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00521.x |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Utafiti wa kuwachunguza wafanyikazi wa chuo kikuu cha Duke ulionyesha kuwa watu walio na kielezo cha uzito wa mwili zaidi ya 40 walijiandikisha kufidiwa katika [[fidia ya wafanyikazi]] mara mbili zaidi ya wale ambao kielezo chao cha uzito wa mwili kilikuwa 18.5-24.9. Pia siku zao za kutofika kazini kwao zilikuwa zaidi ya mara 12&amp;nbsp; ikilinganishwa na wenzao wasio na kielezo cha juu cha uzito wa mwili. Majeraha ya mara kwa mara katika kikundi hiki yalitokana na kuanguka na kunyanyuka hivyo ikiathiri miguu, vifundo vya mikono au mikono, na migongo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Ostbye T, Dement JM, Krause KM|title=Obesity and workers' compensation: Results from the Duke Health and Safety Surveillance System |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=167 |issue=8|pages=766–73|year=2007 |pmid=17452538 |doi=10.1001/archinte.167.8.766}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bodi ya Bima ya Wafanyikazi katika Jimbo la Alabama nchini Marekani iliidhinisha mpango tata wa kuwatoza wafanyikazi walio na unene wa kupindukia dola 25 kila mwezi iwapo hawachukui hatua za kuupunguza uzito wao na kudumisha afya yao. Hatua hizi zilianza Januari 2010 na zinalenga wale walio na Kielezo cha Uzito wa Mwili cha zaidi ya kilo 35 &amp;nbsp;kwa kila mita &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; wanaokosa kuboresha afya yao baada ya mwaka mmoja.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webmd.com/diet/news/20080825/alabama-obesity-penalty-stirs-debate |title=Alabama &quot;Obesity Penalty&quot; Stirs Debate |work=Don Fernandez |accessdate=April 5, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Utafiti fulani umeonyesha kuwa watu walio na unene wa kupindukia wana uwezekano mdogo wa kuajiriwa na pia wana uwezekano mdogo wa kupandishwa cheo.&lt;ref name=Bias2001/&gt; Watu hawa pia hulipwa mshahara wa chini kuliko wenzao wasio na unene huu wa kupindukia kwa kazi sawa. Wanawake na wanaume walio na unene wa kupindukia kwa wastani hupata asilimia 6 na 3 chini mtawalia.&lt;ref&gt;Puhl R., Henderson K., and Brownell K. 2005 p.30&lt;/ref&gt;

Nyanja mahususi kama vile shirika la ndege, afya na nyanja za vyakula, zina matatizo maalumu. Kutokana na viwango vinavyoongezeka vya unene wa kupindukia, mashirika ya ndege yanakumbwa na gharama ya juu ya mafuta na shinikizo la kuongeza upana wa viti.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | author=Lisa DiCarlo| url=http://www.forbes.com/2002/10/24/cx_ld_1024obese.html |title=Why Airlines Can't Cut The Fat|work=Forbes.com|date=2002-10-24 | accessdate=2008-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika mwaka wa 2000, uzito wa ziada wa abiria wenye unene wa kupindukia uliyagharimu mashirika ya ndege dola za Marekani milioni 275&amp;nbsp;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Dannenberg AL, Burton DC, Jackson RJ |title=Economic and environmental costs of obesity: The impact on airlines |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-preventive-medicine_2004-10_27_3/page/264 |journal=American journal of preventive medicine|volume=27 |issue=3 |page=264|year=2004 |pmid=15450642 |doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2004.06.004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ulimwengu wa afya umelazimika kuwekeza katika vifaa maalumu vya kuwashughulikia wagonjwa walio na unene zaidi wa kupindukia vikiwemo vifaa maalumu vya kunyanyua na [[ambyulensi ya kibariatriki]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Diet/obese-health-care-bariatric-ambulances/story?id=7981746|title=Who Should Pay for Obese Health Care?|author=Lauren Cox|publisher=ABC News|date=July 2, 2009|accessdate=2012-08-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;Gharama za hoteli zimeongezwa na mahakama kwa shutma za kusababisha unene wa kupindukia.&lt;ref name=Govtrack&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h109-554 | title=109th U.S. Congress (2005–2006) H.R. 554: 109th U.S. Congress (2005–2006) H.R. 554: Personal Responsibility in Food Consumption Act of 2005 | publisher=GovTrack.us | accessdate=2008-07-24 | archivedate=2008-11-01 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101192335/http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h109-554 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo mwaka wa 2005, bunge la Marekani lilijadili utungaji sheria ya kuzuia kesi za raia dhidi ya sekta ya vyakula kwa mujibu wa unene wa kupindukia; hata hivyo, haikufanikiwa kuwa sheria..&lt;ref name=Govtrack/&gt;

===Ukubalifu wa ukubwa===
[[File:PresidentTaftTelephoneCrop.jpg|thumb|150px|kulia|kulia|Rais wa Marekani [[William Howard Taft]] alidhihakiwa mara nyingi kwa kuwa na uzito wa kupita kiasi]]
Lengo kuu la vuguvugu la ukubalifu wa unene ni kupunguza ubaguzi dhidi ya watu walio na unene na uzito wa kupindukia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.capitalnaafa.org/whatisnaafa.html |title=What is NAAFA |work=[[National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance]] |accessdate=February 17, 2009 |archivedate=2009-03-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312001218/http://www.capitalnaafa.org/whatisnaafa.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.size-acceptance.org/mission.html |title=ISAA Mission Statement |work=[[International Size Acceptance Association]] |accessdate=February 17, 2009 |archive-date=2009-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225005852/http://www.size-acceptance.org/mission.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hata hivyo, wengine katika vuguvugu hilo pia wanajaribu kupinga uhusiano uliothibitishwa kati ya unene wa kupindukia na athari mbaya za kiafya.&lt;ref name=Pulver2007&gt;{{cite book |author=Pulver, Adam |title=An Imperfect Fit: Obesity, Public Health, and Disability Anti-Discrimination Law |publisher=Social Science Electronic Publishing |location= |year=2007 |pages= |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1316106|accessdate=January 13, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kunayo mashirika kadhaa yanayoendeleza ukubalifu wa unene wa kupindukia. Umaarufu wa mashirika haya umeongezeka katika nusu ya hivi karibuni ya karne ya 20 &amp;nbsp;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Neumark-Sztainer D |title=The weight dilemma: a range of philosophical perspectives |journal=Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. |volume=23 Suppl 2 |issue= |pages=S31–7|year=1999 |month=March |pmid=10340803 |doi= 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800857|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;Shirika la Kitaifa la Kuendeleza Ukubalifu wa Unene]] nchini Marekani [[lilianzishwa mwaka wa 1969 na hujieleza kama shirika la haki za raia linalolenga kukomesha ubaguzi wa ukubwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite | author=National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance | url=http://www.naafaonline.com/dev2/ | title=We come in all sizes | publisher=NAAFA | year=2008 | accessdate=2008-07-29 | archivedate=2018-12-26 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226125112/https://www.naafaonline.com/dev2/%20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Hata hivyo, uhamasishaji juu ya unene umebaki harakati za pembeni.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bitchmagazine.org/article/big-trouble Big Trouble | Bitch Magazine&lt;!--Bot-generated title--&gt;] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bitchmagazine.org/article/big-trouble |date=20121226160246 }}, bitchmagazine.org&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Shirika la Kimataifa la Ukubalifu wa Ukubwa]]ni [[shirika lisilo la kiserikali]] lililoanzishwa mnamo mwaka wa 1997. Shirika hili ni la kimataifa na hueleza lengo lake kama kuendeleza ukubalifu wa ukubwa na kusaidia kukomesha ubaguzi kwa misingi ya uzito.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.size-acceptance.org/ |title=International Size Acceptance Association – ISAA |work=International Size Acceptance Association |accessdate=January 13, 2009 |archive-date=2009-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105165710/http://size-acceptance.org/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Vikundi hivi mara nyingi hupigania kutambulika kwa unene wa kupindukia kama ulemavu chini ya [[Sheria ya Wamarekani Walio na Ulemavu]]  Hata hivyo, mfumo wa kisheria wa Marekani umeamua kuwa gharama zitakazokuwa za afya ya umma zinazidi faida za kueindeleza sheria hii ya dhidi ya ubaguzi kujumlisha unene wa kupindukia.&lt;ref name=Pulver2007/&gt;

==Unene wa utotoni==
Kielezo cha Uzito wa Mwili mwafaka hutofautiana kulingana na umri na jinsia ya mtoto. Unene katika watoto na vijana huelezwa kama Kielezo cha Uzito wa Mwili cha zaidi ya &amp;nbsp;[[asilimia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cdc.gov&quot;/&gt;95. Data ya marejeo yenye ndio mzingi wa asilimia hizi ni kutoka 1963 hadi 1994 na hivyo haijaathiriwa na ongezeko la kiwango cha unene cha hivi karibuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flegal KM, Ogden CL, Wei R, Kuczmarski RL, Johnson CL 2001 1086–93&quot;/&gt; Unene wa utotoni umefika kiwango cha mlipuko katika karne ya 21 &amp;nbsp;, kukiwa na ongezeko la kiwango katika nchi zimeendelea na zinazoendelea. Kima cha unene kwa wavulana chini Kanada imeongezeka kutoka 11% miaka ya 1980s hadi zaidi ya 30% miaka ya 1990, bali kwa kipindi cha muda huu kiwango kiliongezeka kutoka 4 hadi 14% katika watoto wa Brazili.&lt;ref name=flynn2006/&gt;

Kama ilivyo na unene katika watu wazima, hali nyingi tofauti huchangia kwa viwango vingi ongezeko la unene utotoni. Ubadilishaji wa lishe na upungufu wa mazoezi ya mwili huaminika kuwa ndizo visababishi viwili vya hivi karibu muhimu zaidi vya ongezeko la viwango.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Dollman J, Norton K, Norton L |title=Evidence for secular trends in children's physical activity behaviour |journal=Br J Sports Med |volume=39 |issue=12 |pages=892–7; discussion 897 |year=2005|month=December |pmid=16306494 |pmc=1725088 |doi=10.1136/bjsm.2004.016675 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-sports-medicine_2005-12_39_12/page/892}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa sababu unene wa utotoni huendelea  hadi wakati wa utu uzima na unahusishwa na magonjwa mengi yanayodumu, watoto walio wanene mara nyingi huchunguzwa[[shinikizo la juu la damu]], [[Ugonjwa wa kisukari]], [[hipalipidimia]], na [[ini yenye mafuta]].&lt;ref name=CADG2006/&gt; Matibabu yanayotumika kwa watoto hasa ni hatua ya hali ya maisha na mbinu za mwenendo, hata hivyo bidii za kuongezea mazoezi kwa watoto zimekuwa na mafanikio madogo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Metcalf|first=B.|coauthors=Henley, W.; Wilkin, T.|title=Effectiveness of intervention on physical activity of children: systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials with objectively measured outcomes (EarlyBird 54)|journal=BMJ|date=27 September 2012|volume=345|issue=sep27 1|pages=e5888–e5888|doi=10.1136/bmj.e5888}}&lt;/ref&gt;Nchini Marekani, dawa hazikubaliwi na Muungano wa Chakula na Dawa kutumika katika kikundi hiki cha umri.&lt;ref name=flynn2006&gt;{{cite journal |author=Flynn MA |title=Reducing obesity and related chronic disease risk in children and youth: a synthesis of evidence with 'best practice' recommendations|journal=Obes Rev |volume=7 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=7–66 |year=2006 |month=February |pmid=16371076|doi=10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00242.x |url= |author-separator=, |author2=McNeil DA |author3=Maloff B |display-authors=3|last4=Mutasingwa |first4=D. |last5=Wu |first5=M. |last6=Ford |first6=C. |last7=Tough |first7=S. C.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Katika wanyama==
Unono katika [[mifugo]] ni jambo la kawaida katika nchi nyingi. Kiwango cha unono uliozidi katika mbwa kule Marekani ni kutoka 23% hadi 41%, 5.1% yao wakiwa ni wanono.&lt;ref name=Lund2006&gt;{{cite journal|author=Lund Elizabeth M.|title=Prevalence and Risk Factors for Obesity in Adult Dogs from Private US Veterinary Practices|journal=Intern J Appl Res Vet Med|volume=4|issue=2|pages=177–86|year=2006|pmid= |doi= |url=http://www.jarvm.com/articles/Vol4Iss2/Lund.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;Rates of obesity in cats was slightly higher at 6.4%.&lt;ref name= Lund2006/&gt;Nchini Australia kiwango cha unene wa kupindukia katika mbwa kwa muktadha wa utabibu wa mifugo imepatikana kuwa 7.6%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=McGreevy PD, Thomson PC, Pride C, Fawcett A, Grassi T, Jones B|title=Prevalence of obesity in dogs examined by Australian veterinary practices and the risk factors involved|journal=Vet. Rec.|volume=156|issue=22|pages=695–702|year=2005|month=May |pmid=15923551|doi= |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hatari za unono kwa mbwa inahusiana na unene wa wamiliki; hata hivyo, hakuna uhusiano kama huo baina ya [[paka]] na wamiliki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Nijland ML, Stam F, Seidell JC|title= Overweight in dogs, but not in cats, is related to overweight in their owners|journal=Public Health Nutr|volume=13|issue= 1|pages= 1–5|year=2009|month=June|pmid=19545467|doi=10.1017/S136898000999022X|url= }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tazama pia==
*[[Jon Brower Minnoch]]
*[[Manuel Uribe]]
*[[Mayra Rosales]]
*[[Walter Hudson]]

==Tanbihi==
{{Reflist|30em}}

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* Seidell JC. Epidemiology — definition and classification of obesity In:{{cite book|author=Peter G. Kopelman, Ian D. Caterson, Michael J. Stock, William H. Dietz|title=Clinical obesity in adults and children: In Adults and Children|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|location=|year=2005|pages=[https://archive.org/details/clinicalobesityi02edunse/page/3 3]–11|isbn=1-4051-1672-2|url=https://archive.org/details/clinicalobesityi02edunse}}
* {{cite book | author=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) | title=Technical report series 894: Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic. | location=Geneva | publisher=World Health Organization | year=2000 | url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_894_(part1).pdf | format=PDF | isbn=92-4-120894-5 | access-date=2013-11-28 | archive-date=2015-05-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501075305/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_894_(part1).pdf | dead-url=yes }}
{{Refend}}

==Marejeo mengine==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{dmoz|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Nutritional_and_Metabolic_Disorders/Obesity/}}
* {{cite book |author=Fumento, Michael | authorlink=Michael Fumento | title=The Fat of the Land: Our Health Crises and How Overweight Americans can Help Themselves |url=https://archive.org/details/fatoflandourheal0000mich |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New York |year=1997|isbn=0-14-026144-3}}
* {{cite book |author=Keller, Kathleen |title=Encyclopedia of Obesity |publisher=Sage Publications, Inc|location=Thousand Oaks, Calif |year=2008 |isbn=1-4129-5238-7 |oclc= |url=http://books.google.com/?id=aRp2rJrEqZsC&amp;dq=IOTF+obesity+map|doi= |accessdate=}}
* {{cite book |author=Kolata, Gina | authorlink=Gina Kolata |title=Rethinking Thin: The new science of weight loss –and the myths and realities of dieting |url=https://archive.org/details/rethinkingthinne0000kola_i1w5 |publisher=Picador |location= |year=2007 |pages= |isbn=0-312-42785-9}}
* {{cite book|author=Kopelman, Peter G.|title=Clinical obesity in adults and children: In Adults and Children|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|location= |year=2005|page=493 |isbn=1-4051-1672-2|url=http://books.google.com/?id=u7RvldSr5M0C&amp;pg=PA87&amp;dq=80+percent+of+the+offspring+of+two+obese+parents+become+obese}}
* {{cite book |author=Levy-Navarro, Elena |title=The Culture of Obesity in Early and Late Modernity |url=https://archive.org/details/cultureofobesity0000levy |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location= |year=2008 |pages= |isbn=0-230-60123-5}}
* {{cite book |author=Pool, Robert |title=Fat: Fighting the Obesity Epidemic |url=https://archive.org/details/fatfightingobesi00pool |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford, UK |year=2001 |pages= |isbn=0-19-511853-7}}
{{Refend}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
{{commonscat|Obesity}}
{{Sister project links|display=Obesity}}
* [http://www.refugees.org/uploadedfiles/Participate/National_Programs/Healthy_Refugees/Brochures/Swahili-Obesity.pdf Unene ni nini] {{Wayback|url=http://www.refugees.org/uploadedfiles/Participate/National_Programs/Healthy_Refugees/Brochures/Swahili-Obesity.pdf |date=20090331130222 }}
* [http://www.refugees.org/uploadedfiles/Participate/National_Programs/Healthy_Refugees/Brochures/Swahili-ChildhoodObesity.pdf Unene utotoni] {{Wayback|url=http://www.refugees.org/uploadedfiles/Participate/National_Programs/Healthy_Refugees/Brochures/Swahili-ChildhoodObesity.pdf |date=20090331130208 }}
* [https://dmoztools.net/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Nutritional_and_Metabolic_Disorders/Obesity/ Unene kwenye tovuti ya DMOZ] {{Wayback|url=https://dmoztools.net/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Nutritional_and_Metabolic_Disorders/Obesity/ |date=20171112194539 }}

[[Jamii:Afya]]
[[Jamii:Magonjwa]]
[[Jamii:Chakula]]</text>
      <sha1>jppebv81q0g20pym3r6l4spr4guo8c5</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Wafaranki</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Viungo vya nje */</comment>
      <origin>1509785</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9491" sha1="jul7cxhc97j5hyjoidhz2rzto5t49ce" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Carte des peuples francs (IIIe siècle).svg|thumb|300px|Mahali pa Wafaranki katika [[karne ya 3]].]]
[[File:Aachener Dom BW 2016-07-09 16-20-40.jpg|thumb|Kazi bora ya [[usanii majengo]] wa Kikarolo: [[kanisa palatina]] huko [[Aachen]], [[Ujerumani]].]]
[[Picha:Europe 814.png|300px|thumb|Milki ya Wafranki wakati wa kifo cha Karolo Mkuu mnamo mwaka 814.]]
'''Wafaranki''' walikuwa [[Wagermanik]] waliovamia [[Dola la Roma]] na hatimaye kujitokeza kama [[kabila]] lenye nguvu kuliko yote ya aina hiyo.

Nchi ya [[Ufaransa]] imepata jina lake kutoka kwao, ambao waliitawala na kutoka huko wakaeneza [[himaya]] yao juu ya sehemu kubwa ya [[Ulaya Magharibi]], wakizuia [[Waislamu]] wasiweze kutoka [[Hispania]].

[[Ushirikiano]] wao na Ma[[papa]], kama kabila la kwanza la [[Kijerumani]] kuingia [[Kanisa Katoliki]] bila kupitia kwanza [[Uario]], ni kati ya mambo yaliyoathiri zaidi [[historia]] ya [[Ulaya]].

Kilele cha ustawi wao kilifikiwa chini ya [[mfalme]] [[Karolo Mkuu]] aliyetawala sehemu kubwa za Ufaransa, [[Ujerumani]], [[Italia ya kaskazini]] pamoja na [[Ubelgiji]] na [[Uholanzi]] ya leo. [[Papa Leo III]] alimpa [[taji]] la [[Kaizari]] wa [[Roma]] [[tarehe]] [[25 Desemba]] [[800]]. Ndio mwanzo wa [[Dola Takatifu la Roma]]. Baada ya Karolo milki yake iligawiwa pande mbili zilizoendelea tofauti na kuwa [[asili]] ya [[mataifa]] ya Ufaransa na Ujerumani.

==Marejeo==
===Vyanzo===
{{Refbegin}}
*[[Fredegar]]
** {{cite book | ref=harv | author=Fredegarius | coauthors=John Michael Wallace-Hadrill | year=1981 | origyear=1960 | title=Fredegarii chronicorum liber quartus cum continuationibus | location=Westport, Conn | publisher=Greenwood Press |language=Latin, English opposite}}
** {{cite book | author=Unknown | coauthors=[[Bernard Bachrach|Bachrach, Bernard S.]] (Translator) | title=[[Liber Historiae Francorum]] | year=1973 | publisher=Coronado Press}}
** {{cite book | ref=harv | last=Woodruff | first=Jane Ellen | coauthors=[[Fredegar]] | year=1987 | title=The Historia Epitomata (third book) of the Chronicle of Fredegar: an annotated translation and historical analysis of interpolated material | series=Thesis (Ph. D.) | publisher=University of Nebraska | location=Lincoln}}
{{refend}}
*[[Gregori wa Tours]]
** {{cite web | author=Gregory of Tours | title=Libri Historiarum | work=The Classics Page: The Latin Library | publisher=thelatinlibrary.com | language=Latin | url=http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/gregorytours.html}}
** {{cite book | ref=harv | author=Gregory of Tours | authorlink=Gregory of Tours | coauthors=Ernst Brehaut (Translator) | editor-first=Paul | editor-last=Halsall | year=1997 | origyear=1916 | title=History of the Franks: Books I-X (Extended Selections) | work=Medieval Sourcebook | location=New York | publisher=Columbia University Press; Fordham University | url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/gregory-hist.html | access-date=2014-07-20 | archive-date=2014-08-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814182657/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/gregory-hist.html | dead-url=yes }}
** {{cite book | author=Gregory | coauthors=O. M. Dalton (Translator) | title=The History of the Franks | location=Farnborough | publisher=Gregg Press | year=1967}}
*[[Ammianus Marcellinus]]
** {{cite book | ref=harv | first=Ammianus | last=Marcellinus | authorlink=Ammianus Marcellinus | coauthors=Roger Pearse (Translator) | title=Roman History | location=London; Internet | publisher=Bohn; tertullian.org | year=2007 | origyear=1862 | url=http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/index.htm#Ammianus_Marcellinus}}
*[[Procopius]]
** {{cite wikisource |class=book |last1=Procopius |authorlink1=Procopius |coauthors=H.B. Dewing (Translator) |title=History of the Wars |year=2008 |scan= |noicon=yes |firsticon=no |vb=}}

===Marejeo mengine===
{{refbegin|2}}
*Bachrach, Bernard S. ''Merovingian Military Organization, 481&amp;ndash;751''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1971.  ISBN 0-8166-0621-8
*Collins, Roger. ''Early Medieval Europe 300&amp;ndash;1000''. London: MacMillan, 1991.
*Geary, Patrick J. ''Before France and Germany: the Creation and Transformation of the Merovingian World.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-19-504458-4
* {{cite book | ref=harv | first=John | last=Geipel | title=The Europeans: The People - Today and Yesterday: Their Origins and Interrelations | year=1970 | origyear=1969 | location=New York | publisher=PEGASUS: a division of Western Publishing Company, Inc}}
* {{cite book | ref=harv | last=Greenwood | first=Thomas | year=1836 | title=The First Book of the History of the Germans: Barbaric period | url=https://archive.org/details/firstbookofhisto00gree | location=London | publisher=Longman, Rees, Orne, and Co}}.
* {{cite journal | ref=harv | first=Henry H. | last=Howorth | title=XVII. The Ethnology of Germany (Part VI). The Varini, Varangians and Franks. - Section II | journal=[[Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute]] | volume = 13 | location=London | year=1884 | publisher=Trübner &amp; Co. | pages=213–239 | doi=10.2307/2841727}}
* {{cite book | ref=harv | first=Edward | last=James | authorlink=Edward James (historian) | title=The Franks | url=https://archive.org/details/franks0000jame | series=The Peoples of Europe | location=Oxford, UK; Cambridge, Massachusetts | publisher=Basil Blackwell | year=1988 | isbn=0-631-17936-4}}
*Lewis, Archibald R. &quot;[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0038-7134%28197607%2951%3A3%3C381%3ATDITRF%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8 The Dukes in the Regnum Francorum, A.D. 550–751.]&quot; ''Speculum'', Vol. 51, No 3 (July 1976), pp 381&amp;ndash;410.
*McKitterick, Rosamond. ''The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751&amp;ndash;987''. London: Longman, 1983. ISBN 0-582-49005-7.
*Murray, Archibald Callander, and [[Walter A. Goffart|Goffart, Walter A.]] ''After Rome's Fall: Narrators and Sources of Early Medieval History''.  University of Toronto Press: Toronto, 1998.
*Nixon, C. E. V. and Rodgers, Barbara. ''In Praise of Later Roman Emperors''. Berkeley, 1994.
* {{Cite book | ref=harv | editor-last=Aboh | editor-first=Enoch | editor2-first=Elisabeth | editor2-last=van der Linden | editor3-first=Josep | editor3-last=Quer | editor4-first=Petra | editor4-last=Sleeman | title=Romance Languages and Linguistic Theory | year=2007 | location=Amsterdam; Philadelphia | publisher=Benjamins | contribution=Autonomous typological prosodic evolution versus the Germanic superstrate in diachronic French phonology | first=Roland | last=Noske | url=http://rnoske.home.xs4all.nl/CV/publicaties/autonomous_typological.pdf | postscript=&lt;!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to &quot;.&quot; for the cite to end in a &quot;.&quot;, as necessary. --&gt;{{inconsistent citations}} | access-date=2014-07-20 | archive-date=2016-03-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233154/http://rnoske.home.xs4all.nl/CV/publicaties/autonomous_typological.pdf | dead-url=yes }}.
* {{cite book | ref=harv | last=Perry | first=Walter Copland | authorlink = Walter Copland Perry | title=The Franks, from Their First Appearance in History to the Death of King Pepin | url=https://archive.org/details/franksfromtheir00perrgoog | location=London | publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts | year=1857}}
* {{Cite book | ref=harv | first=M. Christian | last=Pfister | contribution=(B) The Franks Before Clovis | editor-first=J.B. | editor-last=Bury | title=The Cambridge Medieval History | volume=Volume I: The Christian Roman Empire and the Foundation of the Teutonic Kingdoms | location=London | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=1911 | postscript=&lt;!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to &quot;.&quot; for the cite to end in a &quot;.&quot;, as necessary. --&gt;{{inconsistent citations}}}}
*Schutz, Herbert. ''The Germanic Realms in Pre-Carolingian Central Europe, 400&amp;ndash;750''. American University Studies, Series IX: History, Vol. 196. New York: Peter Lang, 2000.
*[[John Michael Wallace-Hadrill|Wallace-Hadrill, J. M.]] ''The Long-Haired Kings''. London: Butler &amp; tanner Ltd, 1962.
*[[John Michael Wallace-Hadrill|Wallace-Hadrill, J. M.]] ''The Barbarian West''. London: Hutchinson, 1970.
{{Refend}}

==Viungo vya nje==
{{commons category|Franks}}
* {{cite web | title=Regnum Francorum Online — interactive maps and sources of early medieval Europe 614-840 | year=2010 | first=Johan | last=Åhlfeldt | url=http://www.francia.ahlfeldt.se/ | accessdate=2014-07-20 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011035043/http://www.francia.ahlfeldt.se/ | archivedate=2007-10-11 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | last=Kurth | first=G. | year=1909 | title=The Franks | encyclopedia=The Catholic Encyclopedia | location=New York | publisher=Robert Appleton Company | url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06238a.htm | ref=harv}}
* {{cite web | first=Lynn Harry | last=Nelson | title=The Rise of the Franks, 330-751 | work=Lectures in Medieval History | year=2001 | publisher=vlib.us | url=http://www.vlib.us/medieval/lectures/franks_rise.html}}
* {{cite web | title=The Franks | publisher=International World History Project | year=2001 | url=http://history-world.org/franks.htm | accessdate=2014-07-20 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912024545/http://history-world.org/franks.htm | archivedate=2018-09-12 }}
{{mbegu-historia}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Faranki}}
[[Jamii:Makabila ya Wagermanik]]
[[Jamii:Historia ya Ulaya]]
[[Jamii:Historia ya Ufaransa]]
[[Jamii:Historia ya Ujerumani]]
[[Jamii:Historia ya Italia]]
[[Jamii:Historia ya Ukristo]]</text>
      <sha1>jul7cxhc97j5hyjoidhz2rzto5t49ce</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Historia ya Niger</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>78806</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509736</id>
      <parentid>1438180</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:47:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="4860" sha1="b6lylva65r990g1y6pf9tknr3focb2j" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:NIGER.png|thumb|Bendera ya Niger]]
'''Historia ya Niger''' inahusu eneo la [[Afrika Magharibi]] ambalo wakazi wake leo wanaunda [[Jamhuri]] ya [[Niger]]. [[Historia]] yake inaakisi maendeleo mapana ya kihistoria ya ukanda wa [[Sahel]] wa [[Afrika ya Magharibi]], ambapo nafasi yake ya kijiografia ilifanya iwe njia muhimu ya [[biashara]], uhamaji wa watu, na mwingiliano wa [[Utamaduni|tamaduni]]. 

Katika nyakati za kale na za kati, eneo hili lilikuwa sehemu ya njia kuu za [[Biashara ya ng'ambo ya Sahara|biashara za kuvuka]] [[Jangwa la Sahara]] zilizounganisha [[Afrika Kaskazini]] na [[Kusini kwa Sahara|Afrika kusini mwa Sahara]]. [[dola|Madola]] yenye nguvu kama [[Dola la Songhai]] upande wa magharibi na [[Milki ya Bornu|Dola la Kanem-Bornu]] upande wa mashariki yalikuwa na ushawishi katika sehemu za Niger ya sasa, zikiwezesha biashara ya [[dhahabu]], [[chumvi]] na [[bidhaa]] nyingine. [[Mji|Miji]] kama [[Agadez]] ilikua kuwa vituo muhimu vya biashara na [[elimu]] ya [[Kiislamu]], huku makundi ya wahamaji kama [[Watuareg]] na [[Wafulani]] yakichangia kuunda maisha ya kijamii na kiuchumi ya eneo hilo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://sahistory.org.za/archive/brief-history-niger-part-2-us-department-state|title=A Brief History of Niger - Part 2 by US Department of State|publisher=US Department of State|website=www.sahistory.org.za|access-date=2026-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 19]], Niger iliingia chini ya udhibiti wa [[Ukoloni|kikoloni]] wa [[Ufaransa]] kama sehemu ya [[Afrika ya Magharibi ya Kifaransa]]. Utawala wa kikoloni ulileta mipaka mipya ya kisiasa, mifumo ya kiutawala na miundo ya kiuchumi, mara nyingi ukilenga [[Uchimbaji madini|uchimbaji]] wa [[rasilimali]] na udhibiti badala ya maendeleo ya ndani. Upinzani dhidi ya utawala wa kikoloni ulijitokeza kwa njia mbalimbali, lakini kufikia mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 20]] [[mamlaka]] ya [[Ufaransa]] ilikuwa imesimikwa kikamilifu. [[Miundombinu]] kama [[barabara]] na vituo vya utawala vilijengwa, ingawa faida za kiuchumi kwa wananchi wa eneo hilo zilibaki kuwa ndogo.

Niger ilipata [[uhuru]] wake kutoka [[Ufaransa]] [[tarehe]] [[3 Agosti]] [[1960]], na kuwa [[jamhuri]]. Tangu uhuru, nchi imepitia vipindi vinavyobadilishana kati ya utawala wa [[raia|kiraia]] na uingiliaji wa kijeshi, ukosefu wa utulivu wa kisiasa, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[mapinduzi]] kadhaa ya kijeshi, [[serikali]] za kiraia za muda mfupi, na mabadiliko ya [[katiba]] katika nyakati tofauti ili kubadili mamlaka ya utendaji, taratibu za [[uchaguzi]], na miundo ya [[taasisi]], mara nyingi kufuatia migogoro ya kisiasa au mabadiliko ya uongozi. Katika miongo ya hivi karibuni, Niger imekabiliwa na changamoto za utawala, maendeleo ya kiuchumi, na [[usalama]], ikiwa ni pamoja na uasi katika baadhi ya maeneo ya nchi. 
[[File:Niger Rebel-Leader-fighting-01apr08.jpg|Kiongozi wa waasi Niger.]]
Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, [[uchaguzi]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] umekuwa ukifanyika mara kwa mara, lakini mwendelezo wa kisiasa umekuwa dhaifu. Masuala makuu ni pamoja na utulivu wa utawala, changamoto za usalama, [[rushwa]], na maendeleo ya kiuchumi. Nchi inakabiliwa na vitisho vya kiusalama kutoka kwa makundi yenye silaha katika ukanda wa Sahel, jambo linaloathiri sera za ndani na ushirikiano wa kimataifa. Niger pia ni mwanachama wa mashirika ya kikanda kama [[ECOWAS]] na [[Umoja wa Afrika]], ambayo yana jukumu katika upatanishi, viwango vya utawala, na ushirikiano wa usalama wa kikanda. Hivyo, maisha ya kisiasa nchini humo yanahusiana kwa karibu na uthabiti wa ndani pamoja na mwelekeo mpana wa kikanda katika [[Afrika Magharibi]].

Siasa za Niger zimepangwa kama [[jamhuri]] ya nusu-rais, ingawa kwa vitendo mfumo huu mara nyingi umekumbwa na usumbufu kutokana na [[mapinduzi]] ya [[jeshi|kijeshi]] na vipindi vya serikali za mpito. [[Rais]] wa Niger ni mkuu wa nchi, wakati [[Waziri Mkuu]] ni mkuu wa serikali na husimamia shughuli za kila siku za utawala wa nchi. Chombo cha kutunga sheria ni [[Bunge la Taifa]] la Niger, ambalo ni bunge la chumba kimoja linalochaguliwa kutunga [[sheria]], kuidhinisha [[bajeti]], na kusimamia shughuli za [[serikali]]. Mfumo wa kisiasa unategemea vyama vingi vya siasa, na uchaguzi hufanyika pale tu utaratibu wa kikatiba unapokuwa umewekwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Niger, Government and Society|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Niger/Government-and-society|publisher=Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|access-date=2026-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jaribio la [[mapinduzi]] lilifanyika [[usiku]] wa kuamkia [[Machi 31]], [[2021]], siku chache kabla ya kuapishwa kwa [[Mohamed Bazoum]], aliyekuwa [[rais]] mteule na ambaye mnamo [[Aprili 2]], 2021, aliapishwa na kuchukua [[madaraka]] ya kutawala Niger.

==Tanbihi==
{{marejeo}}
{{Africa topic|Historia ya|title=[[Historia ya Afrika]]}}
{{mbegu-historia}}
[[Jamii:Niger]]
[[Jamii:Historia ya Afrika]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1509737</id>
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        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="4893" sha1="35811yvjaeiecwxadvk4474z237nyul" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:NIGER.png|thumb|Bendera ya Niger]]
'''Historia ya Niger''' inahusu eneo la [[Afrika Magharibi]] ambalo wakazi wake leo wanaunda [[Jamhuri]] ya [[Niger]]. [[Historia]] yake inaakisi maendeleo mapana ya kihistoria ya ukanda wa [[Sahel]] wa [[Afrika ya Magharibi]], ambapo nafasi yake ya kijiografia ilifanya iwe njia muhimu ya [[biashara]], uhamaji wa watu, na mwingiliano wa [[Utamaduni|tamaduni]]. 

Katika nyakati za kale na za kati, eneo hili lilikuwa sehemu ya njia kuu za [[Biashara ya ng'ambo ya Sahara|biashara za kuvuka]] [[Jangwa la Sahara]] zilizounganisha [[Afrika Kaskazini]] na [[Kusini kwa Sahara|Afrika kusini mwa Sahara]]. [[dola|Madola]] yenye nguvu kama [[Dola la Songhai]] upande wa magharibi na [[Milki ya Bornu|Dola la Kanem-Bornu]] upande wa mashariki yalikuwa na ushawishi katika sehemu za Niger ya sasa, zikiwezesha biashara ya [[dhahabu]], [[chumvi]] na [[bidhaa]] nyingine. [[Mji|Miji]] kama [[Agadez]] ilikua kuwa vituo muhimu vya biashara na [[elimu]] ya [[Kiislamu]], huku makundi ya wahamaji kama [[Watuareg]] na [[Wafulani]] yakichangia kuunda maisha ya kijamii na kiuchumi ya eneo hilo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://sahistory.org.za/archive/brief-history-niger-part-2-us-department-state|title=A Brief History of Niger - Part 2 by US Department of State|publisher=US Department of State|website=www.sahistory.org.za|access-date=2026-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 19]], Niger iliingia chini ya udhibiti wa [[Ukoloni|kikoloni]] wa [[Ufaransa]] kama sehemu ya [[Afrika ya Magharibi ya Kifaransa]]. Utawala wa kikoloni ulileta mipaka mipya ya kisiasa, mifumo ya kiutawala na miundo ya kiuchumi, mara nyingi ukilenga [[Uchimbaji madini|uchimbaji]] wa [[rasilimali]] na udhibiti badala ya maendeleo ya ndani. Upinzani dhidi ya utawala wa kikoloni ulijitokeza kwa njia mbalimbali, lakini kufikia mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 20]] [[mamlaka]] ya [[Ufaransa]] ilikuwa imesimikwa kikamilifu. [[Miundombinu]] kama [[barabara]] na vituo vya utawala vilijengwa, ingawa faida za kiuchumi kwa wananchi wa eneo hilo zilibaki kuwa ndogo.

Niger ilipata [[uhuru]] wake kutoka [[Ufaransa]] [[tarehe]] [[3 Agosti]] [[1960]], na kuwa [[jamhuri]]. Tangu uhuru, nchi imepitia vipindi vinavyobadilishana kati ya utawala wa [[raia|kiraia]] na uingiliaji wa kijeshi, ukosefu wa utulivu wa kisiasa, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[mapinduzi]] kadhaa ya kijeshi, [[serikali]] za kiraia za muda mfupi, na mabadiliko ya [[katiba]] katika nyakati tofauti ili kubadili mamlaka ya utendaji, taratibu za [[uchaguzi]], na miundo ya [[taasisi]], mara nyingi kufuatia migogoro ya kisiasa au mabadiliko ya uongozi. Katika miongo ya hivi karibuni, Niger imekabiliwa na changamoto za utawala, maendeleo ya kiuchumi, na [[usalama]], ikiwa ni pamoja na uasi katika baadhi ya maeneo ya nchi. 
[[File:Niger Rebel-Leader-fighting-01apr08.jpg|thumb|left|Kiongozi wa waasi Niger katika akiwa mapigano.]]
Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, [[uchaguzi]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] umekuwa ukifanyika mara kwa mara, lakini mwendelezo wa kisiasa umekuwa dhaifu. Masuala makuu ni pamoja na utulivu wa utawala, changamoto za usalama, [[rushwa]], na maendeleo ya kiuchumi. Nchi inakabiliwa na vitisho vya kiusalama kutoka kwa makundi yenye silaha katika ukanda wa Sahel, jambo linaloathiri sera za ndani na ushirikiano wa kimataifa. Niger pia ni mwanachama wa mashirika ya kikanda kama [[ECOWAS]] na [[Umoja wa Afrika]], ambayo yana jukumu katika upatanishi, viwango vya utawala, na ushirikiano wa usalama wa kikanda. Hivyo, maisha ya kisiasa nchini humo yanahusiana kwa karibu na uthabiti wa ndani pamoja na mwelekeo mpana wa kikanda katika [[Afrika Magharibi]].

Siasa za Niger zimepangwa kama [[jamhuri]] ya nusu-rais, ingawa kwa vitendo mfumo huu mara nyingi umekumbwa na usumbufu kutokana na [[mapinduzi]] ya [[jeshi|kijeshi]] na vipindi vya serikali za mpito. [[Rais]] wa Niger ni mkuu wa nchi, wakati [[Waziri Mkuu]] ni mkuu wa serikali na husimamia shughuli za kila siku za utawala wa nchi. Chombo cha kutunga sheria ni [[Bunge la Taifa]] la Niger, ambalo ni bunge la chumba kimoja linalochaguliwa kutunga [[sheria]], kuidhinisha [[bajeti]], na kusimamia shughuli za [[serikali]]. Mfumo wa kisiasa unategemea vyama vingi vya siasa, na uchaguzi hufanyika pale tu utaratibu wa kikatiba unapokuwa umewekwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Niger, Government and Society|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Niger/Government-and-society|publisher=Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|access-date=2026-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jaribio la [[mapinduzi]] lilifanyika [[usiku]] wa kuamkia [[Machi 31]], [[2021]], siku chache kabla ya kuapishwa kwa [[Mohamed Bazoum]], aliyekuwa [[rais]] mteule na ambaye mnamo [[Aprili 2]], 2021, aliapishwa na kuchukua [[madaraka]] ya kutawala Niger.

==Tanbihi==
{{marejeo}}
{{Africa topic|Historia ya|title=[[Historia ya Afrika]]}}
{{mbegu-historia}}
[[Jamii:Niger]]
[[Jamii:Historia ya Afrika]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4954" sha1="f8hnyv2g4uc0kol541qvj2bm24ksakx" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:NIGER.png|thumb|Bendera ya Niger]]
'''Historia ya Niger''' inahusu eneo la [[Afrika Magharibi]] ambalo wakazi wake leo wanaunda [[Jamhuri]] ya [[Niger]]. [[Historia]] yake inaakisi maendeleo mapana ya kihistoria ya ukanda wa [[Sahel]] wa [[Afrika ya Magharibi]], ambapo nafasi yake ya kijiografia ilifanya iwe njia muhimu ya [[biashara]], uhamaji wa watu, na mwingiliano wa [[Utamaduni|tamaduni]]. 

Katika nyakati za kale na za kati, eneo hili lilikuwa sehemu ya njia kuu za [[Biashara ya ng'ambo ya Sahara|biashara za kuvuka]] [[Jangwa la Sahara]] zilizounganisha [[Afrika Kaskazini]] na [[Kusini kwa Sahara|Afrika kusini mwa Sahara]]. [[dola|Madola]] yenye nguvu kama [[Dola la Songhai]] upande wa magharibi na [[Milki ya Bornu|Dola la Kanem-Bornu]] upande wa mashariki yalikuwa na ushawishi katika sehemu za Niger ya sasa, zikiwezesha biashara ya [[dhahabu]], [[chumvi]] na [[bidhaa]] nyingine. [[Mji|Miji]] kama [[Agadez]] ilikua kuwa vituo muhimu vya biashara na [[elimu]] ya [[Kiislamu]], huku makundi ya wahamaji kama [[Watuareg]] na [[Wafulani]] yakichangia kuunda maisha ya kijamii na kiuchumi ya eneo hilo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://sahistory.org.za/archive/brief-history-niger-part-2-us-department-state|title=A Brief History of Niger - Part 2 by US Department of State|publisher=US Department of State|website=www.sahistory.org.za|access-date=2026-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 19]], Niger iliingia chini ya udhibiti wa [[Ukoloni|kikoloni]] wa [[Ufaransa]] kama sehemu ya [[Afrika ya Magharibi ya Kifaransa]]. Utawala wa kikoloni ulileta mipaka mipya ya kisiasa, mifumo ya kiutawala na miundo ya kiuchumi, mara nyingi ukilenga [[Uchimbaji madini|uchimbaji]] wa [[rasilimali]] na udhibiti badala ya maendeleo ya ndani. Upinzani dhidi ya utawala wa kikoloni ulijitokeza kwa njia mbalimbali, lakini kufikia mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 20]] [[mamlaka]] ya [[Ufaransa]] ilikuwa imesimikwa kikamilifu. [[Miundombinu]] kama [[barabara]] na vituo vya utawala vilijengwa, ingawa faida za kiuchumi kwa wananchi wa eneo hilo zilibaki kuwa ndogo.

Niger ilipata [[uhuru]] wake kutoka [[Ufaransa]] [[tarehe]] [[3 Agosti]] [[1960]], na kuwa [[jamhuri]]. Tangu uhuru, nchi imepitia vipindi vinavyobadilishana kati ya utawala wa [[raia|kiraia]] na uingiliaji wa kijeshi, ukosefu wa utulivu wa kisiasa, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[mapinduzi]] kadhaa ya kijeshi, [[serikali]] za kiraia za muda mfupi, na mabadiliko ya [[katiba]] katika nyakati tofauti ili kubadili mamlaka ya utendaji, taratibu za [[uchaguzi]], na miundo ya [[taasisi]], mara nyingi kufuatia migogoro ya kisiasa au mabadiliko ya uongozi. Katika miongo ya hivi karibuni, Niger imekabiliwa na changamoto za utawala, maendeleo ya kiuchumi, na [[usalama]], ikiwa ni pamoja na uasi katika baadhi ya maeneo ya nchi. 
[[File:Niger Rebel-Leader-fighting-01apr08.jpg|thumb|left|Kiongozi wa waasi Niger katika akiwa mapigano.]]
Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, [[uchaguzi]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] umekuwa ukifanyika mara kwa mara, lakini mwendelezo wa kisiasa umekuwa dhaifu. Masuala makuu ni pamoja na utulivu wa utawala, changamoto za usalama, [[rushwa]], na maendeleo ya kiuchumi. Nchi inakabiliwa na vitisho vya kiusalama kutoka kwa makundi yenye silaha katika ukanda wa Sahel, jambo linaloathiri sera za ndani na ushirikiano wa kimataifa. Niger pia ni mwanachama wa mashirika ya kikanda kama [[ECOWAS]] na [[Umoja wa Afrika]], ambayo yana jukumu katika upatanishi, viwango vya utawala, na ushirikiano wa usalama wa kikanda. Hivyo, maisha ya kisiasa nchini humo yanahusiana kwa karibu na uthabiti wa ndani pamoja na mwelekeo mpana wa kikanda katika [[Afrika Magharibi]].

Siasa za Niger zimepangwa kama [[jamhuri]] ya nusu-rais, ingawa kwa vitendo mfumo huu mara nyingi umekumbwa na usumbufu kutokana na [[mapinduzi]] ya [[jeshi|kijeshi]] na vipindi vya serikali za mpito. [[Rais]] wa Niger ni mkuu wa nchi, wakati [[Waziri Mkuu]] ni mkuu wa serikali na husimamia shughuli za kila siku za utawala wa nchi. Chombo cha kutunga sheria ni [[Bunge la Taifa]] la Niger, ambalo ni bunge la chumba kimoja linalochaguliwa kutunga [[sheria]], kuidhinisha [[bajeti]], na kusimamia shughuli za [[serikali]]. Mfumo wa kisiasa unategemea vyama vingi vya siasa, na uchaguzi hufanyika pale tu utaratibu wa kikatiba unapokuwa umewekwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Niger, Government and Society|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Niger/Government-and-society|publisher=Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|access-date=2026-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jaribio la [[mapinduzi]] lilifanyika [[usiku]] wa kuamkia [[Machi 31]], [[2021]], siku chache kabla ya kuapishwa kwa [[Mohamed Bazoum]], aliyekuwa [[rais]] mteule na ambaye mnamo [[Aprili 2]], 2021, aliapishwa na kuchukua [[madaraka]] ya kutawala Niger, lakini alipinduliwa na [[Abdourahamane Tchiani]] mwaka 2023.

==Tanbihi==
{{marejeo}}
{{Africa topic|Historia ya|title=[[Historia ya Afrika]]}}
{{mbegu-historia}}
[[Jamii:Niger]]
[[Jamii:Historia ya Afrika]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kisambalpuri</title>
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      <text bytes="758" sha1="o7vy58438wtcxfly7yzngspoumpgr5a" xml:space="preserve">'''Kisambalpuri Odia''' (pia '''Kioriya ya Magharibi''' au '''Kikosali''') ni [[Lugha za Kihindi-Kiulaya|lugha ya Kihindi-Kiulaya]] nchini [[Uhindi]] inayozungumzwa na [[Waoriya]]. Mwaka wa 2001 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kisambalpuri imehesabiwa kuwa watu 519,000. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha, Kisambalpuri iko katika kundi la Kiaryan.

==Viungo vya nje==
*[http://multitree.org/codes/spv lugha ya Kisambalpuri kwenye Multitree]
*[http://www.language-archives.org/language/spv makala za OLAC kuhusu Kisambalpuri]
*[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/west2384 lugha ya Kisambalpuri katika Glottolog]
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/spv lugha ya Kisambalpuri kwenye Ethnologue]

{{mbegu-lugha}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sambalpuri}}
[[Jamii:Lugha za Uhindi]]</text>
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  <page>
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      <comment>Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ранко Николић]] to [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ран-кан]]</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Calestous Juma</title>
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        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
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      <text bytes="6752" sha1="2yjsoovcyax8480v9c0k0982iolxh77" xml:space="preserve">'''Calestous Juma''' (Juni 9, 1953 – Desemba 15, 2017) alikuwa mvumbuzi na mtafiti wa sayansi kutoka nchini [[Kenya]] aliyefundisha kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]], [[Marekani]].

Katika maisha yake kama mtafiti na mwalimu wa chuo alishughulika maswali ya sayansi, teknolojia na maendeleo endelevu na hasa maswali ya [[biotekinolojia]] na [[bioanwai]]. Alikazia njia za kuleta uvumbuzi kwa kilimo barani Afrika.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.africansuccess.org/visuFiche.php?id=723&amp;lang=en Biography of C Juma] {{Wayback|url=http://www.africansuccess.org/visuFiche.php?id=723&amp;lang=en |date=20171004025748 }}, tovuti ya African Success, iliangaliwa Desemba 2017&lt;/ref&gt;

==Maisha yake==
Calestous Juma alikulia katika fukwe za [[Ziwa Viktoria]] ambako alipata elimu ya msingi akasoma shule ya sekondari ya Port Victoria (Bunyala - Busia). Aliendelea kusoma ualimu kwenye Chuo cha Ualimu Egoji, Meru. 1974 hadi 1978 alikuwa mwalimu wa shule huko Mombasa kabla ya kujiunga na gazeti la [[Daily Nation]], Nairobi alipoandika kuhusu mambo ya Sayansi na Mazingira.

Baadaye Juma alijiunga na taasisi ya Environment Liaison Centre International inayojihusisha na mambo ya mazingira. Hapa alikuwa mhariri wa jarida la ''Ecoforum''&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ecoforumjournal.org/ | title = Tovuti ya Ecoforum|accessdate=2017-12-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226070352/http://www.ecoforumjournal.org/ |archivedate=2017-12-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt;. 1982-1987 aliendela na masomo kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Sussex, Uingereza alipopata shahada ya [[uzamili]] katika fani ya Sayansi, Teknolojia na Viwanda halafu ya [[uzamivu]] wa sayansi kutoka idara ya utafiti ya sayansi za siasa. Aliendelea kuandika juu ya maeneo mbalimbali kwenye masuala ya sayansi, teknolojia na maendeleo endelevu.

Tangu 1984 alichukua nafasi kama mtafiti katika taasisi na miradi mbalimbali aliposhughulika hasa maswali ya [[biotekinolojia]].

==Uongozi==
Mnamo mwaka 1988, Calestous Juma alianzisha Taasisi ya Mafunzo ya Teknolojia ([[:en:African Centre for Technology Studies]]) mjini Nairobi, taasisi ya kwanza ya kiutafiti ya kujitegema katika Afrika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Juma_Harvard_2012&quot;&gt;{{citation |url=https://apps.hks.harvard.edu/faculty/cv/calestousjuma.pdf |format=PDF |date=November 2012 |title=Calestous Juma |pages=27 |accessdate=January 22, 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|6}}.

1995 - 1998 aliteuliwa kuwa katibu mtendaji wa ofisi kuu ya [[Mapatano ya Kimataifa kuhusu Bioanuwai]] (Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cbd.int/secretariat/former-es/default.shtml Former executive secretaries], tovuti ya Mapatano kuhusu Bioanwai CBD, iliangaliwa Desemba 2017&lt;/ref&gt; iliyoanzishwa kwa kufuatilia maazimio ya [[Kongamano ya Umoja wa Mataifa kuhusu Mazingira na Maendeleo]] mjini Rio de Janeiro mwaka 1992 ''([[:en:United Nations Conference on Environment and Development|United Nations Conference on Environment and Development]], Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit)''. 

Mwaka 1998 alihamia Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard alipoitwa kuwa mshauri wa Harvard Center for International Development, tangu 1999 kuongoza Mradi wa Sayansi, Tekinolojia na Uvumbuzi. Tangu 2002 alikuwa profesa wa Maendeleo ya Kimataifa kwenye Idara ya Sayansi ya Siasa na Utawala wa Umma (Harvard Kennedy School). Hapo aliongoza pia miradi ya Uvumbuzi wa Kilimo katika Afrika na Sayansi, Tekinolojia na Utandawazi.

==Heshima na tuzo==
Calestous Juma alikuwa mtu aliyetambuliwa na mamlaka zinazotambulika kimataifa katika masuala ya matumizi ya sayansi na teknolojia ili kuleta maendeleo endelevu duniani kote.&lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;List of Fellows&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti| title = List of Fellows|url=http://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/people-council-committees/the-fellowship/list-of-fellows|accessdate=2017-12-16|archivedate=2016-06-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608094405/http://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/people-council-committees/the-fellowship/list-of-fellows}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Aliwahi kutambuliwa na jarida la kiafrika liitwalo (the ''New African'' magazine) kuwa mmoja kati ya  watu 100 wenye ushawishi mkubwa barani Africa mnamo mwaka 2012, 2013 na 2014. Alikuwa profesa wa utekelezaji wa maendeleo kimataifa na alikuwa mkuu wa kitengo cha Ubunifu kwaajili ya mpango mkakati wa maendeleo ya kiuchumi huko [[Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]].

Kitabu chake cha hivi karibuni kiitwacho  ''The New Harvest: Agricultural Innovation in Africa'' kilichapishwa na [[Oxford University Press]] mnamo mwaka 2011.&lt;ref name=harvest&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|last=Juma|first=Calestous| title = The New Harvest: Agricultural Innovation in Africa| date = Januari 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0199783199|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6l5HziiKlmgC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=harvesthks&gt;{{Rejea tovuti| title = The New Harvest: Agricultural Innovation in Africa|url=http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/20504/new_harvest.html|publisher=Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs|accessdate=27 April 2014|archivedate=2017-01-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112183424/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/20504/new_harvest.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwa kutambua wasifu wake huo, Juma aliweza kuchaguliwa na vitivo mbalimbali vikiwemo [[Royal Society of London]], [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]], [[The World Academy of Sciences]] (TWAS), uingereza [[Royal Academy of Engineering]], the [[African Academy of Sciences]] na the [[New York Academy of Sciences]]. Nchini Kenya alipokea tuzo la Mkuki wa Moto.

Mwaka 2015 Juma alikoselewa baada ya kuonekana alishirikiana na kampuni ya [[Monsanto]] kutetea mazao yaliyobadilishwa kinasaba (''genetically modified crops'') katika makala mbalimbali bila kuonyesha&lt;ref&gt;[https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2014/12/09/global-risks-of-rejecting-agricultural-biotechnology/ Global Risks of Rejecting Agricultural Biotechnology] , tovuti ya geneticliteracyproject.org, iliangaliwa Desemba 2017&lt;/ref&gt; mawasiliano yake na Monsanto. Alijitetea kuwa hakupokea malipo kwa makala husika&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2015/10/01/harvard-professor-failed-disclose-monsanto-connection-paper-touting-gmos/lLJipJQmI5WKS6RAgQbnrN/story.html Harvard professor failed to disclose connection], tovuti ya Boston Globe, toleo la 1 Oktoba 2015, iliangaliwa Desemba 2017&lt;/ref&gt;.

Calestous Juma alikuwa na matatizo ya kiafya tangu mnamo 2015. Tarehe 15 Desemba 2017 aliaga dunia mjini [[Boston]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://allafrica.com/stories/201712160001.html Harvard Professor Calestous Juma, Born in Kenya, Dies in U.S.], tovuti ya allafrica.com, ya tar. 16 December 2017&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1953|2017}}
[[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Kenya]]</text>
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      <text bytes="6486" sha1="5860v9n4yb2pzar2xkeidbxtg0zvxx9" xml:space="preserve">'''Calestous Juma''' (Juni 9, 1953 – Desemba 15, 2017) alikuwa mvumbuzi na mtafiti wa sayansi kutoka nchini [[Kenya]] aliyefundisha kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]], [[Marekani]].

Katika maisha yake kama mtafiti na mwalimu wa chuo alishughulika maswali ya sayansi, teknolojia na maendeleo endelevu na hasa maswali ya [[biotekinolojia]] na [[bioanwai]]. Alikazia njia za kuleta uvumbuzi kwa kilimo barani Afrika.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.africansuccess.org/visuFiche.php?id=723&amp;lang=en Biography of C Juma] {{Wayback|url=http://www.africansuccess.org/visuFiche.php?id=723&amp;lang=en |date=20171004025748 }}, tovuti ya African Success, iliangaliwa Desemba 2017&lt;/ref&gt;

==Maisha yake==
Calestous Juma alikulia katika fukwe za [[Ziwa Viktoria]] ambako alipata elimu ya msingi akasoma shule ya sekondari ya Port Victoria (Bunyala - Busia). Aliendelea kusoma ualimu kwenye Chuo cha Ualimu Egoji, Meru. 1974 hadi 1978 alikuwa mwalimu wa shule huko Mombasa kabla ya kujiunga na gazeti la [[Daily Nation]], Nairobi alipoandika kuhusu mambo ya Sayansi na Mazingira.

Baadaye Juma alijiunga na taasisi ya Environment Liaison Centre International inayojihusisha na mambo ya mazingira. Hapa alikuwa mhariri wa jarida la ''Ecoforum''&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ecoforumjournal.org/ | title = Tovuti ya Ecoforum|accessdate=2017-12-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226070352/http://www.ecoforumjournal.org/ |archivedate=2017-12-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt;. 1982-1987 aliendela na masomo kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Sussex, Uingereza alipopata shahada ya [[uzamili]] katika fani ya Sayansi, Teknolojia na Viwanda halafu ya [[uzamivu]] wa sayansi kutoka idara ya utafiti ya sayansi za siasa. Aliendelea kuandika juu ya maeneo mbalimbali kwenye masuala ya sayansi, teknolojia na maendeleo endelevu.

Tangu 1984 alichukua nafasi kama mtafiti katika taasisi na miradi mbalimbali aliposhughulika hasa maswali ya [[biotekinolojia]].

==Uongozi==
Mnamo mwaka 1988, Calestous Juma alianzisha Taasisi ya Mafunzo ya Teknolojia ([[:en:African Centre for Technology Studies]]) mjini Nairobi, taasisi ya kwanza ya kiutafiti ya kujitegema katika Afrika.

1995 - 1998 aliteuliwa kuwa katibu mtendaji wa ofisi kuu ya [[Mapatano ya Kimataifa kuhusu Bioanuwai]] (Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cbd.int/secretariat/former-es/default.shtml Former executive secretaries], tovuti ya Mapatano kuhusu Bioanwai CBD, iliangaliwa Desemba 2017&lt;/ref&gt; iliyoanzishwa kwa kufuatilia maazimio ya [[Kongamano ya Umoja wa Mataifa kuhusu Mazingira na Maendeleo]] mjini Rio de Janeiro mwaka 1992 ''([[:en:United Nations Conference on Environment and Development|United Nations Conference on Environment and Development]], Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit)''. 

Mwaka 1998 alihamia Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard alipoitwa kuwa mshauri wa Harvard Center for International Development, tangu 1999 kuongoza Mradi wa Sayansi, Tekinolojia na Uvumbuzi. Tangu 2002 alikuwa profesa wa Maendeleo ya Kimataifa kwenye Idara ya Sayansi ya Siasa na Utawala wa Umma (Harvard Kennedy School). Hapo aliongoza pia miradi ya Uvumbuzi wa Kilimo katika Afrika na Sayansi, Tekinolojia na Utandawazi.

==Heshima na tuzo==
Calestous Juma alikuwa mtu aliyetambuliwa na mamlaka zinazotambulika kimataifa katika masuala ya matumizi ya sayansi na teknolojia ili kuleta maendeleo endelevu duniani kote.&lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;List of Fellows&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti| title = List of Fellows|url=http://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/people-council-committees/the-fellowship/list-of-fellows|accessdate=2017-12-16|archivedate=2016-06-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608094405/http://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/people-council-committees/the-fellowship/list-of-fellows}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Aliwahi kutambuliwa na jarida la kiafrika liitwalo (the ''New African'' magazine) kuwa mmoja kati ya  watu 100 wenye ushawishi mkubwa barani Africa mnamo mwaka 2012, 2013 na 2014. Alikuwa profesa wa utekelezaji wa maendeleo kimataifa na alikuwa mkuu wa kitengo cha Ubunifu kwaajili ya mpango mkakati wa maendeleo ya kiuchumi huko [[Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]].

Kitabu chake cha hivi karibuni kiitwacho  ''The New Harvest: Agricultural Innovation in Africa'' kilichapishwa na [[Oxford University Press]] mnamo mwaka 2011.&lt;ref name=harvest&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|last=Juma|first=Calestous| title = The New Harvest: Agricultural Innovation in Africa| date = Januari 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0199783199|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6l5HziiKlmgC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=harvesthks&gt;{{Rejea tovuti| title = The New Harvest: Agricultural Innovation in Africa|url=http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/20504/new_harvest.html|publisher=Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs|accessdate=27 April 2014|archivedate=2017-01-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112183424/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/20504/new_harvest.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwa kutambua wasifu wake huo, Juma aliweza kuchaguliwa na vitivo mbalimbali vikiwemo [[Royal Society of London]], [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]], [[The World Academy of Sciences]] (TWAS), uingereza [[Royal Academy of Engineering]], the [[African Academy of Sciences]] na the [[New York Academy of Sciences]]. Nchini Kenya alipokea tuzo la Mkuki wa Moto.

Mwaka 2015 Juma alikoselewa baada ya kuonekana alishirikiana na kampuni ya [[Monsanto]] kutetea mazao yaliyobadilishwa kinasaba (''genetically modified crops'') katika makala mbalimbali bila kuonyesha&lt;ref&gt;[https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2014/12/09/global-risks-of-rejecting-agricultural-biotechnology/ Global Risks of Rejecting Agricultural Biotechnology] , tovuti ya geneticliteracyproject.org, iliangaliwa Desemba 2017&lt;/ref&gt; mawasiliano yake na Monsanto. Alijitetea kuwa hakupokea malipo kwa makala husika&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2015/10/01/harvard-professor-failed-disclose-monsanto-connection-paper-touting-gmos/lLJipJQmI5WKS6RAgQbnrN/story.html Harvard professor failed to disclose connection], tovuti ya Boston Globe, toleo la 1 Oktoba 2015, iliangaliwa Desemba 2017&lt;/ref&gt;.

Calestous Juma alikuwa na matatizo ya kiafya tangu mnamo 2015. Tarehe 15 Desemba 2017 aliaga dunia mjini [[Boston]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://allafrica.com/stories/201712160001.html Harvard Professor Calestous Juma, Born in Kenya, Dies in U.S.], tovuti ya allafrica.com, ya tar. 16 December 2017&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{marejeo}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}}
{{BD|1953|2017}}
[[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Kenya]]</text>
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    <title>Ugonjwa wa Parkinson</title>
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      <text bytes="3558" sha1="sgk024awg5d7p1zsxnbhezvjtzljjto" xml:space="preserve">[[Picha:Paralysis agitans (1907, after St. Leger).jpg|thumb|[[Mchoro]] wa mwaka 1907 ukionyesha mtu mwenye ugonjwa wa Parkinson.]]
'''Ugonjwa wa Parkinson''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: [[:en: Parkinson's disease|Parkinson's_disease]]) ni [[ugonjwa]] wa [[ubongo]] ambapo mtu hukosa [[homoni]] ya [[dopamini]]. Hili hutokea baada ya [[seli]] zinazotengeneza dopamini kuharibika. 

[[Dalili]] ya ugonjwa huu ni kutetemeka kwa [[mikono]] (hand tremors), pamoja na shida ya kutembea. Huenda pia [[mtu]] akawa na shida za kufikiria. Wagonjwa wa Parkinson huwa na [[huzuni]], [[utovu wa usingizi]] pamoja na [[wasiwasi]] mwingi. Huu ugonjwa huitwa jina la ukangala katika sehemu nyingi wanao ongea lugha ya kibantu, kwa kumaanisha  kusababishwa na uzee au kilichotikiswa na upepo au, mazingira kutokubaliana na mhusika wa ugonjwa huo wa Parkinsons. 

Ugonjwa huu ulipewa hili [[jina]] kwa heshima ya yule anayeaminika kuwa [[mvumbuzi]] wake, [[:en:James_Parkinson|James Parkinson]], aliyeandika mengi kuhusu watu wenye ugonjwa huu katika [[maandishi]] aliyoyaita 'An Essay on the Shaking Palsy'.

== Kiini cha ugonjwa wa Parkinson ==
Haijulikani haswa kiini cha ugonjwa huo lakini yakisiwa kwamba hurithiwa kutoka [[kizazi]] kimoja hadi kingine. Sababu za kimazingira huweza pia kuchangia ugonjwa huo; kwa mfano yasemekana kwamba wanaofanya kazi za kupuliza [[kemikali]] kwenye [[mimea]] huenda wakaupata kwa urahisi. [[Wanaume]] huwa kwa hatari kubwa kuupata ugonjwa huu kuliko [[wanawake]].

== Matibabu ya ugonjwa wa Parkinson ==
Kwa sasa, hamna njia ya kutibu ugonjwa huu lakini kuna [[dawa]] ambazo wagonjwa hupewa ili kudhibiti dalili zake. [[Matibabu]] hayo ni kama levodopa na sinemet ambayo husaidia kudhibiti mtetemeko, ukosefu wa usingizi, wasiwasi pamoja na dalili nyinginezo za ugonjwa huu. Dawa hizo hufanya kazi kwa muda fulani tu na baadaye huwa hazifanyi. Kifikapo kipindi hicho, wagonjwa hushauriwa kula vizuri na kufanya [[Mazoezi ya mwili|mazoezi]] ambayo husaidia pia kudhibiti ugonjwa.

Suala kuhusu matumizi ya [[bangi]] iliyoondolewa THC (kiungo kinachomfanya mtu alewe anapovuta bangi) yamekuwa yakijadiliwa ikisemekana kwamba cbd oil husaidia katika kudhibiti kiwango cha dopamini mwilini.

== Vifaa maalumu vya wagonjwa wa Parkinson ==
Kwa sababu ya kutetemeka, pamoja na shida ya kutembea, wagonjwa wa Parkinson huwa na [[vifaa]] maalumu ambavyo wanatumia kuwawezesha kumudu [[maisha]]. 

Kwa mfano, kuna vijiko vinavyowasaidia kula [[chakula]] hata kama wanatetemeka kwa mikono ([https://hosiped.com/parkinsons-spoon/ parkinson spoons] {{Wayback|url=https://hosiped.com/parkinsons-spoon/ |date=20210123075037 }}). Vijiko hivi huenda vikawa na [[uzito]] mwingi kuliko vijiko vya kawaida au viwe na [[teknolojia]] ya hali ya juu hivi kwamba vinaweza kujua upande ulioko [[mdomo]] na kwa hivyo kudhibiti mtetemeko wa mgonjwa hadi atakapokielekeza chakula kwa mdomo. 

Kuna vikombe pia za kusaidia mgonjwa aweze kunywa [[kinywaji]] bila ya kumwagika. Vikombe hivyo hutengenezwa kwa muundo utakaoweza kumudu mtetemeko wa mgonjwa wa Parkinson.

Vifaa vingine ni vijiti vya kumsaidia mgonjwa aweze kutembea bila kuanguka kwa kujishikilia wakati wa kutembea&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.parkinson.org/Living-with-Parkinsons/Managing-Parkinsons/Activities-of-Daily-Living/Mobility walkers]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Watu mashuhuri waliokuwa na ugonjwa wa Parkinson ==
*[[:en:Muhammad_Ali|Muhammad Ali]] ([[bondia]])
*[[:en:Janet_Reno|Janet Reno]] (Attorney General USA)
*[[:en:Michael_J._Fox|Michael J Fox]]

==Tanbihi==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-tiba}}
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  <page>
    <title>Zawadi Madawili</title>
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        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="2630" sha1="6msghqn5ibmhxud56smcm6mtz07jvv6" xml:space="preserve">{{Mwigizaji 2
| jina                  = Zawadi Madawili
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| maelezo ya picha      = 
| jina la kuzaliwa      = Zawadi Madawili 
| tarehe ya kuzaliwa    = 
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}}
'''Zawadi Madawili''' ni [[afisa]] mstaafu [[mwanamke]] wa [[Jeshi la Wananchi wa Tanzania]]. 
Madawili alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza wa [[Jeshi la Wananchi wa Tanzania]] kuwa [[luteni]] toka [[mwaka]] [[1975]]. &lt;ref&gt;''Africa Woman''. Africa Journal Limited. 1975. p. 19. Retrieved 29 April 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Pia aliweza kuwa na [[cheo]] cha brigedia mkuu mwaka [[2003]].&lt;ref name=&quot;JamhuriMadawili&quot;&gt;Jamhuri Media. &quot;Mjue Meja Jenerali aliyefungua milango kwa wanawake JWTZ&quot;. https://www.jamhurimedia.co.tz/mjue-meja-jenerali-aliyefungua-milango-kwa-wanawake-jwtz/&lt;/ref&gt; 

Madawili aliweza kuripotiwa katika Mpango wa ndani ya [[Jamhuri]] ya Muungano wa kuondoa athari za kiuchumi ndani ya nchi na bara.&lt;ref name=&quot;PSRBBoard&quot;&gt;Public Service Remuneration Board. &quot;Advisory Board Members&quot;. https://www.psrb.go.tz/pages/advisory&lt;/ref&gt; Madawili pia aliweza kuanzisha jitihada zilizofanywa na uharakati wake wa kuchochea hisia za [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] wa [[Tanzania]] a kuanzisha mpango wake.

Madawili alifikia [[cheo]] cha [[Meja Jenerali]] kabla ya kustaafu.&lt;ref name=&quot;BongoCelebrityMadawili&quot;&gt;Bongo Celebrity. &quot;Meja Jenerali Zawadi Madawili&quot;. https://bongocelebrity.wordpress.com/2008/04/08/meja-jenerali-zawadi-madawili/&lt;/ref&gt;
Mnamo [[Oktoba]] mwaka [[2017]] alichaguliwa kwenye bodi ya kuwezesha Huduma za Jamii ambayo ilikuwa imeanzishwa katika kulipia watumishi wa umma.&lt;ref&gt;Kolumbia, Louis (4 October 2017). &quot;Review of public servants' salaries in final stage: govt&quot;. ''The Citizen''. Retrieved 29 April 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{marejeo}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Tanzania]]
[[Jamii:Wiki Loves Women Tanzania(2)]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wanyankole</title>
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      <text bytes="2380" sha1="53l64cte7h1lsny95o5vuh5a7mx7mjk" xml:space="preserve">[[Picha:Flag of Ankole.svg|thumb|[[Bendera]] yao.]]
[[Picha:Ankole (map).png|thumb|[[Ramani]] ya eneo lao ([[rangi]] [[nyekundu]]).]]
'''Wanyankole''' ni [[kabila]] la [[kusini]]-[[magharibi]] mwa [[Uganda]] lililounda zamani (kuanzia [[karne ya 15]]) [[Ufalme wa Nkore]] au Ankole, [[mashariki]] kwa [[Ziwa Edward]]. Mfalme wao aliitwa Mugabe au [[Omugabe]]. 

[[Ufalme]] huo ulikubali [[ulinzi]] wa [[Uingereza]] [[tarehe]] [[25 Oktoba]] [[1901]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.kituochakatiba.org/sites/default/files/legal-resources/THE%20ANKOLE%20AGREEMENT%201901.pdf |title=The Ankole Agreement 1901&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |accessdate=2019-10-31 |archivedate=2019-01-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112062245/http://www.kituochakatiba.org/sites/default/files/legal-resources/THE%20ANKOLE%20AGREEMENT%201901.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ulifutwa na [[rais]] [[Milton Obote]] [[mwaka]] [[1967]] na haujarudishwa rasmi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ugandaobserver.com/new/archives/2005arch/features/interview/apr/int200503311.php {{Wayback|url=http://www.ugandaobserver.com/new/archives/2005arch/features/interview/apr/int200503311.php |date=20071203235759 }} The Observer Media Ltd. :: The Weekly Observer :: Uganda's Top Resource site&lt;/ref&gt; 

Eneo lake limegawanyika katika [[wilaya]] 10: [[wilaya ya Bushenyi]], [[wilaya ya Buhweju]], [[wilaya ya Mitooma]], [[wilaya ya Rubirizi]], [[wilaya ya Sheema]], [[wilaya ya Ntungamo]], [[wilaya ya Mbarara]], [[wilaya ya Kiruhura]], [[wilaya ya Ibanda]] na [[wilaya ya Isingiro]].

[[Lugha]] yao inaitwa [[Kinyankole]] (wao wanasema: Runyankole) na ni kati ya [[lugha za Kibantu]]. Inakaribiana na [[Kihaya]]. 

[[Idadi]] yao ni [[asilimia]] 9.5 za wananchi wote wa Uganda.

==Tanbihi==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Viungo vya nje==
*[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Uganda.html World Statesmen - Uganda]
*[http://www.ugandatravelguide.com/ankole-culture.html A tour guide to Ankole Culture - Uganda] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ugandatravelguide.com/ankole-culture.html |date=20210129074653 }}
{{makabila ya Uganda}}
[[Category:Wanyankole| ]]
[[Category:Makabila ya Uganda]]
[[Jamii:Wilaya ya Bushenyi]]
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[[Jamii:Wilaya ya Mbarara]]
[[Jamii:Wilaya ya Kiruhura]]
[[Jamii:Wilaya ya Ibanda]]
[[Jamii:Wilaya ya Isingiro]]</text>
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;big&gt;Rafiki&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|'''Imeongozwa na'''
|Wanuri Kahiu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kenyan Director Wanuri Kahiu Is Fun, Fierce, Frivolous and Timely|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/kenyan-director-wanuri-kahiu-is-fun-fierce-frivolous-timely-1145485|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''Imetayarishwa na'''
|Steven Markovitz
|-
|'''Wasanii'''
|Wanuri Kahiu

Jena Cato Bass
|-
|'''Nyota'''
|[https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki Samantha Mugatsia] {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }}
[https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki Sheila Munyiva]{{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki 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|-
|'''Sinematograﬁ'''
|Christopher Wessels
|-
|'''Imehaririwa na'''
|Isabelle Dedieu
|-
|'''Imetolewa tar.'''
|9 May 2018 ([[Cannes]])
23 September 2018 (Kenya)
|-
|'''Ina muda wa dakika'''
|82
|-
|'''Nchi'''
|Kenya
|-
|'''Lugha'''
|Kiingereza
Kiswahili
|-
|'''Mauzo ya Ofisi'''
|$176,513&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rafiki (2018) - Financial Information|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)|work=The Numbers|accessdate=2020-03-05|archive-date=2024-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203144814/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
[[Picha:Wanuri Kahiu at the 2025 Sundance Film Festival (cropped).jpg|thumb|162x162px]]
'''Rafiki'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=RAFIKI|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/festival/films/rafiki|work=Festival de Cannes 2019|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni [[ﬁlamu]] kutoka nchi ya [[Kenya]] iliyotengenezwa katika [[mwaka]] [[2018]]. Filamu imeongozwa na [http://www.wanurikahiu.com/bio Wanuri Kahiu] ambaye ni Mkenya. Yeye aliandika “Rafiki” na Jenna Bass, [[meneja]] wa cinema kutoka [[Afrika ya Kusini]]. 

== Hadithi ==
“Rafiki” inahusu wanawake wawili, Kena na Ziki, ambao walianza kupendana. Kena alitoka jiji la Nairobi na alikaa katika nyumba ya mama yake, lakini husaidia katika duka la baba yake. Baba ya Kena alifanya kampeni katika uchaguzi wa serekali ya mtaa. Wakati wa kufanya kazi, Kena alianza kuonyesha mapenzi na Ziki, mwanamke wa mtaa. Lakini, Ziki ni binti la Peter Okemi, mshindani wa baba ya Kena katika uchaguzi wa serekali ya mtaa. Hata hevyo, Ziki na Kena waliendelea mchezo wa datsi nyingi na walikuwa karibukaribu sana. Lakini hawaweza kuonyesha uhusiano wao kwa sababu usenge ni haramu katika nchi ya Kenya.

Marafiki wa Ziki walikasirika kwa sababu yeye hutumia wakati mwingi na Kena kwa hivyo walimpiga Kena. Kisha, Ziki alisaidia kupona Kena katika nyumba ya Ziki lakini mama ya Ziki aliona, wakati alienda chumbani, wakibusu. Walijaribu kukimbia lakini kundi la watu wenye waliwapata. Wamekamatwa, kisha wazazi wao walikuja kuwachukua. Baddaye, wazazi wa Ziki wanampeleka jiji la London na wazazi wa Kena waliﬁcha hali hiyo yote. Mwisho wa ﬁlamu, miaka kadhaa baadaye, Ziki alirudi mtaa na alikutana na Kena tena. Kena alimaliza shule wakaanza tena uhusiano wao.

== Washiriki ==
• Samantha Mugatsia ni Kena&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=What I Learnt from My Lesbian Role in &quot;Rafiki&quot;- Samantha Mugatsia|url=https://www.eelive.ng/what-i-learnt-from-my-lesbian-role-in-rafiki-samantha-mugatsia/|work=Eelive|date=2019-03-13|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

• Sheila Munyiva ni Ziki

• Neville Misati ni Blacksta

• Nini Wacera ni Mercy

• Jimmy Gathu ni John Mwaura

• Charlie Karumi ni Waireri

• Muthoni Gathecha ni Mama Atim

• Dennis Musyoka ni Peter Okemi

• Patricia Amira ni Rose Okemi

• Nice Githinji ni Nduta

• Patricia Kihoro ni Josephine

• Mellen Aura ni Elizabeth

== Mapokezi ==
Wakati ﬁlamu &quot;Rafiki&quot; ilitolewa watu hawakuruhusiwa kuitazama katika nchi ya Kenya kwa sababu Bodi ya Uainishaji Filamu Nchini Kenya (KFCB) walipiga marufuku ﬁlamu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Lesbian film banned ahead of Cannes debut|date=2018-04-27|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43922780|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;. KFCB walisema ni marufuku kwa sababu ya mada yake ya [[ushoga]] na dhamira ya wazi ya kukuza [[usagaji]] nchini Kenya kinyume na [[sheria]]. Bodi waliomba Wanuri Kahiu abadilishe mwisho wa ﬁlamu usiwe tumaini lakini Kahiu alisema hapana. Kwa hiyo, KFCB walionya watu kwamba wakinunua ﬁlamu wanaweza kuenda jela. Wapigania haki za ushoga wa kimataifa walikasirika.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ban of Kenyan film over lesbianism criticised|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Ban-of-Kenyan-film-over-lesbianism-criticised/1056-4535138-iuvqlo/index.html|work=Daily Nation|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kisha, Wanuri Kahiu alidai [[serikali]] ya Kenya kwa sababu alitaka kuingia Tuzo la Chuo (Academy Award) cha Filamu Bora ya Lugha ya Kigeni kwa mwaka tisini na moja za maadhimisho&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Govt Sued for Preventing Kenyan Movie From Winning Oscars|url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/33039-government-sued-preventing-kenyan-movie-winning-oscars|work=Kenyans.co.ke|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=EN|author=Mumbi Mutuko on 11 September 2018-6:45 pm}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Mnamo [[21 Septemba]] 2018, [[Mahakama Kuu]] ya Wakenya iliondoa marufuku ya ﬁlamu kwa siku saba&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=High Court lifts ban on lesbian movie, dismisses moral police Ezekiel Mutua|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/286608-high-court-lifts-ban-controversial-lesbian-movie-dismisses-moral-police-ezekiel-mutua.html|work=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news.|date=2018-09-21|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en|author=Tuko.co.ke}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=High court lifts ban on lesbian themed movie 'Rafiki'|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018-09-21-high-court-lifts-ban-on-lesbian-themed-movie-rafiki/|work=The Star|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en-KE}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baada ya marufuku kutolewa, “Rafiki” iliuzwa kabisa kutoka sinema katika jiji la Nairobi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lesbian film Rafiki sells out after Kenyan court lifts ban|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/lesbian-film-rafiki-sells-out-after-kenyan-court-lifts-ban-20180924-p505k2.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=2018-09-23|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en|author=Cecilie Kallestrup}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Lakini, hata hivyo, “Rafiki” haikuenda Tuzo la Chuo.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

==Viungo vya nje==
*https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)#tab=summary {{Wayback|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)#tab=summary |date=20240203144814 }}
*https://twitter.com/InfoKfcb/status/989837096251781120
*https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Ban-of-Kenyan-film-over-lesbianism-criticised/1056-4535138-iuvqlo/index.html
*https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43922780
*https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/festival/films/rafiki
*https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/33039-government-sued-preventing-kenyan-movie-winning-oscars
*https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018-09-21-high-court-lifts-ban-on-lesbian-themed-movie-rafiki/
*https://www.tuko.co.ke/286608-high-court-lifts-ban-controversial-lesbian-movie-dismisses-moral-police-ezekiel-mutua.html#286608
*https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/lesbian-film-rafiki-sells-out-after-kenyan-court-lifts-ban-20180924-p505k2.html
*https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/kenyan-director-wanuri-kahiu-is-fun-fierce-frivolous-timely-1145485
*https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }}
*https://www.eelive.ng/what-i-learnt-from-my-lesbian-role-in-rafiki-samantha-mugatsia/
{{mbegu-filamu}}
[[Jamii:Filamu za Kenya]]
[[Jamii:filamu za 2018]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Daudtza93</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>125550</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510017</id>
      <parentid>1325608</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T08:52:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-25406-98</username>
        <id>88922</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Tumeboresha taarifa sahihi za muhusika Daud Lyon</comment>
      <origin>1510017</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1479" sha1="3bicl0c3h27e411gbeevkwy1ph61tpl" xml:space="preserve">Daud Lyon (amezaliwa tarehe 15 Desemba 1993, Nachingwea, Tanzania) ni mjasiriamali wa teknolojia na utalii kutoka Tanzania. Ni mwanzilishi wa INES Prime Technologies na Disa Travels.

Maisha ya awali

Daud Lyon alizaliwa Nachingwea, kusini mwa Tanzania. Akiwa kijana, alianza kujihusisha na shughuli za ubunifu, hususan upigaji picha, ambao ulimpa uzoefu wa awali katika sekta ya utalii.

Kazi

Daud Lyon ni mwanzilishi wa INES Prime Technologies, kampuni inayojihusisha na utoaji wa suluhisho za kidijitali ikiwemo utengenezaji wa tovuti, mifumo ya biashara, na majukwaa ya mtandaoni. Kupitia kampuni hiyo, amehusika katika miradi mbalimbali ya teknolojia inayolenga kusaidia biashara kutumia mifumo ya kidijitali.

Katika sekta ya utalii, alianzisha Disa Travels, kampuni inayotoa huduma za usafiri na upangaji wa safari kwa wateja wa ndani na kimataifa. Pia ameanzisha huduma za malazi chini ya chapa ndogo inayojulikana kama STAYS by DISA.

Ametajwa katika machapisho mbalimbali yanayohusiana na biashara, teknolojia na maendeleo ya kijamii katika ukanda wa Afrika Mashariki na Mashariki ya Kati.

Maisha binafsi

Rejea

Khaleej Times. KT 150 – Social Impact 2025
https://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-150-2025/social-impact
Habari Leo. Wadau wahamasishwa vivutio vipya kuchochea utalii
https://habarileo.co.tz/wadau-wahamasishwa-vivutio-vipya-kuchochea-utalii/
Bongo5. Mwanandoto aliyestaafu akiwa na miaka 30
https://bongo5.com/mwanandoto-aliyestaafu-akiwa-na-miaka-30-05-2025/</text>
      <sha1>3bicl0c3h27e411gbeevkwy1ph61tpl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1510018</id>
      <parentid>1510017</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T08:55:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-25406-98</username>
        <id>88922</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historia */ mjadala mpya</comment>
      <origin>1510018</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1666" sha1="bn3yx4qa848neknfbv0r1xq57labdoj" xml:space="preserve">Daud Lyon (amezaliwa tarehe 15 Desemba 1993, Nachingwea, Tanzania) ni mjasiriamali wa teknolojia na utalii kutoka Tanzania. Ni mwanzilishi wa INES Prime Technologies na Disa Travels.

Maisha ya awali

Daud Lyon alizaliwa Nachingwea, kusini mwa Tanzania. Akiwa kijana, alianza kujihusisha na shughuli za ubunifu, hususan upigaji picha, ambao ulimpa uzoefu wa awali katika sekta ya utalii.

Kazi

Daud Lyon ni mwanzilishi wa INES Prime Technologies, kampuni inayojihusisha na utoaji wa suluhisho za kidijitali ikiwemo utengenezaji wa tovuti, mifumo ya biashara, na majukwaa ya mtandaoni. Kupitia kampuni hiyo, amehusika katika miradi mbalimbali ya teknolojia inayolenga kusaidia biashara kutumia mifumo ya kidijitali.

Katika sekta ya utalii, alianzisha Disa Travels, kampuni inayotoa huduma za usafiri na upangaji wa safari kwa wateja wa ndani na kimataifa. Pia ameanzisha huduma za malazi chini ya chapa ndogo inayojulikana kama STAYS by DISA.

Ametajwa katika machapisho mbalimbali yanayohusiana na biashara, teknolojia na maendeleo ya kijamii katika ukanda wa Afrika Mashariki na Mashariki ya Kati.

Maisha binafsi

Rejea

Khaleej Times. KT 150 – Social Impact 2025
https://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-150-2025/social-impact
Habari Leo. Wadau wahamasishwa vivutio vipya kuchochea utalii
https://habarileo.co.tz/wadau-wahamasishwa-vivutio-vipya-kuchochea-utalii/
Bongo5. Mwanandoto aliyestaafu akiwa na miaka 30
https://bongo5.com/mwanandoto-aliyestaafu-akiwa-na-miaka-30-05-2025/

== Historia ==

Wasifu Kamili wa Daud Lyon [[Maalum:Michango/&amp;#126;2026-25406-98|&amp;#126;2026-25406-98]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&amp;#126;2026-25406-98|talk]]) 08:55, 26 Aprili 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kanuni ya Kirumi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>1509808</id>
      <parentid>1141544</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:40:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Clavan de Vallis</username>
        <id>88254</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Neno &quot;Kirumi&quot; kwenda &quot;Roma&quot;</comment>
      <origin>1509808</origin>
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      <text bytes="2697" sha1="r2aildvdw2ogk0u0dedej7welhv8vaj" xml:space="preserve">'''Kanuni ya Roma''' ni [[jina]] la tangu zamani la [[anafora|Sala ya Ekaristi]] I ya [[Misale]] ya [[Kanisa la Roma]] inayotumiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] karibu wote kuadhimisha [[Misa]].

Kanuni hiyo imebaki karibu sawa tangu [[karne ya 7]]. Inaundwa na mshono wa [[sala]] fupifupi zinazotangulia na kufuata simulizi la [[Karamu ya mwisho]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA281&amp;dq=canon+mass+%22clear+sequence%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwij2YD-o8fgAhVuTRUIHQ8mA-UQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=canon%20mass%20%22clear%20sequence%22&amp;f=false Frank Leslie Cross, Elizabeth A. Livingstone, ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church'' (Oxford University Press 2005), p. 281]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mabadiliko ya mwisho yalifanywa na [[Papa Yohane XXIII]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-54-1962-ocr.pdf ''Acta Apostolicae Sedis'' LIV (1962), p. 873]&lt;/ref&gt; halafu hasa na [[Papa Paulo VI]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://w2.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-vi_apc_19690403_missale-romanum.html Pope Paul VI, Apostolic Constitution ''Missale Romanum'']&lt;/ref&gt; Hata hivyo hati ''[[Summorum Pontificum]]'' ya [[Papa Benedikto XVI]] imeruhusu wanaopenda kutumia kanuni kama ilivyorekebishwa na Papa Yohane XXIII.&lt;ref&gt;[http://w2.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum.html Pope Benedict XVI, Motu proprio ''Summorum Pontificum'', art. 1]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tanbihi ==
{{reflist}}

==Viungo vya nje==
*[https://media.musicasacra.com/books/latin_missal2002.pdf Text of Vatican II ''Missale Romanum'', third edition]
*[http://universalis.com/static/mass/orderofmass.htm#eucharisticPrayer1_1 Official English translation of Vatican II Order of Mass], hosted by Universalis Publishing Ltd
*[https://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Missal/Text/EP1-A4.pdf Official English translation of Vatican II Roman Canon arranged for printing as a booklet]
*[https://media.musicasacra.com/pdf/missale62.pdf Black-and-white reproduction (rubrics appear in black) of the 1962 ''editio typica'' of the ''Missale Romanum'']. The canon begins at p. 299
*[https://archive.org/details/MissaleRomanum1962RomanMissalColorLatin/page/n379 Benziger ''iuxta typicam'' printing of the 1962 ''Missale Romanum'']
*[http://www.sanctamissa.org/EN/rubrics English translation of the 1962 ''Ritus servandus in celebratione Missae''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sanctamissa.org/EN/rubrics |date=20080412042637 }}
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03255c.htm Adrian Fortescue: ''Canon of the Mass'' (1908)]
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09790b.htm Adrian Fortescue: ''Liturgy of the Mass'' (1910)]

{{mbegu-katoliki}}
[[Jamii:Liturujia]]
[[Jamii:Ekaristi]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1509860</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Clavan de Vallis|Clavan de Vallis]] ([[User talk:Clavan de Vallis|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="2699" sha1="m4vfe6rgn238acpbjhhkiaoxwxxt9em" xml:space="preserve">'''Kanuni ya Kirumi''' ni [[jina]] la tangu zamani la [[anafora|Sala ya Ekaristi]] I ya [[Misale]] ya [[Kanisa la Roma]] inayotumiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] karibu wote kuadhimisha [[Misa]].

Kanuni hiyo imebaki karibu sawa tangu [[karne ya 7]]. Inaundwa na mshono wa [[sala]] fupifupi zinazotangulia na kufuata simulizi la [[Karamu ya mwisho]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA281&amp;dq=canon+mass+%22clear+sequence%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwij2YD-o8fgAhVuTRUIHQ8mA-UQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=canon%20mass%20%22clear%20sequence%22&amp;f=false Frank Leslie Cross, Elizabeth A. Livingstone, ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church'' (Oxford University Press 2005), p. 281]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mabadiliko ya mwisho yalifanywa na [[Papa Yohane XXIII]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-54-1962-ocr.pdf ''Acta Apostolicae Sedis'' LIV (1962), p. 873]&lt;/ref&gt; halafu hasa na [[Papa Paulo VI]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://w2.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-vi_apc_19690403_missale-romanum.html Pope Paul VI, Apostolic Constitution ''Missale Romanum'']&lt;/ref&gt; Hata hivyo hati ''[[Summorum Pontificum]]'' ya [[Papa Benedikto XVI]] imeruhusu wanaopenda kutumia kanuni kama ilivyorekebishwa na Papa Yohane XXIII.&lt;ref&gt;[http://w2.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum.html Pope Benedict XVI, Motu proprio ''Summorum Pontificum'', art. 1]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tanbihi ==
{{reflist}}

==Viungo vya nje==
*[https://media.musicasacra.com/books/latin_missal2002.pdf Text of Vatican II ''Missale Romanum'', third edition]
*[http://universalis.com/static/mass/orderofmass.htm#eucharisticPrayer1_1 Official English translation of Vatican II Order of Mass], hosted by Universalis Publishing Ltd
*[https://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Missal/Text/EP1-A4.pdf Official English translation of Vatican II Roman Canon arranged for printing as a booklet]
*[https://media.musicasacra.com/pdf/missale62.pdf Black-and-white reproduction (rubrics appear in black) of the 1962 ''editio typica'' of the ''Missale Romanum'']. The canon begins at p. 299
*[https://archive.org/details/MissaleRomanum1962RomanMissalColorLatin/page/n379 Benziger ''iuxta typicam'' printing of the 1962 ''Missale Romanum'']
*[http://www.sanctamissa.org/EN/rubrics English translation of the 1962 ''Ritus servandus in celebratione Missae''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sanctamissa.org/EN/rubrics |date=20080412042637 }}
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03255c.htm Adrian Fortescue: ''Canon of the Mass'' (1908)]
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09790b.htm Adrian Fortescue: ''Liturgy of the Mass'' (1910)]

{{mbegu-katoliki}}
[[Jamii:Liturujia]]
[[Jamii:Ekaristi]]</text>
      <sha1>m4vfe6rgn238acpbjhhkiaoxwxxt9em</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Shule ya kimataifa ya Isamilo Mwanza</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>138513</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509809</id>
      <parentid>1509033</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:40:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509809</origin>
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      <text bytes="2224" sha1="n4jr40t77q6d7mtfch3fez7frc4ypom" xml:space="preserve">'''Shule ya kimataifa ya Isamilo Mwanza''' (ilianzishwa mnamo 1956 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=History of IISM|url=https://www.isamiloschool.org/history-of-iism|work=IISM|accessdate=2021-06-22|language=en|archivedate=2021-06-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622135304/https://www.isamiloschool.org/history-of-iism}}&lt;/ref&gt;) ni [[shule]] ya kimataifa ya [[Mwanafunzi|wanafunzi]] wenye umri wa miaka 3 hadi 16 mkoani [[Mwanza]], [[Tanzania]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=List Of International Schools In Tanzania|url=https://tanzanialists.com/international-schools-in-tanzania/|work=Tanzanian Lists|date=2020-09-19|accessdate=2021-06-22|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202503/https://tanzanialists.com/international-schools-in-tanzania/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shule hiyo imekuwa ikijulikana kama ''Shule ya Serikali ya Ulaya'', ''Shule ya Msingi Isamilo'' na ''Shule ya Isamilo Mwanza'' kabla ya kubadilishwa jina mwaka 2008 kwa jina lake la sasa.

Shule hiyo inafundisha masomo kulingana na Mitaala ya Kitaifa ya [[Uingereza|Nchini Uingereza]]. Shule imeongeza vidato vya tano na sita pamoja na shule ya bweni kama nyongeza kwa Hati Kuu ya Kimataifa ya Elimu ya Sekondari ambayo imetoa tangu 1998 ilipofungua shule ya sekondari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.isamiloschool.org/|work=IISM|accessdate=2021-06-22|language=en|archivedate=2021-06-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622134721/https://www.isamiloschool.org/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mitihani hutolewa na bodi ya Mitihani ya Kimataifa ya [[Cambridge]].&lt;ref&gt;https://d3giikteahxfyn.cloudfront.net/f82456c3-5769-4a9e-b8c9-a8aa4956bd4d/19a18c04-9f08-4cae-bea3-e5eaa80c8fe8&lt;/ref&gt;

Kauli mbiu ya awali ya shule ilikuwa &quot;''Kila tabia imekamilika''&quot; na kauli mbiu mpya ya shule, iliyopitishwa mnamo 2008, ni &quot;Mizani Sahihi&quot;. Shule imesajiliwa na [[Wizara ya Elimu, Sayansi, Teknolojia na Ufundi|Wizara ya Elimu na Utamaduni ya Tanzania]] ('''''Nos: MZ.01 / 4/002 &amp; S. 957'''''), Idara ya watoto wa shule za Uingereza na Familia ('''''DfCSf No. 703 6228'''''), na Chama cha Kimataifa Shule barani Afrika.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
[[Jamii:Elimu ya Tanzania]]
[[Jamii:Mwanza]]
[[Jamii:Editathon 2021-06 Morogor]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Usafiri wa haraka wa basi Dar es Salaam</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>141096</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509833</id>
      <parentid>1509150</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:59:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Usafiri wa haraka wa basi la Dar es Salaam]] hadi [[Usafiri wa haraka wa basi Dar es Salaam]]: usahihi wa jina</comment>
      <origin>1509150</origin>
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      <text bytes="11040" sha1="8p24d3ksrc8rutjwxa9kafp5b4kdzev" xml:space="preserve">'''Usafiri wa haraka wa mabasi''' &lt;ref&gt;http://wedocs.unep.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/25448/1917_2018_te_unenvironment_gef_global_cc_msp_spcc_darcart_bus_rapid_transit.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y&lt;/ref&gt; [[Dar es Salaam]] (Mwendokasi) ni mfumo wa usafirishaji wa mabasi wa haraka ambao ulianza kufanya kazi mnamo [[10 Mei]] [[2016]] huko [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanzania]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;http://allafrica.com/stories/201605120311.html&lt;/ref&gt; Mfumo wa usafirishaji una awamu 6 na ujenzi wa awamu ya kwanza ulianza Aprili [[2012]] na kampuni ya ujenzi ya [[Austria Strabag|Austria (Strabag International GmbH)]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.strabag-international.com/databases/internet/_public/content.nsf/27f1abc7e30c3309c12571e0003f78c7/8e2f292a91518463c1257a0d00408522/$FILE/TZ_BRT.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-08-18 |archivedate=2016-03-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051426/http://www.strabag-international.com/databases/internet/_public/content.nsf/27f1abc7e30c3309c12571e0003f78c7/8e2f292a91518463c1257a0d00408522/$FILE/TZ_BRT.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;Ujenzi wa awamu ya kwanza ulikamilishwa mnamo Desemba [[2015]] kwa gharama ya jumla ya Euro milioni 134 iliyofadhiliwa na [[Benki ya Maendeleo ya Afrika]], [[Benki ya Dunia]] na [[Serikali ya Tanzania]]. &lt;ref&gt;http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/Tanzania_-_Dar_es_Salaam_Bus_rapid_transit_project_-_ESIA_summary_%E2%80%93_03_2015.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; Awamu ya kwanza ya mradi ina urefu wa kilometa 21.1 na vichochoro vya mabasi kwenye barabara kuu tatu zenye jumla ya vituo 29. &lt;ref&gt;https://asokoinsight.com/news/tanzania-sets-the-pace-for-east-africa-with-rapid-bus-transit-system&lt;/ref&gt; Mfumo mzima unaendeshwa na [[Usafiri Salama Dar es Salaam]] (UDA-RT) chini ya uangalizi wa Mamlaka ya Udhibiti wa Usafiri wa Juu na Majini ([[Sumatra]]) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sumatra.go.tz/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-08-18 |archivedate=2019-03-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323184027/http://www.sumatra.go.tz/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mabasi yanatoa huduma kwa masaa 18 kila siku kutoka 05:00 asubuhi hadi 11:00 jioni.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Dar-sets-the-pace-for-East-Africa-with-rapid-bus-transit-system/-/2558/3203212/-/69c6ygz/-/index.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
Pamoja na idadi ya watu kukua kwa kasi jijini, serikali ilianza kufanya mipango ya mfumo wa usafirishaji haraka mnamo 2003. Serikali ilitabiri idadi ya watu wa jiji kuongezeka zaidi ya milioni 5 ifikapo mwaka 2015 na kukaribisha Wakala wa Ushirikiano wa [[Japani]] kubuni mpango mkuu wa usafirishaji jijini mnamo Juni 2008.&lt;ref&gt;http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/11897535_01.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; Usafiri wa haraka wa basi na mfumo wa usafirishaji wa metro ulipendekezwa lakini mfumo wa metro haukuidhinishwa kwa sababu ya gharama kubwa ya ujenzi na utendaji inayohusika. Mradi uliwekwa chini ya ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu na Wakala wa Usafiri wa Haraka wa Dar (DART) uliundwa kupitia ilani ya serikali mnamo 25 Mei 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://dart.go.tz/en/chief-executive-officers-welcoming-statement/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-08-18 |archivedate=2018-06-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617204439/http://dart.go.tz/en/chief-executive-officers-welcoming-statement/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; Usafiri wa haraka wa basi la kilomita 130 ulipangwa kufikia zaidi ya 90% ya idadi ya watu wa jiji na mradi huo uligawanywa katika awamu sita kwa sababu ya uwekezaji mkubwa uliohitajika. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.tanzania.go.tz/egov_uploads/documents/NHIF_POLICIES_sw.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-08-18 |archivedate=2017-03-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329101111/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/egov_uploads/documents/NHIF_POLICIES_sw.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gharama ya awali ya mradi ilifadhiliwa na benki ya ulimwengu na benki ilitoa $ 180 milioni kwa ujenzi wa awamu ya kwanza. &lt;ref&gt;http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2013/01/15/additional-financing-tanzania-bus-rapid-transit-system-benefit-300000-commuters-create-80000-jobs&lt;/ref&gt;

== Awamu ==
'''Awamu ya Kwanza'''
[[File:Mradi wa mwendokasi.jpg|thumb|Mradi wa mwendokasi]]
Awamu ya I ya mfumo wa BRT inaendesha kwa kilomita 21 kutoka [[Kimara (Ubungo)|Kimara]] hadi [[Ubungo]] kuishia [[Kivukoni|Kivukoni / Morocco]]. Ujenzi wa awamu ya kwanza ulianza Aprili 2012 na ulikamilishwa mnamo Desemba 2015 na [[Strabag]] kimataifa GmbH. &lt;ref&gt;http://www.strabag-international.com/databases/internet/_public/content.nsf/web/EN-STRABAGINTERNAT.COM-PROJECTS-Road-Bus%20Rapid%20Transit%20(BRT)%20Infrastructure,%20Dar%20Es%20Salaam,%20Tanzania{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Njia imeundwa kubeba wasafiri 300,000 kila siku kando ya vituo 29. Njia hiyo ina kilomita 21 ya barabara kuu, kilomita 57.9 za barabara za kulisha, vituo 5 vikubwa na vituo 29. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://dart.go.tz/sw/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/DART-Project-Information-Memorandum.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-08-18 |archivedate=2018-02-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219024533/http://dart.go.tz/sw/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/DART-Project-Information-Memorandum.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Njia iliwekwa chini ya shughuli za muda tarehe 24 Aprili 2015 na ilikuwa ikifanya kazi kikamilifu tarehe 10 Mei 2016, baada ya nauli kuamuliwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/794251489201242940/text/TZ-PAD-02162017.txt&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Gharama za ujenzi wa Awamu ya 1 &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
!Mradi mdogo
!Gharama kwa USD
|-
!Kazi za barabarani za BRT
!237.2 milioni
|-
|Jengo la terminal la Kivukoni na kituo cha abiria
|3.8 milioni
|-
|Uhamishaji wa matumizi
|4.2 milioni
|-
|Vituo vya huko Shekilango, Urafiki, Magomeni, Moto, Kinondoni A, na Mwinjuma
|3.4 milioni
|-
|Bohari ya Ubungo, kituo cha kulisha chakula na kituo cha basi cha juu-nchi
|11.0 milioni
|-
|Bohari ya Jangwani
|15.2 milioni
|-
|Jengo la terminal la Kariakoo na kituo cha abiria
|7.2 milioni
|-
|Uboreshaji wa Makutano ya Ubungo na Miundombinu inayosaidia ya Usalama Barabarani kwa Mfumo wa Awamu ya 1 ya BRT
|99.9 milioni
|-
|'''JUMLA'''
|'''381.9 milioni'''
|}
'''Uendeshaji wa Muda'''

Mnamo tarehe 24 Aprili 2015 Wakala wa Usafiri wa Haraka wa Dar (DART) walitia saini mkataba na UDA-RT kwa utoaji wa huduma za muda za mfumo wa Usafiri wa Haraka wa Dar es salaam. UDA-RT ni kampuni maalum inayoundwa na UDA na Vyama viwili vya Daladala, Chama cha Wamiliki wa Mabasi ya Dar es Salaam (DARCOBOA) na UWADAR kwa utoaji wa huduma za muda. Huduma ya mpito ilifanywa kutoa mafunzo kwa waendeshaji wa baadaye na kuwajengea uwezo wa ndani. Wakati wa shughuli za mpito dala-dala za kibinafsi bado zilikuwa zikifanya kazi kwenye njia hizi. &lt;ref&gt;http://allafrica.com/stories/201505110460.html&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Awamu ya Pili'''

Fedha za awamu ya Pili zilipatikana mnamo Oktoba 2015. Awamu ya pili ni kulenga takriban kilomita 19 kutoka Kilwa hadi Kawawa kusini kupitia Kivukoni na itagharimu karibu dola milioni 160. Benki ya Maendeleo ya Afrika ilikubali kufadhili $ 141 milioni kwa mradi huo, wakati fedha zilizobaki zitatoka kwa serikali. Ujenzi wa mradi huo unapaswa kuanza mnamo Juni 2019 na itachukua takriban miezi 36 kukamilika. &lt;ref&gt;https://allafrica.com/stories/201812050460.html&lt;/ref&gt; Ujenzi wa barabara utajumuisha njia mbili pia. Mradi wa DART wa km 20.3 utaanza katika kituo cha Gerezani &amp; Halmashauri ya Jiji la BRT. Ambayo itajumuisha Barabara ya Kilwa, Barabara ya [[Chang'ombe|Chang’ombe]], [[Kawawa Road]], [[Gerezani Street]], [[Sokoine Drive]] na [[Bandari Road]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://exchange.co.tz/new/countries/tanzania/tanzania-to-begin-phase-two-construction-of-dar-bus-rapid-transit-dart |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-08-18 |archivedate=2022-03-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331024630/https://exchange.co.tz/new/countries/tanzania/tanzania-to-begin-phase-two-construction-of-dar-bus-rapid-transit-dart }}&lt;/ref&gt; Itakuwa tayari ifikapo Desemba 2020.

'''Awamu ya Tatu'''

Ufadhili wa awamu ya 3 ulitolewa na Jumuiya ya Maendeleo ya Kimataifa (IDA). Ujenzi huo utafanyika kutoka [[Gongo la Mboto|Gongo La Mboto]] hadi Kituo cha Jiji, pamoja na sehemu ya Barabara ya Uhuru kutoka [[Daraja la Mfugale|Tazara]] hadi [[Kariakoo-Gerezani.]] &lt;ref&gt;https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/news/Tanzania--government-releases-Sh5-7-billion-for-3rd-phase-BRT/1840340-5522794-10m3s7r/index.html&lt;/ref&gt; ujenzi umeanza 2021.

== Miundombinu ==
'''Vituo'''

Kuna aina tatu za vituo kando ya njia hiyo kulingana na eneo lake na matumizi: &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://www.nation.co.ke/news/africa/Dar-wins-global-award-Bus-Rapid-Transit-system/1066-4004904-22u7vv/index.html&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Vituo''': Vituo viko kando ya vituo vya mwanzo na mwisho kwa barabara zote za shina. Vituo huruhusu uhamisho kati ya huduma za vituo vya abairia na pia kutoa huduma za usafirishaji anuwai kama mabasi ya mkoa na magari ya kibinafsi. Vituo pia vina sehemu za maegesho kuruhusu wasafiri kuacha magari yao wakati wa mchana.
* '''Vituo vya Shina''': Hizi ni vituo kuu kando ya njia za shina. Zinapatikana kupitia njia za kuvuka kwa watembea kwa miguu na vituo vimeinuliwa ili kutoa usalama kwa watembea kwa miguu. Kuna aina nne za vituo vya shina vilivyo umbali wa mita 500 kando ya barabara (A, B, C na D) kulingana na mahitaji ya abiria.
* '''Vituo vya kulisha''': Vituo vya kulisha huruhusu abiria kuhamisha kutoka njia za kulisha kwenda kwenye vituo vya shina. (vituo vya abiria)

'''Mabasi'''

Mfumo wa BRT unafanya kazi kwa mabasi 140 ya Joka la Dhahabu (Mabasi ya kisasa). Kuna aina mbili za mabasi yaliyoendeshwa kando ya njia, moja ambayo ina urefu wa mita 18 na uwezo wa kubeba abiria 150 na nyingine ambayo ina urefu wa mita 12 na uwezo wa kubeba abiria 80. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Njia na Vituo ==
Kuna awamu sita zilizopangwa ambazo zitatumika zaidi ya 90% ya idadi ya watu wa jiji na kwa sasa ni Awamu ya Kwanza tu inayofanya kazi. Awamu ya II iko kwenye ujenzi.

* Awamu ya Kwanza kutoka [[Kimara (Ubungo)|Kimara]] hadi [[Kawawa]] Kaskazini hadi Mtaa wa Msimbazi unaoishia Kivukoni: kilomita 20.9
* Awamu ya Pili kutoka Kilwa hadi Kivukoni pamoja na Kawawa kusini hadi barabara ya Kilwa: 19.3 km
* Awamu ya Tatu kutoka [[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Julius Nyerere|Uwanja wa Ndege]] hadi Mtaa wa Uhuru kando ya Barabara ya Nyerere: Kilomita 23.6
* Awamu ya IV kando ya [[Bagamoyo (mji)|Barabara ya Bagamoyo]] na Barabara ya Sam Nujoma: kilomita 16.1
* Awamu ya Mabadiliko ya Haraka ya [[Dar es Salaam]] V. icon Awamu ya V kando ya [[Mandela|Barabara ya Mandela]]: km 22.8
* Awamu ya VI kando ya [[Bagamoyo (mji)|Barabara ya Old Bagamoyo]]: km 27.6

== Tuzo ==
* 2017: Taasisi ya Sera ya Uchukuzi na Maendeleo: Tuzo Endelevu ya Usafiri. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* 2018: Taasisi ya Sera ya Uchukuzi na Maendeleo: Tuzo Endelevu ya Usafiri Duniani. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
[[Jamii:Dar es Salaam]]
[[Jamii:USLWA]]
[[Jamii:Usafiri wa Tanzania]]</text>
      <sha1>8p24d3ksrc8rutjwxa9kafp5b4kdzev</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1509835</id>
      <parentid>1509833</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Awamu */</comment>
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      <text bytes="10759" sha1="3ennh9wi8luokb2h9w2v3osfvcfm33t" xml:space="preserve">'''Usafiri wa haraka wa mabasi''' &lt;ref&gt;http://wedocs.unep.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/25448/1917_2018_te_unenvironment_gef_global_cc_msp_spcc_darcart_bus_rapid_transit.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y&lt;/ref&gt; [[Dar es Salaam]] (Mwendokasi) ni mfumo wa usafirishaji wa mabasi wa haraka ambao ulianza kufanya kazi mnamo [[10 Mei]] [[2016]] huko [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanzania]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;http://allafrica.com/stories/201605120311.html&lt;/ref&gt; Mfumo wa usafirishaji una awamu 6 na ujenzi wa awamu ya kwanza ulianza Aprili [[2012]] na kampuni ya ujenzi ya [[Austria Strabag|Austria (Strabag International GmbH)]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.strabag-international.com/databases/internet/_public/content.nsf/27f1abc7e30c3309c12571e0003f78c7/8e2f292a91518463c1257a0d00408522/$FILE/TZ_BRT.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-08-18 |archivedate=2016-03-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051426/http://www.strabag-international.com/databases/internet/_public/content.nsf/27f1abc7e30c3309c12571e0003f78c7/8e2f292a91518463c1257a0d00408522/$FILE/TZ_BRT.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;Ujenzi wa awamu ya kwanza ulikamilishwa mnamo Desemba [[2015]] kwa gharama ya jumla ya Euro milioni 134 iliyofadhiliwa na [[Benki ya Maendeleo ya Afrika]], [[Benki ya Dunia]] na [[Serikali ya Tanzania]]. &lt;ref&gt;http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/Tanzania_-_Dar_es_Salaam_Bus_rapid_transit_project_-_ESIA_summary_%E2%80%93_03_2015.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; Awamu ya kwanza ya mradi ina urefu wa kilometa 21.1 na vichochoro vya mabasi kwenye barabara kuu tatu zenye jumla ya vituo 29. &lt;ref&gt;https://asokoinsight.com/news/tanzania-sets-the-pace-for-east-africa-with-rapid-bus-transit-system&lt;/ref&gt; Mfumo mzima unaendeshwa na [[Usafiri Salama Dar es Salaam]] (UDA-RT) chini ya uangalizi wa Mamlaka ya Udhibiti wa Usafiri wa Juu na Majini ([[Sumatra]]) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sumatra.go.tz/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-08-18 |archivedate=2019-03-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323184027/http://www.sumatra.go.tz/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mabasi yanatoa huduma kwa masaa 18 kila siku kutoka 05:00 asubuhi hadi 11:00 jioni.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Dar-sets-the-pace-for-East-Africa-with-rapid-bus-transit-system/-/2558/3203212/-/69c6ygz/-/index.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
Pamoja na idadi ya watu kukua kwa kasi jijini, serikali ilianza kufanya mipango ya mfumo wa usafirishaji haraka mnamo 2003. Serikali ilitabiri idadi ya watu wa jiji kuongezeka zaidi ya milioni 5 ifikapo mwaka 2015 na kukaribisha Wakala wa Ushirikiano wa [[Japani]] kubuni mpango mkuu wa usafirishaji jijini mnamo Juni 2008.&lt;ref&gt;http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/11897535_01.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; Usafiri wa haraka wa basi na mfumo wa usafirishaji wa metro ulipendekezwa lakini mfumo wa metro haukuidhinishwa kwa sababu ya gharama kubwa ya ujenzi na utendaji inayohusika. Mradi uliwekwa chini ya ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu na Wakala wa Usafiri wa Haraka wa Dar (DART) uliundwa kupitia ilani ya serikali mnamo 25 Mei 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://dart.go.tz/en/chief-executive-officers-welcoming-statement/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-08-18 |archivedate=2018-06-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617204439/http://dart.go.tz/en/chief-executive-officers-welcoming-statement/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; Usafiri wa haraka wa basi la kilomita 130 ulipangwa kufikia zaidi ya 90% ya idadi ya watu wa jiji na mradi huo uligawanywa katika awamu sita kwa sababu ya uwekezaji mkubwa uliohitajika. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.tanzania.go.tz/egov_uploads/documents/NHIF_POLICIES_sw.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-08-18 |archivedate=2017-03-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329101111/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/egov_uploads/documents/NHIF_POLICIES_sw.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gharama ya awali ya mradi ilifadhiliwa na benki ya ulimwengu na benki ilitoa $ 180 milioni kwa ujenzi wa awamu ya kwanza. &lt;ref&gt;http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2013/01/15/additional-financing-tanzania-bus-rapid-transit-system-benefit-300000-commuters-create-80000-jobs&lt;/ref&gt;

== Awamu ==
'''Awamu ya Kwanza'''
[[File:Mradi wa mwendokasi.jpg|thumb|Mradi wa mwendokasi]]
Awamu ya I ya mfumo wa BRT inaendesha kwa kilomita 21 kutoka [[Kimara (Ubungo)|Kimara]] hadi [[Ubungo]] kuishia [[Kivukoni|Kivukoni / Morocco]]. Ujenzi wa awamu ya kwanza ulianza Aprili 2012 na ulikamilishwa mnamo Desemba 2015 na [[Strabag]] kimataifa GmbH. Njia imeundwa kubeba wasafiri 300,000 kila siku kando ya vituo 29. Njia hiyo ina kilomita 21 ya barabara kuu, kilomita 57.9 za barabara za kulisha, vituo 5 vikubwa na vituo 29. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://dart.go.tz/sw/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/DART-Project-Information-Memorandum.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-08-18 |archivedate=2018-02-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219024533/http://dart.go.tz/sw/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/DART-Project-Information-Memorandum.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Njia iliwekwa chini ya shughuli za muda tarehe 24 Aprili 2015 na ilikuwa ikifanya kazi kikamilifu tarehe 10 Mei 2016, baada ya nauli kuamuliwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/794251489201242940/text/TZ-PAD-02162017.txt&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Gharama za ujenzi wa Awamu ya 1 &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
!Mradi mdogo
!Gharama kwa USD
|-
!Kazi za barabarani za BRT
!237.2 milioni
|-
|Jengo la terminal la Kivukoni na kituo cha abiria
|3.8 milioni
|-
|Uhamishaji wa matumizi
|4.2 milioni
|-
|Vituo vya huko Shekilango, Urafiki, Magomeni, Moto, Kinondoni A, na Mwinjuma
|3.4 milioni
|-
|Bohari ya Ubungo, kituo cha kulisha chakula na kituo cha basi cha juu-nchi
|11.0 milioni
|-
|Bohari ya Jangwani
|15.2 milioni
|-
|Jengo la terminal la Kariakoo na kituo cha abiria
|7.2 milioni
|-
|Uboreshaji wa Makutano ya Ubungo na Miundombinu inayosaidia ya Usalama Barabarani kwa Mfumo wa Awamu ya 1 ya BRT
|99.9 milioni
|-
|'''JUMLA'''
|'''381.9 milioni'''
|}
'''Uendeshaji wa Muda'''

Mnamo tarehe 24 Aprili 2015 Wakala wa Usafiri wa Haraka wa Dar (DART) walitia saini mkataba na UDA-RT kwa utoaji wa huduma za muda za mfumo wa Usafiri wa Haraka wa Dar es salaam. UDA-RT ni kampuni maalum inayoundwa na UDA na Vyama viwili vya Daladala, Chama cha Wamiliki wa Mabasi ya Dar es Salaam (DARCOBOA) na UWADAR kwa utoaji wa huduma za muda. Huduma ya mpito ilifanywa kutoa mafunzo kwa waendeshaji wa baadaye na kuwajengea uwezo wa ndani. Wakati wa shughuli za mpito dala-dala za kibinafsi bado zilikuwa zikifanya kazi kwenye njia hizi. &lt;ref&gt;http://allafrica.com/stories/201505110460.html&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Awamu ya Pili'''

Fedha za awamu ya Pili zilipatikana mnamo Oktoba 2015. Awamu ya pili ni kulenga takriban kilomita 19 kutoka Kilwa hadi Kawawa kusini kupitia Kivukoni na itagharimu karibu dola milioni 160. Benki ya Maendeleo ya Afrika ilikubali kufadhili $ 141 milioni kwa mradi huo, wakati fedha zilizobaki zitatoka kwa serikali. Ujenzi wa mradi huo unapaswa kuanza mnamo Juni 2019 na itachukua takriban miezi 36 kukamilika. &lt;ref&gt;https://allafrica.com/stories/201812050460.html&lt;/ref&gt; Ujenzi wa barabara utajumuisha njia mbili pia. Mradi wa DART wa km 20.3 utaanza katika kituo cha Gerezani &amp; Halmashauri ya Jiji la BRT. Ambayo itajumuisha Barabara ya Kilwa, Barabara ya [[Chang'ombe|Chang’ombe]], [[Kawawa Road]], [[Gerezani Street]], [[Sokoine Drive]] na [[Bandari Road]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://exchange.co.tz/new/countries/tanzania/tanzania-to-begin-phase-two-construction-of-dar-bus-rapid-transit-dart |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-08-18 |archivedate=2022-03-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331024630/https://exchange.co.tz/new/countries/tanzania/tanzania-to-begin-phase-two-construction-of-dar-bus-rapid-transit-dart }}&lt;/ref&gt; Itakuwa tayari ifikapo Desemba 2020.

'''Awamu ya Tatu'''

Ufadhili wa awamu ya 3 ulitolewa na Jumuiya ya Maendeleo ya Kimataifa (IDA). Ujenzi huo utafanyika kutoka [[Gongo la Mboto|Gongo La Mboto]] hadi Kituo cha Jiji, pamoja na sehemu ya Barabara ya Uhuru kutoka [[Daraja la Mfugale|Tazara]] hadi [[Kariakoo-Gerezani.]] &lt;ref&gt;https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/news/Tanzania--government-releases-Sh5-7-billion-for-3rd-phase-BRT/1840340-5522794-10m3s7r/index.html&lt;/ref&gt; ujenzi umeanza 2021.

== Miundombinu ==
'''Vituo'''

Kuna aina tatu za vituo kando ya njia hiyo kulingana na eneo lake na matumizi: &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://www.nation.co.ke/news/africa/Dar-wins-global-award-Bus-Rapid-Transit-system/1066-4004904-22u7vv/index.html&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Vituo''': Vituo viko kando ya vituo vya mwanzo na mwisho kwa barabara zote za shina. Vituo huruhusu uhamisho kati ya huduma za vituo vya abairia na pia kutoa huduma za usafirishaji anuwai kama mabasi ya mkoa na magari ya kibinafsi. Vituo pia vina sehemu za maegesho kuruhusu wasafiri kuacha magari yao wakati wa mchana.
* '''Vituo vya Shina''': Hizi ni vituo kuu kando ya njia za shina. Zinapatikana kupitia njia za kuvuka kwa watembea kwa miguu na vituo vimeinuliwa ili kutoa usalama kwa watembea kwa miguu. Kuna aina nne za vituo vya shina vilivyo umbali wa mita 500 kando ya barabara (A, B, C na D) kulingana na mahitaji ya abiria.
* '''Vituo vya kulisha''': Vituo vya kulisha huruhusu abiria kuhamisha kutoka njia za kulisha kwenda kwenye vituo vya shina. (vituo vya abiria)

'''Mabasi'''

Mfumo wa BRT unafanya kazi kwa mabasi 140 ya Joka la Dhahabu (Mabasi ya kisasa). Kuna aina mbili za mabasi yaliyoendeshwa kando ya njia, moja ambayo ina urefu wa mita 18 na uwezo wa kubeba abiria 150 na nyingine ambayo ina urefu wa mita 12 na uwezo wa kubeba abiria 80. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Njia na Vituo ==
Kuna awamu sita zilizopangwa ambazo zitatumika zaidi ya 90% ya idadi ya watu wa jiji na kwa sasa ni Awamu ya Kwanza tu inayofanya kazi. Awamu ya II iko kwenye ujenzi.

* Awamu ya Kwanza kutoka [[Kimara (Ubungo)|Kimara]] hadi [[Kawawa]] Kaskazini hadi Mtaa wa Msimbazi unaoishia Kivukoni: kilomita 20.9
* Awamu ya Pili kutoka Kilwa hadi Kivukoni pamoja na Kawawa kusini hadi barabara ya Kilwa: 19.3 km
* Awamu ya Tatu kutoka [[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Julius Nyerere|Uwanja wa Ndege]] hadi Mtaa wa Uhuru kando ya Barabara ya Nyerere: Kilomita 23.6
* Awamu ya IV kando ya [[Bagamoyo (mji)|Barabara ya Bagamoyo]] na Barabara ya Sam Nujoma: kilomita 16.1
* Awamu ya Mabadiliko ya Haraka ya [[Dar es Salaam]] V. icon Awamu ya V kando ya [[Mandela|Barabara ya Mandela]]: km 22.8
* Awamu ya VI kando ya [[Bagamoyo (mji)|Barabara ya Old Bagamoyo]]: km 27.6

== Tuzo ==
* 2017: Taasisi ya Sera ya Uchukuzi na Maendeleo: Tuzo Endelevu ya Usafiri. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* 2018: Taasisi ya Sera ya Uchukuzi na Maendeleo: Tuzo Endelevu ya Usafiri Duniani. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
[[Jamii:Dar es Salaam]]
[[Jamii:USLWA]]
[[Jamii:Usafiri wa Tanzania]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>William Kentridge</title>
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      <text bytes="17535" sha1="bg33w1crnzmjwqn4yh6xxmao0kue74p" xml:space="preserve">'''William Kentridge''' (alizaliwa [[Johannesburg]], [[28 Aprili]] [[1955]]) ni msanii wa [[Afrika Kusini]] anayejulikana zaidi kwa chapa zake, michoro, na [[uhuishaji|filamu za uhuishaji]]. Mwisho huundwa kwa kurekodi mchoro, kufanya ufutaji na mabadiliko, na kurekodi tena. Anaendelea na mchakato huu kwa uangalifu, akitoa kila badiliko kwenye mchoro wa robo ya sekunde hadi sekunde mbili za muda wa skrini. Mchoro mmoja utabadilishwa na kurekodiwa kwa njia hii hadi mwisho wa tukio. Michoro hii itaonyeshwa baadaye pamoja na filamu kama vipande vilivyokamilika vya sanaa.

Kentridge ameunda kazi ya sanaa kama sehemu ya muundo wa maonyesho,tamthilia na michezo ya kuigiza. Amehudumu kama [[mkurugenzi]] wa sanaa na mkurugenzi wa jumla wa uzalishaji wa michoro,akishirikiana na wasanii wengine, watoto na wengine katika kuunda uzalishaji unaochanganya michoro na mchanganyiko wa [[vyombo vya habari]] vingi.

==Maisha ya awali na kazi==
Kentridge alizaliwa kwa [[Sydney Kentridge]] na [[Felicia Geffen]], familia ya Kiyahudi. Wote wawili walikuwa mawakili ambao waliwakilisha watu waliotengwa na mfumo wa ubaguzi wa rangi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whoswhosa.co.za/user/5189 |title=William Kentridge &amp;#124; Who's Who SA |publisher=Whoswhosa.co.za |access-date=1 Machi 2014 |accessdate=2022-03-18 |archivedate=2012-03-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322084356/http://www.whoswhosa.co.za/user/5189 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Alisoma katika Shule ya King Edward VII huko Houghton, Johannesburg. Alionyesha ahadi kubwa ya kisanii tangu umri mdogo. Mnamo [[2016]] alikua msanii wa kwanza kuwa na katalogi raisonné iliyotolewa kwa ujana wake.

Alipata shahada ya [[Sanaa]] katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Witwatersrand]] na kisha [[diploma]] katika chuo cha msingi wa sanaa kilichopo johannesburg. Alisoma 
[[mime artist|mime]] na [[theatre]] katika [[L'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq]] huko [[Paris]]. Hapo awali alitarajia kuwa [[muigizaji]], lakini alisema baadaye: &quot;Nilikuwa na bahati kugundua katika shule ya maonyesho kwamba nilikuwa mwigizaji mbaya na aliamua kujihusisha na kile ambacho alikipenda zaidi ambacho ni sanaa ya uchoraji.&quot;.

==Kazi==
Kentridge aliamini kwamba kuwa Myahudi wa kikabila kulimpa nafasi ya kipekee kama mwangalizi wa chama cha tatu nchini Afrika Kusini. Wazazi wake walikuwa [[Mawakili]], wanaojulikana sana kwa utetezi wao wa wahasiriwa wa [[ubaguzi wa rangi]]. Kentridge alikuza uwezo wa kujiondoa kwa kiasi fulani kutoka kwa ukatili uliofanywa chini ya serikali za baadaye. Misingi ya hali ya kijamii na kisiasa ya Afrika Kusini na historia lazima ijulikane ili kuelewa kazi yake kikamilifu,na katika kesi za wasanii kama vile [[Francisco Goya]] na [[Käthe Kollwitz]].&lt;ref&gt;Cameron, Christov-Bakargiev, ''Coetzee'', 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;

Vipengele vya [[ukosefu wa haki wa kijamii]] ambavyo vimeendelea kwa miaka mingi nchini Afrika Kusini mara nyingi vimekuwa lishe kwa vipande vya Kentridge. ''Casspirs Full of Love'', inayoonekana katika [[Makumbusho ya Metropolitan ya Sanaa]], inaonekana kama vichwa kwenye masanduku kwa mtazamaji wa kawaida wa Marekani, lakini Waafrika Kusini wanajua kwamba [[casspir]] ni gari ambalo  hutumika kupunguza ghasia. 

Kichwa, ''Casspirs Full of Love'', kilichoandikwa kando ya chapisho, ki [[imani]] masimulizi na ni oksimoroni. Caspir iliyojaa upendo ni kama bomu linalolipuka kwa furaha - ni jambo lisilowezekana. Madhumuni ya mashine kama hii ni kutia &quot;amani&quot; kwa nguvu, lakini Kentridge alibainisha kuwa ilitumika kama zana ya kuwazuia wenyeji wa hali ya chini kuchukua mamlaka na pesa za kikoloni.&lt;ref&gt;Edmunds 2003.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Machapisho na michoro===
Kufikia miaka ya [[1970]], Kentridge alikuwa mtayarishaji wa picha na michoro. Mnamo 1979, aliunda 20 hadi 30 [[monotype]], ambayo hivi karibuni ilijulikana kama safu ya &quot;Shimo&quot;. Mnamo mwaka wa [[1980]], alitekeleza maandishi madogo yapatayo 50 ambayo aliyaita &quot;Maonyesho ya Ndani&quot;. Vikundi hivi viwili vya kipekee vya chapa vilitumika kuanzisha utambulisho wa kisanii wa Kentridge, utambulisho ambao ameendelea kukuza katika media anuwai. Licha ya uchunguzi wake unaoendelea wa vyombo vya habari visivyo vya asili, msingi wa sanaa yake daima umekuwa kuchora na uchapishaji.
Mnamo 1987, alianza kikundi cha [[Uchoraji|michoro]] ya mkaa na pastel kwa msingi, kwa bidii sana, kwenye [[Embarkation for Cythera]] ya Watteau. Kazi hizi muhimu sana, ambazo bora zaidi zinaonyesha mandhari ya mijini iliyolipuliwa, isiyopendeza, zinaonyesha fahamu ya msanii inayokua ya kunyumbulika kwa nafasi na harakati.

Mnamo 1996-1997, alitoa jalada la nakala nane zilizoitwa ''Ubu Anaambia Ukweli'', kulingana na mchezo wa [[Alfred Jarry|Alfred Jarry]] 1896 ''[[Ubu Roi]]''. Chapa hizi pia zinahusiana na [[tume ya Ukweli na upatanisho|Tume ya Ukweli na Maridhiano]] iliyofanywa [[Afrika Kusini]] baada ya mwisho wa [[ubaguzi wa rangi]].&lt;ref&gt;Honolulu Museum of Art, lebo ya ukutani,'' Ubu Anasema Ukweli'', 1996–97, kujiunga na TCM.1998.16.1–8&lt;/ref&gt; Mojawapo ya chapa kali na mbaya kutoka kwa jalada hili, katika mkusanyo wa [[Makumbusho ya Sanaa ya Honolulu]], imeonyeshwa. .

===Filamu za uhuishaji===
Kati ya 1989 na 2003 Kentridge alitengeneza msururu wa filamu tisa fupi, ambazo hatimaye alizikusanya chini ya kichwa ''Michoro 9 za Projection.''&lt;ref name=&quot;nyti_Expl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Kuchunguza Ubaguzi wa Rangi na Uhuishaji katika Makumbusho ya Sanaa ya Kisasa | mwisho = Smith | kwanza = Roberta | kazi = [[The New York Times]] | tarehe = 25 Februari 2010 | kufikia-tarehe = 2016-05-16 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/26/arts/design/26kentridge.html?_r=0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo 1989, alianza sinema ya kwanza kati ya hizo za uhuishaji, ''Johannesburg , Mji Mkubwa wa 2 Baada ya Paris''. Msururu huu unapitia ''Monument'' (1990), ''Mine'' (1991), ''Sobriety, Obesity &amp; Growing Old'' (1991), ''Felix in Exile'' (1994), ''Historia ya Malalamiko makuu'' (1996), ''Weighing and Wanting'' (1997), na ''Stereoscope'' (1999), hadi ''Tide Table'' (2003) na ''Nyuso Zingine'', 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mariangoodman.com/exhibitions/2011-05-06_william-kentridge/ |title=William Kentridge - Mei 6 - 18 Juni 2011 - Marian Goodman Gallery |publisher=Mariangoodman.com |access-date=1 Machi 2014 |accessdate=2022-03-18 |archivedate=2018-08-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815044938/https://www.mariangoodman.com/exhibitions/2011-05-06_william-kentridge/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Familia ==
Kentridge amemuoa Anne Stanwix, mtaalamu wa rheumatolojia, na wana watoto watatu. Mwafrika Kusini wa kizazi cha tatu wa [[Lithuania-Jewish]] urithi,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite habari | url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/k/william_kentridge/index.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530214332/http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/k/william_kentridge/index.html|archive-date=30 Mei 2015|title=William Kentridge News|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=8 Agosti 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni mtoto wa wakili wa Afrika Kusini [[Sydney Kentridge]] na wakili na mwanaharakati [[Felicia Kentridge]].

== Filamu ==
* 1989 ''Johannesburg, Jiji la 2 Kubwa Baada ya Paris'' (sehemu ya ''Michoro ya Makadirio'')
* 1990 ''Monument'' (sehemu ya ''Michoro ya Makadirio'')
* 1991 ''Yangu'' (sehemu ya ''Michoro ya Makadirio'')
* 1991 ''Utulivu, Unene na Kuzeeka'' (sehemu ya ''Michoro ya Makadirio'')
* 1994 ''Felix akiwa uhamishoni'' (sehemu ya ''Michoro ya Makadirio'')
* 1996 ''Historia ya Malalamiko makuu'' (sehemu ya ''Michoro ya Makadirio'')
* 1996–97 ''Ubu Asema Ukweli''
* 1998 ''Kupima... na Kutaka'' (sehemu ya ''Michoro ya Makadirio'')
* 1999 ''Stereoscope'' (sehemu ya ''Michoro ya Makadirio'')
* 1999 ''Maandamano ya Kivuli''
* 2001 ''Kifua cha Dawa''
* 2003 ''Kuandika otomatiki''
* 2003 ''Tide Table'' (sehemu ya ''Michoro ya Makadirio'')
* 2003 ''Safari ya Mwezi''
* 2009 ''[[Kentridge na Dumas katika Mazungumzo]]''
* 2011 ''Nyuso Zingine'' (sehemu ya ''Michoro ya Makadirio'')
* 2015 ''Vidokezo kuelekea Opera ya Mfano''
Filamu za Kentridge zilionyeshwa mwaka wa 2004 [[Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.news24.com/News24/Entertainment/Local/0,9294,2-1225-1242_1520374,00.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.news24.com/News24/Entertainment/Local/0,9294,2-1225-1242_1520374,00.html |date=20080107125427 }} {{webarchive} |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001002825/http://www.news24.com/News24/Entertainment/Local/0,9294,2-1225-1242_1520374,00.html|tarehe=1 Oktoba 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maonyesho ==
* 1997 [[Documenta]] X, [[Kassel]]
* 1998 [[São Paulo Biennial]]
* 1998 [[The Drawing Ce nter]], New York
* 1999 [[Makumbusho ya Barcelona ya Sanaa ya Kisasa]]
* 1999 [[Venice Biennial]]
* 1999 [[Carnegie International]]
* 2000 [[Bienal de la Habana]], [[Havana]]
* 2000 Artlook Afrika Kusini, Gahlberg Gallery, [[Chuo cha DuPage]]&lt;ref&gt;Kichwa Artlook Afrika Kusini
Waandishi Corinne Louw, Alexandra J. Dodd, Gahlberg Gallery; Mchapishaji Gahlberg Gallery, McAninch Arts Center, Chuo cha DuPage, 2001&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2002 [[Documenta]] 11, [[Kassel, Ujerumani]]
* 2003 Goodman Gallery, [[Johannesburg]]
* 2004 [[Makumbusho ya Metropolitan]], New York
* 2005 Musée d'art Contemporain, [[Montreal]]
* 2006 [[Johannesburg]] Matunzio ya Sanaa
* 2006 [[Salzburg]] Makumbusho ya der Moderne
* 2006 [[Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Monterrey]]
* 2006 [[Makumbusho ya Sanaa ya Kisasa, Chicago]]
* 2007 [[Chuo cha Smith]] Makumbusho ya Sanaa
* 2007 [[Makumbusho ya Sanaa ya Kisasa]], New York
* 2007 Chuo Kikuu cha Brighton Gallery
* 2007 [[Bienal do Mercosul]], [[Porto Alegre]], Brazili
* 2008 [[Williams College]] Makumbusho ya Sanaa
* 2008 [[Makumbusho ya Sanaa ya Philadelphia]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]]
* 2008 [[Biennale of Sydney]], [[Sydney]], Australia
* 2008 ''William Kentridge Seeing Double'', [[Marian Goodman]] Gallery, New York&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mutualart.com/Exhibitions/William-Kentridge-Seeing-Double/72EBEFC53B8306C4 &quot;William Kentridge Seeing Double&quot;] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mutualart.com/Exhibitions/William-Kentridge-Seeing-Double/72EBEFC53B8306C4 |date=20160304043542 }}, ''MutualArt''.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009 [[Makumbusho ya Chicago ya Sanaa ya Kisasa]]
* 2009 [[Makumbusho ya San Francisco ya Sanaa ya Kisasa]]
* 2009 [[Makumbusho ya Sanaa ya Kisasa ya Fort Worth]]
* 2009 [[Henry Art Gallery]], [[Seattle]]
* 2009 [[Makumbusho ya Kitaifa ya Sanaa ya Kisasa, Kyoto]]
* 2009 Makumbusho ya Sanaa ya Norton, West Palm Beach
* 2010 [[Makumbusho ya Sanaa ya Kisasa]], New York
* 2010 The [[Jewish Museum (New York)]], New York
* 2010 [[Makumbusho ya Jiji la Hiroshima la Sanaa ya Kisasa]], Hiroshima
* 2010 [[Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center

==Makusanyo==
Kazi za Kentridge zimejumuishwa katika mikusanyo ifuatayo ya kudumu: [[Makumbusho ya Sanaa ya Honolulu]], [[Taasisi ya Sanaa ya Kalamazoo]], [[Makumbusho ya Sanaa ya Kisasa, Chicago]], [[Makumbusho ya Sanaa ya Kisasa]] (New York), na [[Tate Modern]] (London). Toleo la usakinishaji wa video wa vituo vitano ''The Refusal of Time'' (2012), ambalo lilianza katika [[Documenta|documenta 13]], lilinunuliwa kwa pamoja na [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] huko New York na [[Makumbusho ya San Francisco ya Sanaa ya Kisasa]].&lt;ref&gt;Charlotte Burns (10 Oktoba 2014), [http://theartnewspaper.com/articles/The-sun-never-sets-on-William-Kentridge/35894 &quot; Jua halitui kamwe kwa William Kentridge&quot;], ''[[Gazeti la Sanaa]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo 2015, Kentridge alitoa mkusanyiko mahususi wa kumbukumbu na sanaa yake - filamu, video na kazi za kidijitali - kwa [ [George Eastman Museum]], mojawapo ya mkusanyiko mkubwa na wa zamani zaidi wa upigaji picha na filamu duniani.&lt;ref&gt;Joshua Barone (8 Oktoba 2015), [http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/10/08/william -kentridge-anatoa-mkusanyo-mkuu-kwa-george-eastman-museum/ &quot;William Kentridge Atoa Mkusanyiko Muhimu kwa Makumbusho ya George Eastman&quot;], ''[[New York Times]]''.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tuzo==
* 1982 Tuzo la Utepe Mwekundu kwa Hadithi Fupi
* Tuzo la Theatre la Soko la 1986 kwa maonyesho ya Maono Mapya
* 1986 AA vita Award katika Cassirer fine Art
* 1987 Standard Bank Young Artist Award
* 1992 Woyzeck kwenye tuzo za Highveld kwa uzalishaji, muundo na mwelekeo
* Memo ya Tuzo ya Loerie ya 1994
* 1999 [[Carnegie Prize]] katika [[Carnegie International]]
* 2003 [[Goslarer Kaiserring]]
* 2004 Daktari wa Heshima wa Fasihi kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Witwatersrand]]
* 2006 [[Jesse L Rosenberger]] Medali kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Chicago]]
* 2010 [[Tuzo ya Kyoto]]
* 2012 [[Tuzo ya Dan David]]
* 2013 [[Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres]]

Maonyesho ya Mandhari Matano ya Kentridge yalijumuishwa katika 2009 [[Time 100]], orodha ya kila mwaka ya watu mia moja wakuu na matukio duniani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Reed |first=Lou |url=http ://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1894410_1893836_1893834,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503142259/http:// .time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1894410_1893836_1893834,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 Mei 2009 |title=William Kentridge - The 2000 TIME |8= |date=30 Aprili 2009 |access-date=1 Machi 2014 |accessdate=2022-03-23 |archivedate=2013-08-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826201000/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1894410_1893836_1893834,00.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka huo huo, maonyesho yalitunukiwa Nafasi ya Kwanza katika kitengo cha 2009 cha AICA (Chama cha Kimataifa cha Wakosoaji wa Sanaa) Onyesho Bora la Makumbusho ya Kitaifa.

Mnamo 2012, Kentridge alikuwa anaishi [[Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]] alialikwa kutoa mihadhara mashuhuri ya Charles Eliot Norton mapema 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;mariangoodman1&quot;/&gt; Mwaka huohuo, alichaguliwa kuwa [[Jumuiya ya Wanafalsafa ya Marekani]].

==Soko la Sanaa==
Kazi za sanaa za Kentridge ni miongoni mwa kazi zinazotafutwa sana na za gharama kubwa zaidi nchini Afrika Kusini: &quot;mchoro mkubwa wa mkaa wa msanii maarufu duniani William Kentridge unaweza kukurudisha nyuma kiasi cha £250,000&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.women24. com/Women24/Life/CareersMoney/Article/0,,1-2-5-58_12768,00.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.women24/ |date=20070927100940 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kentridge inawakilishwa na [[Goodman Gallery]] na [ [Marian Goodman Gallery]] katika [[New York City|New York]] na Lia Rumma Gallery nchini Italia.

Rekodi ya Afrika Kusini kwa Kentridge ni R6.6 milioni ($320,000), iliyowekwa katika Mnada wa Sanaa wa Aspire mjini Johannesburg mwaka wa 2018. Moja ya kazi zake ilifikia $600,000 katika [[Sotheby's]] New York mnamo 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.artinfo.com/ habari/story/867597/south-african-seduction-tk/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130407181517/http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/867597/south-african-seduction -tk/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 Aprili 2013 |author= Jason Edward Kaufman|title=Onyesho la Sanaa la Afrika Kusini Linakaribia Kuimarika – Nyumbani na Nje ya Nchi|tarehe=19 Februari 2013|tarehe ya kufikia =2 Machi 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tanbihi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
*[https://www.kentridge.studio Kentridge Studio - Tovuti rasmi ya William Kentridge]
*[https://www.goodman-gallery.com/artists/william-kentridge William Kentridge katika nyumba ya sanaa] {{Wayback|url=https://www.goodman-gallery.com/artists/william-kentridge |date=20220419140958 }}
*[http://www.metmuseum.org/collections/metcollects/archive/the-refusal-of-time William Kentridge: Kukataa kwa Muda katika Jumba la Makumbusho la Sanaa la Metropolitan]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101114003324/http://www.davidkrutpublishing.com/artbase/abf-artist.php?artist=1 Artworks] na William Kentridge
*[http://artarchives.net/artarchives/liliantone/tonekentridge.html Mahojiano na William Kentridge] {{Wayback|url=http://artarchives.net/artarchives/liliantone/tonekentridge.html |date=20110513061051 }}, na Lilian Tone
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927202815/http://www.whoswhosa.co.za/Pages/profilefull.aspx?IndID=5189 William Kentridge at Who's Who]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090516092518/http://www.news24.com/News24/Entertainment/Local/0,,2-1225-1242_1528222,00.html Wits yampa heshima msanii bora]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080107200513/http://www.news24.com/News24/Entertainment/Local/0,,2-1225-1242_1205517,00.html Jitayarishe kwa Grahamstown]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080107105021/http://www.news24.com/News24/Archive/0,9294,2-1659_975900,00.html wasanii wa SA mjini Barcelona]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080107162934/http://www.news24.com/News24/Archive/0,,2-1659_951744,00.html wasanii wa SA wakiwa Havana Biennale]
*[http://video.pbs.org/video/1619754531 William Kentridge: Lolote Linawezekana] {{Wayback|url=http://video.pbs.org/video/1619754531 |date=20150905233537 }} PBS, Art-21, 21 Oktoba 2010
*[http://ec2-79-125-124-178.eu-west-1.compute.amazonaws.com/articles/William-Kentridge-believes-South-Africa-let-Nelson-Mandela-down/31358 William Kentridge anaamini Afrika Kusini ilimwangusha Nelson Mandela] {{Wayback|url=http://ec2-79-125-124-178.eu-west-1.compute.amazonaws.com/articles/William-Kentridge-believes-South-Africa-let-Nelson-Mandela-down/31358 |date=20171021221622 }}, Mahojiano na William Kentridge, na Flavia Foradini, Gazeti la Sanaa, toleo la mtandaoni, 13 Des 2013
*[http://channel.louisiana.dk/video/william-kentridge-how-we-make-sense-world How We Make Sense of the World. Mahojiano na William Kentridge] Video na [[Louisiana Channel]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141113163302/http://www.culturebase.net/artist.php?34 culturebase: William Kentridge]
{{mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1955|}}
[[Jamii:Wasanii wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]]</text>
      <sha1>bg33w1crnzmjwqn4yh6xxmao0kue74p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sibonile Nyamudeza</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>148029</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509811</id>
      <parentid>1509040</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:40:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Viungo vya nje */</comment>
      <origin>1509811</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="932" sha1="35h9cw4lbvexh41xvi7tzgx03eylqy4" xml:space="preserve">'''Sibonile Nyamudeza''' ndiye mgombea aliyeshinda MDC-T wa Chipinge Magharibi katika uchaguzi wa Machi [[2008]] nchini [[Zimbabwe]] . Alizaliwa Tanganda huko Chipinge tarehe [[10 Machi]] [[1967]]. Baada ya kumaliza elimu yake ya sekondari katika Shule ya Upili ya Gideon Mhlanga, Mhe. Nyamudeza alisomea taaluma ya [[uhandisi]] wa mashine, aliyoipata mwaka [[1987]].

Kisha alifanya kazi kwenye Wizara ya Ujenzi wa Umma kabla ya kuanza biashara yake ya ujenzi. Nyamudeza alijiunga na MDC mwaka [[2002]] na kushika nafasi ya makamu [[mwenyekiti]] wa kata.

== Viungo vya nje ==
* [http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/org/org_68079.html Jimbo la Uchaguzi la Chipinge Magharibi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/org/org_68079.html |date=20081205061826 }}

==Marejeo==
{{mbegu-mtu}}
{{reflist}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1967]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Zambia]]
[[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]]</text>
      <sha1>35h9cw4lbvexh41xvi7tzgx03eylqy4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509813</id>
      <parentid>1509811</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:42:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509813</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="942" sha1="lzl23yxdle8yb5ttfc7yna6l2eqazn8" xml:space="preserve">'''Sibonile Nyamudeza''' (alizaliwa Tanganda huko Chipinge, [[10 Machi]] [[1967]]) ndiye mgombea aliyeshinda MDC-T wa Chipinge Magharibi katika uchaguzi wa Machi [[2008]] nchini [[Zimbabwe]]. 

Baada ya kumaliza elimu yake ya sekondari katika Shule ya Upili ya Gideon Mhlanga, Mhe. Nyamudeza alisomea taaluma ya [[uhandisi]] wa mashine, aliyoipata mwaka [[1987]].

Kisha alifanya kazi kwenye Wizara ya Ujenzi wa Umma kabla ya kuanza biashara yake ya ujenzi. Nyamudeza alijiunga na MDC mwaka [[2002]] na kushika nafasi ya makamu [[mwenyekiti]] wa kata.

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
* [http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/org/org_68079.html Jimbo la Uchaguzi la Chipinge Magharibi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/org/org_68079.html |date=20081205061826 }}
{{mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1967]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Zimbabwe]]
[[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]]</text>
      <sha1>lzl23yxdle8yb5ttfc7yna6l2eqazn8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vera Hamenoo-Kpeda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>149049</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509837</id>
      <parentid>1509182</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T14:01:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tuzo na uteuzi */</comment>
      <origin>1509837</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20872" sha1="bmzdozdbf7002la9b13w3vbkcbfvtcr" xml:space="preserve">[[Picha:MzVee in concert.jpg|thumb|Picha yake (2014)]]
'''Vera Hamenoo-Kpeda''' (anajulikana zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii '''MzVee'''; alizaliwa [[Accra|South La Estates, Accra]], [[23 Juni]] [[1992]]) ni mwimbaji, afropop, [[dancehall]] na msanii wa [[R&amp;B]] wa [[Ghana]]. 

[[Albamu]] yake ya kwanza ya pekee ina nyimbo kadhaa maarufu zikiwemo 'Borkor Borkor' (maana yake - Polepole), 'Msichana Asilia' na 'Malkia wa Dancehall'. MzVee alitiwa saini kwa lebo ya rekodi ya Lynx Entertainment na alikuwa mshindi wa tuzo ya Msanii Mpya wa Mwaka katika Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana za [[2015]]. Aliachana na Lynx Entertainment katika mwaka wa [[2019]]. Kwa sasa ni msanii wa pekee.

== Maisha ya awali ==
MzVee alizaliwa kwa Ernest Hamenoo-Kpeda, [[mfanyabiashara]], na Florence Hamenoo-Kpeda, mhudumu wa chakula. Ana dada wawili wakubwa na kaka mmoja na alisoma Shule ya St Martin de Porres huko Accra katika miaka yake ya mapema . Alihamia St. Mary's Girls' Senior High School na sasa anasoma Business Administration katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Ghana Telecom.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Rising Talent MzVee anazungumza nasi|url=http://www .enewsgh.com/2014/02/18/enewsghiinterviews-talent-kupanda-mzvee-hutuzungumzia-ni-naenda-kusukuma-mbali-niweza-|mchapishaji= enewsgh}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ya muziki ==
=== 2012 – 2013: Mwanzo wa awali ===
MzVee aliingia kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye tasnia ya muziki ya Ghana katika majira ya kiangazi ya [[2012]] kama mwimbaji mkuu wa [[bendi]] ya wasichana ya Lynx Entertainment D3.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Lynx Entertainment inatambulisha kikundi cha wanawake wote - D3|url=http:// www.ghanamusic.com/news/top-stories/lynx-entertainment-introduces-all-female-group-d3/index.html|publisher=Ghana Music|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive .org/web/20140623211043/http://www.ghanamusic.com/news/top-stories/lynx-entertainment-introduces-all-female-group-d3/index.html|archivedate=2014-06-23}} &lt;/ref&gt; Bendi hiyo ilikuwa na vibao maarufu kama vile &quot;Good Girls Gone Bad&quot; na &quot;Gyani Gyani&quot; kabla ya kusambaratika mwishoni mwa [[2013]] kutokana na kujitolea kwa vijana hao kielimu. .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Kikundi cha muziki D3 splits|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/artikel.php?ID=291034|publisher=Ghana Web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2014 - 2016 Mafanikio ===
MzVee alizindua kazi yake ya pekee kwa wimbo wake wa kwanza 'Borkor Borkor' uliotolewa [[Januari]] [[2014]]. Alifuata hii kwa kibao 'Natural Girl'&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=MzVee ametoa Natural Girl akimshirikisha Stonebwoy|url =http://www.modernghana.com/music/25451/3/mzvee-releases-natural-girl-featuring-stonebwoy.html|publisher=Modern Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt; na kuendelea kushinda 'Unsung Artiste Tuzo' katika Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=MzVee anawashukuru mashabiki wake kwa ushindi wa tuzo ya VGMA|url=http://www.modernghana.com/music/25751/3/mzvee-thanks- her-fans-for-vgma-award-win.html|publisher=Modern Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt; Albamu yake ya kwanza ilitolewa Novemba 2014 na inaangazia ushirikiano na wasanii kadhaa walioshinda tuzo. kama vile [[Stonebwoy]], VIP, Shatta Wale, [[Richie Mensah]], [[M.anifest]] na Didier Awad i.

Kufuatia mafanikio ya albamu yake ya kwanza iliyoshinda tuzo, MzVee alitoa albamu yake ya pili iliyoitwa ''Imethibitishwa'' mnamo Novemba 2015 ili kufanya hakiki za kusisimua.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=MzVee anaboresha mchezo wake kwa kuzindua albamu iliyothibitishwa|url= http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Mzvee-ups-mchezo-wake-with-verified-album-launch-395509|publisher=Ghana Web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Albamu hii imepata uteuzi wa MzVee mara 7 katika tuzo za 2016 Ghana Music Awards&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Orodha kamili ya walioteuliwa kwa Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana 2016|url=http://www. .myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2016/February-27th/full-list-of-nominees-for-2016-ghana-music-awards.php|publisher=MyJoyOnline}}&lt;/ref&gt; ikijumuisha 'Albamu Bora ya Mwaka' na 'Rekodi ya Mwaka' ya single ya 'Abofra' ambayo inashiriki [[Efya]]. Albamu yake ya tatu iliyokuwa ikitarajiwa sana ''DaaVee'' ilitolewa Mei 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=MzVee inatarajiwa kutoa albamu ya DaaVee tarehe 1 Mei 2017|url=https://loudsoundgh.com/2017/04 /mz-vee-set-to-release-daavee-album-on-1st-may-2017|publisher=Sauti kubwa GH}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2017– 2019: Hiatus ===
MzVee alipumzika kwa miaka miwili kutoka kwenye Tasnia ya Muziki kuanzia 2017 hadi 2019. Katika mahojiano na TV3 mnamo Jumatatu, Januari 5, 2020, alifichua kwamba sababu yake ya kuondoka tasnia ya muziki ilikuwa depression ambayo alikuwa akipitia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2020 /January-6th/depression-forced-me-kuacha-music-industry-mzvee.php|title=Depression ilinilazimisha kuacha tasnia ya muziki- MzVee|website=www.myjoyonline.com|access-date=2020-01 -07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hili limekanusha tetesi za ujauzito ambazo baadhi ya watu walikuwa wakisema kuwa ndiyo sababu ya kutokuwepo kwenye Tasnia ya Muziki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainmen t/62090/i-was-super-depressed-to- leave-music-industry.html|title=Nilihuzunika Sana Kuacha Tasnia ya Muziki — MzVee Recounts|website=Modern Ghana|language=en|access-date=2020 -01-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika kipindi chote cha miaka miwili MzVee alipata usaidizi kutoka kwa rafiki yake [[Efya]] ambaye aliendelea kumuunga mkono na kumtia moyo hadi akashinda huzuni. &lt;ref&gt;Ametangaza kuwa kuanzia 2020 amerejea kwenye muziki na ataachia wimbo wake alioupa jina la &quot;Sheriff&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2020 - sasa : inVeencible ===
Jambo lingine ambalo MzVee alisema aliporejea kutoka katika hali yake ya unyogovu iliyosababishwa na kuacha muziki ni kwamba ataachia. Hata hivyo, ni wazi hangeweza kutoa albamu hizo mbili kama alivyoahidi kutokana na janga la [[COVID-19]].

Afadhali alifanikiwa kutoa albamu moja iliyopewa jina la inVeencible.&lt;ref name=&quot;ichrisgh.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=iChris|date=2020-12-11|title=MzVee akiwa na Sarkodie, Mugeez, Efya, Falz, Medikal , wengine kwenye InVeencible Album|url=https://ichrisgh.com/blog/2020/12/11/mzvee-features-sarkodie-mugeez-efya-falz-medikal-others-on-inveencible-album/|tarehe-ya-ufikiaji=2020-12-15|website=iCHRIS|language=en-US|accessdate=2022-04-23|archive-date=2022-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529121116/https://ichrisgh.com/blog/2020/12/11/mzvee-features-sarkodie-mugeez-efya-falz-medikal-others-on-inveencible-album/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Albamu ambayo ilishirikisha Sarkodie, [[Mugeez]], [[Efya]], [[Medikal]], [[Kelvyn Boy]], Kojo Funds, pamoja na Falz na Navy Kenzoo, ilitolewa mnamo Desemba 11, 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020 -12-11|title=Mzvee – Inveencible (Full Album)|url=https://www.nydjlive.com/mzvee-inveencible-full-album/|access-date=2021-02-04|website=NY DJ Live|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo Machi 2021, alishirikiana na Trace TV kutoa video yake ya muziki ya wimbo wake 'You Alone'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| title=MzVee washirika wa Trace TV kuachia video ya 'You Alone' - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://w ww.myjoyonline.com/mzvee-partners-trace-tv-to-release-video-for-you-peke/|access-date=2021-03-22|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mtindo wa muziki na utambuzi ==
Muziki wa MzVee una vipengele vya afropop, R&amp;B na dancehall na uwezo wake mkubwa wa sauti ulimfanya ateuliwe katika kipengele cha 'Female Vocalist of the Year'&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=VGMA 2015 Nominees List|url=http://www. ghanamusicawards.com/full-list.html/|publisher=Ghana Music Awards}}&lt;/ref&gt; katika [[Tuzo]] za Muziki za Ghana 2015 na tuzo ya 'Tendo Inayoahidi Zaidi' katika Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Tuzo za Muziki wa Ghana Zafanyika Jijini Accra|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/artikel.php?ID=349582/|publisher=Ghana Web|accessdate=2022-05-03|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052417/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/artikel.php?ID=349582%2F}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa mastaa wa jukwaa la dancehall la Ghana na alipokea tuzo ya 'Mwimbaji Bora wa Kike wa Mwaka'&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=VGMA 2015 Nominees List|url=http://showbiz.peacefmonline.com/pages/ music/201411/224251.php/|publisher=Peace FM|accessdate=2022-04-23|archivedate=2014-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222030514/http://showbiz.peacefmonline.com/pages/}}&lt;/ref&gt; katika tuzo za 2015 za dancehall za Ghana, tuzo za BASS. Alama yake ya biashara ya nywele asilia ya Kiafrika na wimbo wake maarufu 'Natural Girl' imemfanya kuwa kivutio kwa wasichana wachanga kote Afrika wanaotaka kusherehekea mwonekano wao wa asili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=MzVee Calls Out to All Natural Girls|url=http://www.twimovies.com/news/55551-mzvee-calls-out-to-all-natural-girls.html|publisher=Twi Movies|accessdate=2022-04-23|archivedate=2014-09-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914210035/http://www.twimovies.com/news/55551-mzvee-calls-out-to-all-natural-girls.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kupanda kwa kuvutia kwa MzVee hadi kileleni kuliendelea kwa kuteuliwa mnamo Juni 2015 katika kitengo cha 'Msanii Bora wa Kimataifa wa Kimataifa'&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Msanii Bora Mpya wa Kimataifa|url=http://www. bet.com/shows/bet-awards/bet-awards-international/2015/bet-awards-international/best-new-international-act-viewer-s-choice.html|publisher=BET.com}}&lt;/ref &gt; kwenye BET Awards 2015. Kitengo hiki kipya kabisa kilichopigiwa kura na mashabiki kinasherehekea nyota wanaochipukia kutoka katika nyayo za kimataifa za kituo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Tuzo zaBET 2015: MzVee aliteuliwa katika kitengo kipya|url=http://www.viasat1.com.gh /news/entertainment/article.php?postId=3605#sthash.7I4XsXRS.dpbs|publisher=Viasat 1|accessdate=2022-05-03|archivedate=2010-02-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213162430/http://www.viasat1.com.gh/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo Oktoba 2015, MzVee aliteuliwa kuwa Balozi wa [[Benki ya Dunia]] kwa 'Kampeni yao ya Kukomesha Umaskini Uliokithiri'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=MzVee Aliyeteuliwa kuwa Balozi wa Benki ya Dunia|url=http://www.ghanaweb .com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/MzVee-appointed-as-World-Bank-ambassador-387708|publisher=Ghana Web|accessdate=2022-05-03|archivedate=2022-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119131950/http://www.ghanaweb/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alitoa wimbo rasmi wa kampeni unaoitwa 'Komesha Umaskini' na kuwa Msanii Mgeni wa Benki ya Dunia #Music4Dev; jukumu ambalo hapo awali limekuwa likishikiliwa na wasanii kadhaa walioshinda tuzo wakiwemo [[D'Banj]] na [[Fally Ipupa]].

MzVee alitajwa katika orodha ya MTV Base ya wasanii wakuu wa [[Afrika]] wa kuwatazama mwaka wa 2016. Orodha hii iliwashirikisha watengenezaji kibao wa 2015 katika bara la Afrika. Pia ameteuliwa katika kitengo cha 'Msanii Bora wa Mjini' katika Tuzo za Muziki za KORA 2016 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sarkodie, MzVee, wengine walioteuliwa kuwania Tuzo za Muziki za KORA 2016|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage /entertainment/Sarkodie-Mzvee-others-aliteuliwa-kwa-2016-Kora-Music-Awards-407393|publisher=Ghana Web|accessdate=2022-04-23|archivedate=2021-04-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422110329/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/}}&lt;/ref&gt; na kupokea uteuzi 7 katika Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana 2016 ikijumuisha Mtunzi Bora wa Nyimbo wa Mwaka pamoja na [[Richie Mensah]] na [[Efya]], Albamu Bora ya Mwaka&lt;ref name=&quot;ghanamusicawards.com &quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Albamu Bora ya Mwaka ya Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana|url=http://ghanamusicawards.com/album-of-the-year/|publisher=Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana|accessdate=2022-04-23|archivedate=2016-05-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502092106/http://ghanamusicawards.com/album-of-the-year/}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Bora wa Kike Mwimbaji.

Mnamo [[20 Mei|Mei 20]], [[2016]], MzVee aliteuliwa kuwania Tuzo za BET 2016 - Best International Act: Africa na akawa mwanamuziki wa kwanza wa kike wa Ghana kuteuliwa kuwania Tuzo kuu la BET.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=GhKings News|title=MzVee Ameteuliwa Kwa Tuzo za BET 2016 + Orodha Kamili|url=https://ghkings.com/mzvee-nominated-bet-awards16-full-list/|accessdate=2022-04-23|archivedate=2021-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512101634/https://ghkings.com/mzvee-nominated-bet-awards16-full-list/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia aliteuliwa katika Kitengo cha Mwanamke Bora mnamo Oktoba 2016 kwa Tuzo za Muziki za MTV Afrika.&lt;ref name=&quot;MTV Africa Music Awards&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Aina za mwisho zimefichuliwa - vote now|url=http://mama.mtv.com/ 2016/10/02/kategoria-za-mwisho-zilifichuliwa-kura-sasa/|publisher=Tuzo za Muziki za MTV Afrika}}&lt;/ref&gt;

MzVee anaendelea kupokea sifa kuu na za kibiashara kwa kazi yake na alitunukiwa Tuzo ya Msanii Bora wa Kike Heshima&lt;ref name=&quot;AmeyawDebrah.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Sarkodie, Stonebwoy, MzVee, VVIP na wengine wengi kushinda mwaka wa 2017. Heshima za Muziki wa Ghana|url=http://ameyawdebrah.com/sarkodie-stonebwoy-mzvee-vvip-win-2017-ghana-music-honours/|publisher=ameyahdebrah.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; katika Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana mnamo Tarehe 4 Machi 2017. Pia aliteuliwa kwa [[Msanii]] Bora wa Reggae/Dancehall, [[Mwimbaji]] Bora wa Kike na Msanii Bora wa Mwaka katika Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;GlammyNews.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Washindi wa Tuzo za Muziki za Vodafone Ghana 2017|url=http://glammynews.com/2017/02/vodafone-ghana-music-awards-2017-nominees/|publisher=glammynews.com|accessdate=2022-04-23|archivedate=2017-08-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819190931/https://www.glammynews.com/2017/02/vodafone-ghana-music-awards-2017-nominees/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Diskografia ==
*''Re-Vee-Lation'' (2014)
*''Imethibitishwa'' (2015)
*''DaaVee'' (2017)
*''InVeecible'' (2020)

==Tuzo na uteuzi==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Mwaka!! Shirika!! Tuzo !! Kazi!! Matokeo
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2014 || Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana || Msanii Bora wa Mwaka Ambaye Hajaimbwa || rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | Mwenyewe || {{Alishinda}}
|-
| Tuzo za Video za Muziki za 4syte || Ugunduzi Bora || {{Alishinda}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;9&quot;| 2015 || Tuzo za besi || Msanii Bora wa Kike wa Sauti || {{Alishinda}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Heshima za Muziki wa Ghana || Sheria Inayotarajiwa Zaidi || {{Alishinda}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Heshima za Muziki wa Ghana zilizofanyika Accra|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/artikel.php?ID=349582|publisher=Ghana Web|accessdate=2022-04-23|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074828/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/artikel.php?ID=349582}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana || Msanii Bora wa Mwaka || {{nom}}&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Orodha ya walioteuliwa kwa Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana 2015|url=http://www.dailyguideghana.com/list-of-nominees-for-2015 -ghana-music-awards/|publisher=Daily Guide|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212424/http://www.dailyguideghana.com/list-of-nominees|archivedate=2015-09-23|accessdate=2022-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Msanii Bora wa Mwaka wa Reggae/Dancehall || {{nom}}&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;/&gt;
|-
| Msanii Mpya Bora wa Mwaka || {{Alishinda}}
|-
| Albamu Ya Mwaka || Re-Vee-Lation || {{nom}}&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;/&gt;
|-
| Wimbo Bora wa Mwaka wa Reggae Dancehall || Msichana Asilia || {{nom}}&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;/&gt;
|-
| Utendaji Bora wa Kike wa Sauti || Kila Kitu Changu || {{nom}}&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;/&gt;
|-
| Tuzo za BET || Msanii Bora Mpya wa Kimataifa || Mwenyewe || {{nom}}&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;12&quot;| 2016 || Tuzo za Muziki za KORA || Msanii Bora wa Mjini || Nishike Sasa || {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana || Albamu Bora ya Mwaka || Imethibitishwa || {{nom}}
|-
| Mtunzi wa Nyimbo Bora wa Mwaka || MzVee, [[Richie Mensah]] na [[Efya]] || {{nom}}
|-
| Mwimbaji Bora wa Kike wa Mwaka || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Nishike Sasa || {{Alishinda}}
|-
| Wimbo Bora wa Mwaka wa Reggae || {{nom}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Wimbo Bora wa Mwaka wa Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana Reggae|url=http://ghanamusicawards.com/reggae-song-of-the-year/|publisher=Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana|accessdate=2022-04-23|archivedate=2016-05-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502093804/http://ghanamusicawards.com/reggae-song-of-the-year/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Wimbo Bora wa Mwaka wa Afro Pop || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Abofra || {{nom}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana Wimbo Bora wa Mwaka wa Afro Pop|url=http://ghanamusicawards.com/afro-pop-song-of-the-year/|publisher=Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana|accessdate=2022-04-23|archivedate=2016-05-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502092052/http://ghanamusicawards.com/afro-pop-song-of-the-year/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Rekodi ya Mwaka || {{nom}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Rekodi ya Mwaka ya Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana|url=http://ghanamusicawards.com/record-of-the-year/|publisher=Ghana Music Awards|accessdate=2022-04-23|archivedate=2016-05-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502092233/http://ghanamusicawards.com/record-of-the-year/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Msanii Bora wa Mwaka wa Reggae/Dancehall || rowspan=&quot;9&quot; | Mwenyewe || {{nom}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Reggae/Dancehall of the Year ya Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana|url=http://ghanamusicawards.com/reggae-dancehall-artiste-of-the-year/|publisher=Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana|accessdate=2022-04-23|archivedate=2016-05-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502093750/http://ghanamusicawards.com/reggae-dancehall-artiste-of-the-year/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Tuzo za BET || Sheria Bora ya Kimataifa Afrika || {{nom}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Best International Act Africa|url=http://enterghana.com/mzvee-nominated-bet-awards-2016/|publisher=EnterGhana|accessdate=2022-04-23|archivedate=2017-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217065126/http://enterghana.com/mzvee-nominated-bet-awards-2016/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Tuzo za Burudani za Nigeria || Msanii wa Kike wa Kiafrika (Asiye Mnigeria) || {{nom}}
|-
| AFRIMMA || Mwanamke Bora Afrika Magharibi || {{nom}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=AFRIMMA 2016 nominees|url=http://afrimma.com/nominees-2016//|publisher=AFRIMMA|accessdate=2022-04-23|archive-date=2022-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814150919/https://afrimma.com/nominees-2016/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Tuzo za Muziki za MTV Afrika || Mwanamke Bora || {{nom}}&lt;ref name=&quot;MTV Africa Music Awards&quot;/&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;15&quot;| 2017 || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Heshima za Muziki wa Ghana || Heshima ya Msanii wa Reggae/Dancehall || {{nom}}
|-
| Heshima ya Msanii Bora wa Kike || {{Alishinda}}&lt;ref name=&quot;AmeyawDebrah.com2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Sarkodie, Stonebwoy, MzVee, VVIP na wengine wengi wameshinda katika Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana za 2017|url=http://ameyawdebrah.com/sarkodie -stonebwoy-mzvee-vvip-win-2017-ghana-music-honours/|publisher=ameyahdebrah.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Heshima ya Msanii wa Chaguo la Watu || {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana || Msanii Bora wa Mwaka wa Reggae/Dancehall || {{nom}}&lt;ref name=&quot;GlammyNews.com&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Mwimbaji Bora wa Kike || Hakuna Mwingine || {{nom}}&lt;ref name=&quot;GlammyNews.com&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Msanii Bora wa Mwaka kwa Jumla || Mwenyewe || {{nom}}&lt;ref name=&quot;GlammyNews.com&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Tuzo za Video za Muziki za 4syte || Video Bora ya Kike || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Rudisha nyuma || {{nom}}
|-
| Video Bora ya Choreography || {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | Tuzo za BASS || Msanii Bora wa Mwaka || Mwenyewe || {{nom}}
|-
| Wimbo Bora wa Mwaka wa Reggae || Hakuna Mwingine|| {{nom}}
|-
| Mwigizaji Bora wa Mwaka || Mwenyewe || {{nom}}
|-
| Mwimbaji Bora wa Kike wa Mwaka || Hakuna Mwingine || {{nom}}
|-
| Ushirikiano wa Mwaka wa Reggae || Hakuna Mwingine (feat. Black Prophet) || {{Alishinda}}&lt;ref name=&quot;GhanaMusic.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Orodha kamili ya washindi wa tuzo katika Tuzo za Bass 2017|url=https://www.ghanamusic.com/news/top-stories/ 2017/12/29/full-list-award-washindi-bass-awards-2017/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Msanii Bora wa Dancehall || Mwenyewe || {{nom}}
|-
| Video Bora ya Mwaka ya Reggae || Hakuna Mwingine|| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot;| 2018 || rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana || Mwimbaji Bora wa Kike wa Mwaka || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Mwenyewe || {{nom}}
|-
| Msanii wa Reggae/Dancehall || {{nom}}
|-
| Wimbo Bora wa Mwaka wa Reggae/Dancehall || Rudisha nyuma || {{nom}}
|-
| Ushirikiano wa Mwaka || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Imba Jina Langu (feat. [[Patoranking]]) || {{nom}}
|-
| Wimbo Bora wa Mwaka wa Afropop || {{nom}}
|-
| Albamu Ya Mwaka || Daa-Vee || {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | 2021 || rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana || Wimbo Bora wa Mwaka wa Reggae Dancehall || Sherifu || {{nom}}
|-
|Video Bora ya Muziki ya Mwaka
|Boss Baddest||{{Alishinda}}
|-
| Albamu Ya Mwaka || Inveecible || {{nom}}
|}
Video Bora ya mwaka katika VGMA 2019 na wimbo wake njoo uone Moda yangu.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
* [http://www.lynxghana.com Burudani ya Lynx]
* [https://ichrisgh.com/blog/2020/12/11/mzvee-features-sarkodie-mugeez-efya-falz-medikal-others-on-inveencible-album/ inVeencible Album] {{Wayback|url=https://ichrisgh.com/blog/2020/12/11/mzvee-features-sarkodie-mugeez-efya-falz-medikal-others-on-inveencible-album/ |date=20220529121116 }}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Ghana]]</text>
      <sha1>bmzdozdbf7002la9b13w3vbkcbfvtcr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sanaipei Tande</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>150094</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509806</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:37:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Kazi */</comment>
      <origin>1509806</origin>
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      <text bytes="2422" sha1="tcd3dbh1bvwma43kjx7z27exinofyu5" xml:space="preserve">'''Natasha Sanaipei Tande''' (alizaliwa [[22 Machi]] [[1985]]), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=10 August 2010|author=Magazinos|url=http://www.kenyanmagazines.com/sanaipei-tande-single-and-not-ready-to-mingle-passion-august-2010/|title=Sanaipei Tande – Single and not ready to mingle – Passion August 2010|accessdate=5 February 2016|work=Kenyan Magazine|archivedate=2018-09-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903115008/http://www.kenyanmagazines.com/sanaipei-tande-single-and-not-ready-to-mingle-passion-august-2010/}}&lt;/ref&gt; maarufu kama '''Sana''', ni [[mwimbaji]], [[mtunzi]] wa [[nyimbo]], [[mwigizaji]], mtangazaji wa karaoke, mwimbaji wa redio na mburudishaji wa [[Kenya]].

== Kazi ==
Mnamo [[2004]], akiwa na umri wa miaka 19, Sanaipei alijiunga na ''Utafutaji Vipaji wa Coca-Cola Popstars ([[Afrika ya Mashariki|Afrika Mashariki]])'' baada ya kubembelezwa na familia yake. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Cynthia Misiki|url=https://kiss100.co.ke/5-best-love-songs-from-the-sassy-sanaipei-tande/|title=5 best hit songs from sassy Sanaipei Tande|accessdate=5 February 2016|work=Kiss 100|archivedate=2016-03-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315034118/https://kiss100.co.ke/5-best-love-songs-from-the-sassy-sanaipei-tande/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baada ya mafanikio, aliahirisha masomo yake ya chuo kikuu. Alishinda shindano hilo pamoja na washiriki wenzake wawili, Kevin Waweru na Pam Waithaka. Kwa pamoja, walianzisha bendi ya Sema na kushinda dili la rekodi na Homeboyz Records. Mnamo [[2005]], watatu hao walitoa [[albamu]] ya kwanza ya nyimbo kumi na saba kama ''Leta Wimbo, Sakalakata,'' na jina moja la ''Mwewe'', zikiwavutia zaidi. Baadaye katika mwaka huo huo, bendi iligawanyika.

== Tuzo ==
Mnamo 2021 aliteuliwa kuwa Mwigizaji Bora wa Kike katika tuzo za KALASHA. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kalasha Awards 2021: Crime and Justice up for Best TV Drama and more|url=https://stories.showmax.com/kalasha-awards-2021-crime-and-justice-up-for-best-tv-drama-and-more/|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=Showmax Stories|language=en|archive-date=2021-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123101317/https://stories.showmax.com/kalasha-awards-2021-crime-and-justice-up-for-best-tv-drama-and-more/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Afrika}}
[[Jamii:Watu kutoka Mombasa]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1985]]
[[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]]
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Kenya]]</text>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Mfield moved page [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Shlant]] to [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Renamed user 06aa4746b19222df97a5031f96439ff0]] without leaving a redirect: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Shlant|Shlant]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Renamed user 06aa4746b19222df97a5031f96439ff0|Renamed user 06aa4746b19222df97a5031f96439ff0]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="149" sha1="33xhw9vd0v4drdo71d84nmjr9kakfp5" xml:space="preserve">{{Karibu}} '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|majadiliano]])''' 11:22, 3 Agosti 2022 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>33xhw9vd0v4drdo71d84nmjr9kakfp5</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Narciso Orellana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>165574</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509804</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:36:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
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      <text bytes="3634" sha1="m0smgnfnv1xyquj7ned5t6j2zl0qj42" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Narciso orellana seleccionado el salvador.jpg|thumb|Picha yake.]]
'''Narciso Oswaldo Orellana Guzmán''' (amezaliwa 28 Januari [[1995]]) ni [[Mpira wa miguu|mchezaji wa kandanda]] wa [[El Salvador]] ambaye anacheza kama [[Kiungo (michezo)|kiungo]] wa klabu ya Primera División Alianza na timu ya taifa ya El Salvador. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://laprensagrafica.com/2017/07/10/narciso-orellana-la-sorpresa-ante-mexico|title=Narciso Orellana, la sorpresa ante México|first=La Prensa|author=Gráfica|work=La Prensa Gráfica|accessdate=2023-03-12|archive-date=2017-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801054655/http://www.laprensagrafica.com/2017/07/10/narciso-orellana-la-sorpresa-ante-mexico|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGráfica&quot;&gt;Gráfica, La Prensa. [http://laprensagrafica.com/2017/07/10/narciso-orellana-la-sorpresa-ante-mexico &quot;Narciso Orellana, la sorpresa ante México&quot;] {{Wayback|url=http://laprensagrafica.com/2017/07/10/narciso-orellana-la-sorpresa-ante-mexico |date=20170801054655 }}. ''La Prensa Gráfica''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.elsalvador.com/deportes/selecciones/376240/narciso-orellana-creo-que-hicimos-un-buen-trabajo/|title=Narciso Orellana: &quot;Creo que hicimos un buen trabajo&quot; - elsalvador.com|date=20 July 2017|publisher=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://www.elsalvador.com/deportes/selecciones/376240/narciso-orellana-creo-que-hicimos-un-buen-trabajo/ &quot;Narciso Orellana: &quot;Creo que hicimos un buen trabajo&quot; - elsalvador.com&quot;]. 20 July 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.elgrafico.com/futbol/Narciso-Orellana-podria-salir-del-Alianza-tiene-ofertas-en-la-MLS-20171217-0027.html|title=Narciso Orellana podría salir del Alianza: tiene ofertas en la MLS|publisher=|accessdate=2023-03-12|archive-date=2020-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109034634/https://www.elgrafico.com/futbol/Narciso-Orellana-podria-salir-del-Alianza-tiene-ofertas-en-la-MLS-20171217-0027.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.elgrafico.com/futbol/Narciso-Orellana-podria-salir-del-Alianza-tiene-ofertas-en-la-MLS-20171217-0027.html &quot;Narciso Orellana podría salir del Alianza: tiene ofertas en la MLS&quot;] {{Wayback|url=https://www.elgrafico.com/futbol/Narciso-Orellana-podria-salir-del-Alianza-tiene-ofertas-en-la-MLS-20171217-0027.html |date=20201109034634 }}.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.edhdeportes.com/articulo/selecta/narciso-orellana-sabiamos-que-habia-una-plaza-para-los-panamericanos-15963|title=Deportes - elsalvador.com|work=www.edhdeportes.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://www.edhdeportes.com/articulo/selecta/narciso-orellana-sabiamos-que-habia-una-plaza-para-los-panamericanos-15963 &quot;Deportes - elsalvador.com&quot;]. ''www.edhdeportes.com''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.elgrafico.com/2015/05/23/hay-ofertas-por-narciso-orellana|title=Hay ofertas por Narciso Orellana|first=El|author=Gráfico|publisher=|accessdate=2023-03-12|archivedate=2017-08-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801040754/http://www.elgrafico.com/2015/05/23/hay-ofertas-por-narciso-orellana}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGráfico&quot;&gt;Gráfico, El. [http://www.elgrafico.com/2015/05/23/hay-ofertas-por-narciso-orellana &quot;Hay ofertas por Narciso Orellana&quot;] {{Wayback|url=http://www.elgrafico.com/2015/05/23/hay-ofertas-por-narciso-orellana |date=20170801040754 }}.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tanbihi==
{{marejeo}}
{{BD|1995|}}
[[Jamii:wachezaji mpira wa El Salvador]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Viola Davis</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Malezi yake */</comment>
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      <text bytes="4414" sha1="paal8eoyfaphkd9tqjkkhs8mmeoek36" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|picha=Viola_Davis_(cropped).jpg|name=Viola Davis|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=11 Agosti mwaka wa 1965|utaifa=Mmarekani|mhitimu=chuo cha Rhode Island (1988)
shule ya Juilliard (1994)|kazi yake=Mwigizaji|urefu=5'5|mwenza=Julius Tennon (2003)|tuzo=Tony (1996, 2001, 2010)|watoto=1}}
'''Viola Davis''' (alizaliwa [[11 Agosti]] [[1965]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Marekani]] aliyecheza katika [[filamu]] nyingi. Alianza katika [[Broadway]] na sasa anafanya kazi katika [[Hollywood, California|Hollywood]] kama mwigizaji maarufu sana. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Who is Viola Davis? Everything You Need to Know|url=https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/viola-davis-30426.php|work=www.thefamouspeople.com|accessdate=2023-04-29|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Malezi yake ==
Viola Davis alizaliwa katika jimbo la [[South Carolina|Carolina Kusini]], mji wa Saint Matthews. Baba yake (Dan Davis) alikuwa mpandafarasi stadi, wakati [[mama]] yake (Mary Alice Davis) alipokuwa mke wa nyumbani na alifanya kazi katika kiwanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Viola Davis {{!}} Biography, Movies, Plays, The Help, EGOT, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Viola-Davis|work=www.britannica.com|accessdate=2023-04-29|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Viola aliolewa mume wake (Julius Tennon) katika mwaka wa [[2003]] na yeye ana mtoto (Genesis Tennon) moja na Viola ni muumini wa [[Ukristo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Who is Viola Davis? Everything You Need to Know|url=https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/viola-davis-30426.php|work=www.thefamouspeople.com|accessdate=2023-04-29|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wakati yeye alipokuwa mtoto, yeye aliishi katika jimbo la [[Rhode Island]], mji wa Central Falls. Yeye na familia yake waliishi katika umaskini wakati walipoishi katika mji wa Central Falls. Kwa mfano, Viola aliishi na panya na yeye hakuwa na chakula cha kutosha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Kutoroka matatizo yake nyumbani, yeye alitazama filamu nyingi na yeye aliamua kuigiza wakati yeye alipokuwa katika shule ya sekondari na baada ya yeye alihitimu kutoka shule ya sekondari, yeye aliendelea kufuatilia ndoto yake wakati yeye alipojiandikisha [[chuo]] cha Rhode Island, ambapo yeye alisoma drama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Viola Davis - Awards, Movies &amp; Family|url=https://www.biography.com/actors/viola-davis|work=Biography|date=2021-05-14|accessdate=2023-04-29|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Yeye alihitimu kutoka chuo cha Rhode Island katika mwaka wa 1988 na halafu yeye alipojiandikisha shule nyingine ya maonyesho katika jimbo la Rhode Island na baadaye yeye alipojiandikisha shule ya Juilliard katika mji wa New York ambayo alihitimu kutoka katika mwaka wa [[1994]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Kazi yake ==
Viola alianza kufanya kazi katika Broadway katika mwaka wa 1988 lakini kazi yake maarufu zaidi ilikuwa ni &quot;Seven Guitars&quot; (1996) wakati yeye alipoigiza kama Vera.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;Yeye alipokea tuzo (tuzo ya Tony) kwa kuigiza kama Vera na baada ya yeye alipokea tuzo hiyo kazi yake ilianza kusonga mbele haraka. Kwa mfano, katika mwaka wa [[1999]] yeye alifanya kazi na Phylicia Rashad katika &quot;Everybody's Ruby&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ingawa Viola aliigiza filamu nyingi, filamu iliyomfanya kuwa maarufu katika Hollywood na mahali pengine ilikuwa &quot;Doubt&quot; na [[Meryl Streep]] na filamu ilitoka mwaka wa [[2008]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Filamu hiyo ilikuwa kuhusu ubaguzi wa kimbari katika shule ya [[katoliki]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Viola Davis|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0205626/|work=IMDb|accessdate=2023-04-29|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Halafu, Hollywood iliamua kwamba yeye acheze katika filamu ambazo zinaonyesha mapambano ya watu wa [[Afrika]] na utamaduni wa Afrika. Kwa mfano, katika mwaka wa [[2011]] na mwaka wa [[2022]], yeye aliigiza katika filamu &quot;The Help&quot; (2011) na &quot;The Woman King&quot; (2022). &quot;The Help&quot; ilikuwa kuhusu wanawake waliofanya kazi kwa wanawake weupe katika jimbo la [[Mississippi]] wakati enzi ya haki za raia. &quot;The Woman King&quot; ilikuwa kuhusu ufalme wa wanawake wa [[Afrika ya Magharibi|Afrika magharibi]] katika [[karne ya 17]] ambao unajilinda dhidi ya wavamizi wa nje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Viola aliigiza filamu nyingi ambazo zinahusiana historia ya  watu wa Afrika, kwa hivyo yeye ni mwigizaji ambaye anawakilisha urithi wa Afrika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{BD|1965|}}
[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Vladimir Cvijan</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="3146" sha1="m3v5q3arb44n6o7eq7g117awqq5y9kp" xml:space="preserve">[[Picha:Vladimir Cvijan.jpg|thumb| Vladimir Cvijan]]
'''Vladimir Cvijan''' ([[Belgrad]], [[24 Novemba]] [[1976]] - [[5 Januari]] [[2018]]) alikuwa wakili na [[Siasa|mwanasiasa]] wa [[Serbia]]. Kuanzia mwaka [[2004]] hadi mwaka [[2010]] aliwahi kuwa mshauri wa [[sheria]] na [[Katibu]] Mkuu wa [[Rais]] wa Serbia, Boris Tadić.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Порекло Владимира Цвијана – Порекло|url=https://www.poreklo.rs/2013/09/21/poreklo-vladimira-cvijana/|access-date=27 March 2021|website=www.poreklo.rs|date=21 September 2013 |language=sr-RS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Wasifu==
Baba yake, Mirko, alizaliwa Pec ila akakulia [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] na alikuwa profesa na [[mkurugenzi]] wa Kitivo cha [[Biolojia]] cha [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Belgrade, huku mama yake Zlatinka akitoka Kikinda.

Kuanzia [[Oktoba]], [[2004]] alihusika kama mshauri wa uchambuzi wa kitaalam katika uwanja wa [[sheria]] kwa mahitaji ya baraza la mawaziri la Rais Boris Tadić na kama [[katibu]] wa Baraza la Kisheria la [[Rais]] wa Serbia.

== Machapisho ==
* (2007) ''Pregled zakonodavstva sistema odbrane Republike Srbije'' ({{transl|en|Muhtasari wa Sheria za Ulinzi katika Serbia}})&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Istraživački projekat Zakonodavstvo o prosvetnom savetu: (uporednopravna istraživanja)|last1=Knežić-Popović|first1=Dragana|last2=Mrvić-Petrović|first2=Nataša|last3=Nenadić|first3=Bosa M.|last4=Ćirić|first4=Jovan|last5=Cvijan|first5=Vladimir|last6=Knežević|first6=Ana|last7=Rakić-Vodinelić|first7=Vesna|date=2002|publisher=Institut za uporedno pravo|isbn=978-86-80059-10-5|location=Beograd|oclc=813574631}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Uandishi wa Pamoja:'''
* (2002) ''Istraživački projekat Zakonodavstvo o prosvetnom savetu: (uporednopravna istraživanja)'' ({{transl|en|Mradi wa Utafiti wa Sheria ya Baraza la Elimu: (Utafiti wa Kulinganisha Kisheria)}})
* (2003) ''Pravosudni saveti'' ({{transl|en|Ushauri wa Kisheria}})&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Građansko pravo|last1=Ninković|first1=Monika|last2=Cvijan|first2=Vladimir|last3=Damnjanović|first3=Katarina|last4=Switzerland|last5=Direktion für Entwicklungszusammenarbeit und Humanitäre Hilfe|date=2004|publisher=Institut za uporedno pravo|isbn=978-86-80059-27-3|location=Beograd|oclc=84676077}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (2004) ''Građansko pravo'' ({{transl|en|Sheria ya Kiraia}})&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Građansko pravo, intelektualna svojina: harmonizacija domaćeg zakonodavstva sa pravom Evropske unije|last1=Ninković|first1=Monika|last2=Damjanović|first2=Katarina|last3=Cvijan|first3=Vladimir|date=2004|publisher=Institut za uporedno pravo|isbn=978-86-80059-27-3|location=Beograd|oclc=717433598}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (2004) ''Građansko pravo Intelektualna svojina harmonizacija domaćeg zakonodavstva sa pravom Evropske unije'' ({{transl|en|Sheria ya Kiraia: Haki za Kiakili – Ulinganifu wa Sheria za Ndani na Sheria za Umoja wa Ulaya}})
* (2008) ''Prava pripadnika sistema odbrane'' ({{transl|en|Haki za Wanachama wa Mfumo wa Ulinzi}})

==Marejeo==
{{marejeo}}
{{mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2018]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Serbia]]
[[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2023 Kilimanjaro]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Vijaypal Baghel</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
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      <text bytes="3080" sha1="5ttqzzs7bjeid881s7rl3u3xzo1mdka" xml:space="preserve">'''Vijaypal Baghel''' ni mwanaharakati wa [[mazingira]] kutoka [[Uhindi|India]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pushpa |first=Dr B. Ramaswamy and Dr Sasikala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N1xPDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Vijaypal+Baghel&amp;pg=PT350 |title=Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude |date=2021-01-19 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5266-556-3 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ambaye aliokoa zaidi ya miti milioni moja.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=विजय पाल बघेल: 10 लाख से ज़्यादा पेड़ बचाने वाला वो Green Man, जो सिर्फ़ हरे रंग के कपड़े पहनता है! |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/hindi/india-news/green-hero-story-of-green-man-vijay-pal-baghel-505867.html |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=IndiaTimes |language=hi-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-12-04 |title=ग्रीन मैन विजय पाल ने 10 लाख से अधिक पेड़ कटने से बचाए और अनगिनत पेड़ लगाए |url=https://www.patrika.com/bassi-news/green-man-vijay-pal-has-saved-more-than-one-million-trees-from-being-c-7206994/ |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=Rajasthan Patrika |language=hi-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo [[2020]], Posta ya India na Serikali ya India ilimheshimu kwa kumpa chapa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=पर्यावरण प्रहरी विजयपाल बघेल के नाम डाक टिकट जारी |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/ghaziabad-postage-stamp-issued-in-the-name-of-city-environmental-guard-vijaypal-baghel-20712126.html |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anajulikana sana kama &quot;Mtu wa kijani wa India&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |last2= |first2= |last3= |last4= |first4= |title=Hastinapur wildlife sanctuary set to lose half of its area |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/awaiting-notification-for-over-3-decades-hastinapur-wildlife-sanctuary-set-to-lose-half-of-its-area/articleshow/78795403.cms |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=The Times of India |date= 22 October 2020|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=पर्यावरण दिवस के मौके पर ग्रीनमैन ने लोगों से की यह खास अपील, नहीं होगी दिक्कत |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeesalaam/news/vijay-pal-baghel-green-man-special-appel-international-environment-day/914027 |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ग्रीन मैन विययपाल सिंह बघेल पहुंचे सहारनपुर |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/saharanpur/story-green-man-viyapal-singh-baghel-arrives-in-saharanpur-3834279.html |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanaume wa Uhindi]]
[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Uhindi]]
[[Jamii:Swahili climate voices]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Antonin Cartillier</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
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      <text bytes="337" sha1="0n1hj874m7df4hz620em9ewr4m4ybkn" xml:space="preserve">'''Antonin Cartillier''' (alizaliwa [[23 Juni]] [[2004]]) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa [[Ufaransa]], ambaye anacheza kama [[beki]] katika klabu ya [[Brest]] inayoshiriki [[Ligue 1]] akitokea [[AS Monaco]] kwa mkopo.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2004]]
[[Jamii:wachezaji mpira wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>0n1hj874m7df4hz620em9ewr4m4ybkn</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ron Abbott</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>185095</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509765</id>
      <parentid>1346734</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:06:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>41439</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="897" sha1="h1igtwly4ya76lyem5e0991xh8l6zdv" xml:space="preserve">'''Ronald Frederick Abbott''' (alizaliwa 2 Agosti [[1953]]) ni [[Mpira wa miguu|mwanakandanda]] wa kulipwa zamani na raia wa [[Uingereza]] akicheza kama [[beki]] [[Ligi Kuu Uingereza (EPL)|ligi kuu Uingereza]] katika klabu ya Queens Park Rangers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.neilbrown.newcastlefans.com/player7/ronabbott.html|work=www.neilbrown.newcastlefans.com|accessdate=2024-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia alicheza katika klabu ya [[Drogheda United]] huko [[Eire]] na aliwahi kucheza katika ligi za chini katika klabu ya [[Fisher Athletic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.enfa.co.uk/playersearch.php |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2024-08-09 |archive-date=2021-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102130637/http://www.enfa.co.uk/playersearch.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1953]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uingereza]]</text>
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    <title>Maambukizi ya virusi vya papilloma vya binadamu</title>
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        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
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      <text bytes="11724" sha1="6jhzh92vnxjsps4bktj0wfe3zapfof2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = Maambukizi ya virusi vya papilloma ya binadamu
| synonym       = Virusi vya papilloma ya binadamu
| image         = 2r5k.jpg
| image_size    = 
|image_thumbtime= 
| alt           = 
| caption       = The major capsid protein L1 of HPV 11
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = [[Magonjwa ya kuambukiza]], [[Jinakolojia]], [[Onkolojia]]
| Dalili        = Hakuna, uvimbe mdogo wa nyama kwenye ngozi&lt;ref name=WHO2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Lj2014/&gt;
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = ''Virusi vya papilloma ya binadamu'' husambaa kwa njia ya mgusano wa moja kwa moja&lt;ref name=CDC2015What/&gt;&lt;ref name=Mil2015/&gt;
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = [[Chanjo za HPV]], kutofanya [[ngono]], mwenza mmoja maishani, [[kondomu]]&lt;ref name=Jong2022/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDCcondom/&gt;
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = Watu walio wengi wameambukizwa na HPV wakati fulani katika maisha yao&lt;ref name=CDC2015What/&gt;
| deaths        = 
}}
'''Maambukizi ya virusi vya papilloma ya binadamu''' (HPV infection) ni [[Maambukizo|maambukizi]] yanayosababishwa na ''virusi vya papilloma ya binadamu''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mil2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Milner|first=Danny A.|title=Diagnostic Pathology: Infectious Diseases|date=2015|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323400374|page=40|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJ_uCQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA40|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003204/https://books.google.com/books?id=YJ_uCQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA40|archive-date=11 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Takribani asilimia 90 ya maambukizi hayo hayasababishi dalili zozote na hutoweka yenyewe ndani ya miaka miwili.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs380/en/|work=WHO|date=June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805111143/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs380/en/|archivedate=5 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hata hivyo, katika baadhi ya visa, maambukizi huendelea na kupelekea uvimbe mdogo wa nyama kwenye ngozi au vidonda vya awali vya [[saratani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lj2014&quot; /&gt; Vidonda hivi, kulingana na eneo lililoathiriwa, huongeza hatari ya saratani ya [[Saratani ya mlango wa kizazi|mlango wa uzazi kwa wanawake]], uke (vagina), midomo ya uke (vulva), uume, mkundu, kinywa au koo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lj2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ljubojevic S, Skerlev M|title=HPV-associated diseases|journal=Clinics in Dermatology|volume=32|issue=2|pages=227–34|year=2014|pmid=24559558|doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.08.007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karibu [[Saratani ya mlango wa kizazi|saratani yote ya mlango wa uzazi kwa wanawake]] inatokana na HPV; ziko aina mbili, yaani HPV16 na HPV18, hizi huchangia asilimia 70% ya maambukizi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Can&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Link Between HPV and Cancer|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hpv/parents/cancer.html|work=CDC|accessdate=11 August 2016|date=September 30, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109134544/http://www.cdc.gov/hpv/parents/cancer.html|archivedate=9 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kati ya asilimia 60% na 90% ya saratani zingine zilizoorodheshwa hapo juu pia zinahusishwa moja kwa moja na maambukizi ya HPV.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Can&quot; /&gt; HPV6 na HPV11 ni visababishi ambavyo hutokea mara kwa mara vya uvimbe mdogo wa nyama kwenye sehemu za siri na papilomatosisi ya koo (laryngeal papillomatosis).&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;

Maambukizi ya HPV husababishwa na ''virusi vya papilloma ya binadamu'', ambayo ni aina ya kirusi cha DNA kutoka kwenye jamii ya virusi vya papilloma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bzhalava2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bzhalava D, Guan P, Franceschi S, Dillner J, Clifford G|title=A systematic review of the prevalence of mucosal and cutaneous human papillomavirus types|journal=Virology|volume=445|issue=1–2|pages=224–31|date=October 2013|pmid=23928291|doi=10.1016/j.virol.2013.07.015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zaidi ya aina 170 zimeelezewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bzhalava2013&quot; /&gt; Zaidi ya aina 40 zinaweza [[Maradhi ya zinaa|kuenea kwa njia ya kujamiiana]] na kuambukiza [[mkundu]] na sehemu za siri.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015What&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What is HPV?|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hpv/parents/whatishpv.html|work=CDC|accessdate=10 August 2016|date=28 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807084000/http://www.cdc.gov/hpv/parents/whatishpv.html|archivedate=7 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sababu hatarishi kwa maambukizi ya mara kwa mara kwa njia ya ngono hujumuisha kuanza kujamiiana kwa mara ya kwanza wakati mtu akiwa na umri mdogo, kuwa na wapenzi wengi wa kingono, uvutaji sigara, na utendaji dhaifu wa kingamwili.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt; Kwa kawaida aina hizi huenezwa kwa mgusano endelevu wa moja kwa moja wa ngozi hadi ngozi, huku kufanya mapenzi kwa njia [[Tendo la ndoa|ya uke]] na mkundu zikiwa ndizo njia zinazojulikana zaidi kuleta maambukizi. &lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015What&quot; /&gt; Pia, maambukizi ya HPV yanaweza kuenea kutoka kwa mama kwenda kwa mtoto wakati wa ujauzito.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015QA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hpv/parents/questions-answers.html|title=Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Questions and Answers|date=28 December 2015|work=CDC|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811085444/http://www.cdc.gov/hpv/parents/questions-answers.html|archivedate=11 August 2016|accessdate=11 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakuna ushahidi kwamba HPV inaweza kuenea kupitia vitu vya kawaida kama vile vyoo vya kukalia,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=5 Things You Might Not Know About Human Papillomavirus|url=https://blogs.cdc.gov/publichealthmatters/2016/01/5-things-you-might-not-know-about-human-papillomavirus/|work=CDC|accessdate=22 May 2020|archivedate=22 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622000409/https://blogs.cdc.gov/publichealthmatters/2016/01/5-things-you-might-not-know-about-human-papillomavirus/}}&lt;/ref&gt; japo aina zinazosababisha uvimbe mdogo wa nyama kwenye ngozi zinaweza kuenea kupitia maeneo kama vile sakafu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)|url=http://www.wrha.mb.ca/extranet/ipc/files/manuals/ltc/ManualPCH_Sec09_HPV.pdf|work=WRHA|accessdate=26 March 2019|date=18 November 2019|archivedate=26 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326090245/http://www.wrha.mb.ca/extranet/ipc/files/manuals/ltc/ManualPCH_Sec09_HPV.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mtu anaweza kuambukizwa na aina moja au zaidi ya HPV.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015QA&quot; /&gt; HPV inajulikana kuathiri wanadamu pekee.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mil2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pink Book (Human Papillomavirus)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/hpv.pdf|work=CDC.gov|accessdate=18 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321110050/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/hpv.pdf|archivedate=21 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Chanjo za HPV zinaweza kuzuia aina ya maambukizi ya kawaida.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015What&quot; /&gt; Chanjo inapaswa kutumika kabla ya kuanza kujihusisha na mapenzi ili kuleta ufanisi zaidi, na kwa hivyo inapendekezwa kutumika kati ya umri wa miaka 9 hadi 13.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt; Matumizi ya mara kwa mara ya [[kondomu]] ya kiume yanaweza kupunguza maambukizi ya HPV kwa wanawake kwa takribani asilimia 70, ingawa maeneo ambayo hayajafunikwa (na kondomu) yanaweza kuambukiza eneo la nje la uke.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jong2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nakra|first=Natasha A.|last2=Blumberg|first2=Dean A.|editor-last=Jong|editor-first=Elaine C.|editor-last2=Stevens|editor-first2=Dennis L.|title=Netter's Infectious Diseases|date=2022|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-71159-3|pages=71-74|edition=2nd|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8skEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA71|language=en|chapter=16. Human Papillomavirus infections and prevention|access-date=2 October 2023|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020052442/https://books.google.com/books?id=l8skEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA71#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCcondom&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fact Sheet for Public Health Personnel {{!}} Condom Effectiveness {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/condomeffectiveness/latex.html|work=www.cdc.gov|accessdate=1 May 2017|date=25 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527074736/https://www.cdc.gov/condomeffectiveness/latex.html|archivedate=27 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kujizuia kufanya ngono au kuwa na mwenzi mmoja tu maishani, kunaweza kupunguza maambukizi ya HPV ya sehemu za siri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jong2022&quot; /&gt; Uchunguzi wa saratani ya mlango wa uzazi wa wanawake, kwa njia ya uchunguzi wa Papanicolaou (&quot;pap smear&quot;), au uchunguzi wa seviksi baada ya kupaka asidi asetiki (acetic acid), unaweza kugundua saratani ya mapema na seli zisizo za kawaida ambazo zinaweza kuibuka na kuwa saratani.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt; Uchunguzi hupelekea matibabu ya mapema ambayo huleta matokeo bora.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt; Uchunguzi umepunguza idadi ya visa vya maambukizi na idadi ya vifo vinavyotokana na saratani ya mlango wa uzazi wa wanawake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saw2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sawaya GF, Kulasingam S, Denberg TD, Qaseem A|title=Cervical Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Women: Best Practice Advice From the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=162|issue=12|pages=851–9|date=June 2015|pmid=25928075|doi=10.7326/M14-2426}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uvimbe mdogo wa nyama kwenye ngozi unaweza kuondolewa kwa njia ya kugandisha (freezing).&lt;ref name=&quot;Mil2015&quot; /&gt;

Karibu watu wote katika maisha, wamewahi kupata maambukizi ya HPV.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015What&quot; /&gt; HPV ni moja ya aina ya kawaida zaidi ya [[maradhi ya zinaa]] (STI) ulimwenguni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jong2022&quot; /&gt; Mnamo mwaka wa 2018, inakadiriwa kuripotiwa visa 569,000 vya saratani ya mlango wa uzazi, pamoja na vifo 311,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;GCO2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/cancers/23-Cervix-uteri-fact-sheet.pdf|title=Global Cancer Observatory: International Agency for Research on Cancer|work=IARC|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011150405/http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/cancers/23-Cervix-Uteri-fact-sheet.pdf|archivedate=11 October 2018|accessdate=16 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takribani asilimia 85 ya saratani hizi za mlango wa uzazi zilitokea katika [[Nchi inayoendelea|nchi zenye kipato cha chini na kipato cha katikati]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt; Nchini Marekani, takribani visa 30,700 vya saratani zinazotokana na HPV hutokea kila mwaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Epi&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Viens LJ, Henley SJ, Watson M, Markowitz LE, Thomas CC, Thompson TD, Razzaghi H, Saraiya M|display-authors=6|title=Human Papillomavirus-Associated Cancers - United States, 2008-2012|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|volume=65|issue=26|pages=661–6|date=July 2016|pmid=27387669|doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6526a1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa makadirio, asilimia 1 ya watu wazima wanaojamiiana, wana vidonda (warts) vinavyoota sehemu za siri.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015QA&quot; /&gt; Visa vya vidonda kwenye ngozi (skin warts) vimeelezewa tangu zamani za [[Ugiriki ya Kale]], ikiwa ni kweli kwamba vidonda hivi husababishwa na virusi na ilibainika mnamo mwaka wa 1907.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRC Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Tyring|first=Stephen|last2=Moore|first2=Angela Yen|last3=Lupi|first3=Omar|title=Mucocutaneous Manifestations of Viral Diseases: An Illustrated Guide to Diagnosis and Management|date=2016|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781420073133|page=207|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uAjLBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA207|df=dmy-all|access-date=3 August 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803062220/https://books.google.com/books?id=uAjLBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA207}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}
[[Jamii:maradhi ya kuambukiza|P]]
[[Jamii:maradhi ya zinaa|P]]
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      <text bytes="4437" sha1="ch3405yud0m6gaq5d8y9tiyd0c6qpxc" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Waje for NdaniTV Xmas 2018.png|thumb|Picha ya Waje]]
'''Aituaje Aina Vivian Ebele Iruobe''' (anajulikana kitaaluma kama '''Waje''', kifupi cha &quot;Words Aren't Just Enough&quot;; amezaliwa [[1 Septemba]] [[1981]]) ni mwimbaji kutoka [[Nigeria]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-10-08 |title=Waje's Transitioning to Gospel Music is Not a Trend |url=https://www.afrocritik.com/a-conversation-with-nigerian-soul-diva-waje/ |access-date=2024-03-25 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alianza kutambulika baada ya kushirikishwa kwenye toleo jipya la wimbo wa [[P-Square]] “Omoge Mi”.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=P-Square - Omoge Mi [Official Video] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z3ClHP-Yzg4 |access-date=2023-11-07 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waje pia alishirikishwa kwenye wimbo maarufu wa kundi hilo wa mwaka [[2008]] ulioitwa “Do Me”. Aidha, alicheza [[sauti]] kwenye wimbo wa Banky W “Thief My Kele” na [[M.I Abaga|M.I]] “One Naira”.&lt;ref name=&quot;wadup&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://wadup.com.ng/meet-the-most-female-bankable-musicians-of-2014/|title=Meet the Most Female Bankable Musicians of 2014|access-date=2015-01-29|archive-date=2018-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628011132/http://wadup.com.ng/meet-the-most-female-bankable-musicians-of-2014/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Inyang |first=Ifreke |date=2012-12-14 |title=&quot;I'm starting my lingerie line soon and I'll be modelling them&quot; - Waje |url=https://dailypost.ng/2012/12/14/im-starting-lingerie-line-soon-ill-modelling-them-waje/ |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Mwaka [[2016]], Waje alikuwa mmoja wa majaji wanne kwenye msimu wa kwanza wa ''The Voice Nigeria''. Mwaka [[2018]], alionekana kwenye msimu wa mwisho wa tamthilia ya Africa Magic ''Battleground''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Battleground season 2 |url=https://m-net.dstv.com/show/zuba/season/3/battleground-season-2/news |website=M-Net |access-date=2022-01-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2016-07-17 |title=Waje accentuates her Curves in All Black for &quot;The Voice Nigeria&quot; Tonight |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/07/waje-accentuates-her-curves-in-all-black-for-the-voice-nigeria-tonight/ |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Waje alizaliwa tarehe 1 Septemba 1981 mjini [[Akure|Akure, Jimbo la Ondo]], Nigeria. Pia ndiye mzaliwa wa kwanza katika familia yake. Alikulia mjini [[Benin City]] baada ya wazazi wake kuhamia huko. Wazazi wake walitalakiana akiwa bado mdogo, jambo lililomletea changamoto katika maisha yake ya utotoni.&lt;ref name=vanguardngr&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/05/regret-my-past-no-way-waje/#sthash.UYbxXOZd.dpuf|title=Regret my past? No way – Waje|access-date=2015-01-29|date=2013-05-03|website=Vanguard}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alipata ujauzito wakati akifanya mitihani ya mwisho ya cheti cha sekondari. Hakumwambia mama yake hadi alipokuwa mjamzito wa miezi mitano. Kwa sababu ya ujauzito nje ya ndoa, alisimamishwa kwa muda kuimba kwenye kwaya ya kanisa lao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/church-banned-me-from-choir-after-i-got-pregnant-waje/|title=Church banned me from choir after I got pregnant –Waje|date=2020-08-15|website=The Punch|access-date=2024-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alikuwa akiimba [[nyimbo za Kiinjili]] ambazo zilimfurahisha Askofu Mkuu [[Benson Idahosa]], ambaye alimsaidia wakati wote wa masomo yake ya sekondari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.modernghana.com/moviep/6560/1/pagenum2/bishop-idahosa-took-care-of-me-during-secondary-sc.html|title=Bishop Idahosa Took Care Of Me During Secondary School–Waje|website=Modern Ghana|access-date=2010-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baadaye, Waje alihamia Nsukka kusoma katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Nigeria, Nsukka]], ambako alipata shahada ya Kazi ya Jami]. Ili kuboresha kipaji chake cha kuimba, alisikiliza wanamuziki kama [[Whitney Houston]] na [[Aretha Franklin]].&lt;ref name=fadoflow&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fadoflow.com/the-different-faces-of-waje-which-do-you-prefer/|access-date=2015-01-29|title=The different faces of Waje – Which do you prefer?|archive-date=2016-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117143751/http://www.fadoflow.com/the-different-faces-of-waje-which-do-you-prefer/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
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[[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Nigeria]]
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      <text bytes="2452" sha1="aofhbne7gkpgstfpb7fz1znwlt5fkls" xml:space="preserve">'''Rasheed M. H.''', anayejulikana zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii '''Shafi''', ([[18 Februari]] [[1968]] – [[26 Januari]] [[2025]]) alikuwa [[mwongozaji wa filamu]] wa [[Kihindi]] aliyefanya kazi katika tasnia ya sinema ya ''Malayalam'', akijulikana sana kwa kuongoza filamu za vichekesho. Pia aliwahi kuongoza filamu moja ya Kitaalamu. Shafi alianza kazi yake ya uongozaji kwa filamu ''One Man Show'' mwaka [[2001]]. ''Rafi'' kutoka duo ya Rafi Mecartin ni kaka yake mkubwa, na mwongozaji Siddique ni mjomba wao. Shafi alianza kazi yake ya filamu katikati ya miaka ya [[1990]] kwa kumsaidia mwongozaji Rajasenan na duo ya Rafi Mecartin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://keralaboxoffice.com/tag/malayalam-director-shafi-latest-film|title=Malayalam Director Shafi Latest Film {{!}} KeralaBoxOffice.com|access-date=27 May 2013|archive-date=6 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706171023/http://www.keralaboxoffice.com/tag/malayalam-director-shafi-latest-film|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://filmnews.bizhat.com/tag/mohanlal-in-shafis-film/ Film News » Mohanlal in Shafi's film – First – BizHat.com] {{Wayback|url=http://filmnews.bizhat.com/tag/mohanlal-in-shafis-film/ |date=20180713231201 }} &quot;hit maker Shafi is finally tuning to the big star of Malayalam, Mohanlal for his ...&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CE&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Shrijith|first1=Sajin|title=Parenthood is the central theme in Children's Park: Shafi|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/jun/03/parenthood-is-the-central-theme-in-childrens-park-shafi-12018.html|work=Cinema Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Malayalam filmmaker Shafi passes away 26/01/25|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/malayalam-filmmaker-shafi-passes-away-9795240/|website=The Indian Express|language=en|date=26 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Filmmaker Shafi in critical condition|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/filmmaker-shafi-in-critical-condition/article69124096.ece|website=The Hindu|language=en-IN|date=21 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Madhu|first1=Vignesh|title=Malayalam director Shafi passes away|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/26/malayalam-director-shafi-passes-away|website=Cinema Express|language=en-in|date=26 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1968]]
[[Jamii:Waongozaji filamu wa Uhindi]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]]</text>
      <sha1>aofhbne7gkpgstfpb7fz1znwlt5fkls</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ustahimilivu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>199688</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509836</id>
      <parentid>1509158</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T14:00:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509836</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3096" sha1="tm7broh40epxiqc1s3onnkgokvsj18m" xml:space="preserve">'''Ustahimilivu''' (kutoka kitenzi cha Kiarabu) ni mchakato na uwezo wa kukabiliana na mambo magumu na changamoto za maisha, kulingana na ufafanuzi kutoka Chama cha Kisaikolojia cha Marekani (APA). Ustahimilivu unamaanisha kubadilika kiakili, kihisia, na kitabia na uwezo wa kuzoea mabadiliko husika yalikufika&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.apa.org/topics/resilience|work=www.apa.org|title=www.apa.org|accessdate=2025-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

&quot;Ni uwezo wako wa kustahimili shida na kukua licha ya changamoto za maisha&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Resilience: A Guide to Facing Life’s Challenges, Adversities, and Crises|url=https://www.everydayhealth.com/wellness/resilience/|work=EverydayHealth.com|date=2024-07-31|accessdate=2025-02-02|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;,&quot; anasema Amit Sood, MD, mkurugenzi mtendaji wa Kituo cha Kimataifa cha Ustahimilivu na Ustawi na mmiliki wa mpango wa Chaguo Resilient.

Ni muhimu kutambua kwamba kuwa mstahimilivu kunahitaji seti ya ujuzi ambao unajengeka kwa muda. Kujenga uthabiti kunahitaji muda, nguvu, na usaidizi kutoka kwa watu walio karibu yako. Kuna uwezekano pia utapata vikwazo njiani. Inategemea tabia na ujuzi wa mtu bibinafsi, kama kujipenda na uwezo wa kufanya mawasiliano na wengine kuhusu tatizo linalokusibu. Sababu zinazoweza kuchangia mtu kuwa mstahimilivu ni pamoja na usaidizi wa kijamii na rasilimali zinazopatikana kwa wakati huo.

Kuwa mstahimilivu hakumaanishi kwamba hupati wasiwasi, kuumia kihisia, au kuteseka. Kuonyesha uthabiti/ustahimilivu ni pamoja na kufanya kazi katika hali ya maumivu ya kihisia na mateso&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Resilience: A Guide to Facing Life’s Challenges, Adversities, and Crises|url=https://www.everydayhealth.com/wellness/resilience/|work=EverydayHealth.com|date=2024-07-31|accessdate=2025-02-02|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mstahimilivu ni mtu ambaye ana ujuzi thabiti wa kukabiliana na hali hiyo na anayeweza kutumia rasilimali zake zilizopo, kuomba msaada inapohitajika, na kutafuta njia za kudhibiti hali inayomkabili&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=How Resilience Helps You Cope With Challenges|url=https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-resilience-2795059|work=Verywell Mind|accessdate=2025-02-02|language=en|archive-date=2025-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250202141855/https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-resilience-2795059|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Watu walio na ustahimilivu wa kisaikolojia wanaweza kutumia ujuzi na nguvu zao kukabiliana na changamoto za maisha kama vile:
* Kifo cha mpendwa
* Talaka
* Masuala ya kifedha
* Ugonjwa
* Kupoteza kazi
* Uhitaji wa matibabu
* Majanga ya asili

Badala ya kukata tamaa au kutumia mikakati isiyofaa ya kukabiliana na hali hiyo, watu wenye ustahimilivu hukabiliana na magumu ya maisha kwa kusubiri, kujiamini na kuamini kwamba ''hili nalo litapita''.

Ikiwa unatatizika kukabiliana na changamoto, usiogope kuzungumza na mtu ambaye una hakika unamuamini au mtaalamu wa afya ya akili. Hata watu wastahimilivu wanahitaji usaidizi na sehemu ya kuwa mstahimilivu ni kujua wakati wa kuomba msaada.

==Tanbihi==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu}}
[[Jamii:Saikolojia]]
[[Jamii:Maisha ya kiroho]]</text>
      <sha1>tm7broh40epxiqc1s3onnkgokvsj18m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Simon Triantafillou</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>200949</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509817</id>
      <parentid>1509049</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:45:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <origin>1509817</origin>
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      <text bytes="923" sha1="b2mn4x51o7ef45x9u9buk3m430bi0mj" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Simon Triantafillou, FC Edmonton.jpg|thumb|Triantafillou mwaka 2022 akiwa na FC Edmonton]]
'''Simon Triantafillou''' (alizaliwa Agosti 25, [[1999]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa [[Kanada]] ambaye anachezea Burlington SC katika Ligi ya kwanza ya [[Ontario]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nunesmagician.com/2017/2/2/14484052/syracuse-mens-soccer-midfield-targets-national-signing-day|title=Syracuse men's soccer brings in three midfield targets for National Signing Day|date=February 2, 2017|work=Nunes Magician|first=Steve|last=Haller}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.syracuse.com/orangesports/2017/02/syracuse_soccer_pulls_in_highly_ranked_recruiting_class.html|date=February 2, 2017|title=Syracuse soccer pulls in highly ranked recruiting class|first=Lindsay|last=Kramer|work=[[Syracuse University]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}} 
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1999|}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]]</text>
      <sha1>b2mn4x51o7ef45x9u9buk3m430bi0mj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vera Rockline</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>203421</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509805</id>
      <parentid>1509183</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:37:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Urithi */</comment>
      <origin>1509805</origin>
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      <text bytes="4887" sha1="1ehh401rccycvnsl37pvaxol47i5cg8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| image=Vera_Rockline_(1896-1934).jpg
| caption=Vera Rockline in 1930s
| name=Vera Rockline
| birth_date    = 1896
| birth_place   = Moscow, Urusi
| death_date    = 4 Aprili1934
| death_place   = Paris, France
| spouse= Serge Rockline (1898-1955)
| children=0
| |alma_mater=Ilya Mashkov Studio in Moscow
}}

'''Véra Rockline''' (kwa Kirusi: Вера Николаевна Рохлина, ''Vera Nikolaïevna Rokhlina'' ; 1896 - 4 Aprili 1934) alikuwa mchoraji wa post-impressionist wa Urusi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://modernartconsulting.ru/en/2013/01/vera-rockline/|title=Vera Rokhlina (Rockline) ★|work=modernartconsulting.ru|accessdate=2017-05-02|archive-date=2019-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023035123/http://modernartconsulting.ru/en/2013/01/vera-rockline/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha na kazi ==
Alizaliwa [[Moscow]] kwa Nikolai Schlesinger na Mfaransa Jeanne Malebranche. Alisoma katika studio ya uchoraji na kuchora ya [[Mashkov, Ilya Ivanovich|Ilya Mashkov]] huko Myasnitskaya. Alisoma kazi za mabwana wengine wa &quot;[[Jack of Diamonds (kikundi cha sanaa)|Jack of Diamonds]]&quot; - [[Konchalovsky, Pyotr Petrovich|P. P. Konchalovsky]], [[Lentulov, Aristarkh Vasilievich|A. V. Lentulov]], [[Kuprin, Alexander Vasilievich|A. V. Kuprin]], [[Vasily Rozhdestvensky]], [[Alexander Osmerkin]]. Mnamo 1918, kuhusiana na kuhamia [[Kyiv]], aliendelea na masomo yake katika studio ya &quot;Amazon of the avant-garde&quot; [[Exter, Alexandra Alexandrovna|Alexandra Exter]], ambaye wanafunzi wake pia walijumuisha Alexander Tyshler. Mnamo 1918-1919, chini ya jina Schlesinger, alishiriki katika maonyesho ya wasanii wa Moscow, pamoja na maonyesho ya Jumuiya ya Wasanii ya Moscow (MAA), maonyesho ya uchoraji wa Jumuiya ya Wasanii-Wachoraji, Maonyesho ya Jimbo la 5 la Uchoraji &quot;Kutoka kwa Impressionism hadi isiyo ya Lengo&quot;, na Uchoraji wa Uchoraji wa Kiyahudi.

Mnamo 1918, Vera alioa mtoto wa wakili wa Tiflis Zakhary Yakovlevich Rokhlin - Sergei Rokhlin (Serge Rockline), ambaye baadaye alikua philatelist maarufu, mmiliki wa nyumba ya biashara ya Parisian philatelic &quot;Maison Romeko Paris&quot;, na mnamo 1919-1920. aliishi Tiflis.

Katika chemchemi ya 1919, baada ya kujificha kwa siku tatu kwenye shimo la meli iliyovuka Bahari Nyeusi, alienda kwanza Constantinople na kisha kwenda Ufaransa, na akaishi katika nyumba ya familia huko Burgundy huko Resse-sur-Ours, ambapo mama yake alitoka. Mnamo 1921, alihamia Paris na kuanza kuishi Montparnasse, ambapo wakati huo kulikuwa na jamii kubwa ya Kirusi, ambayo msanii huyo alishirikiana kwa karibu.

Tangu 1922, alionyesha kazi zake katika Salon d'Automne, Salon des Independants na Salon des Tuileries chini ya jina Vera Rockline. Kazi zake zilifanikiwa, na wakosoaji na waandishi wa habari walianza kuzungumza juu ya msanii huyo. Mnamo 1925, maonyesho ya solo ya msanii yalifanyika kwenye jumba la sanaa la [[Vildrac, Charles|Charles Vildrac]] na mnamo 1934 kwenye jumba la sanaa la Barreiro. Alikuwa akifahamiana na [[Serebryakova, Zinaida Evgenievna|Zinaida Serebryakova]], ambaye pia aliishi Paris, na kuchora picha yake. Tangu 1933 alikuwa mshiriki wa sehemu ya sanaa ya Umoja wa Wafanyikazi wa Sanaa wa Urusi huko Ufaransa.

Alifurahiya kuungwa mkono na mkusanyaji na mkusanyaji Paul Poiret, ambaye aliandika utangulizi wa orodha ya maonyesho yake ya kwanza ya solo (1924), ambayo, haswa, aliandika: &quot;Ninapenda uchoraji wa Vera Rokhlina. Ninawaonea huruma wale ambao hawapendi.&quot;

== Urithi ==
Ingawa Rockline ilikuwa karibu kusahaulika katika nusu ya baadaye ya karne ya 20, kutoka 2000 juu ya shauku mpya juu ya sanaa yake iliibuka kutoka kwa nyumba za sanaa na wakusanyaji wa sanaa. Mnamo 2002 maonyesho makubwa ya kazi yake yalifanyika Montparnasse, &quot;Elles de Montparnasse&quot;, ambapo kazi zake zilionyeshwa pamoja na kazi za Tamara de Lempicka, Marie Laurencin, Hannah Orlova, Sonia Delaunay na Natalia Goncharova.

==Michoro yake==
&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=&quot;160&quot; heights=&quot;115&quot;&gt;
Faili:Vera_Rockline_The_Card_Players.jpg|alt=The Card Players (1919)| ''Wacheza Kadi'' (1919)
Faili:Rockline_Nu_assis_avec_miroir_1920.jpg|alt=Nude with red beret at her toilet (1920)| ''Uchi na bereti nyekundu kwenye choo chake'' (1920)
Faili:Rockline_jeune-femme-a-leventail-bleu-1919.jpg|alt=Portrait of a young woman with blue fan (1919)| ''Picha ya mwanamke mchanga na shabiki wa bluu'' (1919)
Faili:Roclline_Autoportrait_1922.jpg|alt=Self-Portrait (1922)| ''Picha ya kibinafsi'' (1922)
Faili:Rockline_nude-in-blue-interior-1919-1921.jpg|alt=Nude with blue interior (1919–1921)| ''Uchi na mambo ya ndani ya bluu'' (1919-1921)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Tanbihi==
{{Reflist}}
{{mbegu-mtu}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rockline, Vera}}
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1934]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1896]]
[[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Urusi]]
[[Jamii:Wayahudi]]
[[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Ufaransa]]
[[Jamii:Wasanii wa Ufaransa]]
[[Jamii:Wasanii wa Urusi]]</text>
      <sha1>1ehh401rccycvnsl37pvaxol47i5cg8</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Mradi wa Nchi</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>208508</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509693</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:06:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#2.0 CAQI Bot updated with new scoring rules</comment>
      <origin>1509693</origin>
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      <text bytes="10164" sha1="f0nvykvuc0bae7oc3f29yjpbpwsey6k" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}}
{{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}}

== Mwongozo ==
===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa===
'''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Jedwali la nchi}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana.

===Utangulizi=== 
{{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}}
Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo:
====Aya ya Utangulizi====
Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800.
Mfano:
&lt;/br&gt;
{{Blockquote|
'''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}}
====Aya zinazofuata====
Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii.

===Mwili===
Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji.

====Asili ya jina==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi.
====Historia====
Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa.

====Jiografia====
Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili.

====Demografia==== 
Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana.
====Uchumi====
Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato.
====Serikali na siasa==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa.
====Utamaduni====
Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa.
====Tazama pia====
Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika.

====Marejeo==== 
Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa.
====Viungo vya nje==== 
Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo.

== Makala ==


{{Chati ya duara
| caption= CAQI (2026-04-25)
| label1 = Makala Bora
| value1 = 5
| color1= green
| label2 = Makala Nzuri
| value2 = 6
| color2= yellow
| label3 = Makala Msingi
| value3 = 57
| color3= orange
| label4 = Makala ya Chini
| value4 = 71
| color4= lightblue
| label5 = Mbegu
| value5 = 36
| color5= red
}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nchi
! CAQI (2026-04-25)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:green&quot; | Makala Bora
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]
| 9.23
|-
| [[Kenya]]
| 8.99
|-
| [[Ghana]]
| 8.93
|-
| [[Tanzania]]
| 8.80
|-
| [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]]
| 8.25
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:yellow&quot; | Makala Nzuri
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]
| 7.58
|-
| [[Urusi]]
| 7.54
|-
| [[Marekani]]
| 7.45
|-
| [[Sudan Kusini]]
| 7.28
|-
| [[Senegal]]
| 7.20
|-
| [[Australia]]
| 7.15
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:orange&quot; | Makala Msingi
|-
| [[Irani]]
| 6.49
|-
| [[Nigeria]]
| 6.39
|-
| [[Afrika Kusini]]
| 6.24
|-
| [[Italia]]
| 6.19
|-
| [[Laos]]
| 5.95
|-
| [[Somalia]]
| 5.79
|-
| [[Falme za Kiarabu]]
| 5.63
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]
| 5.59
|-
| [[Rwanda]]
| 5.49
|-
| [[Korea Kaskazini]]
| 5.44
|-
| [[Mali]]
| 5.42
|-
| [[Ufini]]
| 5.20
|-
| [[Uingereza]]
| 5.18
|-
| [[Uswisi]]
| 5.17
|-
| [[Israeli]]
| 5.14
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
| 5.05
|-
| [[Ujerumani]]
| 4.83
|-
| [[Niger]]
| 4.81
|-
| [[Korea Kusini]]
| 4.79
|-
| [[Misri]]
| 4.78
|-
| [[Uganda]]
| 4.78
|-
| [[Afghanistan]]
| 4.70
|-
| [[Shelisheli]]
| 4.68
|-
| [[Japani]]
| 4.66
|-
| [[Hispania]]
| 4.65
|-
| [[Chad]]
| 4.59
|-
| [[Austria]]
| 4.49
|-
| [[Kamerun]]
| 4.47
|-
| [[Vatikani]]
| 4.43
|-
| [[Ukraini]]
| 4.41
|-
| [[Sudan]]
| 4.39
|-
| [[Uswidi]]
| 4.30
|-
| [[Uholanzi]]
| 4.26
|-
| [[Kanada]]
| 4.17
|-
| [[Ufaransa]]
| 4.14
|-
| [[Moroko]]
| 4.13
|-
| [[Uhindi]]
| 4.08
|-
| [[Malawi]]
| 4.05
|-
| [[Pakistani]]
| 3.98
|-
| [[Ubelgiji]]
| 3.92
|-
| [[Udeni]]
| 3.88
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]
| 3.84
|-
| [[Vietnam]]
| 3.84
|-
| [[Bulgaria]]
| 3.82
|-
| [[Isilandi]]
| 3.77
|-
| [[Msumbiji]]
| 3.76
|-
| [[Aljeria]]
| 3.73
|-
| [[Kazakhstan]]
| 3.65
|-
| [[Malta]]
| 3.65
|-
| [[Indonesia]]
| 3.64
|-
| [[Singapuri]]
| 3.63
|-
| [[Uturuki]]
| 3.62
|-
| [[Papua Guinea Mpya]]
| 3.61
|-
| [[Eritrea]]
| 3.60
|-
| [[Uthai]]
| 3.58
|-
| [[Angola]]
| 3.52
|-
| [[Hong Kong]]
| 3.52
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:lightblue&quot; | Makala ya Chini
|-
| [[Bhutan]]
| 3.46
|-
| [[Fiji]]
| 3.46
|-
| [[Madagaska]]
| 3.45
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Udeni]]
| 3.44
|-
| [[Palestina]]
| 3.43
|-
| [[Cabo Verde]]
| 3.38
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]
| 3.38
|-
| [[Syria]]
| 3.35
|-
| [[Latvia]]
| 3.30
|-
| [[Myanmar]]
| 3.23
|-
| [[Botswana]]
| 3.22
|-
| [[Komori]]
| 3.20
|-
| [[Morisi]]
| 3.11
|-
| [[Jibuti]]
| 3.09
|-
| [[Omani]]
| 3.04
|-
| [[Polandi]]
| 3.03
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]
| 3.01
|-
| [[Kosovo]]
| 2.99
|-
| [[Benin]]
| 2.93
|-
| [[Brunei]]
| 2.92
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]
| 2.90
|-
| [[Saudia]]
| 2.90
|-
| [[Gine ya Ikweta]]
| 2.89
|-
| [[Hungaria]]
| 2.88
|-
| [[Lesotho]]
| 2.88
|-
| [[Nyuzilandi]]
| 2.86
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]
| 2.82
|-
| [[Eire]]
| 2.80
|-
| [[Liechtenstein]]
| 2.78
|-
| [[Ureno]]
| 2.76
|-
| [[Gabon]]
| 2.74
|-
| [[Ugiriki]]
| 2.70
|-
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| 2.69
|-
| [[Kroatia]]
| 2.68
|-
| [[Namibia]]
| 2.65
|-
| [[Slovenia]]
| 2.65
|-
| [[Tunisia]]
| 2.64
|-
| [[Ufilipino]]
| 2.64
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya China]]
| 2.54
|-
| [[Moldova]]
| 2.52
|-
| [[Bahrain]]
| 2.51
|-
| [[Norwei]]
| 2.51
|-
| [[Luxemburg]]
| 2.49
|-
| [[Romania]]
| 2.49
|-
| [[Masedonia Kaskazini]]
| 2.48
|-
| [[Yordani]]
| 2.48
|-
| [[Mongolia]]
| 2.43
|-
| [[Belarus]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Serbia]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Turkmenistan]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Gambia]]
| 2.39
|-
| [[Iraki]]
| 2.37
|-
| [[Nepal]]
| 2.37
|-
| [[Timor ya Mashariki]]
| 2.34
|-
| [[Tuvalu]]
| 2.33
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| 2.32
|-
| [[Yemen]]
| 2.32
|-
| [[Andorra]]
| 2.30
|-
| [[Kirgizia]]
| 2.26
|-
| [[Sao Tome na Principe]]
| 2.23
|-
| [[Bangladesh]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Libya]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Armenia]]
| 2.19
|-
| [[Welisi]]
| 2.14
|-
| [[Ucheki]]
| 2.11
|-
| [[Sahara ya Magharibi]]
| 2.10
|-
| [[Uzbekistan]]
| 2.09
|-
| [[Kuwait]]
| 2.07
|-
| [[Malaysia]]
| 2.06
|-
| [[Kupro]]
| 2.04
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:red&quot; | Mbegu
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Cook]]
| 1.99
|-
| [[Montenegro]]
| 1.99
|-
| [[Nauru]]
| 1.98
|-
| [[Ossetia Kusini]]
| 1.97
|-
| [[Vanuatu]]
| 1.96
|-
| [[Togo]]
| 1.95
|-
| [[Albania]]
| 1.92
|-
| [[Liberia]]
| 1.91
|-
| [[Mauritania]]
| 1.91
|-
| [[Zambia]]
| 1.89
|-
| [[Qatar]]
| 1.87
|-
| [[Kodivaa]]
| 1.83
|-
| [[Samoa]]
| 1.82
|-
| [[Eswatini]]
| 1.77
|-
| [[Georgia]]
| 1.72
|-
| [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]]
| 1.71
|-
| [[Lituanya]]
| 1.69
|-
| [[Guinea]]
| 1.67
|-
| [[Guinea Bisau]]
| 1.67
|-
| [[Niue]]
| 1.66
|-
| [[San Marino]]
| 1.60
|-
| [[Abkhazia]]
| 1.58
|-
| [[Tajikistan]]
| 1.55
|-
| [[Maldivi]]
| 1.53
|-
| [[Palau]]
| 1.53
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Solomon]]
| 1.51
|-
| [[Gibraltar]]
| 1.41
|-
| [[Estonia]]
| 1.40
|-
| [[Guam]]
| 1.40
|-
| [[Kiribati]]
| 1.38
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]]
| 1.38
|-
| [[Samoa ya Marekani]]
| 1.36
|-
| [[Slovakia]]
| 1.33
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana]]
| 1.25
|-
| [[Tonga]]
| 1.11
|-
| [[Kamboja]]
| 1.09
|}</text>
      <sha1>f0nvykvuc0bae7oc3f29yjpbpwsey6k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509777</id>
      <parentid>1509693</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:16:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gayle-Bot</username>
        <id>78697</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sasisha Wahariri (siku 90)</comment>
      <origin>1509777</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10833" sha1="c25cp0fxj0l4bz294wgfj9darbvv1w3" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}}
{{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}}

== Mwongozo ==
===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa===
'''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Jedwali la nchi}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana.

===Utangulizi=== 
{{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}}
Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo:
====Aya ya Utangulizi====
Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800.
Mfano:
&lt;/br&gt;
{{Blockquote|
'''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}}
====Aya zinazofuata====
Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii.

===Mwili===
Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji.

====Asili ya jina==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi.
====Historia====
Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa.

====Jiografia====
Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili.

====Demografia==== 
Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana.
====Uchumi====
Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato.
====Serikali na siasa==== 
Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa.
====Utamaduni====
Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa.
====Tazama pia====
Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika.

====Marejeo==== 
Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa.
====Viungo vya nje==== 
Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo.

== Makala ==


{{Chati ya duara
| caption= CAQI (2026-04-25)
| label1 = Makala Bora
| value1 = 5
| color1= green
| label2 = Makala Nzuri
| value2 = 6
| color2= yellow
| label3 = Makala Msingi
| value3 = 57
| color3= orange
| label4 = Makala ya Chini
| value4 = 71
| color4= lightblue
| label5 = Mbegu
| value5 = 36
| color5= red
}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Nchi
! CAQI (2026-04-25)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:green&quot; | Makala Bora
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]
| 9.23
|-
| [[Kenya]]
| 8.99
|-
| [[Ghana]]
| 8.93
|-
| [[Tanzania]]
| 8.80
|-
| [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]]
| 8.25
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:yellow&quot; | Makala Nzuri
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]
| 7.58
|-
| [[Urusi]]
| 7.54
|-
| [[Marekani]]
| 7.45
|-
| [[Sudan Kusini]]
| 7.28
|-
| [[Senegal]]
| 7.20
|-
| [[Australia]]
| 7.15
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:orange&quot; | Makala Msingi
|-
| [[Irani]]
| 6.49
|-
| [[Nigeria]]
| 6.39
|-
| [[Afrika Kusini]]
| 6.24
|-
| [[Italia]]
| 6.19
|-
| [[Laos]]
| 5.95
|-
| [[Somalia]]
| 5.79
|-
| [[Falme za Kiarabu]]
| 5.63
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]
| 5.59
|-
| [[Rwanda]]
| 5.49
|-
| [[Korea Kaskazini]]
| 5.44
|-
| [[Mali]]
| 5.42
|-
| [[Ufini]]
| 5.20
|-
| [[Uingereza]]
| 5.18
|-
| [[Uswisi]]
| 5.17
|-
| [[Israeli]]
| 5.14
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]
| 5.05
|-
| [[Ujerumani]]
| 4.83
|-
| [[Niger]]
| 4.81
|-
| [[Korea Kusini]]
| 4.79
|-
| [[Misri]]
| 4.78
|-
| [[Uganda]]
| 4.78
|-
| [[Afghanistan]]
| 4.70
|-
| [[Shelisheli]]
| 4.68
|-
| [[Japani]]
| 4.66
|-
| [[Hispania]]
| 4.65
|-
| [[Chad]]
| 4.59
|-
| [[Austria]]
| 4.49
|-
| [[Kamerun]]
| 4.47
|-
| [[Vatikani]]
| 4.43
|-
| [[Ukraini]]
| 4.41
|-
| [[Sudan]]
| 4.39
|-
| [[Uswidi]]
| 4.30
|-
| [[Uholanzi]]
| 4.26
|-
| [[Kanada]]
| 4.17
|-
| [[Ufaransa]]
| 4.14
|-
| [[Moroko]]
| 4.13
|-
| [[Uhindi]]
| 4.08
|-
| [[Malawi]]
| 4.05
|-
| [[Pakistani]]
| 3.98
|-
| [[Ubelgiji]]
| 3.92
|-
| [[Udeni]]
| 3.88
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]
| 3.84
|-
| [[Vietnam]]
| 3.84
|-
| [[Bulgaria]]
| 3.82
|-
| [[Isilandi]]
| 3.77
|-
| [[Msumbiji]]
| 3.76
|-
| [[Aljeria]]
| 3.73
|-
| [[Kazakhstan]]
| 3.65
|-
| [[Malta]]
| 3.65
|-
| [[Indonesia]]
| 3.64
|-
| [[Singapuri]]
| 3.63
|-
| [[Uturuki]]
| 3.62
|-
| [[Papua Guinea Mpya]]
| 3.61
|-
| [[Eritrea]]
| 3.60
|-
| [[Uthai]]
| 3.58
|-
| [[Angola]]
| 3.52
|-
| [[Hong Kong]]
| 3.52
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:lightblue&quot; | Makala ya Chini
|-
| [[Bhutan]]
| 3.46
|-
| [[Fiji]]
| 3.46
|-
| [[Madagaska]]
| 3.45
|-
| [[Ufalme wa Udeni]]
| 3.44
|-
| [[Palestina]]
| 3.43
|-
| [[Cabo Verde]]
| 3.38
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]
| 3.38
|-
| [[Syria]]
| 3.35
|-
| [[Latvia]]
| 3.30
|-
| [[Myanmar]]
| 3.23
|-
| [[Botswana]]
| 3.22
|-
| [[Komori]]
| 3.20
|-
| [[Morisi]]
| 3.11
|-
| [[Jibuti]]
| 3.09
|-
| [[Omani]]
| 3.04
|-
| [[Polandi]]
| 3.03
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]
| 3.01
|-
| [[Kosovo]]
| 2.99
|-
| [[Benin]]
| 2.93
|-
| [[Brunei]]
| 2.92
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]
| 2.90
|-
| [[Saudia]]
| 2.90
|-
| [[Gine ya Ikweta]]
| 2.89
|-
| [[Hungaria]]
| 2.88
|-
| [[Lesotho]]
| 2.88
|-
| [[Nyuzilandi]]
| 2.86
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]
| 2.82
|-
| [[Eire]]
| 2.80
|-
| [[Liechtenstein]]
| 2.78
|-
| [[Ureno]]
| 2.76
|-
| [[Gabon]]
| 2.74
|-
| [[Ugiriki]]
| 2.70
|-
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| 2.69
|-
| [[Kroatia]]
| 2.68
|-
| [[Namibia]]
| 2.65
|-
| [[Slovenia]]
| 2.65
|-
| [[Tunisia]]
| 2.64
|-
| [[Ufilipino]]
| 2.64
|-
| [[Jamhuri ya China]]
| 2.54
|-
| [[Moldova]]
| 2.52
|-
| [[Bahrain]]
| 2.51
|-
| [[Norwei]]
| 2.51
|-
| [[Luxemburg]]
| 2.49
|-
| [[Romania]]
| 2.49
|-
| [[Masedonia Kaskazini]]
| 2.48
|-
| [[Yordani]]
| 2.48
|-
| [[Mongolia]]
| 2.43
|-
| [[Belarus]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Serbia]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Turkmenistan]]
| 2.41
|-
| [[Gambia]]
| 2.39
|-
| [[Iraki]]
| 2.37
|-
| [[Nepal]]
| 2.37
|-
| [[Timor ya Mashariki]]
| 2.34
|-
| [[Tuvalu]]
| 2.33
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| 2.32
|-
| [[Yemen]]
| 2.32
|-
| [[Andorra]]
| 2.30
|-
| [[Kirgizia]]
| 2.26
|-
| [[Sao Tome na Principe]]
| 2.23
|-
| [[Bangladesh]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Libya]]
| 2.22
|-
| [[Armenia]]
| 2.19
|-
| [[Welisi]]
| 2.14
|-
| [[Ucheki]]
| 2.11
|-
| [[Sahara ya Magharibi]]
| 2.10
|-
| [[Uzbekistan]]
| 2.09
|-
| [[Kuwait]]
| 2.07
|-
| [[Malaysia]]
| 2.06
|-
| [[Kupro]]
| 2.04
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:red&quot; | Mbegu
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Cook]]
| 1.99
|-
| [[Montenegro]]
| 1.99
|-
| [[Nauru]]
| 1.98
|-
| [[Ossetia Kusini]]
| 1.97
|-
| [[Vanuatu]]
| 1.96
|-
| [[Togo]]
| 1.95
|-
| [[Albania]]
| 1.92
|-
| [[Liberia]]
| 1.91
|-
| [[Mauritania]]
| 1.91
|-
| [[Zambia]]
| 1.89
|-
| [[Qatar]]
| 1.87
|-
| [[Kodivaa]]
| 1.83
|-
| [[Samoa]]
| 1.82
|-
| [[Eswatini]]
| 1.77
|-
| [[Georgia]]
| 1.72
|-
| [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]]
| 1.71
|-
| [[Lituanya]]
| 1.69
|-
| [[Guinea]]
| 1.67
|-
| [[Guinea Bisau]]
| 1.67
|-
| [[Niue]]
| 1.66
|-
| [[San Marino]]
| 1.60
|-
| [[Abkhazia]]
| 1.58
|-
| [[Tajikistan]]
| 1.55
|-
| [[Maldivi]]
| 1.53
|-
| [[Palau]]
| 1.53
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Solomon]]
| 1.51
|-
| [[Gibraltar]]
| 1.41
|-
| [[Estonia]]
| 1.40
|-
| [[Guam]]
| 1.40
|-
| [[Kiribati]]
| 1.38
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]]
| 1.38
|-
| [[Samoa ya Marekani]]
| 1.36
|-
| [[Slovakia]]
| 1.33
|-
| [[Visiwa vya Mariana]]
| 1.25
|-
| [[Tonga]]
| 1.11
|-
| [[Kamboja]]
| 1.09
|}

==Wahariri==
Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia
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  <page>
    <title>Vinand Nantulya</title>
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        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <comment>/* Maisha ya awali na elimu */</comment>
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      <text bytes="5530" sha1="td1rdgrctxrnynz6m3929th66xtrsci" xml:space="preserve">'''Vinand Mukatabala Nantulya''' ni [[daktari]] wa [[Uganda]], mtaalamu wa patholojia, mtafiti wa [[tiba]], mjasiriamali na msimamizi wa elimu ya juu, ambaye tangu tarehe [[3 Oktoba]] [[2017]], amekuwa akihudumu kama Kansela wa Chuo Kikuu cha [[Busitema]], chuo cha umma kilichopo katika Kanda ya Mashariki ya [[Uganda]].

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Nantulya alizaliwa tarehe [[15 Januari]] [[1949]] katika Kijiji cha Bulayila, kilichopo katika Wilaya ya Kibuku ya sasa, akiwa mtoto wa Brenda Kirangi na Paulo Mukatabala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://theguptareport.blogspot.com/2018/05/biography-and-inspiring-life-of-prof.html BIOGRAPHY AND INSPIRING LIFE OF PROF. VINAND NANTULYA]&lt;/ref&gt;

Alianza masomo yake katika Shule ya Msingi ya Bulangira Roman Catholic kuanzia Darasa la Kwanza hadi la Nne. Baadaye alihamia Shule ya Msingi ya Kachomo kwa Darasa la Tano na la Sita. Aliendelea na masomo ya sekondari katika Chuo cha St. Peter's College Tororo kwa kiwango cha kawaida (Ordinary Level), kisha akahamia Shule ya Ntare huko Mbarara, ambako alikamilisha masomo ya kiwango cha juu (Advanced Level). Alihitimu kutoka Ntare akiwa na Diploma ya Shule ya Upili.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Alipewa nafasi ya kujiunga na Chuo Kikuu cha [[Dar es Salaam]], nchini Tanzania, kusomea shahada ya udaktari wa binadamu.

Nantulya alihitimu na shahada ya Udaktari wa Tiba kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam. Baada ya kufanya mafunzo kwa vitendo katika Hospitali ya Taifa ya Rufaa ya Mulago, nchini Uganda alikozaliwa, Nantulya alipata ufadhili wa masomo kwenda nje ya nchi na kujiendeleza katika taaluma ya kinga mwilini (Immunology). Aliandikishwa kwa shahada ya Uzamivu (PhD) katika Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi. Kama sehemu ya mafunzo yake, alifanya utafiti kuhusu kinga ya mwili dhidi ya magonjwa ya kuambukiza nchini Uswisi. Baadaye, alitunukiwa hadhi ya Mshirika wa Chuo cha Kifalme cha Wataalamu wa Magonjwa (Fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Kazi na uzoefu ==
Baada ya kufanya mafunzo kwa vitendo katika Hospitali ya Mulago, Nantulya aliajiriwa kama msaidizi wa kufundisha katika Shule ya Tiba ya Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere. Baada ya kumaliza masomo yake ya Shahada ya Uzamivu (PhD) katika Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi, aliteuliwa kuwa mtafiti mwenzake katika Maabara ya Kimataifa ya Utafiti wa Magonjwa ya Wanyama (ILRAD), jijini Nairobi. Akiwa huko, alianza pia kutoa mihadhara katika Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard. Aliteuliwa kuwa mwanasayansi mkuu wa utafiti katika afya ya kimataifa katika Shule ya Afya ya Umma ya Harvard. Aidha, alihudumu kama profesa wa afya na mahusiano ya kimataifa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Geneva na mshirika mwandamizi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi cha Philadelphia. Mwaka [[2002]], aliteuliwa kuwa mshauri mwandamizi wa afya katika Mfuko wa Kimataifa wa Kupambana na UKIMWI, Kifua Kikuu na Malaria, mjini Geneva.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Kuanzia mwaka [[2010]] hadi [[2016]], Nantulya alihudumu kama Mwenyekiti wa Tume ya UKIMWI ya Uganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1308756/conflicting-messages-affect-aids-campaign Conflicting messages affect AIDS campaign]&lt;/ref&gt;Alijiuzulu nafasi hiyo mwezi Desemba 2016. Tarehe 3 Oktoba 2017, Profesa Vinand Mukatabala Nantulya alitawazwa kuwa Kansela wa pili wa Chuo Kikuu cha Busitema, akichukua nafasi ya Kansela wa kwanza, Profesa Francis Omaswa, ambaye muda wake wa miaka kumi ulikuwa umeisha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Nantulya alihudumu katika kamati ya uteuzi iliyomchagua Peter Sands kuchukua nafasi ya Mark Dybul kama Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Mfuko wa Kimataifa wa Kupambana na UKIMWI, Kifua Kikuu na Malaria (GFATM) mwaka [[2017]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theglobalfund.org/kb/board-decisions/b37/b37-dp10/ Appointment of the 2017 Executive Director Nomination Committee Membership - Board Decisions - The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria]&lt;/ref&gt;

Nantulya alibuni chanjo iitwayo '''Kuku Star''', inayozuia ugonjwa wa New Castle kwa kuku. Chanjo hiyo hutengenezwa katika kampuni yake, ''Brentec Vaccine Limited'', iliyopatiwa jina la mama yake, Brenda Kirangi. Kampuni yake nyingine, ''Astel Diagnostics Limited'', hutengeneza vipimo vya haraka vya utambuzi wa magonjwa mbalimbali. Anahudumu kama mshauri mwandamizi wa Rais wa Uganda kuhusu chanjo na dawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Mwezi Juni [[2020]], gazeti la ''Daily Monitor'' liliripoti kuwa moja ya maabara za Nantulya lilibuni kipimo cha virusi vya [[COVID-19]] kwa binadamu ambacho hutoa majibu ndani ya dakika tano, ikilinganishwa na dakika 45 au saa tatu kwa mbinu nyingine. Mbinu hiyo mpya ya upimaji ilikuwa ikipitia mchakato wa idhini ya kisheria kabla ya kutumika kwa majaribio ya kitaifa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Ugandan-makes-Covid19-test-kits-NDA-team-GeneXpert/688334-5574832-3f1ilp/index.html Ugandan makes Covid-19 test kits | Monitor]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-approves-local-Covid-19-testing-kit/688334-5582922-5etw4ez/index.html Makerere approves local Covid-19 testing kit | Monitor]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Uvumbuzi na Ujasiriamali ==
Nantulya ameoa Dkt. Florence Nakimwero Nantulya, daktari wa watoto, ambaye anahudumu katika Hospitali ya Nakasero, iliyoko Kampala, mji mkuu wa Uganda. Pamoja, ni wazazi wa watoto watano watu wazima.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://chimpreports.com/breastfeeding-what-risks-does-it-bear-on-mother-and-child/ Breastfeeding: What Risks Does it Bear on Mother and Child? | ChimpReports]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Uganda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mtumiaji:Don Malya/ukurasa wa majaribio</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-26T11:13:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kaondosha yaliyomo</comment>
      <origin>1510058</origin>
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      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1510076</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-26T11:45:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1510076</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1595" sha1="c463n5zhqrb13nukb20nyaho39d0bmq" xml:space="preserve">== '''Abraham Belay''' ==
'''Abraham Belay''' (Kiamhari: አብራሃም በላይ) ni mwanasiasa wa Ethiopia anayehudumu kama Waziri wa Maendeleo ya Umwagiliaji na Maeneo ya Nyanda za Chini tangu mwaka 2024. Belay alihudumu kama Waziri wa Ulinzi kuanzia mwaka 2021. Akiwa ni wa kabila la [[Jimbo la Tigray|Tigray]], hapo awali alihudumu kama Waziri wa Ubunifu na Teknolojia, na kama rais wa Chama cha [[Ustawi]] katika Jimbo la [[Jimbo la Tigray|Tigray]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Abraham Belay (PhD) – Ambo University|url=https://ambou.edu.et/instructor/abraham-belay/|accessdate=2026-04-26|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi / Taaluma ==
Anahudumu kama mjumbe wa bodi ya '''Mamlaka ya Barabara ya Ethiopia''' na '''[[Benki]] ya Biashara ya Ethiopia'''. Hapo awali, alihudumu pia kama mwenyekiti wa bodi wa '''Mamlaka ya [[Mawasiliano ya simu|Mawasiliano]]'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Mawasiliano|date=2025-05-19|url=https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mawasiliano&amp;oldid=1422538|work=Wikipedia, kamusi elezo huru|language=sw|access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; '''ya Ethiopia''', '''Shirika la Umeme la [[Ethiopia]]''', '''Shirika la Madini na Uhandisi (METEC)''', '''Shirika la Habari la [[Ethiopia]]'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Ethiopia|date=2026-04-24|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopia&amp;oldid=1350875553|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;, na '''Chuo Kikuu cha [[Ambo]]'''.

== '''Marejeo''' ==
&lt;references group=&quot;https://ambou.edu.et/instructor/abraham-belay/&quot; /&gt;
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Ethiopia]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Vyama vya Kiswahili Tanzania</title>
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        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="2378" sha1="ahn5745i9hcvkmhgkrzxv85yw77zbip" xml:space="preserve">{{muundo}}
'''Vyama vya Kiswahili Tanzania''' ni vingi. Kuna vilivyosajiliwa na ambavyo havijasajili. Bado haijulikani kama utiriri wa vyama vya lugha ya Kiswahili una hasara au faida zaidi.

== Baadhi ya Vyama vya Kiswahili Tanzania ==
Baadhi ya vyama maarufu nchini [[Tanzania]] ni: Chama cha Lugha na Fasishi ya Kiswahili Tanzania (CHALUFAKITA), Chama cha Ukuzaji wa Kiswahili Duniani (CHAUKIDU), Watetezii wa Kiswahili Tanzania (WAKITA), na Koja la Walumbi. Vingine ni CHAKAMA, CHAWAKITA, Linguistic Circle, na LAEA. Baadhi ya vyama hivyo vina tovuti zinazoeleza malengo na shuguli zake,  CHAUKIDU. Vilevile, kuna taasisi na idara mbalimbali za Kiswahili katika vyo vikuu kadhaa nchini Tanzania kama vile Taasisi ya Taaluma za Kiswahili (TATAKI) Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam na Idara ya Lugha na Stadi za Mawasilino Chuo Kikuu Mzumbe. Pia, kuna mabaraza mawili ya kiserikali yenye dhamana ya kusimamia Kiswahili: Baraza la Kiswahili la Taifa ([[Baraza la Kiswahili la Taifa|BAKITA]]) na Baraza la Kiswahili la Zanzibar (BAKIZA).

Pia, Chama cha Lugha na Fasihi ya Kiswahili Tanzania kimeanzisha Jarida la CHALUKITA mbalo limesajiliwa katika jukwaa la AJOL; jarida hilo lina umuhimu mkubwa sana katika ustawi wa Kiswahili kwa sababu linachapisha makala za kitaaluma za Kiswahili kila mwaka mara moja.

Je, Vyama Vingi vya Kiswahili Tanzania ni Suala Lenye Manufaa? Hili swali linapaswa kuulizwa kwa kila mdau wa Kiswahili vikiwemo vyombo vya kuratibu Kiswahili nchini Tanzania. Ni dhahiri kwamba kuna faida na hasara; lakini, je, upande upi ni mkubwa zaidi?

=== Machapisho kwa Lugha ya Kiswahili ===
Kwa sasa nchini Tanzania, maandiko mengi yapo kwa lugha ya Kiingereza. Hata vitabu vingi vinavyojadili masuala ya Kiswahili vimeandikwa kwa Kiingereza. Karibia masuala mengine yote (kiasiasa, kiuchumi, kitamaduni, kijamii) yamendikiwa kwa lugha ya Kiingereza, hususan kama andiko ni la kitaaluma. Issaya Lupogo na Aziza Lupogo ni baadhi ya waandishi wachache ambao wameandika kitabu kinachotumika kama kitabu cha kiada katika Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere (Uganda); kitabu hicho kina anwani: ''Nadharia ya Utofauti katika Ndoa na Mahusiano ya Kimapenzi. Dar es Salaam''&lt;ref&gt;Lupogo,I &amp; Lupogo, A. (2019). Nadharia ya Utofauti katika Ndoa na Mahusiano ya Kimapenzi. Kiswahili Development Limited:  Dar es salaam&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Tanbihi==
{{marejeo}}
[[Jamii:Kiswahili]]
[[Jamii:Tanzania]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Viewbot</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>217543</id>
    <revision>
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        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="3979" sha1="9j40831zi5n0m69kbbcwucbsfkr3a45" xml:space="preserve">'''Viewbot''' ni programu ya kompyuta au hati (script) ya kiotomatiki inayotumiwa kuongeza idadi ya watazamaji wa video au matangazo ya moja kwa moja (live streams) mtandaoni kwa njia ya udanganyifu. Lengo kuu la kutumia viewbots ni kuwahadaa watazamaji na watangazaji wa biashara ili waamini kuwa muundaji wa maudhui ana umaarufu mkubwa kuliko uhalisia.

Tangu mwaka 2023, watiririshaji (streamers) wengi kwenye majukwaa kama '''Kick''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kick|url=https://kick.com/|work=Kick|accessdate=2025-11-25|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;na '''Twitch'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Twitch|url=https://www.twitch.tv/|work=Twitch|accessdate=2025-11-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; wamehusishwa na matumizi ya viewbots.

== Usuli na Teknolojia ==
Mbali na Twitch na Kick, matumizi ya viewbots yamerekodiwa kwenye majukwaa mengine ya kijamii kama YouTube, TikTok, na Instagram, pamoja na tovuti za kusikiliza muziki. Programu hizi mara nyingi hutengenezwa kukwepa mifumo ya ulinzi ya majukwaa hayo.

Soko la viewbots limeendelea kukua kwa kasi. Mnamo Oktoba 24, 2025, jukwaa la ''Viewbots''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ViewBots {{!}} How to Utilize a Twitch View Bot in a Safe Manner to Achieve Affiliate Level by 2025|url=https://viewbots.com/blog/twitch-affiliate-viewbot-2025|work=viewbots.com|accessdate=2025-11-25|language=en|author=ViewBots}}&lt;/ref&gt; lilitangaza mpango wa &quot;Aurora AI,&quot; teknolojia inayodaiwa kutumia akili bandia (machine learning) kuiga tabia za binadamu—kama vile muda wa kutazama usiotabirika na maingiliano yanayoendana na muktadha—ili kufanya bots zisionekane tofauti na watumiaji halisi.

Wasomi wa vyombo vya habari vya dijitali wamelinganisha zoezi hili na kuweka &quot;mannequins&quot; (sanamu za dukani) kwenye uwanja wa burudani ili kuashiria msisimko wa uongo kwa wapita njia.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.cbc.ca/kidsnews/post/watch-what-is-a-viewbot-and-why-is-twitch-cracking-down-on-them&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hatua za Kisheria na Udhibiti ==

* '''Twitch (2018):''' Waumbaji wawili wa viewbots waliamriwa kulipa kiasi cha dola milioni 1.4 kwa Twitch baada ya kushindwa katika kesi iliyohusu ukiukwaji wa chapa na ushindani usio wa haki.
* '''FTC (2024):''' Mnamo Agosti 14, 2024, Tume ya Biashara ya Shirikisho la Marekani (FTC) ilitangaza sheria mpya ya kupambana na viashirio bandia vya mitandao ya kijamii na ukandamizaji wa maoni. Sheria hiyo ilianza kutumika rasmi Oktoba 13, 2024, ikilenga kuwaadhibu wanaunda maudhui wanaonunua watazamaji au wafuasi feki kwa sababu za kibiashara.

== Matukio Muhimu na Shutuma ==
Kumekuwa na matukio kadhaa ya watiririshaji kushutumiwa kwa kutumia viewbots:

* '''Kick na Trainwreckstv:''' Mnamo Februari 2023, mwanzilishi mwenza wa Kick, Trainwreckstv, alikosoa watiririshaji wa kamari kwa kutumia bots. Mnamo Novemba 2024, Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Kick, Ed Craven, alisisitiza kujitolea kwa jukwaa hilo kuchukua hatua dhidi ya udanganyifu huo.
* '''N3on:''' Mnamo Desemba 2023, mtiririshaji N3on alishutumiwa baada ya mamia ya akaunti za bots kuingia kwenye matangazo yake ghafla. Mnamo Septemba 2024, ilidaiwa kuwa wafanyakazi wa Kick walithibitisha kuwa takwimu zake za utazamaji hazikuwa sahihi.
* '''QueenGloriaRP:''' Mnamo Machi 18, 2025, mtiririshaji huyu alionyesha kimakosa programu ya viewbot kwenye skrini yake wakati wa matangazo ya moja kwa moja. Ingawa alidai kuwa programu hiyo ilitokea kwa bahati mbaya wakati akitafuta mtandaoni, Twitch ilimfungia kwa kukiuka masharti ya huduma.
* '''xQc na Marafiki wa Kai Cenat:''' Mnamo Aprili 2025, mtiririshaji xQc aliwashutumu marafiki wa Kai Cenat (Reggie na Rakai) kwa kuongeza watazamaji ghafla kutoka 1,000 hadi 20,000 usiku mmoja, jambo alilodai kuwa ni matumizi ya bots.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Roeloffs|first=Mary Whitfill|title=Twitch Streams Are Dropping As Platform Crackdowns On 'Viewbotting'|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2025/08/27/huge-drop-in-twitch-streams-explained-platforms-crackdown-on-viewbotting/|work=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2025-11-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Jamii:programu za kompyuta]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Veronica Quarshie</title>
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      <text bytes="1276" sha1="e0g8blin9l31yqklsv6vc0qtm1n59yk" xml:space="preserve">'''Veronica Martha Agowa Quarshie''' ni [[Mtayarishaji wa filamu|mtayarishaji]] mkongwe, [[mwongozaji wa filamu]] na [[mwandishi]] wa skrini wa [[Ghana]], alijulikana kwa kubadilisha hali ya wakati huo ya hadithi ambapo wanawake walionyeshwa kama wasimamizi wa nyuma. Alibadilisha masimulizi ya wanawake kutoka hadithi zisizoeleweka, zisizo na usawa na zisizo na usawa wa kijinsia hadi kwa wanawake waliomiliki nafasi zao.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/35761/one-on-one-with-veronica-quarshie-a-veteran-femal.html|title=One-On-One With Veronica Quarshie. A Veteran Female Filmmaker|website=Modern Ghana|language=en|access-date=2019-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201602/270175.php|title=Veronica Quarshie Pops Up As First Ghanaian Female Director|date=|website=www.peacefmonline.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213083742/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201602/270175.php|archive-date=2023-02-13|access-date=2019-10-23|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa mwaka usiojulikana]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ghana]]
[[Jamii:Waongozaji Filamu wa Ghana]]
[[Jamii:Watayarishaji  filamu wa Ghana]]</text>
      <sha1>e0g8blin9l31yqklsv6vc0qtm1n59yk</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tom Cullberg</title>
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      <id>1509866</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="2820" sha1="nz8wb55452da1qhzzwc8q9wb1y50lpp" xml:space="preserve">{{Msanii muziki
| rangi               = 
| jina                = Tom Cullberg
| picha                = 
| maelezo_ya_picha    = Tom Cullberg, picha ya [[Pieter Hugo]].
| jina kamili     = Tom Cullberg
| jina la kisanii     = Tom Cullberg
| alizaliwa           = 1972
| alikufa             =  
| nchi                = [[Uswidi]]
| aina ya muziki      = 
| kazi yake           = 
| miaka ya kazi       = 
| ameshirikiana na    =	  
| ala                 =  
| kampuni             =  
}}
'''Tom Cullberg''' ni [[msanii]] aliyezaliwa [[Stockholm]], [[Uswidi]], mwaka wa [[1972]]. Kwa sasa anaishi na kufanya kazi [[Cape Town]], [[Afrika Kusini]] .

== Wasifu ==
Msanii mzaliwa wa Uswidi kutoka Afrika Kusini, Tom Cullberg, alikuja Afrika Kusini mwaka wa [[1993]] kusoma shahada yake ya BA(FA) kwenye chuo cha  Michaelis School of Fine Art , na kuhitimu mwaka wa [[1997]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.tomcullberg.com/info/|title=Info - Tom Cullberg|work=www.tomcullberg.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613041114/http://www.tomcullberg.com/info/|archivedate=2011-06-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amekuwa akifanya kazi tangu wakati huo, akiwa na maonyesho 23 ya peke yake pamoja na kujumuishwa katika maonyesho mengi muhimu ya kikundi. Kazi yake imeonyeshwa kimataifa katika majumba ya sanaa kama vile Konstnärshuset, Stockholm, ([[2025]]), Barnard, Cape Town, ([[2018]]-[[2023]]) Galleri Flach,&lt;ref&gt;http://galleriflach.com/&lt;/ref&gt; [[Stockholm]], ([[2016]]) BRUNDYN + GONSALVES, Cape Town ([[2012]]), onyesho la sanaa liitwalo SCOPE Art Show, [[Jiji la New York]] (2012),  Joburg Art Fair  huko [[Johannesburg]] ([[2011]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.brundyngonsalves.com/exhibitions/2011/fnb-joburg-art-fair/|title=Security Equipment to Safe Life}}&lt;/ref&gt; Stevenson huko Cape Town ([[2009]]), Jumba la Sanaa la Goodman huko Cape Town,&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.goodman-gallery.com/exhibitions/192|title=GOODMAN GALLERY : exhibitions {{!}} show|work=www.goodman-gallery.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-01-03}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Magrocca Galleria d'arte huko [[Milano|Milan]] ([[2007]]) na Galleri Svenska Bilder huko [[Stockholm]] ([[2003]]). Kazi zake zinafanyika katika makusanyo ya kibinafsi, ya umma na ya makampuni ikiwemo  Iziko South African National Gallery  (Cape Town), Bunge la Uswidi (Stockholm, Sweden), Karolinska Sjukhuset, (Stockholm, Sweden), Sasol (SA), Nando’s (UK), Spier (SA), Hollard (SA), Imago Mundi Benetton Collection (Italia), Mkusanyiko wa Sanaa ya Vyombo vya Habari wa Annette na Peter Nobel, (Zurich), Mkusanyiko wa Holbar, (Liechtenstein.) Investec Cape Town, Investec Zurich. 

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-mwanamuziki}}
[[Jamii:Wasanii wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1972]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>nz8wb55452da1qhzzwc8q9wb1y50lpp</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gifty Ayew Asare</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
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      <text bytes="3448" sha1="j2u23i2dc86pwbzsa70g6om7ax6hhq6" xml:space="preserve">'''Gifty Ayew Asare''' (alizaliwa [[9 Juni]] [[1998]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Ghana]] anayecheza kama [[mshambuliaji]]. Mwaka [[2018]], alichaguliwa kujiunga na Black Queens, [[timu ya taifa]] ya wanawake ya Ghana, baada ya kufunga mabao 27 katika mechi 19 alizocheza na timu ya Lady Maverick F.C Soccer Team ya Chuo cha Northern Oklahoma nchini [[Marekani]]. Alifunga jumla ya mabao 50 katika misimu miwili aliyocheza kwenye Ligi ya NJCAA Daraja la Kwanza (D1).

Ameshinda [[tuzo]] ya Mchezaji Bora wa Wiki mara kadhaa katika misimu yote miwili aliyocheza kwenye [[Ligi]] ya NJCAA D1 nchini [[Marekani]]. Pia alishinda tuzo ya Mchezaji Bora wa Kushambulia wa Mwaka mara mbili katika misimu hiyo miwili. Aidha, alishinda tuzo ya Mchezaji Bora Zaidi (MVP) na kutambuliwa kuingia katika Timu ya Tatu ya All-American ya NJCAA D1 nchini Marekani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/us-based-gifty-ayew-asare-invited-for-black-queens-friendly-against-france-next-month|title=US-based Gifty Ayew Asare invited for Black Queens friendly against France next month|website=GhanaSoccernet|language=en|access-date=2020-03-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=GhanaSportsOnline&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ghanasportsonline.com/2018/04/ghanaian-female-attacker-gifty-asare-honoured-usa/|title=Ghanaian female attacker Gifty Asare honoured in USA|date=2018-04-17|website=Ghana Sports Online|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-10|archive-date=2021-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901214851/https://ghanasportsonline.com/2018/04/ghanaian-female-attacker-gifty-asare-honoured-usa/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ghanaguardian&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ghanaguardian.com/ghanaian-female-striker-gifty-asare-honored-in-usa|title=Ghanaian Female striker Gifty Asare honored in USA|website=The Ghana Guardian News|language=en|access-date=2020-03-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mbali na uchezaji, Gifty Ayew Asare ana leseni za [[Kocha|ukocha]] Daraja C na D, ni kocha wa maendeleo ya vijana aliyeidhinishwa na [[FIFA]], ni kocha msaidizi wa timu ya taifa ya [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] chini ya umri wa miaka 18, na pia ni kocha msaidizi wa klabu ya FC Epiphany Warriors.

Mnamo 2017, alikua mchezaji wa kwanza wa mpira wa miguu wa kulipwa kushiriki katika shindano la Miss Ghana USA. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Miss-Ghana-USA-organization-marks-60-years-of-Ghana-s-independence-559692|title=Miss Ghana USA organization marks 60 years of Ghana's independence|work=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi za kimataifa ==
Mnamo [[2014]] alipewa jukumu lake la kwanza la kitaifa kuichezea Black Maidens kabla ya Kombe la Dunia la U17 lililoandaliwa [[Kosta Rika|Costa Rica]] lakini hakuchaguliwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Ex-Black-Maidens-player-rocks-US-with-23-goals-and-11-assists-in-maiden-season-539505|title=Ex-Black Maidens player rocks US with 23 goals and 11 assists in maiden season|work=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo [[2017]] aliitwa na kocha wa wakati huo wa Black Queens Dramani Mas-Ud Didi katika kikosi chake cha muda cha wachezaji 28 kwa ajili ya kupiga kambi kabla ya mchezo wa kirafiki wa kimataifa dhidi ya [[Ufaransa]] mnamo [[23 Oktoba|Oktoba 23]] huko [[Paris]]. 

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:wachezaji mpira wa Ghana]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ghana]]</text>
      <sha1>j2u23i2dc86pwbzsa70g6om7ax6hhq6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Toni Tones</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:54:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Maisha */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3638" sha1="nc7ro9hjjiomwqlz1vy0ilcubfsmvv2" xml:space="preserve">'''Gbemisola Anthonia Adefuye''', anajulikana kwa jina la taaluma kama Toni Tones, ni mtu maarufu wa [[vyombo vya habari]], [[mwigizaji]], na [[mpiga picha]] kutoka nchini [[Nigeria]]. 

Mnamo mwaka [[2020]], aliteuliwa kwa heshima ya [[Mwigizaji]] Bora Msaidizi katika [[tuzo]] za Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-07|title=Toni Tones Net Worth, Biography, Wiki, Age, Husband, Real Name, State, Married, Facts &gt; Naija Gossip 247 » Naija News 247|url=https://www.ngnews247.com/toni-tones-net-worth-biography-wiki-age-husband-real-name-state-married-facts/|access-date=2022-01-08|website=Naija News 247|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114160659/https://www.ngnews247.com/toni-tones-net-worth-biography-wiki-age-husband-real-name-state-married-facts/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ==
Gbemisola Anthonia Adefuye (Toni Tones) ni mtoto wa mdogo zaidi kati ya watoto watano katika [[familia]] yake. Elimu yake ya awali alisoma [[Lagos]], akamaliza masomo yake katika Queen's College. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 14, alianza kufanya kazi ya udhamini wa mitindo kwa kampuni ya Dakova, iliyopewa na rafiki wa familia.

Baada ya hapo, alijiunga na Chuo Kikuu cha Lancaster, [[Uingereza]], ambako alisoma masoko na uchumi. Baada ya kumaliza masomo yake, alirudi Nigeria mwaka [[2009]] kuanza kazi ya [[burudani]]. Kaka yake alikuwa muimbaji katika [[bendi]] ya Oxygen, na Toni Tones alianza kazi yake kama mpiga picha wa burudani. Ajira yake hii ilivutia kipaji cha reality show cha D’banj, Koko Mansion, na kumuwezesha kuingia tasnia ya burudani kikamilifu.&lt;ref name=&quot;l2009&quot;&gt;[https://ynaija.com/nobody-believed-in-my-music-toni-tones-talks-about-her-new-single-acting-and-photography/ Nobody Believed in My Music], YNaija.com, Retrieved 7 July 2017&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo miaka ya [[2017]], Adefuye aliendelea kupiga picha huku pia akichukua nafasi nyuma na mbele ya kamera. Ameonekana kama mwigizaji katika kipindi cha televisheni cha mtandaoni cha ''Gidi-culture'' na katika filamu kadhaa, ikiwemo ''It's Her Day'' (2016). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/09/wedding-movie-its-her-day-starring-bovi-adunni-ade-toni-tones-omoni-oboli-more-premieres-on-friday-september-9/|title=Wedding Movie &quot;It's Her Day&quot; starring Bovi, Adunni Ade, Toni Tones, Omoni Oboli &amp; more Premieres on Friday September 9! - BellaNaija|work=www.bellanaija.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia aliigiza katika filamu ya ''King of Boys'' .  kama Eniola Salami mdogo. Filamu hiyo ilianza kuonyeshwa Oktoba 21, 2020. Katika shindano la AMVCA la 2020, aliteuliwa kuwa Mwigizaji Bora Msaidizi katika Filamu au Mfululizo wa Runinga kwa ajili ya ''King of Boys'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-02-07|title=AMVCA 2020 Nominees: Let's Talk About Them|url=https://www.zikoko.com/pop/amvca-2020-nominees-list/|accessdate=2020-10-10|work=Zikoko!|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo [[2020]], alionekana katika ''Quam's Money'', muendelezo wa filamu ya [[2018]] ''New Money'' . Hadithi inamfuata mlinzi, Quam, ambaye ghafla anakuwa milionea. Waigizaji hao ni pamoja na [[Falz]], [[Jemima Osunde]], Blossom Chukwujekwu, na [[Nse Ikpe-Etim]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Tv|first=Bn|date=2020-11-05|title=This Teaser for Forthcoming &quot;Quam's Money&quot; starring Falz, Toni Tones, Nse Ikpe-Etim is a Whole Different Vibe!|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/11/quams-money-official-teaser/|accessdate=2020-11-07|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]]</text>
      <sha1>nc7ro9hjjiomwqlz1vy0ilcubfsmvv2</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sonia Opoku</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:48:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <origin>1509820</origin>
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      <text bytes="4624" sha1="955o5uw9v7frs4x7e1wzuhf9upvzvbp" xml:space="preserve">'''Sonia Opoku''' (alizaliwa [[25 Desemba]] [[2001]]) ni mwanamke [[mchezaji]] wa kimataifa wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka nchini [[Ghana]] anayecheza kama [[kiungo wa kati]] katika klabu ya Misaka United inayoshiriki Ligi ya Wanawake ya India, pamoja na timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Ghana. 

Awali aliwahi kuchezea klabu ya Ampem Darkoa Ladies ya [[Ghana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Black Queens in Lagos for Aisha Buhari Tournament|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/sports/sports-news/black-queens-in-lagos-for-aisha-buhari-tournament.html|access-date=2021-09-18|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Association |first=Ghana Football |title=Black Queens coach calls 38 players for camping |url=https://www.ghanafa.org/black-queens-coach-calls-38-players-for-camping |access-date=2021-09-18 |website=Ghana Fa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ya Klabu ==
Opoku alianza kazi yake na Ampem Darkoa Ladies. Mnamo [[2017]], alipata jeraha lililomweka nje kwa karibu miaka mitatu hadi [[2019]] alipopona. Alirudi kucheza mwaka wa [[2020]] wakati wa msimu wa 2020–[[2021|21]] Ligi Kuu ya Wanawake ya Ghana. Opoku alichangia pakubwa katika kurejea kwake kwa kumsaidia Ampem Darkoa kumaliza katika nafasi ya kwanza katika ligi ya Kanda ya Kaskazini na kufuzu kwa fainali ya mchujo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Asare |first=Nana |date=2021-06-25 |title=All to play for as Hasaacas Ladies clash with Ampem Darkoa in Women's Premier League finals |url=https://footballmadeinghana.com/2021/06/25/all-to-play-for-as-hasaacas-ladies-clash-with-ampem-darkoa-in-womens-premier-league-finals/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625083215/https://footballmadeinghana.com/2021/06/25/all-to-play-for-as-hasaacas-ladies-clash-with-ampem-darkoa-in-womens-premier-league-finals/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=25 June 2021 |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=Football Made In Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hata hivyo, Ampem Darko alipoteza fainali dhidi ya Hasaacas Ladies kwa kupoteza kwa 2-0. Opoku alichaguliwa kuwa mchezaji bora wa mechi ya NASCO kwa utendaji wake mzuri ingawa timu yake ilipoteza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Match Report: Hasaacas Ladies beat Ampem Darkoa to lift Premier League title |url=https://www.ghanafa.org/match-report-hasaacas-ladies-beat-ampem-darkoa-to-lift-premier-league-title |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=Ghana Football Association |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Katika Kombe la FA la Wanawake la Ghana, Opoku pia alichukua jukumu muhimu katika kumfanya Ampem-Darkoa afike fainali kwa kufunga bao la ushindi katika mechi yao ya nusu fainali dhidi ya Thunder Queens. Alifunga bao hilo katika dakika ya 92 ya muda wa nyongeza baada ya mechi kusalia bila bao kwa muda wote.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Ampem Darkoa, Hasaacas Ladies advance to Women's FA Cup final |url=https://www.ghanafa.org/ampem-darkoa-hasaacas-ladies-advance-to-womens-fa-cup-final |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=Ghanafa |publisher=Ghana Football Association |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Quansah |first=Edna A. |date=21 June 2021 |title=Women's FA Cup: Thunder Queens fall, Ampem Darkoa Ladies cruise to the final stage |url=https://www.gna.org.gh/1.20968445 |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=Ghana News Agency |language=en |archive-date=2021-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020132923/https://www.gna.org.gh/1.20968445 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika fainali Kombe la FA, Ampem Darkoa ilipoteza tena fainali kwa Hasaacas Ladies kwa mabao 2–0. Hata hivyo, Opoku alichaguliwa kuwa mchezaji bora wa msimu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mortey |first=Isaac |date=26 August 2021 |title=My target was to win a double for Ampem Darkoa Ladies – Sonia Opoku |url=https://adoanewsonline.com/2021/08/26/my-target-was-to-win-a-double-for-ampem-darkoa-ladies-sonia-opoku/ |access-date=27 March 2022 |website=Adoa TV |language= |archive-date=2022-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127053630/https://adoanewsonline.com/2021/08/26/my-target-was-to-win-a-double-for-ampem-darkoa-ladies-sonia-opoku/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kufikia Machi 2022, alihamia Uturuki na kusaini mkataba na [[Trabzonspor]] kucheza katika kipindi cha pili cha msimu wa [[2021]]–22 Ligi Kuu ya Wanawake ya Uturuki. Katika Ligi Kuu ya Soka ya Wanawake ya Uturuki ya [[2022]]-[[2023|23]], alihamia 1207 Antalya Spor.

Mnamo Aprili 5, 2023, Opoku alijiunga na klabu ya [[India|Ligi ya Wanawake ya India]] Misaka United kama mmoja wa wachezaji wa kigeni.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2001]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ghana]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ghana]]</text>
      <sha1>955o5uw9v7frs4x7e1wzuhf9upvzvbp</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Edna Kiplagat</title>
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        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2534" sha1="lw5sfedx1f0rq6g4wkxa0j93qom8lky" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Edna Kiplagat, London Marathon 2011.jpg|thumb|Kiplagat katika Marathoni ya London mwaka 2011]]
'''Edna Ngeringwony Kiplagat''' (alizaliwa [[15 Novemba]] [[1979]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa mbio ndefu za kulipwa kutoka [[Kenya]]. Alikuwa bingwa wa dunia wa mbio za [[Mbio ya Marathoni|marathoni]] mwaka 2011 na 2013. Alijitambulisha kama mwanariadha wa kiwango cha juu cha marathoni baada ya kushinda mashindano ya marathoni ya [[Los Angeles]] na [[Jiji la New York|jiji la New York]] mwaka [[2010]]. Rekodi yake binafsi bora katika marathoni ni saa 2:19:50, aliyoiweka katika Marathoni ya [[London]] mwaka 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;boston_media_guide&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.bostonmarathonmediaguide.com/project/edna-kiplagat/|title=Edna Kiplagat - 2017 Boston Marathon Media Guide|access-date=April 17, 2017|archive-date=18 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418171335/http://www.bostonmarathonmediaguide.com/project/edna-kiplagat/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.boston.com/sports/boston-marathon/2017/04/17/two-of-edna-kiplagats-kids-stole-the-show-at-the-boston-marathon-finish-line|title=Two of Edna Kiplagat's kids stole the show at the Boston Marathon finish line|newspaper=Boston Globe|date=April 17, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ==
Katika mbio za mita 3000, Kiplagat alishinda medali ya fedha katika 1996 World Junior Championships in Athletics na medali ya shaba katika 1998 World Junior Championships in Athletics.

Alimaliza katika nafasi ya kumi na tatu katika mbio ndefu kwenye 2006 World Cross Country Championships. Katika msimu huo huo, aliweka rekodi zake binafsi bora katika mita 5000 kwa muda wa dakika 15:57.3 mwezi Julai mjini [[Nairobi]], na katika half marathon kwa muda wa saa 1:09:32 mwezi Oktoba huko [[San Jose, California|San Jose]]. Mwezi Juni 2007, alikimbia mita 10,000 kwa muda wa dakika 33:27.0 mjini Nairobi.

Alishinda mbio za Virginia Beach Rock 'n' Roll Half Marathon mwaka 2006,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |publisher=IAAF |title=Edna Kiplagat runs to Half Marathon victory in Virginia Beach |date=4 Septemba 2006 |url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/Kind=131072/newsId=36069.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021094036/http://www.iaaf.org/news/Kind%3D131072/newsId%3D36069.html |archive-date=21 Oktoba 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; mbio za Lilac Bloomsday Run mwaka 2007, pamoja na Bay to Breakers (San Francisco) mwaka 2007.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanariadha-kenya}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1979]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kenya]]</text>
      <sha1>lw5sfedx1f0rq6g4wkxa0j93qom8lky</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Amany Rashad</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>221531</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509749</id>
      <parentid>1509297</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:58:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509749</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2455" sha1="jm1d522ly3qawczquw2b2o8iq6jlz00" xml:space="preserve">'''Amany Rashad Abdelaal Mohamed''' (alizaliwa [[1 Julai]] [[1983]]) ni mchezaji wa soka wa timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya [[Misri]]. Kufikia mwaka [[2011]], alikuwa akiichezea klabu ya Wadi Degla FC.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wdfc.com/en/ladies/squad/player/1/53.html |title=Ladies Squad |author= |year=2010 |publisher=[[Wadi Degla FC]] |accessdate=3 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308104036/http://www.wdfc.com/en/ladies/squad/player/1/53.html |archive-date=2012-03-08 |url-status=dead|df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasifu ==
Amany Rashad Abdelaal Mohamed ni miongoni mwa wachezaji waliowahi kuichezea timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Misri. Katika ngazi ya klabu, alihusishwa na Wadi Degla FC, mojawapo ya vilabu vinavyojulikana katika soka la wanawake nchini Misri. Kufikia mwaka 2011, alikuwa akiitumikia klabu hiyo katika mashindano ya ndani. 

== Kazi ya kimataifa ==
Akiwa sehemu ya timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Misri, Amany Rashad aliwakilisha nchi yake katika soka la kimataifa la wanawake. Kumbukumbu za timu ya taifa zinaonyesha jina lake likihusishwa na kikosi cha Misri, na pia zinaonyesha kuwa ni miongoni mwa wafungaji bora wa timu hiyo katika historia yake. 

== Kazi ya klabu ==
Katika ngazi ya klabu, Amany Rashad aliichezea Wadi Degla FC. Klabu hiyo ni miongoni mwa timu mashuhuri katika soka la wanawake nchini Misri, na imekuwa na nafasi ya pekee katika maendeleo ya mchezo huo nchini humo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CAFAmanyCaptain&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Wadi Degla vs AS Mande: What they said|url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-champions-league/news/wadi-degla-vs-as-mande-what-they-said/|publisher=Confederation of African Football (CAF)|date=4 Novemba 2021|access-date=24 Machi 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CAFWCLWadiDegla&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=CAF Women's Champions League 2021 – Wadi Degla|url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-champions-league/|publisher=Confederation of African Football (CAF)|access-date=24 Machi 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SoccerwayAmanyRashad&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Amany Rashad|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/amany-rashad/|publisher=Soccerway|access-date=24 Machi 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SoccerdonnaAmany&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Amany Rashad – Player Profile|url=https://www.soccerdonna.de/en/amany-rashad/profil/spieler_|publisher=Soccerdonna|access-date=24 Machi 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>jm1d522ly3qawczquw2b2o8iq6jlz00</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aimee Canny</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>221543</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509745</id>
      <parentid>1509277</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:55:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509745</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3569" sha1="9hhihhea9qticsgkjq624mnmq8g7kax" xml:space="preserve">'''Aimee Canny''' (alizaliwa [[21 Novemba]] [[2003]]) ni mwogeleaji kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. Alishiriki katika mbio za wanawake wa 4 × 200 mita freestyle relay katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya Majira ya joto ya [[2020]]. Mnamo [[Aprili]] 2022, katika Mashindano ya Kuogelea ya Taifa ya Afrika Kusini, Canny alitumia muda wa kufuzu kwa Kombe la Dunia la Maji [[2022]] wa 1:58.34 katika mbio za mita 200 freestyle katika fainali na kushinda medali ya dhahabu. Aliteuliwa kuwa sehemu ya timu ya [[Afrika Kusini]] ya kuogelea katika Michezo ya Madola ya 2022 mwezi [[Juni]].&lt;ref name=&quot;duPlessis9Jun2022&quot;&gt;du Plessis, Lindsay (9 June 2022). [https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/34062339/le-clos-schoenmaker-named-south-africa-commonwealth-games-squad &quot;Le Clos, Schoenmaker named in South Africa Commonwealth Games squad&quot;]. ''[[ESPN]]''. Retrieved 19 June 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2022–2023 ==
Mnamo Aprili 2022, katika Mashindano ya Kuogelea ya Kitaifa ya Kusanyikia ya Mashindano ya Kuogelea ya Kitaifa ya Kusanyikia ya Afrika Kusini 2022, Canny aliogelea katika muda wa kufuzu wa [[Mashindano ya Kusanyikia ya Dunia 2022] wa dakika 1:58.34 katika mbio za mita 200 za freestyle katika fainali na kushinda medali ya dhahabu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Race6Apr2022&quot;&gt;Mbio, Retta (6 Aprili 2022). [https://swimswam.com/van-niekerk-canny-coetze-qualify-for-budapest-world-championships/ &quot;Van Niekerk, Canny, Coetze Wahitimu wa Mashindano ya Dunia ya Budapest&quot;]. ''[[SwimSwam]]''. Ilipatikana Aprili 7, 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; Aliteuliwa katika timu ya Afrika Kusini katika kuogelea kwenye Michezo ya Jumuiya ya Madola ya 2022 mwezi Juni.&lt;ref name=&quot;duPlessis9Jun20222&quot;&gt;du Plessis, Lindsay (9 Juni 2022). [https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/34062339/le-clos-schoenmaker-named-south-africa-commonwealth-games-squad &quot;Le Clos, Schoenmaker ameteuliwa katika kikosi cha Michezo ya Jumuiya ya Madola ya Afrika Kusini&quot;]. ''[[ESPN]]''. Ilipatikana Juni 19, 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

Katika Michezo ya Jumuiya ya Madola ya 2022, iliyofanyika [[Birmingham]], [[Uingereza]] kuanzia Julai, Canny alishika nafasi ya tisa katika Freestyle ya mita 200 kwa muda wa saa 2:00.10.&lt;ref name=&quot;Longines29Jul2022h200fr&quot;&gt;[https://b2022-pdf.microplustimingservices.com/SWM/2022-07-29/SWMW200MFR------------HEAT--------__C74A_1.0.pdf &quot;Michezo ya Jumuiya ya Madola ya Birmingham 2022: Muhtasari wa Matokeo ya Freestyle ya Wanawake ya mita 200&quot;]. ''[[Longines]]''. 29 Julai 2022. Ilipatikana 29 Julai 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; Siku iliyofuata, alisaidia kumaliza katika nafasi ya nne katika kipokezi cha mita 4 × 100 cha freestyle kwa muda wa 3:40.31, akiogelea sehemu ya mbele ya kipokezi katika sekunde 54.84. Siku ya tatu, aliongoza kipokezi cha mita 4 × 200 cha freestyle kwa 1:58.72 ili kuchangia muda wa mwisho wa 8:02.28 na kumaliza katika nafasi ya nne. Alifuata nafasi yake ya nne kwa muda wa sekunde 55.27 katika mechi za awali za Freestyle ya mita 100 asubuhi iliyofuata, akifuzu kwa nusu fainali. Akipunguza muda wake hadi 54.78 katika nusu fainali, alifuzu kwa nafasi ya sita ya mwisho. &lt;ref name=&quot;SSA1Aug2022&quot;&gt;[http://swimsa.org/news/double-silver-and-bronze-for-team-sa-on-another-successful-night-for-sa-in-the-pool &quot;Fedha mbili na shaba kwa Timu ya SA katika usiku mwingine wa mafanikio kwa SA katika bwawa&quot;]. ''[[Kuogelea Afrika Kusini]]''. 1 Agosti 2022. Ilipatikana Agosti 2, 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa muda wa sekunde 54.88 katika fainali siku ya tano, alishika nafasi ya sita.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2003]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:wanariadha wa Afrika Kusini]]</text>
      <sha1>9hhihhea9qticsgkjq624mnmq8g7kax</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Djoher Amhis-Ouksel</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>222064</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509779</id>
      <parentid>1509485</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:18:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Maisha na kazi */</comment>
      <origin>1509779</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4033" sha1="sj2zcxgabr2n0mge6c2wfyctidz3igp" xml:space="preserve">'''Djoher Amhis-Ouksel''' ([[Kiarabu]]: جوهر أمحيص أكسي J[[1928]] - [[5 Juni]] [[2025]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] kutoka [[Algeria]] aliyeandika kwa lugha ya [[Kifaransa]] na [[Kiberber]]. Alijulikana pia kama bibi wa mwanafizikia Yasmine Amhis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Djouher Amhis-Ouksel, grande figure des lettres algériennes, s’est éteinte|url=https://lematindalgerie.com/djouher-amhis-ouksel-grande-figure-des-lettres-algeriennes-sest-eteinte/|work=Le Matin d'Algérie|date=2025-06-06|accessdate=2026-02-04|language=fr-FR|author=La Rédaction}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha na kazi ==
Alizaliwa Aït Yenni mnamo 1928, Amhis-Ouksel alihudhuria shule ya ualimu huko [[Miliana]] kabla ya kuwa mwalimu huko [[Thenia|Thénia]] na [[Médéa]]. Alihudumu kwa muda kama mkaguzi wa elimu ya kitaifa kabla ya kurudi kufundisha [[Algiers]].

Mnamo 1983, Amhis-Ouksel alianza msururu wa kazi zinazohusu riwaya za Mouloud Mammeri, Mohammed Dib, Mouloud Feraoun, Malek Ouary, [[Taos Amrouche]], Abdelhamid ben Hadouga, Tahar Djaout, Assia Djebar, na Kateb Yacine.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Kadi|first=Nadir|date=28 Oktoba 2019|title=Djoher Amhis-Ouksel: Kazi ya Kateb &quot;ina umuhimu zaidi kuliko hapo awali leo&quot;|url=https://www.reporters.dz/djoher-amhis-ouksel-loeuvre-katebienne-est-aujourdhui-plus-que-jamais-dactualite/|trans-title=|work=Reporters|language=French|location=|publisher=|access-date=6 Juni 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vitabu vingi kati ya hivi vilichapishwa na Casbah éditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://casbah-editions.com/fr/auteurs/djoher-amhis-ouksel-0|title=Djoher Amhis-Ouksel|work=Casbah editions|language=French|accessdate=2026-03-28|archive-date=2024-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615195551/http://casbah-editions.com/fr/auteurs/djoher-amhis-ouksel-0|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa kazi yake ya kuangazia Urithi wa fasihi wa Algeria, alipokea Tuzo ya Mahfoud-Boucebci mwaka wa [[2012]] na Tuzo ya Wakfu wa Nedjma mwaka wa [[2013]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=D.|first=Lazhar|date=18 Machi 2013|title=Nedjma johme la Kimataifa la Feme la Kimataifa: écrivain à honor|url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lemaghreb/54286|trans-title=|work=DjaZairess|language=French|location=|publisher=|access-date=6 Juni 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo [[2016]], makala yenye kichwa ''Djoher Amhis, une femme d'exception'' ilitolewa, ambayo iliangazia michango yake ya kipekee katika fasihi ya Algeria na iliongozwa na M'hamed Amrouche.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S7q0n2Er324|title=Amirouche Malek: Djoher Amhis, Mwanamke wa kipekee.|website=[[YouTube]]|date=21 Desemba 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aliandika wasifu wake, ''Le Chant de la nitelle'', mnamo 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=|first=|date=Septemba 15, 2013|title=Djoher Amhis Wimbo wa Nuthatch|url=https://www.livrescq.com/livrescq/djoher-amhis-le-chant-de-la-sitelle/|trans-title=|work=L'ivrEscQ|language=French|location=|publisher=|access-date=Juni 6, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amhis-Ouksel alifariki Algiers mnamo Juni 5, 2025.

== Kazi ==

* &quot;Bei ya Heshima: Usomaji wa &quot;Nafaka Kwenye Jiwe la Kusagia&quot; na Malek Ouary&quot; (2007)
* &quot;Kutoka Pwani Moja hadi Nyingine: Usomaji wa &quot;Dunia na Damu&quot; na &quot;Barabara Zinazopanda&quot; na Mouloud Feraoun&quot; (2009)
* &quot;Taâssast: Usomaji wa &quot;Kilima Kilichosahaulika&quot; na Mouloud Mammeri&quot; (2011)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.librairie-gallimard.com/livre/9789961644546-taassast-djoher-amhis-ouksel/|title=Taassast|work=Librarie Gallimard|language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Njia ya Mababu.&quot; Usomaji wa &quot;Usingizi wa Mwenye Haki&quot; na Mouloud Mammeri (2012)
* &quot;Dar Sbitar: Usomaji wa &quot;Nyumba Kubwa&quot; na Mohammed Dib&quot; (2012)
* &quot;Wimbo wa Nuthatch&quot; (2012)
* &quot;Uhamisho na Kumbukumbu: Usomaji wa riwaya za Taos Amrouche&quot; (2013)
* &quot;Benhadouga: Ukweli, Ndoto, Tumaini&quot; (2013)
* &quot;Tahar Djaout: Mfumaji wa Nuru&quot; (2013)
* &quot;Mimouni: Mwandishi, Shahidi, na Dhamiri&quot; (2015)
* &quot;Asia Djebar: Kielelezo cha Alfajiri&quot; (2016)

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[jamii:waliozaliwa 1928]]
[[jamii:waliofariki 2025]]
[[jamii:waandishi wa Algeria]]
[[Jamii:Wikimalkia 2025-26 campaign in Tanzania]]</text>
      <sha1>sj2zcxgabr2n0mge6c2wfyctidz3igp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Binta Jammeh-Sidibe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>222753</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509769</id>
      <parentid>1509363</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:08:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Uwezeshaji wa Wanawake */</comment>
      <origin>1509769</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5260" sha1="e51sshnxuskm9y7qpwmyf6fjyuyrg3w" xml:space="preserve">'''Aja Binta Jammeh-Sidibe''' (alizaliwa [[miaka ya 1950]]) ni [[mwanaharakati]] wa haki za wanawake kutoka [[Gambia]]. Anajulikana sana kama mpiganiaji wa kukomesha ukeketaji wa wanawake na kama mtetezi wa afya ya kiuchumi na kimwili ya wanawake kupitia shirika lake lisilo la kiserikali, Association for Promoting Girls and Women’s Advancement (APGWA).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Personality of the Week: Spotlight on Mrs Aja Binta Jammeh Sidibeh: Executive Director, APGWA/SOBEYA skills training center - The Point|url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/personality-of-the-week-spotlight-on-mrs-aja-binta-jammeh-sidibeh-executive-director-apgwasobeya-ski|access-date=2025-02-16|website=thepoint.gm|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Wasifu ==

=== Maisha ya awali na kazi ===
Aja Binta Jammeh alizaliwa huko Banjul, Gambia, kwa wazazi Natoma Marong Jammeh na Alhagie Karamo Jammeh. Familia yake ilitoka kijijini Illiassa, kilichopo katika Halmashauri ya Kerewan, Wilaya ya Lower Baddibu. Akiwa mwanafunzi, Jammeh alijitokeza kitaaluma; alipata alama ya juu zaidi katika shule yake ya msingi na alama ya tatu ya juu kitaifa. Kuanzia mwaka 1967 hadi 1974, alihudhuria Shule ya Sekondari ya Gambia, akishika nafasi katika theluthi ya juu ya wanafunzi wote na kupata udhamini wa serikali wa kusoma nje ya nchi.

Mnamo 1975, alisafiri hadi Marekani kusoma shahada ya kwanza katika Chuo Kikuu cha Indiana, akichagua historia ya Afrika kama somo lake kuu na sosholojia kama somo dogo. Alipofanikisha masomo yake mnamo 1978, alirudi Gambia.

Baada ya kurudi, Jammeh alifanya kazi katika Ubalozi wa Marekani huko Banjul, kisha kuwa afisa wa mafunzo katika Shirika la Maendeleo ya Kimataifa la Marekani (USAID), ambapo alifanya kazi hadi mwaka 1988.

Mnamo 1987, aliteuliwa kwa mara ya kwanza kuwa mjumbe wa Baraza la Kitaifa la Wanawake, ambapo alianza kupata umaarufu kutokana na kazi yake ya kukuza haki za wanawake.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Utu wa Wiki: Kuangazia Bi. Aja Binta Jammeh Sidibeh: Mkurugenzi Mtendaji, kituo cha mafunzo ya ujuzi cha APGWA/SOBEYA - The Point|url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/personality-of-the-week-spotlight-on-mrs-aja-binta-jammeh-sidibeh-executive-director-apgwasobeya-ski|access-date=2025-02-16|website=thepoint.gm|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Uwezeshaji wa Wanawake ===
Katika kazi yake, Jammeh-Sidibe anajulikana kwa kutetea haki za wanawake, kupinga ukeketaji na ukatili dhidi ya wanawake, na kukuza uwezeshaji wa wanawake kupitia maendeleo ya ujuzi. Mnamo 1992, alianzisha Chama cha Kukuza Wasichana na Maendeleo ya Wanawake (APGWA), shirika lisilo la faida lililojitolea kuondoa pengo la kijinsia nchini Gambia. Shirika hili linawezazesha wanawake na wasichana kuendeleza miradi inayozalisha mapato, kutoa ufadhili mdogo, na kutoa rasilimali za elimu ya awali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-08-02|title=Mitazamo tofauti baada ya kukataliwa kwa Muswada wa Ukeketaji nchini Gambia {{!}} Mitazamo Isiyopatikana|url=https://missingperspectives.com/posts/different-perspectives-after-rejection-of-fgm-bill-in-gambia/|access-date=2025-02-16|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sambamba na APGWA, Jammeh-Sidibe alianzisha Kituo cha Mafunzo ya Ujuzi cha Sobeya, ambacho hufundisha wanawake na wasichana ujuzi wa vitendo unaowawezesha kushiriki kikamilifu katika soko la ajira.

Jammeh-Sidibe pia ameendeleza desturi ya kafoolu nchini Gambia, ambapo mashirika ya pamoja hutengenezwa ili kufanikisha malengo maalum. Utaratibu huu umewezesha mashirika ya haki za wanawake kuleta mabadiliko ya kisheria na kijamii.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=APGWA yaongeza uelewa kuhusu Sheria ya Wanawake ya 2010 - The Point|url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/apgwa-raises-awareness-on-womens-act-2010|access-date=2025-02-16|website=thepoint.gm|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baadaye, aliteuliwa kuwa Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Ofisi ya Wanawake ya Gambia, ambapo alishirikiana na Wizara ya Sheria kuunda marekebisho ya Sheria ya Wanawake ya 2010, ambayo yalifanya ukeketaji wa wanawake kuwa kosa la jinai. Marekebisho hayo yalipitishwa na bunge mnamo 2015, na juhudi za kuyafutwa zikipingwa na bunge mnamo 2024.

Baada ya kustaafu mwaka 2019, Jammeh-Sidibe anaendelea kutetea afya na uwezeshaji wa wanawake kupitia APGWA na Kituo cha Mafunzo cha Sobeya Stadi, ambapo anahudumu kama Mkurugenzi Mtendaji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=APGWA, Gambia {{!}} Chama cha Kukuza Wasichana na Maendeleo ya Wanawake|url=https://www.accessgambia.com/biz1/apgwa-association-for-promoting-girls-and-womens-advancement.html|access-date=2025-02-16|website=www.accessgambia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sillah|first=Nyima|date=2024-07-10|title=Ofisi ya Wanawake Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Zamani Upbeat kuhusu Sheria ya Ukeketaji -|url=https://www.voicegambia.com/2024/07/10/womens-bureau-former-executive-director-upbeat-about-fgm-law/|access-date=2025-02-16|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sillah|first=Nyima|date=2024-06-03|title=Hakuna Amani Wanawake Hawana Haki-Sidibe -|url=https://www.voicegambia.com/2024/06/03/there-is-no-peace-when-women-dont-have-rights-sidibe/|access-date=2025-02-16|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1950]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Gambia]]</text>
      <sha1>e51sshnxuskm9y7qpwmyf6fjyuyrg3w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zolana Joao</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>223807</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509858</id>
      <parentid>1509235</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T14:16:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509858</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="512" sha1="ccgfp5x2zndd8mumjp43bgk55vihfe1" xml:space="preserve">'''Zolana João''' ni Meneja wa [[Uhandisi]] wa Programu wa [[Angola]], [[mwanasayansi]] wa anga za juu, mhandisi, na Meneja Mkuu wa kwanza wa Ofisi ya Kitaifa ya Usimamizi wa Programu ya Anga za Juu ya Angola (GGPEN).
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr Zolana Joao |url=https://events.spaceinafrica.com/speaker/dr-zolana-joao/ |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=NewSpace Africa Conference 2024 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-mwanasayansi}}
[[jamii:watu walio hai]]
[[jamii:wanasayansi wa Angola]]</text>
      <sha1>ccgfp5x2zndd8mumjp43bgk55vihfe1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sidy Sarr</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>224028</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509814</id>
      <parentid>1509041</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:43:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509814</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1391" sha1="kzicmjjs1aggye5mcsx6y40k8m59jjk" xml:space="preserve">'''Sidy Sarr''' (alizaliwa [[5 Juni]], [[1996]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Senegal]] anayekipiga kama kiungo mkabaji kwa klabu ya Ligi Kuu ya [[Tunisia]] AS Soliman. Pia amewahi kuichezea Timu ya taifa ya mpira wa miguu ya Senegal.

== Kazi ya klabu ==
Mnamo Septemba 2018, Sarr alijiunga na FC Lorient kwa mkopo kutoka LB Châteauroux kwa msimu wa 2018–19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Sidy-sarr-chateauroux-prete-a-lorient/937048|title=Sidy Sarr (Châteauroux) prêté à Lorient|date=4 September 2018|website=lequipe.fr|access-date=17 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo Machi 2024, Sarr alijiunga na klabu ya Championnat National SAS Épinal.

==Maisha binafsi==
Sarr aliwekwa **kizuizini na polisi** mnamo Oktoba 2021 kutokana na tuhuma kwamba alikuwa na mahusiano na makahaba waliokuwa chini ya umri wa kisheria.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Sidy Sarr (Nîmes) en garde à vue pour &quot; recours à la prostitution de mineures &quot; |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Sidy-sarr-nimes-en-garde-a-vue-pour-recours-a-la-prostitution-de-mineures/1293321 |access-date=20 October 2021 |work=L'Équipe |date=20 October 2021 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wakili wake alikanusha tuhuma hizo na kudai kwamba Sarr alikuwa “mwathirika wa njama.”

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1996|}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Senegal]]</text>
      <sha1>kzicmjjs1aggye5mcsx6y40k8m59jjk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Elena Cazzulani</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>225040</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509688</id>
      <parentid>1509317</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:03:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509688</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2582" sha1="gmpklkyrre9f1wyazgiqyhtoji7hpq6" xml:space="preserve">'''Elena Cazzulani''' (maarufu kwa [[Kifupi|kifupisho]] '''Ena'''; [[Lodi (Lombardia)|Lodi]], [[20 Desemba]] [[1920]] - [[Vigevano]], [[17 Oktoba]] [[2005]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa [[Italia]]. Kwa zaidi ya miaka 30 klabu yake kuhusu [[fasihi]] ilikuwa muhimu kwa mji wa Lodi na [[Lombardia]] kwa jumla. Aliandika [[Biografia|wasifu]] wa [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] maarufu kadhaa wa Lodi. 
[[Image:Lodi collegio Cazzulani.JPG|Right|thumb|280px|Collegio «Cazzulani», Lodi.]]
[[Familia]] yake imeunda ''Collegio Cazzulani''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.istitutocazzulani.gov.it/sitovecchio/collegio_cazzulani/storia.html |title=C'era una volta il Collegio |publisher=istitutocazzulani.gov.it |accessdate=10 January 2026 |archive-date=2016-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827175601/http://www.istitutocazzulani.gov.it/sitovecchio/collegio_cazzulani/storia.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka 2014 [[manispaa]] ya Lodi imeita kwa jina lake barabara moja ya mji huo. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.comune.lodi.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/5907 |title=Intitolate tre nuove vie in zona Codignola |author=Comune di Lodi |date=24 December 2014 |publisher=comune.lodi.it |accessdate=10 January 2026 |language=Italian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ilcittadino.it/stories/cultura/lodi-omaggia-sue-figlie-migliori-o_11080_96/ |title=Lodi omaggia le sue figlie migliori |author=Fabio Ravera |date=15 October 2012 |publisher=ilcittadino.it |accessdate=25 February 2026 |language=Italian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Vitabu vyake==
* 1982: ''Cristina di Belgioioso'', Ed. Lodigraf, Lodi
* 1983: ''Il muro sul ponte'', Ed. Lodigraf, Lodi
* 1984: ''Giuseppina Strepponi, biografia'', Ed. Lodigraf, Lodi
* 1985: pamoja na Gilberto Coletto: ''Francesco de Lemene. Poesia e teatro'', Ed. del Campus, Lodi
* 1988: ''Il collegio Cazzulani'', Edizioni Lodigraf, Lodi
* 1989: ''Maria Hadfield Cosway. Biografia, diari e scritti della fondatrice del collegio delle Dame Inglesi in Lodi'', Ed. L’Immagine, Lodi
* 1991: ''Il viale delle ortensie'', Ed. L’Immagine, Lodi
* 1992: ''Carlotta Ferrari da Lodi. Poetessa e musicista'', Ed. L’Immagine, Lodi
* 1993: ''Ritorno al viale delle ortensie'', Ed. L'Immagine, Lodi
* 1996: ''Il cielo comincia dal suolo'', Ed. L’Immagine, Lodi

==Tanbihi==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Marejeo==
* Ercole Ongaro, ''Il Lodigiano nel Novecento: la cultura'', Milano, Franco Angeli, 2006 {{ISBN | 978-88-464-7142-0}}
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1920]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2005]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Italia]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]]</text>
      <sha1>gmpklkyrre9f1wyazgiqyhtoji7hpq6</sha1>
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  <page>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-26T06:50:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ubora wa Makala */</comment>
      <origin>1509973</origin>
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      <text bytes="9283" sha1="jdzfes9rplbt3j8d3mbuoig6up3q06k" xml:space="preserve">== karibu  ==

karibu sana ndugu Egipa tunakuthamini sana @[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 06:33, 2 Machi 2026 (UTC)&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 2 Machi 2026 (UTC)

==Kuchangia makala==
Ukikuta makala ipo, usifute kazi ya wenzio kwa kutafsiri upya, tena kwa mashine. Ongezea palepale. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:18, 25 Machi 2026 (UTC)

:Ahsante sana kwa ushauri wako kaka Riccardo, nimeupokea. '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 05:23, 26 Machi 2026 (UTC)
::Sawa, lakini umerudia tena kosa hilohilo. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 09:59, 30 Machi 2026 (UTC)
:::Ahsante tena kwa ushauri labda sijakuelewa kaka Riccardo ukisema ninafuta kazi ya wenzangu unamanisha ninafuta baadhi ya maneno au kazi nzima? Au nini haswa ninachofuta naomba unielewesha hapo '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 05:13, 31 Machi 2026 (UTC)
::::Sawa, angalia makala [[Sarah Gertrude Millin]]. Uliikuta ipo, na picha yake pia. Lakini ukaacha kuichangia na badala yake ulitafsiri upya ukurasa wa Kiingereza juu yake. Hivyo ukapoteza kazi ya waliokutangulia, pamoja na picha. Ikanibidi kuirudia bila kudharau nyongeza zako. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 07:36, 31 Machi 2026 (UTC)
:::::ahsante sana hapo nimekuelewa vizuri mnoo na ninaomba radhi kwa kufuta kazi ya wenzangu japo sio kwa makisudi nitahakikisha kuangalia jina kama limeshaandikwa kabla ya kuweka mchango wangu. Ninashururu mno kwa ushauri wako kaka [[Maalum:Michango/&amp;#126;2026-18921-50|&amp;#126;2026-18921-50]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&amp;#126;2026-18921-50|talk]]) 08:40, 31 Machi 2026 (UTC)
::::::mimi nina swali kaka @[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] hivi ni sawa ninavyotumia translation tool kwa ajili ya kutransalate from english to swahili? i would have loved to use the normal typing method but currently i am in a competition contest and i need to work at a faster pace...please advice me. i want my work to be of high quality but i also need to have super speed because the person with the most written documentation get the price. Your advice would be of great help. Ahsante sana. '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:55, 15 Aprili 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Ndiyo matokeo ya kutoa zawadi kwa kuangalia wingi kuliko ubora. Sijui tuzo ikoje, lakini ndivyo ilivyo. Kwa kweli kurasa zako zina makosa mengi, kwa mfano kwa kawaida zinaanza na ubini tu wa mhusika, bila majina ya binafsi. Pia nimegundua unapenda na labda unajua Kiingereza kuliko Kiswahili. Hata ujumbe ulionitumia leo unaonyesha hilo... Utambue kwamba baadhi ya washindani wako wameshazoea uhariri kuliko wewe, hivyo si rahisi kuwashinda. Ila ukizidi kujifunza, pengine siku za mbele utakuwa na uzoefu utakaokusaidia kuwahi tuzo. Usichoke kupitia makala zako baada ya sisi kuzisahihisha walau kiasi. Ndiyo njia ya kujifunza. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 08:38, 15 Aprili 2026 (UTC) 
::::::::Ahsante sana kwa ushauri wako kaka. Ninautafakari na nitachukua hatua. Barikiwa. '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:45, 15 Aprili 2026 (UTC)

== Matumizi ya Translation tool ==

Habari ndugu,

Unatumia Translation tool na kuchapisha makala bila ya kuifanyia marekebisha kabisa. Hakikisha unapitia makala kwa kuweka kiswahili vizuri na miundo ya sentensi na sio kuamini kile kilichofanywa na tool yenyewe. 

Aidha ni bora kutumia njia ya kawaida kwa kufanya tafsiri kidogo kidogo na sio kutumia tool kutafsiri makala nzima bila ya mapitio ya kutosha. Matumizi ya translation tool sio vibaya kwani inarahisisha kazi ila inakuhitaji umakini wa kutosha kwenye kuweka kiswahili vizuri kabla ya kuchapisha. '''[[Mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|Anuary Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 10:48, 9 Aprili 2026 (UTC)

:Ahsante sana kwa ushauri wako ndugu Anuary nimeanza kutengeneza pakae viruri kwenye kazi yangu naomba uendelee kuzidi kunishauri. Kwa sababu unanijenga [[Maalum:Michango/&amp;#126;2026-18921-50|&amp;#126;2026-18921-50]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&amp;#126;2026-18921-50|talk]]) 11:00, 11 Aprili 2026 (UTC)

== Ubora wa Makala ==

Ndugu, kwenye kuhariri makala zako zipitie na uzisafishe vizuuri kuna baadhi ya makosa umekua ukiyarejea, kwanza kwenye kuweka vyanzo usitafsiri vyanzo vichukue kama vilivyo na uvi bandike (paste) sehemu husika na pia usitumia Akili Bandia (AI) kwani utasababisha makala zako kufutwa kabisa au kufungiwa akaunti yako kama utashindwa kufanya vile inatakiwa, na kingine ukitasfiri makala embu zipitie zisome na uziweke zikae sawa, amani kwako. '''[[Mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|majadiliano]])''' 13:21, 14 Aprili 2026 (UTC)

:Ahsante sana kwa ushauri kaka nimeupokea na nitaufanyia kazi. [[Maalum:Michango/&amp;#126;2026-18921-50|&amp;#126;2026-18921-50]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&amp;#126;2026-18921-50|talk]]) 06:51, 15 Aprili 2026 (UTC)

::Kasi imezidi mno! Kurasa za dakika moja haziwezi kuwa na ubora. Nyingi ni fupi kupindukia na nyingine hazina vyanzo kabisa. Unataka tukusimamishe kwanza? Katika jamii mtu wa Misri wa Kale unamweka kati ya waliofariki mwaka 1992 BK! Kweli? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 06:50, 26 Aprili 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>jdzfes9rplbt3j8d3mbuoig6up3q06k</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ubora wa Makala */ Jibu</comment>
      <origin>1509981</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="9508" sha1="4906fvcxynsaxyihafatmlpkq5oiar8" xml:space="preserve">== karibu  ==

karibu sana ndugu Egipa tunakuthamini sana @[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 06:33, 2 Machi 2026 (UTC)&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 2 Machi 2026 (UTC)

==Kuchangia makala==
Ukikuta makala ipo, usifute kazi ya wenzio kwa kutafsiri upya, tena kwa mashine. Ongezea palepale. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:18, 25 Machi 2026 (UTC)

:Ahsante sana kwa ushauri wako kaka Riccardo, nimeupokea. '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 05:23, 26 Machi 2026 (UTC)
::Sawa, lakini umerudia tena kosa hilohilo. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 09:59, 30 Machi 2026 (UTC)
:::Ahsante tena kwa ushauri labda sijakuelewa kaka Riccardo ukisema ninafuta kazi ya wenzangu unamanisha ninafuta baadhi ya maneno au kazi nzima? Au nini haswa ninachofuta naomba unielewesha hapo '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 05:13, 31 Machi 2026 (UTC)
::::Sawa, angalia makala [[Sarah Gertrude Millin]]. Uliikuta ipo, na picha yake pia. Lakini ukaacha kuichangia na badala yake ulitafsiri upya ukurasa wa Kiingereza juu yake. Hivyo ukapoteza kazi ya waliokutangulia, pamoja na picha. Ikanibidi kuirudia bila kudharau nyongeza zako. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 07:36, 31 Machi 2026 (UTC)
:::::ahsante sana hapo nimekuelewa vizuri mnoo na ninaomba radhi kwa kufuta kazi ya wenzangu japo sio kwa makisudi nitahakikisha kuangalia jina kama limeshaandikwa kabla ya kuweka mchango wangu. Ninashururu mno kwa ushauri wako kaka [[Maalum:Michango/&amp;#126;2026-18921-50|&amp;#126;2026-18921-50]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&amp;#126;2026-18921-50|talk]]) 08:40, 31 Machi 2026 (UTC)
::::::mimi nina swali kaka @[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] hivi ni sawa ninavyotumia translation tool kwa ajili ya kutransalate from english to swahili? i would have loved to use the normal typing method but currently i am in a competition contest and i need to work at a faster pace...please advice me. i want my work to be of high quality but i also need to have super speed because the person with the most written documentation get the price. Your advice would be of great help. Ahsante sana. '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:55, 15 Aprili 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Ndiyo matokeo ya kutoa zawadi kwa kuangalia wingi kuliko ubora. Sijui tuzo ikoje, lakini ndivyo ilivyo. Kwa kweli kurasa zako zina makosa mengi, kwa mfano kwa kawaida zinaanza na ubini tu wa mhusika, bila majina ya binafsi. Pia nimegundua unapenda na labda unajua Kiingereza kuliko Kiswahili. Hata ujumbe ulionitumia leo unaonyesha hilo... Utambue kwamba baadhi ya washindani wako wameshazoea uhariri kuliko wewe, hivyo si rahisi kuwashinda. Ila ukizidi kujifunza, pengine siku za mbele utakuwa na uzoefu utakaokusaidia kuwahi tuzo. Usichoke kupitia makala zako baada ya sisi kuzisahihisha walau kiasi. Ndiyo njia ya kujifunza. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 08:38, 15 Aprili 2026 (UTC) 
::::::::Ahsante sana kwa ushauri wako kaka. Ninautafakari na nitachukua hatua. Barikiwa. '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:45, 15 Aprili 2026 (UTC)

== Matumizi ya Translation tool ==

Habari ndugu,

Unatumia Translation tool na kuchapisha makala bila ya kuifanyia marekebisha kabisa. Hakikisha unapitia makala kwa kuweka kiswahili vizuri na miundo ya sentensi na sio kuamini kile kilichofanywa na tool yenyewe. 

Aidha ni bora kutumia njia ya kawaida kwa kufanya tafsiri kidogo kidogo na sio kutumia tool kutafsiri makala nzima bila ya mapitio ya kutosha. Matumizi ya translation tool sio vibaya kwani inarahisisha kazi ila inakuhitaji umakini wa kutosha kwenye kuweka kiswahili vizuri kabla ya kuchapisha. '''[[Mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|Anuary Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 10:48, 9 Aprili 2026 (UTC)

:Ahsante sana kwa ushauri wako ndugu Anuary nimeanza kutengeneza pakae viruri kwenye kazi yangu naomba uendelee kuzidi kunishauri. Kwa sababu unanijenga [[Maalum:Michango/&amp;#126;2026-18921-50|&amp;#126;2026-18921-50]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&amp;#126;2026-18921-50|talk]]) 11:00, 11 Aprili 2026 (UTC)

== Ubora wa Makala ==

Ndugu, kwenye kuhariri makala zako zipitie na uzisafishe vizuuri kuna baadhi ya makosa umekua ukiyarejea, kwanza kwenye kuweka vyanzo usitafsiri vyanzo vichukue kama vilivyo na uvi bandike (paste) sehemu husika na pia usitumia Akili Bandia (AI) kwani utasababisha makala zako kufutwa kabisa au kufungiwa akaunti yako kama utashindwa kufanya vile inatakiwa, na kingine ukitasfiri makala embu zipitie zisome na uziweke zikae sawa, amani kwako. '''[[Mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|majadiliano]])''' 13:21, 14 Aprili 2026 (UTC)

:Ahsante sana kwa ushauri kaka nimeupokea na nitaufanyia kazi. [[Maalum:Michango/&amp;#126;2026-18921-50|&amp;#126;2026-18921-50]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&amp;#126;2026-18921-50|talk]]) 06:51, 15 Aprili 2026 (UTC)

::Kasi imezidi mno! Kurasa za dakika moja haziwezi kuwa na ubora. Nyingi ni fupi kupindukia na nyingine hazina vyanzo kabisa. Unataka tukusimamishe kwanza? Katika jamii mtu wa Misri wa Kale unamweka kati ya waliofariki mwaka 1992 BK! Kweli? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 06:50, 26 Aprili 2026 (UTC)
:::Sawa ahsante ndugu @[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] nitaufanyia kazi ushauri wako '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:01, 26 Aprili 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>4906fvcxynsaxyihafatmlpkq5oiar8</sha1>
    </revision>
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      <id>1509982</id>
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        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ubora wa Makala */ Jibu</comment>
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      <text bytes="9716" sha1="713pwsq7zesw4tfmh2hyye4o25pvm8w" xml:space="preserve">== karibu  ==

karibu sana ndugu Egipa tunakuthamini sana @[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 06:33, 2 Machi 2026 (UTC)&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 2 Machi 2026 (UTC)

==Kuchangia makala==
Ukikuta makala ipo, usifute kazi ya wenzio kwa kutafsiri upya, tena kwa mashine. Ongezea palepale. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:18, 25 Machi 2026 (UTC)

:Ahsante sana kwa ushauri wako kaka Riccardo, nimeupokea. '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 05:23, 26 Machi 2026 (UTC)
::Sawa, lakini umerudia tena kosa hilohilo. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 09:59, 30 Machi 2026 (UTC)
:::Ahsante tena kwa ushauri labda sijakuelewa kaka Riccardo ukisema ninafuta kazi ya wenzangu unamanisha ninafuta baadhi ya maneno au kazi nzima? Au nini haswa ninachofuta naomba unielewesha hapo '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 05:13, 31 Machi 2026 (UTC)
::::Sawa, angalia makala [[Sarah Gertrude Millin]]. Uliikuta ipo, na picha yake pia. Lakini ukaacha kuichangia na badala yake ulitafsiri upya ukurasa wa Kiingereza juu yake. Hivyo ukapoteza kazi ya waliokutangulia, pamoja na picha. Ikanibidi kuirudia bila kudharau nyongeza zako. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 07:36, 31 Machi 2026 (UTC)
:::::ahsante sana hapo nimekuelewa vizuri mnoo na ninaomba radhi kwa kufuta kazi ya wenzangu japo sio kwa makisudi nitahakikisha kuangalia jina kama limeshaandikwa kabla ya kuweka mchango wangu. Ninashururu mno kwa ushauri wako kaka [[Maalum:Michango/&amp;#126;2026-18921-50|&amp;#126;2026-18921-50]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&amp;#126;2026-18921-50|talk]]) 08:40, 31 Machi 2026 (UTC)
::::::mimi nina swali kaka @[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] hivi ni sawa ninavyotumia translation tool kwa ajili ya kutransalate from english to swahili? i would have loved to use the normal typing method but currently i am in a competition contest and i need to work at a faster pace...please advice me. i want my work to be of high quality but i also need to have super speed because the person with the most written documentation get the price. Your advice would be of great help. Ahsante sana. '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:55, 15 Aprili 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Ndiyo matokeo ya kutoa zawadi kwa kuangalia wingi kuliko ubora. Sijui tuzo ikoje, lakini ndivyo ilivyo. Kwa kweli kurasa zako zina makosa mengi, kwa mfano kwa kawaida zinaanza na ubini tu wa mhusika, bila majina ya binafsi. Pia nimegundua unapenda na labda unajua Kiingereza kuliko Kiswahili. Hata ujumbe ulionitumia leo unaonyesha hilo... Utambue kwamba baadhi ya washindani wako wameshazoea uhariri kuliko wewe, hivyo si rahisi kuwashinda. Ila ukizidi kujifunza, pengine siku za mbele utakuwa na uzoefu utakaokusaidia kuwahi tuzo. Usichoke kupitia makala zako baada ya sisi kuzisahihisha walau kiasi. Ndiyo njia ya kujifunza. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 08:38, 15 Aprili 2026 (UTC) 
::::::::Ahsante sana kwa ushauri wako kaka. Ninautafakari na nitachukua hatua. Barikiwa. '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:45, 15 Aprili 2026 (UTC)

== Matumizi ya Translation tool ==

Habari ndugu,

Unatumia Translation tool na kuchapisha makala bila ya kuifanyia marekebisha kabisa. Hakikisha unapitia makala kwa kuweka kiswahili vizuri na miundo ya sentensi na sio kuamini kile kilichofanywa na tool yenyewe. 

Aidha ni bora kutumia njia ya kawaida kwa kufanya tafsiri kidogo kidogo na sio kutumia tool kutafsiri makala nzima bila ya mapitio ya kutosha. Matumizi ya translation tool sio vibaya kwani inarahisisha kazi ila inakuhitaji umakini wa kutosha kwenye kuweka kiswahili vizuri kabla ya kuchapisha. '''[[Mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|Anuary Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 10:48, 9 Aprili 2026 (UTC)

:Ahsante sana kwa ushauri wako ndugu Anuary nimeanza kutengeneza pakae viruri kwenye kazi yangu naomba uendelee kuzidi kunishauri. Kwa sababu unanijenga [[Maalum:Michango/&amp;#126;2026-18921-50|&amp;#126;2026-18921-50]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&amp;#126;2026-18921-50|talk]]) 11:00, 11 Aprili 2026 (UTC)

== Ubora wa Makala ==

Ndugu, kwenye kuhariri makala zako zipitie na uzisafishe vizuuri kuna baadhi ya makosa umekua ukiyarejea, kwanza kwenye kuweka vyanzo usitafsiri vyanzo vichukue kama vilivyo na uvi bandike (paste) sehemu husika na pia usitumia Akili Bandia (AI) kwani utasababisha makala zako kufutwa kabisa au kufungiwa akaunti yako kama utashindwa kufanya vile inatakiwa, na kingine ukitasfiri makala embu zipitie zisome na uziweke zikae sawa, amani kwako. '''[[Mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|majadiliano]])''' 13:21, 14 Aprili 2026 (UTC)

:Ahsante sana kwa ushauri kaka nimeupokea na nitaufanyia kazi. [[Maalum:Michango/&amp;#126;2026-18921-50|&amp;#126;2026-18921-50]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&amp;#126;2026-18921-50|talk]]) 06:51, 15 Aprili 2026 (UTC)

::Kasi imezidi mno! Kurasa za dakika moja haziwezi kuwa na ubora. Nyingi ni fupi kupindukia na nyingine hazina vyanzo kabisa. Unataka tukusimamishe kwanza? Katika jamii mtu wa Misri wa Kale unamweka kati ya waliofariki mwaka 1992 BK! Kweli? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 06:50, 26 Aprili 2026 (UTC)
:::Sawa ahsante ndugu @[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] nitaufanyia kazi ushauri wako '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:01, 26 Aprili 2026 (UTC)
:::Pamoja na hayo naomba usinisimamishe, nitaweka bidii zaidi kwenye kazi zangu kaka '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:04, 26 Aprili 2026 (UTC)</text>
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        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="3096" sha1="fj224x0c1spg47paago755ojgtm4h8p" xml:space="preserve">{{umaarufu}}
[[Faili:Picha ya Sikjunior mrimi.png|thumb|348x348px|Sikjunior Mrimi]]
'''Sikjunior Mrimi''' (amezaliwa 24 Aprili 2000) ni [[mjasiriamali]] wa [[teknolojia]] kutoka [[Tanzania]] anayejihusisha na [[Sekta Binafsi|sekta]] ya fintech na miundombinu ya uthibitishaji wa watumiaji. Anajulikana kama mwanzilishi wa Briq Solutions,&lt;ref&gt;[https://briq.tz/ Briq Solution]&lt;/ref&gt; kampuni inayolenga kurahisisha mifumo ya uthibitishaji wa wateja na utekelezaji wa kanuni za kifedha kwa kampuni za teknolojia barani Afrika.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/tanzanian-startup-seeks-to-simplify-africa-s-fintech-compliance-infrastructure-5385018?utm_source=chatgpt.com Sikjunior Mrimi Akizungumza na '''The Citizen''',] iliwekwa mnamo 03-11-2026&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mrimi pia aliwahi kuanzisha kampuni ya fintech '''MeetPay''', ambayo ilimpa uzoefu wa moja kwa moja kuhusu changamoto za kiufundi na kisheria zinazokabili startups nyingi katika sekta ya huduma za kifedha za kidijiti. 

== Maisha ya Awali ==
Sikjunior Mrimi alipata elimu ya sekondari katika [[Shule ya Wavulana Tabora]], moja ya shule kongwe za wavulana nchini Tanzania.

Baada ya kumaliza elimu ya sekondari, alijiunga na [[Kampala University]] nchini Tanzania kwa ajili ya masomo ya elimu ya juu.

== Kazi na ujasiriamali ==
Mrimi ameonekana katika sekta ya fintech kwa kuanzisha miradi ya kiteknolojia inayolenga kuboresha miundombinu ya huduma za kifedha za kidijitali barani Afrika.

Wazo la kuanzisha Briq Solutions lilitokana na uzoefu wake binafsi alipokuwa anajenga kampuni yake ya kwanza ya fintech, MeetPay. Katika mchakato huo, alikumbana na changamoto kubwa katika kuunganisha mifumo ya uthibitishaji wa watumiaji na kufuata kanuni za kifedha.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.instagram.com/p/DKMo69fRRKr/ Akiwa kama mzungumzaji FFT 2025]&lt;/ref&gt;

Akizungumza na [[The Citizen]], Mrimi alisema kuwa mchakato huo ulikuwa mgumu kutokana na uwepo wa watoa huduma wengi tofauti, kila mmoja akiwa na mifumo na ''Application Programming Interfaces (APIs)'' zake.

Kwa mujibu wa Mrimi, kampuni nyingi za fintech barani Afrika hulazimika kutumia muda na rasilimali nyingi kuunganisha mifumo ya uthibitishaji wa watumiaji na compliance badala ya kuendeleza bidhaa zao kuu.

Kupitia Briq Solutions, anataka kurahisisha mambo hayo kwa kutoa mfumo unaowawezesha kampuni:

* kuthibitisha watumiaji (user verification)
* kusimamia utekelezaji wa kanuni za kifedha (regulatory compliance)
* kuwasiliana na wateja kwa njia mbalimbali za kidijitali

Lengo ni kupunguza ugumu wa kiufundi na gharama zinazokabili startups nyingi za fintech katika bara la Afrika.

== Maono ==
Mrimi anaamini kuwa ukuaji wa fintech barani Afrika unahitaji miundombinu imara ya teknolojia inayoweza kusaidia uthibitishaji wa watumiaji, usalama wa data na kufuata kanuni za kifedha katika nchi mbalimbali.

Kupitia ubunifu wake, analenga kujenga mifumo itakayorahisisha huduma za kifedha za kidijiti na kusaidia kampuni nyingi zaidi za teknolojia kuingia katika sekta ya fintech barani Afrika.  

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2000]]
[[Jamii:watu wa Tanzania]]</text>
      <sha1>fj224x0c1spg47paago755ojgtm4h8p</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Syrym Abdukhalikov</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>226058</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509823</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="695" sha1="87a9chsfgd814xs1uurd67fe0tkblts" xml:space="preserve">'''Syrym Abdukhalikov''' (alizaliwa [[7 Agosti]] [[1987]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa tenisi kutoka [[Kazakhstan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Syrym Abdukhalikov |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/syrym-abdukhalikov/a6v9/overview |publisher=ATP Tour |access-date=2026-03-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aliiwakilisha [[Kazakhstan]] katika Davis Cup mwaka 2007 na 2008, akishinda mechi tatu za watu binafsi dhidi ya wachezaji kutoka [[China]], [[Thailand]] na [[Ufilipino]]. Alifikia cheo cha juu zaidi cha 544 duniani mwaka 2009, kabla ya kuhamia [[Marekani]] kucheza tenisi ya vyuo kwa Tennessee Tech.

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1987]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Kazakhstan]]</text>
      <sha1>87a9chsfgd814xs1uurd67fe0tkblts</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Skander Mansouri</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>226090</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509819</id>
      <parentid>1509060</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:47:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="1103" sha1="1ybfyfrebqtf42f4wahwb4lesqdbgzl" xml:space="preserve">'''Skander Mansouri''' (alizaliwa [[23 Julai]] [[1995]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa tenisi kutoka [[Tunisia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Skander Mansouri |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/skander-mansouri/m0cd/overview |publisher=ATP Tour |access-date=2026-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Alifikia cheo cha juu zaidi cha 238 duniani katika mashindano ya watu binafsi mwaka 2022, na cha 54 katika mashindano ya wachezaji wawili mwaka 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Skander Mansouri Rankings History |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/skander-mansouri/m0cd/rankings-history |publisher=ATP Tour |access-date=2026-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Katika mashindano ya [[African Games]] mwaka 2019, alishinda medali ya dhahabu katika mashindano ya wachezaji wawili akiwa na Aziz Dougaz. Ameiwakilisha [[Tunisia]] katika Davis Cup, akirekodi ushindi 10 na kipigo 2.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Skander Mansouri Davis Cup Profile |url=https://www.daviscup.com/en/players/player.aspx?id=800315921 |publisher=Davis Cup |access-date=2026-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1995]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Tunisia]]</text>
      <sha1>1ybfyfrebqtf42f4wahwb4lesqdbgzl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ben McLachlan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>226100</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509767</id>
      <parentid>1509358</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:07:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="699" sha1="mjuf7dqih0myt3ybbgzlso9a3tpaxre" xml:space="preserve">'''Ben McLachlan''' (alizaliwa [[10 Mei]] [[1992]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa tenisi wa kutoka [[Japani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ben McLachlan |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/ben-mclachlan/mk29/overview |publisher=ATP Tour |access-date=2026-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Awali aliiwakilisha [[New Zealand]] kabla ya kubadili kuwa raia wa Japani mwaka 2017. Alifikia cheo cha juu zaidi cha 18 duniani katika mashindano ya wachezaji wawili mwaka 2018. Alishinda mataji saba ya ATP katika mashindano ya wachezaji wawili, na alifikia nusu fainali ya Australian Open mwaka 2018.

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Japani]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Nyuzilandi]]</text>
      <sha1>mjuf7dqih0myt3ybbgzlso9a3tpaxre</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Angella Okutoyi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>226110</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509756</id>
      <parentid>1509318</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:03:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="1272" sha1="ebkjjkbtfist2gj9yyjc0ay8srgp6ji" xml:space="preserve">'''Angella Okutoyi''' (alizaliwa [[29 Januari]] [[2004]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[Tennis|tenisi]] nchini [[Kenya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Angella Okutoyi |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/players/331465/angella-okutoyi |publisher=WTA Tennis |access-date=2026-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ni Mkenya wa kwanza kushinda taji la Grand Slam, [[Wimbledon]] mwaka [[2022]] akiwa na Rose Marie Nijkamp. Alishinda medali ya dhahabu katika mashindano ya African Games mnamo mwaka [[2023]], akimshinda mchezaji wa Misri na aliyekuwa nafasi ya 70 duniani, Mayar Sherif, katika nusu fainali.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Okutoyi wins African Games title |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3152492/okutoyi-wins-african-games-title |publisher=WTA Tennis |access-date=2026-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aliiwakilisha Kenya katika Billie Jean King Cup, akirekodi ushindi 16 na kipigo 8. Pia ameshinda mataji manne ya ITF katika mashindano ya watu binafsi na mataji 13 katika mashindano ya wachezaji wawili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Angella Okutoyi ITF Profile |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/angella-okutoyi/800560112/ken/wt/s/overview/ |publisher=ITF Tennis |access-date=2026-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2004]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Kenya]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kenya]]</text>
      <sha1>ebkjjkbtfist2gj9yyjc0ay8srgp6ji</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ariez Elyaas Deen Heshaam</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>226165</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509762</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:06:07Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
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      <text bytes="1213" sha1="aakjs7tz83bb3on474bmw28q0mu29he" xml:space="preserve">'''Ariez Elyaas Deen Heshaam''' (alizaliwa [[24 Desemba]] [[1993]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa tenisi nchini [[Malaysia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ariez Elyaas Deen Heshaam |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/ariez-elyaas-deen-heshaam/800323423/mas/mt/s/overview/ |publisher=ITF Tennis |access-date=2026-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Alikuwa mshiriki wa timu ya Malaysia katika Davis Cup kuanzia mwaka [[2010]] hadi [[2015]], akishiriki katika mechi 15 na kushinda mechi nne za watu binafsi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ariez Elyaas Deen Heshaam Davis Cup Profile |url=https://www.daviscup.com/en/players/player.aspx?id=800323423 |publisher=Davis Cup |access-date=2026-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alifanya mechi yake ya kwanza kwenye ATP Tour katika Malaysian Open mwaka [[2012]] akiwa amepewa wildcard, lakini alipoteza katika raundi ya kwanza.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ariez Elyaas Deen Heshaam |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/ariez-elyaas-deen-heshaam/dk52/overview |publisher=ATP Tour |access-date=2026-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Mwaka 2015, alishinda medali ya shaba katika mashindano ya Southeast Asian Games akiwa na timu ya Malaysia.

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1993]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Malaysia]]</text>
      <sha1>aakjs7tz83bb3on474bmw28q0mu29he</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Yuliia Starodubtseva</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>226179</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509856</id>
      <parentid>1509223</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T14:15:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
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      <text bytes="1299" sha1="eyutqd54lbstla7q8dqpx3bfeq04e9d" xml:space="preserve">'''Yuliia Volodymyrivna Starodubtseva''' (alizaliwa [[17 Februari]] [[2000]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa tenisi nchini [[Ukraine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Yuliia Starodubtseva |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/players/324304/yuliia-starodubtseva |publisher=WTA Tennis |access-date=2026-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Alifikia cheo cha juu zaidi cha 63 duniani katika mashindano ya watu binafsi mnamo Agosti 2025. Katika French Open mwaka [[2025]], alifikia raundi ya tatu kwa mara ya kwanza katika taaluma yake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Starodubtseva reaches third round at Roland Garros |url=https://www.rolandgarros.com/en-us/article/starodubtseva-reaches-third-round-roland-garros-2025 |publisher=Roland Garros |access-date=2026-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwaka [[2024]], alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza katika enzi ya Open kufuzu kwa mashindano yote manne ya Grand Slam katika msimu mmoja.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title='I learned my lesson': Starodubtseva's path from tough coaching to Top 100 |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4151470/i-learned-my-lesson-starodubtseva-s-path-from-tough-coaching-to-top-100 |publisher=WTA Tennis |access-date=2026-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Alicheza tenisi ya vyuo katika Chuo Kikuu cha Old Dominion nchini [[Marekani]].

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2000]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Ukraine]]</text>
      <sha1>eyutqd54lbstla7q8dqpx3bfeq04e9d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ton Sie</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>226182</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509828</id>
      <parentid>1509097</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:53:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="1022" sha1="r42f0rqjr54yy06xog8m0h5g3botsk5" xml:space="preserve">'''Ton Sie''' (alizaliwa [[8 Septemba]] [[1955]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa tenisi nchini [[Uholanzi]] mwenye asili ya [[Indonesia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ton Sie |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/ton-sie/800175838/ned/mt/s/overview/ |publisher=ITF Tennis |access-date=2026-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Alizaliwa Indonesia baada ya uhuru, na akahamia Uholanzi akiwa na umri wa miaka 13. Alishinda ubingwa wa kitaifa wa vijana nchini [[Uholanzi]] miaka minne baadaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ton Sie Davis Cup Profile |url=https://www.daviscup.com/en/players/player.aspx?id=800175838 |publisher=Davis Cup |access-date=2026-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alicheza tenisi nchini [[Marekani]] katika Chuo cha Santa Monica na Chuo Kikuu cha Arizona State. Mwaka [[1983]] alishinda ubingwa wa kitaifa katika mashindano ya wachezaji wawili akiwa na Martin Koek, na pia aliwakilisha Uholanzi katika Davis Cup.

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Uholanzi]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Indonesia]]</text>
      <sha1>r42f0rqjr54yy06xog8m0h5g3botsk5</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Stella Blakemore</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>226237</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509821</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:48:56Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="3475" sha1="t6uyah4v0rq80y8itto67y5p8z83xoe" xml:space="preserve">'''Stella Blakemore''' (1906–1991) alikuwa  mwandishi wa riwaya za vijana za [[Kiafrikana]] kutoka nchini Afrika Kusini.

== Mizizi ==
Blakemore alizaliwa katika [[hema]] karibu na Lindley katika Koloni la Mto Orange mnamo tarehe [[13 Aprili]] [[1906|1906.]] Alisoma shule huko [[Natal]] . Mama yake, Emmarentia Susanna Catherina Krogh alikuwa mwalimu wa muziki mwenye asili ya [[Makaburu|Boer]] na baba yake alikuwa Kapteni Percy Harold Jenks Blakemore, afisa katika Jeshi la Uingereza . Hata hivyo, Blakemore alimwacha mkewe na mtoto wake baada ya miaka minne ili akajihusishe na  mchezo wa karata wa kitaalamu. Jina lake [[Lakabu|bandia]] maarufu zaidi, Theunis Krogh, lilitokana na baba mzazi  wa mama yake Theunis Johannes Krogh, katibu msaidizi wa utawala wa Jamhuri ya Afrika Kusini wa [[Rais]] Paul Kruger . Mnamo mwaka 1933 aliolewa na Mwellish David Owen, [[Uhandisi wa kiraia|mhandisi wa ujenzi]], jijini [[London]], ambao ulikuwa mwanzo wa kipindi cha safari za kimataifa kwake. Aliishi, miongoni mwa maeneo mengine, [[Ghana]], [[Kodivaa|Ivory Coast]], [[Italia]], [[Uingereza]], [[Eswatini|Swaziland]], [[Nigeria]], Ujerumani na Ireland . Wanandoa hao walibahatika kuzaa  watoto wawili, ambao ni Peter na Salene, ambao wote waliasiliwa. Alifariki huko Rostrevor, Newry na Mourne, Ireland Kaskazini, Uingereza, akiwa na umri wa miaka 85 Mnamo Mei  mwaka 1991. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.humanrousseau.com/authors/2462|title=Author focus|accessdate=31 July 2018|publisher=Human &amp; Rossouw}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://esat.sun.ac.za/index.php/Stella_Blakemore|title=Stella Blakemore|accessdate=1 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Elimu ==
Baada ya kumaliza shule ya upili alisoma [[piano]] na uimbaji katika Royal Academy of Music huko London, na pia [[opera]] nchini [[Ujerumani]] . Baadaye alirudi Afrika Kusini ambapo alifundisha huko kwa muda. [[Johannesburg]] na [[Pretoria]].

== Kuandika ==
Alianza kuandika miaka ya 1920 nchini Ujerumani ; kazi yake ya kwanza ilikuwa tamthilia, Die Goue Sleutel (&quot;Ufunguo wa Dhahabu&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nb.co.za/authors/2462  |publisher=NB publishers|title=Stella blakemore |accessdate=31 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die Meisies van Maasdorp (&quot;The Girls of Maasdorp&quot;) - kitabu cha kwanza katika mfululizo wake wa Maasdorp - kilichapishwa mwaka wa 1932. Vitabu vingine kumi na tano katika mfululizo huu vilifuata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6sQ3swEACAAJ&amp;q=Meisies+van+Maasdorp |title=Die Meisies van Maasdorp |date=31 August 2004 |isbn=9780627003165| publisher=Van Schaick}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Blakemore pia aliandika mfululizo wa vitabu ishirini vya Keurboslaan (chini ya jina bandia la kiume Theunis Krogh). Kitabu cha kwanza kilikuwa &quot;die Hoof van Keurboslaan&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/3230674-die-hoof-van-keurboslaan |title=Die hoof van Keurboslaan|publisher=Van Schaick}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Pia aliandika vitabu kwa majina Analize Biermann, Stella Owen na Diem Grimbeeck.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.mandela.ac.za/onseangeltjie/maas.htm |title=Rensensies Maasdorp |publisher= University of Nelson Mandela |author=du Plooy, T.|accessdate= 2 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Vitabu 66 vilichapishwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Stella+Blakemore&amp;qt=results_page |title =Stella Blakemore|publisher=World Cat|accessdate= 3 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo==

[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1991]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1906]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Afrika Kusini]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ann Bernstein</title>
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    <id>226238</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:04:42Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="9653" sha1="l6yz42coo1qb3s23ezzg2a9g4m5eoap" xml:space="preserve">'''Ann Bernstein''' ni mchambuzi na mtoa maoni wa [[Afrika Kusini]] na mkurugenzi mtendaji wa Kituo cha Maendeleo na Biashara. Yeye ni Mwandishi mahiri kuhusu sera za kijamii na kiuchumi za Afrika Kusini, na  anajulikana kwa maoni yake yanayounga mkono biashara kuhusu mchango wa mashirika katika [[Somo la Uchumi|maendeleo ya kijamii na kiuchumi]] ya nchi.

== Usuli na nafasi ==
Bernstein ana shahada ya BA kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Witwatersrand]] na shahada ya [[Uzamili|MA]] katika [[mipango miji]] kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha California, Los Angeles]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ann Bernstein|url=https://www.weforum.org/people/ann-bernstein/|accessdate=2023-05-28|work=World Economic Forum|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kutoka mwaka 1989 hadi 1995, alikuwa mkurugenzi mtendaji wa Urban Foundation, shirika lenye ushawishi mkubwa lililozalishwa na Anglo American ili kupendekeza mageuzi katika mbinu ya serikali [[Apartheid|ya ubaguzi wa rangi]] kuhusu ukuaji wa miji ya watu weusi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|title=A Future South Africa|last=Bernstein|first=Ann|last2=Godsell|first2=Bobby|date=1989|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-429-03330-8|chapter=The incrementalists|doi=10.4324/9780429033308-5|author-link2=Bobby Godsell|chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429033308-5/incrementalists-ann-bernstein-bobby-godsell}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Katika kipindi hicho hicho, alijiunga na bodi ya Benki ya Maendeleo ya Kusini mwa Afrika, ambapo alitumikia hadi mwaka 2001. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ann Bernstein|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/person/ann-bernstein|accessdate=2023-05-28|work=Wilson Center|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bernstein alikuwa mwanachama wa Mshiriki wa Reagan-Fascell katika Taasisi ya Kitaifa ya Marekani ya Demokrasia mnamo 2005-2006, msomi wa sera za umma katika Kituo cha Wilson mnamo 2013, mjumbe wa kitivo katika Jukwaa la Uchumi Duniani mnamo 2008-2009, na mjumbe katika Kituo cha Bellagio mwaka 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Alijiunga na bodi ya Wakfu wa Brenthurst mwaka wa 2007 &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ann Bernstein|url=https://www.developmentinstitute.org/author/annbern/|accessdate=2023-05-28|work=Development Institute|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528123538/https://www.developmentinstitute.org/author/annbern/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ni mwanachama wa Chuo cha Sayansi cha Afrika Kusini . &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Members|url=https://www.assaf.org.za/members-directory/|accessdate=2023-05-28|work=ASSAf|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka wa 2019, [[Chuo Kikuu cha Johannesburg]] kilimpa Tuzo ya Baraza la Ellen Kuzwayo kwa michango bora kwa sekta ya elimu ya juu na kwa jamii kiujumla. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.uj.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/uj_annualreport2019.pdf|title=Annual Report 2019|publisher=[[University of Johannesburg]]|location=Johannesburg, South Africa|access-date=28 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kituo cha Maendeleo na Biashara ==
Bernstein alikuwa na bado anaendelea kua mkurugenzi mwanzilishi wa Kituo cha Maendeleo na Biashara (CDE), ambacho kilianzishwa mwaka wa 1995. Ni shirika huru la mawazo linalounga mkono biashara lenye makao yake makuu [[Johannesburg]] na lilijikita katika sera ya maendeleo ya kijamii na kiuchumi. Enzi za awali katika kipindi chake kama mkurugenzi wa CDE, katika mwaka wa 1997, alitoa ushahidi katika vikao maalum vya Tume ya Ukweli na Maridhiano kuhusu jukumu la biashara katika ubaguzi wa rangi. Katika uwasilishaji ulioelezewa kama &quot;ukweli&quot; wa kipekee, &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Rejea jarida |last=Nattrass |first=Nicoli |author-link=Nicoli Nattrass |date=1999 |title=The Truth and Reconciliation Commission on Business and Apartheid: A Critical Evaluation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/723525 |journal=African Affairs |volume=98 |issue=392 |pages=373–391 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a008045 |issn=0001-9909 |jstor=723525 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Roberts|first=Ronald|authorlink=Ronald Suresh Roberts|date=1997-11-13|title=Defending spoils of apartheid|url=https://mg.co.za/article/1997-11-14-defending-spoils-of-apartheid/|accessdate=2023-05-28|work=The Mail &amp; Guardian|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bernstein alilielezea tume kwamba biashara &quot;imejibadilisha ili iweze kuchukuliana na na mfumo wa ubaguzi wa rangi&quot; na, kama ilivyosemwa na wananadharia wa kisasa, walipendekeza kwamba biashara, kwa kuendeleza shughuli za kiuchumi tu, imechangia kuboresha viwango vya maisha na hivyo imechangia bila kukusudia katika demokrasia nchini Afrika Kusini. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Pia alikataa wazo la tume kwamba biashara tofauti tofauti zilikuwa na majukumu ya kijamii au ya kimaadili zaidi ya kuchangia shughuli za kiuchumi:&lt;blockquote&gt;Makampuni si taasisi zilizowekwa kwa kuenzi na kuendeleza ya maadili. Ni taasisi zinazofanya kazi zilizoundwa kutekeleza jukumu la kiuchumi... Bila shaka hii haiwaondolei watu binafsi ndani ya makampuni kufanya  maadili au maamuzi sahihi, lakini hilo ni jambo la tofauti. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Akiandika katika ''Mail &amp;amp;amp; Guardian'', Ronald Suresh Roberts alisema kwamba uwasilishaji wa Bernstein ulikuwa kauli &quot;iliyofikiriwa&quot; ya &quot;uzito wa maoni ya biashara&quot;, lakini alimkosoa kwa kuzidisha matarajio ya biashara &quot;ya kula keki yake na kuishikilia... ili kuiondoa biashara kutokana na madai ya maadili na pia kukataa kwamba biashara ya ubaguzi wa rangi haikuwa ya maadili&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Katika mwaka wa1999, Bernstein alikuwa mwandishi kiongozi wa ''SUtengenezaji wa Sera katika Demokrasia Mpya'', ripoti ndefu iliyochapishwa na CDE ambayo iliamsha hisia hasi kwa umma kutoka kwa [[Jeremy Cronin]] wa Chama cha Kikomunisti cha Afrika Kusini . &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cronin|first=Jeremy|authorlink=Jeremy Cronin|date=1999-09-17|title=A not-so-charming political policy|url=https://mg.co.za/article/1999-09-17-a-not-so-charming-political-policy/|accessdate=2023-05-28|work=The Mail &amp; Guardian|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cronin alishutumiwa kwa CDE kwa kuwa &quot;mwimbaji wa sifa aliyejiteua&quot; kwa Rais [[Thabo Mbeki]] na sera yake tata ya uchumi mkuu, na zaidi ya hayo alisema kwamba matibabu yake ya &quot;kujikomba au kujipendekeza&quot; kwa Mbeki yalitokana na harakati zake za &quot;mabadiliko makubwa ya mazingira ya kisiasa, haswa kwa [[ANC]], bora zaidi kuanzisha mradi wake wa kisasa na wa kiliberali mamboleo&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Bernstein alijibu kwa kurudia kuunga mkono CDE kwa maendeleo yanayoongozwa na serikali na kupendekeza, &quot;Ni wakati wa kuita uwongo uwongo kwa wale wanaofanya mashambulizi mepesi kwa kauli mbiu dhidi ya mwelekeo na uthabiti wa sera ya uchumi ya serikali.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Bernstein|first=Ann|date=1999-10-15|title=Forge partnerships with local interests|url=https://mg.co.za/article/1999-10-15-forge-partnerships-with-local-interests/|accessdate=2023-05-28|work=The Mail &amp; Guardian|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Machapisho ==
Bernstein huandika kwa upana sana kwa ajili ya hadhira ya umma, mara nyingi zaidi katika ''Siku ya Biashara'' . Anaandika kimsingi hasa kuhusu soko la ajira, sera ya elimu, na jukumu la biashara katika maendeleo ya kijamii, kiuchumi, na kisiasa. Pia amekuwa mpinzani mwenye sauti kubwa wa kupinga  mapendekezo ya kuanzisha ruzuku ya mapato ya msingi nchini Afrika Kusini. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Paton|first=Carol|date=7 June 2022|title=Poverty at worst level yet, but a basic income grant is unaffordable – CDE|url=https://www.news24.com/fin24/economy/poverty-at-worst-level-yet-but-a-basic-income-grant-is-unaffordable-cde-20220607|accessdate=2023-05-28|work=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alihariri kwa kusaidiana ''Business and Democracy: Cohabitation or Contradiction?'' (1998) na Peter L. Berger na ''Migration and Refugee Policys'' (1999) na Myron Weiner . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Kitabu chake binafsi, ''The Case for Business in Developing Economies'', kilichapishwa na Penguin mwaka wa 2010 na kushinda Tuzo ya Ukumbusho wa Kimataifa ya Sir Antony Fisher ya Atlas Network ya mwaka  2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=2012-05-15|title=Sir Antony Fisher Award Winner – Ann Bernstein|url=https://www.cde.org.za/sir-antony-fisher-award-winner-ann-bernstein/|accessdate=2023-05-28|work=The Centre For Development and Enterprise|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikielezewa na The ''Economist'' kama &quot;mojawapo ya vitabu bora kuhusu biashara na maendeleo katika miaka ya hivi karibuni&quot;,  inatoa hoja ya &quot;kupambana&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=13 February 2011|title=Investing to make poverty history|url=https://www.ft.com/content/9a07495c-379a-11e0-b91a-00144feabdc0|accessdate=2023-05-28|work=Financial Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; kwa mchango chanya wa mashirika, na hata &quot;wanaoitwa wauza sigara &quot;, kwa maendeleo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YWdxRMGSSLEC|title=The Case for Business in Developing Economies|last=Bernstein|first=Ann|date=2012-10-03|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-0-14-352722-0|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika kitabu hicho, Bernstein anasema kwamba kupinga makampuni ya kisasa na msisitizo juu ya uwajibikaji wa kijamii wa makampuni, unaokuzwa Magharibi na watu kama [[Naomi Klein]], unatishia kuchafua na kupotosha mjadala wa sera katika [[Nchi inayoendelea|nchi zinazoendelea]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
* [https://www.cde.org.za/author/ann-bernstein/ Posts by Ann Bernstein] at the Centre for Development and Enterprise
* [https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/special/business/busin2.htm Presentation] to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Toek Blignaut</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Maisha */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3075" sha1="bxyjm47xvlqh1ea8no34oe16vxddo51" xml:space="preserve">'''Toek Blignaut''' (17 Mei 1922 - 5 Januari 2007) alikuwa mwandishi wa Afrika Kusini. Aliandika zaidi ya vitabu 80 na hadithi fupi 200. Alimhoji daktari wa moyo [[Christiaan Barnard]] na alifanya mahojiano ya kwanza na Rain Queen Mokope Modjadji. Blignaut alikuwa shangazi mwenye uchungu katika jarida la vijana la [[Kiafrikana]] ''Rooi Rose'' ambapo alipanda cheo na kuwa makamu wa mhariri wa majarida.

== Maisha ==
Blignaut alizaliwa [[Bloemfontein]] mwaka wa 1922 kama Johanna Marthina Sophia Venter. Wazazi wake walikuwa na shamba huko Free State na alisoma shule karibu na [[Kaffer River|Mto Kaffer]] . Ulikua hadi urefu wa {{Convert|4|ft|6|in}} . Alikuwa amechumbiwa ili kuolewa lakini badala yake aliolewa na rafiki yake wa karibu, Jacobus Nicolaas Francois (Jaap) Blignaut, mnamo mwaka 1944. Walibahatika kuzaa mabinti wawili ambao baada ya muda wangekuwa waandishi pia.

Alipokuwa akiwatunza watoto wake, alifanya kazi yake ya uandishi katika muda wake wa ziada. Hapo awali, alifanya kazi kama mfanyakazi huru lakini alipewa ajira ya kudumu katika jarida la ''Rooi Rose'' . Alikuwa mwandishi wa habari za ushauri katika jarida hili la vijana la Kiafrika ambapo alipanda cheo na kuwa naibu mhariri. Mojawapo ya majukumu yake ilikuwa kufanya mahojiano na daktari bingwa wa upasuaji wa moyo Christiaan Barnard baada ya kufanya upandikizaji wa moyo wa kwanza. &lt;ref name=&quot;min&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://sala.org.za/2006-2/toek-blignaut/|title=Toek Blignaut|work=SALA|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kitabu chake maarufu zaidi kilikuwa ''Donker op Nebo'' (mwaka 1970), kitabu chake cha kwanza kilichoandikwa kwa Kiafrikana.

Aliandika zaidi ya vitabu 80 na hadithi fupi 200. Pia alifanya mahojiano ya kwanza yaliyotolewa na Malkia wa Mvua Mokope Modjadji. &lt;ref name=&quot;min&quot; /&gt;

Blignaut alifariki huko Bloemfontein mwaka wa 2007 kutokana na mshtuko wa moyo. &lt;ref name=&quot;min&quot; /&gt;

== Kazi zilizochaguliwa ==
* ''Donker Skaduwees Oor Rheinheim.'' Johannesburg : Perskor, 1963. 
* ''Om Die Son Te Aanskou.'' Cape Town : Nasional Boekhandel, 1968. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&amp;nbsp;[[oclc:896672523|896672523]]
* ''Donker op Nebo'', Pretoria : Van der Walt, 1970. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&amp;nbsp;[[oclc:896705025|896705025]]
* ''Uit Hirdie Donker Nag'' Pretoria : Van der Walt (JP), 1975. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780799301823|&lt;bdi&gt;9780799301823&lt;/bdi&gt;]]
* ''Jy, Prins Van Verre.'' 1978. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&amp;nbsp;[[oclc:896698345|896698345]]
* ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'N Tyd om lief te he'', Randburg : Ons Eie Boekklub, 1981. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780796800817|&lt;bdi&gt;9780796800817&lt;/bdi&gt;]]
* ''Katika hierdie silwerkruik'' Pretoria : Van der Walt, 1989. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780799314748|&lt;bdi&gt;9780799314748&lt;/bdi&gt;]]
* ''Pad na Monomotapa'' Pretoria : Unibook, 1990. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781868192946|&lt;bdi&gt;9781868192946&lt;/bdi&gt;]]

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2007]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1922]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Afrika Kusini]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Winifred May de Kok</title>
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      <id>1509854</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <comment>/* Kifo */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3296" sha1="l02apofao7xrtop5u0m8of75vmwrzqd" xml:space="preserve">'''Winifred May de Kok''', MD (17 Mei 1893 &amp;#x2013; 1969) alikuwa mwandishi na daktari kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] . Alizaliwa [[Bethlehem, Afrika Kusini|Bethlehem]] katika [[Dola Huru la Oranje]] mnamo 17 Mei 1893 na alisoma shule ya udaktari nchini [[Uingereza]] wakati wa miaka ya 1920. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=sysadmin|date=|title=Winifred May de Kok (1893-1969) and her children|url=https://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_arc_297454|accessdate=December 13, 2025|work=Smithsonian Institution Archives|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha binafsi ==
Aliolewa na mwandishi wa hadithi fupi mwenye asili ya Uingereza Alfred Edgar Coppard mnamo 1932; walikuwa na watoto wawili. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=“Nixey’s Harlequin” by Alfred Edgar Coppard (1931)|url=https://nixey.one-name.net/Nixeys-Harlequin.html|accessdate=2025-12-13|work=nixey.one-name.net|archive-date=2025-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222232405/https://nixey.one-name.net/Nixeys-Harlequin.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ==

=== Kazi ya kitabibu ===
De Kok alifanya kazi ya udaktari nchini Uingereza hadi 1953, akitibu hasa afya ya wanawake na watoto wachanga. Alifukuzwa kutokana ushauri wake wa moja kwa moja na wa vitendo kuhusu uzazi na maisha ya familia wakati ambapo mashirika rasmi ya upangaji uzazi yalikuwa machache.

=== Kazi ya utangazaji ===
Baada ya kustaafu udaktari, akawa mtangazaji wa kipindi cha televisheni [[BBC|cha BBC]] ''Tell Me, Doctor'', ambapo alijadili mada zinazohusiana na ujauzito, malezi ya watoto, na afya ya familia. Hii ilisaidia kuleta ushauri wa kimatibabu moja kwa moja kwa umma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=25 January 2011|title=Winifred May de Kok (1893-1969) and her children|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/smithsonian/5494509596/|accessdate=2011-03-15|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea jarida |date=September 13, 1969 |title=Winifred May de Kok |url=http://www.bmj.com/content/3/5671/658.extract |journal=[[British Medical Journal]] |volume=3 |pages=658–661 |doi=10.1136/bmj.3.5671.658 |s2cid=220203010 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2011-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kazi ya uandishi ===
Akiwa msemaji wa afya ya wanawake na watoto wachanga kabla ya enzi ya upangaji uzazi, alichapisha vitabu na makala kadhaa kuhusu uzazi na afya ya familia. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=“Nixey’s Harlequin” by Alfred Edgar Coppard (1931)|url=https://nixey.one-name.net/Nixeys-Harlequin.html?|accessdate=2025-12-13|work=nixey.one-name.net}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://nixey.one-name.net/Nixeys-Harlequin.html? &quot;&quot;Nixey's Harlequin&quot; by Alfred Edgar Coppard (1931)&quot;]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''nixey.one-name.net''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 December&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi zilizochaguliwa ==
*''New Babes for Old'' (1932)
*''First Baby'' (1947)
*''You and Your Child'' (1955)
*''Your Baby and You'' (1957)

== Kifo ==
Winifred alifariki tarehe 31 Agosti 1969 akiwa na umri wa miaka 76.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1969]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1893]]</text>
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      <id>1509855</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <comment>/* Kazi ya uandishi */</comment>
      <origin>1509855</origin>
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      <text bytes="2666" sha1="r8fp6hdugdk22zc1odl4wi0ejqozv8n" xml:space="preserve">'''Winifred May de Kok''', MD (17 Mei 1893 &amp;#x2013; 1969) alikuwa mwandishi na daktari kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] . Alizaliwa [[Bethlehem, Afrika Kusini|Bethlehem]] katika [[Dola Huru la Oranje]] mnamo 17 Mei 1893 na alisoma shule ya udaktari nchini [[Uingereza]] wakati wa miaka ya 1920. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=sysadmin|date=|title=Winifred May de Kok (1893-1969) and her children|url=https://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_arc_297454|accessdate=December 13, 2025|work=Smithsonian Institution Archives|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha binafsi ==
Aliolewa na mwandishi wa hadithi fupi mwenye asili ya Uingereza Alfred Edgar Coppard mnamo 1932; walikuwa na watoto wawili. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=“Nixey’s Harlequin” by Alfred Edgar Coppard (1931)|url=https://nixey.one-name.net/Nixeys-Harlequin.html|accessdate=2025-12-13|work=nixey.one-name.net|archive-date=2025-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222232405/https://nixey.one-name.net/Nixeys-Harlequin.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ==

=== Kazi ya kitabibu ===
De Kok alifanya kazi ya udaktari nchini Uingereza hadi 1953, akitibu hasa afya ya wanawake na watoto wachanga. Alifukuzwa kutokana ushauri wake wa moja kwa moja na wa vitendo kuhusu uzazi na maisha ya familia wakati ambapo mashirika rasmi ya upangaji uzazi yalikuwa machache.

=== Kazi ya utangazaji ===
Baada ya kustaafu udaktari, akawa mtangazaji wa kipindi cha televisheni [[BBC|cha BBC]] ''Tell Me, Doctor'', ambapo alijadili mada zinazohusiana na ujauzito, malezi ya watoto, na afya ya familia. Hii ilisaidia kuleta ushauri wa kimatibabu moja kwa moja kwa umma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=25 January 2011|title=Winifred May de Kok (1893-1969) and her children|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/smithsonian/5494509596/|accessdate=2011-03-15|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea jarida |date=September 13, 1969 |title=Winifred May de Kok |url=http://www.bmj.com/content/3/5671/658.extract |journal=[[British Medical Journal]] |volume=3 |pages=658–661 |doi=10.1136/bmj.3.5671.658 |s2cid=220203010 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2011-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kazi ya uandishi ===
Akiwa msemaji wa afya ya wanawake na watoto wachanga kabla ya enzi ya upangaji uzazi, alichapisha vitabu na makala kadhaa kuhusu uzazi na afya ya familia.

== Kazi zilizochaguliwa ==
*''New Babes for Old'' (1932)
*''First Baby'' (1947)
*''You and Your Child'' (1955)
*''Your Baby and You'' (1957)

== Kifo ==
Winifred alifariki tarehe 31 Agosti 1969 akiwa na umri wa miaka 76.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1969]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1893]]</text>
      <sha1>r8fp6hdugdk22zc1odl4wi0ejqozv8n</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fahoum Fahoum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>226264</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509784</id>
      <parentid>1509501</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:20:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509784</origin>
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      <text bytes="652" sha1="nthgm3a25l1hjfd3co69xewetmnunqr" xml:space="preserve">'''Fahoum Fahoum''' ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa tenisi na mwanaharakati wa amani nchini [[Israeli]] mwenye asili ya [[Palestina]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fahoum Fahoum |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/fahoum-fahoum/fd51/overview |publisher=ATP Tour |access-date=2026-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Aliiwakilisha timu ya taifa ya Israeli katika ngazi ya vijana, akishiriki katika Junior Davis Cup na mashindano ya Orange Bowl. Alicheza tenisi  katika Chuo Kikuu cha Old Dominion na Chuo Kikuu cha Quinnipiac.

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa mwaka usiojulikana]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Israeli]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Palestina]]</text>
      <sha1>nthgm3a25l1hjfd3co69xewetmnunqr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Efe Üstündağ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>226271</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509782</id>
      <parentid>1509492</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:19:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509782</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1032" sha1="8h271k8bnwnrkow7ayp6wz3veorgm24" xml:space="preserve">'''Efe Üstündağ''' (alizaliwa [[15 Januari]] [[1977]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa tenisi na [[kocha]] wa tenisi nchini [[Uturuki]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Efe Üstündağ |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/efe-ustundag/u021/overview |publisher=ATP Tour |access-date=2026-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Alikuwa mshiriki wa timu ya Uturuki katika Davis Cup kuanzia mwaka [[1998]] hadi [[2001]]. Katika taaluma yake, alishinda mataji mawili ya ITF katika mashindano ya wachezaji wawili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Efe Üstündağ Davis Cup Profile |url=https://www.daviscup.com/en/players/player.aspx?id=800185721 |publisher=Davis Cup |access-date=2026-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alicheza tenisi  katika Chuo Kikuu cha Rice nchini [[Marekani]], akitunukiwa heshima za All-American mara mbili. Tangu mwaka [[2012]], alikuwa [[kocha]] mkuu wa timu ya wanaume ya Chuo Kikuu cha Rice, akitunukiwa tuzo ya C-USA Coach of the Year mwaka [[2016]] na [[2017]].

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Uturuki]]</text>
      <sha1>8h271k8bnwnrkow7ayp6wz3veorgm24</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anne Kremer</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>226295</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509759</id>
      <parentid>1509325</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:05:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <origin>1509759</origin>
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      <text bytes="870" sha1="9xgltarqpzm48rxlcr2s0sc4hwdlrqc" xml:space="preserve">'''Anne Kremer''' (alizaliwa [[17 Oktoba]] [[1975]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa tenisi nchini [[Luxemburg]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Anne Kremer |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/players/110105/anne-kremer |publisher=WTA Tennis |access-date=2026-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Alifikia cheo cha juu zaidi cha 18 duniani katika mashindano ya watu binafsi mnamo Julai [[2002]]. Alishinda mataji mawili ya WTA katika mashindano ya watu binafsi: Auckland mwaka 2000 na Pattaya mwaka [[2000]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Anne Kremer WTA Titles |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/players/110105/anne-kremer/titles-and-finals |publisher=WTA Tennis |access-date=2026-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aliiwakilisha Luxemburg katika Fed Cup kwa miaka mingi. Alisoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford nchini [[Marekani]].

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1975]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Luxemburg]]</text>
      <sha1>9xgltarqpzm48rxlcr2s0sc4hwdlrqc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ekaterina Kosminskaya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>226297</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509783</id>
      <parentid>1509494</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:20:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <origin>1509783</origin>
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      <text bytes="954" sha1="dwwipv4zqxezcwx68rgi3i2509oyin4" xml:space="preserve">'''Ekaterina Kosminskaya''' (alizaliwa [[24 Juni]] [[1988]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa tenisi nchini [[Urusi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ekaterina Kosminskaya |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/ekaterina-kosminskaya/800211679/rus/wt/s/overview/ |publisher=ITF Tennis |access-date=2026-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Katika mashindano ya vijana, alifikia cheo cha juu zaidi cha 10 duniani katika mashindano ya wachezaji wawili. Alishinda taji la Orange Bowl katika mashindano ya wachezaji wawili mwaka [[2003]] akiwa na Marina Erakovic. Alicheza tenisi  katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[Pennsylvania]], akiwa sehemu ya timu ya Penn Quakers kuanzia mwaka [[2006]] hadi [[2009]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ekaterina Kosminskaya – Penn |url=https://pennathletics.com/sports/womens-tennis/roster/ekaterina-kosminskaya/ |publisher=Penn Quakers |access-date=2026-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1988]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Urusi]]</text>
      <sha1>dwwipv4zqxezcwx68rgi3i2509oyin4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Clavan de Vallis</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>226303</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509815</id>
      <parentid>1501928</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:44:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Clavan de Vallis</username>
        <id>88254</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Jibu</comment>
      <origin>1509815</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4014" sha1="dg2335hrgaqnwcnxhrx9amlgh1ea2kl" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 26 Machi 2026 (UTC)

:Ndugu, sikukuu ya mtakatifu si lazima iwe sikukuu ya amri inayolazimisha Wakatoliki kushiriki Misa. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 08:14, 4 Aprili 2026 (UTC)
::Waweza kunielezea kidogo kuhusu sikukuu za Kanisa kwa sababu naona sielewi kila nikisoma kwenye catholic Encyclopedia na nikisikiliza maneno yako. '''[[Mtumiaji:Clavan de Vallis|Clavan de Vallis]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Clavan de Vallis#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:44, 25 Aprili 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>dg2335hrgaqnwcnxhrx9amlgh1ea2kl</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Anne Landsman</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>226408</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509760</id>
      <parentid>1509326</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:05:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <comment>/* Tuzo */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2075" sha1="doodf3uo9nhmvx8tixo63zkku6cb5qi" xml:space="preserve">''' Landsman''' (alizaliwa [[Worcester, Afrika Kusini|Worcester]], [[Afrika Kusini]], [[14 Aprili]] [[1959]]) ni [[mwandishi wa riwaya]], binti ya daktari wa kijiji, na mhitimu wa [[Chuo Kikuu cha Cape Town]] na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia]]. Hadi mwaka [[2001]], alifundisha katika chuo kikuu cha [[The New School]] [[New York]], ambapo bado anaishi na mumewe, mbunifu James Wagman, na watoto wake.

Yeye ni mwandishi wa riwaya ''[[The Devil's Chimney]]''(Bomba la Moshi la Shetani)  na ''[[The Rowing Lesson]]'' (Mafunzo ya Kupiga Makasia). Riwaya ya kwanza iliibuka kutoka katika moja ya hadithi fupi alizochapisha katika ''[[American Poetry Review]]''; ya pili ina sifa zaidi ya kiotobiografia, ikiisimulia hadithi ya mwanamke [[Myahudi]] kutoka Afrika Kusini.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Riwaya zake zimechapishwa katika [[Uingereza]], [[Ujerumani]], [[Afrika Kusini]], [[Uholanzi]], [[Norway]] na [[Denmark]], pamoja na [[Marekani]]. Amechangia makala katika mkusanyo wa ''Touch'' (Mguso), ''An Uncertain Inheritance''(Urithi usio na Wakika) na ''The Honeymoon's Over'' (Mapumziko ya Ndoa) na ameandika kwa machapisho mengi ikiwa ni pamoja na ''[[The Washington Post]]'', ''[[The American Poetry Review]]'', ''[[The Believer]]'', ''[[The Guardian]]'' na ''[[The Telegraph]]''. Amefundisha uandishi katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia]], [[Brooklyn College]] na [[The New School for Social Research]]. Landsman yuko katika bodi ya wadhamini wa [[The Writers' Room]] [[New York City|mjini New York]].

== Riwaya ==
* ''The Devil's Chimney'' (1997) {{ISBN|1-56947-101-0}}
* ''The Rowing Lesson'' (2007) {{ISBN|1-56947-469-9}}

== Tuzo ==
* [[Tuzo ya Hadithi ya Sunday Times]] ya 2009
* [[M-Net Literary Award]] ya 2009
* [[PEN/Hemingway Award]]
* [[Janet Heidinger Kafka Prize]]
* [[Sami Rohr Prize for Jewish Literature]] (orodha fupi)
* [[Harold U. Ribalow Prize]] (orodha fupi)

==Marejeo==
{{marejeo}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
* [http://www.exhibit-e.com Anne Landsman – Wasifu]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Afrika Kusini]]</text>
      <sha1>doodf3uo9nhmvx8tixo63zkku6cb5qi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>H. Boniface Prabhu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>226463</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509794</id>
      <parentid>1509539</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:30:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509794</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1428" sha1="3javx0l04j566anvikzzrvwm3odmert" xml:space="preserve">'''Harry Boniface Prabhu''' (alizaliwa [[14 Mei]] [[1972]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa tenisi ya magurudumu nchini [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=H. Boniface Prabhu |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/h-boniface-prabhu/800195659/ind/wt/s/overview/ |publisher=ITF Tennis |access-date=2026-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Alifikia cheo cha juu zaidi cha 17 duniani katika mashindano ya watu binafsi mwaka [[2007]], na cha 19 katika mashindano ya wachezaji wawili mwaka [[2013]]. Alikuwa mchezaji wa kwanza kutoka [[India]] kushinda medali katika International Paralympic Games.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Harry Boniface Prabhu |url=https://www.paralympic.org/h-boniface-prabhu |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |access-date=2026-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Katika taaluma yake, alishinda mataji kadhaa ya kimataifa, ikiwemo Japan Open mwaka [[2001]], Sydney International mwaka [[1999]] na 2007, na Florida Open mwaka [[2004]]. Pia alifikia nusu fainali ya US Open katika mashindano ya tenisi ya magurudumu mwaka [[1998]].

Mwaka [[2014]], alitunukiwa Padma Shri, tuzo ya nne kwa ukubwa nchini India, kwa mchango wake katika michezo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Padma Awards Announced |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |access-date=2026-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1972]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa India]]</text>
      <sha1>3javx0l04j566anvikzzrvwm3odmert</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jane Ndenga</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>226464</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509799</id>
      <parentid>1509564</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:33:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="1553" sha1="l16h5a2xfbc6gqp928bf68andboy90r" xml:space="preserve">'''Jane Adhiambo Ndenga''' (alizaliwa [[1977]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa tenisi ya magurudumu na mwanaharakati wa haki za watu wenye ulemavu nchini [[Kenya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jane Ndenga |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/jane-ndenga/800458014/ken/wt/s/overview/ |publisher=ITF Tennis |access-date=2026-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Aliiwakilisha Kenya katika Wheelchair Tennis World Cup mara kadhaa, ikiwemo mwaka [[2014]], [[2017]], na [[2018]]. Alishinda medali za fedha katika mashindano ya ITF Wheelchair Futures mwaka [[2018]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Nigeria Sweeps 2018 ITF Wheelchair Tennis Futures Titles in Ghana |url=https://www.globaltennisnetwork.com/2018/11/05/nigeria-sweeps-2018-itf-wheelchair-tennis-futures-tittles-in-ghana/ |publisher=Global Tennis Network |access-date=2026-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo 2018, alitunukiwa tuzo ya Sports Personality of the Year with a Disability nchini Kenya.

Alishinda taji la Nairobi Open 11 Futures katika mashindano ya watu binafsi mwaka [[2023]], na medali ya fedha katika mashindano ya wachezaji wawili kwenye African Para Games mwaka huo huo.

Pia ni mwanachama wa bodi ya Tennis Kenya, Shirikisho la Tenisi la Afrika, na Kamati ya Kitaifa ya Paralympics ya Kenya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jane Ndenga: When life gave me lemons, I made lemonade |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/sports/tennis/jane-ndenga-when-life-gave-me-lemons-i-made-lemonade-1920316 |publisher=Daily Nation |access-date=2026-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Kenya]]</text>
      <sha1>l16h5a2xfbc6gqp928bf68andboy90r</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Joachim Gérard</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:34:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="1313" sha1="4r4zu7c3hppbm58qysumh1tgj5xogqf" xml:space="preserve">'''Joachim Gérard''' (alizaliwa [[15 Oktoba]] [[1988]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa tenisi ya magurudumu nchini [[Ubelgiji]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Joachim Gérard |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/joachim-gerard/800283875/bel/wt/s/overview/ |publisher=ITF Tennis |access-date=2026-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Alifikia cheo cha kwanza duniani katika mashindano ya watu binafsi mnamo Desemba [[2016]]. Alishinda mataji mawili ya Grand Slam katika mashindano ya watu binafsi: Australian Open mwaka [[2021]] na Wimbledon mwaka [[2021]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Joachim Gérard Grand Slam Titles |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/joachim-gerard/800283875/bel/wt/s/overview/ |publisher=ITF Tennis |access-date=2026-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Katika mashindano ya wachezaji wawili, alishinda mataji manne ya Grand Slam: French Open mwaka [[2014]], Australian Open mwaka [[2017]] na [[2019]], na Wimbledon mwaka [[2019]]. Aliiwakilisha Ubelgiji katika Paralympics mara kadhaa, akishinda medali ya shaba katika mashindano ya watu binafsi mwaka 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Joachim Gérard - Wheelchair Tennis |url=https://www.paralympic.org/joachim-gerard |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |access-date=2026-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1988]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Ubelgiji]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Angélica Bernal</title>
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    <id>226471</id>
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      <id>1509757</id>
      <parentid>1509319</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:04:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="1071" sha1="bsk8dywpy4471b7iidh1zvh87p5fvvr" xml:space="preserve">'''María Angélica Bernal Villalobos''' (alizaliwa [[27 Machi]] [[1995]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa tenisi ya magurudumu nchini [[Kolombia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Angélica Bernal |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/angelica-bernal/800305926/col/wt/s/overview/ |publisher=ITF Tennis |access-date=2026-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Alifikia cheo cha juu zaidi cha 7 duniani katika mashindano ya watu binafsi mnamo Mei [[2024]]. Katika US Open mwaka [[2020]], alifikia nusu fainali katika mashindano ya watu binafsi na wachezaji wawili.

Aliiwakilisha Kolombia katika Paralympics mara kadhaa, ikiwemo London [[2012]] na Rio [[2016]]. Katika mashindano ya Parapan American Games, alishinda medali za dhahabu, fedha, na shaba katika mashindano ya watu binafsi na wachezaji wawili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Angélica Bernal Villalobos - IPC Profile |url=https://www.paralympic.org/angelica-bernal-villalobos |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |access-date=2026-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1995]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Kolombia]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hollow City</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>226475</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509796</id>
      <parentid>1509545</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:31:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <origin>1509796</origin>
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      <text bytes="1479" sha1="722j9g006b0wxxr28mu1xh53oubtpe2" xml:space="preserve">'''Hollow City''' ([[Kireno]]: Na Cidade Vazia)  ni filamu ya mwaka [[2004]] na ndiyo filamu kwanza ndefu kuongozwa na mkurugenzi mzaliwa wa [[Angola]] anayeitwa Maria João Ganga. Filamu hii ni mojawapo ya filamu za kwanza kutengenezwa nchini Angola baada ya kumalizika kwa [[Vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe|vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]], na pia ni filamu ya kwanza kutengenezwa na mwanamke kutoka Angola. Filamu hiyo ilirekodiwa katika eneo la [[Luanda]], [[Angola]]. Matoleo ya kimataifa ya filamu hii yapo katika lugha ya [[Kireno]] yakiwa na manukuu ya [[Kiingereza]].&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20070120074614/http://globalfilm.org/catalogue/hollow_city.htm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20201109202554/https://www.fandor.com/films/hollow_city&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muktadha wa filamu ==
Filamu hii inahusu maisha ya yatima anayeitwa N'dala, ambaye anapelekwa katika jiji la [[Luanda]] baada ya kifo cha wazazi wake wakati wa vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya nchini Angola. Akitakamani kurudi nyumbani kwao [[Bié (mkoa)|Bié]], N'dala anawakimbia watawa waliomwokoa na kuingia mitaa ya jiji. Anazunguka kutoka sehemu moja hadi nyingine akikutana na watu mbalimbali, akiwemo kijana anayeitwa Zé anayejaribu kumsaidia kupata makazi. Baadaye katika filamu hiyo N'dala anachukuliwa na mhalifu anayeitwa Joka, ambaye anamtumia kwa manufaa yake mwenyewe.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Filamu za 2004]]
[[Jamii:Filamu za Angola]]
[[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]]</text>
      <sha1>722j9g006b0wxxr28mu1xh53oubtpe2</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aymane Mourid</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>226497</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509764</id>
      <parentid>1509337</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:06:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <origin>1509764</origin>
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      <text bytes="781" sha1="64mklmifnno83i2ahaa00eyfo98ucf3" xml:space="preserve">'''Aymane Mourid''' (amezaliwa [[Casablanca]], [[7 Mei]], [[2000]]) ni mtaalamu wa [[Moroko]] wa [[Mpira wa Miguu]] anayechezea klabu ya [[Urusi]] FC Baltika Kaliningrad. Hasa Kiungo wa Kati, anaweza pia kucheza kama [[Beki]] wa Kati.

==Kazi ya Klabu==
Mourid alijiunga na kikundi cha vijana cha CD Leganés mnamo Juni 2018, kutoka Akademi ya Soka ya Mohammed VI.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/copa-rey/cronica/2019/12/18/5df9635922601d355f8b45e6.html|title=El Leganés, ni en la Liga ni en la Copa|trans-title=Leganés, neither in the League nor in the Cup|publisher=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]]|language=es|date=18 December 2019|accessdate=9 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}} 
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|2000|}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Moroko]]</text>
      <sha1>64mklmifnno83i2ahaa00eyfo98ucf3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509766</id>
      <parentid>1509764</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:07:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <origin>1509766</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="781" sha1="tuzonrez6tllupbsidorkjfcv3u26a1" xml:space="preserve">'''Aymane Mourid''' (amezaliwa [[Casablanca]], [[7 Mei]], [[2000]]) ni mtaalamu wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa [[Moroko]] anayechezea klabu ya [[Urusi]] FC Baltika Kaliningrad. Hasa Kiungo wa Kati, anaweza pia kucheza kama [[Beki]] wa Kati.

==Kazi ya Klabu==
Mourid alijiunga na kikundi cha vijana cha CD Leganés mnamo Juni 2018, kutoka Akademi ya Soka ya Mohammed VI.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/copa-rey/cronica/2019/12/18/5df9635922601d355f8b45e6.html|title=El Leganés, ni en la Liga ni en la Copa|trans-title=Leganés, neither in the League nor in the Cup|publisher=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]]|language=es|date=18 December 2019|accessdate=9 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}} 
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|2000|}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Moroko]]</text>
      <sha1>tuzonrez6tllupbsidorkjfcv3u26a1</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Shulamithi Behr</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="6191" sha1="gqu7mnflvl5jiidhl6ch5uv100h0o7k" xml:space="preserve">'''Shulamithi Behr''' (1946–2023) alikuwa mwanahistoria wa sanaa wa [[Uingereza]]. Alikuwa mhadhiri wa ngazi ya juu, na Mtafiti wa Heshima katika Taasisi ya Sanaa ya Courtauld. Pamoja na hayo alikuwa mtaalamu wa Usemi wa Kijerumani wa karne ya 20, akiwa na shauku maalum kwa wasanii wanawake wa [[Ujerumani]] na [[Uswidi]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=2023-10-26|title=WITSReview Magazine, October 2023, Vol 50 by Wits Alumni Relations – Issuu|url=https://issuu.com/witsalumnirelations/docs/wits_review_october_2023_issuu_nov10?fr=sNzQ0YzY3ODc1MDI|accessdate=2023-11-02|work=issuu.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Behr alizaliwa [[Afrika Kusini]], na alipata shahada ya Sanaa ya Sanaa Nzuri mwaka wa 1969, kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Witwatersrand]], akishinda Tuzo ya Henri Lidchi kama mwanachuo wa shahada ya kwanza katika Historia ya Sanaa . Mwaka1971 alipata shahada ya Sanaa ya Daraja la Kwanza, na akabaki kama mhadhiri katika Chuo Kikuu cha Witwatersrand mpaka mwaka wa 1978. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Behr alikamilisha masomo yake nchini Uingereza, akipata Shahada ya Uzamili katika Historia ya Sanaa katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Manchester]], na Shahada ya Uzamivu katika Historia ya Sanaa na Nadharia katika Chuo Kikuu cha Essex . &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Shulamith Behr|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/author/behr-shulamith|accessdate=2023-08-29|work=Jewish Women's Archive|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ==
Behr alijiunga na kitivo cha Taasisi ya Sanaa ya Courtauld mwaka wa 1990, kama Mhadhiri wa Bosch kwenye Sanaa ya Kijerumani. Mwaka 2000 aliteuliwa kuwa Mhadhiri Mkuu katika Sanaa ya Kijerumani ya Karne ya Ishirini, na mwaka wa 2012 aliteuliwa kuwa Mtafiti wa Heshima. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Alionekana na kutambulika kuwa mtaalamu anayeongoza katika uwanja wa Usemi wa Kijerumani, &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=June 2023, #1443 – Vol 165 {{!}} − The Burlington Magazine|url=https://www.burlington.org.uk/archive/back-issues/202306|accessdate=2023-09-29|work=www.burlington.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuchapisha na/au kuhariri vitabu 10, kuratibu maonyesho 4 na kuweka mchango wake katika katalogi za maonyesho nchini Uingereza na Ujerumani. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Mwaka 2007/08 alishikilia wadhifa wa Leverhulme na Mtafiti wa CRASSH katika Chuo Kikuu cha Cambridge. [https://www.akofoundation.org/the-arts/ Wakfu wa AKO] ulimpa wadhifa huo kwa heshima ya Behr, Msomaji wa Tangen katika Usasa wa Karne ya 20, kwa kuchochewa na mwanafunzi wake wa zamani, Nicolai Tangen . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Behr alikua mtaalamu wa wasanii wanawake wanaofanya kazi nchini Ujerumani na Uswidi katika kipindi cha Expressionist, na mchango wa machapishi yake ni pamoja na ''Women Expressionists'' (1988) na ''Women Artists in Expressionism: From Empire to Emancipation (2022)'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Pia alipendezwa na wasanii na wakusanyaji waliokuwa uhamishoni, akirudia urithi wa familia yake kama wahamiaji kwenda Afrika Kusini kutoka Ulaya mashariki, ulioonyeshwa katika chapisho lake la ''Arts in Exile in Britain 1933–1945.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=August 2023, #1445 – Vol 165 {{!}} − The Burlington Magazine|url=https://www.burlington.org.uk/archive/back-issues/202308|accessdate=2023-09-29|work=www.burlington.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya kibinafsi ==
Behr na Bernard Behr  walioana mwaka wa 1968 na wakapata watoto wawili wa kiume Elijah na Gabriel. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)&quot;&gt;nukuu inahitajika&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Machapisho yaliyochaguliwa ==
* ''Usemi,'' Harakati za Tate kwenye Sanaa ya Kisasa, Uchapishaji wa Tate Gallery, London, 1999; Cambridge University Press, New York, 2000: iliyotafsiriwa kwenye lugha tisa (Kireno cha Brazil, Kidenmaki, Kiholanzi, Kifaransa, Kiitaliano, Kireno, Kihispania, Kiswidi na Kikorea) &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-8543-7252-9&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8UStQgAACAAJ|title=Expressionism|last=Behr|first=Shulamith|date=2000-04-13|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78299-9|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''Sanaa Uhamishoni nchini Uingereza 1933-1945. Siasa na Utambulisho wa Utamaduni'', Kitabu cha Mwaka Nambari 6, Kituo cha Utafiti cha Masomo ya Uhamishoni ya Ujerumani na Austria, Shirika la Masomo ya Kijerumani na Mahaba, Ilihaririwa na Marian Malet [[Chuo Kikuu cha London]], Rodopi Press, Amsterdam na New York, 2005, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 90-420-1786-4&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=liQao7myLLsC|title=Arts in Exile in Britain 1933–1945: Politics and Cultural Identity|last=Behr|first=Shulamith|last2=Malet|first2=Marian|date=2005|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-90-420-1786-3|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Kati ya Siasa na Studio: Conrad Felixmüller (1897-1977'' ), mhariri. Shulamith Behr na Amanda. Wadsley, Nyumba ya Makumbusho na Nyumba ya Sanaa ya New Walk, Leicester, 1994, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 085022 3652&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wn0FwAEACAAJ|title=Conrad Felixmüller 1897–1977: Between Politics and the Studio|last=Felixmüller|first=Conrad|date=1994|publisher=Leicestershire Museums, Arts and Records Service|isbn=978-0-85022-365-1|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Usemi Ulitathminiwa Upya'', mhariri. Shulamith Behr, David Fanning na Douglas Jarman, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1993, ISBN ''9780719038433''  ''karatasi ya nyuma'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6H67AAAAIAAJ|title=Expressionism Reassessed|last=Behr|first=Shulamith|last2=Fanning|first2=David|last3=Jarman|first3=Douglas|date=1993|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-3844-0|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Wanawake Wasemaji'', Phaidon, Oxford/Rizzoli, New York, 1988, ISBN 0-7148-2510 -7 &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Goodreads|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/3274900-women-expressionists|accessdate=2023-09-29|work=Goodreads|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1946]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2023]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uingereza]]
[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Uingereza]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tsitsi Dangarembga</title>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
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      <text bytes="26431" sha1="ofpi095cmeiwe3o88zj09dj2hereaep" xml:space="preserve">'''Tsitsi Dangarembga''' (alizaliwa [[4 Februari]] [[1959]]) ni mwandishi wa riwaya, tamthilia na mtengenezaji wa filamu kutokea [[Zimbabwe]]. Riwaya yake ya kwanza, ''Nervous Conditions'' (1988), ambayo ilikuwa ya kwanza kuchapishwa kwenye Kiingereza na mwanamke Mweusi kutokea Zimbabwe, ilitajwa na [[BBC]] mwaka wa 2018 kama moja kati ya vitabu 100 bora ambavyo vimeunda ulimwengu.  

Ameshinda tuzo mbalimbali za fasihi, ikiwa ni pamoja na Tuzo ya Waandishi wa Jumuiya ya Madola na Tuzo ya PEN Pinter . Mwaka wa  2020, riwaya yake ''This Mournable Body'' iliorodheshwa kwa Tuzo ya Booker .  Mwaka wa 2022, Dangarembga alihukumiwa kwenye mahakama ya Zimbabwe kwa kuchochea vurugu za umma, kwa kuonyesha, barabarani, bango linaloomba mageuzi; hatia yake baadaye ilibatilishwa.

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Dangarembga alizaliwa tarehe 4 Februari 1959 huko [[Mutoko]], [[Rhodesia ya Kusini|Rhodesia Kusini]] (sasa [[Zimbabwe]]), mji mdogo ambapo wazazi wake walifundisha kwenye shule ya misheni iliyo karibu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/postcolonialstudies/2014/06/10/dangarembga-tsitsi/|title=Dangarembga, Tsitsi|author=Grady|first=Rebecca|date=2014-06-10|work=Postcolonial Studies|publisher=Emory University|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNYcAQAAMAAJ|title=Khulumani|date=1988|publisher=Women's Action Group|pages=92|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Rejea jarida |last=George |first=Rosemary Marangoly |last2=Scott |first2=Helen |date=Spring 1993 |title=An Interview with Tsitsi Dangarembga |journal=Novel: A Forum on Fiction |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=309–319 |doi=10.2307/1345839 |jstor=1345839}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mama yake, Susan Dangarembga, alikuwa mwanamke mweusi wa kwanza Kusini mwa Rhodesia kupata [[Shahada ya Awali|shahada ya kwanza]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.sundaymail.co.zw/an-ode-to-susan-dangarembga|title=An ode to Susan Dangarembga|author=Mutambara|first=Arthur G. O.|date=2017-10-15|work=The Sunday Mail|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; na baba yake, Amon, baadaye alikuja kua mkuu wa shule.   Kuanzia umri wa miaka miwili hadi sita, Dangarembga aliishi [[Uingereza]], huku wazazi wake wakiendelea na elimu ya juu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://web.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/dangarembga.htm|title=African Authors: Tsitsi Dangarembga &amp; Nervous Conditions|author=Agatucci|first=Cora|date=2010-01-02|work=Central Oregon Community College|accessdate=2020-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Huko, kama anavyokumbuka, yeye na ndugu kaka yake walianza kuzungumza [[Kiingereza]] &quot;bila shaka na wakasahau mengi ya [[Kishona]] tuliyojifunza.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Alirudi Rhodesia na familia yake mwaka wa 1965, mwaka wa Azimio la Uhuru la koloni hilo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Huko Rhodesia, alijifunza tena Kishona, lakini akaichukulia Kiingereza, lugha ya shule yake, [[Lugha ya kwanza|lugha yake ya kwanza]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Mwaka wa 1965, alihamia na familia yake mpaka Old Mutare, misheni [[Wamethodisti|ya Methodist]] karibu na [[Mutare|Umtali]] (sasa Mutare) mahali ambapo baba yake na mama yake walichukua nafasi husika kama mkuu wa shule na mwalimu katika Shule ya Sekondari ya Hartzell.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNYcAQAAMAAJ|title=Khulumani|date=1988|publisher=Women's Action Group|pages=92|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=tNYcAQAAMAAJ ''Khulumani'']. Women's Action Group. 1988. p.&amp;nbsp;92.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  Dangarembga, ambaye alikuwa ameanza elimu yake Uingereza, alijiunga na Shule ya Msingi ya Hartzell, kabla ya kwenda shule ya bweni kwenye shule ya watawa ya Marymount Mission. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Alikamilisha masomo yake ya A-Levels katika Shule ya Arundel, shule ya wasichana wasomi, wengi wao wakiwa weupe katika mji mkuu, [[Harare|Salisbury]] (leo Harare), &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; na mwaka 1977 alienda [[Chuo Kikuu cha Cambridge]] kusoma [[Tiba|udaktari]] &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; katika Chuo cha Sidney Sussex . &lt;ref name=&quot;Sidney Sussex&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.sid.cam.ac.uk/about-sidney/news/tsitsi-dangarembga-elected-honorary-fellowship|title=Tsitsi Dangarembga elected to Honorary Fellowship|publisher=Sidney Sussex College, University of Cambridge|date=1 July 2021|accessdate=12 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Huko, alipitia ubaguzi wa rangi na kutengwa na akaondoka baada ya miaka mitatu, akirudi Zimbabwe mwaka 1980 miezi kadhaa kabla ya uhuru wa nchi hiyo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Dangarembga alifanya kazi kwa kipindi kifupi kama mwalimu, kabla ya kuanza masomo ya [[Tiba|udaktari]] na [[Elimunafsia|saikolojia]] kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Zimbabwe]] huku akifanya kazi kwa miaka miwili kwenye nafasi ya mwandishi wa nakala katika wakala wa masoko.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; Aliungana na klabu ya maigizo ya chuo kikuu, na kuandika na kuongoza michezo kadhaa ambayo kikundi hicho kiliigiza. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Pia alijiingiza  kwenye kikundi cha maigizo cha Zambuko, ambapo alishiriki katika matengenezo ya michezo miwili ya kuigiza, ''Katshaa!'' na ''Mavambo'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

Baada ya hapo alikumbuka, &quot;Hakukuwa na michezo ya kuigiza yenye majukumu ya wanawake weusi, au angalau hatukuwa na uwezo wa kuyapata wakati huo. Waandishi nchi ya Zimbabwe walikuwa wanaume wakati huo. Na kwa hivyo sikuona kwamba hali hiyo ingerekebishwa isipokuwa baadhi ya wanawake waketi na kuandika kitu, kwa hivyo ndivyo nilivyofanya!&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Aliandika tamthilia tatu kwenye kipindi hiki: ''Lost of the Soil'' (1983), ''She No Longer Weeps'', na ''The Third One'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;Kwenye kipindi cha miaka hii, pia alianza kusoma kazi za waandishi wanawake [[Wamarekani weusi|wa Kiafrika-Amerika]] na [[Fasihi ya Kiafrika|fasihi ya kisasa ya Kiafrika]], mabadiliko kutoka kwa vitabu vya zamani vya Kiingereza ambavyo alikuwa amekulia akisoma. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Kazi ==

=== Miaka ya 1980 na 1990 ===
Mwaka wa 1985, hadithi fupi ya Dangarembga &quot;The Letter&quot; ilijishindia nafasi ya pili katika shindano la uandishi lililoandaliwa na Shirika la Ushirikiano wa Maendeleo la Kimataifa la Uswidi, na ilichapishwa nchini [[Uswidi]] katika mkusanyiko wa vitabu vya ''Whispering Land'' .  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Mwaka1987, tamthilia yake ya ''She No Longer Weeps'', ambayo aliiandika wakati wa miaka yake ya chuo kikuu, ilichapishwa jijini Harare. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;  Riwaya yake ya kwanza, ''Nervous Conditions'', ilichapishwa mwaka wa 1988 nchini [[Ufalme wa Muungano|Uingereza]], na mwaka mmoja baadaye nchini [[Marekani]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; Aliiandika mwaka 1985, lakini alipata shida kuichapisha; ilikataliwa na wachapishaji wanne wa Zimbabwe, hatimaye alipata mchapishaji aliye tayari katika Women's Press yenye makao yake [[London]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; ''Hali ya Nervous'', riwaya ya kwanza iliyoandikwa kwa Kiingereza na mwanamke mweusi kutoka Zimbabwe, ilipata sifa ya ndani na kimataifa, na ilipewa Tuzo ya Waandishi wa Jumuiya ya Madola (eneo la Afrika) mnamo 1989. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;  Kazi yake imejumuishwa katika mkusanyiko wa vitabu wa 1992 ''Daughters of Africa'', uliohaririwa na [[Margaret Busby]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/kenya/life-and-style/weekend/-new-daughters-of-africa-is-a-must-read-for-aspiring-young-women-writers-241888|title='New Daughters of Africa' is a must read for aspiring young women writers|first=Tom|author=Odhiambo|date=17 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Hali ya Nervous'' inachukuliwa kuwa mojawapo ya riwaya bora zaidi za Kiafrika kuwahi kuandikwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/cuvl/Afbks.html#list|title=Africa's 100 Best Books of the 20th Century: An initiative of the Zimbabwe International Book Fair|publisher=[[Columbia University Libraries]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; African Studies Resources|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229032818/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/cuvl/Afbks.html|archivedate=29 December 2011|accessdate=4 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ilijumuishwa kwenye orodha ya [[BBC]] ya 2018 ya vitabu 100 bora ambavyo vimeunda ulimwengu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Daily News ZM&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2018/05/28/tsitsi-dangarembga-thrilled-as-nervous-conditions-makes-it-into-top-100-books|title=Tsitsi Dangarembga thrilled as 'Nervous Conditions' makes it to the top 100 books|author=Mananavire|first=Bridget|date=28 May 2018|work=Daily News Zimbabwe|accessdate=26 July 2018|archivedate=27 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727054513/https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2018/05/28/tsitsi-dangarembga-thrilled-as-nervous-conditions-makes-it-into-top-100-books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwaka 1989, Dangarembga alienda [[Ujerumani]] kusomea mwelekeo wa filamu katika Chuo cha Filamu na Televisheni cha Ujerumani Berlin .  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Alitengeneza filamu kadhaa akiwa [[Berlin]], ikiunganishwa pamoja na makala iliyorushwa kwenye televisheni ya Ujerumani. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Mwaka wa 1992, alianzisha Nyerai Films, kampuni ya utengenezaji iliyoko Harare. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Aliandika hadithi ya filamu ''[[Neria|ya Neria]]'', iliyotengenezwa mwaka 1991, ambayo ikawa filamu iliyopata mapato ya juu zaidi katika historia ya Zimbabwe.  Filamu yake ya 1996 ya Everyone's Child, filamu ya kwanza iliyoongozwa na mwanamke mweusi wa Zimbabwe, ilionyeshwa kimataifa, ikiwa ni pamoja na katika Tamasha la Filamu la Kimataifa la Dublin . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Filamu hiyo, ilionyeshwa  jijini Harare na [[Domboshava]], inafuatia hadithi za kusikitisha za ''[[Everyone's Child|ndugu wanne]]'' baada ya wazazi wao kufariki kutokana na [[Ukimwi|UKIMWI]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== 2000 kuendelea ===
Mwaka wa 2000, Dangarembga alirejea Zimbabwe na familia yake, na akaendelea na kazi yake na Nyerai Films. Mwaka 2002, alianzisha Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu za Picha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.icapatrust.org/iiff.html|title=IIFF 2018 – Aug 24th to 31st in Harare!|work=www.icapatrust.org|publisher=Institute of Creative Arts for Progress in Africa (ICAPA)|accessdate=2018-09-17|archivedate=21 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121001315/http://icapatrust.org/iiff.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Filamu yake ya 2005 ''Kare Kare Zvako'' ilipata ushindi Tuzo ya Filamu Fupi na [[Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la Zanzibar|Jahazi la Dhahabu]] katika [[Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la Zanzibar]], na Tuzo ya Filamu Fupi ya Afrika kwenye Tamasha la Filamu la Milan .  Filamu yake ya 2006 ''Peretera Maneta'' ilipokea Tuzo ya [[UNESCO]] ya Watoto na Haki za Binadamu na kushinda Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la Zanzibar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Yeye ni mkurugenzi mtendaji wa shirika la Wanawake Filmmakers of Zimbabwe na mkurugenzi mwanzilishi wa Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu za Picha kwa Wanawake wa Harare (IIFF). &lt;ref name=&quot;AFF&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.africanfilmny.org/2012/growing-stronger/|title=About the Director Tsitsi Dangarembga|date=2012|work=African Film Festival|accessdate=26 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kufikia 2010, pia amehudumu katika bodi ya Chuo cha Muziki cha Zimbabwe kwa miaka mitano, ikiwa ni pamoja na miaka miwili kama mwenyekiti. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  Yeye ni mwanachama mwanzilishi wa Taasisi ya Sanaa za Ubunifu kwa Maendeleo ya Sanaa za Ubunifu Afrika (ICAPA). 

Anapoulizwa kuhusu ukosefu wake wa uandishi tangu wakati ''wa Hali ya Nervous'', Dangarembga alielezea mnamo 2004: &quot;kwanza, riwaya hiyo ilichapishwa tu baada ya mimi kugeukia filamu kama chombo cha habari; pili, uchunguzi wa busara wa [[Virginia Woolf]] kwamba mwanamke anahitaji pauni 500 na chumba chake mwenyewe ili kuandika ni halali kabisa. Kwa bahati mbaya, ninahama na natumai kwamba, kwa mara ya kwanza tangu ''Hali ya Nervous'', nitakuwa na chumba changu mwenyewe. Nitajaribu kupuuza kiasi cha pauni 500.&quot;  Hakika, miaka miwili mbeleni mwaka wa 2006, alichapisha riwaya yake ya pili, ''The Book of Not'', mwendelezo wa ''Hali ya Nervous'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Pia alijihusisha na siasa, na mwaka wa 2010 aliteuliwa kuwa katibu wa elimu wa chama cha siasa cha Movement for Democratic Change kinachoongozwa na Arthur Mutambara .   Alitaja historia yake kutoka kwa familia ya waelimishaji, kipindi chake kifupi kama mwalimu, na ushiriki wake wa &quot;kivitendo, ikiwa si rasmi,&quot; katika sekta ya elimu kama ilivyomtayarisha kwa jukumu hilo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Alikamilisha masomo ya udaktari kwenye masomo ya Kiafrika kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Humboldt cha Berlin, na aliandika tasnifu yake ya PhD kuhusu mapokezi ya filamu za Kiafrika. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Alikuwa jaji wa Tuzo ya Fasihi ya Etisalat ya mwaka wa  2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.jamesmurua.com/2014-etisalat-prize-for-literature-judging-panel-out/|title=2014 Etisalat Prize for Literature Judging Panel out|work=James Murua's Literary Blog|date=12 July 2014|accessdate=13 July 2020|archivedate=21 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021072130/https://www.jamesmurua.com/2014-etisalat-prize-for-literature-judging-panel-out/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka huo wa 2016, alichaguliwa na Kituo cha Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio kwa ajili ya mpango wao wa Wasanii katika Ukaazi.  Riwaya yake ya tatu, ''This Mournable Body'', mwendelezo wa ''Kitabu cha Not'' na ''Nervous Conditions'', ilichapishwa mwaka 2018 na Graywolf Press nchini [[Marekani]], na nchini [[Ufalme wa Muungano|Uingereza]] na Faber na Faber mnamo 2020, iliyoelezewa na Alexandra Fuller katika ''[[The New York Times]]'' kama &quot;kito kingine bora&quot;  na na Novyo Rosa Tshuma kwenye ''The Guardian'' kama &quot;nzuri ... nyingine ya kitambo&quot;.  ''This Mournable Body'' ilikuwa mojawapo ya riwaya sita zilizoorodheshwa kwa Tuzo ya Booker ya 2020, zilizochaguliwa kwenye mawasilisho 162. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/fiction/2020|title=The 2002 Shortlist|publisher=The Booker Prize|date=September 2020|accessdate=2020-09-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://fivebooks.com/best-books/the-best-fiction-of-2020-the-booker-prize-shortlist-margaret-busby/|title=The Best Fiction of 2020: The Booker Prize Shortlist recommended by Margaret Busby|work=Five Books|first=Cal|author=Flyn|authorlink=Cal Flyn|accessdate=26 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwenye mahojiano na Bhakti Shringarpure kwa jarida la ''Bomb'', Dangaremgba alijadili mantiki ya riwaya zake: &quot;Mchapishaji wangu wa kwanza, marehemu [[Ros de Lanerolle]], aliniomba niandike mwendelezo wa ''Nervous Conditions'' . Nikiandika mwendelezo huo, niligundua kuwa kitabu cha pili kingehusisha tu sehemu ya ndani ya maisha ya mhusika mkuu. ... [na] hakutoa majibu kwa maswali yaliyoulizwa katika ''Nervous Conditions'' kuhusu jinsi maisha yenye kiwango chochote cha wakala yanavyowezekana kwa watu kama hao. ... Nilivutiwa na wazo la kuandika trilojia kuhusu mtu wa kawaida sana ambaye anaanza kama msichana maskini wa vijijini katika Rhodesia ya enzi ya ukoloni na analazimika kujaribu kujenga maisha yenye maana kwa ajili yake mwenyewe. Fomu hiyo pia imeniruhusu kushiriki katika baadhi ya vipengele vya maendeleo ya kitaifa ya Zimbabwe kutoka kwa mtazamo wa kibinafsi badala ya kisiasa.&quot; 

Mwaka wa 2019, Dangarembga alitangazwa kama mshindi wa fainali ya Tuzo ya Fasihi ya Chuo cha St. Francis, tuzo ya kila baada ya miaka miwili inayotambua hadithi bora za kubuni zilizoandikwa na waandishi katika hatua za kati za maisha ya kazi yao, ambayo hatimaye ilishindwa mwaka huo na Samantha Hunt .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.sfc.edu/news/samantha-hunt-wins-2019-sfc-literary-prize-for-the-dark-dark|title=Samantha Hunt Wins 2019 SFC Literary Prize for The Dark Dark|publisher=St. Francis College|date=21 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwenye  tarehe hiyo ya  31 Julai 2020, Dangarembga alikamatwa mjini Harare, Zimbabwe, kabla ya maandamano ya kupinga ufisadi.  Baadaye mwaka huo alikuwa kwenye orodha ya Wanawake 100 wa BBC waliotangazwa tarehe 23 Novemba 2020. 

Kwenye mwaka Septemba 2020, Dangarembga ilitangazwa kama Mwenyekiti wa kwanza wa Kimataifa wa Uandishi wa Ubunifu wa Chuo Kikuu cha East Anglia, kuanzia 2021 hadi 2022.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.uea.ac.uk/about/giving-to-uea/our-causes/creative-writing|title=Creative Writing {{!}} The International Chair of Creative Writing and Global Voices Scholarship Programme|work=UEA|accessdate=23 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dangarembga alishinda Tuzo ya Kimataifa ya PEN ya 2021 kwa Uhuru wa Kujieleza, inayotolewa kimwaka mwaka tangu 2005 kuwaenzi waandishi wanaoendelea kufanya kazi lpamoja na  kuteswa kwenye  uandishi wao. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://pen-international.org/news/tsitsi-dangarembga-wins-the-pen-award-for-freedom-of-expression-2021|title=Tsitsi Dangarembga wins the PEN Award for Freedom of Expression 2021|publisher=PEN International|date=13 January 2021|accessdate=26 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://lithub.com/today-tsitsi-dangarembga-was-awarded-the-2021-pen-award-for-freedom-of-expression/|title=Today, Tsitsi Dangarembga was awarded the 2021 PEN Award for Freedom of Expression.|first=Rasheeda|author=Saka|work=[[LitHub]]|date=13 January 2021|accessdate=26 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.jamesmurua.com/tsitsi-dangarembga-wins-pen-award-for-freedom-of-expression-2021/#:~:text=PEN%20International%20gave%20its%20PEN,Dangarembga%20on%20January%2013%2C%202021.&amp;text=The%20winner%20of%20the%20award,for%20the%202020%20Booker%20Prize.|title=Tsitsi Dangarembga wins PEN Award for Freedom of Expression 2021|work=James Murua's Literary Blog|date=18 January 2021|accessdate=26 January 2021|archivedate=18 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118165702/https://www.jamesmurua.com/tsitsi-dangarembga-wins-pen-award-for-freedom-of-expression-2021/#:~:text=PEN%20International%20gave%20its%20PEN,Dangarembga%20on%20January%2013%2C%202021.&amp;text=The%20winner%20of%20the%20award,for%20the%202020%20Booker%20Prize.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.uealive.com/features/tsitsi-dangarembga-uea-international-chair-for-creative-writing-receives-pen-award-for-freedom-of-expression/|title=Tsitsi Dangarembga: UEA International Chair for Creative Writing Receives PEN Award for Freedom of Expression|first=Katherine|author=Cooper|work=UEA Live|date=18 February 2021|accessdate=12 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwaka wa Juni 2021, ilitangazwa kwamba Dangarembga angepokea Tuzo ya Amani ya kifahari ya 2021 iliyotolewa na chama cha wachapishaji wa vitabu na wauzaji wa vitabu cha Ujerumani, &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Friedenspreis 2021 Tsitsi Dangarembga|url=https://www.friedenspreis-des-deutschen-buchhandels.de/alle-preistraeger-seit-1950/2020-2029/tsitsi-dangarembga|language=de|accessdate=21 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; na kumfanya kuwa mwanamke mweusi wa kwanza kuheshimiwa na tuzo hiyo tangu ilipozinduliwa mwaka 1950. 

Mwaka Julai 2021, alichaguliwa kuwa mshirika wa heshima wa Chuo cha Sidney Sussex, [[Cambridge]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Sidney Sussex&quot;/&gt;

Dangarembga alichaguliwa na Kiingereza PEN kama mshindi wa Tuzo ya PEN Pinter ya mwaka wa 2021, inayotolewa mwaka hadi mwaka kwa mwandishi ambaye, kwa maneno yaliyosemwa na [[Harold Pinter]] alipopokea [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fasihi|Tuzo yake ya Nobel ya Fasihi]], anadhihirisha mtazamo &quot;usioyumba, usioyumba&quot; juu ya ulimwengu na kuonyesha &quot;azma kali ya kiakili... ya kufafanua ukweli halisi wa maisha yetu na jamii zetu&quot;.  Kupitia hotuba yake ya kukubali katika Maktaba ya Uingereza kwenye tarehe 11 Oktoba 2021, Dangarembga alimtaja mwandishi wa riwaya [[Uganda|wa Uganda]] Kakwenza Rukirabashaija kama Tuzo ya Kimataifa ya Mwandishi wa Ujasiri .   

Mwaka wa 2022, Dangarembga alichaguliwa kupatiwa Tuzo ya Fasihi ya Windham-Campbell kwa ajili ya hadithi za kubuni. 

Kwenye tarehe ya Juni 2022, hati ya kumkamata ilitolewa juu ya Dangarembga.  Alishtakiwa kwa kuchochea vurugu za umma na ukiukaji wa sheria za kupinga Covid baada ya maandamano ya kupinga serikali yaliyoandaliwa mwishoni mwa Julai 2020.  

Tarehe hiyo ya  28 Septemba 2022, Dangarembga alihukumiwa rasmi kua mchochezi wa  vurugu za umma baada ya yeye pamoja na rafiki yake, Julie Barnes, kutembea kuzunguka [[Harare]] kwenye maandamano ya amani huku wakiwa na mabango yaliyoandikwa “Tunataka Bora. Marekebisho ya Taasisi Zetu”. Dangarembga alipewa faini ya $110 na kifungo cha miezi sita jela kilichomsimamisha. Alitangaza kwamba alipanga kukata rufaa dhidi ya uamuzi wake huku makundi ya haki za binadamu yakidai kwamba mashtaka yake yalikuwa matokeo ya moja kwa moja ya majaribio ya Rais [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]] ya “kunyamazisha upinzani kwenye nchi hiyo ya kusini mwa Afrika yenye matatizo ya muda mrefu”.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=2022-09-30|title=Zimbabwe: Conviction of author Tsitsi Dangarembga and Barnes for protesting economic hardship a travesty of justice|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/09/zimbabwe-conviction-of-author-tsitsi-dangarembga/|accessdate=2023-06-22|work=Amnesty International|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwenye tarehe 8 Mei 2023, ilitangazwa kwamba hukumu ya Dangarembga ilikuwa imebatilishwa baada ya kukata rufaa dhidi ya hukumu ya awali ya mwaka 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=8 May 2023|title=Popular Zimbabwean writer acquitted over anti-government protest|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/8/popular-zimbabwean-writer-acquitted-over-anti-government-protest|accessdate=8 May 2023|work=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=8 May 2023|title=Tsitsi Dangarembga: Top Zimbabwe author has conviction overturned|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65525205|accessdate=8 May 2023|work=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Tuzo na heshima zilizochaguliwa ==

* 1989: Tuzo la Waandishi wa Jumuiya ya Madola (eneo la Afrika) kwa ''Hali za Neva'' ;
* 2005: ''Kare Kare Zvako'' alishinda Tuzo ya Filamu Fupi na [[Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la Zanzibar|Jahazi la Dhahabu]] katika [[Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la Zanzibar|Tamasha la Filamu la Kimataifa la Zanzibar]], na Tuzo ya Filamu Fupi ya Kiafrika katika Tamasha la Filamu la Milan ;
* 2018: ''Hali za Nervous'' zilizotajwa na [[BBC]] kama mojawapo ya vitabu 100 bora vilivyounda ulimwengu; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Obi-Young|first=Otosirieze|authorlink=Otosirieze Obi-Young|date=2018-08-20|title=Read an Excerpt from Tsitsi Dangarembga's New Novel, This Mournable Body|url=https://brittlepaper.com/2018/08/read-excerpt-tsitsi-dangarembgas-mournable-body/|accessdate=2022-05-22|work=brittlepaper.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020: ''Mwili Huu Unaoomboleza'' Umeorodheshwa kwa Tuzo ya Booker ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.forbesafrica.com/woman/2023/03/15/50-over-50-success-at-every-age-2|title=The 50 Over 50 List Of Africa’s Female Powerhouses|author=|first=|date=|publisher=Forbes Africa|accessdate=2025-11-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 2021: Tuzo ya Kimataifa ya PEN kwa Uhuru wa Kujieleza ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.forbesafrica.com/woman/2023/03/15/50-over-50-success-at-every-age-2|title=The 50 Over 50 List Of Africa’s Female Powerhouses|author=|first=|date=|publisher=Forbes Africa|accessdate=2025-11-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2021: Tuzo ya Amani ya 2021 kutoka chama cha wachapishaji wa vitabu na wauzaji wa vitabu cha Ujerumani; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.forbesafrica.com/woman/2023/03/15/50-over-50-success-at-every-age-2|title=The 50 Over 50 List Of Africa’s Female Powerhouses|author=|first=|date=|publisher=Forbes Africa|accessdate=2025-11-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2021: Ushirika wa Heshima wa Chuo cha Sidney Sussex, Cambridge ;
* 2021: Tuzo ya PEN Pinter kutoka kwa PEN ya Kiingereza ;
* 2022: Tuzo ya Fasihi ya Windham-Campbell (hadithi za kubuni); &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://windhamcampbell.org/festival/2022/recipients/dangarembga-tsitsi|title=Tsitsi Dangarembga|publisher=Windham Campbell Prizes|accessdate=30 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2022: Mwandishi wa Kimataifa wa Chama cha Kifalme cha Fasihi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://rsliterature.org/rsl-international-writers/|title=RSL International Writers|date=3 September 2023|publisher=Royal Society of Literature|accessdate=December 3, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi zilizoandikwa ==
* ''Ya Tatu'' (cheza)
* ''Lost of the Udongo'' (mchezo), 1983
* ''Barua'' (hadithi fupi), 1985, iliyochapishwa katika ''Whispering Land''
* ''Hakulii Tena'' (mchezo), 1987
* ''Hali ya neva'' (riwaya), 1988, 
* ''Kitabu cha Sio'' (riwaya), 2006, 
* ''Mwili Huu Unaoomboleza'' (riwaya), 2018, 
* ''Nyeusi na Kike'' (insha), 2022,   

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110607183944/http://www.pen.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/2124/prmID/1638 Rekodi ya Dangarembga akisoma &quot;Zimbabwe ya Kuchagua&quot;]
* [https://www.newwriting.net/2020/10/statement-of-support-for-tsitsi-dangarembga/ &quot;Taarifa ya kumuunga mkono Tsitsi Dangarembga&quot;], ''Uandishi Mpya'', Chuo Kikuu cha East Anglis, Oktoba 2020.
* Leo Robson, [https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2020/11/why-tsitsi-dangarembga-one-most-remarkable-authors-booker-prize-has-ever &quot;Kwa nini Tsitsi Dangarembga ni mmoja wa waandishi wa ajabu zaidi ambao Tuzo ya Booker imewahi kusherehekea&quot;], ''New Statesman'', 13 Novemba 2020.
* Mia Swart, [https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/11/16/qa-tsitsi-dangarembga &quot;Tsitsi Dangarembga: Maisha katika 'Zimbabwe inayozidi kuwa nyembamba'&quot;], ''AlJazeera'', 16 Novemba 2020.
* Catherine Taylor, [https://inews.co.uk/culture/books/tsitsi-dangarembga-booker-prize-2020-this-mournable-body-arrest-761454 &quot;Tsitsi Dangarembga kuhusu kukamatwa kwake, Tuzo ya Booker na kwa nini hataondoka Zimbabwe: 'Ni kiwewe kinachoendelea'&quot;], ''i'', 16 Novemba 2020.
* Troy Fielder, [https://www.concrete-online.co.uk/uea-live-an-emptiness-that-hurts-in-conversation-with-tsitsi-dangarembga/ &quot;UEA Live: Utupu Unaoumiza, Katika Mazungumzo na Tsitsi Dangarembga&quot;] Archived   ''Zege'', 27 Februari 2021.
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Zimbabwe]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Zimbabwe]]
[[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aletta E. Schutte</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="4765" sha1="a8wodyt03ikqbovhmk3vciiriv5582q" xml:space="preserve">'''Aletta E.''' &quot; '''Alta''' &quot; '''Schutte''' (alizaliwa Julai 8, 1977) ni mtaalamu wa [[Shinikizo la juu la damu|shinikizo la damu]] na [[Ugonjwa wa moyo|magonjwa ya moyo]] anayeishi Sydney, nchini Australia. Yeye ni Profesa MKUBWA na Kiongozi Mkuu wa Madawa ya Moyo, Mishipa na Kimetaboliki katika Chuo Kikuu cha New South Wales huko Sydney, alikuwa ameteuliwa pamoja kama Mshiriki wa Kiprofesa katika Taasisi ya George ya Afya ya Kimataifa. Hadi mwaka wa  2019 alikuwa Mkurugenzi wa Timu ya Utafiti wa Shinikizo la Damu kutoka Barani Afrika (HART), na ni Mwenyekiti wa Utafiti kutoka nchini Afrika Kusini (SARChI) na Mkurugenzi wa Kitengo cha Utafiti wa Kimatibabu cha Shinikizo la Damu na Magonjwa ya Moyo na Mishipa kutoka katika Chuo Kikuu cha Kaskazini-Magharibi nchini Afrika Kusini. Ametimiza majukumu kadhaa ya uongozi, ikiwa ni pamoja na Rais wa Jumuiya ya Shinikizo la Damu Kusini mwa Afrika, ikiwa ni pamoja na kuwa Rais wa Jumuiya ya Kimataifa ya Shinikizo la Damu, Katibu wa Muungano wa Moyo na Mishipa wa Australia, na ni mwenyekiti mwenza wa Kikosi Kazi cha Kitaifa cha Shinikizo la Damu cha Australia.

Alisoma Shahada yake ya Uzamivu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Potchefstroom cha Elimu ya Juu katika chuo cha Kikristo katika Fiziolojia ya Moyo na Mishipa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://research.unsw.edu.au/people/professor-alta-schutte|title=Professor Alta Schutte|publisher=[[University of New South Wales]]|accessdate=13 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.georgeinstitute.org/people/alta-schutte|title=Professor Alta Schutte|publisher=The George Institute|accessdate=13 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://cardiology2.com/george-clinical-scientific-leadership-adds-hypertension-and-cv-researcher-prof-alta-schutte/|title=George Clinical Scientific Leadership Adds Hypertension and CV Researcher Prof Alta Schutte|publisher=Cardiology2.|date=21 August 2020|accessdate=13 September 2021|archivedate=13 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913075706/https://cardiology2.com/george-clinical-scientific-leadership-adds-hypertension-and-cv-researcher-prof-alta-schutte/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi na utafiti ==
Schutte alifanya kazi katika Chuo Kikuu cha North-West nchini Afrika Kusini kuanzia mwaka wa 2001 hadi mwaka wa 2019. Schutte alichukua nafasi yake ya zamani ambapo alikuwa Mwenyekiti wa Utafiti wa  nchini Afrika Kusini katika Ugunduzi wa Mapema na Kuzuia Magonjwa ya Moyo na Mishipa barani Afrika, lengo lake kuu la utafiti wake lilikuwa kugundua alama za mapema za kugundua na kuzuia shinikizo la damu na magonjwa  mengine kama magonjwa ya moyo na mishipa katika jamii ya Kiafrika. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Alta Schutte, PhD – George Clinical|url=https://www.georgeclinical.com/people/professor-alta-schutte|accessdate=2022-02-28|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228183459/https://www.georgeclinical.com/people/professor-alta-schutte|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tangu kuhamia Australia mwaka wa 2020, alichukua nafasi ya uongozi ili kuboresha na kudhibiti  shinikizo la damu nchini na kimataifa pia, na amefanikiwa kama Mchunguzi Mkuu akiwa na mipango kadhaa ya ufadhili (km CIA ya Ruzuku ya Uongozi wa Mchunguzi na Ruzuku ya Harambee kutoka  katika Baraza la Kitaifa la Utafiti wa Afya na Matibabu la  nchini Australia, na ruzuku za majaribio ya kliniki kutoka Mfuko wa Utafiti wa Matibabu wa Baadaye wa Australia).

Mnamo mwaka wa  2023 aliorodheshwa na The Australian kama Mtafiti Mkuu kutokea  nchini Australia ya Tiba ya Mishipa ya Damu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=We delve deep into the data to reveal excellence|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/special-reports/research-magazine/we-delve-deep-into-the-data-to-reveal-excellence/news-story/858367617e0925e28620100cb208172b|accessdate=2023-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo mwaka wa 2024 alipewa tuzo ya Ruzuku ya Fiona Stanley Synergy kutoka katika Baraza la Kitaifa la Utafiti wa Afya na Matibabu la Australia kwa ruzuku ya juu zaidi ya Synergy iliyotolewa (AU$ milioni 5). &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=UNSW Academic Honoured in Annual NHMRC research awards|url=https://www.unsw.edu.au/newsroom/news/2024/03/UNSW-academic-honoured-in-annual-NHMRC-research-awards|accessdate=2024-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alichaguliwa kuwa Mwanachama wa Chuo cha Afya na Sayansi ya Tiba cha Australia mnamo  mwaka 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Brown|first=Kassandra|date=2026-01-13|title=Professor Alta Schutte|url=https://aahms.org/fellow/professor-alta-schutte/|accessdate=2026-02-07|work=Australian Academy of Health &amp; Medical Sciences|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Afrika Kusini]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Violet Barungi</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="3612" sha1="0wet3vcgx4nkwk2ukb8tybfoojd91v2" xml:space="preserve">'''Violet Barungi''' (alizaliwa [[18 Desemba]] [[1943]]) ni [[mwandishi]] na mhariri kutoka [[Uganda]]. Amehariri machapisho kadhaa yaliyotolewa na FEMRITE.

Miongoni mwa vitabu vyake vilivyochapishwa ni riwaya Cassandra. Katika maisha yake ya kazi, amewahi kufanya kazi kama:

* Afisa wa Uzalishaji wa Vitabu katika East African Literature Bureau (1972–1977)
* Afisa Mwandamizi wa Uzalishaji wa Vitabu katika Uganda Literature Bureau (1978–1994)
* Mhariri katika FEMRITE kuanzia mwaka 1997 hadi sasa

Amechangia kwa kiasi kikubwa katika kukuza na kuendeleza fasihi nchini Uganda kupitia uhariri na uchapishaji wa kazi za waandishi mbalimbali.&lt;ref name=&quot;africaboo-kclub&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Cassandra (by Violet Barungi)|website=www.africabookclub.com|url=https://www.africabookclub.com/cassandra-by-violet-barungi/|access-date=25 February 2015|date=2011-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Violet Barungi alizaliwa katika Wilaya ya Mbarara (sasa Wilaya ya Ibanda), magharibi mwa Uganda. Alipata elimu yake katika Bweranyangi Girls' Senior Secondary School, Gayaza High School, na baadaye Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere huko Kampala, ambako alihitimu kwa shahada ya heshima katika Historia.

Ameolewa na ana watoto sita.

== Uandishi ==
Violet Barungi alianza kuandika alipokuwa bado mwanafunzi. Hadithi yake ya kwanza fupi, “Kefa Kazana”, ilichapishwa katika Origin East Africa, mkusanyiko wa hadithi fupi ulihaririwa na Prof. David Cook, na pia kurushwa na BBC mwaka 1964. Tamthilia yake Over My Dead Body ilishinda Tuzo ya British Council ya Uandishi wa Tamthilia Mpya kwa Afrika na Mashariki ya Kati mwaka 1997, na baadaye kujumuishwa katika African Women Playwrights, iliyohaririwa na Profesa Kathy Perkins, mtaalamu wa tamthilia za Afrika na diaspora yake.&lt;ref name=&quot;femrite-ach&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.femriteug.org/?view=7|title=Welcome femriteug.org|website=www.femriteug.org|access-date=2017-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kazi zake zilizochapishwa zinajumuisha riwaya The Shadow and the Substance (Lake Publishers, Kenya, 1998) na Cassandra (FEMRITE Publications Limited, Uganda, 1999). Pia ameandika hadithi za watoto kama Tit for Tat and Other Stories (1997), The Promise (2002), Our Cousins From Abroad (2003), na The Boy Who Became King (2004). Tamthilia yake Over My Dead Body (ambayo haijachapishwa) ilishinda tuzo hiyo ya kimataifa ya British Council mwaka 1997. Tamthilia nyingine ni pamoja na The Award-winner (haijachapishwa), iliyoandikwa kuadhimisha ubunifu wa wanawake katika milenia mpya, na tamthilia ya redio The Bleeding Heart (pia haijachapishwa).

Kazi za Violet Barungi zinajikita zaidi katika mahusiano ya kibinadamu, masuala ya kijinsia, na elimu ya mtoto wa kike. Tamthilia Over My Dead Body ilichochewa na wasiwasi wake mkubwa kuhusu wasichana wanaoingizwa kwenye ndoa za mapema na wanaume matajiri kabla ya kumaliza masomo yao, na hatimaye wanapokumbwa na matatizo au ndoa kuvunjika hukosa msaada wa kujitegemea.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/69ehr4gc9780252033872.html ''African Women Playwrights''] ({{ISBN|978-0-252-03387-2}}).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Uhariri ==
Violet Barungi ni mmoja wa wanachama waanzilishi wa FEMRITE. Alifanya kazi kama mhariri katika FEMRITE kuanzia mwaka 1997 hadi 2007 alipostaafu. Hata baada ya kustaafu kwa kiasi, ameendelea kushiriki mara kadhaa kama mhariri mwenza wa vitabu vinavyochapishwa na FEMRITE.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kathy-Perkins&quot;&gt;[http://theatre.uiuc.edu/faculty/26 &quot;Kathy A. Perkins&quot;], Illinois Theatre. Retrieved 28 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist|30em}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1943]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uganda]]</text>
      <sha1>0wet3vcgx4nkwk2ukb8tybfoojd91v2</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Violet Naanyu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>227263</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509846</id>
      <parentid>1509197</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T14:08:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="4801" sha1="naoc2h5pvfs0wghk96bockl0smjz4n3" xml:space="preserve">'''Violet Naanyu''' ni mwanasayansi wa kijamii kutoka nchini Kenya, mwanasosholojia wa tiba, mtaalamu wa bioethiki duniani na Mwanachama wa katika Chuo cha Sayansi cha barani Afrika. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=AAS Fellow Prof Violet Naanyu Appointed to WHO Advisory Group {{!}} The AAS|url=https://aasciences.africa/news/aas-fellow-prof-violet-naanyu-appointed-to-who-advisory-group|accessdate=2025-08-19|work=aasciences.africa|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Violet alilelewa katika kaunti ya Kajiado, na jamii ya [[Wamasai]] nchini Kenya. Ameoa na ana watoto sita. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Grants|first=Margaret McNamara Education|date=2023-03-31|title=Violet Naanyu|url=https://www.mmeg.org/women-building-a-better-world-ad-2/2023/11/16/violet-naanyu|accessdate=2025-08-19|work=MMEG|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alisoma Shahada yake ya Sanaa katika Anthropolojia kutoka  [[Chuo Kikuu cha Moi|katika Chuo Kikuu cha Moi]], Nchini Kenya. Kisha akakamaliza Shahada yake ya  Uzamili katika Anthropolojia ya Kimatibabu katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Amsterdam]] . Aliendelea akamaliza  Shahada yake ya  Uzamili na Uzamivu katika Sosholojia kutoka katika  Chuo Kikuu cha Indiana, Bloomington. Pia alifuatilia mafunzo ya baada ya kuhitimu katika Bioethics ya Kimataifa kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Anahuac, Mexico. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prof Violet Naanyu: Double honour for top Kenyan bioethicist|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/health/2025-05-30-prof-violet-naanyu-double-honour-for-top-bioethicist|accessdate=2025-08-19|work=The Star|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ==
Analifanya kazi  kama Profesa Mshiriki katika Chuo Kikuu cha Moi katika Shule ya Sanaa na Sayansi ya Jamii, na pia alikuwa Profesa Mshiriki  na Mgeni katika Chuo Kikuu cha Aga Khan, jijini Nairobi. Yeye ndiye Mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi wa Kiini cha Utafiti wa Ubora wa AMPATH na ni mwanachama hai wa Jumuiya ya Maadili ya Kibiolojia ya  Nchini Kenya, Kikundi Kazi cha Maadili  barani Afrika (AEWG) na Kamati ya Kitaifa ya Sayansi na Maadili katika NACOSTI, nchini Kenya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=PROF. VIOLET NAANYU – National Science and Ethical Committee|url=https://nsec.nacosti.go.ke/prof-violet-naanyu/|accessdate=2025-08-19|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823003004/https://nsec.nacosti.go.ke/prof-violet-naanyu/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tuzo na utambuzi ==
Mnamo Machi  mwaka wa 2023, alichaguliwa kama Mwanachama wa Chuo cha Sayansi cha Afrika na pia alichaguliwa kuwa  kama mmoja wa wataalamu 16 wa kimataifa na kujiunga na Kundi la Ushauri wa Kiufundi [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|la Shirika la Afya Duniani]] (WHO) kuhusu Sayansi ya Tabia kwa Afya Bora. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Machapisho yaliyochaguliwa ==
* {{Rejea jarida |last=Gillette |first=Emma |last2=Naanyu |first2=Violet |last3=Nyandiko |first3=Winstone |last4=Chory |first4=Ashley |last5=Scanlon |first5=Michael |last6=Aluoch |first6=Josephine |last7=Koros |first7=Hillary |last8=Ashimosi |first8=Celestine |last9=Beigon |first9=Whitney |last10=Munyoro |first10=Dennis |last11=Lidweye |first11=Janet |last12=Nyagaya |first12=Jack |last13=DeLong |first13=Allison |last14=Kantor |first14=Rami |last15=Vreeman |first15=Rachel |date=2023 |title=HIV-Related Stigma Shapes Research Participation for Youth Living With HIV in Kenya |journal=Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care |volume=22 |doi=10.1177/23259582231170732 |issn=2325-9582 |pmc=10141251 |pmid=37101381 |doi-access=free |article-number=23259582231170732}}
* {{Rejea jarida |last=Ontiri |first=Susan |last2=Mutea |first2=Lilian |last3=Naanyu |first3=Violet |last4=Kabue |first4=Mark |last5=Biesma |first5=Regien |last6=Stekelenburg |first6=Jelle |date=2021 |title=A qualitative exploration of contraceptive use and discontinuation among women with an unmet need for modern contraception in Kenya |journal=Reproductive Health |volume=18 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12978-021-01094-y |issn=1742-4755 |pmc=7871615 |pmid=33563304 |doi-access=free |article-number=33}}
* {{Rejea jarida |last=Naanyu |first=Violet |last2=Wade |first2=Terrance J. |last3=Ngetich |first3=Angela |last4=Mulama |first4=Kennedy |last5=Nyaga |first5=Lucy |last6=Pell |first6=Rachel |last7=Mossman |first7=Lindsay |last8=Obure |first8=Jerim |last9=Temmerman |first9=Marleen |date=2021 |title=A qualitative exploration of barriers to health-facility-based delivery in Bomachoge-Borabu and Kaloleni, Kenya |url=https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijgo.13450 |journal=International Journal of Gynecology &amp; Obstetrics |volume=153 |issue=2 |pages=273–279 |doi=10.1002/ijgo.13450 |issn=0020-7292 |pmid=33119127 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-08-19}}

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:wanawake wa Kenya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Vénérand Bakevyumusaya</title>
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      <text bytes="1090" sha1="6059xww3t6r5niwq771bzbogz3a3o19" xml:space="preserve">'''Vénérand Bakevyumusaya''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] na [[balozi]] wa [[Burundi]]. Bakevyumusaya alikuwa Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje kutoka 1995 hadi 1996, balozi kwa [[Ufaransa]] kutoka 1998 hadi 2002, na mshauri mkuu kwa Rais kutoka 2002 hadi 2003. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Search Newspapers 1977-Present|url=https://www.newslibrary.com/newspapers|work=NewsLibrary|accessdate=2026-04-08|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pia alihudumu kama mwakilishi wa kudumu katika UNESCO.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newslibrary.com/newspapers?p_sort=YMD_date%3AD&amp;p_product=NewsLibrary&amp;p_multi=BBAB&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_text_direct-0=128F8592EA39D468&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_theme=newslibrary2&amp;s_trackval=GooglePM&amp;p_perpage=10|work=www.newslibrary.com|accessdate=2026-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alikuwa Waziri wa Uunganishaji wa Kanda na Masuala ya Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki kutoka Novemba 2007 hadi Januari 2009, na kuanzia Januari 2009, alikuwa Waziri wa Habari, Mawasiliano, na Mahusiano na Bunge.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Burundi]]</text>
      <sha1>6059xww3t6r5niwq771bzbogz3a3o19</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Catherine Kyobutungi</title>
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      <comment>/* Maisha ya awali na elimu */</comment>
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      <text bytes="16593" sha1="hlxz5fa7h4kzlr08ggqtm8nbafnn4zt" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Catherine_Kyobutungi_by_Billy_Miaron_at_computer.jpg|thumb|Catherine Kyobutungi]]
'''Catherine Kyobutungi''' (alizaliwa [[1972]]) ni [[Epidemiolojia|mtaalamu wa magonjwa ya mlipuko]] [[Uganda|nchini Uganda]] na kwa sasa ameshika nafasi kama  Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Kituo cha Utafiti wa Idadi ya Watu na Afya cha Afrika (APHRC) &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://aphrc.org/|title=APHRC Homepage|work=APHRC|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://indepth-network.org/aphrcs-new-executive-director-%E2%80%93-dr-catherine-kyobutungi|title=APHRC'S NEW EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR – Dr Catherine Kyobutungi|work=indepth-network.org|accessdate=2020-04-07|archivedate=2023-03-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318112021/http://indepth-network.org/aphrcs-new-executive-director-%E2%80%93-dr-catherine-kyobutungi}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Mwenyekiti wa Joep Lange kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Amsterdam. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.joeplangeinstitute.org/news-item/catherine-kyobutungi-appointed-as-joep-lange-chair/|title=Catherine Kyobutungi appointed as Joep Lange Chair|author=Institute|first=Joep Lange|work=Joep Lange Institute|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-07|archivedate=2020-03-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331152952/https://www.joeplangeinstitute.org/news-item/catherine-kyobutungi-appointed-as-joep-lange-chair/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Catherine Kyobutungi|url=https://unu.edu/about/unu-council-member/catherine-kyobutungi|accessdate=2024-03-11|work=United Nations University|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aliteuliwa  kwenye Chuo cha Sayansi cha Afrika mwaka wa 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kyobutungi Catherine {{!}} The AAS|url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellows/kyobutungi-catherine|accessdate=2026-02-18|work=www.aasciences.africa|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Kyobutungi alizaliwa mwaka wa 1972 huko [[Gulu]] nchini [[Uganda]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;heidel&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/6262/1/Catherine_Kyobutungi.pdf|title=Mortality from cancers and external causes of death among Aussiedler in Germany 1990- 2002 – an epidemiological cohort study|author=Kyobutungi|first=Catherine|date=|work=University of Heidelberg|accessdate=11 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alianza elimu yake ya udaktari kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere]] mnamo  1990. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.joeplangeinstitute.org/news-item/catherine-kyobutungi-appointed-as-joep-lange-chair/|title=Catherine Kyobutungi appointed as Joep Lange Chair|work=Joep Lange Institute|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-02|archivedate=2020-03-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331152952/https://www.joeplangeinstitute.org/news-item/catherine-kyobutungi-appointed-as-joep-lange-chair/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baada ya kuhitimisha masomo yake mnamo  1996 alifanya kazi kama afisa wa matibabu kwenye Hospitali ya Jumuiya ya Rushere . &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://aasciences.ac.ke/fellow/kyobutungi-catherine|title=Kyobutungi Catherine|work=aasciences.ac.ke|accessdate=2019-10-02|archivedate=2019-06-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606090140/https://aasciences.ac.ke/fellow/kyobutungi-catherine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kyobutungi alihama kutoka udaktari wa kimatibabu ili kwenda kwenye afya ya umma kwa sababu aliwaza angeweza kuokoa maisha zaidi kwa kurekebisha mfumo wa huduma ya afya ya [[Afrika]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://elifesciences.org/inside-elife/8304ca3b/webinar-report-building-connections-and-developing-research-in-sub-saharan-africa|title=Webinar Report: Building connections and developing research in Sub-Saharan Africa|date=2017-10-12|work=eLife|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alipata elimu ya  [[Uzamili|shahada ya uzamili]] kwenye afya ya jamii na shahada ya udaktari juu ya [[epidemiolojia]] kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Heidelberg|Chuo Kikuu cha Ruprecht Karl cha Heidelberg]] mnamo 2002. &lt;ref&gt; Utafiti wake wa udaktari ulibobea katika Idara ya Usafi wa Kitropiki na Afya ya Umma ikiwa chini ya na Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Heiko Becher. &lt;ref/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://indepth-network.org/dr-catherine-kyobutungi|title=Dr. Catherine Kyobutungi|work=indepth-network.org|accessdate=2019-10-02|archivedate=2023-03-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318112014/http://indepth-network.org/dr-catherine-kyobutungi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka wa 2006 Kyobutungi alijiunga na Kituo cha Utafiti wa Idadi ya Watu na Afya cha Afrika kama mwanafunzi wa postdoctoral, na hatimaye alichaguliwa kama Mkuu wa mpango wa utafiti wa Changamoto na Mifumo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://audioboom.com/posts/2479560-aphrc-s-dr-catherine-kyobutungi-speaks-to-national-public-radio|title=APHRC's Dr. Catherine Kyobutungi Speaks to National Public Radio|work=Audioboom|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-02|date=Sep 15, 2014|archive-date=2025-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123194434/https://audioboom.com/posts/2479560-aphrc-s-dr-catherine-kyobutungi-speaks-to-national-public-radio|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baada ya kuhitimu, Kyobutungi alianza kufundisha katika Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi na Teknolojia cha Mbarara.

== Utafiti na kazi ==
Kwenye kipindi cha Oktoba 2017, Kyobutungi alichaguliwa kuwa Mkurugenzi wa Utafiti kwenye Kituo cha Utafiti wa Idadi ya Watu na Afya cha Afrika (APHRC). &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://aphrc.org/trainingprograms/index.php/pages/aphrc-facilitators/180-catherine-kyobutungi-phd|title=Catherine Kyobutungi, PhD|work=aphrc.org|accessdate=2019-10-02|archivedate=2020-03-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331154947/https://aphrc.org/trainingprograms/index.php/pages/aphrc-facilitators/180-catherine-kyobutungi-phd}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://indepth-network.org/aphrcs-new-executive-director-%E2%80%93-dr-catherine-kyobutungi|title=APHRC'S New Executive Director – Dr Catherine Kyobutungi|publisher=Indepth Network|work=indepth-network.org|accessdate=2019-12-23|archivedate=2023-03-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318112021/http://indepth-network.org/aphrcs-new-executive-director-%E2%80%93-dr-catherine-kyobutungi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika nafasi hii alitathmini changamoto za afya ya uzazi na ustawi kwenye miji ya [[Afrika]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;audioboom.com&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://audioboom.com/posts/2479560-aphrc-s-dr-catherine-kyobutungi-speaks-to-national-public-radio|title=APHRC's Dr. Catherine Kyobutungi Speaks to National Public Radio|work=Audioboom|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-02|date=Sep 15, 2014|archive-date=2025-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123194434/https://audioboom.com/posts/2479560-aphrc-s-dr-catherine-kyobutungi-speaks-to-national-public-radio|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://audioboom.com/posts/2479560-aphrc-s-dr-catherine-kyobutungi-speaks-to-national-public-radio &quot;APHRC's Dr. Catherine Kyobutungi Speaks to National Public Radio&quot;] {{Wayback|url=https://audioboom.com/posts/2479560-aphrc-s-dr-catherine-kyobutungi-speaks-to-national-public-radio |date=20250123194434 }}. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://urbanage.lsecities.net/talks/well-being-in-african-cities#slides|work=urbanage.lsecities.net|accessdate=2019-10-02|title=Well-being in African cities}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kyobutungi alitafuta kuimarisha [[utawala]] kwenye huduma za [[afya]] za mitaa, pamoja na kutoa elimu, miundombinu na vifaa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Catherine%20Kyobutungi%20Presentation.pdf|title=Maternal health in the context of poor urban settlements: Nairobi case study|author=Kyobutungi|first=Catherine|work=Wilson Center|accessdate=2019-10-02}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Japo watafiti wa Kiafrika kwenye vituo hivi vya afya vya mitaa wanaweza kutoa asilimia kubwa ya data muhimu za afya, mara nyingi hawana uwezo wa kuichambua. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.who.int/tdr/news/2015/research-data-share/en/|title=Workshop on how to expand research data sharing|work=WHO|accessdate=2019-10-02|date=23 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kyobutungi ameelezea data ya utafiti wa Kiafrika isiyotumika kama kama kiboko, &quot;kwa sasa tunaweza kuona na kupata kiasi kidogo sana - kama masikio ya kiboko ndani ya maji - lakini tunajua kuna uwezo mkubwa ulio chini ya uso&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Alifanyika kua na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa APHRC mwaka wa 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea jarida |last=Berman |first=Philippa |date=2017-10-28 |title=Catherine Kyobutungi: leading African health research capacity |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)32672-7/abstract |journal=The Lancet |language=English |volume=390 |issue=10106 |pages=1942 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32672-7 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=29115223 |s2cid=205988436 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hapa kazi yake imejikita kwenye  epidemiolojia ya magonjwa ya moyo na mishipa, kuenea kwa kisukari kwenye jamii duni za mijini na njia za kuzuia magonjwa ya moyo na mishipa kwenye makazi ya watu masikini [[Nairobi|ya Nairobi]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://aphrc.org/trainingprograms/index.php/pages/aphrc-facilitators/180-catherine-kyobutungi-phd|title=Catherine Kyobutungi, PhD|work=aphrc.org|accessdate=2019-10-02|archivedate=2020-03-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331154947/https://aphrc.org/trainingprograms/index.php/pages/aphrc-facilitators/180-catherine-kyobutungi-phd}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200331154947/https://aphrc.org/trainingprograms/index.php/pages/aphrc-facilitators/180-catherine-kyobutungi-phd &quot;Catherine Kyobutungi, PhD&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Catherine Kyobutungi - Monitoring the Health Needs of Urban Slums|date=6 June 2011|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eP0W3SHkuMI|language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alikuwa na nafasi ya  Mwenyekiti wa uzinduzi wa Chama cha Epidemiolojia cha Kenya. Kyobutungi amefanyabidii ya  kuboresha kupatikana kwa  elimu kwa wasichana, ikiwa ni pamoja na maendeleo ya rasilimali za jamii na washauri waliofunzwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.heardproject.org/uncategorized/spotlight-dr-catherine-kyobutungi/|title=Spotlight: Dr. Catherine Kyobutungi|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-02|date=January 31, 2019|archivedate=2019-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002204323/https://www.heardproject.org/uncategorized/spotlight-dr-catherine-kyobutungi/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwaka wa 2019, jina la Kyobutungi lilitangazwa kama Mwenyekiti wa Joep Lange, nafasi ya kuchunguza magonjwa yasiyoambukiza kwenye nchi za Afrika. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.joeplangeinstitute.org/news-item/catherine-kyobutungi-appointed-as-joep-lange-chair/|title=Catherine Kyobutungi appointed as Joep Lange Chair|work=Joep Lange Institute|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-02|archivedate=2020-03-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331152952/https://www.joeplangeinstitute.org/news-item/catherine-kyobutungi-appointed-as-joep-lange-chair/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200331152952/https://www.joeplangeinstitute.org/news-item/catherine-kyobutungi-appointed-as-joep-lange-chair/ &quot;Catherine Kyobutungi appointed as Joep Lange Chair&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Magonjwa yasiyoambukiza yanaongezeka kwenye nchi za Afrika, na mifumo ya sasa ya huduma ya afya inaupungufu wa  vifaa vya kutibu idadi ya watu walioathiriwa nayo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Malengo ya wa pesa za kigeni na mafunzo hadi sasa umekuwa kwenye [[Ukimwi|VVU/UKIMWI]], [[malaria]] na [[kifua kikuu]], ambayo ina maana kwamba vipimo rahisi vya kimatibabu kama vile kupima shinikizo la damu mara nyingi hauzingatiwi sana. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Kyobutungi aliwasaidia wafanyakazi wa afya kutembelea jamii za wenyeji wakiwa na vizuizi vya shinikizo la damu ili kufuatilia [[Shinikizo la juu la damu|shinikizo la damu]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2014/09/14/347982804/esther-okaya-is-introduced-to-the-blood-pressure-cuff|title=Africans Are Introduced To The Blood Pressure Cuff|work=NPR.org|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-02|author=Gregory Warner|date=September 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alibainisha kwamba ili kuweka nguvu kwenye  ushiriki wa mgonjwa na daktari ilibidi ajumuishe motisha ya kiuchumi, akitoa vipindi 100 kwa kila mgonjwa aliyepimwa anayetembelea kliniki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Pamoja na kuanzisha programu ya utafiti inayochunguza usimamizi wa magonjwa sugu na njia za kuimarisha mifumo ya huduma ya afya, Kyobutungi anabainisha  jukumu la teknolojia ya kidijitali kwenye kuwaunganisha wagonjwa na mifumo yao ya huduma ya afya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Amesoma ushawishi wa Mkataba wa Mfumo wa WHO kuhusu Udhibiti wa Tumbaku kuhusu sheria za tumbaku kwenye [[Kusini kwa Sahara|Afrika Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea jarida |last=Wisdom |first=Jennifer P. |last2=Juma |first2=Pamela |last3=Mwagomba |first3=Beatrice |last4=Ndinda |first4=Catherine |last5=Mapa-Tassou |first5=Clarisse |last6=Assah |first6=Felix |last7=Nkhata |first7=Misheck |last8=Mohamed |first8=Shukri F. |last9=Oladimeji |first9=Oladepo |last10=Oladunni |first10=Opeyemi |last11=Oluwasanu |first11=Mojisola |date=2018-08-15 |title=Influence of the WHO framework convention on tobacco control on tobacco legislation and policies in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=954 |doi=10.1186/s12889-018-5827-5 |issn=1471-2458 |pmc=6117626 |pmid=30168395 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kyobutungi anatoa huduma kwenye baraza la [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kimataifa cha Marekani - Afrika]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.usiu.ac.ke/175/dr-catherine-kyobutungi-university-council-member/|title=Dr. Catherine Kyobutungi - University Council Member|author=Website|first=USIU-Africa|work=USIU-Africa Website|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pamoja na hayo anahudumu kama mkurugenzi wa Muungano wa Mafunzo ya Utafiti wa Kina barani Afrika (CARTA), shirika lenye lengo la kujenga upya na kuimarisha uwezo wa vyuo vikuu vya Afrika. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://cartafrica.org/secretariat/|title=Secretariat|work=Consortium for Advanced Research &amp; Training in Africa|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-02|archivedate=2021-10-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016050518/https://cartafrica.org/secretariat/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://cartafrica.org/carta-hosts-dfid-deputy-director-research-evidence-division/|title=CARTA hosts DFID Deputy Director Research and Evidence Division » Consortium for Advanced Research &amp; Training in Africadate=2017-11-10|work=Consortium for Advanced Research &amp; Training in Africa|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002205827/http://cartafrica.org/carta-hosts-dfid-deputy-director-research-evidence-division/|archivedate=2019-10-02|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aliteuliwa  kwenye Chuo cha Sayansi cha Afrika mwaka wa 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://aasciences.ac.ke/fellow/kyobutungi-catherine|title=Kyobutungi Catherine|work=aasciences.ac.ke|accessdate=2019-10-02|archivedate=2019-06-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606090140/https://aasciences.ac.ke/fellow/kyobutungi-catherine}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190606090140/https://aasciences.ac.ke/fellow/kyobutungi-catherine &quot;Kyobutungi Catherine&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://news.yale.edu/2018/03/20/yale-african-academy-sciences-host-symposium-university-research|title=Yale, African Academy of Sciences host symposium on university research|date=2018-03-20|work=YaleNews|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tangu mwaka wa 2019, Kyobutungi amekuwa mwanachama wa Tume ya ''Lancet'' –SIGHT juu ya Jamii za Amani Kupitia Afya na Usawa wa Kijinsia, inayosimamiwa na Tarja Halonen. 

Kyotobungi ni Mhariri Mkuu mwanzilishi wa ''PLOS Global Public Health'', jarida la ufikiaji huria lenye shughuli na  ukosefu wa usawa uliojikita sana na kufanya utafiti wenye athari uonekane na upatikanaji wa  wataalamu wa afya, watunga sera, na jamii za wenyeji bila vikwazo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=PLOS Global Public Health|url=https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/s/journal-information|accessdate=2025-09-12|work=journals.plos.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anaendelea kuhudumu kwenye nafasi hiyo.

== Shughuli nyingine ==
* Ushirikiano wa Afya ya Mama, Mtoto Mchanga na Mtoto (PMNCH), Mwanachama wa Bodi 

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{mbegu-mwanasayansi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1972]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uganda]]
[[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Uganda]]</text>
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        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
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      <text bytes="16229" sha1="531zap6e8hegqxqs4vsvm64w8s8s2gu" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Catherine_Kyobutungi_by_Billy_Miaron_at_computer.jpg|thumb|Catherine Kyobutungi]]
'''Catherine Kyobutungi''' (alizaliwa [[1972]]) ni [[Epidemiolojia|mtaalamu wa magonjwa ya mlipuko]] [[Uganda|nchini Uganda]] na kwa sasa ameshika nafasi kama  Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Kituo cha Utafiti wa Idadi ya Watu na Afya cha Afrika (APHRC) &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://aphrc.org/|title=APHRC Homepage|work=APHRC|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://indepth-network.org/aphrcs-new-executive-director-%E2%80%93-dr-catherine-kyobutungi|title=APHRC'S NEW EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR – Dr Catherine Kyobutungi|work=indepth-network.org|accessdate=2020-04-07|archivedate=2023-03-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318112021/http://indepth-network.org/aphrcs-new-executive-director-%E2%80%93-dr-catherine-kyobutungi}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Mwenyekiti wa Joep Lange kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Amsterdam. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.joeplangeinstitute.org/news-item/catherine-kyobutungi-appointed-as-joep-lange-chair/|title=Catherine Kyobutungi appointed as Joep Lange Chair|author=Institute|first=Joep Lange|work=Joep Lange Institute|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-07|archivedate=2020-03-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331152952/https://www.joeplangeinstitute.org/news-item/catherine-kyobutungi-appointed-as-joep-lange-chair/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Catherine Kyobutungi|url=https://unu.edu/about/unu-council-member/catherine-kyobutungi|accessdate=2024-03-11|work=United Nations University|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aliteuliwa  kwenye Chuo cha Sayansi cha Afrika mwaka wa 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kyobutungi Catherine {{!}} The AAS|url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellows/kyobutungi-catherine|accessdate=2026-02-18|work=www.aasciences.africa|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Kyobutungi alizaliwa mwaka wa 1972 huko [[Gulu]] nchini [[Uganda]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;heidel&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/6262/1/Catherine_Kyobutungi.pdf|title=Mortality from cancers and external causes of death among Aussiedler in Germany 1990- 2002 – an epidemiological cohort study|author=Kyobutungi|first=Catherine|date=|work=University of Heidelberg|accessdate=11 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alianza elimu yake ya udaktari kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere]] mnamo  1990. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.joeplangeinstitute.org/news-item/catherine-kyobutungi-appointed-as-joep-lange-chair/|title=Catherine Kyobutungi appointed as Joep Lange Chair|work=Joep Lange Institute|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-02|archivedate=2020-03-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331152952/https://www.joeplangeinstitute.org/news-item/catherine-kyobutungi-appointed-as-joep-lange-chair/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baada ya kuhitimisha masomo yake mnamo  1996 alifanya kazi kama afisa wa matibabu kwenye Hospitali ya Jumuiya ya Rushere . &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://aasciences.ac.ke/fellow/kyobutungi-catherine|title=Kyobutungi Catherine|work=aasciences.ac.ke|accessdate=2019-10-02|archivedate=2019-06-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606090140/https://aasciences.ac.ke/fellow/kyobutungi-catherine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kyobutungi alihama kutoka udaktari wa kimatibabu ili kwenda kwenye afya ya umma kwa sababu aliwaza angeweza kuokoa maisha zaidi kwa kurekebisha mfumo wa huduma ya afya ya [[Afrika]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://elifesciences.org/inside-elife/8304ca3b/webinar-report-building-connections-and-developing-research-in-sub-saharan-africa|title=Webinar Report: Building connections and developing research in Sub-Saharan Africa|date=2017-10-12|work=eLife|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alipata elimu ya  [[Uzamili|shahada ya uzamili]] kwenye afya ya jamii na shahada ya udaktari juu ya [[epidemiolojia]] kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Heidelberg|Chuo Kikuu cha Ruprecht Karl cha Heidelberg]] mnamo 2002. &lt;ref&gt; Utafiti wake wa udaktari ulibobea katika Idara ya Usafi wa Kitropiki na Afya ya Umma ikiwa chini ya na Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Heiko Becher. &lt;ref/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://indepth-network.org/dr-catherine-kyobutungi|title=Dr. Catherine Kyobutungi|work=indepth-network.org|accessdate=2019-10-02|archivedate=2023-03-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318112014/http://indepth-network.org/dr-catherine-kyobutungi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka wa 2006 Kyobutungi alijiunga na Kituo cha Utafiti wa Idadi ya Watu na Afya cha Afrika kama mwanafunzi wa postdoctoral, na hatimaye alichaguliwa kama Mkuu wa mpango wa utafiti wa Changamoto na Mifumo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://audioboom.com/posts/2479560-aphrc-s-dr-catherine-kyobutungi-speaks-to-national-public-radio|title=APHRC's Dr. Catherine Kyobutungi Speaks to National Public Radio|work=Audioboom|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-02|date=Sep 15, 2014|archive-date=2025-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123194434/https://audioboom.com/posts/2479560-aphrc-s-dr-catherine-kyobutungi-speaks-to-national-public-radio|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baada ya kuhitimu, Kyobutungi alianza kufundisha katika Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi na Teknolojia cha Mbarara.

== Utafiti na kazi ==
Kwenye kipindi cha Oktoba 2017, Kyobutungi alichaguliwa kuwa Mkurugenzi wa Utafiti kwenye Kituo cha Utafiti wa Idadi ya Watu na Afya cha Afrika (APHRC). &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://aphrc.org/trainingprograms/index.php/pages/aphrc-facilitators/180-catherine-kyobutungi-phd|title=Catherine Kyobutungi, PhD|work=aphrc.org|accessdate=2019-10-02|archivedate=2020-03-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331154947/https://aphrc.org/trainingprograms/index.php/pages/aphrc-facilitators/180-catherine-kyobutungi-phd}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://indepth-network.org/aphrcs-new-executive-director-%E2%80%93-dr-catherine-kyobutungi|title=APHRC'S New Executive Director – Dr Catherine Kyobutungi|publisher=Indepth Network|work=indepth-network.org|accessdate=2019-12-23|archivedate=2023-03-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318112021/http://indepth-network.org/aphrcs-new-executive-director-%E2%80%93-dr-catherine-kyobutungi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika nafasi hii alitathmini changamoto za afya ya uzazi na ustawi kwenye miji ya [[Afrika]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;audioboom.com&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://audioboom.com/posts/2479560-aphrc-s-dr-catherine-kyobutungi-speaks-to-national-public-radio|title=APHRC's Dr. Catherine Kyobutungi Speaks to National Public Radio|work=Audioboom|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-02|date=Sep 15, 2014|archive-date=2025-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123194434/https://audioboom.com/posts/2479560-aphrc-s-dr-catherine-kyobutungi-speaks-to-national-public-radio|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://audioboom.com/posts/2479560-aphrc-s-dr-catherine-kyobutungi-speaks-to-national-public-radio &quot;APHRC's Dr. Catherine Kyobutungi Speaks to National Public Radio&quot;] {{Wayback|url=https://audioboom.com/posts/2479560-aphrc-s-dr-catherine-kyobutungi-speaks-to-national-public-radio |date=20250123194434 }}. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://urbanage.lsecities.net/talks/well-being-in-african-cities#slides|work=urbanage.lsecities.net|accessdate=2019-10-02|title=Well-being in African cities}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kyobutungi alitafuta kuimarisha [[utawala]] kwenye huduma za [[afya]] za mitaa, pamoja na kutoa elimu, miundombinu na vifaa. Japo watafiti wa Kiafrika kwenye vituo hivi vya afya vya mitaa wanaweza kutoa asilimia kubwa ya data muhimu za afya, mara nyingi hawana uwezo wa kuichambua. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.who.int/tdr/news/2015/research-data-share/en/|title=Workshop on how to expand research data sharing|work=WHO|accessdate=2019-10-02|date=23 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kyobutungi ameelezea data ya utafiti wa Kiafrika isiyotumika kama kama kiboko, &quot;kwa sasa tunaweza kuona na kupata kiasi kidogo sana - kama masikio ya kiboko ndani ya maji - lakini tunajua kuna uwezo mkubwa ulio chini ya uso&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Alifanyika kua na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa APHRC mwaka wa 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea jarida |last=Berman |first=Philippa |date=2017-10-28 |title=Catherine Kyobutungi: leading African health research capacity |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)32672-7/abstract |journal=The Lancet |language=English |volume=390 |issue=10106 |pages=1942 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32672-7 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=29115223 |s2cid=205988436 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hapa kazi yake imejikita kwenye  epidemiolojia ya magonjwa ya moyo na mishipa, kuenea kwa kisukari kwenye jamii duni za mijini na njia za kuzuia magonjwa ya moyo na mishipa kwenye makazi ya watu masikini [[Nairobi|ya Nairobi]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://aphrc.org/trainingprograms/index.php/pages/aphrc-facilitators/180-catherine-kyobutungi-phd|title=Catherine Kyobutungi, PhD|work=aphrc.org|accessdate=2019-10-02|archivedate=2020-03-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331154947/https://aphrc.org/trainingprograms/index.php/pages/aphrc-facilitators/180-catherine-kyobutungi-phd}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200331154947/https://aphrc.org/trainingprograms/index.php/pages/aphrc-facilitators/180-catherine-kyobutungi-phd &quot;Catherine Kyobutungi, PhD&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Catherine Kyobutungi - Monitoring the Health Needs of Urban Slums|date=6 June 2011|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eP0W3SHkuMI|language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alikuwa na nafasi ya  Mwenyekiti wa uzinduzi wa Chama cha Epidemiolojia cha Kenya. Kyobutungi amefanyabidii ya  kuboresha kupatikana kwa  elimu kwa wasichana, ikiwa ni pamoja na maendeleo ya rasilimali za jamii na washauri waliofunzwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.heardproject.org/uncategorized/spotlight-dr-catherine-kyobutungi/|title=Spotlight: Dr. Catherine Kyobutungi|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-02|date=January 31, 2019|archivedate=2019-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002204323/https://www.heardproject.org/uncategorized/spotlight-dr-catherine-kyobutungi/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwaka wa 2019, jina la Kyobutungi lilitangazwa kama Mwenyekiti wa Joep Lange, nafasi ya kuchunguza magonjwa yasiyoambukiza kwenye nchi za Afrika. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.joeplangeinstitute.org/news-item/catherine-kyobutungi-appointed-as-joep-lange-chair/|title=Catherine Kyobutungi appointed as Joep Lange Chair|work=Joep Lange Institute|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-02|archivedate=2020-03-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331152952/https://www.joeplangeinstitute.org/news-item/catherine-kyobutungi-appointed-as-joep-lange-chair/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200331152952/https://www.joeplangeinstitute.org/news-item/catherine-kyobutungi-appointed-as-joep-lange-chair/ &quot;Catherine Kyobutungi appointed as Joep Lange Chair&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Magonjwa yasiyoambukiza yanaongezeka kwenye nchi za Afrika, na mifumo ya sasa ya huduma ya afya inaupungufu wa  vifaa vya kutibu idadi ya watu walioathiriwa nayo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Malengo ya wa pesa za kigeni na mafunzo hadi sasa umekuwa kwenye [[Ukimwi|VVU/UKIMWI]], [[malaria]] na [[kifua kikuu]], ambayo ina maana kwamba vipimo rahisi vya kimatibabu kama vile kupima shinikizo la damu mara nyingi hauzingatiwi sana. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Kyobutungi aliwasaidia wafanyakazi wa afya kutembelea jamii za wenyeji wakiwa na vizuizi vya shinikizo la damu ili kufuatilia [[Shinikizo la juu la damu|shinikizo la damu]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2014/09/14/347982804/esther-okaya-is-introduced-to-the-blood-pressure-cuff|title=Africans Are Introduced To The Blood Pressure Cuff|work=NPR.org|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-02|author=Gregory Warner|date=September 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alibainisha kwamba ili kuweka nguvu kwenye  ushiriki wa mgonjwa na daktari ilibidi ajumuishe motisha ya kiuchumi, akitoa vipindi 100 kwa kila mgonjwa aliyepimwa anayetembelea kliniki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Pamoja na kuanzisha programu ya utafiti inayochunguza usimamizi wa magonjwa sugu na njia za kuimarisha mifumo ya huduma ya afya, Kyobutungi anabainisha  jukumu la teknolojia ya kidijitali kwenye kuwaunganisha wagonjwa na mifumo yao ya huduma ya afya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Amesoma ushawishi wa Mkataba wa Mfumo wa WHO kuhusu Udhibiti wa Tumbaku kuhusu sheria za tumbaku kwenye [[Kusini kwa Sahara|Afrika Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea jarida |last=Wisdom |first=Jennifer P. |last2=Juma |first2=Pamela |last3=Mwagomba |first3=Beatrice |last4=Ndinda |first4=Catherine |last5=Mapa-Tassou |first5=Clarisse |last6=Assah |first6=Felix |last7=Nkhata |first7=Misheck |last8=Mohamed |first8=Shukri F. |last9=Oladimeji |first9=Oladepo |last10=Oladunni |first10=Opeyemi |last11=Oluwasanu |first11=Mojisola |date=2018-08-15 |title=Influence of the WHO framework convention on tobacco control on tobacco legislation and policies in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=954 |doi=10.1186/s12889-018-5827-5 |issn=1471-2458 |pmc=6117626 |pmid=30168395 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kyobutungi anatoa huduma kwenye baraza la [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kimataifa cha Marekani - Afrika]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.usiu.ac.ke/175/dr-catherine-kyobutungi-university-council-member/|title=Dr. Catherine Kyobutungi - University Council Member|author=Website|first=USIU-Africa|work=USIU-Africa Website|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pamoja na hayo anahudumu kama mkurugenzi wa Muungano wa Mafunzo ya Utafiti wa Kina barani Afrika (CARTA), shirika lenye lengo la kujenga upya na kuimarisha uwezo wa vyuo vikuu vya Afrika. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://cartafrica.org/secretariat/|title=Secretariat|work=Consortium for Advanced Research &amp; Training in Africa|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-02|archivedate=2021-10-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016050518/https://cartafrica.org/secretariat/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://cartafrica.org/carta-hosts-dfid-deputy-director-research-evidence-division/|title=CARTA hosts DFID Deputy Director Research and Evidence Division » Consortium for Advanced Research &amp; Training in Africadate=2017-11-10|work=Consortium for Advanced Research &amp; Training in Africa|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002205827/http://cartafrica.org/carta-hosts-dfid-deputy-director-research-evidence-division/|archivedate=2019-10-02|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aliteuliwa  kwenye Chuo cha Sayansi cha Afrika mwaka wa 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://aasciences.ac.ke/fellow/kyobutungi-catherine|title=Kyobutungi Catherine|work=aasciences.ac.ke|accessdate=2019-10-02|archivedate=2019-06-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606090140/https://aasciences.ac.ke/fellow/kyobutungi-catherine}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190606090140/https://aasciences.ac.ke/fellow/kyobutungi-catherine &quot;Kyobutungi Catherine&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://news.yale.edu/2018/03/20/yale-african-academy-sciences-host-symposium-university-research|title=Yale, African Academy of Sciences host symposium on university research|date=2018-03-20|work=YaleNews|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tangu mwaka wa 2019, Kyobutungi amekuwa mwanachama wa Tume ya ''Lancet'' –SIGHT juu ya Jamii za Amani Kupitia Afya na Usawa wa Kijinsia, inayosimamiwa na Tarja Halonen. 

Kyotobungi ni Mhariri Mkuu mwanzilishi wa ''PLOS Global Public Health'', jarida la ufikiaji huria lenye shughuli na  ukosefu wa usawa uliojikita sana na kufanya utafiti wenye athari uonekane na upatikanaji wa  wataalamu wa afya, watunga sera, na jamii za wenyeji bila vikwazo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=PLOS Global Public Health|url=https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/s/journal-information|accessdate=2025-09-12|work=journals.plos.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anaendelea kuhudumu kwenye nafasi hiyo.

== Shughuli nyingine ==
* Ushirikiano wa Afya ya Mama, Mtoto Mchanga na Mtoto (PMNCH), Mwanachama wa Bodi 

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{mbegu-mwanasayansi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1972]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uganda]]
[[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Uganda]]</text>
      <sha1>531zap6e8hegqxqs4vsvm64w8s8s2gu</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hafsat Abdulwaheed</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="3214" sha1="39k1wl74poqkj5pkwu9ga85flpfegg8" xml:space="preserve">'''Hafsat Abdulwaheed Ahmad''' (amezaliwa 5 Mei 1952) ni [[mwandishi]], [[mshairi]] na [[mwanaharakati]] wa haki za wanawake kutoka [[Nigeria]]. Anajulikana kama mwanamke wa kwanza kutoka Kaskazini mwa Nigeria kuandika riwaya ya Kihauza iliyochapishwa.

Anatoka eneo la Kofar Mata katika jiji la [[Kano (city)|Kano]], jimbo la Kano, Nigeria.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.katsinatimes.com/news-analysis/details/3181/salute-to-a-woman-of-substance-hajiya-dr-hafsatu-abdulwaheed-dlitt-honoris-causa|title=Salute to a Woman of Substance: Hajiya (Dr) Hafsatu AbdulWaheed Abdulwaheed|work=Katsina Times|date=14 April 2024|accessdate=2026-04-11|archive-date=2025-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221151037/https://www.katsinatimes.com/news-analysis/details/3181/salute-to-a-woman-of-substance-hajiya-dr-hafsatu-abdulwaheed-dlitt-honoris-causa|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya awali ==
Hafsat Abdulwaheed alizaliwa tarehe 5 Mei 1952 katika jiji la Kano. Alisoma elimu ya msingi katika Shule ya Shahuci na baadaye elimu ya sekondari katika Shule ya Wasichana ya Mkoa (ambayo sasa inajulikana kama Shekara Girls Secondary School), zote zikiwa katika jimbo la Kano.

Alianza kuandika tangu akiwa shule ya msingi. Aliolewa na Muhammed Ahmed Abdulwaheed tarehe 25 Januari 1966.

Katika miaka ya 1970, alikua mwanamke wa kwanza kutoka Kaskazini mwa Nigeria kuchapisha riwaya ya Kihausa.&lt;ref name=&quot;cg&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Giaimo|first1=Cara|title=How Nigerian Romance Novelists Sneak Feminism Into Their Plots|date=29 January 2016 |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/how-nigerian-romance-novelists-sneak-feminism-into-their-plots|publisher=Atlas Obscura}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ameandika zaidi ya vitabu 30, ingawa ni vitano tu vilivyochapishwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;mata&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Muhammad|first1=Muhammad Kabir|title=Mata 100: Yadda Hafsat Abdulwaheed ta kalubalanci gwamna|url=http://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-38160059|date=30 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ya uandishi ==
Hafsat alianza kuandika hadithi za jadi akiwa shule ya msingi na alipata tuzo mbalimbali, ikiwemo kutoka [[British Council]].

Mwaka 1970 aliwasilisha hadithi yake ''So Aljannar Duniya'' (ikimaanisha &quot;Upendo ni Pepo Duniani&quot;) katika mashindano yaliyoandaliwa na [[Northern Nigerian Publishing Company Limited|Kampuni ya Uchapishaji ya Nigeria ya Kaskazini (NNPC)]]. Hadithi hiyo ilishika nafasi ya pili.&lt;ref name=&quot;mata&quot;/&gt;

Riwaya hii inachukuliwa kuwa chimbuko la mtindo wa riwaya za mapenzi za Kihauza unaojulikana kama ''Littattafan Soyayya'' au &quot;vitabu vya mapenzi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;cg&quot;/&gt;

Miongoni mwa vitabu vyake vilivyochapishwa ni:
* ''So Aljannar Duniya''
* ''Yardubu Mai Tambotsai''
* ''Nasiha ga Ma'aura''
* ''Namijin Maza Tauraron Annabawa''
* ''Ancient Dance''

== Siasa ==
Hafsat Abdulwaheed amekuwa mwanachama wa kundi la kutetea haki za wanawake nchini Nigeria liitwalo Baobab.

Baada ya kurejea kwa utawala wa kidemokrasia mwaka 1999, alijaribu kugombea nafasi ya ugavana katika jimbo la [[Zamfara State|Zamfara]], lakini juhudi zake hazikufanikiwa kutokana na upinzani wa kijamii na kisiasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;mata&quot;/&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
{{BD|1952|}}
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]]</text>
      <sha1>39k1wl74poqkj5pkwu9ga85flpfegg8</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Felicia Adeyoyin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>1509789</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:26:43Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <comment>/* Elimu */</comment>
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      <text bytes="4873" sha1="t39ca39007l9qodukipbaps10qzeid6" xml:space="preserve">'''Felicia Adebola Adeyoyin''' (6 Novemba 1938 – 1 Mei 2021) alikuwa profesa katika University of Lagos na pia alikuwa binti wa kifalme kutoka ukoo wa watawala wa Iji wa Saki, [[Oyo State]]. Alijulikana zaidi kama mwandishi wa [[Arise, O Compatriots#National Pledge|Kiapo cha Taifa cha Nigeria]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-10-01|title=Nigeria @ 59: Interesting facts about Nigeria's National anthem, Pledge|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/nigeria-59-interesting-facts-about-nigerias-national-anthem-pledge/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2021-05-06|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya awali ==
Felicia Awujoola alizaliwa tarehe 6 Novemba 1938 katika [[Ogbomosho|Ogbomoso]], [[Oyo State]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lawoyin|first=Oyeronke Alake|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xtNp2lUM8KUC&amp;q=Felicia+Adeyoyin&amp;pg=PA127|title=IDI-ABA|date=2007|publisher=Xulon Press|isbn=978-1-60477-072-8|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eq8ZAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=felicia+adeyoyin|title=Who's who in Nigeria|date=1990|publisher=Newswatch|isbn=978-978-2704-12-2|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alisoma katika Idi-Aba, shule ya Kikristo ya Kibaptisti, kuanzia mwaka 1953 na kuhitimu mwaka 1957 katika programu ya ualimu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mwaka 1965 aliolewa na Solomon Adedeji Adeyoyin, ambaye pia alisoma katika shule dada ya Idi-Aba, Baptist Boys' High School.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Elimu ==
Alipata shahada ya kwanza (BA) kwa heshima katika Jiografia kutoka Birkbeck, University of London mwaka 1968, na baadaye stashahada ya elimu (Diploma of Education) katika chuo hicho mwaka 1976,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bbk.ac.uk/about-us/notable-birkbeckians |title=Notable Birkbeckians: Graduates In Academia |date=2021 |website=bbk.ac.uk |publisher=[[Birkbeck, University of London]] |access-date=2021-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; akifuatiwa na shahada ya uzamili (MA) katika Somo la Jamii kutoka [[Columbia University]] mjini New York mwaka 1977. Hatimaye alipata shahada ya uzamivu (PhD) mwaka 1981 kutoka University of Lagos.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gist&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-05-05|title=Author Of Nigeria's National Pledge, Felicia Adedoyin, Is Dead|url=https://niyitabiti.net/2021/05/author-of-nigerias-national-pledge-felicia-adedoyin-is-dead/|access-date=2021-05-06|website=Gistmaster|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505201620/https://niyitabiti.net/2021/05/author-of-nigerias-national-pledge-felicia-adedoyin-is-dead/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ==
Adeyoyin alikuwa Profesa wa Elimu katika University of Lagos na pia mshauri wa [[United Nations]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Mwaka 1976, aliandika kiapo kilichochapishwa katika toleo la tarehe 15 Julai la gazeti la ''[[Daily Times (Nigeria)|Daily Times]]'' kupitia makala yenye kichwa &quot;Loyalty to the Nation, Pledge&quot;. Mkuu wa nchi wa wakati huo, [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], alikifanyia marekebisho kiapo hicho na kukitangaza rasmi kama Kiapo cha Taifa, akiamuru wanafunzi wa shule kukisoma wakati wa mikusanyiko ya asubuhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Author of Nigeria's National Pledge, Felicia Adebola Adedoyin, is Dead|url=https://www.nationalmirroronline.net/author-of-nigeria-s-national-pledge-felicia-adebola-adedoyin-is-dead-7319.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510184227/https://www.nationalmirroronline.net/author-of-nigeria-s-national-pledge-felicia-adebola-adedoyin-is-dead-7319.html|archive-date=May 10, 2021|access-date=2021-05-10|newspaper=[[National Mirror]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Joshua|first=Temi|date=2021-05-05|title=Author of Nigeria's National Pledge, Prof. Felicia Adedoyin, dies at 83|url=https://thedailypage.ng/author-of-nigerias-national-pledge-prof-felicia-adedoyin-dies-at-83/|access-date=2021-05-10|website=The Daily Page|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Mbamalu |first1=Socrates |title=Prof. Felicia Adeyoyin, Author of Nigeria's National Pledge, Dies at 83 |url=https://fij.ng/article/prof-felicia-adeyoyin-author-of-nigerias-national-pledge-dies-at-83/ |publisher=Foundation For Investigative Journalism |date=3 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aidha, Adeyoyin alikuwa shemasi wa Yaba Baptist Church huko aba, Lagosi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Kifo ==
Adeyoyin alifariki tarehe 1 Mei 2021 baada ya kuugua kwa muda mfupi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Akinselure |first=Wale |date=2021-05-09 |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/saki-indigenes-ask-fg-oyo-govt-to-immortalise-late-national-pledge-composer/ |title=Saki Indigenes Ask FG, Oyo Govt To Immortalise Late National Pledge Composer |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tuzo ==
Mwaka 2005, Adeyoyin alitunukiwa tuzo ya kitaifa ya Officer of the Order of the Niger (OON).&lt;ref name=&quot;Gist&quot;/&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
{{BD|1938|2021}}
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]]</text>
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    <title>Ifi Amadiume</title>
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      <text bytes="3225" sha1="pz5wv1ejf5p8jhdhk6jfuiatcvtzz1c" xml:space="preserve">'''Ifi Amadiume''' (alizaliwa 23 Aprili 1947) ni mshairi, mwanaanthropolojia na mwandishi wa insha kutoka Nigeria. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 46, alijiunga na Idara ya Dini ya Dartmouth College nchini Marekani mwaka 1993.

Kazi yake imejumuisha machapisho na michango katika takribani vitabu 13.

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Alizaliwa Kaduna katika familia ya [[Waigbo]], na alipata elimu yake ya awali nchini Nigeria kabla ya kuhamia Uingereza mwaka 1971. Alisoma katika School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, ambapo alipata shahada ya BA mwaka 1978 na PhD mwaka 1983 katika anthropolojia ya kijamii.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007-10-30 |title=Ifi Amadiume |url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~religion/faculty/amadiume-bio.html |access-date=2024-03-26 |archive-date=2007-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030034040/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~religion/faculty/amadiume-bio.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia alipata mafunzo ya lugha ya Hausa akiwa SOAS.

Alifanya utafiti katika University of Nigeria, Enugu, na kufundisha nchini Uingereza, Kanada, Marekani na Senegal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Busby3&quot;&gt;[[Margaret Busby]] (ed.), ''[[Daughters of Africa]]'', Cape, 1992, pp. 632–637.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ==
Amadiume anajulikana kwa kazi zake za anthropolojia kuhusu jamii za Kiafrika, hasa Waigbo. Utafiti wake wa uwandani ulizalisha vitabu viwili muhimu:
* ''African Matriarchal Foundations'' (1987)
* ''Male Daughters, Female Husbands'' (1987)

Kitabu cha ''Male Daughters, Female Husbands'' kinachukuliwa kuwa kazi ya msingi katika mijadala ya jinsia, na kilichangia kufikiria upya dhana za jinsia katika jamii za Kiafrika kabla ya ushawishi wa ukoloni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hoppe |first=Kirk Arden |date=2016-07-02 |title=Ifi Amadiume. Male Daughters, Female Husbands |journal=International Feminist Journal of Politics |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=498–500 |doi=10.1080/14616742.2016.1191276}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baadaye alichapisha ''Reinventing Africa'' (1998), pamoja na vitabu vingine vya nadharia ya kijamii na kitamaduni.

== Ushairi ==
Amadiume alishiriki katika Festac '77 na alichapisha mashairi yake katika mkusanyiko ''Passion Waves'' (1985), ulioteuliwa kwa tuzo ya Commonwealth Poetry Prize.&lt;ref name=&quot;Busby3&quot; /&gt; Pia alishinda tuzo ya Flora Nwapa kwa kitabu chake ''Circles of Love'' (2006).

== Machapisho ==
=== Ushairi ===
* ''Passion Waves'' (1985)  
* ''Ecstasy'' (1995)  
* ''Circles of Love'' (2006)  
* ''Voices Draped in Black'' (2008)  

=== Anthropolojia ===
* ''African Matriarchal Foundations'' (1987)  
* ''Male Daughters, Female Husbands'' (1987)  
* ''Reinventing Africa'' (1997)  
* ''Daughters of the Goddess, Daughters of Imperialism'' (2000)  
* ''African Possibilities'' (2024)  

== Mawazo ya msingi ==
Kazi zake zimechangia sana katika nadharia za ufeministi na mjadala wa jinsia, hasa kwa kupinga dhana za Magharibi kuhusu mgawanyo mkali wa jinsia. Hata hivyo, baadhi ya wakosoaji wamehoji baadhi ya mawazo yake kuhusu uhusiano kati ya jinsia na amani.&lt;ref&gt;C. T. Gibb, &quot;Deconstructing African History&quot;, ''The Journal of African History'', 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
{{BD|1947|}}
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Toyin Ajao</title>
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      <text bytes="13082" sha1="5widwt30uy1g08o1b5bsbsxclf2rwx7" xml:space="preserve">'''Toyin Ajao''' (alizaliwa Ikirun, [[Jimbo la Osun]], [[13 Julai]] [[1978]]) &lt;ref name=&quot;Kediran2011&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Kediran|first=Mutiu Iyanda|date=2011-05-18|title=Press Release: Toyin Ajao (TheActivist) Gets All Expense Paid Trip to Kenya as Winner of Global Women's Blogging Competition|url=https://www.mutiuokediran.com/blog/2011/05/18/press-release-toyin-ajao-theactivist-gets-all-expense-paid-trip-to-kenya-as-winner-of-global-women’s-blogging-competition/|work=Mutiu Iyanda Kediran|accessdate=2024-10-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;) ni msomi wa Nigeria, [[Harakati|mwanaharakati]] wa [[haki za wanawake]], pia ni mtafiti na mtaalamu wa masuala ya uponyaji ambaye kazi yake ina lengo la uponyaji unaorejesha hali ya kawaida, mabadiliko ya migogoro, na mbinu za Kiafrika za kutetea haki za wanawake kwenye mabadiliko ya umma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Black History Month|url=https://sites.exeter.ac.uk/lawbulletin/2024/12/18/black-history-month/|publisher=University of Exeter Law Bulletin|date=December 18, 2024|accessdate=August 6, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;    Yeye ni mwanzilishi wa shirika la  Ìmọ́lẹ̀ wa Kituo cha Afrika (ìAfrika), shirika lisilo la faida lenye kutenda kazi kwenye ustawi wa pamoja wa jamii za Kiafrika zilizowekwa na kupangwa  kushughulikia kiwewe cha vizazi na vya pamoja kupitia kuunganisha mbinu za uponyaji za kiasili na za kisasa. &lt;ref&gt; 

== Elimu ==
Ajao ana [[Uzamivu|Shahada ya Uzamivu (PhD)]] kwenye Sayansi ya Siasa kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Pretoria]], akijilita kwenye mageuzi ya migogoro na Vyombo vya Habari Vipya.  &lt;ref name=&quot;AfricaReport2024&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=10 African scholars to watch in 2024|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/334013/10-african-scholars-to-watch-in-2024/|work=The Africa Report|date=2024|accessdate=2024-08-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alikamilisha elimu yake ya Shahada ya Uzamili (MA) katika Migogoro, Usalama, na Maendeleo kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha King's London &lt;ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;AfricaReport2024&quot; /&gt; na masomo ya Shahada ya Kwanza (B.Sc) katika Uhasibu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Obafemi Awolowo . &lt;ref name=&quot;PunchBeforeStardom&quot; /&gt; 

== Kazi ==
Ajao anafanya kazi na [[Ufeministi wa Kiafrika]], [[kuponya haki]], [[Ubuntu|falsafa ya Ubuntu]], fahamu za msingi, mageuzi ya migogoro, na sayansi ya neva kwenye kazi yake ya uponyaji wa kurejesha ndani ya asasi za kiraia, nafasi za watu wa jinsia moja na za wanawake bara la  Afrika.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Black History Month|url=https://sites.exeter.ac.uk/lawbulletin/2024/12/18/black-history-month/|publisher=University of Exeter Law Bulletin|date=December 18, 2024|accessdate=August 6, 2025}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://sites.exeter.ac.uk/lawbulletin/2024/12/18/black-history-month/ &quot;Black History Month&quot;]. University of Exeter Law Bulletin. 18 December 2024&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 August&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;AfricaReport2024&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=10 African scholars to watch in 2024|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/334013/10-african-scholars-to-watch-in-2024/|work=The Africa Report|date=2024|accessdate=2024-08-06}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.theafricareport.com/334013/10-african-scholars-to-watch-in-2024/ &quot;10 African scholars to watch in 2024&quot;]. ''The Africa Report''. 2024&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 August&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Alitajwa kuwa mmoja wa &quot;wasomi 10 wa Kiafrika wa kutazama&quot; mwaka 2024 na The Africa Report &lt;ref name=&quot;AfricaReport2024&quot; /&gt; pia na [[Simukai Chigudu]], na Naminata Diabate . Chuo Kikuu cha Exeter pia kilimuenzi  kama &quot;Msomi Mweusi Mwenye Msukumo&quot; akijimlishwa na [[Audre Lorde]] na Kimberlé Crenshaw wakati wa [[Mwezi wa Historia ya Weusi|Mwezi wa Historia ya Watu Weusi]] mwaka 2024. &lt;ref&gt;

Ajao ni mwanachuoi wa mwaka wa kwanza na mtafiti mwenza kwenye Kituo cha Uongozi wa Afrika, Chuo cha King's London .   &lt;ref name=&quot;AfricaReport2024&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=10 African scholars to watch in 2024|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/334013/10-african-scholars-to-watch-in-2024/|work=The Africa Report|date=2024|accessdate=2024-08-06}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.theafricareport.com/334013/10-african-scholars-to-watch-in-2024/ &quot;10 African scholars to watch in 2024&quot;]. ''The Africa Report''. 2024&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 August&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Uanaharakati wake wa haki za wanawake umekuwa na shuguli na haki za kijinsia, ngono, na teknolojia, jumuishi na uongozi wa wanawake. &lt;ref name=&quot;AfricaReport2024&quot; /&gt;  Amefanya kazi na taasisi kama vile Kituo cha Uwezeshaji wa Teknolojia ya Wanawake (W.TEC) na kuandika blogu juu ya masuala ya ukosefu wa usawa wa kijinsia, ukandamizaji wa kimfumo, na uzoefu wa wanawake kwenye jamii za mfumo dume, akitunukiwa tuzo zake mbili za kimataifa, ikiwa ni pamoja na Tuzo la Mwanaharakati wa Kimataifa wa BlogHer, 2009. &lt;ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=2009-06-06|title=Malawi: Blogger wins BlogHer International Activist Award|url=https://globalvoices.org/2009/06/06/malawi-blogger-wins-blogher-international-activist-award/|accessdate=2025-08-05|work=Global Voices|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Utafiti wake umewkwa kwenye machapishi  katika Routledge, Palgrave, MacMillan, Matatu, Kujenga Amani, na Mfuko wa Maendeleo ya Wanawake wa Afrika, ukifafanua  mada kama vile mabadiliko ya migogoro, uandishi wa habari wa raia, uanaharakati wa kidijitali, [[Afya ya akili|sera ya afya ya akili]], haki za LGBTQ+ na ustawi wa pamoja barani Afrika. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003429081-15/endsars-organizing-toyin-ajao|title=Digital Technologies, Elections and Campaigns in Africa|last=Ajao|first=Toyin|publisher=Routledge|year=2024|editor-last=Omanga|editor-first=Duncan|pages=191–209|chapter=#EndSARS Organizing: Lessons and Opportunities for Nigeria's Future Governance|doi=10.4324/9781003429081-15|access-date=9 October 2025|editor-last2=Mare|editor-first2=Admire|editor-last3=Mainye|editor-first3=Pamela}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|title=Youth and Non-Violence in Africa's Fragile Contexts|last=Ajao|first=Toyin|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2022|isbn=978-3-031-13164-6|editor-last=Iwilade|editor-first=Akin|pages=163–188|chapter=Ushahidi's Nonviolent Technological Impact in Kenya's 2008 Post-Election Violence|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-13165-3_8|access-date=9 October 2025|editor-last2=Ebiede|editor-first2=Tarila Marclint|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-13165-3_8}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea jarida |last=Ajao |first=Toyin |last2=Wielenga, Cori |year=2017 |title=Citizen Journalism and Conflict Transformation in Africa: The Ushahidi's Response to Kenya's 2008 Post-Election Violence |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/mata/49/2/article-p467_12.xml |journal=Matatu |publisher=Brill |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=467–486 |doi=10.1163/18757421-04902012 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Ajao|first=Toyin|title=Zimbabwe's Cyber-shutdown: A Counter-productive Economic Decision or a Politically Retrogressive Move?|work=Kujenga Amani|publisher=Social Science Research Council|date=2019-03-06|url=https://kujenga-amani.ssrc.org/2019/03/06/zimbabwes-cyber-shutdown-a-counterproductive-economic-decision-or-a-politically-retrogressive-move/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;AWDF2021&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Ajao|first=Toyin|title=The Healing Matrix of African Women-led Mental and Emotional Wellbeing|work=AWDF Mental Health and Emotional Wellbeing Knowledge Series|publisher=African Women’s Development Fund|year=2021|url=https://awdflibrary.org/index.php?p=show_detail&amp;id=1073|accessdate=2025-10-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alianzisha Ìmọ́lẹ̀ wa Kituo cha Afrika (ìAfrika) kwenye mwaka 2020, mahali anasimamia  miradi inayohusisha  mila za uponyaji wa asili na maarifa ya mababu pamoja na mikakati ya kisasa ya urejeshaji ili kushughulikia kiwewe cha vizazi tofauti tofauti na kuimarisha ustahimilivu wa jamii.    Anaunganisha uanaharakati na taaluma kwa kuunganisha maarifa ya asili, Ufeministi wa Kiafrika, ujenzi wa amani, na kuponya haki.  &lt;ref name=&quot;AfricaReport2024&quot;/&gt;

== Machapisho ==
* ''[https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003429081-15/endsars-organizing-toyin-ajao #MwishoSARS Kuandaa: Masomo na Fursa kwa Utawala wa Baadaye wa Nigeria]'' . Teknolojia za Dijitali, Uchaguzi na Kampeni barani Afrika zimehaririwa na Duncan Omanga, Admire Mare, na Pamela Mainye. Routledge: London &amp; New York, 2024: 191-209.
* ''[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-13165-3_8 Athari ya Teknolojia Isiyo na Vurugu ya Ushahidi katika Vurugu za Baada ya Uchaguzi nchini Kenya za 2008.]'' Vijana na Kutotumia Vurugu katika Miktadha Tete ya Afrika iliyohaririwa na Akin Iwilade na Tarila Marclint Ebiede. Palgrave Macmillan Uswisi, 2022: 163-188.
* ''Ukanuni wa Kidini na Uchambuzi wa Kihistoria wa Mielekeo Mbalimbali ya Kijinsia na Utambulisho wa Kijinsia nchini Nigeria'' . Mradi wa Mpango wa Haki Sawa (TIERs) na Elimu kama Chanjo (EVA), kwa usaidizi kutoka kwa Mfuko wa Uhisani wa Wellspring. Uliandikwa kwa ushirikiano na Chioma Ogwuegbu na Lydia Ogundare, 2022. [https://theinitiativeforequalrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Religious-Fundamentalism-and-Historic-analysis-of-Diverse-Sexual.pdf PDF]
* ''[http://Citizen%20Journalism%20and%20Conflict%20Transformation:%20Exploring%20Netizens’%20Digitized%20Shaping%20of%20Political%20Crises%20in%20Kenyahttps://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781351273206-11/citizen-journalism-conflict-transformation-toyin-ajao Uandishi wa Habari wa Raia na Mabadiliko ya Migogoro: Kuchunguza Uundaji wa Migogoro ya Kisiasa kwa Kutumia Mtandaoni kwa Kutumia Kidijitali nchini Kenya]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} .'' [https://www.scribd.com/document/779344802/routledge-handbook-of-african-media-and-communication-studies-9781138574779-9781351273206-compress Katika Kitabu cha Mwongozo cha Routledge cha Mafunzo ya Vyombo vya Habari na Mawasiliano vya Afrika], kilichohaririwa na Winston Mano na Viola C Milton. Routledge: London &amp; New York, 2021: 155-165.
* ''[https://www.kcl.ac.uk/normalising-mental-health-needs-in-nigeria-a-wake-up-call Kurekebisha Mahitaji ya Afya ya Akili nchini Nigeria: Simu ya Kuamka] .'' Chuo cha King's, London, 2022.
* [https://awdflibrary.org/index.php?p=show_detail&amp;id=1073 Matrix ya Uponyaji wa Ustawi wa Akili na Kihisia unaoongozwa na Wanawake wa Kiafrika] . Katika Mfululizo wa Maarifa ya Afya ya Akili na Ustawi wa Kihisia wa AWDF, Uchapishaji wa AWDF, 2021.
* ''[https://kujenga-amani.ssrc.org/2019/03/06/zimbabwes-cyber-shutdown-a-counterproductive-economic-decision-or-a-politically-retrogressive-move/ Kufungwa kwa Mtandao nchini Zimbabwe:] Uamuzi wa kiuchumi usio na tija au hatua ya kurudisha nyuma kisiasa?'' 2019, Kujenga Amani, Baraza la Utafiti wa Sayansi ya Jamii.
* ''[https://brill.com/view/journals/mata/49/2/article-p467_12.xml?language=en&amp;srsltid=AfmBOorHefSCpY9QucLmUjRKcpvB3U7RAVTBJQoxQlnyE-LEirpO394j Uandishi wa Habari wa Raia na Mabadiliko ya Migogoro Afrika] : Jibu la Ushahidi kwa Vurugu za Baada ya Uchaguzi za Kenya za 2008.'' 2017. Imeandikishwa pamoja na Dkt. Cori Wielenga katika Vitabu na Majarida mtandaoni vya Matatu Brill, Masomo ya Kiafrika, Juzuu ya 49, Toleo la 2, kurasa 467 - 486.
* ''[https://kujenga-amani.ssrc.org/2016/07/19/feesmustfall-uprising-2015-the-emergence-of-youth-agency-in-south-africas-largest-post-apartheid-protests/ #AdaLazimaZiangukeMapinduzi ya 2015] : Kuibuka kwa Shirika la Vijana katika Maandamano Makubwa Zaidi ya Baada ya Ubaguzi wa Rangi Afrika Kusini.'' 2016, Kujenga Amani, Baraza la Utafiti wa Sayansi ya Jamii.
* ''[https://kujenga-amani.ssrc.org/2014/09/26/ushahidi-crowdsourcing-platform-a-people-centered-approach-to-conflict-transformation-in-kenya/ Jukwaa la Ushahidi la Kutafuta Habari kwa Watu] : Mbinu Inayozingatia Watu ya Kubadilisha Migogoro nchini Kenya'' . 2014, Kujenga Amani, Baraza la Utafiti wa Sayansi ya Jamii.
* ''[https://www.pambazuka.org/boko-haram-necessary-state-emergency-transforming-intractable-conflict-nigeria Boko Haram na Hali ya Dharura Muhimu kwa ajili ya Kubadilisha Mgogoro Usioweza Kutatuliwa nchini Nigeria]'' . 2014, katika machapisho ya mtandaoni ya Chama cha Masomo ya Afrika, Pambazuka, na Sahara Reporters.
* ''[https://www.pambazuka.org/human-security-implications-anti-gay-law-sexual-minorities-nigeria Athari za Usalama wa Binadamu za Sheria ya Kupinga Ushoga Kuhusu Ushoga wa Kimapenzi nchini Nigeria]'' . 2014, katika machapisho ya mtandaoni ya Strife, Pambazuka, na Sahara Reporters.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
* [http://www.africanleadershipcentre.org/ Kituo cha Uongozi cha Afrika]
* [http://www.kcl.ac.uk/index.aspx/ Chuo cha King's London]
* [https://iafrika.africa Ìmọ́lẹ̀ wa Afrika]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1978]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Charry Ada Onwu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>227870</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509776</id>
      <parentid>1509436</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:16:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509776</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3319" sha1="gc1382vay95ie2n3ohuhb4e3m57s9fo" xml:space="preserve">'''Charry Ada Onwu-Otuyelu''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa fasihi kutoka [[Nigeria]] anayejulikana hasa kwa kazi zake za [[fasihi]] ya watoto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kf7_x8yz430C&amp;dq=Charry+Ada+Onwu&amp;pg=PR11|title=Bearing
 Witness: Readers, Writers, and the Novel in Nigeria|last=Griswold|first=Wendy|year=2000|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0691058296|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YspAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=Charry+Ada+Onwu|title=ALA
 Bulletin: A Publication of the African Literature Association|date=1988-01-01|publisher=African Literature Association|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kuwa Mkurugenzi wa Baraza la Sanaa na Utamaduni la Jimbo la Imo. Anatoka katika mji wa Amaigbo uliopo Imo State.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ni mwandishi wa hadithi za kubuni, hasa katika fasihi ya watoto.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://dinfa.studiesonafrica.com/directory/children/2|title=DINFA
 | Directory | Children|website=dinfa.studiesonafrica.com|access-date=2017-03-27|archive-date=2017-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329050528/http://dinfa.studiesonafrica.com/directory/children/2|url-status=dead}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au:Onwu,+Charry+Ada.&amp;qt=hot_author|title=Results
 for 'au:Onwu, Charry Ada.'|website=WorldCat|access-date=2017-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia aliwahi kuwa mwanajeshi, akihudumu katika kitengo cha huduma za afya cha Nigerian Armed Forces wakati wa Nigerian Civil War.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Wasifu ==
Charry Ada Onwu-Otuyelu alikuwa na shauku kubwa katika hadithi za jadi na historia, jambo lililoathiri sana mwelekeo wa utafiti na uandishi wake. Kazi zake nyingi zinahusiana na historia, jamii na masimulizi ya jadi.

Aliingia katika uandishi wa fasihi bunifu mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1980, akiwa miongoni mwa wanawake wa kwanza nchini Nigeria kuchukua kwa uzito fasihi ya watoto. Moja ya kazi zake za awali, ''Ifeanyi and Obi'', ilishinda tuzo ya fasihi ya watoto mwaka 1988. Baadaye aliendelea kupata tuzo nyingine kutokana na mchango wake katika fasihi ya watoto.

Kwa taaluma, alikuwa muuguzi aliyepata mafunzo katika Hospitali ya Mafunzo ya Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan na Hospitali ya Wazazi ya Lagos. Pia aliendesha kliniki au kituo cha uzazi katika eneo la Obinze karibu na Owerri, mji mkuu wa Jimbo la Imo. Aidha, alikuwa mkongwe wa vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Nigeria (Vita vya Biafra), ambako alihudumu katika huduma za afya za jeshi.

Uandishi wake ndio uliompa umaarufu mkubwa, kama ilivyokuwa kwa waandishi wengine wenye taaluma ya udaktari kama Cyprian Ekwensi na Anezi Okoro.

== Kazi zake ==
Baadhi ya kazi zake ni pamoja na:
*''Good Morning Mr. Kolanut!'' (2006; kwa ushirikiano na waandishi wengine)
*''Triumph of Destiny'' (2003)
*''Amaigbo Kwenu: History, Legend &amp; Myth of Amaigbo'' (1988)
*''Catastrophe: A Novel'' (1982)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Griswold|first1=Wendy|last2=Bastian|first2=Misty|date=1990|title=A Bibliographic Listing of Nigerian Novels: 1952–1990|journal=The Journal of Commonwealth Literature|volume=25|issue=2|pages=225|doi=10.1177/002198949002500211}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''One Bad Turn'' (1982)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
*''Ifeanyi and Obi'' (1982)

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]]</text>
      <sha1>gc1382vay95ie2n3ohuhb4e3m57s9fo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Amina Vikoba</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>227928</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509877</id>
      <parentid>1504901</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T18:04:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-25424-15</username>
        <id>88912</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509877</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="395" sha1="8p24ws31guehjvztj645jdu2x9k0a37" xml:space="preserve">'''Amina Ahmadi''' (alimaarufu Amina Vikoba) ni muigizaji wa tamthilia ya [[Kombolela (tamthilia)|Kombolela]], akitumia jina la Siwa Kikala. Ni dada wa msanii maarufu wa muziki wa singeli aitwaye [[Dula Makabila]]. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/burudani/usiyoyajua-kuhusu-amina-vikoba-siwa-wa-mzee-kikala-kwenye-kombolela-5050310&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:waigizaji filamu wa Tanzania]]</text>
      <sha1>8p24ws31guehjvztj645jdu2x9k0a37</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>José Campaña</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>228046</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509802</id>
      <parentid>1509571</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:34:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509802</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="626" sha1="dr4rufwm4a9d2vc6l1k6hzkr2d4towz" xml:space="preserve">'''José Ángel Gómez Campaña''' (amezaliwa [[31 Mei]], [[1993]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Hispania]] anayechukua nafasi ya kiungo katika klabu ya AD Ceuta FC inayoshiriki Segunda División.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.marca.com/2011/08/25/futbol/europa_league/1314306443.html|title=El Sevilla tropieza en la misma piedra|trans-title=Sevilla make same mistake|newspaper=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]]|first=Tomás|last=Campos|language=es|date=25 August 2011|access-date=2 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1993|}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>dr4rufwm4a9d2vc6l1k6hzkr2d4towz</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wendy Osefo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>228061</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509851</id>
      <parentid>1509211</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T14:13:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509851</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4771" sha1="ru39rbzzpf75lsxd2tna6a2w42l2vlz" xml:space="preserve">'''Wendy Onyinye Osefo''' (née '''Ozuzu''', amezaliwa 21 Mei 1984) ni mchambuzi wa siasa wa nchini Nigeria, amesomea masuala ya utumishi wa umma, na mtangazaji wa televisheni. Yeye ni mshiriki mkuu wa waigizaji wa ''The Real Housewives of Potomac'' . Wendy anafanya kazi katika uwanja wa uandishi wa habari na amepokea tuzo za kutambua michango yake katika eneo la uandishi wa habari.

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Alizaliwa katika familia ya [[Waigbo]] nchini Nigeria, akahamia Marekani na familia yake akiwa na umri wa miaka 3 hadi [[Durham, North Carolina]]  kabla ya kutua Maryland.  Alisoma [[Shahada ya Awali|shahada ya kwanza]] katika sayansi ya siasa kutoka katika Chuo Kikuu cha Temple na shahada ya Uzamili ya Sanaa katika serikali, kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Johns Hopkins . Mnamo mwaka wa 2012, Osefo alikamilisha Shahada ya Uzamili katika masuala ya umma akiwa amejikita katika maendeleo ya jamii kutoka katika Chuo Kikuu cha Rutgers–Camden .

Mnamo  mwaka wa 2016, alikuwa mwanamke Mweusi wa kwanza kupata Shahada ya Uzamivu (Ph.D.) katika masuala ya umma na maendeleo ya jamii kutoka katika Chuo Kikuu cha Rutgers-Camden .  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://admissions.camden.rutgers.edu/stories/wendy-osefo-16|title=Wendy Osefo '16|work=Rutgers University–Camden|accessdate=November 22, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004123123/https://admissions.camden.rutgers.edu/stories/wendy-osefo-16|archivedate=October 4, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tasnifu yake inaitwa ''Kushirikisha Wazazi wa Kipato cha Chini Shuleni: Zaidi ya Mkutano wa PTA'' . Gloria Bonilla-Santiago alikuwa mshauri wa udaktari wa Osefo. 

== Tuzo na utambuzi ==
* Mnamo 2017, Osefo alitajwa kuwa mmoja wa Wanawake 12 wa Pan African wa Kutazamwa na ''Face2Face Africa''. &lt;ref name=&quot;face2faceafrica&quot; /&gt;
* Alipokea Tuzo Bora ya Uzamili ya 2017 kutoka kwa mwanafunzi wake wa alma, Chuo Kikuu cha Johns Hopkins. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Outstanding Recent Graduate Award|url=https://alumni.jhu.edu/awards/recentgrad|work=Johns Hopkins Alumni|accessdate=October 19, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Pia mnamo 2017, alipokea Tuzo ya Distinguished Recent Alumni kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Johns Hopkins. &lt;ref name=&quot;face2faceafrica&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Nkem|first=Omolayo|url=https://face2faceafrica.com/article/12-influential-young-pan-african-women-watch|title=12 Influential Young Pan-African Women to Watch|date=June 2, 2017|work=Face2Face Africa|accessdate=November 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Yeye ndiye mpokeaji wa Tuzo ya Utambuzi wa Tofauti.
* Osefo alitajwa katika darasa la 2017 la 40 Under 40 na ''Jarida la Biashara la Baltimore'' . 
* ''Gazeti la Baltimore Sun'' lilimtaja Osefo kama mmoja wa Wanawake 25 wa Kutazamwa. 
* Alitajwa kuwa mshindi wa tuzo ya Wanawake Weusi katika Vyombo vya Habari mwaka wa 2018 kwa kazi yake katika vyombo vya habari na televisheni.

== Maisha binafsi ==
Mnamo Agosti mwaka wa 2011, aliolewa na Edward Osefo. Wawili hao wanaishi Finksburg, Maryland na watoto wao watatu waliojaliwa.  Uhusiano wao huonyeshwa mara kwa mara kwenye ''The Real Housewives of Potomac''. Familia hiyo ni [[Kanisa Katoliki|ya dini ya Wakatoliki]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Singleton|first=Sheridan|date=November 21, 2023|title='RHOP' Is Demonizing the Culture and Spirituality of Nigeria|url=https://collider.com/real-housewives-of-potomac-wendy-osefo-nneka-nigerian/|accessdate=December 11, 2023|work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Osefo alimuunga mkono hadharani [[Kamala Harris]] katika [[Uchaguzi wa Rais wa Marekani, 2024|uchaguzi wa rais wa Marekani wa mwaka  wa 2024.]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Harris|first=Raquel|date=November 5, 2024|title=Halle Berry, Kumali Nanjiani, Andy Cohen and More Celebrate Election Day With 'I Voted' Selfies|url=https://www.thewrap.com/celebrity-election-day-i-voted-selfie-photos/|accessdate=November 6, 2024|work=[[TheWrap]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mashtaka ya ulaghai ===
Osefo na mumewe walikamatwa mnamo Oktoba Tarehe 10,ya mwaka wa  2025, na kushtakiwa kwa makosa 16 ya ulaghai wa bima.   Mashtaka hayo yanatokana na wizi unaodaiwa kutokea Aprili mwaka wa 2024 nyumbani kwa Osefo. &lt;ref name=&quot;hollywoodreporter&quot; /&gt; Akina Osefo walidai kwamba vitu vingi vya kifahari viliibiwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;hollywoodreporter&quot; /&gt; vikiwa na thamani ya $450,000. Manaibu waliripotiwa kubaini kwamba vitu vingi vilikuwa vimerudishwa madukani kwa ajili ya kurejeshewa pesa. Baada ya kuwekwa kwenye nafasi, akina Osefo waliachiliwa kwa dhamana ya $50,000. &lt;ref name=&quot;hollywoodreporter&quot; /&gt; 

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Watangazaji wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Watangazaji wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>ru39rbzzpf75lsxd2tna6a2w42l2vlz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509853</id>
      <parentid>1509851</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T14:13:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Mashtaka ya ulaghai */</comment>
      <origin>1509853</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="4671" sha1="ha6u5zx5ytnhbao1wrn421d8souzggm" xml:space="preserve">'''Wendy Onyinye Osefo''' (née '''Ozuzu''', amezaliwa 21 Mei 1984) ni mchambuzi wa siasa wa nchini Nigeria, amesomea masuala ya utumishi wa umma, na mtangazaji wa televisheni. Yeye ni mshiriki mkuu wa waigizaji wa ''The Real Housewives of Potomac'' . Wendy anafanya kazi katika uwanja wa uandishi wa habari na amepokea tuzo za kutambua michango yake katika eneo la uandishi wa habari.

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Alizaliwa katika familia ya [[Waigbo]] nchini Nigeria, akahamia Marekani na familia yake akiwa na umri wa miaka 3 hadi [[Durham, North Carolina]]  kabla ya kutua Maryland.  Alisoma [[Shahada ya Awali|shahada ya kwanza]] katika sayansi ya siasa kutoka katika Chuo Kikuu cha Temple na shahada ya Uzamili ya Sanaa katika serikali, kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Johns Hopkins . Mnamo mwaka wa 2012, Osefo alikamilisha Shahada ya Uzamili katika masuala ya umma akiwa amejikita katika maendeleo ya jamii kutoka katika Chuo Kikuu cha Rutgers–Camden .

Mnamo  mwaka wa 2016, alikuwa mwanamke Mweusi wa kwanza kupata Shahada ya Uzamivu (Ph.D.) katika masuala ya umma na maendeleo ya jamii kutoka katika Chuo Kikuu cha Rutgers-Camden .  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://admissions.camden.rutgers.edu/stories/wendy-osefo-16|title=Wendy Osefo '16|work=Rutgers University–Camden|accessdate=November 22, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004123123/https://admissions.camden.rutgers.edu/stories/wendy-osefo-16|archivedate=October 4, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tasnifu yake inaitwa ''Kushirikisha Wazazi wa Kipato cha Chini Shuleni: Zaidi ya Mkutano wa PTA'' . Gloria Bonilla-Santiago alikuwa mshauri wa udaktari wa Osefo. 

== Tuzo na utambuzi ==
* Mnamo 2017, Osefo alitajwa kuwa mmoja wa Wanawake 12 wa Pan African wa Kutazamwa na ''Face2Face Africa''. &lt;ref name=&quot;face2faceafrica&quot; /&gt;
* Alipokea Tuzo Bora ya Uzamili ya 2017 kutoka kwa mwanafunzi wake wa alma, Chuo Kikuu cha Johns Hopkins. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Outstanding Recent Graduate Award|url=https://alumni.jhu.edu/awards/recentgrad|work=Johns Hopkins Alumni|accessdate=October 19, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Pia mnamo 2017, alipokea Tuzo ya Distinguished Recent Alumni kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Johns Hopkins. &lt;ref name=&quot;face2faceafrica&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Nkem|first=Omolayo|url=https://face2faceafrica.com/article/12-influential-young-pan-african-women-watch|title=12 Influential Young Pan-African Women to Watch|date=June 2, 2017|work=Face2Face Africa|accessdate=November 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Yeye ndiye mpokeaji wa Tuzo ya Utambuzi wa Tofauti.
* Osefo alitajwa katika darasa la 2017 la 40 Under 40 na ''Jarida la Biashara la Baltimore'' . 
* ''Gazeti la Baltimore Sun'' lilimtaja Osefo kama mmoja wa Wanawake 25 wa Kutazamwa. 
* Alitajwa kuwa mshindi wa tuzo ya Wanawake Weusi katika Vyombo vya Habari mwaka wa 2018 kwa kazi yake katika vyombo vya habari na televisheni.

== Maisha binafsi ==
Mnamo Agosti mwaka wa 2011, aliolewa na Edward Osefo. Wawili hao wanaishi Finksburg, Maryland na watoto wao watatu waliojaliwa.  Uhusiano wao huonyeshwa mara kwa mara kwenye ''The Real Housewives of Potomac''. Familia hiyo ni [[Kanisa Katoliki|ya dini ya Wakatoliki]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Singleton|first=Sheridan|date=November 21, 2023|title='RHOP' Is Demonizing the Culture and Spirituality of Nigeria|url=https://collider.com/real-housewives-of-potomac-wendy-osefo-nneka-nigerian/|accessdate=December 11, 2023|work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Osefo alimuunga mkono hadharani [[Kamala Harris]] katika [[Uchaguzi wa Rais wa Marekani, 2024|uchaguzi wa rais wa Marekani wa mwaka  wa 2024.]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Harris|first=Raquel|date=November 5, 2024|title=Halle Berry, Kumali Nanjiani, Andy Cohen and More Celebrate Election Day With 'I Voted' Selfies|url=https://www.thewrap.com/celebrity-election-day-i-voted-selfie-photos/|accessdate=November 6, 2024|work=[[TheWrap]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mashtaka ya ulaghai ===
Osefo na mumewe walikamatwa mnamo Oktoba Tarehe 10,ya mwaka wa  2025, na kushtakiwa kwa makosa 16 ya ulaghai wa bima.   Mashtaka hayo yanatokana na wizi unaodaiwa kutokea Aprili mwaka wa 2024 nyumbani kwa Osefo. Akina Osefo walidai kwamba vitu vingi vya kifahari viliibiwa, vikiwa na thamani ya $450,000. Manaibu waliripotiwa kubaini kwamba vitu vingi vilikuwa vimerudishwa madukani kwa ajili ya kurejeshewa pesa. Baada ya kuwekwa kwenye nafasi, akina Osefo waliachiliwa kwa dhamana ya $50,000.

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Watangazaji wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Watangazaji wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>ha6u5zx5ytnhbao1wrn421d8souzggm</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Florence Orabueze</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>1509791</id>
      <parentid>1509510</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:28:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Maisha ya awali na elimu */</comment>
      <origin>1509791</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9813" sha1="3yll28hpoz7mm12japmgx07z2jpwren" xml:space="preserve">'''Florence Onyebuchi Orabueze''' (alizaliwa 1966) ni mshairi, mwandishi na profesa wa masomo ya Kiingereza na fasihi kutoka nchini Nigeria. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Staff Profile: Onyebuchi, Florence Orabueze|url=https://staffprofile.unn.edu.ng/profile/700|accessdate=2023-07-20|work=staffprofile.unn.edu.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Alikuwa mkurugenzi wa zamani wa Taasisi ya Masomo ya Kiafrika ya taasisi hiyo, mwanzilishi wa Wakfu wa Grace Uzoma Okonkwo na pia ni mwanachama wa Chuo cha Barua cha Nigeria . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Grace Uzoma Okonkwo Foundation|url=https://www.unn.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/POSTER-PROF-ORABUEZE-pdf.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Orabueze CV|url=https://english.unn.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/sites/116/2018/03/PROF.-FLORENCE-ORABUEZE-UPDATED-CV-2.docx}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Graze Uzoma Okonkwo Poster|url=https://africa.harvard.edu/files/african-studies/files/grace_uzoma_okonkwo_poster.pdf|accessdate=20 July 2023|archivedate=2 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402072849/https://africa.harvard.edu/files/african-studies/files/grace_uzoma_okonkwo_poster.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Mnamo tarehe 30 Machi mwaka wa 1966, Orabueze alizaliwa Enugu-Ezike, Eneo la Serikali ya Mtaa ya Igboeze, [[Jimbo la Enugu]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=PROF. FLORENCE ORABUEZE LATEST UPDATED CV on 4th March 2019 New - Orabs Ikenna.docx|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ad2_ajLd02U0UAFH8VSKFy-XVWtWyERU/view?usp=drive_open&amp;usp=embed_facebook|accessdate=2023-07-20|work=Google Docs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yeye ni mzaliwa wa [[Jimbo la Anambra]] na anatoka Uruagu, [[Nnewi]], katika Eneo la Serikali ya Mtaa ya Nnewi Kaskazini. Kuanzia mwaka wa 1973 hadi mwaka wa 1979, alihudhuria Shule Kuu ya Uruagu Nnewi (St. Mary's), ambapo alipata Cheti chake cha Kumaliza Shule ya msingi. Alihudhuria Shule ya Upili ya Wasichana huko Uruagu, Nnewi, ambapo alipata Cheti cha Shule ya Afrika Magharibi mnamo mwaka wa 1984. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Florence Onyebuchi Orabueze|url=https://nalonline.org.ng/florence-onyebuchi-orabueze/|accessdate=2023-07-20|work=Nigerian Academy of Letters|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330164343/https://nalonline.org.ng/florence-onyebuchi-orabueze/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alipewa udahili katika Chuo Kikuu cha Nigeria, Nsukka, ambapo alisoma lugha ya Kiingereza na fasihi kwa shahada yake ya kwanza kuanzia mwaka wa 1984 hadi mwaka wa 1988. Chuo Kikuu cha Nigeria, Nsukka, alipata shahada yake uzamili katika kufundisha Kiingereza kama lugha ya pili mnamo mwaka wa 1991. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Zaidi ya hayo, kuanzia mwaka wa 1993 hadi hadi mwaka wa 1998, alifuatilia shahada ya Shahada ya Sheria katika chuo kikuu hicho hicho. Mnamo  mwaka wa 2000, alipata Shahada yake ya Sheria kutoka Shule ya Sheria ya Nigeria, Bwari, [[Abuja]] . Mnamo 14 Oktoba mwaka wa  2000, aliitwa katika Mwanasheria wa Nigeria. Mnamo mwaka wa 2011, alipata udaktari kwa Kiingereza akizingatia fasihi ya Kiafrika kutoka Kitivo cha Sanaa, Idara ya Lugha ya Kiingereza na Masomo ya Fasihi, Chuo Kikuu cha Nigeria, Nsukka.

== Kazi ==
Orabueze alianza kazi yake ya kitaaluma kama mhadhiri msaidizi katika&amp;nbsp;Idara ya Kiingereza, Chuo Kikuu cha Nigeria, mnamo mwak wa 1996. Mnamo mwaka wa 1997, alipandishwa cheo hadi kuwa mhadhiri wa pili. Alikuwa mhadhiri wa kwanza mnamo mwaka wa 2000, mhadhiri mkuu mnamo mwaka wa 2004 na profesa wa Kiingereza katika Chuo Kikuu cha Nigeria. Mnamo Mei  tarehe 11, mwaka wa  2017, alifanya uwasilishaji wake wa hotuba ya uzinduzi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Mnamo mwaka wa 2019, kitabu cha festschrift chenye kichwa cha habari '''Mtazamo wa Lugha, Fasihi na Haki za Binadamu''' kilichapishwa kwa heshima yake. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|title=Perspective on Language, Literature &amp; Human Rights. Essay in Honour of Professor Florence Onyebuchi Orabueze|publisher=University of Nigeria Press Ltd|year=2019|isbn=978-978-8527-79-4|editor-last=T. M. E|editor-first=Chukwumezie|editor-last2=L. C|editor-first2=Ogenyi|editor-last3=C. F|editor-first3=Ononye|editor-last4=O. A.|editor-first4=Ejesu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Miadi ya utawala ==
Kuanzia mwaka wa  2011 hadi mwaka wa 2012, alikuwa mratibu mkuu wa kitengo cha Matumizi ya Kiingereza chini ya shule ya masomo ya jumla ya Chuo Kikuu cha Nigeria Nsukka. Kuanzia mwaka wa 2010 hadi mwaka wa 2013, alikuwa afisa wa maendeleo hadi makamu mkuu wa 13 wa taasisi hiyo. Kati ya mwaka wa 2015 na mwaka wa 2019, alikuwa mkurugenzi wa kwanza mwanamke, katika duka la Vitabu la Chuo Kikuu cha Nigeria. Mnamo  mwaka wa 2015, pia alikuwa mkurugenzi wa kwanza mwanamke wa Chuo Kikuu cha Nigeria Press Ltd; hadi mwaka wa 2019. Katika mwaka wa mwisho, akawa mkurugenzi wa Taasisi ya Masomo ya Kiafrika, nafasi aliyoshikilia hadi mwaka wa 2021. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Uanachama na ushirika ==
Orabueze ni mwanachama wa Chuo cha Barua cha nchini Nigeria, Chama cha Fasihi ya Kiafrika (ALA), Chama cha Isimu cha Nigeria (LAN), Chama cha Lugha za Kisasa cha nchini Nigeria (MLAN), Chama cha Walimu wa Lugha, Fasihi na Isimu cha Afrika Magharibi (WALLTA) na Chama cha Wanawake cha Chama cha Fasihi ya Kiafrika (WOCALA). Pia ni mwanachama wa Taasisi ya Wasuluhishi Walioidhinishwa yanchi ya Nigeria, Taasisi ya Wapatanishi Walioidhinishwa na Wapatanishi,Na Chama cha Utafiti na Ubora wa Kielimu, mwanachama wa Maisha wa Chuo cha Barua cha nchini Nigeria na Chama cha Wanasheria cha Nigeria . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Maisha binafsi ==
Orabueze&amp;nbsp;Walifunga ndoa na Alexander Ogochukwu Orabueze, mhasibu aliyeidhinishwa mnamo Desemba tarehe 17, mwaka wa 1988 katika Kanisa Kuu la Roho Mtakatifu, Enugu. Wamebarikiwa na kuwa watoto  wanne. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

== Machapisho yaliyochaguliwa ==

* '''Orabueze, FO''' . ''Mwandishi Mbunifu kama Mwanaharakati wa Haki za Binadamu'' . Nsukka: Chuo Kikuu cha Nigeria press Limited, 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|title=The Creative Writer as a Human Rights Activist|last=Fim. O|first=Orabueze|publisher=University of Nigeria Press Ltd|year=2017|isbn=9789788446996|location=Nsukka}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Orabueze, FO''' . ''Jamii, Wanawake na Fasihi barani Afrika'' . Port Harcourt: Vitabu vya Elimu vya M &amp; J, 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|title=Society, Women and Literature in Africa|last=F. O|first=Orabueze|date=7 March 2016|publisher=M &amp; J Educational Books|isbn=9789785412796}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Insha kwa Heshima ya Profesa '''Florence Onyebuchi Orabueze''', ''Mtazamo kuhusu Lugha, Fasihi na Haki za Binadamu'' . Nsukka: University of Nigeria Press Limited, 2019. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|title=Perspective on Language, Literature &amp; Human Rights. Essay in Honour of Professor Florence Onyebuchi Orabueze|publisher=University of Nigeria Press Ltd|year=2019|isbn=978-978-8527-79-4|editor-last=T. M. E|editor-first=Chukwumezie|editor-last2=L. C|editor-first2=Ogenyi|editor-last3=C. F|editor-first3=Ononye|editor-last4=O. A.|editor-first4=Ejesu}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFT._M._EL._CC._FO._A.2019&quot;&gt;T. M. E, Chukwumezie; L. C, Ogenyi; C. F, Ononye; O. A., Ejesu, eds. (2019). ''Perspective on Language, Literature &amp; Human Rights. Essay in Honour of Professor Florence Onyebuchi Orabueze''. University of Nigeria Press Ltd. [[Namba sanifu ya kimataifa ya vitabu|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-978-8527-79-4|&lt;bdi&gt;978-978-8527-79-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Orabueze, F. (2010)''' . &quot;Gereza la mwanamke wa Nigeria: ushiriki wa kike katika kitabu cha Sefi Atta cha Kila kitu kizuri kitakuja&quot;. ''African Literature Today'', ''27'', 85–102. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea jarida |last=Orabueze |first=Florence |date=2010 |title=The prison of Nigerian woman: female complicity in Sefi Atta's Everything good will come. |journal=African Literature Today |volume=27 |pages=85–102}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Orabueze, F. (2004)''' . &quot;Kampeni ya Wanawake Dhidi ya Ukiukwaji wa Haki za Msingi za Kibinadamu za Wanawake: Barua ya Mariama Ba ya So Long A na Raia wa Daraja la Pili wa Buchi Emecheta&quot;. ''Wanawake katika Chuo: Festschrift kwa Prof. Helen Chukwuma'', 111–16. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea jarida |last=Orabueze |first=Florence |date=2004 |title=The Feminist Crusade Against Violation of Women's Fundamental Human Rights: Mariama Ba's So Long A Letter and Buchi Emecheta's Second Class Citizen. |journal=Women in the Academy: Festschrift for Prof. Helen Chukwuma |pages=111–16}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Orabueze, FO (''' 2011). &quot;Waliotengwa katika Hibiscus ya Zambarau ya Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie na Nusu ya Jua la Njano&quot;. Idara ya Masomo ya Kiingereza na Fasihi, Kitivo cha Sanaa Chuo Kikuu cha Nigeria. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea jarida |last=Orabueze |first=Florence |date=2011 |title=The Dispossessed in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Purple Hibiscus and Half of a Yellow Sun. |journal=Department of English and Literary Studies, Faculty of Arts University of Nigeria.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Orabueze, F. O.''' (2020). &quot;Sanaa, Historia, Dini na Fasihi: watu mashuhuri katika Mambo ya Chinua Achebe Yanaanguka Mbali&quot;. ''IKENGA: Jarida la Kimataifa la Taasisi ya Masomo ya Afrika'', ''21'' (4). &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea jarida |last=Orabueze |first=Florence |title=Art, History, Religion and Literature: the iconoclasts in Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart. |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;profile=ehost&amp;scope=site&amp;authtype=crawler&amp;jrnl=20064241&amp;AN=150879078&amp;h=WcZ8FynD%2BKn5f%2BMXBsdIe4gfIW%2BM1XASXZwV7%2Bj98mAzYg69oYDh88uhiQDPVbUgPtX%2FGQOKvSKUHXaudjAe8Q%3D%3D&amp;crl=c |journal=IKENGA: International Journal of Institute of African Studies |volume=21 |issue=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==

[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1966]]
[[Jamii:Washairi wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>3yll28hpoz7mm12japmgx07z2jpwren</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fernando Ansola</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>228137</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509790</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:27:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="860" sha1="0lhaqyjfk8uoqgb2notdspgvbvijfhi" xml:space="preserve">'''Fernando Ansola''' ([[27 Januari]] [[1940]] – [[30 Juni]] [[1986]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Hispania]] aliyekuwa akicheza kama [[mshambuliaji]]. Aliichezea klabu ya Valencia CF katika La Liga, na alifunga mabao manne katika msimu wa 1970–71.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.marca.com/blogs/ni-mas-ni-menos/2019/05/26/ansola-un-delantero-de-rompe-y-rasga.html|title=Ansola, un delantero de rompe y rasga|website=MARCA.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.diariovasco.com/v/20110109/bajo-deba/ph2elgoibar-muestra-filatelica-reivindica-20110109.html|title=&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;ELGOIBAR&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;La muestra filatélica reivindica al gran goleador Fernando Ansola|date=9 January 2011|website=El Diario Vasco}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1940|1986}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Amina Ahmed El-Imam</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>1509751</id>
      <parentid>1509301</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:58:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Siasa */</comment>
      <origin>1509751</origin>
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      <text bytes="7007" sha1="dqtkmigggdbb3zo9b1arbf4ldzc1wjx" xml:space="preserve">'''Amina Aahmed El-Imam''' (alizaliwa [[Julai 27]], [[1983]]) ni mwanabiolojia mwanamke wa kutokea nchini [[Nigeria]], msomi na mwanasiasa mwenye nafasi ya kuwa Kamishna wa Afya ndani ya Jimbo la Kwara. Mahali alipozaliwa panaitwa  Offa, [[Kwara (jimbo)|Jimbo la Kwara]] na ni mhadhiri mkuu wa biolojia kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Ilorin, Nigeria. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Amina M. Ahmed El-Imam|url=https://scholar.google.com.my/citations?user=b9QdSaYAAAAJ&amp;hl=en|accessdate=2023-11-10|work=scholar.google.com.my}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Amina Ahmed El-Imam {{!}} University of Ilorin - Academia.edu|url=https://unilorin.academia.edu/AminaAhmedElImam|accessdate=2023-11-10|work=unilorin.academia.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=You are being redirected...|url=https://kwarastate.gov.ng/commissioner/dr-amina-ahmed-el-imam/|accessdate=2023-11-10|work=kwarastate.gov.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Alizaliwa kwenye mnamo 27 Julai 1983, kwenye nchi yake Nigeria. El-Imam alifanikiwa kusoma shahada ya mikrobiolojia ndani ya Chuo Kikuu cha Ahmadu Bello, Zaria, Nigeria. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Amina Ahmed El-Imam, Ph.D.|url=https://asm.org/Biographies/Amina-Ahmed-El-Imam,-Ph-D|accessdate=2023-11-10|work=ASM.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alijiigiza kwenye ushirika wa miezi 9 kama Msomi Mgeni wa Fulbright kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la North Carolina, Raleigh, North Carolina. 

== Kazi ==
El-Imam, ni mhadhiri mkuu aliyejikita kwenye  mikrobiolojia ya chakula na viwanda ndani ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ilorin]], anafanya kazi kwa  mshiriki wa kitivo kwenye mikrobiolojia. Alifanikiwa kuchukua Shahada yake ya Uzamivu katika Mifumo na Viumbe vya Kibiolojia dani ya Chuo Kikuu cha Nottingham ndani ya [[Uingereza]] mwaka wa 2017. Safari yake ya kitaaluma pia inajumuisha Shahada ya Uzamili kwenye fani hiyo hiyo kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Ahmadu Bello mwaka wa 2007 na shahada ya kwanza kwenye Mifumo na Viumbe vya Kibiolojia kutoka chuo kikuu hicho mwaka wa 2003. 

=== Kielimu ===
El-Imam ameshikilia nafasi ya mhadhiri mkuu wa mikrobiolojia dani ya Chuo Kikuu cha Ilorin, Nigeria, pamoja na kuwa  mtaalamu wa mikrobiolojia ya chakula na viwanda.  Utafiti wake umebobea kwa asilimia kubwa  juu ya uhifadhi wa chakula na kuelewa vijidudu vinavyohusiana na kuharibika kwa vyakula mbalimbali vya kitamaduni. Anasimamia kundi la utafiti linajloikita katika uboreshaji wa takwimu wa michakato ya uchachushaji. 

=== Siasa ===
El-Imam alifanikiwa kupata nafasi  ya Kamishna wa Afya wa Jimbo la Kwara kwenye tarehe ya Septemba 5, 2023 baada ya kuchaguliwa mwaka wa Julai 27, 2023 &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Salami|first=Biodun|date=2023-08-18|title=What do you know about Kwara female commissioner-nominee Dr Amina El-Imam?|url=https://nigeriansketch.com/what-do-you-know-about-kwara-female-commissioner-nominee-dr-amina-el-imam/|accessdate=2023-11-10|work=Nigerian Sketch|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; na kupokea uthibitisho mwaka wa Agosti 29, 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=2023-08-29|title=Commissioner-designate, Dr Amina Ahmed El-Imam, appreciates Gov. AbdulRazaq, Olofa, Speaker, APC leaders, others|url=https://solidmedia974482948.wordpress.com/2023/08/29/commissioner-designate-dr-amina-ahmed-el-imam-appreciates-gov-abdulrazaq-olofa-speaker-apc-leaders-others/|accessdate=2023-11-10|work=Solid Media|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mafanikio yanayoonekana ==
El-Imam aliunganika na Bodi ya Ushauri ya PressPayNg, Taasisi ya Teknolojia ya Elimu yenye kutoa suluhu  za ufadhili wa ubunifu kwa wanafunzi wa taasisi za elimu ya juu ndani ya nchi ya Nigeria. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=press_admin|date=2022-05-26|title=Dr. Amina Ahmed El-Imam joins PressPayNg Advisory Board.|url=https://presspay.ng/news/2022/05/26/dr-amina-ahmed-el-imam-joins-presspayng-advisory-board/|accessdate=2023-11-10|work=PressPayNg Blog|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110075046/https://presspay.ng/news/2022/05/26/dr-amina-ahmed-el-imam-joins-presspayng-advisory-board/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ameandika  vitabu viwili, &quot;Kujua Vijidudu&quot; na &quot;Usimamizi wa Wakati kwa Wanawake Wataalamu,&quot; ambavyo vilizinduliwa siku yake ya kuzaliwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://dailylinks.ng/tag/dr-amina-ahmed-el-imam/|title=Dr. Amina Ahmed El-Imam Archives|date=21 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuchaguliwa kwa El-Imam ulithibitishwa kwenye tarehe Agosti 29, 2023, kwa nafasi ya mkuu wa Wizara ya Afya ya Jimbo la Kwara, akiwa  pamoja  na cheo cha Kamishna wa Afya wa Jimbo la Kwara.

El-Imam ni mshirika wa Shirika la Wanawake kwenye Sayansi kwa Nchi Zinazoendelea. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-09-05|title=Ahmed El-Imam Amina|url=https://owsd.net/member/ahmed-el-imam-amina|accessdate=2023-11-10|work=OWSD|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Huduma za Kimatibabu huko Kwara ==
El-Imam, alikuwa mshiriki hai  kwenye mipango tofauti tofauti. Hizi ni jumla ya programu za uhamasishaji wa kimatibabu kote jimboni, ziara ya Hospitali Maalum ya Offa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=2023-10-08|title=FREE SURGICAL OUTREACH ENTERS 2ND WEEK|url=http://www.kwaramoc.com.ng/2023/10/free-surgical-outreach-enters-2nd-week.html|accessdate=2023-11-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ziara rasmi kwa mwathiriwa wa mti ulioanguka huko Ilorin.  Pamoja nahayo  hayo, alishika jukumu la msingi kwenye kuadhimisha Kampeni ya Surua ya 2023 na Uhamasishaji wa Chanjo ya Kawaida huko Ilorin &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=2023-10-28|title=KWARA GOVT LAUNCHES ANTI-MEASLES VACCINATION CAMPAIGN FOR UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN|url=http://www.kwaramoc.com.ng/2023/10/kwara-govt-launches-anti-measles.html|accessdate=2023-11-10|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idhini ya Gavana ya uhamasishaji wa afya kote jimboni ilisisitiza zaidi umuhimu wa juhudi hizi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Fagbayi|first=Grace|date=2023-09-19|title=Kwara free health sugry|url=https://radiokwara.com/news/general-news/gov-abdulrahman-abdulrazak-kwara-free-surgical-health/|accessdate=2023-11-10|work=Radio Kwara News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa ujumla yote, Dkt. El-Imam alifanikiwa kupata  jukumu la Kituo cha Matibabu ya Saratani, &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Ogor|first=Jennifer|date=2023-10-06|title=Kwara lays foundation for cancer treatment centre|url=https://radionigeria.gov.ng/2023/10/06/kwara-lays-foundation-for-cancer-treatment-centre/|accessdate=2023-11-10|work=FRCN HQ|language=en-US|archivedate=10 November 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110080706/https://radionigeria.gov.ng/2023/10/06/kwara-lays-foundation-for-cancer-treatment-centre/}}&lt;/ref&gt; alikuwa na shughuli ya takwimu za kutisha za vifo 62,000 vya saratani kila mwaka ndani ya nchi ya Nigeria, kama ilivyoangaziwa na Gavana Abdulrahaman Abdulrazaq mwaka Oktoba 6, 2023.  Mbinu hii pana inaonyesha kujitolea kwake katika kuboresha huduma ya afya na kushughulikia masuala muhimu ya afya katika Jimbo la Kwara.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fatima Batul Mukhtar</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="5464" sha1="0lz39qqknzod0i3pnis31lk9wsnkpca" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder|name=Fatima Batul Mukhtar|image=Fatima Batul Muktar.jpg|caption=Prof Fatima Batul Muktar picture|office1=1st [[Vice-Chancellor]]&lt;br&gt;[[Azman University, Kano]]|predecessor1=|successor1=|office2=(1st Female) 2nd [[Vice-Chancellor]]&lt;br&gt;[[Federal University Dutse]]|predecessor2=Professor [[Jibrilla Dahiru Amin]]|successor2=Professor Abdulkarim Sabo Muhammad|office3=[[Deputy Vice-Chancellor]]&lt;br&gt;[[Northwest University Kano]]|predecessor3=|successor3=Professor Isyaku Ibrahim Indabawa|office4=[[Dean (education)|Dean]] [[Faculty (division)|Faculty]] of [[Science]]&lt;br&gt;[[Northwest University Kano]]|predecessor4=|successor4=Professor Amina Salihi Bayero|birth_date={{birth date and age|1963|05|23|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Kano (city)|Kano]]|death_date=|death_place=|spouse=|relations=Married|children=|alma_mater=[[Bayero University, Kano]]&lt;br&gt;[[Ahmadu Bello University]], Zaria|occupation=|profession=Academic|website=|footnotes=}}
'''Fatima Batul Mukhtar''' (alizaliwa [[Mei 23]], [[1963]]) ni msomi mwanamke anayefanya kazi kama [[profesa]] wa [[Botania|mimea]] kutoka nchi ya Nigeria ambaye mwenye kushika nafasi ya makamu mkuu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Azman Kano. Maeneo yake ya utafiti yanajikita juu ya udhibiti wa ukuaji, takwimu za kibiolojia, [[Biotekinolojia|teknolojia ya mimea na]] utunzaji wa mimea. Alichaguliwa nafasi ya makamu mkuu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Shirikisho cha Dutse na Rais [[Muhammadu Buhari]] na ameshika nafasi hiyo kuanzia mnamo 2016 hadi mnamo 2021. 

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Mukhtar alizaliwa mnamo 23 Mei 1963 kwenye Eneo la Serikali ya Mitaa ya Manispaa ya Kano katika [[Kano (jimbo)|Jimbo la Kano]]  huko Nigeria. Alipata masomo ya Shule ya Msingi ya Shahuchi na Shule ya Msingi ya Bweni ya Wasichana ya Shekara, na kisha Chuo cha Wasichana cha Serikali, Dala. Alihitimisha masomo yake na kupata shahada yake ya kwanza katika botania kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Ahmadu Bello mnamo 1984. Baadaye alipata shahada yake ya pili na ya tatu kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Bayero Kano|Chuo Kikuu cha Bayero]] mnamo 1994 na 2005, mtawalia. Mnamo 2012, alijiunga na kozi ya bioteknolojia ya kilimo katika Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Michigan . &lt;ref name=&quot;dob&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=admin|title=Fatimah Batul Mukhtar|url=http://sci.buk.edu.ng/sites/default/files/bio/Fatimacv.pdf|accessdate=November 6, 2017|work=Bayero University|archivedate=November 7, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107022303/http://sci.buk.edu.ng/sites/default/files/bio/Fatimacv.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ==
Mukhtar alianza kufanya kazi mnamo wa 1994 kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Bayero Kano]] kwa nafasi ya mhadhiri msaidizi na akapanda cheo hadi kufikia  kuwa [[profesa]] wa [[Botania|mimea]] mnamo wa 2010. Alibeba majukumu, kuanzia mratibu wa ngazi hadi mkuu wa Idara ya Sayansi ya Mimea.

Mukhtar ni mshirika wa Chuo Kikuu cha Northwest, Kano, na alikuwa kati ya wasimamizi wa kitaaluma ambayo ni waanzilishi. Alishika nafasi ya mkuu wa Kitivo cha Sayansi na kama naibu makamu mkuu wa chuo mnamo wa 2015,  &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://muslimnews.com.ng/2020/01/15/prof-fatima-batul-mukhtar-emerges-5th-in-the-top-5-nigerian-muslim-personalities-of-the-year-2019/|title=Prof. Fatima Batul Mukhtar emerges 5th in the top 5 Nigerian Muslim Personalities of the Year 2019|date=January 15, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; na alifanikiwa kuongoza Kamati ya TEHAMA, Kamati ya Mfuko wa Hospitali, na Kamati ya Ufuatiliaji na Utendaji wa Bajeti.

== Miadi ==
Mukhtar alichaguliwa kwenye nafasi ya makamu wa pili wa mkuu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Shirikisho cha Dutse  na Rais [[Muhammadu Buhari]] kwenye tarehe 14 Februari 2016.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Agencies|date=2019-11-11|title=TETFUND scribe urges university lecturers to strengthen research development|url=https://www.today.ng/news/nigeria/tetfund-scribe-urges-university-lecturers-strengthen-development-262797|accessdate=2021-02-13|work=TODAY|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.today.ng/news/nigeria/tetfund-launch-projects-worth-4bn-jigawa-university-60467|title=TETFund launch projects worth N1.4bn at Jigawa university|first=News Agency of|author=Nigeria|date=January 16, 2018|work=TODAY}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Fatima Batul-Mukhtar -|url=https://nnn.ng/tag/fatima-batul-mukhtar/|accessdate=2021-02-13|work=NNN|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Chila Andrew Aondofa|date=2019-11-22|title=Prof Fatima Batul Mukhtar: 1st Female VC From North-West Nigeria|url=https://www.theabusites.com/professor-fatima-batul-mukhtar/|accessdate=2021-02-13|work=The Abusites|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;   

Kwenye mwaka 30 Agosti 2023, Chuo Kikuu cha Azman kilimchagua Mukhtar kama makamu mkuu wa chuo kikuu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.azmanuniversity.edu.ng/our-team/au-vice-chancellor|title=VICE CHANCELLOR - Azman University|date=2018-08-30|work=www.azmanuniversity.edu.ng|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-09-08}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuchaguliwa kwake  kuliweka, kwasababu alikua mtu wa kwanza na mwanamke wa kwanza kuchukua nafasi ya juu zaidi ya uongozi wa chuo kikuu.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
* [http://sci.buk.edu.ng/?q=node/22 Wasifu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Bayero] {{Wayback|url=http://sci.buk.edu.ng/?q=node/22 |date=20190402081122 }} Archived  
[[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1963]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1509788</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:26:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Miadi */</comment>
      <origin>1509788</origin>
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      <text bytes="5165" sha1="qbkp8ihrqppv0xdn9a6rtss1w2o9tbi" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder|name=Fatima Batul Mukhtar|image=Fatima Batul Muktar.jpg|caption=Prof Fatima Batul Muktar picture|office1=1st [[Vice-Chancellor]]&lt;br&gt;[[Azman University, Kano]]|predecessor1=|successor1=|office2=(1st Female) 2nd [[Vice-Chancellor]]&lt;br&gt;[[Federal University Dutse]]|predecessor2=Professor [[Jibrilla Dahiru Amin]]|successor2=Professor Abdulkarim Sabo Muhammad|office3=[[Deputy Vice-Chancellor]]&lt;br&gt;[[Northwest University Kano]]|predecessor3=|successor3=Professor Isyaku Ibrahim Indabawa|office4=[[Dean (education)|Dean]] [[Faculty (division)|Faculty]] of [[Science]]&lt;br&gt;[[Northwest University Kano]]|predecessor4=|successor4=Professor Amina Salihi Bayero|birth_date={{birth date and age|1963|05|23|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Kano (city)|Kano]]|death_date=|death_place=|spouse=|relations=Married|children=|alma_mater=[[Bayero University, Kano]]&lt;br&gt;[[Ahmadu Bello University]], Zaria|occupation=|profession=Academic|website=|footnotes=}}
'''Fatima Batul Mukhtar''' (alizaliwa [[Mei 23]], [[1963]]) ni msomi mwanamke anayefanya kazi kama [[profesa]] wa [[Botania|mimea]] kutoka nchi ya Nigeria ambaye mwenye kushika nafasi ya makamu mkuu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Azman Kano. Maeneo yake ya utafiti yanajikita juu ya udhibiti wa ukuaji, takwimu za kibiolojia, [[Biotekinolojia|teknolojia ya mimea na]] utunzaji wa mimea. Alichaguliwa nafasi ya makamu mkuu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Shirikisho cha Dutse na Rais [[Muhammadu Buhari]] na ameshika nafasi hiyo kuanzia mnamo 2016 hadi mnamo 2021. 

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Mukhtar alizaliwa mnamo 23 Mei 1963 kwenye Eneo la Serikali ya Mitaa ya Manispaa ya Kano katika [[Kano (jimbo)|Jimbo la Kano]]  huko Nigeria. Alipata masomo ya Shule ya Msingi ya Shahuchi na Shule ya Msingi ya Bweni ya Wasichana ya Shekara, na kisha Chuo cha Wasichana cha Serikali, Dala. Alihitimisha masomo yake na kupata shahada yake ya kwanza katika botania kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Ahmadu Bello mnamo 1984. Baadaye alipata shahada yake ya pili na ya tatu kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Bayero Kano|Chuo Kikuu cha Bayero]] mnamo 1994 na 2005, mtawalia. Mnamo 2012, alijiunga na kozi ya bioteknolojia ya kilimo katika Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Michigan . &lt;ref name=&quot;dob&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=admin|title=Fatimah Batul Mukhtar|url=http://sci.buk.edu.ng/sites/default/files/bio/Fatimacv.pdf|accessdate=November 6, 2017|work=Bayero University|archivedate=November 7, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107022303/http://sci.buk.edu.ng/sites/default/files/bio/Fatimacv.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ==
Mukhtar alianza kufanya kazi mnamo wa 1994 kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Bayero Kano]] kwa nafasi ya mhadhiri msaidizi na akapanda cheo hadi kufikia  kuwa [[profesa]] wa [[Botania|mimea]] mnamo wa 2010. Alibeba majukumu, kuanzia mratibu wa ngazi hadi mkuu wa Idara ya Sayansi ya Mimea.

Mukhtar ni mshirika wa Chuo Kikuu cha Northwest, Kano, na alikuwa kati ya wasimamizi wa kitaaluma ambayo ni waanzilishi. Alishika nafasi ya mkuu wa Kitivo cha Sayansi na kama naibu makamu mkuu wa chuo mnamo wa 2015,  &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://muslimnews.com.ng/2020/01/15/prof-fatima-batul-mukhtar-emerges-5th-in-the-top-5-nigerian-muslim-personalities-of-the-year-2019/|title=Prof. Fatima Batul Mukhtar emerges 5th in the top 5 Nigerian Muslim Personalities of the Year 2019|date=January 15, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; na alifanikiwa kuongoza Kamati ya TEHAMA, Kamati ya Mfuko wa Hospitali, na Kamati ya Ufuatiliaji na Utendaji wa Bajeti.

== Miadi ==
Mukhtar alichaguliwa kwenye nafasi ya makamu wa pili wa mkuu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Shirikisho cha Dutse  na Rais [[Muhammadu Buhari]] kwenye tarehe 14 Februari 2016.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Agencies|date=2019-11-11|title=TETFUND scribe urges university lecturers to strengthen research development|url=https://www.today.ng/news/nigeria/tetfund-scribe-urges-university-lecturers-strengthen-development-262797|accessdate=2021-02-13|work=TODAY|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.today.ng/news/nigeria/tetfund-launch-projects-worth-4bn-jigawa-university-60467|title=TETFund launch projects worth N1.4bn at Jigawa university|first=News Agency of|author=Nigeria|date=January 16, 2018|work=TODAY}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Fatima Batul-Mukhtar -|url=https://nnn.ng/tag/fatima-batul-mukhtar/|accessdate=2021-02-13|work=NNN|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Chila Andrew Aondofa|date=2019-11-22|title=Prof Fatima Batul Mukhtar: 1st Female VC From North-West Nigeria|url=https://www.theabusites.com/professor-fatima-batul-mukhtar/|accessdate=2021-02-13|work=The Abusites|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;   

Kwenye 30 Agosti 2023, Chuo Kikuu cha Azman kilimchagua Mukhtar kama makamu mkuu wa chuo kikuu. Kuchaguliwa kwake kuliweka, kwa sababu alikuwa mtu wa kwanza na mwanamke wa kwanza kuchukua nafasi ya juu zaidi ya uongozi wa chuo kikuu.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
* [http://sci.buk.edu.ng/?q=node/22 Wasifu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Bayero] {{Wayback|url=http://sci.buk.edu.ng/?q=node/22 |date=20190402081122 }} Archived  
[[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1963]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>qbkp8ihrqppv0xdn9a6rtss1w2o9tbi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iyabo Obasanjo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>228329</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509798</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:32:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Jaribio la mauaji */</comment>
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      <text bytes="8403" sha1="olnx4xyl9aw7rnnlt2fejjp1hr08amu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder|name=Iyabo Obasanjo|image=Iyabo Obasanjo.png|caption=Obasanjo in 2015|order=|office=Senator for Ogun Central|predecessor=[[Ibikunle Amosun]]|successor=[[Olugbenga Onaolapo Obadara]]|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1967|04|27}}|birth_place=[[Lagos]], Nigeria|death_date=|death_place=|party=[[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Peoples Democratic Party]]|spouse={{marriage|Oluwafolajimi Akeem Bello|1999|2003|end=div}}|relations=|children=1|alma_mater={{plainlist|
*[[Queen's College, Lagos]]
*[[University of Ibadan]]
*[[University of California]]
*[[Cornell University]]
}}|occupation=|profession={{hlist|Politician|veterinarian|epidemiologist|academic}}|signature=|website=|footnotes=}}

'''Iyabo Obasanjo''' (alizaliwa [[Aprili 27]], [[1967]]) ni msomi mwanamke wa [[Nigeria]], [[Epidemiolojia|mtaalamu wa magonjwa ya mlipuko]], na seneta wa huko nyuma nchini Nigeria. Yeye ni mtoto wa [[Rais wa Nigeria|rais wa zamani wa Nigeria]] [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] na mke wa Oluremi Obasanjo .  

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Obasanjo alipata masomo yake Shule ya Corona kwenye eneo la Victoria Island, [[Lagos]], Shule ya Capital maeeo ya [[Kaduna]], na Chuo cha Queen eneo la Lagos. Alipata masomo ya  shahada ya udaktari wa mifugo kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan]] mwaka wa 1988, shahada ya uzamili juu ya [[epidemiolojia]] kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha California, Davis huko Davis, California, [[Marekani]], mnamo 1990, na PhD katika somo hilo hilo kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Cornell huko [[Ithaca, New York|Ithaca]], New York, mnamo 1994. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://iyabo4senate.com/profile.html|title=Profile|accessdate=22 December 2007|work=Iyabo 4 Senate|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219190720/http://www.iyabo4senate.com/profile.html|archivedate=19 December 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ya kisiasa ==
Enzi kabla hajachaguliwa kama seneta, Obasanjo alikuwa a afasi ya  Kamishna wa Afya kwenye Jimbo la Ogun. &lt;ref&gt; Aliteuliwa kama Seneta wa Nigeria mwenye kuwakilisha Wilaya ya Seneta ya Kati ya Ogun kwenye [[Jimbo la Ogun]] mwaka Aprili 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;nan&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.nassnig.org/senate/Personal%20data/Obasanjo-Bello/Sen%20iyabo%20O%20bello.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181404/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/Personal%20data/Obasanjo-Bello/Sen%20iyabo%20O%20bello.html|archivedate=3 March 2016|title=Senator Iyabo Obasanjo-Bello|accessdate=21 December 2007|work=NAssNig.org|publisher=[[National Assembly of Nigeria]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aligombea tena kwenye  uchaguzi  wa Aprili 2011 kwenye jukwaa la PDP, lakini alishindwa na Olugbenga Onaolapo Obadara akapata ushindi wa kuongoza Bunge la Kitendo la Nigeria (ACN), kwa kuwa alipata kura 102,389 dhidi ya kura 56,312 za Obasanjo Bello.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Obasanjo-Bello|first=Iyabo|title=List of 2012 Fellows|url=http://advancedleadership.harvard.edu/2012-fellows/|publisher=Harvard University – Advanced Leadership Initiative|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529230913/http://advancedleadership.harvard.edu/2012-fellows/|archivedate=29 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Kazi ya Seneti ===
Obasanjo alichaguliwa kwenye Seneti mwaka 28 Aprili 2007 kwenye jukwaa la Chama cha Kidemokrasia cha Watu (PDP); mshindani mwenzake  wa Action Congress (AC) Remilekun Bakare alikataa kabisa matokeo haya, japo Mahakama ya Maombi ya Uchaguzi ya Jimbo la Ogun ilitukuza  ushindi wake. 

Amewai kushika nafasi ya Mwenyekiti wa Kamati ya Afya ya Seneti, na mjumbe mshirika  wa Kamati za Usalama na Ujasusi, Usafiri wa Ardhini, Sayansi na Teknolojia, Elimu, Mipango ya Kitaifa, na Kamati za Bunge. &lt;ref name=&quot;nan&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.nassnig.org/senate/Personal%20data/Obasanjo-Bello/Sen%20iyabo%20O%20bello.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181404/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/Personal%20data/Obasanjo-Bello/Sen%20iyabo%20O%20bello.html|archivedate=3 March 2016|title=Senator Iyabo Obasanjo-Bello|accessdate=21 December 2007|work=NAssNig.org|publisher=[[National Assembly of Nigeria]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181404/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/Personal%20data/Obasanjo-Bello/Sen%20iyabo%20O%20bello.html &quot;Senator Iyabo Obasanjo-Bello&quot;]. ''NAssNig.org''. [[National Assembly of Nigeria]]. Archived from [http://www.nassnig.org/senate/Personal%20data/Obasanjo-Bello/Sen%20iyabo%20O%20bello.html the original] on 3 March 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 December&lt;/span&gt; 2007&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Alipoteza wadhifa wake kipindi cha Uchaguzi wa Bunge la Kitaifa mwaka 9 Aprili 2011.

Safari yake ya Utawala wake wa kisiasa hatimaye ulifikia kikomo mamo wa 2015 alipoangushwa na Seneta Gbenga Obadara ambaye alimnyang'anya wilaya ya Seneta ya Kati ya Ogun.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Iyabo Obasanjo|url=https://www.advancedleadership.harvard.edu/iyabo-obasanjo|accessdate=2021-05-22|work=Harvard Advanced Leadership Initiative|language=en-US|archivedate=25 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525140325/https://www.advancedleadership.harvard.edu/iyabo-obasanjo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jaribio la mauaji ===
Kwenye tarehe Aprili 2003, wakati wa  siku ya uchaguzi mkuu gari lake lilifyatuliwa risasi kwenye Barabara ya Ifo ndani Jimbo la Ogun. Japo hakuwepo kwenye gari, watu wazima 3 na watoto 2 ndani ya gari walifariki. Wahalifu waliofanya hicho kitendo  hawakuwahi kukamatwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://business.highbeam.com/3548/article-1G1-100477267/four-die-gunmen-shoot-obasanjo-daughter|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213255/http://business.highbeam.com/3548/article-1G1-100477267/four-die-gunmen-shoot-obasanjo-daughter|archivedate=4 October 2013|title=Four Die as Gunmen Shoot at Obasanjo's Daughter|date=23 April 2003|publisher=Africa News Service}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Uchunguzi wa EFCC ===
Kwenye tarehe Aprili 2008, Obasanjo alifanyiwa uchunguzi na Tume ya Uhalifu wa Kiuchumi na Fedha ya Nigeria (EFCC) kutokana na uchunguzi uliomuungaisha na  waziri wa zamani wa afya, Profesa [[Adenike Grange]], na waziri wa afya wa nchi, Gabriel Aduku, kwa ubadhirifu wa fedha za umma.  Wizara mwishoni mwa mwaka wa fedha haikurejesha pesa zote ambazo hazikutumika kwenye hazina ya serikali. Kiasi hicho kilikuwa Naira milioni 300, ambazo iasemekana ziligawanywa miongoni mwa waziri, waziri wake wa nchi na watumishi wakuu wa umma kwenye kamati ya afya ya Seneti na Baraza la Wawakilishi anayoisimamia. Waziri psmojs na naibu wake walilazimika kujiuzulu mara baada ya kurejesha sehemu yao ya pesa zile; hatimae walikamatwa na kuachiliwa kwa dhamana. Obasanjo aligoma kurejesha sehemu yake ya pesa hizo, naira milioni 10. Aliweka madai kwamba wanachama tisa wa kamati yake &quot;walishawishi&quot; fedha kutoka kwa wizara waliyoisimamia. Alitia mkazo kwamba pesa hizi zilitumika ndani ya mkutano kuhusu  kuwajengea uwezo baadhi ya wanachama wa kamati ya afya waliohudhuria nchini Ghana. Mpaka sasa amekataa kujipeleka mbele ya EFCC. Japo aliitwa, kwa ujumla na waziri na watumishi wengine wa umma, alibisha kuwepo mahakamani. Wiki moja mbeleni, hali ya kutatanisha iliibuka wakati maafisa wa EFCC walipojaribu kumkamata nyumbani kwake ndani ya wilaya ya Maitama ya jiji la Abuja, baada ya kuwekewa dau kadhaa kwa wakati mmoja na maafisa wa utekelezaji wa sheria ambazo zilimsababisha kuruka juu ya uzio wake ili kuepuka kukamatwa na maafisa wa utekelezaji wa sheria wa Nigeria. Mwaka wa 2009 kesi hiyo ilitupiliwa mbali na Mahakama Kuu huko Abuja kwa madai kwamba haikuwa na mashiko yeyote.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea jarida |last=Okon |first=Patrick Ene |year=2018 |title=Comparative Analysis of Mass Media Coverage of the Fight Against Corruption in Nigeria by the Obasanjo and Buhari Administrations |url=http://scipg.com/index.php/103/article/view/92 |journal=International Journal of Emerging Trends in Social Sciences |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=47–57 |doi=10.20448/2001.42.47.57 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|title=Justice or Impunity: high profile corruption cases crawling or gone to sleep|last=Owasanye|first=Bolaji|publisher=Human Development Initiatives|year=2014|isbn=9789789392506|location=Lagos}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Lango|Nigeria}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1967]]
[[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>olnx4xyl9aw7rnnlt2fejjp1hr08amu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Violet Meruti</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>228497</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509845</id>
      <parentid>1509196</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T14:07:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509845</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="453" sha1="rcnai3qauto2haq6z9fx4dx52mtwfdt" xml:space="preserve">'''Maseokwane Violet Meruti''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] ambaye aliwakilisha chama cha African National Congress (ANC) katika Bunge la Taifa kuanzia mwaka 2004 hadi 2009, baada ya kuchaguliwa katika uchaguzi mkuu wa 2004.

Pia ni mwanachama wa Ligi ya Wazee wa ANC (ANC Veterans’ League) katika Mkoa wa Northern Cape.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]]</text>
      <sha1>rcnai3qauto2haq6z9fx4dx52mtwfdt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Veronica Bekoe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>228505</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509838</id>
      <parentid>1509184</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T14:02:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Mafanikio */</comment>
      <origin>1509838</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6967" sha1="abp8hqb9ap8x0p5kk8ixdb0q9q149hj" xml:space="preserve">'''Veronica Ayele Bekoe''' ni [[mwanabiolojia]] kutoka nchini [[Ghana]]. Anafahamika kwa mchango wake katika uvumbuzi wa ndoo ya Veronica iliyotumika kupunguza maambukizi kwa [[Maambukizo|magonjwa ya kuambukiza]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://cfhss.org/our-team/mrs-veronica-bekoe/|title=Mrs. Veronica Bekoe|author=|first=|date=|work=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://ghanatogether.org/HTML/Projects/Sanitation.html|title=Ghana Together Health and Sanitation Projects|work=ghanatogether.org|accessdate=2020-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Adu|first=Dennis|date=2020-03-26|title=Revealed: Why this bucket is called 'Veronica Bucket'|url=https://www.adomonline.com/revealed-why-this-bucket-is-called-veronica-bucket/|accessdate=2020-07-19|work=Adomonline.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Acheampong|first=Kwame|date=2020-03-23|title=Covid-19: You're 99% protected with effective hand washing - Veronica bucket inventor|url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2020/03/covid-19-youre-99-protected-with-effective-hand-washing-veronica-bucket-inventor/|accessdate=2020-07-19|work=Starr Fm|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719183804/https://starrfm.com.gh/2020/03/covid-19-youre-99-protected-with-effective-hand-washing-veronica-bucket-inventor/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Elimu ==
Veronica alianza elimu yake ya msingi katika Shule ya Wasichana ya Serikali (kwa sasa ni Shule ya Msingi ya Independence Avenue) huko Accra. Alisoma shule wasichana ya Aburi kwa ajili ya elimu yake ya Sekondari katika shule inayoitwa Aburi Girls SHS kwa ajili ya elimu yake ya sekondari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Veronica Bucket inventor shares intriguing story about its origin - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/veronica-bucket-inventor-shares-intriguing-story-about-its-origin/|accessdate=2021-03-19|work=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baadaye aliendeleza elimu yake katika Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi na Teknolojia cha Kwame Nkrumah (KNUST) ambapo alipata Shahada ya Sayansi katika Sayansi/Biolojia ya Biolojia kati ya mwaka w1968 - 1972. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://yen.com.gh/151351-meet-veronica-bekoe-woman-ingenious-veronica-buckets.html|title=Meet Veronica Bekoe the genius Ghanaian woman who invented veronica buckets|author=Quist|first=Ebenezer|date=2020-03-25|work=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news.|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=|first=|date=30 March 2020|title=The Ghanaian Woman Who Invented The Veronica Bucket|url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/features/coronavirus-the-ghanaian-woman-who-invented-the-veronica-bucket/2020/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=|work=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ==
Kazi yake katika Huduma ya Afya ya Ghana (GHS) ilidumu kuanzia mwaka wa 1972 hadi mwaka wa 2008, akifanya kazi katika Maabara ya Afya ya Umma na rejeo, alifanya kazi kama mtu mkuu wa Programu ya Kitaifa ya Kudhibiti UKIMWI/Magonjwa ya zinaa na pia ana uzoefu wa zaidi ya miaka 30 katika mazoezi ya maabara ya kimatibabu . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://kuulpeeps.com/2020/03/veronica-bekoe-the-ghanaian-inventor-of-the-life-saving-veronica-buckets/|title=Veronica Bekoe: The Ghanaian Inventor Of The Life Saving Veronica Buckets {{!}} Kuulpeeps - Ghana Campus News and Lifestyle Site by Students|author=Tetteh|first=Nii Okai|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://cfhss.org/our-team/mrs-veronica-bekoe/|title=Mrs. Veronica Bekoe – CfHSS|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana uzoefu katika usimamizi wa maabara, uundaji wa miongozo ya mafunzo, ushauri, uundaji wa miongozo ya uchunguzi wa maabara miongoni mwa mingine. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-03-26|title=Why is this bucket called 'veronica bucket'?|url=https://ghanawebonline.com/why-is-this-bucket-called-veronica-bucket/|accessdate=2020-07-19|work=New Ghanaweb|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mafanikio ==
Veronica alifahamika kwa uvumbuzi wake wa ndoo ya Veronica, kifaa kilichobuniwa ili kupunguza kuenea kwa magonjwa kama [[kipindupindu]] kupitia maambukizi baada ya kunawa mikono. Mwaka wa 2020, ndoo hiyo ilitumika sana katika bara la Afrika na jumuiya ya kimataifa kupambana na janga jipya la virusi vya korona [[COVID-19]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ugunduzi wake na uvumbuzi wa ndoo ya Veronica ulitokana na tatizo aliiona katika eneo lake la kazi, aligundua kuwa kulikuwa na changamoto na maji yanayotiririka na ilibidi watumie bakuli la maji kwa zamu kunawa mikono yao baada ya kazi ya matibabu ambayo ilikuwa hatari sana kwa afya zao kwa sababu kila mtu alilazimika kutumia maji yale yale hadi yanapochafuka, aliona athari za kiafya alitengeneza ndoo ya mfano yenye bomba lililounganishwa na vyombo vya alumini vinavyotumika katika uuzaji wa [[Hausa koko]], maarufu kama '''Akorlaa gyae su''' ambayo sasa imekuwa ndoo ya Veronica inayojulikana kimataifa.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-invented-the-Veronica-Buckets-for-my-colleague-biological-scientists-Veronica-Bekoe-908659|title=I invented the Veronica Buckets for my colleague biological scientists - Veronica Bekoe|work=www.ghanaweb.com|date=30 March 2020|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lr9uRxbrdp8|title=Veronica Bucket-Interview of the Ghanaian prof who created it|author=|first=|date=|work=[[YouTube]]|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ucF92u8eMzQ|title=Time with Veronica Bekoe (Designer of the Veronica Bucket)|author=|first=|date=20 March 2020|work=[[YouTube]]|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMNCXOYdtg0|title=HOW ''VERONICA BUCKET'' WAS INVENTED BY MADAM VERONICA BEKOE|author=|first=|date=|work=[[YouTube]]|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wP4JvkjOdEk|title=SHE INVENTED THE VERONICA BUCKET BUT HMM: SHE TELLS HER STORY|author=|first=|date=13 April 2020|work=[[YouTube]]|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tuzo ==
* Alipewa tuzo na Bi. Rebecca Akufo-Addo kwa uvumbuzi wake wa kijamii katika kupambana na magonjwa ya kuambukiza kwa kutumia sabuni chini ya maji yanayotiririka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Veronica Bucket: The Ghanaian invention helping in coronavirus fight|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/soccer/Veronica-Bucket-The-Ghanaian-invention-helping-in-coronavirus-fight-895813}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Alipokea tuzo ya uchoyo ya Volta kwa uvumbuzi wake. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=2023-03-14|title=National Honours: Veronica Bekoe awarded|url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/general/national-honours-veronica-bekoe-awarded/2023/|accessdate=2024-05-08|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==

[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ghana]]
[[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Ghana]]
[[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>abp8hqb9ap8x0p5kk8ixdb0q9q149hj</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Funmi Falana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>229315</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509792</id>
      <parentid>1509518</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:29:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Kazi */</comment>
      <origin>1509792</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5807" sha1="c0xswhlkxxviybe0drl4vy51d8cvlab" xml:space="preserve">'''Funmi Falan''' ni mwanasheria na mwanaharakati wa [[Haki za wanawake|haki za wanawake]] kutoka Nigeria.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thebreakingtimes.com/another-14-year-old-lucy-ejeh-kidnapped-converted-to-islam-in-zamfara/|title=Another 14 Year Old, Lucy Ejeh, Kidnapped Converted to Islam in Zamfara|work=The Breaking Times|date=17 March 2016|accessdate=20 June 2016|archivedate=29 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529020756/http://www.thebreakingtimes.com/another-14-year-old-lucy-ejeh-kidnapped-converted-to-islam-in-zamfara/|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha binafsi na elimu ==
Funmi Falana&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=7 March 2016|title=Let's Have Gender Justice Now, By Funmi Falana|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/123609-lets-have-gender-justice-now-by-funmi-falana.html|accessdate=20 June 2016|newspaper=Premium Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni mke wa Femi Falana, mwanaharakati na mwanasheria wa Nigeria;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Ndaji|first=Simeon|date=5 August 2012|title=Femi Falana left me at the mercy of judges – Funmi, wife|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/08/femi-falana-left-me-at-the-mercy-of-judges-funmiwife/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|accessdate=20 June 2016|newspaper=Vanguard}}&lt;/ref&gt; na mama wa [[Falz]], msanii wa kurekodi na [[muigizaji]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Badmus|first=Kayode|date=5 November 2015|title=Falz! Why Femi Falana's son is a legally Bad Guy|url=https://thenet.ng/falz-why-femi-falanas-son-is-a-legally-bad-guy/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=20 June 2016|newspaper=The NET}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alizaliwa katika mfumo wa kifalme wa jadi wa Nigeria (Nigerian chieftaincy system), akiwa mwanachama wa nasaba tawala ya Iralepo wa Isinkan.&lt;ref name=&quot;crown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/ariyomo-funmi-falana-aguda-akpovie-others-receive-royal-accolades/|title=Ariyomo, Funmi Falana, Aguda, Akpovie, others receive royal accolades|website=tvcnews.tv|accessdate=February 5, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alisoma katika Shule ya Wasichana ya St. Louis Grammar School, Akure, Jimbo la Ondo.&lt;ref name=&quot;punchng&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=2020-04-12|title=How I met my husband — Funmi Falana|url=https://punchng.com/a-lawyer-is-the-best-spouse-to-have-funmi-falana/|access-date=2021-06-05|newspaper=The Punch|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alipata shahada ya kwanza ya fizikia katika [[University of Benin (Nigeria)|Chuo Kikuu cha Benin]], na baadaye shahada ya sheria (LL.B) katika University of Lagos. Pia alipata shahada ya uzamili ya sheria (LL.M) katika chuo hicho.&lt;ref name=&quot;falana&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Mrs. Funmi Falana|url=https://falanafalana.com.ng/teammate/funmi-falana/|access-date=2021-06-05|website=Falana &amp; Falana Chambers|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo mwaka 2024, alipokea cheo cha jadi kutoka jamii ya Isinkan.&lt;ref name=&quot;crown&quot; /&gt;

== Kazi ==
Funmi Falana ni Mkurugenzi wa Kitaifa wa Women Empowerment and Legal Aid (WELA), [[shirika lisilo la kiserikali]] linalotetea haki za wanawake na watoto.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://sunnewsonline.com/falana-alert-fg-of-abduction-of-another-teenager-in-zamfara/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=Falana alert FG of abduction of another teenager in Zamfara|last=Olabiyi|first=Lukmon|date=5 March 2016|accessdate=20 June 2016|newspaper=The Sun}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.championnews.com.ng/women-marginalization-must-stop-funmi-falana/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=Women marginalization must stop – Funmi Falana|author=Prince Joshua|date=17 March 2016|accessdate=20 June 2016|archivedate=1 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501205719/http://www.championnews.com.ng/women-marginalization-must-stop-funmi-falana/|url-status=deviated|newspaper=Daily Champion}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ni mwanachama wa vyama mbalimbali vya kitaaluma ikiwa ni pamoja na Nigerian Bar Association,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Bar_Association|title=Nigerian Bar Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; West African Bar Association,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://achpr.au.int/en/ngos/west-african-bar-association-waba|title=West African Bar Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; International Bar Association,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ibanet.org/|title=International Bar Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Chartered Institute of Arbitrators.

== Uongozi na uanaharakati ==
Katika nafasi yake WELA, hushiriki kikamilifu katika uanaharakati wa haki za wanawake. Ameongoza kampeni dhidi ya ubakaji, ubaguzi dhidi ya wanawake, ushiriki wa wanawake katika siasa pamoja na masuala ya sera na maamuzi.&lt;ref name=&quot;punchng&quot;/&gt; Kupitia shirika lake, alipinga Kanuni ya 124 ya Sheria ya Polisi iliyowazuia maafisa wanawake kuolewa hadi baada ya miaka mitatu ya huduma. Mahakama ilitangaza kifungu hicho kuwa kinyume cha katiba na chenye ubaguzi dhidi ya wanawake, hivyo kikafutwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;punchng&quot; /&gt; Katika barua ya tarehe 28 Januari 2021 yenye kichwa ''“Request To Recall Dismissed Pregnant Police Officer”'', alimwomba Inspekta Jenerali wa Polisi Ibrahim Adamu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.npf.gov.ng/news/details/618|title=Nigeria Police Force News}}&lt;/ref&gt; kumrejesha kazini Koplo Olajide Omotola wa Polisi wa Jimbo la Ekiti aliyefukuzwa kazi kwa kupata ujauzito nje ya ndoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;thenation&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=2021-02-02|title='Reinstate dismissed pregnant police woman or face legal action'|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/reinstate-dismissed-pregnant-police-woman-or-face-legal-action/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2021-06-05|newspaper=The Nation|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alisema atapinga hatua hiyo katika National Industrial Court of Nigeria na kuomba kufutwa kwa Kanuni ya 127 ya Sheria ya Polisi ya mwaka 2020 iwapo mamlaka ya polisi haitachukua hatua kwa wakati.&lt;ref name=&quot;thenation&quot; /&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references/&gt;
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Nigeria]]</text>
      <sha1>c0xswhlkxxviybe0drl4vy51d8cvlab</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509826</id>
      <parentid>1509792</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:52:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Maisha binafsi na elimu */</comment>
      <origin>1509826</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5547" sha1="ed20fxqq2sn3grum1mz8yulqs44dt9n" xml:space="preserve">'''Funmi Falan''' ni mwanasheria na mwanaharakati wa [[Haki za wanawake|haki za wanawake]] kutoka Nigeria.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thebreakingtimes.com/another-14-year-old-lucy-ejeh-kidnapped-converted-to-islam-in-zamfara/|title=Another 14 Year Old, Lucy Ejeh, Kidnapped Converted to Islam in Zamfara|work=The Breaking Times|date=17 March 2016|accessdate=20 June 2016|archivedate=29 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529020756/http://www.thebreakingtimes.com/another-14-year-old-lucy-ejeh-kidnapped-converted-to-islam-in-zamfara/|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha binafsi na elimu ==
Funmi Falana&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=7 March 2016|title=Let's Have Gender Justice Now, By Funmi Falana|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/123609-lets-have-gender-justice-now-by-funmi-falana.html|accessdate=20 June 2016|newspaper=Premium Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni mke wa Femi Falana, mwanaharakati na mwanasheria wa Nigeria;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Ndaji|first=Simeon|date=5 August 2012|title=Femi Falana left me at the mercy of judges – Funmi, wife|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/08/femi-falana-left-me-at-the-mercy-of-judges-funmiwife/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|accessdate=20 June 2016|newspaper=Vanguard}}&lt;/ref&gt; na mama wa [[Falz]], msanii wa kurekodi na [[muigizaji]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Badmus|first=Kayode|date=5 November 2015|title=Falz! Why Femi Falana's son is a legally Bad Guy|url=https://thenet.ng/falz-why-femi-falanas-son-is-a-legally-bad-guy/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=20 June 2016|newspaper=The NET}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alizaliwa katika mfumo wa kifalme wa jadi wa Nigeria (Nigerian chieftaincy system), akiwa mwanachama wa nasaba tawala ya Iralepo wa Isinkan.&lt;ref name=&quot;crown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/ariyomo-funmi-falana-aguda-akpovie-others-receive-royal-accolades/|title=Ariyomo, Funmi Falana, Aguda, Akpovie, others receive royal accolades|website=tvcnews.tv|accessdate=February 5, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alisoma katika Shule ya Wasichana ya St. Louis Grammar School, Akure, Jimbo la Ondo.&lt;ref name=&quot;punchng&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=2020-04-12|title=How I met my husband — Funmi Falana|url=https://punchng.com/a-lawyer-is-the-best-spouse-to-have-funmi-falana/|access-date=2021-06-05|newspaper=The Punch|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alipata shahada ya kwanza ya fizikia katika [[University of Benin (Nigeria)|Chuo Kikuu cha Benin]], na baadaye shahada ya sheria (LL.B) katika University of Lagos. Pia alipata shahada ya uzamili ya sheria (LL.M) katika chuo hicho. Mnamo mwaka 2024, alipokea cheo cha jadi kutoka jamii ya Isinkan.&lt;ref name=&quot;crown&quot; /&gt;

== Kazi ==
Funmi Falana ni Mkurugenzi wa Kitaifa wa Women Empowerment and Legal Aid (WELA), [[shirika lisilo la kiserikali]] linalotetea haki za wanawake na watoto.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://sunnewsonline.com/falana-alert-fg-of-abduction-of-another-teenager-in-zamfara/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=Falana alert FG of abduction of another teenager in Zamfara|last=Olabiyi|first=Lukmon|date=5 March 2016|accessdate=20 June 2016|newspaper=The Sun}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.championnews.com.ng/women-marginalization-must-stop-funmi-falana/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=Women marginalization must stop – Funmi Falana|author=Prince Joshua|date=17 March 2016|accessdate=20 June 2016|archivedate=1 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501205719/http://www.championnews.com.ng/women-marginalization-must-stop-funmi-falana/|url-status=deviated|newspaper=Daily Champion}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ni mwanachama wa vyama mbalimbali vya kitaaluma ikiwa ni pamoja na Nigerian Bar Association,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Bar_Association|title=Nigerian Bar Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; West African Bar Association,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://achpr.au.int/en/ngos/west-african-bar-association-waba|title=West African Bar Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; International Bar Association,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ibanet.org/|title=International Bar Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Chartered Institute of Arbitrators.

== Uongozi na uanaharakati ==
Katika nafasi yake WELA, hushiriki kikamilifu katika uanaharakati wa haki za wanawake. Ameongoza kampeni dhidi ya ubakaji, ubaguzi dhidi ya wanawake, ushiriki wa wanawake katika siasa pamoja na masuala ya sera na maamuzi.&lt;ref name=&quot;punchng&quot;/&gt; Kupitia shirika lake, alipinga Kanuni ya 124 ya Sheria ya Polisi iliyowazuia maafisa wanawake kuolewa hadi baada ya miaka mitatu ya huduma. Mahakama ilitangaza kifungu hicho kuwa kinyume cha katiba na chenye ubaguzi dhidi ya wanawake, hivyo kikafutwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;punchng&quot; /&gt; Katika barua ya tarehe 28 Januari 2021 yenye kichwa ''“Request To Recall Dismissed Pregnant Police Officer”'', alimwomba Inspekta Jenerali wa Polisi Ibrahim Adamu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.npf.gov.ng/news/details/618|title=Nigeria Police Force News}}&lt;/ref&gt; kumrejesha kazini Koplo Olajide Omotola wa Polisi wa Jimbo la Ekiti aliyefukuzwa kazi kwa kupata ujauzito nje ya ndoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;thenation&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=2021-02-02|title='Reinstate dismissed pregnant police woman or face legal action'|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/reinstate-dismissed-pregnant-police-woman-or-face-legal-action/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2021-06-05|newspaper=The Nation|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alisema atapinga hatua hiyo katika National Industrial Court of Nigeria na kuomba kufutwa kwa Kanuni ya 127 ya Sheria ya Polisi ya mwaka 2020 iwapo mamlaka ya polisi haitachukua hatua kwa wakati.&lt;ref name=&quot;thenation&quot; /&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references/&gt;
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Nigeria]]</text>
      <sha1>ed20fxqq2sn3grum1mz8yulqs44dt9n</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Angela Dwamena-Aboagye</title>
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      <id>1509753</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:59:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <origin>1509753</origin>
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      <text bytes="6335" sha1="dl8xpw34lsv7zauz6cu2m3kmhvroljv" xml:space="preserve">'''Angela Dwamena-Aboagye''' (amezaliwa [[1965]]) ni mwanasheria na mwanaharakati wa masuala ya jinsia wa [[Ghana]], pia ni Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa The Ark Foundation Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Glitz top 100 inspirational women – Page 100 – Glitz Africa Magazine |url=https://www.glitzafrica.com/glitz-top-100-inspirational-women/100/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Ark Foundation ni shirika lisilo la kiserikali (NGO) linalolenga kushughulikia haki za wanawake nchini Ghana.

Dwamena-Aboagye alianzisha makazi ya kwanza kwa wanawake waliopigwa nchini Ghana na pia alianzisha kituo cha dharura chenye huduma za kisheria na ushauri nasaha kwa ajili ya waathirika wa ukatili wa kijinsia na unyanyasaji wa watoto katika maeneo mbalimbali nchini Ghana. Pia ni mshauri nasaha na mzungumzaji wa motisha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2014/january-6th/dovvsu-lacks-attention-angela-dwamena-aboagye.php|title=Ghana News - DOVVSU lacks attention - Angela Dwamena Aboagye|last=Myjoyonline.com|website=www.myjoyonline.com|access-date=2016-08-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.graphic.com.gh/lifestyle/life/angela-dwamena-aboagye-a-true-voice-for-the-voiceless.html|title=Angela Dwamena-Aboagye: A true voice for the voiceless|last=Graphic|first=Daily|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-08-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2016/04/23/gender-policy-implementation-key-to-development-dwamena-aboagye/|title=Gender policy implementation key to development - Dwamena-Aboagye|date=2016-04-23|website=Ghana Business News|access-date=2016-08-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gimpa.edu.gh/news/gender-development-and-resource-center-holds-symposium-on-ghanas-national-gender-policy-1470316538/|title=Gender Development And Resource Center Holds Symposium On Ghana's National Gender Policy|website=www.gimpa.edu.gh|access-date=2016-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911160051/http://www.gimpa.edu.gh/news/gender-development-and-resource-center-holds-symposium-on-ghanas-national-gender-policy-1470316538/|archive-date=2016-09-11|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya awali na Elimu ==
Angela Dwamena-Aboagye (née Sakyi) alizaliwa mwaka 1965.

Dwamena-Aboagye alisoma katika Mfantsiman Secondary School na pia Holy Child School. Alihitimu kutoka University of Ghana akiwa na shahada ya sheria (LL.B), na pia alipata Cheti cha Ustahili wa Sheria kama Wakili kutoka Ghana Law School. Pia alipata shahada ya uzamili ya sheria kutoka Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, D.C., Marekani na shahada ya uzamili ya sanaa katika teolojia kutoka Akrofi-Christaller Institute, [[Akropong]], Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://femaleachievers.org/dir_profile_details.cfm?dowdirID=247&amp;prof_categoryid=70&amp;category_id=2|title=Ministry of Women and Children's Affairs - MOWAC|website=femaleachievers.org|access-date=2016-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913173454/http://femaleachievers.org/dir_profile_details.cfm?dowdirID=247&amp;prof_categoryid=70&amp;category_id=2|archive-date=2016-09-13|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aliingizwa katika Chama cha Wanasheria wa Ghana kama Wakili na Mwanasheria mwaka 1989.

== Maisha binafsi na Kazi ==
Ameolewa na Kwame Dwamena-Aboagye, ambaye pia hufanya kazi kama mshauri wa Foundation, na wana watoto wanne.

Ni mhadhiri mshiriki (Adjunct Lecturer) wa masuala ya jinsia na sheria katika Kitivo cha Sheria cha University of Ghana, na pia mshauri na mkufunzi kuhusu jinsia na haki za wanawake. Aliwahi kufanya kazi katika Wizara ya Sheria na Ofisi ya Mwanasheria Mkuu wa Serikali kuanzia mwaka 1990 hadi 1999 kabla ya kujiuzulu na kuanzisha The Ark Foundation Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.busac.org/mainsite/news/nws_0019.php|title=Women Urged to Work Towards Peaceful Elections|website=www.busac.org|access-date=2016-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821060624/http://www.busac.org/mainsite/news/nws_0019.php|archive-date=2016-08-21|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tuzo na utambuzi ==
* Alipokea tuzo ya Ghana National Commission on Children/[[UNICEF]] National Media Features Award on Children mwaka [[1996]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}
* Alipokea tuzo ya Unilever Ghana Award for Distinguished Service kwa mchango wake katika maendeleo ya wanawake na watoto nchini Ghana mwaka 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Safo (Mrs.) |first=Margaret |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mY6aPIogEQQC&amp;dq=Unilever+Ghana+Award+AND+angela+dwamena-aboagye+AND+2005&amp;pg=PA11 |title=The Mirror: Issue 2630 May 14 2005 |date=2005-05-14 |publisher=Graphic Communications Group |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* African Women’s Development Fund Women of Substance Award kwa Wanawake 13 Mashuhuri wa Afrika ([[2005]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-02-17 |title=Congratulations Angela Dwamena-Aboagye of the Ark Foundation |url=https://awdf.org/congratulations-angela-dwamena-aboagye-of-the-ark-foundation/ |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=The African Women's Development Fund (AWDF) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tuzo ya Ubalozi wa Marekani ya Martin Luther King Jr. Award for Peace and Social Justice mwaka [[2009]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ghana.usembassy.gov/pe150109.html|title=Programs and Events {{!}} Accra, Ghana – Embassy of the United States|website=ghana.usembassy.gov|access-date=2016-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215205801/http://ghana.usembassy.gov/pe150109.html|archive-date=2013-02-15|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/198770/angela-dwamena-aboagye-receives-peace-award.html|title=Angela Dwamena-Aboagye receives Peace Award|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Millennium Excellence Awards (2010) kwa uwezeshaji wa wanawake.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mefafrica.org/mea/past-recipients/|title=Past Recipients|access-date=2016-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Tuzo ya First African Servant Leadership National Awards kwa uwezeshaji wa wanawake mwaka [[2011]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://awdf.org/congratulations-angela-dwamena-aboagye-of-the-ark-foundation/|title=Congratulations Angela Dwamena-Aboagye of the Ark Foundation – The African Women's Development Fund (AWDF)|website=awdf.org|access-date=2016-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references/&gt;
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1965]]
[[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Ghana]]
[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Ghana]]</text>
      <sha1>dl8xpw34lsv7zauz6cu2m3kmhvroljv</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1509754</id>
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        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <comment>/* Tuzo na utambuzi */</comment>
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      <text bytes="6318" sha1="ggu165yer569u6dvbs05rhrtuxrbiq9" xml:space="preserve">'''Angela Dwamena-Aboagye''' (amezaliwa [[1965]]) ni mwanasheria na mwanaharakati wa masuala ya jinsia wa [[Ghana]], pia ni Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa The Ark Foundation Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Glitz top 100 inspirational women – Page 100 – Glitz Africa Magazine |url=https://www.glitzafrica.com/glitz-top-100-inspirational-women/100/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Ark Foundation ni shirika lisilo la kiserikali (NGO) linalolenga kushughulikia haki za wanawake nchini Ghana.

Dwamena-Aboagye alianzisha makazi ya kwanza kwa wanawake waliopigwa nchini Ghana na pia alianzisha kituo cha dharura chenye huduma za kisheria na ushauri nasaha kwa ajili ya waathirika wa ukatili wa kijinsia na unyanyasaji wa watoto katika maeneo mbalimbali nchini Ghana. Pia ni mshauri nasaha na mzungumzaji wa motisha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2014/january-6th/dovvsu-lacks-attention-angela-dwamena-aboagye.php|title=Ghana News - DOVVSU lacks attention - Angela Dwamena Aboagye|last=Myjoyonline.com|website=www.myjoyonline.com|access-date=2016-08-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.graphic.com.gh/lifestyle/life/angela-dwamena-aboagye-a-true-voice-for-the-voiceless.html|title=Angela Dwamena-Aboagye: A true voice for the voiceless|last=Graphic|first=Daily|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-08-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2016/04/23/gender-policy-implementation-key-to-development-dwamena-aboagye/|title=Gender policy implementation key to development - Dwamena-Aboagye|date=2016-04-23|website=Ghana Business News|access-date=2016-08-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gimpa.edu.gh/news/gender-development-and-resource-center-holds-symposium-on-ghanas-national-gender-policy-1470316538/|title=Gender Development And Resource Center Holds Symposium On Ghana's National Gender Policy|website=www.gimpa.edu.gh|access-date=2016-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911160051/http://www.gimpa.edu.gh/news/gender-development-and-resource-center-holds-symposium-on-ghanas-national-gender-policy-1470316538/|archive-date=2016-09-11|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya awali na Elimu ==
Angela Dwamena-Aboagye (née Sakyi) alizaliwa mwaka 1965.

Dwamena-Aboagye alisoma katika Mfantsiman Secondary School na pia Holy Child School. Alihitimu kutoka University of Ghana akiwa na shahada ya sheria (LL.B), na pia alipata Cheti cha Ustahili wa Sheria kama Wakili kutoka Ghana Law School. Pia alipata shahada ya uzamili ya sheria kutoka Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, D.C., Marekani na shahada ya uzamili ya sanaa katika teolojia kutoka Akrofi-Christaller Institute, [[Akropong]], Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://femaleachievers.org/dir_profile_details.cfm?dowdirID=247&amp;prof_categoryid=70&amp;category_id=2|title=Ministry of Women and Children's Affairs - MOWAC|website=femaleachievers.org|access-date=2016-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913173454/http://femaleachievers.org/dir_profile_details.cfm?dowdirID=247&amp;prof_categoryid=70&amp;category_id=2|archive-date=2016-09-13|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aliingizwa katika Chama cha Wanasheria wa Ghana kama Wakili na Mwanasheria mwaka 1989.

== Maisha binafsi na Kazi ==
Ameolewa na Kwame Dwamena-Aboagye, ambaye pia hufanya kazi kama mshauri wa Foundation, na wana watoto wanne.

Ni mhadhiri mshiriki (Adjunct Lecturer) wa masuala ya jinsia na sheria katika Kitivo cha Sheria cha University of Ghana, na pia mshauri na mkufunzi kuhusu jinsia na haki za wanawake. Aliwahi kufanya kazi katika Wizara ya Sheria na Ofisi ya Mwanasheria Mkuu wa Serikali kuanzia mwaka 1990 hadi 1999 kabla ya kujiuzulu na kuanzisha The Ark Foundation Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.busac.org/mainsite/news/nws_0019.php|title=Women Urged to Work Towards Peaceful Elections|website=www.busac.org|access-date=2016-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821060624/http://www.busac.org/mainsite/news/nws_0019.php|archive-date=2016-08-21|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tuzo na utambuzi ==
* Alipokea tuzo ya Ghana National Commission on Children/[[UNICEF]] National Media Features Award on Children mwaka [[1996]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}
* Alipokea tuzo ya Unilever Ghana Award for Distinguished Service kwa mchango wake katika maendeleo ya wanawake na watoto nchini Ghana mwaka 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Safo (Mrs.) |first=Margaret |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mY6aPIogEQQC&amp;dq=Unilever+Ghana+Award+AND+angela+dwamena-aboagye+AND+2005&amp;pg=PA11 |title=The Mirror: Issue 2630 May 14 2005 |date=2005-05-14 |publisher=Graphic Communications Group |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* African Women’s Development Fund Women of Substance Award kwa Wanawake 13 Mashuhuri wa Afrika ([[2005]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-02-17 |title=Congratulations Angela Dwamena-Aboagye of the Ark Foundation |url=https://awdf.org/congratulations-angela-dwamena-aboagye-of-the-ark-foundation/ |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=The African Women's Development Fund (AWDF) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tuzo ya Ubalozi wa Marekani ya Martin Luther King Jr. Award for Peace and Social Justice mwaka [[2009]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ghana.usembassy.gov/pe150109.html|title=Programs and Events {{!}} Accra, Ghana – Embassy of the United States|website=ghana.usembassy.gov|access-date=2016-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215205801/http://ghana.usembassy.gov/pe150109.html|archive-date=2013-02-15|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/198770/angela-dwamena-aboagye-receives-peace-award.html|title=Angela Dwamena-Aboagye receives Peace Award|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Millennium Excellence Awards (2010) kwa uwezeshaji wa wanawake.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mefafrica.org/mea/past-recipients/|title=Past Recipients|access-date=2016-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tuzo ya First African Servant Leadership National Awards kwa uwezeshaji wa wanawake mwaka [[2011]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://awdf.org/congratulations-angela-dwamena-aboagye-of-the-ark-foundation/|title=Congratulations Angela Dwamena-Aboagye of the Ark Foundation – The African Women's Development Fund (AWDF)|website=awdf.org|access-date=2016-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references/&gt;
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1965]]
[[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Ghana]]
[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Ghana]]</text>
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    <title>Bill Atessis</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:08:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="1311" sha1="niao65whu01mnr8q3i1n61xwwqihd12" xml:space="preserve">'''William James Atessis''' (alizaliwa [[Julai 16]], [[1949]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[futiboli ya Marekani]] nchini [[Marekani]].Alicheza nafasi ya mlinzi wa mwisho wa safu ya ulinzi (defensive end) kwenye Ligi ya NFL.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bill Atessis |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/A/AtesBi20.htm |website=Pro Football Reference |access-date=2026-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alicheza futiboli ya chuo kikuu kwa ''Texas Longhorns'', ambao walishinda ubingwa wa NCAA mara mbili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bill Atessis |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/ |website=Sports Reference |access-date=2026-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alikuwa mwanzilishi wa misimu mitatu (three-year starter) na alikuwa ''All-American'' wa timu ya pili akiwa mwanafunzi wa mwaka wa tatu (junior) na ''All-American'' wa maafikiano (consensus All-American) akiwa mwanafunzi wa mwaka wa mwisho (senior).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bill Atessis |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/A/AtesBi20.htm |website=Pro Football Reference |access-date=2026-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa sasa anaishi [[Houston, Texas]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_action=doc&amp;p_docnum=1&amp;+OK+=+OK+ nl.newsbank.com]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1949]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>niao65whu01mnr8q3i1n61xwwqihd12</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Amani Farid</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="4564" sha1="bpms2bjdmgnf5dy9kpfuvwrtu49iqzc" xml:space="preserve">'''Amani Farid''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |script-title=ar:ذاكرة للمستقبل: موسوعة الكاتبة العربية 1873–1999 |publisher=المجلس الأعلى للثقافة + مؤسسة نور لدراسات وأبحاث المرأة العربية |year=2004 |isbn=977-305-757-7 |edition=1st |pages=229 |trans-title=Kumbukumbu kwa Ajili ya Baadaye: Ensaiklopidia ya Mwandishi Mwanamke wa Kiarabu, 1873–1999 |lang=ar }}&lt;/ref&gt; alikuwa mwanahabari, mwanaharakati wa haki za wanawake, mshairi na mwanasiasa kutoka Misri. Kupitia kazi yake ya uandishi wa habari na harakati za kisiasa, alishiriki katika maandamano mbalimbali, hususan mgomo wa njaa wa mwaka 1954&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=ar:ثلاثة مشاهد مصرية فى شهر المرأة.. 1919..المرأة تنشد «إعلاء صوتها من وراء خدرها» - الأهرام اليومي |url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/NewsPrint/846269.aspx |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=gate.ahram.org.eg |lang=ar }}&lt;/ref&gt; katika chama cha waandishi wa habari akitetea haki ya wanawake kushiriki katika uwakilishi wa kisiasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Amani-Farid&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amani Farid |url=https://wmf.org.eg/en/narrators/amani-farid/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=The Women and Memory Forum |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasifu ==
Farid alizaliwa mwaka 1922 katika eneo la Sayyeda Zaynab mjini Kairo, Misri. Baba yake alikuwa akifanya kazi katika Wizara ya Elimu, huku mama yake alifariki muda mfupi baada ya kuzaliwa kwake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Amani-Farid&quot; /&gt; Alielezea utoto wake kama kipindi ambacho alipandikiziwa upendo wa kujifunza na baba yake. Akiwa bado mdogo, aliandika shairi la kumsifu Mfalme Farouk na alipokea barua ya shukrani kutoka kwake. Farid alijifunza lugha za Kiarabu, Kiingereza na Kituruki tangu akiwa mtoto,&lt;ref name=&quot;Women-and-Memory-Forum---مؤسسة-المرأة-والذاكرة-2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEGilNpwTaM |script-title=ar:لها في التاريخ علامات - أماني فريد |date=2025-07-16 |script-website=ar:مؤسسة المرأة والذاكرة |lang=ar |access-date=2025-12-13 |via=YouTube }}&lt;/ref&gt; na alianza harakati za kisiasa akiwa shule ya sekondari aliposhiriki maandamano dhidi ya ukoloni wa Waingereza nchini Misri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Women-and-Memory-Forum---مؤسسة-المرأة-والذاكرة-2025&quot; /&gt;

Alimaliza elimu ya sekondari mwaka 1937,&lt;ref name=&quot;ar1327&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ketabonline.com/ar/books/11822/read?part=1&amp;page=1332&amp;index=1841449 |script-title=ar:معجم البابطين للشعراء العرب المعاصرين |lang=ar }}&lt;/ref&gt; na kuhitimu mwaka 1940 kutoka Taasisi ya Juu ya Elimu iliyoko Zamalek, Kairo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar1327&quot; /&gt; Alifanya kazi kama mwalimu katika shule mbalimbali huku akiendelea na kazi ya uandishi wa habari, na katika miaka ya 1950 alianzisha jarida la ''Bint al-Sharq''.&lt;ref name=&quot;wmf.org.eg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=ar:بنت الشرق |url=https://wmf.org.eg/periodicals/%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%82/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=wmf.org.eg |lang=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Farid alifanya kazi pamoja na wanaharakati na waandishi mashuhuri wa Misri katika karne ya 20 kama vile Huda Shaarawi, aliyemchukulia kama mlezi wake, na Doria Shafiq. Aliolewa na Hassan Ramzi, na aliendelea na kazi ya uandishi wa habari hadi kifo chake mwaka 2005 mjini Kairo, jambo ambalo lilikuwa sharti katika ndoa yake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Amani-Farid&quot; /&gt;

== Kazi teule ==
* ''Fikra na Roho'' (فكر وروح), mashairi
* ''Moyo Unaosema'' (قلب يتحدث), mashairi, 1985
* ''Kumbukumbu'' (ذكريات), tawasifu, 1952
* ''Hadithi za Machweo'' (أقاصيص الغروب), hadithi fupi
* ''Malaika, Mawimbi na Watu'' (ملائكة وأمواج ورجال), hadithi fupi
* ''Minong’ono na Ishara'' (همسات ولفتات), makala, 1947/1948
* ''Duniani Kote'' (حول العالم), safari (juzuu 2)
* ''Mwanamke wa Misri nchini Marekani'' (مصرية في أمريكا), safari, 1997
* ''Mwanamke wa Kijerumani kama Nilivyomfahamu'' (المرأة الألمانية كما عرفتها)
* ''Mwanamke wa Misri katika nchi za Mashariki ya Kati'' (مصرية في ربوع الشام)
* ''Ulaya kati ya Umakini na Burudani'' (أوربا بين الجد واللهو)
* ''Wanawake wa Misri na Bunge'' (المرأة المصرية والبرلمان), 1947
* ''Siku na Kumbukumbu'' (أيام وذكريات), 1999


== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1922|2005}}
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Misri]]
[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Misri]]</text>
      <sha1>bpms2bjdmgnf5dy9kpfuvwrtu49iqzc</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bruce Karsh</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>229491</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509771</id>
      <parentid>1509377</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:09:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="1098" sha1="696s3s2duu5lsdd1hd1dl0hc9q42iy5" xml:space="preserve">'''Bruce Karsh''' (alizaliwa [[Oktoba 10]], [[1955]]) ni mwekezaji na [[wakili]] wa zamani nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bruce Karsh |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/bruce-karsh/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1980, alikuwa karani wa mahakama ya rufaa kwa jaji wa zamani wa Mahakama ya Juu ya Marekani [[Anthony M. Kennedy]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.today/20130415081347/http://www.jewishinstlouis.org/page.aspx?id=198832 Jewish In St. Louis: &quot;Gala to Pay Tribute to Rock Legends…and RJA Legends&quot;] May 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Alianzisha ''Oaktree Capital Management'' mwaka [[1995]], na baadaye akawa mwenyekiti mwenza na afisa mkuu wa uwekezaji (CIO).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bruce Karsh |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/bruce-karsh/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kufikia Agosti [[2020]], kwa mujibu wa jarida la ''Forbes'', ana utajiri wa dola bilioni 2.1, na kumweka nambari 391 kwenye orodha ya ''Forbes 400''.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>696s3s2duu5lsdd1hd1dl0hc9q42iy5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fatima Akilu</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:23:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="5101" sha1="7urutfa9xwsyoxw7uatbycntt6r13md" xml:space="preserve">'''Fatima Akilu''' ni [[mwanasaikolojia]], [[mwandishi]], afisa wa zamani wa [[serikali]], na mzungumzaji wa umma wa [[Nigeria]] anayejulikana kwa kazi yake katika kuzuia na kukabiliana na msimamo mkali wa vurugu (CVE) pamoja na kupambana na ugaidi.

Mnamo mwaka [[2023]], Fatima Akilu aliteuliwa kuwa Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Neem Foundation, shirika linalojikita katika ujenzi wa amani, msaada wa kisaikolojia, na ulinzi wa jamii dhidi ya itikadi kali. Kabla ya hapo, alihudumu kama Mkurugenzi wa Uchambuzi wa Tabia na Mawasiliano ya Kimkakati katika ofisi ya National Security Adviser Nigeria, ambapo alichangia katika kuanzishwa kwa programu ya kwanza ya kitaifa ya kupambana na msimamo mkali wa vurugu nchini Nigeria.

Aidha, Fatima Akilu ni sehemu ya timu ya Global Strategy Network, akifanya kazi pamoja na mtaalamu wa usalama Richard Barrett katika kubuni mikakati ya kimataifa ya kupambana na ugaidi.

Mbali na kazi zake za usalama, ni mwandishi wa vitabu vya watoto vinavyolenga elimu na maadili, na pia mshirika wa Women in Security and Leadership Alliance (WASL). Awali, aliwahi kuwa mtangazaji wa kipindi cha redio cha ''Radio Psych'', kilichojikita katika masuala ya kijamii na kisaikolojia.

Kupitia taaluma na shughuli zake mbalimbali, Fatima Akilu ameendelea kuwa sauti muhimu katika juhudi za kuimarisha usalama, ustawi wa jamii, na elimu nchini Nigeria.

== Kazi ==
Fatima Akilu ni mwanasaikolojia wa uchunguzi wa kimatibabu aliyefunzwa na National Health Service (NHS) nchini Uingereza, akiwa na utaalamu katika matibabu ya wahalifu wenye matatizo ya ukuaji na akili. Ana zaidi ya miaka 20 ya uzoefu katika afya ya akili na saikolojia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/nigeria/11644162/Meet-the-former-NHS-psychologist-trying-to-get-inside-the-mind-of-Boko-Haram.html|title=Meet the former NHS psychologist trying to get inside the mind of Boko Haram|newspaper=Telegraph.co.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-02-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akiwa bado kijana huko [[London]], Fatima Akilu aliwashauri vijana wasio na makazi, na baadaye alipokuwa akifanya kazi katika hospitali ya magonjwa ya akili huko Marekani, alimshauri John Hinckley Jr., anayejulikana kwa jaribio lake la kumuua Ronald Reagan.&lt;ref name=&quot;concordconsulting.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://concordconsulting.org/fatima-akilu-2|title=Fatima Akilu – Concord Consulting|access-date=2017-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119050311/http://concordconsulting.org/fatima-akilu-2/|archive-date=2017-01-19|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mbali na kazi ya kliniki, Fatima Akilu ni mwalimu wa chuo kikuu na mtetezi wa makundi yaliyotengwa. Alifanya kazi kama profesa msaidizi wa saikolojia ya jumla katika SUNY Broome Community College kwa zaidi ya miaka 12, ambapo alifundisha na kufanya utafiti kuhusu ukosefu wa makazi, ukabila, na athari zake kwa afya ya akili.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wildsmith |first1=E. |last2=Akilu |first2=F. |last3=Sashidharan |first3=S. P. |last4=Cochrane |first4=R. |last5=Commander |first5=M. J. |date=1999-10-01 |title=Mental health care for Asian, black and white patients with non-affective psychoses: pathways to the psychiatric hospital, in-patient and after-care |journal=Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology |language=en |volume=34 |issue=9 |pages=484–491 |doi=10.1007/s001270050224 |issn=1433-9285 |pmid=10541669 |s2cid=25792055}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Katika sekta ya sera na mawasiliano, aliwahi kuwa mkuu wa mawasiliano kwa ofisi ya rais inayoshughulikia Malengo ya Maendeleo ya Milenia nchini Nigeria, na pia mwenyekiti wa bodi ya wahariri wa gazeti kuu la taifa. Aidha, alihudumu kama Mkurugenzi wa Uchambuzi wa Tabia na Mawasiliano ya Kimkakati katika ofisi ya National Security Adviser Nigeria kati ya [[2012]] na [[2015]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Fatima Akilu Executive Director|url=https://neemfoundation.org.ng/dt_team/dr-fatima-akilu/|website=Neem Foundation|date=30 March 2020|access-date=29 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Katika nafasi hiyo, Fatima Akilu alichangia kuunda Programu ya Kupambana na Ukatili wa Vurugu (CVE), sehemu ya mkakati wa serikali ya Nigeria wa kukabiliana na kundi la Boko Haram. Programu hii ililenga kushughulikia sababu za misimamo mikali kupitia mbinu za kijamii, ikiwemo mafunzo ya ajira, ushauri wa kisaikolojia, huduma za afya, na uingiliaji wa kidini ili kusaidia kuwarekebisha waliokuwa wanachama wa makundi yenye itikadi kali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/nigeria/11915708/Fears-for-Nigerias-counter-radicalisation-programme-as-British-trained-head-is-ousted.html|title=Fears for Nigeria's counter-radicalisation programme as British-trained head is ousted|newspaper=Telegraph.co.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-02-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pia alifanya kazi kwa karibu na wanawake waliokombolewa kutoka kwa makamanda wa Boko Haram, kundi ambalo lilihitaji mbinu maalum za kijamii na kisaikolojia kutokana na changamoto za kurejea katika jamii.

==Tanbihi==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanasaikolojia wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]]</text>
      <sha1>7urutfa9xwsyoxw7uatbycntt6r13md</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Chibundu Onuzo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>229939</id>
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      <id>1509778</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Wasifu */</comment>
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      <text bytes="7911" sha1="9nx95rv3s8u0o3v4pa565lk4htmnk7x" xml:space="preserve">'''Imachibundu Oluwadara Onuzo''' FRSL (alizaliwa [[1991]]) ni mwandishi wa riwaya kutoka [[Nigeria]]. Riwaya yake ya kwanza, ''The Spider King's Daughter'', ilishinda Tuzo ya Betty Trask, &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Event: Chibundu Onuzo's 1991 (13 September)|url=https://africainwords.com/2019/07/10/event-chibundu-onuzos-1991-13-september/|author=Words|first=Africa in|date=2019-07-10|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; iliorodheshwa kwa Tuzo ya Dylan Thomas &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Dylan Thomas Prize: 'Thunderingly good' shortlist revealed|url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/showbiz/dylan-thomas-prize-thunderingly-good-2021798|author=WalesOnline|date=2012-10-18|work=walesonline|accessdate=2020-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Tuzo ya Kitabu cha Jumuiya ya Madola,   na iliorodheshwa kwa muda mrefu kwa Tuzo ya Desmond Elliott &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=DON'T DULL!! If You've Not Read Books From These Amazing Nigerian Writers, Then You're Dulling Yourself|url=http://www.dailyadvent.com/others/2019/03/31/dont-dull-if-youve-not-read-books-from-these-amazing-nigerian-writers-then-youre-dulling-yourself/|date=2019-03-31|work=Daily Advent Nigeria|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Tuzo ya Etisalat ya Fasihi . &lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph1&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Barbara Kasumu|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/10115957/Author-Chibundu-Onuzo-Dont-let-anyone-tell-you-that-youre-too-young-to-contribute.html|title=Author Chibundu Onuzo: 'Don't let anyone tell you that you're too young to contribute'|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=12 June 2013|accessdate=8 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasifu ==
Chibundu Onuzo alizaliwa mwaka wa 1991 nchini Nigeria, mdogo kati ya watoto wanne wa wazazi ambao ni madaktari, na alikulia [[Lagos]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.faber.co.uk/tutors/chibundu-onuzo/|title=Chibundu Onuzo &amp;#124; Authors &amp;#124; Faber &amp; Faber|work=Faber.co.uk|date=|accessdate=8 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;UCL&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/political-science/spp-news/301012/|title=Chibundu Onuzo: The Spider King's Daughter|work=Ucl.ac.uk|date=30 October 2012|accessdate=8 March 2017|archivedate=12 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312035342/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/political-science/spp-news/301012/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alihamia [[Uingereza]] alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 14 kusoma katika shule ya St Swithun huko Winchester, Hampshire, kwa ajili ya masomo yake ya GCSE, &lt;ref&gt;Chibundu Onuzo, [https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/10/award-winning-writer-chibundu-onuzo-talks-about-the-empowerment-of-the-girl-child-in-her-piece-when-i-was-fourteen/ &quot;When I Was Fourteen&quot;], ''[[Bella Naija]]'', 17 October 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; na akiwa na umri wa miaka 17 alianza kuandika riwaya yake ya kwanza, ambayo ilisainiwa miaka miwili baadaye na Faber na Faber na kuchapishwa alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 21. &lt;ref&gt;Chibundu Onuzo, [http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/chibundu-onuzo/young-artists_b_7181554.html &quot;Young, Gifted and Valid&quot;], ''[[HuffPost]]'' UK, 1 May 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Alikuwa mwandishi mdogo zaidi wa kike kuwahi kuchapishwa na mchapishaji. &lt;ref&gt;Emma Greensmith, [https://www.varsity.co.uk/reviews/4477 &quot;Books: The Spider King's Daughter&quot;], ''[[Varsity (Cambridge)|Varsity]]'', 24 February 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Akipitia kitabu chake cha pili, ''Welcome to Lagos'' (2016), Helon Habila aliandika katika ''The Guardian'' : &quot;Mtazamo wa Onuzo kuhusu tabia ya binadamu mara nyingi huwa na matumaini makubwa, mtazamo wake kuhusu siasa na jamii ni wa hisani sana; lakini uwezo wake wa kuwapa wahusika wake uhai, ikiwa ni pamoja na jiji la Lagos, labda mhusika aliyechorwa vizuri zaidi, ni wa kuvutia.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;''Habila, Helon (18 January 2017).'' &quot;Welcome to Lagos by Chibundu Onuzo review – high hopes, big city&quot;''. The Guardian.''&lt;/ref&gt;

Onuzo alipata shahada ya kwanza ya historia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha King's London (2012), &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://alumni.kcl.ac.uk/page.aspx?pid=4261|title=Chibundu Onuzo on The Spider King's Daughter - King's Alumni Community|work=Alumni.kcl.ac.uk|date=13 November 2013|accessdate=8 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph12&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Barbara Kasumu|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/10115957/Author-Chibundu-Onuzo-Dont-let-anyone-tell-you-that-youre-too-young-to-contribute.html|title=Author Chibundu Onuzo: 'Don't let anyone tell you that you're too young to contribute'|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=12 June 2013|accessdate=8 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; akaendelea kupata shahada ya uzamili katika sera za umma kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha London. &lt;ref name=&quot;UCL2&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/political-science/spp-news/301012/|title=Chibundu Onuzo: The Spider King's Daughter|work=Ucl.ac.uk|date=30 October 2012|accessdate=8 March 2017|archivedate=12 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312035342/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/political-science/spp-news/301012/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alisomea Shahada ya Uzamivu (PhD) katika Chuo Kikuu cha King's London, akitafiti Umoja wa Wanafunzi wa Afrika Magharibi .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.georginacapel.com/our-authors/chibundu-onuzo/|title=Chibundo Onuzo|work=Georgina Capel Associates Ltd|accessdate=1 December 2022}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ameandika kwa ajili ya maduka ya habari ikiwemo ''The Guardian'' &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/profile/chibundu-onuzo Chibundo Onuzo] profile at ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; na NPR, &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2022/08/13/1113576301/my-brother-made-it-in-lagos-and-taught-me-lessons-about-my-life-in-london|title=My brother made it in Lagos — and taught me lessons about my life in London|first=Chibundu|author=Onuzo|work=NPR|date=13 August 2022|accessdate=1 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; na kuchangia hadithi fupi &quot;Sunita&quot; katika mkusanyiko wa vitabu vya ''New Daughters of Africa'' vya mwaka 2019, iliyohaririwa na [[Margaret Busby]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.blackhistorymonth.org.uk/article/section/books/new-daughters-of-africa-by-margaret-busby-a-review-by-john-stevenson/|title='New Daughters of Africa' by Margaret Busby – A review|first=John|author=Stevenson|work=Black History 365|date=8 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Riwaya ya tatu ya Onuzo, ''Sankofa,'' ilichapishwa nchini Uingereza na Virago mnamo Juni 2021, &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.virago.co.uk/titles/chibundu-onuzo/sankofa/9780349013121/|title=Sankofa|date=3 December 2020|publisher=Virago Books|isbn=9780349013121|access-date=23 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ilipitiwa na ''The Guardian'' kama &quot;riwaya iliyokamilika inayochunguza tofauti na kuhusishwa kwa upole&quot;.  ''Brittle Paper'' aliielezea kama &quot;hadithi ya mapenzi, historia ya kisiasa, na tamthilia ya baba na binti&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://brittlepaper.com/2021/11/an-intimate-story-of-self-discovery-and-decolonization-review-of-sankofa-by-chibundu-onuzo/|title=An Intimate Story of Love and Decolonization: Review of Sankofa by Chibundu Onuzo|first=Ainehi|author=Edoro|authorlink=Ainehi Edoro|work=Brittle Paper|date=22 November 2021|accessdate=1 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Sankofa'' ilichapishwa na Catapult nchini Marekani na Narrative Landscape nchini Nigeria. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Virago gets third novel from award-winner Onuzo {{!}} The Bookseller|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/virago-gets-third-novel-award-winner-onuzo-1210976|author=Mark Chandler|date=13 July 2020|accessdate=2021-03-02|work=www.thebookseller.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-07-27|title=Get all the Scoop on Chibundu Onuzo's Highly Anticipated Third Novel|url=https://brittlepaper.com/2020/07/get-all-the-scoop-on-chibundu-onuzos-highly-anticipated-third-novel/|author=Angeline Peterson|accessdate=2021-03-02|work=Brittle Paper|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1991]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1509825</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="7664" sha1="etpqbqp61av8lf22ya0qntas4roj72s" xml:space="preserve">'''Imachibundu Oluwadara Onuzo''' FRSL (alizaliwa [[1991]]) ni mwandishi wa riwaya kutoka [[Nigeria]]. Riwaya yake ya kwanza, ''The Spider King's Daughter'', ilishinda Tuzo ya Betty Trask, &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Event: Chibundu Onuzo's 1991 (13 September)|url=https://africainwords.com/2019/07/10/event-chibundu-onuzos-1991-13-september/|author=Words|first=Africa in|date=2019-07-10|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; iliorodheshwa kwa Tuzo ya Dylan Thomas &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Dylan Thomas Prize: 'Thunderingly good' shortlist revealed|url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/showbiz/dylan-thomas-prize-thunderingly-good-2021798|author=WalesOnline|date=2012-10-18|work=walesonline|accessdate=2020-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Tuzo ya Kitabu cha Jumuiya ya Madola,   na iliorodheshwa kwa muda mrefu kwa Tuzo ya Desmond Elliott &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=DON'T DULL!! If You've Not Read Books From These Amazing Nigerian Writers, Then You're Dulling Yourself|url=http://www.dailyadvent.com/others/2019/03/31/dont-dull-if-youve-not-read-books-from-these-amazing-nigerian-writers-then-youre-dulling-yourself/|date=2019-03-31|work=Daily Advent Nigeria|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Tuzo ya Etisalat ya Fasihi . &lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph1&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Barbara Kasumu|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/10115957/Author-Chibundu-Onuzo-Dont-let-anyone-tell-you-that-youre-too-young-to-contribute.html|title=Author Chibundu Onuzo: 'Don't let anyone tell you that you're too young to contribute'|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=12 June 2013|accessdate=8 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasifu ==
Chibundu Onuzo alizaliwa mwaka wa 1991 nchini Nigeria, mdogo kati ya watoto wanne wa wazazi ambao ni madaktari, na alikulia [[Lagos]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.faber.co.uk/tutors/chibundu-onuzo/|title=Chibundu Onuzo &amp;#124; Authors &amp;#124; Faber &amp; Faber|work=Faber.co.uk|date=|accessdate=8 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;UCL&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/political-science/spp-news/301012/|title=Chibundu Onuzo: The Spider King's Daughter|work=Ucl.ac.uk|date=30 October 2012|accessdate=8 March 2017|archivedate=12 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312035342/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/political-science/spp-news/301012/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alihamia [[Uingereza]] alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 14 kusoma katika shule ya St Swithun huko Winchester, Hampshire, kwa ajili ya masomo yake ya GCSE, &lt;ref&gt;Chibundu Onuzo, [https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/10/award-winning-writer-chibundu-onuzo-talks-about-the-empowerment-of-the-girl-child-in-her-piece-when-i-was-fourteen/ &quot;When I Was Fourteen&quot;], ''[[Bella Naija]]'', 17 October 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; na akiwa na umri wa miaka 17 alianza kuandika riwaya yake ya kwanza, ambayo ilisainiwa miaka miwili baadaye na Faber na Faber na kuchapishwa alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 21. &lt;ref&gt;Chibundu Onuzo, [http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/chibundu-onuzo/young-artists_b_7181554.html &quot;Young, Gifted and Valid&quot;], ''[[HuffPost]]'' UK, 1 May 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Alikuwa mwandishi mdogo zaidi wa kike kuwahi kuchapishwa na mchapishaji. &lt;ref&gt;Emma Greensmith, [https://www.varsity.co.uk/reviews/4477 &quot;Books: The Spider King's Daughter&quot;], ''[[Varsity (Cambridge)|Varsity]]'', 24 February 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Akipitia kitabu chake cha pili, ''Welcome to Lagos'' (2016), Helon Habila aliandika katika ''The Guardian'' : &quot;Mtazamo wa Onuzo kuhusu tabia ya binadamu mara nyingi huwa na matumaini makubwa, mtazamo wake kuhusu siasa na jamii ni wa hisani sana; lakini uwezo wake wa kuwapa wahusika wake uhai, ikiwa ni pamoja na jiji la Lagos, labda mhusika aliyechorwa vizuri zaidi, ni wa kuvutia.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;''Habila, Helon (18 January 2017).'' &quot;Welcome to Lagos by Chibundu Onuzo review – high hopes, big city&quot;''. The Guardian.''&lt;/ref&gt;

Onuzo alipata shahada ya kwanza ya historia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha King's London (2012), &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://alumni.kcl.ac.uk/page.aspx?pid=4261|title=Chibundu Onuzo on The Spider King's Daughter - King's Alumni Community|work=Alumni.kcl.ac.uk|date=13 November 2013|accessdate=8 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph12&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|author=Barbara Kasumu|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/10115957/Author-Chibundu-Onuzo-Dont-let-anyone-tell-you-that-youre-too-young-to-contribute.html|title=Author Chibundu Onuzo: 'Don't let anyone tell you that you're too young to contribute'|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=12 June 2013|accessdate=8 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; akaendelea kupata shahada ya uzamili katika sera za umma kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha London. &lt;ref name=&quot;UCL2&quot;&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/political-science/spp-news/301012/|title=Chibundu Onuzo: The Spider King's Daughter|work=Ucl.ac.uk|date=30 October 2012|accessdate=8 March 2017|archivedate=12 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312035342/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/political-science/spp-news/301012/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alisomea Shahada ya Uzamivu (PhD) katika Chuo Kikuu cha King's London, akitafiti Umoja wa Wanafunzi wa Afrika Magharibi.

Ameandika kwa ajili ya maduka ya habari ikiwemo ''The Guardian'' &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/profile/chibundu-onuzo Chibundo Onuzo] profile at ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; na NPR, &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2022/08/13/1113576301/my-brother-made-it-in-lagos-and-taught-me-lessons-about-my-life-in-london|title=My brother made it in Lagos — and taught me lessons about my life in London|first=Chibundu|author=Onuzo|work=NPR|date=13 August 2022|accessdate=1 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; na kuchangia hadithi fupi &quot;Sunita&quot; katika mkusanyiko wa vitabu vya ''New Daughters of Africa'' vya mwaka 2019, iliyohaririwa na [[Margaret Busby]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.blackhistorymonth.org.uk/article/section/books/new-daughters-of-africa-by-margaret-busby-a-review-by-john-stevenson/|title='New Daughters of Africa' by Margaret Busby – A review|first=John|author=Stevenson|work=Black History 365|date=8 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Riwaya ya tatu ya Onuzo, ''Sankofa,'' ilichapishwa nchini Uingereza na Virago mnamo Juni 2021, &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.virago.co.uk/titles/chibundu-onuzo/sankofa/9780349013121/|title=Sankofa|date=3 December 2020|publisher=Virago Books|isbn=9780349013121|access-date=23 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ilipitiwa na ''The Guardian'' kama &quot;riwaya iliyokamilika inayochunguza tofauti na kuhusishwa kwa upole&quot;.  ''Brittle Paper'' aliielezea kama &quot;hadithi ya mapenzi, historia ya kisiasa, na tamthilia ya baba na binti&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://brittlepaper.com/2021/11/an-intimate-story-of-self-discovery-and-decolonization-review-of-sankofa-by-chibundu-onuzo/|title=An Intimate Story of Love and Decolonization: Review of Sankofa by Chibundu Onuzo|first=Ainehi|author=Edoro|authorlink=Ainehi Edoro|work=Brittle Paper|date=22 November 2021|accessdate=1 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Sankofa'' ilichapishwa na Catapult nchini Marekani na Narrative Landscape nchini Nigeria. &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|title=Virago gets third novel from award-winner Onuzo {{!}} The Bookseller|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/virago-gets-third-novel-award-winner-onuzo-1210976|author=Mark Chandler|date=13 July 2020|accessdate=2021-03-02|work=www.thebookseller.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-07-27|title=Get all the Scoop on Chibundu Onuzo's Highly Anticipated Third Novel|url=https://brittlepaper.com/2020/07/get-all-the-scoop-on-chibundu-onuzos-highly-anticipated-third-novel/|author=Angeline Peterson|accessdate=2021-03-02|work=Brittle Paper|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1991]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Nigeria]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]]</text>
      <sha1>etpqbqp61av8lf22ya0qntas4roj72s</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ginny Owens</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230271</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509680</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-25T11:59:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="861" sha1="02tcqx2qttu60zrcldd8bwywz458nqg" xml:space="preserve">'''Virginia Leigh Owens''' (amezaliwa 22 Aprili 1975){{citation needed|date=November 2018}} ni mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo, mwandishi na mhadhiri kutoka Marekani. Anajulikana kwa kuimba [[muziki wa Kikristo]] wa kisasa, lakini katika miaka ya hivi karibuni nyimbo zake pia zimetumika katika vipindi vya televisheni vya WB na ABC pamoja na filamu huru.

Owens alikuwa na albamu tatu zilizoorodheshwa katika chati za albamu za ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' katika miaka ya 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Billboard Album chart placements|url=[http://www.allmusic.com/artist/ginny-owens-mn0000656539/awards|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=July](http://www.allmusic.com/artist/ginny-owens-mn0000656539/awards|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=July) 24, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}}
{{BD|1975|}}
[[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Yih-Hsing Pao</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230272</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509681</id>
      <parentid>1509310</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:00:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="305" sha1="lndzf6c6qb38hyxcl65isyr32t48kal" xml:space="preserve">{{vyanzo}}
'''Yih-Hsing Pao''' ({{zh|t=鮑亦興}}; 19 Januari 1930 – 18 Juni 2013) alikuwa mhandisi wa mitambo kutoka [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China|China]].

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1930|2013}}
[[Jamii:Wahandisi wa Uchina]]
[[Jamii:Wahandisi wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>lndzf6c6qb38hyxcl65isyr32t48kal</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sir Arthur Pearson, 1st Baronet</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230273</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509683</id>
      <parentid>1509311</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:00:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <origin>1509683</origin>
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      <text bytes="315" sha1="22323lkff38e7fk3l2rd0iegmyafbzk" xml:space="preserve">{{vyanzo}}
'''Sir Cyril Arthur Pearson, 1st Baronet''' (24 Februari 1866 – 9 Desemba 1921) alikuwa mfanyabiashara mkubwa wa magazeti na mchapishaji kutoka [[Uingereza]], ambaye alianzisha gazeti la ''Daily Express''.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1866|1921}}
[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Uingereza]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ernest Pickering</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230274</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509684</id>
      <parentid>1509312</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:01:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="302" sha1="hys5ddwg2ahvug0arczavp738u16gsu" xml:space="preserve">{{vyanzo}}
'''Ernest Dinwoodie Pickering''' (14 Desemba 1928 – 16 Oktoba 2000) alikuwa mchungaji wa Baptisti huru wa Ukristo wa msimamo mkali, mwandishi, msimamizi wa chuo, na mwakilishi wa bodi ya misheni.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-Mkristo}}
{{BD|1928|2000}}
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Joseph Plateau</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230275</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509687</id>
      <parentid>1509570</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:02:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <origin>1509687</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1047" sha1="q7gadvxrlu3m7mwcrocna6myu8usipa" xml:space="preserve">'''Joseph Antoine Ferdinand Plateau''' (14 Oktoba 1801 – 15 Septemba 1883) alikuwa [[Mbelgiji]] mwanafizikia na mwanahisabati.

Alikuwa miongoni mwa watu wa kwanza kuonyesha udanganyifu wa picha inayosogea.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https:///https://theoryofcolor.org/tiki-index.php?page_ref_id=9|website=theoryofcolor.org|title=Goethe's) Theory of Colours|quote=Note to Paragraph 23|access-date=19 May 2016|archive-date=2021-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008164259/https://theoryofcolor.org/tiki-index.php?page_ref_id=9#par23|url-status=dead}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20211008164259/https://theoryofcolor.org/tiki-index.php?page_ref_id=9#par23|url-status=dead}})&lt;/ref&gt; Ili kufanya hivyo, alitumia diski zinazozunguka kinyume na zenye picha zilizochorwa kwa mfululizo wa hatua ndogo za mwendo kwenye diski moja, na mipasuo iliyopangwa kwa nafasi sawa kwenye diski nyingine. Kifaa hiki cha mwaka 1832 alikiita phenakistiscope.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}}
{{BD|1801|1883}}
[[Jamii:Wanafizikia wa Ubelgiji]]</text>
      <sha1>q7gadvxrlu3m7mwcrocna6myu8usipa</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inaxio Kortabarria</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230278</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509689</id>
      <parentid>1509332</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:04:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509689</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1105" sha1="3u4kszta4z25ff9aa3ge27bktvi5cf1" xml:space="preserve">'''Inaxio Kortabarria Abarrategi''' (alizaliwa Mondragón, [[Gipuzkoa]], [[31 Julai]] [[1950]]) ni [[mwanasoka]] mtaalamu wa zamani wa [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama beki wa kati.

==Kazi ya klabu==
Wakati wa uchezaji wake alichezea [[Real Sociedad] pekee, akicheza kikosi chake cha kwanza - na La Liga - mechi ya kwanza mnamo [[19 Septemba]], [[1971]] dhidi ya Deportivo de La. Coruña na kumaliza 1971-72 La Liga na mechi 14.&lt;ref&gt;[http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1971/09/20/pagina-12/976496/pdf.html#&amp;mode=fullScreen 1–0: A cinco minutos del final, Loureda dio la victoria al Coruña (1–0: Five minutes from time, Loureda gave win to Coruña)]; [[Mundo Deportivo]], 20 September 1971 (in Spanish)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NDG&gt;[https://www.noticiasdegipuzkoa.eus/reala/2020/12/27/atotxa-empujo-equipo-lograr-primera/1078074.html Atotxa empujó al equipo para lograr la primera Supercopa (Atotxa pushed team to get the first Supercup)]; Noticias de Gipuzkoa, 27 December 2020 (in Spanish)&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1950|}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>3u4kszta4z25ff9aa3ge27bktvi5cf1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509690</id>
      <parentid>1509689</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:05:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509690</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1105" sha1="rmpyg28gx2xwz18ib24yoip358aurq7" xml:space="preserve">'''Inaxio Kortabarria Abarrategi''' (alizaliwa Mondragón, [[Gipuzkoa]], [[31 Julai]] [[1950]]) ni [[mwanasoka]] mtaalamu wa zamani wa [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama beki wa kati.

==Kazi ya klabu==
Wakati wa uchezaji wake alichezea [[Real Sociedad]] pekee, akicheza kikosi chake cha kwanza - na La Liga - mechi ya kwanza mnamo [[19 Septemba]] [[1971]] dhidi ya Deportivo de La. Coruña na kumaliza 1971-72 La Liga na mechi 14.&lt;ref&gt;[http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1971/09/20/pagina-12/976496/pdf.html#&amp;mode=fullScreen 1–0: A cinco minutos del final, Loureda dio la victoria al Coruña (1–0: Five minutes from time, Loureda gave win to Coruña)]; [[Mundo Deportivo]], 20 September 1971 (in Spanish)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NDG&gt;[https://www.noticiasdegipuzkoa.eus/reala/2020/12/27/atotxa-empujo-equipo-lograr-primera/1078074.html Atotxa empujó al equipo para lograr la primera Supercopa (Atotxa pushed team to get the first Supercup)]; Noticias de Gipuzkoa, 27 December 2020 (in Spanish)&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1950|}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>rmpyg28gx2xwz18ib24yoip358aurq7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oscar Ludvig Stoud Platou</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230290</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509692</id>
      <parentid>1509359</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:06:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509692</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="466" sha1="brwi4r5it1de4cfhpw1fl36173fr8df" xml:space="preserve">{{vyanzo}}
'''Oscar Ludvig Stoud Platou''' (16 Julai 1845 – 17 Januari 1929) alikuwa mtaalamu wa sheria kutoka [[Norwei]]. Baada ya kufanya kazi kwa muda wa miaka kumi na minne kama ''assessor'' katika Mahakama ya Jiji la Oslo kuanzia mwaka 1876 hadi 1890, aliteuliwa kuwa profesa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Royal Frederick (sasa Chuo Kikuu cha Oslo) kuanzia mwaka 1890 hadi 1920.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1845|1929}}
[[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Norwei]]</text>
      <sha1>brwi4r5it1de4cfhpw1fl36173fr8df</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>László Kubala</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230291</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509694</id>
      <parentid>1509365</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:07:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509694</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2386" sha1="opu71e292nntj67dw1fhzdm9t8fkham" xml:space="preserve">'''László Kubala''' ([[10 Juni]] [[1927]] – [[17 Mei]] [[2002]]) alikuwa [[mwanasoka]]. Alicheza kama [[mshambuliaji]] wa Ferencvárosi TC, ŠK Slovan Bratislava, FC Barcelona, na RCD Espanyol|Espanyol, miongoni mwa vilabu vingine. Akichukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa wachezaji wakubwa katika historia, Kubala anachukuliwa kuwa shujaa wa [[Barcelona]]. pia alikuwa na uraia wa Czechoslovakia na [[Uhispania]] na alichezea timu za kitaifa za nchi zote tatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2016/12/02/barcelona-greatest-ever-xi/laszlo-kubala/|title = Barcelona: The greatest ever XI|newspaper = The Telegraph|date = 2 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/laszlo-kubala-not-lionel-messi-barcelona-greatest-all-time|title = Why Laszlo Kubala, and not Lionel Messi, is the greatest Barcelona player of all time|date = 16 September 2014|access-date = 11 May 2017|archive-date = 19 December 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161219040350/http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/laszlo-kubala-not-lionel-messi-barcelona-greatest-all-time|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://thesefootballtimes.co/2017/02/02/the-great-refugee-how-laszlo-kubala-became-a-barcelona-legend/|title=The great refugee: How László Kubala became a Barcelona legend|date=2 February 2017|access-date=11 May 2017|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027201813/https://thesefootballtimes.co/2017/02/02/the-great-refugee-how-laszlo-kubala-became-a-barcelona-legend/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kubala alijulikana kwa Mpira wa Kuchezesha#Chama cha Soka, umaliziaji wake uliopangwa vizuri na wenye nguvu, na usahihi kutoka mipira ya adhabu ya moja kwa moja. Wakati wa miaka ya 1950, alikuwa mwanachama anayeongoza wa timu ya Barcelona iliyofanikiwa, akifunga mabao 280 katika mechi 345 (ikiwa ni pamoja na mabao yasiyo rasmi). Wakati wa sherehe za miaka mia moja za klabu hiyo mwaka wa 1999, kura ya maoni ya mashabiki ilimtangaza Kubala kuwa mchezaji bora zaidi kuwahi kuichezea klabu hiyo ya Uhispania. Baada ya kustaafu kama mchezaji, alikuwa na vipindi viwili kama kocha wa Barcelona na pia alifundisha timu ya taifa ya soka ya Uhispaniana na timu ya taifa ya Uhispania ya chini ya miaka 21.

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1927|2002}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>opu71e292nntj67dw1fhzdm9t8fkham</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509695</id>
      <parentid>1509694</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:08:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509695</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2470" sha1="lnf9gwdm672paxn27afvv0hhv3i8k2h" xml:space="preserve">'''László Kubala''' ([[10 Juni]] [[1927]] – [[17 Mei]] [[2002]]) alikuwa [[mwanasoka]]. Alicheza kama [[mshambuliaji]] wa Ferencvárosi TC, ŠK Slovan Bratislava, FC Barcelona, na RCD Espanyol|Espanyol, miongoni mwa vilabu vingine. Akichukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa wachezaji wakubwa katika historia, Kubala anachukuliwa kuwa shujaa wa [[Barcelona]]. pia alikuwa na uraia wa [[Chekoslovakia]] na [[Uhispania]] na alichezea timu za kitaifa za nchi zote tatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2016/12/02/barcelona-greatest-ever-xi/laszlo-kubala/|title = Barcelona: The greatest ever XI|newspaper = The Telegraph|date = 2 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/laszlo-kubala-not-lionel-messi-barcelona-greatest-all-time|title = Why Laszlo Kubala, and not Lionel Messi, is the greatest Barcelona player of all time|date = 16 September 2014|access-date = 11 May 2017|archive-date = 19 December 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161219040350/http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/laszlo-kubala-not-lionel-messi-barcelona-greatest-all-time|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://thesefootballtimes.co/2017/02/02/the-great-refugee-how-laszlo-kubala-became-a-barcelona-legend/|title=The great refugee: How László Kubala became a Barcelona legend|date=2 February 2017|access-date=11 May 2017|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027201813/https://thesefootballtimes.co/2017/02/02/the-great-refugee-how-laszlo-kubala-became-a-barcelona-legend/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kubala alijulikana kwa Mpira wa Kuchezesha#Chama cha Soka, umaliziaji wake uliopangwa vizuri na wenye nguvu, na usahihi kutoka mipira ya adhabu ya moja kwa moja. Wakati wa miaka ya 1950, alikuwa mwanachama anayeongoza wa timu ya Barcelona iliyofanikiwa, akifunga mabao 280 katika mechi 345 (ikiwa ni pamoja na mabao yasiyo rasmi). Wakati wa sherehe za miaka mia moja za klabu hiyo mwaka wa 1999, kura ya maoni ya mashabiki ilimtangaza Kubala kuwa mchezaji bora zaidi kuwahi kuichezea klabu hiyo ya Uhispania. Baada ya kustaafu kama mchezaji, alikuwa na vipindi viwili kama kocha wa Barcelona na pia alifundisha timu ya taifa ya soka ya Uhispaniana na timu ya taifa ya Uhispania ya chini ya miaka 21.

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1927|2002}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hungaria]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Chekoslovakia]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>lnf9gwdm672paxn27afvv0hhv3i8k2h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Amadeo Labarta</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230292</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509697</id>
      <parentid>1509376</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:10:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509697</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="515" sha1="gtufiuvu0ewjibh767qxf20y1atnkk1" xml:space="preserve">'''Amadeo Labarta Rey''' ([[31 Machi]] [[1905]] – [[30 Julai]] [[1989]]) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Hispania]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/24907 |title=Amadeo Labarta |work=Olympedia |access-date=13 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Alishiriki katika mashindano ya wanaume ya Soka katika Olimpiki ya Majira ya joto ya 1928 katika Olimpiki ya Majira ya joto ya 1928.

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1905|1989}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>gtufiuvu0ewjibh767qxf20y1atnkk1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>José María Laca</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230293</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509699</id>
      <parentid>1509379</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:12:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509699</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1394" sha1="tmjqgb4u4a4kcnab2vmxutjwx6chb22" xml:space="preserve">'''José María Martín Laca Salcedo''' ([[11 Novemba]] [[1898]] – [[22 Septemba]] [[1977]]) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza hasa kama [[kiungo]].

Laca alitumia maisha yake yote ya soka ya miaka 10 katika klabu ya Athletic Bilbao na hivyo kuwa sehemu ya kundi linalojulikana kama orodha ya wachezaji waliochezea klabu moja tu katika mpira wa miguu. Pia alipata kucheza mechi moja (cap) kwa timu ya taifa ya Hispania ya mpira wa miguu mwaka 1924.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/spancup1921.html |title=Spain - Cup 1921 |date=12 February 2022 |accessdate=8 August 2022 |archive-date=15 July 2022 |website=[[RSSSF]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715211343/https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/spancup1921.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://copadelrey.rfef.es/historia-del-campeonato-de-espana/1921-el-primer-duelo-entre-atleticos/ |title=El primer duelo entre atléticos |trans-title=The first duel of the Athletics |language=es |website=copadelrey.rfef.es |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-date=3 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803102557/http://copadelrey.rfef.es/historia-del-campeonato-de-espana/1921-el-primer-duelo-entre-atleticos/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1898|1977}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>tmjqgb4u4a4kcnab2vmxutjwx6chb22</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lafuente</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230294</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509701</id>
      <parentid>1509381</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:13:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509701</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1105" sha1="fs7mej364v9rn7kwtizaw37dtkutdkl" xml:space="preserve">'''Ramón de la Fuente Leal''' (maarufu kama '''Lafuente'''; [[31 Desemba]] [[1907]] – [[15 Septemba]] [[1973]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama [[mshambuliaji]] kwa klabu za Athletic Bilbao, Atlético Madrid na timu ya taifa ya Hispania ya mpira wa miguu.&lt;ref name=Fuente&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j11440.html |title=Lafuente, Ramón de la Fuente Leal - Footballer |website=www.bdfutbol.com |accessdate=7 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=tres&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://as.com/futbol/2016/03/02/primera/1456885081_399224.amp.html |title=Las tres grandes delanteras que hubo en la historia el Athletic |trans-title=The three great forward lines in the history of Athletic |language=es |work=[[Diario AS]] |date=2 March 2016 |access-date=4 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=official&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.athletic-club.eus/en/1928-1937.html |title=History: 1928-1937 |publisher=[[Athletic Bilbao]] |access-date=4 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1907|1973}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>fs7mej364v9rn7kwtizaw37dtkutdkl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>In My Genes</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230295</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509702</id>
      <parentid>1509382</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:13:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509702</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1862" sha1="8fx01nmudyzmt4qpqofl8qvuml6w4bw" xml:space="preserve">'''''In My Genes'''''&lt;ref&gt;[https://film.twn.org/products/in-my-genes In My Genes – Third World Newsreel]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://filamu.org/movie/in-my-genes/#google_vignette In My Genes (Film, 2009) – Synopsis, Cast &amp; Crew | Filamu]&lt;/ref&gt;ni filamu ya mwaka 2009 ya Kenya iliyoongozwa, kuandikwa, kutayarishwa na kuhaririwa na [[Lupita Nyong'o]] katika uongozaji wake wa kwanza. Inafuata maisha ya Wakenya wanane ambao wana ualbino. Inatupa mtazamo wa karibu juu ya ualbino na inatupa changamoto ya kufikiria jinsi ilivyo kuwa kundi mashuhuri lakini lisiloonekana katika jamii kubwa ya watu Weusi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.inmygenes.co.ke/ WinWin Online Casino ✔️ Kenya]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhtasari ==
Je, mtu anaishije kama mtu mweupe katika jamii yenye watu wengi Weusi? Je, unahisije kuwa mmoja wa watu wanaoonekana zaidi na pengine, mmoja wa wanaopuuzwa zaidi? Agnes, mwanamke mwenye [[Zeruzeru|ualbino]] nchini [[Kenya]], anahisi hivyo kila siku. Tangu alipozaliwa, amelazimika kukabiliana na chuki zinazowazunguka albino. ''In My Genes'' inatoa ushuhuda wa maisha ya watu wanane ambao wanakabiliwa na [[ubaguzi]] kutokana na upungufu rahisi wa maumbile. Inasimulia kisa cha kugusa moyo cha Agnes, ambaye ana watoto saba na binti mwenye umri wa miaka 17 ambaye anatarajia mtoto. Agnes anajifunza ukweli kuhusu kwa nini alipoteza macho yake yote mawili na kwamba ana [[saratani]] ya ngozi wakati wa filamu hiyo. Huendelea, akiamini uweza wa Mungu wake, na kazi ya mikono yake.&lt;ref&gt;[[imdbtitle:1474233|In My Genes (Video 2009) - IMDb]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wahusika ==
* Fatma Abdallah 
* Grace Karihe 
* Delphine Karumba 
* Benedict Kinyua 
* Pamela Mukami 
* Alex Munyere 
* James Mutai 
* Agnes Muthakaye 
* Isaac Mwaura 
* C.K. Nyambura 
* Wycliffe Ogutu 

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Filamu za 2009]]
[[Jamii:filamu za Kenya]]
[[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]]</text>
      <sha1>8fx01nmudyzmt4qpqofl8qvuml6w4bw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kengere</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230301</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509703</id>
      <parentid>1509392</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:14:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509703</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="531" sha1="fpx17r4oze3pmqowltnzd9okmuc9qe8" xml:space="preserve">'''''Kengere''''' ni filamu ya mwaka 2010 ya [[Uganda]].&lt;ref&gt;[[imdbtitle:1832386|Kengere (Short 2011) - IMDb]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhtasari ==
Mwaka 1989, wanajeshi wa [[Jeshi]] la Uganda waliwashutumu watu 69 kuwa waasi na kuwafungia kwenye mabehewa ya [[treni]], kisha kuwachoma moto. Kengere anasimulia hadithi ya mwendesha baiskeli ambaye anarudi kijijini kwao kutafuta kanda ambayo ina ushahidi wa uhalifu huo.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Filamu za 2010]]
[[Jamii:filamu za Uganda]]
[[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]]</text>
      <sha1>fpx17r4oze3pmqowltnzd9okmuc9qe8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Isidro Lángara</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230306</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509705</id>
      <parentid>1509403</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:15:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509705</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1485" sha1="evzxdmcklvzlvkenj39dggfxplqjkwy" xml:space="preserve">'''Isidro Lángara Galarraga''' ([[25 Mei]] [[1912]] – [[21 Agosti]] [[1992]]) alikuwa [[mshambuliaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Hispania]], hasa katika eneo la Nchi ya Basque. Alicheza mara 12 kwa timu ya taifa ya Hispania ya mpira wa miguu, akifunga mabao 17, na anashikilia wastani wa juu zaidi wa mabao kwa kila mechi katika historia ya La Liga (1.14). Pia alikuwa mchezaji wa kwanza kufunga angalau mabao 100 kwa klabu tatu tofauti, na ndiye pekee aliyefanikisha hilo katika mabara matatu.

==Kazi==
Lángara alizaliwa katika [[Pasaia]], [[Gipuzkoa]]. Alianza kazi yake ya mpira wa miguu akichezea timu za eneo lake kama Bildur Guchi, Esperanza de San Sebastián, Siempre Adelante de Pasajes na Andoain katika eneo lake la Basque, kabla ya hatimaye kusaini na klabu ya daraja la tatu wakati huo, Tolosa CF.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Zamora|first1=Gerson|title=Equipo De Futbol Euzkadi En Mexico|url=http://132.248.9.195/ptb2010/mayo/0658338/0658338_A1.pdf|publisher=Universidad Nacional Autonoma De Mexico |access-date=1 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Un partido benéfico con nueve goals|url=http://www.bizkaia.net/kultura/foru_liburutegia/liburutegi_digitala/detalle.asp?Tem_Codigo=2542&amp;Idioma=CA&amp;IdP=20&amp;Fichero=/GACETA%20DEL%20NORTE/1936/19361200/19361229/0000174.jpg&amp;Formato=0|publisher=La Gaceta del Norte, 29 December 1936|access-date=25 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1912|1992}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>evzxdmcklvzlvkenj39dggfxplqjkwy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carlos Lapetra</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230310</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509706</id>
      <parentid>1509414</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:16:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509706</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1699" sha1="gpvgi77ae5szir6tyuyyjlkgzn6wm7q" xml:space="preserve">'''Carlos Lapetra Coarasa''' ([[29 Novemba]] [[1938]] – [[24 Desemba]] [[1995]]) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama [[mshambuliaji]].

Alitumia miaka kumi kati ya 11 ya taaluma yake ya kulipwa akiwa na Real Zaragoza, akicheza mechi 279 za mashindano (mabao 61) na kushinda mataji matatu makubwa akiwa na klabu hiyo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.heraldo.es/noticias/aragon/huesca/2011/05/18/canfranc-rinde-homenaje-hoy-carlos-lapetra-140401-2261127.html|title=Canfranc rinde homenaje hoy a Carlos Lapetra|trans-title=Canfranc to pay homage to Carlos Lapetra today|newspaper=[[Heraldo de Aragón]]|first=Javier|last=Gil|language=es|date=18 May 2011|access-date=19 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akiwa mchezaji wa kimataifa wa timu ya taifa ya Hispania ya mpira wa miguu katika miaka ya 1960, Lapetra aliwakilisha nchi hiyo katika Kombe la Mataifa ya Ulaya la 1964 na [[Kombe la Dunia]] la [[FIFA]] la 1966, akishinda mashindano ya kwanza.

==Kazi ya klabu==
Lapetra alizaliwa [[Zaragoza]], [[Aragon]], baada ya wazazi wake kuhamia huko kutoka [[Huesca]] kutokana na [[Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Hispania]]. Baada ya mwaka mmoja katika ligi za chini akiwa na CD Guadalajara (Hispania), alisaini na Real Zaragoza mwaka 1959, na kubaki na klabu hiyo hadi alipostaafu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://as.com/futbol/2005/10/11/mas_futbol/1129012059_850215.html|title=Carlos Lapetra, el beatle de los Magníficos|trans-title=Carlos Lapetra, the Magnificent Beatle|newspaper=[[Diario AS]]|language=es|date=11 October 2005|access-date=27 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1938|1995}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>gpvgi77ae5szir6tyuyyjlkgzn6wm7q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lyiza</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230312</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509707</id>
      <parentid>1509425</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:16:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509707</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1138" sha1="03hmyp35xtxv6s6vqf6yskvkkzq8bln" xml:space="preserve">'''''Lyiza''''' ni filamu fupi ya mwaka 2011 ya [[Rwanda]] iliyoongozwa na Marie-Clementine Dusabejambo.

== Muhtasari ==
Yaliyopita bado yanaishi ndani ya maisha ya Lyiza ambaye analazimika kuishi na kumbukumbu ya kutisha ya [[Uuaji|mauaji]] ya wazazi wake, wakati wa mauaji ya kimbari dhidi ya [[Watutsi]] mwaka 1994 nchini Rwanda.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/event/Rwanda-genocide-of-1994 Rwanda genocide of 1994 | Summary, History, Date, Background, Deaths, &amp; Facts | Britannica]

&lt;/ref&gt; Anapomtambua baba wa mwanafunzi mwenzake, Rwena, mtu aliyehusika na mauaji yao, anasema hivyo hadharani, na kusababisha mvutano mkubwa. Lakini maelewano yanarudi kupitia uingiliaji kati wa mwalimu ambaye anawapeleka vijana kwenye jumba la [[Jumba la Makumbusho|makumbusho]] la mauaji ya kimbari, mahali pa kumbukumbu, na kumuongoza Lyiza kujifunza kusamahe. Bila kuwa na udadisi na kwa mtindo asilia wa masimulizi, filamu inasisitiza umuhimu wa kubadilishana uzoefu na kuelimisha kwa ajili ya ukweli na upatanisho.[3]

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Filamu za 2011]]
[[Jamii:filamu za Rwanda]]
[[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]]</text>
      <sha1>03hmyp35xtxv6s6vqf6yskvkkzq8bln</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Antonio Juantegui</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230313</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509708</id>
      <parentid>1509428</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:17:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509708</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="656" sha1="ggdjxyqd8akk4duqngin2sxnnxhjmbo" xml:space="preserve">'''Antonio Juantegui''' ([[4 Aprili]] [[1898]] – [[13 Mei]] [[1966]]) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Hispania]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/700602 |title=Antonio Juantegui |work=Olympedia |access-date=6 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alicheza katika mechi moja kwa timu ya taifa ya Hispania ya mpira wa miguu mwaka 1924.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/43980/Antonio_Juantegui.html |title=Antonio Juantegui |work=National Football Teams |access-date=6 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1898|1966}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>ggdjxyqd8akk4duqngin2sxnnxhjmbo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Julio Alberto</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230314</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509709</id>
      <parentid>1509439</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:17:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509709</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2024" sha1="mzirgnnmv1g9mvv44fisvsw85cjajgg" xml:space="preserve">'''Julio Alberto Moreno Casas''' (amezaliwa Candás, [[Asturias]], [[7 Oktoba]] [[1958]]), anayejulikana kama '''Julio Alberto''', ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama beki wa kushoto.

Katika maisha yake ya soka, alicheza zaidi kwa klabu za Atlético Madrid na FC Barcelona|Barcelona, akifikisha jumla ya mechi 269 na mabao 11 katika La Liga.

Akiwa mchezaji wa kimataifa wa timu ya taifa ya Hispania ya mpira wa miguu katikati hadi mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1980, Julio Alberto aliwakilisha nchi katika [[Kombe la Dunia]] la [[FIFA]] la 1986 na Euro 1984.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.elcomercio.es/deportes/futbol/julio-alberto-elite-base-20210130002334-ntvo.html|title=Julio Alberto, de la élite a la base|trans-title=Julio Alberto, from the elite to the basis|newspaper=[[El Comercio (Spain)|El Comercio]]|first=Guillermo|last=B.|language=es|date=30 January 2021|access-date=2 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kazi ya klabu==
Julio Alberto alikuwa zao la mfumo wa vijana wa Atlético Madrid. Mwanzoni alicheza mara chache kwa klabu hiyo na pia alitolewa kwa mkopo katika Segunda División kwa klabu ya Recreativo de Huelva katika msimu wa 1979–80 Segunda División.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://as.com/futbol/2021/10/09/primera/1633747719_170185.html|title=Julio Alberto: &quot;El fútbol y la montaña me mantienen vivo&quot;|trans-title=Julio Alberto: &quot;Football and the mountains keep me alive&quot;|newspaper=[[Diario AS]]|first=Enrique|last=Ortego|language=es|date=9 October 2021|access-date=18 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vavel.com/es/futbol/2024/04/30/atletico-de-madrid/1181169-los-80-en-el-atleti-una-decada-poco-prodigiosa.html|title=Los 80 en el Atleti: una década poco prodigiosa|trans-title=The 80s at Atleti: decade of little remark|publisher=[[Vavel]]|first=Luis Fernando|last=López|language=es|date=7 May 2024|access-date=18 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1958|}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>mzirgnnmv1g9mvv44fisvsw85cjajgg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>José Juncosa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230316</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509710</id>
      <parentid>1509456</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:18:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509710</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1510" sha1="rtzwx7w37uz3o1nh2o6y8opam23oj7z" xml:space="preserve">'''José Juncosa Bellmunt''' ([[2 Februari]] [[1922]] – Oktoba 2003)&lt;ref&gt;[http://masdeporte.as.com/masdeporte/2003/11/01/polideportivo/1067663688_850215.html Obituary (in Spanish)]&lt;/ref&gt;, anayejulikana pia kama '''Josep Juncosa Bellmunt''', alikuwa [[mshambuliaji]] na [[kocha]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Hispania]] mwenye asili ya Katalonia.

Hadi mwaka 1977, ilikuwa kinyume cha [[sheria]] nchini Hispania kusajili majina ya watu kwa lugha ya Katalani, kwani majina ya lugha ya Kihispania (Kastilia) pekee ndiyo yaliruhusiwa chini ya [[sheria]] za usajili wa kiraia za kipindi cha utawala wa Franco na miaka ya mwanzo baada ya utawala huo.

Alikuwa mchezaji wa kimataifa kwa timu ya taifa ya Katalonia ya mpira wa miguu pamoja na timu ya taifa ya Hispania ya mpira wa miguu katika miaka ya 1940 na 1950.&lt;ref name=&quot;eapc&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Quan els noms propis en català estaven prohibits |url=https://eapc-rld.blog.gencat.cat/2018/05/31/quan-els-noms-propis-en-catala-estaven-prohibits-la-recuperacio-dun-cas-singular-xavier-gayan-i-agusti-pou/ |website=RLD blog – Generalitat de Catalunya |date=31 May 2018 |language=ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;diarionavarra&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Cuando llamarse Iker era pecado |url=https://www.diariodenavarra.es/noticias/magazine/sociedad/2016/08/06/cuando_llamarse_iker_era_pecado_476477_1035.html |website=Diario de Navarra |date=6 August 2016 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1922|2003}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>rtzwx7w37uz3o1nh2o6y8opam23oj7z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cabascabo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230317</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509711</id>
      <parentid>1509461</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:19:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509711</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="772" sha1="1aszdozy2uecld4w1fvgdevkj1otx5x" xml:space="preserve">'''''Cabascabo''''' ni filamu ya drama ya mwaka 1968 ya ushirikiano kati ya [[Niger]] na [[Ufaransa]], iliyoongozwa na [[Oumarou Ganda]].&lt;ref&gt;[[imdbtitle:0342157|Cabascabo (1969) - IMDb]]&lt;/ref&gt; Iliwasilishwa katika Tamasha la 6 la ''Moscow International Film Festival'', ambapo ilitunikiwa Diploma.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116194825/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1969 1969 :: 34th Moscow International Film Festival]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wahusika ==

* Oumarou Ganda kama Cabascabo
* Zalika Souley kama Hawa
* Balarabi
* Issa Gombokoye
* Kaka
* Dan Baba Ali
* Gerard Delassus
* Van Borel

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Jamii:Filamu za 1968]]
[[Jamii:Filamu za Niger]]
[[Jamii:Filamu za Ufaransa]]
[[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]]</text>
      <sha1>1aszdozy2uecld4w1fvgdevkj1otx5x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sheldon Lavin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230324</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509713</id>
      <parentid>1509475</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:20:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509713</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="633" sha1="cdrpr0kz87f0xm4narsstr1yddoeh3x" xml:space="preserve">'''Sheldon Lavin''' ([[Juni 17]], [[1932]] – [[Mei 26]], [[2023]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea, na mmiliki, afisa mkuu mtendaji, na mwenyekiti wa ''OSI Group'', msindikaji wa nyama nchini [[Marekani]] na msambazaji mkuu wa hambaga kwa McDonald's. Wakati wa kifo chake, utajiri wake ulikadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 3.1.&lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Forbes profile: Sheldon Lavin |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/sheldon-lavin/ |website=Forbes |accessdate=11 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1932]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2023]]</text>
      <sha1>cdrpr0kz87f0xm4narsstr1yddoeh3x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Leonard Lauder</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230329</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509714</id>
      <parentid>1509532</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:21:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509714</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1320" sha1="jaebo1qszjrzbzzeynz76zisfn9cdm8" xml:space="preserve">'''Leonard Alan Lauder''' ([[Machi 19]], [[1933]] – [[Juni 14]], [[2025]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea, mfadhili, na mkusanyaji wa sanaa nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.elcompanies.com/en/who-we-are/the-lauder-family|title=The Lauder Family|website=www.elcompanies.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pamoja na kaka yake [[Ronald Lauder]], walikuwa warithi pekee wa utajiri wa vipodozi wa ''Estée Lauder Companies''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.elcompanies.com/en/investors|title=Investors|website=www.elcompanies.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.elcompanies.com/en/who-we-are/key-moments|title=Key Moments|website=www.elcompanies.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alikuwa mwenyekiti mstaafu wa Estée Lauder Companies.Mwaka [[2013]], Lauder aliahidi mkusanyo wake wa sanaa ya Cubist kuutoa kwa ''Metropolitan Museum of Art''; mkusanyo huo unakadiriwa kuwa na thamani ya zaidi ya dola bilioni 1.&lt;ref name=&quot;EL website&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.elcompanies.com/en/404-error|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027123405/http://elcompanies.com/the_company/leonard_a_lauder.php|url-status=dead|title=Leonard A. Lauder|archive-date=October 27, 2010|website=www.elcompanies.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1933]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]]</text>
      <sha1>jaebo1qszjrzbzzeynz76zisfn9cdm8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lev Pontryagin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230332</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509715</id>
      <parentid>1509555</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:22:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509715</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="551" sha1="ms0t8h9qv4o7krjhac8evvuky5k4w3v" xml:space="preserve">'''Lev Semyonovich Pontryagin''' (pia huandikwa '''Pontriagin''' au '''Pontrjagin''', na jina la kwanza wakati mwingine hutafsiriwa kwa Kiingereza kama '''Leon'''; 3 Septemba 1908 – 3 Mei 1988) alikuwa mwanahisabati wa Umoja wa Kisovyeti. Alipoteza kabisa uwezo wa kuona akiwa na umri wa miaka 14, lakini alifanya ugunduzi muhimu katika nyanja mbalimbali za hisabati, zikiwemo topolojia ya aljebra, topolojia ya tofauti na udhibiti bora (''optimal control'').

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1908|1988}}
[[Jamii:wanahisabati wa Urusi]]</text>
      <sha1>ms0t8h9qv4o7krjhac8evvuky5k4w3v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>T. V. Raman</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230333</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509716</id>
      <parentid>1509556</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:23:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509716</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1408" sha1="1gjzb3fhgvpj77mlyxt40dtn401zqms" xml:space="preserve">'''T. V. Raman''' (amezaliwa tarehe 4 Mei 1965) ni Mhindi-Mmarekani mtaalamu wa sayansi ya kompyuta anayejishughulisha na utafiti wa uwezeshaji wa upatikanaji wa teknolojia (accessibility).&lt;ref name=&quot;SciAmprof&quot;&gt;Gibbs, W.W. (1996) ''Profile: T. V. Raman – Envisioning Speech'', ''[[Scientific American]]'' '''275'''(3), 52-54.&lt;/ref&gt;

Maeneo yake makuu ya utafiti yanahusu miingiliano ya watumiaji inayotegemea sauti (auditory user interfaces) na hati za kielektroniki zilizo na muundo maalum. Amefanya kazi katika teknolojia za mwingiliano wa usemi na lugha za alama (markup) katika muktadha wa [[World Wide Web]] akiwa katika maabara ya utafiti ya Cambridge ya Digital (CRL), pamoja na Adobe Systems na IBM Research.

Kwa sasa anafanya kazi katika kitengo cha utafiti cha [[Google]].&lt;ref name=Yegge&gt;{{cite web|url=[https://steve-yegge.blogspot.com/2008/05/dynamic-languages-strike-back.html|accessdate=2012-08-31|title=Stevey's](https://steve-yegge.blogspot.com/2008/05/dynamic-languages-strike-back.html|accessdate=2012-08-31|title=Stevey's) Blog Rants: Dynamic Languages Strike Back|date=11 May 2008|publisher=yegge.blogspot.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Raman amekuwa na uoni hafifu tangu kuzaliwa kwake, na alipofikisha umri wa miaka 14 alipoteza uwezo wa kuona kabisa.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SciAmprof&quot;/&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1965|}}
[[Jamii:Watu wa Uhindi]]
[[Jamii:mabingwa wa kompyuta wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>1gjzb3fhgvpj77mlyxt40dtn401zqms</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Marcus Roberts</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230334</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509717</id>
      <parentid>1509558</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:24:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509717</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="293" sha1="l6bvg21lw3shwras8apaerju21wkjn8" xml:space="preserve">'''Marthaniel''' &quot;'''Marcus'''&quot; '''Roberts''' (amezaliwa 7 Agosti 1963) ni mpiga kinanda wa jazzi, mtunzi wa muziki, mpangaji wa muziki (arranger), kiongozi wa bendi, na mwalimu kutoka [[Marekani]].

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}}
{{BD|1963|}}
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>l6bvg21lw3shwras8apaerju21wkjn8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fred Reid</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230335</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509719</id>
      <parentid>1509559</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:25:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509719</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1004" sha1="s6b0dbgh0mf4q43c77rx01kxauahlzt" xml:space="preserve">'''Fred Reid''' (1937 – 29 Machi 2025) alikuwa mwanahistoria, mwandishi, na mwanaharakati wa haki za watu wenye ulemavu aliyezaliwa [[Uskoti]]. Akiwa amepoteza uwezo wa kuona tangu alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 14, alikuja kuwa mtetezi mashuhuri wa watu wasioona na wenye uoni hafifu nchini [[Uingereza]], huku pia akichapisha kazi zinazoheshimika za utafiti wa kihistoria.

Aliishi sehemu kubwa ya maisha yake ya baadaye katika [[Kenilworth]], Warwickshire, na alikuwa profesa wa heshima katika University of Warwick.&lt;ref name=&quot;HeraldObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Distinguished Glasgow historian Fred Reid dies aged 87 |url=[https://www.heraldscotland.com/business_hq/25097738.distinguished-glasgow-historian-fred-reid-dies-aged-87/](https://www.heraldscotland.com/business_hq/25097738.distinguished-glasgow-historian-fred-reid-dies-aged-87/) |work=The Herald |date=31 March 2025 |access-date=17 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1937|2025}}
[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Uskoti]]</text>
      <sha1>s6b0dbgh0mf4q43c77rx01kxauahlzt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509720</id>
      <parentid>1509719</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:25:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Fred Reid (campaigner)]] hadi [[Fred Reid]]: urahisi wa kuupata</comment>
      <origin>1509719</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1004" sha1="s6b0dbgh0mf4q43c77rx01kxauahlzt" xml:space="preserve">'''Fred Reid''' (1937 – 29 Machi 2025) alikuwa mwanahistoria, mwandishi, na mwanaharakati wa haki za watu wenye ulemavu aliyezaliwa [[Uskoti]]. Akiwa amepoteza uwezo wa kuona tangu alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 14, alikuja kuwa mtetezi mashuhuri wa watu wasioona na wenye uoni hafifu nchini [[Uingereza]], huku pia akichapisha kazi zinazoheshimika za utafiti wa kihistoria.

Aliishi sehemu kubwa ya maisha yake ya baadaye katika [[Kenilworth]], Warwickshire, na alikuwa profesa wa heshima katika University of Warwick.&lt;ref name=&quot;HeraldObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Distinguished Glasgow historian Fred Reid dies aged 87 |url=[https://www.heraldscotland.com/business_hq/25097738.distinguished-glasgow-historian-fred-reid-dies-aged-87/](https://www.heraldscotland.com/business_hq/25097738.distinguished-glasgow-historian-fred-reid-dies-aged-87/) |work=The Herald |date=31 March 2025 |access-date=17 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1937|2025}}
[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Uskoti]]</text>
      <sha1>s6b0dbgh0mf4q43c77rx01kxauahlzt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sukhlal Sanghvi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230336</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509722</id>
      <parentid>1509560</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:25:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509722</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1514" sha1="dcxtkjofr41910mfca2up4z7zqhjg5y" xml:space="preserve">'''Sukhlal Sanghvi''' (8 Desemba 1880 – 2 Machi 1978), anayejulikana pia kama '''Pandit Sukhlalji''', alikuwa msomi na mwanafalsafa wa dini ya [[Ujaini]]. Alikuwa wa dhehebu la Sthanakvasi ndani ya [[Ujaini]].&lt;ref name=Jaini&gt;{{cite book | last =Jaini | first =Padmanabh | title =Collected Papers on Jaina Studies | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | year =2000 | location =Delhi | isbn =81-208-1691-9 }} Preface p. vi&lt;/ref&gt;

Pandit Sukhlal alipoteza uwezo wa kuona akiwa na umri wa miaka kumi na sita kutokana na ugonjwa wa ndui. Hata hivyo, aliendelea na masomo yake na kuwa mtaalamu mkubwa wa mantiki ya Kijaini, na hatimaye akawa profesa katika Banaras Hindu University. Paul Dundas anamwelezea kama mmoja wa wafasiri makini zaidi wa kisasa wa falsafa ya Ujaini.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last =Dundas | first =Paul |author2=John Hinnels ed.  | title =The Jains | publisher =Routledge | year =2002 | location =London | isbn =0-415-26606-8 }} p. 228&lt;/ref&gt; Dundas pia anabainisha kuwa Sanghvi anawakilisha ulimwengu wa kitaaluma na kiakili ambao kwa sasa karibu umetoweka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaini vi&quot;&gt;Jaini p.vi&lt;/ref&gt;

Alikuwa mlezi (mentor) wa msomi mashuhuri wa Ujaini Padmanabh Jaini. Katika maisha yake, alipokea tuzo mbalimbali zikiwemo Sahitya Akademi Award na kutambuliwa na Serikali ya India kwa kutunukiwa Padma Bhushan. Sukhlalji pia alijulikana kwa jina la ''Pragnachaksu'' kutokana na elimu yake kubwa licha ya ulemavu wa kuona.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1880|1978}}
[[Jamii:Watu wa Uhindi]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nicholas Saunderson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230337</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509723</id>
      <parentid>1509561</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:26:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509723</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1055" sha1="bqhuwo3d0qi0jo2p5bg14zd5s8qk2gd" xml:space="preserve">'''Nicholas Saunderson''' FRS (20 Januari 1682 – 19 Aprili 1739) alikuwa mwanasayansi na mwanahisabati wa Uingereza ambaye alikuwa haoni.&lt;ref&gt;H. F. Baker, Nicholas Saunderson or Sanderson, in Dictionary of National Biography Vol L (London, 1897), pp. 332–333.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwa mujibu wa mwanahistoria mmoja wa takwimu, huenda alikuwa miongoni mwa watu wa kwanza kugundua nadharia ya Bayes.&lt;ref&gt;[[Stephen M. Stigler]], Who Discovered Bayes's Theorem?, ''[[The American Statistician]]'', Vol. '''37''', No. 4, Part 1 (November 1983), pp. 290–296; collected in Stephen M. Stigler (1999), ''Statistics on the Table: The History of Statistical Concepts and Methods'', pp. 291–301, [[Harvard University Press]] {{isbn|978-0-674-83601-3}} (hbk) {{isbn|978-0-674-00979-0}} (pbk).&lt;/ref&gt;

Alifanya kazi kama Lucasian Professor of Mathematics katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Cambridge]], nafasi ambayo pia iliwahi kushikiliwa na Isaac Newton, Charles Babbage na Stephen Hawking.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1682|1739}}
[[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Uingereza]]</text>
      <sha1>bqhuwo3d0qi0jo2p5bg14zd5s8qk2gd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>John Walker (mwanahistoria)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230345</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509724</id>
      <parentid>1509582</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:27:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[John Walker (natural historian)]] hadi [[John Walker (mwanahistoria)]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
      <origin>1509582</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="472" sha1="s994x9kbamfyhr8lrq8d9ssb6cqr4v2" xml:space="preserve">'''John Walker''' FRSE (1731–1803) alikuwa mhudumu wa dini kutoka [[Uskoti]] na mwanahistoria wa asili. Alikuwa profesa wa kifalme (Regius Professor) wa historia ya asili katika Chuo Kikuu cha Edinburg kuanzia mwaka 1779 hadi 1803.

Alikuwa mwanzilishi mwenza wa Royal Society of Edinburgh mwaka 1783 na pia aliwahi kuwa mwenyekiti wa Baraza Kuu la Kanisa la Scotland mwaka 1790.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1731|1803}}

[[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Uskoti]]</text>
      <sha1>s994x9kbamfyhr8lrq8d9ssb6cqr4v2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jacob Caro</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230377</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509682</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:00:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jacob Caro''' (2 Februari 1835 – 12 Desemba 1904) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria.&lt;ref&gt;G. Kaufmann, Chronik der königlichen Universität Breslau, Jahrgang 17 (1903), uk. 133. Mwaka wa kuzaliwa 1836 unatokana na makosa ya kubadilisha kalenda ya Kiyahudi.&lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1835|1904}}  [[Jamii:Watu wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509682</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="366" sha1="2ep8inigfqla1z90nbz8oiub54yuf79" xml:space="preserve">'''Jacob Caro''' (2 Februari 1835 – 12 Desemba 1904) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria.&lt;ref&gt;G. Kaufmann, Chronik der königlichen Universität Breslau, Jahrgang 17 (1903), uk. 133. Mwaka wa kuzaliwa 1836 unatokana na makosa ya kubadilisha kalenda ya Kiyahudi.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1835|1904}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>2ep8inigfqla1z90nbz8oiub54yuf79</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230378</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509685</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:02:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann''' (13 Mei 1785, Wismar – 5 Desemba 1860, [[Bonn]]) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria na mwanasiasa.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1785|1860}}  [[Jamii:Watu wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509685</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="233" sha1="d8bpy4slrw34tywln8tan72gehb30wc" xml:space="preserve">'''Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann''' (13 Mei 1785, Wismar – 5 Desemba 1860, [[Bonn]]) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria na mwanasiasa.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1785|1860}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>d8bpy4slrw34tywln8tan72gehb30wc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hans Delbrück</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230379</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509691</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:05:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Hans Gottlieb Leopold Delbrück''' ({{IPA|de|hans ˈdɛl.bʁʏk|-|De-Hans Delbrück.ogg}}; 11 Novemba 1848 – 14 Julai 1929) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria. Delbrück alikuwa miongoni mwa wanahistoria wa kwanza wa kisasa wa masuala ya kijeshi, akijenga mbinu yake ya utafiti juu ya uchambuzi makini wa vyanzo vya kale, na kutumia taaluma saidizi kama demografia na uchumi ili kukamilisha uchambuzi na kulinganisha vipindi tofauti vya histori...'</comment>
      <origin>1509691</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="606" sha1="mbf2e1fh0pxzt5doe7uac4mlfum1gqb" xml:space="preserve">'''Hans Gottlieb Leopold Delbrück''' ({{IPA|de|hans ˈdɛl.bʁʏk|-|De-Hans Delbrück.ogg}}; 11 Novemba 1848 – 14 Julai 1929) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria. Delbrück alikuwa miongoni mwa wanahistoria wa kwanza wa kisasa wa masuala ya kijeshi, akijenga mbinu yake ya utafiti juu ya uchambuzi makini wa vyanzo vya kale, na kutumia taaluma saidizi kama demografia na uchumi ili kukamilisha uchambuzi na kulinganisha vipindi tofauti vya historia, kwa lengo la kufuatilia maendeleo ya taasisi za kijeshi.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1848|1929}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>mbf2e1fh0pxzt5doe7uac4mlfum1gqb</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Johann Gustav Droysen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230380</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509696</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:09:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Johann Gustav Bernhard Droysen''' ( 6 Julai 1808 – 19 Juni 1884) alikuwa [[Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria. Historia yake kuhusu Alexander the Great ilikuwa kazi ya kwanza kuwakilisha mkondo mpya wa fikra za kihistoria za Kijerumani uliotukuza mamlaka iliyoshikiliwa na watu wanaoitwa &quot;watu wakubwa&quot;.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1808|1884}}  [[Jamii:Watu wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509696</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="386" sha1="b7myjtv8egaf34ohev3b1plw163pllb" xml:space="preserve">'''Johann Gustav Bernhard Droysen''' ( 6 Julai 1808 – 19 Juni 1884) alikuwa [[Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria. Historia yake kuhusu Alexander the Great ilikuwa kazi ya kwanza kuwakilisha mkondo mpya wa fikra za kihistoria za Kijerumani uliotukuza mamlaka iliyoshikiliwa na watu wanaoitwa &quot;watu wakubwa&quot;.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1808|1884}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>b7myjtv8egaf34ohev3b1plw163pllb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Friedrich Dieterici</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230381</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509698</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:11:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Friedrich Heinrich Dieterici''' (6 Julai 1821, [[Berlin]] – 18 Agosti 1903, Berlin) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mtaalamu wa masomo ya Mashariki na mwanahistoria.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1821|1903}}  [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509698</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="265" sha1="lz1natvxiznmxdeamyt1yyns5vtxxbf" xml:space="preserve">'''Friedrich Heinrich Dieterici''' (6 Julai 1821, [[Berlin]] – 18 Agosti 1903, Berlin) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mtaalamu wa masomo ya Mashariki na mwanahistoria.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1821|1903}}

[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>lz1natvxiznmxdeamyt1yyns5vtxxbf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ernst Dümmler</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230382</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509700</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:13:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ernst Ludwig Dümmler''' (2 Januari 1830 – 11 Septemba 1902) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1830|1902}}  [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509700</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="207" sha1="qahvmu4hvihifjbdju1vgqu3ap3f5sg" xml:space="preserve">'''Ernst Ludwig Dümmler''' (2 Januari 1830 – 11 Septemba 1902) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1830|1902}}

[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>qahvmu4hvihifjbdju1vgqu3ap3f5sg</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maximilian Wolfgang Duncker</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230383</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509704</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:15:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Maximilian Wolfgang Duncker''' (15 Oktoba 1811 – 21 Julai 1886) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria na mwanasiasa.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1811|1886}}  [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509704</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="224" sha1="eafrla4xl0gxef93ydh2qcmvjdtxuio" xml:space="preserve">'''Maximilian Wolfgang Duncker''' (15 Oktoba 1811 – 21 Julai 1886) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria na mwanasiasa.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1811|1886}}

[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>eafrla4xl0gxef93ydh2qcmvjdtxuio</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Theodor Fontane</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230384</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509712</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:20:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Theodor Fontane''' ({{IPA|de|ˈtʰeːodoɐ̯ fɔnˈtaːnə|-|De-Theodor Fontane.ogg}}; 30 Desemba 1819 – 20 Septemba 1898) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwandishi wa riwaya na mshairi, anayechukuliwa na wengi kuwa mwandishi muhimu zaidi wa karne ya 19 katika lugha ya [[Kijerumani]] ndani ya mkondo wa uhalisia wa kifasihi.  Alichapisha riwaya yake ya kwanza—ambayo ndiyo inayomfanya ajulikane zaidi leo—akiwa na umri wa miaka 58, baada ya kufanya k...'</comment>
      <origin>1509712</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="938" sha1="h1coqd08rzngb10rqkuvf5lac87vs9a" xml:space="preserve">'''Theodor Fontane''' ({{IPA|de|ˈtʰeːodoɐ̯ fɔnˈtaːnə|-|De-Theodor Fontane.ogg}}; 30 Desemba 1819 – 20 Septemba 1898) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwandishi wa riwaya na mshairi, anayechukuliwa na wengi kuwa mwandishi muhimu zaidi wa karne ya 19 katika lugha ya [[Kijerumani]] ndani ya mkondo wa uhalisia wa kifasihi.

Alichapisha riwaya yake ya kwanza—ambayo ndiyo inayomfanya ajulikane zaidi leo—akiwa na umri wa miaka 58, baada ya kufanya kazi kama mwandishi wa habari kwa muda mrefu. Riwaya zake nyingi zinachunguza mada ambazo zilikuwa karibu mwiko katika jamii ya heshima ya wakati wake, ikiwa ni pamoja na uzinzi wa ndoa, tofauti za tabaka, tofauti kati ya maisha ya mijini na vijijini, kuachwa kwa watoto, na kujiua.

Riwaya zake ziliuzwa vizuri wakati wa uhai wake, na baadhi zimebadilishwa kuwa filamu au kazi za sauti.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1819|1898}}

[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>h1coqd08rzngb10rqkuvf5lac87vs9a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rudolf von Gottschall</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230385</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509718</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:24:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Rudolf Gottschall''' ('''von Gottschall''' tangu 1877; 30 Septemba 1823 – 21 Machi 1909) alikuwa [[Mjerumani]] mshairi, mwandishi wa tamthilia, mkosoaji wa fasihi na mwanahistoria wa fasihi.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1823|1909}}  [[Jamii:Watu wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509718</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="282" sha1="bf1a0yreqhlmhp0zfkx3acipkkj3v1e" xml:space="preserve">'''Rudolf Gottschall''' ('''von Gottschall''' tangu 1877; 30 Septemba 1823 – 21 Machi 1909) alikuwa [[Mjerumani]] mshairi, mwandishi wa tamthilia, mkosoaji wa fasihi na mwanahistoria wa fasihi.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1823|1909}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>bf1a0yreqhlmhp0zfkx3acipkkj3v1e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fred Reid (campaigner)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230386</id>
    <redirect title="Fred Reid" />
    <revision>
      <id>1509721</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:25:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Fred Reid (campaigner)]] hadi [[Fred Reid]]: urahisi wa kuupata</comment>
      <origin>1509721</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23" sha1="skzc8lajbu1dja9t6sxawofrl8mng8l" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Fred Reid]]</text>
      <sha1>skzc8lajbu1dja9t6sxawofrl8mng8l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>John Walker (natural historian)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230387</id>
    <redirect title="John Walker (mwanahistoria)" />
    <revision>
      <id>1509725</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:27:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[John Walker (natural historian)]] hadi [[John Walker (mwanahistoria)]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
      <origin>1509725</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="41" sha1="jzvhq04rayws987mrnkklnvzm8itf8n" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[John Walker (mwanahistoria)]]</text>
      <sha1>jzvhq04rayws987mrnkklnvzm8itf8n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Colmar Grünhagen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230388</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509726</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:27:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Colmar Grünhagen''' (2 Aprili 1828 – 27 Julai 1911) alikuwa [[Mjerumani]] mhifadhi wa nyaraka na mwanahistoria. Sehemu kubwa ya kazi zake zilizochapishwa zilihusu historia ya Silesia.&lt;ref name=CGlautUniWro&gt;{{cite web |url= [http://mbd.muzeum.uni.wroc.pl/dzieje-uniwersytetu/profesorowie-przed-1945-r/colmar-grnhagen|work=Profesorowie](http://mbd.muzeum.uni.wroc.pl/dzieje-uniwersytetu/profesorowie-przed-1945-r/colmar-grnhagen|work=Profesorowie) przed 19...'</comment>
      <origin>1509726</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1242" sha1="hg7y4yn9bpft9bfd817oil4gqra2ix7" xml:space="preserve">'''Colmar Grünhagen''' (2 Aprili 1828 – 27 Julai 1911) alikuwa [[Mjerumani]] mhifadhi wa nyaraka na mwanahistoria. Sehemu kubwa ya kazi zake zilizochapishwa zilihusu historia ya Silesia.&lt;ref name=CGlautUniWro&gt;{{cite web |url= [http://mbd.muzeum.uni.wroc.pl/dzieje-uniwersytetu/profesorowie-przed-1945-r/colmar-grnhagen|work=Profesorowie](http://mbd.muzeum.uni.wroc.pl/dzieje-uniwersytetu/profesorowie-przed-1945-r/colmar-grnhagen|work=Profesorowie) przed 1945 r. |publisher= Uniwersytet Wrocławski|title=Colmar Grünhagen (1828-1911) Historyk.|access-date=27 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;WilloweitLemberg2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first1=Matthias |last1=Weber |first2=Dietmar |last2=Willoweit |first3=Hans |last3=Lemberg |title=Epochengliederung in Gesamtdarstellungen der Gedcvhichte Schlesiens|work=Reiche und Territorien in Ostmitteleuropa: Historische Beziehungen und politische Herrschaftslegitimation |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=cGPpBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19|date=2006|publisher=R](https://books.google.com/books?id=cGPpBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19|date=2006|publisher=R). Oldenbourg Verlag, [[München]] |isbn=978-3-486-57839-3|pages=15–20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1828|1911}}

[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>hg7y4yn9bpft9bfd817oil4gqra2ix7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jacob Paul von Gundling</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230389</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509727</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:30:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jacob Paul Freiherr von Gundling''' (19 Agosti 1673, Hersbruck – 11 Aprili 1731, [[Potsdam]]) alikuwa Mjerumani mwanahistoria. Akiwa mwanahistoria wa kifalme katika mahakama ya mfalme Frederick I of Prussia, aligeuka kuwa mtu wa kubezwa katika “Baraza la Tumbaku” (''Tabakskollegium'') la Frederick William I of Prussia.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1673|1731}}  [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509727</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="424" sha1="6vg83hp68jf8rrxrchc4g5rk0kcie0d" xml:space="preserve">'''Jacob Paul Freiherr von Gundling''' (19 Agosti 1673, Hersbruck – 11 Aprili 1731, [[Potsdam]]) alikuwa Mjerumani mwanahistoria. Akiwa mwanahistoria wa kifalme katika mahakama ya mfalme Frederick I of Prussia, aligeuka kuwa mtu wa kubezwa katika “Baraza la Tumbaku” (''Tabakskollegium'') la Frederick William I of Prussia.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1673|1731}}

[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>6vg83hp68jf8rrxrchc4g5rk0kcie0d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Michael Christoph Hanow</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230390</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509729</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:36:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Michael Christoph Hanow''' (pia huandikwa '''Hanov''' au '''Hanovius''') (12 Desemba 1695, huko Zamborst karibu na Neustettin, (1653–1815)Pomerania]] – 22 Septemba 1773, huko [[Danzig]]) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mtaalamu wa hali ya hewa, mwanahistoria, profesa wa hisabati na tangu mwaka 1717 alikuwa rektari wa Academic Gymnasium Danzig.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1695|1773}}  [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509729</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="447" sha1="egkb2qzlu8cdyuyghpnx4hqzctqzcuq" xml:space="preserve">'''Michael Christoph Hanow''' (pia huandikwa '''Hanov''' au '''Hanovius''') (12 Desemba 1695, huko Zamborst karibu na Neustettin, (1653–1815)Pomerania]] – 22 Septemba 1773, huko [[Danzig]]) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mtaalamu wa hali ya hewa, mwanahistoria, profesa wa hisabati na tangu mwaka 1717 alikuwa rektari wa Academic Gymnasium Danzig.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1695|1773}}

[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>egkb2qzlu8cdyuyghpnx4hqzctqzcuq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Javi García</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230391</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509730</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:38:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina Charles</username>
        <id>71406</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Francisco Javier''' &quot;'''Javi'''&quot; '''García Fernández''' (amezaliwa [[8 Februari]], [[1987]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Hispania]]. Kwa asili alikuwa kiungo wa ulinzi, lakini pia aliweza kucheza kama beki wa kati.  Alianza kazi yake ya soka katika Real Madrid CF, lakini aliichezea zaidi katika timu ya akiba ya klabu hiyo. Baadaye alitumia miaka mitatu katika klabu ya S.L. Benfica|Benfica nchini Ureno. Mwaka 201...'</comment>
      <origin>1509730</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1570" sha1="gpqc2aj8krxq87m053u2zpkddhp1djw" xml:space="preserve">'''Francisco Javier''' &quot;'''Javi'''&quot; '''García Fernández''' (amezaliwa [[8 Februari]], [[1987]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Hispania]]. Kwa asili alikuwa kiungo wa ulinzi, lakini pia aliweza kucheza kama beki wa kati.

Alianza kazi yake ya soka katika Real Madrid CF, lakini aliichezea zaidi katika timu ya akiba ya klabu hiyo. Baadaye alitumia miaka mitatu katika klabu ya S.L. Benfica|Benfica nchini Ureno. Mwaka 2012 alisaini na Manchester City F.C., kisha akatumia misimu mingine mitatu katika Ligi Kuu ya Urusi akiwa na FC Zenit Saint Petersburg. Alirejea Hispania mwaka 2017 kujiunga na Real Betis|Betis na alistaafu soka akiwa katika klabu ya Boavista F.C.|Boavista.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.laverdad.es/deportes/futbol/muleno-javi-garcia-20220623003203-ntvo.html|title=El muleño Javi García, ex de Madrid y City, se retira a los 35 años|trans-title=Mula native Javi García, formerly of Madrid and City, retires at the age of 35|newspaper=[[La Verdad (Murcia)|La Verdad]]|language=es|date=23 June 2022|access-date=18 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.diariodeleon.es/deportes/41130/780442/javi-garcia-tercer-canterano-debuta-garcia-remon.html|title=Javi García, tercer canterano que debuta en la era García Remón|trans-title=Javi García, third youth player to make debut in the García Remón era|newspaper=Diario de León|language=es|date=30 November 2004|access-date=18 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1987|}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>gpqc2aj8krxq87m053u2zpkddhp1djw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Karl Hopf (mwanahistoria)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230392</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509731</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:39:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Karl Hopf''' (19 Februari 1832, katika Hamm, Westphalia – 23 Agosti 1873, katika [[Wiesbaden]]) au '''Carl Hermann Friedrich Johann Hopf''' alikuwa mwanahistoria wa Kijerumani na mtaalamu wa Ugiriki ya Enzi za Kati, ikijumuisha ile ya Dola ya Byzantine na Ugiriki wa Wafranki.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1832|1873}}  [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509731</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="376" sha1="5vesi7fmyqjpuwymto3cha6rj5iqez1" xml:space="preserve">'''Karl Hopf''' (19 Februari 1832, katika Hamm, Westphalia – 23 Agosti 1873, katika [[Wiesbaden]]) au '''Carl Hermann Friedrich Johann Hopf''' alikuwa mwanahistoria wa Kijerumani na mtaalamu wa Ugiriki ya Enzi za Kati, ikijumuisha ile ya Dola ya Byzantine na Ugiriki wa Wafranki.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1832|1873}}

[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>5vesi7fmyqjpuwymto3cha6rj5iqez1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509743</id>
      <parentid>1509731</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:52:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Karl Hopf (historian)]] hadi [[Karl Hopf (mwanahistoria)]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
      <origin>1509731</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="376" sha1="5vesi7fmyqjpuwymto3cha6rj5iqez1" xml:space="preserve">'''Karl Hopf''' (19 Februari 1832, katika Hamm, Westphalia – 23 Agosti 1873, katika [[Wiesbaden]]) au '''Carl Hermann Friedrich Johann Hopf''' alikuwa mwanahistoria wa Kijerumani na mtaalamu wa Ugiriki ya Enzi za Kati, ikijumuisha ile ya Dola ya Byzantine na Ugiriki wa Wafranki.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1832|1873}}

[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>5vesi7fmyqjpuwymto3cha6rj5iqez1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Caroline von Humboldt</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230393</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509732</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:41:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Caroline von Humboldt''' (23 Februari 1766, [[Minden]] – 26 Machi 1829, [[Berlin]]), aliyezaliwa kama ''Carolina Friederica von Dacheröden'', alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] salonnière na mwanahistoria wa sanaa.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1766|1829}}   [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509732</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="310" sha1="p79l2qzouextiwzd4zsualwo2kepysl" xml:space="preserve">'''Caroline von Humboldt''' (23 Februari 1766, [[Minden]] – 26 Machi 1829, [[Berlin]]), aliyezaliwa kama ''Carolina Friederica von Dacheröden'', alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] salonnière na mwanahistoria wa sanaa.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1766|1829}}


[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>p79l2qzouextiwzd4zsualwo2kepysl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Johannes Janssen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230394</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509733</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:43:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Johannes Janssen''' ([[Xanten]], 10 Aprili 1829 – Frankfurt-am-Main, 24 Desemba 1891) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] padri wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na mwanahistoria. Aliandika kazi yenye juzuu nane iitwayo ''History of the German People'', akitumia na kunukuu vyanzo vingi vya awali.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1829|1891}}  [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509733</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="382" sha1="i2t5lt7y6qx2p059mopz8uhst5gtqfr" xml:space="preserve">'''Johannes Janssen''' ([[Xanten]], 10 Aprili 1829 – Frankfurt-am-Main, 24 Desemba 1891) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] padri wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na mwanahistoria. Aliandika kazi yenye juzuu nane iitwayo ''History of the German People'', akitumia na kunukuu vyanzo vingi vya awali.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1829|1891}}

[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>i2t5lt7y6qx2p059mopz8uhst5gtqfr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Joan Garcia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230395</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509734</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:45:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina Charles</username>
        <id>71406</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Joan Garcia Pons''' (amezaliwa [[4 Mei]], [[2001]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye anacheza kama mlinda lango kwa klabu ya La Liga, FC Barcelona na timu ya taifa ya Hispania ya mpira wa miguu.  Akiwa mhitimu wa akademia ya vijana ya RCD Espanyol|Espanyol, Garcia alipandishwa kwenye timu ya kwanza mwaka 2021 na hatimaye akajijengea nafasi ya kuwa chaguo la kwanza mwaka 2024. Mnamo Juni 2025, alihamia Barcelona...'</comment>
      <origin>1509734</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1283" sha1="rulfdoso7zmwqf6yox5a0jpagyg5egw" xml:space="preserve">'''Joan Garcia Pons''' (amezaliwa [[4 Mei]], [[2001]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye anacheza kama mlinda lango kwa klabu ya La Liga, FC Barcelona na timu ya taifa ya Hispania ya mpira wa miguu.

Akiwa mhitimu wa akademia ya vijana ya RCD Espanyol|Espanyol, Garcia alipandishwa kwenye timu ya kwanza mwaka 2021 na hatimaye akajijengea nafasi ya kuwa chaguo la kwanza mwaka 2024. Mnamo Juni 2025, alihamia Barcelona baada ya klabu hiyo kuamsha kipengele cha kuachiliwa (release clause) katika mkataba wake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Ballús |first=Pol |date=18 June 2025 |title=Barcelona sign goalkeeper Joan Garcia from Espanyol |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6363649/2025/06/18/joan-garcia-barcelona-transfer/ |access-date=18 June 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Molero |first=Iván |date=1 December 2021 |title=El Espanyol acaba pidiendo la hora pese al 'hat-trick' de Loren |url=https://as.com/futbol/2021/12/01/copa_del_rey/1638388549_355875.html |trans-title=Espanyol call time despite the 'hat-trick' of Loren |work=[[Diario AS]] |language=es |access-date=11 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|2001|}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>rulfdoso7zmwqf6yox5a0jpagyg5egw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kazimierz Jarochowski</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230396</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509735</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:46:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Kazimierz Jarochowski''' (1828–1888) alikuwa mwanahistoria na mwandishi wa makala za umma wa [[Poland|Polandi]], aliyeandika katika gazeti la Dziennik Poznański]] (''Poznań Daily''), na pia alikuwa mwanzilishi mwenza wa PTPN.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1828|1888}}  [[Jamii:Watu wa Poland]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509735</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="316" sha1="1yv56cuxmix1yx7opkwvrd5kqn7d21n" xml:space="preserve">'''Kazimierz Jarochowski''' (1828–1888) alikuwa mwanahistoria na mwandishi wa makala za umma wa [[Poland|Polandi]], aliyeandika katika gazeti la Dziennik Poznański]] (''Poznań Daily''), na pia alikuwa mwanzilishi mwenza wa PTPN.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1828|1888}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Poland]]</text>
      <sha1>1yv56cuxmix1yx7opkwvrd5kqn7d21n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Isaak Markus Jost</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230397</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509738</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:48:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Isaak Marcus (Markus) Jost''' (22 Februari 1793, Bernburg – 22 Novemba 1860, [[Frankfurt am Main]]) alikuwa mwandishi wa kihistoria wa [[Wayahudi|Kiyahudi]].  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1793|1860}}  [[Jamii:Wayahudi]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509738</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="240" sha1="1zughjkrrlb60g8z2u1p0rfm9y1g4ks" xml:space="preserve">'''Isaak Marcus (Markus) Jost''' (22 Februari 1793, Bernburg – 22 Novemba 1860, [[Frankfurt am Main]]) alikuwa mwandishi wa kihistoria wa [[Wayahudi|Kiyahudi]].

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1793|1860}}

[[Jamii:Wayahudi]]</text>
      <sha1>1zughjkrrlb60g8z2u1p0rfm9y1g4ks</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Luis García</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230398</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509742</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:51:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina Charles</username>
        <id>71406</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Luis Javier García Sanz''' (amezaliwa [[24 Juni]], [[1978]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama [[winga]].  Alipitia mfumo wa vijana wa FC Barcelona|Barcelona kabla ya kupandishwa kwenye timu ya wakubwa. Pia aliichezea Atlético Madrid nchini kwao Hispania, pamoja na klabu nyingine. Katika kipindi cha misimu minane, alikusanya jumla ya mechi 150 na mabao 22 katika La Liga. Baadaye alikwen...'</comment>
      <origin>1509742</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1770" sha1="9twff3gmdodmo9dd3belzz1lb1womb1" xml:space="preserve">'''Luis Javier García Sanz''' (amezaliwa [[24 Juni]], [[1978]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama [[winga]].

Alipitia mfumo wa vijana wa FC Barcelona|Barcelona kabla ya kupandishwa kwenye timu ya wakubwa. Pia aliichezea Atlético Madrid nchini kwao Hispania, pamoja na klabu nyingine. Katika kipindi cha misimu minane, alikusanya jumla ya mechi 150 na mabao 22 katika La Liga. Baadaye alikwenda kucheza nje ya nchi kwa mara ya kwanza katika klabu ya Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool, ambapo alishinda Ligi ya Mabingwa ya UEFA mwaka Fainali ya Ligi ya Mabingwa ya UEFA ya 2005 na Kombe la FA mwaka 2006 Fainali ya Kombe la FA.

Akiwa mchezaji wa kimataifa wa timu ya taifa ya Hispania ya mpira wa miguu, García alipata mechi 18 za kimataifa (caps) na aliwakilisha taifa katika Kombe la Dunia la FIFA la 2006.

==Kazi ya klabu==
===Barcelona===
Amezaliwa katika [[Badalona]], [[Jimbo]] la [[Barcelona]], [[Catalonia]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bdncom.cat/notice/un-badaloni-a-la-final-de-la-champions-league|title=Un badaloní a la final de la UEFA Champions League|trans-title=A Badalona native to the UEFA Champions League final|publisher=Badalona Comunicació|first=Ferran|last=Vinaixa|language=ca|date=9 June 2023|access-date=2 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.elnortedecastilla.es/realvalladolid/noticias/201605/29/luis-garcia-pucela-mundo-20160520211629.html|title=Luis García: De Pucela al mundo|trans-title=Luis García: From Pucela to the world|newspaper=[[El Norte de Castilla]]|first=Santiago|last=Hidalgo Chacel|language=es|date=29 May 2016|access-date=4 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1978|}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>9twff3gmdodmo9dd3belzz1lb1womb1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Karl Hopf (historian)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230399</id>
    <redirect title="Karl Hopf (mwanahistoria)" />
    <revision>
      <id>1509744</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:52:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Karl Hopf (historian)]] hadi [[Karl Hopf (mwanahistoria)]]: jina la Kiswahili</comment>
      <origin>1509744</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="39" sha1="rjp2au60o6tj95xn39d189f5scsyalv" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Karl Hopf (mwanahistoria)]]</text>
      <sha1>rjp2au60o6tj95xn39d189f5scsyalv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Franz Wilhelm Kampschulte</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230400</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509746</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:56:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Franz Wilhelm Kampschulte''' (12 Novemba 1831 – 3 Desemba 1872) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1831|1872}}  [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509746</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="210" sha1="5l3pdq5nzhqp3sf0hxshw41cc48i3yj" xml:space="preserve">'''Franz Wilhelm Kampschulte''' (12 Novemba 1831 – 3 Desemba 1872) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1831|1872}}

[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>5l3pdq5nzhqp3sf0hxshw41cc48i3yj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Manu García</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230401</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509750</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:58:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina Charles</username>
        <id>71406</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Manuel''' &quot;'''Manu'''&quot; '''García Alonso''' (amezaliwa [[2 Januari]], [[1998]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye anacheza kama kiungo mshambuliaji kwa klabu ya Soka Kuu|MLS na Sporting Kansas City.  ==Kazi ya klabu== ===Mwanzo wa kazi=== Amezaliwa katika [[Oviedo]], [[Asturias]], García alijiunga na mfumo wa vijana wa Sporting de Gijón|Sporting Gijón mwaka 2010 akiwa na umri wa miaka 12, akitokea Astur CF|As...'</comment>
      <origin>1509750</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1397" sha1="e98irv9q91vu81jqhkx2eru3c8ldogx" xml:space="preserve">'''Manuel''' &quot;'''Manu'''&quot; '''García Alonso''' (amezaliwa [[2 Januari]], [[1998]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye anacheza kama kiungo mshambuliaji kwa klabu ya Soka Kuu|MLS na Sporting Kansas City.

==Kazi ya klabu==
===Mwanzo wa kazi===
Amezaliwa katika [[Oviedo]], [[Asturias]], García alijiunga na mfumo wa vijana wa Sporting de Gijón|Sporting Gijón mwaka 2010 akiwa na umri wa miaka 12, akitokea Astur CF|Astur. Tarehe [[2 Mei]], [[2013]], alikubali kuhamia Manchester City F.C., ambayo ililipa [[Euro|€]]250,000 kwa huduma zake mwezi Januari, muda mfupi baada ya kutimiza miaka 16.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://asturias.eldesmarque.com/sporting/noticias/8776-el-exito-de-manu-garcia-canterano-del-sporting|title=El éxito de Manu García, canterano del Sporting|work=El Desmarque Asturias - Todo el deporte, al minuto |trans-title=The success of Manu García, Sporting's youth player|publisher=El Desmarque|language=es|date=26 May 2015|accessdate=12 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espnfc.com/manchester-city/story/2468931/pellegrini-promotes-nine-youth-players-for-man-city-tour|title=Manuel Pellegrini promotes nine youth players for Man City tour|publisher=[[ESPN FC]]|date=27 May 2015|accessdate=12 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1998|}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>e98irv9q91vu81jqhkx2eru3c8ldogx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Elimar Klebs</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230402</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509752</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T12:59:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elimar Klebs''' (15 Oktoba 1852 – 16 Mei 1918) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria wa historia ya kale. Alikuwa kaka wa [[botanist|mtaalamu wa mimea]] Georg Klebs.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1852|1918}}  [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509752</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="273" sha1="fkrtut9hlxn0p704cr4xagxufvhhx8w" xml:space="preserve">'''Elimar Klebs''' (15 Oktoba 1852 – 16 Mei 1918) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria wa historia ya kale. Alikuwa kaka wa [[botanist|mtaalamu wa mimea]] Georg Klebs.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1852|1918}}

[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>fkrtut9hlxn0p704cr4xagxufvhhx8w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jacob Theodor Klein</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230403</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509755</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:02:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jacob Theodor Klein''' (lakabu ''Plinius Gedanensium''; 15 Agosti 1685 – 27 Februari 1759) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanasheria, mwanahistoria, mtaalamu wa mimea, mtaalamu wa wanyama, mwanahisabati na [[diplomat|mwanadiplomasia]] aliyekuwa katika huduma ya mfalme wa Poland August II the Strong.  Alianzisha bustani ya mimea na hifadhi ya wanyama (menajeri) katika [[Gdańsk|Danzig]], pamoja na kuanzisha mkusanyiko wa historia ya asili uliojulikan...'</comment>
      <origin>1509755</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="659" sha1="7nsgmtxxv6sqbtd4qj76g7aasdig1ol" xml:space="preserve">'''Jacob Theodor Klein''' (lakabu ''Plinius Gedanensium''; 15 Agosti 1685 – 27 Februari 1759) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanasheria, mwanahistoria, mtaalamu wa mimea, mtaalamu wa wanyama, mwanahisabati na [[diplomat|mwanadiplomasia]] aliyekuwa katika huduma ya mfalme wa Poland August II the Strong.

Alianzisha bustani ya mimea na hifadhi ya wanyama (menajeri) katika [[Gdańsk|Danzig]], pamoja na kuanzisha mkusanyiko wa historia ya asili uliojulikana kama ''Museum Kleinianum'', ambao ulihifadhi sampuli zilizokusanywa kupitia mtandao mpana wa watafiti.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1685|1759}}

[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>7nsgmtxxv6sqbtd4qj76g7aasdig1ol</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Raúl García</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230404</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509763</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:06:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina Charles</username>
        <id>71406</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Raúl García Escudero''' (amezaliwa [[11 Julai]], [[1986]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama kiungo [[mshambuliaji]] au mshambuliaji wa pili.  Akiendelezwa katika klabu ya CA Osasuna|Osasuna, alitumia sehemu kubwa ya miaka yake ya mwanzo ya soka katika Atlético Madrid, ambapo alifunga mabao 44 katika mechi 329 za mashindano yote kwa kipindi cha misimu minane na kushinda mataji sita mak...'</comment>
      <origin>1509763</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2032" sha1="oakvyuz65zryyfnebb1h9z7ft6e61ln" xml:space="preserve">'''Raúl García Escudero''' (amezaliwa [[11 Julai]], [[1986]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama kiungo [[mshambuliaji]] au mshambuliaji wa pili.

Akiendelezwa katika klabu ya CA Osasuna|Osasuna, alitumia sehemu kubwa ya miaka yake ya mwanzo ya soka katika Atlético Madrid, ambapo alifunga mabao 44 katika mechi 329 za mashindano yote kwa kipindi cha misimu minane na kushinda mataji sita makubwa, yakiwemo ubingwa wa taifa wa 2013–14 La Liga na Ligi ya Europa ya UEFA ya 2009–10. Mwaka 2015 alisaini na Athletic Bilbao, ambako pia alitumia kipindi kirefu na kushinda Supercopa de España ya 2021 pamoja na Copa del Rey ya 2023–24. Katika misimu 20 ya La Liga, alifikisha jumla ya mechi 609 na mabao 110.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/primera-division/album/2024/05/20/663b39c5e2704e6eb58b4607.html|title=Los 82 jugadores que han marcado al menos 100 goles en LaLiga|trans-title=The 82 players who have scored at least 100 goals in LaLiga|newspaper=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]]|language=es|date=20 May 2024|access-date=25 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

García aliichezea timu ya taifa ya Hispania ya mpira wa miguu mara mbili, akifanya mechi yake ya kwanza mwaka 2014.

==Kazi ya klabu==
===Osasuna===
Amezaliwa katika [[Pamplona]], García aliichezea klabu ya nyumbani kwao CA Osasuna|Osasuna katika miaka yake ya kwanza kama mchezaji wa kulipwa. Tarehe 24 Oktoba 2004, alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza katika timu ya wakubwa kwenye kipigo cha ugenini cha mabao 3–0 dhidi ya FC Barcelona|Barcelona, nafasi yake ya kwanza ikipewa na kocha kutoka Mexico Javier Aguirre.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/2004/10/25/deportes/1098655204_850215.html|title=El Barça no perdona a Osasuna|trans-title=Barça do not forgive Osasuna|newspaper=[[El País]]|last=Piñol|first=Àngels|language=es|date=25 October 2004|access-date=14 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1986|}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>oakvyuz65zryyfnebb1h9z7ft6e61ln</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sergio García</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230405</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509775</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:15:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina Charles</username>
        <id>71406</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Sergio García de la Fuente''' (amezaliwa [[9 Juni]], [[1983]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Hispania]]. Alicheza zaidi kama [[mshambuliaji]], lakini pia aliweza kucheza kama [[winga]], hasa upande wa kulia. Kwa sasa ni [[kocha]](mpira wa miguu) wa timu ya vijana chini ya miaka 19 ya CF Damm|Damm.  Baada ya kuanza katika FC Barcelona|Barcelona, aliendelea kuchezea zaidi Real Zaragoza|Zaragoza na RCD Espanyol|Espany...'</comment>
      <origin>1509775</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1670" sha1="ka08roctr1x36j1186mjd5lbed79r00" xml:space="preserve">'''Sergio García de la Fuente''' (amezaliwa [[9 Juni]], [[1983]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Hispania]]. Alicheza zaidi kama [[mshambuliaji]], lakini pia aliweza kucheza kama [[winga]], hasa upande wa kulia. Kwa sasa ni [[kocha]](mpira wa miguu) wa timu ya vijana chini ya miaka 19 ya CF Damm|Damm.

Baada ya kuanza katika FC Barcelona|Barcelona, aliendelea kuchezea zaidi Real Zaragoza|Zaragoza na RCD Espanyol|Espanyol, ambapo alikuwa pia [[nahodha]] wa mpira wa miguu wa klabu hiyo. Katika misimu 14 ya La Liga, alikusanya jumla ya mechi 360 na kufunga mabao 75.

García aliichezea timu ya taifa ya Hispania ya mpira wa miguu katika Euro 2008 na kushinda mashindano hayo. Pia aliichezea timu ya taifa ya Katalonia ya mpira wa miguu katika mechi zisizo rasmi.

==Kazi ya klabu==
===Barcelona===
Amezaliwa katika [[Barcelona]], [[Catalonia]], García alipanda kupitia mfumo wa vijana wa [[FC Barcelona]], lakini nafasi za kucheza katika kikosi cha wakubwa zilikuwa chache sana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2003/mar/19/minutebyminute.sport1|title=Newcastle 0–2 Barcelona|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|last=Glendenning|first=Barry|date=19 March 2003|access-date=17 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundodeporte/2003/09/03/liga/1062548963.html|title=Ronaldinho da sentido a la 'madrugá' catalana|trans-title=Ronaldinho gives meaning to the Catalan 'early getup'|newspaper=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]|language=es|date=3 September 2003|access-date=17 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1983|}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>ka08roctr1x36j1186mjd5lbed79r00</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gavi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230406</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509812</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:41:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina Charles</username>
        <id>71406</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Pablo Martín Páez Gavira''' (amezaliwa [[5 Agosti]], [[2004]]), anayejulikana kama '''Gavi''' ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye anacheza kama kiungo wa kati kwa klabu ya FC Barcelona na timu ya taifa ya Hispania ya mpira wa miguu.  ==Maisha ya awali== Gavi alizaliwa katika Los Palacios y Villafranca, [[Jimbo]] la [[Sevilla]], [[Andalusia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/barcelona/2021/09/06/...'</comment>
      <origin>1509812</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2086" sha1="c7bvh1xlakuz8qpnzl7nd6wlox1qceb" xml:space="preserve">'''Pablo Martín Páez Gavira''' (amezaliwa [[5 Agosti]], [[2004]]), anayejulikana kama '''Gavi''' ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye anacheza kama kiungo wa kati kwa klabu ya FC Barcelona na timu ya taifa ya Hispania ya mpira wa miguu.

==Maisha ya awali==
Gavi alizaliwa katika Los Palacios y Villafranca, [[Jimbo]] la [[Sevilla]], [[Andalusia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/barcelona/2021/09/06/613217d8e2704e391a8b4580.html |title=&quot;El equipo de Gavi&quot; |trans-title=&quot;Gavi's Team&quot; |first=Cristina |last=Navarro |date=6 September 2021 |accessdate=3 August 2022 |newspaper=Marca |language=Spanish |archive-date=2 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802233214/https://www.marca.com/futbol/barcelona/2021/09/06/613217d8e2704e391a8b4580.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=vavel&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vavel.com/es/futbol/2018/12/02/fc-barcelona/958530-gavi-el-maestro-delgol.html |title=Gavi, el maestro de La Masía |trans-title=Gavi, the maestro of La Masía |first=Alicia |last=Navarro |date=4 December 2018 |accessdate=2 August 2021 |website=vavel.com |language=Spanish |archive-date=2 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802092351/https://www.vavel.com/es/futbol/2018/12/02/fc-barcelona/958530-gavi-el-maestro-delgol.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kazi ya klabu==
===Mwanzo wa kazi===
Gavi alianza kazi yake ya soka katika La Liara Balompié, klabu ya mji wake wa nyumbani, ambako alitumia miaka miwili, kati ya mwaka 2010 na 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://tribuna.com/en/blogs/43c43d29-7517-4d8b-8cfb-153fa6a929fd/ |title=Scouting report on Pablo Paez 'Gavi' - the little maestro from La Masia |first=Jacek |last=Kulig |date=19 May 2020 |accessdate=2 August 2021 |website=tribuna.com |archive-date=2 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802092400/https://tribuna.com/en/blogs/43c43d29-7517-4d8b-8cfb-153fa6a929fd/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|2004|}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>c7bvh1xlakuz8qpnzl7nd6wlox1qceb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>José Gayà</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230407</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509822</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:48:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina Charles</username>
        <id>71406</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''José Luis Gayà Peña''' (amezaliwa [[25 Mei]], [[1995]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye anacheza kama beki wa kushoto kwa klabu ya La Liga Valencia CF|Valencia, ambayo pia ni [[nahodha]] wake.  Akiwa mhitimu wa akademia ya Valencia, alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza katika timu ya wakubwa mwaka 2012 na baadaye akacheza zaidi ya mechi 400 za mashindano kwa klabu hiyo, akishinda Copa del Rey mwaka Fainali ya Copa...'</comment>
      <origin>1509822</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1409" sha1="m16m0jc9jydmohb6a9qtmvyexyt4je7" xml:space="preserve">'''José Luis Gayà Peña''' (amezaliwa [[25 Mei]], [[1995]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye anacheza kama beki wa kushoto kwa klabu ya La Liga Valencia CF|Valencia, ambayo pia ni [[nahodha]] wake.

Akiwa mhitimu wa akademia ya Valencia, alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza katika timu ya wakubwa mwaka 2012 na baadaye akacheza zaidi ya mechi 400 za mashindano kwa klabu hiyo, akishinda Copa del Rey mwaka Fainali ya Copa del Rey ya 2019.

Gayà alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza kamili kwa timu ya taifa ya Hispania ya mpira wa miguu mwaka 2018, na akachaguliwa kushiriki UEFA Euro 2020.

==Kazi ya klabu==
Amezaliwa katika Pedreguer, [[Jimbo]] la [[Alicante]], Jumuiya ya [[Valencia]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://as.com/futbol/2021/02/28/primera/1614484694_094697.html|title=Gayà, una leyenda precoz|trans-title=Gayà, a precocious legend|newspaper=Diario AS|first=Conrado|last=Valle|date=28 February 2021|access-date=23 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/valencias-latest-left-back-sensation-chased-arsenal-and-yet-commit-mestalla|title=Valencia's latest left-back sensation chased by Arsenal and yet to commit at Mestalla|publisher=[[FourFourTwo]]|first=David|last=Cartlidge|date=3 February 2015|access-date=17 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1995|}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>m16m0jc9jydmohb6a9qtmvyexyt4je7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Usafiri wa haraka wa basi la Dar es Salaam</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230408</id>
    <redirect title="Usafiri wa haraka wa basi Dar es Salaam" />
    <revision>
      <id>1509834</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T13:59:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Usafiri wa haraka wa basi la Dar es Salaam]] hadi [[Usafiri wa haraka wa basi Dar es Salaam]]: usahihi wa jina</comment>
      <origin>1509834</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="53" sha1="si38s46a98jkee2bf4nxxw0y5qokmrz" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Usafiri wa haraka wa basi Dar es Salaam]]</text>
      <sha1>si38s46a98jkee2bf4nxxw0y5qokmrz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gaztelu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230409</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509852</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T14:13:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina Charles</username>
        <id>71406</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''José Agustín Aranzábal Askasibar''' (amezaliwa [[23 Julai]], [[1946]] – amefariki [[30 Desemba]], [[2020]]), anayejulikana kama '''Gaztelu''', alikuwa mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama [[kiungo]].  Alitumia maisha yake yote ya soka katika klabu ya Real Sociedad, akicheza mechi 308 za mashindano na kufunga mabao 33.  ==Kazi ya klabu== Gaztelu alizaliwa katika Bergara, [[Gipuzkoa]]. Akiwa mtoto mdogo,...'</comment>
      <origin>1509852</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1076" sha1="5h7ws0shptglugs58xi3jxr6wl07srg" xml:space="preserve">'''José Agustín Aranzábal Askasibar''' (amezaliwa [[23 Julai]], [[1946]] – amefariki [[30 Desemba]], [[2020]]), anayejulikana kama '''Gaztelu''', alikuwa mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama [[kiungo]].

Alitumia maisha yake yote ya soka katika klabu ya Real Sociedad, akicheza mechi 308 za mashindano na kufunga mabao 33.

==Kazi ya klabu==
Gaztelu alizaliwa katika Bergara, [[Gipuzkoa]]. Akiwa mtoto mdogo, alipata jina lake la utani, lenye maana ya &quot;ngome&quot; kwa lugha ya Kibasque, kutokana na shamba lililokuwa linamilikiwa na shangazi yake.&lt;ref name=FORERO&gt;[https://rincondelforero.wordpress.com/2009/03/21/agustin-aranzabal-gaztelu/ Agustín Aranzábal “Gaztelu”]; Rincón del Forero, 21 March 2009 (in Spanish)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mundodeportivo.com/20090820/un-comodin-como-un-castillo_53769312091.html Un comodín como un castillo (A joker like a castle)]; [[Mundo Deportivo]], 20 August 2009 (in Spanish)&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1946|}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>5h7ws0shptglugs58xi3jxr6wl07srg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509859</id>
      <parentid>1509852</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T14:16:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509859</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1058" sha1="gsn8heyo6yxrs6pp3uqwfqiqafkemj3" xml:space="preserve">'''José Agustín Aranzábal Askasibar''' ([[23 Julai]] [[1946]] – [[30 Desemba]] [[2020]]), anayejulikana kama '''Gaztelu''', alikuwa mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama [[kiungo]].

Alitumia maisha yake yote ya soka katika klabu ya Real Sociedad, akicheza mechi 308 za mashindano na kufunga mabao 33.

==Kazi ya klabu==
Gaztelu alizaliwa katika Bergara, [[Gipuzkoa]]. Akiwa mtoto mdogo, alipata jina lake la utani, lenye maana ya &quot;ngome&quot; kwa lugha ya Kibasque, kutokana na shamba lililokuwa linamilikiwa na shangazi yake.&lt;ref name=FORERO&gt;[https://rincondelforero.wordpress.com/2009/03/21/agustin-aranzabal-gaztelu/ Agustín Aranzábal “Gaztelu”]; Rincón del Forero, 21 March 2009 (in Spanish)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mundodeportivo.com/20090820/un-comodin-como-un-castillo_53769312091.html Un comodín como un castillo (A joker like a castle)]; [[Mundo Deportivo]], 20 August 2009 (in Spanish)&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1946|2020}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>gsn8heyo6yxrs6pp3uqwfqiqafkemj3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Delfí Geli</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230410</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509861</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T14:29:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina Charles</username>
        <id>71406</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Delfí Geli i Roura''' (amezaliwa [[22 Aprili]], [[1969]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama beki wa pembeni. Kwa sasa ni rais wa klabu ya La Liga Girona FC|Girona.  ==Kazi ya klabu== Amezaliwa katika [[Salt, Girona|Salt]], [[Jimbo]] la [[Girona]], [[Catalonia]], Geli alianza kazi yake ya soka kama [[mshambuliaji]] (mpira wa miguu),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.elpais.com/articulo/depo...'</comment>
      <origin>1509861</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2416" sha1="gjd9d57pe6m5sz7vds1cco2zdao8s3i" xml:space="preserve">'''Delfí Geli i Roura''' (amezaliwa [[22 Aprili]], [[1969]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama beki wa pembeni. Kwa sasa ni rais wa klabu ya La Liga Girona FC|Girona.

==Kazi ya klabu==
Amezaliwa katika [[Salt, Girona|Salt]], [[Jimbo]] la [[Girona]], [[Catalonia]], Geli alianza kazi yake ya soka kama [[mshambuliaji]] (mpira wa miguu),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.elpais.com/articulo/deportes/SELECCIoN_DE_FuTBOL_DE_ESPAnA/reconversion/Geli/elpepidep/19920115elpepidep_6/Tes/|title=La reconversión de Geli|trans-title=Geli's reconversion|newspaper=[[El País]]|first=Ramón|last=Besa|language=Spanish|date=15 January 1992|accessdate=10 August 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; akiwa na klabu ya nyumbani Girona FC na baadaye FC Barcelona (alicheza mechi moja tu katika timu ya kwanza ya Barcelona katika La Liga, mechi ya sare ya 0–0 nyumbani dhidi ya Real Oviedo tarehe [[31 Januari]], [[1990]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1990/02/01/pagina-3/1212052/pdf.html|title=El tropiezo más inoportuno|trans-title=Poorly timed stumble|newspaper=[[Mundo Deportivo]]|first=Andrés|last=Astruells|language=Spanish|date=1 February 1990|accessdate=9 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Merit&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.relevo.com/futbol/liga-primera/geli-presidente-girona-jugo-minutos-20231210152539-nt.html|title=Geli, el presidente del Girona que jugó 71 minutos en el Barça de Cruyff: &quot;Fue un 0–0 ante el Oviedo... Lo mío tiene mérito&quot;|trans-title=Geli, the Girona president who played 71 minutes in Cruyff's Barça: &quot;It was a 0–0 against Oviedo... What I did has merit&quot;|publisher=[[Relevo]]|first=Lu|last=Martin|language=Spanish|date=10 December 2023|accessdate=14 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baadaye alibadilishwa nafasi na kuwa beki wa kulia akiwa na Albacete Balompié, akijiunga na klabu hiyo ya Castilla–La Mancha katika majira ya kiangazi ya 1991 na kucheza mechi 32 katika msimu wake wa kwanza kabisa wa 1991–92 La Liga.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.albacetebalompie.es/noticias/geli-santi-pablo-y-menendez-en-defensa|title=Geli, Santi, Pablo y Menéndez en defensa|trans-title=Geli, Santi, Pablo and Menéndez in defence|publisher=Albacete Balompié|language=Spanish|date=22 April 2020|accessdate=14 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1969|}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>gjd9d57pe6m5sz7vds1cco2zdao8s3i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Enric Gensana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230411</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509862</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T14:36:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina Charles</username>
        <id>71406</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Enric Gensana Merola''' (amezaliwa [[3 Juni]], [[1936]] – amefariki [[28 Septemba]], [[2005]]) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa [[Hispania]]. Alikuwa mchezaji muhimu kwa FC Barcelona mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1950 na mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1960. Alikuwa mchezaji mwenye nguvu sana kimwili, na alitumia misimu minane katika klabu hiyo; lakini jeraha la meniskasi (cartilage ya goti) ambalo hakuwahi kupona kabisa lilimlazimu kuondoka.  ==Kazi ya so...'</comment>
      <origin>1509862</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2156" sha1="a6w9tsx2ifgcdsf9vtska12c7k1wfc0" xml:space="preserve">'''Enric Gensana Merola''' (amezaliwa [[3 Juni]], [[1936]] – amefariki [[28 Septemba]], [[2005]]) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa [[Hispania]]. Alikuwa mchezaji muhimu kwa FC Barcelona mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1950 na mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1960. Alikuwa mchezaji mwenye nguvu sana kimwili, na alitumia misimu minane katika klabu hiyo; lakini jeraha la meniskasi (cartilage ya goti) ambalo hakuwahi kupona kabisa lilimlazimu kuondoka.

==Kazi ya soka==
Amezaliwa katika [[Lleida]], [[Catalonia]], Gensana alianza kucheza mpira wa miguu katika timu za vijana za UE Lleida, klabu ambayo alichezea kwa mara ya kwanza katika Daraja la Pili, akicheza pamoja na Gonzalvo III, Basora na Moreno, ambao walitoa taarifa nzuri sana kumhusu kwa wasimamizi wa kiufundi wa Barcelona. Alijiunga na FC Barcelona mwaka 1956, na mwaka huohuo klabu ilishinda Kombe, na pia akafanya mechi yake ya kwanza na timu ya taifa.

Mechi yake ya kwanza na UE Lleida ilikuwa tarehe [[3 Aprili]], [[1955]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 19 katika mchezo wa Daraja la Pili kati ya UE Lleida na CD Condal|España Industrial (1–4).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Mundo Deportivo|title=Galería de Internacionales: Enrique Gensana Meroles|page=33|url=http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1989/01/12/pagina-33/1175577/pdf.html#|language=Spanish|date=12 January 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tuzo yake kubwa binafsi ilikuwa kuchaguliwa kuwa mchezaji bora wa “Little World Cup” iliyofanyika Caracas, mbele ya wachezaji kama mwenzake Segarra na pia Garrincha na Didí. Kazi yake ilikatizwa na jeraha la meniskasi lililotajwa hapo juu, ambalo lilisababisha kuhamishwa kwake kwenda Osasuna mwaka 1964 na mwaka mmoja baadaye kwenda Condal, ambako alistaafu mwaka 1967. Akiwa ameichezea timu ya taifa mara 10, Gensana alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza Mei 1957 dhidi ya Scotland mjini Madrid na ya mwisho Mei 1961 dhidi ya Wales.

Akiwa amechezea timu ya taifa ya Hispania ya mpira wa miguu mara 10, Gensana alifanya mechi yake ya kwanza Mei 1957 dhidi ya Scotland na ya mwisho Mei 1961 dhidi ya Wales.

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1936|2005}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>a6w9tsx2ifgcdsf9vtska12c7k1wfc0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509923</id>
      <parentid>1509862</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T03:20:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509923</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2134" sha1="j3vk5hyky04dtlyz2a6ss9ma1kcmeqh" xml:space="preserve">'''Enric Gensana Merola''' ([[3 Juni]] [[1936]] – [[28 Septemba]] [[2005]]) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa [[Hispania]]. Alikuwa mchezaji muhimu kwa FC Barcelona mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1950 na mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1960. Alikuwa mchezaji mwenye nguvu sana kimwili, na alitumia misimu minane katika klabu hiyo; lakini jeraha la meniskasi (cartilage ya goti) ambalo hakuwahi kupona kabisa lilimlazimu kuondoka.

==Kazi ya soka==
Amezaliwa katika [[Lleida]], [[Catalonia]], Gensana alianza kucheza mpira wa miguu katika timu za vijana za UE Lleida, klabu ambayo alichezea kwa mara ya kwanza katika Daraja la Pili, akicheza pamoja na Gonzalvo III, Basora na Moreno, ambao walitoa taarifa nzuri sana kumhusu kwa wasimamizi wa kiufundi wa Barcelona. Alijiunga na FC Barcelona mwaka 1956, na mwaka huohuo klabu ilishinda Kombe, na pia akafanya mechi yake ya kwanza na timu ya taifa.

Mechi yake ya kwanza na UE Lleida ilikuwa tarehe [[3 Aprili]], [[1955]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 19 katika mchezo wa Daraja la Pili kati ya UE Lleida na CD Condal|España Industrial (1–4).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Mundo Deportivo|title=Galería de Internacionales: Enrique Gensana Meroles|page=33|url=http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1989/01/12/pagina-33/1175577/pdf.html#|language=Spanish|date=12 January 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tuzo yake kubwa binafsi ilikuwa kuchaguliwa kuwa mchezaji bora wa “Little World Cup” iliyofanyika Caracas, mbele ya wachezaji kama mwenzake Segarra na pia Garrincha na Didí. Kazi yake ilikatizwa na jeraha la meniskasi lililotajwa hapo juu, ambalo lilisababisha kuhamishwa kwake kwenda Osasuna mwaka 1964 na mwaka mmoja baadaye kwenda Condal, ambako alistaafu mwaka 1967. Akiwa ameichezea timu ya taifa mara 10, Gensana alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza Mei 1957 dhidi ya Scotland mjini Madrid na ya mwisho Mei 1961 dhidi ya Wales.

Akiwa amechezea timu ya taifa ya Hispania ya mpira wa miguu mara 10, Gensana alifanya mechi yake ya kwanza Mei 1957 dhidi ya Scotland na ya mwisho Mei 1961 dhidi ya Wales.

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1936|2005}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>j3vk5hyky04dtlyz2a6ss9ma1kcmeqh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Paco Gento</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230412</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509863</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T14:44:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina Charles</username>
        <id>71406</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Francisco''' &quot;'''Paco'''&quot; '''Gento López''' (amezaliwa [[21 Oktoba]], [[1933]] – amefariki [[18 Januari]], [[2022]]) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama winga wa kushoto. Akiwa mkimbiaji wa kasi sana, Gento alijulikana kama &quot;Upepo wa Bahari ya Cantabria&quot; kutokana na kasi yake ya kukimbia pembeni mwa uwanja.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=18 January 2022|title=Paco Gento obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/foo...'</comment>
      <origin>1509863</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2270" sha1="tn96x6hfhb53xznoxbh3pc7eqdrf9wv" xml:space="preserve">'''Francisco''' &quot;'''Paco'''&quot; '''Gento López''' (amezaliwa [[21 Oktoba]], [[1933]] – amefariki [[18 Januari]], [[2022]]) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama winga wa kushoto. Akiwa mkimbiaji wa kasi sana, Gento alijulikana kama &quot;Upepo wa Bahari ya Cantabria&quot; kutokana na kasi yake ya kukimbia pembeni mwa uwanja.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=18 January 2022|title=Paco Gento obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/jan/18/paco-gento-obituary|access-date=17 February 2023|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|last=Glanville|first=Brian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alichaguliwa na IFFHS (Shirikisho la Kimataifa la Historia na Takwimu za Soka|International Federation of Football History and Statistics) kuwa mchezaji bora zaidi wa Hispania na wa 30 duniani wa karne ya 20.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=18 January 2022|title=Fallece Paco Gento, 'La Galerna del Cantábrico', único futbolista en ganar seis Copas de Europa.|url=https://www.newtral.es/muere-paco-gento-presidente-honor-real-madrid-copas-europa/20220118/|access-date=20 January 2022|website=Newtral|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gento pia anachukuliwa kwa upana kama mmoja wa winga bora zaidi katika historia ya mchezo wa mpira wa miguu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Hayward |first=Ben |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/news/best-wingers-in-football-history|title=Best wingers in football history|work=[[FourFourTwo]]|date=28 November 2023|accessdate=28 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gento alianza kazi yake ya soka katika klabu ya Racing de Santander mwaka 1952 na mwaka uliofuata alihamia Real Madrid C.F.. Alicheza katika fainali nane za [[Kombe]] la [[Ulaya]], ambazo ni rekodi ya pamoja, akishinda sita (rekodi ya pamoja), pamoja na kushinda mataji 12 ya La Liga. Katika kipindi cha miaka 14 akiwa mchezaji wa kimataifa, Gento aliichezea timu ya taifa ya Hispania ya mpira wa miguu mara 43, akishiriki Kombe la Dunia la [[Kombe la Dunia]] la [[FIFA]] la 1962 na Kombe la Dunia la FIFA la 1966.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=23 October 2016|title=Paco Gento, Honorary President of Real Madrid|url=https://www.realmadrid.com/en/news/2016/10/paco-gento-honorary-president-of-real-madrid|website=Realmadrid.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1933|2022}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>tn96x6hfhb53xznoxbh3pc7eqdrf9wv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509924</id>
      <parentid>1509863</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T03:20:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509924</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2248" sha1="hxmq4x60vh3k3rmhzhp0xuyp2sc2b6h" xml:space="preserve">'''Francisco''' &quot;'''Paco'''&quot; '''Gento López''' ([[21 Oktoba]] [[1933]] – [[18 Januari]] [[2022]]) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama winga wa kushoto. Akiwa mkimbiaji wa kasi sana, Gento alijulikana kama &quot;Upepo wa Bahari ya Cantabria&quot; kutokana na kasi yake ya kukimbia pembeni mwa uwanja.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=18 January 2022|title=Paco Gento obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/jan/18/paco-gento-obituary|access-date=17 February 2023|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|last=Glanville|first=Brian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alichaguliwa na IFFHS (Shirikisho la Kimataifa la Historia na Takwimu za Soka|International Federation of Football History and Statistics) kuwa mchezaji bora zaidi wa Hispania na wa 30 duniani wa karne ya 20.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=18 January 2022|title=Fallece Paco Gento, 'La Galerna del Cantábrico', único futbolista en ganar seis Copas de Europa.|url=https://www.newtral.es/muere-paco-gento-presidente-honor-real-madrid-copas-europa/20220118/|access-date=20 January 2022|website=Newtral|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gento pia anachukuliwa kwa upana kama mmoja wa winga bora zaidi katika historia ya mchezo wa mpira wa miguu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Hayward |first=Ben |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/news/best-wingers-in-football-history|title=Best wingers in football history|work=[[FourFourTwo]]|date=28 November 2023|accessdate=28 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gento alianza kazi yake ya soka katika klabu ya Racing de Santander mwaka 1952 na mwaka uliofuata alihamia Real Madrid C.F.. Alicheza katika fainali nane za [[Kombe]] la [[Ulaya]], ambazo ni rekodi ya pamoja, akishinda sita (rekodi ya pamoja), pamoja na kushinda mataji 12 ya La Liga. Katika kipindi cha miaka 14 akiwa mchezaji wa kimataifa, Gento aliichezea timu ya taifa ya Hispania ya mpira wa miguu mara 43, akishiriki Kombe la Dunia la [[Kombe la Dunia]] la [[FIFA]] la 1962 na Kombe la Dunia la FIFA la 1966.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=23 October 2016|title=Paco Gento, Honorary President of Real Madrid|url=https://www.realmadrid.com/en/news/2016/10/paco-gento-honorary-president-of-real-madrid|website=Realmadrid.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1933|2022}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>hxmq4x60vh3k3rmhzhp0xuyp2sc2b6h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Karl Friedrich von Klöden</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230413</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509864</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T14:53:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Karl Friedrich von Klöden''' (21 Mei 1786, katika [[Berlin]] – 9 Januari 1856, Berlin) alikuwa Mjerumani mwalimu, mwanahistoria, na mwanajiografia.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1786|1856}}  [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509864</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="248" sha1="ie8p6mkjm7la1e779o19vx8giblhrle" xml:space="preserve">'''Karl Friedrich von Klöden''' (21 Mei 1786, katika [[Berlin]] – 9 Januari 1856, Berlin) alikuwa Mjerumani mwalimu, mwanahistoria, na mwanajiografia.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1786|1856}}

[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>ie8p6mkjm7la1e779o19vx8giblhrle</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Leo Koenigsberger</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230414</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509865</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T14:56:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Leo Koenigsberger''' (15 Oktoba 1837 – 15 Desemba 1921) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahisabati na mwanahistoria wa sayansi. Anajulikana zaidi kwa wasifu wake wa juzuu tatu kuhusu Hermann von Helmholtz, ambao bado unachukuliwa kuwa rejea kuu katika mada hiyo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Königsberger|first=Leo|url=[http://histmath-heidelberg.de/htmg/HHelmholtz.htm|title=Hermann](http://histmath-heidelberg.de/htmg/HHelmholtz.htm|title=Hermann) von Helmh...'</comment>
      <origin>1509865</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="599" sha1="4raolz61dhmo9youdjg0amhilrrc50e" xml:space="preserve">'''Leo Koenigsberger''' (15 Oktoba 1837 – 15 Desemba 1921) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahisabati na mwanahistoria wa sayansi. Anajulikana zaidi kwa wasifu wake wa juzuu tatu kuhusu Hermann von Helmholtz, ambao bado unachukuliwa kuwa rejea kuu katika mada hiyo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Königsberger|first=Leo|url=[http://histmath-heidelberg.de/htmg/HHelmholtz.htm|title=Hermann](http://histmath-heidelberg.de/htmg/HHelmholtz.htm|title=Hermann) von Helmholtz|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1837|1921}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>4raolz61dhmo9youdjg0amhilrrc50e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kassaman</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230415</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509867</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T15:28:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nassimdz03</username>
        <id>80813</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[File:Kassaman instrumental.ogg|thumb|Kassaman]]  '''Kassaman''' ({{lang-ar|قسما}}, yaani &quot;Tunaapa&quot;) ni [[Wimbo wa Taifa|wimbo wa taifa]] wa [[Aljeria]] tangu [[mwaka]] [[1962]] baada ya uhuru.  [[Nota nzima (muziki)|Nota]] imetungwa na [[Mohamed Fawzi]], na maneno yameandikwa na [[Moufdi Zakaria]].  === Kwa [[Kiarabu]] ===  : Qassaman bin-nazilati al-mahiqat   : Wa-d-dima'i az-zakiyati at-tahirat   : Wa-l-bunudi al-lami'ati al-khafikat   : Fi al-jiba...'</comment>
      <origin>1509867</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1037" sha1="8ej3xl1vxbsk91js73n5005y1bvcgoz" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Kassaman instrumental.ogg|thumb|Kassaman]]

'''Kassaman''' ({{lang-ar|قسما}}, yaani &quot;Tunaapa&quot;) ni [[Wimbo wa Taifa|wimbo wa taifa]] wa [[Aljeria]] tangu [[mwaka]] [[1962]] baada ya uhuru.

[[Nota nzima (muziki)|Nota]] imetungwa na [[Mohamed Fawzi]], na maneno yameandikwa na [[Moufdi Zakaria]].

=== Kwa [[Kiarabu]] ===

: Qassaman bin-nazilati al-mahiqat  
: Wa-d-dima'i az-zakiyati at-tahirat  
: Wa-l-bunudi al-lami'ati al-khafikat  
: Fi al-jibali ash-shamikhati ash-shahiqat  

: Nahnu tharna fa hayatun aw mamat  
: Wa aqadna al-azma an tahya al-Jaza'ir  
: Fashhadu... fashhadu... fashhadu  

=== Kwa [[Kiswahili]] ===

: Tunaapa kwa dhoruba zenye nguvu  
: Na kwa damu safi na takatifu  
: Na kwa bendera zinazopepea  
: Juu ya milima mirefu na mikubwa  

: Tumeasi – maisha au kifo  
: Na tumeamua kuwa Algeria itaishi  
: Shuhudieni... shuhudieni... shuhudieni  

== Kiungo cha nje ==
* [https://www.national-anthems.org/anthems/title/Algeria Taarifa zaidi kuhusu wimbo]

[[Jamii:Wimbo wa Taifa]]
[[Jamii:Aljeria]]</text>
      <sha1>8ej3xl1vxbsk91js73n5005y1bvcgoz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509925</id>
      <parentid>1509867</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T03:22:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509925</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1036" sha1="h9btpph3h999uf05lc5vci7v7sq10nt" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Kassaman instrumental.ogg|thumb|Kassaman]]
'''Kassaman''' ({{lang-ar|قسما}}, yaani &quot;Tunaapa&quot;) ni [[Wimbo wa Taifa|wimbo wa taifa]] wa [[Aljeria]] tangu [[mwaka]] [[1962]] baada ya uhuru.

[[Nota nzima (muziki)|Nota]] imetungwa na [[Mohamed Fawzi]], na maneno yameandikwa na [[Moufdi Zakaria]].

=== Kwa [[Kiarabu]] ===

: Qassaman bin-nazilati al-mahiqat  
: Wa-d-dima'i az-zakiyati at-tahirat  
: Wa-l-bunudi al-lami'ati al-khafikat  
: Fi al-jibali ash-shamikhati ash-shahiqat  

: Nahnu tharna fa hayatun aw mamat  
: Wa aqadna al-azma an tahya al-Jaza'ir  
: Fashhadu... fashhadu... fashhadu  

=== Kwa [[Kiswahili]] ===

: Tunaapa kwa dhoruba zenye nguvu  
: Na kwa damu safi na takatifu  
: Na kwa bendera zinazopepea  
: Juu ya milima mirefu na mikubwa  

: Tumeasi – maisha au kifo  
: Na tumeamua kuwa Algeria itaishi  
: Shuhudieni... shuhudieni... shuhudieni  

== Kiungo cha nje ==
* [https://www.national-anthems.org/anthems/title/Algeria Taarifa zaidi kuhusu wimbo]

[[Jamii:Wimbo wa Taifa]]
[[Jamii:Algeria]]</text>
      <sha1>h9btpph3h999uf05lc5vci7v7sq10nt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Layla McCarter</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230416</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509871</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T16:44:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bycashtz</username>
        <id>81318</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ' {{Infobox Person   |jina                = Layla McCarter |picha               =  |maelezo_ya_picha    =    |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa  = 19 Aprili 1979 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa  = [[Las Vegas]], Nevada, Marekani |tarehe_ya_kufariki  =    |mahala_alipofia     =  |majina_mengine      = &quot;Amazing&quot; |anafahamika kwa     = Bingwa wa dunia wa ndondi katika uzani tano tofauti   |kazi_yake           = Bondia wa kulipwa |nchi                = [[Marekani]] |tovuti              =...'</comment>
      <origin>1509871</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2994" sha1="on0t8i9tpbdp9q8wfx1ttvtan82vq7m" xml:space="preserve">
{{Infobox Person


|jina                = Layla McCarter
|picha               = 
|maelezo_ya_picha    = 


|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa  = 19 Aprili 1979
|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa  = [[Las Vegas]], Nevada, Marekani
|tarehe_ya_kufariki  = 


|mahala_alipofia     = 
|majina_mengine      = &quot;Amazing&quot;
|anafahamika kwa     = Bingwa wa dunia wa ndondi katika uzani tano tofauti


|kazi_yake           = Bondia wa kulipwa
|nchi                = [[Marekani]]
|tovuti              = 
}}

'''Layla McCarter''' (alizaliwa 19 Aprili 1979) ni bondia wa kulipwa kutoka nchini [[Marekani]] anayechukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa mabondia bora wa kike wa muda wote duniani. Anajulikana kwa jina la utani &quot;Amazing&quot; kutokana na uwezo wake mkubwa ulingoni na amefanikiwa kushinda mataji mengi ya ubingwa wa dunia katika madaraja tano tofauti ya uzito.&lt;ref name=&quot;boxrec&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://boxrec.com|title=Layla McCarter Professional Record|website=BoxRec|access-date=25 Aprili 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya awali ==
Layla alizaliwa na kukulia katika mji wa [[Las Vegas]], jimbo la [[Nevada]]. Alianza kupenda mchezo wa ndondi akiwa bado mdogo sana. Tofauti na mabondia wengine, Layla alijitumbukiza kwenye mchezo huu kwa bidii na nidhamu kubwa, jambo lililomfanya aanze kupata mafanikio mapema katika maisha yake ya michezo.

== Kazi ya ndondi ==
Layla McCarter alianza safari yake ya ndondi za kulipwa mwaka 1998 na tangu wakati huo ameweza kupambana na mabondia hodari duniani na kushinda mataji ya dunia katika madaraja tofauti ikiwemo uzani wa unyoya, uzani mwepesi, na uzani wa wastani. Anajulikana sana kwa ufundi wa hali ya juu, uwezo wa kukwepa makonde, na kutumia mbinu nyingi zinazomfanya awe mshindani mgumu kuangushwa ulingoni. Aidha, amewahi kuandika historia kwa kupigana raundi kumi zenye dakika tatu kila moja, mfumo ambao mara nyingi hutumiwa na mabondia wa kiume pekee, ikiwa ni sehemu ya harakati zake za kupigania usawa katika mchezo wa ndondi.&lt;ref name=&quot;espn&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://espn.com|title=Layla McCarter: The invisible champion|work=ESPN|date=12 Juni 2018|access-date=25 Aprili 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Harakati za usawa wa kijinsia ==
Nje ya ulingo, Layla amekuwa sauti kubwa katika kutetea haki za mabondia wa kike. Amekuwa akipigania mabondia wa kike walipwe vizuri na kupewa nafasi sawa na wanaume katika matangazo makubwa ya televisheni. Anaamini kuwa wanawake wana uwezo sawa na wanaume katika mchezo wa ndondi na wanastahili heshima hiyo duniani kote.

== Mafanikio na tuzo ==
Kwa kutambua mchango wake, Layla ameingizwa katika Jumba la Heshima la Ndondi kwa Wanawake Duniani. Amekuwa mfano wa kuigwa kwa wasichana wengi duniani wanaotaka kuingia kwenye mchezo wa ngumi, akionyesha kuwa kwa juhudi na nidhamu, kila kitu kinawezekana.&lt;ref name=&quot;iwbhof&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://iwbhof.com|title=Layla McCarter Inductee Profile|website=IWBHOF|access-date=25 Aprili 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{BD|1979}}
[[Jamii:Mabondia wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:WikiGap JWK 2026]]</text>
      <sha1>on0t8i9tpbdp9q8wfx1ttvtan82vq7m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kali Reis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230417</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509872</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T16:57:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bycashtz</username>
        <id>81318</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ' {{Infobox Person  |jina                = Kali Reis |picha               = Kali Reis 2024 01.png |maelezo_ya_picha    = Kali Reis mwaka 2024  |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa  = 24 Agosti 1986 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa  = [[Providence]], Rhode Island, Marekani |tarehe_ya_kufariki  =   |mahala_alipofia     =  |majina_mengine      = &quot;KO Mequinonoag&quot; |anafahamika kwa     = Bingwa wa dunia wa ndondi na uigizaji  |kazi_yake           = Bondia, Mwigizaji |nchi                = M...'</comment>
      <origin>1509872</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2989" sha1="9rp32zx2uh2d00rs9brx2d3hp3mv5kd" xml:space="preserve">
{{Infobox Person

|jina                = Kali Reis
|picha               = Kali Reis 2024 01.png
|maelezo_ya_picha    = Kali Reis mwaka 2024

|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa  = 24 Agosti 1986
|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa  = [[Providence]], Rhode Island, Marekani
|tarehe_ya_kufariki  = 

|mahala_alipofia     = 
|majina_mengine      = &quot;KO Mequinonoag&quot;
|anafahamika kwa     = Bingwa wa dunia wa ndondi na uigizaji

|kazi_yake           = Bondia, Mwigizaji
|nchi                = [[Marekani]]
|tovuti              = 
}}

'''Kali Reis''' (alizaliwa 24 Agosti 1986) ni bondia na mwigizaji kutoka nchini [[Marekani]] ambaye amepata mafanikio makubwa katika mchezo wa ndondi na sanaa ya uigizaji. Anajulikana kwa kuwa [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza mwenye asili ya wenyeji wa Marekani kushinda mataji ya ubingwa wa dunia katika mchezo wa ngumi, akiwa bingwa katika madaraja mawili tofauti ya uzito ikiwemo uzani wa wastani.&lt;ref name=&quot;ring-mag&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ringtv.com|title=Kali Reis: Breaking barriers|website=The Ring Magazine|access-date=25 Aprili 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya awali ==
Kali alizaliwa na kukulia [[Rhode Island]] na ana asili ya mchanganyiko, ikiwemo damu ya wenyeji wa asili wa [[Amerika]] na [[Cape Verde]]. Alianza kujifunza mchezo wa ndondi akiwa na umri wa miaka 14 chini ya malezi ya mama yake, ambaye alimhimiza kutumia mchezo huo kama njia ya kujenga nidhamu na nguvu. Maisha yake ya awali yalimfanya awe na utambulisho imara wa kitamaduni ambao ameuwakilisha vyema katika kazi zake zote.

== Kazi ya ndondi ==
Katika safari yake ya michezo, Kali Reis amejizolea sifa kama mpiganaji asiyekata tamaa na mwenye nguvu nyingi ulingoni. Amefanikiwa kushinda mataji kadhaa ya dunia yanayotambulika na mashirikisho makubwa ya ndondi duniani. Moja ya mafanikio yake makubwa ni kuwa bingwa wa dunia asiyepingika katika daraja la uzani wa wastani mdogo, ambapo alionyesha ufundi wa hali ya juu na uwezo wa kukabiliana na wapinzani wagumu kutoka kila kona ya dunia.

== Kazi ya uigizaji na harakati ==
Pamoja na mafanikio ya ulingoni, Kali amejipatia umaarufu mkubwa katika ulimwengu wa filamu. Amecheza nafasi muhimu katika mfululizo maarufu wa televisheni na filamu zinazohusu upelelezi na maisha ya jamii. Anatumia umaarufu wake kama mwigizaji na bondia kupaza sauti kuhusu tatizo la kutoweka na kuuawa kwa wanawake wa asili nchini Marekani. Harakati zake zinalenga kuleta haki na ulinzi kwa wanawake wanaotokana na jamii zilizosahaulika.

== Urithi na heshima ==
Kali Reis anaendelea kuwa alama ya ushujaa kwa wanawake na watu wa asili duniani kote. Kwa kuchanganya mafanikio ya kimichezo na ushawishi wa kisanii, ameweza kuonyesha kuwa inawezekana kufanikiwa katika nyanja tofauti huku ukiendelea kutetea haki za wengine. Amepokea tuzo mbalimbali kwa mchango wake katika sanaa na michezo, na anaendelea kuwa mfano wa kuigwa kwa kizazi kipya cha wanawake wapiganaji.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{BD|1986}}
[[Jamii:Mabondia wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:WikiGap JWK 2026]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Stacey Copeland</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>1509873</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T17:12:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bycashtz</username>
        <id>81318</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox Person|jina=Stacey Copeland|picha=|maelezo_ya_picha=|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=16 Mei 1981|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=[[Stockport]], Uingereza|tarehe_ya_kufariki=|mahala_alipofia=|majina_mengine=|anafahamika kwa=Bingwa wa ndondi na utetezi wa wanawake michezoni|kazi_yake=Bondia, Mwalimu, Mwanaharakati|nchi=[[Uingereza]]|tovuti=}}  '''Stacey Copeland''' (alizaliwa 16 Mei 1981) ni bondia,[[mwanamichezo]],[[mwalimu]] na [[mwanaharakati]] maarufu kutoka nchini Ui...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="3323" sha1="6zfvai0bs1vr56lu6fdtofwthvj5mcs" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Person|jina=Stacey Copeland|picha=|maelezo_ya_picha=|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=16 Mei 1981|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=[[Stockport]], Uingereza|tarehe_ya_kufariki=|mahala_alipofia=|majina_mengine=|anafahamika kwa=Bingwa wa ndondi na utetezi wa wanawake michezoni|kazi_yake=Bondia, Mwalimu, Mwanaharakati|nchi=[[Uingereza]]|tovuti=}}

'''Stacey Copeland''' (alizaliwa 16 Mei 1981) ni bondia,[[mwanamichezo]],[[mwalimu]] na [[mwanaharakati]] maarufu kutoka nchini [[Uingereza]]. Anafahamika zaidi kwa mafanikio yake katika mchezo wa ndondi, ambapo aliandika historia kwa kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kutoka nchini Uingereza kushinda taji la ubingwa wa [[Jumuiya ya Madola]] katika daraja la uzani wa wastani mdogo mnamo mwaka 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc-stacey&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://bbc.com|title=Stacey Copeland: Commonwealth title win for English boxer|work=BBC Sport|date=14 Julai 2018|access-date=25 Aprili 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Stacey alikulia katika mazingira ya michezo mjini [[Stockport]], ambapo babu yake na baba yake walikuwa mabondia. Hata hivyo, wakati akikua, [[wanawake]] walikuwa hawaruhusiwi kisheria kushiriki mchezo wa ndondi nchini Uingereza, jambo lililomfanya aanze safari yake ya michezo kupitia [[mpira wa miguu]]. Alicheza mpira kwa mafanikio makubwa katika timu za wanawake nchini Uingereza na hata nchini Marekani kabla ya kurudi kwenye ndoto yake ya awali ya mchezo wa ngumi mara tu sheria zilipobadilika.

== Kazi ya ndondi ==
Katika ulingo wa ndondi, Stacey alionyesha uwezo mkubwa na nidhamu ya hali ya juu. Baada ya kushinda mataji kadhaa katika ngazi ya ridhaa, alijiunga na ndondi za kulipwa na kuanza kupata mafanikio ya haraka. Ushindi wake wa taji la Jumuiya ya Madola nchini [[Zimbabwe]] ulikuwa kilele cha mafanikio yake, kwani ulimfanya awe alama ya ushujaa kwa wanawake wengi wanaopambana kwenye michezo inayotawaliwa na wanaume. Stacey anasifika kwa ufundi wake wa kukabiliana na wapinzani na uwezo wake wa kustahimili mapigo magumu.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian-stacey&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theguardian.com|title=Stacey Copeland makes history|work=The Guardian|date=16 Julai 2018|access-date=25 Aprili 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Harakati na miradi ya kijamii ==
Nje ya masuala ya ulingoni, Stacey ni mwanaharakati mwenye ushawishi mkubwa. Alianzisha mradi uitwao &quot;Pave The Way,&quot; ambao unalenga kutoa hamasa na kuvunja vizuizi vinavyowazuia wanawake na wasichana kufikia ndoto zao katika nyanja mbalimbali za maisha. Amekuwa akizungumza kwenye shule, vyuo, na mikutano ya kimataifa akihimiza usawa wa kijinsia na kusaidia wasichana kujiamini na kutambua uwezo wao katika michezo na uongozi.&lt;ref name=&quot;pave-the-way&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://staceycopeland.co.uk|title=Pave The Way Project|website=Stacey Copeland Official|access-date=25 Aprili 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Urithi na heshima ==
Stacey Copeland anachukuliwa kama kioo cha jamii nchini Uingereza. Kwa mchango wake katika michezo na utumishi kwa jamii, amepokea tuzo mbalimbali za heshima na anatambulika kama mmoja wa wanawake wenye ushawishi mkubwa katika michezo ya kisasa. Mpaka sasa, anaendelea kufanya kazi kama mwalimu na msemaji, akisaidia kutengeneza njia kwa ajili ya kizazi kijacho cha wanawake wanamichezo.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{BD|1981}}
[[Jamii:Mabondia wa Uingereza]]
[[Jamii:Walimu wa Uingereza]]
[[Jamii:WikiGap JWK 2026]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jamii:Walimu wa Uingereza</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>230419</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509874</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T17:13:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bycashtz</username>
        <id>81318</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Walimu]]'</comment>
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      <text bytes="16" sha1="a6t4m6mzao48flalnywz0r2bayl235t" xml:space="preserve">[[Jamii:Walimu]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <parentid>1509874</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T03:23:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <origin>1509926</origin>
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      <text bytes="46" sha1="m2qo2cu3luwe7m2by95rloevs6hqn9n" xml:space="preserve">[[Jamii:Walimu]]
[[Jamii:watu wa Uingereza|E]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Oshae Jones</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230420</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509875</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T17:23:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bycashtz</username>
        <id>81318</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox Person   |jina                = Oshae Jones |picha               =  |maelezo_ya_picha    =    |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa  = 1 Machi 1998 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa  = [[Toledo]], Ohio, Marekani |tarehe_ya_kufariki  =    |mahala_alipofia     =  |majina_mengine      = &quot;Suga&quot; |anafahamika kwa     = Medali ya shaba ya Olimpiki na ubingwa wa dunia wa ndondi   |kazi_yake           = Bondia wa kulipwa |nchi                = [[Marekani]] |tovuti              =  }}  ''...'</comment>
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|jina                = Oshae Jones
|picha               = 
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|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa  = 1 Machi 1998
|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa  = [[Toledo]], Ohio, Marekani
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|mahala_alipofia     = 
|majina_mengine      = &quot;Suga&quot;
|anafahamika kwa     = Medali ya shaba ya Olimpiki na ubingwa wa dunia wa ndondi


|kazi_yake           = Bondia wa kulipwa
|nchi                = [[Marekani]]
|tovuti              = 
}}

'''Oshae Jones''' (alizaliwa 1 Machi 1998) ni bondia  wa kulipwa kutoka nchini [[Marekani]] ambaye ameweka historia kama mwanamke wa kwanza kutoka jimbo la [[Ohio]] kushinda [[medali]] ya [[Olimpiki]] katika mchezo wa ndondi. Anajulikana kwa jina la utani &quot;Suga&quot; na kwa sasa anashikilia mataji muhimu ya ubingwa wa dunia katika daraja la uzani wa wastani mdogo, akiwa mmoja wa mabondia wanaochipukia kwa kasi kubwa na ufundi wa hali ya juu duniani.&lt;ref name=&quot;wiki-jones&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshae_Jones|title=Oshae Jones Profile|website=Wikipedia|access-date=25 Aprili 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya awali na kuanza ndondi ==
Oshae alizaliwa na kukulia katika mji wa [[Toledo]], Ohio, mji ambao una sifa ya kutoa wapiganaji imara. Alianza kujifunza mchezo wa ndondi akiwa na umri wa miaka 9 kwa ajili ya ushindani na mdogo wake, Otha Jones III, ambaye pia ni bondia. Chini ya usimamizi wa baba yake na kaka yake ambao ni makocha wake, Oshae alijifunza nidhamu ya hali ya juu katika klabu ya &quot;Soul City Gym&quot;. Licha ya kukumbwa na changamoto kubwa, ikiwemo kuunguliwa na nyumba yake na kupoteza vifaa vyote vya mazoezi mwaka 2021, hakukata tamaa na aliendelea kupigania ndoto zake.&lt;ref name=&quot;olympics-jones&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/usa-s-oshae-jones-fuelled-by-tragedy-a-soulful-gym-and-the-fighting-spirit-of-he|title=Oshae Jones: Fuelled by tragedy and fighting spirit|website=Olympics.com|access-date=25 Aprili 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mafanikio katika ndondi za ridhaa ==
Kabla ya kuingia kwenye ndondi za kulipwa, Oshae alikuwa na safari ya mafanikio makubwa kama mchezaji wa ridhaa. Mwaka 2019, alishinda medali ya dhahabu katika mashindano ya &quot;Pan American Games&quot; nchini [[Peru]]. Mafanikio yake makubwa zaidi yalikuja mwaka 2021 katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya [[Tokyo]], ambapo alishinda medali ya shaba katika daraja la uzani wa wastani. Ushindi huu ulimfanya apokelewe kama shujaa nyumbani kwao Toledo, ambapo alipewa ufunguo wa mji na kufanyiwa gwaride la heshima.&lt;ref name=&quot;teamusa-jones&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.teamusa.com/profiles/oshae-jones-1064186|title=Oshae Jones - Team USA Profile|website=Team USA|access-date=25 Aprili 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ya ndondi za kulipwa ==
Oshae Jones alianza rasmi ndondi za kulipwa mwaka 2022 na ameendelea kuwa na rekodi nzuri ya ushindi bila kupoteza pambano hata moja. Mnamo Novemba 2024, alishinda mataji ya dunia ya mashirikisho ya IBF na IBO katika uzani wa wastani mdogo baada ya kumshinda Femke Hermans. Ameendelea kutetea mataji yake kwa mafanikio, ikiwemo ushindi wa hivi karibuni dhidi ya Elia Carranza mnamo Julai 2025. Mapema mwaka 2026, alitia saini mkataba na kampuni kubwa ya kusimamia mabondia ya &quot;Most Valuable Promotions&quot; ili kujiandaa kuwa bingwa asiyepigika duniani.&lt;ref name=&quot;mvp-jones&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mostvaluablepromotions.com/athlete/oshae-jones/|title=Oshae Jones - Most Valuable Promotions|website=MVP|access-date=25 Aprili 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mchango kwa jamii ==
Nje ya ulingo, Oshae ni kioo kwa vijana wa mji wa Toledo. Amekuwa akitembelea shule mbalimbali na kutoa hotuba za hamasa kwa wanafunzi, akiwahimiza kutokata tamaa hata wanapopitia magumu. Anatumia hadithi yake ya mafanikio kutoka kwenye mazingira magumu (&quot;out of the mud&quot;) kuonyesha kuwa kwa bidii na nidhamu, kila mmoja anaweza kufikia kilele cha mafanikio duniani.&lt;ref name=&quot;abc-toledo&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.13abc.com/video/2024/11/20/oshae-suga-jones-wins-world-championships/|title=Oshae 'Suga' Jones wins world championships|work=13abc Toledo|date=20 Novemba 2024|access-date=25 Aprili 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{BD|1998}}
[[Jamii:Mabondia wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:WikiGap JWK 2026]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rashida Ellis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230421</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509876</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T17:36:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bycashtz</username>
        <id>81318</id>
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      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox Person   |jina                = Rashida Ellis |picha               =  |maelezo_ya_picha    =    |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa  = 4 Juni 1995 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa  = [[Lynn, Massachusetts|Lynn]], Massachusetts, Marekani |tarehe_ya_kufariki  =    |mahala_alipofia     =  |majina_mengine      =  |anafahamika kwa     = Bingwa wa dunia wa ndondi (uzani wa unyoya) na mshiriki wa Olimpiki   |kazi_yake           = Bondia wa kulipwa |nchi                = [[Marekani]...'</comment>
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|jina                = Rashida Ellis
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|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa  = 4 Juni 1995
|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa  = [[Lynn, Massachusetts|Lynn]], Massachusetts, Marekani
|tarehe_ya_kufariki  = 


|mahala_alipofia     = 
|majina_mengine      = 
|anafahamika kwa     = Bingwa wa dunia wa ndondi (uzani wa unyoya) na mshiriki wa Olimpiki


|kazi_yake           = Bondia wa kulipwa
|nchi                = [[Marekani]]
|tovuti              = 
}}

'''Rashida Shakiyla Quante Ellis''' (alizaliwa 4 Juni 1995) ni bondia wa kulipwa kutoka nchini [[Marekani]] ambaye amejizolea sifa kwa kuwa [[bingwa]] wa [[dunia]] katika mchezo wa ndondi. Anafahamika zaidi kwa kushinda [[medali]] ya [[dhahabu]] katika mashindano ya dunia ya wanawake na kuiwakilisha nchi yake katika Michezo ya [[Olimpiki]]. Rashida anasifika kwa kasi yake ya ajabu, uwezo wa kutumia akili ulingoni, na ustahimilivu mkubwa anapokabiliana na wapinzani wake.&lt;ref name=&quot;red-owl&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.redowlboxing.com/pages/rashida-ellis|title=Rashida Ellis Biography|website=Red Owl Boxing|access-date=25 Aprili 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maisha ya awali na kuanza ndondi ==
Rashida alizaliwa mjini [[Lynn]], jimbo la [[Massachusetts]], katika familia yenye mapenzi makubwa na mchezo wa ndondi; kaka zake, Ronald na Rashidi Ellis, pia ni mabondia wa kulipwa. Alianza kufanya mazoezi ya ngumi akiwa na umri wa miaka 10 ili kujilinda na kupata nidhamu. Kwa miaka mingi, alijijengea jina katika mashindano ya ridhaa nchini Marekani, akishinda mataji mengi ya kitaifa na kuonyesha kuwa yeye ni mmoja wa wapiganaji bora wa kike katika daraja la uzani wa unyoya.&lt;ref name=&quot;usa-boxing&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.usaboxing.org/profiles/rashida-ellis-826828|title=Rashida Ellis Profile|website=USA Boxing|access-date=25 Aprili 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mafanikio makubwa na Olimpiki ==
Kilele cha mafanikio yake katika ngazi ya ridhaa kilikuja mwaka 2022, ambapo alishinda medali ya dhahabu katika Mashindano ya [[Dunia]] ya [[Wanawake]] yaliyofanyika nchini [[Uturuki]] baada ya kumshinda mpinzani wake kutoka [[Brazil]]. Aidha, aliwakilisha Marekani katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya [[Tokyo]] mwaka 2021, ambapo alionyesha uwezo mkubwa licha ya ushindani mkali. Pia, amewahi kushinda medali ya shaba katika mashindano ya &quot;Pan American Games&quot; nchini [[Peru]] mwaka 2019, jambo lililozidi kuimarisha nafasi yake kama bondia wa daraja la juu duniani.&lt;ref name=&quot;team-usa&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.teamusa.com/news/2022/may/20/olympian-rashida-ellis-wins-gold-at-2022-boxing-world-championships|title=Rashida Ellis Wins Gold at 2022 World Championships|website=Team USA|access-date=25 Aprili 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ya ndondi za kulipwa ==
Baada ya mafanikio makubwa katika ndondi za ridhaa, Rashida aliamua kuingia kwenye ulimwengu wa ndondi za kulipwa mwaka 2025. Katika pambano lake la kwanza la kulipwa mnamo Oktoba 10, 2025, alionyesha ukomavu na kushinda kwa kishindo, akianza safari yake mpya kwa kishindo. Ameendelea kuwa kivutio kikubwa katika ligi mbalimbali za ndondi, ikiwemo ligi ya timu ambapo anapigana kwa ajili ya timu ya Philadelphia Smoke, akiwa hajapoteza pambano hata moja mpaka kufikia mapema mwaka 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;tapology&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/fighters/402373-rashida-ellis|title=Rashida Ellis Boxer Page|website=Tapology|access-date=25 Aprili 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{BD|1995}}
[[Jamii:Mabondia wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:WikiGap JWK 2026]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Woody Johnson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230422</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509878</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T18:35:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Robert Wood Johnson IV''' (Alizaliwa [[Aprili 12]], [[1947]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]]  nchini [[Marekani]] na mmiliki ,mwenyekiti wa timu ya ''New York Jets'' ya National Football League (NFL).&lt;ref&gt;Reuters. &quot;New York Jets co-owner Johnson completes purchase of 43% stake in Crystal Palace.&quot; 25 July 2025. https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/new-york-jets-co-owner-johnson-completes-purchase-stake-palace-2025-07-25/&lt;/ref&gt; Alihudumu kama balozi wa Marekani n...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1497" sha1="f8xrvxfxl67xl77gl3cvvu92cfyq6e5" xml:space="preserve">'''Robert Wood Johnson IV''' (Alizaliwa [[Aprili 12]], [[1947]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]]  nchini [[Marekani]] na mmiliki ,mwenyekiti wa timu ya ''New York Jets'' ya National Football League (NFL).&lt;ref&gt;Reuters. &quot;New York Jets co-owner Johnson completes purchase of 43% stake in Crystal Palace.&quot; 25 July 2025. https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/new-york-jets-co-owner-johnson-completes-purchase-stake-palace-2025-07-25/&lt;/ref&gt; Alihudumu kama balozi wa Marekani nchini [[Uingereza]] kuanzia mwaka [[2017]] hadi [[2021]] wakati wa muhula wa kwanza wa [[Donald Trump]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Ryan |date=2020-05-09 |title=Betty Wold Johnson – in memoriam |url=https://www.hopewellboro-nj.us/betty-wold-johnson-in-memoriam/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=Hopewell Borough |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alinunua timu ya Jets mwaka [[2000]] kwa dola milioni 635.&lt;ref name=pPhilanthropist&amp;Fan&gt;{{Cite news |author=Richard Sandomir|title=Philanthropist and Fan|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/12/sports/man-in-the-news-philanthropist-and-fan.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|quote=Robert Wood Johnson IV, whose great-grandfather founded Johnson &amp; Johnson, won the right yesterday to buy the Jets for $635 million, the third-highest price for a professional sports team and the most for one in New York.|date=January 12, 2000|access-date=January 23, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jerry Jones</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230423</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509879</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T18:47:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jerral Wayne Jones Sr.''' (Alizaliwa [[Oktoba 13]], [[1942]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]]  nchini [[Marekani]] ambaye ni mmiliki, [[rais]], na meneja mkuu wa timu ya ''Dallas Cowboys'' ya National Football League (NFL).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jerry Jones |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/jerry-jones/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alinunua timu hiyo kutoka kwa Bum Bright mwaka [[1989]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Jerry Jones's Career Capsule |ur...'</comment>
      <origin>1509879</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="900" sha1="i85g0rgqkc25he2z5jzynvdirqc39hv" xml:space="preserve">'''Jerral Wayne Jones Sr.''' (Alizaliwa [[Oktoba 13]], [[1942]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]]  nchini [[Marekani]] ambaye ni mmiliki, [[rais]], na meneja mkuu wa timu ya ''Dallas Cowboys'' ya National Football League (NFL).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jerry Jones |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/jerry-jones/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alinunua timu hiyo kutoka kwa Bum Bright mwaka [[1989]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Jerry Jones's Career Capsule |url=https://www.profootballhof.com/players/jerry-jones/capsule/ |website=ProFootballHOF.com |access-date=November 21, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=JERRAL WAYNE JONES, SR. |url=https://horatioalger.org/members/detail/jerral-wayne-jones-sr/ |website=HoratioAlger.com |access-date=November 2, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1942]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>i85g0rgqkc25he2z5jzynvdirqc39hv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Paul Tudor Jones</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230424</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509880</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T18:52:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Paul Tudor Jones II''' (Alizaliwa [[Septemba 28]], [[1954]]) ni meneja wa hazina (hedge fund) bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NewYorkTimes2014March5SmithRandall&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Randall |title=After a Dazzling Early Career, a Star Trader Settles Down |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/03/05/after-a-dazzling-early-career-a-star-trader-settles-down/index.html |access-date=March 10, 2026  |page=B1 |work=The N...'</comment>
      <origin>1509880</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1605" sha1="92icycyp576qcnjtgry4d3dwjwcpwyu" xml:space="preserve">'''Paul Tudor Jones II''' (Alizaliwa [[Septemba 28]], [[1954]]) ni meneja wa hazina (hedge fund) bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NewYorkTimes2014March5SmithRandall&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Randall |title=After a Dazzling Early Career, a Star Trader Settles Down |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/03/05/after-a-dazzling-early-career-a-star-trader-settles-down/index.html |access-date=March 10, 2026  |page=B1 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 5, 2014 |language=en  |archive-date=July 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706204621/http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/03/05/after-a-dazzling-early-career-a-star-trader-settles-down/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka [[1980]], alianzisha ''Tudor Investment Corporation'' kampuni ya usimamizi wa mali, iliyoko [[Stamford, Connecticut]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Paul Tudor Jones |url=https://www.britannica.com/ |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2026-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Miaka minane baadaye, alianzisha ''Robin Hood Foundation'', ambayo ililenga katika kupunguza umaskini.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Paul Tudor Jones |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/ |website=Bloomberg |access-date=2026-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kufikia Julai [[2024]], utajiri wake ulikadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 8.1.&lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Forbes profile: Paul Tudor Jones, II. |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/paul-tudor-jones-ii/ |work=Forbes |access-date=July 22, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1954]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>92icycyp576qcnjtgry4d3dwjwcpwyu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Boris Jordan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230425</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509881</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T18:58:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Boris Jordan''' (Alizaliwa [[Juni 2]], [[1966]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Urusi]], ambaye ni mwanzilishi na mwenyekiti mtendaji wa ''Curaleaf''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sandler |first1=Rachel |title=Cannabis King: Boris Jordan, Chairman Of Curaleaf, Becomes The Only Pot Billionaire |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rachelsandler/2019/09/10/cannabis-king-boris-jordan-chairman-of-curaleaf-becomes-th...'</comment>
      <origin>1509881</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="729" sha1="2b77ovof2hj0j30m4kyiurztux07fxp" xml:space="preserve">'''Boris Jordan''' (Alizaliwa [[Juni 2]], [[1966]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Urusi]], ambaye ni mwanzilishi na mwenyekiti mtendaji wa ''Curaleaf''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sandler |first1=Rachel |title=Cannabis King: Boris Jordan, Chairman Of Curaleaf, Becomes The Only Pot Billionaire |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rachelsandler/2019/09/10/cannabis-king-boris-jordan-chairman-of-curaleaf-becomes-the-only-pot-billionaire/#4df98e2c37dc |accessdate=11 September 2019 |work=Forbes |issue=10 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Urusi]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1966]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>2b77ovof2hj0j30m4kyiurztux07fxp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Robert L. Johnson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230426</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509882</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T19:14:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Robert Louis Johnson''' (Alizaliwa [[Aprili 8]], [[1946]]) ni [[mjasiriamali]] bilionea, mmiliki wa vyombo vya habari, mtendaji, mfadhili, na mwekezaji nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Robert L. Johnson |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/robert-johnson/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yeye ndiye mwanzilishi mwenza wa ''BET'', ambayo ilinunuliwa na ''Viacom'' mwaka [[2001]].&lt;ref name=FORB&gt;{{cite news|author=Miller, Matthew|date...'</comment>
      <origin>1509882</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2083" sha1="8v7dycv8xnvz6nj2t726scnak3ngozs" xml:space="preserve">'''Robert Louis Johnson''' (Alizaliwa [[Aprili 8]], [[1946]]) ni [[mjasiriamali]] bilionea, mmiliki wa vyombo vya habari, mtendaji, mfadhili, na mwekezaji nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Robert L. Johnson |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/robert-johnson/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yeye ndiye mwanzilishi mwenza wa ''BET'', ambayo ilinunuliwa na ''Viacom'' mwaka [[2001]].&lt;ref name=FORB&gt;{{cite news|author=Miller, Matthew|date=May 6, 2009|title=The Wealthiest Black Americans|newspaper=Forbes Magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/05/06/richest-African-americans-busienss-billionaires-richest-black-americans.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215190412/https://www.forbes.com/2009/05/06/richest-African-americans-busienss-billionaires-richest-black-americans.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 15, 2019|access-date=September 21, 2013|quote=... Robert Johnson became the first African American billionaire in 2000 after he sold the network to Viacom for $3 billion in stock and assumed swag. Since then, sagging Viacom and CBS stock, plus investments in real estate, hotels and banks ... have dragged Johnson's net worth to $550 million, we estimate.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=bryant&gt;{{cite news|author=Bryant, Adam|date=November 12, 2011|title=No Ranting and Raving Is Permitted|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/13/business/robert-l-johnson-anger-has-no-place-in-business.html?pagewanted=all&amp;_r=0|access-date=September 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=eng&gt;{{cite news|author=Eng, Dinah|date=November 9, 2012|title=Bob Johnson moves way beyond BET|newspaper=Fortune |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/11/07/smallbusiness/bob-johnson-bet.fortune/index.html|access-date=September 21, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921062218/http://money.cnn.com/2012/11/07/smallbusiness/bob-johnson-bet.fortune/index.html |archive-date=September 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1946]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>8v7dycv8xnvz6nj2t726scnak3ngozs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bernhard von Kugler</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230427</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509885</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T22:39:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Bernhard von Kugler''' (14 Juni 1837 – 7 Aprili 1898) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria. Anajulikana hasa kwa tafiti zake kuhusu [[Crusades|Vita vya Msalaba]].  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1837|1898}}  [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509885</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="271" sha1="4wrpirvvm4ekmgy5knaov6k5t3f22o4" xml:space="preserve">'''Bernhard von Kugler''' (14 Juni 1837 – 7 Aprili 1898) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria. Anajulikana hasa kwa tafiti zake kuhusu [[Crusades|Vita vya Msalaba]].

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1837|1898}}

[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>4wrpirvvm4ekmgy5knaov6k5t3f22o4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Elisabeth Lemke</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230428</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509886</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T22:41:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elisabeth Lemke''' (5 Julai 1849 – 11 Agosti 1925) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria, mtafiti wa utamaduni wa jadi (folklore), [[botany|taaluma ya mimea]] na historia ya awali (prehistoria) ya [[Prussia]] ya Juu, pamoja na kuwa mshairi na mwandishi.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1849|1925}}  [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509886</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="361" sha1="d5b0hcac6f3oa0fdw5zirg4gmox98ju" xml:space="preserve">'''Elisabeth Lemke''' (5 Julai 1849 – 11 Agosti 1925) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria, mtafiti wa utamaduni wa jadi (folklore), [[botany|taaluma ya mimea]] na historia ya awali (prehistoria) ya [[Prussia]] ya Juu, pamoja na kuwa mshairi na mwandishi.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1849|1925}}

[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>d5b0hcac6f3oa0fdw5zirg4gmox98ju</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Heinrich Leo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230429</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509887</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T22:44:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Heinrich Leo''' (17 Machi 1799 – 24 Aprili 1878) alikuwa mwanahistoria wa [[Prussia]], aliyezaliwa katika Rudolstadt, ambapo baba yake alikuwa kasisi wa jeshi.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1799|1878}}  [[Jamii:Watu wa Prussia]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509887</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="249" sha1="cks8favxmx688svi5423qh1n1w7ujgp" xml:space="preserve">'''Heinrich Leo''' (17 Machi 1799 – 24 Aprili 1878) alikuwa mwanahistoria wa [[Prussia]], aliyezaliwa katika Rudolstadt, ambapo baba yake alikuwa kasisi wa jeshi.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1799|1878}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Prussia]]</text>
      <sha1>cks8favxmx688svi5423qh1n1w7ujgp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Karl Richard Lepsius</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230430</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509888</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T22:47:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Karl Richard Lepsius''' ( 23 Desemba 1810 – 10 Julai 1884) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mtaalamu wa Misri ya kale, mwanaisimu na mtaalamu wa akiolojia ya kisasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hayen |first=Todd |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TYi_DQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT46](https://books.google.com/books?id=TYi_DQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT46) |title=Ancient Egypt and Modern Psychotherapy: Sacred Science and the Search for Soul |date=2016-12-19 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=97...'</comment>
      <origin>1509888</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="593" sha1="3nypvlblksc2mxictj19j72q9gevxjo" xml:space="preserve">'''Karl Richard Lepsius''' ( 23 Desemba 1810 – 10 Julai 1884) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mtaalamu wa Misri ya kale, mwanaisimu na mtaalamu wa akiolojia ya kisasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hayen |first=Todd |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TYi_DQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT46](https://books.google.com/books?id=TYi_DQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT46) |title=Ancient Egypt and Modern Psychotherapy: Sacred Science and the Search for Soul |date=2016-12-19 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-30747-1 |pages=46 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1810|1884}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>3nypvlblksc2mxictj19j72q9gevxjo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Felix Liebermann</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230431</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509889</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T22:49:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Felix Liebermann''' (20 Julai 1851 – 7 Oktoba 1925) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria, anayejulikana kwa mchango wake wa kitaaluma katika utafiti wa historia ya Uingereza ya Enzi za Kati, hasa kuhusu sheria ya Anglo-Saxon na sheria ya Anglo-Norman.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1851|1925}}  [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509889</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="360" sha1="dxu8l7fil6ch1qeodmq16xjbfa7mfke" xml:space="preserve">'''Felix Liebermann''' (20 Julai 1851 – 7 Oktoba 1925) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria, anayejulikana kwa mchango wake wa kitaaluma katika utafiti wa historia ya Uingereza ya Enzi za Kati, hasa kuhusu sheria ya Anglo-Saxon na sheria ya Anglo-Norman.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1851|1925}}

[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>dxu8l7fil6ch1qeodmq16xjbfa7mfke</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Konrad Mannert</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230432</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509890</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T22:53:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Konrad Mannert''' (17 Aprili 1756 – 27 Septemba 1834) alikuwa [[Prussia|Mprusia]] mwanahistoria na mwanajiografia.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1756|1834}}  [[Jamii:Watu wa Prussia]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509890</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="204" sha1="r339edp7qtqb1dy74hv9xwms2m42l0x" xml:space="preserve">'''Konrad Mannert''' (17 Aprili 1756 – 27 Septemba 1834) alikuwa [[Prussia|Mprusia]] mwanahistoria na mwanajiografia.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1756|1834}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Prussia]]</text>
      <sha1>r339edp7qtqb1dy74hv9xwms2m42l0x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arthur Milchhöfer</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230433</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509891</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T22:57:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Arthur Alexander Johann Milchhöfer''' (21 Machi 1852 – 7 Desemba 1903) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanaakiolojia aliyezaliwa katika Schirwindt, Mashariki ya Prussia ya Ufalme wa Prussia. Alibobea katika tafiti za Ugiriki ya kale, na anakumbukwa kwa utafiti wake wa topografia ya Attica ya kale.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1852|1903}}  [[Jamii:Watu wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509891</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="392" sha1="pzbajtka2k1q6nlm8uduzcavll6w3ev" xml:space="preserve">'''Arthur Alexander Johann Milchhöfer''' (21 Machi 1852 – 7 Desemba 1903) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanaakiolojia aliyezaliwa katika Schirwindt, Mashariki ya Prussia ya Ufalme wa Prussia. Alibobea katika tafiti za Ugiriki ya kale, na anakumbukwa kwa utafiti wake wa topografia ya Attica ya kale.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1852|1903}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>pzbajtka2k1q6nlm8uduzcavll6w3ev</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Barthold Georg Niebuhr</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230434</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509892</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T23:01:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Barthold Georg Niebuhr''' (27 Agosti 1776 – 2 Januari 1831) alikuwa mwanasiasa, benki na mwanahistoria wa asili ya Kidenmaki na Kijerumani, aliyekuwa mmoja wa wanahistoria mashuhuri wa [[Ujerumani]] kuhusu Roma ya kale na mmoja wa waanzilishi wa uandishi wa kisayansi wa historia wa kisasa.  Kufikia mwaka 1810, Niebuhr alikuwa akichochea uzalendo wa Kijerumani miongoni mwa wanafunzi katika Chuo ki Kuu cha  Berlin kupitia uchambuzi wake wa uchumi na ser...'</comment>
      <origin>1509892</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1173" sha1="40m5xb25951mjk5bouvf3ww0i5s6w4r" xml:space="preserve">'''Barthold Georg Niebuhr''' (27 Agosti 1776 – 2 Januari 1831) alikuwa mwanasiasa, benki na mwanahistoria wa asili ya Kidenmaki na Kijerumani, aliyekuwa mmoja wa wanahistoria mashuhuri wa [[Ujerumani]] kuhusu Roma ya kale na mmoja wa waanzilishi wa uandishi wa kisayansi wa historia wa kisasa.

Kufikia mwaka 1810, Niebuhr alikuwa akichochea uzalendo wa Kijerumani miongoni mwa wanafunzi katika Chuo ki Kuu cha  Berlin kupitia uchambuzi wake wa uchumi na serikali ya Roma. Alikuwa kiongozi wa kipindi cha Uromantiki na ishara ya roho ya utaifa wa Kijerumani iliyojitokeza baada ya kushindwa katika Vita vya Jena.

Hata hivyo, pia alikuwa ameathiriwa sana na fikra za [[Age of Enlightenment|Enzi ya Mwangaza]] katika misingi yake ya kiakili, matumizi yake ya uchambuzi wa filolojia, na msisitizo wake juu ya vipengele vya jumla na mahususi katika historia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Reill|first=Peter Hanns|date=1980|title=Barthold Georg Niebuhr and the Enlightenment Tradition|journal=German Studies Review|volume=3|issue=1|pages=9–26|doi=10.2307/1429481|jstor=1429481}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carl von Noorden</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230435</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509893</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T23:04:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Carl Friedrich Johannes von Noorden''' (11 Septemba 1833 – 25 Desemba 1883) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria aliyekuwa mzaliwa wa [[Bonn]]. Alikuwa mjukuu wa mtaalamu wa magonjwa ya akili Christian Friedrich Nasse (1778–1851) na baba wa mtaalamu wa magonjwa Carl von Noorden (1858–1944).  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1833|1883}}  [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509893</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="404" sha1="hznxuaa3ift0mjybwvh8uarwwx12l1i" xml:space="preserve">'''Carl Friedrich Johannes von Noorden''' (11 Septemba 1833 – 25 Desemba 1883) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria aliyekuwa mzaliwa wa [[Bonn]]. Alikuwa mjukuu wa mtaalamu wa magonjwa ya akili Christian Friedrich Nasse (1778–1851) na baba wa mtaalamu wa magonjwa Carl von Noorden (1858–1944).

== Marejeo ==
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[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>hznxuaa3ift0mjybwvh8uarwwx12l1i</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hermann Pabst</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230436</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509894</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T23:06:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Hermann Pabst''' (4 Januari 1842 – 16 Agosti 1870) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria aliyekuwa mzaliwa wa Burg bei Magdeburg katika Province of Saxony.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1842|1870}}  [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509894</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="263" sha1="cm0qrteyi66zz88phj1f2m2tvguvyt1" xml:space="preserve">'''Hermann Pabst''' (4 Januari 1842 – 16 Agosti 1870) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria aliyekuwa mzaliwa wa Burg bei Magdeburg katika Province of Saxony.

== Marejeo ==
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{{BD|1842|1870}}

[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>cm0qrteyi66zz88phj1f2m2tvguvyt1</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Reinhold Pauli</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230437</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509895</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T23:08:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Reinhold Pauli''' (25 Mei 1823, [[Berlin]] – 3 Juni 1882, [[Bremen]]) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria wa [[England|Uingereza]].  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1823|1882}}  [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509895</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="241" sha1="jaoursxzkpo6vej5qsu864msgpzp931" xml:space="preserve">'''Reinhold Pauli''' (25 Mei 1823, [[Berlin]] – 3 Juni 1882, [[Bremen]]) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria wa [[England|Uingereza]].

== Marejeo ==
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{{BD|1823|1882}}

[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>jaoursxzkpo6vej5qsu864msgpzp931</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>August Potthast</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230438</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509896</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T23:10:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''August Potthast''' (13 Agosti 1824, Höxter, Province of Westphalia – 13 Februari 1898, Leobschütz) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria. Alizaliwa huko Höxter na alipata elimu katika [[Paderborn]], [[Münster]] na [[Berlin]].  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1824|1898}}  [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509896</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="337" sha1="1drho10v5qmda94jx2bu30lphul91pr" xml:space="preserve">'''August Potthast''' (13 Agosti 1824, Höxter, Province of Westphalia – 13 Februari 1898, Leobschütz) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria. Alizaliwa huko Höxter na alipata elimu katika [[Paderborn]], [[Münster]] na [[Berlin]].

== Marejeo ==
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{{BD|1824|1898}}

[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>1drho10v5qmda94jx2bu30lphul91pr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Adolf Rosenberg</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230439</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509897</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T23:11:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Carl Adolf Rosenberg''' (1850 – 1906) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mkosoaji wa tamthilia na mwanahistoria wa sanaa.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1850|1906}}  [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa sanaa wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509897</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="227" sha1="8us2ocxtl25p6nu8bpst9s6zzn3yw3j" xml:space="preserve">'''Carl Adolf Rosenberg''' (1850 – 1906) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mkosoaji wa tamthilia na mwanahistoria wa sanaa.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1850|1906}}

[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa sanaa wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>8us2ocxtl25p6nu8bpst9s6zzn3yw3j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509898</id>
      <parentid>1509897</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T23:12:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509898</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="218" sha1="ij36wt5qtmhs8sdfeibvu3lbl3iihgb" xml:space="preserve">'''Carl Adolf Rosenberg''' (1850 – 1906) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mkosoaji wa tamthilia na mwanahistoria wa sanaa.

== Marejeo ==
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{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1850|1906}}

[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>ij36wt5qtmhs8sdfeibvu3lbl3iihgb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arnold Schaefer</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230440</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509899</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T23:14:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Arnold Dietrich Schaefer''' (16 Oktoba 1819, Seehausen, leo sehemu ya [[Bremen]] – 19 Novemba 1883, [[Bonn]]) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria wa historia ya kale. Alikuwa profesa wa historia katika Chuo cha  Greifswald (1857–1865) na baadaye katika Chuo cha  Bonn (1865–1883).  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1819|1883}}  [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509899</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="394" sha1="2wo4itenzy3ak9i7k7qz0r9t3r1yar4" xml:space="preserve">'''Arnold Dietrich Schaefer''' (16 Oktoba 1819, Seehausen, leo sehemu ya [[Bremen]] – 19 Novemba 1883, [[Bonn]]) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria wa historia ya kale. Alikuwa profesa wa historia katika Chuo cha  Greifswald (1857–1865) na baadaye katika Chuo cha  Bonn (1865–1883).

== Marejeo ==
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{{BD|1819|1883}}

[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Friedrich Wilhelm Schirrmacher</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230441</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509900</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T23:18:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Friedrich Wilhelm Schirrmacher''' (28 Aprili 1824, [[Danzig]] – 19 Juni 1904, [[Rostock]]) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kugundua nyaraka na kumbukumbu za awali za Marburg Colloquy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Schirrmacher, Friedrich Wilhelm - Catalogus Professorum Rostochiensium|url=[http://cpr.uni-rostock.de//resolve/id/cpr_person_00000597|access-date=2022-02-21|website=cpr.uni-rostock.de}}](http://cpr.uni-rostock.de/...'</comment>
      <origin>1509900</origin>
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      <text bytes="698" sha1="lxnreln91bd9ykun1uy6qub4cq7skxv" xml:space="preserve">'''Friedrich Wilhelm Schirrmacher''' (28 Aprili 1824, [[Danzig]] – 19 Juni 1904, [[Rostock]]) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kugundua nyaraka na kumbukumbu za awali za Marburg Colloquy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Schirrmacher, Friedrich Wilhelm - Catalogus Professorum Rostochiensium|url=[http://cpr.uni-rostock.de//resolve/id/cpr_person_00000597|access-date=2022-02-21|website=cpr.uni-rostock.de}}](http://cpr.uni-rostock.de//resolve/id/cpr_person_00000597|access-date=2022-02-21|website=cpr.uni-rostock.de}})&lt;/ref&gt; Maandishi hayo ya asili bado yanachapishwa hadi leo.

== Marejeo ==
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wilhelm Adolf Schmidt</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230442</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509901</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T23:19:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Wilhelm Adolf Schmidt''' (26 Septemba 1812, [[Berlin]] – 10 Aprili 1887) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1812|1887}}  [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509901</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="219" sha1="m1xq28q53gieko4tnbe34oho51bu6tf" xml:space="preserve">'''Wilhelm Adolf Schmidt''' (26 Septemba 1812, [[Berlin]] – 10 Aprili 1887) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria.

== Marejeo ==
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{{BD|1812|1887}}

[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>m1xq28q53gieko4tnbe34oho51bu6tf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alwin Schultz</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230443</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509902</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T23:22:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Alwin Schultz''' (6 Agosti 1838 – 10 Machi 1909) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria wa sanaa na mtaalamu wa Enzi za Kati (medievalist), akiwa profesa wa historia ya sanaa katika Charles University in Prague.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1838|1909}}  [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509902</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="318" sha1="5xttc4ovh911av2j8oj6tkbgcq7tx2b" xml:space="preserve">'''Alwin Schultz''' (6 Agosti 1838 – 10 Machi 1909) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria wa sanaa na mtaalamu wa Enzi za Kati (medievalist), akiwa profesa wa historia ya sanaa katika Charles University in Prague.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1838|1909}}

[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>5xttc4ovh911av2j8oj6tkbgcq7tx2b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Otto Stobbe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230444</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509903</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T23:24:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Johann Ernst Otto Stobbe''' (28 Juni 1831 – 19 Mei 1887) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria na profesa wa sheria aliyezaliwa katika Königsberg.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1831|1887}}  [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509903</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="255" sha1="4p631g7rendfp8cfw0ozz5xrrxav6ts" xml:space="preserve">'''Johann Ernst Otto Stobbe''' (28 Juni 1831 – 19 Mei 1887) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria na profesa wa sheria aliyezaliwa katika Königsberg.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1831|1887}}

[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>4p631g7rendfp8cfw0ozz5xrrxav6ts</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ernst Strehlke</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230445</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509904</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T23:26:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ernst Strehlke''' (27 Septemba 1834, [[Berlin]] – 23 Machi 1869, Berlin) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria na mhifadhi wa nyaraka. Alitumia maisha yake mafupi kujitolea katika utafiti wa historia ya Shirika la Teutonic (Teutonic Order).&lt;ref&gt;[[https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd115487131.html](https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd115487131.html) Deutsche Biographie: Ernst Strehlke]&lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|183...'</comment>
      <origin>1509904</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="505" sha1="frotmxlyowtqtrlhekb8jswk5m7r4vh" xml:space="preserve">'''Ernst Strehlke''' (27 Septemba 1834, [[Berlin]] – 23 Machi 1869, Berlin) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria na mhifadhi wa nyaraka. Alitumia maisha yake mafupi kujitolea katika utafiti wa historia ya Shirika la Teutonic (Teutonic Order).&lt;ref&gt;[[https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd115487131.html](https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd115487131.html) Deutsche Biographie: Ernst Strehlke]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
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{{BD|1834|1869}}

[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>frotmxlyowtqtrlhekb8jswk5m7r4vh</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Heinrich von Sybel</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230446</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509905</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T23:29:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Heinrich Karl Ludolf von Sybel''' (2 Desemba 1817 – 1 Agosti 1895) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria na mwanasiasa. Alihudumu katika Landtag of Prussia kuanzia 1862 hadi 1864 na tena kuanzia 1874 hadi 1880.  Alikuwa profesa katika Chuo cha Bonn kuanzia 1861 hadi 1875, na kuanzia mwaka 1875 alikuwa mkurugenzi wa Nyaraka za Serikali za Prussia.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1817|1895}}  [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509905</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="456" sha1="3u24e74eeb0rvyt6jv7geycpa7yayqk" xml:space="preserve">'''Heinrich Karl Ludolf von Sybel''' (2 Desemba 1817 – 1 Agosti 1895) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria na mwanasiasa. Alihudumu katika Landtag of Prussia kuanzia 1862 hadi 1864 na tena kuanzia 1874 hadi 1880.

Alikuwa profesa katika Chuo cha Bonn kuanzia 1861 hadi 1875, na kuanzia mwaka 1875 alikuwa mkurugenzi wa Nyaraka za Serikali za Prussia.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
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{{BD|1817|1895}}

[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>3u24e74eeb0rvyt6jv7geycpa7yayqk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Georg Voigt</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230447</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509906</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T23:32:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Georg Voigt''' (1827 – 1891) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria aliyezaliwa katika Königsberg huko Mashariki ya Prussia. Alifariki mjini [[Leipzig]] mwaka 1891.  Voigt alikuwa mtoto wa mwanahistoria Johannes Voigt. Alikuwa miongoni mwa waanzilishi wa utafiti wa kisasa kuhusu [[Renaissance|Uamsho wa Kiitaliano]] pamoja na Jacob Burckhardt.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1827|1891}}  [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509906</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="452" sha1="akhi6rsalis92g0dcqg4dh5s7y4mxz9" xml:space="preserve">'''Georg Voigt''' (1827 – 1891) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria aliyezaliwa katika Königsberg huko Mashariki ya Prussia. Alifariki mjini [[Leipzig]] mwaka 1891.

Voigt alikuwa mtoto wa mwanahistoria Johannes Voigt. Alikuwa miongoni mwa waanzilishi wa utafiti wa kisasa kuhusu [[Renaissance|Uamsho wa Kiitaliano]] pamoja na Jacob Burckhardt.

== Marejeo ==
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{{BD|1827|1891}}

[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>akhi6rsalis92g0dcqg4dh5s7y4mxz9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Johannes Voigt</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230448</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509907</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T23:39:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Johannes Voigt''' (27 Agosti 1786 – 23 Septemba 1863) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria aliyezaliwa katika Bettenhausen, ambayo leo iko katika wilaya ya Schmalkalden-Meiningen.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1786|1863}}  [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509907</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="288" sha1="fn8eurch9pww5nni3papp7xkh35j1kr" xml:space="preserve">'''Johannes Voigt''' (27 Agosti 1786 – 23 Septemba 1863) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria aliyezaliwa katika Bettenhausen, ambayo leo iko katika wilaya ya Schmalkalden-Meiningen.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1786|1863}}

[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>fn8eurch9pww5nni3papp7xkh35j1kr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Leon Wegner</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230449</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509908</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T23:41:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Leon Wegner''' (31 Machi 1824, Poznań – 9 Julai 1873, Poznań) alikuwa [[Poland|Mpolandi]] mwanauchumi na mwanahistoria, na mwanzilishi mwenza wa Poznań Society of Friends of Arts and Sciences.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1824|1873}}  [[Jamii:Watu wa Poland]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509908</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="284" sha1="8g0pcvx0fatqzd2x2yy0u0pe8ijnbel" xml:space="preserve">'''Leon Wegner''' (31 Machi 1824, Poznań – 9 Julai 1873, Poznań) alikuwa [[Poland|Mpolandi]] mwanauchumi na mwanahistoria, na mwanzilishi mwenza wa Poznań Society of Friends of Arts and Sciences.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1824|1873}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Poland]]</text>
      <sha1>8g0pcvx0fatqzd2x2yy0u0pe8ijnbel</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Friedrich Wilken</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230450</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509909</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T23:43:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Friedrich Wilken''' (23 Mei 1777, [[Ratzeburg]] – 24 Desemba 1840, [[Berlin]]) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria (mtaalamu wa masomo ya Mashariki), profesa na maktabani.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1777|1840}}  [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509909</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="281" sha1="3lpne5zqb1yimqn3j7duljcug583a6t" xml:space="preserve">'''Friedrich Wilken''' (23 Mei 1777, [[Ratzeburg]] – 24 Desemba 1840, [[Berlin]]) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria (mtaalamu wa masomo ya Mashariki), profesa na maktabani.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1777|1840}}

[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>3lpne5zqb1yimqn3j7duljcug583a6t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eduard Winkelmann</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230451</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509910</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T23:45:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Eduard Winkelmann''' (25 Juni 1838 – 10 Februari 1896) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1838|1896}}  [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509910</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="201" sha1="1zj2njxb61g9r33af7j6v4y1k5yz7cv" xml:space="preserve">'''Eduard Winkelmann''' (25 Juni 1838 – 10 Februari 1896) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] mwanahistoria.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1838|1896}}

[[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>1zj2njxb61g9r33af7j6v4y1k5yz7cv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Baronne Almaury de Maistre</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230452</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509911</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T23:49:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Baronne Almaury de Maistre'''  aliyezaliwa kama Henriette-Marie de Sainte-Marie (31 Julai 1809, [[Nevers]] – 7 Juni 1875, Chaulgnes), alikuwa mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Ufaransa]]. Mwaka 1831 aliolewa na Baron Charles-Augustin Almaury de Maistre.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Maurice et Eugénie de Guérin|first1=Maurice|last1=de Guérin|first2=Eugénie|last2=de Guérin|first3=Pierre|last3=Moreau|year=1965}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Eugénie de Guérin d'apr...'</comment>
      <origin>1509911</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1681" sha1="5de7us62eev0bbx9den8t677ult7eax" xml:space="preserve">'''Baronne Almaury de Maistre'''  aliyezaliwa kama Henriette-Marie de Sainte-Marie (31 Julai 1809, [[Nevers]] – 7 Juni 1875, Chaulgnes), alikuwa mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Ufaransa]]. Mwaka 1831 aliolewa na Baron Charles-Augustin Almaury de Maistre.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Maurice et Eugénie de Guérin|first1=Maurice|last1=de Guérin|first2=Eugénie|last2=de Guérin|first3=Pierre|last3=Moreau|year=1965}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Eugénie de Guérin d'après des documents inédits|author=Barthès, Émile|year=1929}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aliendesha saluni maarufu ya kijamii wakati wa miezi ya baridi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Violent Mistique|author=Lowrie Joyce O.|year=1974}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web|access-date=2023-07-15|language=fr-FR|title=Maistre, Marie-Henriette baronne de|url=[https://ernestreyer.com/personnes/maistre-marie-henriette-baronne-de/|website=Ernest](https://ernestreyer.com/personnes/maistre-marie-henriette-baronne-de/|website=Ernest) Reyer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alitunga etyudi (etudes) pamoja na opera iitwayo ''Les Roussalkas'', ambayo ilioneshwa kwa mara ya kwanza mjini [[Brussels]] katika Théâtre de la Monnaie tarehe 14 Machi 1870&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Revue et gazette musicale de Paris, Volume 37|year=1870}}&lt;/ref&gt; na pia kuwasilishwa katika Antwerp tarehe 18 Machi 1871.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|access-date=2023-07-15|date=1884|first1=Alexandre|language=fr|last1=Dupont|publisher=Imprimerie H. Vaillant-Carmanne|title=Répertoire dramatique belge|url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2NtEeIonpdMC&amp;pg=PA110}}](https://books.google.com/books?id=2NtEeIonpdMC&amp;pg=PA110}})&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1809|1875}}

[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>5de7us62eev0bbx9den8t677ult7eax</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eugénie-Victorine-Jeanne Alombert</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230453</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509912</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T23:51:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Eugénie-Victorine-Jeanne Alombert''' alikuwa mpiga piano na mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Ufaransa]] katika mwishoni mwa karne ya 19 hadi mwanzoni mwa karne ya 20. Angalau kazi kumi na mbili za utunzi wake zimehifadhiwa kutokana na juhudi za Maktaba ya Kitaifa ya Ufaransa (Bibliothèque Nationale) mjini [[Paris]], Ufaransa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=Tom |title=Eugénie-Vicotrine-Jeanne Alombert |url=[https://www2.biu.ac.il/hu/mu/min-ad/17-18/Tom%...'</comment>
      <origin>1509912</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1274" sha1="on73yzuhjiglndblyms7f9zed8k4cdn" xml:space="preserve">'''Eugénie-Victorine-Jeanne Alombert''' alikuwa mpiga piano na mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Ufaransa]] katika mwishoni mwa karne ya 19 hadi mwanzoni mwa karne ya 20. Angalau kazi kumi na mbili za utunzi wake zimehifadhiwa kutokana na juhudi za Maktaba ya Kitaifa ya Ufaransa (Bibliothèque Nationale) mjini [[Paris]], Ufaransa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=Tom |title=Eugénie-Vicotrine-Jeanne Alombert |url=[https://www2.biu.ac.il/hu/mu/min-ad/17-18/Tom%20Moore%20Eugenie-Victorine-Jeanne%20Alombert.pdf](https://www2.biu.ac.il/hu/mu/min-ad/17-18/Tom%20Moore%20Eugenie-Victorine-Jeanne%20Alombert.pdf) |journal=Israel Studies in Musicology Online |date=2017–18 |volume=14 |page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alombert pia alikuwa mwalimu wa piano, pamoja na kuwa na taaluma fupi kama mtunzi wa muziki. Vyanzo mbalimbali—ambavyo ni vichache—vinaonyesha tofauti katika tarehe zake za kuzaliwa na kufariki, lakini tovuti moja inaainisha tarehe zake kuwa 15 Mei 1874 hadi 7 Julai 1964.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Alombert Jeanne |url=[https://composers-classical-music.com/a/AlombertJeanne.htm](https://composers-classical-music.com/a/AlombertJeanne.htm) |website=composers-classical-music.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1874|1964}}

[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>on73yzuhjiglndblyms7f9zed8k4cdn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Solange Ancona</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230454</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509913</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T23:52:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Solange Ancona''' (amezaliwa 14 Agosti 1943, [[Paris]] – 29 Novemba 2019) alikuwa mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Ufaransa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rDFEAQAAIAAJ](https://books.google.com/books?id=rDFEAQAAIAAJ) |title=International Who's who in Music and Musicians' Directory: In the classical and light-classical fields |date=2000 |publisher=International Biographical Centre |isbn=978-0-948875-53-3 |pages=13 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;...'</comment>
      <origin>1509913</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="549" sha1="7xml51an0il5p1ss95vcddbcg9851hv" xml:space="preserve">'''Solange Ancona''' (amezaliwa 14 Agosti 1943, [[Paris]] – 29 Novemba 2019) alikuwa mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Ufaransa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rDFEAQAAIAAJ](https://books.google.com/books?id=rDFEAQAAIAAJ) |title=International Who's who in Music and Musicians' Directory: In the classical and light-classical fields |date=2000 |publisher=International Biographical Centre |isbn=978-0-948875-53-3 |pages=13 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1943|2019}}

[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>7xml51an0il5p1ss95vcddbcg9851hv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Francine Aubin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230455</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509914</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T23:55:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Francine Aubin''' (6 Februari 1938 – 14 Agosti 2016) alikuwa mtunzi wa muziki, mwalimu, kondakta, na mchoraji wa [[Ufaransa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Launay |first=Florence |title=AUBIN Francine |url=[https://www.presencecompositrices.com/compositrice/aubin-francine/](https://www.presencecompositrices.com/compositrice/aubin-francine/) |access-date=5 May 2025 |website=Présence compositrices |language=fr-FR }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Franci...'</comment>
      <origin>1509914</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="822" sha1="hqwzdr0uf9zex3n2ur7obo5petepwm7" xml:space="preserve">'''Francine Aubin''' (6 Februari 1938 – 14 Agosti 2016) alikuwa mtunzi wa muziki, mwalimu, kondakta, na mchoraji wa [[Ufaransa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Launay |first=Florence |title=AUBIN Francine |url=[https://www.presencecompositrices.com/compositrice/aubin-francine/](https://www.presencecompositrices.com/compositrice/aubin-francine/) |access-date=5 May 2025 |website=Présence compositrices |language=fr-FR }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Francine Aubin (1938-2016) |url=[https://data.bnf.fr/fr/ark:/12148/cb14844630g](https://data.bnf.fr/fr/ark:/12148/cb14844630g) |access-date=6 May 2025 |website=data.bnf.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anakumbukwa zaidi kwa aina mbalimbali za muziki aliotunga kwa ajili ya ala za upepo.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1938|2016}}

[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>hqwzdr0uf9zex3n2ur7obo5petepwm7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Elsa Barraine</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230456</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509915</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T23:58:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elsa Jacqueline Barraine''' ({{IPA|fr|baʁɛn|lang}}; 13 Februari 1910 – 20 Machi 1999) alikuwa mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Ufaransa]] katika kipindi cha baada ya harakati ya neoklasisizimu iliyohusishwa na Les Six, Ravel na Stravinsky.&lt;ref name=&quot;Briscoe, p. 365&quot;&gt;Briscoe, p. 365&lt;/ref&gt;  Licha ya kuhesabiwa kuwa “mmoja wa watunzi bora wa muziki wa Kifaransa wa katikati ya karne ya 20,”&lt;ref name=&quot;Grove Music Online&quot;&gt;''Grove Music Online''&lt;/ref&gt; muziki wa B...'</comment>
      <origin>1509915</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="967" sha1="s9aj5ao0j1w4kt9lmf1v4dc6k23vjkt" xml:space="preserve">'''Elsa Jacqueline Barraine''' ({{IPA|fr|baʁɛn|lang}}; 13 Februari 1910 – 20 Machi 1999) alikuwa mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Ufaransa]] katika kipindi cha baada ya harakati ya neoklasisizimu iliyohusishwa na Les Six, Ravel na Stravinsky.&lt;ref name=&quot;Briscoe, p. 365&quot;&gt;Briscoe, p. 365&lt;/ref&gt;

Licha ya kuhesabiwa kuwa “mmoja wa watunzi bora wa muziki wa Kifaransa wa katikati ya karne ya 20,”&lt;ref name=&quot;Grove Music Online&quot;&gt;''Grove Music Online''&lt;/ref&gt; muziki wa Barraine huchezwa mara chache siku hizi.

Alishinda tuzo ya Prix de Rome mwaka 1929 kwa kazi yake ''La vierge guerrière'', trilojia ya kidini iliyotolewa kwa [[Joan of Arc]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Briscoe, p. 365&quot;/&gt; na alikuwa mwanamke wa nne kuwahi kupokea tuzo hiyo yenye heshima kubwa (baada ya Lili Boulanger mwaka 1913, Marguerite Canal mwaka 1920, na Jeanne Leleu mwaka 1923).&lt;ref name=&quot;Pendle, p. 258&quot;&gt;Pendle, p. 258&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1910|1999}}

[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>s9aj5ao0j1w4kt9lmf1v4dc6k23vjkt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gisèle Barreau</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230457</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509916</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-25T23:59:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Gisèle Barreau''' (amezaliwa 28 Februari 1948) ni mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Ufaransa]].  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1948|}}  [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509916</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="173" sha1="37779xfajabxr8tzrrvrk9r6gcvwlyb" xml:space="preserve">'''Gisèle Barreau''' (amezaliwa 28 Februari 1948) ni mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Ufaransa]].

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1948|}}

[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>37779xfajabxr8tzrrvrk9r6gcvwlyb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rupert Johnson Jr.</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230458</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509919</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T02:53:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Rupert Harris Johnson Jr.''' (Alizaliwa [[1941]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea na mfadhili nchini [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni makamu mwenyekiti wa ''Franklin Resources'', kampuni ya kimataifa ya usimamizi wa uwekezaji inayojulikana pia kama ''Franklin Templeton Investments''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rupert Johnson, Jr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rupert Johnson, Jr.|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/rupert-johnson-jr/|access-date=2020-10-14|website=Forbes|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == M...'</comment>
      <origin>1509919</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="587" sha1="pa3yi0f54z5weigo9uwyz4bqv93fkub" xml:space="preserve">'''Rupert Harris Johnson Jr.''' (Alizaliwa [[1941]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea na mfadhili nchini [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni makamu mwenyekiti wa ''Franklin Resources'', kampuni ya kimataifa ya usimamizi wa uwekezaji inayojulikana pia kama ''Franklin Templeton Investments''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rupert Johnson, Jr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rupert Johnson, Jr.|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/rupert-johnson-jr/|access-date=2020-10-14|website=Forbes|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1941]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>pa3yi0f54z5weigo9uwyz4bqv93fkub</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>S. Curtis Johnson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230459</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509920</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T02:58:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''S. Curtis &quot;Curt&quot; Johnson''' ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].Yeye ni mwana wa Samuel Curtis Johnson Jr. na Imogene Powers Johnson, na ni mjukuu wa mwanzilishi wa ''S. C. Johnson &amp; Son''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=S. Curtis Johnson |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/ |website=Bloomberg |access-date=2026-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aliwahi kuwa mwenyekiti wa ''Diversey'' hadi alipojiuzulu mwanzoni mwa mwaka [[2011]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author= |url=h...'</comment>
      <origin>1509920</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1169" sha1="sf27byimk2kexg37qh6gr8shwzrrwim" xml:space="preserve">'''S. Curtis &quot;Curt&quot; Johnson''' ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].Yeye ni mwana wa Samuel Curtis Johnson Jr. na Imogene Powers Johnson, na ni mjukuu wa mwanzilishi wa ''S. C. Johnson &amp; Son''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=S. Curtis Johnson |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/ |website=Bloomberg |access-date=2026-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aliwahi kuwa mwenyekiti wa ''Diversey'' hadi alipojiuzulu mwanzoni mwa mwaka [[2011]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes-400/list/#page:2_sort:0_direction:asc_search:_filter:All%20industries_filter:All%20states_filter:All%20categories |title=The Richest People in America List |work=Forbes |date=January 1, 1970 |accessdate=December 25, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;patch1&quot;&gt;[http://caledonia.patch.com/articles/curt-johnson-charged-with-sexual-assault?ncid=breaking_news ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813020645/http://caledonia.patch.com/articles/curt-johnson-charged-with-sexual-assault?ncid=breaking_news |date=August 13, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa mwaka usiojulikana]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>sf27byimk2kexg37qh6gr8shwzrrwim</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509921</id>
      <parentid>1509920</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T02:59:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509921</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1173" sha1="evivomud43n923t1l7w5sehssugxk2k" xml:space="preserve">'''S. Curtis &quot;Curt&quot; Johnson''' ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].Yeye ni mwana wa [[Samuel Curtis Johnson Jr.]] na Imogene Powers Johnson, na ni mjukuu wa mwanzilishi wa ''S. C. Johnson &amp; Son''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=S. Curtis Johnson |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/ |website=Bloomberg |access-date=2026-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aliwahi kuwa mwenyekiti wa ''Diversey'' hadi alipojiuzulu mwanzoni mwa mwaka [[2011]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes-400/list/#page:2_sort:0_direction:asc_search:_filter:All%20industries_filter:All%20states_filter:All%20categories |title=The Richest People in America List |work=Forbes |date=January 1, 1970 |accessdate=December 25, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;patch1&quot;&gt;[http://caledonia.patch.com/articles/curt-johnson-charged-with-sexual-assault?ncid=breaking_news ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813020645/http://caledonia.patch.com/articles/curt-johnson-charged-with-sexual-assault?ncid=breaking_news |date=August 13, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa mwaka usiojulikana]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>evivomud43n923t1l7w5sehssugxk2k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Samuel Curtis Johnson Jr.</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230460</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509922</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T03:05:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Samuel Curtis Johnson Jr.''' (Alizaliwa [[Machi 2]], [[1928]] – Alifariki [[Mei 22]], [[2004]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].Alikuwa kizazi cha nne cha familia yake kuiongoza ''S. C. Johnson &amp; Son, Inc.'', kampuni ya bidhaa za walaji yenye makao yake makuu huko Racine, Wisconsin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Values&quot;&gt;{{cite journal   | last = Johnson   | first = Samuel C.   | title = His Values Will Live On   | journal = A Tribute to Samuel C....'</comment>
      <origin>1509922</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1053" sha1="ag3nz0l2oa110g4tq934g9bp82d57xv" xml:space="preserve">'''Samuel Curtis Johnson Jr.''' (Alizaliwa [[Machi 2]], [[1928]] – Alifariki [[Mei 22]], [[2004]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].Alikuwa kizazi cha nne cha familia yake kuiongoza ''S. C. Johnson &amp; Son, Inc.'', kampuni ya bidhaa za walaji yenye makao yake makuu huko Racine, Wisconsin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Values&quot;&gt;{{cite journal
  | last = Johnson
  | first = Samuel C.
  | title = His Values Will Live On
  | journal = A Tribute to Samuel C. Johnson: 1928-2004
  | page = 7
  | publisher = S.C. Johnson &amp; Son, Inc
  | location = Racine, WI
  | orig-year = 2000 |year=2004}}
&lt;/ref&gt; Yeye ni mwana wa Herbert Fisk Johnson Jr. na mjukuu wa mwanzilishi wa kampuni, Samuel Curtis Johnson.&lt;ref name=&quot;Visionary&quot;&gt;{{cite journal
  | title = Visionary
  | journal = Samuel C. Johnson Commemorative Journal
  | page = 11
  | publisher = S. C. Johnson &amp; Son, Inc
  | location = Racine, WI
  | year = 2000}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1928]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2004]]</text>
      <sha1>ag3nz0l2oa110g4tq934g9bp82d57xv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509927</id>
      <parentid>1509922</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T03:26:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509927</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1032" sha1="qtnz9ojpv3tq5i6vddhurtcm0fqtkf9" xml:space="preserve">'''Samuel Curtis Johnson Jr.''' ([[Machi 2]], [[1928]] – [[Mei 22]], [[2004]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa kizazi cha nne cha familia yake kuiongoza ''S. C. Johnson &amp; Son, Inc.'', kampuni ya bidhaa za walaji yenye makao yake makuu huko Racine, Wisconsin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Values&quot;&gt;{{cite journal
  | last = Johnson
  | first = Samuel C.
  | title = His Values Will Live On
  | journal = A Tribute to Samuel C. Johnson: 1928-2004
  | page = 7
  | publisher = S.C. Johnson &amp; Son, Inc
  | location = Racine, WI
  | orig-year = 2000 |year=2004}}
&lt;/ref&gt; Yeye ni mwana wa Herbert Fisk Johnson Jr. na mjukuu wa mwanzilishi wa kampuni, Samuel Curtis Johnson.&lt;ref name=&quot;Visionary&quot;&gt;{{cite journal
  | title = Visionary
  | journal = Samuel C. Johnson Commemorative Journal
  | page = 11
  | publisher = S. C. Johnson &amp; Son, Inc
  | location = Racine, WI
  | year = 2000}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1928]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2004]]</text>
      <sha1>qtnz9ojpv3tq5i6vddhurtcm0fqtkf9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Charles B. Johnson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230461</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509928</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T03:28:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Charles Bartlett Johnson''' (Alizaliwa [[Januari 6]], [[1933]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]], mwenye utajiri unaokadiriwa kwa sasa kuwa karibu dola bilioni 6.1.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Johnson Family Solidifies Hold on Franklin |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-jul-15-fi-franklin15-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=26 March 2024|date=2005-07-15|quote=&quot;Flanagan and Greg Johnson had succeeded the latter...'</comment>
      <origin>1509928</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1403" sha1="dje74qrvzyqmtjuy4n8ftak1z4lhq5h" xml:space="preserve">'''Charles Bartlett Johnson''' (Alizaliwa [[Januari 6]], [[1933]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]], mwenye utajiri unaokadiriwa kwa sasa kuwa karibu dola bilioni 6.1.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Johnson Family Solidifies Hold on Franklin |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-jul-15-fi-franklin15-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=26 March 2024|date=2005-07-15|quote=&quot;Flanagan and Greg Johnson had succeeded the latter’s father, Charles B. Johnson, last year. The elder Johnson stepped down as CEO after 46 years at the helm&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alikuwa afisa mkuu mtendaji wa ''Franklin Templeton Investments'' kuanzia mwaka [[1957]] hadi [[2004]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Charles Johnson |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/ |website=Bloomberg |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yeye ni mfadhili mkubwa wa chama cha Republican na mmiliki mkuu wa timu ya ''San Francisco Giants''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ernsthausen |first=Jeff |date=2023-07-26 |title=How the Ultrawealthy Use Private Foundations to Bank Millions in Tax Deductions While Giving the Public Little in Return |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/how-private-nonprofits-ultrawealthy-tax-deductions-museums-foundation-art |website=ProPublica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1933]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>dje74qrvzyqmtjuy4n8ftak1z4lhq5h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Edward Johnson III</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230462</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509929</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T03:31:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Edward Crosby &quot;Ned&quot; Johnson III ''' (Alizaliwa [[Juni 29]], [[1930]] – Alifariki [[Machi 23]], [[2022]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]] ambaye, pamoja na binti yake Abigail Johnson, alimiliki na kuendesha ''Fidelity Investments'' na ''Fidelity International'' hadi kifo chake.&lt;ref name=&quot;retire&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Healy|first1=Beth|title='Ned' Johnson stepping down as Fidelity chairman|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/201...'</comment>
      <origin>1509929</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1215" sha1="h533oy8ak3ahw3y23k42i86o58gr7gs" xml:space="preserve">'''Edward Crosby &quot;Ned&quot; Johnson III ''' (Alizaliwa [[Juni 29]], [[1930]] – Alifariki [[Machi 23]], [[2022]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]] ambaye, pamoja na binti yake Abigail Johnson, alimiliki na kuendesha ''Fidelity Investments'' na ''Fidelity International'' hadi kifo chake.&lt;ref name=&quot;retire&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Healy|first1=Beth|title='Ned' Johnson stepping down as Fidelity chairman|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/11/21/ned-johnson-stepping-down-fidelity-chairman/PFFyKuse3NLREeiZL3WiyL/story.html|access-date=26 December 2016|publisher=The Boston Globe|date=November 21, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kufikia mwaka [[2019]], utajiri wake ulikadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 8.2.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.fidelityfoundation.org/documents/FidFoundationOverview.pdf |title=Fidelity Foundation overview |publisher=Fidelity Foundation |access-date=September 4, 2012 |page=1 |archive-date=March 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324070152/http://www.fidelityfoundation.org/documents/FidFoundationOverview.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1930]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2022]]</text>
      <sha1>h533oy8ak3ahw3y23k42i86o58gr7gs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509958</id>
      <parentid>1509929</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T06:38:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509958</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1194" sha1="gexus78oh17bvondit6dciw30pafgwq" xml:space="preserve">'''Edward Crosby &quot;Ned&quot; Johnson III ''' ([[Juni 29]], [[1930]] – [[Machi 23]], [[2022]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]] ambaye, pamoja na binti yake Abigail Johnson, alimiliki na kuendesha ''Fidelity Investments'' na ''Fidelity International'' hadi kifo chake.&lt;ref name=&quot;retire&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Healy|first1=Beth|title='Ned' Johnson stepping down as Fidelity chairman|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/11/21/ned-johnson-stepping-down-fidelity-chairman/PFFyKuse3NLREeiZL3WiyL/story.html|access-date=26 December 2016|publisher=The Boston Globe|date=November 21, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kufikia mwaka [[2019]], utajiri wake ulikadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 8.2.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.fidelityfoundation.org/documents/FidFoundationOverview.pdf |title=Fidelity Foundation overview |publisher=Fidelity Foundation |access-date=September 4, 2012 |page=1 |archive-date=March 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324070152/http://www.fidelityfoundation.org/documents/FidFoundationOverview.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1930]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2022]]</text>
      <sha1>gexus78oh17bvondit6dciw30pafgwq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Herbert Fisk Johnson III</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230463</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509930</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T03:33:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Herbert Fisk Johnson III''' (Alizaliwa [[Mei 19]], [[1958]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fisk Johnson |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/fisk-johnson/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yeye ni kizazi cha tano cha familia yake kuiongoza ''S. C. Johnson &amp; Son, Inc'' ya Racine, Wisconsin, kama mwenyekiti na afisa mkuu mtendaji. Kufikia Februari [[2025]], utajiri wake ulikadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni...'</comment>
      <origin>1509930</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="765" sha1="g5jpqqvrpmis1l1r1xssjn8cx03asy4" xml:space="preserve">'''Herbert Fisk Johnson III''' (Alizaliwa [[Mei 19]], [[1958]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fisk Johnson |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/fisk-johnson/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yeye ni kizazi cha tano cha familia yake kuiongoza ''S. C. Johnson &amp; Son, Inc'' ya Racine, Wisconsin, kama mwenyekiti na afisa mkuu mtendaji. Kufikia Februari [[2025]], utajiri wake ulikadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 4.5.&lt;ref name=Forbes&gt;{{cite web|title=Forbes profile: H. Fisk Johnson |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/h-fisk-johnson/ |website=Forbes |access-date=18 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>g5jpqqvrpmis1l1r1xssjn8cx03asy4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Imogene Powers Johnson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230464</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509931</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T03:37:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Imogene Powers Johnson''' (Alizaliwa [[Septemba 3]], [[1930]] – Alifariki [[Machi 3]], [[2018]]) alikuwa mrithi bilionea nchini [[Marekani]], mjane wa [[Samuel Curtis Johnson Jr.]], aliyekuwa afisa mkuu mtendaji wa ''S. C. Johnson &amp; Son'' wa Racine, Wisconsin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Imogene Johnson |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/imogene-johnson/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alikuwa mrithi wa kampuni ya bidhaa za usafi ''SC Johns...'</comment>
      <origin>1509931</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1093" sha1="1u4ags7dm64kwj7s12kc2574ulceb6d" xml:space="preserve">'''Imogene Powers Johnson''' (Alizaliwa [[Septemba 3]], [[1930]] – Alifariki [[Machi 3]], [[2018]]) alikuwa mrithi bilionea nchini [[Marekani]], mjane wa [[Samuel Curtis Johnson Jr.]], aliyekuwa afisa mkuu mtendaji wa ''S. C. Johnson &amp; Son'' wa Racine, Wisconsin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Imogene Johnson |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/imogene-johnson/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alikuwa mrithi wa kampuni ya bidhaa za usafi ''SC Johnson''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Imogene Johnson |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/ |website=Bloomberg |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=fitzpatrick&gt;{{cite web |last=Fitzpatrick |first=John W.|title=View from Sapsucker Woods: The Inspiring Optimism of Imogene Powers Johnson |url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/in-memoriam-imogene-powers-johnson-long-serving-board-member-and-inspiration/ |website=All About Birds |publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology |date=9 May 2018|ref=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1930]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2018]]</text>
      <sha1>1u4ags7dm64kwj7s12kc2574ulceb6d</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509959</id>
      <parentid>1509931</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T06:39:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509959</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1071" sha1="m3tsv9iu7kxsh0vjzlcokwjbts4jzfy" xml:space="preserve">'''Imogene Powers Johnson''' ([[Septemba 3]], [[1930]] – [[Machi 3]], [[2018]]) alikuwa mrithi bilionea nchini [[Marekani]], mjane wa [[Samuel Curtis Johnson Jr.]], aliyekuwa afisa mkuu mtendaji wa ''S. C. Johnson &amp; Son'' wa Racine, Wisconsin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Imogene Johnson |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/imogene-johnson/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alikuwa mrithi wa kampuni ya bidhaa za usafi ''SC Johnson''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Imogene Johnson |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/ |website=Bloomberg |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=fitzpatrick&gt;{{cite web |last=Fitzpatrick |first=John W.|title=View from Sapsucker Woods: The Inspiring Optimism of Imogene Powers Johnson |url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/in-memoriam-imogene-powers-johnson-long-serving-board-member-and-inspiration/ |website=All About Birds |publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology |date=9 May 2018|ref=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1930]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2018]]</text>
      <sha1>m3tsv9iu7kxsh0vjzlcokwjbts4jzfy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Magic Johnson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230465</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509932</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T03:45:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Earvin &quot;Magic&quot; Johnson Jr.''' (Alizaliwa [[Agosti 14]], [[1959]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea na mchezaji wa zamani wa [[Mpira wa kikapu|mpira wa kikapu]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alichukuliwa kuwa mchezaji bora wa point guard wa wakati wote, Johnson alitumia maisha yake yote ya ushindani na [[Los Angeles Lakers]] kwenye [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA), akiongoza timu hiyo kufikia ubingwa wa NBA mara tano wakati wa enzi ya &quot;Showtime&quot;. Alistaafu...'</comment>
      <origin>1509932</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2750" sha1="of8x2jf4m5czl7whzmubrem0auva2wv" xml:space="preserve">'''Earvin &quot;Magic&quot; Johnson Jr.''' (Alizaliwa [[Agosti 14]], [[1959]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea na mchezaji wa zamani wa [[Mpira wa kikapu|mpira wa kikapu]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alichukuliwa kuwa mchezaji bora wa point guard wa wakati wote, Johnson alitumia maisha yake yote ya ushindani na [[Los Angeles Lakers]] kwenye [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA), akiongoza timu hiyo kufikia ubingwa wa NBA mara tano wakati wa enzi ya &quot;Showtime&quot;. Alistaafu mapema mwaka [[1991]] baada ya kutangaza kwamba alikuwa na virusi vya [[HIV]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Magic Johnson |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/ |website=Bloomberg |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Johnson ni mwanachama wa kikundi cha wamiliki wa ''[[Los Angeles Dodgers]]'' (MLB), ''Los Angeles FC'' (MLS), ''Washington Commanders'' (NFL), na ''Washington Spirit'' (NWSL).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Povtak |first=Tim |title=Magic weekend is on tap as Johnson set for NBA encore |work=The Baltimore Sun |date=February 7, 1992 |url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1992-02-07-1992038185-story.html |access-date=March 2, 2021 |archive-date=May 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509214158/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1992-02-07-1992038185-story.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oram&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Oram |first=Bill |title=NBA 75: At No. 5, Magic Johnson combined dazzling playmaking with charisma to lead the Showtime Lakers to five titles |work=[[The Athletic]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/3126173/2022/02/14/nba-75-at-no-5-magic-johnson-combined-dazzling-playmaking-with-charisma-to-lead-the-showtime-lakers-to-five-titles/ |date=February 14, 2022 |access-date=June 13, 2025 |archive-date=August 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817105329/https://theathletic.com/3126173/2022/02/14/nba-75-at-no-5-magic-johnson-combined-dazzling-playmaking-with-charisma-to-lead-the-showtime-lakers-to-five-titles/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Greer |first=Jordan |title=Magic Johnson vs. Stephen Curry: Does Warriors star have stats case to surpass Lakers legend as GOAT point guard? |url=https://www.sportingnews.com/us/nba/news/magic-johnson-vs-stephen-curry-warriors-lakers-stats/cafi69k0wpymkpoq1a0tsvam |date=September 16, 2022 |access-date=November 28, 2022 |publisher=Sporting News |language=en |archive-date=November 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128230801/https://www.sportingnews.com/us/nba/news/magic-johnson-vs-stephen-curry-warriors-lakers-stats/cafi69k0wpymkpoq1a0tsvam |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>of8x2jf4m5czl7whzmubrem0auva2wv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hamilton E. James</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230466</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509933</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T03:56:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Tony James''' (Alizaliwa [[Februari 3]], [[1951]]) ni mwekezaji bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Tony James |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/tony-james/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alikuwa rais, afisa mkuu wa utendaji, na makamu mwenyekiti mtendaji wa ''Blackstone'', kampuni ya usimamizi wa mali  yenye makao yake jijini New York.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Tony James |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/ |webs...'</comment>
      <origin>1509933</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1257" sha1="7ssa8ie6d4i5mkjy7h7s2eolimqcx14" xml:space="preserve">'''Tony James''' (Alizaliwa [[Februari 3]], [[1951]]) ni mwekezaji bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Tony James |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/tony-james/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alikuwa rais, afisa mkuu wa utendaji, na makamu mwenyekiti mtendaji wa ''Blackstone'', kampuni ya usimamizi wa mali  yenye makao yake jijini New York.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Tony James |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/ |website=Bloomberg |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; James amekuwa mwenyekiti wa msururu wa maduka ya rejareja  ''Costco'' tangu Agosti [[2017]].&lt;ref name=Blackstone&gt;{{cite web|title=Our People|url=http://www.blackstone.com/the-firm/our-people/hamilton-e-james|website=The Blackstone Group|date=October 17, 2002 }}&lt;/ref&gt;Tangu mwaka [[2021]], amekuwa mwenyekiti mwenza wa bodi ya wakurugenzi ya ''Metropolitan Museum of Art'' huko [[Jiji la New York]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hamilton E. James: Philanthropy Profile {{!}} Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://patronview.com/patrons/hamilton-e-james |website=Patron View |access-date=20 February 2026 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>7ssa8ie6d4i5mkjy7h7s2eolimqcx14</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509934</id>
      <parentid>1509933</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T03:59:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509934</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1275" sha1="p9erxwvrjzdri24f4n24ajaeo9eufw4" xml:space="preserve">'''Hamilton Evans &quot;Tony&quot; James ''' (Alizaliwa [[Februari 3]], [[1951]]) ni mwekezaji bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Tony James |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/tony-james/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alikuwa rais, afisa mkuu wa utendaji, na makamu mwenyekiti mtendaji wa ''Blackstone'', kampuni ya usimamizi wa mali  yenye makao yake jijini New York.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Tony James |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/ |website=Bloomberg |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; James amekuwa mwenyekiti wa msururu wa maduka ya rejareja  ''Costco'' tangu Agosti [[2017]].&lt;ref name=Blackstone&gt;{{cite web|title=Our People|url=http://www.blackstone.com/the-firm/our-people/hamilton-e-james|website=The Blackstone Group|date=October 17, 2002 }}&lt;/ref&gt;Tangu mwaka [[2021]], amekuwa mwenyekiti mwenza wa bodi ya wakurugenzi ya ''Metropolitan Museum of Art'' huko [[Jiji la New York]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hamilton E. James: Philanthropy Profile {{!}} Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://patronview.com/patrons/hamilton-e-james |website=Patron View |access-date=20 February 2026 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>p9erxwvrjzdri24f4n24ajaeo9eufw4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jim Jannard</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230467</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509935</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T04:01:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''James Jannard''' (Alizaliwa [[Juni 8]], [[1949]]) ni mbunifu  na [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Marekani]], na mwanzilishi wa ''Oakley'', kampuni ya miwani na nguo; na ''Red Digital Cinema Camera Company''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jim Jannard |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/jim-jannard/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == {{reflist}}  {{Mbegu-mtu}}  [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1949]] Jamii:Watu w...'</comment>
      <origin>1509935</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="470" sha1="555kjut2oyrhjdhj26gmg3sdzifs68u" xml:space="preserve">'''James Jannard''' (Alizaliwa [[Juni 8]], [[1949]]) ni mbunifu  na [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Marekani]], na mwanzilishi wa ''Oakley'', kampuni ya miwani na nguo; na ''Red Digital Cinema Camera Company''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jim Jannard |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/jim-jannard/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1949]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>555kjut2oyrhjdhj26gmg3sdzifs68u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Howard Jenkins</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230468</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509936</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T04:05:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Howard Jenkins''' (Alizaliwa [[1952]] au [[1953]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]], mwana wa George W. Jenkins, mwanzilishi wa ''Publix Super Markets'', na alikuwa mwenyekiti na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa kampuni hiyo kuanzia mwaka [[1990]] hadi [[2001]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Howard Jenkins |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/howard-jenkins/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Familia yake ni miongoni mwa matajiri wakubwa F...'</comment>
      <origin>1509936</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="941" sha1="77m2buj2surl2di4le867p8ckj4sx93" xml:space="preserve">'''Howard Jenkins''' (Alizaliwa [[1952]] au [[1953]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]], mwana wa George W. Jenkins, mwanzilishi wa ''Publix Super Markets'', na alikuwa mwenyekiti na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa kampuni hiyo kuanzia mwaka [[1990]] hadi [[2001]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Howard Jenkins |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/howard-jenkins/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Familia yake ni miongoni mwa matajiri wakubwa [[Florida]] na ya 39 tajiri zaidi nchini Marekani, kwa mujibu wa ''Forbes'', ikiwa na utajiri wa dola bilioni 8.8 mwaka [[2020]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/161208/trump-women-capitol-riot-funding|title=The Rich Mothers of the Insurrection|first1=Nina|last1=Burleigh|date=February 3, 2021|magazine=The New Republic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1952]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>77m2buj2surl2di4le867p8ckj4sx93</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Helen Johnson-Leipold</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230469</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509937</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T04:08:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Helen Johnson-Leipold''' ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Helen Johnson-Leipold |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/helen-johnson-leipold/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=OFSHLJ&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.scjohnson.com/family/fam_our_hle.asp|accessdate=April 13, 2007|year=2007|publisher=S. C. Johnson &amp; Son, Inc.|title=Our Family Story: Helen Johnson-Leipold |archiveurl = https://web.archiv...'</comment>
      <origin>1509937</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="749" sha1="mgdbcuov0aedqujtnzv9xzerdexa5o1" xml:space="preserve">'''Helen Johnson-Leipold''' ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Helen Johnson-Leipold |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/helen-johnson-leipold/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=OFSHLJ&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.scjohnson.com/family/fam_our_hle.asp|accessdate=April 13, 2007|year=2007|publisher=S. C. Johnson &amp; Son, Inc.|title=Our Family Story: Helen Johnson-Leipold |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070103044842/http://www.scjohnson.com/family/fam_our_hle.asp &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt; |archivedate = January 3, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa mwaka usiojulikana]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>mgdbcuov0aedqujtnzv9xzerdexa5o1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Winnie Johnson-Marquart</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230470</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509938</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T04:11:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Winnie Johnson-Marquart''' (Alizaliwa [[1958]] au [[1959]]) ni mrithi bilionea nchini [[Marekani]], na binti wa [[Samuel Curtis Johnson Jr.]] na mjukuu wa mwanzilishi wa ''S. C. Johnson &amp; Son'' Samuel Curtis Johnson Sr.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Winnie Johnson-Marquart |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/winnie-johnson-marquart/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == {{reflist}}  {{Mbegu-mtu}}  [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] Jamii:Wali...'</comment>
      <origin>1509938</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="499" sha1="gk4o2qhlgts4kf467309lw3v5dsvodv" xml:space="preserve">'''Winnie Johnson-Marquart''' (Alizaliwa [[1958]] au [[1959]]) ni mrithi bilionea nchini [[Marekani]], na binti wa [[Samuel Curtis Johnson Jr.]] na mjukuu wa mwanzilishi wa ''S. C. Johnson &amp; Son'' Samuel Curtis Johnson Sr.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Winnie Johnson-Marquart |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/winnie-johnson-marquart/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>gk4o2qhlgts4kf467309lw3v5dsvodv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abigail Johnson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230471</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509940</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T05:00:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Abigail Pierrepont Johnson''' (Alizaliwa [[Desemba 19]], [[1961]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea, mrithi, na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa ''Fidelity Investments'' nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Abigail Johnson |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/abigail-johnson/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Familia yake na washirika wao wanamiliki takriban asilimia 40 ya Fidelity Investments, iliyoanzishwa na babu yake, [[Edward C. Johnson II]]...'</comment>
      <origin>1509940</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1544" sha1="61lcle2q5swpuyb9mi38fw0jo5n1nyo" xml:space="preserve">'''Abigail Pierrepont Johnson''' (Alizaliwa [[Desemba 19]], [[1961]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea, mrithi, na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa ''Fidelity Investments'' nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Abigail Johnson |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/abigail-johnson/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Familia yake na washirika wao wanamiliki takriban asilimia 40 ya Fidelity Investments, iliyoanzishwa na babu yake, [[Edward C. Johnson II]]. Kufikia Juni [[2024]], utajiri wake ni takribani dola bilioni 35.6, na alikuwa akiorodheshwa kati ya wanawake kumi wenye nguvu zaidi duniani kila mwaka tangu [[2017]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news | url=https://www.wealthmanagement.com/investment-news/fidelity-s-abby-johnson-tightens-grip-on-far-flung-family-empire | title=Fidelity's Abby Johnson Tightens Grip on Far-Flung Family Empire | first=Loukia | last=Gyftopoulou | work=Wealth Management | date=March 22, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://money.cnn.com/2005/10/28/news/newsmakers/fidelity_johnson/ | title=Johnson still Fidelity successor? | work=[[CNN]] | date=October 28, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Grind&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/abigail-johnson-named-ceo-of-fidelity-investments-1413226082 |last=Grind |first=Kirsten |title=Abigail Johnson Named CEO of Fidelity Investments |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=October 13, 2014 | url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>61lcle2q5swpuyb9mi38fw0jo5n1nyo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Barbara Piasecka Johnson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230472</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509941</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T05:02:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Barbara Piasecka Johnson''' (Alizaliwa [[Februari 25]], [[1937]] – Alifariki [[Aprili 1]], [[2013]]) alikuwa  mfadhili, mtaalamu wa sanaa, na mkusanyaji wa sanaa bilionea nchini [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Polandi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Barbara Piasecka Johnson |url=https://www.britannica.com/ |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == {{reflist}}  {{Mbegu-mtu}}  [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Marekani]] Jamii:Watu wa...'</comment>
      <origin>1509941</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="523" sha1="hv6b2nuquy0dpvvm2d7ihm3xumvicne" xml:space="preserve">'''Barbara Piasecka Johnson''' (Alizaliwa [[Februari 25]], [[1937]] – Alifariki [[Aprili 1]], [[2013]]) alikuwa  mfadhili, mtaalamu wa sanaa, na mkusanyaji wa sanaa bilionea nchini [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Polandi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Barbara Piasecka Johnson |url=https://www.britannica.com/ |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wasanii wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Polandi]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1937]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2013]]</text>
      <sha1>hv6b2nuquy0dpvvm2d7ihm3xumvicne</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509942</id>
      <parentid>1509941</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T05:02:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509942</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="531" sha1="e3cwrd0pn9m0q0h6l7q743st3i03e40" xml:space="preserve">'''Barbara &quot;Basia&quot; Piasecka Johnson''' (Alizaliwa [[Februari 25]], [[1937]] – Alifariki [[Aprili 1]], [[2013]]) alikuwa  mfadhili, mtaalamu wa sanaa, na mkusanyaji wa sanaa bilionea nchini [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Polandi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Barbara Piasecka Johnson |url=https://www.britannica.com/ |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wasanii wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Polandi]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1937]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2013]]</text>
      <sha1>e3cwrd0pn9m0q0h6l7q743st3i03e40</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509960</id>
      <parentid>1509942</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T06:40:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509960</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="505" sha1="fmd3w3yolw0pg336xl6ifag8msmfglj" xml:space="preserve">'''Barbara &quot;Basia&quot; Piasecka Johnson''' ([[Februari 25]], [[1937]] – [[Aprili 1]], [[2013]]) alikuwa mfadhili, mtaalamu wa sanaa, na mkusanyaji wa sanaa bilionea nchini [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Polandi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Barbara Piasecka Johnson |url=https://www.britannica.com/ |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Polandi]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1937]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2013]]</text>
      <sha1>fmd3w3yolw0pg336xl6ifag8msmfglj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jess Stonestreet Jackson Jr.</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230473</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509943</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T05:11:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jess Stonestreet Jackson Jr.''' (Alizaliwa [[Februari 18]], [[1930]] – Alifariki [[Aprili 21]], [[2011]]) alikuwa [[mjasiriamali]] wa [[divai]] , [[mwanasheria]], mmiliki wa farasi wa mashindano, na [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jess Jackson |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/jess-jackson/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alianza biashara ya divai ya ''Kendall-Jackson'' pamoja na mkewe wa kwanza...'</comment>
      <origin>1509943</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1706" sha1="0ds96qvc5d3mabyyz69flzbj5hjz2q6" xml:space="preserve">'''Jess Stonestreet Jackson Jr.''' (Alizaliwa [[Februari 18]], [[1930]] – Alifariki [[Aprili 21]], [[2011]]) alikuwa [[mjasiriamali]] wa [[divai]] , [[mwanasheria]], mmiliki wa farasi wa mashindano, na [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jess Jackson |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/jess-jackson/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alianza biashara ya divai ya ''Kendall-Jackson'' pamoja na mkewe wa kwanza, Jane Kendall (Wadlow) Jackson.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jess Jackson |url=https://www.britannica.com/ |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ununuzi wa familia wa shamba la ekari 80 la peari na walnut huko Lakeport, [[Kalifornia]], mwaka [[1974]], walilibadilishwa kuwa shamba la mizabibu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-10-05 |title=Obituary: Jess Stonestreet Jackson, 1930-2011 {{!}} Inc.com |url=https://www.inc.com/magazine/201107/obituary-jess-stonestreet-jackson-1930-2011.html |access-date=2024-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005132932/https://www.inc.com/magazine/201107/obituary-jess-stonestreet-jackson-1930-2011.html |archive-date=2022-10-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kufikia mwaka [[2010]], ''Vintner's Reserve Chardonnay'' ilikuwa moja ya divai maarufu sokoni.&lt;ref name=&quot;entrepreneur&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://www.entrepreneur.com/magazine/entrepreneur/2010/march/204978.html |title=How to Be a Billionaire |journal=[[Entrepreneur (magazine)|Entrepreneur]]|date=March 2010|access-date=2011-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1930]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2011]]</text>
      <sha1>0ds96qvc5d3mabyyz69flzbj5hjz2q6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509962</id>
      <parentid>1509943</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T06:41:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509962</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1684" sha1="qsqxbaluf2g9c3pay9ouyet5hzl0msy" xml:space="preserve">'''Jess Stonestreet Jackson Jr.''' ([[Februari 18]], [[1930]] – [[Aprili 21]], [[2011]]) alikuwa [[mjasiriamali]] wa [[divai]], [[mwanasheria]], mmiliki wa farasi wa mashindano, na [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jess Jackson |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/jess-jackson/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alianza biashara ya divai ya ''Kendall-Jackson'' pamoja na mkewe wa kwanza, Jane Kendall (Wadlow) Jackson.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jess Jackson |url=https://www.britannica.com/ |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ununuzi wa familia wa shamba la ekari 80 la peari na walnut huko Lakeport, [[Kalifornia]], mwaka [[1974]], walilibadilishwa kuwa shamba la mizabibu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-10-05 |title=Obituary: Jess Stonestreet Jackson, 1930-2011 {{!}} Inc.com |url=https://www.inc.com/magazine/201107/obituary-jess-stonestreet-jackson-1930-2011.html |access-date=2024-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005132932/https://www.inc.com/magazine/201107/obituary-jess-stonestreet-jackson-1930-2011.html |archive-date=2022-10-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kufikia mwaka [[2010]], ''Vintner's Reserve Chardonnay'' ilikuwa moja ya divai maarufu sokoni.&lt;ref name=&quot;entrepreneur&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://www.entrepreneur.com/magazine/entrepreneur/2010/march/204978.html |title=How to Be a Billionaire |journal=[[Entrepreneur (magazine)|Entrepreneur]]|date=March 2010|access-date=2011-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1930]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2011]]</text>
      <sha1>qsqxbaluf2g9c3pay9ouyet5hzl0msy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Irwin M. Jacobs</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230474</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509944</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T05:20:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Irwin Mark Jacobs''' (Alizaliwa [[Oktoba 18]], [[1933]]) ni mhandisi wa umeme na [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Irwin Jacobs |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/irwin-jacobs/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yeye ni mwanzilishi mwenza na aliyekuwa mwenyekiti wa [[Qualcomm]], na mwenyekiti wa bodi ya wadhamini wa ''Salk Institute for Biological Studies''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Irwin Jacobs |url=https...'</comment>
      <origin>1509944</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1021" sha1="qttqdbdggluh3rp6tv7y9sauwi44k11" xml:space="preserve">'''Irwin Mark Jacobs''' (Alizaliwa [[Oktoba 18]], [[1933]]) ni mhandisi wa umeme na [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Irwin Jacobs |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/irwin-jacobs/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yeye ni mwanzilishi mwenza na aliyekuwa mwenyekiti wa [[Qualcomm]], na mwenyekiti wa bodi ya wadhamini wa ''Salk Institute for Biological Studies''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Irwin Jacobs |url=https://www.britannica.com/ |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kufikia mwaka [[2019]], Jacobs alikuwa na utajiri uliokadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 1.2.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| title = Commencement address by Irwin M. Jacobs, CEO of Qualcomm| publisher=MIT News| date = June 3, 2005| url = http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2005/comm-jacobs.html| access-date = February 26, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wahandisi wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1933]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>qttqdbdggluh3rp6tv7y9sauwi44k11</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jeremy Jacobs</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230475</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509945</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T05:23:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jeremy Jacobs''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Peter+J.+Karmanos+67#q=jeremy+m++jacobs+1940+Delaware+North+Companies&amp;hl=en&amp;tbs=bks:1&amp;ei=5rcjTYiNNNv4nwfZkOmrDg&amp;start=0&amp;sa=N&amp;fp=a94718a4dcefd985|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504063042/http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=chrome&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;q=Peter+J.+Karmanos+67#q=jeremy+m++jacobs+1940+Delaware+North+Companies&amp;hl=en&amp;tbs=bks:1&amp;ei=5rcjTYiNNNv4nwfZkOmrDg&amp;start=0&amp;sa=N&amp;fp=a947...'</comment>
      <origin>1509945</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1205" sha1="j37a3zirr3dcfejltpxu83hr7b0cvs7" xml:space="preserve">'''Jeremy Jacobs''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Peter+J.+Karmanos+67#q=jeremy+m++jacobs+1940+Delaware+North+Companies&amp;hl=en&amp;tbs=bks:1&amp;ei=5rcjTYiNNNv4nwfZkOmrDg&amp;start=0&amp;sa=N&amp;fp=a94718a4dcefd985|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504063042/http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=chrome&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;q=Peter+J.+Karmanos+67#q=jeremy+m++jacobs+1940+Delaware+North+Companies&amp;hl=en&amp;tbs=bks:1&amp;ei=5rcjTYiNNNv4nwfZkOmrDg&amp;start=0&amp;sa=N&amp;fp=a94718a4dcefd985|archive-date=2020-05-04|title=Peter J. Karmanos 67 - Google Search}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Alizaliwa [[Januari 21]], [[1940]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]], mmiliki wa timu ya ''Boston Bruins'' na mwenyekiti wa ''Delaware North''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jeremy Jacobs |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/jeremy-jacobs/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jarida la ''Forbes'' linamweka kama mtu wa 669 tajiri zaidi duniani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/jeremy-jacobs-sr/ |title=Jeremy Jacobs Sr. |website=Forbes.com |access-date=2016-12-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1940]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>j37a3zirr3dcfejltpxu83hr7b0cvs7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509946</id>
      <parentid>1509945</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T05:23:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509946</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1217" sha1="49wb4qtw5pdke2sxc6vgjqejklo4ni0" xml:space="preserve">'''Jeremy Maurice Jacobs Sr.''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Peter+J.+Karmanos+67#q=jeremy+m++jacobs+1940+Delaware+North+Companies&amp;hl=en&amp;tbs=bks:1&amp;ei=5rcjTYiNNNv4nwfZkOmrDg&amp;start=0&amp;sa=N&amp;fp=a94718a4dcefd985|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504063042/http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=chrome&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;q=Peter+J.+Karmanos+67#q=jeremy+m++jacobs+1940+Delaware+North+Companies&amp;hl=en&amp;tbs=bks:1&amp;ei=5rcjTYiNNNv4nwfZkOmrDg&amp;start=0&amp;sa=N&amp;fp=a94718a4dcefd985|archive-date=2020-05-04|title=Peter J. Karmanos 67 - Google Search}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Alizaliwa [[Januari 21]], [[1940]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]], mmiliki wa timu ya ''Boston Bruins'' na mwenyekiti wa ''Delaware North''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jeremy Jacobs |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/jeremy-jacobs/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jarida la ''Forbes'' linamweka kama mtu wa 669 tajiri zaidi duniani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/jeremy-jacobs-sr/ |title=Jeremy Jacobs Sr. |website=Forbes.com |access-date=2016-12-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1940]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>49wb4qtw5pdke2sxc6vgjqejklo4ni0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Michael Jaharis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230476</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509947</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T05:26:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Michael Jaharis''' (Alizaliwa [[Julai 16]], [[1928]] – Alifariki [[Februari 17]], [[2016]]) alikuwa [[wakili]], [[mfanyabiashara]], na mfadhili bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].Alikuwa mwanzilishi wa ''Kos Pharmaceuticals'' na ''Vatera Healthcare Partners LLC'', na mwanzilishi mwenza wa ''Arisaph Pharmaceuticals''.&lt;ref name=&quot;forbes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/michael-jaharis/|title=Michael Jaharis|website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;arisap...'</comment>
      <origin>1509947</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="905" sha1="55vjezkk8j56q5ax9ayl9rkfw0zygjc" xml:space="preserve">'''Michael Jaharis''' (Alizaliwa [[Julai 16]], [[1928]] – Alifariki [[Februari 17]], [[2016]]) alikuwa [[wakili]], [[mfanyabiashara]], na mfadhili bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].Alikuwa mwanzilishi wa ''Kos Pharmaceuticals'' na ''Vatera Healthcare Partners LLC'', na mwanzilishi mwenza wa ''Arisaph Pharmaceuticals''.&lt;ref name=&quot;forbes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/michael-jaharis/|title=Michael Jaharis|website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;arisaph&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.arisaph.com/about/directors.php|title=Arisaph Pharmaceuticals Board of Directors|access-date=2011-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202160413/http://www.arisaph.com/about/directors.php|archive-date=2011-12-02|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1928]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2016]]</text>
      <sha1>55vjezkk8j56q5ax9ayl9rkfw0zygjc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509963</id>
      <parentid>1509947</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T06:41:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509963</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="885" sha1="833d2hwehocecpvt64vvt8pr4q7ytct" xml:space="preserve">'''Michael Jaharis''' ([[Julai 16]], [[1928]] – [[Februari 17]], [[2016]]) alikuwa [[wakili]], [[mfanyabiashara]], na mfadhili bilionea nchini [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa mwanzilishi wa ''Kos Pharmaceuticals'' na ''Vatera Healthcare Partners LLC'', na mwanzilishi mwenza wa ''Arisaph Pharmaceuticals''.&lt;ref name=&quot;forbes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/michael-jaharis/|title=Michael Jaharis|website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;arisaph&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.arisaph.com/about/directors.php|title=Arisaph Pharmaceuticals Board of Directors|access-date=2011-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202160413/http://www.arisaph.com/about/directors.php|archive-date=2011-12-02|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1928]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2016]]</text>
      <sha1>833d2hwehocecpvt64vvt8pr4q7ytct</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Joe Jamail</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230477</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509948</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T05:29:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Joseph Dahr Jamail Jr.''' (Alizaliwa [[Oktoba 19]], [[1925]] – Alifariki [[Desemba 23]], [[2015]]) alikuwa [[wakili]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref name=mcfadden_nyt&gt;{{cite news|access-date=December 23, 2015|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/24/business/joe-jamail-flamboyant-texas-lawyer-dies-at-90-won-pennzoils-10-5-billion-award-against-texaco.html|title=Joe Jamail, Flamboyant Texas Lawyer Who Won Billions for Clients, Dies at 90|author=McFadd...'</comment>
      <origin>1509948</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1536" sha1="hkezzph4l4pbju7qfhkw26r8oarw41i" xml:space="preserve">'''Joseph Dahr Jamail Jr.''' (Alizaliwa [[Oktoba 19]], [[1925]] – Alifariki [[Desemba 23]], [[2015]]) alikuwa [[wakili]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref name=mcfadden_nyt&gt;{{cite news|access-date=December 23, 2015|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/24/business/joe-jamail-flamboyant-texas-lawyer-dies-at-90-won-pennzoils-10-5-billion-award-against-texaco.html|title=Joe Jamail, Flamboyant Texas Lawyer Who Won Billions for Clients, Dies at 90|author=McFadden, Robert D.|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 23, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hookem_death&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Davis |first1=Brian |title=Texas icon Joe Jamail passes away in Houston |url=https://www.hookem.com/2015/12/23/texas-icon-joe-jamail-passes-away-in-houston/ |website=Austin-American Statesmen |publisher=American Statesmen |access-date=January 8, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akiwa wakili tajiri zaidi anayefanya kazi nchini Marekani, mara nyingi alijulikana kama &quot;Mfalme wa Makosa ya Kiraia&quot; (King of Torts).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Forbes Billionaires |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/joe-jamail-jr/ |work=[[Forbes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jamail died on December 23, 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = Texas legendary attorney Joe Jamail dead at 90|url = http://abc13.com/news/texas-legendary-attorney-joe-jamail-dead-at-90/1133583/|website = ABC13 Houston|access-date=December 23, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1925]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]]</text>
      <sha1>hkezzph4l4pbju7qfhkw26r8oarw41i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509964</id>
      <parentid>1509948</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T06:43:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509964</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1446" sha1="rrmd3nf2f6hxz5x3dw6tk47kmzj7kpz" xml:space="preserve">'''Joseph Dahr Jamail Jr.''' ([[Oktoba 19]], [[1925]] – [[Desemba 23]], [[2015]]) alikuwa [[wakili]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref name=mcfadden_nyt&gt;{{cite news|access-date=December 23, 2015|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/24/business/joe-jamail-flamboyant-texas-lawyer-dies-at-90-won-pennzoils-10-5-billion-award-against-texaco.html|title=Joe Jamail, Flamboyant Texas Lawyer Who Won Billions for Clients, Dies at 90|author=McFadden, Robert D.|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 23, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hookem_death&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Davis |first1=Brian |title=Texas icon Joe Jamail passes away in Houston |url=https://www.hookem.com/2015/12/23/texas-icon-joe-jamail-passes-away-in-houston/ |website=Austin-American Statesmen |publisher=American Statesmen |access-date=January 8, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akiwa wakili tajiri zaidi kufanya kazi nchini Marekani, mara nyingi alijulikana kama &quot;Mfalme wa Makosa ya Kiraia&quot; (King of Torts).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Forbes Billionaires |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/joe-jamail-jr/ |work=[[Forbes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jamail died on December 23, 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = Texas legendary attorney Joe Jamail dead at 90|url = http://abc13.com/news/texas-legendary-attorney-joe-jamail-dead-at-90/1133583/|website = ABC13 Houston|access-date=December 23, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1925]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]]</text>
      <sha1>rrmd3nf2f6hxz5x3dw6tk47kmzj7kpz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Matthew Moroun</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230478</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509949</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T05:35:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Matthew T. Moroun''' (Alizaliwa [[1972]] au [[1973]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Matthew Moroun |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/matthew-moroun/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yeye ni mmiliki wa himaya ya usafirishaji ya familia ya Moroun na ''Ambassador Bridge'' inayounganisha [[Detroit, Michigan]] na [[Windsor, Ontario]] baada ya kurithi udhibiti kutoka kwa baba yake [[Manuel Moroun]]...'</comment>
      <origin>1509949</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1187" sha1="alw96yryku5c8qshpcbfk5mvhd43go3" xml:space="preserve">'''Matthew T. Moroun''' (Alizaliwa [[1972]] au [[1973]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Matthew Moroun |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/matthew-moroun/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yeye ni mmiliki wa himaya ya usafirishaji ya familia ya Moroun na ''Ambassador Bridge'' inayounganisha [[Detroit, Michigan]] na [[Windsor, Ontario]] baada ya kurithi udhibiti kutoka kwa baba yake [[Manuel Moroun]] mwaka [[2020]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Neavling |first=Steve |date=2026-02-10 |title=Trump’s threat to block Gordie Howe bridge is pure oligarchy |url=https://www.metrotimes.com/news/metro-detroit-news/trumps-threat-to-block-gordie-howe-bridge-is-pure-oligarchy/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |work=[[Detroit Metro Times]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Forbes'' iliweka utajiri wa familia ya Moroun kuwa dola bilioni 1.5 mwaka 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Manuel Moroun &amp; family |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/manuel-moroun/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1972]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>alw96yryku5c8qshpcbfk5mvhd43go3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Marissa Mayer</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230479</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509950</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T05:40:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Marissa Ann Mayer''' (Alizaliwa [[Mei 30]], [[1975]]) ni mtendaji wa biashara bilionea, mhandisi wa programu, na mwekezaji nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Marissa Mayer |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/marissa-mayer/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alihudumu kama rais na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa ''Yahoo!'' kuanzia mwaka [[2012]] hadi [[2017]], wakati ilipouzwa kwa Verizon.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Marissa Mayer |url=https://www....'</comment>
      <origin>1509950</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1473" sha1="o27lvlb4d2eqq26vpno7sgh8jmcxwj1" xml:space="preserve">'''Marissa Ann Mayer''' (Alizaliwa [[Mei 30]], [[1975]]) ni mtendaji wa biashara bilionea, mhandisi wa programu, na mwekezaji nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Marissa Mayer |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/marissa-mayer/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alihudumu kama rais na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa ''Yahoo!'' kuanzia mwaka [[2012]] hadi [[2017]], wakati ilipouzwa kwa Verizon.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Marissa Mayer |url=https://www.britannica.com/ |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alikuwa mtendaji wa muda mrefu, kiongozi wa utumiaji, na msemaji mkuu wa ''[[Google]]'' (mfanyakazi nambari 20), na alikuwa mhandisi wa kwanza wa programu mwanamke katika Google.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=2020-11-18 |title=Marissa Mayer's startup launches its first official product, Sunshine Contacts |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/11/18/marissa-mayers-startup-launches-its-first-official-product-sunshine-contacts/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Kufikia Novemba [[2025]], Mayer alikuwa na utajiri uliokadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 1.3.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Google's Mayer checks into elite club |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/googles-mayer-checks-into-elite-club/ |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=CNET |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}


[[Jamii:Wahandisi wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1975]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>o27lvlb4d2eqq26vpno7sgh8jmcxwj1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Floyd Mayweather Jr.</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230480</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509951</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T05:45:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Floyd Joy Mayweather Jr.''' (Alizaliwa [[Februari 24]], [[1977]]) ni [[bondia]] bilionea na mchapishaji wa ndondi nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;boxrec.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://boxrec.com/en/ratings?r%5Brole%5D=box-pro&amp;r%5Bsex%5D=M&amp;r%5Bstatus%5D=&amp;r%5Bdivision%5D=&amp;r%5Bcountry%5D=&amp;r_go=|title=BoxRec ratings: all fighters, all locations|access-date=July 24, 2025|publisher=BoxRec}}&lt;/ref&gt;Yeye hajashindwa kwenye rekodi ya 50–0.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Floy...'</comment>
      <origin>1509951</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1652" sha1="1d9qtdeh1lxw71rbl2beo1x4v28s109" xml:space="preserve">'''Floyd Joy Mayweather Jr.''' (Alizaliwa [[Februari 24]], [[1977]]) ni [[bondia]] bilionea na mchapishaji wa ndondi nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;boxrec.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://boxrec.com/en/ratings?r%5Brole%5D=box-pro&amp;r%5Bsex%5D=M&amp;r%5Bstatus%5D=&amp;r%5Bdivision%5D=&amp;r%5Bcountry%5D=&amp;r_go=|title=BoxRec ratings: all fighters, all locations|access-date=July 24, 2025|publisher=BoxRec}}&lt;/ref&gt;Yeye hajashindwa kwenye rekodi ya 50–0.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Floyd Mayweather |url=https://www.britannica.com/ |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mayweather alishinda ubingwa mara 15 ya ulimwengu katika madaraja matano ya uzito kuanzia super featherweight hadi light middleweight.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.nowboxing.com/2010/07/floyd-mayweather-wins-espy-beats-pacquiao-and-georges-st-pierre/12044/ |title=Floyd Mayweather wins ESPY Award beating out Manny Pacquiao &amp; Georges St-Pierre |publisher=nowboxing.com |access-date=October 24, 2014 |archive-date=October 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024215542/http://www.nowboxing.com/2010/07/floyd-mayweather-wins-espy-beats-pacquiao-and-georges-st-pierre/12044/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ringtv.com/179759-mayweather-wins-fifth-espy-award/|title=Mayweather wins fifth ESPY award|website=The Ring|access-date=January 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184759/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/blog/179759-mayweather-wins-fifth-espy-award|archive-date=October 29, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Mabondia wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>1d9qtdeh1lxw71rbl2beo1x4v28s109</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Harry B. Macklowe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230481</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509952</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T05:57:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Harry Macklowe''' (Alizaliwa [[1937]]) ni msanidi wa majengo na mwekezaji bilionea nchini [[Marekani]] aliyeishi [[Jiji la New York]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.macklowe.com/commercial/commercial.html |title=Macklowe Properties Website |access-date=December 3, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061120213044/http://macklowe.com/commercial/commercial.html |archive-date=November 20, 2006 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == {{reflist...'</comment>
      <origin>1509952</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="568" sha1="gtuw1vp4rs3xgi3reqo8p2899smhahm" xml:space="preserve">'''Harry Macklowe''' (Alizaliwa [[1937]]) ni msanidi wa majengo na mwekezaji bilionea nchini [[Marekani]] aliyeishi [[Jiji la New York]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.macklowe.com/commercial/commercial.html |title=Macklowe Properties Website |access-date=December 3, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061120213044/http://macklowe.com/commercial/commercial.html |archive-date=November 20, 2006 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1937]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>gtuw1vp4rs3xgi3reqo8p2899smhahm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509953</id>
      <parentid>1509952</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T05:58:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509953</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="571" sha1="5lpz1xeyzvhh9lecy9y7abrvbv66pkp" xml:space="preserve">'''Harry B. Macklowe''' (Alizaliwa [[1937]]) ni msanidi wa majengo na mwekezaji bilionea nchini [[Marekani]] aliyeishi [[Jiji la New York]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.macklowe.com/commercial/commercial.html |title=Macklowe Properties Website |access-date=December 3, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061120213044/http://macklowe.com/commercial/commercial.html |archive-date=November 20, 2006 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1937]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>5lpz1xeyzvhh9lecy9y7abrvbv66pkp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Françoise Barrière</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230482</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509954</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T06:30:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Françoise Barrière''' (12 Juni 1944 – 24 Aprili 2019) alikuwa mtunzi wa muziki, mhariri na mwandishi wa [[Ufaransa]].&lt;ref&gt;  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1944|2019}}   [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509954</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="221" sha1="jdmrfnow3335u153min81w8i8509037" xml:space="preserve">'''Françoise Barrière''' (12 Juni 1944 – 24 Aprili 2019) alikuwa mtunzi wa muziki, mhariri na mwandishi wa [[Ufaransa]].&lt;ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1944|2019}}


[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>jdmrfnow3335u153min81w8i8509037</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509965</id>
      <parentid>1509954</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T06:44:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509965</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="269" sha1="74d6k5ht7g4wokwv8l2jex82rckjykp" xml:space="preserve">{{vyanzo}}
'''Françoise Barrière''' (12 Juni 1944 – 24 Aprili 2019) alikuwa mtunzi wa muziki, mhariri na mwandishi wa [[Ufaransa]].

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Ulaya}}
{{BD|1944|2019}}
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]]
[[Jamii:Watunzi wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>74d6k5ht7g4wokwv8l2jex82rckjykp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Florence Baschet</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230483</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509955</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T06:32:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Florence Baschet''' (amezaliwa 18 Juni 1955) ni mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Ufaransa]] anayejihusisha na muziki wa kisasa.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1955|}}  [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509955</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="205" sha1="9m1jesr3gcrzw510v9kyt4k4h7w3cmx" xml:space="preserve">'''Florence Baschet''' (amezaliwa 18 Juni 1955) ni mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Ufaransa]] anayejihusisha na muziki wa kisasa.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1955|}}

[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>9m1jesr3gcrzw510v9kyt4k4h7w3cmx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509967</id>
      <parentid>1509955</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T06:45:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509967</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="259" sha1="38drrbtd7gabyvldi7ut818tvmgvw3w" xml:space="preserve">{{vyanzo}}
'''Florence Baschet''' (amezaliwa 18 Juni 1955) ni mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Ufaransa]] anayejihusisha na muziki wa kisasa.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Ulaya}}
{{BD|1955|}}
[[Jamii:watunzi wa Ufaransa]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>38drrbtd7gabyvldi7ut818tvmgvw3w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Marguerite Béclard d'Harcourt</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230484</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509956</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T06:36:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Marguerite Béclard d'Harcourt''' (24 Februari 1884 – 2 Agosti 1964) alikuwa mtunzi wa muziki na mtaalamu wa ethnomuzikolojia wa [[Ufaransa]]. Alizaliwa mjini [[Paris]] na alisomea utunzi wa muziki katika Schola Cantorum de Paris chini ya walimu Abel Decaux, Vincent d'Indy na Maurice Emmanuel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IvoQQU1QL_QC&amp;q=Marguerite+B%C3%A9clard+d'Harcourt+(1884%E2%80%931964)&amp;pg=PA54|title=The](https://books.g...'</comment>
      <origin>1509956</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="857" sha1="ogoy7fk5ycvfw4wrsoihn2pesvorpvm" xml:space="preserve">'''Marguerite Béclard d'Harcourt''' (24 Februari 1884 – 2 Agosti 1964) alikuwa mtunzi wa muziki na mtaalamu wa ethnomuzikolojia wa [[Ufaransa]]. Alizaliwa mjini [[Paris]] na alisomea utunzi wa muziki katika Schola Cantorum de Paris chini ya walimu Abel Decaux, Vincent d'Indy na Maurice Emmanuel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IvoQQU1QL_QC&amp;q=Marguerite+B%C3%A9clard+d'Harcourt+(1884%E2%80%931964)&amp;pg=PA54|title=The](https://books.google.com/books?id=IvoQQU1QL_QC&amp;q=Marguerite+B%C3%A9clard+d'Harcourt+%281884%E2%80%931964%29&amp;pg=PA54|title=The) Norton/Grove dictionary of women composers|first1=Julie Anne|last1=Sadie|first2=Rhian|last2=Samuel|year=1994|publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company |isbn=9780393034875|accessdate=4 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1884|1964}}

[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>ogoy7fk5ycvfw4wrsoihn2pesvorpvm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509968</id>
      <parentid>1509956</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T06:46:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509968</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="900" sha1="np6f37zfmtwa9miw2jipguym13zx689" xml:space="preserve">'''Marguerite Béclard d'Harcourt''' (24 Februari 1884 – 2 Agosti 1964) alikuwa mtunzi wa muziki na mtaalamu wa ethnomuzikolojia wa [[Ufaransa]]. Alizaliwa mjini [[Paris]] na alisomea utunzi wa muziki katika Schola Cantorum de Paris chini ya walimu Abel Decaux, Vincent d'Indy na Maurice Emmanuel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IvoQQU1QL_QC&amp;q=Marguerite+B%C3%A9clard+d'Harcourt+(1884%E2%80%931964)&amp;pg=PA54|title=The](https://books.google.com/books?id=IvoQQU1QL_QC&amp;q=Marguerite+B%C3%A9clard+d'Harcourt+%281884%E2%80%931964%29&amp;pg=PA54|title=The) Norton/Grove dictionary of women composers|first1=Julie Anne|last1=Sadie|first2=Rhian|last2=Samuel|year=1994|publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company |isbn=9780393034875|accessdate=4 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Ulaya}}
{{BD|1884|1964}}
[[Jamii:Watunzi wa Ufaransa]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>np6f37zfmtwa9miw2jipguym13zx689</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Marie Bigot</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230485</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509957</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T06:38:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Marie Kiéné Bigot de Morogues''' (3 Machi 1786 – 16 Septemba 1820) alikuwa mpiga piano na mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Ufaransa]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa sonata na etyudi (études) zake.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=[http://www.vivacepress.com/1803.html](http://www.vivacepress.com/1803.html) |title=Vivace Press |access-date=2007-07-08 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130303083829/http://www.vivacepress.com/1803.html](https://web.archive.org/web/2013030308...'</comment>
      <origin>1509957</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="643" sha1="49h530va2mlkm53fu0m5tlfxegb9ygy" xml:space="preserve">'''Marie Kiéné Bigot de Morogues''' (3 Machi 1786 – 16 Septemba 1820) alikuwa mpiga piano na mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Ufaransa]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa sonata na etyudi (études) zake.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=[http://www.vivacepress.com/1803.html](http://www.vivacepress.com/1803.html) |title=Vivace Press |access-date=2007-07-08 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130303083829/http://www.vivacepress.com/1803.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20130303083829/http://www.vivacepress.com/1803.html) |archive-date=2013-03-03 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1786|1820}}

[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>49h530va2mlkm53fu0m5tlfxegb9ygy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509969</id>
      <parentid>1509957</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T06:46:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509969</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="686" sha1="3qaljc92ohnopo3crkk83884iasfz65" xml:space="preserve">'''Marie Kiéné Bigot de Morogues''' (3 Machi 1786 – 16 Septemba 1820) alikuwa mpiga piano na mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Ufaransa]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa sonata na etyudi (études) zake.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=[http://www.vivacepress.com/1803.html](http://www.vivacepress.com/1803.html) |title=Vivace Press |access-date=2007-07-08 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130303083829/http://www.vivacepress.com/1803.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20130303083829/http://www.vivacepress.com/1803.html) |archive-date=2013-03-03 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Ulaya}}
{{BD|1786|1820}}
[[Jamii:Watunzi wa Ufaransa]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>3qaljc92ohnopo3crkk83884iasfz65</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jeanne Blancard</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230486</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509961</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T06:40:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jeanne Blancard''' (1884–1972) alikuwa mtunzi wa muziki na mpiga piano wa [[Ufaransa]].  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1884|1972}}  [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]'</comment>
      <origin>1509961</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="182" sha1="1s6oixl683hm00swzwp75elbczfpsr3" xml:space="preserve">'''Jeanne Blancard''' (1884–1972) alikuwa mtunzi wa muziki na mpiga piano wa [[Ufaransa]].

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1884|1972}}

[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>1s6oixl683hm00swzwp75elbczfpsr3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509971</id>
      <parentid>1509961</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T06:47:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509971</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="234" sha1="3jnzzcq4raojvxv5heqf09pcza1eena" xml:space="preserve">{{fupi}}
'''Jeanne Blancard''' (1884–1972) alikuwa mtunzi wa muziki na mpiga piano wa [[Ufaransa]].

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Ulaya}}
{{BD|1884|1972}}
[[Jamii:Watunzi wa Ufaransa]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>3jnzzcq4raojvxv5heqf09pcza1eena</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mlle Bocquet</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230487</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509966</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T06:44:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mlle Bocquet''' (ama '''Anne''' au '''Marguerite''') (mapema karne ya 17 – ''baada ya'' 1661) alikuwa mpiga lute na mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Ufaransa]]. Aliendesha saluni pamoja na Mlle de Scudéry kuanzia 1653 hadi 1659. Pia alikuwa na mawasiliano na wanachama na waanzilishi wa Académie française.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bocquet, Mlle|url=[https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000003351|...'</comment>
      <origin>1509966</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1528" sha1="ly1s2fjkx4csd0rihxno3x4wc9xhp17" xml:space="preserve">'''Mlle Bocquet''' (ama '''Anne''' au '''Marguerite''') (mapema karne ya 17 – ''baada ya'' 1661) alikuwa mpiga lute na mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Ufaransa]]. Aliendesha saluni pamoja na Mlle de Scudéry kuanzia 1653 hadi 1659. Pia alikuwa na mawasiliano na wanachama na waanzilishi wa Académie française.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bocquet, Mlle|url=[https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000003351|access-date=2020-10-08|website=Grove](https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000003351|access-date=2020-10-08|website=Grove) Music Online|year=2001|language=en|doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.03351|last1=Rollin|first1=Monique|isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Utunzi wa Bocquet unachunguza uwezekano wa kromatiki wa ala ya lute, ukiwa na preludi katika kila ufunguo wa muziki. Hati ya Maadishi''F-Pn Vm.7 6214''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Music for the Baroque Lute A Database by Peter Steur|url=[http://mss.slweiss.de/index.php?lang=eng&amp;id=2&amp;type=ms&amp;ms=F-Pn6214&amp;nam=&amp;key=&amp;msnam=&amp;comp=Bocquet|access-date=20](http://mss.slweiss.de/index.php?lang=eng&amp;id=2&amp;type=ms&amp;ms=F-Pn6214&amp;nam=&amp;key=&amp;msnam=&amp;comp=Bocquet|access-date=20) May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya Bibliothèque nationale de France ina idadi ya preludi zake. Muziki wake pia unapatikana katika hati za Kifaransa, Kijerumani na Kiingereza za nusu ya pili ya karne ya 17.&lt;ref&gt;Rollin&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>ly1s2fjkx4csd0rihxno3x4wc9xhp17</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509974</id>
      <parentid>1509966</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T06:51:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509974</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1597" sha1="9b1b1063dfdso752kkckrmvmvk9y0di" xml:space="preserve">'''Mlle Bocquet''' (ama '''Anne''' au '''Marguerite'''; mapema karne ya 17 – baada ya 1661) alikuwa mpiga lute na mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Ufaransa]]. Aliendesha saluni pamoja na Mlle de Scudéry kuanzia 1653 hadi 1659. Pia alikuwa na mawasiliano na wanachama na waanzilishi wa Académie française.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bocquet, Mlle|url=[https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000003351|access-date=2020-10-08|website=Grove](https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000003351|access-date=2020-10-08|website=Grove) Music Online|year=2001|language=en|doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.03351|last1=Rollin|first1=Monique|isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Utunzi wa Bocquet unachunguza uwezekano wa kromatiki wa ala ya lute, ukiwa na preludi katika kila ufunguo wa muziki. Hati ya Maadishi''F-Pn Vm.7 6214''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Music for the Baroque Lute A Database by Peter Steur|url=[http://mss.slweiss.de/index.php?lang=eng&amp;id=2&amp;type=ms&amp;ms=F-Pn6214&amp;nam=&amp;key=&amp;msnam=&amp;comp=Bocquet|access-date=20](http://mss.slweiss.de/index.php?lang=eng&amp;id=2&amp;type=ms&amp;ms=F-Pn6214&amp;nam=&amp;key=&amp;msnam=&amp;comp=Bocquet|access-date=20) May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya Bibliothèque nationale de France ina idadi ya preludi zake. Muziki wake pia unapatikana katika hati za Kifaransa, Kijerumani na Kiingereza za nusu ya pili ya karne ya 17.&lt;ref&gt;Rollin&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{BD|karne ya 17|karne ya 17}}
{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Ulaya}}
[[Jamii:Watunzi wa Ufaransa]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>9b1b1063dfdso752kkckrmvmvk9y0di</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Michèle Bokanowski</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230488</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509970</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T06:47:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Michèle Bokanowski''' (amezaliwa 9 Agosti 1943) ni mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Ufaransa]]. Alizaliwa mjini [[Cannes]] na alipata elimu ya muziki wa jadi. Aliendelea na masomo ya utunzi wa muziki mjini [[Paris]] chini ya Michel Puig, na mwaka 1970 alisomea muziki wa kielektroniki katika Kitengo cha Utafiti cha ORTF (Service de la recherche de l’ORTF) kilichoongozwa na Pierre Schaeffer.  Pia alisomea muziki wa kompyuta katika Chuo cha Vincennes (Faculté de...'</comment>
      <origin>1509970</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1165" sha1="navd8swtk2xjgv4ra5kdg6307skvpoe" xml:space="preserve">'''Michèle Bokanowski''' (amezaliwa 9 Agosti 1943) ni mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Ufaransa]]. Alizaliwa mjini [[Cannes]] na alipata elimu ya muziki wa jadi. Aliendelea na masomo ya utunzi wa muziki mjini [[Paris]] chini ya Michel Puig, na mwaka 1970 alisomea muziki wa kielektroniki katika Kitengo cha Utafiti cha ORTF (Service de la recherche de l’ORTF) kilichoongozwa na Pierre Schaeffer.

Pia alisomea muziki wa kompyuta katika Chuo cha Vincennes (Faculté de Vincennes) na muziki wa kielektroniki chini ya Éliane Radigue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=International who's who in music and musicians' directory|author=Cummings, David M.|year=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IvoQQU1QL_QC&amp;q=Mich%C3%A8le+Bokanowski+(born+1943)&amp;pg=PA70|title=The](https://books.google.com/books?id=IvoQQU1QL_QC&amp;q=Mich%C3%A8le+Bokanowski+%28born+1943%29&amp;pg=PA70|title=The) Norton/Grove dictionary of women composers|first1=Julie Anne|last1=Sadie|first2=Rhian|last2=Samuel|year=1994|publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company |isbn=9780393034875|accessdate=29 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1943|}}

[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>navd8swtk2xjgv4ra5kdg6307skvpoe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509976</id>
      <parentid>1509970</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T06:52:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509976</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1192" sha1="a4jjuvkcarw2p8hukr4srnq980kd2su" xml:space="preserve">'''Michèle Bokanowski''' (amezaliwa [[Cannes]], 9 Agosti 1943) ni mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Ufaransa]]. 

Alipata elimu ya muziki wa jadi. Aliendelea na masomo ya utunzi wa muziki mjini [[Paris]] chini ya Michel Puig, na mwaka 1970 alisomea muziki wa kielektroniki katika Kitengo cha Utafiti cha ORTF (Service de la recherche de l’ORTF) kilichoongozwa na Pierre Schaeffer.

Pia alisomea muziki wa kompyuta katika Chuo cha Vincennes (Faculté de Vincennes) na muziki wa kielektroniki chini ya Éliane Radigue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=International who's who in music and musicians' directory|author=Cummings, David M.|year=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IvoQQU1QL_QC&amp;q=Mich%C3%A8le+Bokanowski+(born+1943)&amp;pg=PA70|title=The](https://books.google.com/books?id=IvoQQU1QL_QC&amp;q=Mich%C3%A8le+Bokanowski+%28born+1943%29&amp;pg=PA70|title=The) Norton/Grove dictionary of women composers|first1=Julie Anne|last1=Sadie|first2=Rhian|last2=Samuel|year=1994|publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company |isbn=9780393034875|accessdate=29 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Ulaya}}
{{BD|1943|}}
[[Jamii:Watunzi wa Ufaransa]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>a4jjuvkcarw2p8hukr4srnq980kd2su</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mel Bonis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230489</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509972</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T06:49:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mélanie Hélène &quot;Mel&quot; Bonis''' (21 Januari 1858 – 18 Machi 1937) alikuwa mtunzi mahiri wa muziki wa [[France|Ufaransa]] katika mtindo wa mwishoni wa Uromantiki. Aliandika zaidi ya kazi 300, zikiwemo vipande vya piano (kwa mtu mmoja na mikono minne), kazi za ogani, muziki wa vyumba (chamber music), ''mélodies'', muziki wa kwaya, misa, na pia kazi za okestra.  Alisoma katika Konsevatori ya Paris, ambapo walimu wake walikuwa [[César Franck]], Ernest...'</comment>
      <origin>1509972</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="577" sha1="s9kqb0ekbsivs8dyefxue51v1k34xpf" xml:space="preserve">'''Mélanie Hélène &quot;Mel&quot; Bonis''' (21 Januari 1858 – 18 Machi 1937) alikuwa mtunzi mahiri wa muziki wa [[France|Ufaransa]] katika mtindo wa mwishoni wa Uromantiki. Aliandika zaidi ya kazi 300, zikiwemo vipande vya piano (kwa mtu mmoja na mikono minne), kazi za ogani, muziki wa vyumba (chamber music), ''mélodies'', muziki wa kwaya, misa, na pia kazi za okestra.

Alisoma katika Konsevatori ya Paris, ambapo walimu wake walikuwa [[César Franck]], Ernest Guiraud na Auguste Bazille.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1858|1937}}

[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>s9kqb0ekbsivs8dyefxue51v1k34xpf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509977</id>
      <parentid>1509972</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T06:53:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509977</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="620" sha1="smhazkp5qj00820hh1mdca8pnfx7vur" xml:space="preserve">'''Mélanie Hélène &quot;Mel&quot; Bonis''' (21 Januari 1858 – 18 Machi 1937) alikuwa mtunzi mahiri wa muziki wa [[France|Ufaransa]] katika mtindo wa mwishoni wa Uromantiki. Aliandika zaidi ya kazi 300, zikiwemo vipande vya piano (kwa mtu mmoja na mikono minne), kazi za ogani, muziki wa vyumba (chamber music), ''mélodies'', muziki wa kwaya, misa, na pia kazi za okestra.

Alisoma katika Konsevatori ya Paris, ambapo walimu wake walikuwa [[César Franck]], Ernest Guiraud na Auguste Bazille.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Ulaya}}
{{BD|1858|1937}}
[[Jamii:Watunzi wa Ufaransa]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>smhazkp5qj00820hh1mdca8pnfx7vur</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Magdeleine Boucherit Le Faure</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230490</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509975</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T06:52:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Madeleine Thérèse Marie Boucherit Le Faure''' ('''Boucherit'''}}; 13 Mei 1879 – 14 Oktoba 1960) alikuwa mpiga piano na mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Ufaransa]].  Akiwa mwalimu katika Konsevatori ya Paris, aliandika vipande kadhaa vya piano, hasa kwa ajili ya watoto, alitoa masomo ya uongozi wa muziki kwa wanafunzi wachanga, na aliongoza okestra ya vyumba iitwayo ''petits concerts Mozart'' aliyoiunda mwenyewe.  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|18...'</comment>
      <origin>1509975</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="501" sha1="rl2kf71jkxyba5glhmr7p0md6vljufe" xml:space="preserve">'''Madeleine Thérèse Marie Boucherit Le Faure''' ('''Boucherit'''}}; 13 Mei 1879 – 14 Oktoba 1960) alikuwa mpiga piano na mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Ufaransa]].

Akiwa mwalimu katika Konsevatori ya Paris, aliandika vipande kadhaa vya piano, hasa kwa ajili ya watoto, alitoa masomo ya uongozi wa muziki kwa wanafunzi wachanga, na aliongoza okestra ya vyumba iitwayo ''petits concerts Mozart'' aliyoiunda mwenyewe.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1879|1960}}

[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>rl2kf71jkxyba5glhmr7p0md6vljufe</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lili Boulanger</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230491</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509978</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T06:57:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Marie Juliette Boulanger''' ({{IPA|fr|maʁi ʒyljɛt bulɑ̃ʒe|lang}}; 21 Agosti 1893 – 15 Machi 1918), anayejulikana kitaaluma kama '''Lili Boulanger''' ({{IPA|fr|lili bulɑ̃ʒe|lang}}), alikuwa mtunzi wa muziki na mwanamuziki wa [[Ufaransa]], aliyehusishwa na harakati za Usimbolisti na Uimpressionisti katika muziki.  Alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kushinda shindano la utunzi la Grand Prix de Rome,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Caron|first=Sylvain|date=March...'</comment>
      <origin>1509978</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="903" sha1="5hfnrpyig99hwbxm07bkq7glmwyelo2" xml:space="preserve">'''Marie Juliette Boulanger''' ({{IPA|fr|maʁi ʒyljɛt bulɑ̃ʒe|lang}}; 21 Agosti 1893 – 15 Machi 1918), anayejulikana kitaaluma kama '''Lili Boulanger''' ({{IPA|fr|lili bulɑ̃ʒe|lang}}), alikuwa mtunzi wa muziki na mwanamuziki wa [[Ufaransa]], aliyehusishwa na harakati za Usimbolisti na Uimpressionisti katika muziki.

Alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kushinda shindano la utunzi la Grand Prix de Rome,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Caron|first=Sylvain|date=March 12, 2020|title=1913. Lili Boulanger, première femme Prix de Rome|url=[http://emf.oicrm.org/nhmf-1913|journal=Nouvelle](http://emf.oicrm.org/nhmf-1913|journal=Nouvelle) Histoire de la Musique en France (1870- 1950)|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; na dada yake mkubwa alikuwa mtunzi na mwalimu wa utunzi Nadia Boulanger, huku baba yao akiwa mtunzi Ernest Boulanger.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1893|1918}}

[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>5hfnrpyig99hwbxm07bkq7glmwyelo2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509993</id>
      <parentid>1509978</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T07:30:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509993</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="869" sha1="cfglazutjcpx4830ufqrcwveyfe6qn9" xml:space="preserve">'''Marie Juliette Boulanger''' (21 Agosti 1893 – 15 Machi 1918), anayejulikana kitaaluma kama '''Lili Boulanger''', alikuwa mtunzi wa muziki na mwanamuziki wa [[Ufaransa]], aliyehusishwa na harakati za Usimbolisti na Uimpressionisti katika muziki.

Alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kushinda shindano la utunzi la Grand Prix de Rome,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Caron|first=Sylvain|date=March 12, 2020|title=1913. Lili Boulanger, première femme Prix de Rome|url=[http://emf.oicrm.org/nhmf-1913|journal=Nouvelle](http://emf.oicrm.org/nhmf-1913|journal=Nouvelle) Histoire de la Musique en France (1870- 1950)|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; na dada yake mkubwa alikuwa mtunzi na mwalimu wa utunzi Nadia Boulanger, huku baba yao akiwa mtunzi Ernest Boulanger.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Ulaya}}
{{BD|1893|1918}}
[[Jamii:Watunzi wa Ufaransa]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>cfglazutjcpx4830ufqrcwveyfe6qn9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nadia Boulanger</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230492</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509979</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T06:59:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Juliette Nadia Boulanger''' ({{IPA|fr|ʒyljɛt nadja bulɑ̃ʒe|lang}}; 16 Septemba 1887 – 22 Oktoba 1979) alikuwa mwalimu wa muziki, kondakta na mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Ufaransa]]. Alifundisha watunzi na wanamuziki wengi mashuhuri wa karne ya 20, na pia alitumbuiza mara chache kama mpiga piano na mpiga ogani.&lt;ref&gt;[[https://books.google.com/books?id=XW6OKu19T88C&amp;dq=Nadia+Boulanger+composer+conductor+pianist&amp;pg=PA45](https://books.google.com/books?id=XW6...'</comment>
      <origin>1509979</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="731" sha1="06zvm7uyckmrox4dofi6kx0rqm03dlc" xml:space="preserve">'''Juliette Nadia Boulanger''' ({{IPA|fr|ʒyljɛt nadja bulɑ̃ʒe|lang}}; 16 Septemba 1887 – 22 Oktoba 1979) alikuwa mwalimu wa muziki, kondakta na mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Ufaransa]]. Alifundisha watunzi na wanamuziki wengi mashuhuri wa karne ya 20, na pia alitumbuiza mara chache kama mpiga piano na mpiga ogani.&lt;ref&gt;[[https://books.google.com/books?id=XW6OKu19T88C&amp;dq=Nadia+Boulanger+composer+conductor+pianist&amp;pg=PA45](https://books.google.com/books?id=XW6OKu19T88C&amp;dq=Nadia+Boulanger+composer+conductor+pianist&amp;pg=PA45) Lennox Berkeley, Sir, Peter Dickinson, Lennox Berkeley and Friends: Writings, Letters and Interviews, page 45]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1887|1979}}

[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>06zvm7uyckmrox4dofi6kx0rqm03dlc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509994</id>
      <parentid>1509979</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T07:31:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509994</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="731" sha1="h0t1clycu2a8fmj95ehpdo13zoefwb9" xml:space="preserve">'''Juliette Nadia Boulanger''' (16 Septemba 1887 – 22 Oktoba 1979) alikuwa mwalimu wa muziki, kondakta na mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Ufaransa]]. Alifundisha watunzi na wanamuziki wengi mashuhuri wa karne ya 20, na pia alitumbuiza mara chache kama mpiga piano na mpiga ogani.&lt;ref&gt;[[https://books.google.com/books?id=XW6OKu19T88C&amp;dq=Nadia+Boulanger+composer+conductor+pianist&amp;pg=PA45](https://books.google.com/books?id=XW6OKu19T88C&amp;dq=Nadia+Boulanger+composer+conductor+pianist&amp;pg=PA45) Lennox Berkeley, Sir, Peter Dickinson, Lennox Berkeley and Friends: Writings, Letters and Interviews, page 45]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Ulaya}}
{{BD|1887|1979}}
[[Jamii:Watunzi wa Ufaransa]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>h0t1clycu2a8fmj95ehpdo13zoefwb9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nina de Callias</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230493</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509983</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T07:11:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Anne-Marie Gaillard''' (12 Julai 1843 – 22 Julai 1884), anayejulikana kama '''Nina de Villard de Callias''', '''Nina de Callias''' au '''Nina de Villard''', alikuwa mwenyeji wa saluni,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Lloyd |first1=Rosemary |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JMUcAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=nina+de+villard+composer](https://books.google.com/books?id=JMUcAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=nina+de+villard+composer) |title=Women Seeking Expression: France 1789-1914 |last2=N...'</comment>
      <origin>1509983</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2893" sha1="akjwyncpkeut1bh5gifh2846vyiskai" xml:space="preserve">'''Anne-Marie Gaillard''' (12 Julai 1843 – 22 Julai 1884), anayejulikana kama '''Nina de Villard de Callias''', '''Nina de Callias''' au '''Nina de Villard''', alikuwa mwenyeji wa saluni,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Lloyd |first1=Rosemary |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JMUcAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=nina+de+villard+composer](https://books.google.com/books?id=JMUcAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=nina+de+villard+composer) |title=Women Seeking Expression: France 1789-1914 |last2=Nelson |first2=Brian |date=2000 |publisher=Department of Romance Languages, Monash University |isbn=978-0-7326-1419-5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; mpiga piano,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Musée d'Orsay: The Lady with Fans - Nina de Callias, Manet's model |url=[https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/events/exhibitions/in-the-museums/exhibitions-in-the-musee-dorsay-more/article/span-classitaliquenoirla-dame-aux-eventails-span-nina-de-callias-modele-de-manet-4004.html?S=&amp;tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=649&amp;cHash=ccfd83dfb1&amp;print=1&amp;no_cache=1&amp;](https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/events/exhibitions/in-the-museums/exhibitions-in-the-musee-dorsay-more/article/span-classitaliquenoirla-dame-aux-eventails-span-nina-de-callias-modele-de-manet-4004.html?S=&amp;tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=649&amp;cHash=ccfd83dfb1&amp;print=1&amp;no_cache=1&amp;) |access-date=2021-03-11 |website=[www.musee-orsay.fr](http://www.musee-orsay.fr) |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185353/https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/events/exhibitions/in-the-museums/exhibitions-in-the-musee-dorsay-more/article/span-classitaliquenoirla-dame-aux-eventails-span-nina-de-callias-modele-de-manet-4004.html?S=&amp;tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=649&amp;cHash=ccfd83dfb1&amp;print=1&amp;no_cache=1&amp;](https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185353/https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/events/exhibitions/in-the-museums/exhibitions-in-the-musee-dorsay-more/article/span-classitaliquenoirla-dame-aux-eventails-span-nina-de-callias-modele-de-manet-4004.html?S=&amp;tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=649&amp;cHash=ccfd83dfb1&amp;print=1&amp;no_cache=1&amp;) |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; mtunzi wa muziki,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Stern |first=Susan |title=Women composers : a handbook |date=1978 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=0-8108-1138-3 |location=Metuchen, N.J. |oclc=3844725}}&lt;/ref&gt; mshairi, mwigizaji, na pia alikuwa mfano wa wasanii.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Taaluma yake ya muziki ilianza tangu utotoni, na pamoja na mapenzi yake kwa sanaa za maigizo iliimarishwa na haiba yake pamoja na uwezo wake wa kuandaa saluni. Alijulikana kwa sherehe na chakula cha jioni alichokuwa akiandaa, ambapo alichangamana na waigizaji, washairi, waandishi wa tamthilia na wanafalsafa wengi mashuhuri.

Anajulikana zaidi kama mfano wa mchoro wa [[Édouard Manet]] uitwao ''La Dame aux éventails'', na pia alikuwa mkosoaji wa maonyesho ya Uimpressionisti ya mwaka 1881.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1843|1884}}

[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>akjwyncpkeut1bh5gifh2846vyiskai</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509995</id>
      <parentid>1509983</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T07:31:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509995</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2936" sha1="cu6jexch1jvxy8q6152xytk41qbyqt2" xml:space="preserve">'''Anne-Marie Gaillard''' (12 Julai 1843 – 22 Julai 1884), anayejulikana kama '''Nina de Villard de Callias''', '''Nina de Callias''' au '''Nina de Villard''', alikuwa mwenyeji wa saluni,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Lloyd |first1=Rosemary |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JMUcAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=nina+de+villard+composer](https://books.google.com/books?id=JMUcAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=nina+de+villard+composer) |title=Women Seeking Expression: France 1789-1914 |last2=Nelson |first2=Brian |date=2000 |publisher=Department of Romance Languages, Monash University |isbn=978-0-7326-1419-5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; mpiga piano,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Musée d'Orsay: The Lady with Fans - Nina de Callias, Manet's model |url=[https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/events/exhibitions/in-the-museums/exhibitions-in-the-musee-dorsay-more/article/span-classitaliquenoirla-dame-aux-eventails-span-nina-de-callias-modele-de-manet-4004.html?S=&amp;tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=649&amp;cHash=ccfd83dfb1&amp;print=1&amp;no_cache=1&amp;](https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/events/exhibitions/in-the-museums/exhibitions-in-the-musee-dorsay-more/article/span-classitaliquenoirla-dame-aux-eventails-span-nina-de-callias-modele-de-manet-4004.html?S=&amp;tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=649&amp;cHash=ccfd83dfb1&amp;print=1&amp;no_cache=1&amp;) |access-date=2021-03-11 |website=[www.musee-orsay.fr](http://www.musee-orsay.fr) |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185353/https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/events/exhibitions/in-the-museums/exhibitions-in-the-musee-dorsay-more/article/span-classitaliquenoirla-dame-aux-eventails-span-nina-de-callias-modele-de-manet-4004.html?S=&amp;tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=649&amp;cHash=ccfd83dfb1&amp;print=1&amp;no_cache=1&amp;](https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185353/https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/events/exhibitions/in-the-museums/exhibitions-in-the-musee-dorsay-more/article/span-classitaliquenoirla-dame-aux-eventails-span-nina-de-callias-modele-de-manet-4004.html?S=&amp;tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=649&amp;cHash=ccfd83dfb1&amp;print=1&amp;no_cache=1&amp;) |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; mtunzi wa muziki,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Stern |first=Susan |title=Women composers : a handbook |date=1978 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=0-8108-1138-3 |location=Metuchen, N.J. |oclc=3844725}}&lt;/ref&gt; mshairi, mwigizaji, na pia alikuwa mfano wa wasanii.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Taaluma yake ya muziki ilianza tangu utotoni, na pamoja na mapenzi yake kwa sanaa za maigizo iliimarishwa na haiba yake pamoja na uwezo wake wa kuandaa saluni. Alijulikana kwa sherehe na chakula cha jioni alichokuwa akiandaa, ambapo alichangamana na waigizaji, washairi, waandishi wa tamthilia na wanafalsafa wengi mashuhuri.

Anajulikana zaidi kama mfano wa mchoro wa [[Édouard Manet]] uitwao ''La Dame aux éventails'', na pia alikuwa mkosoaji wa maonyesho ya Uimpressionisti ya mwaka 1881.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Ulaya}}
{{BD|1843|1884}}
[[Jamii:Watunzi wa Ufaransa]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>cu6jexch1jvxy8q6152xytk41qbyqt2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Marguerite Canal</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230494</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509984</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T07:12:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Marie-Marguerite-Denise Canal''' (29 Januari 1890 – 27 Januari 1978)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=[http://www.musimem.com/prix-rome-1920-1929.htm|title=Prix](http://www.musimem.com/prix-rome-1920-1929.htm|title=Prix) de Rome 1920-1929|website=[www.musimem.com|access-date=2019-11-17](http://www.musimem.com|access-date=2019-11-17)}}&lt;/ref&gt; alikuwa [[Ufaransa|Mfaransa]] kondakta, mwalimu wa muziki na mtunzi wa muziki.  Alizaliwa mjini [[Toulouse]] katika...'</comment>
      <origin>1509984</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1108" sha1="cd43l9rn9vqogq4x07mrn70mylf09v2" xml:space="preserve">'''Marie-Marguerite-Denise Canal''' (29 Januari 1890 – 27 Januari 1978)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=[http://www.musimem.com/prix-rome-1920-1929.htm|title=Prix](http://www.musimem.com/prix-rome-1920-1929.htm|title=Prix) de Rome 1920-1929|website=[www.musimem.com|access-date=2019-11-17](http://www.musimem.com|access-date=2019-11-17)}}&lt;/ref&gt; alikuwa [[Ufaransa|Mfaransa]] kondakta, mwalimu wa muziki na mtunzi wa muziki.

Alizaliwa mjini [[Toulouse]] katika familia ya muziki, ambapo baba yake alimfundisha muziki na ushairi. Mwaka 1911 alisomea uimbaji na piano katika [[Paris|Paris]] katika Konsevatori, na baada ya kumaliza masomo yake, alikuja kuwa mwalimu katika taasisi hiyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Marguerite Canal|date=2018-11-10|url=[https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marguerite_Canal&amp;oldid=153844177|work=Wikipédia|language=fr|access-date=2019-11-17}}](https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marguerite_Canal&amp;oldid=153844177|work=Wikipédia|language=fr|access-date=2019-11-17}})&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1890|1978}}

[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>cd43l9rn9vqogq4x07mrn70mylf09v2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509996</id>
      <parentid>1509984</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T07:32:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509996</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="816" sha1="ccf0kmp9pjezx7m1e7bm1jo40kszq03" xml:space="preserve">'''Marie-Marguerite-Denise Canal''' (29 Januari 1890 – 27 Januari 1978)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=[http://www.musimem.com/prix-rome-1920-1929.htm|title=Prix](http://www.musimem.com/prix-rome-1920-1929.htm|title=Prix) de Rome 1920-1929|website=[www.musimem.com|access-date=2019-11-17](http://www.musimem.com|access-date=2019-11-17)}}&lt;/ref&gt; alikuwa [[Ufaransa|Mfaransa]] kondakta, mwalimu wa muziki na mtunzi wa muziki.

Alizaliwa mjini [[Toulouse]] katika familia ya muziki, ambapo baba yake alimfundisha muziki na ushairi. Mwaka 1911 alisomea uimbaji na piano katika [[Paris|Paris]] katika Konsevatori, na baada ya kumaliza masomo yake, alikuja kuwa mwalimu katika taasisi hiyo.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Ulaya}}
{{BD|1890|1978}}
[[Jamii:Watunzi wa Ufaransa]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>ccf0kmp9pjezx7m1e7bm1jo40kszq03</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Édith Canat de Chizy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230495</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509985</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T07:16:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Edith Canat de Chizy''' (amezaliwa 26 Machi 1950) ni mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Ufaransa]], aliyezaliwa [[Lyon]] na kwa sasa anaishi [[Paris]]. Alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza mtunzi wa muziki kuchaguliwa kuwa mwanachama wa Académie des Beaux-Arts.  == Maisha na kazi == Edith Canat de Chizy alizaliwa mjini [[Lyon]], na alisoma sanaa, akiolojia na falsafa katika Sorbonne University sambamba na masomo ya muziki katika [[Paris]] Konsevatori chini ya Maurice Ohana...'</comment>
      <origin>1509985</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="955" sha1="9t48zvw09xgjqa336yf0bvaiwzs9rw7" xml:space="preserve">'''Edith Canat de Chizy''' (amezaliwa 26 Machi 1950) ni mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Ufaransa]], aliyezaliwa [[Lyon]] na kwa sasa anaishi [[Paris]]. Alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza mtunzi wa muziki kuchaguliwa kuwa mwanachama wa Académie des Beaux-Arts.

== Maisha na kazi ==
Edith Canat de Chizy alizaliwa mjini [[Lyon]], na alisoma sanaa, akiolojia na falsafa katika Sorbonne University sambamba na masomo ya muziki katika [[Paris]] Konsevatori chini ya Maurice Ohana—aliyekuwa na ushawishi mkubwa kwake—na Ivo Malec.

Aliendelea na masomo yake katika Konsevatori ya Paris, ambapo alipata tuzo za kwanza katika harmonia, fuga, kontrapointi, uchambuzi, uorchestration na utunzi wa muziki. Pia alisomea elektroakustiki na kufanya kazi na Guy Reibel katika Groupe de Recherches Musicales. Ala yake kuu ni fidla (violin), na ameandika kwa wingi muziki kwa ajili ya ala za nyuzi.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1950|}}

[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>9t48zvw09xgjqa336yf0bvaiwzs9rw7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509998</id>
      <parentid>1509985</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T07:33:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509998</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="998" sha1="qzer0eevmy19ox8bggjgdza7rqppdmm" xml:space="preserve">'''Edith Canat de Chizy''' (amezaliwa 26 Machi 1950) ni mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Ufaransa]], aliyezaliwa [[Lyon]] na kwa sasa anaishi [[Paris]]. Alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza mtunzi wa muziki kuchaguliwa kuwa mwanachama wa Académie des Beaux-Arts.

== Maisha na kazi ==
Edith Canat de Chizy alizaliwa mjini [[Lyon]], na alisoma sanaa, akiolojia na falsafa katika Sorbonne University sambamba na masomo ya muziki katika [[Paris]] Konsevatori chini ya Maurice Ohana—aliyekuwa na ushawishi mkubwa kwake—na Ivo Malec.

Aliendelea na masomo yake katika Konsevatori ya Paris, ambapo alipata tuzo za kwanza katika harmonia, fuga, kontrapointi, uchambuzi, uorchestration na utunzi wa muziki. Pia alisomea elektroakustiki na kufanya kazi na Guy Reibel katika Groupe de Recherches Musicales. Ala yake kuu ni fidla (violin), na ameandika kwa wingi muziki kwa ajili ya ala za nyuzi.

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Ulaya}}
{{BD|1950|}}
[[Jamii:Watunzi wa Ufaransa]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>qzer0eevmy19ox8bggjgdza7rqppdmm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>William E. Macaulay</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230496</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509986</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T07:18:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''William Edward Macaulay''' (Alizaliwa [[Septemba 2]], [[1945]] – Alifariki [[Novemba 26]], [[2019]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]], na afisa mkuu mtendaji na mwenyekiti wa ''First Reserve Corporation'', mfuko mkubwa zaidi wa uwekezaji  wa kibinafsi duniani uliobobea katika tasnia ya nishati, ukiwa na dola bilioni 21.5 chini ya usimamizi.&lt;ref name=&quot;forbes1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/william-macaulay/ |title...'</comment>
      <origin>1509986</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="701" sha1="bbqqn2bxdwnn1ergaeizb1jn8binwm0" xml:space="preserve">'''William Edward Macaulay''' (Alizaliwa [[Septemba 2]], [[1945]] – Alifariki [[Novemba 26]], [[2019]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]], na afisa mkuu mtendaji na mwenyekiti wa ''First Reserve Corporation'', mfuko mkubwa zaidi wa uwekezaji  wa kibinafsi duniani uliobobea katika tasnia ya nishati, ukiwa na dola bilioni 21.5 chini ya usimamizi.&lt;ref name=&quot;forbes1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/william-macaulay/ |title=Forbes profile: William Macaulay |website=Forbes|date=March 5, 2019 |access-date=December 6, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1945]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2019]]</text>
      <sha1>bbqqn2bxdwnn1ergaeizb1jn8binwm0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1509999</id>
      <parentid>1509986</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T07:33:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1509999</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="679" sha1="6e70y0gh23096ti5h7ah540qch7rdk6" xml:space="preserve">'''William Edward Macaulay''' ([[Septemba 2]], [[1945]] – [[Novemba 26]], [[2019]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]], na afisa mkuu mtendaji na mwenyekiti wa ''First Reserve Corporation'', mfuko mkubwa zaidi wa uwekezaji  wa kibinafsi duniani uliobobea katika tasnia ya nishati, ukiwa na dola bilioni 21.5 chini ya usimamizi.&lt;ref name=&quot;forbes1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/william-macaulay/ |title=Forbes profile: William Macaulay |website=Forbes|date=March 5, 2019 |access-date=December 6, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1945]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2019]]</text>
      <sha1>6e70y0gh23096ti5h7ah540qch7rdk6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Layale Chaker</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230497</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509987</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T07:20:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Layale Chaker''' ( amezaliwa 1990) ni mpiga fidla na mtunzi wa muziki mwenye asili ya [[Ufaransa]] na [[Lebanon]], ambaye muziki wake unachanganya vipengele vya muziki wa klasiki, muziki wa kisasa, jazzi, muziki wa Kiarabu na uboreshaji wa papo kwa papo (improvisation).  == Kazi ya muziki == Alizaliwa mjini [[Paris]] na kuhamia [[Lebanon]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 6.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=MusicalAmerica - Composer/Violinist Layale Chaker Spring...'</comment>
      <origin>1509987</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2226" sha1="9kvl41ubdssfgnqp37s615a8bboxatw" xml:space="preserve">'''Layale Chaker''' ( amezaliwa 1990) ni mpiga fidla na mtunzi wa muziki mwenye asili ya [[Ufaransa]] na [[Lebanon]], ambaye muziki wake unachanganya vipengele vya muziki wa klasiki, muziki wa kisasa, jazzi, muziki wa Kiarabu na uboreshaji wa papo kwa papo (improvisation).

== Kazi ya muziki ==
Alizaliwa mjini [[Paris]] na kuhamia [[Lebanon]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 6.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=MusicalAmerica - Composer/Violinist Layale Chaker Spring Highlights – WP of Ruinous Gods at Spoleto, Two New Albums on In a Circle |url=[https://www.musicalamerica.com/news/newsstory.cfm?storyid=56110&amp;categoryid=5&amp;archived=0](https://www.musicalamerica.com/news/newsstory.cfm?storyid=56110&amp;categoryid=5&amp;archived=0) |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=[www.musicalamerica.com](http://www.musicalamerica.com)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka 2005 alianza masomo ya muziki katika Konsevatori ya Kitaifa ya Beirut.

Baadaye alisoma katika Konsevatori ya Mkoa ya Paris kuanzia mwaka 2010 na katika Royal Academy of Music mjini [[London]] kuanzia mwaka 2017, akifundishwa na walimu kama Mohamed Hashem, Carmen Scripcariu, Jeanne-Marie Conquer na Nicholas Miller.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Layale Chaker &amp; Sarafand - WOMEX |url=[https://www.womex.com/virtual/latitude_45_arts/layale_chaker](https://www.womex.com/virtual/latitude_45_arts/layale_chaker) |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=[www.womex.com](http://www.womex.com)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwa sasa anatumbuiza pamoja na West–Eastern Divan Orchestra chini ya uongozi wa Daniel Barenboim.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-02-01 |title=A Violinist Questions the Musical Divide Between West and East (Published 2019) |url=[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/01/arts/music/layale-chaker-inner-rhyme.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/01/arts/music/layale-chaker-inner-rhyme.html) |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20230328155032/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/01/arts/music/layale-chaker-inner-rhyme.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20230328155032/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/01/arts/music/layale-chaker-inner-rhyme.html) |archive-date=2023-03-28 |access-date=2024-12-18 |language=en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1990|}}

[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>9kvl41ubdssfgnqp37s615a8bboxatw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1510000</id>
      <parentid>1509987</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T07:34:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1510000</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2325" sha1="q3vggyldpoaq5jw1x9tcw6yihc0q80y" xml:space="preserve">'''Layale Chaker''' (amezaliwa 1990) ni mpiga fidla na mtunzi wa muziki mwenye asili ya [[Ufaransa]] na [[Lebanoni]], ambaye muziki wake unachanganya vipengele vya muziki wa klasiki, muziki wa kisasa, jazzi, muziki wa Kiarabu na uboreshaji wa papo kwa papo (improvisation).

== Kazi ya muziki ==
Alizaliwa mjini [[Paris]] na kuhamia [[Lebanoni]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 6.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=MusicalAmerica - Composer/Violinist Layale Chaker Spring Highlights – WP of Ruinous Gods at Spoleto, Two New Albums on In a Circle |url=[https://www.musicalamerica.com/news/newsstory.cfm?storyid=56110&amp;categoryid=5&amp;archived=0](https://www.musicalamerica.com/news/newsstory.cfm?storyid=56110&amp;categoryid=5&amp;archived=0) |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=[www.musicalamerica.com](http://www.musicalamerica.com)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka 2005 alianza masomo ya muziki katika Konsevatori ya Kitaifa ya Beirut.

Baadaye alisoma katika Konsevatori ya Mkoa ya Paris kuanzia mwaka 2010 na katika Royal Academy of Music mjini [[London]] kuanzia mwaka 2017, akifundishwa na walimu kama Mohamed Hashem, Carmen Scripcariu, Jeanne-Marie Conquer na Nicholas Miller.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Layale Chaker &amp; Sarafand - WOMEX |url=[https://www.womex.com/virtual/latitude_45_arts/layale_chaker](https://www.womex.com/virtual/latitude_45_arts/layale_chaker) |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=[www.womex.com](http://www.womex.com)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwa sasa anatumbuiza pamoja na West–Eastern Divan Orchestra chini ya uongozi wa Daniel Barenboim.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-02-01 |title=A Violinist Questions the Musical Divide Between West and East (Published 2019) |url=[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/01/arts/music/layale-chaker-inner-rhyme.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/01/arts/music/layale-chaker-inner-rhyme.html) |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20230328155032/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/01/arts/music/layale-chaker-inner-rhyme.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20230328155032/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/01/arts/music/layale-chaker-inner-rhyme.html) |archive-date=2023-03-28 |access-date=2024-12-18 |language=en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}}
{{BD|1990|}}
[[Jamii:Watunzi wa Ufaransa]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]
[[Jamii:Watunzi wa Lebanoni]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Lebanoni]]</text>
      <sha1>q3vggyldpoaq5jw1x9tcw6yihc0q80y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jorge Mas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230498</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509989</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T07:21:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jorge Mas Santos''' (Alizaliwa [[Februari 28]], [[1963]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]] na mwenyekiti na mwanahisa mkubwa wa ''MasTec'', kampuni ya ujenzi na uhandisi yenye makao yake [[Miami]], iliyoanzishwa na baba yake [[Jorge Mas Canosa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.intermiamicf.com/en/club/ownership|title=Inter Miami CF Ownership|access-date=June 24, 2020|archive-date=June 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20...'</comment>
      <origin>1509989</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="676" sha1="sqac7e8ib6okwq5ers7cypp0px04wzj" xml:space="preserve">'''Jorge Mas Santos''' (Alizaliwa [[Februari 28]], [[1963]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]] na mwenyekiti na mwanahisa mkubwa wa ''MasTec'', kampuni ya ujenzi na uhandisi yenye makao yake [[Miami]], iliyoanzishwa na baba yake [[Jorge Mas Canosa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.intermiamicf.com/en/club/ownership|title=Inter Miami CF Ownership|access-date=June 24, 2020|archive-date=June 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630171459/https://www.intermiamicf.com/en/club/ownership|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1963]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>sqac7e8ib6okwq5ers7cypp0px04wzj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Manny Mashouf</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230499</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509990</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T07:24:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Manoucher &quot;Manny&quot; Mashouf''' (Alizaliwa [[1938]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea na mfadhili nchini [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Irani]] alijulikana kwa kuanzisha ''Bebe Stores''.&lt;ref name=&quot;former-richest&quot;&gt;{{Citation |year=2006 |title=#242 Manny Mashouf &amp; family |work=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/54/biz_06rich400_Manny-Mashouf-family_CFHU.html |access-date=April 23, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == {{reflist}}  {{Mbegu-mtu}}  Jamii:...'</comment>
      <origin>1509990</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="565" sha1="bsaviemdy6yux8uggqfezlxy6kcfv24" xml:space="preserve">'''Manoucher &quot;Manny&quot; Mashouf''' (Alizaliwa [[1938]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea na mfadhili nchini [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Irani]] alijulikana kwa kuanzisha ''Bebe Stores''.&lt;ref name=&quot;former-richest&quot;&gt;{{Citation |year=2006 |title=#242 Manny Mashouf &amp; family |work=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/54/biz_06rich400_Manny-Mashouf-family_CFHU.html |access-date=April 23, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Irani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1938]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>bsaviemdy6yux8uggqfezlxy6kcfv24</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Clay Mathile</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230500</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509992</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T07:29:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Clayton Lee Mathile''' (Alizaliwa [[Januari 11]], [[1941]] – Alifariki [[Agosti 26]], [[2023]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]] alijulikana zaidi kwa kuongoza ''Iams'' kufikia karibu dola bilioni 1 kwa mauzo kabla ya kuiuza kwa ''Procter &amp; Gamble'' (P&amp;G)&lt;ref name=&quot;renamed_from_1999_on_20120920111548&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Procter &amp; Gamble is buying maker of premium pet food|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/12/business/procter-ga...'</comment>
      <origin>1509992</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1063" sha1="ege04ymqeai2mxdudpxtvw35v2jj27l" xml:space="preserve">'''Clayton Lee Mathile''' (Alizaliwa [[Januari 11]], [[1941]] – Alifariki [[Agosti 26]], [[2023]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]] alijulikana zaidi kwa kuongoza ''Iams'' kufikia karibu dola bilioni 1 kwa mauzo kabla ya kuiuza kwa ''Procter &amp; Gamble'' (P&amp;G)&lt;ref name=&quot;renamed_from_1999_on_20120920111548&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Procter &amp; Gamble is buying maker of premium pet food|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/12/business/procter-gamble-is-buying-maker-of-premium-pet-food.html | work=The New York Times | first=Dana|last=Canedy|date=August 12, 1999}}&lt;/ref&gt; kwa dola bilioni 2.3 mwaka [[1999]] katika muamala uliokuwa wa fedha taslimu tu (cash-only) mkubwa zaidi katika historia ya P&amp;G wakati huo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.enquirer.com/editions/1999/08/12/fin_purchase_of_iams_is.html|title=Purchase of Iams is P&amp;G's biggest|author=|date=|website=www.enquirer.com|accessdate=March 6, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1941]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2023]]</text>
      <sha1>ege04ymqeai2mxdudpxtvw35v2jj27l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1510001</id>
      <parentid>1509992</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T07:35:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1510001</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1042" sha1="48irk0m41nw7pivy7gb6tizrccc42ct" xml:space="preserve">'''Clayton Lee Mathile''' ([[Januari 11]], [[1941]] – [[Agosti 26]], [[2023]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]] alijulikana zaidi kwa kuongoza ''Iams'' kufikia karibu dola bilioni 1 kwa mauzo kabla ya kuiuza kwa ''Procter &amp; Gamble'' (P&amp;G)&lt;ref name=&quot;renamed_from_1999_on_20120920111548&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Procter &amp; Gamble is buying maker of premium pet food|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/12/business/procter-gamble-is-buying-maker-of-premium-pet-food.html | work=The New York Times | first=Dana|last=Canedy|date=August 12, 1999}}&lt;/ref&gt; kwa dola bilioni 2.3 mwaka [[1999]] katika muamala uliokuwa wa fedha taslimu tu (cash-only) mkubwa zaidi katika historia ya P&amp;G wakati huo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.enquirer.com/editions/1999/08/12/fin_purchase_of_iams_is.html|title=Purchase of Iams is P&amp;G's biggest|author=|date=|website=www.enquirer.com|accessdate=March 6, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1941]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2023]]</text>
      <sha1>48irk0m41nw7pivy7gb6tizrccc42ct</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>John C. Malone</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230501</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1509997</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T07:32:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''John Carl Malone''' (Alizaliwa [[Machi 7]], [[1941]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea, mmiliki wa ardhi, na mfadhili nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=John Malone |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/john-malone/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alikuwa afisa mkuu mtendaji wa ''Tele-Communications Inc. (TCI)'', kampuni kubwa ya kebo na vyombo vya habari, kuanzia mwaka [[1973]] hadi [[1996]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=John Malone |url=h...'</comment>
      <origin>1509997</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2103" sha1="c66wgxtektvayegu9b5resed63ua7la" xml:space="preserve">'''John Carl Malone''' (Alizaliwa [[Machi 7]], [[1941]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea, mmiliki wa ardhi, na mfadhili nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=John Malone |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/john-malone/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alikuwa afisa mkuu mtendaji wa ''Tele-Communications Inc. (TCI)'', kampuni kubwa ya kebo na vyombo vya habari, kuanzia mwaka [[1973]] hadi [[1996]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=John Malone |url=https://www.britannica.com/ |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kufikia mwaka [[2016]], Malone ndiye mwenyekiti na mwanahisa mkubwa wa ''Liberty Media'', ''Liberty Global'', ''Warner Bros. Discovery'', na ''QVC Group''. Kuanzia mwaka [[2011]] hadi [[2021]], Malone aliorodheshwa kama mmiliki mkubwa zaidi wa ardhi wa kibinafsi nchini Marekani akiwa na ekari milioni 2.2.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2016/03/cbs-buying-starz-cable-network-deal-talks-leslie-moonves-1201720007/|title=CBS Mulling Acquisition Of Pay Cable Network Starz|first=Nellie|last=Andreeva|date=March 14, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2016/tv/features/john-malone-liberty-media-charter-communications-1201729414/ |title=John Malone: 'Cable Cowboy' Faces the Test in Rounding Up the Right Mix of Assets |first=Cynthia |last=Littleton |date=March 15, 2016 |publisher=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2015/11/lionsgate-jon-feltheimer-john-malone-discovery-liberty-global-1201616902/|title=Lionsgate Strengthens Ties To John Malone: Liberty Global Buy Stakes|first=David Lieberman, Anita|last=Busch|date=November 10, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/telecoms/12010847/Liberty-Global-snaps-up-Cable-and-Wireless-in-3.6bn-deal.html|title=John Malone: the mystery method behind a media empire|date=November 22, 2015|publisher=Daily Telegraph|last1=Williams|first1=Christopher}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1941]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>c66wgxtektvayegu9b5resed63ua7la</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Janine Charbonnier</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230502</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510002</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T07:36:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Valuegirl</username>
        <id>87699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Janine Charbonnier''' (8 Juni 1926 – 28 Mei 2022) alikuwa mpiga piano, mtunzi wa muziki na mwanzilishi wa mapema wa muziki unaotengenezwa kwa kutumia mbinu za algoriti (algorithmic music) kutoka [[Ufaransa]]. Alizaliwa mjini [[Paris]] na aliolewa na mwandishi Georges Charbonnier.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IvoQQU1QL_QC&amp;q=Janine+Charbonnier+(born+1926)&amp;pg=PA115|title=The](https://books.google.com/books?id=IvoQQU1QL_QC&amp;q=Jan...'</comment>
      <origin>1510002</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1693" sha1="hwpiynpdafys8ctc23mgnielzh1mdsi" xml:space="preserve">'''Janine Charbonnier''' (8 Juni 1926 – 28 Mei 2022) alikuwa mpiga piano, mtunzi wa muziki na mwanzilishi wa mapema wa muziki unaotengenezwa kwa kutumia mbinu za algoriti (algorithmic music) kutoka [[Ufaransa]]. Alizaliwa mjini [[Paris]] na aliolewa na mwandishi Georges Charbonnier.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IvoQQU1QL_QC&amp;q=Janine+Charbonnier+(born+1926)&amp;pg=PA115|title=The](https://books.google.com/books?id=IvoQQU1QL_QC&amp;q=Janine+Charbonnier+%28born+1926%29&amp;pg=PA115|title=The) Norton/Grove dictionary of women composers|first1=Julie Anne|last1=Sadie|first2=Rhian|last2=Samuel|year=1994|publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company |accessdate=20 January 2011|isbn=9780393034875}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Janine Andree Cacheux |url=[https://deces.matchid.io/id/nkeDO7AqYG9W](https://deces.matchid.io/id/nkeDO7AqYG9W) |publisher=Fichier des décès |access-date=10 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akiwa pamoja na Pierre Barbaud na Roger Blanchard, alianzisha kundi la Groupe de Musique Algorithmique de Paris (GMAP). Kwa msaada wa Bull Centre National Computing Electronics, waliandaa tamasha lao la kwanza la muziki wa kielektroniki wa algoriti kama sehemu ya tamasha la sanaa lililofanyika katika Makumbusho ya Rodin  mjini Paris mnamo Juni 1959.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=[http://www.histoireinform.com/Histoire/Musique/musiqelec.htm|title=COMPOSITION](http://www.histoireinform.com/Histoire/Musique/musiqelec.htm|title=COMPOSITION) DE MUSIQUE PAR L'ELECTRONIQUE|accessdate=20 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Art, action and participation|author=Popper, Frank|year=1975}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1926|2022}}

[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>hwpiynpdafys8ctc23mgnielzh1mdsi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gary Magness</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230503</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510003</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T07:36:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Gary Magness''' ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea na [[mtayarishaji wa filamu]] nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;imdb&quot;&gt;[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2798739/ IMDB profile]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;smokewood&quot;&gt;[http://www.smokewood.net/about.html Smokewood Entertainment biography]&lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == {{reflist}}  {{Mbegu-mtu}}  [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watayarishaji  filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] Jamii:Waliozaliwa mwaka usiojuli...'</comment>
      <origin>1510003</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="492" sha1="erwe5jfpal0opp9ro9qkccmwxdovza6" xml:space="preserve">'''Gary Magness''' ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea na [[mtayarishaji wa filamu]] nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;imdb&quot;&gt;[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2798739/ IMDB profile]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;smokewood&quot;&gt;[http://www.smokewood.net/about.html Smokewood Entertainment biography]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Watayarishaji  filamu wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa mwaka usiojulikana ]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>erwe5jfpal0opp9ro9qkccmwxdovza6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bernie Madoff</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230504</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510004</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T07:42:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Bernard Lawrence Madoff''' (Alizaliwa [[Aprili 29]], [[1938]] – Alifariki [[Aprili 14]], [[2021]]) alikuwa mfadhili mwekezaji  bilionea nchini [[Marekani]], ambaye alikiri kuwa mbunifu wa mpango mkubwa zaidi wa ''Ponzi'' katika historia, wenye thamani inayokadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 65.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bernie Madoff |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/bernie-madoff/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aliwahi kuwa mwenyekiti wa soko...'</comment>
      <origin>1510004</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2035" sha1="oaxzx7j3f2smf2w1z9kbqh5jq5s7k3c" xml:space="preserve">'''Bernard Lawrence Madoff''' (Alizaliwa [[Aprili 29]], [[1938]] – Alifariki [[Aprili 14]], [[2021]]) alikuwa mfadhili mwekezaji  bilionea nchini [[Marekani]], ambaye alikiri kuwa mbunifu wa mpango mkubwa zaidi wa ''Ponzi'' katika historia, wenye thamani inayokadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 65.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bernie Madoff |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/bernie-madoff/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aliwahi kuwa mwenyekiti wa soko la hisa la Nasdaq.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-madoff/madoff-mysteries-remain-as-he-nears-guilty-plea-idUSTRE52A5JK20090311 |title=US Prosecutors updated the size of Madoff's scheme from $50 billion to $64 billion | first=Martha | last=Graybow | work=[[Reuters]] |date=March 11, 2009 |archive-date=July 7, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707181519/http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSTRE52A5JK20090311?pageNumber=2&amp;virtualBrandChannel=0&amp;sp=true | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Tried&gt;{{cite news | agency=[[Reuters]] |title=Wife Says She and Madoff Tried Suicide | work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/27/business/wife-says-she-and-madoff-tried-suicide.html | date=October 26, 2011 |archive-date=July 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708133556/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/27/business/wife-says-she-and-madoff-tried-suicide.html | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo Machi [[2009]], Madoff alikiri hatia ya makosa 11 ya shirikisho na alihukumiwa kifungo cha miaka 150 jela, adhabu ya juu zaidi iliyoruhusiwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://pronounce.voanews.com/?searchtype=2&amp;Name2=madoff | title=Voice of America pronunciation guide |publisher=[[Voice of America]] | url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718225319/http://names.voa.gov/SearchAction.cfm?searchtype=2&amp;Name2=madoff |archive-date=July 18, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1938]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]]</text>
      <sha1>oaxzx7j3f2smf2w1z9kbqh5jq5s7k3c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Whitney MacMillan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230505</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510005</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T07:45:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Whitney MacMillan''' (Alizaliwa [[Septemba 25]], [[1929]] – Alifariki [[Machi 11]], [[2020]]) alikuwa mrithi na [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;secretive&quot;&gt;Brian Solomon, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/briansolomon/2011/09/22/the-secretive-cargill-billionaires-and-their-family-tree/ The Secretive Cargill Billionaires And Their Family Tree], ''[[Forbes]]'', 9/22/2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hbs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hbs.edu/leader...'</comment>
      <origin>1510005</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1285" sha1="4f83plb02sw51jgw76qtzxvlozmoyc0" xml:space="preserve">'''Whitney MacMillan''' (Alizaliwa [[Septemba 25]], [[1929]] – Alifariki [[Machi 11]], [[2020]]) alikuwa mrithi na [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;secretive&quot;&gt;Brian Solomon, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/briansolomon/2011/09/22/the-secretive-cargill-billionaires-and-their-family-tree/ The Secretive Cargill Billionaires And Their Family Tree], ''[[Forbes]]'', 9/22/2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hbs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hbs.edu/leadership/database/leaders/whitney_macmillan.html|title=Harvard Business School profile}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;forbes2008&quot;&gt;[https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/54/400list08_Whitney-MacMillan_EKJS.html Forbes 2008: Whitney MacMillan]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eastwest&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eastwest.ngo/profile/whitney-macmillan|title=Whitney MacMillan &amp;#124; EastWest Institute|website=www.eastwest.ngo}}&lt;/ref&gt;Alikuwa mwenyekiti na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa biashara ya familia yake, ''Cargill'', kuanzia mwaka [[1976]] hadi [[1995]].&lt;ref name=&quot;forbes&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Forbes profile: Whitney MacMillan |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/whitney-macmillan |website=Forbes |accessdate=8 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1929]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2020]]</text>
      <sha1>4f83plb02sw51jgw76qtzxvlozmoyc0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Britt Robertson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230506</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510006</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T07:52:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muddyb</username>
        <id>379</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Mwigizaji 2 | jina                         = Britt Robertson | picha                        = Britt Robertson (40606627200) (cropped-bis).jpg | maelezo ya picha             = Robertson mnamo mwaka 2018 | jina la kuzaliwa             = Brittany Leanna Robertson | amezaliwa                    = [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], Marekani | tarehe ya kuzaliwa           = {{birth date and age|1990|4|18|df=yes}} | jina lingine                 = Britt Robertson-Fl...'</comment>
      <origin>1510006</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11077" sha1="hhd9z8woav0ta53k2yeznhcybbjv0ah" xml:space="preserve">{{Mwigizaji 2
| jina                         = Britt Robertson
| picha                        = Britt Robertson (40606627200) (cropped-bis).jpg
| maelezo ya picha             = Robertson mnamo mwaka 2018
| jina la kuzaliwa             = Brittany Leanna Robertson
| amezaliwa                    = [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], Marekani
| tarehe ya kuzaliwa           = {{birth date and age|1990|4|18|df=yes}}
| jina lingine                 = Britt Robertson-Floyd
| kazi yake                    = Mwigizaji
| miaka ya kazi                = 2000 - hadi leo
| ndoa                         = {{marriage|Paul Floyd|2023}}
| rafiki                       = 
| watoto                       = 1&lt;ref&gt;https://www.instagram.com/p/DStzJB9FEc2/?img_index=1&lt;/ref&gt;
| wazazi                       = Beverly Robertson, Ryan Robertson
| mahusiano                   = 
| tovuti                       = 
}}

'''Brittany Leanna Robertson-Floyd'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/britt-robertson/3000145197/|title=Britt Robertson|work=[[TV Guide]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/brittlrobertson/|title=Britt Robertson-Floyd|work=[[Instagram]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; (jina la kuzaliwa kabla ya ndoa ni '''Robertson'''; alizaliwa Aprili 18, 1990&lt;ref name=co/&gt;), anajulikana kwa jina la kikazi kama '''Britt Robertson''', ni mwigizaji wa |[[Marekani]]. Ameshiriki katika filamu za ''[[The First Time (2012)|The First Time]]'' (2012), ''[[Tomorrowland (filamu)|Tomorrowland]]'' (2015), ''[[The Space Between Us (filamu)|The Space Between Us]]'' (2017), na ''[[I Still Believe (filamu)|I Still Believe]]'' (2020).

Alikulia huko mjini [[Greenville, South Carolina]], akiwa wa kwanza kutoka katika familia ya watoto saba. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 14, Robertson alihamia Los Angeles akiwa na bibi yake kwa ajili ya kufanya majaribio ya uigizaji, hatua muhimu iliyomfanya kuanza kuishi peke yake tangu akiwa na umri wa miaka 16. Kazi yake ya awali ilianzia jukwaani katika ukumbi wa Greenville Little Theater, kabla ya kuingia kwenye runinga na kuanza rasmi katika sehemu ya mfululizo wa ''[[Sheena (mfululizo wa TV)|Sheena]]'' mnamo mwaka 2000.

== Maisha ya awali ==
Brittany Leanna Robertson alizaliwa katika kituo cha afya cha [[Novant Health Presbyterian Medical Center]] huko [[Charlotte, North Carolina]] mnamo Aprili 18, 1990, akiwa mtoto wa Beverly (né Hayes) na Ryan Robertson.&lt;ref name=co&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.charlotteobserver.com/entertainment/movies-news-reviews/article21506643.html |title=From Charlotte baby to Hollywood 'It Girl' |access-date=April 15, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Robertson alikulia [[Greenville, South Carolina]]. Yeye ni mkubwa wa watoto saba; mama yake na baba yake wa kambo wana watoto watatu, na baba yake mzazi na mama yake wa kambo pia wana watoto watatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collider-SecretCircle-2011&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Radish |first1=Christina |title=Britt Robertson Interview – The Secret Circle |url=https://collider.com/secret-cirlce-britt-robertson-interview/ |access-date=December 23, 2014 |publisher=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ==
Robertson alianza kuonekana mbele ya hadhira akicheza nafasi mbalimbali jukwaani katika ukumbi wa Greenville Little Theater. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 12, alianza safari za mara kwa mara kwenda Los Angeles kwa ajili ya majaribio ya uigizaji. Alianza kuonekana kwenye filamu kama mhusika mkuu akiwa mdogo katika tamthilia ya ''Sheena'' (2000). Alionekana pia kwenye ''[[Power Rangers Time Force]]'' na kupata uteuzi wa [[Young Artist Award]] kwa nafasi yake katika ''The Ghost Club'' (2003).

Pia alishiriki katika kazi nyingine kubwa kama ''[[Under the Dome (mfululizo wa TV)|Under the Dome]]'' (2013–2014), ''Tomorrowland'' (2015), na kuongoza katika mfululizo wa [[Netflix]] wa ''[[Girlboss (mfululizo wa TV)|Girlboss]]'' (2017) akiigiza kama mjasiriamali [[Sophia Amoruso]].

== Maisha ya binafsi ==
Mnamo Mei 25, 2022, Robertson alitangaza kuvishwa pete ya uchumba na mchezaji mpira wa miguu wa Uingereza Paul Floyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Britt Robertson Is Engaged to Paul Floyd |first=Tamantha |last=Gunn |date=May 26, 2022 |work=[[E! News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Walifunga ndoa Aprili 8, 2023, huko Los Angeles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |title=''I Still Believe'' Star Britt Robertson is Married! |first=Julia |last=Moore |date=April 10, 2023 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnamo mwaka 2025, walipata mtoto wao wa kwanza wa kike.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2026 |title=Beloved TV and Movie Actress Welcomes Baby Girl |url=https://www.suggest.com/beloved-tv-and-movie-actress-welcomes-baby-girl/2911812/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filamu ==
=== Filamu za Sinema ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Mwaka
! Jina la Filamu
! Uhusika
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Maelezo
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2003
| ''The Ghost Club''
| Carrie
|
|-
| ''One of Them''
| Young Elizabeth
| [[Direct-to-video]]
|-
| 2004
| ''The Last Summer''
| Beth
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Keeping Up with the Steins]]''
| Ashley Grunwald
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2007
| ''[[Dan in Real Life]]''
| Cara Burns
|
|-
| ''Frank''
| Anna York
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[From Within (film)|From Within]]''
| Claire
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2009
| ''The Alyson Stoner Project''
| DJ B-Rob
| Direct-to-video
|-
| ''[[Mother and Child (2009 film)|Mother and Child]]''
| Violet
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2010
| ''[[Cherry (2010 film)|Cherry]]''
| Beth
|
|-
| ''[[Triple Dog]]''
| Chapin Wright
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2011
| ''[[The Family Tree (2011 film)|The Family Tree]]''
| Kelly Burnett
|
|-
|''[[Scream 4]]''
| Marnie Cooper
|
|-
| ''Video Girl''
| Video Girl
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[The First Time (2012 film)|The First Time]]''
| Aubrey Miller
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2013
| ''[[Delivery Man (film)|Delivery Man]]''
| Kristen
|
|-
| ''[[White Rabbit (2013 film)|White Rabbit]]''
| Julie
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2014
| ''[[Ask Me Anything (film)|Ask Me Anything]]''
| Katie Kampenfelt / Amy 
| 
|-
| ''[[Cake (2014 film)|Cake]]''
| Becky
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2015
| ''[[The Longest Ride (film)|The Longest Ride]]''
| Sophia Danko
|
|-
| ''[[Tomorrowland (film)|Tomorrowland]]''
| Casey Newton
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2016
| ''[[Jack Goes Home (2016 Film)|Jack Goes Home]]''
| Cleo
| 
|-
|''[[Mother's Day (2016 film)|Mother's Day]]''
| Kristin
|
|-
| ''[[Mr. Church]]''
| Charlotte Brooks
| 
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2017
| ''[[A Dog's Purpose (film)|A Dog's Purpose]]''
| Teenage Hannah
|
|-
| ''[[The Space Between Us (film)|The Space Between Us]]''
| Tulsa
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2020
| ''[[Books of Blood (film)|Books of Blood]]''
| Jenna
| 
|-
| ''[[I Still Believe (film)|I Still Believe]]''
| Melissa Henning
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[A Mouthful of Air (film)|A Mouthful of Air]]''
| Rachel Davis
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[About Fate]]''
| Carrie Hayes
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[The Re-Education of Molly Singer]]'' 
| Molly Singer
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[The Merry Gentlemen]]'' 
| Ashley
|
|-
| 2025
| ''The Letter'' 
| Julia Davids
|
|}

=== Televisheni ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Mwaka
! Jina la Kipindi
! Uhusika
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Maelezo
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Sheena (TV series)|Sheena]]''
| Little Sheena
| Sehemu ya: &quot;Buried Secrets&quot;
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Power Rangers Time Force]]''
| Tammy
| Sehemu ya: &quot;Uniquely Trip&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2004
| ''[[Growing Pains: Return of the Seavers]]''
| Michelle Seaver
| [[Television film]]
|-
| ''Tangled Up in Blue''
| Tula
| Filamu ya televisheni
|-
| 2005–2006
| ''[[Freddie (TV series)|Freddie]]''
| Mandy
| Sehemu 2
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2006
| ''[[Jesse Stone: Night Passage]]''
| Michelle Genest
| Filamu ya televisheni
|-
| ''Women of a Certain Age''
| Doria
| Filamu ya televisheni
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2007
| ''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]]''
| Amy Macalino
| Sehemu ya: &quot;Go to Hell&quot;
|-
| ''[[The Winner (TV series)|The Winner]]''
| Vivica
| Sehemu ya: &quot;Pilot&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2008
| ''[[Law &amp; Order: Special Victims Unit]]''
| Tina Bernardi
| Sehemu ya: &quot;Babes&quot;
|-
| ''[[The Tenth Circle (film)|The Tenth Circle]]''
| Trixie Stone
| Filamu ya televisheni
|-
| ''[[Swingtown]]''
| Samantha Saxton
| Uhusika wa mara kwa mara
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2009
| ''[[Law &amp; Order: Criminal Intent]]''
| Kathy Devildis
| Sehemu ya: &quot;Family Values&quot;
|-
| ''[[Three Rivers (TV series)|Three Rivers]]''
| Brenda Stark
| Sehemu ya: &quot;Good Intentions&quot;
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Avalon High (film)|Avalon High]]''
| Allie Pennington
| Filamu ya televisheni
|-
| 2010–2011
| ''[[Life Unexpected]]''
| [[Lux Cassidy]]
| Uhusika mkuu (msimu wa 1–2)
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''[[The Secret Circle (TV series)|The Secret Circle]]''
| Cassie Blake
| Uhusika mkuu
|-
| 2013–2014
| ''[[Under the Dome (TV series)|Under the Dome]]''
| Angie McAlister
| Uhusika mkuu (msimu wa 1–2)
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Casual (TV series)|Casual]]''
| Fallon
| Uhusika wa mara kwa mara (msimu wa 2)
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Girlboss (TV series)|Girlboss]]''
| [[Sophia Amoruso|Sophia Marlowe]]
| Uhusika mkuu
|-
| 2018
|''[[Tangled: The Series]]''
| Vex (sauti)
| Uhusika wa mara kwa mara; sehemu 3
|-
| 2018–2019
| ''[[For the People (2018 TV series)|For the People]]''
| Sandra Bell
| Uhusika mkuu (msimu wa 1–2)
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2020
| ''[[Little Fires Everywhere (miniseries)|Little Fires Everywhere]]''
| Rachel
| Sehemu ya: &quot;The Uncanny&quot;
|-
| ''Kappa Kappa Die''
| Jodi
| Kipindi maalum cha Halloween
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Big Sky (American TV series)|Big Sky]]''
| Cheyenne Kleinsasser
| Uhusika wa mara kwa mara
|-
| 2022–2023 
| ''[[The Rookie: Feds]]''
| Laura Stenson
| Uhusika mkuu
|-
| 2022–2025
| ''[[The Rookie]]''
| Laura Stenson
| Sehemu 5
|}

== Tuzo na Uteuzi ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! Mwaka
! Chama
! Jamii
! Kazi
! Matokeo
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Rejeo
|-
| 2004
| [[Young Artist Awards]]
| Best Performance in a TV Movie – Leading Young Actress
| ''The Ghost Club''
| {{nom}}
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.youngartistawards.org/noms25.htm&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2014
| [[Boston Film Festival]]
| Best Supporting Actress
| ''[[White Rabbit (2013 film)|White Rabbit]]''
| {{won}}
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.bostonfilmfestival.org/&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Nashville Film Festival]]
| Best Actress
| ''[[Ask Me Anything (film)|Ask Me Anything]]''
| {{won}}
| &lt;ref&gt;https://nashvillefilmfestival.org/archives2014/&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2015
| [[CinemaCon Award]]
| Star of Tomorrow
| N/A
| {{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Teen Choice Awards]]
| Choice Movie Actress: Drama
| ''[[The Longest Ride (film)|The Longest Ride]]''
| {{nom}}
| &lt;ref name=&quot;TCA2015&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Choice Movie Actress: Sci-Fi/Fantasy
| ''[[Tomorrowland (film)|Tomorrowland]]''
| {{nom}}
| &lt;ref name=&quot;TCA2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/teen-choice-awards-winners-2015-full-list-1201571268/ |title=2015 Teen Choice Award Winners |work=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2016
|[[Teen Choice Awards]]
| Choice AnTEENcipated Movie Actress
| ''[[The Space Between Us (film)|The Space Between Us]]''
| {{nom}}
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/teen-choice-awards-2016-winners-916007&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}
{{BD|1990}}

[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>hhd9z8woav0ta53k2yeznhcybbjv0ah</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Danielle Panabaker</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230507</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510012</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T08:03:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muddyb</username>
        <id>379</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Mwigizaji 2 | jina                         = Danielle Panabaker | picha                        = Danielle Panabaker at MEGACON Orlando 2025.jpg | maelezo ya picha             = Panabaker mnamo mwaka 2025 | jina la kuzaliwa             = Danielle Nicole Panabaker | amezaliwa                    = [[Augusta, Georgia]], Marekani | tarehe ya kuzaliwa           = {{birth date and age|1987|9|19|df=yes}} | jina lingine                 =  | kazi yake...'</comment>
      <origin>1510012</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10881" sha1="qgjlxkea82d9u86gw3c7kudd8lwxw4b" xml:space="preserve">{{Mwigizaji 2
| jina                         = Danielle Panabaker
| picha                        = Danielle Panabaker at MEGACON Orlando 2025.jpg
| maelezo ya picha             = Panabaker mnamo mwaka 2025
| jina la kuzaliwa             = Danielle Nicole Panabaker
| amezaliwa                    = [[Augusta, Georgia]], Marekani
| tarehe ya kuzaliwa           = {{birth date and age|1987|9|19|df=yes}}
| jina lingine                 = 
| kazi yake                    = Mwigizaji, Mwongozaji
| miaka ya kazi                = 2002 - hadi leo
| elimu                        = [[Glendale Community College (California)|Glendale Community College]] (AA), [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (BA)
| ndoa                         = {{marriage|Hayes Robbins|2017}}
| watoto                       = 2
| ndugu                        = [[Kay Panabaker]] (dada)
| saini                        = Danielle Panabaker signature.svg
| tovuti                       = 
}}

'''Danielle Nicole Panabaker''' (alizaliwa Septemba 19, 1987&lt;ref name=&quot;TVGuide-bio&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/danielle-panabaker/bio/191286/|title=Danielle Panabaker |work=[[TV Guide]] |access-date=August 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825133458/https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/danielle-panabaker/bio/191286/|archive-date=August 25, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;) ni mwigizaji wa Marekani. Alianza uigizaji akiwa mdogo na kupata umaarufu kupitia filamu za [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] kama ''[[Stuck in the Suburbs]]'' (2004), ''[[Sky High (2005)|Sky High]]'' (2005) na ''[[Read It and Weep]]'' (2006).

Alishinda tuzo tatu za [[Young Artist Award]]: kwa kuigiza kama mgeni katika mfululizo wa ''[[The Guardian (mfululizo wa TV)|The Guardian]]'' (2004), kwa uhusika wake mkuu katika filamu ya TV ya ''[[Searching for David's Heart]]'' (2005) na kwa uigizaji wa pamoja katika filamu ya vichekesho ya ''[[Yours, Mine &amp; Ours (2005 film)|Yours, Mine &amp; Ours]]'' (2005).

Panabaker alijulikana zaidi kama mshiriki wa mfululizo wa igizo la kisheria la [[CBS]], ''Shark'' (2006–2008) na pia anajulikana katika filamu za kutisha, akishiriki katika ''[[Mr. Brooks]]'' (2007), ''[[Friday the 13th (2009)|Friday the 13th]]'' (2009), ''[[The Crazies (2010 film)|The Crazies]]'' (2010), na ''[[Piranha 3DD]]'' (2012).

Kuanzia mwaka 2014, Panabaker alianza kuigiza kama [[Caitlin Snow (Arrowverse)|Caitlin Snow]] (na baadaye [[Killer Frost]]) katika mfululizo wa [[The CW]], ''[[The Flash (2014)|The Flash]]'', uhusika ambao ameuigiza pia katika mifululizo mingine ya [[Arrowverse]] kama ''[[Arrow (TV series)|Arrow]]'', ''[[Supergirl (TV series)|Supergirl]]'' na ''[[Legends of Tomorrow]]''.

== Maisha ya awali ==
Panabaker alizaliwa [[Augusta, Georgia]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.filmbug.com/db/345195 |title=Danielle Panabaker @ Filmbug |website=Filmbug.com |date=February 21, 2010 |access-date=January 2, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; binti wa Donna na Harold Panabaker. Dada yake mdogo, [[Kay Panabaker]], pia alikuwa mwigizaji na kwa sasa anafanya kazi kama mtaalamu wa wanyama ([[zoologist]]). Kutokana na kazi ya baba yake, familia ilihama mara kwa mara na kuishi katika majimbo ya [[South Carolina]], [[Pennsylvania]], na [[Texas]].&lt;ref name=&quot;superstar&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://splash.suntimes.com/2014/11/14/danielle-panabaker-super-star/ |title=Danielle Panabaker Super Star |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |date=November 14, 2014 |access-date=November 17, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141117091928/http://splash.suntimes.com/2014/11/14/danielle-panabaker-super-star/ |archive-date=November 17, 2014 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alihitimu shule ya upili akiwa na umri wa miaka 14 tu.&lt;ref name=&quot;superstar&quot;/&gt; Mnamo mwaka 2003, alihamia [[Los Angeles, California]] pamoja na mama na dada yake ili kukuza kazi yake ya uigizaji. Alisoma katika chuo cha [[Glendale Community College (California)|Glendale Community College]] na baadaye [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA), ambapo alihitimu shahada ya kwanza ya sanaa (Bachelor of Arts) mnamo Juni 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;shockya&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.shockya.com/news/2012/06/02/exclusive-danielle-panabaker-on-piranha-3dd-stolen-t-shirts/ |title=Exclusive: Danielle Panabaker on Piranha 3DD, Stolen T-Shirts |website=Shockya.com |date=June 2, 2012 |access-date=February 17, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kazi ==
Panabaker alianza na matangazo ya biashara kabla ya kupata nafasi kwenye televisheni. Uhusika wake katika ''[[Empire Falls (miniseries)|Empire Falls]]'' unachukuliwa kama hatua kubwa iliyompa ujasiri wa kuendelea na sanaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;superstar&quot;/&gt; Mnamo mwaka 2005, alionekana katika filamu mbili kubwa za sinema, ''[[Sky High (2005 film)|Sky High]]'' na ''[[Yours, Mine &amp; Ours (2005 film)|Yours, Mine &amp; Ours]]''. 

Katika mfululizo wa ''[[The Flash (2014 TV series)|The Flash]]'', Panabaker hakuishia tu uigizaji, bali pia alifanya kazi kama mwongozaji wa baadhi ya sehemu za mfululizo huo, kuanzia na sehemu ya &quot;[[Godspeed (The Flash episode)|Godspeed]]&quot; katika msimu wa tano.

== Maisha ya binafsi ==
Mnamo Julai 2016, Panabaker alitangaza kuvishwa pete ya uchumba na mpenzi wake wa muda mrefu, wakili Hayes Robbins, na wakafunga ndoa Juni 24, 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet|user=dpanabaker|author=Danielle Panabaker|number=879409947309559808|title=6.24.17 Happiest day of my life|date=June 26, 2017|access-date=June 26, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wana watoto wawili, waliozaliwa mnamo mwaka 2020 na 2022.

== Filamu ==
=== Filamu za Sinema ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Mwaka
! Jina la Filamu
! Uhusika
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Maelezo
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2005
| ''[[Sky High (2005 film)|Sky High]]''
| Layla Williams
|
|-
| ''[[Yours, Mine &amp; Ours (2005 film)|Yours, Mine &amp; Ours]]''
| Phoebe North
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2007
| ''[[Mr. Brooks]]''
| Jane Brooks
|
|-
| ''[[Home of the Giants]]''
| Bridgette &quot;Bridge&quot; Bachman
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Friday the 13th (2009 film)|Friday the 13th]]''
| Jenna Montgomery
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2010
| ''[[The Crazies (2010 film)|The Crazies]]''
| Becca Darling
|
|-
| ''[[The Ward (film)|The Ward]]''
| Sarah Fray
|
|-
| ''Weakness''
| Danielle
| Direct-to-video
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2012
| ''[[Girls Against Boys (film)|Girls Against Boys]]''
| Shae Marshall
|
|-
| ''[[Piranha 3DD]]''
| Maddy West
|
|-
| 2013
| ''Crystal Lake Memories: The Complete History of Friday the 13th''
| Mwenyewe
| Makala
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2014
| ''[[Lennon or McCartney]]''
| Mwenyewe
| Makala fupi
|-
| ''[[Time Lapse (film)|Time Lapse]]''
| Callie Snow
| Direct-to-video
|-
| 2015
| ''[[This Isn't Funny]]''
| Stacey
|
|}

=== Televisheni ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Mwaka
! Jina la Kipindi
! Uhusika
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Maelezo
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Family Affair (2002 TV series)|Family Affair]]''
| Parker LeeAnn Aldays
| Sehemu 1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 2003
| ''[[The Bernie Mac Show]]''
| Chelsea
| Sehemu 1
|-
| ''[[Malcolm in the Middle]]''
| Kathy McCulskey
| Sehemu 1
|-
| ''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]]''
| Msichana
| Sehemu 1
|-
| ''[[Sex and the Single Mom]]''
| Sara Gradwell
| Filamu ya televisheni
|-
| ''[[The Guardian (TV series)|The Guardian]]''
| Samantha Gray
| Sehemu 1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2004
| ''[[The Division]]''
| Melissa Ringston
| Sehemu 1
|-
| ''[[Stuck in the Suburbs]]''
| Brittany Aarons
| Filamu ya televisheni
|-
| ''[[Searching for David's Heart]]''
| Darcy Deeton
| Filamu ya televisheni
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2005
| ''[[Mom at Sixteen]]''
| Jacey Jeffries
| Filamu ya televisheni
|-
| ''[[Law &amp; Order: Special Victims Unit]]''
| Carrie Lynn Eldridge
| Sehemu 1
|-
| ''[[Empire Falls (miniseries)|Empire Falls]]''
| Christina &quot;Tick&quot; Roby
| Miniseries
|-
| ''[[Summerland (TV series)|Summerland]]''
| Faith
| Sehemu 2
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Read It and Weep]]''
| Isabella
| Filamu ya televisheni
|-
| 2006–2008
| ''[[Shark (American TV series)|Shark]]''
| Julie Stark
| Uhusika mkuu
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Eli Stone]]''
| Genny Clarke
| Sehemu 1
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Grey's Anatomy]]''
| Kelsey Simmons
| Sehemu 1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2010
| ''[[Medium (TV series)|Medium]]''
| Summer Lowry
| Sehemu 1
|-
| ''[[Family Guy]]''
| Hillary (Sauti)
| Sehemu 1
|-
| ''[[Law &amp; Order: LA]]''
| Chelsea Sennett
| Sehemu 1
|-
| ''[[Chase (2010 TV series)|Chase]]''
| Carina Matthews
| Sehemu 1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2011
| ''The Shunning''
| Katie Lapp
| Filamu ya televisheni
|-
| ''[[Memphis Beat]]''
| Sister Katherine
| Sehemu 1
|-
| 2011–2013
| ''[[Necessary Roughness (TV series)|Necessary Roughness]]''
| Juliette Pittman
| Uhusika wa mara kwa mara
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2012
| ''Intercept''
| Kat
| Filamu ya televisheni
|-
| ''[[Grimm (TV series)|Grimm]]''
| Ariel Eberhart
| Sehemu 1
|-
| 2012; 2014
| ''[[Franklin &amp; Bash]]''
| Bonnie Appel
| Sehemu 2
|-
| 2012–2013
| ''[[Bones (TV series)|Bones]]''
| Olivia Sparling
| Sehemu 2
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2013
| ''Nearlyweds''
| Erin
| Filamu ya televisheni
|-
| ''[[Mad Men]]''
| Daisy McCluskey
| Sehemu 1
|-
| ''[[The Glades (TV series)|The Glades]]''
| Holly Harper
| Sehemu 1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2014
| ''[[Justified (TV series)|Justified]]''
| Penny Cole
| Uhusika wa mara kwa mara
|-
| ''Recipe for Love''
| Lauren Hennessey
| Filamu ya televisheni
|-
| 2014–2018
| ''[[Arrow (TV series)|Arrow]]''
| [[Caitlin Snow (Arrowverse)|Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost]]
| Uhusika wa mara kwa mara
|-
| 2014–2023
| ''[[The Flash (2014 TV series)|The Flash]]''
| Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost / Frost / Khione
| Uhusika mkuu
|-
| 2016–2020
| ''[[Legends of Tomorrow]]''
| Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost
| Sehemu 3
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Supergirl (TV series)|Supergirl]]''
| Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost
| Sehemu 2
|-
| 2018
| ''Christmas Joy''
| Joy Holbrook
| Filamu ya televisheni
|-
| 2025
| ''Second Guessing Fate''
| Gemma
| Filamu ya televisheni
|}

== Tuzo na Uteuzi ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Mwaka
! Tuzo
! Jamii
! Kazi
! Matokeo
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ref.
|-
| 2004
| [[Young Artist Awards]]
| Best Performance in a TV Series – Guest Starring Young Actress
| ''[[The Guardian]]''
| {{won}}
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.youngartistawards.org/noms25.htm&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2005
| [[Young Artist Awards]]
| Best Performance in a TV Movie – Leading Young Actress
| ''Searching for David's Heart''
| {{won}}
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.youngartistawards.org/noms26.htm&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2014
| [[London Independent Film Festival]]
| Best Actor/Actress
| ''Time Lapse''
| {{won}}
| &lt;ref&gt;http://moviezmagazine.com/2014/04/london-independent-film-festival-2014/&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2021
| [[Saturn Awards]]
| [[Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television|Best Supporting Actress on Television]]
| ''[[The Flash (2014 TV series)|The Flash]]''
| {{won}}
| &lt;ref&gt;https://deadline.com/2021/03/saturn-awards-nominations-2021-nominees-list-1234706492/&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}

{{BD|1987}}
[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>qgjlxkea82d9u86gw3c7kudd8lwxw4b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pangusa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230508</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510013</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T08:07:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[File:Haemophilus_ducreyi_5811_lores.jpg|thumb|Dalili kwa mwanamume.]] '''Pangusa''' ni [[ugonjwa]] [[Ugonjwa wa kuambukiza|wa kuambukizwa]] [[Vijasumu|bakteria]] ''Haemophilus ducreyi'' kupitia [[Tendo la ndoa|ngono]].  [[Dalili]] zake ni pamoja na: * kidonda laini kwenye uume chenye maumivu makali sana na kinachovuja damu kinapoguswa * kuvimba mtoki na kupata homa za mara kwa mara * maumivu makali wakati wa kukojoa na kujamiiana * kutokwa na majimaji kw...'</comment>
      <origin>1510013</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="565" sha1="aj5xvpgsp0y9tag57babvm2ld024bq5" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Haemophilus_ducreyi_5811_lores.jpg|thumb|Dalili kwa mwanamume.]]
'''Pangusa''' ni [[ugonjwa]] [[Ugonjwa wa kuambukiza|wa kuambukizwa]] [[Vijasumu|bakteria]] ''Haemophilus ducreyi'' kupitia [[Tendo la ndoa|ngono]].

[[Dalili]] zake ni pamoja na:
* kidonda laini kwenye uume chenye maumivu makali sana na kinachovuja damu kinapoguswa
* kuvimba mtoki na kupata homa za mara kwa mara
* maumivu makali wakati wa kukojoa na kujamiiana
* kutokwa na majimaji kwenye via vya uzazi
* kuvimba kwa njia ya mkojo.
[[Jamii:magonjwa ya bakteria]]
[[Jamii:maradhi ya zinaa]]</text>
      <sha1>aj5xvpgsp0y9tag57babvm2ld024bq5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The First Time (2012)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230509</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510014</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T08:11:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muddyb</username>
        <id>379</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Filamu 2 | jina             = The First Time | picha            = The First Time Movie Poster 2012.jpg | ukuwa_wa_picha   =  | maelezo_ya_picha = Posta ya filamu wakati inatoka | mwongozaji       = [[Jonathan Kasdan]] | mtayarishaji     = Martin Shafer&lt;br&gt;Liz Glotzer | mtunzi           = Jonathan Kasdan | mwadithiaji      =  | nyota            = [[Britt Robertson]]&lt;br&gt;[[Dylan O'Brien]]&lt;br&gt;[[Craig Roberts]]&lt;br&gt;[[Joshua Malina]]&lt;br&gt;[[James Frecheville]]&lt;br...'</comment>
      <origin>1510014</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5417" sha1="f5dwp7isbloh2m7kwjg81t4nfwt5x9h" xml:space="preserve">{{Filamu 2
| jina             = The First Time
| picha            = The First Time Movie Poster 2012.jpg
| ukuwa_wa_picha   = 
| maelezo_ya_picha = Posta ya filamu wakati inatoka
| mwongozaji       = [[Jonathan Kasdan]]
| mtayarishaji     = Martin Shafer&lt;br&gt;Liz Glotzer
| mtunzi           = Jonathan Kasdan
| mwadithiaji      = 
| nyota            = [[Britt Robertson]]&lt;br&gt;[[Dylan O'Brien]]&lt;br&gt;[[Craig Roberts]]&lt;br&gt;[[Joshua Malina]]&lt;br&gt;[[James Frecheville]]&lt;br&gt;[[Christine Taylor]]&lt;br&gt;[[Victoria Justice]]
| muziki           = [[Alec Puro]]
| sinematografi    = Rhet Bear
| mhariri          = Hugh Ross
| msambazaji       = [[Samuel Goldwyn Films]]&lt;br&gt;[[Destination Films]]
| imetolewa        = Januari 21, 2012 ([[Sundance]])
| muda             = Dakika 95
| nchi             = Marekani
| lugha            = Kiingereza
| bajeti           = 
| mapato           = $92,654&lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt1763303/|title=The First Time (2012)|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=November 27, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| imetanguliwa_na  = 
| ikafuatiwa_na    = 
}}

'''''The First Time''''' ni filamu ya Kimarekani ya mwaka 2012 ya vichekesho na mapenzi kwa vijana iliyoandikwa na kuongozwa na [[Jonathan Kasdan]]. Filamu hii imewashirikisha [[Britt Robertson]], [[Dylan O'Brien]], [[James Frecheville]], na [[Victoria Justice]].

Dave Hodgman (O'Brien) ni mwanafunzi wa mwaka wa mwisho katika shule ya upili ambaye anatumia muda mwingi akimtamani rafiki yake wa dhati, Jane Harmon (Justice), msichana ambaye hawezi kumpata. Aubrey Miller (Robertson), mwanafunzi wa mwaka wa tatu katika shule tofauti, ana mpenzi mkubwa kuliko yeye, Ronny (Frecheville), ambaye hamuelewi vizuri wala kuonekana kumjali. Mazungumzo ya kawaida kati ya Dave na Aubrey yanazua muunganiko wa papo hapo, na katika kipindi cha wikendi moja, mambo yanakuwa ya kichawi, ya kimapenzi, magumu, na ya kuchekesha wakati Aubrey na Dave wanagundua jinsi ilivyo kupenda kwa mara ya kwanza.

== Hadithi ==
Dave, mwanafunzi wa mwaka wa mwisho, anakutana na Aubrey nje ya sherehe ya nyumbani akiwa anafanya mazoezi ya jinsi ya kumweleza Jane hisia zake za mapenzi. Aubrey anamwomba Dave amsindikize nyumbani licha ya kuwa na mpenzi. Wakiwa chumbani kwake, wanakunywa divai na kuzungumza, na mwishowe wanalala bila kukusudia. Asubuhi iliyofuata, Dave analazimika kutoroka kupitia dirishani baada ya mama yake Aubrey kugonga mlango.

Baadaye, Dave na marafiki zake wanashauri amwalike Aubrey kwenye sinema. Hata hivyo, Aubrey anaenda huko na mpenzi wake Ronny. Wakiwa kwenye ukumbi wa sinema, Aubrey anaanza kuona wivu kumuona Dave akiwa na Jane, jambo linalomfanya atoke nje ya ukumbi. Dave anamfuata na kumpa mwaliko wa kujumuika nao baadaye.

Katika sherehe inayofuata, Dave anagundua kuwa Ronny anajisifu kuhusu mipango ya kufanya mapenzi na Aubrey usiku huo. Dave anamtafuta Aubrey na kumshauri asifanye hivyo kwani &quot;mara ya kwanza&quot; inapaswa kuwa na mtu maalum. Baada ya Aubrey kuachana na Ronny usiku huo, Dave anamchukua na wanaanza kuonyesha hisia zao kwa busu.

Siku iliyofuata, Aubrey anamwalika Dave nyumbani kwao wakati wazazi wake hawapo. Wanaamua kufanya mapenzi, lakini jambo hilo linakuwa la kusuasua na la kiajabu. Baadaye, wote wawili wanajihisi vibaya na kukubaliana kuwa lilikuwa kosa na hawapaswi kuonana tena. Hata hivyo, baada ya kutafakari na kushauriwa na marafiki, Dave anagundua kuwa amepata mtu maalum. Anaenda nyumbani kwa Aubrey na kumweleza kuwa anataka wajaribu tena. Aubrey anakubali, na filamu inaisha wakiwa na busu la dhati na la kusisimua.

== Washiriki ==
* [[Britt Robertson]] kama Aubrey Miller
* [[Dylan O'Brien]] kama Dave Hodgman
* [[Craig Roberts]] kama Simon Daldry
* [[Joshua Malina]] kama Mr. Miller
* [[James Frecheville]] kama Ronny
* [[LaMarcus Tinker]] kama Big Corporation
* [[Maggie Elizabeth Jones]] kama Stella Hodgman
* [[Christine Taylor]] kama Mrs. Miller
* [[Victoria Justice]] kama Jane Harmon
* [[Halston Sage]] kama Brianna
* [[Molly Quinn]] kama Erica

== Muziki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ ''The First Time Vibwagizo Visivyo-rasmi''
! Na. !! Jina la Wimbo !! Mtunzi !! Msanii !! Muda
|-
| 1 || &quot;Silly Boy&quot; || Soeren Christiansen, Steffen Westmark, Allan Villadsen, Per Joergensen || [[The Blue Van]] || 3:19
|-
| 2 || &quot;Teenage Daydream&quot; || Robin Feher || [[The Nights (band)|The Nights]] || 3:57
|-
| 3 || &quot;We're #1&quot; || Andrew Creighton || The World Record || 3:54
|-
| 8 || &quot;If It Be Your Will&quot; || Leonard Cohen || [[Leonard Cohen]] || 3:42
|-
| 10 || &quot;The End&quot; || [[Bethany Cosentino]] || [[Best Coast]] || 2:42
|-
| 23 || &quot;[[Girls Like You (The Naked and Famous song)|Girls Like You]]&quot; || Thomas Powers, Aaron Short, [[Alisa Xayalith]] || [[The Naked and Famous]] || 6:04
|}

== Mapokeo ==
Tovuti ya [[Rotten Tomatoes]] inaipa filamu hii alama ya 47% kulingana na ukosoaji 19. Mkosoaji Neil Genzlinger wa ''[[New York Times]]'' aliandika mapitio mazuri, akisema kuwa Jonathan Kasdan ameepuka mitego mingi ya filamu za vijana na kutoa vichekesho vitamu na vya hali ya chini. Hata hivyo, wakosoaji wengine kama Mark Olsen wa ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' walihisi kuwa filamu hiyo haikufikia kilele chake kikamilifu.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
* {{Official website|http://www.thefirsttime.weebly.com}}
* {{IMDb title|1763303|The First Time}}

[[Jamii:Filamu za 2012]]
[[Jamii:Filamu za lugha ya Kiingereza]]
[[Jamii:Filamu za vichekesho za Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>f5dwp7isbloh2m7kwjg81t4nfwt5x9h</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1510015</id>
      <parentid>1510014</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T08:13:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muddyb</username>
        <id>379</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1510015</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5334" sha1="5unwuojyiw14ck0o7l9bjr58zqknrct" xml:space="preserve">{{Filamu 2
| jina             = The First Time
| picha            = The First Time Movie Poster 2012.jpg
| ukuwa_wa_picha   = 
| maelezo_ya_picha = Posta ya filamu wakati inatoka
| mwongozaji       = [[Jonathan Kasdan]]
| mtayarishaji     = Martin Shafer&lt;br&gt;Liz Glotzer
| mtunzi           = Jonathan Kasdan
| mwadithiaji      = 
| nyota            = [[Britt Robertson]]&lt;br&gt;[[Dylan O'Brien]]&lt;br&gt;[[Craig Roberts]]&lt;br&gt;[[Joshua Malina]]&lt;br&gt;[[James Frecheville]]&lt;br&gt;[[Christine Taylor]]&lt;br&gt;[[Victoria Justice]]
| muziki           = [[Alec Puro]]
| sinematografi    = Rhet Bear
| mhariri          = Hugh Ross
| msambazaji       = [[Samuel Goldwyn Films]]&lt;br&gt;[[Destination Films]]
| imetolewa        = Januari 21, 2012 ([[Sundance]])
| muda             = Dakika 95
| nchi             = Marekani
| lugha            = Kiingereza
| bajeti           = 
| mapato           = $92,654&lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt1763303/|title=The First Time (2012)|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=November 27, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| imetanguliwa_na  = 
| ikafuatiwa_na    = 
}}

'''''The First Time''''' ni filamu ya Kimarekani ya mwaka 2012 ya vichekesho na mapenzi kwa vijana iliyoandikwa na kuongozwa na [[Jonathan Kasdan]]. Filamu hii imewashirikisha [[Britt Robertson]], [[Dylan O'Brien]], [[James Frecheville]], na [[Victoria Justice]].

Dave Hodgman (O'Brien) ni mwanafunzi wa mwaka wa mwisho katika shule ya upili ambaye anatumia muda mwingi akimtamani rafiki yake wa dhati, Jane Harmon (Justice), msichana ambaye hawezi kumpata. Aubrey Miller (Robertson), mwanafunzi wa mwaka wa tatu katika shule tofauti, ana mpenzi mkubwa kuliko yeye, Ronny (Frecheville), ambaye hamuelewi vizuri wala kuonekana kumjali. Mazungumzo ya kawaida kati ya Dave na Aubrey yanazua muunganiko wa papo hapo, na katika kipindi cha wikendi moja, mambo yanakuwa ya kichawi, ya kimapenzi, magumu, na ya kuchekesha wakati Aubrey na Dave wanagundua jinsi ilivyo kupenda kwa mara ya kwanza.

== Hadithi ==
Dave, mwanafunzi wa mwaka wa mwisho, anakutana na Aubrey nje ya sherehe ya nyumbani akiwa anafanya mazoezi ya jinsi ya kumweleza Jane hisia zake za mapenzi. Aubrey anamwomba Dave amsindikize nyumbani licha ya kuwa na mpenzi. Wakiwa chumbani kwake, wanakunywa divai na kuzungumza, na mwishowe wanalala bila kukusudia. Asubuhi iliyofuata, Dave analazimika kutoroka kupitia dirishani baada ya mama yake Aubrey kugonga mlango.

Baadaye, Dave na marafiki zake wanashauri amwalike Aubrey kwenye sinema. Hata hivyo, Aubrey anaenda huko na mpenzi wake Ronny. Wakiwa kwenye ukumbi wa sinema, Aubrey anaanza kuona wivu kumuona Dave akiwa na Jane, jambo linalomfanya atoke nje ya ukumbi. Dave anamfuata na kumpa mwaliko wa kujumuika nao baadaye.

Katika sherehe inayofuata, Dave anagundua kuwa Ronny anajisifu kuhusu mipango ya kufanya mapenzi na Aubrey usiku huo. Dave anamtafuta Aubrey na kumshauri asifanye hivyo kwani &quot;mara ya kwanza&quot; inapaswa kuwa na mtu maalum. Baada ya Aubrey kuachana na Ronny usiku huo, Dave anamchukua na wanaanza kuonyesha hisia zao kwa busu.

Siku iliyofuata, Aubrey anamwalika Dave nyumbani kwao wakati wazazi wake hawapo. Wanaamua kufanya mapenzi, lakini jambo hilo linakuwa la kusuasua na la kiajabu. Baadaye, wote wawili wanajihisi vibaya na kukubaliana kuwa lilikuwa kosa na hawapaswi kuonana tena. Hata hivyo, baada ya kutafakari na kushauriwa na marafiki, Dave anagundua kuwa amepata mtu maalum. Anaenda nyumbani kwa Aubrey na kumweleza kuwa anataka wajaribu tena. Aubrey anakubali, na filamu inaisha wakiwa na busu la dhati na la kusisimua.

== Washiriki ==
* [[Britt Robertson]] kama Aubrey Miller
* [[Dylan O'Brien]] kama Dave Hodgman
* [[Craig Roberts]] kama Simon Daldry
* [[Joshua Malina]] kama Mr. Miller
* [[James Frecheville]] kama Ronny
* [[LaMarcus Tinker]] kama Big Corporation
* [[Maggie Elizabeth Jones]] kama Stella Hodgman
* [[Christine Taylor]] kama Mrs. Miller
* [[Victoria Justice]] kama Jane Harmon
* [[Halston Sage]] kama Brianna
* [[Molly Quinn]] kama Erica

== Muziki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ ''The First Time Vibwagizo Visivyo-rasmi''
! Na. !! Jina la Wimbo !! Mtunzi !! Msanii !! Muda
|-
| 1 || &quot;Silly Boy&quot; || Soeren Christiansen, Steffen Westmark, Allan Villadsen, Per Joergensen || [[The Blue Van]] || 3:19
|-
| 2 || &quot;Teenage Daydream&quot; || Robin Feher || [[The Nights (band)|The Nights]] || 3:57
|-
| 3 || &quot;We're #1&quot; || Andrew Creighton || The World Record || 3:54
|-
| 8 || &quot;If It Be Your Will&quot; || Leonard Cohen || [[Leonard Cohen]] || 3:42
|-
| 10 || &quot;The End&quot; || [[Bethany Cosentino]] || [[Best Coast]] || 2:42
|-
| 23 || &quot;[[Girls Like You (The Naked and Famous song)|Girls Like You]]&quot; || Thomas Powers, Aaron Short, [[Alisa Xayalith]] || [[The Naked and Famous]] || 6:04
|}

== Mapokeo ==
Tovuti ya [[Rotten Tomatoes]] inaipa filamu hii alama ya 47% kulingana na ukosoaji 19. Mkosoaji Neil Genzlinger wa ''[[New York Times]]'' aliandika mapitio mazuri, akisema kuwa Jonathan Kasdan ameepuka mitego mingi ya filamu za vijana na kutoa vichekesho vitamu na vya hali ya chini. Hata hivyo, wakosoaji wengine kama Mark Olsen wa ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' walihisi kuwa filamu hiyo haikufikia kilele chake kikamilifu.

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
* {{Official website|http://www.thefirsttime.weebly.com}}
* {{IMDb title|1763303|The First Time}}

[[Jamii:Filamu za 2012]]</text>
      <sha1>5unwuojyiw14ck0o7l9bjr58zqknrct</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Faili:The First Time Movie Poster 2012.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>230510</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510016</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T08:14:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muddyb</username>
        <id>379</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Anwani kwenda enwiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_First_Time_Movie_Poster_2012.jpg</comment>
      <origin>1510016</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="151" sha1="m3hnxilw84cguzg13ohon8vjtgdz5hb" xml:space="preserve">== Muhtasari ==
Anwani kwenda enwiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_First_Time_Movie_Poster_2012.jpg
== Hatimiliki ==
{{Non-free video cover}}</text>
      <sha1>m3hnxilw84cguzg13ohon8vjtgdz5hb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cargill MacMillan Jr.</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230511</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510023</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T09:42:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Cargill MacMillan Jr.''' (Alizaliwa [[Machi 29]], [[1927]] – Alifariki [[Novemba 14]], [[2011]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]] na  mkurugenzi wa ''Cargill''.&lt;ref name=Forbes&gt;{{cite web|last1=Solomon|first1=Brian|title=Secretive Billionaire Cargill MacMillan Jr. Passes Away|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/briansolomon/2011/11/15/secretive-billionaire-cargill-macmillan-jr-passes-away/|website=Forbes|accessdate=20 November 2014...'</comment>
      <origin>1510023</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="603" sha1="j6kk1zxxvvuslp3jcd6awkepzki6pzr" xml:space="preserve">'''Cargill MacMillan Jr.''' (Alizaliwa [[Machi 29]], [[1927]] – Alifariki [[Novemba 14]], [[2011]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]] na  mkurugenzi wa ''Cargill''.&lt;ref name=Forbes&gt;{{cite web|last1=Solomon|first1=Brian|title=Secretive Billionaire Cargill MacMillan Jr. Passes Away|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/briansolomon/2011/11/15/secretive-billionaire-cargill-macmillan-jr-passes-away/|website=Forbes|accessdate=20 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1927]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2011]]</text>
      <sha1>j6kk1zxxvvuslp3jcd6awkepzki6pzr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anne Windfohr Marion</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230512</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510024</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T09:46:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Anne Windfohr Marion''' (Alizaliwa [[Novemba 10]], [[1938]] – Alifariki [[Februari 11]], [[2020]]) alikuwa mrithi, mfugaji, [[mfanyabiashara]], mfadhili, na mkusanyaji wa sanaa bilionea nchini [[Marekani]] kutoka [[Fort Worth, Texas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hall of Great Westerners |url=https://nationalcowboymuseum.org/hall-of-great-westerners/ |website=National Cowboy &amp; Western Heritage Museum |access-date=November 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; == Marejeo == {{re...'</comment>
      <origin>1510024</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="575" sha1="hn5gdgd33hjlpwlxw3ul0s9mh0uswo6" xml:space="preserve">'''Anne Windfohr Marion''' (Alizaliwa [[Novemba 10]], [[1938]] – Alifariki [[Februari 11]], [[2020]]) alikuwa mrithi, mfugaji, [[mfanyabiashara]], mfadhili, na mkusanyaji wa sanaa bilionea nchini [[Marekani]] kutoka [[Fort Worth, Texas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hall of Great Westerners |url=https://nationalcowboymuseum.org/hall-of-great-westerners/ |website=National Cowboy &amp; Western Heritage Museum |access-date=November 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1938]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2020]]</text>
      <sha1>hn5gdgd33hjlpwlxw3ul0s9mh0uswo6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Xazyaqan</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>230513</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510025</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T09:48:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1510025</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3463" sha1="lf5tq1682opv2pc8tl38kdruottlfli" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 26 Aprili 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>lf5tq1682opv2pc8tl38kdruottlfli</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Innocent saina</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>230514</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510026</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T09:48:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1510026</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3463" sha1="lf5tq1682opv2pc8tl38kdruottlfli" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 26 Aprili 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>lf5tq1682opv2pc8tl38kdruottlfli</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Rahul Sharma koner</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>230515</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510027</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T09:48:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1510027</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3463" sha1="lf5tq1682opv2pc8tl38kdruottlfli" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 26 Aprili 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>lf5tq1682opv2pc8tl38kdruottlfli</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:GuyLermo</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>230516</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510028</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T09:48:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1510028</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3463" sha1="lf5tq1682opv2pc8tl38kdruottlfli" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 26 Aprili 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>lf5tq1682opv2pc8tl38kdruottlfli</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:InactiveSponge</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>230517</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510029</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T09:48:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1510029</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3463" sha1="lf5tq1682opv2pc8tl38kdruottlfli" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 26 Aprili 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>lf5tq1682opv2pc8tl38kdruottlfli</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Bruce Alan Oberg</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>230518</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510030</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T09:49:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1510030</origin>
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&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 26 Aprili 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>area0y2teg3jtj6dy276bp822gtdtme</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Peter faustino chang'a</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>230519</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510031</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T09:49:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1510031</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3463" sha1="area0y2teg3jtj6dy276bp822gtdtme" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 26 Aprili 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Arda198</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>230520</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510032</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T09:49:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
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      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1510032</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3463" sha1="area0y2teg3jtj6dy276bp822gtdtme" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 26 Aprili 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Delrickdenmar</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>230521</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510033</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T09:49:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>81277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karibu</comment>
      <origin>1510033</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3463" sha1="area0y2teg3jtj6dy276bp822gtdtme" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. 

Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa &quot;'''Dawati'''&quot; chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya &quot;'''Switch to old look'''&quot; kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto.

Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]]
* [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] 
* [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] &lt;small&gt;(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] &lt;small&gt;(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]]
Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye &quot;Ukurasa wa mtumiaji&quot;. Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. 

&lt;big&gt;'''Ujue miiko:'''&lt;/big&gt;
* usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. 
* usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). 
* usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]].
* usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja.
Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana!


&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 5em;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''&lt;/p&gt;
We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. 
And, please: 
* '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili)
* nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site!
* do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. 
* do not use as references &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, though you can use their references by writing them themselves.
As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems.
&lt;/div&gt; '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 26 Aprili 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>area0y2teg3jtj6dy276bp822gtdtme</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Donald B. Marron Sr.</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230522</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510034</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T09:50:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Donald Baird Marron''' (Alizaliwa [[Julai 21]], [[1934]] – Alifariki [[Desemba 6]], [[2019]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea, mwekezaji wa benki ya uwekezaji, na mfadhili nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT obit&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Padilla |first1=Mariel |title=Donald B. Marron, Financier, Art Collector and Philanthropist, Dies at 85 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/08/us/donald-marron-dead.html |access-date=8 May 2021 |work=The New York Tim...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1207" sha1="rpmixzovpak7pvhahmdl1inacvsdyab" xml:space="preserve">'''Donald Baird Marron''' (Alizaliwa [[Julai 21]], [[1934]] – Alifariki [[Desemba 6]], [[2019]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea, mwekezaji wa benki ya uwekezaji, na mfadhili nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT obit&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Padilla |first1=Mariel |title=Donald B. Marron, Financier, Art Collector and Philanthropist, Dies at 85 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/08/us/donald-marron-dead.html |access-date=8 May 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=8 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alikuwa mwenyekiti na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa kampuni ya udalali ''Paine Webber'' kuanzia mwaka [[1980]] hadi [[2000]], na mwanzilishi wa kampuni ya uwekezaji  wa kibinafsi ya ''Lightyear Capital'' na wa ''Data Resources Inc.''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pionline.com/article/20171201/ONLINE/171209999/lightyear-capital-closes-fourth-fund-with-more-than-1-billion-including-co-investments|title=Lightyear Capital closes fourth fund with more than $1 billion, including co-investments|first=Arleen|last=Jacobius|date=1 December 2017|publisher=|accessdate=20 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1934]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2019]]</text>
      <sha1>rpmixzovpak7pvhahmdl1inacvsdyab</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Elaine Tettemer Marshall</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230523</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510035</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T09:53:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elaine Tettemer Marshall''' (Alizaliwa [[Julai 22]], [[1942]]) ni mrithi bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elaine Marshall &amp; family |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/elaine-marshall/ |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Marshall na wanawe wawili wanamiliki asilimia 16 ya maslahi ya manufaa katika ''Koch Industries'' ambayo yalikuwa yanamilikiwa na marehemu mumewe, E. Pierce Marshall, ambaye aliolewa naye kuanzi...'</comment>
      <origin>1510035</origin>
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      <text bytes="823" sha1="onytu2z3lnt1mzj4v07yw90jggzojqu" xml:space="preserve">'''Elaine Tettemer Marshall''' (Alizaliwa [[Julai 22]], [[1942]]) ni mrithi bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elaine Marshall &amp; family |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/elaine-marshall/ |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Marshall na wanawe wawili wanamiliki asilimia 16 ya maslahi ya manufaa katika ''Koch Industries'' ambayo yalikuwa yanamilikiwa na marehemu mumewe, E. Pierce Marshall, ambaye aliolewa naye kuanzia mwaka [[1965]] hadi kifo chake mwaka [[2006]].&lt;ref name=forbeselaine&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/elaine-marshall/ | title=Forbes profile: Elaine Marshall | work=[[Forbes]] |access-date=January 31, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1942]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>onytu2z3lnt1mzj4v07yw90jggzojqu</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Roger Marino</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230524</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510036</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T09:56:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Roger M. Marino''' ni mhandisi mstaafu, [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea, na mwanzilishi mwenza wa ''EMC Corporation'' nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://people.forbes.com/profile/roger-m-marino/76991|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429065141/http://people.forbes.com/profile/roger-m-marino/76991|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 29, 2009|title=Forbes Profile on Roger M Marino}}&lt;/ref&gt;Alitoa mchango wake mkubwa kwa Chuo Kikuu cha No...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="865" sha1="egebij97digx0vthqks1swcn48yvkpa" xml:space="preserve">'''Roger M. Marino''' ni mhandisi mstaafu, [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea, na mwanzilishi mwenza wa ''EMC Corporation'' nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://people.forbes.com/profile/roger-m-marino/76991|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429065141/http://people.forbes.com/profile/roger-m-marino/76991|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 29, 2009|title=Forbes Profile on Roger M Marino}}&lt;/ref&gt;Alitoa mchango wake mkubwa kwa Chuo Kikuu cha Northeastern alifadhili kituo chao cha michezo, ambacho kilipewa jina lake kwa heshima ya Marino.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Roger Marino |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/ |website=Bloomberg |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wahandisi wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa mwaka usiojulikana]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>egebij97digx0vthqks1swcn48yvkpa</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alfred E. Mann</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230525</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510038</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T10:08:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Alfred E. Mann''' (Alizaliwa [[1925]] – Alifariki [[Februari 25]], [[2016]])Pia alijulikana kama '''Al Mann'''.Alikuwa [[mwanafizikia]], [[mvumbuzi]], [[mjasiriamali]], na mfadhili bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes Billionaires 2010&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title= The World's Billionaires: #721 Alfred Mann|url= https://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/10/billionaires-2010_Alfred-Mann_NG0I.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100315132821/http://w...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="821" sha1="nnm30ihjbauq5jin28qta5mczq1z5er" xml:space="preserve">'''Alfred E. Mann''' (Alizaliwa [[1925]] – Alifariki [[Februari 25]], [[2016]])Pia alijulikana kama '''Al Mann'''.Alikuwa [[mwanafizikia]], [[mvumbuzi]], [[mjasiriamali]], na mfadhili bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes Billionaires 2010&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title= The World's Billionaires: #721 Alfred Mann|url= https://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/10/billionaires-2010_Alfred-Mann_NG0I.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100315132821/http://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/10/billionaires-2010_Alfred-Mann_NG0I.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= March 15, 2010 |work= [[Forbes]] |date= March 3, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wanafizikia wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Wavumbuzi wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1925]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2016]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Joe Mansueto</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230526</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510039</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T10:10:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Joseph Daniel Mansueto''' (Alizaliwa [[Septemba 3]], [[1956]]) ni [[mjasiriamali]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Joe Mansueto |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/joe-mansueto/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yeye ni mwanzilishi, mmiliki mkuu, na mwenyekiti mtendaji wa ''Morningstar, Inc.'' Kupitia kampuni yake ''Mansueto Ventures'', anamiliki majarida ya kifedha ya ''Inc.'' na ''Fast Company''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title...'</comment>
      <origin>1510039</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1085" sha1="6u3tnafxloxgyqp8pv830ibm15tycg2" xml:space="preserve">'''Joseph Daniel Mansueto''' (Alizaliwa [[Septemba 3]], [[1956]]) ni [[mjasiriamali]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Joe Mansueto |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/joe-mansueto/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yeye ni mwanzilishi, mmiliki mkuu, na mwenyekiti mtendaji wa ''Morningstar, Inc.'' Kupitia kampuni yake ''Mansueto Ventures'', anamiliki majarida ya kifedha ya ''Inc.'' na ''Fast Company''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Index of US Mainstream Media Ownership {{!}} The Future of Media Project |url=https://futureofmedia.hsites.harvard.edu/index-us-mainstream-media-ownership |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=futureofmedia.hsites.harvard.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-09-29 |title=[FIPP Congress Q&amp;A] How Fast Company and Inc. became more than magazine titles |url=https://www.fipp.com/news/how-fast-company-inc-became-more-magazine/ |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=FIPP |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>6u3tnafxloxgyqp8pv830ibm15tycg2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bernard Marcus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230527</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510040</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T10:15:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Bernard Marcus''' (Alizaliwa [[Mei 12]], [[1929]] – Alifariki [[Novemba 4]], [[2024]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]]. Alianzisha ''Home Depot'' mwaka [[1978]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bernard Marcus |url=https://www.britannica.com/ |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alikuwa afisa mkuu mtendaji wa kwanza na mwenyekiti wa kwanza wa kampuni hiyo hadi kustaafu mwaka [[2002]]. Mnamo Novemba 2024, ''For...'</comment>
      <origin>1510040</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1155" sha1="bggkj91n600cvyjg9p4gs9i03py2wdz" xml:space="preserve">'''Bernard Marcus''' (Alizaliwa [[Mei 12]], [[1929]] – Alifariki [[Novemba 4]], [[2024]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]]. Alianzisha ''Home Depot'' mwaka [[1978]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bernard Marcus |url=https://www.britannica.com/ |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alikuwa afisa mkuu mtendaji wa kwanza na mwenyekiti wa kwanza wa kampuni hiyo hadi kustaafu mwaka [[2002]]. Mnamo Novemba 2024, ''Forbes'' ilikadiria utajiri wake kuwa dola bilioni 10.3.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Forbes profile: Bernard Marcus |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/bernard-marcus/ |access-date=November 3, 2024 |work=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alikuwa mfadhili mkubwa wa Chama cha Republican (Marekani), ikiwemo kampeni za urais wa [[Donald Trump]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023 |title=Home Depot billionaire to fund Trump even if he is convicted |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/home-depot-billionaire-says-hed-likely-still-fund-trump-if-candidate-convicted-2023-11-28/ |work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1929]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2024]]</text>
      <sha1>bggkj91n600cvyjg9p4gs9i03py2wdz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>José María Jáuregui</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230528</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510041</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T10:16:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina Charles</username>
        <id>71406</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''José María Jáuregui Lagunas''' (amezaliwa [[15 Machi]], [[1896]] - amefariki [[3 Mei]], [[1988]]) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa [[Uhispania]]. Alishiriki katika Soka katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya 1928 katika Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya 1928.&lt;ref name=&quot;SportsRef&quot;&gt;{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ja/jauregui-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417172220/...'</comment>
      <origin>1510041</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="744" sha1="j6hmv85ywx3vpwmaoxssaqp4xnb68hm" xml:space="preserve">'''José María Jáuregui Lagunas''' (amezaliwa [[15 Machi]], [[1896]] - amefariki [[3 Mei]], [[1988]]) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa [[Uhispania]]. Alishiriki katika Soka katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya 1928 katika Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya 1928.&lt;ref name=&quot;SportsRef&quot;&gt;{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ja/jauregui-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417172220/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ja/jauregui-1.html |archive-date=17 April 2020 |title=José María Jáuregui Olympic Results |access-date=7 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1896|1988}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>j6hmv85ywx3vpwmaoxssaqp4xnb68hm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1510042</id>
      <parentid>1510041</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T10:17:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina Charles</username>
        <id>71406</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1510042</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="463" sha1="otpg69qlhngmrcum2s7dp1cqbuwokvk" xml:space="preserve">'''José María Jáuregui Lagunas''' (amezaliwa [[15 Machi]], [[1896]] - amefariki [[3 Mei]], [[1988]]) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa [[Uhispania]]. Alishiriki katika Soka katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya 1928 katika Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya 1928.&lt;ref&gt;sports links&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Spain football squad 1928 Summer Olympics&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1896|1988}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>otpg69qlhngmrcum2s7dp1cqbuwokvk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>George M. Marcus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230529</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510043</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T10:18:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''George Marcus''' (Alizaliwa [[1941]]) ni wakala wa majengo bilionea nchini [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Ugiriki]], mwanzilishi mwenza na mwenyekiti wa ''Marcus &amp; Millichap'', na mwanzilishi na mwenyekiti wa ''Essex Property Trust''.&lt;ref name=&quot;bloomberg1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Stocks |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=332648&amp;privcapId=332646 |title=Stocks |publisher=Bloomberg |date=April 26, 2017 |accessdate=April 30,...'</comment>
      <origin>1510043</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="964" sha1="khddbj52fnjuu1im770srmfh7tafejw" xml:space="preserve">'''George Marcus''' (Alizaliwa [[1941]]) ni wakala wa majengo bilionea nchini [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Ugiriki]], mwanzilishi mwenza na mwenyekiti wa ''Marcus &amp; Millichap'', na mwanzilishi na mwenyekiti wa ''Essex Property Trust''.&lt;ref name=&quot;bloomberg1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Stocks |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=332648&amp;privcapId=332646 |title=Stocks |publisher=Bloomberg |date=April 26, 2017 |accessdate=April 30, 2017}} {{dead link|date=April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sheyner&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url = https://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2011/06/17/profile-the-many-worlds-of-george-marcus | title = Profile: The many worlds of George Marcus | last =  Sheyner | first= Gennady| date = June 17, 2011 | website=Palo Alto Online | access-date = 4 December 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Ugiriki]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1941]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>khddbj52fnjuu1im770srmfh7tafejw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1510044</id>
      <parentid>1510043</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T10:18:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1510044</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="698" sha1="7gqzi3mxu5emk2wffxyg4tcafcll8wn" xml:space="preserve">'''George Marcus''' (Alizaliwa [[1941]]) ni wakala wa majengo bilionea nchini [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Ugiriki]], mwanzilishi mwenza na mwenyekiti wa ''Marcus &amp; Millichap'', na mwanzilishi na mwenyekiti wa ''Essex Property Trust''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sheyner&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url = https://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2011/06/17/profile-the-many-worlds-of-george-marcus | title = Profile: The many worlds of George Marcus | last =  Sheyner | first= Gennady| date = June 17, 2011 | website=Palo Alto Online | access-date = 4 December 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Ugiriki]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1941]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>7gqzi3mxu5emk2wffxyg4tcafcll8wn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mary Alice Dorrance Malone</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230530</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510045</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T10:22:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ally0111</username>
        <id>85292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mary Alice Dorrance Malone''' (Alizaliwa [[Februari 3]], [[1950]] – Alifariki [[Juni 16]], [[2025]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea  nchini [[Marekani]].Alikuwa tajiri kupitia  kampuni ya ''Campbell Soup''.&lt;ref name=&quot;forbes1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/mary-alice-dorrance-malone/ |title=Mary Alice Dorrance Malone |work=Forbes.com |date= |accessdate=June 24, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;   == Marejeo == {{reflist}}  {{Mbegu-mtu}}  Jamii:Wafany...'</comment>
      <origin>1510045</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="537" sha1="m46jlj1upto3st9406vyljahi3yq5ai" xml:space="preserve">'''Mary Alice Dorrance Malone''' (Alizaliwa [[Februari 3]], [[1950]] – Alifariki [[Juni 16]], [[2025]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea  nchini [[Marekani]].Alikuwa tajiri kupitia  kampuni ya ''Campbell Soup''.&lt;ref name=&quot;forbes1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/mary-alice-dorrance-malone/ |title=Mary Alice Dorrance Malone |work=Forbes.com |date= |accessdate=June 24, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mbegu-mtu}}

[[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1950]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]]</text>
      <sha1>m46jlj1upto3st9406vyljahi3yq5ai</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Paco Jémez</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230531</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510046</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T10:24:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina Charles</username>
        <id>71406</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Francisco''' &quot;'''Paco'''&quot; '''Jémez Martín''' (amezaliwa [[18 Aprili]], [[1970]]) ni [[kocha]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] na mchezaji wa zamani kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama beki wa kati. Kwa sasa ni [[kocha]] wa timu ya kwanza katika klabu ya Premier League West Ham United F.C..  Kwa kipindi cha misimu 11, alicheza mechi 269 za [[La Liga]] akiitumikia timu tatu, hasa Deportivo de La Coruña na Real Zaragoza|Zaragoza. Aliiwakilisha timu ya taifa...'</comment>
      <origin>1510046</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1386" sha1="b5prr3y558f32u4gkfp8dd5wvt1a5rw" xml:space="preserve">'''Francisco''' &quot;'''Paco'''&quot; '''Jémez Martín''' (amezaliwa [[18 Aprili]], [[1970]]) ni [[kocha]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] na mchezaji wa zamani kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama beki wa kati. Kwa sasa ni [[kocha]] wa timu ya kwanza katika klabu ya Premier League West Ham United F.C..

Kwa kipindi cha misimu 11, alicheza mechi 269 za [[La Liga]] akiitumikia timu tatu, hasa Deportivo de La Coruña na Real Zaragoza|Zaragoza. Aliiwakilisha timu ya taifa ya Hispania ya mpira wa miguu katika UEFA Euro 2000.

Jémez alianza kazi ya ukocha mwaka 2007, na tangu hapo amefundisha klabu kadhaa.&lt;ref name=Birthday&gt;{{cite news|url=https://as.com/futbol/2020/04/18/segunda/1587211140_664638.html|title=50 curiosidades sobre Paco Jémez en el día de su 50 cumpleaños|trans-title=50 curiosities about Paco Jémez on the day of his 50th birthday|newspaper=[[Diario AS]]|first=Maite|last=Martín|language=es|date=18 April 2020|access-date=18 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ABC&gt;{{cite news|url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/2001/07/01/066.html|title=Zaragoza, no hay quinta Copa mala|trans-title=Zaragoza, no such thing as a bad fifth Cup|newspaper=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]|first=Enrique|last=Ortego|language=es|date=1 July 2001|access-date=7 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1970|}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>b5prr3y558f32u4gkfp8dd5wvt1a5rw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Manolo Jiménez</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230532</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510047</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T10:32:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina Charles</username>
        <id>71406</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Manuel''' &quot;'''Manolo'''&quot; '''Jiménez Jiménez''' (amezaliwa [[26 Januari]], [[1964]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama beki wa kushoto na kwa sasa ni [[kocha]] wa mpira wa miguu]].  Maisha yake ya soka yalihusiana kwa karibu sana na Sevilla FC|Sevilla akiwa mchezaji na pia kocha, na kama mchezaji alicheza pekee katika La Liga akiwa na klabu hiyo. Aliiwakilisha timu ya taifa ya Hispania...'</comment>
      <origin>1510047</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1978" sha1="37lf2whdd79y0bbna6ariyx0gbbffiu" xml:space="preserve">'''Manuel''' &quot;'''Manolo'''&quot; '''Jiménez Jiménez''' (amezaliwa [[26 Januari]], [[1964]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama beki wa kushoto na kwa sasa ni [[kocha]] wa mpira wa miguu]].

Maisha yake ya soka yalihusiana kwa karibu sana na Sevilla FC|Sevilla akiwa mchezaji na pia kocha, na kama mchezaji alicheza pekee katika La Liga akiwa na klabu hiyo. Aliiwakilisha [[timu ya taifa ya Hispania ya mpira wa miguu]] katika [[Kombe la Dunia]] la [[FIFA]] la 1990.

Kama kocha, Jiménez alikuwa na vipindi vinne vya kufundisha AEK Athens F.C.|AEK Athens katika Super League Greece. Nje ya Hispania, pia alifundisha Al-Rayyan SC|Al-Rayyan na Al Wahda FC (UAE).

==Kazi ya uchezaji==
Jiménez alizaliwa katika [[Arahal]], [[Jimbo]] la [[Seville]]. Alifanya mechi yake ya kwanza katika La Liga akiwa na Sevilla FC|Sevilla katika msimu wa 1983–84 La Liga na baadaye akafikisha jumla ya mechi 413 za mashindano katika kipindi cha misimu 14 akiwa na klabu ya nyumbani kwake. Alistaafu mwezi Juni 1998 akiwa na umri wa miaka 34, baada ya kutumia mwaka mmoja na majirani zao Real Jaén katika Segunda División.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://hemeroteca-paginas.mundodeportivo.com/EMD03/HEM/1998/01/21/MD19980121-030.pdf|title=Jiménez, ante un partido especial|trans-title=Jiménez, facing special match|newspaper=[[Mundo Deportivo]]|first=Francisco Javier|last=Bravo|language=es|date=21 January 1998|access-date=5 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://sevilla.abc.es/orgullodenervion/noticias-sevilla-fc/sevi-navas-busca-entrar-la-historia-este-2017-201711131214_noticia.html|title=Navas busca entrar en la historia en este 2017|trans-title=Navas looking to make history in this 2017|newspaper=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]|first=Jaime|last=Parejo|language=es|date=13 November 2017|access-date=9 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1964|}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>37lf2whdd79y0bbna6ariyx0gbbffiu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Manuel Jiménez</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230533</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510048</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T10:37:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina Charles</username>
        <id>71406</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Manuel Enrique Jiménez Abalo''' (amezaliwa [[27 Oktoba]], [[1956]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama beki wa kati.  ==Kazi ya klabu== Jiménez alizaliwa katika [[Vilagarcía de Arousa]], [[Jimbo]] la [[Pontevedra]], Galicia (Hispania)|Galicia. Katika maisha yake ya soka ya kulipwa, alichezea Sporting de Gijón na Real Burgos CF.  Alitumia misimu 12 kati ya 13 akiwa na klabu ya Asturia...'</comment>
      <origin>1510048</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1710" sha1="14m4894qciwreyhohkgp527bb2wqe5d" xml:space="preserve">'''Manuel Enrique Jiménez Abalo''' (amezaliwa [[27 Oktoba]], [[1956]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama beki wa kati.

==Kazi ya klabu==
Jiménez alizaliwa katika [[Vilagarcía de Arousa]], [[Jimbo]] la [[Pontevedra]], Galicia (Hispania)|Galicia. Katika maisha yake ya soka ya kulipwa, alichezea Sporting de Gijón na Real Burgos CF.

Alitumia misimu 12 kati ya 13 akiwa na klabu ya [[Asturias]], akicheza jumla ya mechi 534 za mashindano — hakuwahi kucheza chini ya mechi 30 katika La Liga na aliisaidia timu hiyo kumaliza katika nafasi ya nne katika msimu wa 1986–87 La Liga|1986–87 baada ya kuchangia mechi 43 (dakika 3,870).&lt;ref name=LL&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/news/what-became-of-manuel-enrique-jimenez|title=What became of... Manuel Enrique Jiménez|publisher=[[La Liga]]|date=13 April 2015|access-date=7 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.elcomercio.es/sporting/maxima-rentabilidad-20190120020648-ntvo.html|title=La máxima rentabilidad|trans-title=Maximum profit|newspaper=[[El Comercio (Spain)|El Comercio]]|first=Manuel|last=Rosety|language=es|date=20 January 2019|access-date=7 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/arousa/vilagarcia-de-arousa/2022/11/16/duro-jugar-mundial/0003_202211G16P41992.htm|title=Manuel Jiménez: «Fue duro no jugar en un Mundial»|trans-title=Manuel Jiménez: &quot;Not playing in a World Cup was tough&quot;|newspaper=[[La Voz de Galicia]]|first=Carlos|last=Peralta|language=es|date=16 November 2022|access-date=27 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1956|}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>14m4894qciwreyhohkgp527bb2wqe5d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Toni Jiménez</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230534</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510049</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T10:47:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina Charles</username>
        <id>71406</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Antonio &quot;Toni&quot; Jiménez Sistachs''' (amezaliwa [[12 Oktoba]], [[1970]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama mlinda lango (mpira wa miguu)|golikipa na kwa sasa ni [[kocha]] wa makipa.  Alicheza mechi 236 za [[La Liga]] katika kipindi cha misimu tisa, ambapo misimu saba aliitumikia [[RCD Espanyol|Espanyol]].&lt;ref name=RCDE&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hallofameperico.wordpress.com/category/hall-of-fa...'</comment>
      <origin>1510049</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1610" sha1="slvhfvmkjbmaxwa644gor6qqfzrcuo0" xml:space="preserve">'''Antonio &quot;Toni&quot; Jiménez Sistachs''' (amezaliwa [[12 Oktoba]], [[1970]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama mlinda lango (mpira wa miguu)|golikipa na kwa sasa ni [[kocha]] wa makipa.

Alicheza mechi 236 za [[La Liga]] katika kipindi cha misimu tisa, ambapo misimu saba aliitumikia [[RCD Espanyol|Espanyol]].&lt;ref name=RCDE&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hallofameperico.wordpress.com/category/hall-of-famers-del-rcde/toni/|title=TONI Jiménez|publisher=Hall of Fame Perico|language=Spanish|date=14 April 2009|accessdate=8 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pia aliichezea ligi hiyo akiwa na Rayo Vallecano na Atlético Madrid.

Jiménez aliisaidia timu ya taifa ya Hispania chini ya miaka 23 kushinda medali ya dhahabu katika Olimpiki za Majira ya Joto za 1992. Baadaye katika miaka hiyo ya 1990, aliichezea timu ya taifa ya Hispania ya mpira wa miguu mara tatu.

==Kazi ya klabu==
Amezaliwa katika La Garriga, [[Jimbo]] la [[Barcelona]], [[Catalonia]], Jiménez alianza maisha yake ya soka ya wakubwa akiwa na FC Barcelona C|timu ya tatu ya FC Barcelona. Alifanya mechi yake ya kwanza ya kulipwa akiwa kwa mkopo katika klabu jirani ya UE Figueres.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1992/05/15/pagina-24/1250822/pdf.html|title=El Barcelona no descuida al meta Toni|trans-title=Barcelona keep an eye on keeper Toni|newspaper=[[Mundo Deportivo]]|first=Óscar|last=Zárate|language=Spanish|date=15 May 1992|accessdate=8 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1970|}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>slvhfvmkjbmaxwa644gor6qqfzrcuo0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Joaquín</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230535</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510050</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T10:53:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina Charles</username>
        <id>71406</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Joaquín Alonso González''' (amezaliwa 9 Juni 1956), anayejulikana kwa jina la '''Joaquín''', ni mchezaji wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu kutoka Hispania ambaye alicheza kama kiungo [[mshambuliaji]].  ==Kazi ya klabu== Joaquín alizaliwa mjini [[Oviedo]], [[Asturias]]. Katika kipindi chake cha miaka 16 kama mchezaji wa kulipwa, alichezea klabu moja tu, Sporting de Gijón, licha ya kuzaliwa katika mji wa klabu jirani ya Real Oviedo.  Baada ya kucheza mechi...'</comment>
      <origin>1510050</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2289" sha1="5tledexhpfss3qkm14a78jd0335c0ux" xml:space="preserve">'''Joaquín Alonso González''' (amezaliwa 9 Juni 1956), anayejulikana kwa jina la '''Joaquín''', ni mchezaji wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu kutoka Hispania ambaye alicheza kama kiungo [[mshambuliaji]].

==Kazi ya klabu==
Joaquín alizaliwa mjini [[Oviedo]], [[Asturias]]. Katika kipindi chake cha miaka 16 kama mchezaji wa kulipwa, alichezea klabu moja tu, Sporting de Gijón, licha ya kuzaliwa katika mji wa klabu jirani ya Real Oviedo.

Baada ya kucheza mechi 17 na kufunga bao moja katika msimu wake wa kwanza wa [[La Liga]] wa 1977–78 La Liga, alijihakikishia nafasi ya kudumu kwenye kikosi cha kwanza, na akaendelea kucheza mechi nyingine 462 katika ligi kuu hadi Juni 1992 (jumla ya mechi 644 katika mashindano yote),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.elcomercio.es/sporting/noticias/201606/09/siento-orgulloso-hice-sporting-20160609003533-v.html|title=&quot;Me siento orgulloso de lo que hice en el Sporting&quot;|trans-title=&quot;I am proud of what I did at Sporting&quot;|newspaper=[[El Comercio (Spain)|El Comercio]]|first=José Ángel|last=García|language=es|date=9 June 2016|access-date=13 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://as.com/futbol/2020/10/13/segunda/1602588264_486922.html|title=Javi Fuego: &quot;La ilusión permanece intacta como el primer día&quot;|trans-title=Javi Fuego: &quot;I have exactly the same hunger now as day one&quot;|newspaper=[[Diario AS]]|first=José Ramón|last=Rodríguez|language=es|date=13 October 2020|access-date=13 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;akifunga jumla ya mabao 65.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.lne.es/deportes/2013/11/08/joaquin-un-lider-campo/1496156.html|title=Joaquín, un líder más allá del campo|trans-title=Joaquín, leader beyond the field|newspaper=[[La Nueva España]]|language=es|date=8 November 2013|access-date=13 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Katika msimu wa 1986–87 La Liga, wakati timu ilimaliza katika nafasi ya nne, Joaquín alifunga mabao manane katika mechi 40 (akiwa wa tatu kwa mabao mengi ndani ya kikosi). Aliendelea kuwa mchezaji muhimu hadi mwisho wa kazi yake, akistaafu akiwa na umri wa miaka 36 akiwa ndiye aliyekuwa na rekodi ya kucheza mechi nyingi zaidi katika ligi kuu ya Hispania, ingawa rekodi hiyo ilidumu kwa chini ya mwaka mmoja tu.

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1956|}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>5tledexhpfss3qkm14a78jd0335c0ux</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jonny Otto</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230536</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510053</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T11:04:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina Charles</username>
        <id>71406</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jonathan Castro Otto''' (amezaliwa [[3 Machi]], [[1994]]), anayejulikana zaidi kama '''Jonny''', ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye anacheza kama beki wa kulia au beki wa kushoto kwa klabu ya [[La Liga]] Deportivo Alavés|Alavés.  Alianza kazi yake ya soka katika RC Celta de Vigo|Celta, akicheza mechi yake ya kwanza katika timu ya wakubwa akiwa na umri wa miaka 18, na baadaye akafikisha jumla ya mechi 221 katika...'</comment>
      <origin>1510053</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1670" sha1="dysk3flyd9456q30z05x8s4n4hpn2vc" xml:space="preserve">'''Jonathan Castro Otto''' (amezaliwa [[3 Machi]], [[1994]]), anayejulikana zaidi kama '''Jonny''', ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye anacheza kama beki wa kulia au beki wa kushoto kwa klabu ya [[La Liga]] Deportivo Alavés|Alavés.

Alianza kazi yake ya soka katika RC Celta de Vigo|Celta, akicheza mechi yake ya kwanza katika timu ya wakubwa akiwa na umri wa miaka 18, na baadaye akafikisha jumla ya mechi 221 katika mashindano yote.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.eldesmarque.com/vigo/celta/noticias/112626-adios-al-hombre-que-pudo-batir-todos-los-records|title=Adiós al hombre que pudo batir todos los récords|trans-title=Farewell to the man who could have broken every record|publisher=El Desmarque|last=Bravo|first=Alberto|language=es|date=25 July 2018|access-date=6 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka 2018 alisaini na Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.|Wolverhampton Wanderers, mwanzoni kwa mkopo.

Jonny aliichezea timu ya taifa ya Hispania ya mpira wa miguu mara tatu mwaka 2018.

==Kazi ya klabu==
===Celta===
Amezaliwa mjini [[Vigo]], Galicia, [[Hispania]], Jonny alicheza soka la [[vijana]] katika klabu ya nyumbani kwao, RC Celta de Vigo|Celta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/gradario/2021/06/23/contados-casos-canteranos-triunfan-fuera/0003_202106V23P53991.htm|title=Los contados casos de canteranos del Celta que triunfan fuera|trans-title=The rare cases of Celta youth players that make it big abroad|newspaper=[[La Voz de Galicia]]|language=es|date=23 June 2021|access-date=15 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1994|}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>dysk3flyd9456q30z05x8s4n4hpn2vc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mohamed Abdulghani</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230537</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510054</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T11:08:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1510054</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="553" sha1="6t6kasea4m6urx00vdjrq07272ukqel" xml:space="preserve">'''Mohamed Abdulghani''' (Kwa Kisomali: Maxamed Cabduulgaani, Kiarabu: محمد عبد الغني) ni mwanauchumi na mwanasiasa wa [[Ethiopia]] mwenye asili ya Kisomali ambaye ni [[Rais]] wa Chama cha Wafanyabiashara cha [[Mkoa]] wa Somali kilichopo Jijiga, Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Google Scholar|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ZpmYpfMAAAAJ|work=scholar.google.com|accessdate=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Ethiopia]]
[[Jamii:Mbegu za wanasiasa]]</text>
      <sha1>6t6kasea4m6urx00vdjrq07272ukqel</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1510055</id>
      <parentid>1510054</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T11:08:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Don Malya</username>
        <id>61486</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kuanzisha makala</comment>
      <origin>1510055</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="556" sha1="ob689145y9oqqb4k5hugqsrep004cf6" xml:space="preserve">'''Mohamed Abdulghani''' (Kisomali: ''Maxamed Cabduulgaani'', Kiarabu: محمد عبد الغني) ni mwanauchumi na mwanasiasa wa Ethiopia mwenye asili ya Kisomali ambaye ni Rais wa Chemba ya Biashara ya Jimbo la Somali yenye makao makuu yake huko Jijiga, [[Ethiopia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Google Scholar|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=XKRZbzYAAAAJ|work=scholar.google.com|accessdate=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Ethiopia]]
[[Jamii:Mbegu za wanasiasa]]</text>
      <sha1>ob689145y9oqqb4k5hugqsrep004cf6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zenodo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230538</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510056</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T11:08:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mateo.Mfalme</username>
        <id>16049</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nimeanzisha makala mpya kuhusu Zenodo, hifadhi ya nyaraka huria na data huria inayosimamiwa na CERN.</comment>
      <origin>1510056</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1000" sha1="tgrnzx4spslmiku3mki79rdcgam7mxo" xml:space="preserve">'''Zenodo''' ni hifadhi ya nyaraka huria na data huria (kwa Kiingereza: ''open-access repository'').

== Historia ==
Zenodo inasimamiwa na [[CERN]] na iliundwa chini ya mradi wa OpenAIRE.

Mnamo mwaka 2017, ilichaguliwa kama mmoja wa miradi ya ''Google Summer of Code''. Mwaka 2019, Zenodo ilitangaza ushirikiano na hifadhi ya data huru ya Dryad ili kuunda suluhu mpya za kurahisisha kazi za watafiti na wachapishaji, kuboresha mbinu za uundaji wa programu, na kupanga data kwa utaratibu mzuri.

== Utendaji ==
Mfumo huu hutoa Kitambulisho cha Kidijitali cha Kitu ([[Digital object identifier|DOI]]) kwa data zinazohifadhiwa ambazo hazina kitambulisho hicho asilia, ili kurahisisha unukuzi wake (''citation'') katika tafiti nyingine.

Zenodo inakubali aina mbalimbali za data na leseni. Kwa mfano, msimbo chanzo (''source code'') unaowekwa kwenye [[GitHub]] unaweza kuhifadhiwa hapa na kunukuliwa kirahisi kama rejeo la kitaaluma.

== Viungo vya nje ==

* [https://zenodo.org/ Tovuti rasmi ya Zenodo]</text>
      <sha1>tgrnzx4spslmiku3mki79rdcgam7mxo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1510057</id>
      <parentid>1510056</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T11:12:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mateo.Mfalme</username>
        <id>16049</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nembo ya Zenodo</comment>
      <origin>1510057</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1058" sha1="lhxgsdyp87j9nde0clkmu2xzlmeto6t" xml:space="preserve">'''Zenodo''' ni hifadhi ya nyaraka huria na data huria (kwa Kiingereza: ''open-access repository'').
[[File:Zenodo-gradient-square.svg|thumb|Nembo ya Zenodo]]

== Historia ==
Zenodo inasimamiwa na [[CERN]] na iliundwa chini ya mradi wa OpenAIRE.

Mnamo mwaka 2017, ilichaguliwa kama mmoja wa miradi ya ''Google Summer of Code''. Mwaka 2019, Zenodo ilitangaza ushirikiano na hifadhi ya data huru ya Dryad ili kuunda suluhu mpya za kurahisisha kazi za watafiti na wachapishaji, kuboresha mbinu za uundaji wa programu, na kupanga data kwa utaratibu mzuri.

== Utendaji ==
Mfumo huu hutoa Kitambulisho cha Kidijitali cha Kitu ([[Digital object identifier|DOI]]) kwa data zinazohifadhiwa ambazo hazina kitambulisho hicho asilia, ili kurahisisha unukuzi wake (''citation'') katika tafiti nyingine.

Zenodo inakubali aina mbalimbali za data na leseni. Kwa mfano, msimbo chanzo (''source code'') unaowekwa kwenye [[GitHub]] unaweza kuhifadhiwa hapa na kunukuliwa kirahisi kama rejeo la kitaaluma.

== Viungo vya nje ==

* [https://zenodo.org/ Tovuti rasmi ya Zenodo]</text>
      <sha1>lhxgsdyp87j9nde0clkmu2xzlmeto6t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1510066</id>
      <parentid>1510057</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T11:29:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mateo.Mfalme</username>
        <id>16049</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>marejeo ya ndani</comment>
      <origin>1510066</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1106" sha1="o8psebv4j3frk3fsfs9wc47ojr5wu0k" xml:space="preserve">'''Zenodo''' ni hifadhi ya nyaraka huria na data huria (kwa Kiingereza: ''open-access repository'').
[[File:Zenodo-gradient-square.svg|thumb|Nembo ya Zenodo]]

== Historia ==
Zenodo inasimamiwa na [[Shirika la Ulaya la Utafiti wa Nyuklia|CERN]] na iliundwa chini ya mradi wa OpenAIRE.

Mnamo mwaka 2017, ilichaguliwa kama mmoja wa miradi ya ''Google Summer of Code''. Mwaka 2019, Zenodo ilitangaza ushirikiano na hifadhi ya data huru ya Dryad ili kuunda suluhu mpya za kurahisisha kazi za watafiti na wachapishaji, kuboresha mbinu za uundaji wa programu, na kupanga data kwa utaratibu mzuri.

== Utendaji ==
Mfumo huu hutoa Kitambulisho cha Kidijitali cha Kitu ([[Kitambulisho cha Kitu cha Dijitali|DOI]]) kwa data zinazohifadhiwa ambazo hazina kitambulisho hicho asilia, ili kurahisisha unukuzi wake (''citation'') katika tafiti nyingine.

Zenodo inakubali aina mbalimbali za data na leseni. Kwa mfano, msimbo chanzo (''source code'') unaowekwa kwenye [[GitHub]] unaweza kuhifadhiwa hapa na kunukuliwa kirahisi kama rejeo la kitaaluma.

== Viungo vya nje ==

* [https://zenodo.org/ Tovuti rasmi ya Zenodo]</text>
      <sha1>o8psebv4j3frk3fsfs9wc47ojr5wu0k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1510069</id>
      <parentid>1510066</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T11:32:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mateo.Mfalme</username>
        <id>16049</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Historia */</comment>
      <origin>1510069</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1104" sha1="9ere2mwumo6jitcvr1abu7xgsm5dc4x" xml:space="preserve">'''Zenodo''' ni hifadhi ya nyaraka huria na data huria (kwa Kiingereza: ''open-access repository'').
[[File:Zenodo-gradient-square.svg|thumb|Nembo ya Zenodo]]

== Historia ==
Zenodo inasimamiwa na [[Shirika la Ulaya la Utafiti wa Nyuklia|CERN]] na iliundwa chini ya mradi wa OpenAIRE.

Mnamo mwaka 2017, ilichaguliwa kama mmoja wa miradi ya ''Google Summer of Code''. Mwaka 2019, Zenodo ilitangaza ushirikiano na hifadhi ya data huru ya Dryad ili kuunda suluhu mpya za kurahisisha kazi za watafiti na wachapishaji, kuboresha mbinu za uundaji wa programu, na kupanga data kwa utaratibu mzuri.

== Utendaji ==
Mfumo huu hutoa Kitambulisho cha Kitu cha Dijitali ([[Kitambulisho cha Kitu cha Dijitali|DOI]]) kwa data zinazohifadhiwa ambazo hazina kitambulisho hicho asilia, ili kurahisisha unukuzi wake (''citation'') katika tafiti nyingine.

Zenodo inakubali aina mbalimbali za data na leseni. Kwa mfano, msimbo chanzo (''source code'') unaowekwa kwenye [[GitHub]] unaweza kuhifadhiwa hapa na kunukuliwa kirahisi kama rejeo la kitaaluma.

== Viungo vya nje ==

* [https://zenodo.org/ Tovuti rasmi ya Zenodo]</text>
      <sha1>9ere2mwumo6jitcvr1abu7xgsm5dc4x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1510070</id>
      <parentid>1510069</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T11:34:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mateo.Mfalme</username>
        <id>16049</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Utendaji */</comment>
      <origin>1510070</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1106" sha1="eyc787wi4oqwme1pphf1lz539z1vhle" xml:space="preserve">'''Zenodo''' ni hifadhi ya nyaraka huria na data huria (kwa Kiingereza: ''open-access repository'').
[[File:Zenodo-gradient-square.svg|thumb|Nembo ya Zenodo]]

== Historia ==
Zenodo inasimamiwa na [[Shirika la Ulaya la Utafiti wa Nyuklia|CERN]] na iliundwa chini ya mradi wa OpenAIRE.

Mnamo mwaka 2017, ilichaguliwa kama mmoja wa miradi ya ''Google Summer of Code''. Mwaka 2019, Zenodo ilitangaza ushirikiano na hifadhi ya data huru ya Dryad ili kuunda suluhu mpya za kurahisisha kazi za watafiti na wachapishaji, kuboresha mbinu za uundaji wa programu, na kupanga data kwa utaratibu mzuri.

== Utendaji ==
Mfumo huu hutoa Kitambulisho cha Kitu cha Kidijitali ([[Kitambulisho cha Kitu cha Dijitali|DOI]]) kwa data zinazohifadhiwa ambazo hazina kitambulisho hicho asilia, ili kurahisisha unukuzi wake (''citation'') katika tafiti nyingine.

Zenodo inakubali aina mbalimbali za data na leseni. Kwa mfano, msimbo chanzo (''source code'') unaowekwa kwenye [[GitHub]] unaweza kuhifadhiwa hapa na kunukuliwa kirahisi kama rejeo la kitaaluma.

== Viungo vya nje ==

* [https://zenodo.org/ Tovuti rasmi ya Zenodo]</text>
      <sha1>eyc787wi4oqwme1pphf1lz539z1vhle</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Shirika la Ulaya la Utafiti wa Nyuklia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230539</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510059</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T11:15:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mateo.Mfalme</username>
        <id>16049</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:fr:Special:Redirect/revision/234112741|Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>1510059</origin>
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CERN (kifupi cha jina la Kifaransa: ''Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire''; kwa Kiswahili: Shirika la [[Ulaya]] la Utafiti wa [[Kiini cha atomu|Nyuklia]]) ni shirika la kimataifa na maabara kubwa zaidi duniani kwa ajili ya fizikia ya chembe (''particle physics''). Makao makuu yake yapo Meyrin, karibu na [[Geneva]], kwenye mpaka wa [[Uswisi]] na Ufaransa.

Shirika hili lilianzishwa mwaka 1954 na lina nchi wanachama 23 kutoka Ulaya na kote duniani. CERN inajulikana sana kwa kuwa na mashine ya ''Large Hadron Collider'' (LHC) na pia kama mahali ambapo Mtandao Wote wa Ulimwengu (''World Wide Web'') ulibuniwa na Tim Berners-Lee mwaka 1989.

Pia, CERN inasimamia mfumo wa [[Zenodo]] kwa ajili ya kuhifadhi data za utafiti wa kisayansi.

== Viungo vya nje ==

* [https://home.cern/ Tovuti rasmi ya CERN]
{{Infobox Organisation2|couleur boîte=22529E|nom=Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire|logo=CERN logo badge.svg|légende logo=Logo du CERN.|chercheurs={{nombre|17500}} &lt;small&gt;(2017)&lt;/small&gt;}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-26T11:17:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mateo.Mfalme</username>
        <id>16049</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Viungo vya nje */ nembo ya CERN</comment>
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CERN (kifupi cha jina la Kifaransa: ''Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire''; kwa Kiswahili: Shirika la [[Ulaya]] la Utafiti wa [[Kiini cha atomu|Nyuklia]]) ni shirika la kimataifa na maabara kubwa zaidi duniani kwa ajili ya fizikia ya chembe (''particle physics''). Makao makuu yake yapo Meyrin, karibu na [[Geneva]], kwenye mpaka wa [[Uswisi]] na Ufaransa.
[[Faili:CERN_logo_badge.svg|thumb|Nembo ya CERN]]
Shirika hili lilianzishwa mwaka 1954 na lina nchi wanachama 23 kutoka Ulaya na kote duniani. CERN inajulikana sana kwa kuwa na mashine ya ''Large Hadron Collider'' (LHC) na pia kama mahali ambapo Mtandao Wote wa Ulimwengu (''World Wide Web'') ulibuniwa na Tim Berners-Lee mwaka 1989.

Pia, CERN inasimamia mfumo wa [[Zenodo]] kwa ajili ya kuhifadhi data za utafiti wa kisayansi.

== Viungo vya nje ==

* [https://home.cern/ Tovuti rasmi ya CERN]</text>
      <sha1>t5t2av6662pokdvjnfy5t5zvqvmo1nn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1510062</id>
      <parentid>1510061</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T11:20:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mateo.Mfalme</username>
        <id>16049</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nchi zinazounda Shirika la Ulaya la Utafiti wa Nyuklia</comment>
      <origin>1510062</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="966" sha1="lbdm82ixoh2l0h8uzb8zkpv119zevpr" xml:space="preserve">
CERN (kifupi cha jina la Kifaransa: ''Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire''; kwa Kiswahili: Shirika la [[Ulaya]] la Utafiti wa [[Kiini cha atomu|Nyuklia]]) ni shirika la kimataifa na maabara kubwa zaidi duniani kwa ajili ya fizikia ya chembe (''particle physics''). Makao makuu yake yapo Meyrin, karibu na [[Geneva]], kwenye mpaka wa [[Uswisi]] na Ufaransa.
[[Faili:CERN_logo_badge.svg|thumb|Nembo ya CERN]]
[[File:CERN_member_states.svg|thumb|Nchi zinazounda Shirika la Ulaya la Utafiti wa Nyuklia (CERN).]]
Shirika hili lilianzishwa mwaka 1954 na lina nchi wanachama 23 kutoka Ulaya na kote duniani. CERN inajulikana sana kwa kuwa na mashine ya ''Large Hadron Collider'' (LHC) na pia kama mahali ambapo Mtandao Wote wa Ulimwengu (''World Wide Web'') ulibuniwa na Tim Berners-Lee mwaka 1989.

Pia, CERN inasimamia mfumo wa [[Zenodo]] kwa ajili ya kuhifadhi data za utafiti wa kisayansi.

== Viungo vya nje ==

* [https://home.cern/ Tovuti rasmi ya CERN]</text>
      <sha1>lbdm82ixoh2l0h8uzb8zkpv119zevpr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1510063</id>
      <parentid>1510062</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T11:21:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mateo.Mfalme</username>
        <id>16049</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1510063</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="960" sha1="gphea1sst99l7zkfdr698vp4ytlp8r8" xml:space="preserve">
CERN (kifupi cha jina la Kifaransa: ''Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire''; kwa Kiswahili: Shirika la [[Ulaya]] la Utafiti wa [[Kiini cha atomu|Nyuklia]]) ni shirika la kimataifa na maabara kubwa zaidi duniani kwa ajili ya fizikia ya chembe (''particle physics''). Makao makuu yake yapo Meyrin, karibu na [[Geneva]], kwenye mpaka wa [[Uswisi]] na Ufaransa.
[[Faili:CERN_logo_badge.svg|thumb|Nembo ya CERN]]
[[File:CERN_member_states.svg|thumb|Nchi zinazounda Shirika la Ulaya la Utafiti wa Nyuklia (CERN).]]
Shirika hili lilianzishwa mwaka 1954 na lina nchi 23 kutoka Ulaya na kote duniani. CERN inajulikana sana kwa kuwa na mashine ya ''Large Hadron Collider'' (LHC) na pia kama mahali ambapo Mtandao Wote wa Ulimwengu (''World Wide Web'') ulibuniwa na [[Tim Berners-Lee]] mwaka 1989.

Pia, CERN inasimamia mfumo wa [[Zenodo]] kwa ajili ya kuhifadhi data za utafiti wa kisayansi.

== Viungo vya nje ==

* [https://home.cern/ Tovuti rasmi ya CERN]</text>
      <sha1>gphea1sst99l7zkfdr698vp4ytlp8r8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1510064</id>
      <parentid>1510063</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T11:22:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mateo.Mfalme</username>
        <id>16049</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>bado ni mbegu</comment>
      <origin>1510064</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="971" sha1="g30z4aops5yc9ig229ousjih6gqbduy" xml:space="preserve">
CERN (kifupi cha jina la Kifaransa: ''Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire''; kwa Kiswahili: Shirika la [[Ulaya]] la Utafiti wa [[Kiini cha atomu|Nyuklia]]) ni shirika la kimataifa na maabara kubwa zaidi duniani kwa ajili ya fizikia ya chembe (''particle physics''). Makao makuu yake yapo Meyrin, karibu na [[Geneva]], kwenye mpaka wa [[Uswisi]] na Ufaransa.
[[Faili:CERN_logo_badge.svg|thumb|Nembo ya CERN]]
[[File:CERN_member_states.svg|thumb|Nchi zinazounda Shirika la Ulaya la Utafiti wa Nyuklia (CERN).]]
Shirika hili lilianzishwa mwaka 1954 na lina nchi 23 kutoka Ulaya na kote duniani. CERN inajulikana sana kwa kuwa na mashine ya ''Large Hadron Collider'' (LHC) na pia kama mahali ambapo Mtandao Wote wa Ulimwengu (''World Wide Web'') ulibuniwa na [[Tim Berners-Lee]] mwaka 1989.

Pia, CERN inasimamia mfumo wa [[Zenodo]] kwa ajili ya kuhifadhi data za utafiti wa kisayansi.

== Viungo vya nje ==

* [https://home.cern/ Tovuti rasmi ya CERN]

{{mbegu}}</text>
      <sha1>g30z4aops5yc9ig229ousjih6gqbduy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1510068</id>
      <parentid>1510064</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T11:32:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mateo.Mfalme</username>
        <id>16049</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>sura</comment>
      <origin>1510068</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="971" sha1="6wvgd1gnh744xp23wvqofvlojrptczt" xml:space="preserve">
[[Faili:CERN_logo_badge.svg|thumb|Nembo ya CERN]]
[[File:CERN_member_states.svg|thumb|Nchi zinazounda Shirika la Ulaya la Utafiti wa Nyuklia (CERN).]]CERN (kifupi cha jina la Kifaransa: ''Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire''; kwa Kiswahili: Shirika la [[Ulaya]] la Utafiti wa [[Kiini cha atomu|Nyuklia]]) ni shirika la kimataifa na maabara kubwa zaidi duniani kwa ajili ya fizikia ya chembe (''particle physics''). Makao makuu yake yapo Meyrin, karibu na [[Geneva]], kwenye mpaka wa [[Uswisi]] na Ufaransa.

Shirika hili lilianzishwa mwaka 1954 na lina nchi 23 kutoka Ulaya na kote duniani. CERN inajulikana sana kwa kuwa na mashine ya ''Large Hadron Collider'' (LHC) na pia kama mahali ambapo Mtandao Wote wa Ulimwengu (''World Wide Web'') ulibuniwa na [[Tim Berners-Lee]] mwaka 1989.

Pia, CERN inasimamia mfumo wa [[Zenodo]] kwa ajili ya kuhifadhi data za utafiti wa kisayansi.

== Viungo vya nje ==

* [https://home.cern/ Tovuti rasmi ya CERN]

{{mbegu}}</text>
      <sha1>6wvgd1gnh744xp23wvqofvlojrptczt</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gabriel Jorge</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230540</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510060</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T11:16:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina Charles</username>
        <id>71406</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Gabriel Jorge Sosa''' (amezaliwa [[26 Juni]], [[1916]] – amefariki [[28 Novemba]], [[2014]]) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka Hispania ambaye alicheza kama [[mshambuliaji]] kwa klabu ya RCD Espanyol|Espanyol na timu ya taifa ya Hispania ya mpira wa miguu katika miaka ya 1940. Yeye ni mfungaji wa sita kwa mabao mengi zaidi katika historia ya Espanyol akiwa na mabao 81, yakiwemo mabao mawili katika Fainali ya Copa del Generalísimo ya 1...'</comment>
      <origin>1510060</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1716" sha1="lphhrkzywusmai8t4197za7fpnsrwu8" xml:space="preserve">'''Gabriel Jorge Sosa''' (amezaliwa [[26 Juni]], [[1916]] – amefariki [[28 Novemba]], [[2014]]) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka Hispania ambaye alicheza kama [[mshambuliaji]] kwa klabu ya RCD Espanyol|Espanyol na timu ya taifa ya Hispania ya mpira wa miguu katika miaka ya 1940. Yeye ni mfungaji wa sita kwa mabao mengi zaidi katika historia ya Espanyol akiwa na mabao 81, yakiwemo mabao mawili katika Fainali ya Copa del Generalísimo ya 1940|fainali ya Kombe la Hispania ya 1940 dhidi ya Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid, ambapo Espanyol ilishinda kwa mabao 3–2 baada ya muda wa nyongeza.&lt;ref name=Quito&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.periquito.cat/html/jorge.html |title=Gabriel Jorge Sosa |language=ca |website=periquito.cat |access-date=23 May 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kazi==
===Kazi ya klabu===
Alizaliwa tarehe 26 Juni 1916 katika mji wa [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] kwenye [[Visiwa]] vya Canary, Jorge alianza kazi yake ya soka katika timu za [[vijana]] za klabu ya nyumbani kwao Real Unión, ambako alicheza pamoja na ndugu zake wawili, Manuel Jorge|Manuel na Valentin Jorge|Valentin, ambao pia walikuja kucheza katika ligi kuu.&lt;ref name=Ten&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.clubdeportivotenerife.es/noticias/luto-en-el-tinerfenismo-por-el-fallecimiento-de-ex-jugador-blanquiazul-gabriel-jorge-sosa |title=Luto en el tinerfeñismo por el fallecimiento de ex jugador blanquiazul, Gabriel Jorge Sosa |trans-title=Mourning in Tenerife over the death of former blue and white player, Gabriel Jorge Sosa |language=es |website=www.clubdeportivotenerife.es |date=28 November 2014 |access-date=22 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1916|2014}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>lphhrkzywusmai8t4197za7fpnsrwu8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kitambulisho cha Kitu cha Kidijiti</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230541</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510065</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T11:26:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mateo.Mfalme</username>
        <id>16049</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:fr:Special:Redirect/revision/234972130|Digital Object Identifier]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>1510065</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="761" sha1="5h6enhi28xfrzy06dblp2wvpk040qs6" xml:space="preserve">Kitambulisho cha Kitu cha Kidijitali (kwa Kiingereza: ''Digital Object Identifier'', kifupi: DOI) ni mfululizo wa herufi na namba zinazotumiwa kutambua kwa kudumu kitu cha kidijitali (kama vile makala ya kitaaluma, kitabu, au seti ya data) kwenye mtandao wa intaneti.

Tofauti na anwani za kawaida za tovuti (URL) ambazo zinaweza kubadilika au kupotea, DOI inahakikisha kuwa kitu cha kidijitali kinapatikana wakati wote kupitia kiungo chake cha kudumu. Mfumo huu ni muhimu sana katika kusimamia marejeo ya kisayansi na nyaraka zilizowekwa kwenye vyanzo huria kama vile [[Zenodo]].

DOI inasimamiwa na Shirika la Kimataifa la DOI (International DOI Foundation - IDF).

== Viungo vya nje ==

* [https://www.doi.org/ Tovuti rasmi ya mfumo wa DOI]
{{mbegu-sayansi}}</text>
      <sha1>5h6enhi28xfrzy06dblp2wvpk040qs6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1510073</id>
      <parentid>1510065</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T11:37:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mateo.Mfalme</username>
        <id>16049</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Mateo.Mfalme alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Kitambulisho cha Kitu cha Dijitali]] hadi [[Kitambulisho cha Kitu cha Kidijitali]]: Misspelled title</comment>
      <origin>1510065</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="761" sha1="5h6enhi28xfrzy06dblp2wvpk040qs6" xml:space="preserve">Kitambulisho cha Kitu cha Kidijitali (kwa Kiingereza: ''Digital Object Identifier'', kifupi: DOI) ni mfululizo wa herufi na namba zinazotumiwa kutambua kwa kudumu kitu cha kidijitali (kama vile makala ya kitaaluma, kitabu, au seti ya data) kwenye mtandao wa intaneti.

Tofauti na anwani za kawaida za tovuti (URL) ambazo zinaweza kubadilika au kupotea, DOI inahakikisha kuwa kitu cha kidijitali kinapatikana wakati wote kupitia kiungo chake cha kudumu. Mfumo huu ni muhimu sana katika kusimamia marejeo ya kisayansi na nyaraka zilizowekwa kwenye vyanzo huria kama vile [[Zenodo]].

DOI inasimamiwa na Shirika la Kimataifa la DOI (International DOI Foundation - IDF).

== Viungo vya nje ==

* [https://www.doi.org/ Tovuti rasmi ya mfumo wa DOI]
{{mbegu-sayansi}}</text>
      <sha1>5h6enhi28xfrzy06dblp2wvpk040qs6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>José Diego</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230542</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510067</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T11:29:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina Charles</username>
        <id>71406</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''José Diego Álvarez Álvarez''' (amezaliwa  mjini Monforte de Lemos, [[Jimbo]] la [[Lugo]], [[21 Novemba]], [[1954]]), anayejulikana kama '''José Diego''', ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama kiungo mkabaji.  ==Kazi ya klabu== Ingawa alizaliwa Galicia (Hispania)|Galicia, José Diego pamoja na familia yake walihamia Nchi ya Basque akiwa bado [[mtoto]] mchanga, na wakaishi Eibar. Alianza kucheza mpira...'</comment>
      <origin>1510067</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2432" sha1="31xorqz05kpmoa8djipko5ac7r7u5x2" xml:space="preserve">'''José Diego Álvarez Álvarez''' (amezaliwa  mjini Monforte de Lemos, [[Jimbo]] la [[Lugo]], [[21 Novemba]], [[1954]]), anayejulikana kama '''José Diego''', ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama kiungo mkabaji.

==Kazi ya klabu==
Ingawa alizaliwa Galicia (Hispania)|Galicia, José Diego pamoja na familia yake walihamia Nchi ya Basque akiwa bado [[mtoto]] mchanga, na wakaishi Eibar. Alianza kucheza mpira wa miguu katika klabu ya eneo hilo SD Eibar|Sociedad Deportiva na akacheza misimu mitatu katika Tercera División akiwa na timu hiyo.

Katika majira ya kiangazi ya mwaka 1974, José Diego alisajiliwa na klabu jirani ya eal Sociedad na akacheza mechi yake ya kwanza ya [[La Liga]] tarehe [[7 Septemba]] (miezi miwili kabla ya kutimiza miaka 20) katika ushindi wa nyumbani wa mabao 3–2 dhidi ya FC Barcelona, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1974/09/08/pagina-6/998874/pdf.html#|title=3–2: El Barça sucumbió víctima de sus propios errores|trans-title=3–2: Barça fell victim to their own mistakes|newspaper=[[Mundo Deportivo]]|language=es|date=8 September 1974|accessdate=29 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;akimaliza msimu wake wa kwanza akiwa amecheza mechi nane.

Kuanzia 1975–76 La Liga|msimu uliofuata aliendelea kuwa mchezaji muhimu sana wa ''Txuriurdin'', akichangia mechi 96 na mabao saba katika misimu mitatu mfululizo huku timu ikitwaa ubingwa wa taifa mwaka 1980–81 La Liga na 1981–82 La Liga, pamoja na kumaliza nafasi ya pili mwaka 1979–80 La Liga.

Baada ya kucheza mechi mbili tu katika msimu wa 1984–85 La Liga José Diego alistaafu soka akiwa na umri wa miaka 30. Aliichezea klabu yake kuu jumla ya mechi 349 rasmi na kufunga mabao 23.

==Kazi ya kimataifa==
José Diego aliichezea timu ya taifa ya Hispania ya mpira wa miguu mara moja, akicheza kipindi cha pili cha mchezo wa kirafiki waliopoteza 0–2 dhidi ya timu ya taifa ya [[Uingereza]] ya mpira wa miguu katika Camp Nou, tarehe [[26 Machi]], [[1980]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1980/03/27/pagina-3/1061675/pdf.html#|title=0–2: ¡Quién estuviera en la piel de Inglaterra!|trans-title=0–2: Who wouldn't want to be England!|newspaper=Mundo Deportivo|language=es|date=27 March 1980|accessdate=29 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1954|}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>31xorqz05kpmoa8djipko5ac7r7u5x2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>GitHub</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230543</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510071</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T11:35:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mateo.Mfalme</username>
        <id>16049</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Faili:GitHub_logo_2013.svg|thumb|Nembo ya GitHub]] '''GitHub''' ni jukwaa la mtandaoni kwa ajili ya uhifadhi na usimamizi wa matoleo ya msimbo chanzo (''source code''). Jukwaa hili linatumia mfumo wa [[Git]] na linawawezesha watengenezaji wa programu na watafiti kushirikiana katika miradi mbalimbali.  Tangu mwezi wa Oktoba 2018, GitHub inamilikiwa na kampuni ya [[Microsoft]]. GitHub ni chombo muhimu kwa ajili ya miradi ya chanzo huria (''open source''),...'</comment>
      <origin>1510071</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="904" sha1="gptxwdrxhbqaeacckjiazf0ov8ytp9f" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:GitHub_logo_2013.svg|thumb|Nembo ya GitHub]]
'''GitHub''' ni jukwaa la mtandaoni kwa ajili ya uhifadhi na usimamizi wa matoleo ya msimbo chanzo (''source code''). Jukwaa hili linatumia mfumo wa [[Git]] na linawawezesha watengenezaji wa programu na watafiti kushirikiana katika miradi mbalimbali.

Tangu mwezi wa Oktoba 2018, GitHub inamilikiwa na kampuni ya [[Microsoft]]. GitHub ni chombo muhimu kwa ajili ya miradi ya chanzo huria (''open source''), ambapo watumiaji wanaweza kuweka, kupakua, na kuboresha msimbo chanzo kwa urahisi.

Katika muktadha wa sayansi huria, GitHub inatumiwa na watafiti kuhifadhi programu za utafiti ambazo zinaweza kuunganishwa na mifumo kama [[Zenodo]] ili kupata Kitambulisho cha Kitu cha Kidijitali ([[Kitambulisho cha Kitu cha Dijitali|DOI]]), jambo ambalo linarahisisha unukuzi wake.

== Viungo vya nje ==

* [[github:|Tovuti rasmi ya GitHub]]
{{mbegu-sayansi}}</text>
      <sha1>gptxwdrxhbqaeacckjiazf0ov8ytp9f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>José Luis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230544</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510072</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T11:35:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina Charles</username>
        <id>71406</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''José Luis López Peinado''' (amezaliwa  mjini Tetuán, [[Moroko]] ya [[Kihispania]] [[21 Mei]], [[1943]]), anayejulikana kwa jina la '''José Luis''', ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa kulipwa wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama [[beki]].  Alianza kazi yake ya soka kwa kucheza msimu mmoja katika klabu ya Rayo Vallecano, kabla ya kujiunga na Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid mwaka 1967, ambako aliichezea hadi mwaka 1976.  Ingawa alizaliwa...'</comment>
      <origin>1510072</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="861" sha1="8w6d5kpdg1ss0wcqiufm2jd2yp85mqc" xml:space="preserve">'''José Luis López Peinado''' (amezaliwa  mjini Tetuán, [[Moroko]] ya [[Kihispania]] [[21 Mei]], [[1943]]), anayejulikana kwa jina la '''José Luis''', ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa kulipwa wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama [[beki]].

Alianza kazi yake ya soka kwa kucheza msimu mmoja katika klabu ya Rayo Vallecano, kabla ya kujiunga na Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid mwaka 1967, ambako aliichezea hadi mwaka 1976.

Ingawa alizaliwa katika [[Moroko]] ya Kihispania]], aliichezea timu ya taifa ya Hispania ya mpira wa miguu.&lt;ref&gt;Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014093959/http://futbol.sportec.es/seleccion/ficha_jugador.asp?j=315&amp;n=jose%2Fluis%2Fjose%2Fluis%2Flopez%2Fpeinado |date=dmy |title=futbol.sportec.es&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1943|}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>8w6d5kpdg1ss0wcqiufm2jd2yp85mqc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kitambulisho cha Kitu cha Dijitali</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230545</id>
    <redirect title="Kitambulisho cha Kitu cha Kidijitali" />
    <revision>
      <id>1510074</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T11:37:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mateo.Mfalme</username>
        <id>16049</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Mateo.Mfalme alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Kitambulisho cha Kitu cha Dijitali]] hadi [[Kitambulisho cha Kitu cha Kidijitali]]: Misspelled title</comment>
      <origin>1510074</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="50" sha1="697wnucadahgmkkzq288nd5xqeecdzh" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Kitambulisho cha Kitu cha Kidijitali]]</text>
      <sha1>697wnucadahgmkkzq288nd5xqeecdzh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>José María</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230546</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510075</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T11:42:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina Charles</username>
        <id>71406</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''José María García Lavilla''', anayejulikana pia kama '''José María''' (amezaliwa [[23 Mei]], [[1942]]), ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama [[mshambuliaji]] na pia kocha wa zamani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.bdfutbol.com/es/j/j7939.html///|title= BDFutbol|publisher= |date= |accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=|url=http://hallofameperico.com/2015/01/28/jose-maria-garcia-lavilla///...'</comment>
      <origin>1510075</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1454" sha1="n6zhbr77yu3bqennr6pdswq4o9p0c71" xml:space="preserve">'''José María García Lavilla''', anayejulikana pia kama '''José María''' (amezaliwa [[23 Mei]], [[1942]]), ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama [[mshambuliaji]] na pia kocha wa zamani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.bdfutbol.com/es/j/j7939.html///|title= BDFutbol|publisher= |date= |accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=|url=http://hallofameperico.com/2015/01/28/jose-maria-garcia-lavilla///|title= Biography|publisher= |date= 28 January 2015|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aliwahi kuchezea Real Oviedo, RCD Espanyol|Espanyol na timu ya taifa ya Hispania ya mpira wa miguu.

Mafanikio makubwa zaidi ya Real Oviedo yalikuwa kumaliza katika nafasi ya tatu kwa mara ya kwanza kabisa katika historia yao kwenye msimu wa 1962–63 La Liga (wakiwa sare ya pointi na Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid baada ya raundi 15 za mwanzo). Hata hivyo, klabu hiyo ilikuwa ikikabiliwa na matatizo ya kifedha na, chini ya kocha Enrique Orizaola, ililazimika kuwauza wachezaji muhimu kama Sánchez Lage, Paquito García na hatimaye José María mwenyewe.&lt;ref name=JIC&gt;{{Cite web |last=Corcuera |first=José Ignacio |date=2023 |title=Fútbol y política (3) |url=https://www.cuadernosdefutbol.com/2023/02/futbol-y-politica-3/ |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=Cuadernos de Fútbol |language=es |issn=1989-6379}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1942|}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>n6zhbr77yu3bqennr6pdswq4o9p0c71</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Juan José</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230547</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1510077</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-26T11:50:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina Charles</username>
        <id>71406</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Juan José Jiménez Collar''' (amezaliwa [[29 Julai]], [[1957]]), anayejulikana kama '''Juan José''', ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa kulipwa wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama beki wa kulia.  Alijulikana kwa jina la utani la Sandokan kutokana na kufanana kwake sana na mhusika wa kubuni wa jina hilo.&lt;ref name=Sandokan&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.elconfidencial.com/deportes/2010-05-01/del-bernabeu-a-los-astilleros-sandokan-y-el-...'</comment>
      <origin>1510077</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1753" sha1="4jnoyumz10kr2dh4a49cc0pna27bhy6" xml:space="preserve">'''Juan José Jiménez Collar''' (amezaliwa [[29 Julai]], [[1957]]), anayejulikana kama '''Juan José''', ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa kulipwa wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama beki wa kulia.

Alijulikana kwa jina la utani la Sandokan kutokana na kufanana kwake sana na mhusika wa kubuni wa jina hilo.&lt;ref name=Sandokan&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.elconfidencial.com/deportes/2010-05-01/del-bernabeu-a-los-astilleros-sandokan-y-el-drama-de-colgar-las-botas_478016/|title=Del Bernabéu a los astilleros: Sandokán y el drama de colgar las botas|trans-title=From the Bernabéu to the shipyards: Sandokan and the drama of hanging up one's boots|newspaper=[[El Confidencial]]|first=Carlos|last=Camino|language=es|date=1 May 2010|access-date=15 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alijulikana zaidi akiwa na klabu ya Cádiz CF|Cádiz, lakini pia alicheza miaka mitatu na Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid, akicheza mechi 231 za [[La Liga]] katika misimu kumi.

==Kazi ya klabu==
Alizaliwa katika mji wa [[Cádiz]], [[Andalusia]], Juan José alianza soka lake katika klabu ya nyumbani kwao Cádiz CF, iliyokuwa ikicheza Idara ya Segunda. Mwaka 1982 alisajiliwa na miamba wa [[La Liga]] Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/deportes/FUTBOL_CLUB_BARCELONA_/CLUB_DE_FUTBOL/REAL_MADRID_CLUB_DE_FUTBOL/CADIZ_/CLUB_DE_FUTBOL/Real/Madrid/ficho/lateral/gaditano/Juan/Jose/elpepidep/19820126elpepidep_24/Tes|title=El Real Madrid fichó al lateral gaditano Juan José|trans-title=Real Madrid signed Cádiz-born full-back Juan José|newspaper=[[El País]]|language=es|date=26 January 1982|access-date=5 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1957|}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>4jnoyumz10kr2dh4a49cc0pna27bhy6</sha1>
    </revision>
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