Wikipedia swwiki https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanzo MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.26 first-letter Media Maalum Majadiliano Mtumiaji Majadiliano ya mtumiaji Wikipedia Majadiliano ya Wikipedia Faili Majadiliano ya faili MediaWiki Majadiliano ya MediaWiki Kigezo Majadiliano ya kigezo Msaada Majadiliano ya msaada Jamii Majadiliano ya jamii Lango Majadiliano ya lango Wikichanzo Majadiliano ya Wikichanzo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 72 1530244 1525616 2026-05-02T23:05:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[Picha:JMR-Memphis1.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Mwanamke wa Haki]] ni ishara ya idara ya sheria.<ref>Hamilton, Marci. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Ox4_vqFCjcEC&pg=PA296&dq=%22lady+justice%22+symbol&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=uXb8Se-IC4GuyATlm5SPBg God vs. the Gavel]'', page 296 (Cambridge University Press 2005): “The symbol of the judicial system, seen in courtrooms throughout the United States, is blindfolded Lady Justice.”</ref><ref>Fabri, Marco. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=AwwH0F8iC9QC&pg=PA137&dq=%22lady+justice%22+symbol&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=uXb8Se-IC4GuyATlm5SPBg The challenge of change for judicial systems]'', page 137 (IOS Press 2000): “the judicial system is intended to be apolitical, its symbol being that of a blindfolded Lady Justice holding balanced scales.”</ref> [[Haki]] inaonyeshwa kama [[mungu jike]] ambaye anabeba ishara [[tatu]] za [[utawala wa kisheria]]: [[upanga]] unaoashiria nguvu ya mahakama; [[mizani]] zinazoashiria upimaji wa madai yanayoshindana; na [[kitambaa]] kinachofunika macho kuashiria kutofanya upendeleo.<ref>Luban, ''Law's Blindfold'', 23</ref>]] '''Sheria''' (kutoka [[neno]] la [[Kiarabu]]; kwa [[Kiingereza]] ''law'' <ref>from [[Old English]] ''lagu'' "Words of Mel"; ''legal'' comes from [[Latin]] ''legalis'', from ''[[translating "law" to other European languages|lex]]'' "law", "statute" ([http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=law&searchmode=none Law], Online Etymology Dictionary; [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/legal Legal], Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary)</ref>) ni [[mfumo]] wa [[kanuni]], ambazo kwa kawaida hutekelezwa kupitia seti ya [[taasisi]] maalumu.<ref>Robertson, ''Crimes against humanity'', 90; see "[[analytical jurisprudence]]" for extensive debate on what law is; in ''[[The Concept of Law]]'' Hart argued law is a "system of rules" (Campbell, ''The Contribution of Legal Studies'', 184); Austin said law was "the command of a sovereign, backed by the threat of a sanction" (Bix, [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/austin-john/#3 John Austin]); Dworkin describes law as an "interpretive concept" to achieve [[justice]] (Dworkin, ''Law's Empire'', 410); and Raz argues law is an "authority" to mediate people's interests (Raz, ''The Authority of Law'', 3–36).</ref> Inaunda [[siasa]], [[uchumi]] na [[jamii]] kwa njia mbalimbali na huratibu mahusiano baina ya [[watu]]. [[Sheria ya mkataba]] huongoza kila kitu, kuanzia kununua [[tiketi]] ya [[basi]] hadi [[biashara]] katika [[Soko|masoko]]. [[Sheria ya mali]] inafafanua [[haki]] na [[wajibu]] unaohusiana na uhamisho wa jina la mali ya binafsi na [[mali ya kweli]]. [[Sheria ya hifadhi]] inatumika kwa mali yanayotumika kwa uwekezaji na usalama wa kifedha, huku [[sheria ya kukiuka wajibu]] inaruhusu madai ya [[fidia]] ikiwa haki au mali za mtu zinafanyiwa madhara. Ikiwa madhara ni kinyume cha sheria, [[sheria ya jinai]] inatoa mbinu zinazoweza kutumiwa na [[taifa]] ili kumshtaki mhusika. [[Sheria ya kikatiba]] inatoa utaratibu wa utungaji wa sheria, ulinzi wa [[haki za kibinadamu]] na [[uchaguzi]] wa wawakilishi wa kisiasa. [[Sheria ya utawala]] inatumika kuangalia upya maamuzi ya [[vyombo vya serikali]], huku [[sheria ya kimataifa]] inatawala shughuli baina ya [[nchi]] huru zinazohusu mambo kama vile [[biashara]], vikwazo vya kimazingira na hatua za [[Jeshi|kijeshi]]. Akiandika mnamo [[350 K.K.]], [[mwanafalsafa]] wa [[Ugiriki ya Kale]] [[Aristotle]] alisema, "[[Utawala wa sheria]] ni bora kuliko utawala wa mtu yeyote binafsi."<ref>"it is more proper that law should govern than any one of the citizens: upon the same principle, if it is advantageous to place the supreme power in some particular persons, they should be appointed to be only guardians, and the servants of the laws." (Aristotle, ''Politics'' [[s:Politics (Aristotle)/Book 3#3:16|3.16]]).</ref> Mifumo ya sheria inaelezea [[haki]] na majukumu kwa njia mbalimbali. Tofauti ya jumla inaweza kufanywa kati ya maeneo yanayotawaliwa na [[mfumo wa sheria ya kiraia]], ambayo huandika sheria zao, na yale yanayofuata [[sheria za kawaida]], ambapo sheria haijaundwa kwa utaratibu maalumu. Katika baadhi ya nchi, [[sheria ya dini]] bado hutumika kama sheria maalum. Sheria ni chanzo kikuu cha uchunguzi wa kitaalam, wa [[historia ya sheria]], [[falsafa ya sheria]], [[uchambuzi wa kiuchumi wa sheria]] au [[somo la kijamii kuhusu sheria]]. Sheria pia huibua masuala muhimu na magumu kuhusu [[usawa]], [[uadilifu]] na [[haki]]. "Katika usawa wake wa ajabu", alisema mwandishi [[Anatole France]] mnamo mwaka [[1894]], "sheria inakataza matajiri na mafukura kulala chini ya madaraja, kuombaomba barabarani na kuiba mikate."<ref>The original French is: "La loi, dans un grand souci d'égalité, interdit aux riches comme aux pauvres de coucher sous les ponts, de mendier dans les rues et de voler du pain" (France, ''The Red Lily'', [http://www.online-literature.com/anatole-france/red-lily/8/ Chapter VII]).</ref> Katika [[demokrasia]] ya kawaida, taasisi za msingi za kutafsiri na kuunda sheria ni matawi matatu makuu ya [[utawala]], ambayo ni [[mahakama]] isiyo na upendeleo, [[bunge]] na [[serikali]] yenye kuwajibika. Ili kutekeleza na kutumia nguvu za kufanya sheria ifuatwe na kutoa huduma kwa umma, urasimu wa serikali, [[jeshi]] na [[polisi]] ni muhimu. Vyombo hivyo vyote vya dola viliundwa na kutawaliwa na sheria, [[taaluma ya kisheria]] iliyo huru na [[jamii]] yenye bidii zinajulisha na kusaidia maendeleo. == Masomo ya sheria == Mifumo yote ya kisheria inahusu na masuala ya msingi, lakini kila taifa inaainisha na kubainisha masomo yake ya kisheria kwa njia mbalimbali. Tofauti ya kawaida ni kuwa "[[sheria ya umma]]" (maneno yanayohusika kwa karibu na [[taifa]], na kuhusisha sheria ya kikatiba, kitawala na ya jinai), na "[[sheria ya kibinafsi]]" (inayohusisha mkataba, [[sheria ya kukiuka wajibu]] na mali).<ref>Although many scholars argue that "the boundaries between public and private law are becoming blurred", and that this distinction has become mere "folklore" (Bergkamp, ''Liability and Environment'', 1–2).</ref> Katikamifumo ya [[sheria ya kirai(mfumo wa sheria)|sheria ya kirai]] , mkataba na kukiuka wajibu zinapatikana chini ya [[sheria ya majukumu]] huku sheria ya hifadhi inapatikana chini ya serkali za halali au [[Mkataba wa Hague wa Sheria inayotumika kwa Hifadhi na kwa jinsi ya Kuzijua|mikataba ya kimataifa]]. Sheria ya Kimataifa, kikatiba, kitawala, jinai, mkataba, kukiuka wajibu na mali na [[sheria ya hifadhi|hifadhi]] zinatambulika kama "masomo msingi ya jadi",<ref>E.g. in England these seven subjects, with EU law substituted for international law, make up a "qualifying law degree". For criticism, see [[Peter Birks]]' poignant comments attached to a previous version of the [http://webjcli.ncl.ac.uk/articles1/birks1.html#appendix Notice to Law Schools].</ref> ingawa kuna [[Sheria#Masomo zaidi|masomo zaidi]] ambayo yanaweza kuwa na umuhimu mkubwa zaidi wa kiutendaji. === Sheria ya Kimataifa === {{Main|Sheria ya umma ya kimataifa|Mgongano wa sheria|Sheria ya Umoja wa Ulaya}} [[Picha:Naciones Unidas 3.jpg|right|thumb|Ikitoa katiba ya sheria ya kimataifa ya umaa, mfumo wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] ulikubaliwa wakati wa [[Vita Vikuu vya Pili vya Dunia]]]] Sheria ya kimataifa inaweza kuashiria mambo matatu: sheria ya umma ya kimataifa, sheria ya kibinafsi ya kimataifa au mgongano wa sheria na sheria ya mashirika makubwa ya kimataifa. * '''[[Sheria ya Umma ya Kimataifa]]''' inajihusisha na uhusiano kati ya mataifa uhuru. [[Vyanzo vya sheria ya kimataifa|Vyanzo]] vya maendeleo ya sheria ya umma ya kimataifa ni [[Desturi(sheria)|desturi]], mwenendo na mikataba kati ya nchi huru [[Mikataba ya Geneva]]. Sheria ya umma ya kimataifa inaweza kutengezwa na [[mashirika ya kimataifa]], kama vile [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] (ambao ilianzishwa baada ya kushindwa kwa [[Shirikisho la Kimataifa]] kuzuia [[Vita vya Vikuu vya Pili vya Dunia]]),<ref>[http://www.un.org/aboutun/history.htm History of the UN], United Nations. [[Winston Churchill]] (''The Hinge of Fate'', 719) comments on the League of Nations' failure: "It was wrong to say that the League failed. It was rather the member states who had failed the League."</ref> [[Shirika la Kimataifa la Ajira]], [[Shirika la Kimataifa la Biashara]], au [[Shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa]]. Sheria ya kimatifa ya umma ina hadhi maalum kama sheria kwa sababu hakuna kikozi cha kimataifa cha polisi, na mahakama (kama vile [[Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Haki]] kama tawi la kimsingi la Umoja wa Mataifa la mahakama) halina uwezo wa kuadhibu kutokutii.<ref>The prevailing manner of enforcing international law is still essentially "self help"; that is the reaction by states to alleged breaches of international obligations by other states (Robertson, ''Crimes against Humanity'', 90; Schermers-Blokker, ''International Institutional Law'', 900–901).</ref> Hata hivyo, miili michache, kama vile WTO, ina mifumo yenye ufanisi ya utatuzi wa kudumu na utatuzi wa mogogoro inayoambatana na vikwazo vya kibiashara.<ref>Petersmann, ''The GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement System'', 32</ref> * '''[[Mgongano wa sheria]]''' (au "sheria ya kibinafsi ya kimataifa" katika nchi za [[sheria ya kiraia]]) unahusisha [[maeneo ya kimamlaka ya kisheria]] ya mgogoro wa kisheria baina ya watu wa kibinafsi unafaa kusikizwa na sheria za maeneo gani ya kimamlaka ya kisheria ndiyo inayofaa kutumika. Leo, biashra zinazidi kuwa na uwezo wa kusongeza minyororo ya ugavi ya [[mtaji]] na [[ajira]] kuvuka mipaka, na pia kufanya biashara na kampuni za nchi za ng'ambo, hivyo kulifanya swali kuhusu nchi ipi ndiyo inayomamlaka ya kisheria kuwa muhimu zaidi. Idadi kubwa zaidi ya biashara zinachagua usuluhishi wa kibiashara chini ya [[Tuzo la Mkataba wa Utambuzi na Utendaji wa Masuluhisho ya Kimataifa|Mkataba wa New York wa mnamo mwaka1958]].<ref>Redfem, ''International Commercial Arbitration'', 68–69</ref> * '''[[Sheria ya Umoja wa Ulaya]]''' ndiyo ya kwanza, kufikia sasa, ambayo ni mfano wa [[sheria kuu ya kimataifa]]. Kutokana na mwenendo wa kuongezeka kwa ushirikiano wa kiuchumi Duniani, mikataba mingi ya kikanda — hasa ya [[Umoja wa Nchi za Amerika Kusini]] — zimeanza kuufuata mfano kama huu. Katika Umoja wa Ulaya, nchi huru zimekusanya mamlaka yao katika mfumo wa mahakama na [[Bunge la Ulaya|taasisi za kisiasa]]. Taasisi hizi zinapewa uwezo wa kutekeleza kanuni za kisheria dhidi ya au kwa nchi wanachama na raia katika namna ambayo haiwezekani kupitia sheria ya umma ya kimataifa.<ref>Schermers–Blokker, ''International Institutional Law'', 943</ref> Kama [[Mahakama ya Ulaya ya Haki]] yalivyosema katika miaka ya 1960, sheria ya Umoja wa Umoja wa Ulaya hujumiusha "muundo mpya wa sheria ya kimataifa" kwa ajili ya faida inayotegemeana ya kijamii na kiuchumi wa nchi zote wanachama.<ref>See the [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61962J0026:EN:HTML C-26/62 ''Van Gend en Loos v Nederlanse Administratie Der Belastingen''], and [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61964J0006:EN:HTML ''Flaminio Costa v E.N.E.L.''] decisions of the European Court.</ref> === Sheria ya kikatiba na ya kiutawala === {{Main|Sheria ya kikatiba|Sheria ya kiutawala}} [[Picha:Declaration of Human Rights.jpg|thumb|[[Azimio la Haki za Kibinadamu na za Raia]], ambalo kanuni zake bado zini thamani ya kikatiba]] Sheria ya kikatiba na kiutawala zinasimamia mambo ya nchi. [[Sheria ya kikatiba]] inahusisha uhusiano baina ya serikali, bunge na mahakama na [[haki za kibinadamu]] au [[uhuru wa kiraia]] wa watu binafsi dhidi ya nchi. Maeneo mengi ya kisheria, kama vile [[Sheria ya Marekani|Marekani]] na [[Sheria ya Ufaransa|Ufaransa]], zina katiba moja iliyoandikwa kwa makini, iliyo na [[Muswada wa Haki]]. Katiba chache kama vile [[Sheria la Uingereza|Uingereza]], hazina hati kama hiyo."Katiba" kwa ufupi ni zile sheria ambazo zinajumuisha [[mwili wa kisiasa]], kutoka [[kanuni]], [[sheria za uamuzi]] na [[Mkataba wa kikatiba(utamaduni wa kisiasa)|mkataba]]. Kesi kwa jina ''[[Entick dhidi ya Carrington]]''<ref>''[[Entick v Carrington]]'' (1765) 19 Howell's State Trials 1030; [1765] [http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/KB/1765/J98.html 95 ER 807]</ref> ilionyesha wazi kanuni ya kikatiba inayotokana na sheria ya kawaifa. Nyumba ya Bwana Entick ilifanyiwa upekekuzi na Afisa mmoja wa polisi aliyeitwa Carrington. Wakati Bwana Entick alipolalamika mbele ya mahakama, Afisa Carrington alidokeza kwamba kibali kutoka waziri wa Serikali, [[George Montague-Dunk, ali wa pili wa Halifax|Ali wa Halifax]], kilikuwa na mamlaka halali. Hata hivyo, hakukuwa na sheria iliyoandikwa au mamlaka ya kimahakama ambayo yalitoa uwezo huo.Hakimu mkuu, [[Charles Pratt, Ali wa kwanza wa Camden|Bwana Camden]], alisema, <blockquote>Mwisho mkubwa, ambao ulifanya watu kuingia katika jamii, ilikuwa kupata mali. Haki hiyo imetunzwa na ni takatifu na haiwezi kuondolewa wakati wowote, ambapo haijaondolewa au kufupishwa na sheria fulani ya umma kwa manufaa ya wote...Hakuna sababau inayoweza kupatikana au kutolewa, kimya cha vitabu ni mamlaka dhidi ya mshtakiwa, na aliyeathiriwa lazima atendewe haki.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.constitution.org/trials/entick/entick_v_carrington.htm | title=Entick v Carrington | work=19 Howell’s State Trials 1029 (1765) | publisher=Constitution Society | location=[[Marekani|US]] | accessdate=2008-11-13}}</ref></blockquote> Kanuni ya kimsingi ya kikatiba, ilitokana na [[Citabu viwili mbili kuhusu Serikali|John Locke]], inadokeza ya kwamba mtu binafsi anaweza kufanya isipokuwa kile ambacho kimekataliwa kisheria.<ref>Locke, ''The Second Treatise'', [[s:Two Treatises of Government/The Second Treatise of Government: An Essay Concerning the True Origin, Extent, and End of Civil Government#2:9|Chapter 9, section 124]]</ref><ref>Tamanaha, ''On the Rule of Law'', 47</ref> Sheria ya utawala ndiyo mbinu msingi ya kufanya mashirika ya umma yawajibike. Watu wanaweza kutumia [[mapitio ya kimahakama]] kwa matendo au uamuzi uliofanywa na za halmashauri za mitaa, huduma za umma au wizara za serikali, kuhakikisha kuwa zinazingatia sheria. Mahakama ya kwanza ya maalum ya kiutawala yalikuwa mahakama ya ''[[Council of State (France)|Conseil d'État]]'' yaliyoundwa mnamo mwaka wa 1799, wakati [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] alipochukua mamlaka nchini Ufaransa.<ref name="A75">Auby, ''Administrative Law in France'', 75</ref> === Sheria ya jinai === {{Main|Sheria ya jinai}} Sheria ya jinai, inayojulikana pia kama sheria ya kuadhibu, inahusisha makosa na adhabu.<ref>[[Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria|Cesare Beccaria]]'s seminal treatise of 1763–1764 is titled ''On Crimes and Punishments'' (''[[Dei delitti e delle pene]]'').</ref> Kwa hivyo inapima ufafanuzi wa adhabu ya makosa yaliyopatikana kuwa na madhara yanaonekana kuwa na uwezo wa kusababisha uharibifu lakini, kwa undani, haifanyi uamuzi wa kimaadili kumhusu mkosaji wala kuwekea jamii vikwazo ambavyo vinakataza watu kimwili wasifanye makoa mwanzoni.<ref name="W2">Brody, Acker and Logan, ''Criminal Law'', 2; Wilson, ''Criminal Law'', 2</ref> Investigating, apprehending, charging, and trying suspected offenders is regulated by the law of [[criminal procedure]].<ref name="Br2">Brody, Acker and Logan, ''Criminal Law'', 2</ref> Kesi ya kidhana ya uhalifu inatokana na ushahidi, [[Mzigo wa Ushahidi|kuzidi shaka ya kuridhisha]], kuwa mtu ana hatia ya mambo mawili. Kwanza, mshtakiwa lazima awe amefanya kitendo ambacho kinatazamwa na jamii kuwa hatia, au ''[[actus reus]]'' (kitendo cha hatia).<ref>See e.g. Brody, Acker and Logan, ''Criminal Law'', 205 about ''[[Robinson v California]]'', 370 U.S. 660 (1962).</ref> Pili, lazima mshtakiwa awe na [[dhamira (jinai)|dhamira ya kufanya uharibifu]] ya kufanya kitendoo fulani cha jinai, au ''[[mens rea]]'' (akili ya hatia). Hata hivyo, kwa kile kinachojulikana kama hatia za "[[Dhima kali (jinai)|dhima kali]]", ''actus reus'' haitoshi.<ref>See e.g. Feinman, ''Law 111'', 260–261 about ''[[Powell v Texas]]'', 392 U.S. 514 (1968).</ref> Mifumo ya jinai ya utamaduni wa sheria ya raia zinatofautisha kati ya nia katika dhana pana (''dolus directus'' na ''dolus eventualis''), na uzembe. Uzembe hauna jukumu la jinai isipokuwa ambapo hatia fulani una adhabu yake maalum.<ref>Dörmann, Doswald-Beck and Kolb, ''Elements of War Crimes'', 491</ref><ref>Kaiser, ''Leistungsstörungen'', 333</ref> [[Picha:SalemWitchcraftTrial.jpg|thumb|left|Picha inayoonyesha [[kesi]] ya uhalifu, kwa sababu ya [[uchawi]] katika eneo la [[Kesi za wachawi za Salem|Salem]]]] Mifano ya uhalifu ni [[mauaji]], [[kushambulia]], [[udanganyifu]] na [[wizi]]. Katika mifano maalum utetezi unaweza kutumika kwa vitendo maalum, kama zile kuuwa ili [[nadharia ya utetezi wa kibinafsi|utetezi wa kibinafasi]], au katika nyakati maalum kujitetea kuwa [[utetezi wa wazimi|wazimu]]. Mfano mwingine ni katika kesi ya karne ya 19 ya ''[[Jamhuri dhidi ya Dudley na Stephens]]'', iliyopima utetezi wa "[[kimahitaji]]". Meli ya ''Mignonette'', iliyokuwa ikisafiri kutoka mji wa [[Southampton]] kuelekea mji wa [[Sydney]], ilizama. Wafanyikazi watatu wa meli hiyo na Richard Parker, kijana aliyekuwa na umri wa miaka 17, walibaki katika meli iliyoundwa na vijiti. Walikuwa na njaa na kijana yule alikuwa karibu kufa. Kwa sababu ya kuwa na njaa iliyokithiri, wafanyikazi hao walimuuwa kijana yule na kumla. Wafanyikazi hao waliokolewa, lakini wakafikishwa mahakamani huku wakiwa na hatia ya mauaji. Walijitetea kwa kusema kwamba ilihitajika kwa lazima kwa wao kumuuwa kijana yule ili kuyaokoa maisha yao. [[John Coleridge, Baroni wa Kwanza Coleridge|Bwana Coleridge]], akieleza kukataa kukubwa, aliamua, "kuhifadhi maisha ya kibinafsi ni, kwa kuzungumza kijumla, wajibu, lakini inaweza kuwa jukumu kuu kuyatoa maisha hayo kama kafara." Wanaume hao walihukumiwa [[kunyongwa|nyonga]], lakini maoni ya umma uliunga mkono haki ya wafanyikazi wale wa meli kuyaokoa maisha yao. Mwishowe, [[Ufalme]] ulipunguza hukumu zao hadi miezi sita gerezani.<ref>About ''[[R v Dudley and Stephens]]'' [1884] [http://www.justis.com/titles/iclr_bqb14040.html 14 QBD 273 DC] {{Wayback|url=http://www.justis.com/titles/iclr_bqb14040.html |date=20050228224504 }}, see Simpson, ''Cannibalism and the Common Law'', 212–217, 229–237</ref> Makosa ya jinai yanatambulika si tu kama makosa dhidi ya waathirika binafsi, lakini jamii pia.<ref name="W2" /> Taifa, kawaida likisaidiwa na polisi, huongoza mashitaka, basi hiyo ndiyo sababu mbona katika nchi zenye sheria ya kawaida kesi hutajwa kama "''Watu'' dhidi ya..." au "''Jamhuri'' (kwa [[Ufalme|"Rex"]] au [[Malkia reginanti|Regina]]) dhidi ya..." Pia, [[jopo la waamuzi]] ambao hutokana na raia wa kawaida hutumika kuamua hatia ya washitakiwa kutokna na pointi zinazoweza kubainika ukweli: jopo la waamuzi haliwezi kubadilisha kanuni za kisheria. Baadhi ya nchi zilizostawi bado hutumia [[adhabu ya kifo]] kwa matendo ya jinai lakini adhabu ya kawaida ya uhalifu itakuwa ni [[gereza|kufungwa gereza]], [[faini]] usimamizi wa taifa (kama vile probesheni), au [[huduma ya kijamii]]. Sheria ya kisasa ya jinai imeathiriwa vilivyo na sayansi ya jamii, hasa kuhusu [[hukumu(sheria)|kuhukumu]], utafiti wa kisheria, kuunda sheria, na [[kuwasaidia wahalifu kurekesha mwenedo wao]].<ref>Pelser, ''Criminal Legislation'', 198</ref> Katika ngazi ya kimataifa, nchi 108 [[Mktaba wa Sheria ya Roma ya Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai|wanachama]] wa [[Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai]], ambayo ilianzishwa kuwahukumu watu kwa [[hatia dhidi ya ubinadamu]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040605155639/http://www.icc-cpi.int/statesparties.html The States Parties to the Rome Statute], International Criminal Court</ref> === Sheria ya mkataba === {{Main|Mkataba}} [[Picha:carbolic smoke ball co.jpg|thumb|Tangazo maarufu la kampuni ya Carbolic Smoke Ball lidai kuwa lingeweza kutibu [[homa]]. Mahakama yaliamua kuwa tangazo hilo lilikuwa [[mkataba wa mtu yeyote]]]] Sheria ya mkataba inahusu ahadi zinazowezwa kutendwa, na inaweza kuandikwa kwa ufupi katika maneno ya Kilatini''[[pacta sunt servanda]]'' (ahadi lazima zitimizwe).<ref>Wenberg, ''Pacta Sunt Servanda'', 775</ref> Katika maeneo ya kimamlaka ya sheria ya kawaida, vipengele vitatu muhimu kuhusu utengenezaji wa mkataba vinahitajika: [[kutoa na kukubali]], [[kutilia maanani]] na nia ya kutengeneza uhusiano wa kisheria.Katika kesi ya ''[[Carlill shisi ya Kampuni ya Carbolic Smoke Ball]]'' kampuni ya matibabu ilitangaza kuwa dawa yake mpya ya ajabu, smokeball, ingewatibu watu kutokana na mafua, na ikiwa haingefaulu kuwatibu, wanunuzi wangepata [[paundi za Kistaling'i|£]] 100. Watu wengi waliwasilisha kesi mahakamani ili wapate £100 zao wakati dawa hiyo iliposhindwa kuwatibu. Ikiogopa [[kufilisika]], Kampuni ya Carbolic ilijitetea kwa kusema kuwa tangazo lile lilikuwa mzaha tu, na kwa hivyo halikuwa toleo lenye nguvu za kisheria. Lilikuwa [[karibisho]], mchezo tu. Lakini mahakama ya rufaa yaliamua kuwa kwa [[mtu mwenye kufikiria kwa kawaida]] kampuni ya Carbolic ilikuwa imefanya toleo. Watu walikuwa wametoa kusudi la kununua bidhaa ile kwa kupitia "shida bayana" ya kutumia bidhaa yenye hitilafu. "Soma tangazo vile utakavyo, na ulibadilishe tangazo hilo vile utakavyo", alisema [[Nathaniel Lindley, Baroni Lindley|Hakimu Lindley]], "haa kuna ahadi maalum ilitajwa katika lugha isyokuwa na utata wowote".<ref name="CCSBCE">About ''[http://www.justis.com/titles/iclr_r9321042.html Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company] {{Wayback|url=http://www.justis.com/titles/iclr_r9321042.html |date=20041205104916 }}'' [[Case citation|[1893] 1 QB 256]], and the element of consideration, see Beale and Tallon, ''Contract Law'', 142–143</ref> "Kutilia maanani" knaonyesha ukweli kwamba vyama vyote katika mkataba vimebadilisha kitu fulani chenye maana. Baadhi ya mifumo ya sheria ya kawaida, ikiwemo Australi, zinasonga mbali kutoka dhana ya kutilia maanani kama mojawapo ya mahitaji ya mkataba. Dhana ya "[[estoppel]]" au ''culpa in contrahendo'', inaweza kutumika kuunda wajibu wakati mazungumzo kabla ya kuingia mkataba<ref>''[[Austotel v Franklins]]'' (1989) 16 NSWLR 582</ref> Katika maeneo ya kisheria ya kiraia, kutilia maanani si lazima kwa mkataba kuwa na nguvu ya kisheria.<ref>e.g. In Germany, [http://dejure.org/gesetze/BGB/311.html § 311 Abs. II] [[Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch|BGB]]</ref> Nchini Ufaransa, mkataba wa kawaida unasemekana kutokea ambapo "kukutana kwa akili" au kwa "kuwa na nia zinazowiana". [[Sheria ya Ujerumani|Ujerumani]] ina mtazamio maalum kuhusu mikataba, ambayo inayusisha sheria ya mali. [[Kanuni ya dhana ya kiakili]] (''Abstraktionsprinzip'' wanayoitumia, inamaanisha kuwa wajibu wa kibinafsi wa mkataba unaundwa kando na jina la mwenye mali yanayokabidhiwa. Wakati ambapo mikataba inavunjwa kwa sababu fulani (kwa mfano mnunuzi wa gari amelewa kiasi kwamba hana uwezo wa kisheria wa kufanya mkataba)<ref>[http://dejure.org/gesetze/BGB/105.html § 105 Abs. II] [[Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch|BGB]]</ref> Wajibu wa kimkataba wa kulipa unaweza kuvunjwa tofauti na jina la mwenye gari. Sheria ya [[kutajirika kusio kwa haki]], badala ya sheria tya mkataba, basi inatumika kurudisha jina kwa mmiliki halali.<ref>Smith, ''The Structure of Unjust Enrichment Law'', 1037</ref> === Sheria ya ukiukaji wa wajibu === {{Main|Ukiukaji wa wajibu}} Sheria ya ukiukaji wa wajibu, ambayo wakati mwingine huitwa [[kosa la jinai]], ni makosa ya raia. Kuwa na kosa la ukiukaji wa wajibu, mtu lazima awe amekiuka wajibu aliukwa anafaa kumtendea mty mwingine, au kukiuka haki fulani ya awali ya kisheria. [[Bolton dhidi ya Stone|mfano]] unaweza kuwa kumgonga mtu kimakosa na mpira wa mchezo wa kriketi.<ref>''[[Bolton v Stone]]'' [1951] AC 850</ref> Chini ya sheria ya [[uzembe]], ambayo ndiyo aina ya ukiukaji wa wajibu maarufu zaidi, mtu aliyepatwa na madhara anaweza kuomba fidia kwa ya majeraha yake kutoka kwa mtu mwenye uwajibikaji. Kanuni za uzembe zinaonyeshwa na kesi ya ''[[Donoghue dhidi ya Stevenson]]''.<ref name="DvS">''[[Donoghue v Stevenson]]'' ([[Case citation#England and Wales|[1932] A.C. 532, 1932 S.C. (H.L.) 31, [1932] All ER Rep 1]]). See the original text of the case in [http://www.leeds.ac.uk/law/hamlyn/donoghue.htm UK Law Online] {{Wayback|url=http://www.leeds.ac.uk/law/hamlyn/donoghue.htm |date=20070216044953 }}.</ref> Rafiki mmoja wa Bi. Donoghue aliagiza chupa isiyopenyeka nuru la [[pombe ya tangawizi]] (iliyokusudiwa kutumika na Bi. Donoghue) katika mkahawa katika eneo la [[Paisley]]. Baada ya kunya kunya nusu ya bia ile , Bi, Donoghue alimimina iliyosalia katika bilauri. Mabaki yaliyooza ya konokono yalielea juu ya pombe. Alidai kuwa alipigwa na bumbuwazi, na kupata ugonjwa wa kuchomeka ndani ya matumbo, na ilimbidi kumpeleka mtengenezaji pombe kwa kuruhusu kinywaji kuchafuka ovyo. [[Nyumba ya Mabwana]] iliamua kwamba mtengezaji pombe aliwajibika kwa ugonjwa wa Bi. Donoghue. [[Bwana Atkin]] alikuwa na mtazamo maalum wa kimaadili, na akasema, <blockquote>Dhima ya upuuzaji ... bila shaka ina msingi wake katika mawazo ya kijumla ya umma kuhusu makosa ya kimaadili amabyo mkosaji lazima alipe ... Kanuni ya kuwa unafaa kumpenda adui yako, kisheria inakuwa, haufai kumjeruhi jirani yako; na swali la wakili, nani ndiye jirani yangu? linapokea jibu lenye vikwazo. Lazima uwe na uwangalifu wa kuepuka na vitendo au visa ambapo hautendi lolote inapofaa, ambavyo unaweza kutazamia kuwa vikamjeruhi jirani yako.<ref>''[[Donoghue v Stevenson]]'' [1932] AC 532, 580</ref></blockquote> Huu ulikuwa msingi wa kanuni nne za upuuzaji; (1) Bwana Stevenson alimdai Bi. Donoghue [[wajibu wa kujali]] wa kuuza vinywaji salama (2) yeye [[Kuvuna kwa jukumu katika Sheria ya Kiingereza|alivunja]] wajibu wake wa kujali (3) madhara hayangefanyika [[usababishaji (sheria)|isipokuwa kwa]] kuvunja kwake kwa wajibu wa kujali na (4) tendo lake lilikuwa [[sababau ya karibu]], au haikuwa tokeo la [[Umbali katika Sheria ya Kiingereza|mbali]], la madhara yaliyompata mtu fulani.<ref name="DvS" /> Mfano mwingine wa ukikaji wa wajibu unaweza kuwa wa jirani ambaye anapiga kelele nyingi sana na na mashine katika nyumbani kwake.<ref name="Sturges">''[[Sturges v Bridgman]]'' (1879) 11 Ch D 852</ref> Chini ya dai la [[kero]] kelele hiyo inaweza kukomeshwa. Ukiukaji wa wajibu pia inaweza kuhusisha vitendo vya kimakusudi, kama vile [[ushambulizi (ukiukaji wa wajibu)|ushambulizi]], [[vita(ukiukaji wa wajibu)|vita]] au [[kuvuka na kuingia katka maeneo yaliyopigwa marufuku]]. Sheria ya ukiukaji wa wajibu inayofahamika vyema ni ile ya [[kumharibia mtu jina]], ambayo inafanyika, kwa mfano, wakati gazeti linapochapisha madai yasiyokuwa na msingi ambayo yanaharibu sifa ya mwanasiasa fulani.<ref>e.g. concerning a British politician and the Iraq War, ''[[George Galloway v Telegraph Group Ltd]]'' [2004] EWHC 2786</ref> Ukiukaji wa wajibu ambao ni mbaya zaidi ni zile wa kiuchumi, ambao huwa msingi wa [[sheria ya ajira]] katika baadhi ya nchi kwa kufanya vyama vya kibiashara kuwa na dhima kwa sababu ya migomo,<ref>''[[Taff Vale Railway Co v Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants]]'' [1901] AC 426</ref> Wakati ambapo amri ya kisheria haipatiani kinga.<ref>In the UK, [[Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992]]; c.f. in the U.S., [[National Labor Relations Act]]</ref> === Sheria ya mali === {{Main|Sheria ya mali}} [[Picha:South Sea Bubble.jpg|thumb|Picha ya [[Bubujiko la Bahari ya Kusini]], mojawapo ya majanga ya kiuchumi yalilotokana na [[uvumi]]. Janga hilo la kiuchumi lilisababisha kuundwa kwa kanuni kali kuhusu uuzaji wa hisa.<ref>Harris, ''The Bubble Act'', 610-627</ref>]] Sheria ya [[mali]] inatawala vitu vya thamani ambavyo watu huvitambua kama 'vyao'. [[Mali ya kweli]] wakati mwingine huitwa 'mali isiyohamishika' inahusu umiliki wa ardhi na vitu vilivyojikita katika ardhi hiyo.<ref>eg ''[[Hunter v Canary Wharf Ltd]]'' [1997] [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199697/ldjudgmt/jd970424/hunter01.htm 2 All ER 426]</ref> [[Mali ya kibinafsi]], inaashiria mambo mengineyo; vyombo vinavyowezwa kusongeshwa, kama vile tarakilishi, magari, mapambo na mikate au turathi haki, kama vile [[hisa (fedha)|akiba na hisa]]. Haki ya ''[[in rem]]'' ni haki ya kipande maalum cha mali, ikitofautishwa na haki ''[[in personam]]'' ambayo inaruhusu fidia kwa hasara, lakini si kwa kurudishiwa kitu fulani. Sheria ya ardhi inajumuisha msingi wa aina nyingi za sheria za mali, na ndiyo ngumu zaidi. Inahusisha [[mogeji]], [[mikataba ya kukodisha]], [[leseni]], [[maagano]], [[ruhusa]] na mifumo ya kisheria kwa usajili wa ardhi. Kanuni kuhusu [[matumizi ya ardhi]] ya kibinafsi chini ya [[haki miliki]], [[kampuni (law)|sheria ya kampuni]], [[sheria ya hifadhi|hifadhi]] na [[sheria ya biashara]]. Mfano wa kesi msingi ya ya sheria nyingii za mali ni ''[[Armory v Delamirie]]''.<ref>''[[Armory v Delamirie]]'' (1722) 93 ER 664, 1 Strange 505</ref> Kijana wa [[kufagia chimni]] alipata pambo lenye mawe ya thamani. Alichukua pambo lile kwa muundaji wa vifaa vya dhahabu ili thamani yake ikadiriwe. Mwanafunzi wa muundaji wa vifaa vya dhahabu aliangalia pambo lile, akaiba mawe yale ya thamani, ma kumuambia kijana yule kuwa thamani yake ilkuwa [[Nusu peni (Pesa ya Uingereza)|nusu peni]] tatu na kuwa angeinunua. Kijana yule alimwambia kuwa angepenga arudishiwe pambo lile, kwa hivyo mwanafunzi wa muundaji vifaa alimrudishia pambo, lakini bila mawe yale ya thamani. Kijana yule alimpeleka mtengenezaji wa vifaa vya dhahabu kotini kwa jaribio la mwanafunzi wake kumdanganya. [[Bwana Hakimu Mkuu Pratt]] aliamua kuwa ingawa kijana hangesemekana kuwa mumiliki wa pambo lile, angefaa kutazamwa kama mpataji aliyefaa ("mpataji muwekaji") hadi mumiliki wa kiasili anapopatikana. Kwa kweli mwanafunzi na kijana yule wote walikuwa na haki ya ''[[Umiliki (sheria)|umiliki]]'' wa pambo lile (dhana ya kiufundi, inayomaanisha kuwa kitu fulani ''kingeweza'' kumilikiwa na mtu fulani), lakini nia ya kijana yule ya kumiliki ilitazamiwa kuwa bora zaidi, kwa sababu ingeweza kudhihirishwa kuwa ya kwanza katika wakati. Umiliki unaweza kuwa sehemu tisa kwa kumi ya sheria, lakini si yote. Kesi hii hutumika kudhihirisha mtazamo wa mali katika maeneo ya kisheria ya kawaida, kuwa mtu anayeweza kuonyesha dai bora zaidi la kipande cha mali, dhidi ya chama kingine, ndiye mumiliki.<ref>Matthews, ''The Man of Property'', 251–274</ref> Kwa kulinganisha, mbinu ya kiklasiki ya sheria ya raia kuhusu mali, iliendelezwa na [[Friedrich Carl von Savigny]], ni kuwa ni haki nzuri dhidi ya Ulimwengu. Wajibu, kama mkataba na ukiukaji wa wajibu hutazamwa kama haki nzuri dhidi ya watu binafsi.<ref>Savigny, ''Das Recht des Besitzes'', [http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/bigpage/%22235083_00000057%22 25] {{Wayback|url=http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/bigpage/%22235083_00000057%22 |date=20080418181513 }}</ref> Dhana ya mali inaibua maswala mengi zaidi ya kifalsafa na kisiasa. Locke alidokeza kwamba "maisha, uhuru na nyumba" zetu ni mali yetu kwa sababu tunamiliki mali yetu na [[Nadharia ya ajira ya mali|tunachangayana ajira yetu]] na mazingira yetu.<ref>Locke, ''[[s:Two Treatises of Government/The Second Treatise of Government: An Essay Concerning the True Origin, Extent, and End of Civil Government|Second Treatise on Civil Government]]'', Chap. IX. Of the Ends of Political Society and Government. Chapter 9, section 123.</ref> === Usawa na amana === {{Main|Usawa (sheria)|sheria ya amana}} [[Picha:Microcosm of London Plate 022 - Court of Chancery, Lincoln's Inn Hall edited.jpg|thumb|[[Mahakama ya Chancery]], London, mwanzoni mwa karne ya 19]] Usawa na amana ni mwili wa sheria ulioibuka nchini Uingereza kando na "shera ya kawaida". Sheria ya kawaida ilisimamiwa na mahakimu. [[Bwana Chansela]] kwa upnade mwingine, kama muwekaji dhamiri wa mfalme, angeweza kupuuza sheria iliyotengenezwa na hakimu ikiwa alifikiria kuwa ilikuwa sawa kufanya hivyo.<ref>McGhee, ''Snell's Equity'', 7</ref> Hili lilimaanisha kuwa usawa ulianza kufanya kazi zaidi kupitia [[Malengo ya usawa|kanuni]] bali si sheria ambazo hazikubadilika. Kwa mfano, ambapo mifumo ya sheria ya kawaida au sheria ya raia haiwaruhusu watu kugawa umiliki wa kutoka kwa udhibiti wa kipande kimoja cha mali, usawa unaruhusu hili kupitia mpango unaoitwa 'amana'. Kudhibitiwa kwa mali na 'wenye amana' ambapo kwa upande mwingine umiliki 'wenye manufaa' (au 'yenye usawa') wa mali ya amana inashikiliwa na watu wanojulikana kama 'wadhamini'. Wadhamini wana wajibu kwa walengwa wao wa kuyachuna vyema mali waliyokabidhiwa.<ref>c.f. ''[[Bristol and West Building Society v Mothew]]'' [1998] Ch 1</ref> Katika kesi ya awali ya ''[[Keech dhidi ya Sandford]]''<ref>''[[Keech v Sandford]]'' (1726) Sel Cas Ch 61</ref> mtoto alirithi haki ya [[kokodisha]] katika [[Soko la Romford|soko]] katika eneo la [[Ramford]], mjini London. Bw, Sandford alikabidhiwa mali hayo hadi wakati ambapo mtoto angekomaa. Lakini kabla ya hapo, kipindi cha kukodisha kilikwisha. Kabaila alikuwa (inaonekana) amemwambia Bw. Sandford kuwa hakutaka mtoto yule awe na kukodisha kupya. Lakini bado kabaila alikuwa amefurahi (inaonekana) kumpa Bw. Sandford fursa ya kukodisha. Bw Sandford aliichukua. Wakati ambapo mtoto (sasa Bw. Keech) alikuwa mkubwa, alimpeleka Bw. Sandford mahakamani kwa faida aliyokuwa akipata kwa kupata kukodisha kwa soko. Bw. Sandford alifaa kuaminika, lakini alijiweka katika nafasi ya [[mgongano wa maslahi]]. [[Bwana Kansela]], [[Peter King, Baroni wa Kwanza Mfalme|Bwana Mfalme]], alikubali na kumuamuru Bw. Sandford kutoa faida ile na kumlipa Bw. Keech. Aliandika, {{quote|Ninaona vizuri sana kuwa, ikiwa mdhamini, akikataa kufanya kukodesha upya, anaweza kuwa na kukodesha kwake mwenyewe mali chache ya kiamana yangesajiliwa upya ... Hili linaweza kuonekana kuwa gumu sana, kuwa mdhamini ndiye mtu wa kipekee kwa binadamu wote ambaye hatakuwa na kukodisha; lakini ni bora kanuni ifuatiliwe na isipuuzwe wakati wowote.}} Bila shaka, Bwana Mfalme LC alikuwa na wasiwasi kwamba wadhamini huenda wakatumia fursa ya kutumia mali ya amana wenyewe badala ya kuyachunga. Wadadisi wa kibiashara wanaotumia hifadhi walikuwa wamesababisha [[Mbubujiko wa Bahari ya Kusini|kuaguka kwa soko la hisa]] katika siku hizo. Wajibu mkali kwa wadhamini ulijumuishwa katika sheria ya serikali na kutumika kwa wakurugenzi wa makampuni na [[maafisa watendaji wakuu]]. Mfano mwingine wa jukumu la mdhamini unaweza kuwa kuwekeza mali vizuri au kuiuza.<ref>''[[Nestle v National Westminster Bank plc]]'' [1993] 1 WLR 1260</ref> Hii hasa ndiyo kesi kwa fedha za [[pensheni]] , aina muhimu kwa zote ya amana, ambapo wawekezaji ndio wadhamini wa akiba za watu hadi [[wastaafu]]. Lakini amana pia zinaweza kuundwa kwa [[hisani ya amana|madhumuni ya hisani]], mifano maarufu ikiwa [[Makavazi ya Uingereza]] au [[Shirika la Rockefeller]]. === Utaalamu zaidi === Sheria huenea mbali kuliko masomo ya msingi hadi karibu kila eneo la maisha. Ngazi tatu zimetajwa hapa ili kurahisiha majadiliano, ingawa masomo mbalimbali hufanana na kutegemeana. ;Sheria na jamii [[Picha:Unison strike rally Oxford 20060328.jpg|thumb|Chama cha wafanyikazi kilichoundwa na kikundi cha [[UNISON]] walipogoma]] * '''[[Sheria ya ajira]]''' ni somo la uhusiano wa mara tatu wa kiwandani kati ya mfanyikazi, muajiri na [[chama cha wafanyikazi]]. Hili linahusisha kupunguza [[kufanya biashara]] kwa pamoja, na haki ya [[kugoma]]. Sheria ya kuajiriwa kwa binafsi inaashiria haki za maeneo ya kazi, kama zile [[usalama wa kazi]], [[afya na usalama]] au [[mshahara wa chini zaidi]]. * '''[[Haki za kibinadamu]]''', [[Haki za kiraia na kisiasa|haki za kiraia]] na [[sheria ya haki za kibinadamu]] ni maeneo muhimu katika kumhakikishia kila mtu uhuru na haki za kimsingi, Haya yanapatikana katika maadiko kama vile [[Azimio la Ulimwenguni la Haki za Kibinadamu]], [[Mkataba wa Ulaya wa Haki za Kibinadamu]] (iliyoanzisha [[Mahakama ya Ulaya ya Haki za Kibinadamu]]) na [[Mswada wa Marekani wa Haki|Mswada wa Marekani wa Haki za Kibinadamu]]. [[Mkataba wa Lisbon]] unafanya [[Mkataba wa Haki za Msingi za Umoja wa Ulaya]] uwe na nguvu za kisheria katika nchi zote wanachama isipokuwa [[Polandi na Uingereza]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080910001253/http://www.lawsociety.org.uk/documents/downloads/guide_to_treaty_of_lisbon.pdf A Guide to the Treaty of Lisbon], The Law Society</ref> * '''[[Utaratibu wa Kiraia]]''' na '''[[utaratibu wa jinai]]''' unahusisha kanuni ambazo mahakama lazima yafuate kadiri [[trial]] na rufaa zinapoendelea. Yote yanahusu haki ya raia kupata [[kuhukumiwa kwa haki]] au kesi yake kusikizwa kwa haki. * '''[[Ushahidi (sheria)|Ushahidi]]'''. Sheria ya ushahidi inahusu vifaa vinavyofaa kutumika mahakamani ili kesi ijengwe. * '''[[Sheria ya Uhamiaji]]''' na '''[[sheria ya utaifa]]''' zinahusu haki za wageni kuishi na kufanya kazi katika taifa ambalo si lao na kupata na kupoteza [[uraia]]. Yote yanahusu [[haki ya hifadhi]] na shida ya watu [[wasiokuwa na nchi]] * '''[[Usalama wa Kijamii]]'''. Sheria ya usalama wa kijamii inahusu haki za watu kuwa na bima ya kijamii, kama vile pesa zinazopewa watafuta kazi au faida za makazi. * '''[[Sheria ya familia]]''' inahusu kesi za [[ndoa]] na [[talaka]] proceedings, haki za watoto na haki za kuwa na mali na pesa ikiwa wenye kufanya ndoa watatengana. ;Sheria na biashara * '''[[Sheria ya kikampuni]]''' ilitokana na sheria ya amana, ikitegemea kanuni ya kutenganisha umiliki na udhibiti.<ref>Berle, ''Modern Corporation and Private Property''</ref> Sheria ya kisasa ya [[kampuni (sheria)|kampuni]] ilianza na [[Sheria ya Kampuni za Pamoja za Akiba ya mwaka 1856]], iliyopitishwa nchini Uingereza, ambayo iliwapa wawekezaji mbinu rahisi ya usajili ili kupata [[dhima ya kupimika]] chini ya dhana ya [[Mtu wa kisheria|mtu tofauti]] wa kampuni. * '''[[Sheria ya kibiashara]]''' inahusu mkataba tata wa mkataba na mali. Sheria ya [[shirika (sheria)|shirika]], [[sheria ya bima]], [[bili za kubadilishana]], [[ufilisi]] na [[Sheria ya kuufungwa kwa biashara]] na sheria ya uuzaji zote ni muhimu, na zinarudi nyuma hadi dhana ya ''[[Mfanyibiashara wa sheria|Lex Mercatoria]]'' ya zama za kati. [[Sheria ya Kuuza Bidhaa na Ukahaba wa Watoto ya Mwaka 1979|Sheria ya Kuuza Bidhaa]] ya Uingereza na [[Kodi Sawa ya Biashara]] ya Marekani ni mifano ya kanuni za kibiashara ya sheria ya kawaida * '''[[Sheria ya maji]]''' na '''[[Mkataba wa Umoja wa Mataifa kuhusu Sheria ya Maji|Sjeria ya Maji]]''' zinaweka muundo msingi wa biashara huru na biashara Duniani kote Baharini, ambapo yamo nje ya eneo la udhibiti wa nchi fulani. Makampuni ya meli yanafanya kazi kwa kutumia kanuni za kawaida za sheria ya biashara, ambazo zimefanywa kuwa jumla kwa soko la kimataifa. Sheria ya maji inajumuisha masuala muhimu kama vile kama vile [[kuokoa vifaa kutoka baharini]], [[Lien#|lieni za maji]], na majeraha kwa abiria. * '''[[Miliki Sheria]]''' inalenga aims at safeguarding creators and other producers of intellectual goods and services. These are legal rights ([[copyright]]s, [[trademark]]s, [[patent]]s, and [[related right]]s) which result from intellectual activity in the industrial, literary and artistic fields.<ref>WIPO, ''Intellectual Property'', 3</ref> * '''[[Fidia]]''' inashughulika na kupata mapato ya mtu mwingine, bali si [[fidia]] kwa hasara ya kibinafsi * '''[[Kutajirika isipofaa]]''' ndiyo nguzo ya tatu ya sheria ya raia (pamoja na mkataba na ukiukaji wa wajibu). Wakati ambapo mtu fulani ametajirishwa isipofaa (au kuna "kutokuwepo kwa msingi" wa biashara) kwa gharama ya mawingine, tukio hili linazalisha haki ya fidia ili kugeuza faida hiyo. ;Sheria na vikwazo [[Picha:1930-67B.png|thumb| Sakafu ya biashara ya [[Soko la Hisa la New York]] baada ya [[kuanguka kwa Wall Street mnamo mwaka wa 1929]], kabla ya sheria kali zaidi za [[vikwazo vya kibenki]] vilipoanza kutumika]] * '''[[Sheria ya kodi]]''' inahusu kanuni kuhusu [[kodi ya thamani iliyoongezwa]], [[kodi ya kampuni]], [[kodi ya mapato]]. * '''[[Kanuni za kibenki|Sheria za kibenki]]''' na [[kanuni za kifedha]] zinaweka viwango vya chini zaidi kuhusu idadi ya mtaji ambao benki zinaweza kuwa nao, na sheria kuhusu utendaji bora wa uwekezaji. Hili ni kwa minajili ya kuhakikisha ulinzi dhidi ya taabu za kiuchumi, kama vile[[Kunguka kwa soko la Wall Street mnamo mwaka wa 1929]]. * '''[[Vikwazo]]''' vinashughulika na utoaji wa [[huduma za umma]] na usimamizi wa [[vifaa vya umma]].'''[[Sheria ya maji]]''' ni mfano mmoja. Hasa tangu [[ubinafshaji]] uwe maarufu na uchukue usimamizi wa huduma kutoka kwa sheria ya umma, makampuni ya kibinafsi ambayo hapo yalikuwa yakifanya kazi iliyodhitiwa na serikali hapo awali yamefungwa na vyeo mbalimbali vya wajibu wa kijamii. [[Sera za Nishati|Nishati]], [[Ofgem|gesi]], [[sera za mawasiliano|mawasiliano]] na [[sheria ya maji|maji]] zinadhibitiwa na viwanda katika nchi nyingi za [[Shirika la Muungano wa Maendeleo ya Kiuchumi|OECD]]. * '''[[Sheria ya mashindano]]''', nchini Marekani inajulikana kama sheria [[dhidi ya amana]], ni eneo linalozidi kubadilika ambalo lilianza katika kutokana na amri za [[Roma ya Kale|Kirumi]] dhidi ya [[kuweka bei]] na mafundisho ya Uingereza ya [[biashara ya makini]]. Sheria ya kisasa ya mashindano inatokana na sheria za Marekani dhidi ya biashara za magendo na dhidi ya ukiritimba ([[Sheria ya Sherman]] na [[Sheria ya Clyaton]]) ya mwisho wa karne ya 20. Inatumika kudhibiti biashara zinazojaribu kutumia ushawishi wao wa kiuchumi kubadilisha biashra za sokoni bila kujali [[maslahi ya mnunuzi]]. * '''[[Kumlinda mnunuzi|Sheria ya mnunuzi]]''' inaweza kujumuisha chochote kuanzia kanuni kuhusu [[vifungu vya mikataba]] ambavyo si sawa hadi maelekezo kuhusu bima ya mizigo ya ndege. * '''[[Sheria ya mazingira]]''' inazidi kuwa muhimu, hasa katika mwanga wa [[Itifaki ya Kyoto]] na hatari inayoweza kutokana na [[mabadiliko ya hali ya anga]]. Ulinzi wa kimazingira pia intumika kuwaadhibu [[uharibifu wa mazingira|wanaoharibu mazingira]] katika mifumo ya kisheria ya kiinchi == Mifumo ya sheria == {{Main|Mifumo ya sheria duniani}} Kwa ujumla, mifumo ya kisheria inaweza kugawanywa kati ya mifumo ya kisheria ya kiraia na mifumo ya kisheria ya kawaida.<ref>Modern scholars argue that the significance of this distinction has progressively declined; the numerous [[legal transplants]], typical of modern law, result in the sharing by modern legal systems of many features traditionally considered typical of either common law or civil law (Mattei, ''Comparative Law and Economics'', 71)</ref> Maneno "sheria ya kiraia" yanayoashiria mfumo wa kisheria hayapaswi kuchanganyishwa na "sheria ya kiraia" kama kundi la masomo ya kisheria ambayo ni tofauti na [[sheria ya umma]] au ya jinai. Aina ya tatu ya mfumo wa kisheria—inayokubalika bado na baadhi ya nchi ambazo zina [[utengano wa kanisa na taifa]]—ni sheria sheria ya kidini, ambayo ina msingi wake katika [[maandiko ya kidini]]. Aina ya mfumo amabo nchi inatumia kutawala mara nyingi kudhamiriwa na historia yake, uhusiano wake na nchi zingine au kushikilia kwake kwa viwango vya kimataifa. [[Vyanzo vya sheria|Vyanzo]] ambavyo maneneo fulani ya kisheria hutumia kama kama zenye uwezo wa kuwa nguvu za kisheria ndizo sifa fafanuzi za mfumo wowote wa kisheria. Hata hivyo, uainishaji ni jambo la umbo kuliko maana, kwani sheria sawa mara nyingi hutawala. === Sheria ya kiraia === {{Main|Sheria ya kiraia}} [[Picha:Code Civil 1804.png|thumb|Ukurasa wa kwanza wa toleo la mwaka wa 1804 la [[Sheria za Kinapoleoni]]]] Sheria ya kiraia ni mfumo wa kisheria unaotumika katika nchi nyingi Duniani. Katika sheria ya kiraia vyanzo vinavyotambulika kama kuwa na mamlaka, ni, haswa, uundaji wa sheria—haswa [[Kuandika sheria (sheria)|sheria zilizoandikwa]] katika [[katiba]] au [[amri]] zinazopitishwa na serikali—na tamaduni.<ref>Civil law jurisdictions recognise custom as "the other source of law"; hence, scholars tend to divide the civil law into the broad categories of "written law" (''ius scriptum'') or legislation, and "unwritten law" (''ius non scriptum'') or custom. Yet they tend to dismiss custom as being of slight importance compared to legislation (Georgiadis, ''General Principles of Civil Law'', 19; Washofsky, ''Taking Precedent Seriously'', 7).</ref> Sheria za kuandikwa zinapatikana hata katika miaka mingi ya awali , huku mfano mmoja ukiwa [[Sheria ya Hammurabi|Codex Hammurabi]] ya [[sheria ya Kibebeli|Kibabeli]]. Mifumo ya sheria za kiraia ya kisasa inatokana na mazoezi ya kisheria ya [[Dola la Kirumi]] ambalo maadiko yake yalipatikana katika Ulaya ya [[Zama za Kati]]. Sheria ya Kirumu katika siku za [[Jamhuri ya Kiruma]] na Dola la Kirumi lilitegemea sana utaratibu, na ilikosa daraja la kitaaluma.<ref>Gordley-von Mehren, ''Comparative Study of Private Law'', 18</ref> Badala uake mtu wa kawaida aliyeitwa, ''iudex'', alichagukiwa kufanya uamuzi. Kesi za awali hazikuripotiwa, kwa hivyo sheria yoyote yenye msingi katika kesi iliyoibuka ilifichwa na hata kutotambulika.<ref>Gordley-von Mehren, ''Comparative Study of Private Law'', 21</ref> Kila kesi ilikuwa ilimuliwe upya kutokana na sheria za nchi, ambayo ni sawa na kupungua kwa umuhimu (kinadharia) wa uamuzi wa mahakimu kwa kesi za siku za usoni kwa mufumo ya kisheria siku za leo. Katika kipindi cha karne ya 6 NK katika [[Dola la Kibaizanti|Dola la Mashariki la Roma]], Kaisari [[Justinian I]] aliandika na kuzikusanya pamoja sheria ambazo zilikuwa zinapatikana hapo awali katika Roma, ambapo kile kilichobakia kilikuwa sehemu moja juu ya ishirini ya kiwango cha maandiko ya kisheria kutoka awali.<ref>Stein, ''Roman Law in European History'', 32</ref> Hili ikawa inafahamika kama ''[[Corpus Juris Civilis]]''. Kwa mujibu wa mwanahistoria mmoja wa kisheria, "Justinian alitazama kwa uangalifu hadi miaka ya dhahabu ya nyuma ya sheria ya Kirumi na alilenga kuirejesha hadi upeo wake wa karne tatu za awali."<ref>Stein, ''Roman Law in European History'', 35</ref> Wakati uo huo, Ulaya ya Magharibi ilitumbukia polepole katika [[Zama za Giza]], na haikuwa hadi karne ya 11ambapo wasomi katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Bologna]] walipoyagundua upya maandiko yaliyokuwa yamepotea na kuyatumia kuzitafsiri sheria zao.<ref>Stein, ''Roman Law in European History'', 43</ref> Maandiko ya sheria za kiraia yenye msingi unaofanana kwa karibu na sheria ya Kirumu, sambamba na ushawishi mchache kutoka [[sheria za kidini]] kama vile [[sheria ya Kikanoni]] na [[Sharia|sheria ya Kiislamu]],<ref name>Badr, ''Islamic Law'', 187–198 [196–8]</ref><ref name="Makdisi"/> iliendelea kuenea kote baranii Ulaya hadi [[Zama za Kutaalamika|Kutaalmika]]; kisha, katika karne ya 19, Ufaransa, na [[Sheria iliyoandikwa ya Kiraia]], na Ujerumani, [[Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch]], zilifanya sheria zao zilizokuwa zimeandikwa kuwa za kisasa. Sheria hizi mbili zilizoandikwa zilisukuma vilivyo si tu mifumo ya kisheria ya nchi katika Bara Ulaya (kama vile Ugiriki), lakini pia tamaduni za kisheria za [[Sheria ya Ujapani|Ujapani]] na [[Korea ya Kusini|Kikorea]].<ref>Hatzis, ''The Short-Lived Influence of the Napoleonic Civil Code in Greece'', 253–263</ref><ref>Demirgüç-Kunt -Levine, ''Financial Structures and Economic Growth'', 204</ref> Leo, cnhi ambazo zina mifumo ya kisheria ya kiraia ni kama vile [[Sheria ya Urusi|Urusi]] na [[Sheria ya Demokrasia ya watu ya Uchina|Uchina]] na maeneo mengi ya Marekani ya [[Marekani ya Kati|Kati]] na [[Sheria ya Marekani ya Kusini|Marekani ya Kilatini]].<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2100.html The World Factbook — Field Listing – Legal system] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2100.html |date=20181226012138 }}, CIA</ref> Marekani inafuata sheria ya kawaida inayofafanuliwa hapa chini. === Sheria ya kawaida na usawa === {{Main|Sheria ya kawaida}} [[Picha:King John signing the Great Charter (Magna Carta) by English School.png|thumb|Mfalme Yohana wa Uingereza anatia sahini Magna Carta]] Sheria ya kawaida na usawa ni mifumo ya kisheria ambapo uamuzi wa mahakama yanakubalika wazi kuwa vyanzo vya sheria."Mafundisho ya utangulizi", au ''[[stare decisis]]'' (Kilatini kwa "kusimama kwa uamuzi") unamaanisha kuwa sumauzi unaofanywa na mahakama yenye mamlaka kubwa yanafunga mahakama yenye mamlaka ya chini. Mifumo ya kisheria ya kawaida hutumia amri mara chache sana, zinazopitishwa na bunge, lakini huenda zikafanya jaribio ambalo si la kitaratibu kuandika sheria zao kuliko katika "mfumo wa sheria wa kiraia". Sheria ya kawaida ina asili yake nchini Uingereza na imerithiwa na karibu nchi zote ambazo hapo awali zilihusika na [[Dola la Uingereza]] (isipokuwa Malta, [[sHERIA YA|Scotland]], na jimbo la Marekani la [[Sheria ya Louisiana|Louisiana]], na jimbo la Kanada la [[sheria ya Quebec|Quebec]]). Katika Uingereza wakati wa zama za kati, [[Ushindi wa Norman dhidi ya Uingereza|ushindi wa Norman]] ulisababisha kuungana kwa desturi mbalimbali za kikabila na hivyo basi kuunda sheria ya "kawaida" ya nchi yote. Labda ikisukumwa na [[Sheria ya Kiislamu|mazoea ya kisheria ya Kiislamu]] wakati wa [[Krusedi]],<ref name=Makdisi>Makdisi, ''The Islamic Origins'', 1635–1739</ref> sheria ya kawaida iliendelea ambapo Mfalme wa Kiingereza alikuwa amefanywa kuwa dhaifu na gharama kubwa ya vita vywa kudhibiti sehemu kubwa za Ufaransa. [[Yohana wa Uingereza|Mfalme Yohana]] alikuwa amelazimishwa na mabaroni wake kutia saini hati iliyoweka vikwazo kwa mamlaka yake ya kupisha sheria. "Mkataba huu mkuu" au ''[[Magna Carta]]'' wa mwaka 1215 pia ulihitaji jopo la mahakimu wa Mfalme kufanya mikutano yao ya kimahakama na uamuzi wao katika "mahali maalum" badala ya kutoa haki ya kibepari katika maeneo yaliyokuwa magumu kutabiri kote.<ref>[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/magnacarta.html Magna Carta] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/magnacarta.html |date=20140910155351 }}, Fordham University</ref> Kundi la mahakimu walsomi na waliokolea walipata jukumu muhimu katika kuunda sheria chini ya mfumo huu, na ikilinganishwa na wenzao Barani Ulaya mahakama ya Uingereza ilikuwa na urasimu mwingi zaidi. Kwa mfano, mnamo mwaka wa 1297, wakati ambapo mahakama kuu ya Ufaransa yalikuwa na mahakimu hamsini na wawili, [[Mahakama ya Uingereza ya Maombi ya Kawaida]] yalikuwa na watano.<ref>Gordley-von Mehren, ''Comparative Study of Private Law'', 4</ref> Mahakama haya yenye nguvu na yaliyoshikamana yalisababisha mfumo wa kikiritimba.<ref>Gordley-von Mehren, ''Comparative Study of Private Law'', 3</ref> Kufuatana na hilo, kadiri wakati ulivyopita, idadi iliyoongezeka ya raia waliomba Mfalme kupuuza sheria ya kawaida, na kwa niaba ya Mfalme [[Bwana Chansela]] alitoa uamuzi kufanya kile ambacho ni sawa kwa kila kesi. Kuanzia wakati wa [[Thomas More]], wakili wa kwanza kuteuliwa kama Bwana Chansela, mwili wa kimfumo wa usawa uliongezeka kando ya sheria ya kawaida yenye ukiritimba, na ilianzisha [[Mahakama yake ya Chancery]]. Mwanzoni, usawa ulikosolewa kuwa ulikosa kukosa utaratibu, na kuwa ulibadilika kulingana na urefu wa mguu wa Chansela.<ref>Pollock (ed) ''Table Talk of [[John Selden]]'' (1927) 43; "Equity is a roguish thing. For law we have a measure... equity is according to the conscience of him that is Chancellor, and as that is longer or narrower, so is equity. 'Tis all one as if they should make the stadard for the measure a Chancellor's foot."</ref> Lakini baada ya muda iliunda [[Kanuni za usawa|kanuni]], hasa chini ya [[John Scott, Ali wa kwanza wa Eldon|Bwana Eldon]].<ref>''[[Gee v Pritchard]]'' (1818) 2 Swans. 402, 414</ref> Katika karne ya 19 mifumo hiyo miwili iliunganishwa pamoja. Katika kuendeleza sheria ya kawaida na usawa, waandishi wa kitaaluma wamekuwa na jukumu muhimu. [[William Blackstone]], kuanzia kipindi cha 1760, alikuwa mwanachuoni wa kwanza kuelezea na kufunza usawa.<ref>Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/blackstone/bk1ch1.htm Book the First – Chapter the First] {{Wayback|url=http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/blackstone/bk1ch1.htm |date=20130329045450 }}</ref> Lakini kwa kuelezea tu, wasomi walitafuta melezo na miunso msingi walibadilisha polepole jinisi sheria ilivyofanya kazi.<ref>Gordley-von Mehren, ''Comparative Study of Private Law'', 17</ref> === Sheria ya kidini === {{Main|Sheria ya kidini}} Sheria ya kidini inatokana na maagizo ya [[dini]]. Baadhi ya mifano ni [[Halakha]] ya [[Uyahudi|Kiyahudi]] na [[Sharia]] ya [[Uislamu]] — ambazo zote mbili zinamaanisha "njia ya kufuata" — huku [[sheria za Kanisa]] za [[Ukristo]] nazo hutumika katika [[madhehebu]] machache, kama vile [[Kanisa Katoliki]], [[Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi]] na la [[Anglikana]]. Mara nyingi dini inadai kutobadilika kwa sheria, kwa sababu [[neno la Mungu]] haliwezi kufanyiwa marekebisho wala kupingwa na mahakimu au serikali. Hata hivyo mfumo fasaha wa sheria kwa jumla unahitaji upanuzi upande wa [[binadamu]]. Kwa mfano, [[Torati]] au Vitabu Vitano vya [[Musa]] katika [[Agano la Kale]]. Vitabu hivyo vina kanuni na sheria za msingi za Uyahudi, ambayo baadhi ya jamii ya Kiisraeli huchagua kutumia. [[Halakha]] ni kanuni ya sheria za Kiyahudi inayofanya muhtasari wa baadhi ya ufafanuzi wa kitabu cha [[Talmud]]. Hata hivyo, [[Sheria za Israeli]] zinaruhusu [[mlalamikaji]] kuchagua mbinu za kidini ikiwa tu anataka. Mfano mwingine ni [[Korani]] ambayo ina sheria, na inakuwa kama chanzo cha sheria zaidi kupitia ufafanuzi,<ref>Glenn, ''Legal Traditions of the World'', 159</ref> ''[[Qiyas]]'' (kulinganisha), ''[[Ijma]]'' (kufikia muafaka) na [[yaliyokwishatokea]]. Hili hasa hupatikana katika mkusanyo wa sheria na falsafa ya kisheria inayojulikana kama [[Sharia]] na [[Fiqh]]. [[Picha:1879-Ottoman Court-from-NYL.png|thumb|left|Kesi katika [[Dola la Ottoman]], mwaka [[1879]], wakati sheria ya kidini ilitumika chini ya [[Mecelle]].]] Hadi [[karne ya 18]], Sharia ilitekelezwa kote katika [[Ulimwengu wa Kiislamu]] katika mfumo ambao haukuwa umeandikwa kwa ufasaha, huku sheria ya [[Mecelle]] ya [[Dola la Ottoman]] katika [[karne ya 19]] ilikuwa ya kwanza kuandika vipengele vya Sharia. Tangu miaka ya kati ya 1940, majaribio yamefanywa, katika nchi nyingi, kufanya sheria hizo zifanane zaidi na hali na dhana za kisasa.<ref name="AA">Anderson, ''Law Reform in the Middle East'', 43</ref><ref>Giannoulatos, ''Islam'', 274–275</ref> Katika nyakati za sasa, mifumo ya kisheria katika mataifa mengi ya Kiislamu hutegemea sheria za kiraia na sheria ya kawaida na pia sheria na tamaduni za Kiislamu. Katiba za baadhi ya nchi za Kiislamu, kama vile [[Misri]] na [[Afghanistan]], zinatambua [[Uislamu]] kama sheria ya taifa, hivyo kuyafanya mabunge katika nchi hizo yasiwe na budi kufuata Sharia.<ref>Sherif, ''Constitutions of Arab Countries'', 157–158</ref> [[Saudia]] inatambua Korani kama katiba, na inatawaliwa kwa msingi wa sheria ya Kiislamu.<ref name = Jurist>[http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/world/saudiarabia.htm Saudi Arabia] {{Wayback|url=http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/world/saudiarabia.htm |date=20060830232216 }}, Jurist</ref> [[Iran]] pia imeshuhudia kurudi kwa sheria ya Kiislamu katika mfumo wake wa kisheria baada ya mwaka [[1979]].<ref>Akhlagi, ''Iranian Commercial Law'', 127</ref> Katika miongo michache iliyopita, mojawapo ya tofauti kuu ya harakati ya [[mwamko wa Kiislamu]] imekuwa wito wa kuirejesha Sharia, wito ambao umeibua kiasi kikubwa cha maandishi na kuathiri [[siasa]] duniani.<ref name="H1">Hallaq, ''The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law'', 1</ref> == Nadharia ya sheria == === Historia ya Sheria === {{Main|Historia ya sheria}} [[Picha:Milkau Oberer Teil der Stele mit dem Text von Hammurapis Gesetzescode 369-2.jpg|thumb|Mfalme [[Hammurabi]] anaonyeshwa [[Sheria ya Hammurabi|mkusanyiko wa sheria]] na mungu wa jua wa Kimesopotamia [[Shamash]], ambaye pia anatambulika kama mungu wa haki]] Historia ya sheria inashikamana kwa karibu na [[maendeleo]] ya [[ustaarabu]]. Sheria ya [[Misri ya Kale]], iliyorudi nyuma mbali hadi mnamo [[3000 KK]], ilikuwa na mkusanyiko wa sheria ambao huenda ulikuwa umegawanjwa katika vitabu kumi na viwili. Ilizingatia dhana ya [[Ma'at]], iliyokuwa na sifa ya mapokeo, [[hotuba]] za [[kushawishi]], usawa wa kijamii na [[uaminifu]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Théodoridés|title = law | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt}}</ref><ref>VerSteeg, ''Law in ancient Egypt''</ref> Kufikia [[karne ya 22 KK]], [[mtawala]] wa zamani wa [[Wasumeri|Kisumeri]], [[Ur-Nammu]] alikuwa ameandaa [[Mkusanyiko wa sheria wa Ur-Nammu|mkusanyiko wa sheria]], ambao ulihusisha kauli za [[Mjadala|kimjadala]] ("ikiwa ... basi ..."). Kufikia mwaka wa [[1760 KK]], Mfalme [[Hammurabi]] aliboresha zaidi [[Sheria ya Babeli]], kwa kuikusanya na kujandika katika [[jiwe]] kubwa. Hammurabi aliweka nakala kadhaa za jiwe lile kote katika [[milki ya Babeli]] kama [[stelae]], ili watu wote waitazame; hii ilikuja kufahamika kama [[Mkusanyiko wa Sheria za Hammurabi]]. Nakala iliyobaki ambayo haijaharibika sana wa stelae hizi iligunduliwa katika [[karne ya 19]] na [[Waingereza]] wasomi wa mambo ya [[Assyria|milki ya Assyria]], na tangu wakati huo imenakiliwa upya na kutafsiriwa katika [[lugha]] mbalimbali, zikiwemo [[Kiingereza]], [[Kijerumani]] na [[Kifaransa]].<ref>Richardson, ''Hammurabi's Laws'', 11</ref> [[Agano la Kale]] lilianza mnamo [[1280 KK]], na linachukua umbo la [[amri]] za [[Maadili|kimaadili]] kama mapendekezo ya [[jamii]] nzuri. [[Miji-dola|Mji-dola]] wa [[Ugiriki ya Kale]], [[Atheni ya Kale]] kuanzia [[karne ya 8 KK]] ilikuwa jamii ya kwanza kuwa na msingi wake katika kuhusisha raia kwa upana; isipokuwa [[wanawake]] na daraja la [[watumwa]]. Hata hivyo, [[Atheni]] haikuwa na sayansi ya kisheria, na hapakuwa na neno la "sheria" isipokuwa kama dhana ya kiakili tu.<ref>Kelly, ''A Short History of Western Legal Theory'', 5–6</ref> Bado [[sheria ya Ugiriki wa Kale]] ilikuwa na uvumbuzi mkubwa wa [[Katiba ya Waatheni|kikatiba]] katika kuendeleza [[Demokrasia ya Atheni|demokrasia]].<ref>Ober, ''The Nature of Athenian Democracy'', 121</ref> [[Sheria ya Kirumi]] ilisukumwa sana na [[falsafa]] ya Kigiriki, lakini maelezo yake ya kina yaliendelezwa na wanasheria wa kitaaluma, na yalikuwa magumu sana.<ref>Kelly, ''A Short History of Western Legal Theory'', 39</ref><ref>Stein, ''Roman Law in European History'', 1</ref> Katika kipindi cha karne zilizopita kati ya kupanda na kushuka kwa [[Dola la Roma]], sheria imebadilishwa ili kukabiliana na hali za kijamii zilizokuwa zikibadilika, na ilikusanywa na kuandkiwa vilivyo wakati wa utawala wa [[kaisari]] [[Justinian I]].<ref name="St107">Kama mfumo wa kisheria, Sheria ya Kirumi imeathiri moja kwa moja sheria za duniani kote. Pia ni sehemu ya msingi ya mkusanyiko wa sheria wa nchi nyingi za [[Bara|barani]] [[Ulaya]], na imekuwa muhimu katika kuunda kwa dhana ya utamaduni sawa Ulaya (Stein, ''Sheria ya Kirumi katika Historia ya Ulaya'', 2, 104–107).</ref> Ingawa ilipungua kwa umuhimu mwanzoni mwa [[Karne za Kati]], Sheria ya Kirumi iligunduliwa upya wakati wa [[karne ya 11]] ambapo wasomi walianza kutafiti mkusanyiko wa sheria za Kirumi na kuyatumia mawazo yao. Katika Uingereza ya Zama za Kati, mahakimu wa Mfalme waliunda mwili wa [[utangulizi]], ambao baadaye ulijulikana kama [[sheria ya kawaida]]. ''[[Sheria ya biashara]]'' ya Ulaya mzima iliundwa ili kuwapa [[wafanyabiashara]] uwezo wa kufanya biashara kwa kutumia viwango sawa vya mazoezi; badala ya kutumia sheria za kimtaa zenye pande nyingi. Hiyo ''Lex Mercatoria'', mtangulizi wa sheria ya kisasa ya biashara, ilihimiza [[uhuru wa mkataba]] na kuwekwa mbali kwa mali.<ref>Sealey-Hooley, ''Commercial Law'', 14</ref> Kadiri [[utaifa]] ulipozidi katika [[karne za 18]] na 19, ndipo ''Lex Mercatoria'' ilipozidi kujumuishwa katika sheria za kimanispaa za nchi mbalimbali chini ya mkusanyiko mpya wa sheria za kiraia. [[Mkusanyiko wa Sheria za Napoleoni]] na sheria za [[Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch|Kijerumani]] ulikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa zaidi. Ikitofautishwa na sheria ya kawaida ya Uingereza, ambayo ina idadi kubwa ya sheria za kesi, mikusanyiko ya sheria katika vitabu vidogo ni rahisi kuuza nje ili mahakimu waweze kuitumia. Hata hivyo, hivi leo kuna ishara kuwa sheria ya kiraia na sheria ya kawaida zinazidi kukaribiana.<ref>Mattei, ''Comparative Law and Economics'', 71</ref> Sheria ya Umoja wa Ulaya imekusanywa katika mikataba, lakini huendelezwa kupitia utangulizi unaofanywa na [[Mahakama ya Ulaya ya Haki]]. [[Picha:Constitution of India.jpg|thumb|left|[[Katiba ya nchi ya Uhindi]] ndiyo katiba ndefu zaidi iliyoandikwa kwa nchi, ikiwa na Ibara 444, Ibara 12 ndogo, na marekebisho mengi na maneno 117,369]] [[Sheria ya Kiislamu]] na [[Fiqh|falsafa ya sheria]] zilianza katika kipindi cha Zama za Kati.<ref name="Badr">Badr, ''Islamic Law'', 187–198</ref> Mbinu ya kisheria ya utangulizi na kufikiria kupitia mlinganisho (''[[Qiyas]]'') iliyotumika katika sheria ya mapema ya Kiislamu ilifanana na na ile ya baadaye ya mfumo wa [[Sheria ya Uingereza|Sheria ya Kawaida ya Uingereza]].<ref name=Gamal>Justice Gamal Moursi Badr argues that Islamic law may "be called a [[lawyer]]'s law if common law is a [[judge]]'s law"(Badr, ''Islamic Law'', 187–198, El-Gamal, ''Islamic Finance'', 16).</ref> Hii ilitumika hasa katika shule ya [[Maliki]] ya sheria ya Kiislamu iliyopatikana sana katika eneo la Afrika Kasakazini, [[Al-Andalus|Uhispania wa Kiislamu]] na baadaye [[Sicily ya Kiemereti]]. Kati ya karne za 8 na 11, sheria ya Maliki iliendeleza [[taasisi]] nyingi zilizokuwa sambamba na taasisi za baadaye za sheria ya kawaida.<ref>The "royal English contract protected by the action of debt is identified with the Islamic ''Aqd'', the English [[assize of novel disseisin]] is identified with the Islamic ''Istihqaq'', and the English jury is identified with the Islamic ''Lafif''". Other parallels include "the [[scholastic method]], the license to teach" (''[[Ijazah]]''), the "[[law school]]s known as [[Inns of Court]] in England and ''[[Madrasah|Madrasas]]'' in Islam", and the [[Agency (law)|agency]] (''[[Hawala]]'') and [[trust law]] (''[[Waqf]]'') (Gaudiosi, ''The Influence of the Islamic Law '', 1231–1261; Makdisi, ''The Islamic Origins'', 1635–1739).</ref> Sheria ya kale ya [[Sheria ya Uhindi|Uhindi]] na [[Sheria ya uchina|Uchina]] zinawakilisha mapokeo tofauti ya sheria, na kihistoria yamekuwa na [[shule]] huru za kinadharia na mazoezi. ''[[Arthashastra]]'', ambayo pengine iliandikwa mnamo [[100]] [[BK]] (ingawa ina maandiko ya awali kidogo), na ''[[Manusmriti]]'' (100–[[300]]) yalikuwa mikataba ya uanzilishaji nchini Uhindi, na ilikuwa na maandiko yanayofikiriwa kuwa wongofu wenye mamlaka wa kisheria.<ref>For discussion of the composition and dating of these sources, see Olivelle, ''Manu's Code of Law'', 18-25.</ref> Falsafa kuu ya Manu ilikuwa kuvumiliana na [[Mfumo wa Viama Vingi (falsafa ya kisheria)|Mfumo wa Vyama Vingi]], na ilitajwa kote katika eneo la Asia ya Kusini Mashariki.<ref>Glenn, ''Legal Traditions of the World'', 276</ref> Mapokeo haya ya [[Uhindi|Kihindu]], pamoja na sheria ya Kiislamu, yalibadilishwa na na sheria ya kawaida wakati ambapo Uhindi ilifanywa kuwa sehemu ya [[Dola la Uingereza]].<ref>Glenn, ''Legal Traditions of the World'', 273</ref> [[Malaysia]], [[Brunei]], [[Singapore]] na [[Hong Kong]] pia ilianza kutumia sheria ya kawaida, Mapokeo ya sheria ya [[Asia ya Kusini]] yanaangazia mkusanyiko maalum wa ushawishi wa kidunia na kidIni.<ref>Glenn, ''Legal Traditions of the World'', 287</ref> [[Ujapani]] ilikuwa nchi ya kwanza kuufanya mfumo wake wa sheria uwe wa kisasa sambamba na ule wa nchi za magharibi, kwa kuagiza sehemu za mkusanyiko wa sheria za [[Mkusanyiko wa Sheria|Ufaransa]], lakini hasa mkusanyiko wa sheria za Kijerumani.<ref>Glenn, ''Legal Traditions of the World'', 304</ref> Hili lilionyesha kwa kiwango fulani hadhi ya Ujerumani kama nguvu yenye uwezo mkubwa zaidi katika kipindi cha mwisho cha karne ya 19. Pia, [[sheria ya mapokeo ya Uchina]] ilifungua njia kwa kubadilishwa na nchi za magharibi kuelekea miaka ya mwisho ya [[Nasaba ya Qing|nasaba ya Ch'ing]] kupitia njia ya mkusanyiko wa sheria tatu za kibinaFsi zilizokuwa na msingi katika muundo wa Ujapani wa sheria ya Ujerumani.<ref>Glenn, ''Legal Traditions of the World'', 305</ref> Leo sheria ya [[Taiwan]] inabaki na mshikamano wa karibu zaidi na mkusanyiko wa sheria kutoka kipindi hicho, kwa sababu ya mgawanyiko kati ya wanataifa wa [[Chiang Kai-shek]], ambao walitoroka kutoka sehemu hiyo, na [[wakomunisti]] wa [[Mao Zedong]] waliopata ushindi wa kudhibiti bara mnamo mwaka wa [[1949]]. Muundombinu wa sasa wa Jamhuri ya Watu wa Uchina ilishawishika pakubwa na [[Sheria ya Kisoshalisti]] ya [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]], inayopea sheria ya utawala umuhimu mwingi kuliko haki za sheria ya kibinafsi.<ref>Glenn, ''Legal Traditions of the World'', 307</ref> Kwa sababu ya kuongezeka kwa kasi kwa viwanda, leo Uchina inapitia machakato wa wa marekebisho, angalau katika nyanja ya haki za kiuchumi, ikiwa si haki za kijamii na kisiasa. Sheria mpya ya mkataba ya mwaka wa 1999 ilikuwa ishara ya kusonga mbali na kuwa na utawala mwingi.<ref>Glenn, ''Legal Traditions of the World'', 309</ref> Isitoshe, baada ya mazungumzo yaliyodumu miaka kumi na mitano, mnamo mwaka 2001 Uchina ilijiunga na [[Shirika la Biashara Duniani]].<ref>Farah, ''Five Years of China WTO Membership'', 263–304</ref> === Falsafa ya sheria === {{Main|Falsafa ya sheria}} [[Falsafa]] ya sheria kwa kawaida inaitwa jurisprudensi. Jurisprudensi unaozidi kuongezka wenyewe ni [[falsafa ya kisiasa]], na unauliza "sheria inafaa kuwa nini?", huku jurisprudensia ya uchambuzi inauliza "sheria ni nini?". Jibu la [[utumikaji|kiutumikaji]] la [[John Austin (mwanafalsafa wa kisheria)|John Austin]] linajibu kuwa sheria ni "amri, zinazoandamana na matishio ya vkwazo, kutoka kwa mtawala, ambaye watu wote wamezoea kumtii".<ref name="jap">Bix, [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/austin-john/#3 John Austin]</ref> Mawakili wa [[sheria ya kimaumbile]] kwa upande mwingine, kama vile [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], wanadokeza kwamba sheria inaangazia sheria isiyobadilika ya tabia ya kimaumbile. Dhana ya "sheria ya kimaumbile" iliibuka katika [[falsafa ya Kigiriki]] ya zamani kwa wakati mmoja na kwa pamoja na dhana ya haki, na iliingia mkondo wa [[utamaduni wa Magharibi]] kupitia maandiko ya [[Thomas Aquinas]] na maoni ya [[Falsafa ya mapema ya Kiislamu|mwanafalsafa wa Kiislamu]] na mwanasheria [[Averroes]].<ref>Roeber, ''What the Law Requires'', 887</ref><ref>Stone, ''Human Law and Human Justice'', 14, 51</ref> [[Hugo Grotius]], mwanzilishi wa mfumo uliotegemea dhana za kiakili pekee ya sheria ya kimaumbile, alidokeza kuwa sheria inatokana na msukumo wa kijamii—jinsi Aristotle alivyokuwa amesema—na kufikiria.<ref>[[Fritz Berolzheimer]], ''The World's Legal Philosophies'', 115–116</ref> [[Immanuel Kant]] aliamini kuwa amri ya kimaadili inahitaji sheria "zichaguliwe kana kwamba zinafaa kushikilia kama sheria za ilimwenguni kote za kimaumbile".<ref>[[Immanuel Kant|Kant, Immanuel]], ''Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals'', 42 (par. 434)</ref> [[Jeremy Bentham]] na mwanafunzi wake Austin, wakimfuata [[David Hume]], waliamini kuwa hili liliongeza utata wa [[Utata wa kilicho-na kinachofaa kuwepo|"kilicho" na kile ambacho "kinafaa kuwepo"]]. Bentham na Austin walisisitiza kuwe na sheria ya [[Uchanya wa sheria|uchanya]]; na kuwa sheria ya kweli ni tofauti kabisa na "maadili".<ref>Green, [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-positivism/ Legal Positivism]</ref> Kant pia alikosolewa na [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], ambaye alikataa kanuni ya usawa, huku akiamini kuwa sheria hutokana na [[nia kwa nguvu]], na haiwezi fanywa kuwa ya "kimaadili" au "utovu wa nidhamu".<ref>Nietzsche, ''Zur Genealogie der Moral'', Second Essay, 11</ref><ref>Kazantzakis, ''Friedrich Nietzsche and the Philosophy of Law'', 97–98</ref><ref>Linarelli, ''Nietzsche in Law's Cathedral'', 23–26</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 1934, mwanafalsafa wa Kiaustria, [[Hans Kelsen]], alizidi na mapokeo ya uchanya katika kitabu chake ''[[Nadharia Safi ya Sheria]]''.<ref>Marmor, [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/lawphil-theory/ The Pure Theory of Law]</ref> Kelsen aliamini kuwa ingawa sheria ni tofauti na maadili, inapewa "ukawaida"; kumaanisha kuwa tunfaa kuitii. Ingawa sheria ni taarfa chanya za "ni" (k.m. faini ya kuendesha kwa kurudi nyuma katika barabara kuu ''ni'' [[Euro|€]]500); hii sheria inatuelezea kile "tunachofaa" kutenda. Kwa hivyo kila mfumo wa sheria unaweza kudadisiwa kuwa na kanuni ya msingi (''[[Grundnorm]]'') ianyotupea amri ya kutii. Mpinzani mkuu wa Kelsen, [[Carl Schmitt]], alikataa uchanya na dhana ya [[utawala wa sheria]] kwa sababu hakukubali umuhimu wa kanuni za kidhana za Uchanya badala ya mitazamo na uamuzi bayana wa kisiasa.<ref name=">Bielefeldt, ''Carl Schmitt's Critique of Liberalism'', 25–26</ref> Kwa hiyo, Schmitt alipendekeza falsafa ya sheria ya maalum ([[hali ya dharura]]), ambayo ilikanusha kuwa kanuni za kisheria zingezunguka uzoefu wote wa kisiasa.<ref name="F171">Finn, ''Constitutions in Crisis'', 170–171</ref> [[Picha:Jeremy Bentham by Henry William Pickersgill detail.jpg|thumb|Nadharia za Bentham za utumikiaji zilibaki kimya katika sheria hadi karne ya 20]] Baadaye katika karne ya 20, [[H. L. A. Hart]] alimshambulia Austin kwa kurahisisha kwake kwa suala hilo na Kelsen kwa kutunga kwake kwa mambo ya kihadithi katika kitabu cha ''[[Dhana ya Sheria]]''.<ref>Bayles, ''Hart's Legal Philosophy'', 21</ref> Hart alidokeza kuwa sheria ni mfumo wa kanuni, zilizogawanywa kuwa (kanuni za maadili) ambazo ndizo za kimsingi na sheria za upili (zinazowalenga maafisa kusimamia kanuni msingi). Kanuni za upili zimegawanywa zaidi kuwa sheria za uamuzi (kutatua migogoro ya kisheria), kanuni za mabadiliko (zinazoruhusu sheria kuwa tofauti) na sheria ya utambuzi(inayoruhusu sheria kutambulika kama halali). Wawili kati ya wanafunzi wa Hart waliendeleza mjadala: Ktaika kitabu chake ''Dola la Sheria'', [[Ronald Dworkin]] alimshabulia Hart na wachanya kwa kukataa kwao la kufanya sheria iwe suala la kimaadili. Dworkin anadokeza kuwa sheria ni dhana ya "[[utafsirishaji (sheria)|kitafsiri]]",<ref>Dworkin, ''Law's Empire'', 410</ref> inayowataka mahakimu kupata suluhisho bora zaidi kwa mgogoro wa kisheria, kwa mujibu wa mila zao. [[Joseph Raz]], kwa upande mwingine, anawataka alitetea mtazamo wa kichanya na kukosoa mtazamo wa Hart wa "nadharia laini ya kijamii" katika kitabu chake ''Mamlaka ya Sheria''.<ref name="jra">Raz, ''The Authority of Law'', 3–36</ref> Raz anadokeza kuwa sheria ni mamlaka, yanayotambulika kupitia vyanzo vya kijamii na bila kurejelea hoja za kimaadili. Katika maoni yake, uainishaji wowote wa kanuni zozote zaidi ya majukumu yao kama vifaa vya kimamlaka katika upatanisha ni bora yaachiwe [[elimu ya jamii]], badala ya falsafa ya sheria.<ref>Raz, ''The Authority of Law'', 37 etc.</ref> === Uchambuzi wa kiuchumi wa sheria === {{Main|Sheria na uchumi}} Katika karne ya 18 [[Adam Smith]] aliwasilisha msingi wa kifalsafa wa kuelezea uhusiano kati ya sheria na uchumi.<ref>According to Malloy (''Law and Economics'', 114), Smith established "a classical liberal philosophy that made individuals the key referential sign while acknowledging that we live not alone but in community with others".</ref> Taaluma hiyo ilitokana na mchango wa ukosoaji dhidi ya vyama vya wafanyikazi na [[sheria dhidi ya amana]] nchini Marekani. Watetezi wa taaluma hii waliokuwa na ushawishi mkubwa zaidi, kama vile [[Richard Posner]] na [[Oliver E. Williamson|Oliver Williamson]] na kinachojulikana kama [[Shule ya Chicago (uchumi)|Shule ya Chicago]] ya wanauchumi na mawakili ikiwemo [[Milton Friedman]] na [[Gary Becker]], kwa jumla ni watetezi wa [[uouguzaji wa udhibiti]] na [[ubinafsishaji]], na ni maadui wa udhibiti wa serikali au kile wanachokiona kuwa vikwazo dhidi ya unedeshaji wa ma[[soko huru]].<ref>Jakoby, ''Economic Ideas and the Labour Market'', 53</ref> [[Picha:Richard-A-Posner.jpg|thumb|left|[[Richard Posner]], mmoja wa watetezi wa [[Chuo cha Chicago (uchumi)|Chuo cha Chicago]], huandika blogu pamoja na [[Gary Becker]] mwanauchumi ambaye ni mshindi wa [[Tuzo la Benki ya Uswidi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/ |title=The Becker-Posner Blog |accessdate=2007-02-03}}</ref>]] Mchambuzi maarufu zaidi wa kiuchumi wa sheria ni mshindi wa [[Tujo la Nobel la Uchumi|Tuzo la Nobel]] la mnamo 1991 [[Ronald Coase]], ambaye makala yake makuu ya kwanza, ''[[Hali ya Kampuni]]'' (1937), kulidokeza sababu za kuwepo kwa makampuni mbalimbali (makampuni, ubia, n.k.) ndiyo kuwepo kwa [[gharama za biashara]].<ref>Coase, ''The Nature of the Firm'', 386–405</ref> [[Homo economicus|Binadamu ambao hufikiria kawaida]] hufanya biashara kupitia mikataba ya bilaterala katika masoko wazi hadi wakati ambapo gharama ya biashara kunamaanisha kuwa kutumia makampuni ya kihalmasahhuri ili kuzalisha bidha ni ya ufanisi mwingi zaidi.Makala yake makuu ya pili, ''[[Shida ya Gharama ya Kijamii]]'' (1960), yalidokeza kuwa tunaishi katika Dunia bila gharama za kibiashara, watu ambao [[kuongea kuhusu gharama|huongea kuhusu gharama]] pamoja wanatengeneza mgao sawa wa rasilimali, buila kujali jinsi mahakama yanavyoweza kuamua katika migogoro kuhusu mali.<ref>Coase, ''The Problem of Social Cost'', 1–44</ref> Coase alitumia mfano wa kesi ya [[kero]] iliyoitwa ''[[Sturges dhidi ya Bridgman]]'', ambapo mtengenezaji peremende ambaye alipiga kelele nyingi na daktari mtulivu walikuwa majirani na walienda mahakamani ili wajue nani kati yao ndiye angefa kuhama.<ref name="Sturges"/> Coase alisema kuwa bila kujali ikiwa hakimu aliamua kuwa mtengenezaji peremende angefaa kuwacha kutumia mashine zake, au ikiwa ingembidi daktari kuvumilia kelele ile, wote wawili wangefikia mapatano ya pamoja kuhusu nani ndiye angefaa kuhama ambayo yanafikia matokeo sawa na mgawanyo wa rasilimali. Ni kuwepo tu kwa [[bei za biashara]] kunaoweza kuzuia hili.<ref>Coase, ''The Problem of Social Cost'', IV, 7</ref> Kwa hivyo sheria infaa kutazamia kile ambacho ''huenda kikafanyika'', na kuongozwa na ufumbuzi wenye [[ufanisi (uchumi)|ufanisi]]. Wenye kuunda mipango serikalini wanaamini wazo kwamba sheria na vikwazo si muhimu au zenye ufanisi katika kuwasaidia watu.<ref>Coase, ''The Problem of Social Cost'', V, 9</ref> Coase na wengine kama yeye walitaka mabadiliko ya mbinu, ili kuweka mzigo wa ushahidi katika serikali iliyokuwa ikiingilia soko, kwa kuchambua gharama za hatua.<ref>Coase, ''The Problem of Social Cost'', VIII, 23</ref> === Elimujamii ya sheria === {{Main|Elimujamii ya sheria}} Somo la kijamii la sheria ni taaluma pana ya masomo inayotazama mwingiliano kati ya sheria na jamii na inahusiana kwa karibu na falsafa ya sheria, uchambuzi wa kiuchumi wa sheria na masomo maalum zaidi kama [[somo la jinai]].<ref name="Jary">Jary, ''Collins Dictionary of Sociology'', 636</ref> Taasisi za [[ujenzi wa jamii]] na mifumo ya kisheria ni maeneo muhimu ya uchunguzi wa taaluma hii. Mwanzoni, wananadharia wa kisheria walishuku taaluma hii. Kelesen alimshambuliwa mmoja wa waanzilishi wake, [[Eugen Ehrlich]], ambaye alitaka kuweka wazi tofauti kati ya sheria ya uchanya, ambayo mawakili wanajifunza na kutumia, na aina zingine za 'sheria' au kanuni za kijamii zinazodhibiti maisha ya kila siku, na kwa jumla kuzuiwa migogoro isiwafikie mawakili mahakamani.<ref>Rottleuthner, ''La Sociologie du Droit en Allemagne'', 109</ref><ref>Rottleuthner, ''Rechtstheoritische Probleme der Sociologie des Rechts'', 521</ref> [[Picha:Max Weber 1917.jpg|thumb|left|[[Max Weber]] mnamo mwaka wa 1917, Weber alianza kazi yake kama wakili, na antazamwa kama mmoja wa waanzilishi wa somo la jamii na somo la jamii la kisheria]] Katika kipindi cha mwaka 1900 [[Max Weber]] alifafanua mbinu yake ya "kisayansi" ya sheria, huku akitambua "umbo la kimantiki ya sheria" kama aina ya utawala, ambao si chanzo cha watu lakini kwa dhana za kiakili.<ref>Rheinstein, ''Max Weber on Law and Economy in Society'', 336</ref> [[Mamalaka ya kimantiki ya sheria|Umantiki wa kisheria]] yalikuwa maneno yake aliyoyatumia kuelezea mwili wa sheria zinazoeleweka na zinazoweza kuhesabika na zilikuwa hatua ya kwanza ya maendeleo ya kisasa ya kisiasa na taifa la ukiritimba la kisasa na kuibuka sambamba na [[ubepari]].<ref name="Jary"/> Msomi mwingine wa somo la jamii, [[Émile Durkheim]], aliandika katika ''Mgawanyo wa Ujira na Jamii'' kuwa kadiri jamii inavyozidi kuwa kubwa, ndivyo mwili wa sheria ya kiraia unaohusika hasa na fidia unapozidi kukuwa kwa gharama ya sheria za jinai na vikwazo vya kisheria.<ref>Johnson, ''The Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology, 156</ref> Wasomi wengine wa somo la jamii ni [[Hugo Sinzheimer]], [[Theodor Geiger]], [[Georges Gurvitch]] na [[Leon Petrażycki]] Barani Ulaya, na [[William Graham Sumner]] nchini Marekani<ref>Gurvitch, ''Sociology of Law'', 142</ref><ref>Papachristou, ''Sociology of Law'', 81–82</ref> == Taasisi za kisheria == Sheria si mwili wa kanuni zisizobadilika bali ni "machakato badilifu wa kanuni zinazobadilishwa kila wakati, kuundwa, na kupewa umbo ili kuambatana na hali fulani."<ref>Hamilton and Spiro, ''The Dynamics of Law'', 3</ref> Mabadiliko yanafanywa kila wakati na taasisi mbalimbali katika jamii. Taasisi kuu za sheria katika [[Demokrasia huru]] ni [[Mahakama huru]], [[Haki ya jinai|mifumo ya haki]], [[bunge]], serikali yenye [[uwajibikaji]], na ukiritimba wenye uwezo na usiokuwa na ufisadi , kiksoi cha polisi, [[kudhibitiwa kwa jeshi na raia]] na taaluma ya kisheria yenye nguvu inayohakikisha watu wanapta haki na jamii ya kiraia mbalimbali—neno linalotumika kuashiria taasisi za kijamii, jamii na ushirikiano unaunda msingi wa kisiasa wa sheria.<ref>Jakobs, ''Pursuing Equal Opportunities'', 5–6</ref><ref>Karkatsoulis, ''The State in Transition'', 275 etc.</ref> John Locke, katika ''[[Maandiko Mawili kuhusu Serikali]]'', na [[Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu|Baron de Montesquieu]] katika ''[[Roho ya Sheria]]'', walitetea [[mgawanyo wa madaraka]] kati ya miili ya kisiasa ya bunge na serikali.<ref>[[Montesquieu]], ''The Spirit of Laws'', [http://www.constitution.org/cm/sol_11.htm#006 Book XI: Of the Laws Which Establish Political Liberty, with Regard to the Constitution, Chapters 6–7]</ref> Kanuni yao ilikuwa kuwa hakuna mtu anayefaa kuwa na uwezo wa kuchukua mamlaka yote ya [[Taifa huru|taifa]], ikitofautishwa na nadharia ya [[uimla]] ya [[Thomas Hobbes]]' ''[[Leviathan (book)|Leviathan]]''.<ref name="H17">Thomas Hobbes, ''Leviathan'', [https://carvercantin.com/thomas-hobbes-leviathan-xvii/ XVII]</ref> [[Max Weber]] na wengine walibadilisha mawazo kuhusu taifa. Jeshi la kisasa, upolisi na mamalaka ya ukiritimba juu ya masiha ya raia wa kawaida husababisha matatizo maalum ya uwajibikaji ambayo waandishi wa awali kama vile Locke au Montesquieu hawangeweza kutabiri. Mashirika ya kisasa ya kimataifa huzingatia umuhimu wa utawala wa sheria na [[utawala mzuri]], huku waandishi wengine hutafiti uhsusiano kati ya utawala wa sheria na utawala wa ufanisi katika nchi za kisasa.<ref>Curtin–Wessel, ''Good Governance'', 73</ref><ref>Fukuyama, ''State-Building'', 132</ref> === Mahakama === {{Main|Mahakama}} Mahakama ni idadi ya [[mahakimu]] wanaosikiza migogoro ili kuamua matokeo. Nchi nyingi zina mfumo wa mahakama ya [[rufaa]], yanayojibu kwa mamlaka makuu ya kisheria. Nchini Marekani haya ni [[Mahakama Kuu ya Marekani]];<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20000711024627/http://www.supremecourtus.gov/about/briefoverview.pdf A Brief Overview of the Supreme Court], Supreme Court of the United States</ref> nchini Australia, [[Mahakama Kuu ya Australia]]; nchini Uingereza , ni [[Mahakama Kuu ya Uingereza]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.supremecourt.gov.uk/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-01-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016151227/http://www.supremecourt.gov.uk/ |archivedate=2009-10-16 }}</ref> (tangu tarehe1 Oktoba 2009; hapo awali yalikuwa, [[Nyumba ya Mabwana]]);<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20000711024627/http://www.supremecourtus.gov/about/briefoverview.pdf House of Lords Judgements], House of Lords</ref> nchini Ujerumani ni ''[[Bundesverfassungsgericht]]''; nchini Ufaransa ni ''[[Cour de cassation (Ufaransa)|Cour de Cassation]]''.<ref>[http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/entscheidungen.html Entscheidungen des Bundesverfassungsgerichts] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/entscheidungen.html |date=20061121164330 }}, Bundesverfassungsgericht</ref><ref>[http://www.courdecassation.fr/jurisprudence_publications_documentation_2/ Jurisprudence, publications, documentation] {{Wayback|url=http://www.courdecassation.fr/jurisprudence_publications_documentation_2/ |date=20070209144055 }}, Cour de cassation</ref> Kwa nchi nyingi za Ulaya Mahakama ya Ulaya ya Haki nchini Luxembourg inaweza kuukataa umauzi wa kitaifa, wakati ambapo sheria ya Umoja wa Ulaya inafaa. Mahakama ya Ulaya ya Haki za Kibinadamu inayopatikana Strasbourg inawaruhusu raia wa nchi wanachama za [[Baraza la Ulaya]] kuleta kesi zao zinzohusiana na haki za kibinadamu mbele yake.<ref>Goldhaber, ''European Court of Human Rights'', 1–2</ref> Baadhi ya nchi huruhusu mamlaka yao makuu ya mahakama kukataa sheria wanayopata kuwa [[kinyume na katiba]]. Katika kesi ya ''[[Roe dhidi ya Wade]]'', Mahakama Kuu ya Marekani ilipindua sheria ya jimbo la Texas iliyopiga marufuku kutoa msaada kwa wanawake wenye nia ya [[Kuavya mimba]].<ref>''[[Roe v Wade]]'' (1973) [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=410&page=113 410 U.S. 113] Retrieved 2007-01-26</ref> [[Marekebisho ya Kumi na Nne ya Katiba ya Marekani|Marekebisho ya Kumi na Nne]] ya katiba ya Marekani yalikuwa yametafsiriwa kuwapa ya [[faragha]], na kwa hivyo haki ya mwanamke kuchagua kuavya mimba. Mahakama kinadharia yamefundwa na katiba, kama tu miili ya bunge. Katika nchi nyingi, mahakimu wana uwezo tu wa [[utafsiri (sheria)|kutafsiri]] katiba na sheria zingine zote. Lakini katika nchi zasheria ya kawaida, ambapo mambo si ya kikatiba, mahakama pia yanweza kuunda sheria chini ya [[mafundisho ya utangulizi]]. Uingereza, Finland na New Zealand hutumia dhana ya [[uhuru wa bunge]], ambapo mahakama ambayo hayajachaguliwa hayawezi kupindua sheria iliyopitishwa na bunge la kidemokrasia.<ref>Dicey, ''Law of the Constitution'', 37–82</ref> Katika [[Ukomiunisti|nchi za kikomiunisti]], kama vile Uchina, mahakama mara nyingi hutazamwa kama sehemu ya serikali, au kuwa chini ya bunge; taasisi za kiserikali na watendaji mbalimbali basi wana ushawishi tofauti kwa mahakama.<ref>E.g., the court president is a political appointee (Jensen–Heller, ''Introduction'', 11–12). About the notion of "judicial independence" in China, see Findlay, ''Judiciary in the PRC'', 282–284</ref> Katika nchi za Kiislamu, mahakama mara nyingi huchunguza ikiwa sheria za nchi zinafuata Sharia: [[Mahakama Kuu ya Kikatiba ya Misri]] inaweza kuoinga sheria kama hizo,<ref name="ReferenceA">Sherif, ''Constitutions of Arab Countries'', 158</ref> Na nchini Iran [[Baraza la Ulinzi]] linahakikisha uwiano wa sheria zinazopitishwa na "vigezo vya Uislamu".<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>Rasekh, ''Islamism and Republicanism'', 115–116</ref> === Bunge === {{Main|Bunge}} [[Picha:European-parliament-brussels-inside.JPG|thumb|Chumba cha mjadala cha [[Bunge la Ulaya]]]] Mifano maarufu ya bunge ni [[Majumba ya Bunge]] mjini London, [[Bunge la Marekani|Kongresi]] mjini Washingtin D.C., [[Bundestag]] mjini Berlin na [[Duma]] nchini Moscow, [[Bunge la Italia|Parlamento Italiano]] mjini Roma na [[Bunge la Ufaransa|''Assemblée nationale'']] mjini Paris. Kwa kanuni ya serikali wakilishi watu hupigia kura wanasiasa ili watimize ''matakwa'' yao. Ingawa nchi kama Israeli, Ugiriki, Uswidi na Uchina zina [[nyumba moja ya bunge]], nchi nyingi zina [[nyumba mbili za bunge]], kumaanisha kuwa zina nyumba mbili za kibunge zinazochaguliwa tofauti. Katika 'nyumba ya chini' wanasiasa wanachaguliwa kuwakilisha [[Eneo wakilishi bungeni|maeneo wakilishi bungeni]]. 'Nymba ya juu' kawaida huchaguliwa kuwakilisha majimbo katika mfumo wa [[Jamhuri ya majimbo|majimbo]] (kama vile nchii Australia, Ujerumani au Marekani) au upigaji kura tofauti katika katika mfumo wa umoja (kama vile nchini Ufaransa). Nchini Uingereza nyumba ya juu inachaguliwa na na serikali kama [[Nyumba ya mabwana|nyumba ya marudio]]. Ukosoaji mmoja wa mifumo yenye nyumba mbili yenye nyumba mbili zilizochaguliwa ni kuwa nyumba ya juu na ya chini huenda zikafanana. Utetezi wa tangu jadi wa mifumo ya nyumba mbili nni kuwa chumba cha juu huwa kama nyumba ya marekebisho. Hili linaweza kupunguza uonevu na dhuluma katika hatua ya kiserikali'', 101</ref> Ili kupitisha sheria, idadi kubwa ya [[Wabunge]] lazima [[wapige kura]] ili [[muswada (sheria inayopendekezwa)]] upitishwe katika kila nyumba. Kawaida kutakuwa na kusoma kwingi na marekebesho mengi yaliyopendekezwa na makundi tofaiti ya kisiasa. Ikiwa nchi ina katiba inayofuatiliwa vyema, idadi maalum ya mabadiliko katika katiba yanahitajika, hivyo kufanya iwe gumu kubadilisha sheria. Serikali kwa kawaida huongoza mchakato huo, ambao unaweza kujumuisha [[Wabunge]] (k.m. nchini Uingereza na Ujerumani). Lakini katika mfumo wa kiraisi, serikali inachagua [[Baraza la mawaziri (serikali)|baraza la mawaziri]] kutawala kutoka kwa washirika wake [[kisiasa]] ikiwa wamechaguliwa au la (k.m. nchini Marekani au Brazili), na jukumu la bunge linapunguza liwe [[kukubali]] au [[kukataa]].<ref>About "cabinet accountability" in both presidential and parliamentary systems, see Shugart–Haggard, ''Presidential Systems'', 67 etc.</ref> === Serikali === {{Main|Serikali}} [[Picha:Dmitry Medvedev 2 April 2009-1.jpg|right|thumb| Mikutano ya [[G20]] inahusisha wawakilishi wa serikali ya kila nchi]] Mtendaji katika mfumo wa kisheria hutumika kama kituo cha [[serikali]] cha [[mamlaka]] ya kisiasa. Katika [[mfumo wa kibunge]], kama vile nchini Uingereza, Italia, Ujerumani na Ujapani, mtendaji hujulikana kama [[Baraza (serikali)|serikali]], na huwa na wanachama wa bunge. Mtendaji huchaguliwa na [[Waziri Mkuu]] au [[Chansela]], ambaye ofisi yake ina nguvu za chini ya [[Kura ya kutokuwa na imani|imani]] ya bunge. Kwa sababu uchaguzi wenye watu wengi huteua vyama vya kisiasa kutawala, kiongozi a chama anaweza kubadilika katika kipindi kabla ya uchaguzi mwingine. [[Mkuu wa Taifa]] ni kando na mtendaji, na kimfano hupitisha sheria na huwa kama mwakilishi wa nchi. Baadhi ya mifano ni [[Rais wa Ujerumani]] (anayeapishwa na Bunge); [[Malkia wa Uingereza]] (wadhifa wa [[kurithi]]), na [[Rais wa Austria]] (anachaguliwa kwa kura ya wengi). Mfano mwingine muhimu ni [[mfumo wa kirais]], unaopatikana nchini Ufaransa, Marekani na Urusi. Katika mifumo ya kirais, mtrndaji huwa kama mkuu wa taifa na mkuu wa serikali, na ana nguvu za kuchagua baraza la mawaziri pekee yake. Chini ya mfumo wa kirais, tawi la mtendaji ni kando na bunge ambapo haiwajibiki mbele ya bunge.<ref>Haggard, ''Presidents, Parliaments and Policy'', 71</ref><ref>Olson, ''The New Parliaments of Central and Eastern Europe'', 7</ref> Ingawa jukumu la mtendaji ni tofauti toka nchi moja hado nyingine, kawaida itapendekeza wingi wa sheria, na kupendekeza ajenda ya serikali. Katika mifumo ya kirais, mtendaji mara nyingi ana nguvu za kukataa sheria. Mara nyingi mtendaji katika mifumo yote ana wajibu wa [[sera za mahusiano ya nje]], jeshi na polisi na urasimu. [[Mawaziri]] au maafisa wengine wanasimamia ofisi za nchi, kama vile [[Waziri wa nje|wizara ya nje]] au [[Waziri wa ndani|wizara ya ndani]]. Uchaguzi wa mtendaji tofauti kwa hivyo ina uwezo wa kupindua mtazamo wa nchi nzima wa serikali. === Jeshi na polisi === {{Main|Jeshi|Polisi}} [[Picha:US Customs and Border Protection officers.jpg|thumb|Maafisa wa [[Marekani wa Forodha na Ulinzi wa Mipaka]]]] Ingawa mashirika ya kijeshi yamekuwepo kwa muda mrefu kama serikali yenyewe, dhana la kikosi cha polisi kilicho tayari ni dhana ya kisasa. Mfumo wa [[Uingereza ya Zama za Kati]] ya [[mahakama ya jinai]] ya kusafiri, au [[Mahakama ya assize|assize]], ilitumia [[kesi za maonyesho]] na unyongaji hadharani kufanya jamii ziwe na hofu na hivyo kudumisha udhibiti.<ref>See, eg ''[[Tuberville v Savage]]'' (1669), 1 Mod. Rep. 3, 86 Eng. Rep. 684, where a knight said in a threatening tone to a layman, "If it were not assize time, I would not take such language from you."</ref> Polisi wa kwanza wa kisasa pengine walikuwa wale wa Paris wa karne ya 17, katika mahakama ya [[Louis XIV wa Ufaransa|Louis XIV]],<ref>[http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=219522 History of Police Forces], History.com Encyclopedia</ref> ingawa Polisi wa Mkoa wa Paris ndio wanadai kuwa wao ndio waliokuwa wa kwanza kuvaa sare.<ref>[http://www.prefecture-police-paris.interieur.gouv.fr/documentation/bicentenaire/theme_expo4.htm Des Sergents de Ville et Gardiens de la Paix à la Police de Proximité] {{Wayback|url=http://www.prefecture-police-paris.interieur.gouv.fr/documentation/bicentenaire/theme_expo4.htm |date=20080506215949 }}, La Préfecture de Police</ref> Weber yu maarufu kwa kudokeza kwamba taifa ni lile ambalo linadhibiti kihalali utumizi wa kipekee wa vurugu.<ref name="mwp154">Weber, [[s:Politics as a Vocation|Politics as a Vocation]]</ref><ref>Weber, ''The Theory of Social and Economic Organisation'', 154</ref> Majeshi na askari wanalinda usalama kufuatana na amri ya serikali au mahakama. Maneno [[taifa lililopangarayika]] yanaashiria taifa ambalo haliwezi kutekeleza au kulazimisha sera; askari wao na majeshi hawana uwezo wa kulinda usalama na amani na jamii inaelekea [[vurugu pekee]], wakati serikali inapokosekana.<ref>In these cases sovereignty is eroded, and often warlords acquire excessive powers (Fukuyama, ''State-Building'', 166–167).</ref> === Urasimu === {{Main|Urasimu}} [[Picha:UN Headquarters 2.jpg|thumb| Makao makuu ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] mjini New York yana watumishi wa kiserikali wanaotoa huduma kwa mataifa wanachama 192 ya shirika hilo.]] Asili ya neno "Urasimu" kwa Kiingereza (bureaucracy) ni neno la Kifaransa la "ofisi" (''bureau'') na neno la [[Kigiriki cha Zamani]] cha "nguvu" (''kratos'').<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=bureaucracy&searchmode Bureaucracy], Online Etymology Dictionary</ref> Kama tu wanajeshi na polisi, watumishi wa mfumo wa kisheria wa serikali na miili inayounda urasimu wake hufuata maagizo ya Mtendaji. Mojawapo ya marejeo kwa dhana yalifanywa [[Friedrich Melchior, baron von Grimm|Baron de Grimm]], mwandishi wa Kijerumani aliyeishi nchini Ufaransa. Mnamo mwaka wa 1765 aliandika, <blockquote>Roho halisi ya sheria nchini Ufaransa ni urasimu amabo marehemu Monsieur de Gournay alikuwa akilalamika sana kuhusu; hapa ofisi, makarani, makatibu, wasimamizi na ''wanaonuia kufanya kazi fulani'' hawaapishwi kufaidi maslahi ya umma, kwa hakika maslahi ya ummayanaonekana kuanzishwa ili ofisi hizo ziwepo.<ref>Albrow, ''Bureaucracy'', 16</ref></blockquote> Wasiwasi kuhusu "utawala wa kiofisi" bado ni kawaida, na utendaji wa watumishi wa umma kawaida hutofautishwa na wa [[kampuni za kibinafsi]] zinazoendeshwa na lengo la [[faida]].<ref>Mises, ''Bureaucracy'', II, [http://www.mises.org/etexts/mises/bureaucracy/section2.asp Bureaucratic Management]</ref> Kwa kweli kampuni za kibinafsi, hasa zile kubwa, pia zina urasimu.<ref name="K367">Kettl, ''Public Bureaucracies'', 367</ref> Mtazamo mbaya wa "[[urasimu]]" kando, huduma za umma kama vile elimu, afya na shughuli za polisi au [[uchukuzi wa umma]] ni kazi muhimu nchi hivyo basi kufanya urasimu wa umma chanzo cha nguvu za serikali.<ref name="K367" /> Akiandika mapema katika karne ya 20, Max Weber aliamini kuwa sifa muhimu ya nchi iliyoendelea ilikuwa imekuwa msaada wake wa kirasimu.<ref name="mwp393">Weber, ''Economy and Society'', I, 393</ref> Weber aliandika kuwa sifa za kawaida za urasimu wa kisasa ni kuwa maafisa wanafafanua lengo lake, wigo wa kazi umefungwa na kanuni, usimamizi unajumuisha wataalamu wa wataalamu wa kitaaluma, amabo ambao husimamia kuanzia juu kuenda chini, wakiwasiliana kupitia kuandika na kufunga uwezo wa wafanyikazi wa umma kufanya watakavyo kwa kutumia kanuni.<ref>Kettl, ''Public Bureaucracies'', 371</ref> === Taaluma ya sheria === {{Main|Taaluma ya sheria}} [[Picha:Quentin_Massys_-_Portrait_of_a_Man_-_National_Gallery_of_Scotland.jpg|thumb|Katika mifumo ya sheria ya kiraia kama ile ya Ufaransa, Ujerumani, Italia, Uhispania na Ugiriki, kuna aina maalum ya [[Karani wa sheria ya kiraia]], afisaa wa umma mwenye ufunzi wa kisheria, anayelipwa fidia na wanaofanya biasharaa.<ref>Hazard–Dondi, ''Legal Ethics'', 22</ref> Hii ni picha ya karne ya 16 ya karani wa sheria ya kiraia kama huyo ya mchoraji wa Kiflemi [[Quentin Massys]].]] Hitimisho la utawala wa sheria ni kuwepo kwa taaluma ya kisheria yenye uhuru wa kutosha wa kuweza kuomba mamlaka ya mahakama huru; haki ya usaidizi kusaidiwa na [[wakili]] mahakamani uanatokana na hitimisho hili—nchini Uingereza kazi ya wakili inatofautishwa na ile ya mshauri wa kisheria.<ref>Hazard–Dondi, ''Legal Ethics'', 1</ref> Kama mahakama ya Ulaya ya Haki za Binadamu yanavyosema, sheria inafaa kupatikana na kila mtu na waty wanfaa kutabiri jinsi sheria itakavyowaathiri.<ref>''[[The Sunday Times v The United Kingdom]]'' [1979] [http://www.worldlii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1979/1.html ECHR 1 at 49] {{Wayback|url=http://www.worldlii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1979/1.html |date=20060916131454 }} Case no. 6538/74</ref> Ili kudumisha utaaluma, [[zoezi la sheria]] kawaida linachungwa na serikali au mwili huru kama vile [[chama cha mawikili]], [[baraza la mawakili]] au [[jamii ya sheria]]. Mawakili wa kisasa wanapata utambulisho maalum wa kisheria kupitia taratibu maalum za kisheria (k.m. mafanikio katika mitihani), yanahitajika na sheria ili kuwa na cheti maalum (elimi ya kisheria inayompa mwanafunzi [[Shahada ya Sheria]], [[Shahada ya Sgeria ya Kiraia]], au [[Shahada]] ya [[Juris Doctor]]<ref>Higher academic degrees may also be pursued. Examples include a [[Master of Laws]], a [[Master of Legal Studies]] or a [[Doctor of Laws]].</ref>), na zinawekwa ofisini kwa kutumia fomu za kisheria za kuapishwa ([[kukubaliwa katika baraza la mawakili]]). Nchi nyingi za Kiisalmu zina sheria sawa kuhusu elimu ya kisheria na taaluma ya kisheria, lakini zingine bado zinaruhusu mawakili wenye mafunzo katika sheria ya Kiislamu ya jadi katika taaaluma ua sheria katika mahakama ya hadhi ya kibinasfi.<ref>Ahamd, [https://web.archive.org/web/20081001195205/http://www.macalester.edu/~ahmad/Lawyers.pdf Lawyers: Islamic Law]</ref> Nchini Uchina na katika nchi zingine za ulimwengu unaoendelea hakuna watu wa kutosha wenye mafunzo ya kisheria kufanya kazi katika mifumo ya mahakama iliyopo katika nchi hizo, na, kufuatana na hilo, viwango rasmi si vikali sana.<ref>Hazard–Dondi, ''Legal Ethics'', 22–23</ref> Baada ya kupata kukubalika, wakili mara nyingi atafanya kazi katika [[kampuni ya sheria]], katika [[vyumba (sheria)|vyumba]] kama wakili wa kipekee, katika wadhifa wa kiserikali au katika shirika la kibinafsi kama [[mshauri]] wa ndani. Isitoshe wakili anaweza kuwa [[|utafiti wa kisheria|mtafiti wa kisheria]] anayepeana uatafiti wa kisheria unapoitishwa kupitia maktaba, huduma ya kibiashara au kazi isiyokuwa na muajiri mmoja. Watu wengi wenye mafunzo katika sheria walitumia utafiti wao katika taaluma nyingine tofauti kabisa. Adhimu kwa zoezi la sheria katika mapokeo ya sheria ya kawaida ni utafiti wa kisheria kujua hali ya wakati wa sasa wa sheria. Hili linahushisha kuchunguza [[ripoti za sheria|ripoti za kesi]], [[majarida ya kisheria]] na sheria. Zoezi la sheria pia inahusu kuandika hati kama vile [[kuiitia]] kwa mahakama, [[brifu [sheria)|brifu]], mikataba, au [[amana]]. Majadiliano na ujuzu wa [[kusuluhisha migogoro]] (ikijumuisha mbinu za [[Mbinu za Masuluhisho ya Kimbadala|ADR]]) pia ni muhimi kwa zoezi la sheria, ikitegemea na aina ya taaluma.<ref>Fine, ''The Globalisation of Legal Education'', 364</ref> === Mashirika ya kijamii === {{Main|Mashirika ya kijamii}} [[Picha:1963 march on washington.jpg|thumb|Maandamano mjini Washington D.C. wakati wa [[Harakati za Haki za Kiraia za Wamarekani wenye asili ya Kiafrika (1955–1968)|Harakati ya Haki za Kiraia ya Marekani]] mnamo mwaka wa 1963]] Dhana ya [[Kiripablikani wakati kulipokuwa na madaraja mbalimbali ya kijamii]] ya "mashirika ya kijamii" ilianzia wakati wa Hobbes na Locke.<ref>Warren, ''Civil Society'', 3–4</ref> Locke aliona mashirika ya kijamii kama watu wenye "sheria sawa na mahakama [[kurejelea]] , yenye mamlaka ya kuamua utata baina yao."<ref>Locke, ''[[s:Two Treatises of Government/The Second Treatise of Government: An Essay Concerning the True Origin, Extent, and End of Civil Government|Second Treatise]]'', Chap. VII, Of Political or Civil_Society. Chapter 7, section 87</ref> Mwanafalsafa wa Kijerumani [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]] alitofautisha "taifa" na "mashirika ya kijamii" (''burgerliche Gesellschaft'') katika kitabu chake ''[[Vipengele vya Falsafa ya Sawa]]''.<ref>Hegel, ''Elements of the Philosophy of Right'', 3, II, [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/works/pr/prcivils.htm 182]; Karkatsoulis, ''The State in Transition'', 277–278</ref> Hegel aliamini kuwa [[mashirika ya kijamii]] na [[Taifa huru|taifa]] zilikuwa kinyume kabisa, katika mpangilio wa nadharia yake ya historia. Taifa la kisasa lenye pande hizi mbili–mashirika ya kijamii lilizaliwa tena katika nadharia za [[Alexis de Tocqueville]] na [[Karl Marx]].<ref>(Pelczynski, ''The State and Civil Society'', 1–13; Warren, ''Civil Society'', 5–9)</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Zaleski | first = Pawel | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Tocqueville on Civilian Society. A Romantic Vision of the Dichotomic Structure of Social Reality | journal = Archiv für Begriffsgeschichte | volume = 50 | issue = | pages = | publisher = Felix Meiner Verlag | location = | year = 2008 | url = | issn = | doi = | id = | accessdate = }} </ref> Siku hizi katika nadharia ya wakati wa baada ya kisasa za mashirika la kijamii lazima iwe chanzo cha sheria, kwa kuwa msingi ambapo watu wanaunda maoni na kushwishi yale wanayoamini sheria inafaa kuwa. Kama wakili wa Kiaustralia na mwandishi [[Geoffrey Robertson QC]] alivyoandika kuhusu sheria ya kimataifa, <blockquote>... mojawapo ya vyanzo vyake vya kisasa inapatikana katika majibu ya kawaida ya wanaume na wanawake, na mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali, amabyo wengi huunga, kwa ukiukaji wa haki za kibinadamu amabyo wengi huona kwenye runinga wakiwa sebuleni nyumbani mwao.<ref>Robertson, ''Crimes Against Humanity'', 98–99</ref></blockquote> [[Uhuru wa kujieleza]], [[uhuru wa kujumuika]] na sheria zingine nyingi za kibinafsi zinawaruhusu watu kukusanyika, kujadili, kukosoa na kufanya serikali zao kuwajibika, ambapo msingi wa [[demokrasia ya majadiliano]] inaibuka. Watu wanapozidi kujihusisha mamlaka ya kisheria na na kuwa na uwezo wa kubadilisha jinsi mamlaka ya kisiasa yanapotumika maishani mwao; ndivyo sheria inapozidi kuwa [[Uhalali (kisiasa)|halali]] kwa watu. Taasisi ambazo ni za kawaida sana za mashirika ya kijamii ni masoko ya kibiashra, kampuni zenye malengo ya kupata faida, familia, [[vyama vya kibiashara]], hospitali, vyuo vikuu, shule, mashirika ya msaada, [[vilabu vya kujadili]], [[mashirika yasiyokuwa ya kiserikali]], vitongoji, makanisa, na vyama vya kidini.<ref>There is no clear legal definition of the civil society, and of the institutions it includes. Most of the institutions and bodies who try to give a list of institutions (such as the [[European Economic and Social Committee]]) exclude the political parties. For further information, see Jakobs, ''Pursuing Equal Opportunities'', 5–6; Kaldor–Anheier–Glasius, ''Global Civil Society'', ''[http://www.lse.ac.uk/Depts/global/Publications/Yearbooks/2003/2003Chapter1a.pdf passim] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/Depts/global/Publications/Yearbooks/2003/2003Chapter1a.pdf |date=20070817130457 }}'' (PDF); Karkatsoulis, ''The State in Transition'', 282–283.</ref> {{-}} == Tazama pia == {{portal}} {{Main|Muhtasari wa sheria}} * [[Haki za kibinadamu]] * [[Uchumi]] * [[Historia]] * [[Sayansi ya Kisiasa]] * [[Falsafa]] == Tanbihi == {{Marejeo|2}} https://www.path-2-happiness.com/sw == Marejeo == ; Printed sources: * {{cite encyclopedia|last=Ahmad|first=Ahmad Atif|title=Lawyers: Islamic Law|encyclopedia=Oxford Encyclopedia of Legal History|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=http://www.macalester.edu/~ahmad/Lawyers.pdf|format=PDF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001195205/http://www.macalester.edu/~ahmad/Lawyers.pdf|archivedate=2008-10-01|access-date=2010-01-15}}{{Wayback|url=http://www.macalester.edu/~ahmad/Lawyers.pdf |date=20090326034212 }} * {{cite book|last=Akhlaghi|first=Behrooz|title=The Sharīʻa in the Constitutions of Afghanistan, Iran, and Egypt|year=2005|isbn=3-161-48787-7|publisher=Mohr Siebeck|editor=Yassari, Nadjma|chapter=Iranian Commercial Law and the New Investment Law FIPPA}} * {{cite book|last=Albrow|first=Martin|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=London|title=Bureaucracy (Key Concepts in Political Science)|url=https://archive.org/details/bureaucracy0000mart|year=1970|isbn=0-333-11262-8}} * {{cite journal|last=Anderson |first=J.N.D.|year=1956|month=Januari |title=Law Reform in the Middle East journal=International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944—) |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=43–51|url=http://www.jstor.org/pss/2607811 |accessdate=2007-03-04 |doi=10.2307/2607811}} * {{Cite wikisource|Constitution of the Athenians|[[Aristotle]]}}. 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accessdate=2006-11-10| archivedate=2014-09-10| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910155351/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/magnacarta.html}} * {{cite web | last=Marmor | first=Andrei |url= http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/lawphil-theory/ | title= The Pure Theory of Law | accessdate=2007-02-09 | work= Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|year=1934 }} * {{cite web| title=Saudi Arabia| url=http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/world/saudiarabia.htm| publisher=[[Jurist]]| accessdate=2006-09-02| archive-date=2006-08-30| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830232216/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/world/saudiarabia.htm| url-status=dead}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cpi.int/statesparties.html|title=The States Parties to the Rome Statute|publisher=[[International Criminal Court]]|accessdate=2007-02-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040605155639/http://www.icc-cpi.int/statesparties.html|archivedate=2004-06-05}} * {{cite web|title=The World Factbook – Field Listing – Legal system|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2100.html|publisher=[[CIA]]|accessdate=2007-10-13|archivedate=2018-12-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226012138/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2100.html}} {{Refend}} == Viungo vya nje == {{sisterlinks|Law}} * [http://www.law.com/ Legal news and information network for attorneys and other legal professionals] * [http://jurispedia.org/ Encyclopaedic project of academic initiative] {{Wayback|url=http://jurispedia.org/ |date=20210408132428 }} in [[Jurispedia]] * [http://www.lawserver.com/ Legal articles, news, and interactive maps] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lawserver.com/ |date=20130302152628 }} * [http://www.worldlii.org/ WorldLII - World Legal Information Institute] * [http://www.commonlii.org/ CommonLII - Commonwealth Legal Information Institute] * [http://www.asianlii.org/ AsianLII - Asian Legal Information Institute (AsianLII)] * [http://www.austlii.edu.au/ AustLII - Australasian Legal Information Institute] * [http://www.bailii.org/ BaiLII - British and Irish Legal Information Institute] * [http://www.canlii.org/ CanLII - Canadian Legal Information Institute] * [http://www.nzlii.org/ NZLII - New Zealand Legal Information Institute] * [http://www.paclii.org/ PacLII - Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute] [[Jamii:Sheria| ]] [[Jamii:Elimu jamii]] [[Jamii:Historia]] [[Jamii:Falsafa]] plh4pk9s9oct767gv015x8tj7a0mk69 0 1996 1529688 1506656 2026-05-02T12:02:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529688 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Codex Bruchsal 1 01v cropped.jpg|thumb|Yesu Kristo.]] {{Yesu Kristo}} {{Ukristo}} [[Picha:Ellenrieder Jesus als Kinderfreund 1845.jpg|thumb|Yesu.]] '''Yesu''' (kwa [[Kiebrania]] יֵשׁוּעַ, Yeshua, [[kifupisho]] cha יהושע‎, Yehoshua, yaani "Mungu anaokoa") alikuwa [[Myahudi]] [[mwanamume]] aliyeishi miaka 2000 hivi iliyopita (labda [[6 KK]] - [[30]] [[BK]]). Alizaliwa na [[bikira Maria]] kwa uwezo wa [[Roho Mtakatifu]], huko [[Bethlehemu]] ya [[Uyahudi]]. [[Maisha]] yake yalikuwa ya pekee kwa kuwa alifahamu vitu vingi kwa mfano: sheria hata kuwazidi walimu wa sheria japokuwa hakusomea sheria. Alifanya pia maajabu mengi. Ndiyo maana leo hii zaidi ya [[nusu]] ya [[wanadamu]] wote wanamuamini kuwa [[Mwana wa Mungu]] (ndio wanaoitwa [[Wakristo]]) au walau [[nabii]] (hasa [[Waislamu]]). Kutokana na umuhimu wake katika [[historia]] ya [[binadamu]], kwa kawaida miaka yote inahesabiwa kuanzia [[ujio]] wake (ulivyokadiriwa na [[Denis Mdogo]] kimakosa katika [[karne ya 6]]). == Misingi ya ujuzi wetu juu yake == [[Picha:P52 recto.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Papyrus P52]], iliyoandikwa kwa [[Kigiriki]] mwaka [[125]] hivi, inahesabika kuwa andiko la zamani zaidi kutufikia kuhusu Yesu. Ina sehemu za [[Injili ya Yohane]]; mbele 18:31-33, nyuma 18;37-38.]] Yesu hakuacha [[Maandishi|maandiko]] yoyote. [[Habari]] zake zinapatikana hasa katika [[Biblia]], kwa namna ya pekee katika [[Injili]] na [[vitabu]] vingine vya [[Agano Jipya]]. Nje ya [[Ukristo]] kuna habari fupi kuhusu Yesu katika maandiko ya [[waandishi]] wa [[Roma]], [[Wagiriki]] na Wayahudi. Habari hizo zinaangaliwa sana kwa sababu zimetungwa na watu wasiomwamini Yesu [[Dini|kidini]]. Kwa ujumla zinathibitisha ya kwamba Yesu alikuwepo, na kwamba wakati hao walipoandika alikuwa na [[wafuasi]] huko [[Roma]] na ya kwamba awali Waroma hawakuelewa tofauti kati ya wafuasi wake na Wayahudi. Kati ya waandishi hao muhimu ni hasa: 1. [[Mtaalamu]] Myahudi [[Flavius Josephus]]: huyo aliandika mnamo [[90]] BK kitabu cha "Antiquitates Judaicae“ (Habari za [[historia]] ya Wayahudi) akitaja [[kifo]] cha "[[Yakobo ndugu wa Yesu]]“ (sura ya 20, 200). 2. Mwandishi Mroma [[Tacitus]]: huyo aliandika mnamo mwaka [[117]] ya kwamba [[Kaisari Nero]] alishtaki kikundi cha “Chrestiani” ya kuwa wamechoma [[moto]] [[mji]] wa Roma. Aliongeza: “Mtu ambaye ni asili ya jina hilo ni Chrestus aliyeuawa wakati wa [[Tiberio]] kwa [[amri]] ya [[Pontio Pilato]]” (Annales XV,44). 3. Mwandishi Mroma [[Svetonius]]: huyo alimtaja “Chrestos” katika kitabu chake juu ya [[maisha]] ya [[Kaisari Klaudio]] (25,4) ya kwamba huyu amesababisha [[fujo]] kati ya Wayahudi wa Roma hivyo [[Kaisari]] aliwafukuza wote mjini. 4. [[Mwanasiasa]] Mroma [[Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus]]: huyo aliacha [[barua]] kadhaa zinazotaja Wakristo mnamo mwaka [[100]] BK. Alimwuliza [[Kaisari Traianus]] jinsi ya kushughulikia Wakristo waliokataa kutoa [[sadaka]] mbele ya [[sanamu]] za Kaisari. == Mazingira yake == Nchi ambayo [[Krismasi|Yesu alizaliwa]] akafundisha ni nchi ileile ambayo [[Mungu]] aliwaahidia [[Waisraeli]] tangu zamani za [[Abrahamu]], ni nchi ileile waliyoiteka chini ya [[Yoshua]], ni nchi ileile waliyoirudia kutoka [[Utumwa|utumwani]] [[Babeli]]. Lakini wakati wote wa [[Agano Jipya]], yaani tangu Yesu alipozaliwa hadi mwisho wa maisha ya [[Mitume wa Yesu|mitume wake]], nchi hiyo haikuwa huru, bali chini ya [[himaya]] ya [[Warumi]], ingawa pengine hao waliwakabidhi [[vibaraka]], yaani [[watawala]] [[wenyeji]] waliowekwa na [[wakoloni]]. Vibaraka hao ni [[Herode Mkuu]] ([[37 KK]]-[[4 KK]]) na wazawa wake, ambao tena hawakuwa Waisraeli halisi bali [[Waedomu]] ingawa [[kabila]] lao lililazimishwa kuingia [[dini]] ya [[Uyahudi]] [[karne]] iliyotangulia. [[Ukoo]] huo unajulikana kwa [[ukatili]], [[uchu wa madaraka]] na [[uzinifu]] wake. Vilevile ma[[liwali]] wa Kirumi waliowekwa pengine kutawala nchi au sehemu fulani walionyesha mara nyingi ukatili na [[dharau]] kwa Waisraeli na dini yao, hata kusababisha [[chuki]] na mapigano kati ya [[jeshi]] na wananchi. Mfano mmojawapo ni [[Ponsyo Pilato]] aliyesimamia [[Uyahudi]] kuanzia mwaka [[26]] hadi [[36]] BK. Mbali na hayo, [[utawala]] wa [[Dola la Roma]], ulioenea [[Ulaya]] [[Magharibi]] na [[Kusini]], [[Afrika]] [[Kaskazini]] na nchi za [[Mashariki ya Kati]] kupakana na [[Iraq]] ya leo, kwa jumla ulihakikisha hali ya [[amani]] kwa muda wote wa Agano Jipya na karne za kwanza za [[Kanisa]]. Hali hiyo, pamoja na [[umoja]] wa [[dola]] hilo lote, na urahisi wa [[mawasiliano]] kwa njia ya [[barabara]] zilizotengenezwa na Warumi, na [[uenezi]] wa [[lugha ya kimataifa]] ([[Kiyunani]], yaani [[Kigiriki]] cha zamani), ilichangia kasi ya uenezaji wa habari njema ([[Injili]]). [[Lugha]] hiyo ndiyo iliyotumiwa na waandishi wote wa Agano Jipya ili vitabu vyao viwafaidishe watu wengi zaidi, ingawa baadhi yao hawakuijua vizuri. [[Lugha mama]] ya Yesu na ya Mitume ilikuwa [[Kiaramu]] ambacho ni jamii ya [[Kiyahudi]] na ambacho polepole kilishika nafasi yake kati ya Wayahudi kuanzia [[karne ya 6 KK]]. Hao wote walitokea [[mkoa]] wa [[Galilaya]], uliokuwa na mchanganyiko wa watu (Waisraeli na mataifa), kiasi kwamba huko Wayahudi wenyewe walifuata kwa urahisi [[desturi]] za Kiyunani hata wakadharauliwa na wenzao wa [[Kusini]] ([[Yerusalemu]] na mkoa wa [[Yudea]]). Kati ya mikoa hiyo miwili ulienea mkoa wa [[Samaria]] ambao wakazi wake walijenga [[uadui]] mkubwa na Wayahudi baada ya [[uhamisho wa Babeli]], walipokataliwa kuchangia [[ujenzi]] wa [[hekalu la Yerusalemu|hekalu]] la pili la Yerusalemu. == Maisha yake == [[Dionisi Mdogo]], [[mmonaki]] aliyeanzisha (mwaka [[533]] hivi) mtindo wa kuhesabu miaka tangu kuzaliwa Yesu kurudi nyuma ([[K.K.]]) au kwenda mbele ([[B.K.]]), alikosea [[hesabu]] zake. Leo tunakisia Yesu alizaliwa mwaka 6 hivi K.K. kwa sababu alizaliwa [[Bethlehemu]] chini ya Herode Mkuu aliyefariki tayari mwaka 4 K.K. Huyo alipojaribu kumuua [[mtoto Yesu]], [[familia takatifu]] ilikimbilia [[Misri]] mpaka baada ya kufa kwa Herode. Hapo ikarudi Galilaya hata Yesu akajulikana kwa jina la [[kijiji]] cha [[Nazareti]] kilichodharauliwa na Wagalilaya pia. Ndipo alipokulia na kuishi akifanya [[kazi]] ya [[ufundi]]. Hivyo Yesu alitumia sehemu kubwa ya maisha yake kijijini akiwatii wazee wake Maria na Yosefu na kufanya kazi za [[mikono]]. “Alishuka pamoja nao mpaka Nazareti, naye alikuwa akiwatii” ([[Lk]] 2:51). Kwa namna hiyo ametuachia kielelezo cha [[utakatifu]] katika [[maisha]] ya [[familia]] na ya kazi ambayo ndiyo njia ya kawaida ya kukomaa kiutu na kumtumikia Mungu. “Mnyenyekeane katika kicho cha Kristo” ([[Ef]] 5:21). Mwaka [[26]] hivi BK [[ndugu]] yake [[Yohane Mbatizaji]] aliacha maisha ya [[jangwa]]ni alikokulia na kuanza kuhubiri [[toba]] kandokando ya [[mto]] [[Yordani]]. Kwa kuwa Waisraeli walikosa [[manabii]] kwa muda mrefu, na walitamani sana [[ukombozi]], walimuendea kwa wingi hata wakamtia [[hofu]] [[Herode Antipa]]. Ingawa huyo akamfunga mapema akamuua, kazi ya Yohane ilikuwa imetimia kwa sababu aliweza kuwaandaa Waisraeli wengi (hasa watu wadogo na [[wakosefu]]) wampokee Yesu aliyebatizwa naye. Katika nafasi hiyo Yohane alimtambulisha kama [[Mwanakondoo wa Mungu]] aondoaye [[dhambi]] ya [[ulimwengu]]. Ndipo Yesu naye alipoanza kuhubiri, lakini pia kutenda [[Miujiza ya Yesu|miujiza]] ya kila aina, akapata haraka wafuasi wengi. Kati yao akachagua [[Mitume wa Yesu|Mitume]] wake 12 kama [[msingi]] mpya wa [[taifa la Mungu]] badala ya Israeli ya kale. Alifanya kazi hizo kuanzia Galilaya, akitangaza [[ujio]] wa [[ufalme wa Mungu]], kwa maana ya kwamba [[ufalme]] uliotazamiwa na Wayahudi umewajia kwa njia yake. Ingawa hakupitia [[shule]] yoyote ya [[Biblia]], Yesu alionekana anafundisha vizuri kuliko [[walimu wa sheria]] wa kawaida, kama mtu mwenye [[mamlaka]] juu ya [[Torati]]. Mafundisho yake yalilingana na yale ya [[Mafarisayo]] kuliko na yale ya [[Masadukayo]], lakini alishindana pia na hao wa kwanza. [[Kijicho]] na [[upinzani]] vikazidi hasa Yerusalemu, walipoanza kufanya [[njama]] za kumuua. Ingawa Yesu alijua hayo, alijikaza kwenda katika huo [[mji mtakatifu]] autangazie habari njema na kufia huko. Baada ya kupokewa kwa [[shangwe]] kabla ya [[sherehe]] ya [[Pasaka]] ya mwaka 30 (au [[33]]) akakamatwa na [[baraza la Israeli]] kwa [[tuhuma]] ya [[kufuru]] ya kujilinganisha na [[Mungu]], halafu akakabidhiwa kwa liwali wa Kirumi aliyekuwa na mamlaka ya kutoa [[adhabu ya kifo]]. Baada ya kikao ambapo Wayahudi walitafuta [[kisingizio]] cha ki[[siasa]], Ponsyo Pilato akalazimika kuagiza [[Msalaba wa Yesu|Yesu asulubiwe]], na kisha kufa kwake [[kaburi]] lilindwe na [[askari]]. Hata hivyo [[siku]] ya [[tatu]] kaburi likaonekana tupu, na Yesu akaanza kuwatokea wanafunzi wake [[Wanawake|wa kike]] na wa kiume kwa muda wa [[siku]] [[arubaini]], halafu [[Kupaa Bwana|akapaa mbinguni]] mbele ya macho yao. Habari hizo zikatangazwa kwa [[sauti]] tu kwa miaka kadhaa, halafu zikaanza kuandikwa. [[Kanisa]] linaheshimu kwa namna ya pekee, kama [[ushuhuda]] mkuu juu ya maisha na mafundisho ya Yesu na kama [[moyo]] wa Maandiko matakatifu yote, Injili nne zilizoandikwa na [[Marko]], [[Mtume Mathayo|Mathayo]], [[Mwinjili Luka]] na [[Mtume Yohane|Yohane]] kati ya mwaka [[65]] na [[100]] hivi. Ni muhimu kujua maisha ya Yesu kwa sababu matendo na maneno yake, pamoja na [[kimya]] na [[sala]] yake, na hasa [[Kifo cha Yesu|kifo]] na [[Ufufuko wa Yesu|ufufuko wake]], yote yanatufunulia [[Mungu Baba|Baba]] na matakwa yake kwetu. “Mambo ya Yesu wa Nazareti, aliyekuwa mtu nabii, mwenye uwezo katika kutenda na kunena mbele za Mungu na watu wote” ([[Lk]] 24:19). Baada ya kujua maisha ya Yesu tunapaswa kujilinganisha naye hadi aundwe na kuishi ndani mwetu akitushirikisha [[uhai]], kifo na ufufuko wake. “Nimesulibiwa pamoja na Kristo; lakini ni hai; wala si mimi tena, bali Kristo yu hai ndani yangu, na uhai nilio nao sasa katika mwili, ninao katika imani ya Mwana wa Mungu, ambaye alinipenda akajitoa nafsi yake kwa ajili yangu… Vitoto vyangu, ambao kwamba nawaonea utungu tena mpaka Kristo aumbike ndani yenu!” ([[Gal]] 2:20; 4:19). == Sala zake == (Math 11:25-26) Nakushukuru, Baba, Bwana wa mbingu na nchi, kwa kuwa mambo haya uliwaficha wenye hekima na akili, ukawafunulia watoto wachanga. Naam, Baba, kwa kuwa ndivyo ilivyopendeza mbele zako (Yoh 11:41-42) Baba, nakushukuru kwa kuwa umenisikia. Nami nalijua ya kuwa wewe wanisikia sikuzote; lakini kwa ajili ya mkutano huu wanaohudhuria nalisema haya, ili wapate kusadiki kwamba ndiwe uliyenituma. (Yoh 17:1-26) Baba, saa imekwisha kufika. Mtukuze Mwanao, ili Mwana wako naye akutukuze wewe; kama vile ulivyompa mamlaka juu ya wote wenye mwili, ili kwamba wote uliompa awape uzima wa milele. Na uzima wa milele ndio huu: wakujue wewe, Mungu wa pekee wa kweli, na Yesu Kristo uliyemtuma. Mimi nimekutukuza duniani, hali nimeimaliza kazi ile uliyonipa niifanye. Na sasa, Baba, unitukuze mimi pamoja nawe, kwa utukufu ule niliokuwa nao pamoja nawe kabla ya ulimwengu kuwako. Jina lako nimewadhihirishia watu wale ulionipa katika ulimwengu; walikuwa wako, ukanipa mimi, na neno lako wamelishika. Sasa wamejua ya kuwa yote uliyonipa yatoka kwako. Kwa kuwa maneno uliyonipa nimewapa wao; nao wakayapokea, wakajua hakika ya kuwa nalitoka kwako, wakasadiki ya kwamba wewe ndiwe uliyenituma. Mimi nawaombea hao; siuombei ulimwengu; bali hao ulionipa, kwa kuwa hao ni wako; na wote walio wangu ni wako, na walio wako ni wangu; nami nimetukuzwa ndani yao. Wala mimi simo tena ulimwenguni, lakini hawa wamo ulimwenguni, nami naja kwako. Baba mtakatifu, kwa jina lako ulilonipa uwalinde hawa, ili wawe na umoja kama sisi tulivyo. Nilipokuwapo pamoja nao, mimi naliwalinda kwa jina lako ulilonipa, nikawatunza; wala hapana mmojawapo wao aliyepotea, ila yule mwana wa upotevu, ili andiko litimie. Na sasa naja kwako; na maneno haya nayasema ulimwenguni, ili wawe na furaha yangu imetimizwa ndani yao. Mimi nimewapa neno lako, na ulimwengu umewachukia, kwa kuwa wao si wa ulimwengu, kama mimi nisivyo wa ulimwengu. Mimi siombi kwamba uwatoe katika ulimwengu; bali uwalinde na yule mwovu. Wao si wa ulimwengu, kama mimi nisivyo wa ulimwengu. Uwatakase kwa ile kweli; neno lako ndiyo kweli. Kama vile ulivyonituma mimi ulimwenguni, nami vivyo hivyo naliwatuma hao ulimwenguni. Na kwa ajili yao najiweka wakfu mwenyewe, ili na hao watakaswe katika kweli. Wala si hao tu ninaowaombea; lakini na wale watakaoniamini kwa sababu ya neno lao. Wote wawe na umoja; kama wewe, Baba, ulivyo ndani yangu, nami ndani yako, hao nao wawe ndani yetu, ili ulimwengu upate kusadiki ya kwamba wewe ndiwe uliyenituma. Nami utukufu ule ulionipa nimewapa wao, ili wawe na umoja kama sisi tulivyo umoja. Mimi ndani yao, nawe ndani yangu, ili wawe wamekamilika katika umoja; ili ulimwengu ujue ya kuwa ndiwe uliyenituma, ukawapenda wao kama ulivyonipenda mimi. Baba, hao ulionipa nataka wawe pamoja nami popote nilipo, wapate na kuutazama utukufu wangu ulionipa; kwa maana ulinipenda kabla ya kuwekwa msingi ulimwengu. Baba mwenye haki, ulimwengu haukukujua; lakini mimi nalikujua, na hao wamejua ya kuwa ndiwe uliyenituma. Nami naliwajulisha jina lako, tena nitawajulisha hilo, ili pendo lile ulilonipenda mimi liwe ndani yao, nami niwe ndani yao. (Mk 14:36) Aba, Baba, yote yawezekana kwako; uniondolee kikombe hiki; walakini, si kama nitakavyo mimi, bali utakavyo wewe. (Mk 15:34) Eloi, Eloi, lama sabakthani? (maana yake, Mungu wangu, Mungu wangu, mbona umeniacha?) (Lk 23:46) Ee Baba, mikononi mwako naiweka roho yangu. == Imani juu yake == Waumini wake wanaunda Kanisa la Kikristo ambalo linapatikana leo katika [[madhehebu]] mengi. Karibu wote wanamwamini kuwa Mungu aliyechukua [[umbile]] la mwanadamu au, kwa lugha nyingine, kuwa [[Mwana wa Mungu]]. Kwa imani hiyo, Yesu ni Mungu na mtu kwa pamoja, ndiyo sababu ni mshenga pekee kati ya Mungu na watu. “Kwa sababu Mungu ni mmoja, na mpatanishi kati ya Mungu na wanadamu ni mmoja, mwanadamu Kristo Yesu” ([[1Tim]] 2:5). “Katika yeye unakaa utimilifu wote wa Mungu, kwa jinsi ya kimwili” ([[Kol]] 2:9). Hivyo ni Mungu kweli na mtu kweli. Umungu na utu wa Yesu vimeunganika katika nafsi moja visichanganyikane, kwa kuwa ndani yake hali hizo mbili zinatenda kila moja ya kwake. “Basi yule akida, aliyesimama hapo akimwelekea, alipoona ya kuwa alikata roho jinsi hii, akasema, ‘Hakika mtu huyu alikuwa Mwana wa Mungu’” ([[Mk]] 15:39). Mwana wa Mungu tangu [[Umwilisho|atwae mwili]] ni mtu kamili mwenye akili na utashi wa kibinadamu. Katika umoja wa nafsi yake vipawa hivyo vinatenda kulingana na Umungu anaouchanga na Baba na Roho Mtakatifu milele. “Hayo maneno niwaambiayo mimi siyasemi kwa shauri langu; lakini Baba akaaye ndani yangu huzifanya kazi zake” ([[Yoh]] 14:10). Hapa [[duniani]] Yesu alizaliwa na [[Bikira Maria]] kama malaika alivyomuambia: “Roho Mtakatifu atakujilia juu yako, na nguvu zake Aliye juu zitakufunika kama kivuli; kwa sababu hiyo, hicho kitakachozaliwa kitaitwa kitakatifu, Mwana wa Mungu” ([[Lk]] 1:35). Hata hivyo Wakristo wachache wanaamini kuwa yeye ni [[mtume]] wa pekee wa Mungu ila si Mungu. Katika dini ya [[Uislamu]], Yesu anajulikana kama [[Nabii]] [[Isa]]. Waislamu wanaamini kuwa yeye alikuwa nabii wa Mungu ila hakuwa mwana wa Mungu wala Mungu. == Maadhimisho yake == Maisha yake yamekuwa msingi wa [[sikukuu]] mbalimbali zinazosheherekewa katika nchi nyingi duniani, kama vile Noeli au [[Krismasi]] (kuzaliwa kwake), [[Epifania]] (kuonekana kwake na kubatizwa kwake), [[Majilio]] (kuandaliwa kwa ujio wake wa kwanza na kutarajia [[ujio wa pili]]), [[Kwaresima]] ([[saumu|mafungo]] na [[mateso]] yake), [[Ijumaa Kuu]] (kifo chake); muhimu kuliko zote ni [[Pasaka]] (kufufuka kwake). == Tazama pia == * [[Yesu Kristo|- Makala "Yesu Kristo": mafundisho ya Kikristo kuhusu Yesu]] * [[Isa|- Makala "Isa": mafundisho ya Uislamu kuhusu Yesu]] * [[Masiya|- Makala juu ya cheo "Kristo"]] == Tanbihi == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Marejeo == {{refbegin|30em}} <!--* {{cite book|last1=Ankerberg|first1=John |authorlink1=John Ankerberg| first2=Emir |last2=Caner |title=The Truth about Islam and Jesus|year=2009|publisher=Harvest House Publishers|isbn=978-0-7369-3663-7|page=19|url=http://books.google.com/?id=-XgH1R2AhbgC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref=harv}}--> * {{cite book|first=Craig L.|last=Blomberg|authorlink=Craig Blomberg|title=Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey|year=2009|isbn= 978-0-8054-4482-7| url=http://books.google.com/?id=U5rIPC1UgsgC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref=harv |publisher=B&H Publishing Group}} * {{cite book|title=The people's New Testament commentary|first1= M. Eugene |last1=Boring|first2= Fred B. |last2=Craddock |authorlink2=Fred Craddock |year=2004 |isbn= 978-0-664-22754-8|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|url=http://books.google.com/?id=N0tLXRIiIe0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=The Gospel and Epistles of John: A Concise Commentary|first=Raymond E. |last=Brown |authorlink=Raymond E. Brown |year=1988 |isbn= 978-0-8146-1283-5 |ref=harv |publisher=Liturgical Press |url=http://books.google.com/?id=JIM0Q0bjgYkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{cite book|last=Brown|first= Raymond E.|title= An Introduction to the New Testament|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontone00brow_0|publisher= Doubleday |year=1997| isbn= 978-0-385-24767-2|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Carter|first=Warren|authorlink=Warren Carter|title=Pontius Pilate: portraits of a Roman governor|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8146-5113-1|ref=harv |url=http://books.google.com/?id=mvhHcXKK0UEC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher= Liturgical Press}} * {{cite book|title=Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research |first1= Bruce|last1= Chilton |authorlink1=Bruce Chilton |first2= Craig A.|last2= Evans |authorlink2=Craig A. Evans |year= 1998| isbn= 978-90-04-11142-4 |publisher=Brill |ref=harv |url= http://books.google.com/?id=AJM9grxOjjMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{cite book|first1=Steven L.|last1=Cox|first2=Kendell H|last2=Easley|year=2007|title=Harmony of the Gospels|isbn=978-0-8054-9444-0 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=QjmwuFUksOQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false | ref=harv |publisher=B&H Publishing Group}} * {{cite book|first1=John D.|last1=Crossan|authorlink1=John Dominic Crossan|first2=Richard G.|last2=Watts|title=Who Is Jesus?: Answers to Your Questions About the Historical Jesus|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press| year=1999|isbn=978-0-664-25842-9|ref=harv |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XNkKf5htZq4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{cite book|last=Dickson|first= John |authorlink= John Dickson (author) |title=Jesus: A Short Life|url=https://archive.org/details/jesusshortlife0000dick_v0i4|publisher= Kregel Publications|year= 2008| isbn= 978-0-8254-7802-4|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Dillenberger|first=John|authorlink=John Dillenberger|title=Images and Relics : Theological Perceptions and Visual Images in Sixteenth-Century Europe: Theological Perceptions and Visual Images in Sixteenth-Century Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/imagesrelicstheo0000dill|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-19-976146-3|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|first1=John R. |last1=Donahue|first2= Daniel J.|last2= Harrington|authorlink2=Daniel J. Harrington|title= The Gospel of Mark|publisher =Liturgical Press| year= 2002| url=http://books.google.com/?id=xZAIsUZOwSQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn =978-0-8146-5804-8|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Doninger|first= Wendy |year=1999 |title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions|publisher=Merriam-Webster | url=http://books.google.com/?id=ZP_f9icf2roC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| isbn=978-0-87779-044-0 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|first=James D.G.|last=Dunn|title=Jesus Remembered|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8028-3931-2 |ref=harv |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing| url=http://books.google.com/?id=G4qpnvoautgC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{cite book|last1=Eddy|first1=Paul R.|last2=Boyd|first2=Gregory A.|authorlink2=Greg Boyd (theologian)|year=2007|title=The Jesus legend: a case for the historical reliability of the synoptic Jesus tradition|publisher=Baker Academic|isbn=978-0-8010-3114-4|url=http://books.google.com/?id=U26_85NmwPUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium|first= Bart |last=Ehrman |authorlink=Bart D. Ehrman |year=1999| isbn= 978-0-19-983943-8 |publisher=Oxford University Press|url=http://books.google.com/?id=c9K_6NN3llcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Evans|first=Craig A.|year=2003|title=The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary: Matthew-Luke| isbn= 978-0-7814-3868-1 |publisher=David C. Cook|url=http://books.google.com/?id=iZC-tdB35bAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Evans|first=Craig A.|year=2005|title=The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary: John's Gospel, Hebrews-Revelation|isbn= 978-0-7814-4228-2|publisher=David C. Cook|url=http://books.google.com/?id=UzWD61mgp7EC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|first=Craig A.|last= Evans|url=http://books.google.com/?id=87x8TqW6MJQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Jesus and His World: The Archaeological Evidence |year=2012|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-23413-3|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=The Gospel of Matthew|first=R. T. |last= France | authorlink=R. T. France |year= 2007 |isbn=978-0-8028-2501-8 |ref=harv |url=http://books.google.com/?id=0ruP6J_XPCEC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher= Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing}} * {{Rejea kitabu|first=David N.|last=Freedman|authorlink=David Noel Freedman|title=Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible|year=2000|publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-0-8028-2400-4 |ref=harv |url=http://books.google.com/?id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{cite book|first1=Joel B. |last1=Green |first2=Scot |last2=McKnight |first3= I. Howard |last3=Marshall|authorlink1= Joel B. Green|authorlink2= Scot McKnight|authorlink3= I. Howard Marshall|title= Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels |url=http://books.google.com/?id=9ntwNm-tOogC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher=InterVarsity Press| year=1992 | page=442|isbn=978-0-8308-1777-1 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title= Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine |last= Grudem |first= Wayne | authorlink= Wayne Grudem |year= 1994 |publisher= Zondervan |location= Grand Rapids, MI |isbn= 978-0-310-28670-7| url=http://books.google.com/?id=wzRVN2S8cVgC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Houlden|first=J. Leslie|title=Jesus: the complete guide|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8264-8011-8|ref=harv |publisher= Continuum |url= http://books.google.com/?id=Ey8mZKV_jfkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{cite book|first1=Andreas J.|last1=Köstenberger|first2=L. Scott|last2=Kellum|first3=Charles L|last3=Quarles|title=The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament|year=2009|isbn=978-0-8054-4365-3 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=g-MG9sFLAz0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| ref=harv |publisher=B&H Publishing Group}} * {{cite book|title=Transfiguration |first=Dorothy A. |last=Lee |authorlink=Dorothy Lee (theologian) |year=2004 |isbn= 978-0-8264-7595-4|ref=harv |url=http://books.google.com/?id=cYWwEefwCegC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher=Continuum}} * {{cite encyclopedia|title=Introduction|first=Amy-Jill |last=Levine|authorlink=Amy-Jill Levine|encyclopedia=The Historical Jesus in Context |editor-last1=Levine|editor-last2=Allison|editor-first3=John D.|editor-last3=Crossan|publisher=Princeton Univ Press| isbn= 978-0-691-00992-6|year=2006|ref=harv|editor1-first=Amy-Jill| editor2-first=Dale C.|editor2-link=Dale Allison}} * {{cite encyclopedia|first=Paul L.|last=Maier|authorlink=Paul L. Maier|title=The Date of the Nativity and Chronology of Jesus|encyclopedia=Chronos, kairos, Christos: nativity and chronological studies |editor-last1=Finegan |editor-first2=Jerry |editor-last2=Vardaman| editor-first3=Edwin M.|editor-last3=Yamauchi|year=1989|isbn=978-0-931464-50-8|ref=harv |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UCBBY_O88uYC&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher=Eisenbrauns |editor-first=Jack |editor1-link=Jack Finegan|editor3-link=Edwin M. Yamauchi}} * {{cite book|title=The Synoptics: Matthew, Mark, Luke|first1= Ján|last1= Majerník|first2= Joseph|last2= Ponessa|first3= Laurie W. |last3=Manhardt|year= 2005 |isbn= 978-1-931018-31-9|ref=harv |url=http://books.google.com/?id=cqP5xHXGYPQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher=Emmaus Road Publishing}} * {{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=v26doW8jIyYC&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false | title=Christianity: An Introduction | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | last=McGrath | first=Alister E. | authorlink=Alister McGrath | year=2006 | pages=4–6 | isbn=978-1-4051-0899-7 |ref=harv}} * {{cite encyclopedia|last=Meier|first=John P.|authorlink=John P. Meier|title=How do we decide what comes from Jesus|encyclopedia=The Historical Jesus in Recent Research|editor-last1= Dunn |editor-last2=McKnight|year= 2006 |isbn= 978-1-57506-100-9 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=37uJRUF6btAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref=harv|editor1-first=James D.G. |publisher=Eisenbrauns |editor2-first=Scot}} * {{cite book|last1=Mills|first1=Watson E.|last2=Bullard|first2=Roger A.|year=1998|title=Mercer dictionary of the Bible|publisher=Mercer University Press| isbn= 978-0-86554-373-7|ref=harv |url=http://books.google.com/?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{cite book|last=Morris|first= Leon|authorlink=Leon Morris|year=1992|title= The Gospel according to Matthew|publisher= Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn= 978-0-85111-338-8|url=http://books.google.com/?id=-pwaSKcHyEEC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Niswonger|first=Richard L.|title=New Testament History|year=1992|isbn=978-0-310-31201-7|ref=harv |publisher= Zondervan |url= http://books.google.com/?id=uyAXaNnz9sUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{cite book|last=Pannenberg|first=Wolfhart |authorlink=Wolfhart Pannenberg |url=http://books.google.com/?id=zWfvlpURwiIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Jesus—God and Man|year=1968|isbn=978-0-334-00783-8|publisher=S.C.M. Press |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Powell |first=Mark A.| authorlink=Mark Allan Powell | title=Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee |year= 1998 | isbn= 978-0-664-25703-3|url=http://books.google.com/?id=IJP4DRCVaUMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref=harv |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press}} * {{cite book|last=Rahner|first=Karl|authorlink=Karl Rahner|title=Encyclopedia of theology: a concise Sacramentum mundi|year=2004|isbn=978-0-86012-006-3 |publisher= Continuum|ref=harv |url=http://books.google.com/?id=WtnR-6_PlJAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{cite book|title=Who is Jesus?: an introduction to Christology|first=Thomas P.|last= Rausch |authorlink=Thomas Rausch |year=2003 |publisher=Liturgical Press |isbn= 978-0-8146-5078-3 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=8OJCa6euw5gC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Redford|first=Douglas|title=The Life and Ministry of Jesus: The Gospels|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7847-1900-8|ref=harv |url=http://books.google.com/?id=dDMQz5BVFbEC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher=Standard Publishing}} * {{cite book|title=Archaeology and the Galilean Jesus: a re-examination of the evidence|first=Jonathan L.|last= Reed |year=2002 |isbn= 978-1-56338-394-6|ref=harv |url=http://books.google.com/?id=Xrav1ge-A_sC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher=Continuum}} * {{cite book|last=Sanders|first=Ed P. | authorlink=E. P. Sanders |title=The Historical Figure of Jesus|url=https://archive.org/details/historicalfigure0000sand|publisher=Allen Lane Penguin Press|year=1993|isbn=978-0-7139-9059-1|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Stanton|first=Graham|authorlink=Graham Stanton|title=The Gospels and Jesus|isbn=978-0-521-00802-0|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002|ref=harv |url=http://books.google.com/?id=A7wNGMrAiD0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{cite book|last1=Theissen|first1=Gerd|authorlink1=Gerd Theissen|last2=Merz|first2=Annette|authorlink2=Annette Merz|year=1998|title=The historical Jesus : a comprehensive guide |isbn=978-1-4514-0863-8|publisher=Fortress Press|ref=harv |url=http://books.google.com/?id=3ZU97DQMH6UC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{cite book|title=The Quest for the Plausible Jesus: The Question of Criteria|first1= Gerd |last1=Theissen|first2= Dagmar|last2= Winter |year=2002| isbn= 978-0-664-22537-7|ref=harv |publisher= Westminster John Knox Press |url=http://books.google.com/?id=qB5ulgKx4OUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{cite book|first=Graham H. |last=Twelftree |authorlink=Graham Twelftree |title= Jesus the miracle worker: a historical & theological study| isbn= 978-0-8308-1596-8 |url =http://books.google.com/books?id=DitVtGWdYeYC&pg=PA95#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=1999 |publisher =InterVarsity Press |ref= harv}} * {{cite book|last=Van Voorst|first=Robert E|year=2000|title=Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence|publisher=Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-4368-5| url=http://books.google.com/?id=lwzliMSRGGkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words|last= Vine | first= William E. | authorlink= William Edwy Vine |year= 1940|publisher= Fleming H. Revell Company|ref=harv |isbn= 978-0-916441-31-9}} * {{cite book |title= Jesus the Jew: A Historian's Reading of the Gospels|url= https://archive.org/details/jesusjewhistoria0000verm|edition= |last= Vermes|first= Geza|authorlink1= Geza Vermes|year= 1981|publisher= First Fortress|location= Philadelphia|isbn= 0-8006-1443-7}} * {{cite book|title=The Bible Knowledge Commentary: New Testament| first1=John F. |last1=Walvoord | authorlink1=John Walvoord|first2= Roy B.|last2= Zuck|year= 1983 |isbn= 978-0-88207-812-0|publisher=David C. Cook|url=http://books.google.com/?id=DP4UiA4gQNMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=The Jesus Quest: The Third Search for the Jew of Nazareth|first= Ben|last= Witherington |year= 1997| isbn= 978-0-8308-1544-9 |ref=harv |publisher=InterVarsity Press |url=http://books.google.com/?id=IE_T3Xh2fyUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} {{refend}} == Viungo vya nje == {| align="right" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | {{Sister project links |wikt=Jesus |commons=ישוע |b=Biblical_Studies/Christianity/Jesus |n=no |q=Jesus |s=Portal:Christianity |v=Jesus |species=no |voy=no |mw=no |d=Q302 |m=no}} |} * {{dmoz|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Christianity/Jesus_Christ/}} * [http://www.latinvulgate.com/christverse.aspx Complete Sayings of Jesus Christ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.latinvulgate.com/christverse.aspx |date=20180406022804 }} in parallel Latin and English. * {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-84784}} * [https://sw.godfootsteps.org/when-you-behold-the-spiritual-body-of-jesus-will-be-when-god-has-made-anew-heaven-and-earth.html Yesu] {{Bikira Maria}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 6 KK]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 30]] [[Jamii:Yesu Kristo]] [[Jamii:Ukristo]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Biblia]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Israeli]] [[Jamii:Manabii wa Agano Jipya]] [[Jamii:Wafiadini]] [[Category:Kristolojia]] [[Jamii:Utatu Mtakatifu]] [[Jamii:Bikira Maria]] [[Jamii:Wayahudi]] tiplvfhb99ih11fufhfi220pblu87my 0 2206 1530149 1505315 2026-05-02T19:03:03Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sayari | alama = [[File:Venus symbol (bold).svg|24px|♀]] | majina_mengine = Ng'andu<br>Venus ([[Kiingereza|Kng.]]) | nusujira_kuu = km 108,208,927<br>au 0.723332 | uduaradufu = 0.006772 | siku = siku −116.75<br>([[mzunguko wa kinyume]]) | mbetuko = 3.39458[[nyuzi|°]] toka [[njia ya Jua]] | nusukipenyo = km 6,051.8±1.0<br>mara 0.9499 ya Dunia | msongamano = g/cm³ 5.243 | mvutano = m/s² 8.87 | tungamo = kg 4.8675×10²⁴<br>mara 0.815 ya Dunia | halijoto = [[Kelvini|K]] 737 (464[[°C]]) |weupe=0.76 ([[Weupe wa Bond|Bond]])<br> 0.689 ([[Weupe jiometri|jiometri]]) |asili_ya_jina=[[Kiarabu|Kar.]] اَلزُّهَرَة‎ (''az-zuhara'') |siku_nyota=siku −243.0226<br>([[mzunguko wa kinyume]]) |mwendokaribu=[[km]] 107,477,094<br>[[Kizio astronomia|au]] 0.718440 |mwendombali=km 108,939,114<br>au 0.728213 |kipindi=[[siku]] 224.701<br>[[Mwaka|miaka]] 0.615198 |jina=Zuhura |picha=Venus from Mariner 10.jpg |ukubwa_picha= |maelezo=Zuhura kama ilivyoonwa na [[Mariner 10]]. |matini_badala=Zuhura kama ilivyoonwa na [[Mariner 10]]. }} [[Picha: Sunset at Grain Elevator 012 Cropped more.jpg|thumb|Zuhura ikionekana kama [[nyota]] ya kwanza wakati wa [[jioni]] kando ya [[mwezi]].]] '''Zuhura''' au '''Ng'andu''' ni [[sayari]] ya pili katika [[Mfumo wa Jua]]. Kati ya [[sayari]] zote za [[Jua]] ndiyo inayofanana zaidi na [[Dunia]] yetu. == Asili ya jina == Sayari hii ina [[jina|majina]] mawili kwa [[Kiswahili]]: Zuhura, kwa [[matamshi]] mengine pia "Zuhra", ni jina leye asili ya [[Kiarabu]] <big>زُهَرَة</big> ''zuhara'' lenye maana asilia ya "mwenye kung'aa". Ng'andu ni jina lenye asili ya [[Kibantu]]. == Tabia za sayari == Kwenye [[anga]] la [[usiku]] inang'aa kushinda nyota zote isipokuwa [[mwezi]]. Kutokana na [[nguvu]] ya [[mwanga]] wake inaonekana mapema kati ya [[nyota]] za kwanza zinazoonekana jioni; vilevile huwa inaonekana kama nyota ya mwisho wakati wa [[pambazuko]]. Zuhura ina [[umbali]] wa kati ya [[kilomita]] [[milioni]] 107.5 - 108.9 kutoka Jua. Umbali kutoka Dunia yetu hutegemea na mahali pa Dunia na Zuhura kwenye mizingo yao ya kuzunguka Jua: uko kati ya kilomita milioni 38.3-260.9. [[Ukubwa]] wake na pia [[kemia]] yake zinafanana sana na Dunia ikiwa [[kipenyo]] chake ni km 12,103.6 kwenye [[ikweta]]. Haina [[mwezi]] wowote. [[Mwaka]] wa Zuhura (ambao ni muda wa kutimiza [[njiamzingo]] moja wa kuzunguka Dunia) una siku 224.7 za Dunia. [[Siku]] ya Zuhura (ambayo ni muda wa duru moja ya sayari yenyewe) ina siku 243 za Dunia. Zuhura ni sayari yenye mzunguko kufuatana na mwendo wa saa. [[Hali ya hewa]] ni ya [[joto]] sana, kwa wastani [[sentigredi]] 500. [[Hewa]] yake ni hasa ya [[kabonidaioksaidi]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/V/Venusatmos.html |title="Atmosphere of Venus". The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflght. Iliangaliwa Agosti 2018 |accessdate=2018-08-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402130541/http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/V/Venusatmos.html |archivedate=2019-04-02 }}</ref> inayosababisha ma[[wingu]] mengi yanayozuia [[sura]] yake isionekane kwa [[darubini]]. Kutokana na [[halijoto]] kali hakuna [[maji]]. == Utafiti == [[Warusi]] na [[Wamarekani]] walifaulu kupeleka [[vipimaanga]] mbalimbali hadi Zuhura, vingine vilipita na kupima [[hewa]], vingine vilifika kwenye sura ya sayari na kutuma [[picha]] za [[mazingira]] hadi kuharibika kutokana na joto kali. Uso wa sayari umefanyiwa [[utafiti]] kwa msaada wa [[rada]] kutoka vipimaanga [[Magellan (kipimaanga)|Magellan]] na [[Pioneer-Venus]]. Kutokana na matokeo yake [[ramani]] ya kwanza ilitokea. Sehemu kubwa ya sayari ni [[tambarare]] yenye vilima na mabonde yasiyo marefu. Kutokana na joto kubwa (mnamo 500[[°C]]) hakuna [[maji]] wala [[bahari]]. [[Picha:Venus map with labels.jpg|thumb|Ramani hii ya Zuhura imepatikana kutokana na vipimo vya rada; rangi ya buluu huonyehsa maeneo yaliyo karibu na uwiano wa wastani wa sayari; ]] Kuna sehemu mbili ambako [[nyanda za juu]] zinapanda juu ya uwiano wa kawaida na hizi zilifananishwa na [[kontinenti]] za Dunia. Karibu na [[ikweta]] ya Zuhura iko sehemu inayoitwa "Aphrodite Terra" yenye ukubwa kama [[Amerika Kusini]]. Kwenye upande wa [[mashariki]] kuna [[safu za milima]] na mabonde makubwa pamoja na [[volkeno]]. Sehemu ya pili huitwa "Ishtar Terra" yenye ukubwa sawa na [[Australia]] kwenye Dunia. Hapa kuna [[milima ya Maxwell]] yenye urefu wa [[mita]] 10.800 juu ya uwiano wa wastani. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} *[http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/V/Venus.html D. Darling, Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight] * [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/venus Venus profile] at NASA's Solar System Exploration site * [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/planets/venuspage.html Missions to Venus] {{Wayback|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/planets/venuspage.html |date=20150210163349 }} and [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/thumbnail_pages/venus_thumbnails.html Image catalog] {{Wayback|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/thumbnail_pages/venus_thumbnails.html |date=20150329025335 }} at the [[National Space Science Data Center]] * [http://www.mentallandscape.com/V_Venus.htm Soviet Exploration of Venus] and [http://www.mentallandscape.com/C_CatalogVenus.htm Image catalog] at Mentallandscape.com * [http://www.nineplanets.org/venus.html Venus page] at ''[[The Nine Planets]]'' * [http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/transit/catalog/VenusCatalog.html Transits of Venus] at NASA.gov * [http://www.geody.com/?world=venus Geody Venus], a search engine for surface features === Kuhusu ramani za Zuhura === * [http://www.mapaplanet.org/explorer/venus.html Map-a-Planet: Venus] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mapaplanet.org/explorer/venus.html |date=20071005184007 }} by the [[U.S. Geological Survey]] * [http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/VENUS/target Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature: Venus] by the [[International Astronomical Union]] * [http://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/vc/vchome.shtml Venus crater database] by the [[Lunar and Planetary Institute]] * [http://planetologia.elte.hu/venusz-terkep-elte-ttk-kavucs.pdf Map of Venus] {{Wayback|url=http://planetologia.elte.hu/venusz-terkep-elte-ttk-kavucs.pdf |date=20151106161927 }} by [[Eötvös Loránd University]] * [https://www.google.com/maps/space/venus/@33.5623476,-46.1493481,7057278m/data=!3m1!1e3 Google Venus 3D], interactive map of the planet {{mbegu-sayansi}} {{mfumo wa jua na sayari zake}} [[Jamii:zuhura]] se7u45pk6mxitrqd68xrs863ouj8ron 0 2273 1530025 1424172 2026-05-02T18:43:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Jiji la Zanzibar |picha_ya_satelite = |pushpin_map = Tanzania |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa mji wa Zanzibar katika Tanzania |settlement_type = Jiji |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Tanzania]] |subdivision_type1 = [[:Jamii:Mikoa ya Tanzania|Mkoa]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Mkoa wa Unguja Mjini Magharibi|Unguja Mjini Magharibi]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Wilaya za Tanzania|Wilaya]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Wilaya ya Unguja Mjini|Unguja Mjini]] |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = |latd=6 |latm=9 |lats=36 |latNS=S |longd=39 |longm=12 |longs=0 |longEW=E |website = }} [[Picha:Sansibar House of Wonders.jpg|thumb|''Beit-al-Ajaib'', yaani ''Jumba la Maajabu'' ([[1907]]).]] '''Jiji la Zanzibar''' ni [[mji]] mkubwa wa [[kisiwa]] cha [[Unguja]] na [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Zanzibar]].Pia ni [[wilaya]] katika [[Mkoa wa Unguja Mjini Magharibi]] wa [[Tanzania]]. Jiji lina wakazi 206,292 ([[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2002]]).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/districts/town.htm |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2004-03-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040318024833/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/districts/town.htm |archivedate=2004-03-18 }}</ref> ==Jina== *Makala kuu: [[Etimolojia ya Neno Zanzibar]] ==Mji Mkongwe== [[Kitovu]] cha [[historia]] yake ni [[Mji Mkongwe]] (''Stone Town'') ulioandikishwa katika orodha ya [[UNESCO]] ya "[[Urithi wa Dunia]]" (World Heritage). [[Nyumba]] za Mji Mkongwe zilijengwa tangu mwaka [[1830]] wakati [[Sultani]] [[Sayyid Said]] alipohamisha mji mkuu wake kutoka [[Omani]] kuja [[Unguja]]. Kati ya [[Jengo|majengo]] maarufu ni [[Beit al Ajaib]] (yaani [[Jumba la Maajabu]] lililobomoka tarehe [[24 Desemba]] [[2020]]<ref>https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/kitaifa/jengo-la-kihistoria-beit-al-ajaib-laanguka-zanzibar-3239382</ref>), [[boma]] la kale, [[Kanisa la Kristo Zanzibar|Kanisa Kuu la Kianglikana]] lililojengwa mahali pa [[soko la watumwa]] na hasa nyumba nyingi za kihistoria za [[ghorofa]] zilizojengwa na [[famila]] za tabaka la [[tajiri|matajiri]] [[Waarabu]] zenye [[mlango|milango]] yenye mapambo mazuri. Mji Mkongwe unapokea [[watalii]] wengi kila mwaka. Mji wa kisasa umekua sana ng'ambo ya Mji Mkongwe. ==Tazama Pia== *[[Jamhuri ya Watu wa Zanzibar]] ==Picha== <br clear="right"/> <gallery> Image:StoneTown-Zanzibar.jpg|<small>[[Mji Mkongwe]]</small> Image:Sansibar-HoseOfWonders.jpg|<small>Nyumba ya Maajabu (Beit-al-Ajaib</small> Image:Fort-Zanzibar.jpg|<small>Boma la Kale katika Mji Mkongwe</small> Image:Beach-Zanzibar.jpg|<small>Mahalipa kuogelea ufukoni karibu na Mji Mkongwe</small> </gallery> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons cat|Zanzibar City|Jiji la Zanzibar}} {{wikivoyage|Stone Town}} * [http://home.globalfrontiers.com/Zanzibar/swahili_home_page.htm Historia na utamaduni wa Zanzibar] {{Wayback|url=http://home.globalfrontiers.com/Zanzibar/swahili_home_page.htm |date=20060207112626 }} * [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/173 UNESCO Stone Town Site] * [http://stcda-zanzibar.org Stone Town Conservation and Development Authority] {{Wayback|url=http://stcda-zanzibar.org/ |date=20161022152424 }} * [http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/districts/town.htm Zanzibar Urban District Homepage for the 2002 Tanzania National Census] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/districts/town.htm |date=20040318024833 }} * [http://www.worldhum.com/features/travel-stories/stranger-in-paradise-20090609/ Stranger in Paradise: Searching for a Place to Call Home in Stone Town] {{Wayback|url=http://www.worldhum.com/features/travel-stories/stranger-in-paradise-20090609/ |date=20110718114857 }} by Christopher Vourlias, ''World Hum'', June 15, 2009 * [http://zanzibar-islands.com/guide/Stone-Town/001G3M6KPGKJZTCC/ Zanzibar Stone Town & Hotels] {{Wayback|url=http://zanzibar-islands.com/guide/Stone-Town/001G3M6KPGKJZTCC/ |date=20110611023741 }} A travel guide website containing pictures and information about Stone Town as well as a selection of Stone Town Hotels. * [http://www.africahousehotel.com/stone_town.html Stone Town sites and attractions] {{Wayback|url=http://www.africahousehotel.com/stone_town.html |date=20120316015542 }} {{Kata za Wilaya ya Mjini Unguja}} {{mbegu-jio-unguja}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Unguja Mjini Magharibi]] [[Jamii:Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:Waswahili]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Mjini Unguja| ]] phsx89w3c6n08eeh4jwkb87eh20jl5t 0 3193 1530306 1497365 2026-05-03T05:26:17Z Gayle157 73366 /* */ [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi]] 1530306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi|jina_rasmi=Jamhuri ya Kodivaa|jina_asili=''République de Côte d'Ivoire'' ([[Kifaransa]])|bendera=Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg|nembo=Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Ivory_Coast.svg|ramani=Côte d'Ivoire (orthographic projection).svg|ramani2=Côte d'Ivoire topographic map-sw.svg|ukubwa_nembo=90|ukubwa_bendera=120|kaulimbiu=<br>''Union – Discipline – Travail'' (Kifaransa)<br>"Umoja– Nidhamu – Kazi"|wimbo=''[[L'Abidjanaise]]''<br>"Wimbo wa Abidjan"|mji_mkuu=[[Yamoussoukro]]|mji_mkubwa=[[Abidjan]]|latd=6|latm=51|latNS=N|longd=5|longm=18|longEW=W|latd2=5|latm2=20|latNS2=N|longd2=4|longm2=1|longEW2=W|lugha_rasmi=[[Kifaransa]]|serikali=[[Jamhuri]]|muundo_uhuru='''Historia'''|eneo_jumla=322 463|cheo_eneo=67|maji=1.4|sensa=2014|watu_kadirio=29 344 847|mwaka_kadirio=2023|cheo_watu=52|watu_sensa=22 671 331|msongamano=91.1|fedha=[[Faranga ya CFA]]|majira_saa=+0 ([[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]])|msimbo_simu=225|tld=.ci|tukio1=Kuasisi kwa jamhuri|tukio2=[[Uhuru]] kutoka [[Ufaransa]]|tukio1_tarehe=4 Desemba 1958|tukio2_tarehe=7 Agosti 1960|kiongozi1=[[Alassane Ouattara]]|kiongozi2=[[Patrick Achi]]|cheo_kiongozi1=[[Rais wa Kodivaa|Rais]]|cheo_kiongozi2=[[Waziri Mkuu wa Kodivaa|Waziri Mkuu]]}} [[File:Abidjan2.jpg|300x300px|thumb|[[Abidjan]] ni mji mkubwa na muhimu zaidi kiuchumi wa Ivory Coast .]] '''Kodivaa'''<ref>{{Cite TUKI|toleo=4|ukurasa=784}}</ref> (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: '''Côte d'Ivoire'''{{Efn|Tamka: kot divwar. Jina la Kifaransa lina maana ya "pwani ya pembe za ndovu"}}, rasmi '''Jamhuri ya Kodivaa''' ni nchi ya [[Afrika ya Magharibi]]. Imepakana na [[Liberia]] na [[Guinea]] upande wa [[magharibi]], [[Mali]] na [[Burkina Faso]] [[kaskazini]], [[Ghana]] [[mashariki]] na [[Ghuba ya Guinea]] ya [[Atlantiki]] upande wa [[kusini]]. Ikiwa na idadi ya watu milioni 32 ni nchi ya 32 kubwa duniani kwa idadi ya watu. [[Yamoussoukro]] ndio mji mkuu na [[Abidjan]] ndio mji mkubwa. Kodivaa ni nchi ya pwani ya [[Afrika Magharibi]] yenye [[hali ya hewa]] ya kitropiki, maeneo mbalimbali ya ikolojia, na pwani kando ya [[Ghuba ya Gine]] inayosaidia shughuli za bandari na uvuvi. Sehemu ya kusini kwa ujumla ina unyevunyevu na misitu mingi, wakati kaskazini hubadilika kuwa maeneo ya [[savana][ ya ukanda wa Sudani-Sahel. Tofauti hii ya kijiografia inaathiri kwa kiasi kikubwa mgawanyo wa watu, [[kilimo]], na shughuli za kiuchumi nchini kote. Nchi ina uchumi ulio na utofauti ambao ni miongoni mwa mkubwa zaidi [[Afrika Magharibi]], ukiungwa mkono na [[kilimo]], [[huduma]], na [[viwanda]]. Ni mojawapo ya wazalishaji na wauzaji wakuu wa kakao duniani, pamoja na uzalishaji mkubwa wa [[kahawa]], [[korosho]], mafuta ya mawese, na mpira. Sekta ya [[viwanda]] inajumuisha usindikaji wa vyakula, utengenezaji, ujenzi, na uzalishaji wa nishati, huku sekta ya huduma hasa fedha, mawasiliano, na biashara ikipanuka kwa kasi katika miji mikubwa. Kodivaa pia ina nafasi muhimu ya kisiasa na kiuchumi katika [[Afrika Magharibi]]. Ni mwanachama wa [[ECOWAS|Jumuiya ya Kiuchumi ya Nchi za Afrika Magharibi]] na Umoja wa Kiuchumi na Fedha wa Afrika Magharibi, ambayo huathiri sera zake za kifedha na ushirikiano wa kibiashara wa kikanda. Maendeleo ya kisasa ya nchi yamechangiwa na vipindi vya ukosefu wa utulivu wa kisiasa vilivyofuatwa na mageuzi ya kiuchumi, upanuzi wa miundombinu, na ongezeko la uwekezaji wa kigeni. ==Historia== {{main|Historia ya Kodivaa}} Baada ya [[uhuru]] ([[7 Agosti]] [[1960]]) iliwahi kuwa kati ya nchi [[tajiri]] zaidi za Afrika lakini tangu mwaka [[2002]] [[uchumi]] na hali ya [[maisha]] kwa jumla vimeharibika kutokana na [[vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] ([[2002]]-[[2011]]). ==Watu== Wakazi walikadiriwa kuwa 29,344,847 mwaka [[2023]], lakini [[sensa]] ya mwaka huo ilihesabu [[idadi]] ndogo zaidi: 29,389,150. [[Kabila]] kubwa ni lile la [[Waakan]] (38%). [[Asilimia]] 22% ni [[wahamiaji]], hasa kutoka nchi jirani (Liberia, Burkina Faso na Guinea). Asilimia 4 wana [[asili]] tofauti, hasa [[Ufaransa]], [[Lebanoni]], [[Vietnam]] na [[Hispania]]. [[Lugha]] zinazotumika kawaida ni 68, lakini [[lugha rasmi]] ni Kifaransa. Upande wa [[dini]], [[Uislamu]] una 42.5%, [[Ukristo]] 39.8% ([[Kanisa Katoliki]] peke yake 24.9%), [[dini asilia za Kiafrika]] 2.2% na dini nyingine 0.5%. Wasio na dini ni 12.6% == Tazama pia == * [[Wilaya za Cote d'Ivoire]] * [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] * [[Tarafa za Cote d'Ivoire]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]] * [[Demografia ya Afrika]] == Tanbihi == {{Tanbihi}} ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{Refbegin}} * {{citation|last=Amin Samir|first=Bernard Nantet|chapter=Côte-d’Ivoire|title=[[Encyclopædia Universalis]]|publisher=Encyclopædia Universalis|location=Paris|year=1999|language=fr}} * {{citation|last=Amondji|first=Marcel|authorlink=Marcel Amondji|title=Côte-d'Ivoire. 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- ''Côte d'Ivoire''] {{Wayback|url=http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Cote_d_Ivoire/ |date=20090120103134 }} directory category '''Utalii''' * [http://www.anytravels.com/africa/cote_divore/ Travel Overview of Côte d'Ivoire] {{Wayback|url=http://www.anytravels.com/africa/cote_divore/ |date=20081007125821 }} * [http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/destinations/africa/cote-d'ivoire Lonely Planet - Côte d'Ivoire] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/destinations/africa/cote-d%27ivoire |date=20080719212257 }} '''Mengineyo''' * [http://www.izf.net/izf/documentation/cartes/Pays/supercartes/cotedivoire.htm Map of Côte d'Ivoire] {{Wayback|url=http://www.izf.net/izf/documentation/cartes/Pays/supercartes/cotedivoire.htm |date=20080521162331 }} * [http://www.pipci.org/ Parti ivoirien du Peuple] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pipci.org/ |date=20120123181357 }} {{fr}} * [http://globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/ivory-coast.htm Global Security - Ivory Coast Conflict] * [http://ivorycoast.site.voila.fr Akwaba ya Kodivaa] {{Wayback|url=http://ivorycoast.site.voila.fr |date=20090115100307 }} {{Afrika}} {{African Union}} {{Commons|Côte d'Ivoire}} {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Cote d'Ivoire| ]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]] [[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Nchi zinazotumia lugha ya Kifaransa]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] aw24bh9eza3gmuqs0kwylxnroikz6gy 1530307 1530306 2026-05-03T05:26:39Z Gayle157 73366 /* */ Typoo 1530307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi|jina_rasmi=Jamhuri ya Kodivaa|jina_asili=''République de Côte d'Ivoire'' ([[Kifaransa]])|bendera=Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg|nembo=Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Ivory_Coast.svg|ramani=Côte d'Ivoire (orthographic projection).svg|ramani2=Côte d'Ivoire topographic map-sw.svg|ukubwa_nembo=90|ukubwa_bendera=120|kaulimbiu=<br>''Union – Discipline – Travail'' (Kifaransa)<br>"Umoja– Nidhamu – Kazi"|wimbo=''[[L'Abidjanaise]]''<br>"Wimbo wa Abidjan"|mji_mkuu=[[Yamoussoukro]]|mji_mkubwa=[[Abidjan]]|latd=6|latm=51|latNS=N|longd=5|longm=18|longEW=W|latd2=5|latm2=20|latNS2=N|longd2=4|longm2=1|longEW2=W|lugha_rasmi=[[Kifaransa]]|serikali=[[Jamhuri]]|muundo_uhuru='''Historia'''|eneo_jumla=322 463|cheo_eneo=67|maji=1.4|sensa=2014|watu_kadirio=29 344 847|mwaka_kadirio=2023|cheo_watu=52|watu_sensa=22 671 331|msongamano=91.1|fedha=[[Faranga ya CFA]]|majira_saa=+0 ([[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]])|msimbo_simu=225|tld=.ci|tukio1=Kuasisi kwa jamhuri|tukio2=[[Uhuru]] kutoka [[Ufaransa]]|tukio1_tarehe=4 Desemba 1958|tukio2_tarehe=7 Agosti 1960|kiongozi1=[[Alassane Ouattara]]|kiongozi2=[[Patrick Achi]]|cheo_kiongozi1=[[Rais wa Kodivaa|Rais]]|cheo_kiongozi2=[[Waziri Mkuu wa Kodivaa|Waziri Mkuu]]}} [[File:Abidjan2.jpg|300x300px|thumb|[[Abidjan]] ni mji mkubwa na muhimu zaidi kiuchumi wa Ivory Coast .]] '''Kodivaa'''<ref>{{Cite TUKI|toleo=4|ukurasa=784}}</ref> (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: '''Côte d'Ivoire'''{{Efn|Tamka: kot divwar. Jina la Kifaransa lina maana ya "pwani ya pembe za ndovu"}}, rasmi '''Jamhuri ya Kodivaa''' ni nchi ya [[Afrika ya Magharibi]]. Imepakana na [[Liberia]] na [[Guinea]] upande wa [[magharibi]], [[Mali]] na [[Burkina Faso]] [[kaskazini]], [[Ghana]] [[mashariki]] na [[Ghuba ya Guinea]] ya [[Atlantiki]] upande wa [[kusini]]. Ikiwa na idadi ya watu milioni 32 ni nchi ya 32 kubwa duniani kwa idadi ya watu. [[Yamoussoukro]] ndio mji mkuu na [[Abidjan]] ndio mji mkubwa. Kodivaa ni nchi ya pwani ya [[Afrika Magharibi]] yenye [[hali ya hewa]] ya kitropiki, maeneo mbalimbali ya ikolojia, na pwani kando ya [[Ghuba ya Gine]] inayosaidia shughuli za bandari na uvuvi. Sehemu ya kusini kwa ujumla ina unyevunyevu na misitu mingi, wakati kaskazini hubadilika kuwa maeneo ya [[savana]] ya ukanda wa Sudani-Sahel. Tofauti hii ya kijiografia inaathiri kwa kiasi kikubwa mgawanyo wa watu, [[kilimo]], na shughuli za kiuchumi nchini kote. Nchi ina uchumi ulio na utofauti ambao ni miongoni mwa mkubwa zaidi [[Afrika Magharibi]], ukiungwa mkono na [[kilimo]], [[huduma]], na [[viwanda]]. Ni mojawapo ya wazalishaji na wauzaji wakuu wa kakao duniani, pamoja na uzalishaji mkubwa wa [[kahawa]], [[korosho]], mafuta ya mawese, na mpira. Sekta ya [[viwanda]] inajumuisha usindikaji wa vyakula, utengenezaji, ujenzi, na uzalishaji wa nishati, huku sekta ya huduma hasa fedha, mawasiliano, na biashara ikipanuka kwa kasi katika miji mikubwa. Kodivaa pia ina nafasi muhimu ya kisiasa na kiuchumi katika [[Afrika Magharibi]]. Ni mwanachama wa [[ECOWAS|Jumuiya ya Kiuchumi ya Nchi za Afrika Magharibi]] na Umoja wa Kiuchumi na Fedha wa Afrika Magharibi, ambayo huathiri sera zake za kifedha na ushirikiano wa kibiashara wa kikanda. Maendeleo ya kisasa ya nchi yamechangiwa na vipindi vya ukosefu wa utulivu wa kisiasa vilivyofuatwa na mageuzi ya kiuchumi, upanuzi wa miundombinu, na ongezeko la uwekezaji wa kigeni. ==Historia== {{main|Historia ya Kodivaa}} Baada ya [[uhuru]] ([[7 Agosti]] [[1960]]) iliwahi kuwa kati ya nchi [[tajiri]] zaidi za Afrika lakini tangu mwaka [[2002]] [[uchumi]] na hali ya [[maisha]] kwa jumla vimeharibika kutokana na [[vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] ([[2002]]-[[2011]]). ==Watu== Wakazi walikadiriwa kuwa 29,344,847 mwaka [[2023]], lakini [[sensa]] ya mwaka huo ilihesabu [[idadi]] ndogo zaidi: 29,389,150. [[Kabila]] kubwa ni lile la [[Waakan]] (38%). [[Asilimia]] 22% ni [[wahamiaji]], hasa kutoka nchi jirani (Liberia, Burkina Faso na Guinea). Asilimia 4 wana [[asili]] tofauti, hasa [[Ufaransa]], [[Lebanoni]], [[Vietnam]] na [[Hispania]]. [[Lugha]] zinazotumika kawaida ni 68, lakini [[lugha rasmi]] ni Kifaransa. Upande wa [[dini]], [[Uislamu]] una 42.5%, [[Ukristo]] 39.8% ([[Kanisa Katoliki]] peke yake 24.9%), [[dini asilia za Kiafrika]] 2.2% na dini nyingine 0.5%. Wasio na dini ni 12.6% == Tazama pia == * [[Wilaya za Cote d'Ivoire]] * [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] * [[Tarafa za Cote d'Ivoire]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]] * [[Demografia ya Afrika]] == Tanbihi == {{Tanbihi}} ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{Refbegin}} * {{citation|last=Amin Samir|first=Bernard Nantet|chapter=Côte-d’Ivoire|title=[[Encyclopædia Universalis]]|publisher=Encyclopædia Universalis|location=Paris|year=1999|language=fr}} * {{citation|last=Amondji|first=Marcel|authorlink=Marcel Amondji|title=Côte-d'Ivoire. 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- ''Côte d'Ivoire''] {{Wayback|url=http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Cote_d_Ivoire/ |date=20090120103134 }} directory category '''Utalii''' * [http://www.anytravels.com/africa/cote_divore/ Travel Overview of Côte d'Ivoire] {{Wayback|url=http://www.anytravels.com/africa/cote_divore/ |date=20081007125821 }} * [http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/destinations/africa/cote-d'ivoire Lonely Planet - Côte d'Ivoire] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/destinations/africa/cote-d%27ivoire |date=20080719212257 }} '''Mengineyo''' * [http://www.izf.net/izf/documentation/cartes/Pays/supercartes/cotedivoire.htm Map of Côte d'Ivoire] {{Wayback|url=http://www.izf.net/izf/documentation/cartes/Pays/supercartes/cotedivoire.htm |date=20080521162331 }} * [http://www.pipci.org/ Parti ivoirien du Peuple] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pipci.org/ |date=20120123181357 }} {{fr}} * [http://globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/ivory-coast.htm Global Security - Ivory Coast Conflict] * [http://ivorycoast.site.voila.fr Akwaba ya Kodivaa] {{Wayback|url=http://ivorycoast.site.voila.fr |date=20090115100307 }} {{Afrika}} {{African Union}} {{Commons|Côte d'Ivoire}} {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Cote d'Ivoire| ]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]] [[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Nchi zinazotumia lugha ya Kifaransa]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] sq8l1idgz4vikv3hwn21b6udhcxnovz 1530309 1530307 2026-05-03T05:28:08Z Gayle157 73366 /* Demografia */ 1530309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi|jina_rasmi=Jamhuri ya Kodivaa|jina_asili=''République de Côte d'Ivoire'' ([[Kifaransa]])|bendera=Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg|nembo=Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Ivory_Coast.svg|ramani=Côte d'Ivoire (orthographic projection).svg|ramani2=Côte d'Ivoire topographic map-sw.svg|ukubwa_nembo=90|ukubwa_bendera=120|kaulimbiu=<br>''Union – Discipline – Travail'' (Kifaransa)<br>"Umoja– Nidhamu – Kazi"|wimbo=''[[L'Abidjanaise]]''<br>"Wimbo wa Abidjan"|mji_mkuu=[[Yamoussoukro]]|mji_mkubwa=[[Abidjan]]|latd=6|latm=51|latNS=N|longd=5|longm=18|longEW=W|latd2=5|latm2=20|latNS2=N|longd2=4|longm2=1|longEW2=W|lugha_rasmi=[[Kifaransa]]|serikali=[[Jamhuri]]|muundo_uhuru='''Historia'''|eneo_jumla=322 463|cheo_eneo=67|maji=1.4|sensa=2014|watu_kadirio=29 344 847|mwaka_kadirio=2023|cheo_watu=52|watu_sensa=22 671 331|msongamano=91.1|fedha=[[Faranga ya CFA]]|majira_saa=+0 ([[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]])|msimbo_simu=225|tld=.ci|tukio1=Kuasisi kwa jamhuri|tukio2=[[Uhuru]] kutoka [[Ufaransa]]|tukio1_tarehe=4 Desemba 1958|tukio2_tarehe=7 Agosti 1960|kiongozi1=[[Alassane Ouattara]]|kiongozi2=[[Patrick Achi]]|cheo_kiongozi1=[[Rais wa Kodivaa|Rais]]|cheo_kiongozi2=[[Waziri Mkuu wa Kodivaa|Waziri Mkuu]]}} [[File:Abidjan2.jpg|300x300px|thumb|[[Abidjan]] ni mji mkubwa na muhimu zaidi kiuchumi wa Ivory Coast .]] '''Kodivaa'''<ref>{{Cite TUKI|toleo=4|ukurasa=784}}</ref> (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: '''Côte d'Ivoire'''{{Efn|Tamka: kot divwar. Jina la Kifaransa lina maana ya "pwani ya pembe za ndovu"}}, rasmi '''Jamhuri ya Kodivaa''' ni nchi ya [[Afrika ya Magharibi]]. Imepakana na [[Liberia]] na [[Guinea]] upande wa [[magharibi]], [[Mali]] na [[Burkina Faso]] [[kaskazini]], [[Ghana]] [[mashariki]] na [[Ghuba ya Guinea]] ya [[Atlantiki]] upande wa [[kusini]]. Ikiwa na idadi ya watu milioni 32 ni nchi ya 32 kubwa duniani kwa idadi ya watu. [[Yamoussoukro]] ndio mji mkuu na [[Abidjan]] ndio mji mkubwa. Kodivaa ni nchi ya pwani ya [[Afrika Magharibi]] yenye [[hali ya hewa]] ya kitropiki, maeneo mbalimbali ya ikolojia, na pwani kando ya [[Ghuba ya Gine]] inayosaidia shughuli za bandari na uvuvi. Sehemu ya kusini kwa ujumla ina unyevunyevu na misitu mingi, wakati kaskazini hubadilika kuwa maeneo ya [[savana]] ya ukanda wa Sudani-Sahel. Tofauti hii ya kijiografia inaathiri kwa kiasi kikubwa mgawanyo wa watu, [[kilimo]], na shughuli za kiuchumi nchini kote. Nchi ina uchumi ulio na utofauti ambao ni miongoni mwa mkubwa zaidi [[Afrika Magharibi]], ukiungwa mkono na [[kilimo]], [[huduma]], na [[viwanda]]. Ni mojawapo ya wazalishaji na wauzaji wakuu wa kakao duniani, pamoja na uzalishaji mkubwa wa [[kahawa]], [[korosho]], mafuta ya mawese, na mpira. Sekta ya [[viwanda]] inajumuisha usindikaji wa vyakula, utengenezaji, ujenzi, na uzalishaji wa nishati, huku sekta ya huduma hasa fedha, mawasiliano, na biashara ikipanuka kwa kasi katika miji mikubwa. Kodivaa pia ina nafasi muhimu ya kisiasa na kiuchumi katika [[Afrika Magharibi]]. Ni mwanachama wa [[ECOWAS|Jumuiya ya Kiuchumi ya Nchi za Afrika Magharibi]] na Umoja wa Kiuchumi na Fedha wa Afrika Magharibi, ambayo huathiri sera zake za kifedha na ushirikiano wa kibiashara wa kikanda. Maendeleo ya kisasa ya nchi yamechangiwa na vipindi vya ukosefu wa utulivu wa kisiasa vilivyofuatwa na mageuzi ya kiuchumi, upanuzi wa miundombinu, na ongezeko la uwekezaji wa kigeni. ==Historia== {{main|Historia ya Kodivaa}} Baada ya [[uhuru]] ([[7 Agosti]] [[1960]]) iliwahi kuwa kati ya nchi [[tajiri]] zaidi za Afrika lakini tangu mwaka [[2002]] [[uchumi]] na hali ya [[maisha]] kwa jumla vimeharibika kutokana na [[vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] ([[2002]]-[[2011]]). ==Demografia== Wakazi walikadiriwa kuwa 29,344,847 mwaka [[2023]], lakini [[sensa]] ya mwaka huo ilihesabu [[idadi]] ndogo zaidi: 29,389,150. === Kabila === [[Kabila]] kubwa ni lile la [[Waakan]] (38%). [[Asilimia]] 22% ni [[wahamiaji]], hasa kutoka nchi jirani (Liberia, Burkina Faso na Guinea). Asilimia 4 wana [[asili]] tofauti, hasa [[Ufaransa]], [[Lebanoni]], [[Vietnam]] na [[Hispania]]. === Lugha === [[Lugha]] zinazotumika kawaida ni 68, lakini [[lugha rasmi]] ni Kifaransa. === Dini === Upande wa [[dini]], [[Uislamu]] una 42.5%, [[Ukristo]] 39.8% ([[Kanisa Katoliki]] peke yake 24.9%), [[dini asilia za Kiafrika]] 2.2% na dini nyingine 0.5%. 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- ''Côte d'Ivoire''] {{Wayback|url=http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Cote_d_Ivoire/ |date=20090120103134 }} directory category '''Utalii''' * [http://www.anytravels.com/africa/cote_divore/ Travel Overview of Côte d'Ivoire] {{Wayback|url=http://www.anytravels.com/africa/cote_divore/ |date=20081007125821 }} * [http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/destinations/africa/cote-d'ivoire Lonely Planet - Côte d'Ivoire] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/destinations/africa/cote-d%27ivoire |date=20080719212257 }} '''Mengineyo''' * [http://www.izf.net/izf/documentation/cartes/Pays/supercartes/cotedivoire.htm Map of Côte d'Ivoire] {{Wayback|url=http://www.izf.net/izf/documentation/cartes/Pays/supercartes/cotedivoire.htm |date=20080521162331 }} * [http://www.pipci.org/ Parti ivoirien du Peuple] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pipci.org/ |date=20120123181357 }} {{fr}} * [http://globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/ivory-coast.htm Global Security - Ivory Coast Conflict] * [http://ivorycoast.site.voila.fr Akwaba ya Kodivaa] {{Wayback|url=http://ivorycoast.site.voila.fr |date=20090115100307 }} {{Afrika}} {{African Union}} {{Commons|Côte d'Ivoire}} {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Cote d'Ivoire| ]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]] [[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Nchi zinazotumia lugha ya Kifaransa]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] 3nwvu3i3y6qtsdridqx0fo805hzz17q 0 3204 1530231 1514306 2026-05-02T21:50:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kuhusu|Nchi|mto|Senegal (mto)}} {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Senegal | jina_asili = République du Sénégal ([[Kifaransa]]) | bendera = Flag of Senegal.svg | nembo = Coat of arms of Senegal.svg | kauli_mbiu = "Un peuple, un but, une foi"<br>"Benn Askan, Benn Jubluwaay, Benn Pas-Pas"<br>"Taifa moja, lengo moja, imani moja" | wimbo_wa_taifa = Le Lion rouge ("Simba Mwekundu") </br> | ramani = Senegal (orthographic projection).svg | ramani2 = | maelezo_ramani = Mahali pa Senegal duniani | maelezo_ramani2 = | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Dakar]] | lugha_rasmi = [[Kifaransa]] | lugha2 = [[Kiwolof]], [[Kisereri]], [[Kijola]], [[Kipulaar]], [[Kisoninke]], [[Kimandinka]] | mwaka_dini = 2019 | dini = 97.2% [[Uislamu]]<br>2.7% [[Ukristo]]<br>0.1% nyingine<ref name="CIA Factbook">{{cite web |title=Senegal |date=23 August 2022 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/ |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |access-date=23 January 2024 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204143936/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | uraia = Msenegali | serikali = Jamhuri ya urais ya muungano mmoja | cheo_kiongozi1 = [[Rais]] | kiongozi1 = [[Bassirou Diomaye Faye]] | cheo_kiongozi2 = [[Waziri Mkuu]] | kiongozi2 = [[Ousmane Sonko]] | bunge = Bunge la Taifa | muundo_uhuru = Uhuru | tukio1 = Kuanzishwa kwa Jamhuri | tukio1_tarehe = 25 Novemba 1958 | tukio2 = Uhuru kutoka Ufaransa | tukio2_tarehe = 20 Juni 1960 | eneo_jumla = 196,722 | maji = 2.1% | watu_kadirio = 18,847,519 | mwaka_kadirio = 2024 | msongamano = 96 | mwaka_plt_ppp = 2025 | plt_ppp = {{Increase}} $105.428 bilioni <ref name="IMFWEO.SN">{{cite web |url= https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report?c=722,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2023&ey=2030&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Senegal) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=10 April 2025 |access-date=9 August 2025}}</ref> | plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{Increase}} $5,498 <ref name="IMFWEO.SN"/> | mwaka_plt = 2025 | plt = {{Increase}} $34.728 bilioni <ref name="IMFWEO.SN"/> | plt_kwa_mtu = {{Increase}} $1,811 <ref name="IMFWEO.SN"/> | hdi = {{Increase}} 0.530 - {{chini}} | mwaka_maendeleo = 2023 | cheo_maendeleo = 169 | gini = 40.3 <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=2 March 2011 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225120531/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> | mwaka_gini = 2011 | fedha = Faranga ya CFA ya Afrika Magharibi (XOF) | majira_saa = +0 | tld = .sn | msimbo_simu = 221 }} '''Senegal''' , ''(pia Senegali'') rasmi '''Jamhuri ya Senegal''' ni nchi ya [[Afrika ya Magharibi]] iliyopo upande wa [[kusini]] mwa [[mto Senegal]]. Imepakana na nchi ya [[Mauritania]] upande wa [[kaskazini]], [[Mali]] upande wa [[mashariki]], [[Guinea]] na [[Guinea-Bisau]] kusini na [[Bahari]] [[Atlantiki]] upande wa [[magharibi]]. Nchi ya [[Gambia]] inazungukwa na eneo la Senegal isipokuwa upande wa bahari. [[Visiwa]] vya [[Cabo Verde]] viko [[km]] 560 mbele ya [[pwani]] ya Senegal. Mnamo 2024 ina idadi ya watu takriban milioni 18 katika eneo la kilomita za mraba 196,722. [[Dakar]] ndio [[mji mkuu]] na mkubwa wa Senegal. [[Kifaransa]] ndio [[lugha rasmi]] huku [[Kiwolof]], [[Kiserer]], [[Kijola]], [[Kipulaar]], [[Kisoninke]], [[Kimandinka]] zikiwa [[Lugha ya taifa|lugha za taifa]]. Senegal ni [[nchi]] ya [[Afrika Magharibi]] yenye [[historia]] ndefu iliyoundwa na falme na ufalme kadhaa za kabla ya [[ukoloni]], ikiwemo [[Ufalme wa Tekrur]], [[Dola la Jolof]], na Falme za Waalo na Sine-Saloum. Nchi hizi za kale zilianzisha mitandao ya biashara kanda ya [[Sahel]] na kando ya pwani ya Atlantiki, zikibadilishana [[dhahabu]], [[pembe]] za ndovu, na watumwa na wafanyabiashara wa [[Afrika ya Kaskazini|Kaskazini mwa Afrika]] na [[Ulaya]]. [[Karne ya 15]] ilileta ongezeko la mawasiliano na [[Ulaya]], huku [[Wareno]], [[Waholanzi]], na [[Wafaransa]] wakiweka msingi wa mahusiano katika pwani. Kufikia [[karne ya 19]], Senegal ilikuwa sehemu muhimu ya [[Afrika Magharibi ya Kifaransa]], na [[Dakar]] ikawa kitovu cha kiutawala na [[biashara]] za kikoloni. Nchi ilipata uhuru mwaka 1960 chini ya uongozi wa [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]], ambaye alikua rais wa kwanza, na tangu wakati huo Senegal imeendelea kudumisha mfumo thabiti wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]], ukiwemo uchaguzi wa kawaida na mfumo wa vyama vingi, ukichukuliwa kuwa miongoni mwa mifumo thabiti zaidi barani [[Afrika]].<ref name='h1'>{{Rejea tovuti|title=History of Senegal|url=https://www.bouelmogdad.com/en/history/|publisher=bouelmogdad|website=www.bouelmogdad.com|access-date=2026-03-29}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name='h2'>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Senegal History, Independence, Colonialism|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Senegal/History|publisher=Britannica|website=2026-03-29|access-date=2026-03-29}}</ref> [[Uchumi]] wa Senegal ni mchanganyiko wa sekta kadhaa lakini una changamoto zake. [[Kilimo]], ikiwa ni pamoja na korosho, mtama, na [[uvuvi]], ndicho msingi wa maisha ya vijijini, huku sekta za huduma na utalii zikichangia zaidi kwenye uchumi wa mijini, hasa [[Dakar]].<ref name='h4'/> Nchi inakabiliwa na changamoto kama ukosefu wa [[ajira]], ukosefu wa usawa [[jiografia|kijiografia]], na hatari za mabadiliko ya tabianchi, hasa katika maeneo ya pwani na kaskazini kavu. Senegal ina idadi ya watu takriban milioni 18, wakiwemo makabila mbalimbali kama [[Wawolof]], [[Wafulani]], [[Waserer]], na [[Wamandinka]], huku zaidi ya asilimia 97.2 ya wananchi wakifuata [[Uislamu]] na 2.7% wakifuata [[Ukristo]].<ref name="h3" >{{Rejea tovuti|title=2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Senegal|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/senegal/|publisher=US Department of Stare|website=www.state.gov|access-date=2026-03-29}}</ref> Licha ya changamoto hizi, Senegal inajulikana kwa maisha yake tajiri ya [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], ikiwemo muziki, ngoma, fasihi, na sherehe za [[utamaduni]], na inaendelea kuwa kielelezo cha uongozi wa kanda, ujumuishaji wa [[uchumi|kiuchumi]], na ushawishi wa [[utamaduni|kitamaduni]] katika [[Afrika Magharibi]]. == Jiografia == [[File:Senegal regions.png|thumb|Ramani ya Senegal]] Jiografia ya Senegal inaelezwa na nafasi yake katika sehemu ya magharibi kabisa ya bara la [[Afrika]], ikiwa imepakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] upande wa magharibi, [[Mauritania]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Mali]] upande wa mashariki, na [[Guinea]] pamoja na [[Guinea-Bissau]] upande wa kusini. Aidha, nchi hii inaizunguka karibu kabisa [[Gambia]], jambo linalosababisha mgawanyiko wa kijiografia kati ya sehemu ya kaskazini ya Senegal na eneo la [[Casamance]] kusini. Senegal ina ukubwa wa takribani kilomita za mraba 196,000 na inajulikana kwa kuwa na tambarare pana zenye mwinuko mdogo, isipokuwa kusini-mashariki ambako kuna vilima vinavyoungana na nyanda za juu za [[Fouta Djallon]]. [[Rasi ya Cap-Vert]] (ambapo kuna [[Dakar]], mji mkuu) ndiyo sehemu ya magharibi kabisa ya bara la Afrika.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Jiografia ya Senegal|url=https://www.bouelmogdad.com/en/geography/|website=www.bouelmogdad.com|access-date=2026-03-29}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Land Of Senegal|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Senegal/Land|publisher=Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|access-date=2026-03-29}}</ref> [[File:Senegal Topography.png|thumb|Topografia ya Senegal]] Mandhari ya nchi hii kwa ujumla ni tambarare au maeneo yenye mawimbi madogo ya ardhi ndani ya Bonde la Senegal-Mauritania, yakikatizwa na mito na maeneo ya pwani. Mito mikubwa kama vile [[Mto Senegal]], [[Mto Gambia]], na [[Mto Casamance]] hutiririka kutoka mashariki kuelekea magharibi na kuunda mabonde yenye rutuba yanayosaidia shughuli za kilimo. Pwani za Senegal hutofautiana kutoka fukwe za mchanga zilizo wazi kaskazini hadi maeneo yenye mikoko na mito ya chumvi kusini, hasa katika maeneo ya [[Saloum]] na [[Casamance]]. Udongo nao hutofautiana kutoka mchanga wa ''Dior'' kaskazini-magharibi hadi udongo wa lateriti na udongo mzito kusini, hali inayochangia utofauti wa matumizi ya ardhi. [[Hali ya hewa]] ya Senegal ni ya kitropiki yenye vipindi viwili vikuu: msimu wa ukame na msimu wa mvua. Msimu wa ukame hudumu kuanzia Novemba hadi Mei na huathiriwa na upepo mkavu wa [[Harmattan]] kutoka [[Jangwa la Sahara]], wakati msimu wa mvua hutokea kati ya [[Juni]] na [[Oktoba]] kutokana na pepo za monsoon kutoka [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]]. Senegal ina maeneo matatu makuu ya hali ya hewa: ukanda wa pwani wenye hali ya wastani, ukanda wa Sahel kaskazini wenye joto na ukame, na ukanda wa kusini wenye unyevunyevu zaidi na mvua nyingi. Tofauti hii ya hali ya hewa husababisha uwepo wa mifumo mbalimbali ya ikolojia, kuanzia savanna na nyasi kaskazini hadi misitu na mikoko katika eneo la [[Casamance]] kusini. ==Historia== {{Main|Historia ya Senegal}} [[File:Dakar-Vieux Lébou (AOF).jpg|thumb|Kata ya Kale ya Lébou]] '''Historia ya Senegal''' inaonyesha mabadiliko ya muda mrefu kutoka [[ustaarabu]] wa kale, kupitia enzi za falme za [[Afrika|Kiafrika]], hadi [[ukoloni]] wa [[Ulaya]] na hatimaye uhuru. Eneo hili limekaliwa tangu nyakati za kale, kama inavyothibitishwa na mabaki ya zana za mawe na miduara ya mawe iliyopo katikati mwa nchi. Katika Zama za Kati, Senegal ilikuwa sehemu ya mitandao ya biashara ya ''Trans-Sahara'' na ilihusishwa na falme kubwa kama [[Dola la Ghana]] na [[Dola la Jolof]]. Watu kama [[Wafulani]] na [[Watukulor]] waliishi katika Bonde la [[Mto Senegal]], huku [[Uislamu]] ukienea taratibu kuanzia karne ya 11 kupitia makundi kama [[Almoravid]].<ref name='h2'/><ref name='h1'/> Kuanzia karne ya 15, wafanyabiashara wa Ulaya hasa [[Ureno]], baadaye [[Uholanzi]] na hatimaye [[Ufaransa]] walianza kufika katika pwani ya Senegal na kuanzisha vituo vya biashara. Maeneo kama [[Kisiwa cha Gorée]] na [[Saint-Louis]] yakawa vituo muhimu vya biashara, ikiwemo [[biashara ya watumwa]], [[dhahabu]], na bidhaa nyingine. Mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 19]], Senegal iliwekwa chini ya utawala wa moja kwa moja wa [[Ufaransa]] na kuwa sehemu ya [[Afrika Magharibi ya Kifaransa]]. Katika kipindi hiki, miundombinu kama reli ilijengwa na uchumi ukaelekezwa zaidi kwenye mazao ya biashara kama karanga, huku pia kukiwa na upinzani wa ndani dhidi ya utawala wa kikoloni. Senegal ilipata uhuru wake mwaka 1960 chini ya uongozi wa [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]], kwanza ikiwa sehemu ya [[Shirikisho la Mali]] lililodumu kwa muda mfupi kabla ya kuwa taifa huru kabisa. Tangu uhuru, nchi imejulikana kwa utulivu wa kisiasa ukilinganishwa na mataifa mengi ya Afrika, pamoja na mfumo wa vyama vingi. Marais waliofuata kama [[Abdou Diouf]] na [[Abdoulaye Wade]] waliendeleza mfumo wa kidemokrasia, huku mabadiliko ya madaraka yakifanyika kwa amani. Hata hivyo, changamoto kama migogoro ya [[Casamance]] na matatizo ya kiuchumi zimeendelea kuathiri nchi kwa nyakati tofauti, ingawa Senegal imeendelea kuwa moja ya nchi zenye uthabiti mkubwa kisiasa katika [[Afrika Magharibi]]. == Demografia == Kuna wakazi [[milioni]] 13.5 na idadi kubwa ni wa chini ya [[umri]] wa miaka 20. Wameongezeka sana, mnamo mwaka [[1985]] idadi ilikuwa milioni 5 tu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Demographics of Senegal|url=https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/senegal-demographics/|publisher=Worldometers|website=www.worldometers.info|access-date=2026-03-29}}</ref> === Kabila === [[File:WolofWaalo.jpg|thumb|Wolof kutoka Waalo katika mavazi ya vita]] Nchi ya Senegal ina mchanganyiko mkubwa wa [[kabila|makabila]], ambapo kila kabila lina [[historia]], [[lugha]], na [[utamaduni]] zake za kipekee. Kikundi kikubwa zaidi ni [[Wawolof]], ambacho kinaundwa na takriban asilimia 43 ya idadi ya watu na kimsingi kimekuwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika [[siasa]], [[biashara]], na [[utamaduni]] wa taifa. [[Wafulani]] na [[Watukulor]] pamoja huchangia takriban asilimia 24, wakitambulika kwa shughuli zao za [[kilimo]], mifugo, na [[utamaduni]] wa [[Uislamu|kiislamu]]. [[Waserer]] ni kabila lingine muhimu, likiunda takriban asilimia 14.7 ya wananchi, likijulikana kwa historia yake ndefu na mila za kiasili. [[Diola]] huchangia karibu asilimia 4, [[Mandinka]] takriban asilimia 3, huku [[Wasoninke]] na makundi madogo mengine yakiwa na uwakilishi mdogo lakini wenye mchango mkubwa katika tamaduni na jamii za Senegal. Mchanganyiko huu wa kiasili unachangia sana katika [[sanaa]], muziki, [[lugha]], ngoma, na desturi za [[jamii|kijamii]], na kuunda utambulisho wa taifa wa kipekee unaojumuisha [[historia]] na maisha ya kisasa. === Lugha === Kwa ujumla kuna [[Orodha ya lugha za Senegal|lugha 37]] nchini Senegal. [[Kiwolofu]] kinazidi kuenea, lakini mpaka sasa [[lugha rasmi]] ni [[Kifaransa]]. [[Shule|Shuleni]] kinatumika pia [[Kireno]], hasa kusini. [[Theluthi]] mbili ya wakazi hawajui kusoma. === Dini=== [[File:EGLISE DE NIANING.jpg|thumb|Kanisa la Epiphania, Nianing, Senegal]] Senegal ni [[nchi isiyo na dini]] [[dini rasmi|rasmi]], ingawa [[Uislamu]] ndio dini kuu inayofuatawa na karibu asilimia 97.2 ya wananchi wake, hasa wafuasi wa [[sunni]]. Uislamu umekuwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika maisha ya [[jamii|kijamii]] na [[siasa]] tangu [[karne]] nyingi, ukiunda mtindo wa kipekee wa [[dini|kidini]] na [[utamaduni]]. [[Wakristo]], hasa [[Wakatoliki]], wanaundwa na takriban asilimia 2.7 ya idadi ya watu, huku [[dini]] nyingine ndogo, ikiwemo [[dini za jadi|imani za jadi]], zikichangia sehemu ndogo ya mchanganyiko wa [[dini|kidini]].<ref name='h3'/> Hata hivyo, Senegal inajulikana kwa mshikamano wa kidini, ambapo jamii mbalimbali zinaishi pamoja kwa amani, na sikukuu na sherehe za kidini zinashirikishwa kwa namna ya kijamii na ya kitaifa. === Miji === {{main|Orodha ya miji ya Senegal}} Miji mikubwa ni [[Dakar]] (wakazi 2 476 400), [[Pikine]] (wakazi 874 062), [[Thiès]] (wakazi 252 320), [[Saint-Louis (Senegal)|Saint-Louis]] (wakazi 176 000), [[Kaolack]] (wakazi 172 305), [[Ziguinchor]] (wakazi 159,788), [[Tiebo]] (wakazi 100 289). Karibu [[nusu]] ya watu huishi mijini. == Uchumi == [[File:Dakar-place-de-l'Indépendance.jpg|thumb|[[Dakar]], Kitovu cha uchumi cha Senegal]] Uchumi wa Senegal unajumuisha sekta mbalimbali zenye mchango mkubwa katika [[pato la taifa]] na [[ajira]], zikiwemo [[kilimo]], [[uvuvi]], uchimbaji wa rasilimali, ujenzi na utalii. Sekta hizi zinatoa msingi wa maisha ya wananchi wengi, hasa katika maeneo ya [[kijiji|vijijini]]. Uchumi wa Senegal unategemea [[rasilimali]] asilia kama [[chuma]], zircon, [[dhahabu]], fosfati, mafuta na gesi, pamoja na uzalishaji wa pembejeo za [[kilimo]] na huduma za kifedha. Senegal pia ni mwanachama wa mashirika ya kiuchumi ya kikanda kama [[ECOWAS]] na inategemea uwekezaji wa moja kwa moja wa kigeni pamoja na misaada ya nje katika kuendeleza miundombinu na sekta mbalimbali za uchumi.<ref name='h4'>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Agriculture, Trade and Fishing in Senegal|author=Andrew Clark|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Senegal/Economy|publisher=Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|access-date=2026-03-29}}</ref> [[Kilimo]], ingawa kinachangia [[ajira]] kwa zaidi ya robo moja ya wananchi, kinasalia kukabiliwa na changamoto kutokana na utegemezi wa hali ya hewa na mabadiliko ya mvua. Mazao muhimu ni pamoja na karanga (peanut), [[mpunga]], mahindi na mizizi, huku uvuvi wa kibiashara ukiwa chanzo kikuu cha fedha za kigeni. Sekta ya uchimbaji wa rasilimali, ikiwemo fosfati, pamoja na utafutaji wa mafuta na gesi, imeongeza vyanzo vya mapato ya kigeni, ingawa uwekezaji na uendelezaji wake unaendelea hatua kwa hatua. Senegal inakabiliwa na changamoto za [[uchumi|kiuchumi]], zikiwemo kiwango kikubwa cha [[umaskini]], ukosefu wa ajira hasa kwa vijana, na utegemezi wa bidhaa zilizoisha thamani ya juu kutoka nje. Serikali imeanzisha mikakati kama ''Plan Sénégal Emergent'' yenye lengo la kukuza ukuaji wa [[uchumi]], kuboresha [[miundombinu]], kuongeza ajira, na kuboresha huduma za [[elimu]] na afya. Pamoja na ukuaji unaokadiriwa kufikia viwango vya juu kutokana na uwekezaji na uchimbaji wa rasilimali mapya, changamoto za usawa wa mapato na maendeleo endelevu zinaendelea kuhitaji sera madhubuti za muda mrefu. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]] * [[Demografia ya Afrika]] ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} ==Bibliografia== {{Div col|2}} * Babou, Cheikh Anta, ''Fighting the Greater Jihad: Amadu Bamba and the Founding of the Muridiyya of Senegal, 1853–1913'', (Ohio University Press, 2007) * Behrman, Lucy C, ''Muslim Brotherhood and Politics in Senegal'', (iUniverse.com, 1999) * Buggenhage, Beth A, ''Muslim Families in Global Senegal: Money Takes Care of Shame'', (Indiana University Press, 2012) * Bugul, Ken, ''The Abandoned Baobab: The Autobiography of a Senegalese Woman'', (University of Virginia Press, 2008) * Foley, Ellen E, ''Your Pocket is What Cures You: The Politics of Health in Senegal'', (Rutgers University Press, 2010) * Gellar, Sheldon, ''Democracy in Senegal: Tocquevillian Analytics in Africa'', (Palgrave Macmillan, 2005) * Glover, John, ''Sufism and Jihad in Modern Senegal: The Murid Order'', (University of Rochester Press, 2007) * Kane, Katharina, ''Lonely Planet Guide: The Gambia and Senegal'', (Lonely Planet Publications, 2009) * Kueniza, Michelle, ''Education and Democracy in Senegal'', (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011) * Mbacké, Khadim, ''Sufism and Religious Brotherhoods in Senegal'', (Markus Wiener Publishing Inc., 2005) * Streissguth, Thomas, ''Senegal in Pictures'', (Twentyfirst Century Books, 2009) * Various, ''Insight Guide: Gambia and Senegal'', (APA Publications Pte Ltd., 2009) * Various, ''New Perspectives on Islam in Senegal: Conversion, Migration, Wealth, Power, and Femininity'', (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009) * Various, ''Senegal: Essays in Statecraft'', (Codesria, 2003) * Various, ''Street Children in Senegal'', (GYAN France, 2006) {{Div col end}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons}} * {{fr}} [http://www.gouv.sn/ Serikali ya Senegal] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gouv.sn/ |date=20080516093351 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1064496.stm Country Profile] from [[BBC News]] * {{CIA World Factbook link|sg|Senegal}} * [http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/senegal/business-corruption-in-senegal.aspx Senegal Corruption Profile] from the [[Business-Anti-Corruption Portal|Business Anti-Corruption Portal]] ;Trade * [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/SEN/Year/2012/Summary Senegal 2012 Summary Trade Statistics] * {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Senegal}} * {{wikiatlas|Senegal}} {{Afrika}} {{African Union}} {{CPLP}} [[Jamii:Senegal| ]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]] [[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Nchi zinazotumia lugha ya Kifaransa]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] 1sd18kr33lipwzxfd3yjbwp1l8aqexj 0 3759 1530255 1505594 2026-05-03T00:53:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Slovenia | jina_asili = Republika Slovenija | bendera = Flag of Slovenia.svg | nembo = Coat of arms of Slovenia.svg | wimbo_wa_taifa = ''[[Zdravljica]]'' ("Kikombe cha Salamu") {{center|[[File:Slovenia's national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]]}} | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Ljubljana]] | lugha_rasmi = [[Kislovenia]]<ref name="eb2018">{{cite web |url=http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp |title=Eurobarometer – Slovenia |publisher=Tume ya Ulaya |access-date=9 Agosti 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | mwaka_dini = 2018 | dini = {{Plainlist| * 77.9% [[Ukristo]] * 18.3% [[Wasio na dini]] * 3.9% Nyingine }}<ref name="eb2018"/> | uraia = Mslovenia | serikali = Jamhuri ya bunge la umoja | cheo_kiongozi1 = [[Rais]] | kiongozi1 = [[Nataša Pirc Musar]] | cheo_kiongozi2 = [[Waziri Mkuu]] | kiongozi2 = [[Robert Golob]] | bunge = [[Bunge la Slovenia]] | muundo_uhuru = Uhuru | tukio1 = Dola la Waslovenia, Wakroatia na Waserbia | tukio1_tarehe = 29 Oktoba 1918 | tukio2 = Uhuru kutoka Yugoslavia | tukio2_tarehe = 25 Juni 1991 | eneo_jumla = 20,272 | maji = 0.7% | watu_kadirio = 2,133,852 | mwaka_kadirio = 2025 | msongamano = 103 | mwaka_plt_ppp = 2025 | plt_ppp = $122,985 bilioni | plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = $57,716 | mwaka_plt = 2025 | plt = $79,222 bilioni | plt_kwa_mtu = $37,178 | hdi = 0.931 | mwaka_maendeleo = 2023 | cheo_maendeleo = 21 | gini = 23.4<ref name="eurogini">{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |title=Gini coefficient – Slovenia |publisher=Eurostat |access-date=2021}}</ref> | fedha = [[Euro]] (€) | majira_saa = +1 | tld = [[.si]] | msimbo_simu = +386 }} '''Slovenia''' (jina rasmi: '''Jamhuri ya Slovenia''') ni nchi ndogo ya [[Ulaya ya Kati]]. Inapakana na [[Italia]] magharibi, [[Austria]] kaskazini, [[Hungaria]] kaskazini mashariki, na [[Kroatia]] kusini na mashariki, huku ikipata ufukwe mfupi wa [[Bahari ya Adria]] magharibi kusini. Ina idadi ya watu takriban milioni 2.1, ikiwa ya 147 duniani. Mji mkuu na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Ljubljana]]. Slovenia ni sehemu ya [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na ukanda wa [[euro]], na inajulikana kwa mazingira yake ya kijani, [[Alpi|milima ya Alps]], maeneo ya mapango ya ajabu kama Postojna, na utamaduni wake unaochanganya [[Ulaya ya Kati]] na [[Bahari ya Mediterania]]. Slovenia ina [[uchumi]] wa kisasa unaotegemea [[mauzo ya nje]], ambao ni miongoni mwa ulioendelea zaidi kati ya nchi za [[Ulaya ya Kati]] na Kusini-Mashariki. Inafanya kazi chini ya mfumo wa uchumi wa soko la kijamii uliochanganyika na imekuwa mwanachama wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] tangu mwaka 2004 na eneo la sarafu ya euro tangu 2007. Nchi hii ilipitia mabadiliko ya haraka ya [[uchumi|kiuchumi]] baada ya kupata uhuru kutoka [[Yugoslavia]] mwaka 1991, ikihama kutoka mfumo wa ujamaa kwenda uchumi wa soko. Leo, Slovenia ina [[pato la taifa kwa kila mtu|pato la juu kwa kila mtu]] ikilinganishwa na viwango vya kikanda na inadumisha viashiria thabiti vya uchumi vinavyoungwa mkono na taasisi imara na ushirikiano katika masoko ya [[Ulaya]]. [[Uchumi]] wa Slovenia unaendeshwa na [[viwanda]], [[huduma]], na biashara ya nje. Sekta kuu za viwanda ni pamoja na utengenezaji wa sehemu za magari, dawa, vifaa vya umeme, na mashine. [[Huduma]], hasa [[utalii]], [[fedha]], na usafirishaji, pia zina mchango mkubwa katika [[pato la taifa]]. [[Utalii]] unaungwa mkono na vivutio vya asili kama Milima ya Julian, Ziwa Bled, na mifumo mikubwa ya mapango ya chokaa, ambayo huvutia wageni wa kimataifa. [[Uchumi]] wa Slovenia unategemea sana [[mauzo ya nje]], huku washirika wake wakuu wa biashara wakiwa [[Ujerumani]], [[Italia]], [[Austria]], na [[Kroatia]]. Licha ya uthabiti wake, nchi hii inakabiliwa na changamoto kama kuzeeka kwa idadi ya watu na kudumisha ushindani katika soko lililounganishwa sana la [[Ulaya]]. ==Historia== [[Waslavi]] walihamia Slovenia ya leo katika [[karne ya 6]] [[BK]]. Tangu zamani waliishi chini ya utawala wa madola mbalimbali kama vile [[Dola la Roma]], Austria na [[Yugoslavia]] hadi kupata [[uhuru]] wa kisiasa mara ya kwanza kabisa mwaka [[1991]] baada ya mwisho wa [[Shirikisho la Yugoslavia]]. Kati ya nchi zote zilizotokana na [[Yugoslavia]] ya zamani Slovenia ni nchi yenye [[uchumi]] imara zaidi. ==Demografia== === Kabila=== Watu wengi (83%) ni wa [[kabila]] la Waslovenia, wenye [[lugha]] ya [[Kislovenia]] ambayo ni kati ya [[lugha za Kislavoni]]. === Dini === [[File:Litija Slovenia - church.JPG|thumb|Kanisa la Saint Nicholas, Litija, Slovenia]] Upande wa [[dini]], 72.1% ni [[Wakatoliki]]. [[Waorthodoksi]] ni 3.7% na [[Uprotestanti|Waprotestanti]] 0.9%. [[Mwislamu|Waislamu]] ni 3%. 10% wanajitambulisha kama [[Wakanamungu]]. == Viungo vya nje == {{commonscat}} * [http://www.slovenia.si/ Slovenia.si]. Your gateway to information on Slovenia. * [http://www.vlada.si/en/ Government of the Republic of Slovenia] * [http://www.slovenia.info Slovenia - Official Travel Guide] {{Umoja wa Ulaya}} {{Ulaya}} {{mbegu-jio-Ulaya}} [[Jamii:Slovenia]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Umoja wa Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Mkataba wa Schengen]] [[Jamii:Umoja wa Forodha wa Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Yugoslavia ya zamani]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] k8r0yvmn6xev94wkh1t4f7z5tbm0tpl 0 4145 1529902 1529510 2026-05-02T14:24:03Z Gayle157 73366 /* Jedwali */ Typo 1529902 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Orodha ya makabila ya Tanzania''' inayotolewa hapa inataja [[Kabila|makabila]] zaidi ya mia moja na ishirini (120) ambayo hupatikana katika [[Mkoa|mikoa]] yote ya [[Mikoa ya Tanzania|Tanzania]]. Ni orodha ya makabila ya watu ambao wamekuwa wanaishi tangu zamani katika eneo ambalo sasa linaitwa Tanzania, pamoja na makabila yaliyogawiwa na mipaka baina ya Tanzania na nchi za jirani. Orodha hii haizingatii makabila yanayoishi katika Tanzania kama [[wakimbizi]] tu, hasa kutokana na [[vita]] katika nchi za jirani. Vilevile ukurasa huu hauorodheshi vikundi vya [[wahamiaji]] kutoka nchi za kigeni, kama wahamiaji au wazao wao kutoka [[Uarabuni]] au [[Uhindi]]. Juu ya hiyo, hakuna [[ufafanuzi]] wa wazi kusema kikundi fulani ni kabila au siyo. Vikundi kadhaa katika orodha hii vina wenyeji mamia tu, lakini vikundi vingine vina [[milioni|mamilioni]] ya watu; labda kila kikundi kinaitwa "kabila," lakini ni jamii za aina tofauti kabisa. Vikundi katika ukurasa huu vimeorodheshwa kuwa vikundi tofauti kutokana na ushahidi wa kutofautisha lugha zao unaotokana na orodha ya [[lugha]] za [[Tanzania]] inayopatikana katika Ethnologue <ref>http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=TZ</ref> pamoja na [[tovuti]] nyingine <ref>http://www.fizzylogic.com/wasukuma/makabila_tz.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.fizzylogic.com/wasukuma/makabila_tz.html |date=20060822104026 }}</ref>; inaweza kuwa na matatizo kwenye [[jina|majina]] kadhaa, kwa sababu mbalimbali. Kwa mfano, inawezekana kwamba baadhi ya majina ya [[Kabila|makabila]] ni majina ya [[lugha]] au [[lahaja]] tu, badala ya makabila, na labda majina mengine yaliandikwa vibaya.<ref>Raa, Eric Ten. “The Moon as a Symbol of Life and Fertility in Sandawe Thought.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, vol. 39, no. 1, 1969, pp. 24–53. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1157948. Accessed 18 Mar. 2023.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Akie - A heavily endangered hunter‐gatherers' language in Central Tanzania|url=https://dobes.mpi.nl/posters/screen/africa-akie-screen.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=Documentation of Endangered Languages|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713035157/https://dobes.mpi.nl/posters/screen/africa-akie-screen.pdf|archive-date=2021-07-13}}</ref> ==Jedwali== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Kabila !Mkoa !Wilaya !Kundi la kikabila-lugha !Maelezo |- |[[:en:Alagwa_people|Alagwa]] |[[Dodoma (mji)|Dodoma]] |Kondoa |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] |Jamii hii inahusishwa na sanaa ya kutengeneza mvua (uganga wa mvua), licha ya kuwa asilimia 99 ni Waislamu.<ref>Raa, Eric Ten. “The Moon as a Symbol of Life and Fertility in Sandawe Thought.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, vol. 39, no. 1, 1969, pp. 24–53. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1157948. Accessed 18 Mar. 2023.</ref> |- |[[:en:Akie_people|Akie]] |Manyara |Simanjiro |[[:en:Khoisan|Wakhoisani]] |Waakie, kama ilivyo kwa watu wengine wote wa wawindaji na wakusanyaji nchini Tanzania na Kenya, wakati mwingine huitwa “Dorobo” au “Wandorobo”, jambo ambalo ni la kudhalilisha na si sahihi..<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Akie - A heavily endangered hunter‐gatherers' language in Central Tanzania|url=https://dobes.mpi.nl/posters/screen/africa-akie-screen.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=Documentation of Endangered Languages|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713035157/https://dobes.mpi.nl/posters/screen/africa-akie-screen.pdf|archive-date=2021-07-13}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Barabaig|Barabaig]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Hanang_District|Hanang]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Assa_(ethnic_group)|Assa]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Kiteto_District|Kiteto]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Arusha_people|Arusha]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Arusha_District|Arusha]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Bembe_people|Bembe]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpanda_District|Mpanda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Bena_people|Bena]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Njombe_District|Njombe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Bende_people|Bende]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpanda_District|Mpanda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Bondei|Bondei]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Pangani_District|Pangani]] & [[:en:Muheza_District|Muheza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Bungu_people|Bungu]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Chunya_District|Chunya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Burunge_people|Burunge]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Kondoa_District|Kondoa]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Chaga_people|Chagga]] |[[:en:Kilimanjaro_Region|Kilimanjaro]] |[[:en:Siha_District|Siha]] , [[:en:Moshi_District|Moshi]] , [[:en:Moshi_Rural_District|Moshi Rural]] , [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo]] & [[:en:Hai_District|Hai]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Datooga_people|Datooga]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Karatu_District|Karatu]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Dhaiso|Dhaiso]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Muheza_District|Muheza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Digo_people|Digo]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Mkinga_District|Mkinga]] & [[:en:Tanga_District|Tanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Doe_people|Doe]] |[[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Chalinze_District|Chalinze]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Fipa_people|Fipa]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Nkasi_District|Nkasi]] & [[:en:Sumbawanga_District|Sumbawanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Gogo_(ethnic_group)|Gogo]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Chamwino_District|Chamwino]] , [[:en:Chemba_District_(Tanzania)|Chemba]] , [[:en:Bahi_District|Bahi]] , [[:en:Kongwa_District|Kongwa]] & [[:en:Mpwapwa_District|Mpwapwa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Goma_people|Goma people]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Kigoma-Ujiji_District|Kigoma-Ujiji]] & [[:en:Kigoma_District|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Gorowa_people|Gorowa]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Kondoa_District|Kondoa]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Ha_people|Ha]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Kasulu_District|Kasulu]] & [[:en:Kibondo_District|Kibondo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Hadimu|Hadimu]] |[[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] |[[:en:Kati_District|Kati]] , [[:en:Kaskazini_A_District|Kaskazini A]] , [[:en:Kaskazini_B_District|Kaskazini B]] , [[:en:Mjini_District|Mjini]] & [[:en:Kusini_District|Kusini]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Hadza_people|Hadza]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Karatu_District|Karatu]] |[[:en:Khoisan|Wakhoisani]] | |- |[[:en:Hangaza|Hangaza]] |[[:en:Kagera_Region|Kagera]] |[[:en:Ngara_District|Ngara]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Haya_(ethnic_group)|Haya]] |[[:en:Kagera_Region|Kagera]] |[[:en:Muleba_District|Muleba]] , [[:en:Bukoba_Rural_District|Bukoba Rural]] , [[:en:Bukoba_District|Bukoba]] , & [[:en:Missenyi_District|Missenyi]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Hehe_people|Hehe]] |[[:en:Iringa_Region|Iringa]] |[[:en:Iringa_District|Iringa]] , [[:en:Kilolo_District|Kilolo]] , [[:en:Mufindi_District|Mufindi]] & [[:en:Iringa_Urban_District|Iringa Urban]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Holoholo_people|Holoholo people]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Uvinza_District|Uvinza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ikizu|Ikizu]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Bunda_District|Bunda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ikoma_(ethnic_group)|Ikoma]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Serengeti_District|Serengeti]] & [[:en:Butiama_District|Butiama]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Iraqw_people|Iraqw]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Hanang_District|Hanang]] , [[:en:Babati_District|Babati]] & [[:en:Mbulu_District|Mbulu]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Isanzu|Isanzu]] |[[:en:Singida_Region|Singida]] |[[:en:Mkalama_District|Mkalama]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Jiji_people|Jiji]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Kigoma-Ujiji_District|Kigoma-Ujiji]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Jita_people|Jita]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Rorya_District|Rorya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Joluo|Joluo]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Butiama_District|Butiama]] , [[:en:Musoma_Urban|Musoma Urban]], [[:en:Rorya_District|Rorya]] & [[:en:Tarime_District|Tarime]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Kaguru|Kaguru]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Gairo_District|Gairo]] & [[:en:Kilosa_District|Kilosa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kami_(ethnic_group)|Kami]] |[[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Kisarawe_District|Kisarawe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kara_people_(Tanzania)|Kara]] |[[:en:Mwanza_Region|Mwanza]] |[[:en:Ukerewe_District|Ukerewe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kerewe_people|Kerewe]] |[[:en:Mwanza_Region|Mwanza]] |[[:en:Ukerewe_District|Ukerewe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kimbu_people|Kimbu]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Chunya_District|Chunya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kinga_people|Kinga]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kisi_people|Kisi]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Konongo_people|Konongo]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpanda_District|Mpanda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kuria_people|Kuria]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Tarime_District|Tarime]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kutu_people|Kutu]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Rural_District|Morogoro Rural]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kw'adza_people|Kw'adza]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Mbulu_District|Mbulu]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Kwaya|Kwaya]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Musoma_Rural_District|Musoma Rural]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Lambya|Lambya]] |[[:en:Songwe_Region|Songwe]] |[[:en:Momba_District|Momba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Luguru_people|Luguru]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Mvomero_District|Mvomero]] & [[:en:Morogoro_Rural_District|Morogoro Rural]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Lungu_people|Lungu]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Kalambo_District|Kalambo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Maasai_people|Maasai]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] & [[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Ngorongoro_District|Ngorongoro]] , [[:en:Kiteto_District|Kiteto]] , [[:en:Simanjiro_District|Simanjiro]] , [[:en:Longido_District|Longido]] , [[:en:Monduli_District|Monduli]] & [[:en:Arusha_District|Arusha]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Machinga_people|Machinga]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Lindi_District|Lindi]] & [[:en:Kilwa_District|Kilwa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Magoma|Magoma]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mahanji|Mahanji]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Makonde_people|Makonde]] |[[:en:Mtwara_Region|Mtwara]] & [[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Mtwara-Mikindani_District|Mtwara-Mikindani]] , [[:en:Mtwara_District|Mtwara]] , [[:en:Ruangwa_District|Ruangwa]] , [[:en:Nachingwea_District|Nachingwea]] , [[:en:Masasi_District|Masasi]] , [[:en:Lindi_District|Lindi]] , [[:en:Tandahimba_District|Tandahimba]] & [[:en:Newala_District|Newala]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Makua_(people)|Makua]] |[[:en:Mtwara_Region|Mtwara]] |[[:en:Newala_District|Newala]] & [[:en:Tandahimba_District|Tandahimba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Malila|Malila]] |[[:en:Songwe_Region|Songwe]] |[[:en:Momba_District|Momba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mambwe_people|Mambwe]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Kalambo_District|Kalambo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Manyema|Manyema]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Kigoma_District|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Manda_(ethnic_group)|Manda]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Ludewa_District|Ludewa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Wameru|Meru]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Meru_District|Meru]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Matengo|Matengo]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Mbinga_District|Mbinga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Matumbi_people|Matumbi]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Kilwa_District|Kilwa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Maviha|Maviha]] |[[:en:Mtwara_Region|Mtwara]] |[[:en:Mtwara_District|Mtwara]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mbugwe_people|Mbugwe]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Babati_District|Babati]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mbunga|Mbunga]] |[[:en:Iringa_Region|Iringa]] |[[:en:Kilolo_District|Kilolo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mbugu_people|Mbugu people]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Lushoto_District|Lushoto]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mpoto|Mpoto]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Mbinga_District|Mbinga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mwera_(ethnic_group)|Mwera]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Kilwa_District|Kilwa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndali_(ethnic_group)|Ndali]] |[[:en:Songwe_Region|Songwe]] |[[:en:Momba_District|Momba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndamba|Ndamba]] |[[:en:Iringa_Region|Iringa]] |[[:en:Kilolo_District|Kilolo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndendeule|Ndendeule]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Namtumbo_District|Namtumbo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndengereko|Ndengereko]] |[[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Mkuranga_District|Mkuranga]] , [[:en:Kisarawe_District|Kisarawe]] & [[:en:Rufiji_District|Rufiji]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndonde|Ndonde]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Nachingwea_District|Nachingwea]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngasa_people|Ngasa]] |[[:en:Kilimanjaro_Region|Kilimanjaro]] |[[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngindo|Ngindo]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Liwale_District|Liwale]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Songea_District|Songea]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngulu_people|Ngulu]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Kilindi_District|Kilindi]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngurimi|Ngurimi]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Serengeti_District|Serengeti]] & [[:en:Tarime_District|Tarime]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Iramba_people|Iramba]] |[[:en:Singida_Region|Singida]] & [[:en:Shinyanga_Region|Shinyanga]] |[[:en:Iramba_District|Iramba]] & [[:en:Kishapu_District|Kishapu]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nindi|Nindi]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Songea_District|Songea]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyakyusa_people|Nyakyusa]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Kyela_District|Kyela]] & [[:en:Rungwe_District|Rungwe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kwere_people|Kwere]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Nkasi_District|Nkasi]] & [[:en:Sumbawanga_District|Sumbawanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyambo|Nyambo]] |[[:en:Kagera_Region|Kagera]] |[[:en:Karagwe_District|Karagwe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mwanga_people|Nyamwanga]] |[[:en:Songwe_Region|Songwe]] |[[:en:Momba_District|Momba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyamwezi_people|Nyamwezi]] |[[:en:Tabora_Region|Tabora]] & [[:en:Shinyanga_Region|Shinyanga]] |[[:en:Urambo_District|Urambo]] , [[:en:Kaliua_District|Kaliua]] , [[:en:Sikonge_District|Sikonge]] , [[:en:Nzega_District|Nzega]] , [[:en:Kahama_District|Kahama]] , [[:en:Shinyanga_District|Shinyanga]] , [[:en:Uyui_District|Uyui]] & [[:en:Igunga_District|Igunga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyanyembe|Nyanyembe]] |[[:en:Tabora_Region|Tabora]] |[[:en:Uyui_District|Uyui]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Turu_people_(Tanzania)|Nyaturu]] |[[:en:Singida_Region|Singida]] |[[:en:Ikungi_District|Ikungi]] & [[:en:Manyoni_District|Manyoni]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyiha|Nyiha]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Mbozi_District|Mbozi]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Pangwa|Pangwa]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Ludewa_District|Ludewa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Pare_people|Pare]] |[[:en:Kilimanjaro_Region|Kilimanjaro]] |[[:en:Mwanga_District|Mwanga]] & [[:en:Same_District|Same]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Pimbwe|Pimbwe]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpimbwe_District|Mpimbwe]] & [[:en:Mlele_District|Mlele]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Pogolo_people|Pogolo]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Kilombero_District|Kilombero]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Rangi_people|Rangi]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Kondoa_District|Kondoa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Rufiji_people|Rufiji]] |[[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Rufiji_District|Rufiji]] , [[:en:Mafia_District|Mafia]] & [[:en:Kibiti_District|Kibiti]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Rungwa|Rungwa]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpanda_District|Mpanda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Safwa|Safwa]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Mbeya_District|Mbeya]] & [[:en:Rungwe_District|Rungwe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Sagara_people|Sagara]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Kilosa_District|Kilosa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Sandawe_people|Sandawe]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Chemba_District_(Tanzania)|Chemba]] |[[:en:Khoisan|Wakhoisani]] | |- |[[:en:Sangu_people|Sangu]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Chunya_District|Chunya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Segeju|Segeju]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Mkinga_District|Mkinga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Shambaa_people|Shambaa]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Korogwe_District|Korogwe]] , [[:en:Bumbuli_District|Bumbuli]] & [[:en:Lushoto_District|Lushoto]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Shirazi_people|Shirazi]] |[[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] |[[:en:Kati_District|Kati]] , [[:en:Kaskazini_A_District|Kaskazini A]] , [[:en:Kaskazini_B_District|Kaskazini B]] , [[:en:Mjini_District|Mjini]] & [[:en:Kusini_District|Kusini]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Shubi_people|Shubi]] |[[:en:Kagera_Region|Kagera]] |[[:en:Ngara_District|Ngara]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Suba_people_(Tanzania)|Suba]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Rorya_District|Rorya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Sukuma_people|Sukuma]] |[[:en:Mwanza_Region|Mwanza]] , [[:en:Simiyu_Region|Simiyu]] , [[:en:Geita_Region|Geita]] & [[:en:Shinyanga_Region|Shinyanga]] |[[:en:Ilemela_District|Ilemela]] , [[:en:Kwimba_District|Kwimba]] , [[:en:Magu_District|Magu]] , [[:en:Misungwi_District|Misungwi]] , [[:en:Nyamagana_District|Nyamagana]] , [[:en:Sengerema_District|Sengerema]] , [[:en:Geita_District|Geita]] , [[:en:Nyang'hwale_District|Nyang'hwale]] , [[:en:Bariadi_District|Bariadi]] , [[:en:Busega_District|Busega]] , [[:en:Itilima_District|Itilima]] , [[:en:Maswa_District|Maswa]] , [[:en:Meatu_District|Meatu]] [[:en:Shinyanga_District|Shinyanga]] , [[:en:Kahama_District|Kahama]] , [[:en:Kishapu_District|Kishapu]] , [[:en:Msalala_District|Msalala]] , [[:en:Ushetu_District|Ushetu]] & [[:en:Mbogwe_District|Mbogwe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Sumbwa|Sumbwa]] |[[:en:Geita_Region|Geita]] |[[:en:Bukombe_District|Bukombe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] |All s |All s |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] |- |[[:en:Sonjo_people|Sonjo]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Ngorongoro_District|Ngorongoro]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Tongwe|Tongwe]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Uvinza_District|Uvinza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Tumbuka_people|Tumbuka]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Nkasi_District|Nkasi]] & [[:en:Sumbawanga_District|Sumbawanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Vidunda|Vidunda]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Kilosa_District|Kilosa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Vinza|Vinza]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Uvinza_District|Uvinza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Wanda_people|Wanda]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Sumbawanga_District|Sumbawanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Wanji|Wanji]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ware_people|Ware]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Rorya_District|Rorya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Yao_people_(East_Africa)|Yao]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Tunduru_District|Tunduru]] & [[:en:Namtumbo_District|Namtumbo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Zanaki_people|Zanaki]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Butiama_District|Butiama]] & [[:en:Bunda_District|Bunda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Zaramo|Zaramo]] |[[:en:Dar_es_Salaam_Region|Dar es Salaam]] & [[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Ilala_District|Ilala]] , [[:en:Temeke_District|Temeke]] , [[:en:Ubungo_District|Ubungo]] , [[:en:Kigamboni_District|Kigamboni]] , [[:en:Kinondoni_District|Kinondoni]] , [[:en:Bagamoyo_District|Bagamoyo]] , [[:en:Kibaha_District|Kibaha]] , [[:en:Chalinze_District|Chalinze]] , [[:en:Kisarawe_District|Kisarawe]] , [[:en:Mkuranga_District|Mkuranga]] , [[:en:Mafia_District|Mafia]] & [[:en:Kibiti_District|Kibiti]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Zigua_people|Zigua]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] & [[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Handeni_District|Handeni]] , [[:en:Muheza_District|Muheza]] , [[:en:Chalinze_District|Chalinze]] , [[:en:Kilindi_District|Kilindi]] , [[:en:Korogwe_District|Korogwe]] & [[:en:Pangani_District|Pangani]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Zinza|Zinza]] |[[:en:Geita_Region|Geita]] & [[:en:Mwanza_Region|Mwanza]] |[[:en:Sengerema_District|Sengerema]] , [[:en:Geita_District|Geita]] & [[:en:Chato_District|Chato]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |} == Orodha == *[[Waakie]] *[[Waakiek]] *[[Waalagwa]] (pia: ''Wasi'') *[[Waarusha]] *[[Waassa]] *[[Wabarabaig]] (pia: ''Wamang'ati'') *[[Wabembe]] *[[Wabena]] *[[Wabende]] *[[Wabondei]] *[[Wabungu]] (au ''Wawungu'') *[[Waburunge]] *[[Wachagga]] *[[Wadatoga]] *[[Wadhaiso]] *[[Wadigo]] *[[Wadoe]] *[[Wafipa]] *[[Wagogo]] *[[Wagoma]] *[[Wagorowa]] (pia: ''Wafiome'') *[[Wagweno]] *[[Waha]] *[[Wahadzabe]] (pia: ''Wahadza'' na ''Watindiga'') *[[Wahangaza]] *[[Wahaya]] *[[Wahehe]] *[[Wahinda]] *[[Wahutu]] *[[Waikizu]] *[[Waikoma]] *[[Wairaqw]] (pia: ''Wambulu'') *[[Waisanzu]] *Waissenye *[[Wajaluo]] *[[Wajiji]] *[[Wajita]] *[[Wakabwa]] *[[Wakaguru]] *[[Wakahe]] *[[Wakami]] *[[Wakara]] (pia: ''Waregi'') *[[Wakerewe]] *[[Wakimbu]] *[[Wakinga]] *[[Wakisankasa]] *[[Wakisi]] *[[Wakonongo]] *[[Wakuria]] *[[Wakutu]] *[[Wakw'adza]] *[[Wakwavi]] *[[Wakwaya]] *[[Wakwere]] (pia: ''Wanghwele'') *[[Wakwifa]] *[[Walambya]] *[[Walongo]] *[[Waluguru]] *[[Walungu]] *[[Wamachinga]] *[[Wamagoma]] *[[Wamahanji]] *[[Wamakonde]] *[[Wamakua]] (au: ''Wamakhuwa'') *[[Wamakwe]] (pia: ''Wamaraba'') *[[Wamalila]] *[[Wamambwe]] *[[Wamanda]] *[[Wamanyema]] *[[Wamasai]] *[[Wamatengo]] *[[Wamatumbi]] *[[Wamaviha]] *[[Wambugwe]] *[[Wambunga]] *[[Wameru]] *[[Wamosiro]] *[[Wampoto]] *[[Wamwera]] *[[Wandali]] *[[Wandamba]] *[[Wandendeule]] *[[Wandengereko]] *[[Wandonde]] *[[Wanena]] *[[Wangasa]] *[[Wangindo]] *[[Wangoni]] *[[Wangulu]] *[[Wangurimi]] (au: ''Wangoreme'') *[[Wanilamba]] (au: ''Wanyiramba'') *[[Wanindi]] *[[Wanyakyusa]] *[[Wanyambo]] *[[Wanyamwanga]] *[[Wanyamwezi]] *[[Wanyanyembe]] *[[Wanyasa]] *[[Wanyaturu]] (pia: ''Warimi'') *[[Wanyiha]] *[[Waokiek]] *[[Wapangwa]] *[[Wapare]] (pia: ''Wasu'') *[[Wapimbwe]] *[[Wapogolo]] *[[Warangi]] (au: ''Walangi'') *[[Warufiji]] *[[Warungi]] *[[Warungu]] (au: ''Walungu'') *[[Warungwa]] *[[Warwa]] *[[Wasafwa]] *[[Wasagara]] *[[Wasandawe]] *[[Wasangu (Tanzania)]] *[[Wasegeju]] *[[Washambaa]] *[[Washirazi]] *[[Washubi]] *[[Wasizaki]] *[[Wasuba]] *[[Wasukuma]] *[[Wasumbwa]] *[[Waswahili]] *[[Wataveta]] *[[Watemi]] (pia: ''Wasonjo'') *[[Watongwe]] *[[Watumbuka]] *[[Wavidunda]] *[[Wavinza]] *[[Wawanda]] *[[Wawanji]] *[[Waware]] (lugha yao imekufa) *[[Wayao]] *[[Wazanaki]] *[[Wazaramo]] *[[Wazigula]] *[[Wazinza]] *[[Wazyoba]] == Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Hoja Kuhusu Tanzania}} {{Makabila ya Tanzania}} {{Africa topic|Orodha ya makabila ya}} [[Jamii:Makabila ya Tanzania|*]] [[Jamii:Orodha za watu|Makabila ya Tanzania]] [[Category:Vigezo vya makabila ya Afrika]] gzs87wlbko310g1mt3azvlnh4j0twj4 1529952 1529902 2026-05-02T17:36:12Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529952 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Orodha ya makabila ya Tanzania''' inayotolewa hapa inataja [[Kabila|makabila]] zaidi ya mia moja na ishirini (120) ambayo hupatikana katika [[Mkoa|mikoa]] yote ya [[Mikoa ya Tanzania|Tanzania]]. Ni orodha ya makabila ya watu ambao wamekuwa wanaishi tangu zamani katika eneo ambalo sasa linaitwa Tanzania, pamoja na makabila yaliyogawiwa na mipaka baina ya Tanzania na nchi za jirani. Orodha hii haizingatii makabila yanayoishi katika Tanzania kama [[wakimbizi]] tu, hasa kutokana na [[vita]] katika nchi za jirani. Vilevile ukurasa huu hauorodheshi vikundi vya [[wahamiaji]] kutoka nchi za kigeni, kama wahamiaji au wazao wao kutoka [[Uarabuni]] au [[Uhindi]]. Juu ya hiyo, hakuna [[ufafanuzi]] wa wazi kusema kikundi fulani ni kabila au siyo. Vikundi kadhaa katika orodha hii vina wenyeji mamia tu, lakini vikundi vingine vina [[milioni|mamilioni]] ya watu; labda kila kikundi kinaitwa "kabila," lakini ni jamii za aina tofauti kabisa. Vikundi katika ukurasa huu vimeorodheshwa kuwa vikundi tofauti kutokana na ushahidi wa kutofautisha lugha zao unaotokana na orodha ya [[lugha]] za [[Tanzania]] inayopatikana katika Ethnologue <ref>http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=TZ</ref> pamoja na [[tovuti]] nyingine <ref>http://www.fizzylogic.com/wasukuma/makabila_tz.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.fizzylogic.com/wasukuma/makabila_tz.html |date=20060822104026 }}</ref>; inaweza kuwa na matatizo kwenye [[jina|majina]] kadhaa, kwa sababu mbalimbali. Kwa mfano, inawezekana kwamba baadhi ya majina ya [[Kabila|makabila]] ni majina ya [[lugha]] au [[lahaja]] tu, badala ya makabila, na labda majina mengine yaliandikwa vibaya.<ref>Raa, Eric Ten. “The Moon as a Symbol of Life and Fertility in Sandawe Thought.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, vol. 39, no. 1, 1969, pp. 24–53. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1157948. Accessed 18 Mar. 2023.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Akie - A heavily endangered hunter‐gatherers' language in Central Tanzania|url=https://dobes.mpi.nl/posters/screen/africa-akie-screen.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=Documentation of Endangered Languages|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713035157/https://dobes.mpi.nl/posters/screen/africa-akie-screen.pdf|archive-date=2021-07-13}}</ref> ==Jedwali== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Kabila !Mkoa !Wilaya !Kundi la kikabila-lugha !Maelezo |- |[[:en:Alagwa_people|Alagwa]] |[[Dodoma (mji)|Dodoma]] |Kondoa |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] |Jamii hii inahusishwa na sanaa ya kutengeneza mvua (uganga wa mvua), licha ya kuwa asilimia 99 ni Waislamu.<ref>Raa, Eric Ten. “The Moon as a Symbol of Life and Fertility in Sandawe Thought.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, vol. 39, no. 1, 1969, pp. 24–53. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1157948. Accessed 18 Mar. 2023.</ref> |- |[[:en:Akie_people|Akie]] |Manyara |Simanjiro |[[:en:Khoisan|Wakhoisani]] |Waakie, kama ilivyo kwa watu wengine wote wa wawindaji na wakusanyaji nchini Tanzania na Kenya, wakati mwingine huitwa “Dorobo” au “Wandorobo”, jambo ambalo ni la kudhalilisha na si sahihi..<ref name=":02">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Akie - A heavily endangered hunter‐gatherers' language in Central Tanzania|url=https://dobes.mpi.nl/posters/screen/africa-akie-screen.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=Documentation of Endangered Languages|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713035157/https://dobes.mpi.nl/posters/screen/africa-akie-screen.pdf|archive-date=2021-07-13}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Barabaig|Barabaig]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Hanang_District|Hanang]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Assa_(ethnic_group)|Assa]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Kiteto_District|Kiteto]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Arusha_people|Arusha]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Arusha_District|Arusha]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Bembe_people|Bembe]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpanda_District|Mpanda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Bena_people|Bena]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Njombe_District|Njombe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Bende_people|Bende]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpanda_District|Mpanda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Bondei|Bondei]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Pangani_District|Pangani]] & [[:en:Muheza_District|Muheza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Bungu_people|Bungu]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Chunya_District|Chunya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Burunge_people|Burunge]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Kondoa_District|Kondoa]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Chaga_people|Chagga]] |[[:en:Kilimanjaro_Region|Kilimanjaro]] |[[:en:Siha_District|Siha]] , [[:en:Moshi_District|Moshi]] , [[:en:Moshi_Rural_District|Moshi Rural]] , [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo]] & [[:en:Hai_District|Hai]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Datooga_people|Datooga]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Karatu_District|Karatu]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Dhaiso|Dhaiso]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Muheza_District|Muheza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Digo_people|Digo]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Mkinga_District|Mkinga]] & [[:en:Tanga_District|Tanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Doe_people|Doe]] |[[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Chalinze_District|Chalinze]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Fipa_people|Fipa]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Nkasi_District|Nkasi]] & [[:en:Sumbawanga_District|Sumbawanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Gogo_(ethnic_group)|Gogo]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Chamwino_District|Chamwino]] , [[:en:Chemba_District_(Tanzania)|Chemba]] , [[:en:Bahi_District|Bahi]] , [[:en:Kongwa_District|Kongwa]] & [[:en:Mpwapwa_District|Mpwapwa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Goma_people|Goma people]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Kigoma-Ujiji_District|Kigoma-Ujiji]] & [[:en:Kigoma_District|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Gorowa_people|Gorowa]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Kondoa_District|Kondoa]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Ha_people|Ha]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Kasulu_District|Kasulu]] & [[:en:Kibondo_District|Kibondo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Hadimu|Hadimu]] |[[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] |[[:en:Kati_District|Kati]] , [[:en:Kaskazini_A_District|Kaskazini A]] , [[:en:Kaskazini_B_District|Kaskazini B]] , [[:en:Mjini_District|Mjini]] & [[:en:Kusini_District|Kusini]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Hadza_people|Hadza]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Karatu_District|Karatu]] |[[:en:Khoisan|Wakhoisani]] | |- |[[:en:Hangaza|Hangaza]] |[[:en:Kagera_Region|Kagera]] |[[:en:Ngara_District|Ngara]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Haya_(ethnic_group)|Haya]] |[[:en:Kagera_Region|Kagera]] |[[:en:Muleba_District|Muleba]] , [[:en:Bukoba_Rural_District|Bukoba Rural]] , [[:en:Bukoba_District|Bukoba]] , & [[:en:Missenyi_District|Missenyi]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Hehe_people|Hehe]] |[[:en:Iringa_Region|Iringa]] |[[:en:Iringa_District|Iringa]] , [[:en:Kilolo_District|Kilolo]] , [[:en:Mufindi_District|Mufindi]] & [[:en:Iringa_Urban_District|Iringa Urban]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Holoholo_people|Holoholo people]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Uvinza_District|Uvinza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ikizu|Ikizu]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Bunda_District|Bunda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ikoma_(ethnic_group)|Ikoma]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Serengeti_District|Serengeti]] & [[:en:Butiama_District|Butiama]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Iraqw_people|Iraqw]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Hanang_District|Hanang]] , [[:en:Babati_District|Babati]] & [[:en:Mbulu_District|Mbulu]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Isanzu|Isanzu]] |[[:en:Singida_Region|Singida]] |[[:en:Mkalama_District|Mkalama]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Jiji_people|Jiji]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Kigoma-Ujiji_District|Kigoma-Ujiji]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Jita_people|Jita]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Rorya_District|Rorya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Joluo|Joluo]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Butiama_District|Butiama]] , [[:en:Musoma_Urban|Musoma Urban]], [[:en:Rorya_District|Rorya]] & [[:en:Tarime_District|Tarime]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Kaguru|Kaguru]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Gairo_District|Gairo]] & [[:en:Kilosa_District|Kilosa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kami_(ethnic_group)|Kami]] |[[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Kisarawe_District|Kisarawe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kara_people_(Tanzania)|Kara]] |[[:en:Mwanza_Region|Mwanza]] |[[:en:Ukerewe_District|Ukerewe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kerewe_people|Kerewe]] |[[:en:Mwanza_Region|Mwanza]] |[[:en:Ukerewe_District|Ukerewe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kimbu_people|Kimbu]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Chunya_District|Chunya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kinga_people|Kinga]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kisi_people|Kisi]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Konongo_people|Konongo]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpanda_District|Mpanda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kuria_people|Kuria]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Tarime_District|Tarime]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kutu_people|Kutu]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Rural_District|Morogoro Rural]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kw'adza_people|Kw'adza]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Mbulu_District|Mbulu]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Kwaya|Kwaya]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Musoma_Rural_District|Musoma Rural]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Lambya|Lambya]] |[[:en:Songwe_Region|Songwe]] |[[:en:Momba_District|Momba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Luguru_people|Luguru]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Mvomero_District|Mvomero]] & [[:en:Morogoro_Rural_District|Morogoro Rural]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Lungu_people|Lungu]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Kalambo_District|Kalambo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Maasai_people|Maasai]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] & [[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Ngorongoro_District|Ngorongoro]] , [[:en:Kiteto_District|Kiteto]] , [[:en:Simanjiro_District|Simanjiro]] , [[:en:Longido_District|Longido]] , [[:en:Monduli_District|Monduli]] & [[:en:Arusha_District|Arusha]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Machinga_people|Machinga]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Lindi_District|Lindi]] & [[:en:Kilwa_District|Kilwa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Magoma|Magoma]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mahanji|Mahanji]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Makonde_people|Makonde]] |[[:en:Mtwara_Region|Mtwara]] & [[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Mtwara-Mikindani_District|Mtwara-Mikindani]] , [[:en:Mtwara_District|Mtwara]] , [[:en:Ruangwa_District|Ruangwa]] , [[:en:Nachingwea_District|Nachingwea]] , [[:en:Masasi_District|Masasi]] , [[:en:Lindi_District|Lindi]] , [[:en:Tandahimba_District|Tandahimba]] & [[:en:Newala_District|Newala]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Makua_(people)|Makua]] |[[:en:Mtwara_Region|Mtwara]] |[[:en:Newala_District|Newala]] & [[:en:Tandahimba_District|Tandahimba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Malila|Malila]] |[[:en:Songwe_Region|Songwe]] |[[:en:Momba_District|Momba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mambwe_people|Mambwe]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Kalambo_District|Kalambo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Manyema|Manyema]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Kigoma_District|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Manda_(ethnic_group)|Manda]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Ludewa_District|Ludewa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Wameru|Meru]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Meru_District|Meru]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Matengo|Matengo]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Mbinga_District|Mbinga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Matumbi_people|Matumbi]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Kilwa_District|Kilwa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Maviha|Maviha]] |[[:en:Mtwara_Region|Mtwara]] |[[:en:Mtwara_District|Mtwara]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mbugwe_people|Mbugwe]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Babati_District|Babati]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mbunga|Mbunga]] |[[:en:Iringa_Region|Iringa]] |[[:en:Kilolo_District|Kilolo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mbugu_people|Mbugu people]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Lushoto_District|Lushoto]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mpoto|Mpoto]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Mbinga_District|Mbinga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mwera_(ethnic_group)|Mwera]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Kilwa_District|Kilwa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndali_(ethnic_group)|Ndali]] |[[:en:Songwe_Region|Songwe]] |[[:en:Momba_District|Momba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndamba|Ndamba]] |[[:en:Iringa_Region|Iringa]] |[[:en:Kilolo_District|Kilolo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndendeule|Ndendeule]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Namtumbo_District|Namtumbo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndengereko|Ndengereko]] |[[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Mkuranga_District|Mkuranga]] , [[:en:Kisarawe_District|Kisarawe]] & [[:en:Rufiji_District|Rufiji]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndonde|Ndonde]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Nachingwea_District|Nachingwea]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngasa_people|Ngasa]] |[[:en:Kilimanjaro_Region|Kilimanjaro]] |[[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngindo|Ngindo]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Liwale_District|Liwale]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Songea_District|Songea]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngulu_people|Ngulu]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Kilindi_District|Kilindi]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngurimi|Ngurimi]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Serengeti_District|Serengeti]] & [[:en:Tarime_District|Tarime]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Iramba_people|Iramba]] |[[:en:Singida_Region|Singida]] & [[:en:Shinyanga_Region|Shinyanga]] |[[:en:Iramba_District|Iramba]] & [[:en:Kishapu_District|Kishapu]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nindi|Nindi]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Songea_District|Songea]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyakyusa_people|Nyakyusa]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Kyela_District|Kyela]] & [[:en:Rungwe_District|Rungwe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kwere_people|Kwere]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Nkasi_District|Nkasi]] & [[:en:Sumbawanga_District|Sumbawanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyambo|Nyambo]] |[[:en:Kagera_Region|Kagera]] |[[:en:Karagwe_District|Karagwe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mwanga_people|Nyamwanga]] |[[:en:Songwe_Region|Songwe]] |[[:en:Momba_District|Momba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyamwezi_people|Nyamwezi]] |[[:en:Tabora_Region|Tabora]] & [[:en:Shinyanga_Region|Shinyanga]] |[[:en:Urambo_District|Urambo]] , [[:en:Kaliua_District|Kaliua]] , [[:en:Sikonge_District|Sikonge]] , [[:en:Nzega_District|Nzega]] , [[:en:Kahama_District|Kahama]] , [[:en:Shinyanga_District|Shinyanga]] , [[:en:Uyui_District|Uyui]] & [[:en:Igunga_District|Igunga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyanyembe|Nyanyembe]] |[[:en:Tabora_Region|Tabora]] |[[:en:Uyui_District|Uyui]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Turu_people_(Tanzania)|Nyaturu]] |[[:en:Singida_Region|Singida]] |[[:en:Ikungi_District|Ikungi]] & [[:en:Manyoni_District|Manyoni]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyiha|Nyiha]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Mbozi_District|Mbozi]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Pangwa|Pangwa]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Ludewa_District|Ludewa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Pare_people|Pare]] |[[:en:Kilimanjaro_Region|Kilimanjaro]] |[[:en:Mwanga_District|Mwanga]] & [[:en:Same_District|Same]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Pimbwe|Pimbwe]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpimbwe_District|Mpimbwe]] & [[:en:Mlele_District|Mlele]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Pogolo_people|Pogolo]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Kilombero_District|Kilombero]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Rangi_people|Rangi]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Kondoa_District|Kondoa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Rufiji_people|Rufiji]] |[[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Rufiji_District|Rufiji]] , [[:en:Mafia_District|Mafia]] & [[:en:Kibiti_District|Kibiti]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Rungwa|Rungwa]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpanda_District|Mpanda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Safwa|Safwa]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Mbeya_District|Mbeya]] & [[:en:Rungwe_District|Rungwe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Sagara_people|Sagara]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Kilosa_District|Kilosa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Sandawe_people|Sandawe]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Chemba_District_(Tanzania)|Chemba]] |[[:en:Khoisan|Wakhoisani]] | |- |[[:en:Sangu_people|Sangu]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Chunya_District|Chunya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Segeju|Segeju]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Mkinga_District|Mkinga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Shambaa_people|Shambaa]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Korogwe_District|Korogwe]] , [[:en:Bumbuli_District|Bumbuli]] & [[:en:Lushoto_District|Lushoto]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Shirazi_people|Shirazi]] |[[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] |[[:en:Kati_District|Kati]] , [[:en:Kaskazini_A_District|Kaskazini A]] , [[:en:Kaskazini_B_District|Kaskazini B]] , [[:en:Mjini_District|Mjini]] & [[:en:Kusini_District|Kusini]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Shubi_people|Shubi]] |[[:en:Kagera_Region|Kagera]] |[[:en:Ngara_District|Ngara]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Suba_people_(Tanzania)|Suba]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Rorya_District|Rorya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Sukuma_people|Sukuma]] |[[:en:Mwanza_Region|Mwanza]] , [[:en:Simiyu_Region|Simiyu]] , [[:en:Geita_Region|Geita]] & [[:en:Shinyanga_Region|Shinyanga]] |[[:en:Ilemela_District|Ilemela]] , [[:en:Kwimba_District|Kwimba]] , [[:en:Magu_District|Magu]] , [[:en:Misungwi_District|Misungwi]] , [[:en:Nyamagana_District|Nyamagana]] , [[:en:Sengerema_District|Sengerema]] , [[:en:Geita_District|Geita]] , [[:en:Nyang'hwale_District|Nyang'hwale]] , [[:en:Bariadi_District|Bariadi]] , [[:en:Busega_District|Busega]] , [[:en:Itilima_District|Itilima]] , [[:en:Maswa_District|Maswa]] , [[:en:Meatu_District|Meatu]] [[:en:Shinyanga_District|Shinyanga]] , [[:en:Kahama_District|Kahama]] , [[:en:Kishapu_District|Kishapu]] , [[:en:Msalala_District|Msalala]] , [[:en:Ushetu_District|Ushetu]] & [[:en:Mbogwe_District|Mbogwe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Sumbwa|Sumbwa]] |[[:en:Geita_Region|Geita]] |[[:en:Bukombe_District|Bukombe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] |All s |All s |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] |- |[[:en:Sonjo_people|Sonjo]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Ngorongoro_District|Ngorongoro]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Tongwe|Tongwe]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Uvinza_District|Uvinza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Tumbuka_people|Tumbuka]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Nkasi_District|Nkasi]] & [[:en:Sumbawanga_District|Sumbawanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Vidunda|Vidunda]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Kilosa_District|Kilosa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Vinza|Vinza]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Uvinza_District|Uvinza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Wanda_people|Wanda]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Sumbawanga_District|Sumbawanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Wanji|Wanji]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ware_people|Ware]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Rorya_District|Rorya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Yao_people_(East_Africa)|Yao]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Tunduru_District|Tunduru]] & [[:en:Namtumbo_District|Namtumbo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Zanaki_people|Zanaki]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Butiama_District|Butiama]] & [[:en:Bunda_District|Bunda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Zaramo|Zaramo]] |[[:en:Dar_es_Salaam_Region|Dar es Salaam]] & [[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Ilala_District|Ilala]] , [[:en:Temeke_District|Temeke]] , [[:en:Ubungo_District|Ubungo]] , [[:en:Kigamboni_District|Kigamboni]] , [[:en:Kinondoni_District|Kinondoni]] , [[:en:Bagamoyo_District|Bagamoyo]] , [[:en:Kibaha_District|Kibaha]] , [[:en:Chalinze_District|Chalinze]] , [[:en:Kisarawe_District|Kisarawe]] , [[:en:Mkuranga_District|Mkuranga]] , [[:en:Mafia_District|Mafia]] & [[:en:Kibiti_District|Kibiti]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Zigua_people|Zigua]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] & [[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Handeni_District|Handeni]] , [[:en:Muheza_District|Muheza]] , [[:en:Chalinze_District|Chalinze]] , [[:en:Kilindi_District|Kilindi]] , [[:en:Korogwe_District|Korogwe]] & [[:en:Pangani_District|Pangani]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Zinza|Zinza]] |[[:en:Geita_Region|Geita]] & [[:en:Mwanza_Region|Mwanza]] |[[:en:Sengerema_District|Sengerema]] , [[:en:Geita_District|Geita]] & [[:en:Chato_District|Chato]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |} == Orodha == *[[Waakie]] *[[Waakiek]] *[[Waalagwa]] (pia: ''Wasi'') *[[Waarusha]] *[[Waassa]] *[[Wabarabaig]] (pia: ''Wamang'ati'') *[[Wabembe]] *[[Wabena]] *[[Wabende]] *[[Wabondei]] *[[Wabungu]] (au ''Wawungu'') *[[Waburunge]] *[[Wachagga]] *[[Wadatoga]] *[[Wadhaiso]] *[[Wadigo]] *[[Wadoe]] *[[Wafipa]] *[[Wagogo]] *[[Wagoma]] *[[Wagorowa]] (pia: ''Wafiome'') *[[Wagweno]] *[[Waha]] *[[Wahadzabe]] (pia: ''Wahadza'' na ''Watindiga'') *[[Wahangaza]] *[[Wahaya]] *[[Wahehe]] *[[Wahinda]] *[[Wahutu]] *[[Waikizu]] *[[Waikoma]] *[[Wairaqw]] (pia: ''Wambulu'') *[[Waisanzu]] *Waissenye *[[Wajaluo]] *[[Wajiji]] *[[Wajita]] *[[Wakabwa]] *[[Wakaguru]] *[[Wakahe]] *[[Wakami]] *[[Wakara]] (pia: ''Waregi'') *[[Wakerewe]] *[[Wakimbu]] *[[Wakinga]] *[[Wakisankasa]] *[[Wakisi]] *[[Wakonongo]] *[[Wakuria]] *[[Wakutu]] *[[Wakw'adza]] *[[Wakwavi]] *[[Wakwaya]] *[[Wakwere]] (pia: ''Wanghwele'') *[[Wakwifa]] *[[Walambya]] *[[Walongo]] *[[Waluguru]] *[[Walungu]] *[[Wamachinga]] *[[Wamagoma]] *[[Wamahanji]] *[[Wamakonde]] *[[Wamakua]] (au: ''Wamakhuwa'') *[[Wamakwe]] (pia: ''Wamaraba'') *[[Wamalila]] *[[Wamambwe]] *[[Wamanda]] *[[Wamanyema]] *[[Wamasai]] *[[Wamatengo]] *[[Wamatumbi]] *[[Wamaviha]] *[[Wambugwe]] *[[Wambunga]] *[[Wameru]] *[[Wamosiro]] *[[Wampoto]] *[[Wamwera]] *[[Wandali]] *[[Wandamba]] *[[Wandendeule]] *[[Wandengereko]] *[[Wandonde]] *[[Wanena]] *[[Wangasa]] *[[Wangindo]] *[[Wangoni]] *[[Wangulu]] *[[Wangurimi]] (au: ''Wangoreme'') *[[Wanilamba]] (au: ''Wanyiramba'') *[[Wanindi]] *[[Wanyakyusa]] *[[Wanyambo]] *[[Wanyamwanga]] *[[Wanyamwezi]] *[[Wanyanyembe]] *[[Wanyasa]] *[[Wanyaturu]] (pia: ''Warimi'') *[[Wanyiha]] *[[Waokiek]] *[[Wapangwa]] *[[Wapare]] (pia: ''Wasu'') *[[Wapimbwe]] *[[Wapogolo]] *[[Warangi]] (au: ''Walangi'') *[[Warufiji]] *[[Warungi]] *[[Warungu]] (au: ''Walungu'') *[[Warungwa]] *[[Warwa]] *[[Wasafwa]] *[[Wasagara]] *[[Wasandawe]] *[[Wasangu (Tanzania)]] *[[Wasegeju]] *[[Washambaa]] *[[Washirazi]] *[[Washubi]] *[[Wasizaki]] *[[Wasuba]] *[[Wasukuma]] *[[Wasumbwa]] *[[Waswahili]] *[[Wataveta]] *[[Watemi]] (pia: ''Wasonjo'') *[[Watongwe]] *[[Watumbuka]] *[[Wavidunda]] *[[Wavinza]] *[[Wawanda]] *[[Wawanji]] *[[Waware]] (lugha yao imekufa) *[[Wayao]] *[[Wazanaki]] *[[Wazaramo]] *[[Wazigula]] *[[Wazinza]] *[[Wazyoba]] == Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Hoja Kuhusu Tanzania}} {{Makabila ya Tanzania}} {{Africa topic|Orodha ya makabila ya}} [[Jamii:Makabila ya Tanzania|*]] [[Jamii:Orodha za watu|Makabila ya Tanzania]] [[Category:Vigezo vya makabila ya Afrika]] lt3ehemm9wd6mrqb0vx5i5q9gbyvi8f 1530358 1529952 2026-05-03T09:41:03Z Czeus25 Masele 28489 /* Jedwali */ 1530358 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Orodha ya makabila ya Tanzania''' inayotolewa hapa inataja [[Kabila|makabila]] zaidi ya mia moja na ishirini (120) ambayo hupatikana katika [[Mkoa|mikoa]] yote ya [[Mikoa ya Tanzania|Tanzania]]. Ni orodha ya makabila ya watu ambao wamekuwa wanaishi tangu zamani katika eneo ambalo sasa linaitwa Tanzania, pamoja na makabila yaliyogawiwa na mipaka baina ya Tanzania na nchi za jirani. Orodha hii haizingatii makabila yanayoishi katika Tanzania kama [[wakimbizi]] tu, hasa kutokana na [[vita]] katika nchi za jirani. Vilevile ukurasa huu hauorodheshi vikundi vya [[wahamiaji]] kutoka nchi za kigeni, kama wahamiaji au wazao wao kutoka [[Uarabuni]] au [[Uhindi]]. Juu ya hiyo, hakuna [[ufafanuzi]] wa wazi kusema kikundi fulani ni kabila au siyo. Vikundi kadhaa katika orodha hii vina wenyeji mamia tu, lakini vikundi vingine vina [[milioni|mamilioni]] ya watu; labda kila kikundi kinaitwa "kabila," lakini ni jamii za aina tofauti kabisa. Vikundi katika ukurasa huu vimeorodheshwa kuwa vikundi tofauti kutokana na ushahidi wa kutofautisha lugha zao unaotokana na orodha ya [[lugha]] za [[Tanzania]] inayopatikana katika Ethnologue <ref>http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=TZ</ref> pamoja na [[tovuti]] nyingine <ref>http://www.fizzylogic.com/wasukuma/makabila_tz.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.fizzylogic.com/wasukuma/makabila_tz.html |date=20060822104026 }}</ref>; inaweza kuwa na matatizo kwenye [[jina|majina]] kadhaa, kwa sababu mbalimbali. Kwa mfano, inawezekana kwamba baadhi ya majina ya [[Kabila|makabila]] ni majina ya [[lugha]] au [[lahaja]] tu, badala ya makabila, na labda majina mengine yaliandikwa vibaya.<ref>Raa, Eric Ten. “The Moon as a Symbol of Life and Fertility in Sandawe Thought.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, vol. 39, no. 1, 1969, pp. 24–53. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1157948. Accessed 18 Mar. 2023.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Akie - A heavily endangered hunter‐gatherers' language in Central Tanzania|url=https://dobes.mpi.nl/posters/screen/africa-akie-screen.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=Documentation of Endangered Languages|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713035157/https://dobes.mpi.nl/posters/screen/africa-akie-screen.pdf|archive-date=2021-07-13}}</ref> ==Jedwali== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Kabila !Mkoa !Wilaya !Kundi la kikabila-lugha !Maelezo |- |[[:en:Alagwa_people|Waalagwa]] |[[Dodoma (mji)|Dodoma]] |Kondoa |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] |Jamii hii inahusishwa na sanaa ya kutengeneza mvua (uganga wa mvua), licha ya kuwa asilimia 99 ni Waislamu.<ref>Raa, Eric Ten. “The Moon as a Symbol of Life and Fertility in Sandawe Thought.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, vol. 39, no. 1, 1969, pp. 24–53. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1157948. Accessed 18 Mar. 2023.</ref> |- |[[:en:Akie_people|Akie]] |Manyara |Simanjiro |[[:en:Khoisan|Wakhoisani]] |Waakie, kama ilivyo kwa watu wengine wote wa wawindaji na wakusanyaji nchini Tanzania na Kenya, wakati mwingine huitwa “Dorobo” au “Wandorobo”, jambo ambalo ni la kudhalilisha na si sahihi..<ref name=":02">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Akie - A heavily endangered hunter‐gatherers' language in Central Tanzania|url=https://dobes.mpi.nl/posters/screen/africa-akie-screen.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=Documentation of Endangered Languages|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713035157/https://dobes.mpi.nl/posters/screen/africa-akie-screen.pdf|archive-date=2021-07-13}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Barabaig|Barabaig]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Hanang_District|Hanang]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Assa_(ethnic_group)|Assa]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Kiteto_District|Kiteto]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Arusha_people|Arusha]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Arusha_District|Arusha]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Bembe_people|Bembe]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpanda_District|Mpanda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Bena_people|Bena]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Njombe_District|Njombe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Bende_people|Bende]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpanda_District|Mpanda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Bondei|Bondei]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Pangani_District|Pangani]] & [[:en:Muheza_District|Muheza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Bungu_people|Bungu]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Chunya_District|Chunya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Burunge_people|Burunge]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Kondoa_District|Kondoa]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Chaga_people|Chagga]] |[[:en:Kilimanjaro_Region|Kilimanjaro]] |[[:en:Siha_District|Siha]] , [[:en:Moshi_District|Moshi]] , [[:en:Moshi_Rural_District|Moshi Rural]] , [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo]] & [[:en:Hai_District|Hai]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Datooga_people|Datooga]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Karatu_District|Karatu]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Dhaiso|Dhaiso]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Muheza_District|Muheza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Digo_people|Digo]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Mkinga_District|Mkinga]] & [[:en:Tanga_District|Tanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Doe_people|Doe]] |[[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Chalinze_District|Chalinze]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Fipa_people|Fipa]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Nkasi_District|Nkasi]] & [[:en:Sumbawanga_District|Sumbawanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Gogo_(ethnic_group)|Gogo]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Chamwino_District|Chamwino]] , [[:en:Chemba_District_(Tanzania)|Chemba]] , [[:en:Bahi_District|Bahi]] , [[:en:Kongwa_District|Kongwa]] & [[:en:Mpwapwa_District|Mpwapwa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Goma_people|Goma people]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Kigoma-Ujiji_District|Kigoma-Ujiji]] & [[:en:Kigoma_District|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Gorowa_people|Gorowa]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Kondoa_District|Kondoa]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Ha_people|Ha]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Kasulu_District|Kasulu]] & [[:en:Kibondo_District|Kibondo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Hadimu|Hadimu]] |[[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] |[[:en:Kati_District|Kati]] , [[:en:Kaskazini_A_District|Kaskazini A]] , [[:en:Kaskazini_B_District|Kaskazini B]] , [[:en:Mjini_District|Mjini]] & [[:en:Kusini_District|Kusini]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Hadza_people|Hadza]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Karatu_District|Karatu]] |[[:en:Khoisan|Wakhoisani]] | |- |[[:en:Hangaza|Hangaza]] |[[:en:Kagera_Region|Kagera]] |[[:en:Ngara_District|Ngara]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Haya_(ethnic_group)|Haya]] |[[:en:Kagera_Region|Kagera]] |[[:en:Muleba_District|Muleba]] , [[:en:Bukoba_Rural_District|Bukoba Rural]] , [[:en:Bukoba_District|Bukoba]] , & [[:en:Missenyi_District|Missenyi]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Hehe_people|Hehe]] |[[:en:Iringa_Region|Iringa]] |[[:en:Iringa_District|Iringa]] , [[:en:Kilolo_District|Kilolo]] , [[:en:Mufindi_District|Mufindi]] & [[:en:Iringa_Urban_District|Iringa Urban]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Holoholo_people|Holoholo people]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Uvinza_District|Uvinza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ikizu|Ikizu]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Bunda_District|Bunda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ikoma_(ethnic_group)|Ikoma]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Serengeti_District|Serengeti]] & [[:en:Butiama_District|Butiama]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Iraqw_people|Iraqw]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Hanang_District|Hanang]] , [[:en:Babati_District|Babati]] & [[:en:Mbulu_District|Mbulu]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Isanzu|Isanzu]] |[[:en:Singida_Region|Singida]] |[[:en:Mkalama_District|Mkalama]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Jiji_people|Jiji]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Kigoma-Ujiji_District|Kigoma-Ujiji]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Jita_people|Jita]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Rorya_District|Rorya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Joluo|Joluo]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Butiama_District|Butiama]] , [[:en:Musoma_Urban|Musoma Urban]], [[:en:Rorya_District|Rorya]] & [[:en:Tarime_District|Tarime]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Kaguru|Kaguru]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Gairo_District|Gairo]] & [[:en:Kilosa_District|Kilosa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kami_(ethnic_group)|Kami]] |[[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Kisarawe_District|Kisarawe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kara_people_(Tanzania)|Kara]] |[[:en:Mwanza_Region|Mwanza]] |[[:en:Ukerewe_District|Ukerewe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kerewe_people|Kerewe]] |[[:en:Mwanza_Region|Mwanza]] |[[:en:Ukerewe_District|Ukerewe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kimbu_people|Kimbu]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Chunya_District|Chunya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kinga_people|Kinga]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kisi_people|Kisi]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Konongo_people|Konongo]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpanda_District|Mpanda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kuria_people|Kuria]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Tarime_District|Tarime]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kutu_people|Kutu]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Rural_District|Morogoro Rural]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kw'adza_people|Kw'adza]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Mbulu_District|Mbulu]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Kwaya|Kwaya]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Musoma_Rural_District|Musoma Rural]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Lambya|Lambya]] |[[:en:Songwe_Region|Songwe]] |[[:en:Momba_District|Momba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Luguru_people|Luguru]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Mvomero_District|Mvomero]] & [[:en:Morogoro_Rural_District|Morogoro Rural]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Lungu_people|Lungu]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Kalambo_District|Kalambo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Maasai_people|Maasai]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] & [[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Ngorongoro_District|Ngorongoro]] , [[:en:Kiteto_District|Kiteto]] , [[:en:Simanjiro_District|Simanjiro]] , [[:en:Longido_District|Longido]] , [[:en:Monduli_District|Monduli]] & [[:en:Arusha_District|Arusha]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Machinga_people|Machinga]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Lindi_District|Lindi]] & [[:en:Kilwa_District|Kilwa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Magoma|Magoma]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mahanji|Mahanji]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Makonde_people|Makonde]] |[[:en:Mtwara_Region|Mtwara]] & [[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Mtwara-Mikindani_District|Mtwara-Mikindani]] , [[:en:Mtwara_District|Mtwara]] , [[:en:Ruangwa_District|Ruangwa]] , [[:en:Nachingwea_District|Nachingwea]] , [[:en:Masasi_District|Masasi]] , [[:en:Lindi_District|Lindi]] , [[:en:Tandahimba_District|Tandahimba]] & [[:en:Newala_District|Newala]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Makua_(people)|Makua]] |[[:en:Mtwara_Region|Mtwara]] |[[:en:Newala_District|Newala]] & [[:en:Tandahimba_District|Tandahimba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Malila|Malila]] |[[:en:Songwe_Region|Songwe]] |[[:en:Momba_District|Momba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mambwe_people|Mambwe]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Kalambo_District|Kalambo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Manyema|Manyema]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Kigoma_District|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Manda_(ethnic_group)|Manda]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Ludewa_District|Ludewa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Wameru|Meru]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Meru_District|Meru]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Matengo|Matengo]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Mbinga_District|Mbinga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Matumbi_people|Matumbi]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Kilwa_District|Kilwa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Maviha|Maviha]] |[[:en:Mtwara_Region|Mtwara]] |[[:en:Mtwara_District|Mtwara]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mbugwe_people|Mbugwe]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Babati_District|Babati]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mbunga|Mbunga]] |[[:en:Iringa_Region|Iringa]] |[[:en:Kilolo_District|Kilolo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mbugu_people|Mbugu people]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Lushoto_District|Lushoto]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mpoto|Mpoto]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Mbinga_District|Mbinga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mwera_(ethnic_group)|Mwera]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Kilwa_District|Kilwa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndali_(ethnic_group)|Ndali]] |[[:en:Songwe_Region|Songwe]] |[[:en:Momba_District|Momba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndamba|Ndamba]] |[[:en:Iringa_Region|Iringa]] |[[:en:Kilolo_District|Kilolo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndendeule|Ndendeule]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Namtumbo_District|Namtumbo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndengereko|Ndengereko]] |[[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Mkuranga_District|Mkuranga]] , [[:en:Kisarawe_District|Kisarawe]] & [[:en:Rufiji_District|Rufiji]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndonde|Ndonde]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Nachingwea_District|Nachingwea]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngasa_people|Ngasa]] |[[:en:Kilimanjaro_Region|Kilimanjaro]] |[[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngindo|Ngindo]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Liwale_District|Liwale]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Songea_District|Songea]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngulu_people|Ngulu]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Kilindi_District|Kilindi]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngurimi|Ngurimi]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Serengeti_District|Serengeti]] & [[:en:Tarime_District|Tarime]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Iramba_people|Iramba]] |[[:en:Singida_Region|Singida]] & [[:en:Shinyanga_Region|Shinyanga]] |[[:en:Iramba_District|Iramba]] & [[:en:Kishapu_District|Kishapu]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nindi|Nindi]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Songea_District|Songea]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyakyusa_people|Nyakyusa]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Kyela_District|Kyela]] & [[:en:Rungwe_District|Rungwe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kwere_people|Kwere]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Nkasi_District|Nkasi]] & [[:en:Sumbawanga_District|Sumbawanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyambo|Nyambo]] |[[:en:Kagera_Region|Kagera]] |[[:en:Karagwe_District|Karagwe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mwanga_people|Nyamwanga]] |[[:en:Songwe_Region|Songwe]] |[[:en:Momba_District|Momba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyamwezi_people|Nyamwezi]] |[[:en:Tabora_Region|Tabora]] & [[:en:Shinyanga_Region|Shinyanga]] |[[:en:Urambo_District|Urambo]] , [[:en:Kaliua_District|Kaliua]] , [[:en:Sikonge_District|Sikonge]] , [[:en:Nzega_District|Nzega]] , [[:en:Kahama_District|Kahama]] , [[:en:Shinyanga_District|Shinyanga]] , [[:en:Uyui_District|Uyui]] & [[:en:Igunga_District|Igunga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyanyembe|Nyanyembe]] |[[:en:Tabora_Region|Tabora]] |[[:en:Uyui_District|Uyui]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Turu_people_(Tanzania)|Nyaturu]] |[[:en:Singida_Region|Singida]] |[[:en:Ikungi_District|Ikungi]] & [[:en:Manyoni_District|Manyoni]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyiha|Nyiha]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Mbozi_District|Mbozi]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Pangwa|Pangwa]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Ludewa_District|Ludewa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Pare_people|Pare]] |[[:en:Kilimanjaro_Region|Kilimanjaro]] |[[:en:Mwanga_District|Mwanga]] & [[:en:Same_District|Same]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Pimbwe|Pimbwe]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpimbwe_District|Mpimbwe]] & [[:en:Mlele_District|Mlele]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Pogolo_people|Pogolo]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Kilombero_District|Kilombero]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Rangi_people|Rangi]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Kondoa_District|Kondoa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Rufiji_people|Rufiji]] |[[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Rufiji_District|Rufiji]] , [[:en:Mafia_District|Mafia]] & [[:en:Kibiti_District|Kibiti]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Rungwa|Rungwa]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpanda_District|Mpanda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Safwa|Safwa]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Mbeya_District|Mbeya]] & [[:en:Rungwe_District|Rungwe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Sagara_people|Sagara]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Kilosa_District|Kilosa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Sandawe_people|Sandawe]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Chemba_District_(Tanzania)|Chemba]] |[[:en:Khoisan|Wakhoisani]] | |- |[[:en:Sangu_people|Sangu]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Chunya_District|Chunya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Segeju|Segeju]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Mkinga_District|Mkinga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Shambaa_people|Shambaa]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Korogwe_District|Korogwe]] , [[:en:Bumbuli_District|Bumbuli]] & [[:en:Lushoto_District|Lushoto]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Shirazi_people|Shirazi]] |[[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] |[[:en:Kati_District|Kati]] , [[:en:Kaskazini_A_District|Kaskazini A]] , [[:en:Kaskazini_B_District|Kaskazini B]] , [[:en:Mjini_District|Mjini]] & [[:en:Kusini_District|Kusini]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Shubi_people|Shubi]] |[[:en:Kagera_Region|Kagera]] |[[:en:Ngara_District|Ngara]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Suba_people_(Tanzania)|Suba]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Rorya_District|Rorya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Sukuma_people|Sukuma]] |[[:en:Mwanza_Region|Mwanza]] , [[:en:Simiyu_Region|Simiyu]] , [[:en:Geita_Region|Geita]] & [[:en:Shinyanga_Region|Shinyanga]] |[[:en:Ilemela_District|Ilemela]] , [[:en:Kwimba_District|Kwimba]] , [[:en:Magu_District|Magu]] , [[:en:Misungwi_District|Misungwi]] , [[:en:Nyamagana_District|Nyamagana]] , [[:en:Sengerema_District|Sengerema]] , [[:en:Geita_District|Geita]] , [[:en:Nyang'hwale_District|Nyang'hwale]] , [[:en:Bariadi_District|Bariadi]] , [[:en:Busega_District|Busega]] , [[:en:Itilima_District|Itilima]] , [[:en:Maswa_District|Maswa]] , [[:en:Meatu_District|Meatu]] [[:en:Shinyanga_District|Shinyanga]] , [[:en:Kahama_District|Kahama]] , [[:en:Kishapu_District|Kishapu]] , [[:en:Msalala_District|Msalala]] , [[:en:Ushetu_District|Ushetu]] & [[:en:Mbogwe_District|Mbogwe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Sumbwa|Sumbwa]] |[[:en:Geita_Region|Geita]] |[[:en:Bukombe_District|Bukombe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] |All s |All s |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] |- |[[:en:Sonjo_people|Sonjo]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Ngorongoro_District|Ngorongoro]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Tongwe|Tongwe]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Uvinza_District|Uvinza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Tumbuka_people|Tumbuka]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Nkasi_District|Nkasi]] & [[:en:Sumbawanga_District|Sumbawanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Vidunda|Vidunda]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Kilosa_District|Kilosa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Vinza|Vinza]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Uvinza_District|Uvinza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Wanda_people|Wanda]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Sumbawanga_District|Sumbawanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Wanji|Wanji]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ware_people|Ware]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Rorya_District|Rorya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Yao_people_(East_Africa)|Yao]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Tunduru_District|Tunduru]] & [[:en:Namtumbo_District|Namtumbo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Zanaki_people|Zanaki]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Butiama_District|Butiama]] & [[:en:Bunda_District|Bunda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Zaramo|Zaramo]] |[[:en:Dar_es_Salaam_Region|Dar es Salaam]] & [[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Ilala_District|Ilala]] , [[:en:Temeke_District|Temeke]] , [[:en:Ubungo_District|Ubungo]] , [[:en:Kigamboni_District|Kigamboni]] , [[:en:Kinondoni_District|Kinondoni]] , [[:en:Bagamoyo_District|Bagamoyo]] , [[:en:Kibaha_District|Kibaha]] , [[:en:Chalinze_District|Chalinze]] , [[:en:Kisarawe_District|Kisarawe]] , [[:en:Mkuranga_District|Mkuranga]] , [[:en:Mafia_District|Mafia]] & [[:en:Kibiti_District|Kibiti]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Zigua_people|Zigua]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] & [[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Handeni_District|Handeni]] , [[:en:Muheza_District|Muheza]] , [[:en:Chalinze_District|Chalinze]] , [[:en:Kilindi_District|Kilindi]] , [[:en:Korogwe_District|Korogwe]] & [[:en:Pangani_District|Pangani]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Zinza|Zinza]] |[[:en:Geita_Region|Geita]] & [[:en:Mwanza_Region|Mwanza]] |[[:en:Sengerema_District|Sengerema]] , [[:en:Geita_District|Geita]] & [[:en:Chato_District|Chato]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |} == Orodha == *[[Waakie]] *[[Waakiek]] *[[Waalagwa]] (pia: ''Wasi'') *[[Waarusha]] *[[Waassa]] *[[Wabarabaig]] (pia: ''Wamang'ati'') *[[Wabembe]] *[[Wabena]] *[[Wabende]] *[[Wabondei]] *[[Wabungu]] (au ''Wawungu'') *[[Waburunge]] *[[Wachagga]] *[[Wadatoga]] *[[Wadhaiso]] *[[Wadigo]] *[[Wadoe]] *[[Wafipa]] *[[Wagogo]] *[[Wagoma]] *[[Wagorowa]] (pia: ''Wafiome'') *[[Wagweno]] *[[Waha]] *[[Wahadzabe]] (pia: ''Wahadza'' na ''Watindiga'') *[[Wahangaza]] *[[Wahaya]] *[[Wahehe]] *[[Wahinda]] *[[Wahutu]] *[[Waikizu]] *[[Waikoma]] *[[Wairaqw]] (pia: ''Wambulu'') *[[Waisanzu]] *Waissenye *[[Wajaluo]] *[[Wajiji]] *[[Wajita]] *[[Wakabwa]] *[[Wakaguru]] *[[Wakahe]] *[[Wakami]] *[[Wakara]] (pia: ''Waregi'') *[[Wakerewe]] *[[Wakimbu]] *[[Wakinga]] *[[Wakisankasa]] *[[Wakisi]] *[[Wakonongo]] *[[Wakuria]] *[[Wakutu]] *[[Wakw'adza]] *[[Wakwavi]] *[[Wakwaya]] *[[Wakwere]] (pia: ''Wanghwele'') *[[Wakwifa]] *[[Walambya]] *[[Walongo]] *[[Waluguru]] *[[Walungu]] *[[Wamachinga]] *[[Wamagoma]] *[[Wamahanji]] *[[Wamakonde]] *[[Wamakua]] (au: ''Wamakhuwa'') *[[Wamakwe]] (pia: ''Wamaraba'') *[[Wamalila]] *[[Wamambwe]] *[[Wamanda]] *[[Wamanyema]] *[[Wamasai]] *[[Wamatengo]] *[[Wamatumbi]] *[[Wamaviha]] *[[Wambugwe]] *[[Wambunga]] *[[Wameru]] *[[Wamosiro]] *[[Wampoto]] *[[Wamwera]] *[[Wandali]] *[[Wandamba]] *[[Wandendeule]] *[[Wandengereko]] *[[Wandonde]] *[[Wanena]] *[[Wangasa]] *[[Wangindo]] *[[Wangoni]] *[[Wangulu]] *[[Wangurimi]] (au: ''Wangoreme'') *[[Wanilamba]] (au: ''Wanyiramba'') *[[Wanindi]] *[[Wanyakyusa]] *[[Wanyambo]] *[[Wanyamwanga]] *[[Wanyamwezi]] *[[Wanyanyembe]] *[[Wanyasa]] *[[Wanyaturu]] (pia: ''Warimi'') *[[Wanyiha]] *[[Waokiek]] *[[Wapangwa]] *[[Wapare]] (pia: ''Wasu'') *[[Wapimbwe]] *[[Wapogolo]] *[[Warangi]] (au: ''Walangi'') *[[Warufiji]] *[[Warungi]] *[[Warungu]] (au: ''Walungu'') *[[Warungwa]] *[[Warwa]] *[[Wasafwa]] *[[Wasagara]] *[[Wasandawe]] *[[Wasangu (Tanzania)]] *[[Wasegeju]] *[[Washambaa]] *[[Washirazi]] *[[Washubi]] *[[Wasizaki]] *[[Wasuba]] *[[Wasukuma]] *[[Wasumbwa]] *[[Waswahili]] *[[Wataveta]] *[[Watemi]] (pia: ''Wasonjo'') *[[Watongwe]] *[[Watumbuka]] *[[Wavidunda]] *[[Wavinza]] *[[Wawanda]] *[[Wawanji]] *[[Waware]] (lugha yao imekufa) *[[Wayao]] *[[Wazanaki]] *[[Wazaramo]] *[[Wazigula]] *[[Wazinza]] *[[Wazyoba]] == Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Hoja Kuhusu Tanzania}} {{Makabila ya Tanzania}} {{Africa topic|Orodha ya makabila ya}} [[Jamii:Makabila ya Tanzania|*]] [[Jamii:Orodha za watu|Makabila ya Tanzania]] [[Category:Vigezo vya makabila ya Afrika]] az6qaxs6dbudmhkx9o9za9jwd2774o0 1530360 1530358 2026-05-03T09:47:20Z Czeus25 Masele 28489 /* Jedwali */ 1530360 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Orodha ya makabila ya Tanzania''' inayotolewa hapa inataja [[Kabila|makabila]] zaidi ya mia moja na ishirini (120) ambayo hupatikana katika [[Mkoa|mikoa]] yote ya [[Mikoa ya Tanzania|Tanzania]]. Ni orodha ya makabila ya watu ambao wamekuwa wanaishi tangu zamani katika eneo ambalo sasa linaitwa Tanzania, pamoja na makabila yaliyogawiwa na mipaka baina ya Tanzania na nchi za jirani. Orodha hii haizingatii makabila yanayoishi katika Tanzania kama [[wakimbizi]] tu, hasa kutokana na [[vita]] katika nchi za jirani. Vilevile ukurasa huu hauorodheshi vikundi vya [[wahamiaji]] kutoka nchi za kigeni, kama wahamiaji au wazao wao kutoka [[Uarabuni]] au [[Uhindi]]. Juu ya hiyo, hakuna [[ufafanuzi]] wa wazi kusema kikundi fulani ni kabila au siyo. Vikundi kadhaa katika orodha hii vina wenyeji mamia tu, lakini vikundi vingine vina [[milioni|mamilioni]] ya watu; labda kila kikundi kinaitwa "kabila," lakini ni jamii za aina tofauti kabisa. Vikundi katika ukurasa huu vimeorodheshwa kuwa vikundi tofauti kutokana na ushahidi wa kutofautisha lugha zao unaotokana na orodha ya [[lugha]] za [[Tanzania]] inayopatikana katika Ethnologue <ref>http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=TZ</ref> pamoja na [[tovuti]] nyingine <ref>http://www.fizzylogic.com/wasukuma/makabila_tz.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.fizzylogic.com/wasukuma/makabila_tz.html |date=20060822104026 }}</ref>; inaweza kuwa na matatizo kwenye [[jina|majina]] kadhaa, kwa sababu mbalimbali. Kwa mfano, inawezekana kwamba baadhi ya majina ya [[Kabila|makabila]] ni majina ya [[lugha]] au [[lahaja]] tu, badala ya makabila, na labda majina mengine yaliandikwa vibaya.<ref>Raa, Eric Ten. “The Moon as a Symbol of Life and Fertility in Sandawe Thought.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, vol. 39, no. 1, 1969, pp. 24–53. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1157948. Accessed 18 Mar. 2023.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Akie - A heavily endangered hunter‐gatherers' language in Central Tanzania|url=https://dobes.mpi.nl/posters/screen/africa-akie-screen.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=Documentation of Endangered Languages|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713035157/https://dobes.mpi.nl/posters/screen/africa-akie-screen.pdf|archive-date=2021-07-13}}</ref> ==Jedwali== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Kabila !Mkoa !Wilaya !Kundi la kikabila-lugha !Maelezo |- |[[:en:Alagwa_people|Waalagwa]] |[[Dodoma (mji)|Dodoma]] |Kondoa |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] |Jamii hii inahusishwa na sanaa ya kutengeneza mvua (uganga wa mvua), licha ya kuwa asilimia 99 ni Waislamu.<ref>Raa, Eric Ten. “The Moon as a Symbol of Life and Fertility in Sandawe Thought.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, vol. 39, no. 1, 1969, pp. 24–53. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1157948. Accessed 18 Mar. 2023.</ref> |- |[[Waakie]] |Manyara |Simanjiro |[[:en:Khoisan|Wakhoisani]] |Waakie, kama ilivyo kwa watu wengine wote wa wawindaji na wakusanyaji nchini Tanzania na Kenya, wakati mwingine huitwa “Dorobo” au “Wandorobo”, jambo ambalo ni la kudhalilisha na si sahihi..<ref name=":02">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Akie - A heavily endangered hunter‐gatherers' language in Central Tanzania|url=https://dobes.mpi.nl/posters/screen/africa-akie-screen.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=Documentation of Endangered Languages|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713035157/https://dobes.mpi.nl/posters/screen/africa-akie-screen.pdf|archive-date=2021-07-13}}</ref> |- |[[:en:Barabaig|Barabaig]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Hanang_District|Hanang]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Assa_(ethnic_group)|Assa]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Kiteto_District|Kiteto]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Arusha_people|Arusha]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Arusha_District|Arusha]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Bembe_people|Bembe]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpanda_District|Mpanda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Bena_people|Bena]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Njombe_District|Njombe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Bende_people|Bende]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpanda_District|Mpanda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Bondei|Bondei]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Pangani_District|Pangani]] & [[:en:Muheza_District|Muheza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Bungu_people|Bungu]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Chunya_District|Chunya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Burunge_people|Burunge]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Kondoa_District|Kondoa]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Chaga_people|Chagga]] |[[:en:Kilimanjaro_Region|Kilimanjaro]] |[[:en:Siha_District|Siha]] , [[:en:Moshi_District|Moshi]] , [[:en:Moshi_Rural_District|Moshi Rural]] , [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo]] & [[:en:Hai_District|Hai]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Datooga_people|Datooga]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Karatu_District|Karatu]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Dhaiso|Dhaiso]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Muheza_District|Muheza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Digo_people|Digo]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Mkinga_District|Mkinga]] & [[:en:Tanga_District|Tanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Doe_people|Doe]] |[[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Chalinze_District|Chalinze]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Fipa_people|Fipa]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Nkasi_District|Nkasi]] & [[:en:Sumbawanga_District|Sumbawanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Gogo_(ethnic_group)|Gogo]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Chamwino_District|Chamwino]] , [[:en:Chemba_District_(Tanzania)|Chemba]] , [[:en:Bahi_District|Bahi]] , [[:en:Kongwa_District|Kongwa]] & [[:en:Mpwapwa_District|Mpwapwa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Goma_people|Goma people]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Kigoma-Ujiji_District|Kigoma-Ujiji]] & [[:en:Kigoma_District|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Gorowa_people|Gorowa]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Kondoa_District|Kondoa]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Ha_people|Ha]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Kasulu_District|Kasulu]] & [[:en:Kibondo_District|Kibondo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Hadimu|Hadimu]] |[[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] |[[:en:Kati_District|Kati]] , [[:en:Kaskazini_A_District|Kaskazini A]] , [[:en:Kaskazini_B_District|Kaskazini B]] , [[:en:Mjini_District|Mjini]] & [[:en:Kusini_District|Kusini]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Hadza_people|Hadza]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Karatu_District|Karatu]] |[[:en:Khoisan|Wakhoisani]] | |- |[[:en:Hangaza|Hangaza]] |[[:en:Kagera_Region|Kagera]] |[[:en:Ngara_District|Ngara]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Haya_(ethnic_group)|Haya]] |[[:en:Kagera_Region|Kagera]] |[[:en:Muleba_District|Muleba]] , [[:en:Bukoba_Rural_District|Bukoba Rural]] , [[:en:Bukoba_District|Bukoba]] , & [[:en:Missenyi_District|Missenyi]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Hehe_people|Hehe]] |[[:en:Iringa_Region|Iringa]] |[[:en:Iringa_District|Iringa]] , [[:en:Kilolo_District|Kilolo]] , [[:en:Mufindi_District|Mufindi]] & [[:en:Iringa_Urban_District|Iringa Urban]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Holoholo_people|Holoholo people]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Uvinza_District|Uvinza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ikizu|Ikizu]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Bunda_District|Bunda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ikoma_(ethnic_group)|Ikoma]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Serengeti_District|Serengeti]] & [[:en:Butiama_District|Butiama]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Iraqw_people|Iraqw]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Hanang_District|Hanang]] , [[:en:Babati_District|Babati]] & [[:en:Mbulu_District|Mbulu]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Isanzu|Isanzu]] |[[:en:Singida_Region|Singida]] |[[:en:Mkalama_District|Mkalama]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Jiji_people|Jiji]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Kigoma-Ujiji_District|Kigoma-Ujiji]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Jita_people|Jita]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Rorya_District|Rorya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Joluo|Joluo]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Butiama_District|Butiama]] , [[:en:Musoma_Urban|Musoma Urban]], [[:en:Rorya_District|Rorya]] & [[:en:Tarime_District|Tarime]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Kaguru|Kaguru]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Gairo_District|Gairo]] & [[:en:Kilosa_District|Kilosa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kami_(ethnic_group)|Kami]] |[[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Kisarawe_District|Kisarawe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kara_people_(Tanzania)|Kara]] |[[:en:Mwanza_Region|Mwanza]] |[[:en:Ukerewe_District|Ukerewe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kerewe_people|Kerewe]] |[[:en:Mwanza_Region|Mwanza]] |[[:en:Ukerewe_District|Ukerewe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kimbu_people|Kimbu]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Chunya_District|Chunya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kinga_people|Kinga]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kisi_people|Kisi]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Konongo_people|Konongo]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpanda_District|Mpanda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kuria_people|Kuria]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Tarime_District|Tarime]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kutu_people|Kutu]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Rural_District|Morogoro Rural]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kw'adza_people|Kw'adza]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Mbulu_District|Mbulu]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Kwaya|Kwaya]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Musoma_Rural_District|Musoma Rural]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Lambya|Lambya]] |[[:en:Songwe_Region|Songwe]] |[[:en:Momba_District|Momba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Luguru_people|Luguru]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Mvomero_District|Mvomero]] & [[:en:Morogoro_Rural_District|Morogoro Rural]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Lungu_people|Lungu]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Kalambo_District|Kalambo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Maasai_people|Maasai]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] & [[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Ngorongoro_District|Ngorongoro]] , [[:en:Kiteto_District|Kiteto]] , [[:en:Simanjiro_District|Simanjiro]] , [[:en:Longido_District|Longido]] , [[:en:Monduli_District|Monduli]] & [[:en:Arusha_District|Arusha]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Machinga_people|Machinga]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Lindi_District|Lindi]] & [[:en:Kilwa_District|Kilwa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Magoma|Magoma]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mahanji|Mahanji]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Makonde_people|Makonde]] |[[:en:Mtwara_Region|Mtwara]] & [[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Mtwara-Mikindani_District|Mtwara-Mikindani]] , [[:en:Mtwara_District|Mtwara]] , [[:en:Ruangwa_District|Ruangwa]] , [[:en:Nachingwea_District|Nachingwea]] , [[:en:Masasi_District|Masasi]] , [[:en:Lindi_District|Lindi]] , [[:en:Tandahimba_District|Tandahimba]] & [[:en:Newala_District|Newala]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Makua_(people)|Makua]] |[[:en:Mtwara_Region|Mtwara]] |[[:en:Newala_District|Newala]] & [[:en:Tandahimba_District|Tandahimba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Malila|Malila]] |[[:en:Songwe_Region|Songwe]] |[[:en:Momba_District|Momba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mambwe_people|Mambwe]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Kalambo_District|Kalambo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Manyema|Manyema]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Kigoma_District|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Manda_(ethnic_group)|Manda]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Ludewa_District|Ludewa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Wameru|Meru]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Meru_District|Meru]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Matengo|Matengo]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Mbinga_District|Mbinga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Matumbi_people|Matumbi]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Kilwa_District|Kilwa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Maviha|Maviha]] |[[:en:Mtwara_Region|Mtwara]] |[[:en:Mtwara_District|Mtwara]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mbugwe_people|Mbugwe]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Babati_District|Babati]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mbunga|Mbunga]] |[[:en:Iringa_Region|Iringa]] |[[:en:Kilolo_District|Kilolo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mbugu_people|Mbugu people]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Lushoto_District|Lushoto]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mpoto|Mpoto]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Mbinga_District|Mbinga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mwera_(ethnic_group)|Mwera]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Kilwa_District|Kilwa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndali_(ethnic_group)|Ndali]] |[[:en:Songwe_Region|Songwe]] |[[:en:Momba_District|Momba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndamba|Ndamba]] |[[:en:Iringa_Region|Iringa]] |[[:en:Kilolo_District|Kilolo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndendeule|Ndendeule]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Namtumbo_District|Namtumbo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndengereko|Ndengereko]] |[[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Mkuranga_District|Mkuranga]] , [[:en:Kisarawe_District|Kisarawe]] & [[:en:Rufiji_District|Rufiji]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndonde|Ndonde]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Nachingwea_District|Nachingwea]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngasa_people|Ngasa]] |[[:en:Kilimanjaro_Region|Kilimanjaro]] |[[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngindo|Ngindo]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Liwale_District|Liwale]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Songea_District|Songea]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngulu_people|Ngulu]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Kilindi_District|Kilindi]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngurimi|Ngurimi]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Serengeti_District|Serengeti]] & [[:en:Tarime_District|Tarime]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Iramba_people|Iramba]] |[[:en:Singida_Region|Singida]] & [[:en:Shinyanga_Region|Shinyanga]] |[[:en:Iramba_District|Iramba]] & [[:en:Kishapu_District|Kishapu]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nindi|Nindi]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Songea_District|Songea]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyakyusa_people|Nyakyusa]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Kyela_District|Kyela]] & [[:en:Rungwe_District|Rungwe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kwere_people|Kwere]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Nkasi_District|Nkasi]] & [[:en:Sumbawanga_District|Sumbawanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyambo|Nyambo]] |[[:en:Kagera_Region|Kagera]] |[[:en:Karagwe_District|Karagwe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mwanga_people|Nyamwanga]] |[[:en:Songwe_Region|Songwe]] |[[:en:Momba_District|Momba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyamwezi_people|Nyamwezi]] |[[:en:Tabora_Region|Tabora]] & [[:en:Shinyanga_Region|Shinyanga]] |[[:en:Urambo_District|Urambo]] , [[:en:Kaliua_District|Kaliua]] , [[:en:Sikonge_District|Sikonge]] , [[:en:Nzega_District|Nzega]] , [[:en:Kahama_District|Kahama]] , [[:en:Shinyanga_District|Shinyanga]] , [[:en:Uyui_District|Uyui]] & [[:en:Igunga_District|Igunga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyanyembe|Nyanyembe]] |[[:en:Tabora_Region|Tabora]] |[[:en:Uyui_District|Uyui]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Turu_people_(Tanzania)|Nyaturu]] |[[:en:Singida_Region|Singida]] |[[:en:Ikungi_District|Ikungi]] & [[:en:Manyoni_District|Manyoni]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyiha|Nyiha]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Mbozi_District|Mbozi]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Pangwa|Pangwa]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Ludewa_District|Ludewa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Pare_people|Pare]] |[[:en:Kilimanjaro_Region|Kilimanjaro]] |[[:en:Mwanga_District|Mwanga]] & [[:en:Same_District|Same]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Pimbwe|Pimbwe]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpimbwe_District|Mpimbwe]] & [[:en:Mlele_District|Mlele]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Pogolo_people|Pogolo]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Kilombero_District|Kilombero]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Rangi_people|Rangi]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Kondoa_District|Kondoa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Rufiji_people|Rufiji]] |[[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Rufiji_District|Rufiji]] , [[:en:Mafia_District|Mafia]] & [[:en:Kibiti_District|Kibiti]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Rungwa|Rungwa]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpanda_District|Mpanda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Safwa|Safwa]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Mbeya_District|Mbeya]] & [[:en:Rungwe_District|Rungwe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Sagara_people|Sagara]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Kilosa_District|Kilosa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Sandawe_people|Sandawe]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Chemba_District_(Tanzania)|Chemba]] |[[:en:Khoisan|Wakhoisani]] | |- |[[:en:Sangu_people|Sangu]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Chunya_District|Chunya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Segeju|Segeju]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Mkinga_District|Mkinga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Shambaa_people|Shambaa]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Korogwe_District|Korogwe]] , [[:en:Bumbuli_District|Bumbuli]] & [[:en:Lushoto_District|Lushoto]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Shirazi_people|Shirazi]] |[[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] |[[:en:Kati_District|Kati]] , [[:en:Kaskazini_A_District|Kaskazini A]] , [[:en:Kaskazini_B_District|Kaskazini B]] , [[:en:Mjini_District|Mjini]] & [[:en:Kusini_District|Kusini]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Shubi_people|Shubi]] |[[:en:Kagera_Region|Kagera]] |[[:en:Ngara_District|Ngara]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Suba_people_(Tanzania)|Suba]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Rorya_District|Rorya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Sukuma_people|Sukuma]] |[[:en:Mwanza_Region|Mwanza]] , [[:en:Simiyu_Region|Simiyu]] , [[:en:Geita_Region|Geita]] & [[:en:Shinyanga_Region|Shinyanga]] |[[:en:Ilemela_District|Ilemela]] , [[:en:Kwimba_District|Kwimba]] , [[:en:Magu_District|Magu]] , [[:en:Misungwi_District|Misungwi]] , [[:en:Nyamagana_District|Nyamagana]] , [[:en:Sengerema_District|Sengerema]] , [[:en:Geita_District|Geita]] , [[:en:Nyang'hwale_District|Nyang'hwale]] , [[:en:Bariadi_District|Bariadi]] , [[:en:Busega_District|Busega]] , [[:en:Itilima_District|Itilima]] , [[:en:Maswa_District|Maswa]] , [[:en:Meatu_District|Meatu]] [[:en:Shinyanga_District|Shinyanga]] , [[:en:Kahama_District|Kahama]] , [[:en:Kishapu_District|Kishapu]] , [[:en:Msalala_District|Msalala]] , [[:en:Ushetu_District|Ushetu]] & [[:en:Mbogwe_District|Mbogwe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Sumbwa|Sumbwa]] |[[:en:Geita_Region|Geita]] |[[:en:Bukombe_District|Bukombe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] |All s |All s |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] |- |[[:en:Sonjo_people|Sonjo]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Ngorongoro_District|Ngorongoro]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Tongwe|Tongwe]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Uvinza_District|Uvinza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Tumbuka_people|Tumbuka]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Nkasi_District|Nkasi]] & [[:en:Sumbawanga_District|Sumbawanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Vidunda|Vidunda]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Kilosa_District|Kilosa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Vinza|Vinza]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Uvinza_District|Uvinza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Wanda_people|Wanda]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Sumbawanga_District|Sumbawanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Wanji|Wanji]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ware_people|Ware]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Rorya_District|Rorya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Yao_people_(East_Africa)|Yao]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Tunduru_District|Tunduru]] & [[:en:Namtumbo_District|Namtumbo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Zanaki_people|Zanaki]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Butiama_District|Butiama]] & [[:en:Bunda_District|Bunda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Zaramo|Zaramo]] |[[:en:Dar_es_Salaam_Region|Dar es Salaam]] & [[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Ilala_District|Ilala]] , [[:en:Temeke_District|Temeke]] , [[:en:Ubungo_District|Ubungo]] , [[:en:Kigamboni_District|Kigamboni]] , [[:en:Kinondoni_District|Kinondoni]] , [[:en:Bagamoyo_District|Bagamoyo]] , [[:en:Kibaha_District|Kibaha]] , [[:en:Chalinze_District|Chalinze]] , [[:en:Kisarawe_District|Kisarawe]] , [[:en:Mkuranga_District|Mkuranga]] , [[:en:Mafia_District|Mafia]] & [[:en:Kibiti_District|Kibiti]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Zigua_people|Zigua]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] & [[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Handeni_District|Handeni]] , [[:en:Muheza_District|Muheza]] , [[:en:Chalinze_District|Chalinze]] , [[:en:Kilindi_District|Kilindi]] , [[:en:Korogwe_District|Korogwe]] & [[:en:Pangani_District|Pangani]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Zinza|Zinza]] |[[:en:Geita_Region|Geita]] & [[:en:Mwanza_Region|Mwanza]] |[[:en:Sengerema_District|Sengerema]] , [[:en:Geita_District|Geita]] & [[:en:Chato_District|Chato]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |} == Orodha == *[[Waakie]] *[[Waakiek]] *[[Waalagwa]] (pia: ''Wasi'') *[[Waarusha]] *[[Waassa]] *[[Wabarabaig]] (pia: ''Wamang'ati'') *[[Wabembe]] *[[Wabena]] *[[Wabende]] *[[Wabondei]] *[[Wabungu]] (au ''Wawungu'') *[[Waburunge]] *[[Wachagga]] *[[Wadatoga]] *[[Wadhaiso]] *[[Wadigo]] *[[Wadoe]] *[[Wafipa]] *[[Wagogo]] *[[Wagoma]] *[[Wagorowa]] (pia: ''Wafiome'') *[[Wagweno]] *[[Waha]] *[[Wahadzabe]] (pia: ''Wahadza'' na ''Watindiga'') *[[Wahangaza]] *[[Wahaya]] *[[Wahehe]] *[[Wahinda]] *[[Wahutu]] *[[Waikizu]] *[[Waikoma]] *[[Wairaqw]] (pia: ''Wambulu'') *[[Waisanzu]] *Waissenye *[[Wajaluo]] *[[Wajiji]] *[[Wajita]] *[[Wakabwa]] *[[Wakaguru]] *[[Wakahe]] *[[Wakami]] *[[Wakara]] (pia: ''Waregi'') *[[Wakerewe]] *[[Wakimbu]] *[[Wakinga]] *[[Wakisankasa]] *[[Wakisi]] *[[Wakonongo]] *[[Wakuria]] *[[Wakutu]] *[[Wakw'adza]] *[[Wakwavi]] *[[Wakwaya]] *[[Wakwere]] (pia: ''Wanghwele'') *[[Wakwifa]] *[[Walambya]] *[[Walongo]] *[[Waluguru]] *[[Walungu]] *[[Wamachinga]] *[[Wamagoma]] *[[Wamahanji]] *[[Wamakonde]] *[[Wamakua]] (au: ''Wamakhuwa'') *[[Wamakwe]] (pia: ''Wamaraba'') *[[Wamalila]] *[[Wamambwe]] *[[Wamanda]] *[[Wamanyema]] *[[Wamasai]] *[[Wamatengo]] *[[Wamatumbi]] *[[Wamaviha]] *[[Wambugwe]] *[[Wambunga]] *[[Wameru]] *[[Wamosiro]] *[[Wampoto]] *[[Wamwera]] *[[Wandali]] *[[Wandamba]] *[[Wandendeule]] *[[Wandengereko]] *[[Wandonde]] *[[Wanena]] *[[Wangasa]] *[[Wangindo]] *[[Wangoni]] *[[Wangulu]] *[[Wangurimi]] (au: ''Wangoreme'') *[[Wanilamba]] (au: ''Wanyiramba'') *[[Wanindi]] *[[Wanyakyusa]] *[[Wanyambo]] *[[Wanyamwanga]] *[[Wanyamwezi]] *[[Wanyanyembe]] *[[Wanyasa]] *[[Wanyaturu]] (pia: ''Warimi'') *[[Wanyiha]] *[[Waokiek]] *[[Wapangwa]] *[[Wapare]] (pia: ''Wasu'') *[[Wapimbwe]] *[[Wapogolo]] *[[Warangi]] (au: ''Walangi'') *[[Warufiji]] *[[Warungi]] *[[Warungu]] (au: ''Walungu'') *[[Warungwa]] *[[Warwa]] *[[Wasafwa]] *[[Wasagara]] *[[Wasandawe]] *[[Wasangu (Tanzania)]] *[[Wasegeju]] *[[Washambaa]] *[[Washirazi]] *[[Washubi]] *[[Wasizaki]] *[[Wasuba]] *[[Wasukuma]] *[[Wasumbwa]] *[[Waswahili]] *[[Wataveta]] *[[Watemi]] (pia: ''Wasonjo'') *[[Watongwe]] *[[Watumbuka]] *[[Wavidunda]] *[[Wavinza]] *[[Wawanda]] *[[Wawanji]] *[[Waware]] (lugha yao imekufa) *[[Wayao]] *[[Wazanaki]] *[[Wazaramo]] *[[Wazigula]] *[[Wazinza]] *[[Wazyoba]] == Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Hoja Kuhusu Tanzania}} {{Makabila ya Tanzania}} {{Africa topic|Orodha ya makabila ya}} [[Jamii:Makabila ya Tanzania|*]] [[Jamii:Orodha za watu|Makabila ya Tanzania]] [[Category:Vigezo vya makabila ya Afrika]] 9qq31jy1ugz49w9zvwhas2za33iy5h4 1530382 1530360 2026-05-03T10:36:35Z Czeus25 Masele 28489 /* Jedwali */ 1530382 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Orodha ya makabila ya Tanzania''' inayotolewa hapa inataja [[Kabila|makabila]] zaidi ya mia moja na ishirini (120) ambayo hupatikana katika [[Mkoa|mikoa]] yote ya [[Mikoa ya Tanzania|Tanzania]]. Ni orodha ya makabila ya watu ambao wamekuwa wanaishi tangu zamani katika eneo ambalo sasa linaitwa Tanzania, pamoja na makabila yaliyogawiwa na mipaka baina ya Tanzania na nchi za jirani. Orodha hii haizingatii makabila yanayoishi katika Tanzania kama [[wakimbizi]] tu, hasa kutokana na [[vita]] katika nchi za jirani. Vilevile ukurasa huu hauorodheshi vikundi vya [[wahamiaji]] kutoka nchi za kigeni, kama wahamiaji au wazao wao kutoka [[Uarabuni]] au [[Uhindi]]. Juu ya hiyo, hakuna [[ufafanuzi]] wa wazi kusema kikundi fulani ni kabila au siyo. Vikundi kadhaa katika orodha hii vina wenyeji mamia tu, lakini vikundi vingine vina [[milioni|mamilioni]] ya watu; labda kila kikundi kinaitwa "kabila," lakini ni jamii za aina tofauti kabisa. Vikundi katika ukurasa huu vimeorodheshwa kuwa vikundi tofauti kutokana na ushahidi wa kutofautisha lugha zao unaotokana na orodha ya [[lugha]] za [[Tanzania]] inayopatikana katika Ethnologue <ref>http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=TZ</ref> pamoja na [[tovuti]] nyingine <ref>http://www.fizzylogic.com/wasukuma/makabila_tz.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.fizzylogic.com/wasukuma/makabila_tz.html |date=20060822104026 }}</ref>; inaweza kuwa na matatizo kwenye [[jina|majina]] kadhaa, kwa sababu mbalimbali. Kwa mfano, inawezekana kwamba baadhi ya majina ya [[Kabila|makabila]] ni majina ya [[lugha]] au [[lahaja]] tu, badala ya makabila, na labda majina mengine yaliandikwa vibaya.<ref>Raa, Eric Ten. “The Moon as a Symbol of Life and Fertility in Sandawe Thought.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, vol. 39, no. 1, 1969, pp. 24–53. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1157948. Accessed 18 Mar. 2023.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Akie - A heavily endangered hunter‐gatherers' language in Central Tanzania|url=https://dobes.mpi.nl/posters/screen/africa-akie-screen.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=Documentation of Endangered Languages|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713035157/https://dobes.mpi.nl/posters/screen/africa-akie-screen.pdf|archive-date=2021-07-13}}</ref> ==Jedwali== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Kabila !Mkoa !Wilaya !Kundi la kikabila-lugha !Maelezo |- |[[:en:Alagwa_people|Waalagwa]] |[[Dodoma (mji)|Dodoma]] |Kondoa |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] |Jamii hii inahusishwa na sanaa ya kutengeneza mvua (uganga wa mvua), licha ya kuwa asilimia 99 ni Waislamu.<ref>Raa, Eric Ten. “The Moon as a Symbol of Life and Fertility in Sandawe Thought.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, vol. 39, no. 1, 1969, pp. 24–53. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1157948. Accessed 18 Mar. 2023.</ref> |- |[[Waakie]] |Manyara |Simanjiro |[[:en:Khoisan|Wakhoisani]] |Waakie, kama ilivyo kwa watu wengine wote wa wawindaji na wakusanyaji nchini Tanzania na Kenya, wakati mwingine huitwa “Dorobo” au “Wandorobo”, jambo ambalo ni la kudhalilisha na si sahihi..<ref name=":02">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Akie - A heavily endangered hunter‐gatherers' language in Central Tanzania|url=https://dobes.mpi.nl/posters/screen/africa-akie-screen.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=Documentation of Endangered Languages|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713035157/https://dobes.mpi.nl/posters/screen/africa-akie-screen.pdf|archive-date=2021-07-13}}</ref> |- |[[Wabarabaig]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Hanang_District|Hanang]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Assa_(ethnic_group)|Assa]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Kiteto_District|Kiteto]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Arusha_people|Arusha]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Arusha_District|Arusha]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Bembe_people|Bembe]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpanda_District|Mpanda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Bena_people|Bena]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Njombe_District|Njombe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Bende_people|Bende]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpanda_District|Mpanda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Bondei|Bondei]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Pangani_District|Pangani]] & [[:en:Muheza_District|Muheza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Bungu_people|Bungu]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Chunya_District|Chunya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Burunge_people|Burunge]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Kondoa_District|Kondoa]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Chaga_people|Chagga]] |[[:en:Kilimanjaro_Region|Kilimanjaro]] |[[:en:Siha_District|Siha]] , [[:en:Moshi_District|Moshi]] , [[:en:Moshi_Rural_District|Moshi Rural]] , [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo]] & [[:en:Hai_District|Hai]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Datooga_people|Datooga]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Karatu_District|Karatu]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Dhaiso|Dhaiso]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Muheza_District|Muheza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Digo_people|Digo]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Mkinga_District|Mkinga]] & [[:en:Tanga_District|Tanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Doe_people|Doe]] |[[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Chalinze_District|Chalinze]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Fipa_people|Fipa]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Nkasi_District|Nkasi]] & [[:en:Sumbawanga_District|Sumbawanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Gogo_(ethnic_group)|Gogo]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Chamwino_District|Chamwino]] , [[:en:Chemba_District_(Tanzania)|Chemba]] , [[:en:Bahi_District|Bahi]] , [[:en:Kongwa_District|Kongwa]] & [[:en:Mpwapwa_District|Mpwapwa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Goma_people|Goma people]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Kigoma-Ujiji_District|Kigoma-Ujiji]] & [[:en:Kigoma_District|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Gorowa_people|Gorowa]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Kondoa_District|Kondoa]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Ha_people|Ha]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Kasulu_District|Kasulu]] & [[:en:Kibondo_District|Kibondo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Hadimu|Hadimu]] |[[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] |[[:en:Kati_District|Kati]] , [[:en:Kaskazini_A_District|Kaskazini A]] , [[:en:Kaskazini_B_District|Kaskazini B]] , [[:en:Mjini_District|Mjini]] & [[:en:Kusini_District|Kusini]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Hadza_people|Hadza]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Karatu_District|Karatu]] |[[:en:Khoisan|Wakhoisani]] | |- |[[:en:Hangaza|Hangaza]] |[[:en:Kagera_Region|Kagera]] |[[:en:Ngara_District|Ngara]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Haya_(ethnic_group)|Haya]] |[[:en:Kagera_Region|Kagera]] |[[:en:Muleba_District|Muleba]] , [[:en:Bukoba_Rural_District|Bukoba Rural]] , [[:en:Bukoba_District|Bukoba]] , & [[:en:Missenyi_District|Missenyi]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Hehe_people|Hehe]] |[[:en:Iringa_Region|Iringa]] |[[:en:Iringa_District|Iringa]] , [[:en:Kilolo_District|Kilolo]] , [[:en:Mufindi_District|Mufindi]] & [[:en:Iringa_Urban_District|Iringa Urban]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Holoholo_people|Holoholo people]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Uvinza_District|Uvinza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ikizu|Ikizu]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Bunda_District|Bunda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ikoma_(ethnic_group)|Ikoma]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Serengeti_District|Serengeti]] & [[:en:Butiama_District|Butiama]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Iraqw_people|Iraqw]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Hanang_District|Hanang]] , [[:en:Babati_District|Babati]] & [[:en:Mbulu_District|Mbulu]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Isanzu|Isanzu]] |[[:en:Singida_Region|Singida]] |[[:en:Mkalama_District|Mkalama]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Jiji_people|Jiji]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Kigoma-Ujiji_District|Kigoma-Ujiji]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Jita_people|Jita]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Rorya_District|Rorya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Joluo|Joluo]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Butiama_District|Butiama]] , [[:en:Musoma_Urban|Musoma Urban]], [[:en:Rorya_District|Rorya]] & [[:en:Tarime_District|Tarime]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Kaguru|Kaguru]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Gairo_District|Gairo]] & [[:en:Kilosa_District|Kilosa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kami_(ethnic_group)|Kami]] |[[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Kisarawe_District|Kisarawe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kara_people_(Tanzania)|Kara]] |[[:en:Mwanza_Region|Mwanza]] |[[:en:Ukerewe_District|Ukerewe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kerewe_people|Kerewe]] |[[:en:Mwanza_Region|Mwanza]] |[[:en:Ukerewe_District|Ukerewe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kimbu_people|Kimbu]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Chunya_District|Chunya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kinga_people|Kinga]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kisi_people|Kisi]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Konongo_people|Konongo]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpanda_District|Mpanda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kuria_people|Kuria]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Tarime_District|Tarime]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kutu_people|Kutu]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Rural_District|Morogoro Rural]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kw'adza_people|Kw'adza]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Mbulu_District|Mbulu]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Kwaya|Kwaya]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Musoma_Rural_District|Musoma Rural]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Lambya|Lambya]] |[[:en:Songwe_Region|Songwe]] |[[:en:Momba_District|Momba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Luguru_people|Luguru]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Mvomero_District|Mvomero]] & [[:en:Morogoro_Rural_District|Morogoro Rural]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Lungu_people|Lungu]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Kalambo_District|Kalambo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Maasai_people|Maasai]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] & [[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Ngorongoro_District|Ngorongoro]] , [[:en:Kiteto_District|Kiteto]] , [[:en:Simanjiro_District|Simanjiro]] , [[:en:Longido_District|Longido]] , [[:en:Monduli_District|Monduli]] & [[:en:Arusha_District|Arusha]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Machinga_people|Machinga]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Lindi_District|Lindi]] & [[:en:Kilwa_District|Kilwa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Magoma|Magoma]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mahanji|Mahanji]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Makonde_people|Makonde]] |[[:en:Mtwara_Region|Mtwara]] & [[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Mtwara-Mikindani_District|Mtwara-Mikindani]] , [[:en:Mtwara_District|Mtwara]] , [[:en:Ruangwa_District|Ruangwa]] , [[:en:Nachingwea_District|Nachingwea]] , [[:en:Masasi_District|Masasi]] , [[:en:Lindi_District|Lindi]] , [[:en:Tandahimba_District|Tandahimba]] & [[:en:Newala_District|Newala]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Makua_(people)|Makua]] |[[:en:Mtwara_Region|Mtwara]] |[[:en:Newala_District|Newala]] & [[:en:Tandahimba_District|Tandahimba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Malila|Malila]] |[[:en:Songwe_Region|Songwe]] |[[:en:Momba_District|Momba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mambwe_people|Mambwe]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Kalambo_District|Kalambo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Manyema|Manyema]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Kigoma_District|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Manda_(ethnic_group)|Manda]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Ludewa_District|Ludewa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Wameru|Meru]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Meru_District|Meru]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Matengo|Matengo]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Mbinga_District|Mbinga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Matumbi_people|Matumbi]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Kilwa_District|Kilwa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Maviha|Maviha]] |[[:en:Mtwara_Region|Mtwara]] |[[:en:Mtwara_District|Mtwara]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mbugwe_people|Mbugwe]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Babati_District|Babati]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mbunga|Mbunga]] |[[:en:Iringa_Region|Iringa]] |[[:en:Kilolo_District|Kilolo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mbugu_people|Mbugu people]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Lushoto_District|Lushoto]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mpoto|Mpoto]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Mbinga_District|Mbinga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mwera_(ethnic_group)|Mwera]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Kilwa_District|Kilwa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndali_(ethnic_group)|Ndali]] |[[:en:Songwe_Region|Songwe]] |[[:en:Momba_District|Momba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndamba|Ndamba]] |[[:en:Iringa_Region|Iringa]] |[[:en:Kilolo_District|Kilolo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndendeule|Ndendeule]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Namtumbo_District|Namtumbo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndengereko|Ndengereko]] |[[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Mkuranga_District|Mkuranga]] , [[:en:Kisarawe_District|Kisarawe]] & [[:en:Rufiji_District|Rufiji]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndonde|Ndonde]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Nachingwea_District|Nachingwea]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngasa_people|Ngasa]] |[[:en:Kilimanjaro_Region|Kilimanjaro]] |[[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngindo|Ngindo]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Liwale_District|Liwale]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Songea_District|Songea]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngulu_people|Ngulu]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Kilindi_District|Kilindi]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngurimi|Ngurimi]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Serengeti_District|Serengeti]] & [[:en:Tarime_District|Tarime]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Iramba_people|Iramba]] |[[:en:Singida_Region|Singida]] & [[:en:Shinyanga_Region|Shinyanga]] |[[:en:Iramba_District|Iramba]] & [[:en:Kishapu_District|Kishapu]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nindi|Nindi]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Songea_District|Songea]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyakyusa_people|Nyakyusa]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Kyela_District|Kyela]] & [[:en:Rungwe_District|Rungwe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kwere_people|Kwere]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Nkasi_District|Nkasi]] & [[:en:Sumbawanga_District|Sumbawanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyambo|Nyambo]] |[[:en:Kagera_Region|Kagera]] |[[:en:Karagwe_District|Karagwe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mwanga_people|Nyamwanga]] |[[:en:Songwe_Region|Songwe]] |[[:en:Momba_District|Momba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyamwezi_people|Nyamwezi]] |[[:en:Tabora_Region|Tabora]] & [[:en:Shinyanga_Region|Shinyanga]] |[[:en:Urambo_District|Urambo]] , [[:en:Kaliua_District|Kaliua]] , [[:en:Sikonge_District|Sikonge]] , [[:en:Nzega_District|Nzega]] , [[:en:Kahama_District|Kahama]] , [[:en:Shinyanga_District|Shinyanga]] , [[:en:Uyui_District|Uyui]] & [[:en:Igunga_District|Igunga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyanyembe|Nyanyembe]] |[[:en:Tabora_Region|Tabora]] |[[:en:Uyui_District|Uyui]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Turu_people_(Tanzania)|Nyaturu]] |[[:en:Singida_Region|Singida]] |[[:en:Ikungi_District|Ikungi]] & [[:en:Manyoni_District|Manyoni]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyiha|Nyiha]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Mbozi_District|Mbozi]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Pangwa|Pangwa]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Ludewa_District|Ludewa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Pare_people|Pare]] |[[:en:Kilimanjaro_Region|Kilimanjaro]] |[[:en:Mwanga_District|Mwanga]] & [[:en:Same_District|Same]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Pimbwe|Pimbwe]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpimbwe_District|Mpimbwe]] & [[:en:Mlele_District|Mlele]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Pogolo_people|Pogolo]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Kilombero_District|Kilombero]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Rangi_people|Rangi]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Kondoa_District|Kondoa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Rufiji_people|Rufiji]] |[[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Rufiji_District|Rufiji]] , [[:en:Mafia_District|Mafia]] & [[:en:Kibiti_District|Kibiti]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Rungwa|Rungwa]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpanda_District|Mpanda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Safwa|Safwa]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Mbeya_District|Mbeya]] & [[:en:Rungwe_District|Rungwe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Sagara_people|Sagara]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Kilosa_District|Kilosa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Sandawe_people|Sandawe]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Chemba_District_(Tanzania)|Chemba]] |[[:en:Khoisan|Wakhoisani]] | |- |[[:en:Sangu_people|Sangu]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Chunya_District|Chunya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Segeju|Segeju]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Mkinga_District|Mkinga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Shambaa_people|Shambaa]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Korogwe_District|Korogwe]] , [[:en:Bumbuli_District|Bumbuli]] & [[:en:Lushoto_District|Lushoto]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Shirazi_people|Shirazi]] |[[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] |[[:en:Kati_District|Kati]] , [[:en:Kaskazini_A_District|Kaskazini A]] , [[:en:Kaskazini_B_District|Kaskazini B]] , [[:en:Mjini_District|Mjini]] & [[:en:Kusini_District|Kusini]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Shubi_people|Shubi]] |[[:en:Kagera_Region|Kagera]] |[[:en:Ngara_District|Ngara]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Suba_people_(Tanzania)|Suba]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Rorya_District|Rorya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Sukuma_people|Sukuma]] |[[:en:Mwanza_Region|Mwanza]] , [[:en:Simiyu_Region|Simiyu]] , [[:en:Geita_Region|Geita]] & [[:en:Shinyanga_Region|Shinyanga]] |[[:en:Ilemela_District|Ilemela]] , [[:en:Kwimba_District|Kwimba]] , [[:en:Magu_District|Magu]] , [[:en:Misungwi_District|Misungwi]] , [[:en:Nyamagana_District|Nyamagana]] , [[:en:Sengerema_District|Sengerema]] , [[:en:Geita_District|Geita]] , [[:en:Nyang'hwale_District|Nyang'hwale]] , [[:en:Bariadi_District|Bariadi]] , [[:en:Busega_District|Busega]] , [[:en:Itilima_District|Itilima]] , [[:en:Maswa_District|Maswa]] , [[:en:Meatu_District|Meatu]] [[:en:Shinyanga_District|Shinyanga]] , [[:en:Kahama_District|Kahama]] , [[:en:Kishapu_District|Kishapu]] , [[:en:Msalala_District|Msalala]] , [[:en:Ushetu_District|Ushetu]] & [[:en:Mbogwe_District|Mbogwe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Sumbwa|Sumbwa]] |[[:en:Geita_Region|Geita]] |[[:en:Bukombe_District|Bukombe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] |All s |All s |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] |- |[[:en:Sonjo_people|Sonjo]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Ngorongoro_District|Ngorongoro]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Tongwe|Tongwe]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Uvinza_District|Uvinza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Tumbuka_people|Tumbuka]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Nkasi_District|Nkasi]] & [[:en:Sumbawanga_District|Sumbawanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Vidunda|Vidunda]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Kilosa_District|Kilosa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Vinza|Vinza]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Uvinza_District|Uvinza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Wanda_people|Wanda]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Sumbawanga_District|Sumbawanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Wanji|Wanji]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ware_people|Ware]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Rorya_District|Rorya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Yao_people_(East_Africa)|Yao]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Tunduru_District|Tunduru]] & [[:en:Namtumbo_District|Namtumbo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Zanaki_people|Zanaki]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Butiama_District|Butiama]] & [[:en:Bunda_District|Bunda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Zaramo|Zaramo]] |[[:en:Dar_es_Salaam_Region|Dar es Salaam]] & [[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Ilala_District|Ilala]] , [[:en:Temeke_District|Temeke]] , [[:en:Ubungo_District|Ubungo]] , [[:en:Kigamboni_District|Kigamboni]] , [[:en:Kinondoni_District|Kinondoni]] , [[:en:Bagamoyo_District|Bagamoyo]] , [[:en:Kibaha_District|Kibaha]] , [[:en:Chalinze_District|Chalinze]] , [[:en:Kisarawe_District|Kisarawe]] , [[:en:Mkuranga_District|Mkuranga]] , [[:en:Mafia_District|Mafia]] & [[:en:Kibiti_District|Kibiti]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Zigua_people|Zigua]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] & [[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Handeni_District|Handeni]] , [[:en:Muheza_District|Muheza]] , [[:en:Chalinze_District|Chalinze]] , [[:en:Kilindi_District|Kilindi]] , [[:en:Korogwe_District|Korogwe]] & [[:en:Pangani_District|Pangani]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Zinza|Zinza]] |[[:en:Geita_Region|Geita]] & [[:en:Mwanza_Region|Mwanza]] |[[:en:Sengerema_District|Sengerema]] , [[:en:Geita_District|Geita]] & [[:en:Chato_District|Chato]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |} == Orodha == *[[Waakie]] *[[Waakiek]] *[[Waalagwa]] (pia: ''Wasi'') *[[Waarusha]] *[[Waassa]] *[[Wabarabaig]] (pia: ''Wamang'ati'') *[[Wabembe]] *[[Wabena]] *[[Wabende]] *[[Wabondei]] *[[Wabungu]] (au ''Wawungu'') *[[Waburunge]] *[[Wachagga]] *[[Wadatoga]] *[[Wadhaiso]] *[[Wadigo]] *[[Wadoe]] *[[Wafipa]] *[[Wagogo]] *[[Wagoma]] *[[Wagorowa]] (pia: ''Wafiome'') *[[Wagweno]] *[[Waha]] *[[Wahadzabe]] (pia: ''Wahadza'' na ''Watindiga'') *[[Wahangaza]] *[[Wahaya]] *[[Wahehe]] *[[Wahinda]] *[[Wahutu]] *[[Waikizu]] *[[Waikoma]] *[[Wairaqw]] (pia: ''Wambulu'') *[[Waisanzu]] *Waissenye *[[Wajaluo]] *[[Wajiji]] *[[Wajita]] *[[Wakabwa]] *[[Wakaguru]] *[[Wakahe]] *[[Wakami]] *[[Wakara]] (pia: ''Waregi'') *[[Wakerewe]] *[[Wakimbu]] *[[Wakinga]] *[[Wakisankasa]] *[[Wakisi]] *[[Wakonongo]] *[[Wakuria]] *[[Wakutu]] *[[Wakw'adza]] *[[Wakwavi]] *[[Wakwaya]] *[[Wakwere]] (pia: ''Wanghwele'') *[[Wakwifa]] *[[Walambya]] *[[Walongo]] *[[Waluguru]] *[[Walungu]] *[[Wamachinga]] *[[Wamagoma]] *[[Wamahanji]] *[[Wamakonde]] *[[Wamakua]] (au: ''Wamakhuwa'') *[[Wamakwe]] (pia: ''Wamaraba'') *[[Wamalila]] *[[Wamambwe]] *[[Wamanda]] *[[Wamanyema]] *[[Wamasai]] *[[Wamatengo]] *[[Wamatumbi]] *[[Wamaviha]] *[[Wambugwe]] *[[Wambunga]] *[[Wameru]] *[[Wamosiro]] *[[Wampoto]] *[[Wamwera]] *[[Wandali]] *[[Wandamba]] *[[Wandendeule]] *[[Wandengereko]] *[[Wandonde]] *[[Wanena]] *[[Wangasa]] *[[Wangindo]] *[[Wangoni]] *[[Wangulu]] *[[Wangurimi]] (au: ''Wangoreme'') *[[Wanilamba]] (au: ''Wanyiramba'') *[[Wanindi]] *[[Wanyakyusa]] *[[Wanyambo]] *[[Wanyamwanga]] *[[Wanyamwezi]] *[[Wanyanyembe]] *[[Wanyasa]] *[[Wanyaturu]] (pia: ''Warimi'') *[[Wanyiha]] *[[Waokiek]] *[[Wapangwa]] *[[Wapare]] (pia: ''Wasu'') *[[Wapimbwe]] *[[Wapogolo]] *[[Warangi]] (au: ''Walangi'') *[[Warufiji]] *[[Warungi]] *[[Warungu]] (au: ''Walungu'') *[[Warungwa]] *[[Warwa]] *[[Wasafwa]] *[[Wasagara]] *[[Wasandawe]] *[[Wasangu (Tanzania)]] *[[Wasegeju]] *[[Washambaa]] *[[Washirazi]] *[[Washubi]] *[[Wasizaki]] *[[Wasuba]] *[[Wasukuma]] *[[Wasumbwa]] *[[Waswahili]] *[[Wataveta]] *[[Watemi]] (pia: ''Wasonjo'') *[[Watongwe]] *[[Watumbuka]] *[[Wavidunda]] *[[Wavinza]] *[[Wawanda]] *[[Wawanji]] *[[Waware]] (lugha yao imekufa) *[[Wayao]] *[[Wazanaki]] *[[Wazaramo]] *[[Wazigula]] *[[Wazinza]] *[[Wazyoba]] == Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Hoja Kuhusu Tanzania}} {{Makabila ya Tanzania}} {{Africa topic|Orodha ya makabila ya}} [[Jamii:Makabila ya Tanzania|*]] [[Jamii:Orodha za watu|Makabila ya Tanzania]] [[Category:Vigezo vya makabila ya Afrika]] fpf1eda04l4c7naxr7zgmad2zvdygiq 1530389 1530382 2026-05-03T11:33:59Z Czeus25 Masele 28489 /* Jedwali */ 1530389 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Orodha ya makabila ya Tanzania''' inayotolewa hapa inataja [[Kabila|makabila]] zaidi ya mia moja na ishirini (120) ambayo hupatikana katika [[Mkoa|mikoa]] yote ya [[Mikoa ya Tanzania|Tanzania]]. Ni orodha ya makabila ya watu ambao wamekuwa wanaishi tangu zamani katika eneo ambalo sasa linaitwa Tanzania, pamoja na makabila yaliyogawiwa na mipaka baina ya Tanzania na nchi za jirani. Orodha hii haizingatii makabila yanayoishi katika Tanzania kama [[wakimbizi]] tu, hasa kutokana na [[vita]] katika nchi za jirani. Vilevile ukurasa huu hauorodheshi vikundi vya [[wahamiaji]] kutoka nchi za kigeni, kama wahamiaji au wazao wao kutoka [[Uarabuni]] au [[Uhindi]]. Juu ya hiyo, hakuna [[ufafanuzi]] wa wazi kusema kikundi fulani ni kabila au siyo. Vikundi kadhaa katika orodha hii vina wenyeji mamia tu, lakini vikundi vingine vina [[milioni|mamilioni]] ya watu; labda kila kikundi kinaitwa "kabila," lakini ni jamii za aina tofauti kabisa. Vikundi katika ukurasa huu vimeorodheshwa kuwa vikundi tofauti kutokana na ushahidi wa kutofautisha lugha zao unaotokana na orodha ya [[lugha]] za [[Tanzania]] inayopatikana katika Ethnologue <ref>http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=TZ</ref> pamoja na [[tovuti]] nyingine <ref>http://www.fizzylogic.com/wasukuma/makabila_tz.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.fizzylogic.com/wasukuma/makabila_tz.html |date=20060822104026 }}</ref>; inaweza kuwa na matatizo kwenye [[jina|majina]] kadhaa, kwa sababu mbalimbali. Kwa mfano, inawezekana kwamba baadhi ya majina ya [[Kabila|makabila]] ni majina ya [[lugha]] au [[lahaja]] tu, badala ya makabila, na labda majina mengine yaliandikwa vibaya.<ref>Raa, Eric Ten. “The Moon as a Symbol of Life and Fertility in Sandawe Thought.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, vol. 39, no. 1, 1969, pp. 24–53. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1157948. Accessed 18 Mar. 2023.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Akie - A heavily endangered hunter‐gatherers' language in Central Tanzania|url=https://dobes.mpi.nl/posters/screen/africa-akie-screen.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=Documentation of Endangered Languages|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713035157/https://dobes.mpi.nl/posters/screen/africa-akie-screen.pdf|archive-date=2021-07-13}}</ref> ==Jedwali== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Kabila !Mkoa !Wilaya !Kundi la kikabila-lugha !Maelezo |- |[[:en:Alagwa_people|Waalagwa]] |[[Dodoma (mji)|Dodoma]] |Kondoa |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] |Jamii hii inahusishwa na sanaa ya kutengeneza mvua (uganga wa mvua), licha ya kuwa asilimia 99 ni Waislamu.<ref>Raa, Eric Ten. “The Moon as a Symbol of Life and Fertility in Sandawe Thought.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, vol. 39, no. 1, 1969, pp. 24–53. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1157948. Accessed 18 Mar. 2023.</ref> |- |[[Waakie]] |Manyara |Simanjiro |[[:en:Khoisan|Wakhoisani]] |Waakie, kama ilivyo kwa watu wengine wote wa wawindaji na wakusanyaji nchini Tanzania na Kenya, wakati mwingine huitwa “Dorobo” au “Wandorobo”, jambo ambalo ni la kudhalilisha na si sahihi..<ref name=":02">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Akie - A heavily endangered hunter‐gatherers' language in Central Tanzania|url=https://dobes.mpi.nl/posters/screen/africa-akie-screen.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=Documentation of Endangered Languages|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713035157/https://dobes.mpi.nl/posters/screen/africa-akie-screen.pdf|archive-date=2021-07-13}}</ref> |- |[[Wabarabaig]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Hanang_District|Hanang]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Assa_(ethnic_group)|Assa]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Kiteto_District|Kiteto]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[Waarusha]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Arusha_District|Arusha]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Bembe_people|Bembe]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpanda_District|Mpanda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Bena_people|Bena]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Njombe_District|Njombe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Bende_people|Bende]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpanda_District|Mpanda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Bondei|Bondei]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Pangani_District|Pangani]] & [[:en:Muheza_District|Muheza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Bungu_people|Bungu]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Chunya_District|Chunya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Burunge_people|Burunge]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Kondoa_District|Kondoa]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Chaga_people|Chagga]] |[[:en:Kilimanjaro_Region|Kilimanjaro]] |[[:en:Siha_District|Siha]] , [[:en:Moshi_District|Moshi]] , [[:en:Moshi_Rural_District|Moshi Rural]] , [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo]] & [[:en:Hai_District|Hai]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Datooga_people|Datooga]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Karatu_District|Karatu]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Dhaiso|Dhaiso]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Muheza_District|Muheza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Digo_people|Digo]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Mkinga_District|Mkinga]] & [[:en:Tanga_District|Tanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Doe_people|Doe]] |[[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Chalinze_District|Chalinze]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Fipa_people|Fipa]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Nkasi_District|Nkasi]] & [[:en:Sumbawanga_District|Sumbawanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Gogo_(ethnic_group)|Gogo]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Chamwino_District|Chamwino]] , [[:en:Chemba_District_(Tanzania)|Chemba]] , [[:en:Bahi_District|Bahi]] , [[:en:Kongwa_District|Kongwa]] & [[:en:Mpwapwa_District|Mpwapwa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Goma_people|Goma people]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Kigoma-Ujiji_District|Kigoma-Ujiji]] & [[:en:Kigoma_District|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Gorowa_people|Gorowa]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Kondoa_District|Kondoa]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Ha_people|Ha]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Kasulu_District|Kasulu]] & [[:en:Kibondo_District|Kibondo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Hadimu|Hadimu]] |[[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] |[[:en:Kati_District|Kati]] , [[:en:Kaskazini_A_District|Kaskazini A]] , [[:en:Kaskazini_B_District|Kaskazini B]] , [[:en:Mjini_District|Mjini]] & [[:en:Kusini_District|Kusini]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Hadza_people|Hadza]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Karatu_District|Karatu]] |[[:en:Khoisan|Wakhoisani]] | |- |[[:en:Hangaza|Hangaza]] |[[:en:Kagera_Region|Kagera]] |[[:en:Ngara_District|Ngara]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Haya_(ethnic_group)|Haya]] |[[:en:Kagera_Region|Kagera]] |[[:en:Muleba_District|Muleba]] , [[:en:Bukoba_Rural_District|Bukoba Rural]] , [[:en:Bukoba_District|Bukoba]] , & [[:en:Missenyi_District|Missenyi]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Hehe_people|Hehe]] |[[:en:Iringa_Region|Iringa]] |[[:en:Iringa_District|Iringa]] , [[:en:Kilolo_District|Kilolo]] , [[:en:Mufindi_District|Mufindi]] & [[:en:Iringa_Urban_District|Iringa Urban]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Holoholo_people|Holoholo people]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Uvinza_District|Uvinza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ikizu|Ikizu]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Bunda_District|Bunda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ikoma_(ethnic_group)|Ikoma]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Serengeti_District|Serengeti]] & [[:en:Butiama_District|Butiama]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Iraqw_people|Iraqw]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Hanang_District|Hanang]] , [[:en:Babati_District|Babati]] & [[:en:Mbulu_District|Mbulu]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Isanzu|Isanzu]] |[[:en:Singida_Region|Singida]] |[[:en:Mkalama_District|Mkalama]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Jiji_people|Jiji]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Kigoma-Ujiji_District|Kigoma-Ujiji]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Jita_people|Jita]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Rorya_District|Rorya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Joluo|Joluo]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Butiama_District|Butiama]] , [[:en:Musoma_Urban|Musoma Urban]], [[:en:Rorya_District|Rorya]] & [[:en:Tarime_District|Tarime]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Kaguru|Kaguru]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Gairo_District|Gairo]] & [[:en:Kilosa_District|Kilosa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kami_(ethnic_group)|Kami]] |[[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Kisarawe_District|Kisarawe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kara_people_(Tanzania)|Kara]] |[[:en:Mwanza_Region|Mwanza]] |[[:en:Ukerewe_District|Ukerewe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kerewe_people|Kerewe]] |[[:en:Mwanza_Region|Mwanza]] |[[:en:Ukerewe_District|Ukerewe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kimbu_people|Kimbu]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Chunya_District|Chunya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kinga_people|Kinga]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kisi_people|Kisi]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Konongo_people|Konongo]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpanda_District|Mpanda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kuria_people|Kuria]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Tarime_District|Tarime]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kutu_people|Kutu]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Rural_District|Morogoro Rural]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kw'adza_people|Kw'adza]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Mbulu_District|Mbulu]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Kwaya|Kwaya]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Musoma_Rural_District|Musoma Rural]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Lambya|Lambya]] |[[:en:Songwe_Region|Songwe]] |[[:en:Momba_District|Momba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Luguru_people|Luguru]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Mvomero_District|Mvomero]] & [[:en:Morogoro_Rural_District|Morogoro Rural]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Lungu_people|Lungu]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Kalambo_District|Kalambo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Maasai_people|Maasai]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] & [[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Ngorongoro_District|Ngorongoro]] , [[:en:Kiteto_District|Kiteto]] , [[:en:Simanjiro_District|Simanjiro]] , [[:en:Longido_District|Longido]] , [[:en:Monduli_District|Monduli]] & [[:en:Arusha_District|Arusha]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Machinga_people|Machinga]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Lindi_District|Lindi]] & [[:en:Kilwa_District|Kilwa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Magoma|Magoma]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mahanji|Mahanji]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Makonde_people|Makonde]] |[[:en:Mtwara_Region|Mtwara]] & [[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Mtwara-Mikindani_District|Mtwara-Mikindani]] , [[:en:Mtwara_District|Mtwara]] , [[:en:Ruangwa_District|Ruangwa]] , [[:en:Nachingwea_District|Nachingwea]] , [[:en:Masasi_District|Masasi]] , [[:en:Lindi_District|Lindi]] , [[:en:Tandahimba_District|Tandahimba]] & [[:en:Newala_District|Newala]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Makua_(people)|Makua]] |[[:en:Mtwara_Region|Mtwara]] |[[:en:Newala_District|Newala]] & [[:en:Tandahimba_District|Tandahimba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Malila|Malila]] |[[:en:Songwe_Region|Songwe]] |[[:en:Momba_District|Momba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mambwe_people|Mambwe]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Kalambo_District|Kalambo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Manyema|Manyema]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Kigoma_District|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Manda_(ethnic_group)|Manda]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Ludewa_District|Ludewa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Wameru|Meru]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Meru_District|Meru]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Matengo|Matengo]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Mbinga_District|Mbinga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Matumbi_people|Matumbi]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Kilwa_District|Kilwa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Maviha|Maviha]] |[[:en:Mtwara_Region|Mtwara]] |[[:en:Mtwara_District|Mtwara]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mbugwe_people|Mbugwe]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Babati_District|Babati]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mbunga|Mbunga]] |[[:en:Iringa_Region|Iringa]] |[[:en:Kilolo_District|Kilolo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mbugu_people|Mbugu people]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Lushoto_District|Lushoto]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mpoto|Mpoto]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Mbinga_District|Mbinga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mwera_(ethnic_group)|Mwera]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Kilwa_District|Kilwa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndali_(ethnic_group)|Ndali]] |[[:en:Songwe_Region|Songwe]] |[[:en:Momba_District|Momba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndamba|Ndamba]] |[[:en:Iringa_Region|Iringa]] |[[:en:Kilolo_District|Kilolo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndendeule|Ndendeule]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Namtumbo_District|Namtumbo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndengereko|Ndengereko]] |[[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Mkuranga_District|Mkuranga]] , [[:en:Kisarawe_District|Kisarawe]] & [[:en:Rufiji_District|Rufiji]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndonde|Ndonde]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Nachingwea_District|Nachingwea]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngasa_people|Ngasa]] |[[:en:Kilimanjaro_Region|Kilimanjaro]] |[[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngindo|Ngindo]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Liwale_District|Liwale]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Songea_District|Songea]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngulu_people|Ngulu]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Kilindi_District|Kilindi]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngurimi|Ngurimi]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Serengeti_District|Serengeti]] & [[:en:Tarime_District|Tarime]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Iramba_people|Iramba]] |[[:en:Singida_Region|Singida]] & [[:en:Shinyanga_Region|Shinyanga]] |[[:en:Iramba_District|Iramba]] & [[:en:Kishapu_District|Kishapu]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nindi|Nindi]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Songea_District|Songea]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyakyusa_people|Nyakyusa]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Kyela_District|Kyela]] & [[:en:Rungwe_District|Rungwe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kwere_people|Kwere]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Nkasi_District|Nkasi]] & [[:en:Sumbawanga_District|Sumbawanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyambo|Nyambo]] |[[:en:Kagera_Region|Kagera]] |[[:en:Karagwe_District|Karagwe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mwanga_people|Nyamwanga]] |[[:en:Songwe_Region|Songwe]] |[[:en:Momba_District|Momba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyamwezi_people|Nyamwezi]] |[[:en:Tabora_Region|Tabora]] & [[:en:Shinyanga_Region|Shinyanga]] |[[:en:Urambo_District|Urambo]] , [[:en:Kaliua_District|Kaliua]] , [[:en:Sikonge_District|Sikonge]] , [[:en:Nzega_District|Nzega]] , [[:en:Kahama_District|Kahama]] , [[:en:Shinyanga_District|Shinyanga]] , [[:en:Uyui_District|Uyui]] & [[:en:Igunga_District|Igunga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyanyembe|Nyanyembe]] |[[:en:Tabora_Region|Tabora]] |[[:en:Uyui_District|Uyui]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Turu_people_(Tanzania)|Nyaturu]] |[[:en:Singida_Region|Singida]] |[[:en:Ikungi_District|Ikungi]] & [[:en:Manyoni_District|Manyoni]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyiha|Nyiha]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Mbozi_District|Mbozi]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Pangwa|Pangwa]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Ludewa_District|Ludewa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Pare_people|Pare]] |[[:en:Kilimanjaro_Region|Kilimanjaro]] |[[:en:Mwanga_District|Mwanga]] & [[:en:Same_District|Same]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Pimbwe|Pimbwe]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpimbwe_District|Mpimbwe]] & [[:en:Mlele_District|Mlele]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Pogolo_people|Pogolo]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Kilombero_District|Kilombero]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Rangi_people|Rangi]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Kondoa_District|Kondoa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Rufiji_people|Rufiji]] |[[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Rufiji_District|Rufiji]] , [[:en:Mafia_District|Mafia]] & [[:en:Kibiti_District|Kibiti]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Rungwa|Rungwa]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpanda_District|Mpanda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Safwa|Safwa]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Mbeya_District|Mbeya]] & [[:en:Rungwe_District|Rungwe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Sagara_people|Sagara]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Kilosa_District|Kilosa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Sandawe_people|Sandawe]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Chemba_District_(Tanzania)|Chemba]] |[[:en:Khoisan|Wakhoisani]] | |- |[[:en:Sangu_people|Sangu]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Chunya_District|Chunya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Segeju|Segeju]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Mkinga_District|Mkinga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Shambaa_people|Shambaa]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Korogwe_District|Korogwe]] , [[:en:Bumbuli_District|Bumbuli]] & [[:en:Lushoto_District|Lushoto]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Shirazi_people|Shirazi]] |[[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] |[[:en:Kati_District|Kati]] , [[:en:Kaskazini_A_District|Kaskazini A]] , [[:en:Kaskazini_B_District|Kaskazini B]] , [[:en:Mjini_District|Mjini]] & [[:en:Kusini_District|Kusini]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Shubi_people|Shubi]] |[[:en:Kagera_Region|Kagera]] |[[:en:Ngara_District|Ngara]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Suba_people_(Tanzania)|Suba]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Rorya_District|Rorya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Sukuma_people|Sukuma]] |[[:en:Mwanza_Region|Mwanza]] , [[:en:Simiyu_Region|Simiyu]] , [[:en:Geita_Region|Geita]] & [[:en:Shinyanga_Region|Shinyanga]] |[[:en:Ilemela_District|Ilemela]] , [[:en:Kwimba_District|Kwimba]] , [[:en:Magu_District|Magu]] , [[:en:Misungwi_District|Misungwi]] , [[:en:Nyamagana_District|Nyamagana]] , [[:en:Sengerema_District|Sengerema]] , [[:en:Geita_District|Geita]] , [[:en:Nyang'hwale_District|Nyang'hwale]] , [[:en:Bariadi_District|Bariadi]] , [[:en:Busega_District|Busega]] , [[:en:Itilima_District|Itilima]] , [[:en:Maswa_District|Maswa]] , [[:en:Meatu_District|Meatu]] [[:en:Shinyanga_District|Shinyanga]] , [[:en:Kahama_District|Kahama]] , [[:en:Kishapu_District|Kishapu]] , [[:en:Msalala_District|Msalala]] , [[:en:Ushetu_District|Ushetu]] & [[:en:Mbogwe_District|Mbogwe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Sumbwa|Sumbwa]] |[[:en:Geita_Region|Geita]] |[[:en:Bukombe_District|Bukombe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] |All s |All s |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] |- |[[:en:Sonjo_people|Sonjo]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Ngorongoro_District|Ngorongoro]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Tongwe|Tongwe]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Uvinza_District|Uvinza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Tumbuka_people|Tumbuka]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Nkasi_District|Nkasi]] & [[:en:Sumbawanga_District|Sumbawanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Vidunda|Vidunda]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Kilosa_District|Kilosa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Vinza|Vinza]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Uvinza_District|Uvinza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Wanda_people|Wanda]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Sumbawanga_District|Sumbawanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Wanji|Wanji]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ware_people|Ware]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Rorya_District|Rorya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Yao_people_(East_Africa)|Yao]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Tunduru_District|Tunduru]] & [[:en:Namtumbo_District|Namtumbo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Zanaki_people|Zanaki]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Butiama_District|Butiama]] & [[:en:Bunda_District|Bunda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Zaramo|Zaramo]] |[[:en:Dar_es_Salaam_Region|Dar es Salaam]] & [[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Ilala_District|Ilala]] , [[:en:Temeke_District|Temeke]] , [[:en:Ubungo_District|Ubungo]] , [[:en:Kigamboni_District|Kigamboni]] , [[:en:Kinondoni_District|Kinondoni]] , [[:en:Bagamoyo_District|Bagamoyo]] , [[:en:Kibaha_District|Kibaha]] , [[:en:Chalinze_District|Chalinze]] , [[:en:Kisarawe_District|Kisarawe]] , [[:en:Mkuranga_District|Mkuranga]] , [[:en:Mafia_District|Mafia]] & [[:en:Kibiti_District|Kibiti]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Zigua_people|Zigua]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] & [[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Handeni_District|Handeni]] , [[:en:Muheza_District|Muheza]] , [[:en:Chalinze_District|Chalinze]] , [[:en:Kilindi_District|Kilindi]] , [[:en:Korogwe_District|Korogwe]] & [[:en:Pangani_District|Pangani]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Zinza|Zinza]] |[[:en:Geita_Region|Geita]] & [[:en:Mwanza_Region|Mwanza]] |[[:en:Sengerema_District|Sengerema]] , [[:en:Geita_District|Geita]] & [[:en:Chato_District|Chato]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |} == Orodha == *[[Waakie]] *[[Waakiek]] *[[Waalagwa]] (pia: ''Wasi'') *[[Waarusha]] *[[Waassa]] *[[Wabarabaig]] (pia: ''Wamang'ati'') *[[Wabembe]] *[[Wabena]] *[[Wabende]] *[[Wabondei]] *[[Wabungu]] (au ''Wawungu'') *[[Waburunge]] *[[Wachagga]] *[[Wadatoga]] *[[Wadhaiso]] *[[Wadigo]] *[[Wadoe]] *[[Wafipa]] *[[Wagogo]] *[[Wagoma]] *[[Wagorowa]] (pia: ''Wafiome'') *[[Wagweno]] *[[Waha]] *[[Wahadzabe]] (pia: ''Wahadza'' na ''Watindiga'') *[[Wahangaza]] *[[Wahaya]] *[[Wahehe]] *[[Wahinda]] *[[Wahutu]] *[[Waikizu]] *[[Waikoma]] *[[Wairaqw]] (pia: ''Wambulu'') *[[Waisanzu]] *Waissenye *[[Wajaluo]] *[[Wajiji]] *[[Wajita]] *[[Wakabwa]] *[[Wakaguru]] *[[Wakahe]] *[[Wakami]] *[[Wakara]] (pia: ''Waregi'') *[[Wakerewe]] *[[Wakimbu]] *[[Wakinga]] *[[Wakisankasa]] *[[Wakisi]] *[[Wakonongo]] *[[Wakuria]] *[[Wakutu]] *[[Wakw'adza]] *[[Wakwavi]] *[[Wakwaya]] *[[Wakwere]] (pia: ''Wanghwele'') *[[Wakwifa]] *[[Walambya]] *[[Walongo]] *[[Waluguru]] *[[Walungu]] *[[Wamachinga]] *[[Wamagoma]] *[[Wamahanji]] *[[Wamakonde]] *[[Wamakua]] (au: ''Wamakhuwa'') *[[Wamakwe]] (pia: ''Wamaraba'') *[[Wamalila]] *[[Wamambwe]] *[[Wamanda]] *[[Wamanyema]] *[[Wamasai]] *[[Wamatengo]] *[[Wamatumbi]] *[[Wamaviha]] *[[Wambugwe]] *[[Wambunga]] *[[Wameru]] *[[Wamosiro]] *[[Wampoto]] *[[Wamwera]] *[[Wandali]] *[[Wandamba]] *[[Wandendeule]] *[[Wandengereko]] *[[Wandonde]] *[[Wanena]] *[[Wangasa]] *[[Wangindo]] *[[Wangoni]] *[[Wangulu]] *[[Wangurimi]] (au: ''Wangoreme'') *[[Wanilamba]] (au: ''Wanyiramba'') *[[Wanindi]] *[[Wanyakyusa]] *[[Wanyambo]] *[[Wanyamwanga]] *[[Wanyamwezi]] *[[Wanyanyembe]] *[[Wanyasa]] *[[Wanyaturu]] (pia: ''Warimi'') *[[Wanyiha]] *[[Waokiek]] *[[Wapangwa]] *[[Wapare]] (pia: ''Wasu'') *[[Wapimbwe]] *[[Wapogolo]] *[[Warangi]] (au: ''Walangi'') *[[Warufiji]] *[[Warungi]] *[[Warungu]] (au: ''Walungu'') *[[Warungwa]] *[[Warwa]] *[[Wasafwa]] *[[Wasagara]] *[[Wasandawe]] *[[Wasangu (Tanzania)]] *[[Wasegeju]] *[[Washambaa]] *[[Washirazi]] *[[Washubi]] *[[Wasizaki]] *[[Wasuba]] *[[Wasukuma]] *[[Wasumbwa]] *[[Waswahili]] *[[Wataveta]] *[[Watemi]] (pia: ''Wasonjo'') *[[Watongwe]] *[[Watumbuka]] *[[Wavidunda]] *[[Wavinza]] *[[Wawanda]] *[[Wawanji]] *[[Waware]] (lugha yao imekufa) *[[Wayao]] *[[Wazanaki]] *[[Wazaramo]] *[[Wazigula]] *[[Wazinza]] *[[Wazyoba]] == Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Hoja Kuhusu Tanzania}} {{Makabila ya Tanzania}} {{Africa topic|Orodha ya makabila ya}} [[Jamii:Makabila ya Tanzania|*]] [[Jamii:Orodha za watu|Makabila ya Tanzania]] [[Category:Vigezo vya makabila ya Afrika]] 12dgz9hn2e1mfeg4pfxerjrxfxqt2cm 1530390 1530389 2026-05-03T11:34:38Z Czeus25 Masele 28489 /* Jedwali */ 1530390 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Orodha ya makabila ya Tanzania''' inayotolewa hapa inataja [[Kabila|makabila]] zaidi ya mia moja na ishirini (120) ambayo hupatikana katika [[Mkoa|mikoa]] yote ya [[Mikoa ya Tanzania|Tanzania]]. Ni orodha ya makabila ya watu ambao wamekuwa wanaishi tangu zamani katika eneo ambalo sasa linaitwa Tanzania, pamoja na makabila yaliyogawiwa na mipaka baina ya Tanzania na nchi za jirani. Orodha hii haizingatii makabila yanayoishi katika Tanzania kama [[wakimbizi]] tu, hasa kutokana na [[vita]] katika nchi za jirani. Vilevile ukurasa huu hauorodheshi vikundi vya [[wahamiaji]] kutoka nchi za kigeni, kama wahamiaji au wazao wao kutoka [[Uarabuni]] au [[Uhindi]]. Juu ya hiyo, hakuna [[ufafanuzi]] wa wazi kusema kikundi fulani ni kabila au siyo. Vikundi kadhaa katika orodha hii vina wenyeji mamia tu, lakini vikundi vingine vina [[milioni|mamilioni]] ya watu; labda kila kikundi kinaitwa "kabila," lakini ni jamii za aina tofauti kabisa. Vikundi katika ukurasa huu vimeorodheshwa kuwa vikundi tofauti kutokana na ushahidi wa kutofautisha lugha zao unaotokana na orodha ya [[lugha]] za [[Tanzania]] inayopatikana katika Ethnologue <ref>http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=TZ</ref> pamoja na [[tovuti]] nyingine <ref>http://www.fizzylogic.com/wasukuma/makabila_tz.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.fizzylogic.com/wasukuma/makabila_tz.html |date=20060822104026 }}</ref>; inaweza kuwa na matatizo kwenye [[jina|majina]] kadhaa, kwa sababu mbalimbali. Kwa mfano, inawezekana kwamba baadhi ya majina ya [[Kabila|makabila]] ni majina ya [[lugha]] au [[lahaja]] tu, badala ya makabila, na labda majina mengine yaliandikwa vibaya.<ref>Raa, Eric Ten. “The Moon as a Symbol of Life and Fertility in Sandawe Thought.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, vol. 39, no. 1, 1969, pp. 24–53. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1157948. Accessed 18 Mar. 2023.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Akie - A heavily endangered hunter‐gatherers' language in Central Tanzania|url=https://dobes.mpi.nl/posters/screen/africa-akie-screen.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=Documentation of Endangered Languages|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713035157/https://dobes.mpi.nl/posters/screen/africa-akie-screen.pdf|archive-date=2021-07-13}}</ref> ==Jedwali== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Kabila !Mkoa !Wilaya !Kundi la kikabila-lugha !Maelezo |- |[[:en:Alagwa_people|Waalagwa]] |[[Dodoma (mji)|Dodoma]] |Kondoa |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] |Jamii hii inahusishwa na sanaa ya kutengeneza mvua (uganga wa mvua), licha ya kuwa asilimia 99 ni Waislamu.<ref>Raa, Eric Ten. “The Moon as a Symbol of Life and Fertility in Sandawe Thought.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, vol. 39, no. 1, 1969, pp. 24–53. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1157948. Accessed 18 Mar. 2023.</ref> |- |[[Waakie]] |Manyara |Simanjiro |[[:en:Khoisan|Wakhoisani]] |Waakie, kama ilivyo kwa watu wengine wote wa wawindaji na wakusanyaji nchini Tanzania na Kenya, wakati mwingine huitwa “Dorobo” au “Wandorobo”, jambo ambalo ni la kudhalilisha na si sahihi..<ref name=":02">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Akie - A heavily endangered hunter‐gatherers' language in Central Tanzania|url=https://dobes.mpi.nl/posters/screen/africa-akie-screen.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=Documentation of Endangered Languages|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713035157/https://dobes.mpi.nl/posters/screen/africa-akie-screen.pdf|archive-date=2021-07-13}}</ref> |- |[[Wabarabaig]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Hanang_District|Hanang]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Assa_(ethnic_group)|Assa]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Kiteto_District|Kiteto]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[Waarusha]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Arusha_District|Arusha]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Bembe_people|Bembe]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpanda_District|Mpanda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Bena_people|Bena]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Njombe_District|Njombe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Bende_people|Bende]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpanda_District|Mpanda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Bondei|Bondei]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Pangani_District|Pangani]] & [[:en:Muheza_District|Muheza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Bungu_people|Bungu]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Chunya_District|Chunya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Burunge_people|Burunge]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Kondoa_District|Kondoa]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Chaga_people|Chagga]] |[[:en:Kilimanjaro_Region|Kilimanjaro]] |[[:en:Siha_District|Siha]] , [[:en:Moshi_District|Moshi]] , [[:en:Moshi_Rural_District|Moshi Rural]] , [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo]] & [[:en:Hai_District|Hai]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Datooga_people|Datooga]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Karatu_District|Karatu]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Dhaiso|Dhaiso]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Muheza_District|Muheza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Digo_people|Digo]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Mkinga_District|Mkinga]] & [[:en:Tanga_District|Tanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Doe_people|Doe]] |[[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Chalinze_District|Chalinze]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Fipa_people|Fipa]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Nkasi_District|Nkasi]] & [[:en:Sumbawanga_District|Sumbawanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Gogo_(ethnic_group)|Gogo]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Chamwino_District|Chamwino]] , [[:en:Chemba_District_(Tanzania)|Chemba]] , [[:en:Bahi_District|Bahi]] , [[:en:Kongwa_District|Kongwa]] & [[:en:Mpwapwa_District|Mpwapwa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Goma_people|Goma people]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Kigoma-Ujiji_District|Kigoma-Ujiji]] & [[:en:Kigoma_District|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Gorowa_people|Gorowa]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Kondoa_District|Kondoa]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Ha_people|Ha]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Kasulu_District|Kasulu]] & [[:en:Kibondo_District|Kibondo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Hadimu|Hadimu]] |[[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] |[[:en:Kati_District|Kati]] , [[:en:Kaskazini_A_District|Kaskazini A]] , [[:en:Kaskazini_B_District|Kaskazini B]] , [[:en:Mjini_District|Mjini]] & [[:en:Kusini_District|Kusini]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Hadza_people|Hadza]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Karatu_District|Karatu]] |[[:en:Khoisan|Wakhoisani]] | |- |[[:en:Hangaza|Hangaza]] |[[:en:Kagera_Region|Kagera]] |[[:en:Ngara_District|Ngara]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Haya_(ethnic_group)|Haya]] |[[:en:Kagera_Region|Kagera]] |[[:en:Muleba_District|Muleba]] , [[:en:Bukoba_Rural_District|Bukoba Rural]] , [[:en:Bukoba_District|Bukoba]] , & [[:en:Missenyi_District|Missenyi]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Hehe_people|Hehe]] |[[:en:Iringa_Region|Iringa]] |[[:en:Iringa_District|Iringa]] , [[:en:Kilolo_District|Kilolo]] , [[:en:Mufindi_District|Mufindi]] & [[:en:Iringa_Urban_District|Iringa Urban]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Holoholo_people|Holoholo people]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Uvinza_District|Uvinza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ikizu|Ikizu]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Bunda_District|Bunda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ikoma_(ethnic_group)|Ikoma]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Serengeti_District|Serengeti]] & [[:en:Butiama_District|Butiama]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Iraqw_people|Iraqw]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Hanang_District|Hanang]] , [[:en:Babati_District|Babati]] & [[:en:Mbulu_District|Mbulu]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Isanzu|Isanzu]] |[[:en:Singida_Region|Singida]] |[[:en:Mkalama_District|Mkalama]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Jiji_people|Jiji]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Kigoma-Ujiji_District|Kigoma-Ujiji]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Jita_people|Jita]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Rorya_District|Rorya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Joluo|Joluo]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Butiama_District|Butiama]] , [[:en:Musoma_Urban|Musoma Urban]], [[:en:Rorya_District|Rorya]] & [[:en:Tarime_District|Tarime]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Kaguru|Kaguru]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Gairo_District|Gairo]] & [[:en:Kilosa_District|Kilosa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kami_(ethnic_group)|Kami]] |[[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Kisarawe_District|Kisarawe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kara_people_(Tanzania)|Kara]] |[[:en:Mwanza_Region|Mwanza]] |[[:en:Ukerewe_District|Ukerewe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kerewe_people|Kerewe]] |[[:en:Mwanza_Region|Mwanza]] |[[:en:Ukerewe_District|Ukerewe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kimbu_people|Kimbu]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Chunya_District|Chunya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kinga_people|Kinga]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kisi_people|Kisi]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Konongo_people|Konongo]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpanda_District|Mpanda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kuria_people|Kuria]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Tarime_District|Tarime]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kutu_people|Kutu]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Rural_District|Morogoro Rural]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kw'adza_people|Kw'adza]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Mbulu_District|Mbulu]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Kwaya|Kwaya]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Musoma_Rural_District|Musoma Rural]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Lambya|Lambya]] |[[:en:Songwe_Region|Songwe]] |[[:en:Momba_District|Momba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Luguru_people|Luguru]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Mvomero_District|Mvomero]] & [[:en:Morogoro_Rural_District|Morogoro Rural]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Lungu_people|Lungu]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Kalambo_District|Kalambo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Maasai_people|Maasai]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] & [[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Ngorongoro_District|Ngorongoro]] , [[:en:Kiteto_District|Kiteto]] , [[:en:Simanjiro_District|Simanjiro]] , [[:en:Longido_District|Longido]] , [[:en:Monduli_District|Monduli]] & [[:en:Arusha_District|Arusha]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Machinga_people|Machinga]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Lindi_District|Lindi]] & [[:en:Kilwa_District|Kilwa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Magoma|Magoma]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mahanji|Mahanji]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Makonde_people|Makonde]] |[[:en:Mtwara_Region|Mtwara]] & [[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Mtwara-Mikindani_District|Mtwara-Mikindani]] , [[:en:Mtwara_District|Mtwara]] , [[:en:Ruangwa_District|Ruangwa]] , [[:en:Nachingwea_District|Nachingwea]] , [[:en:Masasi_District|Masasi]] , [[:en:Lindi_District|Lindi]] , [[:en:Tandahimba_District|Tandahimba]] & [[:en:Newala_District|Newala]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Makua_(people)|Makua]] |[[:en:Mtwara_Region|Mtwara]] |[[:en:Newala_District|Newala]] & [[:en:Tandahimba_District|Tandahimba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Malila|Malila]] |[[:en:Songwe_Region|Songwe]] |[[:en:Momba_District|Momba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mambwe_people|Mambwe]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Kalambo_District|Kalambo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Manyema|Manyema]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Kigoma_District|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Manda_(ethnic_group)|Manda]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Ludewa_District|Ludewa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Wameru|Meru]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Meru_District|Meru]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Matengo|Matengo]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Mbinga_District|Mbinga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Matumbi_people|Matumbi]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Kilwa_District|Kilwa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Maviha|Maviha]] |[[:en:Mtwara_Region|Mtwara]] |[[:en:Mtwara_District|Mtwara]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mbugwe_people|Mbugwe]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Babati_District|Babati]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mbunga|Mbunga]] |[[:en:Iringa_Region|Iringa]] |[[:en:Kilolo_District|Kilolo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mbugu_people|Mbugu people]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Lushoto_District|Lushoto]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mpoto|Mpoto]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Mbinga_District|Mbinga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mwera_(ethnic_group)|Mwera]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Kilwa_District|Kilwa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndali_(ethnic_group)|Ndali]] |[[:en:Songwe_Region|Songwe]] |[[:en:Momba_District|Momba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndamba|Ndamba]] |[[:en:Iringa_Region|Iringa]] |[[:en:Kilolo_District|Kilolo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndendeule|Ndendeule]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Namtumbo_District|Namtumbo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndengereko|Ndengereko]] |[[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Mkuranga_District|Mkuranga]] , [[:en:Kisarawe_District|Kisarawe]] & [[:en:Rufiji_District|Rufiji]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndonde|Ndonde]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Nachingwea_District|Nachingwea]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngasa_people|Ngasa]] |[[:en:Kilimanjaro_Region|Kilimanjaro]] |[[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngindo|Ngindo]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Liwale_District|Liwale]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Songea_District|Songea]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngulu_people|Ngulu]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Kilindi_District|Kilindi]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngurimi|Ngurimi]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Serengeti_District|Serengeti]] & [[:en:Tarime_District|Tarime]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Iramba_people|Iramba]] |[[:en:Singida_Region|Singida]] & [[:en:Shinyanga_Region|Shinyanga]] |[[:en:Iramba_District|Iramba]] & [[:en:Kishapu_District|Kishapu]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nindi|Nindi]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Songea_District|Songea]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyakyusa_people|Nyakyusa]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Kyela_District|Kyela]] & [[:en:Rungwe_District|Rungwe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kwere_people|Kwere]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Nkasi_District|Nkasi]] & [[:en:Sumbawanga_District|Sumbawanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyambo|Nyambo]] |[[:en:Kagera_Region|Kagera]] |[[:en:Karagwe_District|Karagwe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mwanga_people|Nyamwanga]] |[[:en:Songwe_Region|Songwe]] |[[:en:Momba_District|Momba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyamwezi_people|Nyamwezi]] |[[:en:Tabora_Region|Tabora]] & [[:en:Shinyanga_Region|Shinyanga]] |[[:en:Urambo_District|Urambo]] , [[:en:Kaliua_District|Kaliua]] , [[:en:Sikonge_District|Sikonge]] , [[:en:Nzega_District|Nzega]] , [[:en:Kahama_District|Kahama]] , [[:en:Shinyanga_District|Shinyanga]] , [[:en:Uyui_District|Uyui]] & [[:en:Igunga_District|Igunga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyanyembe|Nyanyembe]] |[[:en:Tabora_Region|Tabora]] |[[:en:Uyui_District|Uyui]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Turu_people_(Tanzania)|Nyaturu]] |[[:en:Singida_Region|Singida]] |[[:en:Ikungi_District|Ikungi]] & [[:en:Manyoni_District|Manyoni]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyiha|Nyiha]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Mbozi_District|Mbozi]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Pangwa|Pangwa]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Ludewa_District|Ludewa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Pare_people|Pare]] |[[:en:Kilimanjaro_Region|Kilimanjaro]] |[[:en:Mwanga_District|Mwanga]] & [[:en:Same_District|Same]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Pimbwe|Pimbwe]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpimbwe_District|Mpimbwe]] & [[:en:Mlele_District|Mlele]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Pogolo_people|Pogolo]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Kilombero_District|Kilombero]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Rangi_people|Rangi]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Kondoa_District|Kondoa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Rufiji_people|Rufiji]] |[[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Rufiji_District|Rufiji]] , [[:en:Mafia_District|Mafia]] & [[:en:Kibiti_District|Kibiti]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Rungwa|Rungwa]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpanda_District|Mpanda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Safwa|Safwa]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Mbeya_District|Mbeya]] & [[:en:Rungwe_District|Rungwe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Sagara_people|Sagara]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Kilosa_District|Kilosa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Sandawe_people|Sandawe]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Chemba_District_(Tanzania)|Chemba]] |[[:en:Khoisan|Wakhoisani]] | |- |[[:en:Sangu_people|Sangu]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Chunya_District|Chunya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Segeju|Segeju]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Mkinga_District|Mkinga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Shambaa_people|Shambaa]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Korogwe_District|Korogwe]] , [[:en:Bumbuli_District|Bumbuli]] & [[:en:Lushoto_District|Lushoto]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Shirazi_people|Shirazi]] |[[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] |[[:en:Kati_District|Kati]] , [[:en:Kaskazini_A_District|Kaskazini A]] , [[:en:Kaskazini_B_District|Kaskazini B]] , [[:en:Mjini_District|Mjini]] & [[:en:Kusini_District|Kusini]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Shubi_people|Shubi]] |[[:en:Kagera_Region|Kagera]] |[[:en:Ngara_District|Ngara]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Suba_people_(Tanzania)|Suba]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Rorya_District|Rorya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Sukuma_people|Sukuma]] |[[:en:Mwanza_Region|Mwanza]] , [[:en:Simiyu_Region|Simiyu]] , [[:en:Geita_Region|Geita]] & [[:en:Shinyanga_Region|Shinyanga]] |[[:en:Ilemela_District|Ilemela]] , [[:en:Kwimba_District|Kwimba]] , [[:en:Magu_District|Magu]] , [[:en:Misungwi_District|Misungwi]] , [[:en:Nyamagana_District|Nyamagana]] , [[:en:Sengerema_District|Sengerema]] , [[:en:Geita_District|Geita]] , [[:en:Nyang'hwale_District|Nyang'hwale]] , [[:en:Bariadi_District|Bariadi]] , [[:en:Busega_District|Busega]] , [[:en:Itilima_District|Itilima]] , [[:en:Maswa_District|Maswa]] , [[:en:Meatu_District|Meatu]] [[:en:Shinyanga_District|Shinyanga]] , [[:en:Kahama_District|Kahama]] , [[:en:Kishapu_District|Kishapu]] , [[:en:Msalala_District|Msalala]] , [[:en:Ushetu_District|Ushetu]] & [[:en:Mbogwe_District|Mbogwe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Sumbwa|Sumbwa]] |[[:en:Geita_Region|Geita]] |[[:en:Bukombe_District|Bukombe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] |All s |All s |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] |- |[[:en:Sonjo_people|Sonjo]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Ngorongoro_District|Ngorongoro]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Tongwe|Tongwe]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Uvinza_District|Uvinza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Tumbuka_people|Tumbuka]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Nkasi_District|Nkasi]] & [[:en:Sumbawanga_District|Sumbawanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Vidunda|Vidunda]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Kilosa_District|Kilosa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Vinza|Vinza]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Uvinza_District|Uvinza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Wanda_people|Wanda]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Sumbawanga_District|Sumbawanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Wanji|Wanji]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ware_people|Ware]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Rorya_District|Rorya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Yao_people_(East_Africa)|Yao]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Tunduru_District|Tunduru]] & [[:en:Namtumbo_District|Namtumbo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Zanaki_people|Zanaki]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Butiama_District|Butiama]] & [[:en:Bunda_District|Bunda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Zaramo|Zaramo]] |[[:en:Dar_es_Salaam_Region|Dar es Salaam]] & [[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Ilala_District|Ilala]] , [[:en:Temeke_District|Temeke]] , [[:en:Ubungo_District|Ubungo]] , [[:en:Kigamboni_District|Kigamboni]] , [[:en:Kinondoni_District|Kinondoni]] , [[:en:Bagamoyo_District|Bagamoyo]] , [[:en:Kibaha_District|Kibaha]] , [[:en:Chalinze_District|Chalinze]] , [[:en:Kisarawe_District|Kisarawe]] , [[:en:Mkuranga_District|Mkuranga]] , [[:en:Mafia_District|Mafia]] & [[:en:Kibiti_District|Kibiti]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Zigua_people|Zigua]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] & [[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Handeni_District|Handeni]] , [[:en:Muheza_District|Muheza]] , [[:en:Chalinze_District|Chalinze]] , [[:en:Kilindi_District|Kilindi]] , [[:en:Korogwe_District|Korogwe]] & [[:en:Pangani_District|Pangani]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Zinza|Zinza]] |[[:en:Geita_Region|Geita]] & [[:en:Mwanza_Region|Mwanza]] |[[:en:Sengerema_District|Sengerema]] , [[:en:Geita_District|Geita]] & [[:en:Chato_District|Chato]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |} == Orodha == *[[Waakie]] *[[Waakiek]] *[[Waalagwa]] (pia: ''Wasi'') *[[Waarusha]] *[[Waassa]] *[[Wabarabaig]] (pia: ''Wamang'ati'') *[[Wabembe]] *[[Wabena]] *[[Wabende]] *[[Wabondei]] *[[Wabungu]] (au ''Wawungu'') *[[Waburunge]] *[[Wachagga]] *[[Wadatoga]] *[[Wadhaiso]] *[[Wadigo]] *[[Wadoe]] *[[Wafipa]] *[[Wagogo]] *[[Wagoma]] *[[Wagorowa]] (pia: ''Wafiome'') *[[Wagweno]] *[[Waha]] *[[Wahadzabe]] (pia: ''Wahadza'' na ''Watindiga'') *[[Wahangaza]] *[[Wahaya]] *[[Wahehe]] *[[Wahinda]] *[[Wahutu]] *[[Waikizu]] *[[Waikoma]] *[[Wairaqw]] (pia: ''Wambulu'') *[[Waisanzu]] *Waissenye *[[Wajaluo]] *[[Wajiji]] *[[Wajita]] *[[Wakabwa]] *[[Wakaguru]] *[[Wakahe]] *[[Wakami]] *[[Wakara]] (pia: ''Waregi'') *[[Wakerewe]] *[[Wakimbu]] *[[Wakinga]] *[[Wakisankasa]] *[[Wakisi]] *[[Wakonongo]] *[[Wakuria]] *[[Wakutu]] *[[Wakw'adza]] *[[Wakwavi]] *[[Wakwaya]] *[[Wakwere]] (pia: ''Wanghwele'') *[[Wakwifa]] *[[Walambya]] *[[Walongo]] *[[Waluguru]] *[[Walungu]] *[[Wamachinga]] *[[Wamagoma]] *[[Wamahanji]] *[[Wamakonde]] *[[Wamakua]] (au: ''Wamakhuwa'') *[[Wamakwe]] (pia: ''Wamaraba'') *[[Wamalila]] *[[Wamambwe]] *[[Wamanda]] *[[Wamanyema]] *[[Wamasai]] *[[Wamatengo]] *[[Wamatumbi]] *[[Wamaviha]] *[[Wambugwe]] *[[Wambunga]] *[[Wameru]] *[[Wamosiro]] *[[Wampoto]] *[[Wamwera]] *[[Wandali]] *[[Wandamba]] *[[Wandendeule]] *[[Wandengereko]] *[[Wandonde]] *[[Wanena]] *[[Wangasa]] *[[Wangindo]] *[[Wangoni]] *[[Wangulu]] *[[Wangurimi]] (au: ''Wangoreme'') *[[Wanilamba]] (au: ''Wanyiramba'') *[[Wanindi]] *[[Wanyakyusa]] *[[Wanyambo]] *[[Wanyamwanga]] *[[Wanyamwezi]] *[[Wanyanyembe]] *[[Wanyasa]] *[[Wanyaturu]] (pia: ''Warimi'') *[[Wanyiha]] *[[Waokiek]] *[[Wapangwa]] *[[Wapare]] (pia: ''Wasu'') *[[Wapimbwe]] *[[Wapogolo]] *[[Warangi]] (au: ''Walangi'') *[[Warufiji]] *[[Warungi]] *[[Warungu]] (au: ''Walungu'') *[[Warungwa]] *[[Warwa]] *[[Wasafwa]] *[[Wasagara]] *[[Wasandawe]] *[[Wasangu (Tanzania)]] *[[Wasegeju]] *[[Washambaa]] *[[Washirazi]] *[[Washubi]] *[[Wasizaki]] *[[Wasuba]] *[[Wasukuma]] *[[Wasumbwa]] *[[Waswahili]] *[[Wataveta]] *[[Watemi]] (pia: ''Wasonjo'') *[[Watongwe]] *[[Watumbuka]] *[[Wavidunda]] *[[Wavinza]] *[[Wawanda]] *[[Wawanji]] *[[Waware]] (lugha yao imekufa) *[[Wayao]] *[[Wazanaki]] *[[Wazaramo]] *[[Wazigula]] *[[Wazinza]] *[[Wazyoba]] == Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Hoja Kuhusu Tanzania}} {{Makabila ya Tanzania}} {{Africa topic|Orodha ya makabila ya}} [[Jamii:Makabila ya Tanzania|*]] [[Jamii:Orodha za watu|Makabila ya Tanzania]] [[Category:Vigezo vya makabila ya Afrika]] a7afd5x372a9g0a8ax0bn0ajq9u6s1d 1530391 1530390 2026-05-03T11:37:09Z Czeus25 Masele 28489 /* Jedwali */ 1530391 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Orodha ya makabila ya Tanzania''' inayotolewa hapa inataja [[Kabila|makabila]] zaidi ya mia moja na ishirini (120) ambayo hupatikana katika [[Mkoa|mikoa]] yote ya [[Mikoa ya Tanzania|Tanzania]]. Ni orodha ya makabila ya watu ambao wamekuwa wanaishi tangu zamani katika eneo ambalo sasa linaitwa Tanzania, pamoja na makabila yaliyogawiwa na mipaka baina ya Tanzania na nchi za jirani. Orodha hii haizingatii makabila yanayoishi katika Tanzania kama [[wakimbizi]] tu, hasa kutokana na [[vita]] katika nchi za jirani. Vilevile ukurasa huu hauorodheshi vikundi vya [[wahamiaji]] kutoka nchi za kigeni, kama wahamiaji au wazao wao kutoka [[Uarabuni]] au [[Uhindi]]. Juu ya hiyo, hakuna [[ufafanuzi]] wa wazi kusema kikundi fulani ni kabila au siyo. Vikundi kadhaa katika orodha hii vina wenyeji mamia tu, lakini vikundi vingine vina [[milioni|mamilioni]] ya watu; labda kila kikundi kinaitwa "kabila," lakini ni jamii za aina tofauti kabisa. Vikundi katika ukurasa huu vimeorodheshwa kuwa vikundi tofauti kutokana na ushahidi wa kutofautisha lugha zao unaotokana na orodha ya [[lugha]] za [[Tanzania]] inayopatikana katika Ethnologue <ref>http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=TZ</ref> pamoja na [[tovuti]] nyingine <ref>http://www.fizzylogic.com/wasukuma/makabila_tz.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.fizzylogic.com/wasukuma/makabila_tz.html |date=20060822104026 }}</ref>; inaweza kuwa na matatizo kwenye [[jina|majina]] kadhaa, kwa sababu mbalimbali. Kwa mfano, inawezekana kwamba baadhi ya majina ya [[Kabila|makabila]] ni majina ya [[lugha]] au [[lahaja]] tu, badala ya makabila, na labda majina mengine yaliandikwa vibaya.<ref>Raa, Eric Ten. “The Moon as a Symbol of Life and Fertility in Sandawe Thought.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, vol. 39, no. 1, 1969, pp. 24–53. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1157948. Accessed 18 Mar. 2023.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Akie - A heavily endangered hunter‐gatherers' language in Central Tanzania|url=https://dobes.mpi.nl/posters/screen/africa-akie-screen.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=Documentation of Endangered Languages|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713035157/https://dobes.mpi.nl/posters/screen/africa-akie-screen.pdf|archive-date=2021-07-13}}</ref> ==Jedwali== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Kabila !Mkoa !Wilaya !Kundi la kikabila-lugha !Maelezo |- |[[:en:Alagwa_people|Waalagwa]] |[[Dodoma (mji)|Dodoma]] |Kondoa |[[Wakushi]] |Jamii hii inahusishwa na sanaa ya kutengeneza mvua (uganga wa mvua), licha ya kuwa asilimia 99 ni Waislamu.<ref>Raa, Eric Ten. “The Moon as a Symbol of Life and Fertility in Sandawe Thought.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, vol. 39, no. 1, 1969, pp. 24–53. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1157948. Accessed 18 Mar. 2023.</ref> |- |[[Waakie]] |Manyara |Simanjiro |[[Wasani|Wakhoisani]] |Waakie, kama ilivyo kwa watu wengine wote wa wawindaji na wakusanyaji nchini Tanzania na Kenya, wakati mwingine huitwa “Dorobo” au “Wandorobo”, jambo ambalo ni la kudhalilisha na si sahihi..<ref name=":02">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Akie - A heavily endangered hunter‐gatherers' language in Central Tanzania|url=https://dobes.mpi.nl/posters/screen/africa-akie-screen.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=Documentation of Endangered Languages|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713035157/https://dobes.mpi.nl/posters/screen/africa-akie-screen.pdf|archive-date=2021-07-13}}</ref> |- |[[Wabarabaig]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Hanang_District|Hanang]] |[[Waniloti|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Assa_(ethnic_group)|Assa]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Kiteto_District|Kiteto]] |[[Wakushi]] | |- |[[Waarusha]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Arusha_District|Arusha]] |[[Waniloti|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Bembe_people|Bembe]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpanda_District|Mpanda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Bena_people|Bena]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Njombe_District|Njombe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Bende_people|Bende]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpanda_District|Mpanda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Bondei|Bondei]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Pangani_District|Pangani]] & [[:en:Muheza_District|Muheza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Bungu_people|Bungu]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Chunya_District|Chunya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Burunge_people|Burunge]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Kondoa_District|Kondoa]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Chaga_people|Chagga]] |[[:en:Kilimanjaro_Region|Kilimanjaro]] |[[:en:Siha_District|Siha]] , [[:en:Moshi_District|Moshi]] , [[:en:Moshi_Rural_District|Moshi Rural]] , [[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo]] & [[:en:Hai_District|Hai]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Datooga_people|Datooga]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Karatu_District|Karatu]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Dhaiso|Dhaiso]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Muheza_District|Muheza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Digo_people|Digo]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Mkinga_District|Mkinga]] & [[:en:Tanga_District|Tanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Doe_people|Doe]] |[[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Chalinze_District|Chalinze]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Fipa_people|Fipa]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Nkasi_District|Nkasi]] & [[:en:Sumbawanga_District|Sumbawanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Gogo_(ethnic_group)|Gogo]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Chamwino_District|Chamwino]] , [[:en:Chemba_District_(Tanzania)|Chemba]] , [[:en:Bahi_District|Bahi]] , [[:en:Kongwa_District|Kongwa]] & [[:en:Mpwapwa_District|Mpwapwa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Goma_people|Goma people]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Kigoma-Ujiji_District|Kigoma-Ujiji]] & [[:en:Kigoma_District|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Gorowa_people|Gorowa]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Kondoa_District|Kondoa]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Ha_people|Ha]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Kasulu_District|Kasulu]] & [[:en:Kibondo_District|Kibondo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Hadimu|Hadimu]] |[[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] |[[:en:Kati_District|Kati]] , [[:en:Kaskazini_A_District|Kaskazini A]] , [[:en:Kaskazini_B_District|Kaskazini B]] , [[:en:Mjini_District|Mjini]] & [[:en:Kusini_District|Kusini]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Hadza_people|Hadza]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Karatu_District|Karatu]] |[[:en:Khoisan|Wakhoisani]] | |- |[[:en:Hangaza|Hangaza]] |[[:en:Kagera_Region|Kagera]] |[[:en:Ngara_District|Ngara]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Haya_(ethnic_group)|Haya]] |[[:en:Kagera_Region|Kagera]] |[[:en:Muleba_District|Muleba]] , [[:en:Bukoba_Rural_District|Bukoba Rural]] , [[:en:Bukoba_District|Bukoba]] , & [[:en:Missenyi_District|Missenyi]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Hehe_people|Hehe]] |[[:en:Iringa_Region|Iringa]] |[[:en:Iringa_District|Iringa]] , [[:en:Kilolo_District|Kilolo]] , [[:en:Mufindi_District|Mufindi]] & [[:en:Iringa_Urban_District|Iringa Urban]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Holoholo_people|Holoholo people]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Uvinza_District|Uvinza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ikizu|Ikizu]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Bunda_District|Bunda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ikoma_(ethnic_group)|Ikoma]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Serengeti_District|Serengeti]] & [[:en:Butiama_District|Butiama]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Iraqw_people|Iraqw]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Hanang_District|Hanang]] , [[:en:Babati_District|Babati]] & [[:en:Mbulu_District|Mbulu]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Isanzu|Isanzu]] |[[:en:Singida_Region|Singida]] |[[:en:Mkalama_District|Mkalama]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Jiji_people|Jiji]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Kigoma-Ujiji_District|Kigoma-Ujiji]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Jita_people|Jita]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Rorya_District|Rorya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Joluo|Joluo]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Butiama_District|Butiama]] , [[:en:Musoma_Urban|Musoma Urban]], [[:en:Rorya_District|Rorya]] & [[:en:Tarime_District|Tarime]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Kaguru|Kaguru]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Gairo_District|Gairo]] & [[:en:Kilosa_District|Kilosa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kami_(ethnic_group)|Kami]] |[[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Kisarawe_District|Kisarawe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kara_people_(Tanzania)|Kara]] |[[:en:Mwanza_Region|Mwanza]] |[[:en:Ukerewe_District|Ukerewe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kerewe_people|Kerewe]] |[[:en:Mwanza_Region|Mwanza]] |[[:en:Ukerewe_District|Ukerewe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kimbu_people|Kimbu]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Chunya_District|Chunya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kinga_people|Kinga]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kisi_people|Kisi]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Konongo_people|Konongo]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpanda_District|Mpanda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kuria_people|Kuria]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Tarime_District|Tarime]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kutu_people|Kutu]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Rural_District|Morogoro Rural]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kw'adza_people|Kw'adza]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Mbulu_District|Mbulu]] |[[:en:Cushitic-speaking_peoples|Wakushi]] | |- |[[:en:Kwaya|Kwaya]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Musoma_Rural_District|Musoma Rural]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Lambya|Lambya]] |[[:en:Songwe_Region|Songwe]] |[[:en:Momba_District|Momba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Luguru_people|Luguru]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Mvomero_District|Mvomero]] & [[:en:Morogoro_Rural_District|Morogoro Rural]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Lungu_people|Lungu]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Kalambo_District|Kalambo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Maasai_people|Maasai]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] & [[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Ngorongoro_District|Ngorongoro]] , [[:en:Kiteto_District|Kiteto]] , [[:en:Simanjiro_District|Simanjiro]] , [[:en:Longido_District|Longido]] , [[:en:Monduli_District|Monduli]] & [[:en:Arusha_District|Arusha]] |[[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Wanailoti]] | |- |[[:en:Machinga_people|Machinga]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Lindi_District|Lindi]] & [[:en:Kilwa_District|Kilwa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Magoma|Magoma]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mahanji|Mahanji]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Makonde_people|Makonde]] |[[:en:Mtwara_Region|Mtwara]] & [[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Mtwara-Mikindani_District|Mtwara-Mikindani]] , [[:en:Mtwara_District|Mtwara]] , [[:en:Ruangwa_District|Ruangwa]] , [[:en:Nachingwea_District|Nachingwea]] , [[:en:Masasi_District|Masasi]] , [[:en:Lindi_District|Lindi]] , [[:en:Tandahimba_District|Tandahimba]] & [[:en:Newala_District|Newala]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Makua_(people)|Makua]] |[[:en:Mtwara_Region|Mtwara]] |[[:en:Newala_District|Newala]] & [[:en:Tandahimba_District|Tandahimba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Malila|Malila]] |[[:en:Songwe_Region|Songwe]] |[[:en:Momba_District|Momba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mambwe_people|Mambwe]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Kalambo_District|Kalambo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Manyema|Manyema]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Kigoma_District|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Manda_(ethnic_group)|Manda]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Ludewa_District|Ludewa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Wameru|Meru]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Meru_District|Meru]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Matengo|Matengo]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Mbinga_District|Mbinga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Matumbi_people|Matumbi]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Kilwa_District|Kilwa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Maviha|Maviha]] |[[:en:Mtwara_Region|Mtwara]] |[[:en:Mtwara_District|Mtwara]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mbugwe_people|Mbugwe]] |[[:en:Manyara_Region|Manyara]] |[[:en:Babati_District|Babati]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mbunga|Mbunga]] |[[:en:Iringa_Region|Iringa]] |[[:en:Kilolo_District|Kilolo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mbugu_people|Mbugu people]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Lushoto_District|Lushoto]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mpoto|Mpoto]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Mbinga_District|Mbinga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mwera_(ethnic_group)|Mwera]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Kilwa_District|Kilwa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndali_(ethnic_group)|Ndali]] |[[:en:Songwe_Region|Songwe]] |[[:en:Momba_District|Momba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndamba|Ndamba]] |[[:en:Iringa_Region|Iringa]] |[[:en:Kilolo_District|Kilolo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndendeule|Ndendeule]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Namtumbo_District|Namtumbo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndengereko|Ndengereko]] |[[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Mkuranga_District|Mkuranga]] , [[:en:Kisarawe_District|Kisarawe]] & [[:en:Rufiji_District|Rufiji]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ndonde|Ndonde]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Nachingwea_District|Nachingwea]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngasa_people|Ngasa]] |[[:en:Kilimanjaro_Region|Kilimanjaro]] |[[:en:Rombo_District|Rombo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngindo|Ngindo]] |[[:en:Lindi_Region|Lindi]] |[[:en:Liwale_District|Liwale]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Songea_District|Songea]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngulu_people|Ngulu]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Kilindi_District|Kilindi]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ngurimi|Ngurimi]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Serengeti_District|Serengeti]] & [[:en:Tarime_District|Tarime]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Iramba_people|Iramba]] |[[:en:Singida_Region|Singida]] & [[:en:Shinyanga_Region|Shinyanga]] |[[:en:Iramba_District|Iramba]] & [[:en:Kishapu_District|Kishapu]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nindi|Nindi]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Songea_District|Songea]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyakyusa_people|Nyakyusa]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Kyela_District|Kyela]] & [[:en:Rungwe_District|Rungwe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Kwere_people|Kwere]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Nkasi_District|Nkasi]] & [[:en:Sumbawanga_District|Sumbawanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyambo|Nyambo]] |[[:en:Kagera_Region|Kagera]] |[[:en:Karagwe_District|Karagwe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Mwanga_people|Nyamwanga]] |[[:en:Songwe_Region|Songwe]] |[[:en:Momba_District|Momba]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyamwezi_people|Nyamwezi]] |[[:en:Tabora_Region|Tabora]] & [[:en:Shinyanga_Region|Shinyanga]] |[[:en:Urambo_District|Urambo]] , [[:en:Kaliua_District|Kaliua]] , [[:en:Sikonge_District|Sikonge]] , [[:en:Nzega_District|Nzega]] , [[:en:Kahama_District|Kahama]] , [[:en:Shinyanga_District|Shinyanga]] , [[:en:Uyui_District|Uyui]] & [[:en:Igunga_District|Igunga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyanyembe|Nyanyembe]] |[[:en:Tabora_Region|Tabora]] |[[:en:Uyui_District|Uyui]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Turu_people_(Tanzania)|Nyaturu]] |[[:en:Singida_Region|Singida]] |[[:en:Ikungi_District|Ikungi]] & [[:en:Manyoni_District|Manyoni]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Nyiha|Nyiha]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Mbozi_District|Mbozi]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Pangwa|Pangwa]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Ludewa_District|Ludewa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Pare_people|Pare]] |[[:en:Kilimanjaro_Region|Kilimanjaro]] |[[:en:Mwanga_District|Mwanga]] & [[:en:Same_District|Same]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Pimbwe|Pimbwe]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpimbwe_District|Mpimbwe]] & [[:en:Mlele_District|Mlele]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Pogolo_people|Pogolo]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Kilombero_District|Kilombero]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Rangi_people|Rangi]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Kondoa_District|Kondoa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Rufiji_people|Rufiji]] |[[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Rufiji_District|Rufiji]] , [[:en:Mafia_District|Mafia]] & [[:en:Kibiti_District|Kibiti]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Rungwa|Rungwa]] |[[:en:Katavi_Region|Katavi]] |[[:en:Mpanda_District|Mpanda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Safwa|Safwa]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Mbeya_District|Mbeya]] & [[:en:Rungwe_District|Rungwe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Sagara_people|Sagara]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Kilosa_District|Kilosa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Sandawe_people|Sandawe]] |[[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma]] |[[:en:Chemba_District_(Tanzania)|Chemba]] |[[:en:Khoisan|Wakhoisani]] | |- |[[:en:Sangu_people|Sangu]] |[[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya]] |[[:en:Chunya_District|Chunya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Segeju|Segeju]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Mkinga_District|Mkinga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Shambaa_people|Shambaa]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] |[[:en:Korogwe_District|Korogwe]] , [[:en:Bumbuli_District|Bumbuli]] & [[:en:Lushoto_District|Lushoto]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Shirazi_people|Shirazi]] |[[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] |[[:en:Kati_District|Kati]] , [[:en:Kaskazini_A_District|Kaskazini A]] , [[:en:Kaskazini_B_District|Kaskazini B]] , [[:en:Mjini_District|Mjini]] & [[:en:Kusini_District|Kusini]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Shubi_people|Shubi]] |[[:en:Kagera_Region|Kagera]] |[[:en:Ngara_District|Ngara]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Suba_people_(Tanzania)|Suba]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Rorya_District|Rorya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Sukuma_people|Sukuma]] |[[:en:Mwanza_Region|Mwanza]] , [[:en:Simiyu_Region|Simiyu]] , [[:en:Geita_Region|Geita]] & [[:en:Shinyanga_Region|Shinyanga]] |[[:en:Ilemela_District|Ilemela]] , [[:en:Kwimba_District|Kwimba]] , [[:en:Magu_District|Magu]] , [[:en:Misungwi_District|Misungwi]] , [[:en:Nyamagana_District|Nyamagana]] , [[:en:Sengerema_District|Sengerema]] , [[:en:Geita_District|Geita]] , [[:en:Nyang'hwale_District|Nyang'hwale]] , [[:en:Bariadi_District|Bariadi]] , [[:en:Busega_District|Busega]] , [[:en:Itilima_District|Itilima]] , [[:en:Maswa_District|Maswa]] , [[:en:Meatu_District|Meatu]] [[:en:Shinyanga_District|Shinyanga]] , [[:en:Kahama_District|Kahama]] , [[:en:Kishapu_District|Kishapu]] , [[:en:Msalala_District|Msalala]] , [[:en:Ushetu_District|Ushetu]] & [[:en:Mbogwe_District|Mbogwe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Sumbwa|Sumbwa]] |[[:en:Geita_Region|Geita]] |[[:en:Bukombe_District|Bukombe]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] |All s |All s |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] |- |[[:en:Sonjo_people|Sonjo]] |[[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha]] |[[:en:Ngorongoro_District|Ngorongoro]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Tongwe|Tongwe]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Uvinza_District|Uvinza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Tumbuka_people|Tumbuka]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Nkasi_District|Nkasi]] & [[:en:Sumbawanga_District|Sumbawanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Vidunda|Vidunda]] |[[:en:Morogoro_Region|Morogoro]] |[[:en:Kilosa_District|Kilosa]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Vinza|Vinza]] |[[:en:Kigoma_Region|Kigoma]] |[[:en:Uvinza_District|Uvinza]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Wanda_people|Wanda]] |[[:en:Rukwa_Region|Rukwa]] |[[:en:Sumbawanga_District|Sumbawanga]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Wanji|Wanji]] |[[:en:Njombe_Region|Njombe]] |[[:en:Makete_District|Makete]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Ware_people|Ware]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Rorya_District|Rorya]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Yao_people_(East_Africa)|Yao]] |[[:en:Ruvuma_Region|Ruvuma]] |[[:en:Tunduru_District|Tunduru]] & [[:en:Namtumbo_District|Namtumbo]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Zanaki_people|Zanaki]] |[[:en:Mara_Region|Mara]] |[[:en:Butiama_District|Butiama]] & [[:en:Bunda_District|Bunda]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Zaramo|Zaramo]] |[[:en:Dar_es_Salaam_Region|Dar es Salaam]] & [[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Ilala_District|Ilala]] , [[:en:Temeke_District|Temeke]] , [[:en:Ubungo_District|Ubungo]] , [[:en:Kigamboni_District|Kigamboni]] , [[:en:Kinondoni_District|Kinondoni]] , [[:en:Bagamoyo_District|Bagamoyo]] , [[:en:Kibaha_District|Kibaha]] , [[:en:Chalinze_District|Chalinze]] , [[:en:Kisarawe_District|Kisarawe]] , [[:en:Mkuranga_District|Mkuranga]] , [[:en:Mafia_District|Mafia]] & [[:en:Kibiti_District|Kibiti]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Zigua_people|Zigua]] |[[:en:Tanga_Region|Tanga]] & [[:en:Pwani_Region|Pwani]] |[[:en:Handeni_District|Handeni]] , [[:en:Muheza_District|Muheza]] , [[:en:Chalinze_District|Chalinze]] , [[:en:Kilindi_District|Kilindi]] , [[:en:Korogwe_District|Korogwe]] & [[:en:Pangani_District|Pangani]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |- |[[:en:Zinza|Zinza]] |[[:en:Geita_Region|Geita]] & [[:en:Mwanza_Region|Mwanza]] |[[:en:Sengerema_District|Sengerema]] , [[:en:Geita_District|Geita]] & [[:en:Chato_District|Chato]] |[[:en:Bantu_peoples|Wabantu]] | |} == Orodha == *[[Waakie]] *[[Waakiek]] *[[Waalagwa]] (pia: ''Wasi'') *[[Waarusha]] *[[Waassa]] *[[Wabarabaig]] (pia: ''Wamang'ati'') *[[Wabembe]] *[[Wabena]] *[[Wabende]] *[[Wabondei]] *[[Wabungu]] (au ''Wawungu'') *[[Waburunge]] *[[Wachagga]] *[[Wadatoga]] *[[Wadhaiso]] *[[Wadigo]] *[[Wadoe]] *[[Wafipa]] *[[Wagogo]] *[[Wagoma]] *[[Wagorowa]] (pia: ''Wafiome'') *[[Wagweno]] *[[Waha]] *[[Wahadzabe]] (pia: ''Wahadza'' na ''Watindiga'') *[[Wahangaza]] *[[Wahaya]] *[[Wahehe]] *[[Wahinda]] *[[Wahutu]] *[[Waikizu]] *[[Waikoma]] *[[Wairaqw]] (pia: ''Wambulu'') *[[Waisanzu]] *Waissenye *[[Wajaluo]] *[[Wajiji]] *[[Wajita]] *[[Wakabwa]] *[[Wakaguru]] *[[Wakahe]] *[[Wakami]] *[[Wakara]] (pia: ''Waregi'') *[[Wakerewe]] *[[Wakimbu]] *[[Wakinga]] *[[Wakisankasa]] *[[Wakisi]] *[[Wakonongo]] *[[Wakuria]] *[[Wakutu]] *[[Wakw'adza]] *[[Wakwavi]] *[[Wakwaya]] *[[Wakwere]] (pia: ''Wanghwele'') *[[Wakwifa]] *[[Walambya]] *[[Walongo]] *[[Waluguru]] *[[Walungu]] *[[Wamachinga]] *[[Wamagoma]] *[[Wamahanji]] *[[Wamakonde]] *[[Wamakua]] (au: ''Wamakhuwa'') *[[Wamakwe]] (pia: ''Wamaraba'') *[[Wamalila]] *[[Wamambwe]] *[[Wamanda]] *[[Wamanyema]] *[[Wamasai]] *[[Wamatengo]] *[[Wamatumbi]] *[[Wamaviha]] *[[Wambugwe]] *[[Wambunga]] *[[Wameru]] *[[Wamosiro]] *[[Wampoto]] *[[Wamwera]] *[[Wandali]] *[[Wandamba]] *[[Wandendeule]] *[[Wandengereko]] *[[Wandonde]] *[[Wanena]] *[[Wangasa]] *[[Wangindo]] *[[Wangoni]] *[[Wangulu]] *[[Wangurimi]] (au: ''Wangoreme'') *[[Wanilamba]] (au: ''Wanyiramba'') *[[Wanindi]] *[[Wanyakyusa]] *[[Wanyambo]] *[[Wanyamwanga]] *[[Wanyamwezi]] *[[Wanyanyembe]] *[[Wanyasa]] *[[Wanyaturu]] (pia: ''Warimi'') *[[Wanyiha]] *[[Waokiek]] *[[Wapangwa]] *[[Wapare]] (pia: ''Wasu'') *[[Wapimbwe]] *[[Wapogolo]] *[[Warangi]] (au: ''Walangi'') *[[Warufiji]] *[[Warungi]] *[[Warungu]] (au: ''Walungu'') *[[Warungwa]] *[[Warwa]] *[[Wasafwa]] *[[Wasagara]] *[[Wasandawe]] *[[Wasangu (Tanzania)]] *[[Wasegeju]] *[[Washambaa]] *[[Washirazi]] *[[Washubi]] *[[Wasizaki]] *[[Wasuba]] *[[Wasukuma]] *[[Wasumbwa]] *[[Waswahili]] *[[Wataveta]] *[[Watemi]] (pia: ''Wasonjo'') *[[Watongwe]] *[[Watumbuka]] *[[Wavidunda]] *[[Wavinza]] *[[Wawanda]] *[[Wawanji]] *[[Waware]] (lugha yao imekufa) *[[Wayao]] *[[Wazanaki]] *[[Wazaramo]] *[[Wazigula]] *[[Wazinza]] *[[Wazyoba]] == Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Hoja Kuhusu Tanzania}} {{Makabila ya Tanzania}} {{Africa topic|Orodha ya makabila ya}} [[Jamii:Makabila ya Tanzania|*]] [[Jamii:Orodha za watu|Makabila ya Tanzania]] [[Category:Vigezo vya makabila ya Afrika]] ccw9wirilmg45ma9t4ewqgkyunz20bp 0 6125 1530374 1322821 2026-05-03T10:10:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530374 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Maroon village, Suriname River, 1955.jpg|thumb|300px|Kijiji cha Wabusinenge kwenye [[mto Surinam]] mnamo 1955]] '''Wabusinenge''' ''(pia: [[kiholanzi]]: Bosneger (weusi wa porini), Maroon'') ni [[neno]] katika kikreoli cha [[Surinam]] kwa ajili ya wakazi wenye asili ya Kiafrika ambao mababu yao walipelekwa Surinam kama [[watumwa]] lakini walikimbia na kuanza maisha huru porini mbali na mashamba ya mabawana wa zamani. ==Historia== Kuanzia mwaka 1651 [[Uingereza|Waingereza]] walileta watumwa katika eneo la Surinam kama [[wafanyakazi]] kwenye mashamba ya miwa. Waholanzi walipochukua utawala wa sehemu hii ya "Guyana" waliendelea kujenga uchumi wa mashamba makubwa na kuingiza watumwa kutoka Afrika. [[Afrika|Waafrika]] haya walitokea hasa kutoka [[Afrika ya Magharibi]] ([[Ghana]], [[Togo]], [[Benin]], [[Dahomey]]) hadi [[Angola]]. Waafrika wengine walifaulu kutoroka na kukimbia porini. Hapa porini walijenga makazi yao na kuishi maisha huru. Walianzisha makabila mapya na kuchagua viongozi wao. Makabila haya kwa kawaida yalitokana na ukoo wa mama aliyekumbukwa kuwa ametoka Afrika na kuzaa Amerika. Vikundi vikubwa ni: Wandyuka (pia: Aukani) na Wasaamaka. Wengine huitwa Paramaccani, Matawai, Aluku, Boni na Kwinti. Katika sensa ya Surinam ya mwaka [[2004]] wakazi 72,553 walijitaja katika kundi fulani ya Wabusinenge. Historia yao ilianza baada ya Waingereza kuanzisha mashamba ya kwanza walipotumia kazi ya watumwa. Kuna taarifa ya 1690 ya kuwa kikosi cha weusi wa porini walishambulia shamba la mmoja Imanuel Machato kwenye mto Cassewijne, kumwua mwenyewe na kuondoka na watumwa wake. Waholanzi na pia Waingereza walijaribu mbinu mbalimbali kuwashinda wale weusi wa porini walioonekana na tishio kwa utaratibu wa utumwa na uchumi wa koloni. Lakini kuanzia mwaka 1749 Waholanzi walijaribu kupatana na Wabusinenge na 1760 ikawa na mkataba wa kwanza wa amani ambamo serikali ya koloni ilikubali uhuru wa kabila moja la Wabusinenge. Wale waliahidi kutopokea watumwa wapya wakimizi bali kuwarudisha kwa Waholanzi. Katika koloni jirani ya Kiholanzi ya [[Berbice]] (leo: [[Guyana]]) kulitokea uasi mkubwa wa watumwa dhidi ya mabwana wao kuanzia tarehe [[23 Februari]] [[1763]]. Wazungu wote waliacha mashamba yao na kukimbilia mjini walipoweza kujitetea. Watumwa wengi waliondoka na kujificha porini baada ya kufika kwa wanajeshi Waholanzi waliokuja kukandamiza ghasia hii. Kwa jumla Wabusinenge walifaulu kujipatia uhuri zaidi ya miaka 100 kabla ya Waholanzi kutangaza mwisho wa utumwa. Kutokana na maisha yao ya pori wameendeleza utamaduni tofauti na weusi walioendelea kuishi kwenye mashamba na mjini na kupewa uhuru tangu [[1863]]. Hadi leo wanaonekana kama kikundi cha pekee katika Surinam. Utamaduni huu wa pekee ulikuwa pia tabia muhimu katika vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe katika Surinam mnamo mwaka 1985/1987 ambako Wabusinenge walikuwa na jeshi lao la pekee. ==Viungo vya Nje== * [http://www.saamaka.com/ Saramaccaans voor Beginners] {{Wayback|url=http://www.saamaka.com/ |date=20051214062508 }} * http://www.marrons.nl/ {{Wayback|url=http://www.marrons.nl/ |date=20061104072537 }} * [http://www.maroons-suriname.com/ Homepage van de stichting Sabanapeti] {{Wayback|url=http://www.maroons-suriname.com/ |date=20031225144536 }} (Organisatie van Marrons in de Nederlandse samenleving) * https://web.archive.org/web/20041102044209/http://www.geocities.com/kongneti/marrons/ * [http://www.vidaslusofonas.pt/zumbi_dos_palmares2.htm Geschiedenis van Zumbi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.vidaslusofonas.pt/zumbi_dos_palmares2.htm |date=20090409063919 }} * [http://www.jamaicans.com/info/jahistory/maroons.shtml Geschiedenis van de Accompong Maroons] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jamaicans.com/info/jahistory/maroons.shtml |date=20061016180422 }} * [http://www.folklife.si.edu/resources/maroon/presentation.htm Creativity and Resistance: Maroon Cultures in the Americas] {{Wayback|url=http://www.folklife.si.edu/resources/maroon/presentation.htm |date=20041206195046 }} * [http://www.nhm.org/africa/gleaton/terra.html The African presence in Mexican national identity] *[http://thelouvertureproject.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Maroons Lijst van Marrons in de Haïtiaanse revolutie] {{Wayback|url=http://thelouvertureproject.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Maroons |date=20060827210311 }} *[http://www.johnhorse.com/black-seminoles/black-seminole-slave-rebellion.htm Black Seminole slavenopstand] {{Wayback|url=http://www.johnhorse.com/black-seminoles/black-seminole-slave-rebellion.htm |date=20060828060934 }} [[Jamii:Historia ya Surinam]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Surinam]] [[Jamii:Utumwa]] ayhy1eu8ozaeqio7e0vq6odjncy4ewb 0 7202 1529923 1321112 2026-05-02T16:12:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529923 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rashidi Kawawa (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Rashidi Mfaume Kawawa ]] '''Rashidi Mfaume Kawawa''' ([[27 Mei]] [[1926]] - [[31 Desemba]] [[2009]]) alikuwa mwanasiasa kutoka nchini [[Tanzania]]. Kuanzia tarehe [[22 Januari]] [[1962]] hadi tarehe [[13 Februari]] [[1977]] alikuwa [[Waziri Mkuu]] wa Tanzania. Alifuatwa na [[Edward Sokoine]]. Baadaye alikuwa Katibu Mkuu wa [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]]. ==Maisha== Rashidi Mfaume Kawawa alizaliwa tarehe [[27 Februari]] [[1926]] katika [[kijiji]] cha [[Matepwende]], [[Wilaya]] ya [[Songea]], [[Mkoani]] [[Ruvuma]], [[Tanzania]]. Alianza [[elimu]] ya msingi huko [[Liwale]], [[Lindi]] mnamo [[1941]] - [[1942]] na kuendelea na masomo ya sekondari katika shule ya [[Dar es Salaam]] Secondary School.<ref>https://biography.yourdictionary.com/rashidi-mfaume-kawawa{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.pmo.go.tz/biography.php?cat=5&subcat=18 Tovuti ya Ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu wa Tanzania kuhusu Waziri Wakuu waliopita] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pmo.go.tz/biography.php?cat=5&subcat=18 |date=20100317015439 }} ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kawawa, Rashidi}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1926]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2009]] [[Jamii:Mawaziri wakuu wa Tanzania]] muqz3utbctdpmy1rus5b8yr2jgmc9rp 0 8163 1530258 1271478 2026-05-03T01:00:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530258 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Soko la hisa la Malawi]] ni [[soko la hisa]] ya [[Malawi]]. Makao makuu yapo [[Blantyre]]. ==Orodha ya kampuni== :''Februari 2007'' *[[Blantyre Hotels]] - ''BHL'' *[[Commercial Bank of Malawi]] - ''CBM'' *''FMB'' *[[Illovo Sugar]] - ''ILLOVO'' *[[National Bank of Malawi]] - ''NBM'' *[[National Insurance Company]] - ''NICO'' *''NITL'' *''PCL'' *''PIM'' *[[Stanbic Bank]] - ''STANBIC'' *''SUNBIRD'' Makumpani za kigeni *''OML'' ==Tazama pia== *[[Uchumi wa Malawi]] ==Viungo vya nje== *{{en}} [http://www.mse.co.mw/ Soko la hisa la Malawi]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{mbegu-uchumi}} [[Jamii:Soko la hisa|Malawi]] [[Jamii:Uchumi wa Malawi]] [[Jamii:Blantyre]] 0uhn1ho9u5hvrn250ijbna8bm7rsn2x 0 14787 1530286 1417129 2026-05-03T03:55:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Filamu 2 | rangi = Golden | jina = Magnificent Seven | picha = Magnificent Seven.jpg | maelezo ya picha = Kasha ya filamu ya Magnificent Seven. | mwongozaji = John Sturges | mtunzi = lliam Roberts | mtayarishaji = John Sturges | nyota = [[Yul Brynner]]<br>[[Eli Wallach]]<br>[[Steve McQueen]]<br>[[Charles Bronson]]<br>[[Robert Vaughn]]<br>[[James Coburn]]<br>[[Horst Buchholz]]<br>[[Brad Dexter]] | muziki = Elmer Bernstein | imehaririwa = Ferris Webster | imesambazwa na = United Artists | muda = 128 | imetolewa = [[23 Oktoba]] [[1960]] | nchi = [[Marekani]] | lugha = Kiingereza }} '''The Magnificent Seven''' ni filamu ya mwaka 1960. Ni moja kati ya [[filamu za western]] iliyoongozwa na mwongozaji wa filamu bwana [[John Sturges]]. Filamu inazungumzia kundi la watu wanaoenda kukodi wataalamu wa kupambana kwa kutumia silaha kwa lengo la kuwalinda wana kijiji wa [[Mexiko|Kimexiko]] dhidi ya maharamia. Filamu ilitokana na filamu ya awali ya [[Ujapani|Kijapan]] chini ya uongozi wake Akira Kurosawa, aliongoza filamu hiyo mnamo mwaka wa [[1954]], na ilikwenda kwa jina la Seven Samurai. Baadae watu wa [[Marekani]] wakafuata mwongozo ule ule wa [[Ujapani|Kijapani]] na kubadlisha baadhi ya vielezo vya [[Ujapani|Kijapani]] na kuweka vielezo vya [[Filamu za Western|Kiwestern]] ya [[Amerika]]. == Muhtasari wa filamu == Wanakijiji wa [[Mexiko|Kimexiko]] wanajikuta wakivamiwa na majambazi wa kiharamia wanaoongozwa na Calvera ([[Eli Wallach]]). Yeye na watu wake wanaingia kijijini na kuleta fujo kubwa, kisha Calvera anaondoka huku akiapa kwamba atarudi siku yoyote bila taarifa. Kwa hofu ya kurejea kwao, wakuu wa kijiji wanaelekea mpakani mwa mji kununua silaha ili waweze kujilinda. Hata hivyo, wanagundua kuwa wanahitaji msaada wa mtu mwenye uzoefu wa mapigano. Wanamkuta Chris Adams ([[Yul Brynner]]), mtaalamu wa silaha, na kumuomba awaongoze. Chris anawaambia kuwa silaha pekee hazitoshi, kwa sababu wao ni wakulima na si wapiganaji. Ingawa wanamsihi awasaidie, anawajibu kuwa mtu mmoja hawezi kutekeleza mpango huo peke yake. [[Image:Kikosi cha Magnificent Seven.jpg|thumb|250px|Kutoka kushoto: Brynner, McQueen, Buchholz, Bronson, Vaughn, Dexter na Coburn – Magnificent Seven.]] Licha ya maneno yake, wanakijiji wanaendelea kumtumainia. Hatimaye, Chris anakubali na kuanza kutafuta washirika wa kuungana naye. Anakiri kuwa fedha ndizo msingi wa kuanza kazi hiyo. Mtu wa kwanza anayemwendea ni Chico (Horst Buchholz), kijana kichwa ngumu asiye na uzoefu mkubwa lakini mwenye ari. Awali anakataa ombi hilo. Anayefuata ni Harry Luck (Brad Dexter), rafiki wa zamani wa Chris, anayekubali kwa kuwa anaamini Chris huwa haendi kwenye kazi bila sababu nzuri ya kifedha. Wa tatu ni Vin (Steve McQueen), anayekubali kwa sababu shughuli zake za kamari zimemfikia ukingoni. Wengine wanaojiunga ni Bernardo O'Reilly ([[Charles Bronson]]), Britt (James Coburn), na Lee (Robert Vaughn), ambaye anatafuta mahali pa kujificha akisubiri hali itulie. Baadaye, Chico pia anarudi na kujiunga na kundi, licha ya awali kukataa. == Washiriki == *[[Yul Brynner]] kama Chris Adams *[[Steve McQueen]] kama Vin *[[Charles Bronson]] kama Bernardo O'Reilly *[[James Coburn]] kama Britt *[[Horst Buchholz]] kama Chico *[[Brad Dexter]] kama Harry Luck *[[Robert Vaughn]] kama Lee *[[Eli Wallach]] kama Calvera *[[Rosenda Monteros]] kama Petra *[[Whit Bissell]] kama Undertaker *[[Vladimir Sokoloff]] (actor)|Vladimir Sokoloff kama "Old Man" *[[Jorge Martínez de Hoyos]] kama Hilario *[[Rico Alaniz]] kama Sotero *[[Natividad Vacío]] kama Miguel == Viungo vya nje == {{Wikiquote|The Magnificent Seven}} * {{imdb title|id=0054047|title=The Magnificent Seven}} * {{amg movie|id=1:30854|title=The Magnificent Seven}} * {{rotten-tomatoes|id=1013077-magnificent_seven|title=The Magnificent Seven}} * ''[http://www.mrqe.com/lookup?^Magnificent+Seven,+The+(1960) The Magnificent Seven] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mrqe.com/lookup?%5EMagnificent+Seven%2C+The+%281960%29 |date=20070929095531 }}'' katika Movie Review Query Engine [[Category:Filamu za 1960]] [[Category:Filamu za Western]] [[Category:Filamu za Marekani]] daoag7mm0aa3uf77vyebb64ero508n2 0 15056 1530284 1455537 2026-05-03T03:34:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530284 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Fernseher.jpg|thumb|right|170px|TV ya [[Kijerumani]] ya mwaka wa [[1956]].]] '''Televisheni''' ([[kifupi]]: '''TV''') au '''runinga''' ni chombo ([[kifaa]]) chenye [[skrini]] ([[kioo]]) ambacho kinapokea [[mawasiliano]] kutoka [[kituo cha televisheni]] na kuyabadilisha kuwa [[picha]] na [[sauti]]. [[Neno]] "televisheni" linatokana na maneno mawili: ''tele'' (kutoka [[Kigiriki]]: ''kwa mbali sana'') na ''visio'' (kutoka [[Kilatini]]: ''mwono''; kwa pamoja yanaunda neno la [[Kiingereza]] ''television'' lililotoholewa katika [[Kiswahili]] ''televisheni''. == Historia ya televisheni == [[Picha:Braun HF 1.jpg|thumb|left|150px|TV Braun HF 1 ya [[Kijerumani]] ya mwaka wa [[1959]].]] Kwa kawaida TV inaonekana kama [[sanduku]]. TV za zamani kabisa zilikuwa zina [[kirimba]] au [[fremu]] kubwa ya [[Ubao|mbao]] na zilikuwa zikiwekwa chini kama [[fanicha]]. TV za kisasa ziko za namna nyingi kama zilivyo nyingi zaidi. Kuna baadhi ya TV zinaweza kuenea [[Mkono|mkononi]] mwako zikawa zinaendeshwa kwa kutumia [[betri]]. TV nyingine zinaweza kuenea [[ukuta]] mzima wa [[nyumba]], na inaweza kukaa katika [[sakafu]], au kuna nyingine ambazo zimenyooka (flat) na zinaweza kubandikwa ukutani. Televisheni inaweza kuonyesha picha kutoka sehemu mbalimbali. Cha kwanza unachotakiwa kufanya ni kutumia kidaka mawasiliano au [[antena]] (au aerial), hii itaonyesha yale yote yanayorushwa na kituo cha matangazo ya televisheni. Vituo vya TV vinaweza kuwa mbali kabisa lakini bado matangazo yake yanapatikana kama antena ya kurusha [[mawimbi]] yake iko katika umbali wa [[kilomita]] 50 hadi 150. [[Teknolojia]] mpya zaidi ni kutumia [[vyombo vya angani]] kama antena ya kurusha mawimbi haya [[duniani]]. TV pia inaweza kuonyesha [[filamu]] kutoka [[VCD]] na [[DVD]] au [[VCR]] yaani [[tepu]] za kawaida. Cable TV na Satellite TV zinaweza zikatoa huduma nyingi za vipindi vya TV kwa mara moja na vilevile kuvirusha [[Hewa|hewani]]. [[Michezo]] mingi [[michezo ya video|ya video]] huunganishwa katika TV ili uweze kuona kile unachokicheza. Kuna baadhi ya [[tarakilishi]] au [[kompyuta]] ambazo unaweza kutumia TV kama kioo cha kufanyia [[kazi]] zako (skrini, au kwa jina lingine monita). TV za kisasa ([[TV janja]], kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''Smart TV'') zina uwezo wa kutumia intaneti moja kwa moja. TV zote zina skrini ambayo inaonyesha picha. Kabla ya [[miaka ya 1970]] TV zilikuwa hazina [[rangi]] (yaani zilikuwa "black and white" tu), ambazo zilikuwa zinafanya kila kitu kionekane cha rangi ya [[kijivu]]. Lakini kwa sasa karibuni TV zote zinaonyesha na rangi. Kawaida ya viwambo vingi (kioo au vioo) huonyesha kuwa vina [[kona]] ya mzunguko, lakini kwa sasa vioo vingi hutengenzwa kwa kunyooka na zina [[ncha]] pembeni. Kabla ya [[miaka ya 1990]], TV zote zilikuwa zikitengenezwa kwa [[umbo]] moja - zilikuwa kubwa kidogo na kisha zilikuwa ndefu. Kwa mfano, kama kioo kilikuwa cha [[urefu]] wa [[inchi]] 3, basi lazima kitakuwa na [[upana]] wa inchi 4. Au kama kioo kina urefu wa [[cm]] 30, lazima kitakuwa kina upana wa cm 40. Umbo la TV za kisasa linazidi kuwa maarufu na kupata wapenzi wengi zaidi kila siku ziendapo. TV zenye kioo cha upana mkubwa wa [[mstatili]] huonekana vizuri katika runinga kubwa (theatre screen) na pia inapendeza wengi zaidi. Hizi huziita kioo kipana (widescreen). Endapo TV ya kioo kipana ina urefu wa cm 30, basi lazima itakuwa ina upana wa cm 53. Ili ifanye kazi vizuri, uonyeshaji wa TV pia unatakiwa ujengwe kwa namna ya upana yaani 'widescreen'. Kioo kipana kinaweza kubadilishika kwa ukubwa wowote unaoutaka, lakini suala la umbo linabaki kuwa vilevile kama lilivyo (widescreen). == Televisheni Afrika== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Chaneli !Nchi !Lugha !Mwanzo !Tovuti |- | [[Al Jazeera]] || || [[Kiarabu]] || || Live Stream http://oklivetv.com/al-jazeera-documentary-live/{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- | [[RTPAFRICA]] || [[Kongo]] || [[Kireno]] || 2016 ||http://www.rtp.pt/play/direto/rtpafrica |- | [[Africa Black Tv]] || [[Eacu]] || [[Kiswahili]], Kiarabu, [[Pijini]], [[Camfrancangle]] (FR), Kireno|| 2017 || [http://int.search.tb.ask.com/search/video.jhtml?n=&pg=video&pn=1&qs=&searchfor=Africa+Black+Tv++&ss=sub&st=site&tpr=sbt&duration=Long&time=Week&orderby=Default] |- | [[VOXAFRICA]] || [[Kamerun]] || Camfrangle || 2018 ||http://www.africawebtv.com/vox-africa/ {{Wayback|url=http://www.africawebtv.com/vox-africa/ |date=20180331041143 }} |- | [[lc2 International]] || [[Nigeria]] || || || |- | [[NTV2]] || [[Benin]] || || || |- | [[BeTV (Burundi)|BeTV]] || [[Burundi]] || [[Kirundi]], [[Kiswahili]], [[Ufaransa]] || 2017 ||http://www.betvburundi.com {{Wayback|url=http://www.betvburundi.com/ |date=20191015101914 }} |- |} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons|Television}} * [http://www.thefarnsworthinvention.com The Farnsworth Invention: Fact -v- Fiction ] * [http://www.farnovision.com Farnovision ] * [http://www.civilisations.ca/hist/tv/tv00eng.html The Canadian Museum of Civilization - History of Television] * [http://www.earlytelevision.org Early Television Foundation and Museum] * [http://www.tvhistory.tv/ Television's History — The First 75 Years] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tvhistory.tv/ |date=20130625053929 }} * [http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/index.html Kamusi elezo Televisheni] {{Wayback|url=http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/index.html |date=20131006125708 }} katika the Museum of Broadcast Communications * [http://www.mztv.com MZTV Museum of Television] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mztv.com/ |date=20070513052346 }} Some of the rarest sets in America * [http://www.sciencetech.technomuses.ca/english/collection/television.cfm A History of Television] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sciencetech.technomuses.ca/english/collection/television.cfm |date=20120314114806 }} at the [[Canada Science and Technology Museum]] * [http://www.tvfool.com/ TV Fool - Coverage maps and info for US broadcast television stations] [[Jamii:Televisheni]] [[Jamii:Teknolojia]] [[Jamii:Habari]] d2hah7pgxqzh6yl1fvqml19c2ajt6n1 0 15215 1529888 1525506 2026-05-02T13:27:03Z Muddyb 379 Vitoto vya afu 2 havijui tukio hili 1529888 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shambulio la 11 Septemba 2001''' ni tarehe na mwaka uliotokea mashambulio manne ya pamoja yaliyofanywa na kikosi cha Kigaidi cha al-Qaida dhidi ya [[Marekani]]. Kwa mujibu wa taarifa za maofisa, yasemekana kwamba kikosi cha [[Al-Qaida]] waliziteka nyala ndege nne wakazitumia kama silaha wakigongesha ndege katika majengo mjini [[New York]] na [[Washington DC]] kwa makusudi. Karibuni watu 3,000 walipoteza maisha katika shambulio hilo. == Ndege zilitumika kufanyia Ughaini huo == [[Picha:WTCgroundzero.jpg|thumb|right|Mabaki ya Jengo la WTC.]] 1. American Airlines Flight 11, iliyotumiwa kugonga mnara wa Kaskazini mwa [[Jengo la Biashara la Kimataifa]] (World Trade Center) la mjini New York mnamo saa 8:46:30 asubuhi. 2. United Airlines Flight 175, ilitumiwa kugonga mnara wa Jengo la Biashara la Kimataifa (World Trade Center) la Kusini mnamo saa 9:02:59 asubuhi. Watu wengi waliona tukio la pili kwasababu habari zilikuwa tayari zishasambaa katika mji na kila kamera za [[televisheni]] zilikuwa zikielekezea macho yao huko katika eneo la tukio, na wakati huo huo ndege ya pili ikagonga tena mnara wa Kusini mwa Jengo hilo. 3. American Airlines Flight 77, ilitumiwa kugonga jengo la Pentagon la mjini Arlington, Virginia (karibu kidogo na [[Washington DC]]), mnamo saa 9:37:46 asubuhi. 4. United Airlines Flight 93, hii haikubahatika kugonga mahala popote pale, badala yake wakaiangusha chini mnamo saa 10:03:11 asubuhi. Yaaminika ya kwamba magaidi hao walikuwa wakitaka kuigonga ndege hiyo katika jengo la mji mkuu wa Marekani. Abiria walijaribu kuinyang'anya Ndege hiyo kutoka mikononi mwa magaidi hao lakini hawakufanikiwa. Na matokeo Ndege ikashia kuanguka karibu na mji wa [[Shanksville]], [[Pennsylvania]]. == Matokeo ya maafa hayo == Jumla ya abiria 246 na magaidi 19<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Exec.htm|title=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States|work=govinfo.library.unt.edu|accessdate=2019-06-25}}</ref> waliokuwa wasafiri katika dege zote 4 waliuawa wakati wa shambulizi hizo (dege American Airlines 11 - abiria 87<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/memorial/lists/by-location/page100.html|title=CNN.com - September 11 Memorial|work=edition.cnn.com|accessdate=2019-06-25|archive-date=2019-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627150423/http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/memorial/lists/by-location/page100.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> na magaidi 5, United Airlines 175 - abiria 60 na magaidi 5<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/memorial/lists/by-location/page100.html|title=CNN.com - September 11 Memorial|work=edition.cnn.com|accessdate=2019-06-25|archive-date=2019-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627150423/http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/memorial/lists/by-location/page100.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>, American Airlines 77- abiria 59 na magaidi 5, na dege United Airlines 93- abiria 40 na magaidi 4). Minara yote miwili ya jengo la World Trade Center yalipamba moto baada ya shambulio. Mnara wa Kusini (yaani WTC 2) liliungua kwa muda wa dakika 56 kabla ya kuanguka na kuangamia kabisa. Jengo la Kaskazini (WTC 1) liliungua kwa muda wa dakikar 102 nalo pia lilianguka. Kama jengo la WTC lilivyoanguka, sehemu na mmong'onyoko wa jengo hilo lilipelekea majengo mengine yaliyoyazunguka majengo hayo kushika moto na kuharibika pia. Kutokaa na uharibifu uliotokea, jengo la tatu la 7 World Trade Center (7 WTC), nalo likaanguka mnamo saa 5:20 jioni. Baadahi ya mamjengo mengine yaliharibiwa vibaya na hata kuangamia kabisa yaani. Takriban watu watu 2,602 walipoteza maisha katika Jengo la World Trade Center. Ndege iliyogonga Pentagon iligonga chini mwa upande wa Magharibi mwa jengo hilo. Kisha ikagonga mpaka katika nguzo tano zinazoshikiria jengo hilo la Pentagon. Shambulio hilo Pentagon liliuwa watu 125. Takriban watu 2,973 walikufa katika shambulio hilo, wakiwemo wazima moto 343, wanapolisi wa New York 23, na wanapolisi wa mamlaka ya bandari 37 waliokuwa wakijaribu kuokoa maisha ya baadhi ya watu waliopatwa na balaa hilo. Hili ndilo shambulio kubwa la kwanza kwa watu wasio [[Marekani|Waamerika]] kushambulia nchini humo tangu mnamo mwaka wa [[1941]], pale [[Ujapani|Wajapani]] waliposhambulia kituo cha jeshi la maji kilichopo katika Bandari ya Pearl, Hawaii. Dhana nyingi zilikuwa zikionekana kwamba kuna watu [[Marekani]] waliojua kwamba kutatokea tukio kama hilo kabla na siku liatatendeka. == Vita dhidi ya ugaidi == Baada ya shambulio, [[Marekani|Wamarekani]] wakawa wanawalaumu Al-Qaeda kwa kitendo walicho kifanya. Tangu hapo wakaianza vita dhidi ya Ugaidi. Kiongozi wa al-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden, Alikimbilia nchini Afghanistan. Serikali ya Marekani iliwaambia Serikali ya Afghanistan iliyokuwa mkononi mwa kundi la Kiislamu wa [[Taliban]], kumsalimisha bin Laden mikononi mwao. Wataliban hawakufanya hivyo. Kiongozi wa Wataliban, Mullah Muhammad Omar, aliitaka Serikali ya Marekani impe Uthibitisho unaonyesha kwamba Osama anahusika na tukio hilo. Rais wa [[Marekani]] bwana [[George W. Bush]] akasema kwamba hakuna haja kutaka Uthibitisho wowote ule na Serikali ya Marekani ikaanzisha vita dhidi ya Afghanistan. ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} == Marejeo == # http://www.guardian.co.uk/waronterror/story/0,1361,573975,00.html == Viungo vya nje == * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/americas/2001/day_of_terror/ BBC News] - 'America's Day of Terror' * [http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/multimedia.day.html CNN.com] - Video archive, including the first and second planes. * [http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/memorial/ CNN September 11 memorial] - List of victims, and photos. {{mbegu-historia}} [[Jamii:Historia ya Marekani]] [[Jamii:Ugaidi]] [[Jamii:New York]] [[Jamii:2001]] rgyderbtx9xz71ns8yqlfhi0mjueze1 0 16062 1530263 1377383 2026-05-03T01:27:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Uainishaji (Mimea) | rangi | jina = Soya<br />(''Glycine max'') | picha = Soybean.USDA.jpg | upana_wa_picha = 240px | maelezo_ya_picha = '''Soya''' | himaya = [[Planta]] (mimea) | divisheni_bila_tabaka = [[Angiospermae]] (Mimea inayotoa maua) | ngeli_bila_tabaka = [[Eudicots]] (Mimea ambayo mche wao una majani mawili) | oda_bila_tabaka = [[Rosids]] (Mimea kama [[mwaridi]]) | oda = [[Fabales]] (Mimea kama [[mharagwe]]) | familia = [[Fabaceae]] (Mimea iliyo na mnasaba na mharagwe) | jenasi = ''[[Glycine]]'' | bingwa_wa_jenasi = [[Carl Ludwig Willdenow|Willd.]] | spishi = ''[[Glycine max|G. max]]'' | bingwa_wa_spishi = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Elmer Drew Merrill|Merr.]] }} '''Soya''' ni aina ya [[maharagwe]] na [[mbegu]] za [[msoya]] (''Glycine max'') katika [[familia (biolojia)|familia]] [[Fabaceae]]. [[Asili]] yake iko [[Asia ya Mashariki]]. Ni [[zao]] la [[mafuta]] na [[sifa]] yake ya pekee ni kiasi kikubwa cha [[protini]] katika mbegu zake (40-50[[%]]). Kutokana na [[lishe]] yake kubwa [[kilimo]] chake kimeenea [[duniani]]. Kwa [[watu]] wasiokula [[nyama]], mafuta ya soya na vyakula vinavyotokana na soya yana mahitaji yote ya protini kwa [[gharama]] ndogo. [[Rangi]] ya mbegu zake huwa ni [[njano]], [[nyeupe]] lakini kuna pia aina za [[kahawia]]. == Utangulizi == [[Mmea]] huu ulitumika sana huko Asia ya Mashariki kwa zaidi ya miaka 5000. Tangu [[karne ya 1 KK]] ilikuwa zao la chakula muhimu sana katika [[China]]. Katika [[karne ya 18]] [[BK]] soya ilipelekwa [[Ulaya]] ila haikutumiwa sana. Lakini baada ya kulimwa [[Marekani]] ilionekana kuleta [[mavuno]] mazuri katika [[tabianchi]] hiyo. Iliendelea kuwa zao lenye kiwango kikuu cha mafuta na protini na kuwa na mavuno mazuri ya mara kwa mara. Soya huwa na kiasi kikubwa cha asidi za phtyic, alpha-Linoplenic na daidzein. Bidhaa za soya kama vile TVP (textured vegetable protein), kwa mfano, ni muhimu sana kama viungo vya mapishi mengi ya nyama na maziwa. Mafuta ya soya hutumika kwa namna mbalimbali. Wazalishaji wakuu wa soya ni Marekani, [[Brazili]], [[Ajentina]], China na [[India]]. [[Picha:Soybeans.jpg|thumb|Mimea ya soya ikiwa shambani.]] [[File:Soybean flowers.png|thumb|Maua madogo ya soya.]] [[File:Soybeanvarieties.jpg|thumb|Aina za soya.]] == Aina za soya == Aina za soya hutofautiana katika ukuaji[[]], [[tabia]] na [[kimo]]. Huweza kukua chini ya [[sentimita]] 20 lakini pia huweza kukua hata zaidi ya [[mita]] 2. [[kaka|Makaka]] ya soya, [[shina]] na [[majani]] hufunikwa na [[vinyweleo]] vya kahawia. Majani hugawanyika katika sehemu kuu tatu, huku kila jani likiwa na [[urefu]] wa sentimita 6 – 15 na [[upana]] wa sentimita 2. Majani huanguka kabla ya kukomaa kwa mbegu. Maua, yenye uwezo wa kujichavusha yenyewe, hukua katikati ya majani na huwa na rangi ya [[pinki]], [[hudhurungi]] au nyeupe. [[Tunda]] lake ni ganda lenye vinyweleo, ambalo hukua kwenye makundi ya maganda 3 – 5, huku kila ganda likiwa na ukubwa wa sentimita 3 – 8, na kuwa na mbegu 2 – 4 ndani yake, zenye [[kipenyo]] cha [[milimita]] 5 – 11. Soya huja katika rangi mbalimbali, na mara nyingi katika rangi nyeusi, kahawia, bluu, njano, kijani na mchanganyiko wa rangi mbalimbali. Mbegu zilizokomaa ni ngumu, zisizopenyesha maji kwa urahisi hivyo kulinda kotiledoni na haipokotaili au kiini visiharibiwe. Kama gamba la nje la mbegu likiharibiwa, mbegu haitaota. Kovu linaloonekana kwenye mgegu hitwa hilamu, na katika mwisho mmoja wa hilamu kuna tundu dogo maalumu kwa kupitisha hewa na maji kwaajili ya kuchipua. Kwa uthibitisho, mbegu za jamii ya mikunde, soya ikiwa miongoni mwao, huwa na aina ya protini ambayo hudumu hata baada ya kusharabu maji. A. Carl Leopold, alitafiti juu ya uwezo huu. Aligundua pia kuwa soya ina kiasi kikubwa cha kabohaidreti kinacholinda uhai wake. Kwa pamoja, mafuta na protini vinafanya karibu 60% ya soya kavu kwa uzito; protini ikiwa 40% na mafuta 20%. Sehemu iliyobaki ni 35% kabohaidreti na 5% madini mengine mchanganyiko. == Virutubishi == Kwa matumizi ya binadamu, soya ni chanzo cha kiaminika cha protini iliyokamilika. Na soya huwa na humeng’enywa vyema kama ikipikwa kabla ya kuliwa. Kulingana na tafiti nyingi, bidhaa za soya zimeonekana kuwa na kiwango cha [[protini]] cite kinachotakiwa tofauti na mimea mingine, soya huwa na protini inayoweza hata kuwa badala ya ile inayopatikana kwa [[nyama]], ambayo huwa na mchanganyiko wa mafuta mengi, hivyo kuipa soya alama za juu sababu haina mafuta hayo yanayoweza kuwa hatari kwa mwili wa binadamu. Hata hivyo, licha ya faida nyingi za kiafya bado kuna mjadala mkubwa juu ya faida za kiafya za soya katika mlo. ==Picha== <gallery> Glycine max leaf4 Carol Rose (10220605873).jpg|Majani Glycine max flowerhead1 Carol Rose (10220374084).jpg|Maua Soybean flowers.png|Ua Soy bean pods.JPG|Makaka mabichi Soybean field, Abbeville County, South Carolina, USA.jpg|Makaka mabivu So 3.jpg|Soya Chives Cream Sheese.jpg|Jibini ya soya (sheese) Trader joes edamame.jpg|Soya zilizobanikwa Soybean Oil, Meal and Beans (10059732523).jpg|Mafuta ya soya Soy_powder.jpg|Unga wa soya </gallery> == Viungo vya Nje == * [http://www.soygrowers.com American Soybean Association] * [http://www.foodpsychology.cornell.edu/research/soy/index.htm Cornell University Food and Brand Lab] * [http://www.foodrevolution.org/what_about_soy.htm Evaluation of Anti-Soy Data and Anti-Soy Advocates] {{Wayback|url=http://www.foodrevolution.org/what_about_soy.htm |date=20070405085807 }} * [http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,,1839434,00.html Guardian - There's no risk to humans from soya] * [http://www.cgiar.org/impact/research/soybean.html/ IITA has CGIAR global mandate for Soybean research for development] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cgiar.org/impact/research/soybean.html/ |date=20080330031852 }} * [http://www.iita.org/ International Institute of Tropical Agriculture] * [http://www.soya.be Soy information] * [http://72.32.142.180/soy_health.htm Soy information at Soyatech] {{Wayback|url=http://72.32.142.180/soy_health.htm |date=20071015171927 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060209060448/http://news.yahoo.com/s/hsn/20060127/hl_hsn/soyclaimashearthelperindispute Soy Heart healthy claims in dispute] * [http://www.soyinfocenter.com Soyinfo Center - SoyaScan database and books] * [http://www.myprotein.co.uk/bulk-powders/protein-powders/soy-protein-isolate/ Soy Protein Information]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.soyconnection.com/ United Soybean Board] * [http://www.rheumatic.org/soy.htm Concerns Regarding Soybeans] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rheumatic.org/soy.htm |date=20080418155627 }} * [http://www.guardian.co.uk/food/Story/0,,1828158,00.html Guardian - Should we worry about soya in our food?] * [http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/securit/allerg/allergen_soy-soja_e.html Health Canada: Soy - One of the nine most common food allergens] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/securit/allerg/allergen_soy-soja_e.html |date=20080409210944 }} * [http://www.aafa.org/display.cfm?id=9&sub=20&cont=522 Soy Allergy Information Page] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aafa.org/display.cfm?id=9&sub=20&cont=522 |date=20150922033820 }} [[Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America]] * [http://www.soyonlineservice.co.nz/ Soy Online Service] {{Wayback|url=http://www.soyonlineservice.co.nz/ |date=20070410082803 }} === Hasara za kilimo cha Soya === * [http://www.alternet.org/healthwellness/56087/ AlterNet: Health & Wellness: The Dark Side of Soy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.alternet.org/healthwellness/56087/ |date=20080316043214 }} === Upishi wa soya === * [http://www.soya.be/how-to-make-soy-milk.php How to make soy milk (quick guidelines)] * [http://knowingfood.com/soya/soyrecipe.html Soya / Tofu Recipes] {{Wayback|url=http://knowingfood.com/soya/soyrecipe.html |date=20080331184723 }} [[Jamii:Mharagwe na jamaa]] [[Jamii:Chakula]] [[Jamii:Mazao]] md3ry31qnch9d1cyluevngcokxo2hp9 0 16244 1529875 1350250 2026-05-02T12:47:09Z Muddyb 379 1529875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Filamu | rangi = Golden | jina = The Italian Job | picha = The Italian Job 2003.jpg | maelezo ya picha = Kasha ya filamu ya The Italian Job | imeongozwa na = F. Gary Gray | imetungwa na = Donna Powers<br />Wayne Powers<br />[[Troy Kennedy-Martin]] | imetaarishwa na = Tim Bevan<br />Donald De Line<br />Jim Dyer | nyota = [[Mark Wahlberg]]<br />[[Jason Statham]]<br />[[Charlize Theron]]<br />[[Edward Norton]]<br />[[Donald Sutherland]]<br />[[Seth Green]]<br />[[Mos Def]] | muziki = John Powell | imehaririwa na = Richard Francis-Bruce<br />Christopher Rouse | imesambazwa na = Paramount Pictures | muda = dk. 111 | imetolewa tar. = [[30 Mei]] [[2003]] | nchi = [[Marekani]] | lugha = [[Kiingereza]] }} '''The Italian Job''' ni filamu ya mwaka [[2003]] yenye vituko-kupigana. Filamu iliongozwa na F. Gary Gray, na nyota wa filamu ni [[Jason Statham]], [[Mark Wahlberg]], [[Charlize Theron]], [[Edward Norton]] na [[Donald Sutherland]]. Filamu inarejea jina sawa na ile filamu halisi ya awali iliyochezwa na nyota Michael Caine kunako miaka ya [[1969]]. == Njama == === Muhtasari wa filamu === Filamu inaazia mjini [[Venice]], [[Italia]], tunakutana na kiongozi wa wanakikosi cha filamu hii Bw. John Bridger (Donald Sutherland) akiwa anampigia simu binti yake aitwae Stella ([[Charlize Theron]]) huku baba wa binti huyo akimweleza mwanae kwamba "hii ndiyo kazi yangu ya mwisho" (mazungumzo kupitia simu). John kisha akakutana mmoja kati ya wanamipango wenzi "mzee wa kazi" Charlie ([[Mark Wahlberg]]) ili kujadiliana kuhusu mipango ya kazi. John na Charlie ni washikaji sana, na wawili hao wanaheshimiana kwa kiasi kikubwa kabisa. Baada ya hapo Charlie akapanga mpango wa kuweza kuiba kijumbamshale chenye fito za dhahabu ndani yake. Kweli mpango ulifana. Baada ya mpango kukamilika, ikabidi wanakundi wote wakutane kivukoni ili kuweza kujua nini kitakacho endelea baada ya mpango kufanikiwa. Haya, mpango ulifaulu na sherehe zikaanza juu ya ushindi huo, lakini shangwe hizo hazikudumu kwa muda mrefu kwani mmoja kati ya wanakundi akawasaliti wenziwe (Steve) alikuwa na mpango wake binafsi, na hakupoteza muda kwa kuisubira dhahabu hiyo, akamwua Bridger, kisha akaondoka zake huku akiliacha kundi likiwa taabani. Kwa bahati nzuri waliponyeka, na wakaanza kupanga mpango mwingine wa kulipiza kisasi dhidi ya kitendo alicho kifanya Steve (Edward Norton). == Washiriki == {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor="CCCCCC" ! Mwigizaji !! Jina alilotumia |- | [[Mark Wahlberg]] || [[Charlie Croker]] |- | [[Charlize Theron]] || Stella Bridger |- | [[Jason Statham]] || Handsome Rob |- | [[Edward Norton]] || Steve Frazelli |- | [[Donald Sutherland]] || John Bridger |- | [[Seth Green]] || Lyle/"The Real Napster" |- | [[Mos Def]] || Left Ear |- | [[Franky G]] || Wrench |} == Marejeo kwa Kiingereza == # http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=italianjob.htm # http://au.rottentomatoes.com/m/italian_job/ {{Wayback|url=http://au.rottentomatoes.com/m/italian_job/ |date=20080623213545 }} # http://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-italian-job # http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0317740/awards == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.italianjobmovie.com/ Official website ''The Italian Job''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.italianjobmovie.com/ |date=20080913064049 }} * {{IMDb title|id=0317740|title=The Italian Job}} * {{Rotten-tomatoes|id=italian_job|title=The Italian Job}} * {{Metacritic film|id=italianjob|title=The Italian Job}} * {{Mojo title|id=italianjob|title=The Italian Job}} {{F. Gary Gray}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Italien Job, The}} [[Jamii:Filamu za Marekani]] [[Jamii:Filamu za 2003]] [[Jamii:Filamu zilizoongozwa na F. Gary Gray]] 4jdq64fwoc1scoiqrkblz3lhdg5tw4u 0 17350 1530322 1330498 2026-05-03T07:36:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530322 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Coat of Arms of the Order of Friars Minor.svg|thumb|150px|Ngao ya Utawa wa Ndugu Wadogo.]] '''Utawa wa Tatu wa Mt. Fransisko''' ni [[kundi]] kubwa kuliko yote ndani ya [[familia ya kiroho]] ya [[Wafransisko]]. Kwa asili walikuwa [[Wakristo]] wa kawaida waliopenda kujiunga na [[Fransisko wa Asizi]] na [[harakati]] aliyoianzisha ndani ya [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. Wengi wao walikuwa watu wenye [[ndoa]] na hivyo hawakuweza kuingia katika [[jumuiya]] ya [[watawa]] [[wanaume]] ("utawa wa kwanza") au ya ma[[sista]] ("utawa wa pili") waliofuata [[kanuni]] za Kifransisko. Kwa hiyo Fransisko aliwapa [[mwongozo]] wa pekee wa kuishi kama jumuiya za Wakristo wa "utawa wa tatu". Baadaye Wakristo kadhaa kutoka jumuiya za [[Utawa wa Tatu]] walianza kuishi pamoja kwa namna zilizofanana zaidi na [[maisha]] ya [[Mmonaki|kimonaki]] lakini walibaki katika Utawa wa Tatu. Leo hii kuna [[tawi|matawi]] mawili ndani ya Utawa wa Tatu: * [[Wasekulari]] ambao ni Wakristo wa kawaida, wengi wenye [[familia]], wanaofuata utaratibu wa pamoja wa [[sala]] na mikutano ya kiroho na [[kazi]] za kijamii. [[Neno]] "Sekulari" linamaanisha "ki-dunia (kwa [[Kiing.]] secular'', kutoka ''[[Kilat.]] saeculum, [[dunia]]), yaani wanaishi maisha ya kawaida katika mambo ya dunia. * [[Waregulari]] ambao wameamua kuishi bila ndoa katika [[nidhamu]] ya kanuni ya kitawa (''[[lat.]] "regula"'') ya jumuiya yao. ==Asili na ustawi wa Utawa wa Toba (1209-1517)== ===Fransisko wa Asizi katika tapo la toba (hadi mwaka 1226)=== Tangu mwanzo [[Kanisa]] liliona kufanya [[dhambi]] na [[toba]] si jambo la binafsi tu, bali linaathiri wengine pia. Ndiyo sababu liliwadai waamini [[malipizi]] ili kuwapa [[msamaha]] wa [[Mungu]], na waliopaswa kuyafanya waliandikishwa katika orodha rasmi ya [[Watubu]] (Ordo Poenitentium). Kitubio cha siri kiliposhika nafasi ya utaratibu huo, wengi walijiamulia kufanya malipizi ya hadhara hata kwa dhambi za wengine wakajulikana kama Watubu. Toba ni neno la msingi katika [[historia ya Kanisa]]. Maana yake asili ni kujitoa kabisa kwa Mungu na kuishi kadiri ya [[Injili]], lakini Wakristo wa [[karne za kati]] waliona inadai sana huzuni na fidia kwa dhambi za binafsi na za [[ulimwengu]]. Mtubu, akiwa peke yake au pamoja na wengine, alitarajiwa kuacha kazi zilizotazamwa ni kinyume cha Injili (k.mf. [[biashara]] na [[uaskari]]), kujitenga na jamii ili kufungamana zaidi na Mungu kwa maisha ya [[sala]] na [[tafakuri]], kuhiji, kufunga, kujinyima, kutoa [[sadaka]] na kujitesa kwa [[wokovu]] wake na wa wote. Wengi kati yao walikuwa wanawake, hasa wa koo bora, kama mama wa [[Klara wa Asizi]]. [[Tapo la toba]] liliwahusu walei, ambao baadhi yao wakawa baadaye watawa na hata makleri, tunavyoona kati ya [[Wahumiliati]] waliostawi kidogo tu kabla ya [[Fransisko wa Asizi]]. Wakati huo walei walihesabiwa kama ngazi ya chini (ya tatu) baada ya makleri na watawa. Uenezi wa Watubu ukasababisha wapewe na [[sheria]] hadhi ya pekee, kwa kuwahesabu kama kundi maalumu kati ya walei na watawa, na kuwapa [[haki]] na [[fadhili]] kadhaa za watawa. Watubu walikuwa walei, lakini wa pekee kutokana na azimio lao (propositum) lililowadai zaidi katika mengi. Kwanza walikuwa wanashika [[usafi kamili]], lakini kuanzia karne XII baadhi yao wenye [[ndoa]] waliahidi tu kujinyima ndoa ya pili (wakifiwa) na hata [[tendo la ndoa]] siku za kufunga chakula na za kupokea [[sakramenti]]. Mambo ya namna hiyo yanasomwa katika maisha ya Fransisko, kwa jinsi alivyoathiriwa na roho hiyo. Ndiyo sababu alipozungumzia maisha yake mapya alitumia neno “toba”, na jina asili la kundi lake lilikuwa “Watubu wa Asizi”. Baadaye ukubwa wa [[karama]] yake ulimfanya ajitokeze kama kiongozi wa tapo hilo, kwa kuwa namna yake ya kuelewa Injili iliathiri Watubu wengi walioanza kumfuata. [[Thoma wa Celano]] aliandika (1229) kwamba, “kwa [[uvuvio]] wa Mungu, watu wengi, maarufu kwa wadogo, makleri kwa walei, walimkaribia mtakatifu Fransisko wakijitolea kuishi chini ya uongozi wake na ualimu wake. Hao wote aliwashirikisha maji tele ya [[neema]] za mbinguni ambayo yalibubujika toka rohoni mwake na kustawisha maua ya [[maadili]] katika shamba la mioyo yao. Wanaume kwa wanawake walifuata mifano yake, [[kanuni]] yake na mafundisho yake; hivyo tunapaswa kumtangaza kwa haki mtendaji asiye na kifani wa hali mpya ya Kanisa na wa ushindi wa majeshi matatu ya wateule. Aliwapa wote mwongozo wa maisha na kadiri ya hali ya kila mmoja alielekeza kwa [[unyofu]] njia ya wokovu”. Hayo yalianza kutokea muda mfupi baada ya kukubaliwa na [[Papa Inosenti III]] (1198-1216), alipohubiri huko na huko (1211). Kesi ya pekee ni ile ya kijiji cha [[Greccio]], aliposhangaa kuona kilivyojaa Watubu wengi kuliko wale wa miji mikubwa. “Mara nyingi, ndugu walipoimba [[Masifu]] ya Jioni, kama walivyofanya sehemu nyingine nyingi, watu wa kijiji hicho, wakubwa kwa wadogo, walitoka nje ya nyumba zao na kusimama barabarani na kuwaitikia ndugu kwa sauti kubwa, Asifiwe [[Bwana]] Mungu wetu!” ([[Simulizi la Perugia]]). Tangu zamani baadhi ya walei walikusanyika kuishi kando ya [[monasteri]] ili kufaidika nazo kiroho na ki[[uchumi]]. Baadhi yao waliweza kujifunga kwa namna mbalimbali waishi kwa [[useja]], au kwa [[uadilifu]], au kwa [[utiifu]] au kwa kufuata kanuni maalumu. Ikawa vilevile kwa [[Wakanoni]], aina mpya za watawa. Mageuzi ya jamii yalipozidi kuvuta watu mijini ili wafanye [[kazi]] tofauti na [[kilimo]], walei wengi waliona [[Mashirika ya Ombaomba]] yanalingana zaidi na mahitaji yao ya kiroho, wakayafuata kama Watubu. Bila ya kuacha kazi zao mpya wala ndoa wakaanza kuvaa nguo ya kitawa ya shirika husika (walau joho), nyeusi kwa [[Wadominiko]], ya kijivu kwa [[Wafransisko]]. Hata kabla Fransisko hajafa, walikuwepo Watubu, hasa wanawake, walioamua kuishi pamoja ili kushika vizuri zaidi azimio lao; k.mf. mwaka 1213 kulikuwa na jumuia ya kike huko [[Padua]]. Fransisko, akiwajibika kwa watu hao, aliwaandikia aina ya kanuni katika [[Barua kwa Waamini]] (1215), alimojumlisha mahubiri yake kwa waliotamani kushika toba nyumbani kwao. Katika toleo la pili la barua hiyo (1221) akaongeza mawaidha na miongozo akitanguliza dibaji iliyo nzito ki[[teolojia]] na kiroho. Chini ya Inosenti III, na zaidi chini ya [[Papa Honori III]] (1216-1227), hasa kwa juhudi za [[Kardinali]] Ugolino, Kanisa lilikusudia kulipa tapo la toba [[umoja]] na muundo fulani, pamoja na kulikinga dhidi ya [[uzushi]]. Hivyo lilitunga kanuni maalumu (1221) kwa kuchota mengi katika [[Azimio la Wahumiliati]] lililokubaliwa mwaka 1201. Kanuni hiyo mpya iliitwa [[Kumbukumbu ya Azimio]] (Memoriale Propositi) ikarekebishwa 1228. Hiyo ni sheria hasa yenye namba 39. Ya kwanza inahusu uduni wa mavazi; halafu kuna katazo la kuhudhuria karamu, tamasha na michezo; agizo la [[kufunga chakula]] mara moja au mbili kwa wiki; la kusali Masifu kama makleri au [[Baba Yetu]] kadhaa; la kupokea [[ekaristi]] kwenye [[Noeli]], [[Pasaka]] na [[Pentekoste]]; la kulipa [[zaka]]; la kutotumia [[silaha]] na kutokula [[kiapo]] kwa kawaida; la kufanya [[familia]] nzima iishi Kikristo; la kukutana mara moja kwa mwezi kwa [[Misa]], mafundisho na mchango kwa ndugu na wengineo wenye shida; la mtumishi kutembelea ndugu wagonjwa kila wiki; la kushiriki [[mazishi]] ya ndugu na kuwaombea; la kuandika [[wasia]] mapema ili kuzuia ugomvi; la kupatana kidugu; la kuungama kila mwezi. Kati ya masharti ya kumpokea ndugu mpya, lipo la kutokuwa na madeni, [[uadui]] na uzushi; pia [[mwanamke]] awe na ruhusa ya [[mume]]. Baada ya mwaka wa jaribio, anayefaa aweke ahadi kwa maisha yote asiweze kuacha jamaa tena isipokuwa kwa kuingia shirikani. Pia kuna taratibu za kusamehe na za kufukuza ndugu. Hatimaye kuna maelezo ya kuwa kuvunja kanuni si dhambi, ingawa kunastahili [[adhabu]]. Kwa jumla hakuna mambo ya pekee ya Kifransisko. ===Uenezi (1227-1300)=== Ugolino, kisha kuchaguliwa awe [[Papa Gregori IX]] (1227-1241), aliwaandikia Ma[[askofu]] wa [[Italia]] (1227) juu ya aina mbili za Watubu: wale wa kawaida walioishi nyumbani kwao, na wale walioishi upwekeni kwa mfano wa watawa halisi: ndio msingi wa tofauti kati ya OFS na TOR iliyoratibiwa baadaye. Mwenyewe aliandika pia (1238) kwamba Fransisko alianzisha aina tatu za utawa: “ule wa Ndugu Wadogo, ule wa Akina Dada wa [[Ugo]] na ule wa Watubu”. Jambo linalodhihirisha umuhimu wa Ufransisko ni uenezi wa aina hiyo ya tatu katika [[Ulaya]] ya karne XIII, unaothibitishwa na hati nyingi zilizotolewa na Mapapa ili kuitetea. Ingawa hatuwezi kujua idadi yao, walienea haraka nje ya Italia, hasa [[Ujerumani]], [[Ufaransa]], [[Uswisi]], [[Ubelgiji]], [[Uholanzi]] na [[Hispania]]. Kwa njia hiyo ujumbe wa Injili wa upendo na amani ulipenya maisha ya familia, kazi na mazingira yote ya kila siku, ukiunganisha watawala na [[raia]], wakubwa na wadogo, wasomi na mafundi wa kila aina. Hao Ndugu wa Toba walijisikia viungo si vya [[chama cha kitume]] kama vingine vingi, bali vya utawa wa kimataifa, wenye sura na haki za pekee. Kilichowapa nguvu ni fadhili walizopewa na Mapapa: zile zilizotolewa zamani kwa Watubu wote ziliongezewa kwa Wafransisko wa sehemu mbalimbali. Muhimu hasa ni ile ya kutopaswa kuapa uaminifu kwa mtawala, uliodai mtu awe tayari kwenda [[vita]]ni; halafu ile ya kutopaswa kushika [[serikali]]ni [[wadhifa]] usiolingana na hali ya kitawa; tena ile ya kutumia [[mali]] yao bila ya kuingiliwa (hasa kwa lengo la kumudu [[hospitali]] na huduma nyingine); hatimaye ile ya kutoweza kuhukumiwa na [[mahakama]] ya serikali, ila na ile ya Kanisa tu. [[Papa Selestini V]] (1294) alifikia hatua ya kuwapa Watubu wa [[L’Aquila]] fadhili ya kutolipa [[kodi]]! Bila ya shaka viongozi wa nchi walipinga vikali fadhili hizo zilizodhoofisha [[mamlaka]] yao, wakasumbua sana jamaa za toba. Kwa Kanisa ilikuwa njia ya kupunguza nguvu za mfalme mkuu wa Ujerumani dhidi ya Papa, lakini ilisaidia pia kupunguza vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe huko Italia. Ndugu wa Toba walikuwa chini ya mamlaka ya Askofu wa jimbo, aliyetakiwa kusimamia maendeleo yao na kuwatetea mbele ya serikali. Lakini Maaskofu pia walipinga vikali fadhili nyingine muhimu, yaani ile ya kutobanwa na katazo la kushiriki ibada likitolewa na Askofu dhidi ya Wakristo wa eneo fulani. Upinzani huo wote, ukijumlishwa na ule uliowapata [[Ndugu Wadogo]], unaeleza kwa nini hao walisimamisha mara kadhaa huduma kwa Watubu (k.mf. 1232-1247, halafu 1257-1284). Sababu nyingine ilikuwa kutotaka kulemewa nazo. Hasa watumishi wakuu [[Elia Bombarone]] na [[Bonaventura wa Bagnoregio]] walizikataa katakata. Hivyo kwa kiasi kikubwa Watubu walijiongoza na kujieneza. Mkutano wa jamaa, chini ya [[mkaguzi]] toka nje, ulikuwa na mamlaka ya juu katika kuamua, kuchagua, kufukuza. Polepole jamaa zikafungamana. Zamani za Bonaventura zilikuwa zimeshaunda [[kanda]] zikiongozwa na Mtumishi wa kanda; zilikuwa na mikutano mikuu pia zilizokusanya wajumbe wa kanda nyingi, kabla ya mwisho wa karne XIII. Pamoja na hayo, jumuia za Watubu walioishi nyumba moja ziliongezeka haraka. Tuna hakika ya kuwepo kwa jumuia hizo nje ya Italia pia: [[Korasia]] (1250), Ujerumani (1264), [[Ureno]] (1285) na Ufaransa (1287). Kulingana na maelekeo mawili ya Fransisko (moja la toba, sala na [[upweke]], lingine la [[ushuhuda]] wa Kiinjili kati ya watu), jumuia hizo zilikazania ama [[muungano na Mungu]] ama [[huduma]] kwa wenye shida. Toka mwanzo wakaapweke wengi walijiunga na Utawa wa Toba, baadhi yao wakiwa na wafuasi. Jumuia kubwa zaidi zilikuwa zile za kutolea huduma fulani, hasa kutunza wagonjwa. Katika hali hiyo [[Papa Nikolaus IV|Papa Nikola IV]] (1288-1292), Mfransisko, alitoa (1289) kanuni mpya kwa Watubu wote, wa kiume na wa kike, wa wakati huo na wa wakati ujao, akiwaweka chini ya Ndugu Wadogo kama “wakaguzi na washauri” wao, kwa kumuona Fransisko kama “[[mwanzilishi]] wa Utawa wa Toba” (tamko ambalo si sahihi ki[[historia]]). Kanuni hiyo haikubadili sana sheria za Memoriale, ila ilizipanga vizuri zaidi kulingana na zile za kitawa. Ina sura 20 zenye jumla ya namba 60, ambamo 1-13 zinahusu [[mapokezi]] na [[ustawi]]; 14-42 namna ya kuishi; 42-60 maisha ya kidugu na [[uongozi]]. Kanuni hiyo iliweza kuchangia ustawi wa Watubu, lakini ilipingwa mapema na mashirika mengine yenye watu wa namna hiyo (k.mf. mwaka 1285 Wadominiko walikuwa wameamua kushughulikia Watubu waliofuata karama yao, hivyo wakaendelea mpaka walipokubaliwa kanuni maalumu mwaka 1405, baada ya mfumo wao kumzaa [[Katerina wa Siena]]). Shida nyingine iliyojitokeza ni kwamba kanuni ya Nikola IV haikuzungumzia walioishi kijumuia: hiyo ilizidi kuwaletea matatizo mpaka walipopewa kanuni tofauti (1521). Kwa kuwa kanuni hiyo ilikuwa ya tatu kwa Wafransisko (baada ya ile ya Ndugu Wadogo na ile ya Waklara), Utawa wa Toba ulianza kuitwa Utawa III (Tertius Ordo) na washiriki wake wakaitwa [[Watersyari]] (= Wa tatu). Kumbe kabla ya hapo Tertius Ordo ilimaanisha kundi la tatu la waamini, yaani walei, waliopangwa baada ya makleri na watawa. Wazo la toba pia lilibadilika, na tapo lake likamezwa na Utawa III wa mashirika mbalimbali. Watersyari waliweza wakaishi ama nyumbani kwao, ama kijumuia, ama upwekeni (pengine kwa kutunza [[patakatifu]] fulani au kwa kujifungia mahali, k.mf. ndani ya [[mnara]] wa [[ngome]] ya [[mji]]); waliweza wakaishi katika ndoa au kuahidi [[useja]] n.k. Kati yao, waliotangazwa [[watakatifu]] wanaweza wakafikia 6, mbali na [[wenyeheri]] 6. Idadi kamili haieleweki kwa sababu hakuna hakika juu ya baadhi yao kujiunga na Utawa III. Wa hakika zaidi ni [[Verdiana wa Castelfiorentino]] (+1242), aliyejifungia ndani tangu [[ujana|ujanani]] hadi [[Mzee|uzeeni]], na [[Margerita wa Cortona]] (+1297), aliyeshika toba kali baada ya kuacha maisha ya dhambi. [[Somo]] wa Utawa huo ni [[Elizabeti wa Hungaria]] (+1231), [[malkia]] aliyemtambua na kumtumikia [[Yesu]] katika wenye shida, pamoja na [[Ludoviko IX]] (+1270), [[mfalme]] bora kabisa. ===Watersyari kuzidi kutofautiana (1300-1517)=== [[Wakarmeli]] walipoanza kuelekeza Watersyari wao kuweka [[nadhiri]] ya useja (kuna ushahidi wa mwaka 1283), [[desturi]] hiyo ikaenea haraka: mwaka 1307 [[mwanamume]] Mfransisko aliweka nadhiri tatu kufuatana na kanuni ya Nikola IV ingawa hiyo haitaji kabisa nadhiri. Kadiri Watersyari walivyozidi kujilinganisha na [[wanadhiri]], yalizuka maswali juu yao: mbona kanuni haisemi juu ya kuishi pamoja? Mbona wanaweka nadhiri kama si watawa? Mbona wanawake wanaoishi kijumuia hawashiki ugo? Mbona wengine wanaweka nadhiri halafu wanaendelea kuishi kwao? Je, ni watawa? Majibu yakapatikana polepole, mpaka wakabainishwa [[Wasekulari]] (yaani ndugu wa ulimwenguni) na [[Waregulari]] (watawa hasa). Zaidi ya hayo, tangu zamani tapo lolote la walei lililokazia Injili lilishukiwa kuwa na uzushi. Basi, mwanzoni mwa karne XIV Utawa III wa Kifransisko (TOF) ulijaribiwa sana, kutokana na matatizo ya Ndugu Wadogo, waliotaka kushindana na Papa, na yale ya makundi ambayo yalifanana na TOF yakaja kukatazwa na [[Mtaguso wa Vienne]] (1312). Ingawa laana ya Mtaguso haikuipata TOF, kwa kuwa [[Papa Klementi V]] (1305-1314) aliwahi kuagiza [[utafiti]] halafu akathibitisha tena kanuni yake (1308), Maaskofu wakaendelea kuwa na shaka na kusababisha dhuluma dhidi ya Watersyari. Isitoshe, jumuia nyingi zilizokatazwa ziliamua kujiunga na TOF ili kuendelea kihalali. Jumuia ziliweza kuwa na ndugu 3 hadi 40. Maisha ya pamoja hayakuwa na lazima ya ndugu kushirikishana mali. Baadhi yao waliendelea kuwa na mali binafsi kama Wasekulari, ingawa baadhi walichanga kila kitu kama watawa hasa. Kazi zao zilikuwa za [[ufundi]] (kushona, kuhariri, kutengeneza [[hostie]] na mishumaa n.k.), za [[malezi]] (kufundisha watoto), za [[uuguzi]] (nyumbani kwa wagonjwa au hospitalini) pamoja na kuwakeshea [[mahututi]] na [[maiti]]. [[Riziki]] zilipatikana kwa kazi hizo, lakini pia (hasa kwa wanawake) kwa kuombaomba mlango kwa mlango. Muundo wa jumuia ulikuwa sawa na ule wa Wasekulari, yaani kila moja ilikuwa chini ya Askofu, pamoja na mkaguzi au mshauri toka Utawa I, halafu ilikuwa na uongozi wa ndani (Mtumishi na [[halmashauri]] yake). Muundo huo ukaja kubadilishwa na baadhi ya jumuia mwishoni mwa karne XIV, kutokana na ongezeko kubwa la jumuia hizo za kiume na za kike. Pengine moja ilizaa nyingine ambayo ikabaki chini ya ile mama. Pia ulihitajika ulinganifu mkubwa zaidi wa taratibu ([[kanzu]], ugo n.k.) kati ya jumuia za [[dayosisi|jimbo]] au kanda moja. Kwa kibali cha Askofu na cha Mtumishi wa Ndugu Wadogo, [[shirika]] jipya la namna hiyo liliweza kuwa na [[mkutano mkuu]] na kumchagua Mkuu wake. Kila shirika lilikuwa na mkaguzi toka shirika lingine. Jaribio la kwanza lilifanywa na [[Alfonsi Pecha]] aliyetaka kuunganisha wakaapweke wote wa Italia ya Kati na Kusini (1373) asifaulu. Kumbe walifanikiwa Watersyari wa [[Utrecht]] (Uholanzi, 1401), Ubelgiji wa Kiholanzi (1413), [[Koln]] (Ujerumani, 1427), Hispania (1442), Ubelgiji wa Kifaransa (1443), Italia (1447), [[Irelandi]] (1456), [[Marburg]] (Ujerumani, 1467), Ureno (1470), Korasia (1473) n.k. Wengine waliruhusiwa kuweka [[nadhiri kuu]] ya useja (1401) au zote tatu (1413). Yalijipatia kibali ingawa upinzani uliendelea kwa kuwa masuala yao hayakuwa bayana ki[[nadharia]]. Hata hivyo hayakuwa mashirika ya kimataifa, yanayotarajia kuenea popote, bali ya kijimbo au ya kikanda. Kwa kuwa hayakuwa ya kitawa rasmi, yaliweza kuunganisha jumuia za kiume na za kike chini ya Mkuu mmoja; hapo kulikuwa na Mtumishi wa kike pia kwa jumuia za kike. Mashirika hayo yalitoa huduma zilizopangwa vizuri kadiri ya [[katiba]] yake. Mwaka 1439 lile la Ubelgiji wa Kiholanzi lilikuwa na [[konventi]] 70 na ndugu 3,000 hivi, wa kiume na wa kike, wote wakivaa kanzu ya kijivu. Elekeo la kitawa la mashirika hayo lilikuwa wazi, hivyo si ajabu kwamba yalizidi kujilinganisha na wanadhiri. Hata Ndugu Wadogo [[Waoservanti]] walichangia sana, hasa Italia: kuanzia mwaka 1380 [[Paolucho Trinci]] alijipatia ruhusa kadhaa, mojawapo ile ya kupokea Wasekulari (1384), halafu ile ya kuanzisha [[monasteri]] kwa ajili ya wale wa kike huko [[Foligno]] (1388). Tangu mwaka 1397 hadi 1435 monasteri hiyo ikaja kuongozwa na [[Anjelina wa Marsciano]] aliyefaulu kuzianzisha 16 nyingine: ndio mwanzo wa shirika la kike (1428) lililofanana sana na yale ya kisasa. Lilikuwa na Mtumishi mkuu ambaye alichaguliwa na Watumishi wa kila monasteri na kuwa na mamlaka ya kuzitembelea zote. Halikuwa na ugo wala nadhiri, isipokuwa ya utiifu. Kazi kuu ya wanashirika ilikuwa kulea wasichana. Anjelina alipofariki, [[Papa Eugeni IV]] (1431-1447) alikuza mamlaka ya Mtumishi mkuu, lakini uamuzi huo ulipingwa na Watumishi wa monasteri na Waoservanti. Halafu ongezeko la nyumba hata nje ya Italia lilidai safari nyingi za Mtumishi mkuu na za wengine, nazo zikasababisha vurugu. Basi, [[Papa Pius II]] (1458-1464) alifuta wadhifa wa Mtumishi mkuu (1461), hivyo shirika likapotewa na sura yake na umoja wake. Waoservanti walipozidi kudai Watersyari hao wote washike ugo wa Kipapa, wengine wakakubali (Watersyari wa ugo, ambao baadhi yao wakaja kuwa [[Waklara]]), ila wengine wakajitenga na Waoservanti ili kuendelea na [[utume]]. Ingawa [[Papa Sisto IV]] (1471-1484) alitaka Watersyari wote wa kike wakae chini ya Ndugu Wadogo (1471), wengine walijiweka chini ya Maaskofu, wengine chini ya TOR au chini ya [[Waamadei]] wasibanwe na ugo. Kwa kweli Waoservanti walishughulikia sana Utawa III na kuustawisha upya. Katikati ya karne XV [[Antonino wa Firenze]], Mdominiko, alishuhudia kwamba, “Watersyari Wadominiko ni wachache sehemu hizi, tena wa kiume ni mmojammoja tu; kumbe chini ya kanuni na kanzu ya Utawa III wa Mt. Fransisko wako wengi wa kiume na wa kike. Wengine kama wakaapweke, wengi kama wauguzi wa hospitali, wengine wameunda shirika”. Ili kupunguza upinzani, [[Papa Martino V]] (1417-1431) alikuwa ameweka Wasekulari wote chini ya Watumishi wa Ndugu Wadogo (1428), ambao tu waliruhusiwa kupokea watakaji, kufundisha, kukagua na kukosoa. Pengine waandamizi wake wakawa na msimamo tofauti na kuwarudishia mamlaka Wasekulari wenyewe. [[Yohane wa Kapestrano]] aliwashughulikia na kuwatetea kwa namna ya pekee, akikusudia kuratibu na kuunganisha jumuia zote za Watersyari zisizo na sura maalumu kisheria ili azihusishe na [[urekebisho]] wa watawa na wa Kanisa lote. Alipokubaliwa na Eugeni IV kwa sauti tu (1436) ifutwe hati ya [[Papa Yohane XXII]] (1316-1334) iliyokataza jumuia zote za Watersyari, akawatangazia haraka, ikaanza mikutano ya kanda na mikutano mikuu. Kwa miaka 10 Watersyari wakaapweke wa Italia waliunganika wote. Lakini wengine walipendelea kujitegemea zaidi, na wengine walikataa kujilinganisha kabisa na watawa na kuweka nadhiri (walivyodai hasa [[Waklareno]], waliojitenga na OFM na kukimbilia Utawa III). Basi, [[Papa Nikola V]] (1447-1455) baada ya miaka miwili alifuta kabisa ruhusa aliyoitoa mwaka 1447, akisema, “Wanaopenda maisha magumu zaidi wanao tayari Utawa ulioanzishwa na Mt. Fransisko mwenyewe”. Lakini mwaka 1457 Watersyari wa [[Lombardia]] walikubaliwa tena kuwa na Mkuu wa kwao, halafu wakaenea katika mikoa mingine ya Italia, wakakubaliwa (1467) fadhili zote walizopewa wenzao wa shirika la Hispania, zikiwa ni pamoja na ile ya kuweka nadhiri kuu tatu. Mwaka 1472 mkutano mkuu ulitunga kanuni mpya. Mwaka 1476 walikuwa na kanda kadhaa tayari. Hatimaye Sisto IV alitamka rasmi (1480) kuwa nadhiri za Watersyari wa kiume na wa kike zilizowekwa kwa fahari zihesabiwe kuwa kuu kisheria. Tamko hilo likathibitishwa (1517) na [[Papa Leo X]] (1513-1521) aliyekanusha kuwa hivyo pia kwa nadhiri ya useja ya wanaoishi nyumbani kwao, ingawa aliwakubalia fadhili kadhaa. Hata kuhusu ugo kwa wanawake, uliobaki kuwatofautisha na wamonaki, ilitamkwa (1487) kuwa ni wa [[hiari]]. Pia baadhi ya Watersyari waliishi utawani kwa Ndugu Wadogo ili wawatumikie kwa hiari pasipo malipo wala nia ya kuwa watawa hasa, ingawa waliweza wakashiriki maisha ya jumuia chini ya mlinzi, wakiweka nadhiri ya utiifu na useja. Ni kwamba katika karne XIII Utawa I ulipojali mno ukleri na kuzuia ongezeko la ma[[bradha]] pamoja na kudharau kazi za mikono, ulikuja kuhitaji maboi (wanazungumziwa na hati za Kanisa kuanzia mwaka 1248). Katiba ya OFM (1260) ilikataza wasiongozane na Ndugu Wadogo ili kuwashikia [[pesa]] na kuzitumia kwa niaba yao; ila iliruhusu watoe baadhi ya huduma konventini, mradi wasilale huko. Baadaye ndugu maarufu waliruhusiwa kuwa na boi binafsi (katiba ya 1316 n.k.). Mwishoni mwa karne XV maboi walianza kufikiriwa washirikishwe kwa kiasi fulani maisha ya kitawa: kwanza wafuate vizuri [[dini]], halafu wajiunge na Utawa III na kuvikwa kanzu fulani, mradi ionekane wazi ni tofauti na ile ya Ndugu Wadogo. Hasa katika karne XIV, matunda ya Utawa III ni mengi na ya kila aina: malkia na ma[[padri]], watu wa ndoa na waseja, wakulima na mafundi, waanzilishi wa mashirika na mashujaa wa huruma, wakaapweke, wafiadini n.k. Mbali na watakatifu ambao hatuna hakika kama walijiunga na Utawa III, kuna Klara wa Montefalco (+1308), ambaye mwisho akawa [[abesi]] wa [[monasteri]] ya [[Waaugustino]], [[Anjela wa Foligno]] (+1309), anayeitwa “mwalimu wa wanateolojia” kwa ubora wa maandishi yake juu ya [[mang’amuzi]] ya kiroho, [[Elzeario wa Sabran]] (+1323), aliyeishi na mke wake ([[Delfina]]) kwa [[usafi kamili]], malkia [[Elizabeti wa Ureno]] (+1336), aliyemaliza maisha yake katika jumuia ya Utawa III, [[Konrado Confalonieri]] (+1351) aliyeishi miaka mingi upwekeni, na malkia [[Birgita wa Sweden]] (+1373), somo wa Ulaya. Kati ya wenye heri 21 akumbukwe hasa na [[Raimundo Lull]], mwandishi, mwanzilishi wa [[seminari]] ya kimisionari na hatimaye [[mfiadini]] kwa mikono ya [[Waislamu]] (+1316). [[Umisionari]] wa Utawa III ulijitokeza kwa namna ya pekee kati ya Waregulari wa Ureno, waliosindikiza wapelelezi wa nchi yao katika safari za hatari pia, kama vile [[Kongo]] na [[Angola]]. Mmojawao akasoma Misa mbele ya mfalme wa Kongo (1491) akambatiza (1495). Lakini utume wa Watersyari ulijitokeza zaidi katika mazingira ya kawaida ya walei wa Ulaya, na katika huduma mbalimbali walizozianzisha: hospitali, wokovu wa ma[[kahaba]], uombaji wa msaada kwa ajili ya [[maskini]], [[ghala]] za kugawia chakula bure, mafunzo kwa watoto fukara na kwa wanaosomea [[upadri]] n.k. ==Kanuni tofauti kwa Wasekulari na Waregulari (1517-1762)== ===Waregulari kukomaa kama watawa hasa (1517-1762)=== [[Mtaguso wa tano wa Laterano]] ulitofautisha (1516) aina nne za Watersyari: wanaoishi pamoja, wanaume wanaoishi katika konventi za Utawa I, wanawake wanaoishi nyumbani kwa nadhiri ya useja, na Wasekulari. Kwa msingi huo [[Gabrieli Maria]] alitunga (1517) kanuni sahili kwa Waregulari ambayo ikaja kukubaliwa na Leo X, halafu na [[Papa Julius III]] (1550-1555), ikaendelea kufuatwa na konventi nyingi za Ufaransa. Lakini nyingi zaidi zilikubali ile ya Leo X iliyokusudiwa (1521) kuleta umoja na [[usawa]] kati ya Waregulari, ikiwafanya watawa hasa na kuwatenganisha na Wasekulari, walioendelea kufuata kanuni ya Nikola IV hadi mwaka 1884. Katika sura zake 10, kanuni hiyo mpya ilidai nadhiri za Waregulari wote ziwe tatu tena kuu, ingawa iliiachia kila konventi ya kike kuamua kuhusu ugo kama haijaushika, kusudi utume kwa wagonjwa na wasichana usizuiwe. Hata hivyo haikupokewa na Waregulari wote, na ilipingwa vikali hasa Ulaya Kaskazini. Sababu mojawapo ni kwamba ilitaka konventi zote za kiume na za kike ziwe chini ya Ndugu Wadogo, zikibaki na Mkubwa wa nyumba tu, bila ya Watumishi wakuu wa mashirika. Uamuzi huo ulitokana na juhudi za Waoservanti za kuzuia uwepo wa shirika lingine la Kifransisko lenye uongozi unaolingana na ule wa Utawa I. Basi, mashirika yaliyokwishakubaliwa yakaendelea kufuata kanuni ya Nikola IV pamoja na katiba zao. Lakini mapambano hayo yalidumu muda mfupi tu, kwa kuwa uenezi wa [[Uprotestanti]] ulifuta mapema karibu jumuia zote za Ujerumani na Uholanzi. Hapo katikati shirika la Waregulari wa Hispania, kisha kushindana sana na Ndugu Wadogo waliodai kulikagua, lilikubaliwa na [[Papa Paulo III]] (1534-1549) kanuni mpya (1547) kwa Watersyari wote wa Hispania, Ureno na ma[[koloni]] yake. Kanuni hiyo, tofauti sana na ile ya Leo X, ilikuwa na sehemu kuu tatu: ya kwanza kwa Watersyari wa kiume walioishi pamoja kwa nadhiri; ya pili kwa wale wa kike wenye nadhiri walioishi pamoja bila ya ugo; ya tatu kwa Wasekulari, pamoja na wakaapweke na ma[[bikira]] walioishi makwao. Jambo la pekee zaidi, lilikuwa kuwaweka wote chini ya Mtumishi mkuu wa Waregulari wa kiume (aliyetakiwa kuwa padri): hivyo hao walifikia kulingana na Utawa I. Nje ya Ufransisko jambo kama hilo halijatokea hata leo: kuwepo Utawa III wenye ma[[sista]] na Wasekulari chini yake! Halafu Waregulari wa Italia pia wakakubaliwa katiba na [[uhuru]] kamili kwa kanda zao. Baada ya hapo juhudi za urekebisho zilizofuatana na [[Mtaguso wa Trento]] zilidai masista wote washike ugo ili kukwepa makwazo. [[Papa Pius V]] (1566-1572) kwanza alidai (1566) masista wote wa shirika lolote wabanwe daima na [[ugo wa Kipapa]], hata kama hawajawahi kuwa nao; wenye [[nadhiri ndogo]] (ambazo wakati huo hazikuwa na nguvu za kisheria) wahimizwe kuweka zile kuu na hivyo kukubali ugo, la sivyo wakatazwe wasipokee tena [[miito]] waje kwisha. Haikuwa rahisi kutekeleza agizo hilo, pia kwa sababu ya umuhimu wa huduma ambazo walikuwa wanazitoa na ambazo hazikupatana na ugo. Matokeo, baadhi ya jumuia zikawa monasteri za Waklara, lakini nyingine zikaendelea huru katika nchi zote na katika mashirika karibu yote. Halafu, akiona maisha yao hayana toba na nidhamu za kutosha, ingawa [[Kardinali mlinzi]] alijitahidi, aliwaweka wote, wanaume kwa wanawake, chini ya Waoservanti (1567-1568). Hatimaye alifuta jumuia zote zenye nadhiri ndogo akakataza zisianzishwe tena (1568): hata agizo hilo likashindikana, lakini yote yalikuwa changamoto zifanyike juhudi za urekebisho. Hapo kwa wanaume wa Ufaransa kanda 7 zilikuja kushika maisha yaliyofanana sana na yale ya marekebisho ya Utawa I: kuishi mbali na watu, kuamka usiku wa manane kwa [[sala]], kufanya [[malipizi]] makali na kutembea peku. Kwa wanawake pia mkazo ulikuwa kufuata mfano wa [[Wakapuchini]] au marekebisho mengine, pamoja na kushika ugo na nadhiri kuu, hasa [[Uswisi]], Ujerumani, Ubelgiji, Ufaransa. Hata hivyo wakaendelea kushika kanuni ya TOR na pengine kufundisha. TOR ya Italia ilijipatia tena uhuru (1586) kwa kanda zake 11 chini ya Mtumishi mkuu; polepole Waregulari wa nchi nyingine ama walijiunga nayo katika karne XVII, ama wakakoma kwa kumezwa na OFM au kwa kudhulumiwa na serikali. Mwaka 1700 wanaume wa TOR jumla walikuwa 3,991 katika konventi 217 na kanda 20, takwimu ambayo haikubadilika sana katika nusu ya kwanza ya karne XVIII. Upande wa wanawake haiwezekani kukadiria idadi yao. Pamoja na hayo, yalianzishwa mashirika mapya ya kiume Hispania, Ufaransa na hata [[Gwatemala]] kwa ajili ya huduma mbalimbali. Watakatifu waliopatikana wakati huo ni [[Yasinta Mariscotti]] (+1640), aliyeongoka baada ya kuishi miaka 15 utawani kwa [[uzembe]], [[Petro wa Betancur]] (+1667), aliyeweka msingi wa shirika la [[Ndugu Wabethlehemu]], na [[Maria Kreshensya Hoess]] (+1744), aliyemuabudu sana [[Roho Mtakatifu]], mbali ya mwenye heri Mjapani aliyefia dini kwao. ===Wasekulari kuzidi kuenea (1517-1762)=== Upande wa Wasekulari, karne XVI iliwarudisha nyuma Italia (watu waliporudia [[sanaa]] za kipagani) na Ulaya Kaskazini (ulipoenea Uprotestanti), kumbe iliwastawisha katika nchi zilizoongoza kisiasa na kidini (Hispania na Ureno) pamoja na makoloni yake huko Ulaya na ng’ambo (hasa [[Amerika]] na [[Filipino]]: mwaka 1586 nchi hizo zilikuwa na Wasekulari zaidi ya 100,000!). Wahispania (hata wafalme, ma[[jemadari]], Maaskofu) walikuja kumheshimu sana Fransisko na kutamani waitwe wanae na kuzikwa wamevaa kanzu yake. Uenezi ulileta pia ulegevu katika maisha yote ya toba, hata uduni wa kanzu uliachwa, halafu badala yake vitambaa viwili kifuani na mgongoni hadi kwenye kamba kiunoni vikaruhusiwa kuvaliwa chini ya nguo yoyote, hata ya fahari. Katika umati huo kuna watakatifu pia, kuanzia [[Anjela Merichi]] (+1540) aliyeanzisha kikosi cha Mt. [[Ursula]] kwa roho ya Kifransisko na chini ya kanuni ya Utawa III, ambacho muda mrefu baadaye kikageuka kuwa shirika la kitawa. Wengine ni [[Gaetano wa Thiene]] (+1547), [[Ignas wa Loyola]] (+1556), [[Filipo Neri]] (+1595) na [[Kamilo wa Lellis]] (+1614), waanzilishi wa mashirika yasiyo ya Kifransisko, ambao ni vigumu kusema walichota nini katika Utawa III. Walio wengi ni wafiadini 17 wa [[Japani]] waliochanganya damu yao na ile ya wamisionari wa Utawa I waliowashirikisha Injili kwa roho ya Kifransisko (+1597): [[Paulo Suzuki]], [[Gabrieli wa Ize]], [[Yohane Kinuya]], [[Thomas Danki]], [[Fransisko wa Meako]], [[Thomas Kozaki]], [[Yohakim Sakakibara]], [[Bonaventura wa Meako]], [[Leo Karasuma]], [[Mathias wa Miyako]], [[Antoni wa Nagasaki]], [[Ludoviko Ibaraki]], [[Paulo Ibaraki]], [[Mikaeli Kozaki]], [[Petro Sukejiro]], [[Kosma Takeya]] na [[Fransisko Adauctus]]. Katika karne XVII uenezi uliendelea katika nchi hizo na pia [[Austria]], halafu Ufaransa, hasa Ndugu Wadogo wa matawi mbalimbali walipoamua kuwajibika zaidi upande huo wakaanza kushindana kati yao tena na TOR. Mapapa, wakijua umuhimu wa Utawa III katika kuzuia uzushi, walichangia uenezi huo kwa kuupatia [[rehema]] na fadhili za pekee. Kwa ajili ya Wasekulari vilitungwa pia vitabu vingi vya sala na maelezo ya kanuni, pamoja na kukaza [[maisha ya kiroho]] ([[tafakuri]], [[mafungo ya kiroho]], sakramenti) na huduma kwa wenye shida. Hata hivyo hali ya jumla ilizidi kudidimia, na OFS ilionekana kulingana na chama chochote cha kumheshimu mtakatifu fulani, kuadhimisha [[sherehe]] yake n.k. Lakini mambo kama hayo hayapiti bure yasiathiri roho za watu na jamii nzima, hasa yanapogusa umati (mwaka 1689 [[Madrid]] ilikuwa na Wasekulari 25,000!). Vilevile miundo ya huduma iliyoanzishwa na Wafransisko hao iliendelea hata katika matatizo mengi, hivi kwamba mingine ipo hadi leo. Tunda bora ni [[Maria Ana wa Yesu]] wa Paredes (+1645), Mfransisko wa kwanza wa Amerika kutangazwa na Kanisa kuwa ni mtakatifu. Wengine waliojiunga na OFS au kuvaa kamba yake ni [[Fransisko wa Sales]] (+1622) na [[Yoana Fransiska wa Chantal]] (+1641) katika Ufaransa wa leo, pia [[Yosefu Kalasanzi]] (+1648) na [[Yosefu Oriol]] (+1702) kutoka Hispania. Kundi kubwa zaidi ni lile la wenye heri 30, hasa wafiadini wa Japani tena. Kwa Watersyari walioishi utawani kwa Ndugu Wadogo katikati ya karne XVII ulipangwa umri wa chini (miaka 20) na malezi ya miaka 3 chini ya padri. Baadaye tena hali yao ikafafanuliwa kikamilifu na katiba, hasa ya OFM (iliyokuwa na Watersyari wengi zaidi konventini). ==Wasekulari na Waregulari nyakati zetu (1762-2024)== ===Waregulari kudhulumiwa halafu kuongezeka ajabu (1762-2024)=== Kwa Utawa III pia miaka ya mwisho ya karne XVIII na sehemu kubwa ya ile iliyofuata ilikuwa kipindi kigumu cha majaribu, kutokana na dhuluma za serikali nyingi. [[Falsafa]] ya waasi wa dini na [[utaifa]] wa wafalme na Maaskofu wa nchi kadhaa vilielekeza hata kumwaga damu za wengi, hasa baada ya [[mapinduzi ya Kifaransa]] kuenea Ulaya karibu nzima. Ilianza Jamhuri ya [[Venezia]] (1767) kwa kufuta kanda moja ya TOR. Akafuata malkia wa Austria na [[Hungaria]], aliyekataza (1776) OFS isipokee tena watakaji. Mtoto wake akafuta Utawa III kwa namna zake zote (1782). Ufaransa ukafuta miundo yote ya kidini (1790), ikiwa ni pamoja na Utawa III, na kutaifisha mali yake. Baadhi ya Watersyari kwa [[uaminifu]] wao walifungwa hata kuuawa. Hispania (1812) na Ureno (1834) pamoja na [[Brazili]] mashirika yote yakafutwa, ingawa jamaa za OFS zikaendelea. Hata Italia jamaa hizo ziliondolewa hadhi yao mbele ya sheria (1861-1866), lakini zikaendelea kama vyama vya hiari. TOR ni kati ya mashirika yaliyopigwa zaidi, hata karibu kutoweka: kwa miaka 30 hivi kanda nyingi zilikwisha; katika mikutano mikuu iliyofanyika tena kuanzia mwaka 1824 waliweza kuhudhuria tu ndugu toka mikoa 3 ya Italia na pengine toka Korasia. Dhuluma hizo zilipiga sio tu miundo na mali, bali pia mfumo wa maisha, kwa kudai watawa wawe na faida kwa jamii, si mzigo kwake. Katika mazingira hayo yakaja kuanzishwa mashirika mengi ajabu, hasa ya wanawake: karne XIX ndiyo iliyozaa mashirika mengi kuliko nyingine zote. Kati yake, asilimia kubwa ni ya Kifransisko (siku hizi yapo 22 ya wanaume na zaidi ya 400 ya wanawake, yanayojumlisha watawa 120,000 hivi, mbali ya monasteri 61 zenye masista 900!). Si rahisi kuandika historia ya mashirika hayo yote. Kwa kifupi, mengine yalitokana na monasteri za Waklara waliolazimika kushika utume fulani ili waruhusiwe kuendelea kuishi kijumuia (baadhi yake wanafuata bado kanuni ya Utawa II kwa namna yao). Mengine yalitokana na Wasekulari walioanza kuishi pamoja. Mengine yalianzishwa tu kutokana na elekeo la kila jimbo kutaka liwe na shirika lake, hivi kwamba Askofu (au hata paroko) alijitahidi kujianzishia jipya au kutenga tawi na nyumba asili; katika hilo pengine hali ya siasa na ya jamii ilichangia, pamoja na hamu ya kujitegemea. Ustawi huo ulitokea wakati uleule wa mashirika ya zamani kufifia: tena watawa hao, waliofukuzwa na serikali kutoka konventi zao, ndio walioanzisha mashirika mengi kulingana na mahitaji ya watu katika ulimwengu mpya wa kibepari. K.mf. [[Honorati Kazminski]] (+1916), padri Mkapuchini aliyeanzisha mashirika 27 tofauti (kati yake 17 bado yapo), na Askofu Mkapuchini [[Luis Amigò]] (+1934), aliyeanzisha mashirika mawili makubwa (la kiume na la kike) yaliyokwishapata wenye heri 22 wafiadini. Kwa kawaida ni mashirika ya nadhiri ndogo, au yasiyo na nadhiri, yanayotoa huduma maalumu upande wa umisionari, huruma kwa maskini, ustawi wa jamii, malezi, [[tiba]] n.k. Kwa sababu ya kutoweka nadhiri kuu, wanashirika hawakuhesabiwa kama watawa, wala wale wa kike hawakubanwa na ugo. Walifuata katiba zao maalumu chini ya viongozi wao. Waliotaka kuwa Wafransisko walijiunga binafsi na OFS. Kanisa, baada ya kutamka (1887-1893) kwamba mtawa hawezi kuwa Mtersyari pia, na baada ya kutambua (1900) mashirika hayo kuwa ya kitawa liliamua (1901) shirika la [[mchepuo]] fulani wa kiroho lisianzishwe pasipo fungamano na Utawa I wa mchepuo huo. Hapo watawa wote wa mashirika hayo wakahesabiwa kuwa Watersyari jumla, bila ya kujiunga binafsi na Utawa III. Mashirika mengi ya Kifransisko yalifungamana kiroho na OFM (1905 n.k.) na OFMCap (1906 n.k.). TOR ilipoomba ruhusa ya kuwa na mashirika ya Watersyari chini yake, ilikubaliwa baada ya miaka 5, halafu ikaondolewa. Ugumu wa suala hilo ni kwamba TOR yenyewe ni Utawa III: inawezaje kujilinganisha na Utawa I? Lakini [[Papa Benedikto XV]] (1914-1922), baada ya kuona TOR inameza mashirika madogo ya Watersyari, aliiruhusu tena (1921) akipendekeza mashirika yote ya kiume na ya kike ya Utawa III wa Kifransisko yaungane nayo. Kwa ajili hiyo aliilinganisha TOR na matawi matatu ya Utawa I: tangu hapo familia ya Kifransisko ikahesabiwa kuwa na Wakuu 4. Kufuatana na [[Mkusanyo wa Sheria za Kanisa]], [[Papa Pius XI]] (1922-1939) alitoa kanuni mpya (1927) iliyotungwa kwa ushirikiano wa Wakuu 4 wa familia ya Kifransisko iwe kanuni pekee kwa mashirika ya Utawa III, yakiwa ni pamoja na TOR yenyewe iliyokuwa imeikataa ile ya mwaka 1521. Ingawa juhudi ya kuyaunganisha yote chini ya TOR ikashindikana kwa sababu karibu yote yalipendelea kujitegemea, kuanzia mwaka 1950 ilifanyika mikutano mingi ya pamoja na kuzidisha [[ushirikiano]] hasa kwa ajili ya kutunga kanuni nyingine kufuatana na maelekezo ya [[Mtaguso II wa Vatikani]]. Kanuni hiyo iliyothibitishwa (1982) na [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] (1978-2005) ni ya Kifransisko kuliko zile zote zilizotangulia. Hatimaye likaanzishwa (1985) [[Baraza la Kimataifa la Kifransisko]] (IFC-TOR) linaloshirikisha mpaka sasa ¾ za mashirika yote ya Utawa III. Ushirikiano mpya wa Utawa III na Utawa I uliimarishwa kwa kuunda (1995) [[Baraza la Familia ya Kifransisko]], linalojumlisha Wakuu wa OFM, OFMConv, OFMCap, TOR, IFC-TOR na OFS. Utawa II hauna mwakilishi, kutokana na muundo wake wa monasteri zenye ugo. Baraza la Familia ya Kifransisko linawakilishwa katika [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] kwa njia ya [[asasi isiyo ya kiserikali]] inayoitwa [[Franciscans International]]. Watersyari Waregulari 40 wa kipindi hicho wameshatangazwa wenyeheri, k.mf. [[Maria wa Mateso]] (+1904) aliyeanzisha shirika kubwa la [[Wafransisko Wamisionari wa Maria]] (wako 8,000 hivi), ambao 7 kati yao ni watakatifu waliofia dini [[China]] (+1900): [[Maria Ermelina wa Yesu]], [[Maria wa Amani]], [[Maria Klara Nanetti]], [[Maria wa Mt. Natalia]], [[Maria wa Mt. Yusto]], [[Maria Amandina wa Moyo Mtakatifu]] na [[Maria Adolfina Dierk]]. Muda mrefu kabla yao alistawi [[Maria Fransiska wa Madonda Matano]] (+1791), aliyestahimili mateso mengi, na baada yao [[Alberto Chmieliwski]] (+1916), aliyeanzisha mashirika mawili (la kiume na la kike) huko [[Polandi]], [[Mariana wa Molokai|Mariana Cope]] (+1918), bikira kutoka Ujerumani aliyehudumia wakoma wa Molokai ([[Hawaii]], leo jimbo la [[Marekani]]), Maria wa Yesu Santocanale (+1923), mwanzilishi nchini Italia, [[Maria Bernarda Buetler]] (+1924), [[Uswisi|Mswisi]] mmisionari katika Amerika Kusini, [[Maria Alfonsa Matathupadathu]] (+1946), bikira wa mateso nchini [[India]], na [[Dulse Pontes]] (+1992) aliyehudumia maskini nchini [[Brazil]]. [[Picha:0000 Secular Franciscan Order.JPG|250px|thumbnail|Lebo ya jumuia ya Utawa wa Tatu ya [[Petropolis]], [[Brazil]].]] ===Wasekulari kufikia kilele cha ustawi wao (1762-2024)=== Kuna mambo mbalimbali yaliyochangia ustawi mpya wa Utawa III katika matawi yake kuanzia mwisho wa karne XIX: kikomo cha dhuluma za serikali katika nchi nyingi, hali mpya ya Utawa I, mvuto mkubwa wa Fransisko kwa wenye elimu na uenezi wa roho ya Kifransisko kupitia ma[[gazeti]]. Ndiyo sababu Utawa III ulianzishwa hata kati ya [[Waanglikana]] na [[Uprotestanti|Waprotestanti]]! Kwa miaka 115 mfululizo (1848-1963) Mapapa wote walikuwa wa OFS, kuanzia [[Papa Pius IX]] (1846-1878) hadi [[Papa Yohane XXIII]] (1958-1963), wakahamasisha Maaskofu na wengineo kueneza Utawa huo, hasa [[Papa Leo XIII]] (1878-1903) aliyetoa kanuni mpya (1884) yenye sura tatu na namba 24 jumla. Pamoja na kufupisha ile ya zamani ilirahisisha mengi iweze kuwafaa Wakristo wote, ikiwadai tu wavae [[skapulari]] ndogo na [[kamba]], kupata malezi ya mwaka mmoja kabla ya kutoa [[ahadi]], kuvaa na kuishi pasipo makuu, kukwepa tamasha za kilimwengu, kuwa na [[kiasi]] mezani, kuungama na kupokea kila mwezi, kusali [[Zaburi]] au walau Baba Yetu, [[Salamu Maria]] na [[Atukuzwe]] mara 12 kwa siku, kuandika mapema wasia, kujitafiti [[dhamiri]] kila siku, kushiriki Misa kila siku ikiwezekana, kuhudhuria mkutano kila mwezi, kuchangia gharama za Utawa na misaada kwa maskini, kukaguliwa na Ndugu Wadogo kila mwaka. Kwa juhudi hizo, na hasa kwa ma[[kongamano]] mengi makubwa, OFS ilionekana [[mshikamano]] wa kidugu wa kimataifa mbadala wa [[Ukomunisti]] uliotangaza [[chuki]] kwa mabepari. Lakini wengine waliogopa elekeo hilo la kijamii. Basi, [[Papa Pius X]] (1903-1914) aliweka Wasekulari chini zaidi ya Ndugu Wadogo na kudai wawajibike katika siasa binafsi, si kwa pamoja. Hivyo OFS ikarudi kutazamwa kama shule ya kiroho tu, ikachapishiwa vitabu vingi, hasa juu ya masharti yake, namna za kusali na kujinyima, kujipatia fadhili na rehema n.k. Mkusanyo wa Sheria za Kanisa ulipanga aina zote za Utawa III katika nafasi ya kwanza kati ya [[vyama vya waamini]], na kueleza kuwa lengo lake ni [[ukamilifu]] wa Kikristo kadiri ya maisha ya ulimwenguni kwa kufuata kanuni maalumu iliyokubaliwa na Papa na chini ya uongozi na roho ya Utawa I unaohusika. Kwa hamasa za Mapapa, wengi walijiunga na OFS (mwaka 1934 walikaribia kuwa 4,000,000!) lakini muda mfupi kabla ya [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia|vita vikuu vya pili]] walianza kupungua kutokana na matapo mengine ya kiroho kuanzishwa na kuhamasishwa na Mapapa, hasa [[Aksyo Katoliki]]; pia kwa sababu wingi si hoja, yaani ongezeko lao lilisababisha ulegevu fulani hata kusawazisha OFS na chama chochote. Kabla na hasa baada ya [[Mtaguso wa pili wa Vatikani]] ilitokea misukosuko na maswali mengi. Ili kuyakabili, ilifanyika mikutano mingi ya matawi yake mbalimbali (1950 n.k.) na kuzidisha ushirikiano kati yake (pia na Utawa III wa michepuo mingine) hata ikatolewa (1957) katiba moja kwa Wasekulari wa matawi yote ya Kifransisko. Miaka hiyohiyo lilianzishwa kundi la [[Vijana Wafransisko]]. Halafu ikaanzishwa halmashauri ya kimataifa ya OFS yote (1973) na [[Papa Paulo VI]] (1963-1978) akathibitisha (1978) kanuni mpya ya OFS kulingana na maelekezo ya [[Mtaguso]] huo. Ina sura tatu na namba 26 jumla kuhusu [[asili]] ya OFS na kanuni yake (1-3), mtindo wa maisha (4-19) na taratibu zake (19-26). Ni kama mwongozo wa [[maisha ya Kiinjili]] unaomkazia [[Yesu Kristo]] kwa kuwa Injili si nadharia, bali ni mwenyewe (namba 12 kati ya 26 zinamzungumzia wazi). Haina tena maagizo ya kinaganaga kuhusu toba, ambayo yaliachwa kwa katiba mpya (1990) iliyounganisha moja kwa moja matawi yote yaliyokuwa chini ya Wakuu 4 wa familia ya Kifransisko. Mwaka huo Wasekulari walikuwa 508,619, wengi wao wakiwa [[Meksiko]] na Italia. Hapo katikati toleo la pili la Mkusanyo wa Sheria za Kanisa lilitaja Utawa III peke yake kati ya vyama vya waamini, kutokana na heshima uliyopewa na [[mapokeo]]. Jambo jipya ni kwamba sasa mashirika yoyote yanaweza kuanzisha aina ya Utawa III, hata yale ya kike. Kuhusu Wasekulari kuishi katika nyumba za Ndugu Wadogo, mtazamo baada ya Mtaguso II wa Vatikani ukawa tofauti: Ndugu Wadogo wanapaswa kutumikia, si kutumikiwa na Wasekulari; watu wakiishi konventini kwa kufanya kazi fulani, basi walipwe kadiri ya sheria za nchi. Hivyo idadi yao ikazidi kupungua haraka: kwa OFM mwaka 1968 walikuwa 536, mwaka 1994 wakabaki 155 tu. Kati ya Wasekulari wa hakika wa karne hizi za mwisho tunakuta wenye heri 11 na watakatifu [[Yosefu Benedikto Cottolengo]] (+1842), [[Maria Magdalena Postel]] (+1846), [[Vinchensya Gerosa]] (+1847), [[Vinchensyo Pallotti]] (+1850), [[Mikaeli Garicoits]] (+1856), [[Emilia wa Vialar]] (+1856), [[Yohane Maria Vianney]] (+1859), [[Zelia Guerin]] (+1877), [[Maria Yosefa Rossello]] (+1880), [[Yohane Bosco]] (+1888), [[Louis Martin]] (+1894), [[Arkanjelo Tadini]] (+1912), Pius X (+1914), [[Luigi Guanella]] (+1915), [[Fransiska Saverio Cabrini]] (+1917), [[Rikardo Pampuri]] (+1930), [[Anjela wa Msalaba]] (+1932), [[Nazaria Ignasya]] (+1943), [[Maria wa Yesu Ekaristi]] (+1959) na [[Papa Yohane XXIII|Yohane XXIII]] (+1963), wengi wao wakiwa waanzilishi wa mashirika yasiyo ya Kifransisko. Pia kuna watakatifu 11 wa China waliofia dini (+1900): [[Yohane Zhang Huan]], [[Patrick Dong Bodi]], [[Yohane Wang Rui]], [[Filipo Zhang Zhihe]], [[Yohane Zhang Jinggwang]], [[Thomas Shen Jihe]], [[Simoni Chen Ximan]], [[Petro Zhang Banniu]], [[Fransisko Zhang Rong]], [[Mathias Feng De]] na [[Petro Wu Anpeng]]. ==Tazama pia== [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== <references /> ==Marejeo== * ''St. Francis and the Third Order: The Franciscan and pre-Franciscan Penitential Movement'', by Raffaele Pazzelli, [[Franciscan Institute Publications]], 1989. ISBN 978-0-8199-0953-4 ==Viungo vya nje== ===Vya [[Kanisa Katoliki]]=== * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14637b.htm "Third Orders"] ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14520b.htm "Tertiaries"] ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' * [http://www.franfed.org/ Federation of the various congregations of men and women in the T.O.R.] * [http://www.nafra-sfo.org/ Secular Franciscan Order in the U.S.A.] * [http://www.franciscanfriarstor.com/ Friars of the Third Order Regular in the U.S.A.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.franciscanfriarstor.com/ |date=20061004041156 }} * [http://www.franciscanbrothers.org/ Franciscan Brothers of Brooklyn] * [http://www.franciscan-brothers.net/index.html/ Brothers of the Poor of St. Francis] {{Wayback|url=http://www.franciscan-brothers.net/index.html/ |date=20130201075009 }} * [http://www.franciscanbrothers.net/ Franciscan Brothers of the Holy Cross] * [http://www.atonementfriars.org/ Franciscan Friars of the Atonement] * [http://www.littlebrothersofstfrancis.org/ Little Brothers of St. Francis, based in Boston] {{Wayback|url=http://www.littlebrothersofstfrancis.org/ |date=20130215003716 }} * [http://www.brothersofpeace.org/ Franciscan Brothers of Peace] * [http://www.franciscanbrothers.us/ Franciscan Brothers of the Eucharist] * [http://www.bspenance.org/ The Brothers and Sisters of Penance] ===Vya Ushirika wa [[Anglikana]]=== * [http://www.tssf.org.au/ Province of Australia, Papua New Guinea and East Asia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tssf.org.au/ |date=20220310004005 }} * [http://orders.anglican.org/tssf/ European Province] * [http://www.tssf.org/ Province of the Americas] * [http://www.franciscanthirdorder.godzone.net.nz/ New Zealand Province] {{Wayback|url=http://www.franciscanthirdorder.godzone.net.nz/ |date=20180922174647 }} [[Category:Ukristo]] [[Category:Mashirika ya kitawa]] [[Jamii:Wafransisko]] 4o3igd574e4ld50m24ejrcdhflum37c 0 17524 1529811 1141335 2026-05-02T12:22:56Z Kurcke 85260 1529811 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:OPEC.svg|thumb|350px|Nchi wanachama za OPEC]] '''Jumuiya ya nchi zinazozalisha mafuta duniani''' ([[Kiing.]] Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries), kwa kifupi pia '''OPEC''' ni shirika la kimataifa linalounganisha nchi zinazozaa [[mafuta ya petroli]]. Makao makuu yako [[Vienna]] ([[Austria]]). Kwa pamoja nchi hizi zina takriban asilimia 75 za akiba ya mafuta duniani katika ardhi yao. Kwa sasa zinalisha asilimia 40 ya mafuta yanayotolewa kila mwaka. Kutokana na kupungua kwa akiba za nchi zisizoshiriki katika OPEC inaonekana ya kwamba athira ya nchi za OPEC itakua. == Nchi wanachama == OPEC ina nchi wanachama 13 ambazo ni # [[Algeria]] # [[Iran]] # [[Iraq]] # [[Kuwait]] # [[Libya]] # [[Nigeria]] # [[Qatar]] # [[Ufalme wa Uarabuni wa Saudia]] # [[Venezuela]] Kiini cha OPEC ni nchi za Waarabu. Indonesia imetangaza ya kwamba inatarajia kuondoka katika OPEC kwa sababu mahitaji yake ya mafuta yanazidi kiasi cha mafuta inayozalisha. == Nchi muhimu zisizo wanachama == Kati ya nchi muhimu ambazo zinatoa mafuta mengi duniani kuna idadi ambazo si mwanachama kama vile [[Urusi]], [[Marekani]], [[China]], [[Mexiko]], [[Kanada]], [[Norwei]] na [[Uingereza]]. == Shabaha == Nchi wanachama walijumuika kwa majukumu yafuatayo: * Kulinda shauku za pamoja za nchi zinazolisha mafuta ya petroli * Kujikinga dhidi mabadiliko ya bei ya mafuta ya petroli ya mara kwa mara * Kuhakikisha mblimbiko wa kutegemea kwa nchi wateja * Kuhakikisha ya kwamba nchi zinazolalisha mafuta yanapokea mapatoy a kutosha kwa mahitaji yao * Kuwa pamoja kuhusu siasa za mafuta Mara nyingi OPEC haikufaulu kushikamana kwa nchi zote. == Kiasi cha mafuta kilichokubaliwa kwa kila mwanachama == Nchi wanachama zimepatana kati yao kiasi kwa kila nchi kinachotolewa na kuuzwa. Kipimo chake ni "mapipa kwa siku" na "pipa" moja ni swa na lita 158,98 za mafuta ya petroli. Kusudi la siasa hii ni nia ya kuzuia bei isishuke kwa sababu kama nchi moja inayohitaji hela inaanza kutoa mafuta mengi kumbe bei ya mafuta ingeshuka chini. {| class="wikitable" |+ '''Kiasi kinachopasa kwa kila nchi ya OPEC na kiasi kinachozalishwa hali halisi kwa elfu za mapipa ya mafuta kwa kila siku (2007)'''<ref>[http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/steo/pub/3atab.html Quotas] as reported by the [[United States Department of Energy]]</ref> !Nchi!!Kiasi kinachokubaliwa (7/1/05)!!Uzalishaji (1/07)!!Uzalishaji unaowezekana |- !Algeria ||894 ||1,360||1,430 |- !Angola ||1,900 ||1,700||1,700 |- !Ekuador ||520||500 ||500 |- !Iran ||4,110||3,700||3,750 |- !Iraq || ||1,481|| |- !Kuwait ||2,247||2,500||2,600 |- !Libya ||1,500||1,650||1,700 |- !Nigeria ||2,306||2,250||2,250 |- !Qatar ||726 ||810 ||850 |- !Saudia||10,099||8,800||10,500 |- !Falme za Kiarabu||2,444||2,500||2,600 |- !Venezuela||3,225||2,340||2,450 |- !Jumla||31,422||30,451||32,230 |} == Viungo vya Nje == * [http://www.opec.org/home/ OPEC official site] {{Wayback|url=http://www.opec.org/home/ |date=20060807002233 }} {{mbegu-siasa}} [[Jamii:Mashirika ya kimataifa]] kl4ql5nveppwdv78zit8xupx4ovcbo3 0 18116 1529668 1421204 2026-05-02T11:59:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1529668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | Jina = Year of the Gentleman | Type = studio | Msanii = [[Ne-Yo]] | Cover = Ne-Yo - Year of The Gentleman.png | Maelezo = Kasha ya albamu ya Year of the Gentleman | Imetolewa = [[11 Septemba]] [[2008]] | Imerekodiwa = 2007–2008 | Aina = [[R&B]] | Urefu = 48:38 | Lugha = [[Kiingereza]] | Studio = [[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]] | Mtayarishaji = [[Ne-Yo]] <small>(mkuu.)</small><br/>[[Stargate]], Chuck Harmony, [[Polow da Don]], Kirven Arrington, Shea Taylor, [[Stereotypes]], Shomari "Sho" Wilson, Reggie "Scyience" Perry, [[J. R. Rotem]], Butter Beats | Review = * [[:en:About.com|About.com]] {{Rating|3.5|5}} [http://randb.about.com/od/reviews/fr/NeYoGentleman.htm 2008] * [[:en:Allmusic|Allmusic]] {{Rating|4|5}} [http://www.allmusic.com/album/year-of-the-gentleman-r1390194 2008] * ''[[:en:Entertainment Weekly|Entertainment Weekly]]'' (B+) [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20225095,00.html 2008] * ''[[:en:The Guardian|The Guardian]]'' {{Rating|4|5}} [http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/sep/12/urbanreview.neyo?gusrc=rss&feed=culture 2008] * ''[[:en:Los Angeles Times|Los Angeles Times]]'' {{Rating|3.5|4}} [http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/music/la-et-recordrack16-2008sep16,0,7536833.story 2008] * ''[[:en:Newsday|Newsday]]]'' (A-) [http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/ny-etdrops5843860sep16a,0,1346623.story 2008] * ''[[:en:Rolling Stone|Rolling Stone]]'' {{Rating|4|5}} [http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/22723958/review/22787161/year_of_the_gentleman 2008] * ''[[:en:The Village Voice|The Village Voice]]'' (Positive) [http://www.villagevoice.com/2008-09-17/music/ne-yo-s-fantastic-r-b-finds-strength-in-vulnerability/ 2008] * [[:en:Virgin Media|Virgin Media]] {{Rating|2.5|5}} [http://www.virginmedia.com/music/reviews/albumreviews/neyo-yearofthegentleman.php 2008] * ''[[:en:The Washington Times|The Washington Times]]'' (Negative) [http://washingtontimes.com/news/2008/sep/16/music-review-ne-yos-year-of-the-gentleman-1/ 2008] | Compiler = | Tarehe = | Albamu iliyopita = ''[[Because of You (albamu ya Ne-Yo)|Because of You]]''<br>(2007) | Albamu ya sasa = '''''Year of the Gentleman'''''<br>(2008) | Albamu ijayo = ''Libra Scale''<br>(2010) | Misc = {{Singles |Jina = Year of the Gentleman |Type = Studio |single 1 = [[Closer]] |single 1 tarehe = 15 Aprili 2008 |single 2 = [[Miss Independent]] |single 2 tarehe = 11 Agosti 2008 |single 3 = [[Mad (wimbo)|Mad]] |single 3 tarehe = 14 Oktoba 2008 }} }} '''Year of the Gentleman''' ni albamu ya tatu ya [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo|mtunzi]] wa [[Marekani|Kimarekani]] - [[Ne-Yo]]. Albamu ilitoka mnamo tarehe [[16 Septemba]] ya mwaka wa [[2008]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_home.php?artist_id=593|title=Neyo: Year of the Gentleman|work=Def Jam|accessdate=2008-06-30|archive-date=2008-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617001506/http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_home.php?artist_id=593|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nyimbo== Wimbo wa kwanza ni "[[Closer]]", ambayo ilitolewa tarehe [[15 Aprili]]. Ilipoanza kuingia katika chati za UK ilipata kushika nafasi ya 22, na kisha baadaye ikaja kushika nafasi ya kwanza. Katika chati za Billboard Hot 100 bora, wimbo umepata kushika nafasi ya saba, wakati yenyewe imepata kushika nafasi kwanza katika nyimbo 100 bora zipigwazo sana katika maredio. Wimbo wa pili, "[[Miss Independent]]", ulitolewa tarehe [[11 Agosti]]..<ref name=miss>[http://www.yearofthegentleman.com/?p=85 New Ne-Yo Music - "Miss Independent"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.yearofthegentleman.com/?p=85 |date=20080828035908 }} The album released 1 Septemba in UK according to Amazon.co.uk and 16 Septemba for the USA!</ref>Toleo rasmi la wimbo huo lilitolewa mnamo 21 Agosti likiwa limeambatana video yake. .<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.yearofthegentleman.com/?p=101 |title=My "Miss Independent" Video Is Gonna Be Hot! |accessdate=2008-10-15 |archivedate=2009-01-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108234050/http://www.yearofthegentleman.com/?p=101 }}</ref> Nyimbo hizi zote zilitungwa na kutayarishwa na Stargate. Wimbo wa tatu, "Mad", ulitangazwa kupitia Urban/Rhythmic tarehe 14 Oktoba 2008.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.fmqb.com/Article.asp?id=16687 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2008-10-15 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/62Jk8gp91?url=http://www.fmqb.com/Article.asp?id=16687 |archivedate=2011-10-10 }}</ref> Kwa upande wa video tayari ishafanywa ya wimbo wa "She Got Her Own" na ndiyo utakaokuwa wimbo rasmi kimataifa. ==Orodha ya nyimbo== {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cllspacing="0" style="margin: 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%;" |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" !# !Jina la wimbo !Watayarishaji !Muda |- |1 |"[[Closer]]" |[[Stargate]] na [[Ne-Yo]] |3:54 |- |2 |"Nobody" |[[Ne-Yo]] |3:07 |- |3 |"[[Single (wimbo wa New Kids on the Block na Ne-Yo)|Single]]" |[[Polow da Don]] |4:18 |- |4 |"[[Mad (wimbo)|Mad]]" |Stargate na Ne-Yo |4:15 |- |5 |"[[Miss Independent]]" |Stargate na Ne-Yo |3:52 |- |6 |"Why Does She Stay" |[[Stereotypes]] |4:33 |- |7 |"Fade into the Background" |Shomari "Sho" Wilson |3:18 |- |8 |"So You Can Cry" |Scyience |4:18 |- |9 |"[[Part of the List]]" |Chuck Harmony |4:10 |- |10 |"Back to What You Know" |Stargate na Ne-Yo |4:10 |- |11 |"Lie to Me" |Shea Taylor |4:27 |- |12 |"Stop This World" |Chuck Harmony |4:24 |} ===Nyimbo za ziada=== {|border="2" cellpadding="4" cllspacing="0" style="margin: 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%;" |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" !Jina la wimbo !Watayarishaji !Muda |- |"In the Way" <small>(U.S. iTunes only)</small> |[[J. R. Rotem]] |4:16 |- |"What's the Matter" <small>(U.S. iTunes Pre-Order; UK, Australia & Japan bonus track)</small> |Chuck Harmony |3:46 |- |"She Got Her Own" <small>(akishirikiana na [[Jamie Foxx]] na [[Fabolous]])<br>(UK iTunes Pre-Order; nyimbo za ziada za Japan)</small> |Butter Beats |5:32 |- |"[[So Sick]]" <small>(nyimbo za ziada za Kibrazili)</small> |[[Stargate]] |3:27 |- |"[[Because of You (wimbo wa Ne-Yo)|Because of You]]" <small>(nyimbo za ziada za Kibrazili)</small> |[[Stargate]] |3:46 |- |"[[Sexy Love]]" <small>(nyimbo za ziada za Kibrazili)</small> |[[Stargate]] |3:40 |} ==Chati== {|class="wikitable" !align="left"|Chati (2008) !align="center"|Nafasi<br/>iliyoshika |- |Australian [[:en:ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Albums Chart<ref name=acharts>[http://acharts.us/album/37772 Ne-Yo - Year Of The Gentleman - Music Charts] ''αCharts''. Accessed 25 Septemba 2008.</ref> |align="center"|7 |- |Austrian Albums Chart<ref name=acharts/> |align="center"|41 |- |Belgium Albums Chart<ref name=acharts/> |align="center"|35 |- |Canadian Albums Chart<ref>[http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/ALBUMS.html Canoe -- Jam! Music SoundScan Charts]</ref> |align="center"|4 |- |Dutch Albums Chart<ref name=acharts/> |align="center"|26 |- |French Albums Chart<ref name=acharts/> |align="center"|24 |- |German Albums Chart<ref name=acharts/> |align="center"|22 |- |Irish Albums Chart<ref name=acharts/> |align="center"|13 |- |Italian Albums Chart<ref name=acharts/> |align="center"|22 |- |Japanese Oricon Album Chart<ref name=Oricon/> |align="center"|2 |- |New Zealand Albums Chart<ref name=acharts/> |align="center"|6 |- |Swiss Albums Charts<ref name=acharts/> |align="center"|9 |- |[[UK Albums Chart]]<ref>[https://archive.today/20120525080816/www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/chart/albums.shtml BBC - Radio 1 - Chart Show - The UK Top 40 Albums]</ref> |align="center"|2 |- |U.S. [[:en:Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]<ref name=billboard/> |align="center"|2 |- |U.S. [[Billboard|''Billboard'']] [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]]<ref name=billboard/> |align="center"|1 |} ==Historia ya matoleo== {|class="wikitable" |- !Mkoa !Nchi !Tarehe !Studio |- |rowspan="1"|[[Asia]] |[[Japan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.universal-music.co.jp/u-pop/artist/ne-yo/disco/uicd6153.html|title=Ne-Yo:Year of the Gentleman|work=universal-music.co.jp|accessdate=2008-08-13|language=Japanese}}</ref> |11 Septemba 2008 |Universal International |- |rowspan="3"|[[Ulaya]] |[[Ujerumani]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://plattenladen.pop24.de/detailanz/produktanzeige.rt?prid=579276 |title=Ne-Yo - Year of the Gentleman - CD |accessdate=2008-10-15 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120728124656/http://plattenladen.pop24.de/detailanz/produktanzeige.rt?prid=579276 |archivedate=2012-07-28 }}</ref> |rowspan="2"|12 Septemba 2008 |rowspan="2"|[[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]] |- |[[Italy]]<ref>[http://www.ibs.it/disco/0602517735620/ne-yo/year-the-gentleman.html?shop=2057 Ne-Yo - Year of the Gentleman - disco di Ne-Yo]</ref> |- |[[Uingereza]]<ref>[http://hmv.com/hmvweb/displayProductDetails.do?ctx=280;-1;-1;-1&sku=797787 Ne-yo - Year Of The Gentleman]</ref> |15 Septemba 2008 |[[Mercury Records|Mercury]] |- |rowspan="2"|[[Marekani]] |[[United States]]<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Year-Gentleman-Ne-Yo/dp/B0018QCXGO Year of the Gentleman: Ne-Yo: Music]</ref> |16 Septemba 2008 |Def Jam |- |[[Brazil]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.livrariasaraiva.com.br/produto/produto.dll/detalhe?pro_id=2604957&ID=BD6AB8CC7D80A080B031D0558 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2008-10-15 |archivedate=2011-07-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722175147/http://www.livrariasaraiva.com.br/produto/produto.dll/detalhe?pro_id=2604957&ID=BD6AB8CC7D80A080B031D0558 }}</ref> |21 Oktoba 2008 |[[Universal Music]] |} ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{Ne-Yo}} [[Category:Albamu za 2008]] [[Category:Albamu za Def Jam Recordings]] [[Category:Albamu zilizotayarishwa na Stargate]] [[Category:Albamu za Ne-Yo]] pylln481us0xmrk8f1kn2bsobj1e4k4 0 19072 1530092 1313404 2026-05-02T18:53:51Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530092 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zirai''' ni [[kata]] ya [[Wilaya ya Muheza]] katika [[Mkoa wa Tanga]], [[Tanzania]]. Katika [[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2022]] wakazi walihesabiwa 5,144 <ref>https://www.nbs.go.tz</ref>. Kwa mujibu wa sensa iliyofanyika mwaka wa 2012, kata ilikuwa na wakazi wapatao 9,289 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.kilimanjaro.go.tz/29%20March%202013%288%29%20Census%20General%20Report.pdf |title=Sensa ya 2012, Tanga Region - Muheza District Council |accessdate=2016-04-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013818/http://www.kilimanjaro.go.tz/29%20March%202013(8)%20Census%20General%20Report.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-05 }}</ref> [[Msimbo wa posta]] ni 21432. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Kata za Wilaya ya Muheza}} {{mbegu-jio-tanga}} [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Muheza]] [[Jamii:kata za Mkoa wa Tanga]] otvjzjqkst2247qun6ejevrgrnorz5y 0 19338 1530088 1382473 2026-05-02T18:53:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530088 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zinga''' ni [[kata]] ya [[Wilaya ya Bagamoyo]] katika [[Mkoa wa Pwani]], [[Tanzania]] yenye [[postikodi]] [[namba]] '''61304'''. Katika [[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2022]] wakazi walihesabiwa 22,585 <ref>https://www.nbs.go.tz</ref>. Wakati wa [[sensa]] iliyofanyika mwaka wa 2012, kata ilikuwa na wakazi wapatao 11,189 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.meac.go.tz/sites/default/files/Statistics/Tanzania%20Population%20Census%202012.pdf |title=Sensa ya 2012, Pwani - Bagamoyo DC |accessdate=2016-06-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225919/http://www.meac.go.tz/sites/default/files/Statistics/Tanzania%20Population%20Census%202012.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-03 }}</ref> walioishi humo. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Kata za Wilaya ya Bagamoyo}} {{mbegu-jio-pwani}} [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Bagamoyo]] [[Jamii:Kata za Mkoa wa Pwani]] 21iso56p1wyxyvfw4fuac6r4n2087po 0 19339 1529744 1314636 2026-05-02T12:11:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529744 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yombo''' ni [[kata]] ya [[Wilaya ya Bagamoyo]] katika [[Mkoa wa Pwani]], [[Tanzania]] yenye [[postikodi]] [[namba]] '''61306 '''. Katika [[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2022]] wakazi walihesabiwa 11,102 <ref>https://www.nbs.go.tz</ref>. Wakati wa [[sensa]] iliyofanyika mwaka wa 2012, kata ilikuwa na wakazi wapatao 8,262 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.meac.go.tz/sites/default/files/Statistics/Tanzania%20Population%20Census%202012.pdf |title=Sensa ya 2012, Pwani - Bagamoyo DC |accessdate=2016-06-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225919/http://www.meac.go.tz/sites/default/files/Statistics/Tanzania%20Population%20Census%202012.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-03 }}</ref> walioishi humo. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Kata za Wilaya ya Bagamoyo}} {{mbegu-jio-pwani}} [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Bagamoyo]] [[Jamii:Kata za Mkoa wa Pwani]] h2hp7drignw2lw79ohradzy977v6wsm 0 20778 1530024 1318542 2026-05-02T18:43:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530024 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zanka''' ni [[kata]] ya [[Wilaya ya Bahi]] katika [[Mkoa wa Dodoma]], [[Tanzania]], yenye [[postikodi]] [[namba]] '''41315'''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.tcra.go.tz/images/documents/postcode/dodoma.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2017-10-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321135312/https://www.tcra.go.tz/images/documents/postcode/dodoma.pdf |archivedate=2020-03-21 }}</ref>. Katika [[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2022]] wakazi walihesabiwa 16,544 <ref>https://www.nbs.go.tz</ref>. Wakati wa sensa iliyofanyika mwaka wa [[2012]], kata ilikuwa na wakazi wapatao 9,886 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.meac.go.tz/sites/default/files/Statistics/Tanzania%20Population%20Census%202012.pdf |title=Sensa ya 2012, Dodoma - Bahi DC |accessdate=2016-05-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225919/http://www.meac.go.tz/sites/default/files/Statistics/Tanzania%20Population%20Census%202012.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-03 }}</ref> waishio humo. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Kata za Wilaya ya Bahi}} {{mbegu-jio-dodoma}} [[Jamii:kata za Mkoa wa Dodoma]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Bahi]] b7p3kdybfoqhyugob7eqj2oftfnnd2g 0 20808 1530164 1318520 2026-05-02T19:05:33Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530164 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zuzu''' ni [[kata]] ya [[Dodoma Mjini]] katika [[Mkoa wa Dodoma]], [[Tanzania]]. Katika [[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2022]] wakazi walihesabiwa 10,054 <ref>https://www.nbs.go.tz</ref>. Wakati wa [[sensa]] iliyofanyika [[mwaka]] wa [[2012]], kata ilikuwa na wakazi wapatao 6,485 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.meac.go.tz/sites/default/files/Statistics/Tanzania%20Population%20Census%202012.pdf |title=Sensa ya 2012, Dodoma - Dodoma MC |accessdate=2016-05-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225919/http://www.meac.go.tz/sites/default/files/Statistics/Tanzania%20Population%20Census%202012.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-03 }}</ref> waishio humo. Kata ya Zuzu ina jumla ya [[Mtaa|mitaa]] 5 ambayo ni Mtaa wa Mazengo, Mtaa wa Pinda, Mtaa wa Sokoine, Mtaa wa Chididimo na Mtaa wa Soweto. Wakazi wa kata hii ni hasa [[wakulima]] na [[wafugaji]] pia ni [[wafanyabiashara]]. Kata ina jumla ya [[shule]] 3 [[Shule ya msingi|za msingi]] ambazo ni S/m Zuzu, S/m Chididimo na S/m Soweto ambayo ni mpya kwa sasa. Pia kata ina shule moja ya [[sekondari]] ambayo ni Shule ya Sekondari Zuzu. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Kata za Wilaya ya Dodoma Mjini}} {{mbegu-jio-dodoma}} [[Jamii:kata za Mkoa wa Dodoma]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Dodoma Mjini]] fkvaare0h4et412srjtujlgds9keu08 0 20895 1530120 1331969 2026-05-02T18:58:13Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530120 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zoissa''' ni [[kata]] ya [[Wilaya ya Kongwa]] katika [[Mkoa wa Dodoma]], [[Tanzania]], yenye [[postikodi]] [[namba]] '''41514'''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.tcra.go.tz/images/documents/postcode/dodoma.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2017-11-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321135312/https://www.tcra.go.tz/images/documents/postcode/dodoma.pdf |archivedate=2020-03-21 }}</ref>. Katika [[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2022]] wakazi walihesabiwa 7,426 <ref>https://www.nbs.go.tz</ref>. Wakati wa sensa iliyofanyika mwaka wa [[2012]], kata ilikuwa na wakazi wapatao 6105 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.meac.go.tz/sites/default/files/Statistics/Tanzania%20Population%20Census%202012.pdf |title=Sensa ya 2012, Dodoma - Kongwa DC |accessdate=2016-05-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225919/http://www.meac.go.tz/sites/default/files/Statistics/Tanzania%20Population%20Census%202012.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-03 }}</ref> waishio humo. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Kata za Wilaya ya Kongwa}} {{mbegu-jio-dodoma}} [[Jamii:kata za Mkoa wa Dodoma]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Kongwa]] lfhve5x2ljlw95bbhenh0pijfavq21n 10 21141 1529959 907163 2026-05-02T17:52:12Z Muddyb 379 1529959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{imbox | type = license | image = <div style="position:relative;top:15px;left:0">[[File:VHS diagonal.svg|52px]]<div style="position:absolute;top:-25px;left:0px;">[[File:Copyright CD.svg|50px]]</div></div> | imageright = | text = Taswira hii ni kasha la '''[[videotape]]''', '''[[DVD]]''', au '''[[Blu-ray Disc]]'''. '''Hakimiliki''' yake mara nyingi humilikiwa na '''mchapishaji wa video''' au '''studio iliyotayarisha video husika'''. Inaaminika kuwa matumizi ya taswira zenye '''azimio la chini''' kwa ajili ya kasha za video ni: *'''kuonesha kanda au diski husika''' *kwenye [[sw:Mwanzo|Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], inayotumia seva nchini Marekani chini ya shirika la [[wmf:Home|Wikimedia Foundation]], yanakidhi vigezo vya '''[[fair use|matumizi ya haki]]''' chini ya [[:en:United States copyright law|Sheria ya Hakimiliki ya Marekani]]. '''Matumizi mengine yoyote ya taswira hii, katika Wikipedia au kwingineko, huenda ikawa ni [[:en:copyright infringement|ukiukaji wa hakimiliki]].''' Tazama [[:en:Wikipedia:Non-free content|maudhui yasiyo ya huru]] kwa maelezo zaidi.<br /> |below={{#ifeq:{{{image_has_rationale|{{{image has rationale}}}}}}|yes| {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|File|[[Category:Non-free images with NFUR stated]]}} |{{imbox | type = notice | image = [[File:Ambox warning blue.svg|50px|alt=Attention|link=]] | style = background:#d3edfd; |text = '''Kwa mpandishaji''': # Kibandiko hiki kitumike kwa kasha za video pekee. # Tafadhali weka '''[[Wikipedia:Non-free use rationale guideline|maelezo ya matumizi ya haki]]''' (fair use rationale) kwa kila matumizi, pamoja na '''chanzo''' cha kazi na maelezo ya hakimiliki. # Unaweza kutumia '''[[Template:Non-free use rationale video cover]]''' kutoa maelezo hayo. '''Kwa wakaguzi na wakabidhi''': Ikiwa taswira hii ina maelezo yanayofaa, tafadhali ongeza <code><nowiki>|image has rationale=yes</nowiki></code> kwenye kigezo hiki cha leseni. }}{{file other|[[Category:Non-free images for NFUR review]]}} }} }} 1tevher5s4m2alf3cqcg9bpli1b7696 0 21741 1530019 1506780 2026-05-02T18:42:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1530019 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Kärnyxa av flinta, Nordisk familjebok.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Mawe yaliyochongwa kuwa na [[kona]] kali kwa matumizi kama [[kisu]].]] [[Picha:Canto tallado talando un arbol.png|thumb|right|200px|Mtu wa zama za mawe akikata [[mti]].]] '''Zama za Mawe''' (pia: '''Mhula wa mawe'''<ref>"Mhula wa mawe" ni pendekezo la [[Kamusi ya Historia]] ([[TUKI]] 2004); hata hivyo Zama za Mawe ni neno la kawaida zaidi likiwa istilahi inayofundishwa kwenye shule za msingi za Tanzania.</ref>) zilikuwa kipindi kirefu cha [[historia ya awali]] ya [[binadamu]]. [[Jina]] hilo linatokana na kwamba wakati huo watu walitumia [[kifaa|vifaa]] vya [[Jiwe|mawe]] kwa [[shughuli]] zao za kila [[siku]]. == Utamaduni wa watu mwanzoni mwa zama za mawe == Mwanzoni watu walikuwa [[wawindaji-wakusanyaji]], yaani walidumisha [[maisha]] yao kwa kukusanya [[matunda]], [[mzizi|mizizi]] na kuwinda [[wanyama]]. Kwa [[umbile]] na [[akili]] yake binadamu ana uwezo wa kuwinda [[wanyama]] wakubwa kama [[chakula]] na kutumia [[ngozi]] yao kama [[mavazi]] ya kujikinga dhidi ya [[baridi]]. Lakini [[meno]] na ma[[kucha]] yake hayafai kupasua ngozi ya mnyama mkubwa au kukata [[nyama]] yake vipande-vipande akitaka kubeba windo hadi mahali penye [[familia]] yake. Vilevile makucha hayafai sana kuchimba [[mizizi]] kwa chakula. Hapo binadamu aliweza kutumia [[vitu]] vinavyopatikana kiasili katika [[mazingira]]: jiwe lenye kona kali, [[tawi]] la [[mti]] lenye [[ncha]] kali pamoja na vipande vya [[mifupa]]. Hivyo vyote vilisaidia shughuli za kuchimba, kupasua na kukata.<ref>Uwezo wa kutumia vitu kama fimbo kama kifaa cha kujipatia chakula umetazamwa pia kwa wanyama kadhaa, kwa mfano ndege na sokwe - linganisha [http://www.researchgate.net/publication/232593480_Observations_of_spontaneous_tool_making_and_tool_use_in_a_captive_group_of_western_lowland_gorillas_%28Gorilla_gorilla_gorilla%29 Sokwe wanatengeneza na kutumia vifaa] na [http://www.mapoflife.org/topics/topic_193_Tool-use-in-birds/ Matumizi ya vifaa na ndege] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mapoflife.org/topics/topic_193_Tool-use-in-birds/ |date=20150620224247 }}.</ref> Kuna [[baki|mabaki]] mengi ya mawe yaliyochongwa kwa matumizi kama vifaa na mabaki hayo yamekuwa msingi wa jina "zama za mawe". Vifaa hivyo na [[badiliko|mabadiliko]] yake vinaonyesha [[maendeleo]] katika [[maisha]] ya binadamu na kuongezeka kwa uwezo wake wa kupambana na mazingira yake. Kwa hiyo ni kipindi cha matumizi ya mawe yaliyochongwa kuwa vifaa baada ya kipindi ambako watu walitumia fimbo tu au mawe katika hali asilia na kabla ya kipindi ambapo watu walielewa namna ya kutumia [[metali]]. [[Picha:Canto tallado 1-Guelmim-Es Semara.jpg|thumbnail|140px|Kifaa cha mawe sahili - zama za mawe ya kale]] [[Picha:Biface Cintegabelle MHNT PRE 2009.0.201.1 V2.jpg|thumbnail|[[Shoka]] la mkononi - bapa pande mbili (mwishoni mwa Zama za mawe ya kale) - inaonyeshwa kutoka mitazamo mbalimbali]] == Vipindi vya zama za mawe== [[Wataalamu]] wa [[akiolojia]] wametambua ya kwamba vifaa vya mawe vinaonyesha tabia tofautitofauti. *Kuna vifaa sahili sana kama jiwe lililogongwa mara moja ili kipande kivunjike na ncha kali ipatikane. *Kuna pia vifaa vya mawe vinavyoonyesha maendeleo zaidi; vilifanyiwa kazi kwa siku kadhaa kiangalifu ili kunyoshwa, kung'arishwa na kutobolewa kwa kuweka [[pini]]. Kutokana na tofauti kubwa katika hali ya vifaa vya mawe wataalamu wanaona ya kwamba wanaonyesha [[historia]] ndefu ya maendeleo ya [[teknolojia]] ya kushughulikia jiwe ambako watu walianza kwa vifaa sahili na kuendelea kujifunza zaidi na kuboresha matokeo ya [[juhudi]] zao. Kwa hiyo wataalamu wengi wanatofautisha: *[[Zama za mawe za kale]] (pia: Zama za mwanzo za mawe) *[[Zama za mawe za kati]] (pia: Zama za kati za mawe) *[[Zama za mawe za mwisho]] (pia: Zama za mwisho za mawe) Si tofauti katika [[ubora]] wa vifaa pekee, lakini kuna pia [[dalili]] nyingine zinazoonyesha ya kwamba watu walibadilisha maisha yao, namna ya kujipatia chakula na makazi. Kila mtu aliweza kugonga jiwe dhidi ya jiwe hadi ncha kali ilipatikana. Lakini ma[[shoka]] ya mawe yaliyohitaji siku za kazi makinifu yanaonyesha kuwepo kwa [[jamii]] iliyokuwa na ma[[fundi]] wa pekee walioweza kunyosha [[ufundi]] wao wakilishwa na wengine ni pia dalili ya [[biashara]] iliyofanywa hasa tukikuta vifaa vya jiwe fulani katika maeneo ambako jiwe hili halipatikani kiasili. Pamoja na matokeo mengine ya [[utafiti]] wa akolojia, kama vile mabaki ya ma[[kaburi]], vyombo vya [[ufinyanzi]], [[nyumba]] na vifaa vingine, wataalamu waliweza kupata picha ya undani zaidi kuhusu maisha na jamii ya watu wa zamani zile. [[Picha:Levallois Preferencial-Animation.gif|thumbnail|Teknolojia ya kupunguza jiwe hadi kupata kisu chembamba - zama za mawe ya kati (Levallois)]] [[Picha:Mesa Verde spear and knife.jpg|thumbnail|Matumizi ya ncha ya jiwe kwenye mkuki]] == Vifaa vya mawe == ===Zama za mawe ya kale=== Vifaa vya kwanza vilikuwa mawe yaliyokatwa upande mmoja ili kuwa na kona kali moja. Hatuwezi kujua kwa uhakika tukiona jiwe la aina hii kama kama ilikuwa tokeo la mgongano wa mawe katika mkondo wa maji mtoni au kutokana na kuanguka kwa jiwe kutoka mlimani au kama jiwe limepigwa kwa kusudi kwa jiwe lingine kwa shabaha ya kupata kona kali. Lakini mawe haya yalifaa kutumiwa kwa kukata pia si vigumu kuvitengeneza. Mifano ya kale kabisa ya mawe yaliyogongwa kwa mawe mengine kwa kusudi la kupata kona kali zimepatikana katika eneo la [[ziwa Turkana]] (leo nchini [[Kenya]]) yalitegenezwa miaka milioni 3.3 iliyopita<ref>[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v521/n7552/full/nature14464.html 3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya, katika jarida la Nature 21 May 2015]</ref>. Ngazi iliyofuata ni mawe yaliyofanyiwa kazi zaidi hadi kuwa "shoka la mkononi". Hapo jiwe la kufaa lilipigwa na kupunguzwa pande zote mbili hadi kuwa na bapa pande mbili. Sehemu ya juu ilibaki bila ukali kwa kuishikilia mkononi. Kuna mahali ambako mabaki mengi ya mashoka haya ya mkononi yamepatikana katika hali mbalimbali: mawe yaliyopigwa kiasi, mawe yaliyovunjika vibaya na kutupwa, vipande vidogo vilivyopasuliwa wakati wa kuipa shoka umbo lake na kadhalika. Mahali pale panatazamwa kama [[karakana]] au viwanda vya kutengeneza vifaa vya mawe. Mahali mashuhuri katika [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] ni [[bonde]] la [[Isimila]] (karibu na [[Iringa]], [[Tanzania]] ya leo). ===Zama za mawe ya kati=== Kipindi hiki kinatazamwa kilianza miaka 300,000 iliyopita na kudumu hadi miaka 25,000 - 50,000 <ref>Katika eneo kubwa la bara Afrika maendeleo yalikuwa tofauti kati ya sehemu mbalimbali. Pamoja na makadirio ya umri ya vifaa vya kale sana hii ni elezo kwa kutaja mwisho wa kipindi hiki kuwa na tofauti ya miaka mielfu kwa bara la Afrika.</ref> iliyopita. [[Picha:Museum Quintana - Neolithische Sichel.jpg|thumbnail|Mabamba makali ya mawe yamefungwa katika ubao wa mundu ya kukatia majani au mazao]] Kipindi hiki kinaonyesha maendeleo ya teknolojia. Watu walianza kutumia pia vipande vidogo vikali vilivyopatikana wakati wa kupunguza jiwe. Vibanzi vikali vya mawe vilifungwa sasa kwenye pini ya ubao kwa gundi la miti. Kwa njia hii vifaa kama [[kisu]], [[chusa]] au [[mundu]] vilipatikana. <ref>• McBrearty, Sally and Alison A. Brooks. 2000. "The revolution that wasn't: A new interpretation of the origin of modern human behaviour" Journal of Human Evolution 39:453–563. </ref> == Matatizo ya lugha ya "zama za mawe" == Zama za mawe zilikuwa vipindi virefu sana vya miaka elfu nyingi. Wataalamu wamegawanya zama hizo katika vipindi mbalimbali kama Zama za mawe za kale na Zama za mawe za kati. Tofauti hizo zinaonekana kuwa na msingi, lakini wataalamu wa siku hizi wanaona ya kwamba mgawanyo huu ulitazama zaidi [[historia ya Ulaya]] isiyolingana na historia ya sehemu nyingine za [[dunia]]. Tatizo kuu ni kwamba ni kipindi cha teknolojia bila kuangalia pande nyingine za maendeleo ya kibinadamu. Kwa mfano chuma hakikutumiwa huko [[Amerika]] hadi [[karne ya 16]] na huko [[Pasifiki]] hadi [[karne ya 17]]. Hata hivyo jamii za Amerika kama [[Azteki]] au [[Wainka]] walikuwa na teknolojia nyingine mbalimbali na waliweza kudumisha [[miji]] mikubwa kushinda miji ya Ulaya ya wakati ule. Basi, lugha ya "zama za mawe" imekuwa kawaida duniani na wataalamu wanaendelea kuitumia wakijua [[kasoro]] zake kwa sababu hadi sasa hakuna mawazo ya kufaa zaidi. ==Picha== <gallery> Canto tallado 2-Guelmim-Es Semara.jpg|<small>Kifaa cha jiwe - awamu ya kwanza</small> Flint hand axe.JPG|<small>Shoka la mkononi</small> Obsidienne biface ethiopie.jpg|<small>Shoka la mkononi hali ya juu - kutoka Ethiopia</small> Agarre de un bifaz.png|<small>Matumizi ya shoka la mkononi</small> Haches pierre polie.jpg|<small>Mashoka ya mawe yaliyonyoshwa - awamu za baadaye</small> Museum Pachten, SteinAxt1.jpg|<small>Shoka la mawe lenye shimo la pini</small> </gallery> ==Marejeo== <references/> ==Kujisomea== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book | ref=harv | first=Lawrence | last=Barham | first2=Peter | last2=Mitchell | title=The First Africans: African Archaeology from the Earliest Toolmakers to Most Recent Foragers | year=2008 | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | series=Cambridge World Archaeology}} * {{cite book | ref=harv | first=Miriam | last=Belmaker | title=Community Structure through Time: 'Ubeidiya, a Lower Pleistocene Site as a Case Study (Thesis) | date=March 2006 | publisher=Paleoanthropology Society | url=http://www.paleoanthro.org/dissertations/Miriam%20Belmaker.pdf | access-date=2015-04-15 | archive-date=2011-04-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430044435/http://www.paleoanthro.org/dissertations/Miriam%20Belmaker.pdf | dead-url=yes }} * {{cite book | ref=harv | first=J. Desmond | last=Clark | title=The Prehistory of Africa | url=https://archive.org/details/prehistoryofafri00clar | series=Ancient People and Places, Volume 72 | location=New York; Washington | publisher=Praeger Publishers | year=1970}} * {{cite book | ref=harv | last=Deacon | first=Hilary John | first2=Janette | last2=Deacon | year=1999 | title=Human beginnings in South Africa: uncovering the secrets of the Stone Age | url=https://archive.org/details/peopleofpastarch0000hjde | location=Walnut Creek, Calif. [u.a.] | publisher=Altamira Press}} * {{cite book | ref=harv | first=Salvatore | last=Piccolo | title=Ancient Stones: The Prehistoric Dolmens of Sicily | location=Abingdon (UK)| publisher=Brazen Head Publishing | year=2013}} * {{Rejea kitabu | ref=harv |editor-last=Camps i Calbet |editor-first=Marta | editor2-first=Parth R. | editor2-last=Chauhan |year=2009 | title=Sourcebook of paleolithic transitions: methods, theories, and interpretations | location=New York | publisher=Springer |first=Michael J. | last=Rogers | first2=Sileshi | last2=Semaw | contribution=From Nothing to Something: The Appearance and Context of the Earliest Archaeological Record}} * {{Rejea kitabu| ref=harv |last=Schick|first=Kathy D.|coauthors=Nicholas Toth|title=Making Silent Stones Speak: Human Evolution and the Dawn of Technology| url=https://archive.org/details/makingsilentston00schi |publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|year=1993|isbn=0-671-69371-9}} * {{Rejea kitabu | ref=harv | first=John J. | last=Shea | contribution=Stone Age Visiting Cards Revisited: a Strategic Perspective on the Lithic Technology of Early Hominin Dispersal | pages=47–64 | editor-first=John G. | editor-last=Fleagle | editor2-first=John J. | editor2-last=Shea | editor3-first=Frederick E. | editor3-last=Grine | editor4-first=Andrea L. | editor4-last=Boden | editor5-first=Richard E, | editor5-last=Leakey | title=Out of Africa I: the First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia | year=2010 | location=Dordrecht; Heidelberg; London; New York | publisher=Springer}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Scarre|first=Christopher (ed.)|year=1988|title=Past Worlds: The Times Atlas of Archaeology|url=https://archive.org/details/pastworldstimesa0000unse|publisher=Times Books|location=London|isbn=0-7230-0306-8}} {{refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} * {{cite web | title=The Stone Age | url=http://history-world.org/stone_age.htm | first=Robert A. | last=Giusepi | year=2000 | publisher=History World International | accessdate=22 February 2011 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222203454/http://history-world.org/stone_age.htm | archivedate=2019-02-22 }} * {{cite web | title=Stone Age Hand-axes | url=http://www.aerobiologicalengineering.com/wxk116/StoneAge/Handaxes/ | first=D.R. | last=Kowalski | publisher=AerobiologicalEngineering.com | accessdate=22 February 2011 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317061830/http://aerobiologicalengineering.com/wxk116/StoneAge/Handaxes/ | archivedate=2011-03-17 }} * {{cite web | title=Stone Age Habitats | url=http://www.aerobiologicalengineering.com/wxk116/StoneAge/Habitats/ | first=D.R. | last=Kowalski | publisher=AerobiologicalEngineering.com | accessdate=22 February 2011 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317081415/http://aerobiologicalengineering.com/wxk116/StoneAge/Habitats/ | archivedate=2011-03-17 }} * {{cite web | title=PanAfrican Archaeological Association | url=http://www.panafprehistory.org/index.php/ | accessdate=28 February 2011 | archive-date=2018-05-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526123624/http://www.panafprehistory.org/index.php | url-status=dead }} * {{cite web | title=Society of Africanist Archaeologists | url=http://www.safa.rice.edu/ | accessdate=3 March 2011 | archivedate=2015-04-17 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417165203/http://safa.rice.edu/ }} * {{cite web | title=The ASA | url=http://www.theasa.org/ | publisher=Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth}} {{mbegu-historia}} [[Jamii:Vipindi vya kihistoria]] [[Jamii:Historia ya kale]] 8yqb0ypyoliua03pmn5pb1afzqordly 0 23204 1530176 1148635 2026-05-02T19:07:13Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530176 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Lion Gate, Hattusa 01.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Mageti ya Simba yaliyokaribuni na mji wa Çorum.]] '''Çorum''' ni mji uliopo kaskazini mwa [[Anatolia]] ambao ndiyo mji mkuu wa [[Mkoa wa Çorum]] katika [[Uturuki]]. Mji wa Çorum upo katika ardhi ya kati ya [[Bahari Nyeusi]] ya Uturuki, takriban km 244 kutoka mji wa [[Ankara]] na 608 kutoka mjini [[Istanbul]]. Mji una futi za maporomoko zipatayo 801 kutoka [[UB]], eneo la tambarare ni 12,820&nbsp;km² (4950&nbsp;mi²), na kwa sensa ya mwaka wa 2004, idadi ya wakazi imefikia 178,500.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.corum.gov.tr/corumweb/giris.asp |title=Introduction to Çorum |accessdate=2009-04-06 |archivedate=2013-12-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011300/http://www.corum.gov.tr/ }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.corum.gov.tr/ Provincial governor's web site] *[http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/corum Pictures of the city with links to surrounding Hittite sites] {{Miji ya Uturuki}} {{mbegu-jio-Uturuki}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Corum}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Uturuki]] [[Jamii:Uturuki]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Çorum]] 4di4yjdbhpejpiajlbhhw4ysiohe8y0 0 24257 1530297 1123779 2026-05-03T04:49:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530297 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Estado_de_Tlaxcala.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Tlaxcala, Mexico]] [[Picha:Flag of Tlaxcala.svg|thumb|Bendera ya Tlaxcala]] [[Picha:Mexico map, MX-TLA.svg|thumb|Mahali pa Tlaxcala katika [[Mexiko]]]] '''Tlaxcala''' (IPA: [tlasˈkala]) ni moja kati ya majimbo 31 ya [[Mexiko]] upande wa kati ya nchi. Mji mkuu ni [[Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala|Tlaxcala]] na mji mkubwa ni [[Vicente Guerrero, Tlaxcala|Vicente Guerrero]]. Imepakana na [[Mexico (jimbo)]], [[Hidalgo (jimbo)|Hidalgo]] na [[Puebla (jimbo)|Puebla]]. Jimbo lina wakazi wapatao 1,068,207 (2005) wanaokalia katika eneo la kilomita za mraba zipatazo 4,016. Gavana wa jimbo ni [[Héctor Ortiz Ortiz]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kihispania]]. == Miji Mikubwa == # [[Vicente Guerrero, Tlaxcala|Vicente Guerrero]] (55,760) # [[Apizaco, Tlaxcala|Apizaco]] (49,459) # [[Huamantla, Tlaxcala|Huamantla]] (47,286) # [[Chiautempan,Tlaxcala|Chiautempan]] (46,776) == Viungo vya Nje == * {{es}} [http://www.tlaxcala.gob.mx// Estado de Tlaxcala Sitio oficial]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{mbegu-jio-Mexiko}} [[Jamii:Majimbo ya Mexiko]] ncvzkvgon4rtudlz3640g2lrhtl1im6 0 24884 1530125 1469803 2026-05-02T18:59:03Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Sportsperson | headercolor = lightblue | jina = Zoltán Trepák | picha = Trepák Zoltán.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezoyapicha = | jinakamili = | jinalautani = Trepi | nchi = [[Hungaria|Muhungaria]] | makazi = | tareheyakuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1977|02|20|df=yes}} | mahalapakuzaliwa = [[Budapest]], [[Hungaria]] | urefu = ft. 6.11 (2008) | uzito = kg 102 (2008) | tovuti = | nchi = [[Hungaria]] | mchezo = [[basketball]] | klabu = Zalakerámia ZTE | timu = Zalakerámia ZTE ([[2008]]-) | kitaifa = Timu ya taifa ya Hungaria }} [[Picha:Trepák Zoltán.jpg|thumb|Mchezaji wa mpira wa kikapu Zoltán Trepák]] '''Zoltán Trepák''' (amezaliwa tar. [[20 Februari]] [[1977]] mjini [[Budapest]], [[Hungaria]]) ni mchezaji [[mpira wa kikapu]] wa kulipwa kutoka nchini [[Hungaria]].<ref name="trepak">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://forum.ztekosar.hu/cgi-bin/ztekosar.cgi?view=ck&tID=94&nID=25468&nyelv= |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-06-24 |archivedate=2009-01-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114004249/http://forum.ztekosar.hu/cgi-bin/ztekosar.cgi?view=ck&tID=94&nID=25468&nyelv= }}</ref> ==Shughuli== Alianza kucheza mpira wa kikapu huko mjini [[Csepel]], lakini baada ya mwaka mmoja ile timu aliokuwa akichezea ikatoweka katika uwanja wa michezo, na akelekea katika timu ya Falco KC ambayo ipo mjini [[Szombathely]]. Akiwa kule alitumia miaka mitatu, kisha baadaye akaja kuchezea miaka mitatu kule mjini [[Szolnok]]. Miaka kadhaa baadaye akaingia mkataba na [[Kaposvár]] kwa muda wa miaka mitatu. Akiwa bado anaichezea Szolnok, akabahatika kuichezea timu ya taifa, mnamo [[2001]]. Baada ya miaka sita, akacheza tena kule, na sasa ni mchezaji aliyeichezea timu ya taifa kwa mara zipatazo 15. Baada ya Kaposvár akacheza katika Nyíregyháza, kati ya [[2006]] na [[2008]], mnamo [[2008]] alienda zake [[Zalaegerszeg]]. Tarehe [[10 Januari]] [[2008]], amecheza mechi yake kali kati ya [[Slovakia|Waslovakia]] na [[:en:Spišská Nová Ves|Spišská Nová Ves]], amepata pointi 28<ref name="trepak"/><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.haon.hu/hirek/im:szon:sport_special-nykk/cikk/elete-legjobbjat-teljesitette/cn/haon-news-FCUWeb-20080110-0112008794 |title=Élete legjobbját teljesítette |accessdate=2009-06-24 |archive-date=2012-08-01 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120801041929/http://www.haon.hu/hirek/im:szon:sport_special-nykk/cikk/elete-legjobbjat-teljesitette/cn/haon-news-FCUWeb-20080110-0112008794 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Klabu zake=== * 1995-1996 - Csepel * 1996-1999 - Falco KC (Szombathely) * 1999-2003 - Szolnoki Olaj KK (Szolnok) * 2003-2006 - Kaposvári KK (Kaposvár) * 2006-2008 - Marso-Vagép NYKK (Nyíregyháza) * 2008- - Zalakerámia ZTE KK (Zalaegerszeg) ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya Nje== * [http://www.kosarlabda.com/player/player.phtml?code=A10632 Zoltán Trepák's profile on the ''kosarlabda.com''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kosarlabda.com/player/player.phtml?code=A10632 |date=20080321202026 }} * [http://www.eurobasket2009.org/en/cid_toT,ovGDH2EaLKL67XnPo2.teamID_299.compID_qMRZdYCZI6EoANOrUf9le2.season_2009.roundID_6326.playerID_27835.html Zoltán Trepák's profile on the ''eurobasket.com''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eurobasket2009.org/en/cid_toT,ovGDH2EaLKL67XnPo2.teamID_299.compID_qMRZdYCZI6EoANOrUf9le2.season_2009.roundID_6326.playerID_27835.html |date=20110123073123 }} * [http://sporthirado.hu/cikk-kosarlabda-kosarlabda_trepak_zoltan_zalaegerszegen_folytatja_palyafutasat-4160 Zoltán Trepák contains his career in Zalaegerszeg] * [http://www.bb1.hu/tartalom/galeria/26 Three faces of Zoltán Trepák] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bb1.hu/tartalom/galeria/26 |date=20110721103616 }} ''(pictures)'' {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Hungaria]] 6w52cb88b1vzbm3ijrrawl1nhhdpah6 0 26144 1529972 1429206 2026-05-02T18:26:21Z Muddyb 379 /* Kuhusiana na wimbo */ 1529972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single | Jina = Bad | Cover = Bad.jpg | Msanii = [[Michael Jackson]] | Albamu = [[Bad (album)|Bad]] | Imetolewa = [[7 Septemba]] [[1987]] | Muundo = [[CD single]] | Imerekodiwa = [[1987]] | Aina = [[Funk]], [[Dance-Pop]] | Urefu = 4:06 | Studio = [[Epic Records]] | Mtunzi = [[Michael Jackson]] | Mtayarishaji = [[Michael Jackson]] na [[Quincy Jones]] | Single iliyopita= "[[I Just Can't Stop Loving You]]"<br />(1987) | Single ya sasa = "'''Bad'''"<br />(1987) | Single ijayo = "[[The Way You Make Me Feel]]"<br />(1987) | Misc = }} '''Bad''' kilikuwa kibao kilichotamba kunako mnamo [[1987]] ambacho kilirekodiwa na msanii wa [[muziki wa pop]] [[Michael Jackson]]. Kibao hiki kilikuwa cha pili katika vitano kuingia kwenye chati za [[Billboard Hot 100]] na kushika nafasi ya kwanza kwa albamu ya ''[[Bad]]'', na kilikuwa kibao chake cha saba kushika nafasi ya saba.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://michaeljackson.com/lofi/history-main-1980s.html | title = Nakala iliyohifadhiwa|accessdate=2009-07-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703143634/http://michaeljackson.com/lofi/history-main-1980s.html |archivedate=2009-07-03 }}</ref> == Kuhusiana na wimbo == Kiasili, wimbo huu uliandaliwa ili uimbwe kwa pamoja na [[Prince]], msanii mwenye uzoefu wa miaka mingi, ambaye alitarajiwa kuchangia mistari yake. Katika mahojiano, [[Quincy Jones]] alieleza kuhusu tukio hili katika toleo maalumu la Bad, akisema kwamba Prince alimwambia Jackson hakuwa na nia ya kushiriki kwa sababu “wimbo utakuwa maarufu hata bila mimi kushiriki.” Mnamo mwaka wa 1996, katika mahojiano na televisheni ya Kijerumani, Prince alifafanua kwamba sababu ya kutoshiriki ilikuwa mstari wa kwanza uliosema “Your butt is mine”. Kwa hilo, Jackson alijibu: “Siwezi kusema hivyo kwako… na wewe pia huwezi kuniambia hivyo!” Katika kitabu chake cha mwaka wa [[1988]] kiitwacho Moonwalk, Jackson aliandika kwamba Bad ni wimbo unaohusiana na maisha ya mtaani. Anaeleza kuwa unahusu vijana wanaotoka katika familia zenye changamoto, ambao hupata nafasi ya kusoma katika shule za heshima lakini hatimaye hurudi mitaani. Anaporudi, anakumbana na vikwazo kutoka kwa vijana wa mtaani. Ndipo anauliza kwa uimbaji: “Mimi mbaya, wewe mbaya, nani mbaya, je, ni nani mwema?” Jackson anaeleza kwamba unapokuwa thabiti na jasiri, basi ujue wewe ndiye “mbaya.” Mnamo mwaka wa [[2006]], single hii, na video yake, zilitolewa tena zikiwa kama moja ya sehemu ya toleo la [[Visionary - The Video Singles]]. == Pefomansi ya kati == {| class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati (1987) !align="center"|Nafasi<br />iliyoshika |- |align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|[[Australia]]n [[Kent Music Report]] |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|[[Ubelgiji|Belgian]] Singles Chart |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|[[Canadian Singles Chart]] |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|[[Udeni|Danish]] Singles Chart |align="center"|1 |- |[[Dutch Top 40|Uholanzi]] Singles Chart |align="center"|1<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.radio538.nl/web/show/id=44685/chartid=5883 | title = De Nederlandse Top 40, week 40, 1987|accessdate=2008-03-16 |archivedate=2008-01-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118135558/http://www.radio538.nl/web/show/id=44685/chartid=5883 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|[[Ufaransa|French]] Singles Chart |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|[[Media Control Charts|German Singles Chart]] |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]] |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|[[Italia|Italian]] Singles Chart |align="center"|5 |- |align="left"|[[Norwei]]'s Singles Chart |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|[[Uswidi|Swedish]] Singles Chart |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|[[Swiss Singles Chart]] |align="center"| 3<ref name="switzerland">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=Bad&cat=s| title = Swiss Singles Chart Archives|accessdate=18 Julai 2009|publisher=hitparade.ch}}</ref> |- |align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]] |align="center"|3 |- !align="left"|Chati (2009) !align="center"|Nafasi<br />iliyoshika |- |align="left"|[[Australia|Australian Singles Chart]] |align="center"|27 |- |[[Austrian Singles Chart]] |align=center|38 |- |align="left"|[[Danish Singles Chart]] |align="center"|37 |- |align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]] |align="center"|33 |- |align="left"|[[Swiss Singles Chart]] |align="center"| 15<ref name="switzerland">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=Bad&cat=s| title = Swiss Singles Chart Archives|accessdate=18 Julai 2009|publisher=hitparade.ch}}</ref> |- |align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]] |align="center"|40 |- |U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Digital Songs]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/michael-jackson-breaks-billboard-charts-1003989310.story | title = Nakala iliyohifadhiwa|accessdate=2009-07-20 |archivedate=2009-07-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704213541/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/michael-jackson-breaks-billboard-charts-1003989310.story }}</ref> |align=center|23 |- |} == Orodha ya nyimbo == === Toleo halisi === ;UK 7" single # "Bad" (7" single mix) – 4:06 # "Bad" (Dance Remix Radio Edit) – 4:54 ;UK 12" single # "Bad" (Dance Extended Mix Includes 'False Fade') – 8:24 # "Bad" (Dub version) – 4:05 # "Bad" (A cappella) – 3:49 ;U.S. CD single # "Bad" (Dance Extended Mix Includes "false fade") – 8:24 # "Bad" (7" single mix) – 4:06 # "Bad" (Dance Remix Radio Edit) – 4:54 # "Bad" (Dub version) - 4.05 # "Bad" (A cappella) – 3:49 === Toleo la ''Visionary'' === ;CD single # "Bad" (7" single mix) - 4:06 # "Bad" ("False Fade" Dance Extended Mix) - 8:22 ;DVD single # "Bad" (Music video) == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Michael Jackson singles}} {{Mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 1987]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Michael Jackson]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo zilizotayarishwa na Quincy Jones]] rktst5q233i6zu7qgi78pnde4n11ecs 0 26828 1529771 1498076 2026-05-02T12:16:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single | Jina = You Are Not Alone | Cover = You Are Not Alone.jpg | Msanii = [[Michael Jackson]] | Albamu = [[HIStory|HIStory - Past, Present and Future, Book I]] | Imetolewa = [[15 Agosti]] [[1995]] | Muundo = [[CD single]] | Imerekodiwa = 1995 | Aina = [[Rhythm na blues|R&B]] | Urefu = 5:45 <small>(toleo la albamu)</small><br>4:36 <small>(uharirio wa redio)</small><br>6:02 <small>(toleo lililorefushwa)</small> | Studio = [[Epic Records|Epic]] | Mtunzi = [[R. Kelly]] | Mtayarishaji = R. Kelly, Michael Jackson | Certification = [[RIAA certification|Platinum]] <small>([[Recording Industry Association of America|U.S.]])</small> | Single iliyopita = "[[Scream/Childhood]]"<br>(1995) | Single ya sasa = "'''You Are Not Alone'''"<br>(1995) | Single ijayo = "[[Earth Song]]"<br>(1995) | Misc = }} "'''You Are Not Alone'''" ni single ya pili ya msanii [[Michael Jackson]] kutoka katika albamu yake ya ''[[HIStory]]''. Ilitolewa mnamo mwezi wa Agosti 1995. Wimbo umetungwa na [[R. Kelly]] kwa kufuatia hali ngumu yake ya kimaisha kwa kipindi hicho. Baada ya kutungua, baadaye akamtumia tepu ya mashairi na mwenendo mzima wa wimbo huu kwa Jackson, ambaye aliupenda wimbo huu na kuamua kushirikiana na Kelly ili kutayarisha wimbo huu. ==Chati== {| class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati (1995) !align="center"|Nafasi<br>Iliyoshika |- |align="left"|[[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Singles Chart]] |align="center"|7 <ref name=" 'You Are Not Alone' charts ultratop ">{{cite web |url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=You+Are+Not+Alone&cat=s |title=M. Jackson & J. Jackson - You Are Not Alone (nummer) |publisher=www.ultratop.be |accessdate=2008-11-09 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|[[Austrian Singles Chart]] |align="center"|2 <ref name=" 'You Are Not Alone' charts ultratop "/> |- |align="left"|[[Ultratop 50|Belgian (Flanders) Singles Chart]] |align="center"|3 <ref name=" 'You Are Not Alone' charts ultratop "/> |- |align="left"|[[Ultratop|Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart]] |align="center"|1 <ref name=" 'You Are Not Alone' charts ultratop "/> |- |align="left"|[[Dutch Top 40|Dutch Singles Chart]] |align="center"|6 <ref name=" 'You Are Not Alone' charts ultratop "/> |- |align="left"|Finnish Singles Chart |align="center"|10 <ref name=" 'You Are Not Alone' charts ultratop "/> |- |align="left"|[[Syndicat national de l'édition phonographique|French Singles Chart]] |align="center"|1 <ref name=" 'You Are Not Alone' charts ultratop "/> |- |align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]] |align="center"|1 <ref>{{cite web | author=Irish Recording Music Association | title=Irish Singles Chart (searchable database) | publisher=irishcharts.ie | date=24 Agosti 1995 | url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement | accessdate=2008-12-08}}</ref> |- |align="left"|Italian Singles Chart |align="center"|14 <ref name=" 'You Are Not Alone' charts ultratop "/> |- |align="left"|[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart]] |align="center"|1 <ref name=" 'You Are Not Alone' charts ultratop "/> |- |align="left"|[[Norwegian Singles Chart]] |align="center"|9 <ref name=" 'You Are Not Alone' charts ultratop "/> |- |align="left"|Spanish Singles Chart |align="center"|1 <ref name=" 'You Are Not Alone' charts ultratop "/> |- |align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart |align="center"|2 <ref name=" 'You Are Not Alone' charts ultratop "/> |- |align="left"|[[Swiss Singles Chart]] |align="center"| 1<ref name="switzerland">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=You+Are+Not+Alone&cat=s|title=Swiss Singles Chart Archives|accessdate=18 Julai 2009|publisher=hitparade.ch}}</ref> |- |align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]] |align="center"|1 <ref name = "george 48">George, p. 48</ref> |- |align="left"| US ''Billboard'' [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]] |align="center"|1 <ref name="Michael Jackson Billboard History">{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=4902&model.vnuAlbumId=497792 |title=Artist Chart History - Michael Jackson |publisher=''Billboard'' |accessdate=2008-11-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202200329/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=4902&model.vnuAlbumId=497792 |archivedate=2008-02-02 }}</ref> |- !Chati (2009) !align="center"|Nafasi<br>Iliyoshika |- |align="left"|[[Danish Singles Chart]] |align="center"|33 <ref name=" 'You Are Not Alone' charts ultratop "/> |- |[[New Zealand Singles Chart]] |align=center|12<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |title=New Zealand Singles Chart |publisher=RIANZ |accessdate=7 Julai 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5PkfqxTDF?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |archivedate=2007-06-21 |https://www.webcitation.org/5wChHAS9r?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |=https://www.webcitation.org/5wChHAS9r?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp }}</ref> |- |align="left"|[[Swiss Singles Chart]] |align="center"| 16<ref name="switzerland">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=You+Are+Not+Alone&cat=s|title=Swiss Singles Chart Archives|accessdate=18 Julai 2009|publisher=hitparade.ch}}</ref> |- |[[UK Singles Chart]] |align=center|35<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/top40_singles.php |title=UK Singles Chart|publisher=The Official UK Charts Company |accessdate=6 Julai 2009}}</ref> |} ===Matunukio=== {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Nchi !align="center"|Matunukio !align="center"|Mauzo/Usafirishaji |- |align="left"|Austria<ref>{{cite web | author=International Federation of the Phonographic Industry | title=Austrian certification (search) | publisher=ifpi.at | date=21 Desemba 1995 | url=http://www.ifpi.at/?section=goldplatin | accessdate=2008-12-08}}</ref> |align="center"|Gold |align="center"|20,000 |- |align="left"|France<ref>{{cite web | author=Syndicat national de l'édition phonographique | title=French certification | publisher=chartsinfrance.net | year=1995 | url=http://www.chartsinfrance.net/certifications/artiste-302.htm | accessdate=2008-12-08}}</ref> |align="center"|Gold |align="center"|250,000 |- |align="left"|Germany<ref>{{cite web | author=International Federation of the Phonographic Industry | title=German certification | publisher=musikindustrie.de | year=1995 | url=http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/ | accessdate=2008-12-08}}</ref> |align="center"|Gold |align="center"|250,000<ref>{{cite web | author=International Federation of the Phonographic Industry | title=Criteria | publisher=musikindustrie.de | year=1995 | url=http://www.musikindustrie.de/uploads/media/TT-Formular_blanko_02.pdf |format=PDF| accessdate=2008-12-08}}</ref> |- |align="left"|New Zealand<ref>{{cite web | author=Recording Industry Association of New Zealand | title=New Zealand certification: Look at #1676 Monday 6 July 2009 | publisher=rianz.org.nz | year=2009 | url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp | accessdate=2009-07-07 | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5PkfqxTDF?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp | archivedate=2007-06-21 | =https://www.webcitation.org/5wChHAS9r?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp }}</ref> |align="center"|Gold |align="center"|7,500<ref>{{cite web | author=Recording Industry Association of New Zealand | title=New Zealand Chart Facts | publisher=rianz.org.nz | year=2009 | url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart_facts.asp | accessdate=2009-07-07 | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AxqpWYq1?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart_facts.asp | archivedate=2012-09-26 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Switzerland<ref>{{cite web | author=Hit Parade | title=Swiss certification | publisher=hitparade.ch | year=1995 | url=http://hitparade.ch/awards.asp?year=1995 | accessdate=2008-12-08}}</ref> |align="center"|Gold |align="center"|25,000 |- |align="left"|United Kingdom<ref name="bpi">{{cite web | author=British Phonographic Industry | title=U.K. certification | publisher=bpi.co.uk | date=1 Oktoba 1995 | url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=20620 | accessdate=2008-12-08 | archivedate=2021-04-20 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420072540/https://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=20620 }}</ref> |align="center"|Gold |align="center"|400,000 |- |align="left"|United States<ref name="riaa"> |align="center"|Platinum |align="center"|1,000,000 |- |} ==Orodha ya Nyimbo== '''Kanada na U.S.''' # You Are Not Alone - 5:48 # You Are Not Alone (Radio Edit) - 4:54 # You Are Not Alone (Franctified Club Mix) - 10:40 # Scream Louder (Flyte Tyme Remix) - 5:30 # MJ Megaremix - 10:33 '''Japan single''' # You Are Not Alone - 5:48 # You Are Not Alone (Radio Edit) - 4:54 # You Are Not Alone (Franctified Club Mix) - 10:40 # You Are Not Alone (R. Kelly Mix) - 6:23 # You Are Not Alone (Classic Club Mix) - 7:40 # You Are Not Alone (Jon B. Main Mix) - 6:55 # You Are Not Alone (Jon B. Padapella Mix) 6:55 '''Austria single''' # You Are Not Alone - 5:48 # You Are Not Alone (Radio Edit) - 4:54 # You Are Not Alone (Franctified Club Mix) - 10:40 # You Are Not Alone (Classic Club Mix) - 7:40 # You Are Not Alone (Jon B. Main Mix) - 6:55 # You Are Not Alone (Jon B. Padapella Mix) 6:55 # MJ Medley - 4:59 ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo}} ==Marejeo== * {{cite book |last=Brown |first=Jake |title=Your Body's Calling Me |year=2004 |publisher=Amber Books Publishing |isbn=0972751955 }} * {{cite book|last=Campbell|first=Lisa|title=Michael Jackson: The King of Pops Darkest Hour|url=https://archive.org/details/michaeljacksonki0000camp|publisher=Branden|year=1995|isbn=0828320039}} * [[Nelson George|George, Nelson]] (2004). ''[[Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection]]''. [[Sony BMG]]. * {{cite book |last=Taraborrelli |first=J. Randy |authorlink=J. Randy Taraborrelli |title=The Magic and the Madness |url=https://archive.org/details/michaeljacksonma0000tara_n7h9 |year=2004 |publisher=Headline |location=Terra Alta, WV |isbn=0-330-42005-4 }} {{Michael Jackson singles}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 1995]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Michael Jackson]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo zilizotayarishwa na R. Kelly]] {{Mbegu-muziki}} pej4tkqijntc41dcnfwyop16yzflkk3 0 27140 1530393 1529412 2026-05-03T11:45:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530393 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wilaya ya Trans Mara''' ilikuwa [[wilaya]] mojawapo ya [[Mkoa wa Bonde la Ufa]] wa [[Jamhuri]] ya [[Kenya]] hadi ilipopitishwa [[katiba ya Kenya|katiba mpya]] ya nchi ([[2010]]). Iliundwa mwaka wa 1994 kutokana na [[Wilaya ya Narok]]. [[Makao makuu]] yalikuwa [[Mji|mjini]] [[Kilgoris]]. Kwa sasa imekuwa tena sehemu ya [[kaunti ya Narok]]. Wilaya hii ilikuwa na jumla ya wakazi 170,591 (sensa ya 1999) na ukubwa wa eneo wa kilomita mraba 2,846 <ref>[http://www.statoids.com/yke.html ]</ref>. [[Mara Triangle]] (ambayo ni sehemu ya hifadhi ya [[Masai Mara]]) ilikuwa katika wilaya ya Trans-Mara. Wilaya hii ilikuwa na serikali moja tu ya mtaa, Baraza la Mji wa Trans Mara. [[Eneo Bunge la Kilgoris]] ndilo eneo bunge la pekee katika wilaya hii hadi leo. {| class="wikitable" |- | colspan="4"| '''Maeneo ya utawala''' |- | colspan="4"| |- !Tarafa !Idadi ya Watu* !Wakaazi wa mjini* !Makao makuu |- | Keiyan | 25,885 | 1,277 | Enoosaen |- | Kilgoris | 31,827 | 4,497 | Kilgoris |- | Kirindoni | 56,197 | 0 | |- | Lolgorian | 25,553 | 1,410 | Lolgorien |- | Pirrar | 31,129 | 0 | |- | ''Jumla'' | ''170,591'' | ''7,184'' | - |- |colspan="2"|* Sensa ya 1999 census|. Sources:<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.cck.go.ke/html/final_annex1_cover_status.pdf |title=Communications Commission of Kenya – Status of Coverage of Communications Services |accessdate=2009-12-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616215050/http://www.cck.go.ke/html/final_annex1_cover_status.pdf |archivedate=2007-06-16 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/html/Urban%20Poverty%20all%20Kenya%20Province%20through%20Location%20Final.xls International Livestock Research Institute – Urban Poverty] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/html/Urban%20Poverty%20all%20Kenya%20Province%20through%20Location%20Final.xls |date=20110718022538 }} (.xls)</ref> |} ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/2006/govt-ken-transmara-31jul.pdf Reliefweb.int]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Wilaya za Kenya}} [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Narok]] [[Jamii:Wilaya za Kenya]] ofb7ryklodwya3wdwdp6fuszzaz7vgy 0 27195 1530392 1529403 2026-05-03T11:41:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |jina_rasmi = Wilaya ya Mto Tana |settlement_type = [[Wilaya za Kenya|Wilaya]] |native_name = |picha_ya_satelite = Alternate Coat of arms of Kenya.svg |ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Kenya]] |nickname = |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = Kenya tana-river-district.svg |mapsize = 200px |map_caption = Mahali pa Wilaya ya Mto Tana katika [[Kenya]] |coordinates_region = KE |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Kenya]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Mikoa ya Kenya|Mkoa]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Mkoa wa Pwani (Kenya)|Pwani]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Mji mkuu]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Hola, Kenya|Hola]] |leader_title = |leader_name = |area_total_km2 = 38,446 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |idadi_ya_wakazi_kwa_mwaka_wa = 1999 [[Sensa]]<ref>[http://www.knbs.or.ke/ Ofisi ya Taifa ya Takwimu]</ref> |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 180,901 |latd=|latm= |lats=|latNS=S |longd=|longm= |longs=|longEW=E |website = |footnotes = }} '''Wilaya ya Mto Tana''' ilikuwa [[wilaya]] mojawapo ya [[Mkoa wa Pwani]], [[mashariki]] mwa [[Jamhuri]] ya [[Kenya]], hadi ilipopitishwa [[katiba ya Kenya|katiba mpya]] ya nchi ([[2010]]). [[Makao makuu]] yalikuwa [[Mji|mjini]] [[Hola]] (wakati mwingine hujulikana kama Galole). Kwa sasa imekuwa [[kaunti ya Tana River]]. [[Jina]] lake limetokana na [[Mto Tana]]. Ilikuwa na ukubwa wa eneo wa kilomita mraba 38,446 na wakazi 180,901 kulingana na sensa ya 1999.<ref name="statoids">statoids.com - Wilaya za Kenya</ref> [[Kabila]] kuu ni [[Wapokomo]], ambao wengi ni [[wakulima]], na [[Waorma]] na [[Wawardey]], ambao hutegemea [[ufugaji]] wa kuhamahama. Kwa jumla, wilaya hii ni kavu na huwa na [[ukame]]. [[Mvua]] si za hakika, [[msimu wa mvua]] huja miezi za Machi-Mei na Oktoba-Desemba. Kumekuwa na migogoro kati ya wakulima na wafugaji wahamaji juu ya maji. Mafuriko pia ni tatizo la kawaida, yakisababishwa na mvua nzito katika maeneo ya juu ya Mto Tana. Utafiti wa hivi karibuni ulioandaliwa na ALMRP, Wilaya ya Mto Tana na kukabidhiwa kwa Kamati ya Maendeleo ya Wilaya ya Tana River (2004), iligundua kuwa wilaya hii ina 79% ukosefu wa chakula na huku kiwango cha umaskini kikifika hadi 62% <ref>Interim Poverty Strategy Paper (I-PSP), 2000-2003, Kenya</ref>. Wilaya ya Tana ilijumuisha maeneo kadhaa ya [[misitu]], vichaka na mapori ambayo ni maeneo madogo ya makazi. Misitu huteuliwa kama Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ikiwa ina zaidi ya aina nne za [[mimea]] mikuu na zaidi ya aina saba za [[wanyama]] wakubwa (IUCN, 2003). Licha ya udhahiri wa [[maliasili]] ya kutosha, eneo hili bado limetengwa katika maeneo mengine ya nchi. Juhudi za [[maendeleo]] daima huzunguka eneo kubwa la Mto Tana, licha ya kutokuweko kwa mafanikio katika miradi ya awali ya kunyunyisha maji katika wilaya, yaani, miradi za kunyunyishia maji za Bura, Hola na mradi wa kukuza [[mpunga]] wa [[Tana delta]] ambao haukufanikiwa baada ya kuharibiwa na maji ya mvua za [[El Nino]] mwaka wa [[1998]]. ==Divisheni za Wilaya== Licha ya ukubwa wa wilaya ya Tana River, serikali ya mitaa yake ya kipekee ni ''Baraza ya Mji wa Tana River'' . Wilaya hii ina maeneo bunge matatu: Garsen, Galole na Bura. {| class="wikitable" |- | colspan="6"| '''Maeneo ya utawala''' |- | colspan="6"| |- !Divisheni !Idadi ya Watu* !<br> Idadi ya wakaazi wa mjini* !<br> uwiani wa idadi ya watu !Eneo (km ²) !Makao makuu |- | Bangale | 14,853 | 0 | 2 | x | |- | Bura | 28,848 | 0 | 6 | x | [[Bura]] |- | Galole | 34,948 | 9,383 | 4 | x | [[Hola]] |- | Garsen | 51,592 | 4,885 | 4 | x | [[Garsen]] |- | Kipini | 16,243 | 0 | 19 | x | Kipini |- | Madogo | 21,731 | 0 | 12 | x | |- | Wenje | 12,686 | 0 | 23 | x | Wenje |- | ''Jumla'' | ''180,901'' | ''14,268'' | ''5 (wastani)'' | x | |- | colspan="6"|* Sensa ya 1999 census|. Sources:<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.cck.go.ke/html/final_annex1_cover_status.pdf |title=Communications Commission of Kenya – Status of Coverage of Communications Services |accessdate=2010-07-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928170744/http://www.cck.go.ke/html/final_annex1_cover_status.pdf |archivedate=2007-09-28 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/html/Urban%20Poverty%20all%20Kenya%20Province%20through%20Location%20Final.xls International Livestock Research Institute – Urban Poverty] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/html/Urban%20Poverty%20all%20Kenya%20Province%20through%20Location%20Final.xls |date=20110718022538 }} (.xls)</ref> |} ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://ochaonline.un.org/OchaLinkClick.aspx?link=ocha&amp;docid=1086876 Ofisi ya Kuratibu Masuala ya Kibinadamu - Kenya AdminLevels 1-4] {{Wayback|url=http://ochaonline.un.org/OchaLinkClick.aspx?link=ocha&docid=1086876 |date=20110521063011 }} * [http://www.itdg.org/?id=peace5_tana Wilaya ya Tana River: kiwango cha migogoro juu ya maliasili] {{Wayback|url=http://www.itdg.org/?id=peace5_tana |date=20070928093302 }} katika [[ITDG]] * [http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/fullMaps_Af.nsf/luFullMap/4403328CFC88B82085256D2C006CE5D5/$File/ocha_kenTana200503.PDF?OpenElement Ramani ya Wilaya ya Tana River] {{Wayback|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/fullMaps_Af.nsf/luFullMap/4403328CFC88B82085256D2C006CE5D5/$File/ocha_kenTana200503.PDF?OpenElement |date=20070927191014 }} {{Vijisehemu vya Kenya}} {{mbegu-kenya-pwani}} [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Tana River]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Pwani, Kenya]] [[Jamii:Wilaya za Kenya|M]] 7w7mg8mgkgthgt3qadmk3qud9zqs55u 0 27335 1529775 1203996 2026-05-02T12:17:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single | Jina = You Rock My World | Cover = Yrmwsingle.jpg | Msanii = [[Michael Jackson]] | Albamu = [[Invincible (albamu ya Michael Jackson)|Invincible]] | Imetolewa = [[23 Oktoba]] [[2001]] | Muundo = [[CD single]] | Imerekodiwa = 2000 | Aina = [[R&B]], [[muziki wa funk|Funk]] | Urefu = 5:38 <small>[Album Version]</small><br />4:25 <small>[Radio Mix]</small> | Studio = [[Epic Records]] | Mtunzi = [[Michael Jackson]] <br /> [[Rodney Jerkins]] <br /> [[Fred Jerkins III]] <br /> [[LaShawn Daniels]] <br /> [[Nora Payne]] | Mtayarishaji = Michael Jackson <br /> [[Darkchild|Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins]] | Single iliyopita = "[[HIStory/Ghosts]]"<br />(1997) | Single ya sasa = "'''You Rock My World'''"<br />(2001) | Single ijayo = "[[Cry]]"<br />(2001) }} "'''You Rock My World'''" ni wimbo wa msanii wa rekodi za [[muziki wa pop]] kutoka nchini [[Marekani]], [[Michael Jackson]]. Hii ilikuwa single yake ya kwanza kutoka katika albamu yake ya mwaka wa 2001, ''[[Invincible (albamu ya Michael Jackson)|Invincible]]''. Wimbo umeshika #10 kwenye chati za ''[[Billboard (gazeti)|Billboard]]'' na [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]], na kuufanya iwe wimbo wa mwisho wa Jackson kuingia kwenye kumi bora za nchini Marekani. Pia, wimbo ulipata kuchaguliwa kuingia kwenye ugawaji wa tuzo za [[Grammy Award]] kwa ajili ya [[:en:Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance|Mwimbaji Bora wa Kiume wa Pop]]. [[Muziki wa video]] wa wimbo huu ndiyo wa mwisho kuonekana kwa Jackson kwenye albamu hii; wimbo unaofuata ni "[[Butterflies]]", haukuwa na video, na hakuonekana kwenye video ya wimbo wa "[[Cry]]". Huu ulikuwa wimbo pekee kutoka kwenye albamu yake ya Invincible kuwahi kuuimba laivu. Wimbo huu unatazamiwa kama miongoni mwa vibao vikali vya mwisho vya Jackson kutamba kabla ya kifo chake. == Chati == {|class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati (2001) !align="center"|Nafasi<br />Iliyoshika |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot 100]] |align="center"|9 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]] |align="center"|13 |- |align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]] |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]] |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|Australian [[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]] Singles Chart |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|New Zealand [[RIANZ]] Singles Chart |align="center"|13 |- |align="left"|[[Italian Singles Chart]] |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|[[Romanian Singles Chart]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.rt100.ro/top-100-edition.html?edition=313&go=Go |title=Romanian Top 100 |accessdate=2009-08-04 |archivedate=2009-06-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630031414/http://www.rt100.ro/top-100-edition.html?edition=313&go=Go }}</ref> |align="center"|9 |- |align="left"|[[Danish Singles Chart]] |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|[[Norwegian Singles Chart]] |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|Finnish Singles Chart |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|[[Swedish Singles Chart]] |align="center"|5 |- |align="left"|Belgium Flanders Singles Chart |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|Belgium Walonia Singles Chart |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|[[Dutch Singles Chart]] |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|[[French Singles Chart]] |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|[[Austrian Singles Chart]] |align="center"|9 |- |align="left"|[[Swiss Singles Chart]] |align="center"| 5<ref name="switzerland">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=You+Rock+My+World&cat=s|title=Swiss Singles Chart Archives|accessdate=18 Julai 2009|publisher=hitparade.ch}}</ref> |- !align="left"|Chati (2009) !align="center"|Nafasi<br />Iliyoshika |- |align="left"|[[Swiss Singles Chart]] |align="center"| 46<ref name="switzerland"/> |- |align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]] |align="center"|60 |- |} == Orodha ya Nyimbo == === US single === # Intro - 0:32 # "You Rock My World" (Album Version) – 5:08 # "You Rock My World" (Radio edit) – 4:28 # "You Rock My World" (Instrumental) – 5:07 # "You Rock My World" (A cappella) – 5:00 === UK single === # Intro/"You Rock My World" – 5:39 # "You Rock My World" (Radio edit) – 4:25 # "You Rock My World" (Instrumental) – 5:06 # "You Rock My World" (A cappella) – 4:47 == Toleo la Kihispania == # "El Mundo Frente A Ti Akiwa na [[Jayko]] (Michael Jackson Tribute) - 3:49 === Single za Ulaya na Australia === # Intro – 0:32 # "You Rock My World" (Album version) – 5:07 # "You Rock My World" (Radio edit) – 4:25 # "You Rock My World" (Instrumental) – 5:07 # "You Rock My World" (A cappella) – 5:01 Official remix featuring Jay-Z == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya Nje == {{Michael Jackson singles}} {{Mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 2001]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Michael Jackson]] 7niju1zslvc1a7s55fr4hxs9km2c195 0 27825 1530264 1148078 2026-05-03T01:30:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Msanii muziki 2 | Jina = Spice Girls | Img = Spice Girls (6 janv) 56.jpg | Img_capt = Spice Girls wakiwa kazini | Background = group_or_band | Asili yake = [[London]], Uingereza | Aina = [[Pop]] [[muziki wa rock|rock]], [[dance-pop]], [[teen pop]] | Miaka ya kazi = 1994–2001; 2007–2008 | Studio = [[Virgin Records]] | Wanachama wa sasa = [[Melanie Brown]] <small>(Scary Spice)</small><br />[[Victoria Beckham]] <small>(Posh Spice)</small><br />[[Emma Bunton]] <small>(Baby Spice)</small><br />[[Melanie Chisholm]] <small>(Sporty Spice)</small><br />[[Geri Halliwell]] <small>(Ginger Spice)</small> | Tovuti = [http://www.thespicegirls.com www.thespicegirls.com] }} '''Spice Girls''' ni kundi maarufu la [[muziki wa pop]] kutoka nchini [[Uingereza]]. Kundi lilianzishwa mnamo mwaka wa [[1994]]. Moja kati ya vibao vyao vikali ni pamoja na "[[Wannabe]]", "[[Spice Up Your Life]]" na "[[Stop]]". Kundi zima linaundwa na mwanachama kama: [[Victoria Beckham]] ("Posh Spice"), [[Melanie Brown]] ("Scary Spice"), [[Emma Bunton]] ("Baby Spice"), [[Melanie Chisholm]] ("Sporty Spice") na [[Geri Halliwell]] ("Ginger Spice"). Kundi limetoa albamu tatu: [[Spice]] mnamo mwaka wa [[1996]], [[Spice World]] mnamo mwaka wa [[1997]] na [[Forever]] mnamo mwaka wa [[2000]]. The Spice Girls pia wamecheza kwenye filamu ya Spiceworld: The Movie, ambayo ilitolewa mnamo mwezi wa Desemba katika mwaka wa 1997. Wasichana hao watano walikuja kuungana tena hapo mnamo mwaka wa 2007 na kutangaza kwamba wafanya [http://www.returnofthespicegirls.com/ ziara ya kimataifa] {{Wayback|url=http://www.returnofthespicegirls.com/ |date=20091024051956 }} ambayo imeanza mwezi wa [[Desemba]]. ==Tazama pia== *{{kuu|Diskografia ya single na albamu za Spice Girls}} ==Viungo vya Nje== *[http://www.returnofthespicegirls.com The Spice Girls Reunion Tour] {{Wayback|url=http://www.returnofthespicegirls.com/ |date=20091024051956 }} *[http://www.geriwell.com Spice Girls and Geri Halliwell website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.geriwell.com/ |date=20180519222500 }} {{Spice Girls}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki-UK}} [[Jamii:Bendi za muziki wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Spice Girls]] 77tf1s17thx7anz8bgsm0jsjut84qno 0 30272 1530005 1435973 2026-05-02T18:40:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530005 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zaka''' (kutoka [[neno]] la [[Kiarabu]] '''زكاة''', zakat, lenye maana ya "kinachotakasa"; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''Tithe'') ni [[toleo]] la [[sehemu]] ya ma[[pato]] ambalo [[muumini]] wa [[dini]] fulani anapaswa kutoa kwa [[Mungu]], kwa [[Kiongozi|viongozi]] wa dini husika au kwa [[maskini]]. == Katika [[Biblia]] == [[File:Monier22.JPG|thumb|''Kutoa zaka hekaluni'', [[mchoro]] wa [[Pierre Monier]].]] [[Desturi]] ya [[Mashariki ya Kati]] ya kutoa sehemu [[moja]] ya [[kumi]] kwa ma[[kuhani]] iliingia katika [[Uyahudi]] kuanzia [[Abrahamu]] aliyempa [[Melkisedek]] [[mfalme]] wa [[Yerusalemu|Salem]] aliyekuwa pia kuhani wa [[El Elyon]] ([[Mungu]] Mkuu). Habari hiyo inasimuliwa katika [[Kitabu cha Mwanzo]] 14:18-20 <ref>18 Na Melkizedeki mfalme wa Salemu akaleta mkate na divai, naye alikuwa kuhani wa Mungu Aliye juu sana. 19 Akambariki, akasema, Abramu na abarikiwe na Mungu Aliye juu sana, Muumba mbingu na nchi. 20 Ahimidiwe Mungu Aliye juu sana, aliyewatia adui zako mikononi mwako. Abramu akampa fungu la kumi la vitu vyote.</ref> na kusisitizwa na [[Waraka kwa Waebrania]] 7:5 <ref>5 Na katika wana wa Lawi nao, wale waupatao ukuhani, wana amri kutwaa sehemu ya kumi kwa watu wao, yaani, ndugu zao, kwa agizo la sheria, ijapokuwa wametoka katika viuno vya Ibrahimu.</ref>. Zaka (kwa [[Kiebrania]] מעשׂר, ma‛ăśêr, kwa [[Kigiriki]] δεκάτη, dekatē) inaagizwa na [[vitabu]] vingine vya [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]], kama vile [[Mambo ya Walawi]], [[Hesabu (Biblia)|Hesabu]] na [[Kumbukumbu la Sheria]] katika [[Torati]]. Baadaye [[wajibu]] huo ulisisitizwa na [[Kitabu cha Malaki]] 3:8-12 <ref>8 Je! Mwanadamu atamwibia Mungu? Lakini ninyi mnaniibia mimi. Lakini ninyi mwasema, Tumekuibia kwa namna gani? Mmeniibia zaka na dhabihu. 9 Ninyi mmelaaniwa kwa laana; maana mnaniibia mimi, naam, taifa hili lote. 10 Leteni zaka kamili ghalani, ili kiwemo chakula katika nyumba yangu, mkanijaribu kwa njia hiyo, asema Bwana wa majeshi; mjue kama sitawafungulia madirisha ya mbinguni, na kuwamwagieni baraka, hata isiwepo nafasi ya kutosha, au la. 11 Nami kwa ajili yenu nitamkemea yeye alaye, wala hataharibu mazao ya ardhi yenu; wala mzabibu wenu hautapukutisha matunda yake kabla ya wakati wake katika mashamba, asema Bwana wa majeshi. 12 Na mataifa yote watawaiteni heri; maana mtakuwa nchi ya kupendeza sana, asema Bwana wa majeshi. </ref>na [[Kitabu cha Tobiti]] 1:6–8 (humo zinatajwa aina tatu za zaka zilizozingatiwa baada ya [[Uhamisho wa Babeli|uhamisho wa Babeli]] <ref>6 Katika jamaa yangu ni mimi peke yangu niliyekwenda kuabudu mara kwa mara huko Yerusalemu kutekeleza sheria inayowabana watu wote wa Israeli milele. Niliharakisha kwenda Yerusalemu na sehemu ya mazao ya kwanza ya mavuno na wanyama, zaka za mifugo na manyoya ya kwanza ya kondoo. 7 Vitu hivi niliwapa makuhani, wazawa wa Aroni, kwa ajili ya madhabahu. Niliwapa Walawi waliohudumu huko Yerusalemu zaka yangu ya divai, ngano, zeituni, makomamanga na matunda mengine. Kwa miaka sita mfululizo nilichukua fedha ya zaka na kuilipa huko Yerusalemu. 8 Sehemu ya tatu ya zaka niliwapa yatima, wajane na wageni walioishi miongoni mwa watu wa Israeli; niliwapelekea kama zawadi kila miaka mitatu. Tulipokula chakula tulifanya kulingana na Sheria ya Mose na mawaidha ya Debora mama wa babu yangu Ananieli. Baba yangu alikuwa amekufa akaniacha yatima.</ref>). Katika [[Agano Jipya]], [[Yesu]] alilaumu [[Mafarisayo]] kwa kulipa zaka kamili hata kwa vitu vidogo kama [[mboga]] na viungo pamoja na kupuuzia mambo makubwa zaidi kama [[haki]] na [[huruma]] ([[Injili ya Mathayo]] 23:23 <ref>23 Ole wenu waandishi na Mafarisayo, wanafiki! Kwa kuwa mnalipa zaka za mnanaa na bizari na jira, lakini mmeacha mambo makuu ya sheria, yaani, adili, na rehema, na imani; hayo imewapasa kuyafanya, wala yale mengine msiyaache.</ref>). [[Mtume Paulo]] alifundisha kuwa anayetumikia kwenye [[altare]] anastahili kupata [[riziki]] zake kwa njia hiyo ([[Waraka wa kwanza kwa Wakorintho]] 9:13 <ref>13 Hamjui ya kuwa wale wazifanyao kazi za hekaluni hula katika vitu vya hekalu, na wale waihudumiao madhabahu huwa na fungu lao katika vitu vya madhabahu?</ref>). Pia alihimiza waamini kutoa kwa [[moyo]] mkunjufu ([[Waraka wa pili kwa Wakorintho]] 9:7 <ref>7 Kila mtu na atende kama alivyokusudia moyoni mwake, si kwa huzuni, wala si kwa lazima; maana Mungu humpenda yeye atoaye kwa moyo wa ukunjufu.</ref>) == Katika [[Ukristo]] == [[Picha:ZehntscheuneKronenburg.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Stoo]] ya zaka huko [[Kronenburg]], [[Ujerumani]].]] Mwanzoni mwa [[Kanisa]] waamini walikuwa wanawajibika, lakini hakuna hata [[babu wa Kanisa]] mmoja aliyehimiza zaka. Baadaye katika [[Ukristo wa Magharibi]] zilianza kutolewa [[sheria]] ili kuihimiza, kwa mfano huko [[Ufaransa]] katika [[mtaguso]] wa [[Tours]] ([[567]]) na ule wa [[Mâcon]] ([[585]]). Hatimaye [[Papa Adrian I]] alipitisha maagizo hayo [[mwaka]] [[787]] na [[Mtaguso wa Trento]] uliyasisitiza<ref> Croly, David O. (1834). An Essay Religious and Political on Ecclesiastical Finance, as regards the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland, etc. John Bolster. p. 72. The Council of Trent – the last general Council – declares that "tithes are due to God or to religion, and that it is sacrilegious to withold them." And one of the six precepts of the Church commands the faithful "to pay tithes to their pastors."</ref>. Baadaye njia za kuwategemeza [[viongozi]] wa [[Kanisa]] zilitofautiana kadiri ya [[nchi]] na [[madhehebu]]. Leo [[Wabaptisti]] na [[Wapentekoste]] ndio wanaoongoza kwa kusisitiza wajibu wa kutoa sehemu moja ya kumi ya mapato yote<ref>Bob Smietana, Churchgoers Say They Tithe, But Not Always to the Church, lifewayresearch.com, USA, 10 May 2018</ref>. Kumbe [[Wakatoliki]] wanafundishwa kuwajibika ili kulipatia Kanisa mahitaji yake, kila mmoja kadiri ya uwezo wake, lakini kimataifa zaka haitajwi na [[Mkusanyo wa Sheria za Kanisa]] wala na [[Katekisimu ya Kanisa Katoliki]] <ref>[[Codex Iuris Canonici|CIC]] 222; [[Katekisimu ya Kanisa Katoliki|KKK]] 2043</ref>. Vilevile [[Waorthodoksi]], wakiendeleza [[mapokeo]] yao ambamo zaka haikushurutishwa kamwe, wanahimizwa kutoa bila kulazimishwa kiasi fulani kilichokwishapangwa<ref>Smith, Christian; Emerson, Michael O; Snell, Patricia (29 September 2008). Passing the Plate: Why American Christians Don't Give Away More Money. Oxford University Press. pp. 215–227. ISBN 9780199714117.</ref>. == Katika [[Uislamu]] == Maana za zaka katika dini ya [[Uislamu]] ni nyingi. Kisheria ni kiwango maalumu cha mali kinachotolewa wakati maalumu kwa watu maalumu. ===Umuhimu wa zaka katika Uislamu=== Zaka <ref>[https://www.al-feqh.com/sw/zaaka-hukumu-yake-na-masharti-yake</ref> ni kati ya [[faradhi]] za dini ya Kiislamu, na ni ya tatu kati ya [[Nguzo Tano za Kiislamu]]. Kadiri ya [[Kurani]], [[Mwenyezi Mungu]] anasema: "Na simamisheni swala na toeni zaka". <ref>(Suratu An-Nur: 56)</ref> Akasema [[Mtume Muhamad]]: "Umejengwa Uislamu kwa mambo matano: Kushuhudia ya kwamba hapana Mola apasaye kuabudiwa kwa haki isipokuwa Mwenyezi Mungu na kwamba Muhammad ni mja wake na ni Mtume wake, na kusimamisha Swala (tano za kila siku), na kutoa Zaka, na kuhiji nyumba tukufu (Al-ka’abah – ilioko Makkah), na kufunga Mwezi wa Ramadhani" <ref>Imepokewa na Bukhari na Muslim</ref>. Zaka ni mojawapo ya nguzo za Uislamu, ambayo inadai muumini atoe sehemu fulani ya mapato yake kwa [[maskini]]. Masharti ya mtu kulazimika kutoa zaka ni: *1. Uislamu. Haikubaliwi zaka kwa kafiri, kwa sababu Mwenyezi Mungu hakubali matendo yake. *2. Kuwa huru (muungwana). Haikubaliwi kwa [[mtumwa]] kutoa zaka, kwa sababu mali yake ni milki ya bwana wake. *3. Kumiliki Nisabu (kiwango). Maana ya Nisabu ni kiwango maalumu cha mali ambacho kikifikiwa basi inalazimika mali hiyo kutolewa Zaka. ===Masharti ya Nisabu=== 1. Iwe Nisabu ni ziada ya mahitaji ya dharura ambayo mtu hatosheki kwa kuyapata mahitaji hayo, kama [[chakula]], [[mavazi]] na makazi, kwa sababu zaka ni wajibu kwa lengo la kuwaliwaza fukara. Hivyo basi inatakiwa mwenye kutoa hiyo mali asiwe mhitaji mwenyewe. 2. Iwe Nisabu inamilikiwa na mtu maalumu umiliki mkamilifu, basi haiwajibiki zaka kwa mali ambayo haimilikiwi na mtu maalumu, kwa mfano: mali iliyokusanywa kwa lengo la kujenga [[msikiti]], au mali iliyowekwa [[wakfu]] kwa maslahi ya [[umma]], au mali iliyoko kwenye [[hazina]] za [[jumuia]] za mambo ya kheri. 3. Mali kupitiwa na Mwaka: Ni [[mwaka wa Kiislamu]] uliokamilika. Hii ni kwamba ipite miezi kumi na miwili ya kalenda ya mtizamo wa mwezi hali ya kuwa Nisabu iko kwenye miliki ya mwenye mali. Na sharti hili ni peke yake kwa [[pesa]] ([[dhahabu]] na [[fedha]]), na mapato ya [[biashara]], na [[wanyama]] wa [[mifugo]]. Ama [[mazao]] ya [[kilimo]] na [[matunda]], na [[madini]], hazina iliyozikwa ardhini si sharti kwa vitu hivi kupitiwa na mwaka. Tendo hilo muhimu la kutoa msaada linatazamwa na Waislamu kama njia ya kujipatia [[utakaso]] wa [[uroho]] na [[ubinafsi]] na ya [[baraka|kubarikiwa]] katika [[riziki]] zao. ===Hukumu ya anayekataa kutoa zaka=== Anayekataa kutoa zaka, ama amekataa kwa kupinga kwamba si lazima kutoa [Juhuud: Ni kukataa kuwajibishwa kwake.], ama kwa ubahili. ====Mwenye kukataa kutoa zaka kwa kupinga==== Anayepinga wajibu wa zaka basi amekufuru kwa makubaliano ya umma wote – ikiwa mtu huyu anajua vizuri wajibu wa Zaka; kwa sababu atakuwa amemzulia uwongo Mwenyezi Mungu na Mtume wake. ====Anayekataa kutoa zaka kwa ubahili==== Atakayekataa kutoa zaka kwa ubahili wake basi huchukuliwa kutoka kwake zaka kwa nguvu wala hawi kafiri kwa kufanya hivyo kukataa kutoa zaka kwa ubahili. Atakuwa ametenda [[dhambi]] kubwa miongoni mwa madhambi makubwa na ni uovu mkubwa sana. Kwa kauli ya Mtume kuhusu wanaokataa kutoa zaka: “Mtu yeyote aliye na hazina ya dhahabu na fedha na wala haitolei zaka basi atachomwa nayo katika moto wa Jahannam na itajaaliwa kama vinoo ambavyo atapigwa navyo kwenye migongo na vipaji kila akipata ubaridi (yakipoa makali ya moto) anaregelewa tena (kupigwa navyo), mpaka Allaah amalize kuhukumu waja wake siku ambayo ni sawa na miaka elfu khamsini. Kisha ndio ataoneshwa njia yake ikiwa ni ya peponi au motoni” <ref>Imepokewa na Bukhari</ref>. Lau atapigana na kukataa kutekeleza amri ya zaka basi mpigeni vita mpaka arudi katika kutekeleza amri ya Mwenyezi Mungu, na atoe zaka, kwa kauli ya Mwenyezi Mungu: "Lakini wakitubu na wakasimamisha swala na wakatoa zaka, basi iacheni njia yao (waacheni" <ref>Suratu At-tawbah: 5</ref>). Kwa kauli ya Mtume: "Nimeamrishwa niwapige watu vita mpaka washuhudiye ya kwamba hapana mola apasaye kuabudiwa kwa haki isipokuwa Mwenyezi Mungu na kwamba Muhammad ni Mtume wa Mwenyezi Mungu, na wasimamishe swala, na watoe zaka, watakapofanya hivyo basi imeharamishwa kwangu damu yao na mali yao isipokuwa kwa haki ya Uislamu, na malipo yao yako kwa Mwenyezi Mungu" <ref>Imepokewa na Muslim</ref>. Abubakar pia alipiga vita mtu yeyote ambaye alipinga wajibu wa zaka, akasema: "Naapa kwa Mungu ya kwamba nitampiga vita yoyote aliyetenganisha kati ya swala na zaka, kwa hakika hiyo Zaka ni haki ya mali, Wallaahi kama wakinizuilia hata kwa (kamba ya) kutiwa shemere (anayofungwa mnyama kwenye pua zake) nitapambana nao maadamu walikuwa wakiitoa kwa Mtume" <ref>Imepokewa na Bukhari</ref>. == Katika [[Usingasinga]] == Katika dini ya [[Sikh]] muumini anadaiwa kutoa ''dasvand'' (ਦਸਵੰਦ) maana yake ''moja kwa kumi''. Inaonekana sheria hiyo ilitokana na Uislamu. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== *Albright, W. F. and Mann, C. S. ''Matthew, The Anchor Bible'', Vol. 26. Garden City, New York, 1971. *''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago'', Vol. 4 "E." Chicago, 1958. *Fitzmyer, Joseph A. ''The Gospel According to Luke, X-XXIV, The Anchor Bible'', Vol. 28A. New York, 1985. *{{Rejea kitabu| author=Grena, G.M. | year=2004 | title=LMLK—A Mystery Belonging to the King vol. 1 | location=Redondo Beach, California | publisher=4000 Years of Writing History | isbn=0-9748786-0-X}} *[[Speiser, E. A.]] ''Genesis, The Anchor Bible'', Vol.1. Garden City, New York, 1964. *Kelly, Russell Earl, "Should the Church Teach Tithing? A Theologian's Conclusions about a Taboo Doctrine," IUniverse, 2001. *Matthew E. Narramore, "Tithing: Low-Realm, Obsolete & Defunct" – April 2004 – ISBN|0-9745587-02 *Croteau, David A. "You Mean I Don't Have to Tithe?: A Deconstruction of Tithing and a Reconstruction of Post-Tithe Giving" (McMaster Theological Studies) ==Marejeo mengine== * {{cite book |last=Dallmann |first=Robert W. |year=2020 |title=To Tithe or Not To Tithe? That is the Question |url=http://www.christ-like.net/tithe.html |location=Niagara Falls, NY |publisher=ChristLife |isbn=9780991489138}} *{{cite book|last=Gower|first=Granville William Gresham Leveson-|title=Tithes : a paper read at the Diocesan Conference at Rochester|year=1883|publisher=Rochester Diocese|location=Rochester|title-link=s:Tithes : a paper read at the Diocesan Conference at Rochester, 31 May 1883}} == Viungo vya nje == {{commons}} *[https://www.global-minbar.com/sw/zaka-na-kazi-yake-katika-mshikamano-wa-kijamii Zaka na kazi yake] *[https://www.al-feqh.com/sw Chanzo cha fiqhi ya ibada yenye picha zilizochorwa] *[http://www.trivester.com/content/comments/articles/tithe_christians.html Arguments for and against Thithing] {{Wayback|url=http://www.trivester.com/content/comments/articles/tithe_christians.html |date=20111008215938 }} '' *[http://www.tithing-russkelly.com/ Theologian Russell Kelly on tithing] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tithing-russkelly.com/ |date=20201125015741 }} *[http://www.angelfire.com/nt/baptist/HerbEvans/HE_StorehouseTithing.htm Storehouse Tithing by Herb Evans] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100820101335/http://prayershack.freeservers.com/tithing/rek_tithingFAQ.html Q & A On Tithing By Russ Kelly] *[http://slaveoftheword.blogspot.com/ Articles By New Testament Scholar Dr. David Croteau] *[http://www.westendlhs.hampshire.org.uk/tithehistory.html/ A brief history of tithes in England] {{Wayback|url=http://www.westendlhs.hampshire.org.uk/tithehistory.html/ |date=20100513025525 }} *[http://www.slideshare.net/dennyhalim/do-christians-tithe Do Christian Tithe?] {{mbegu-dini}} [[Jamii:Dini]] [[Jamii:Biblia]] [[Jamii:Uyahudi]] [[Jamii:Ukristo]] [[Jamii:Uislamu]] [[Jamii:Kalasinga]] i144j8fitvjtc86n2urjr6zt58f5lbh 0 30725 1530342 1528668 2026-05-03T08:48:55Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1530342 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Sainta15.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Picha takatifu]] ya [[Atanasi wa Aleksandria]], [[Askofu mkuu]] ([[Patriarki]]) wa [[Aleksandria]] na mtetezi mkuu wa [[umungu]] wa [[Yesu Kristo]].]] [[Picha:StAthanasiusShrineinStMarkCathedralCairo.jpg|thumb|right|[[Patakatifu]] pa Atanasi panapotunza [[masalia]] yake chini ya [[kanisa kuu]] la [[Mtakatifu Marko]] huko [[Kairo]] (Misri).]] '''Atanasi wa Aleksandria''' anayeitwa '''Mkuu''' (pia '''Athanasio''' ([[Kigir.]] Ἀϑανάσιος ''Athanasios''; [[Aleksandria]], [[Misri]], [[295]] hivi - [[Aleksandria]], [[2 Mei]] [[373]]) alikuwa [[kiongozi]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] nchini Misri, [[mwanatheolojia]] mashuhuri aliyetetea mafundisho ya [[Utatu]] dhidi ya [[Uario]] na anayeheshimiwa kama [[Babu wa Kanisa]]. [[Wakopti]] wanamhesabu kama [[Papa#Cheo_cha_"Papa"_penginepo|Papa]] wa 20 wa [[Aleksandria]]. Chini ya [[Kaizari|makaisari]] mbalimbali, kuanzia [[Konstantino Mkuu]] hadi [[Valens]], [[maisha]] yote ya Atanasi yalihusika na [[juhudi]] kubwa za [[Kanisa]] kwa ajili ya kufafanua na kutetea [[imani sahihi]] juu ya [[Yesu]] na juu ya [[Utatu]] hata akaitwa mapema “nguzo ya Kanisa” ([[Gregori wa Nazianzo]]) dhidi ya [[uzushi]] wa [[Ario]]. Kwa ajili hiyo alistahimili kwa [[ushujaa]] kupigwa vita na wafuasi wa huyo na [[Kiongozi|viongozi]] wa [[serikali]] waliompeleka uhamishoni mara tano <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/23100</ref>. Kwa mafundisho yake na kwa [[upendo]] wake motomoto kwa [[Kristo]], tangu zamani anaheshimiwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki|Wakatoliki]], [[Waorthodoksi]] na [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] kama [[mtakatifu]] na mmojawapo kati ya ma[[babu wa Kanisa]] walio muhimu zaidi. Anakumbukwa pia katika kalenda ya [[Waanglikana]] na [[Walutheri]]. Mwaka [[1568]] [[Papa Pius V]] alimuongezea sifa ya [[mwalimu wa Kanisa]]. Wote wanaadhimisha [[sikukuu]] yake kila mwaka tarehe [[2 Mei]]<ref>''[[Martyrologium Romanum]]: ex Decreto Sacrosancti oecumenici Concilii Vaticani II instauratum auctoritate Ioannis Pauli P.P. II promulgatum'', Romae 2001, ISBN 8820972107</ref>. == Maisha == Atanasi alizaliwa Aleksandria, Misri, mwishoni mwa [[karne III]], wakati [[dhuluma]] za [[Dola la Roma]] dhidi ya [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] zilipozuwa zikielekea kilele na kikomo chake. Alikulia katika [[jiji]] hilo, ambalo wakati huo lilikuwa likiongoza kimataifa upande wa [[biashara]], [[ustaarabu]] na [[elimu]]. Alipata elimu na malezi mazuri na tangu ujana wake alihusiana na wamonaki wa jangwa la Tebais, halafu miaka 356-362 aliishi [[monasteri|monasterini]]. Upande wa dini, baada ya dhuluma za serikali ya Dola la Roma kwisha, Wakristo wa Misri walikuwa na [[chuo]] muhimu cha [[katekesi]], lakini kulikuwa pia na maelekeo ya hatari, hasa wafuasi wengi wa [[Gnosi]], mbali na wale wa [[dini za jadi]] zilizoabudu [[miungu]] mingi. Mwaka [[319]] [[askofu]] [[Aleksanda wa Aleksandria]] alimpa [[daraja takatifu]] ya [[ushemasi]] na kumfanya katibu wake. Akiwa bado shemasi, mwaka [[325]] alimsindikiza na kumsaidia kwenye [[Mtaguso I wa Nisea]] mwaka [[325]] ulioitishwa na [[Kaisari]] [[Konstantino Mkuu]] hasa kwa lengo la kujadili mafundisho ya [[padri]] wa Aleksandria, jina lake [[Ario]], kuhusu [[dhati]] ya [[Yesu Kristo]]. Huyo alisema [[Neno wa Mungu]] si Mwanae halisi, bali [[kiumbe]] tu, ingawa cha Kimungu kwa namna fulani. Hivyo alikataa uwezekano wa [[binadamu]] kushiriki [[umungu]] kwa njia ya [[Kristo]]. Dhidi ya Ario, aliyefuatwa mapema na watawala na maaskofu wengi, huo [[Mtaguso mkuu]] wa kwanza ulitunga [[kanuni ya imani]] ambamo ulitumia neno la [[Kigiriki]] ὁμοούσιος (''homoousios'', yaani "wa dhati ileile" ya [[Baba]]), ili kukiri kwa namna wazi usawa kamili wa [[Mungu Baba]] na [[Mwana]] aliyezaliwa naye bila kuumbwa. Atanasi akishikilia moja kwa moja msimamo huo, pengine kwa [[ukali]], dhidi ya waliopinga uteuzi wake na dhidi ya waliokataa ungamo hilo alijivutia [[chuki]] ya Waario wa aina zote na [[dhuluma]] ya [[serikali]] iliyodai maelewano ili umoja wa dola usivunjike. Mara baada ya kushika nafasi ya [[marehemu]] askofu Aleksanda, Atanasi alionyesha hatakubali maelewano tofauti na imani iliyoungamwa na umati wa maaskofu huko Nisea. Ushindani wake na serikali ulifikia kilele alipokataa agizo la Konstantino la kumrudisha Ario kwenye ushirika. Atanasi alipaswa kustahimili dhuluma za serikali, hata akafukuzwa katika [[dayosisi|jimbo]] lake walau mara tano na kupelekwa uhamishoni tangu miaka michache baada ya kuchaguliwa [[Patriarki]] wa Aleksandria na wa Misri yote mwaka [[328]] (alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 30 tu) hadi mwaka [[366]], ambapo Kaisari alilazimishwa na [[umati]] amrudishe Aleksandria. Katika miaka 30, aliishi miaka 17 uhamishoni akiteseka kwa ajili ya imani. Kumbe, akiwa mbali na Aleksandria, alitetea na kueneza hata [[Trier]] (leo nchini [[Ujerumani]]) na [[Roma]] ([[Italia]]) imani ya Nisea pamoja na umonaki. Ushindani wake na serikali ulifikia kilele alipokataa agizo la Konstantino la kumrudisha Ario kwenye [[ushirika]]. Baada ya kurudishwa Aleksandria, aliendelea kuleta [[upatanisho]] ndani ya Kanisa na kulipanga upya. Katika mapambano yake aliungwa mkono na [[Sinodi ya Roma]] ya mwaka [[341]] na ile ya [[Sardica]] ya mwaka [[343]]. Hatimaye aliona ushindi wa moja kwa moja wa imani ya kweli. ==Maandishi== Pamoja na kupatwa na [[vurugu]] nyingi maishani, Atanasi aliandika sana: [[hotuba]] na [[barua]], lakini pia vitabu juu ya [[imani]], [[historia]], [[ufafanuzi]] wa [[Biblia]], pamoja na [[maisha ya Kiroho]]. Kitabu chake maarufu kimojawapo kinahusu [[umwilisho]] wa Neno; humo aliandika kuwa [[Neno wa Mungu]] “alifanyika mtu ili sisi tuweze kufanywa [[Mungu]]” <ref>Sehemu ndogo imetafsiriwa kwa [[Kiswahili]] katika Masomo ya Breviari - Sikukuu za Bwana, za Bikira Maria na za Watakatifu - Ndanda Mission Press 1978, uk 141-143.</ref>. Lakini kitabu ambacho kilienea na kuathiri zaidi maisha ya Kanisa labda ni "[[Maisha ya Antoni]]" ambacho kilieneza [[umonaki]] haraka mashariki na vilevile magharibi <ref>Sehemu ndogo imetafsiriwa kwa [[Kiswahili]] katika Masomo ya Breviari - Sikukuu za Bwana, za Bikira Maria na za Watakatifu - Ndanda Mission Press 1978, uk 20-21.</ref>. Unagamo la Imani linaloitwa "[[Imani ya Athanasio]]" au "Quicumque vult" haikutungwa naye. ==Teolojia yake== Atanasi hakuwa mtu wa nadharia tu, bali hasa [[mchungaji]] aliyeona mapema [[hatari]] iliyofichika katika [[uzushi]] wa Ario, yaani kurudia [[Upagani]] wa Kigiriki. Hamu yake ilikuwa kulinda kikamilifu “[[mapokeo]], mafundisho na imani ya [[Kanisa Katoliki]] ambayo [[Bwana]] aliitoa, [[Mitume wa Yesu|Mitume]] waliihubiri na mababu waliitunza”. Hivyo alitetea uwepo wa [[Utatu]] “kikwelikweli” na kusisitiza kwamba Neno hakuumbwa bali alizaliwa na kuwa na umungu uleule wa Baba. Mwana ana utimilifu wa umungu na ni Mungu kamili. Baba na Mwana wana hali ileile ya [[milele]]. Hiyo ni muhimu kuhusu [[ukombozi]], kwa sababu tusingeweza kuokolewa bila Mungu kujifanya mtu. Ndiyo sababu [[Bikira Maria]] anaweza kuitwa [[Mama wa Mungu]]. [[Roho Mtakatifu]] hawezi kuwa kiumbe ndani ya Utatu, bali ni Mungu yule yule. == Orodha ya maandishi yake == * Dhidi ya Wapagani * Neno aliyefanyika mwili * Kumshusha Ario * Luka 10:22 * Waraka * Utetezi dhidi ya Waario * ''De Decretis'' * ''De Sententia Dionysii'' * ''Vita S. Antonii'' * ''Ad Episcopus Aegypti et Libyae'' * ''Apologia ad Constantium'' * ''Apologia de Fuga sua'' * ''Historia Arianorum'' * Hotuba 4 dhidi ya Waario * ''De Synodis'' * ''Tomus ad Antiochenos'' * ''Ad Afros Epistola Synodica'' * ''Historia Acephala'' * Barua ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] *[[Mababu wa Kanisa]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 153-154 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 130-131 * Maurice Soseleje, Kalendari yetu – Maisha ya Watakatifu – Toleo la pili – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1986 – ISBN 9976-63-112-X, uk. 39-40 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== * Arnold, Duane W.-H., 1991 ''The Early Episcopal Career of Athanasius of Alexandria'' * Alexander of Alexandria "Catholic Epistle", The Ecole Initiative, http://ecole.evansville.edu/arians/alex1.htm {{Wayback|url=http://ecole.evansville.edu/arians/alex1.htm |date=20071216133107 }} * Arius, “Arius’ letter to Eusebius of Nicomedia” from Theodoret’s, Ecclesiastical History, ser. 2, vol. 3, 41, The Ecole Initiative, http://ecole.evansville.edu/arians/arius1.htm {{Wayback|url=http://ecole.evansville.edu/arians/arius1.htm |date=20071216133117 }} * Arius, Heresy and Tradition; Rowan Williams, 1987, SCM Press, ISBN 0-334-02850-7. * Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. ''The Penguin Dictionary of Saints''. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. ISBN 0-14-051312-4. * [[Barnes, Timothy D.]], ''Athanasius and Constantius: Theology and Politics in the Constantinian Empire'' ([[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge, Mass]]: [[Harvard University Press]], 1993). * Barnes, Timothy D., Constantine and Eusebius (Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press, 1981) * Brakke, David, 1995. ''Athanasius and the Politics of Asceticism'' * Clifford, Cornelius, 1930, Catholic Encyclipedia, Volume 2, "Athanasius", Pgs: 35-40 * Chadwick, Henry, “Faith and Order at the Council of Nicaea”, Harvard Theological Review LIII (Cambridge Mass: 1960), 171-195. * Endsjø, Dag Øistein 2008. ''Primordial landscapes, incorruptible bodies. Desert asceticism and the Christian appropriation of Greek ideas on geography, bodies, and immortality.'' New York: Peter Lang 2008 * Ernest, James D., ''The Bible in Athanasius of Alexandria'' (Leiden: Brill, 2004). * Haas, Christopher “The Arians of Alexandria”, Vigiliae Christianae Vol. 47, no. 3 (1993), 234-245. * Hanson, R.P.C., ''The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God: The Arian Controversy, 318-381'' (T.&T. Clark 1988) * Kannengiesser, Charles, “Alexander and Arius of Alexandria: The last Ante-Nicene theologians”, Miscelanea En Homenaje Al P. Antonio Orbe Compostellanum Vol. XXXV, no. 1-2. (Santiago de Compostela, 1990), 391-403. * Kannengiesser, Charles “Athanasius of Alexandria vs. Arius: The Alexandrian Crisis”, in The Roots of Egyptian Christianity (Studies in Antiquity and Christianity), ed. Birger A. Pearson and James E. Goehring (1986), 204-215. * Ng, Nathan K. K., 2001 ''The Spirituality of Athanasius'' * Rubenstein, Richard E., When Jesus Became God: The Epic Fight over Christ’s Divinity in the Last Days of Rome (New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1999). * Williams, Rowan: "Arius, Heresy and Tradition": (London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 1987). == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20_30_0295-0373-_Athanasius,_Sanctus.html Maandishi yake yote katika [[Patrologia Graeca]] ya Migne, pamoja na [[faharasa]] na [[tafsiri]] mbalimbali (EN, GR, LA, ES, RU)] * [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/27707 Saint Athanasius] by [[F. A. Forbes]] * [http://www.copticchurch.net/synaxarium/9_7.html#1 The Coptic Synexarion commemorating the departure of St. Athanasius the Apostolic] ([[Pashons 7 (Coptic Orthodox liturgics)|7 Bashans, 89 A.M.]]) * [http://www.athanasius.theologie.uni-erlangen.de/bibliographie Athanasius Bibliography from University of Erlangen (German)] * [http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF2-04/TOC.htm Archibald Robinson, Athanasius: Select Letters and Works (Edinburgh 1885)] * [https://archive.today/20121220203047/www.elca.org/communication/creeds/athanasian.html The so-called Athanasian Creed] (not written by Athanasius, see [[Athanasian Creed]] above) * [http://www.ellopos.net/blog/?p=52 Athanasius Select Resources, Bilingual Anthology] (in Greek original and English) * [http://www.wicketgate.co.uk/p10.html Two audio lectures about Athanasius on the Deity of Christ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wicketgate.co.uk/p10.html |date=20140502135339 }}, Dr N Needham * [http://tera-3.ul.cs.cmu.edu/cgi-bin/getImage.pl?target=/data/www/NASD/4a7f1db4-5792-415c-be79-266f41eef20a/009/499/OTIFF/00000060.tif&rs=1 ''Concorida Cyclopedia'': Athanasius] {{Wayback|url=http://tera-3.ul.cs.cmu.edu/cgi-bin/getImage.pl?target=%2Fdata%2Fwww%2FNASD%2F4a7f1db4-5792-415c-be79-266f41eef20a%2F009%2F499%2FOTIFF%2F00000060.tif&rs=1 |date=20110716144934 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041120093401/http://www.lcms.org/ca/www/cyclopedia/02/display.asp?t1=A&word=ATHANASIUS ''Christian Cyclopedia'': Athanasius] * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20_30_0295-0373-_Athanasius,_Sanctus.html Opera Omnia by [[Migne]], [[Patrologia Graeca]] with analytical indexes] * [http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=100219 St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria] Orthodox [[icon]] and [[synaxarion]] * [http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/athanasius-werke-contents English Key to Athanasius Werke] * [http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/athanasius-chart The Writings of Athanasius in Chronological Order] {{Walimu wa Kanisa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 295]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 373]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Mababu wa Kanisa]] [[Jamii:Walimu wa Kanisa]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Misri]] q499opmfcr3tzfxco815r2sjjxt038m 0 32660 1530065 1454451 2026-05-02T18:49:51Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530065 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Albino Alligator 2008.jpg|320px|thumb|Mamba Albino, Alligator mississippiensis katika California Academy of Sciences.]] [[Picha:Kurithiwa kwa ualbino.jpg|thumb|400px|Baba na Mama wana jozi ya jeni ya kutawala melanini, 1 nzima na 1 bovu, kati ya watoto wanne uwezekano mkubwa ni kwamba *1 azaliwe bila kuendeleza jeni bovu, *2 waendelee kubeba jeni bovu lakini hawaonyeshi, *1 arithi jeni mbili bovu na kuonekana ni albino]] [[File:Snowdrop.penguin.600pix.jpg|thumb|[[Pengwini]] Albino]] [[Picha:Albinisitic man portrait.jpg|thumb|Mvulana Mwafrika albino]] [[Picha:Mali Salif Keita2 400.jpg|thumbnail|left|Mwanamuziki [[Salif Keita]] kutoka nchini Mali]] '''Zeruzeru''' (kutoka [[Kizaramo]] na [[Kizigua]] ''zeu,'' yaani "nyeupe"<ref>linganisha [[Kamusi_za_Kiswahili#Kamusi_za_kwanza|kamusi ya Sacleux]], "Zeu-zeu"</ref>) au '''albino''' (kutoka [[Kilatini]] ''albus'', yaani "mweupe") ni [[kiumbehai]] anayekosa [[pigmenti]] ya [[melanini]] katika [[ngozi]], [[nywele]] na [[macho]] au anayo kwa kiwango kidogo sana tu. Uzeruzeru au ualbino hutokea kwa [[Binadamu|watu]] na pia kwa [[wanyama]]. ==Jina== Waathiriwa wenyewe nchini Tanzania waliamua wanapendelea kuitwa "watu wenye ualbino" kutokana na matumizi mabaya ya neno zeruzeru katika utamaduni wa Afrika ya Mashariki ambako watu mara nyingi waliona uhusiano kati ya waathiriwa na mapepo. ==Asili== Albino huzaliwa na hali ya kukosa uwezo wa kujenga [[pigmenti]] ya [[melanini]] ambayo ni muhimu kama [[kinga]] dhidi ya [[mnururisho]] wa [[jua]]. Watu wenye ualbino huwa na nywele nyeupe au njano, na ngozi nyeupenyeupe. Macho yao ni [[buluu]] au hata [[pinki]]. Uwezo wa kujenga melanini mwilini hutawaliwa na jeni fulani. Kama jeni zote ianpatikana kwa jozi katika [[kromosomu]] za seli. Hali inatokea ya kwamba jeni moja katika jozi hii ni bovu. Tabia hii ni dhaifu, yaani jeni 1 nzima inatosha kuendelea na kutengeneza melanini. Lakini jeni zote mbili zinaingia katika urithi wa watoto wakati wa kuzaa. Mtu huzaliwa na ualbino, ni hali ya kurithiwa kama wazazi wote wawili wana [[jeni]] inayoruhusu ualbino. Hii inawezekana hata kama wazazi wote wawili hawaonyeshi [[dalili]] za ualbino wenyewe. [[Tabia]] hii inaendelea [[katika]] familia na inaweza kuonekana mara kwa mara au baada ya [[kizazi]] tu. Inategemea na kupatikana kwa jeni husika katika wazazi wote wawili. Maana yake urithi wa ualbino unaweza kuendelea katika familia kwa vizazi kadhaa bila mtoto kutokea vile. Lakini pale ambako mume na mke wenye rangi ya kawaida walio na jeni hii wanazaa pamoja watoto wanaweza kutokea albino. Kijenitiki ualbino ni tabia dhaifu na kufuatana na sheria ya [[Gregor Mendel]] inatokea kwa wastani kwa mtoto mmoja kati ya watoto wanne.<ref>[http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/odds-child-albinism understanding genetics: Albinism can be hidden] {{Wayback|url=http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/odds-child-albinism |date=20160623033729 }}, ilitazamiwa Juni 2016</ref> ==Athari== Ualbino mara nyingi huitwa [[ugonjwa]] ingawa hii inategema jinsi ya kufafanua "ugonjwa". Albino huzaliwa na hali ya pekee inayoweza kupunguza uwezo wake wa kuona vizuri lakini hii si lazima. Yuko hatarini ya kuchomwa kwenye ngozi na kupata magonjwa kutokana na athari ya nuru ya jua. Hali yake haiongezeki maishani mwake isipokuwa kama hali yake inasababisha uonjwa kutokea. Ualbino huo unaweza kuathiri watu wa kila rangi lakini kwa sababu zisizoeleweka bado unapatikana [[Afrika Mashariki]] zaidi kuliko sehemu nyingine za dunia. Kwa mfano, nchini [[Tanzania]] kuna albino 1 kwa wakazi 1,400, kumbe [[wastani]] wa kimataifa ni 1 kwa 20,000. Watu wanaoathiriwa sana na ualbino mara nyingi huwa na ma[[tatizo]] ya macho, pia wako katika [[hatari]] ya kubabuka kwa jua na kupata [[kansa ya ngozi]].<ref>http://www.albinism.org/publications/what_is_albinism.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.albinism.org/publications/what_is_albinism.html |date=20120514003907 }} What is albinism?</ref> Tukiacha matatizo ya macho na hatari ya kansa ya ngozi, albino ni mtu wa kawaida hana [[afya]] mbaya lakini anapaswa kujihadhari asikae kwenye jua [[muda]] mrefu bila kinga. ==Ushirikina== Pengine katika [[jamii]] kuna watu wenye maono mabaya dhidi ya wazeruzeru. Kuna pia [[imani potovu]], hasa katika sehemu za [[Afrika]] (ambako albino anaonekana sana kuliko sehemu nyingine za [[dunia]] ambako watu wengi huwa na ngozi nyeupe kiasi) ya kwamba miili ya albino huwa na [[nguvu]] ya [[uchawi]]. Imani hiyo ilisababisha [[mauaji ya maalbino]] kwa kusudi la kutumia sehemu za miili yao kwa uchawi. Nchini [[Tanzania]] katika miaka [[2000]]-[[2015]] walau watu 75 waliuawa hivyo.<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/06/tanzania-witch-doctors-arrested-albino-killings Tanzania police arrest 32 witch-doctors over ritual albino killings (Guardian-UK Friday 6 March 2015)]</ref> == Wanamuziki mashuhuri wenye ualbino == *[[Edgar Winter]] *[[Johnny Winter]] *[[Salif Keita]] == Katika fasihi ya Kiswahili == Ualbino una athari kwenye jamii inayoathiri pia maisha na haki za waalbino. Ya hiyo miangwi ya ualbino ipo kwenye matini mengi ya fasihi ya Kiswahili yanayounda usawiri wake. Kuna mifano katika fasihi ambapo wahusika wenye ualbino wanathaminiwa na kukubalika, hali inayochangia kupunguza unyanyapaa na kuendeleza ukubalifu wa kijamii<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.fr/books/about?id=zhgBEQAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y|title=Usawiri wa Ualbino katika Fasihi ya Kiswahili|last=Mahenge|first=Elizabeth Godwin|date=2024-04-10|publisher=Dl2a - Buluu Publishing|isbn=978-1-4457-8742-8|language=sw}}</ref>. ==Tanbihi== <references /> ==Viungo vya Nje== {{wiktionary|albino}} {{commonscat|Albinism}} *[http://s243760778.onlinehome.us/TAS/learn/ Tanzania Albino Society] {{Wayback|url=http://s243760778.onlinehome.us/TAS/learn/ |date=20160304230153 }} *[http://albinocharity.org/learn.php Albino Charity Organization] {{Wayback|url=http://albinocharity.org/learn.php |date=20150302062125 }} *[http://www.albinism.org/ National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation] (U.S.-based) *[http://www.lunaeterna.net/popcult/index.htm Albinism in Popular Culture] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lunaeterna.net/popcult/index.htm |date=20050825171143 }} {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Maradhi ya ngozi]] [[Jamii:Ualbino]] 7n8cyaa4relbmdpasc4jogfonjp2cky 0 33205 1530312 1337575 2026-05-03T06:00:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{championship |image=<!--Do not replace this image with a fair use one. This image is free and free images are favored on Wikipedia. See "Wikipedia:Non-free content" for more information -->WWE Championship.jpg |caption=The most recent version of the WWE Championship belt <br /> (11 Aprili 2005 – present) |championshipname=WWE Championship |currentholder= [[John Cena]] |won= 25 Oktoba 2009 |promotion=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]] |brand=[[WWE Raw|Raw]] |created=29 Aprili 1963 |mostreigns=[[Triple H]] ([[List of WWE Champions|8 reigns]]) |firstchamp=[[Buddy Rogers (wrestler)|Buddy Rogers]] |longestreign=[[Bruno Sammartino]] {{nobr|([[List of WWE Champions|2803 days]])}} |shortestreign=[[André the Giant]] {{nobr|([[List of WWE Champions|c. 45 seconds]])}} |oldest=[[Vince McMahon]] {{nobr|(54 years, 21 days)}} |youngest=[[Brock Lesnar]] {{nobr|(25 years, 44 days)}} |heaviest=[[Rodney Anoa'i|Yokozuna]] {{nobr|({{convert|568|lb|kg|abbr=on}})}} |lightest=[[Eddie Guerrero]] {{nobr|({{convert|220|lb|kg|abbr=on}})}} |pastnames={{small| * WWWF World Heavyweight Championship * WWWF Heavyweight Championship * WWF Heavyweight Championship * WWF World Heavyweight Championship * WWF Championship * WWF/E Undisputed Championship}} |pastlookimages=[[Picha:WWF attitude Championship.jpg|70px]]<br />[[Picha:Wwfwinged.jpg|70px]] }} [[Picha:WWE Raw img 2370 (5187748143).jpg|thumb|Mchezo wa Mieleka]] Ubingwa wa '''World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE)''' ni ubingwa wa uzito wa juu wa mchezo wa mieleka duniani unaotambuliwa na [[World Wrestling Entertainment]] (WWE). Ni kielelezo cha ubingwa wa dunia katika [[Raw]] na pia ni miongoni mwa vielelezo vitatu vya ubingwa katika WWE, vingine vikiwa [[World]] [[Heavyweight Championship]] na [[ECW Championship.]] Ilianzishwa na iliyokuwa WWWF mwaka 1963. Baada ya Raw, [[SmackDown]], na [[ECW]] kuwa brandi chini ya WWE, ubingwa umekuwa ukihama kutoka brand moja hadi nyingine katika nyakati tofauti, hasa kama matokeo ya [[Rasimu ya WWE.]] Ushirikiaji wa ubingwa wa WWE unapatikana kupitia [[mechi maalum za mieleka]] ambazo washindani wake huingizwa katika mikwaruzano [[iliyoandikwa kimaigizo]]. Haya makwaruzano huunda [[msuguano]] kati ya washindani mbalimbali, ambayo huwafanya waonekane kama [[watu wabaya]] na [[mashujaa]]. == Historia == === Asili === Ubingwa wa WWE ulianzishwa mwaka 1963 huku [[Rogers Buddy]] akiwa bingwa wa uzinduzi 29 Aprili. Hata hivyo, asili yake inahusishwa na matukio ambayo yaliyoanzia [[Wrestling National Alliance]] (NWA), [[daraja dotterbolag]] mbalimbali. Katika miaka ya 1950, [[Capitol Wrestling Corporation]] (CWC) ilikuwa kampuni ndogo inayomilikiwa na NWA na mpaka mwaka 1963, viongozi wa CWC walikuwa wanamiliki sehemu kubwa ya NWA na wakati huohuo katika [[bodi ya wakurugenzi]] ya NWA. Wakati huo, Buddy Rogers alikuwa anashikilia [[ubingwa wa dunia wa uzito wa juu wa NWA]], taji la dunia la NWA pamoja na kampuni zake ndogondogo, mpaka 24 Januari, wakati amalishindwa [[Lou Thesz]] Rogers kwa championship. Hatimaye CWC ilijitoa kutoka NWA na ikawa [[World Wide Wrestling Federation]] (WWWF). Hivyo '''ubingwa wa dunia wa uzito wa juu wa WWWF''' ulianzishwa ukiwa kama kama akiwa [[mwibuko]] kutoka taji la NWA. Utambulisho wa taji alipatiwa Buddy Rogers tarehe 29 Aprili kufuatia michuano [[iliyokuwa na utata]] iliyofanyika katika [[Rio de Janeiro]], na kumshinda [[Antonino Rocca]] katika fainali. Ikishirikiana na NWA tena, WWWF ilibadilishwa jina na kuwa [[World Wrestling Federation]] (WWF) mwaka 1979, na baada ya kumaliza kabisa uhusiano wake na NWA mnamo mwaka 1983, ubingwa ukawa unajulikana kama '''WWF World Heavyweight Championship''' na baadaye tu kama '''WWF Bingwa''' mnamo miaka ya 1990. === Umashuhuri === Mnamo mwaka 1991, kampuni nyingine iliyochini ya NWA, [[World Championship Wrestling (WCW)]], iliunda ubingwa wa [[WCW World Heavyweight Championship]] kusaidia taji la dunia la NWA. WCW kisha seceded kutoka NWA na ilikua kuwa Rival uendelezaji wa WWF. [[Mashirika]] yote yalikuwa yalikuwa na kuwa mashuhuri sana na hatimaye kushiriki katika vita vya [[viwango bora katika runinga]] vita na kupewa jina [[Vita vya Jumatatu Usiku]]. Kisha WCW ilijitoa kutoka NWA na kukua hadi kufikia kuwa mshindani wa WWF. Karibu na mwisho wa vita vya viwango, WCW ilianza [[kushuka]] [[kifedha]], tatizo ambalo lilimalizika Machi 2001 kwa [[ununuzi wa WCW]] <ref name="Purchase">{{cite web|url=http://corporate.wwe.com/news/2001/2001_03_23.jsp|accessdate=2008-05-24|title=WWE Entertainment, Inc. acquires WCW from Turner Broadcasting|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]] Corporate|date=2001-03-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050408044957/http://corporate.wwe.com/news/2001/2001_03_23.jsp|archivedate=2005-04-08}}</ref>kwenda WWF. Kama matokeo ya ununuzi WWF ilipewa [[maktaba ya video]] ya WCW, iliteua [[mikataba]], na [[mashindano ya kibingwa]] miongoni mwa mali nyingine. Kumalizwa kwa vipaji vya WCW kwa kujiunga [[WWF ROSTER]] kulianzisha [["Uvamizi"]] ambayo ulifutilia mbali [[jina la WCW.]] Kufuatia hili, Ubingwa wa WCW [[uliunganishwa na]] Ubingwa wa WWF katika mwezi Desemba 2001 mjini [[Vengeance]].<ref>[3] ^ [http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wcwchampionship/3044541104 Bingwa wa dunia wa WCW - Chris Yeriko] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wcwchampionship/3044541104 |date=20120216105015 }} katika WWE.com</ref> Katika tukio hilo, [[Chris Yeriko]] aliwapiga [[The Rock]] na [[Stone Cold Steve Austin]] na kushinda ubingwa wa WCW na ubingwa wa WWF kwa mtiririko huo. Hivyo, Chris Yeriko akawa bingwa wa mwisho wa WCW aitwaye Champion na baadae kama bingwa aliyekubalika wakati ubingwa wa WWF ulipokuwa [[Ubingwa uliokubalika]] katika mieleka ya kulipwa bila taji lingine maarufu duniani kupinga kutambulika kwake. <ref name="W-T">{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestling-titles.com/wwf/wwf-h.html|title=WWWF/WWF/WWE World Heavyweight Title|publisher=Wrestling-titles.com|accessdate=2007-03-18|archive-date=2009-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918155550/http://www.wrestling-titles.com/wwf/wwf-h.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/smackdown/archive/08312007/articles/worldtitleturnsfive|title=World Heavyweight Championship turns five years old|last=Clayton|first=Corey|date=2007-09-06|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]| accessdate=2008-12-23}}</ref> Mpaka mwaka 2002, WWF ROSTER ilikuwa imeongozeka maradufu kutokana na kuongezeka kwa mikataba ya wafanyakazi. Kama matokeo ya kuongezeka, WWF waligawanya ROSTER katika vipindi viwili vikuu vya [[runinga]] [[Raw]] na ''[[SmackDown!]]'' , na kuipa mataji ya ubingwa na kuteua [[viongozi wasio na madaraka ya maamuzi yoyote ya maana]] katika kila vipindi hivi. Huu upanuzi ukawa unajulikana kama [[Brand Extension.]] <ref name="BrandExtensionPressRelease">{{cite web|url= http://corporate.wwe.com/news/2002/2002_03_27.jsp|title= WWE Entertainment To Make RAW and SMACKDOWN Distinct Television Brands|accessdate= 2009-12-09|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20141017025205/http://corporate.wwe.com/news/2002/2002_03_27.jsp|archivedate= 2014-10-17}}</ref> Mwezi Mei 2002, WWF ilibadilishwa jina na kuwa [[World Wrestling Entertainment]] (WWE) na ubingwa ukawa unajulikana kama '''WWE Undisputed Championship''' . Kufuatia mabadiliko hayo, ubingwa wa WWE ulibakia bila kujiengua katika brandi hizi kwa maana washindani kutoka brandi anaweza kuja kushinda na bingwa wa WWE. Kufuatia kuteuliwa [[Eric Bischoff]] na [[Stephanie McMahon]] kama [[Meneja Mkuu]] wa SmackDown na Raw kwa mtiririko huo, Stephanie McMahon aliingia mkataba na aliyekuwa bingwa wa WWE, [[Brock Lesnar]], kwenda SmackDown brand, akiiacha Raw bila taji la dunia. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/Bios/lesnar.html|title=Brock Lesnar Biography at SLAM! Sports|work=SLAM! Sports: Wrestling|publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]|accessdate=2008-12-21|quote=After the Julai 22nd edition of Raw, Lesnar defected to Stephanie McMahon's Smackdown brand. A month later, at SummerSlam 2002, Brock Lesnar defeated the Rock to become the WWE Champion, but while the previous title-holders had moved between Raw and Smackdown, Lesnar decided to remain exclusively on Smackdown, forcing Eric Bischoff's Raw brand to create its own World Championship.|archivedate=2011-06-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628201925/http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/Bios/lesnar.html}}</ref> 2 Septemba, baada ya kulalamikiwa juu ya hadhi ya ubingwa wake, Eric Bischoff alitangaza kuundwa kwa [[Ubingwa wa Uzito wa Juu wa Dunia]] kutoka katika taji lake. Mara baada ya hayo, WWE Undisputed Championship ulirudi kuwa '''WWE Championship.''' <ref name="Raw9/2">{{cite web|url= http://www.wrestleview.com/news/1031022615.shtml|title=Full WWE RAW Results - 9/2/02|last=Nemer|first=Paul|date=2002-09-02|publisher=WrestleView.com|accessdate=2008-12-20}}</ref> === Kufahamika kwa brandi === Kufuatia matukio ya [[WWE Brand Extension]],[[WWE Draft]] ya kila mwisho wa mwaka iliundwa, ambapo washiriki waliochaguliliwa wa WWE ROSTER walikuwa wanapangiwa upya brandi tofauti. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/archive/06112007/articles/drafthistory |title=Draft History|last=Dee|first=Louie|date=2007-06-07|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|accessdate=2008-12-21}}</ref> Baada ya miaka mitatu katika brandi ya SmackDown brand,bingwa wa WWE alibadili brandi wakati wa bahati nasibu ya [[WWE Draft ya mwaka 2005]], ambapo bingwa wa WWE [[John Cena]] alihashiwa Raw wakati bingwa wa uzito wa juu wa dunia (World Heavyweight World Champion) [[Batista]] alihamishiwa SmackDown<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/news/archive/draftlottery1|title=2005 WWE Draft Lottery|date= 2005-06-13|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|accessdate=2008-12-21}}</ref>. Mnamo 11 Juni 2006, [[Rob Van Bwawa]] alitumia mkataba wa [[Money in the Bank]] katika [[ECW One Night Stand]] kupambana na bingwa wa WWE, [[John Cena]]. Mwenye mkataba wa Money in the Bank alihakikishiwa pambano la ubingwa wa WWE, World Heavyweight, au [[ECW]] kwa wakati wowote atakao atakaochagua. Rob Van Dam alimshinda John Cena na kutwaa taji la WWE Championship, hivyo kuliamishia katika brandi ya [[ECW]]-[[brandi ya WWE brand]] iliyoanzishwa kutoka katika mali zilizonunuliwa kama kukuzia kwa [[Extreme Championship Wrestling]]. Mnamo 3 Julai, [[Edge]] aliwashinda John Cena na Rob Van Dam katika {0Triple Threat Match (mechi ya watu watatu kuwania ubingwa mmoja){/0} na kutwaa ubingwa wa WWE. Hata hivyo, pamoja na Edge kuwa mwanachama wa brandi ya Raw wakati huo, taji lilirudi Raw kutokana na mazingira hayo. Baada ya [[WWE Draft ya 2008]] ya bingwa wa WWE Triple H alihamishiwa SmackDown, hivyo ubingwa wa WWE kuelekea SmackDown<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/archive/06232008/|title=A Draft disaster|last=Sitterson|first=Aubrey|date=2008-06-23|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]| accessdate=2008-12-20}}</ref> Mwaka uliofuata, taji lilirudi Raw baada ya Triple H kuhamishiwa Raw kufuatia [[WWE Draft ya 2009]]. == Miundo mbalimbali ya mkanda == Mikanda maalum mbalimbali imeundwa ili kuendana na madoido/hila ya baadhi ya mabingwa: * [["Superstar" Billy Graham]] (utepe mwekundu wa ngozi) * The [[Ultimate Warrior]] (utepe wa ngozi wa rangi nyeupe, bluu na zambarau) * [[Sgt. Slaughter]] (utepe wa ngozi wa bluu, baadaye ulibadilishwa kuwa kama mwanzo-utepe mweusi katika [[WrestleMania VII)]] * [["Stone Cold" Steve Austin]] (mkanda wa "Fuvu linalovuta sigara") * [[John Cena]] (mkanda wa pia) * [[Edge]] (mkanda wa pia uliobadilishwa wa [["Rated-R Superstar"]]) [[Picha:Cena With Spinner Belt.jpg|thumb|150px|right|John Cena anashikilia kwa mara ya tano taji la ubingwa wa WWE.]] Mkanda wenye utepe mrefu tofauti na mingine ulitengenezwa kwa ajili ya [[André ya Giant]] kabla ya [[WrestleMania III]], ingawa kamwe hakuwahi kuuva kama bingwa. Mkanda mwingine wa ubingwa ulibuniwa na kutengenezwa kwa ajili ya The Rock ambao ulijumuisha nembo yake ya biashara-picha ya Brahma Bull katikati, lakini ulipotea katika utumwaji na kamwe hakuonekana katka runinga. <ref>[22] ^ "Siri saba za Ubingwa hatimaye zafumbuliwa". (Julai 2009). WWE Magazine, uk. 37.</ref> Vilevile, tangu mwanzo Edge alibuni mkanda mwingine tofauti kabisa na muundo wa mkanda wa "Rated R Spinner" alioutumia katika awamu ya pili; hata hivyo, mipango iliangia mzozo kutokana na muda mfupi. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.ign.com/articles/730/730263p2.html|title=Edge Interview|accessdate=2006-11-18|first=Jon|last=Robinson|pages=2|archivedate=2006-11-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061115180539/http://sports.ign.com/articles/730/730263p2.html}}</ref> Muundo wa mkanda wa "Spinner (pia)" umekuwa muundo wa msingi wa mkanda wa ubingwa wa WWE tangu 11 Aprili 2005, japokuwa sehemu ya katikati haizunguki tena. Mkanda wa ubingwa ulikuwa una kisahani cha pembeni cha "SmackDown" lakini kilitolewa na kuwekwa cha "Raw" wakati John Cena alipohamishiwa Raw. Kwa mara nyingine taji likawa ubingwa wa msingi katika SmackDown baada ya Triple H kuhamishiwa huko mwaka 2008 na sahani ya "Raw" ikatolewa na kuwekwa ya kwa inayosema "WWE Champion"(Bingwa wa WWE). == Mfalme == {{Main|List of WWE Champions}} Ubingwa wa WWE ulikuwa ubigwa wa kwanza wa dunia ulionzishwa ndani ya WWE mwaka 1963. Bingwa wa uzinduzi alikuwa [[Buddy Rogers.]] Kumekuwa na mabingwa tofauti 38, [[Triple H]] akiwa anaongoza kwa kushikilia ubingwa mara nyingi; amekuwa bingwa mara nane. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wwechampionship/|title=WWE Championship Title History|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> Ubingwa wa muda mrefu ulikuwa wa bingwa [[Bruno Sammartino]] ambaye alishikilia taji kwa siku 2803 kutoka 17 Mei 1963 hadi 18 Januari 1971. Ubingwa wa muda mfupi ulikuwa wa bingwa [[André ya Giant]] ambaye alishikilia taji kwa muda wa sekunde 45 tu. Bingwa wa sasa ni [[John Cena]], ambaye anashilikia taji kwa mara ya tano baada ya kumshinda [[Randy Orton]] katika [[60-minute Anything Goes Iron Man match]] kwenye [[Bragging Rights]] tarehe 25 Oktoba 2009 katika [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo|2}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Portal|Professional wrestling|break=yes}} * [http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wwechampionship/ Historia rasmi ya taji la Ubingwa wa WWE] * [http://www.wrestling-titles.com/wwe/wwe-h.html Wrestling-Titles.com: Ubingwa wa WWE] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wrestling-titles.com/wwe/wwe-h.html |date=20151230135032 }} * [http://thewrestlingarchive.net/north-america/wwe/titles/wwe-championship.htm Historia ya Ubingwa wa WWE] {{Wayback|url=http://thewrestlingarchive.net/north-america/wwe/titles/wwe-championship.htm |date=20160804212257 }} {{WWE Championships}} {{WWE Championship}} [[Jamii:Michezo nchini Marekani]] hryp0jnw92w09womgci5nz5elz2ry33 0 33805 1529665 1465430 2026-05-02T11:59:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1529665 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Yaya Touré (cropped).jpg|thumbnail|right|280px|Yaya Touré]] '''Gnégnéri Yaya Touré''' (amezaliwa [[13 Mei]] [[1983]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Cote d'Ivoire]]. Alichezea [[kilabu]] cha [[FC Barcelona]] nchini [[Hispania]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/yaya-toure/ |title=Yaya Touré: Profile |website=worldfootball.net |date=4 November 2019 |publisher=HEIM:SPIEL |access-date=17 August 2020}}</ref> Yaya Touré ni mchezaji wa [[kandanda]] wa zamani kutoka Ivory Coast, anayejulikana kwa kucheza kama [[kiungo wa kati]] na pia [[beki wa kati]] wakati mwingine. Alijulikana kama moja ya wachezaji bora wa [[Afrika]] na alichaguliwa kuwa Mchezaji Bora wa Afrika kwa mwaka [[2011]], [[2012]], [[2013]], na [[2014]]. Wakati wa ujana wake, Touré alitamani kuwa [[mshambuliaji]] na amecheza kama beki wa kati, ikiwemo katika fainali ya [[Ligi ya Mabingwa ya UEFA]] [[2009]] akiwa na [[Barcelona F.C.|Barcelona]]. Hata hivyo, sehemu kubwa ya kazi yake ilihusisha kucheza kama kiungo wa kati wa uwanja katika klabu na taifa, ambapo ameheshimiwa kama mmoja wa wachezaji bora duniani katika nafasi yake. Kama moja ya wachezaji wakubwa wa Kiafrika wa muda wote, Touré alichaguliwa Mchezaji Bora wa Afrika mara nne mfululizo: 2011, 2012, 2013, na 2014. == Kazi ya klabu == === Kazi ya awali === Touré alianza kazi yake ya soka katika klabu ya ASEC Mimosas ya Ivory Coast, ambapo alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza akiwa na umri wa miaka 18. Uchezaji wake ulivutia vilabu vya [[Ulaya]], na hivyo kuanza safari yake ya kimataifa. Alicheza katika klabu kadhaa za Ulaya, ikiwemo Beveren, Metalurh Donetsk, Olympiacos, na Monaco, kabla ya kuhamia Barcelona mwaka [[2007]]. Alicheza mechi zaidi ya 100 katika klabu hiyo na alikuwa sehemu ya timu ya kihistoria ya Barcelona iliyoshinda mataji sita katika mwaka mmoja, mwaka 2009. Mnamo [[2010]], Touré alijiunga na klabu ya [[Manchester City]] ya [[Ligi Kuu Uingereza (EPL)|Ligi Kuu Uingereza EPL]], ambapo alifunga baadhi ya magoli muhimu, ikiwemo goli la ushindi katika fainali ya FA Cup [[2011]]. Aidha, alisaidia City kushinda taji la ligi baada ya miaka 44, jambo lililojumuisha mchango wake mkubwa katika historia ya klabu hiyo.<ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Yaya Toure a medal professional|url=http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/sport/football/manchester_city/s/1281020_yaya_toure_a_medal_professional|newspaper=Manchester Evening News|date=2 July 2010|access-date=8 May 2012|archive-date=5 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705150148/http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/sport/football/manchester_city/s/1281020_yaya_toure_a_medal_professional|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Olympiacos na Monaco === Touré alijiunga na Olympiacos mwaka [[2005]], akielezwa kama "[[Patrick Vieira]] mpya" na kaka yake mkubwa. Olympiacos ilishinda mataji mawili msimu huo, na Touré alikuwa mchezaji muhimu.<ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Toure glad Boloni's gone|url=http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11816/2393311/|website=Sky Sports|date=24 October 2007|access-date=8 May 2012}}</ref> Mnamo [[Agosti]] [[2006]], aliingia na klabu ya [[Monaco]] lakini alikuwa na uhusiano mgumu na kocha László Bölöni, ambaye Touré alidai hakumpa nafasi ya kucheza kama alivyopendelea. Baada ya kuondolewa kwa Bölöni, Touré alibadilisha mchezo na kusaidia Monaco kuondokana na matatizo ya kushuka daraja, kabla ya kujiunga na Barcelona mnamo 2007.<ref>{{cite web|title=OLYMPIAKOS CAREER|url=https://www.officialyayatoure.com/club-career/olympiakos/|website=Official Yaya Toure|access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/4795645.stm|website=BBC Sport|title=Yaya Toure agrees Monaco move|date=15 August 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Monaco part company with coach Boloni|last=Ballerini|first=Etienne|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=387147&cc=5739|website=ESPN Soccernet|date=23 October 2006|access-date=8 May 2012|archive-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715084433/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=387147&cc=5739|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Faili:Yaya Touré.JPG|thumb|Touré akiwa na [[Barcelona F.C.|Barcelona]] mwaka wa [[2009]]]] === Barcelona === Touré alijiunga na [[Barcelona]] kwa kiasi cha €10 milioni mwaka 2007 na alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza rasmi mnamo [[26 Agosti]] 2007 dhidi ya Racing de Santander.-<ref>{{cite web|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=226421&cc=5901|title=Report: Barcelona v Athletic Bilbao – Spanish Primera División|website=ESPN Soccernet|date=2 September 2007|access-date=20 May 2012|archive-date=12 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212185141/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=226421&cc=5901|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alifunga goli lake la kwanza katika [[La Liga]] dhidi ya Athletic Bilbao mnamo [[2 Septemba]] 2007. Katika fainali ya Ligi ya Mabingwa Ulaya 2009, alicheza kama beki wa kati kutokana na majeraha na adhabu za wachezaji wenzake. Mnamo [[Juni]] [[2010]], Barcelona ilithibitisha kuwa Touré ataruhusiwa kuondoka.<ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Yaya Toure, the rock of Monaco|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=108830.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124201044/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=108830.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 November 2007|publisher=FIFA|date=20 December 2006|access-date=8 May 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=226601&cc=5901 Racing Santander 0–0 Barcelona] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213192916/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=226601&cc=5901|date=13 February 2008}} ''ESPN Soccernet'', 26 August 2007. Retrieved 24 January 2008</ref> === Manchester City === Mnamo [[2 Julai]] 2010, Touré alisaini mkataba wa miaka mitano na klabu ya Manchester City kwa kiasi cha takriban £24 milioni. Alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza ya Premier League mnamo [[14 Agosti]] 2010 dhidi ya [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]], ambayo ilimalizika kwa 0–0. Alifunga magoli muhimu, ikiwemo goli la ushindi katika fainali ya FA Cup 2011 dhidi ya [[Stoke City F.C.|Stoke City]], na hivyo kumaliza Manchester City yna miaka 35 bila taji. Msimu wa 2011–12, Touré alisaidia City kushinda Premier League kwa mara ya kwanza baada ya miaka 44. Kati ya mwaka [[2012]] na [[2014]], Touré alishinda mataji mbalimbali, alipata tuzo za binafsi, na akaweka rekodi za idadi ya pasi za kufanikisha magoli. Katika msimu wa 2013–14, alifunga magoli 20 katika Premier League, akisaidia City kushinda taji la pili la ligi ndani ya miaka mitatu. Katika mechi zilizofuata, aliendelea kufunga na kusaidia timu yake katika michuano ya Ligi ya Mabingwa ya UEFA na Ligi ya Kombe la Uingereza. Mnamo [[4 Mei]] [[2018]], ilitangazwa kuwa Touré ataiacha Manchester City mwishoni mwa msimu wa 2017–18. Mechi yake ya mwisho ilimalizika kwa ushindi wa 3–1 dhidi ya Brighton & Hove Albion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf15082006_026|title=Yaya Touré naar Monaco|trans-title=Yaya Touré to Monaco|language=nl|newspaper=De Standaard|location=Groot-Bijgaarden|date=15 August 2006|access-date=13 June 2018}}</ref> === Baada ya Manchester City === Touré alijiunga tena na Olympiacos mnamo [[2 Septemba]] [[2018]], na mkataba wake ulisitishwa mnamo Desemba 2018 kwa makubaliano ya pande zote. Mnamo [[3 Julai]] 2019, aliingia Qingdao Huanghai ya China League One kabla ya kuondoka mnamo [[1 Januari]] [[2020]].<ref>[http://www.wsc.co.uk/content/view/5689/38/ Ivorian gamble failed to pay off for Beveren] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817123417/http://www.wsc.co.uk/content/view/5689/38/|date=17 August 2010}} When Saturday Comes, 10 August 2010</ref> == Kazi ya kimataifa == Touré alicheza katika timu ya taifa ya Ivory Coast kuanzia 2004 hadi 2015. Mnamo 2014 aliteuliwa kuwa nahodha baada ya kustaafu kwa [[Didier Drogba]]. Alipata kikombe chake cha 100 cha kimataifa mnamo [[19 Novemba]] 2014 dhidi ya [[Cameroon]]. Alishiriki katika michuano ya [[FIFA World Cup]] ya 2006, 2010 na 2014, na [[Africa Cup of Nations]] mwaka 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2013 na 2015, akiongoza Ivory Coast kushinda taji la 2015.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/3080567.stm "Barnet 0–0 Arsenal"]. BBC Sport. 19 July 2003.</ref> [[Faili:Yaya Touré 2012-11-21 1.jpg|thumb|Touré akiichezea [[Manchester City]] mwaka [[2012]]]] == Mtindo wa uchezaji == Touré alikuwa winga wa kati wa uwanja na mara nyingine kama beki wa kati. Aliweza kucheza kama mshambuliaji, kiungo wa kushika mpira ''(holding midfielder)'', au kama namba 10. Alijulikana kwa mbinu zake za pasi, mtazamo wa uwanja, uwezo wa kimwili, mbinu ya kudhibiti mpira, kasi, stamina na ufanisi wa kufunga magoli. Alijulikana pia kwa mbinu ya kipekee ya kupiga mpira ''(method called "Yaya")'' kulingana na wachezaji wengine.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://metro.co.uk/2011/12/16/yaya-toure-was-average-and-impatient-at-arsenal-says-arsene-wenger-257477/|title=Yaya Toure was average and impatient at Arsenal, says Arsene Wenger|newspaper=Metro|location=London|date=16 December 2011|access-date=13 June 2018}}</ref> == Kazi ya ufunzaji == Touré alijiingiza katika ufunzaji wa soka, akipata leseni ya UEFA kupitia Welsh FA kwa ushauri wa wakala wake, Richard Harcus. Amechangia katika klabu mbalimbali ikiwemo Leyton Orient, Olimpik Donetsk, Akhmat Grozny, Tottenham Hotspur Academy, na Standard Liège. Mnamo [[3 Novemba]] [[2023]], aliteuliwa kuwa msaidizi wa kocha wa [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[Saudi Arabia]]. == Maisha binafsi == Touré ni kaka mdogo wa [[Kolo Touré]] na kaka yao mdogo Ibrahim Touré alifariki [[19 Juni]] 2014. Touré ni [[Mwislamu|Muislamu]]. Mnamo [[Oktoba]] 2013 alijiunga na kampeni dhidi ya ujangili wa tembo kama balozi wa UN. Mnamo Desemba 2016, alikabiliwa na kesi ya kuendesha akiwa amelewa na kutozwa faini ya £54,000. Mnamo 2018, alipata uraia wa Uingereza. == Tuzo na kutajwa == Touré alichaguliwa Mchezaji Bora wa Afrika mwaka 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, na 2015. Pia alichaguliwa Mwanakandanda Bora wa Mwaka wa BBC Afrika na kupata uteuzi katika ''MTV Africa Music Awards'' na ''The Future Africa Awards''. == Takwimu za Kazi == === Klabu === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Orodha ya mechi na mabao kwa klabu, msimu na mashindano ! rowspan="2" |Klabu ! rowspan="2" |Msimu ! colspan="3" |Ligi ! colspan="2" |Kombe la Taifa ! colspan="2" |Kombe la Ligi ! colspan="2" |Ulaya ! colspan="2" |Mengine ! colspan="2" |Jumla |- !Divisheni !Mechi !Bao !Mechi !Bao !Mechi !Bao !Mechi !Bao !Mechi !Bao !Mechi !Bao |- | rowspan="4" |Beveren |2001–02 |Divisheni ya Kwanza ya [[Ubelgiji]] |28 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |28 |0 |- |2002–03 |Divisheni ya Kwanza ya Ubelgiji |30 |3 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |30 |3 |- |2003–04 |Divisheni ya Kwanza ya Ubelgiji |12 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |12 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jumla !70 !3 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !70 !3 |- | rowspan="3" |Metalurh Donetsk |2003–04 |Vyshcha Liha |11 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |11 |1 |- |2004–05 |Vyshcha Liha |22 |2 |2 |1 | colspan="2" |— |4 |1 | colspan="2" |— |28 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Jumla !33 !3 !2 !1 ! colspan="2" |— !4 !1 ! colspan="2" |— !39 !5 |- |Olympiacos |2005–06 |Alpha Ethniki |20 |3 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |6 |0 | colspan="2" |— |26 |3 |- |Monaco |2006–07 |[[Ligue 1]] |27 |5 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |28 |5 |- | rowspan="4" |[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] |2007–08 |[[La Liga]] |26 |1 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— |9 |1 | colspan="2" |— |38 |2 |- |2008–09 |La Liga |25 |2 |6 |1 | colspan="2" |— |12 |0 | colspan="2" |— |43 |3 |- |2009–10 |La Liga |23 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |8 |0 |5 |0 |37 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jumla !74 !4 !10 !1 ! colspan="2" |— !29 !1 !5 !0 !118 !6 |- | rowspan="9" |[[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] |2010–11 |Premier League |35 |8 |7 |3 |0 |0 |8 |1 | colspan="2" |— |50 |12 |- |2011–12 |Premier League |32 |6 |0 |0 |0 |0 |9 |3 |1 |0 |42 |9 |- |2012–13 |Premier League |32 |7 |4 |1 |0 |0 |5 |1 |1 |1 |42 |10 |- |2013–14 |Premier League |35 |20 |4 |0 |3 |3 |7 |1 | colspan="2" |— |49 |24 |- |2014–15 |Premier League |29 |10 |1 |0 |2 |1 |5 |1 |1 |0 |38 |12 |- |2015–16 |Premier League |32 |6 |0 |0 |5 |1 |10 |1 | colspan="2" |— |47 |8 |- |2016–17 |Premier League |25 |5 |4 |2 |0 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |31 |7 |- |2017–18 |Premier League |10 |0 |0 |0 |4 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— |17 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jumla !230 !62 !20 !6 !14 !5 !49 !8 !3 !1 !316 !82 |- |Olympiacos |2018–19 |Super League Greece |2 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |5 |0 |- |Qingdao Huanghai |2019 |China League One |14 |2 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |14 |2 |- ! colspan="3" |Jumla ya Kazi !470 !82 !33 !8 !15 !5 !90 !10 !8 !1 !616 !106 |} === Kimataifa === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mechi na mabao kwa timu ya taifa na mwaka !Timu ya taifa !Mwaka !Mechi !Bao |- | rowspan="12" |Ivory Coast |2004 |3 |0 |- |2005 |2 |0 |- |2006 |15 |1 |- |2007 |5 |1 |- |2008 |11 |1 |- |2009 |8 |2 |- |2010 |13 |2 |- |2011 |5 |2 |- |2012 |10 |1 |- |2013 |10 |6 |- |2014 |10 |2 |- |2015 |9 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jumla !101 !19 |} : ''Timu ya Ivory Coast inaorodheshwa kwanza; safu ya mabao inaonyesha matokeo baada ya kila bao la Touré'' == Heshima == [[Faili:Yaya_Toure_ACON_trophy_2015.jpg|thumb|379x379px|Touré akinyanyua kikombe cha [[Africa Cup of Nations]] baada ya ushindi dhidi ya [[Ghana]] kwenye fainali ya 2015 huko [[Bata, Equatorial Guinea]].]] '''Olympiacos''' * Alpha Ethniki: 2005–06 * Greek Football Cup: 2005–06 '''Barcelona''' * [[La Liga]]: 2008–09, 2009–10 * [[Copa del Rey]]: 2008–09 * Kombe Kuu la Uhispania: 2009 * Ligi ya Mabingwa ya UEFA: 2008–09 * Kombe Kuu la UEFA: 2009 * Kombe la Dunia la Klabu la FIFA: 2009 '''Manchester City''' * Ligi Kuu ya Uingereza EPL: 2011–12, 2013–14, 2017–18 * Kombe la FA: 2010–11; runner-up 2012–13 * Kombe la Ligi ya Soka: 2013–14, 2015–16 * Ngao ya Jumuiya ya FA: 2012; runner-up 2011, 2014 '''Qingdao Huanghai''' * Ligi ya Kwanza ya China: 2019 '''Ivory Coast''' * [[Africa Cup of Nations]]: 2015; runner-up 2006, 2012 '''Binafsi''' * Mchezaji Bora wa Mwaka wa Ivory Coast: 2009 * Timu Bora ya Mwaka ya CAF: 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Touré, Yaya}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Cote d'Ivoire]] 6exzshdbo322xrzh2jjqp4lgit22zah 0 34294 1530272 1502555 2026-05-03T02:09:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Sudan Kusini | jina_asili = ''Republic of South Sudan'' | bendera = Flag of South Sudan.svg | nembo = Coat of arms of South Sudan.svg | kaulimbiu = ''Justice, Liberty, Prosperity'' ([[Kiingereza]]: "Haki, Uhuru, Ustawi") | wimbo = ''South Sudan Oyee!'' | ramani = South Sudan (orthographic projection).svg | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Juba]] | majiranukta1 = | majiranukta2 = | lugha_rasmi = [[Kiingereza]] | lugha_taifa = | kiongozi1 = [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]] | kiongozi2 = [[Riek Machar]] | cheo_kiongozi1 = [[Rais]] | cheo_kiongozi2 = [[Makamu wa Rais]] wa Kwanza | muundo_uhuru = '''Historia''' | tukio1 = Azimio la Uhuru | tukio2 = [[Kura ya maoni ya uhuru wa Sudan Kusini, 2011|Kura ya Maoni ya Uhuru]] | tukio3 = Uhuru kutoka Sudan | tukio4 = | tukio1_tarehe = 16 Desemba 2005 | tukio2_tarehe = 9 Januari 2011 | tukio3_tarehe = 9 Julai 2011 | tukio4_tarehe = | eneo_jumla = 619,745 | cheo_eneo = 41 | maji = 5.19% | ardhi = | watu_kadirio = 11,088,796 | mwaka_kadirio = 2023 | msongamano = 18 | plt_ppp = {{increase}} $15.26 bilioni | plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $960 | cheo_plt_kwa_mtu = | plt = {{increase}} $5.31 bilioni | mwaka_pato = 2025 | plt_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $334 | cheo_plt = | cheo_plt_kwa_mtu = | mwaka_hdi = 2022 | hdi = {{decrease}} 0.381 {{chini}} | gini = | mwaka_gini = | fedha = [[Pauni ya Sudan Kusini]] (SSP) | majira_saa = +2 (CAT) | udereva = Kulia | msimbo_simu = 211 | tld = .ss }} '''Sudan Kusini''' ([[jina rasmi]]: '''Jamhuri ya Sudan Kusini''') ni nchi katika [[Afrika]] ya Kati-Mashariki, iliyopakana na [[Sudan]] kaskazini, [[Ethiopia]] mashariki, [[Kenya]] kusini-mashariki, [[Uganda]] Kusini, [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] kusini-magharibi, na [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] magharibi. Ina idadi ya watu takriban milioni 12.7, ikiwa ya 80 duniani. [[Jiji]] lake kubwa zaidi na [[mji mkuu]] ni [[Juba, Sudan|Juba]]. Sudan Kusini ina muundo wa [[shirikisho]] la [[Jimbo|majimbo]] 10. Inajulikana kama taifa changa zaidi duniani, baada ya kujipatia uhuru kutoka Sudan mwaka 2011. [[Historia ya Sudan Kusini]] imejikita katika vipindi virefu vya migogoro na jitihada za kujipatia uhuru. Kwa miongo mingi, eneo hili lilishiriki katika vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe na Sudan, vilivyochochewa na migogoro ya [[kabila|kikabila]], [[dini|kidini]], na [[siasa|kisiasa]]. Migogoro hii ilisababisha wakimbizi wengi, vifo vya binadamu, na kusitasita kwa [[uchumi]], jambo lililofanya maendeleo kuwa changamoto kubwa hata baada ya uhuru. Makubaliano ya Amani Kamili ya 2005 yaliweka msingi wa uhuru wa ndani na hatimaye yalisababisha kura ya maoni ya mwaka 2011, ambapo wananchi wa Sudan Kusini walipiga kura kwa wingi kuhitaji kutengana na [[Sudan]], na kuwa taifa huru rasmi mnamo Julai 9, 2011. Nchi hii ina rasilimali nyingi za asili, hasa mafuta, ambayo ni msingi wa uchumi wake. [[Kilimo]] pia kina mchango mkubwa, ambapo mashamba ya kujikimu na ufugaji wa mifugo husaidia maisha ya wengi wa Wasudani Kusini. Hata hivyo, migogoro ya mara kwa mara, upungufu wa miundombinu, na upatikanaji mdogo wa [[elimu]] na huduma za afya vimekwamisha maendeleo ya [[uchumi|kiuchumi]]. Misaada ya kimataifa na ushirikiano wa kikanda bado ni muhimu huku Sudan Kusini ikijitahidi kuimarisha taasisi zake za [[siasa|kisiasa]], kujenga upya uchumi wake, na kuendeleza amani na mshikamano wa [[jamii|kijamii]] kati ya makabila yake mbalimbali. == Nchi mpya == Hatua hiyo ilitokana na kura ya mwezi wa Januari 2011, ambako wakazi wa Sudan Kusini walipiga [[kura]] juu ya swali la kujitenga na Sudan wakaamua karibu kwa [[kauli moja]] (98.83%) kuwa nchi huru. Tofauti kubwa kati ya pande hizo ilikuwa kwamba katika Sudan yenyewe idadi kubwa ya watu wamekuwa [[Waislamu]] na [[utamaduni]] wao una mchaganyiko wa tabia za Kiarabu na Kiafrika pamoja na usambazaji mkubwa wa [[lugha]] ya [[Kiarabu]]. Kumbe kusini kuna Waislamu wachache, wengi ni wafuasi wa [[dini za jadi]] au ni [[Wakristo]]. Ki[[uchumi]] na ki[[elimu]] kusini wako nyuma sana kulingana na kaskazini. Tangu upatikane uhuru, nchi imeendelea kuvurugwa na [[vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] na kwa sasa inashika nafasi ya kwanza katika [[orodha ya nchi dhaifu]]. Hata hivyo, mnamo Machi [[2016]] imefaulu kujiunga na [[Jumuia ya Afrika Mashariki]] kama mwanachama wa sita. [[Mji mkuu]] ni Juba, wenye wakazi 1,118,233. [[Uchumi]] unategemea [[kilimo]] vijijini na cha kujikimu, lakini mwanzoni mwa mwaka 2005, uchumi alianza mpito wa kutoka vijijini na mijini katika Sudan Kusini kumeonekana [[maendeleo]] kupindukia. == Historia == {{main|Historia ya Sudan Kusini}} [[Picha:John Garang.jpg|thumb|150px]left|[[John Garang]], aliyekuwa [[Rais]] wa kwanza wa Sudan Kusini kabla ya uhuru na Makamu wa kwanza wa Rais wa Sudan, baada ya kuongoza wanamgambo wa Sudan ya Kusini kupigania [[uhuru]] wa majimbo ya kusini.]] Kuna [[nyaraka]] chache sana za [[historia]] ya mikoa ya kusini mpaka mwanzo wa utawala wa [[Misri]] upande wa kaskazini mapema [[1820]] na baadaye kuendelezwa kwa [[biashara ya utumwa]] kuingia kusini. Kabla ya wakati huo, habari zote zinapatikana kwa misingi ya [[historia simulizi]]. Kulingana na [[mila]] hizo, [[Waniloti]] ([[Wadinka]], [[Nuer]], [[Shilluk]]) na wengine waliingia kusini mwa Sudan kwa mara ya kwanza wakati fulani kabla ya [[karne ya 10]]. Katika kipindi cha kati ya [[karne ya 15]] na [[karne ya 19]], [[uhamiaji]] wa makabila, hasa kutoka eneo la [[Bahr al Ghazal]], ulileta watu hao katika maeneo yao ya sasa. Makabila yasiyo ya Kiniloti, yaani [[Waazande]], ambao waliingia Sudan Kusini katika [[karne ya 16]], waliunda jimbo kubwa zaidi katika kanda hii. Katika [[karne ya 18]], Waavungara waliingia na kwa haraka wakaweka mamlaka yao juu ya Waazande. Utawala huo ulikaa kwa muda bila kupingwa mpaka kuwasili kwa Waingereza mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 19]]. Vizuizi vya kijiografia viliwalinda watu wa kusini kutokana na kuenea kwa Uislamu, na kuwawezesha kurejesha turathi zao za kijamii na kitamaduni na urithi wao wa kisiasa na taasisi za kidini. [[Misri]], chini ya utawala wa [[Khedive Ismail Pasha]], ilijaribu kwa mara ya kwanza kuikoloni kanda hiyo katika [[miaka ya 1870]], na kuanzisha jimbo la [[Equatoria]] katika sehemu ya kusini. [[Gavana]] wa kwanza wa Misri alikuwa [[Samwel Baker]], aliyeanza kuhudumu mwaka [[1869]], akifuatiwa na [[Charles George Gordon]] mwaka [[1874]] na [[Emin Pasha]] mnamo [[1878]]. [[Muhammad Ahmad ibn Abd Allah Al-Mahdi|Maasi ya Mahdi]] ya [[miaka ya 1880]] yaliuyumbisha mkoa huu mchanga, na Equatoria ilikoma kuwepo kama milki ya Misri mwaka [[1889]]. Makazi muhimu katika Equatoria yalikuwa pamoja na [[Lado]], [[Gondokoro]], [[Dufile]] na [[Wadelai]]. Sudan Kusini ilitawaliwa kama eneo la pekee wakati wa [[ukoloni]] wa Kiingereza hadi [[1947]] ilipounganishwa na kaskazini kama nchi moja bila kuwauliza wenyeji. Wakati wa [[uhuru]] wa Sudan mwaka [[1956]] viongozi wa kusini walidai [[haki ya kujitawala]] ndani ya [[taifa]] jipya, lakini mapatano yalishindikana na hali hiyo ilisababishwa kutokea kwa [[vita]] ya [[Anyanya]] kati ya 1956 na [[1972]]. Baada ya kipindi cha [[amani]], vita vilianza upya mwaka [[1983]] wakati [[kanali]] [[John Garang]] alipounda [[SPLA]] dhidi ya badiliko la Sudan kutangazwa [[nchi ya Kiislamu]]. Vita hivyo vya pili vilikwisha mwaka [[2005]] kwa [[mkataba wa amani]] ulioacha kusini kama sehemu ya kujitawala ndani ya Sudan hadi ipigwe kura juu ya swali la kujitenga iliyopangwa kwa mwaka 2011. Nchi imeathiriwa vibaya na vita mbili za Anyanya na pia [[Vita vya Pili vya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe vya Sudan|Vita ya Pili ya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe ya Sudan]] iliyopiganaiwa na harakati ya SPLA kwa karibu miaka 21 dhidi ya serikali ya Khartoum. Vita hiyo ilileta uharibifu mkubwa na kusababisha kuhama lwa watu wengi kutoka makazi yao. Zaidi ya watu milioni 2.5 wameuawa, zaidi ya milioni 5 kuachwa bila makao na wengine kuwa wahamiaji wa ndani, na kuwa [[wakimbizi]] kwa sababu ya vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe na sababu zingine zinazohusiana na vita. Baada ya kifo cha [[John Garang]], majeshi ya [[Southern Sudan Army]] na [[South Sudan Defense Force]] (SSDF) yalisitisha uhasama wao na kuungana mnamo Januari [[2006]], chini ya [[Azimio la Juba]]. SSDF ilianzishwa na Makamu wa Rais wa sasa wa Sudan Kusini, Dkt. [[Riek Machar]]. Chini ya Azimio la Juba, Jenerali Matip akawa Naibu Kamanda Mkuu wa Jeshi la Sudan Kusini, na vikosi vyake vya SSDF kuingizwa katika Jeshi la Sudan Kusini, na kuongezea safu yake kutoka 50,000 hadi 309,000. Jumla ikawa askari 359,000. Wote sasa ni jeshi moja linalojulikana kama Jeshi la Sudan Kusini. Jenerali Oyay Deng Ajak aliteuliwa kuwa Ofisa-mkuu-wa-Watumishi wa Jeshi la Sudan Kusini, hadi Mei 2009 wakati alipompisha Meja Jenerali James Hoth Mai<ref> http://www.newsudanvision.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=1715:developing-story-major-general-james-hoth-mai-appointed-spla-new-chief-of-staff &amp; Itemid = 6</ref>. Mbali na Katiba ya Mpito ya Jamhuri ya Sudan <ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.sudan-embassy.de/c_Sudan.pdf|title=Interim National Constitution of the Republic of Sudan, 2005}}</ref>, Katiba ya Mpito ya Sudan Kusini ya 2005 iliwekwa kuwa sheria kuu <ref>{{citeweb|url=http://gurtong.brandx.eu/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=1atewJwi6UU%3d&tabid=341|title=Interim Constitution of Southern Sudan of 2005}}</ref> ya Sudan Kusini. Katiba imeweka Tawi Kuu linaloongozwa na [[Rais]] ambaye ni Mkuu wa Nchi, Mkuu wa Serikali, na Kamanda Mkuu wa [[Sudan People's Liberation Army]]. [[John Garang]], mwanzilishi wa SPLA / M alikuwa Rais wa kwanza hadi kifo chake tarehe [[30 Julai]] [[2005]]. [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]], naibu wake, aliapishwa kama [[Makamu wa Kwanza wa Rais wa Sudan]] na [[Rais]] wa Serikali ya Sudan Kusini tarehe [[11 Agosti]] 2005. [[Riek Machar]] aliingia mahala pake kama [[Makamu wa Rais]]. Nguvu za kuunda sheria ziko mikononi mwa serikali na [[Bunge la pamoja la Sudan Kusini]]. Katiba pia imeweka [[mahakama]] huru, chombo cha juu kabisa kikiwa [[Mahakama Kuu]]. ==Jiografia== [[File:South Sudan sat.jpg|thumb|350px|[[Picha]] ya nchi kutoka [[satelaiti]].]] [[File:SouthSudanStatesandAdministrativeAreas.svg|thumb|upright=2.05|Majimbo 10 ya Sudan Kusini yalivyotokana na [[wilaya]] 3 za Sudan {{legend|#9BCD9B|[[Bahr el Ghazal]]}} {{legend|#7AC5CD|[[Equatoria]]}} {{legend|#EEE685|[[Greater Upper Nile]]}}.]] [[File:28 States of South Sudan.png|thumb|450px|Majimbo 28 yaliyotangazwa mwaka 2015.]] Hadi mwaka [[2020]] nchi ilikuwa na majimbo 32: #[[Aweil (jimbo)|Aweil]] #[[Aweil East (jimbo)|Aweil East]] #[[Eastern Lakes (jimbo)|Eastern Lakes]] #[[Gogrial (jimbo)|Gogrial]] #[[Gok (jimbo)|Gok]] #[[Lol (jimbo)|Lol]] #[[Tonj (jimbo)|Tonj]] #[[Twic (jimbo)|Twic]] #[[Wau (jimbo)|Wau]] #[[Western Lakes (jimbo)|Western Lakes]] #[[Amadi (jimbo)|Amadi]] #[[Gbudwe (jimbo)|Gbudwe]] #[[Imatong (jimbo)|Imatong]] #[[Jubek (jimbo)|Jubek]] #[[Maridi (jimbo)|Maridi]] #[[Kapoeta (jimbo)|Kapoeta]] #[[Tambura (jimbo)|Tumbura]] #[[Terekeka (jimbo)|Terekeka]] #[[Yei River (jimbo)|Yei River]] #[[Boma (jimbo)|Boma]] #[[Central Upper Nile (jimbo)|Central Upper Nile]] #[[Akobo (jimbo)|Akobo]] #[[Northern Upper Nile (jimbo)|Northern Upper Nile]] #[[Jonglei (jimbo)|Jonglei]] #[[Latjoor (jimbo)|Latjoor]] #[[Maiwut (jimbo)|Maiwut]] #[[Northern Liech (jimbo)|Northern Liech]] #[[Ruweng (jimbo)|Ruweng]] #[[Southern Liech (jimbo)|Southern Liech]] #[[Bieh (jimbo)|Bieh]] #[[Fashoda (jimbo)|Fashoda]] #[[Fangak (jimbo)|Fangak]] Maeneo matatu ya [[Milima ya Nuba]], [[Abyei]] na [[Nile ya Buluu]] kiutamaduni na kisiasa ni sehemu za Sudan Kusini lakini kwa mujibu wa [[CPA]] yatakuwa na utawala tofauti mpaka [[kura ya maoni]] ambayo ifanyike juu ya kujiunga na Sudan Kusini au kubaki chini ya utawala wa Sudan. Lakini kuna wasiwasi kama Sudan itaitisha kura za namna hiyo. Baada ya hapo, Sudan Kusini inajumuisha [[majimbo]] kumi ambayo kihistoria yanaunda mikoa mitatu ya Bahr el Ghazal, Equatoria, na Nile ya juu. {{Columns |width=160px |col1 = * Bahr al-Ghazal * [[Maziwa, Sudan Kusini|Maziwa]] * [[Bahr al-Ghazal Kaskazini]] * [[Warab]] * [[Bahr al-Ghazal Magharibi]] |col2 = * Nile ya Juu ** [[Nile ya Kijuu|Nile ya Juu]] ** [[Junqali|Jonglei]] ** [[Umoja, Sudan Kusini|Umoja]] |col3 = * Equatoria ** [[Equatoria ya Kati]] ** [[Equatoria Mashariki]] ** [[Equatoria Magharibi]] }} == Demografia == [[File:South Sudan 034.jpg|thumb|upright|Mwanamke mzawa.]] [[File:Village in South Sudan.jpg|thumb|Nyumba za kijijini.]] Inakubaliwa na wengi kuwa kabila kubwa zaidi Sudan Kusini ni [[Wadinka]] (40%), ikifuatiwa na [[Wanuer]] (20%) na [[Waazande]] (10%), kisha [[Wabari]], [[Washilluk]], [[Waacholi]], [[Wamurle]], [[Wanubi]], [[Wakuku]], [[Wafunj]], [[Wamaban]], [[Wazandi]], [[Waoduk]] na wengineo. ==== Sensa ya Tano ya Watu na Makazi ya Sudan (2008) ==== "Sensa ya Tano ya Watu na Makazi ya Sudan" nzima, ilifanywa mwezi Aprili [[2008]]. Hata hivyo matokeo ya sensa yalikataliwa na viongozi wa Sudan ya Kusini kwa makisio kuwa "Ofisi kuu ya Takwimu mjini [[Khartoum]] ilikataa kutoa takwimu za kitaifa za sensa ya Sudan kwa kituo cha Sudan kusini cha Sensa, takwimu na tathmini." <ref>{{citenews|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article31746|title=South Sudan parliament throw outs census results|work=SudanTribune|date=8 Julai 2009|accessdate=2010-01-02|archivedate=2014-07-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712230242/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article31746}}</ref> Sensa ya Sudan Kusini ilionyesha kuwa idadi ya watu ilikuwa million 8.26<ref name="epro">{{citenews|url=http://www.enoughproject.org/blogs/s-sudan-census-bureau-releases-official-results-amidst-ongoing-census-controversy|title=S. Sudan Census Bureau Releases Official Results Amidst Ongoing Census Controversy|work=!enough The project to end genocide and crimes against humanity|date=8 Juni 2009|first=Maggie|last=Fick}}</ref> hata hivyo Rais [[Salva Kiir]] "alishuku kuwa takwimu zilikuwa zinapunguzwa katika baadhi ya maeneo na kuongezwa katika mengine, na hivyo kufanya Hesabu ya mwisho "kutokubalika"." <ref name="newvis">{{citenews|url=http://www.newsudanvision.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1677:southern-sudanese-officials-decry-unfortunate-announcement-of-census-results&catid=1:sudan-news-stories&Itemid=6|title=Southern Sudanese officials decry ‘unfortunate’ announcement of census results|work=The New Sudan Vision|date=10 Mei 2009|first=Marvis|last=Birungi|accessdate=2010-01-02|archivedate=2011-07-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714174659/http://www.newsudanvision.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1677:southern-sudanese-officials-decry-unfortunate-announcement-of-census-results&catid=1:sudan-news-stories&Itemid=6}}</ref> Alidai pia kuwa idadi ya watu wa Sudan Kusini ilikuwa thuluthi moja ya watu wa Sudan, ilhali sensa ilionyesha kuwa ni asilimia 22 pekee<ref name="epro"/>. Ilisemekana pia kuwa watu wengi wa Sudan Kusini hawakuhesabiwa "kutokana na hali ya hewa mbaya, hali mbaya ya mitandao ya mawasiliano na usafirishaji, na baadhi ya maeneo yalikuwa hayafikiki, na watu wengi kutoka Sudan Kusini walikuwa uhamishoni katika nchi jirani na kupelekea 'matokeo yasiyokubalika', kulingana [na] mamlaka ya Sudan Kusini<ref name="newvis"/>. Mshauri Mkuu wa kiufundi wa [[Marekani]] wa sensa ya Kusini pia alisema wasajili wa sensa pengine walifikia asilimia 89 pekee ya wakazi<ref>{{citenews|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=103124761|title=Ethnic Divisions Complicate Sudan's Census|work=NPR|first=Gwen|last=Thompkins|date=15 Aprili 2009}}</ref>. ==== Sensa mpya ==== Mwaka [[2009]] Sudan ilianza upya sensa ya Sudan Kusini kabla ya [[kura ya maoni ya uhuru wa Sudan Kusini, 2011]], ambayo ilisemekana pia kujumuisha Wanasudan Kusini walio nchi zingine. Hata hivyo harakati hii ilikashifiwa kwani iliziacha nje nchi zenye idadi kubwa ya watu kutoka Sudan Kusini, na badala yake kuhesabu nchi ambapo idadi hii ilikuwa ndogo<ref>{{citenews|url=http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/south-sudan-claims-northern-sudans-census-dishonest|title=South Sudan says Northern Sudan's census dishonest|work=Radio Nederland Wereldomroep|date=6 Novemba 2009|accessdate=2010-01-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724170053/http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/south-sudan-claims-northern-sudans-census-dishonest|archivedate=2011-07-24}}</ref>. Kadirio la mwaka [[2016]] lilikuwa kwamba wakazi ni 12,230,730<ref>"World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision". ESA.UN.org (custom data acquired via website). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 10 September 2017.</ref>. === Lugha === Sudan Kusini inajumuisha zaidi ya makabila 200 yakizungumza [[lugha]] 60 zinazopatikana hasa katika Sudan ya Kusini na nyingine kutoka nchi jirani za Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, Sudan na nyingine (angalia [[Orodha ya lugha za Sudan Kusini]]). [[Lugha rasmi]] ni [[Kiingereza]], pamoja na kutambulika kwa lugha mbalimbali za mitaa katika majimbo au miji. [[Kiswahili]] kinapangiwa kuenezwa nchini, hasa baada ya Sudan Kusini kujiunga na Jumuia ya Afrika Mashariki. Lugha tatu kubwa za Kiafrika zinazotumika Sudan Kusini ni [[Kidinka]] (wazungumzaji 3,000,000), [[Kinuer]] (wazungumzaji 1,599,000), na [[Kishilluk]] (zaidi ya wazungumzaji 1,000,000). [[Kinuer]] kinazungumzwa katika Bentiu, Nasir, Akobo, Maywuut n.k. na Kishilluk inazunguzmwa katika [[Upper Nile]] au katika Ufalme wa Shilluk; [[Kiarabu cha Juba]] kinazungumzwa karibu katika kila sehemu ya Sudan Kusini lakini hasa katika majimbo ya [[Equatoria Mashariki]], [[Equatoria Magharibi]] na [[Bahr al-Ghazal Magharibi]]. [[Lugha za Wanubi]] zinazungumzwa sana katika [[milima ya Nuba]]. [[Lugha]] ya [[Kiuduk]] huzungumzwa na [[Wauduk]], na pia baadhi ya majirani zao. [[Kima]] cha [[uwezo wa kusoma]] katika Sudan Kusini mwaka 2006 kilikuwa kinakadiriwa kufikia [[asilimia]] 37 kwa [[wanaume]], 12 kwa [[wanawake]] au 24 kwa jumla kama wastani. === Dini === Watu wa Sudan Kusini hufuata zaidi [[Ukristo]] (asilimia 60.5, wengi wakiwa wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na [[Anglikana]], yakiwemo pia [[Wakalvini]] na [[madhehebu]] mengine mengi madogo zaidi<ref name="hope">{{citeweb|url=http://www.hopeforthefutureinternational.org/about-southern-sudan-christianity.php|title=Christianity in Southern Sudan|work=Hope for the Future International}}</ref>) na [[dini asilia za Kiafrika]] (32.9%). [[Uislamu]] unafuatwa na 6.2%. == Uchumi == Sehemu kubwa ya [[bajeti]] ya [[serikali]] inatoka katika [[pesa]] za [[mafuta]]. Mafuta na [[rasilimali]] nyingine za [[madini]] za Sudan Kusini zinaweza kupatikana karibu kila mahali, lakini [[Bentiu]] inajulikana kama jimbo lenye utajiri wa mafuta. === Mafuta === Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, [[uchimbaji]] wa kiasi muhimu na makampuni ya kigeni umeanza huko Sudan Kusini, na kuinua hadhi yake ya kijiografia na ya kisiasa. Khartoum ilipogawanya Sudan katika vitalu, takriban asilimia 85 ya mafuta zilitoka Kusini. Vitalu 1, 2, na 4 hudhibitiwa na kampuni kubwa zaidi kutoka ng'ambo, inayoitwa [[Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company]] (GNPOC). Vitalu vingine vinavyotoa mafuta katika Kusini ni vitalu 3 na 7 katika Upper Nile ya Mashariki. Kitalu kingine muhimu cha Kusini, kiitwacho Kitalu B, kinadaiwa na wadau kadhaa. Total ya Ufaransa ilipatiwa kandarasi ya kitalu hicho chenye kilomita mraba 90,000 katika [[miaka ya 1980]] lakini tangu wakati huo imefanya kazi chache huku ikidai "force majeure". Vipengele mbalimbali vya SPLM vilitoa kitalu hiki au sehemu zake kwa wadau wengine wa Sudan Kusini. Mikataba kadhaa kama hii iliyofanywa kabla ya Naivasha ilidhalilishwa wakati kiongozi wa SPLM / A John Garang de Mabior alipoondoka mamlakani. Sehemu ya CPA kuhusu ugavi wa mali inasema kwamba mikataba yote iliyotiwa saini kabla ya CPA itasalia; haitakuwa kuangaliwa upya na Tume ya Kitaifa ya Mafuta (NPC), tume iliyoanzishwa na CPA na inayojumuisha Khartoum na wawakilishi wa kusini na uenyekiti wa ushirikiano baina ya Rais [[Al-Bashir]] wa Khartoum na Rais Kiir wa Sudan Kusini. Hata hivyo, CPA haielezi bayana nani ana uwezo wa kutia saini mikataba ya kabla ya CPA. Pande zote mbili za Khartoum na Sudan Kusini zimewahi kujaribu kudai uwezo wa kutia saini makubaliano chini ya haki ya "self determination" iliyopewa upande wa kusini ambayo ilitangaza mnamo 19 Septemba 2009 katika nchi zaidi ya 105 duniani kote. === Hali ya binadamu === Sudan Kusini ilikiri kuwa na baadhi ya [[viashiria]] vya [[afya]] vibaya zaidi duniani<ref name="sudantribune">Ross, Emma (28 Januari 2004). [http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article1616 Southern Sudan as unique combination of worst diseases in the world] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article1616 |date=20140408090727 }}. ''[[Sudan Tribune]]'' .</ref>. <ref> Moszynski, Peter (23 Julai 2005). [http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/331/7510/179 Conference plans rebuilding of Southern Sudan's health service.] ''[[BMJ]]'' .</ref> Mwaka [[2004]], kulikuwa na ma[[daktari]] wapasuaji watatu tu kutumikia Sudan Kusini yote, na [[hospitali]] sawa tatu, na katika baadhi ya maeneo hayo kuna [[daktari]] mmoja tu kwa kila watu 500,000<ref name="sudantribune"/>. Kufikia wakati wa [[Mkataba Mwafaka wa Amani]] wa 2005, mahitaji ya kiutu katika Sudan Kusini yalikuwa makubwa. Hata hivyo, mashirika ya kibinadamu chini ya uongozi wa Ofisi ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa ya Kuratibu Masuala ya Kibinadamu]] (OCHA) yaliweza kuhakikisha kuna [[fedha]] za kutosha kuleta nafuu kwa wakazi. Pamoja na misaada ya dharura na [[maendeleo]], miradi ya kibinadamu ilijumuishwa katika Mpango wa Kazi wa 2007 wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] na washirika wake. Mnamo [[2007]], OCHA (chini ya uongozi wa [[Eliane Duthoit)]] ilianza awamu ya kumalizia Kusini mwa Sudan mahitaji ya kibinadamu polepole lakini kwa kugeuka juu ya udhibiti wa kufufua na maendeleo ya shughuli za NGOs na mashirika ya kijamii. <ref> [http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=71676 SUDAN: Peace bolsters security in the south]. [[IRIN.]] 18 Aprili 2007.</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Sudan]] * [[Jumuia ya Afrika Mashariki]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]] * [[Demografia ya Afrika]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo|2}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://archive.today/20120529192511/www.gossmission.org/goss/ Serikali ya Sudan Kusini] * [http://www.sslagoss.org/ Bunge la Sudan Kusini] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sslagoss.org/ |date=20121117043005 }} * [http://www.splmtoday.com/ Tovuti rasmi ya SPLM] {{Wayback|url=http://www.splmtoday.com/ |date=20210426215721 }} * [http://www.helpsudaninternational.org/about/index.html / HELPSudan International] {{Wayback|url=http://www.helpsudaninternational.org/about/index.html |date=20090413045550 }}, lililoanzishwa na wavulana waliopotea wanaoishi Chicago ambao wanadhamiria kuboresha jamii za Sudan kusini kwa kuanzisha shule na kutoa rasilimali za afya na maji safi * [http://www.gurtong.org/resourcecenter/gov/GOSS_Structure.asp Tovuti ya Habari za kisiasa] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gurtong.org/resourcecenter/gov/GOSS_Structure.asp |date=20080403124452 }} * [http://www.southsudannation.com/ Tovuti ya Uhuru wa Kusini] {{Wayback|url=http://www.southsudannation.com/ |date=20080707034057 }} * Makala ya [http://www.iss.europa.eu/nc/actualites/actualite/article/post-2011-scenarios-in-sudanbrwhat-role-for-the-eu/ Post-2011 scenarios in Sudan: What role for the EU?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iss.europa.eu/nc/actualites/actualite/article/post-2011-scenarios-in-sudanbrwhat-role-for-the-eu/ |date=20091231040834 }}, na Suliman Baldo, Maria Gabrielsen, Fabienne Hara, Damien Helly, Fouad Hikmat, Michael Kevane, Roland Marchal, Tim Murithi, Luka Patey, Report No 6, Novemba 2009, [[Taasisi ya Umoja wa Ulaya kwa Mafunzo ya Usalama]] * [http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/unmis/ Misheni ya Umoja wa Mataifa nchini Sudan] * [http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1306 North/South Sudan Abyei Boundary Tribunal] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1306 |date=20111120214016 }} pamoja na Aliyekuwa Rais wa ICJ Mheshimiwa [[Stephen M. Schwebel]] na Makamu wa Rais Mheshimiwa [[Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh]] na [http://www.pca-cpa.org/shownews.asp?ac=view&amp;nws_id=211&amp;pag_id=1261 3 Julai 2008] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pca-cpa.org/shownews.asp?ac=view&nws_id=211&pag_id=1261 |date=20100602001858 }} na [http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article28587 UN SRSG for Sudan Praises Abyei Progress of 11 Septemba 2008] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article28587 |date=20121123114829 }} na [http://www.pca-cpa.org/shownews.asp?ac=view&amp;pag_id=1261&amp;nws_id=212 Vyama Deposit Arbitration Abyei Mkataba na Designate Agents ya 2 Oktoba 2008] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pca-cpa.org/shownews.asp?ac=view&pag_id=1261&nws_id=212 |date=20100602012942 }} na [http://www.globalarbitrationreview.com/news/article/14904/dupuy-preside-sudan-dispute 31 Oktoba 2008] na [http://www.pca-cpa.org/shownews.asp?ac=view&amp;pag_id=1261&amp;nws_id=251 Norway's kuchangia katika Mfuko PCA Kaskazini na Sudan Kusini ya 18 Desemba 2008] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pca-cpa.org/shownews.asp?ac=view&pag_id=1261&nws_id=251 |date=20100602001850 }} na [http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article29937 Sudan välkomnar Rais Obama wa Marekani 22 Januari 2009] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article29937 |date=20121123114842 }} na ya [[White House]] na [http://www.pca-cpa.org/shownews.asp?nws_id=255&amp;pag_id=1261&amp;ac=view Mahakama ya Abyei's Schedule kwa Written Pleadings na Oral kusikia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pca-cpa.org/shownews.asp?nws_id=255&pag_id=1261&ac=view |date=20100602004404 }} na [http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1318 kusikia Abyei Schedule, 18-23 Aprili 2009] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1318 |date=20090426185146 }} na [http://www.globalarbitrationreview.com/news/article/15231/sudan-hearing-proceeds-following-expense-row/ Abyei kusikia Expense Row Kufuatia Mapato ya 17 Aprili 2009] na [http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article30897 simulizi kusikia ya Abyei Arbitration Begins tarehe 18 Aprili 2009] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article30897 |date=20121123114836 }} na [http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1306 Final Abyei Boundary tuzo ya 22 Julai 2009] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1306 |date=20111120214016 }} na [http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=31544&amp;Cr=Abyei&amp;Cr1 UNSG Ban Ki-Moon's Statement] [http://www.un.org/apps/sg/sgstats.asp?nid=3990 lovordar Abyei tuzo] na [https://web.archive.org/web/20090728171111/http://www.voanews.com/english/Africa/2009-07-23-voa6.cfm Tawala Abyei Hague Final] [http://www.euronews.net/2009/07/22/north-and-south-sudan-agree-oil-region-deal/ huwafufua Big Amani Matumaini ya Sudan] {{Wayback|url=http://www.euronews.net/2009/07/22/north-and-south-sudan-agree-oil-region-deal/ |date=20100214065238 }} na [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8162690.stm BBC] na [http://www.globalarbitrationreview.com/news/article/14904/dupuy-preside-sudan-dispute/ Går] {{Wayback|url=http://www.globalarbitrationreview.com/news/article/14904/dupuy-preside-sudan-dispute/ |date=20110711101541 }} na [http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/eCache/DEF/10/881.TGFuZz1FTg.html Justice Portal] {{Wayback|url=http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/eCache/DEF/10/881.TGFuZz1FTg.html |date=20110716163221 }} na [http://www.gossmission.org/goss/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=928&amp;Itemid=1 SPLM-NPC Pamoja Statement tuzo ya Abyei's Utekelezaji] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gossmission.org/goss/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=928&Itemid=1 |date=20110716080719 }} na [http://www.gossmission.org/goss/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=926&amp;Itemid=1 USA, EU na rangi Karibu PCA uamuzi juu ya Abyei] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gossmission.org/goss/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=926&Itemid=1 |date=20110716080725 }} na [https://archive.today/20120529192511/www.gossmission.org/goss/ GOSS] na [http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?mot99 Abyei Boundary Arbitration Homepage] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?mot99 |date=20100102233156 }} * [http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/newsroom/latest-news/?view=PressS&amp;id=11813900 Maadhimisho ya Mkataba Mwafaka wa Amani kati ya Sudan Kaskazini na Kusini ya 7 Januari 2009] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/newsroom/latest-news/?view=PressS&id=11813900 |date=20090715230606 }} * [http://www.iss.co.za/AF/profiles/Sudan/darfur/compax/ Mkataba Mwafaka wa Amani] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iss.co.za/AF/profiles/Sudan/darfur/compax/ |date=20051030022221 }} * [http://www.usip.org/pubs/usipeace_briefings/2005/1026_sudan.html Resolving Boundary Dispute in Sudan's Abyei Region] {{Wayback|url=http://www.usip.org/pubs/usipeace_briefings/2005/1026_sudan.html |date=20070614122743 }} [[US Institute of Peace Briefing]], Oktober 2005 * [http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/collections/nuer/ The Nuer Field Notes] - kusanyiko kwenye interneti wa vidokezo vya lugha vilivyoandikwa na Eleanor Vandevort, ambaye alikuwa mmishenari katika Sudan Kusini kati ya 1949 na 1963. Tovuti pia inajumuisha kitabu cha Bi Vandevort A Leopard Tamed na picha zilizochukuliwa Sudan kusini. * [http://www.johndaufoundation.org/ Wakfu wa Sudan wa John Dau] {{Wayback|url=http://www.johndaufoundation.org/ |date=20150906142908 }} Mojawapo ya hadithi za "Lost Boys of Sudan", John Dau anabadilisha sura ya huduma ya afya ya Sudan Kusini kwa ujenzi wa na ustawishaji wa kliniki za afya. * [http://www.alertnet.org/db/crisisprofiles/SD_PEA.htm?v=in_detail Crisis briefing on the fragile peace in south Sudan] {{Wayback|url=http://www.alertnet.org/db/crisisprofiles/SD_PEA.htm?v=in_detail |date=20091109043358 }} kutoka [[Reuters AlertNet]] {{Coord|4|51|N|31|36|E|source:svwiki_region:SD|display=title}} {{Afrika}} {{African Union}} [[Jamii:Sudan Kusini]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]] [[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]] [[Jamii:Siasa ya Sudan]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Sudan Kusini]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] c7a9hv9vn8ego963jj9kyqfrwjuglc3 0 34338 1530313 1398122 2026-05-03T06:19:10Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530313 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:National Nyayo Monument In Central Park In Nairobi, Kenya.jpg|thumb|Nyayo Monument]] '''Uhuru Park''' ni eneo la [[burudani]] karibu na eneo la kati la [[biashara]] la [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]]. Lina [[ziwa]] bandia na jumba la mikutano ambalo hutumika kwa mikutano ya kisiasa na ya kidini. Ina sifa mbaya kama eneo ambapo [[maandamano]] dhidi ya unyakuaji haramu wa ardhi ulivunjwa na [[serikali]] [[Moi]] kwa kutumia fujo nyingi. Mwaka 1989, [[Wangari Maathai]] na wengi wa wafuasi wake walifanya maandamano katika hifadhi hilo, na kujaribu kusitisha ujenzi wa jumba la ghorofa 60 la 'Kenya Times Media Trust'. Alilazimishwa na serikali aache ofisi yake na alikuwa akishutumiwa bungeni, lakini maandamano yake na mwitikio wa serikali uliwafanya wawekezaji wa kigeni kufuta mradi.<ref name="Ecologist">The Ecologist (2001). [https://archive.today/20130102141631/www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-10827504_ITM The Good, ya Bad, na Ugly.] Ilipakuliwa 2008/04/13.</ref> Mnamo Agosti [[1996]], kundi la [[Kanisa Katoliki|Wakatoliki]] wakiongozwa na [[Askofu mkuu]] [[Kardinali]] [[Maurice Michael Otunga]] lilichoma rundo la [[kondomu]] katika Uhuru Park ili kupinga matumizi ya kifaa hicho kama njia salama ya kujikinga dhidi ya maambukizi ya Ukimwi. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.greenbeltmovement.org/index.php The Green Belt Movement]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[http://www.wangarimaathai.or.ke/ Wangari Maathai] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wangarimaathai.or.ke/ |date=20061205031909 }} {{nairobi}} [[Jamii:Nairobi]] [[Jamii:Vivutio vya Kenya]] jzhehy8ruyz6wlbqsbk57ac7dxwyu8u 0 35421 1529773 1386601 2026-05-02T12:16:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album |Kichwa = You Can't See Me |Jina = You Can't See Me |Type = albamu |Msanii = [[John Cena]] & [[Marc Predka|Tha Trademarc]] |Cover = Cant See Me.jpg |Imetolewa = 10 Mei 2005 {{small|([[Marekani|US]])}}<br />30 Mei 2005 {{small|([[United Kingdom|U.K.]])}} |Imetayarishwa = 2004 - 05 |Mwenendo = [[Muziki wa Hip hop|Mwenendo wa Hip hop]] |Studio = 65:27 |Label = [[Columbia Records]]<br />[[WWE Records]]<br />{{small|CK 92498}} |Mtayarishi = Chaos<br />Eligh<br />Freakas<br />Hidden Agenda<br /> Jake One & Kutfather |Reviews =*[[Allmusic]] {{Rating|2.5|5}} [http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:zose4j477wav link] * RapReviews.com {{Rating|7.5|10}} [http://www.rapreviews.com/archive/2005_05F_youcant.html link] * [[Stylus Magazine]] (D+) [http://www.stylusmagazine.com/review.php?ID=3187 link]| |Last album = - |This album = '' You Can't See Me''<br />(2005) |Misc = {{Singles |Jina = You Can't See Me |Type = studio |single 1 = The Time Is Now |single 2 = Bad Bad Man (ikishirikisha [[Bumpy Knuckles]]) |single 3 = Right Now }} {{Audiosample |Background = lightsteelblue |Upper caption = Sampuli kutoka "The Time Is Now" |Faili la sauti = John Cena and Tha Trademarc - The Time Is Now.ogg }} }} '''''You Can't See Me''''' ni albamu ya kwanza ya mpiganaji miereka wa [[WWE]] [[John Cena]] na binamu yake [[Tha Trademarc]]. Wimbo huu ulitolewa mnamo 2005 na ulianza katika nafasi ya 15 katika tamasha za [[Billboard magazine|Billboard]] na #3 katika orodha ya Rap.<ref name="billboard">{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.chartFormatGroupName=Albums&model.vnuArtistId=643036&model.vnuAlbumId=679945 |title=John Cena - Artist Chart History |accessdate=2007-05-19 |publisher=Billboard.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070920185519/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.chartFormatGroupName=Albums&model.vnuArtistId=643036&model.vnuAlbumId=679945 |archivedate=2007-09-20 }}</ref>. Nchini UK, albamu hii ilianza katika nafasi ya 103 katika tamasha za [[UK Album Charts]] ya albamu mia nbili za kwanza. ]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/CLUK2005.HTM |title=Chart Log UK - 2005 |accessdate=2007-09-06}}</ref>. albamu hii iliendelea kuimarika hadi kufikia kiwango cha ‘’Gold’’ kulingana na [[RIAA]]. Inashirikisha uonekanaji maalumu wa rapper kutoka [[Boston]] [[7L & Esoteric|Esoteric]] katika ngoma moja na Bumpy Knuckles]] katika ngoma zaidi ya moja. Lebo ya nje inatokana na [[Taji la WWE]] lililopambwa upya na [[John Cena]], huku jina la albamu likitokana na msemo wake maarufu ‘’You Can’t See Me’’. == Vibao Kaika Albamu == # "[[My Time is Now (wimbo)|The Time is Now]]" - 2:58 # "Don't Fuck with Us" - 3:24 # "Flow Easy" (akimshirikisha [[Freddie Foxxx|Bumpy Knuckles]]) - 3:47 # "Right Now" - 3:47 # "Make It Loud" - 4:20 # "Just Another Day" - 3:58 # "Summer Flings" - 3:35 # "Keep Frontin'" (akimshirikisha Bumpy Knuckles) - 4:13 # "We Didn't Want You to Know" - 4:16 # "Bad, Bad Man" (Kimshirikisha Bumpy Knuckles) - 3:31 # "Running Game" - 3:52 # "Beantown" (akimshirikisha [[7L & Esoteric|Esoteric]]) - 3:47 # "This Is How We Roll" - 4:09 # "What Now" - 4:30 # "Know the Rep" (Akimshirikisha Bumpy Knuckles) - 2:59 # "Chain Gang Is the Click" - 3:52 # "If It All Ended Tomorrow" - 4:30 # "The Underground" (Ngoma ya ziada juu ya nakala zilizochaguliwa Kimataifa) # "Basic Thuganomics" (Ngoma ya ziada juu ya nakala zilizochaguliwa Kimataifa) # "Untouchables" (Ngoma ya ziada juu ya nakala zilizochaguliwa Kimataifa) == Video == * "Bad, Bad Man"- kama igizo la utamaduni wa muaka ya 1980 ikijikidha katika Tamthilia ya runinga ya [[A-Team]], akiigiza [[Gary Coleman]] na waigizaji wa kujigeuza [[Michael Jackson]], [[Madonna]] na wasanii wengine maarufu. Video hii imeshirikishwa katika DVD ya [[Judgement Day 2005]] kutoka [[WWE]]. * "Right Now"- iliundiwa West Newbury, Massachusetts]] na [[Hampton Beach, New Hampshire]] na inashirikisha kanda fupi za nyumbani za [[John Cena]]. Lilitolewa katika DVD ya [[SummerSlam (2005)|SummerSlam 2005]] na DVD yake ya ''My Life''. == Vidokezo == * Albamu hii ilipewa vichwa mbalimbali zikiwemo Underground", "Basic Thuganomics" na zingine kabla ya kutolewa kama "You Can't See Me". * Wimbo wa kwanza wa albamu hii "The Time is Now", unatumiwa na [[John Cena]] kama muziki wake wa kiingilio katika kazi ya miereka katika [[WWE]]. * "The Time Is Now" inashirikisha vijisampuli vya muziki kutoka "Ante Up" ya [[M.O.P.]] na "[[The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia]]" ya [[Bobby Russell]].<ref>{{cite video game|title=[[WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008]]|developer=[[Yuke's]]|publisher=[[THQ]]|date=2007}} Ending credits.</ref> * Cena alinukuliwa akisema katika WWE.com kuwa muziki wake wa kiingilio katika WWE, "Basic Thuganomics", ungeshirikishwa katika albamu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/news/archive/cenanewchamp |title=Cena talks about his new belt, new album, and his first week as WWE Champion |accessdate=2007-05-17 |publisher=WWE.com |quote=the album also has my original theme music, “Basic Thuganomics.”}}</ref>. Hata hivyo ngoma hiyo haikuweza kuingia katika albamu, ingawa ulitolewa baadaye katika albamu ya soundtrack ya ''[[WWE Originals]]'' mnamo Januari 2004. * "If it All Ended Tomorrow" ilitumiwa katika sehemu ya kumalizia ya Shukrani katika filamu ya [[John Cena]] ''[[The Marine]]''. * Ngoma ya Ziada ya "The Underground", iliwekwa katika kurasa wa [[Tha Trademarc]] wa [[Myspace]]. * "Bad, Bad Man" ilitumiwa na kiishio katika mchezo wa [[FX (TV network)|FX]] wa drama ''[[The Shield]]'' ambao ulikuwa ukilenga mhusika mkuu [[Jon Kavanaugh]] na katika kiishio cha mchezo wa [[Seth rogen]] uitwao [[Observe and Report]]. * Mnamo 14 Oktoba 2008, [[M.O.P]] iliwasilisha kesi dhidi ya [[WWE]] na [[John Cena]] kwa madai kuwa waliiba sehemu za wimbo wake "Ante Up" na kuzitumia katika wimbo wa The Time is Now". [[M.O.P]] anataka wimbo huo uharibiwe na alipwe fidia ya $150,000 kwa uharibifu aliofanyiwa. .<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.aolcdn.com/tmz_documents/4028_cena_opt1.pdf |title=The Royalty Network vs. Sony BMG et al. |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archivedate=2011-09-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930034526/http://www.aolcdn.com/tmz_documents/4028_cena_opt1.pdf }}</ref>. == Virejeleo == {{Marejeo}} {{WWE Albums}} [[Jamii:Albamu za 2005]] [[Jamii:Albamu za John Cena]] [[Jamii:Albamu za Miereka ya Kulipwa]] [[Jamii:Albamu za Kwanza]] npdrt9vcduy0fsyt9n2hubtv9wuh9er 0 35435 1529975 1313025 2026-05-02T18:35:51Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zablon Davies Amanaka''' (alizaliwa [[1 Januari]] [[1976]]) ni mwanakandanda wa kimataifa kutoka nchi ya [[Kenya]], ambaye anaichezea klabu ya [[La passe FC]]. ==Wasifu== Baada ya kuzichezea klabu kama vile Kenya Breweries (jina la zamani la [[Tusker FC]]) na Kenya Pipeline FC kutoka [[Nairobi]], mwaka wa 2004 aliichezea kwa muda mfupi klabu ya Ligi ya [[Shelisheli]] ya Saint-Michel United. Kutoka Januari mwaka wa 2005 hadi Januari 2006, alicheza katika Ligi Kuu ya [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] katika klabu yenye nguvu ziadi tangu jadi nchini humo, FK Željezničar kutoka [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Sarajevo]]. Kisha alirejea kucheza katika vilabu vya Ligi ya Kenya vya [[Thika United]] na [[AFC Leopards]]. Tangu Januari hadi Juni mwaka wa 2007 alikuwa nchini [[Uhindi]] katika klabu ya I-League ya East Bengal Club. Kisha, alihamia klabu Ushelisheli ya Anse Reunion FC na tangu Januari mwaka wa 2009 alirudi katika nchi ambayo alizaliwa na sasa anaichezea klabu ya [[Mahakama]]. ==Timu ya Kitaifa== Amekuwa akiichezea timu ya kitaifa ya kandanda ya [[Harambee Stars]] mara kwa mara tangu mwaka wa 1998 na pia aliwahi kuwa nahodha wa timu ya kitaifa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://102sports.com/page/760/ |title=102sports |accessdate=2010-01-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806060612/http://102sports.com/page/760/ |archivedate=2018-08-06 }}</ref> ==Tuzo== *{{Flag icon|Seychelles}} '''Saint-Michel United''' **Bingwa wa mara moja wa ligi ya Ushelisheli: 2003 *{{Flag icon|BIH}} '''FK Željezničar''' **Timu yake ilimaliza katika nafasi ya pili: 2004-05 *[[India]] '''East Bengal Club''' **Bingwa wa mara moja wa ligi ya Uhindi: 2007 *[[Shelisheli]] '''Anse Reunion FC''' **Bingwa wa mara moja wa kombe la ligi la Ushelisheli: 2007 ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Vyanzo vya nje== * [http://www.nation.sc/index.php?art=8547 Article on Kangemi Utd. kuhusu Amanaka na wachezaji wengine wa Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nation.sc/index.php?art=8547 |date=20110718143813 }} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Amanaka, Zablon}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kenya]] jm5vuaabec55chw9wfqrcnt4ro8z7aw 0 36170 1529905 1290565 2026-05-02T14:40:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox gazo | jina = Prajasakti | jina la gazeti = Prajasakti | picha = | aina = *. Gazeti la kila siku | lilianzishwa = [[1942]] | eneo = Maeneo ya [[Uhindi]]<br>Hyderabad, Vijayawada, Visakhapatnam, Tirupati (mji) <br> Khammam, Kurnool, Rajahmundry, Srikakulam ,Karimnaga | mwanzilishi = | nchi = [[Uhindi]] | mhariri =*. S. Vinay Kumar (mhariri) <br>*. V. Krishnaiah (meneja mkuu) | mmiliki = | makaomakuu = [[Hyderabad]] | mchapishaji = | usambazaji = | lilikwisha = | machapisho = | tovuti = [http://www.prajasakti.com/ Tovuti rasmi ya Prajasakti] }} '''''Prajasakti''''' ni gazeti la lugha ya Kitelugu linalochapishwa kutoka Andhra Pradesh, [[Uhindi]]. Lilianza kama gazeti la kila siku katika mwaka wa 1981 , [[Vijayawada]] ikiwa makao lake. Hivi sasa, linachapishwa katika vituo 9 ( au matoleo) haswa Hyderabad, Vijayawada, Visakhapatnam, Tirupati (mji), Khammam, Kurnool, Rajahmundry, Srikakulam na Karimnaga. Liko na mtandao mpana wa kupata habari wa zaidi ya vituo 100 vya kukusanya habari katika jiimbo. ''Prajasakti'' limekua haraka sana na ,hivi sasa, ndilo gazeti la kila siku la Telugu linalosambazwa kabisa kuliko magazeti mengine ya Telugu. Katika mwaka wa 20 wa gazeti la ''Prajasakti'',lilianzisha tovuti yao kwenye mtandao wa tarakilishi na kulifanya gazeti hili kuweza kufikia watu wote duniani. ==Historia== Prajasakti lilianzishwa kama matunda ya mapambano ya uhuru. Lilianzishwa katika mwaka wa 1942 na likachapishwa kama gazeti la kila siku kutoka mwaka wa 1945. Baada ya kuanza tu, lilikandamizwa na Waingereza na likapigwa marufuku katika mwaka wa 1948. Lilianza kazi tena kama jarida la kila wiki katika mwaka wa 1969 na likakuwa gazeti la kila siku tangu mwaka wa 1981 huku [[Vijayawada]] ikifanywa kuwa kituo cha uhariri. Gazeti hili lilikuwa haraka sana katika miongo iliyofuata na likavutia nyoyo za raia , wafanyikazi na watu wa uwezo wastani wa kiuchumi. ''Prajasakti'' liliendelea mbele katika nyakati ambazo maendeleo na dhana ya demokrasia ilikuwa ikipingana na [[ubeberu]]. Toleo la pili lilianza katika mwaka wa 1997 katika [[Hyderbad]], toleo la pili likaanzishwa pia katika mwaka wa 1997 katika [[Visakhapatnam]], la nne katika mwaka wa 2001 katika [[Tirupati]], la tano mnamo Julai 2003 katika Khammam, na la sita katika Kurnool mnamo Novemba 2003, la saba mnamo Mei 2005 katika Rajahmundry , la nane katika Karimnagar mnamo Septemba 2005 na la tisa katika Srikakulam katika mwaka wa 2006. ==Dhamira== ''Prajasakti'' hulenga kufanya huru watu waliokandamizwa. Kutoka mwanzo wake wa 1981, lilikuwa azimio na mapambano ya wakulima. Prajasakti limeongoza daima katika kupigania sera za maendeleo na maadili mema katika jamii. Hupigania maadiili ya kidemokrasia, haki za wananchi wanaofanya kazi na huhimiza mapambano ya [[demokrasia]] dhidi ya sera za kibeberu zinazotumika duniani kote. Hufanya uchambuzi wa kisayansi katika masuala ya kisasa ,kimataifa na kitaifa. Prajasakti huunga mkono maadili ya haki na hupigania ,bila kuchoka,sera za kunyanyasa watu, ufisadi na masuala mengine mengi yanayofanya maisha ya maskini kuwa ngumu zaidi. ==Wachapishaji na wafanyikazi== ''Prajasakti'' ni sehemu ya Prajasakti Sahithee Samastha ambayo ina makao yake makuu katika [[Hyderabad]]. Lina timu imara linalofanya kazi na mamia ya waandishi na wataalamu katika idara za matangazo, usambazaji, ufundi za teknolojia na bodi ya uhariri. Timu inaongozwa na S. Vinay Kumar akiwa mhariri na V. Krishnaiah akiwa meneja mkuu. ''Prajasakti'' lina chapishwa katika mitambo ya kuchapisha ya Prajasakti. Gazeti la ''Prajasakti'' hupeana msaada kwa kampuni za Prajasakti Book House na Prajasakti Publishing House ambazo ni vituo vya kuendeleza fasihi katika Andhra Pradesh. ==Virejeleo== # [http://www.thepaperboy.com/newspaper.cfm?KeyWords=Prajasakti-newspaper-India&PaperID=2146110755 Prajasakti Newspaper from Hyderabad, India | ThePaperboy.com ..] # [http://whois.domaintools.com/prajasakti.com Prajasakti.com - Pra Jasa Kt I - PRAJASAKTI TELUGU NEWS PAPER .] # [http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/prajasakti.com prajasakti.com - Site Info from Alexa] {{Wayback|url=http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/prajasakti.com |date=20091021234251 }} # [http://www.xomreviews.com/prajasakti.com Progesterone (www prajasakti com) Reviews] {{Wayback|url=http://www.xomreviews.com/prajasakti.com |date=20160306175115 }} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.prajasakti.com/ Tovuti rasmi ya Prajasakti] * [http://www.telugu-news.com/prajasakti.html Telugu News - Prajasakti Telugu News Paper] {{Wayback|url=http://www.telugu-news.com/prajasakti.html |date=20100114071228 }} [[Jamii:Magazeti ya Uhindi]] pcomjeklorn0n5vtfbork2zx3lyrwb8 0 40508 1529946 1521281 2026-05-02T17:20:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260502sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1529946 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Cristo crucificado.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Mchoro]] wa [[Diego Velázquez]], ''[[Yesu msulubiwa]]'', [[1631]], [[Jumba la Makumbusho|Makumbusho]] ya [[Prado]] ([[Madrid]], [[Hispania]]) unaonyesha anwani juu ya [[kichwa]] chake.]] [[Picha:SabinaCrucify.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Kigae]] cha msalaba - [[Basilika]] la [[Santa Sabina]] huko [[Roma]] ([[Italia]]).]] {{Yesu Kristo}} '''Msalaba wa Yesu''' ni [[msalaba]] ule ambao [[Yesu Kristo]] alisulubiwa juu yake hadi [[Mauti|kifo]] [[Kifo cha Yesu|chake]] kilichotokea huko [[Yerusalemu]] kwa [[amri]] ya [[Ponsyo Pilato]] [[siku]] ya [[Ijumaa Kuu|Ijumaa]], labda [[tarehe]] [[7 Aprili]] [[30]] [[BK]], la sivyo tarehe [[3 Aprili]] [[33]]<ref name=ChronosPaul >[[Paul L. Maier]] "The Date of the Nativity and Chronology of Jesus" in ''Chronos, kairos, Christos: nativity and chronological studies'' by Jerry Vardaman, Edwin M. Yamauchi 1989 {{ISBN|0-931464-50-1}} pp. 113–129</ref><ref name=Kostenberger140 >''The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament'' by [[Andreas J. Köstenberger]], L. Scott Kellum 2009 {{ISBN|978-0-8054-4365-3}} p. 114</ref><ref name=Barnett19 >''Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times'' by Paul Barnett 2002 {{ISBN|0-8308-2699-8}} pp. 19–21</ref>. Tukio hilo {{sfn|Eddy|Boyd|2007|page=172. "...if there is any fact of Jesus' life that has been established by a broad consensus, it is the fact of Jesus' crucifixion.}}, pamoja na [[ufufuko wa Yesu]] unaosadikiwa na [[Ukristo]] kutokea [[siku]] ya [[tatu]] ([[Jumapili]] ya [[Pasaka ya Kikristo|Pasaka]]), ndiyo [[kiini]] cha [[imani]] ya [[dini]] hiyo mpya iliyotokana na ile ya [[Uyahudi]]. Kwa Wakristo [[fumbo]] hilo la [[Pasaka]] ndilo [[kilele]] cha [[historia ya wokovu]] inayotangazwa na [[Biblia ya Kikristo]]<ref>Haight, Roger. "Jesus and Salvation: An Essay in Interpretation." Theological Studies, vol. 55, no. 2, 1994, pp. 227–250. [https://theologicalstudies.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/55.2.2.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217015756/https://theologicalstudies.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/55.2.2.pdf |date=February 17, 2024 }}</ref>. Fumbo hilo lilisababisha kazi nyingi za [[sanaa ya Kikristo]], hasa [[uchoraji]] na [[uchongaji]]. ==Historia== [[Adhabu]] hiyo kali ilianza kutumika huko [[Uajemi]] na kuenea hadi [[Dola la Roma]] ambalo liliitumia hasa katika maeneo ya pembeni na kwa [[watumwa]]. Kadiri ya [[Injili]] zote [[nne]], zinazoungwa mkono na [[maandishi]] mengine mbalimbali, Ponsyo Pilato, [[liwali]] wa [[Palestina]] ([[26]]-[[36]]<ref name="Lémonon 1981 29–32">{{cite book |last=Lémonon |first=J.P. |title=Pilate et le gouvernement de la Judée: textes et monuments, Études bibliques |publisher=Gabalda |location=Paris |year=1981 |pages=29–32}}</ref> ), aliamua [[Yesu]] aadhibiwe hivyo kulingana na shtaka la [[Kiongozi|viongozi]] wa [[Wayahudi]] waliodai kwamba mtuhumiwa huyo alijitangaza kuwa [[mfalme]] na kupinga [[mamlaka]] ya [[Kaisari]] wa [[Roma]], kwa wakati huo [[Tiberius]], ingawa Pilato alikuwa ametambua shtaka halikuwa la kweli, bali lilitokana na [[husuda]]<ref name=Kostenberger104 >''The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament'' by [[Andreas J. Köstenberger]], L. Scott Kellum 2009 {{ISBN|978-0-8054-4365-3}} pp.&nbsp;104–108</ref><ref name="Evans, Craig A. 2001 page 316">{{Rejea kitabu|last1=Evans|first1=Craig A. |year=2001|title=Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies|url=https://archive.org/details/jesushiscontempo0000evan|isbn=0-391-04118-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/jesushiscontempo0000evan/page/316 316]}}</ref><ref name="Wansbrough, Henry 2004 page 185">{{Rejea kitabu|last1=Wansbrough|first1=Henry |year=2004|title=Jesus and the Oral Gospel Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/jesusoralgospelt0000unse|isbn=0-567-04090-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/jesusoralgospelt0000unse/page/184 185] |publisher=A&C Black }}</ref>. Kadiri ya [[Injili ya Yohane]], Pilato mwenyewe alisisitiza kwamba, katika [[maandishi]] yaliyotakiwa kuwajulisha [[watu]] sababu ya [[adhabu ya kifo]], iwekwe wazi kwamba Yesu aliuawa kama [[mfalme wa Wayahudi]], ingawa [[neno]] hilo lilichukiza viongozi wa [[taifa]]. Maneno ya ilani hiyo yaliandikwa katika [[lugha]] [[tatu]]: *[[Kilatini]]: Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudeorum, [[kifupi]] [[INRI]], *[[Kigiriki]]: Ἰησοῦς ὁ Ναζωραῖος ὁ Bασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίω. Kutokana na [[herufi]] hizo, [[Wagiriki]] wanaandika INBI. *[[Kiebrania]]: ישוע הנוצרי ומלך היהודים. [[Herufi]] za kwanza za maneno hayo kwa Kiebrania ni יהוה, [[YHWH]], ndilo [[jina]] takatifu la [[Mungu]] katika [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]]. Yesu akiwa msalabani alisema maneno kadhaa. Kati ya hayo, ni maarufu [[maneno saba]] yaliyoripotiwa na Injili yakimuelekea [[Mungu Baba]], [[Bikira Maria]], [[Mtume Yohane]] na [[Dismas Mtakatifu|mhalifu aliyesulubiwa pamoja naye]]. ==Picha== <gallery widths="180" heights="180"> File:14th-century fresco of Jesus Christ bearing the cross, Visoki Dečani, Kosovo.jpg|''Kubeba Msalaba'' [[mchoro wa ukutani]], [[Decani monastery]], [[Kosovo]], karne ya 14 File:MCB icon3.jpg|[[Picha takatifu]] ya Yesu kusulubiwa, [[Athens]], [[Ugiriki]] File:Miguel Angel Crucifixion La Redonda Logrono Spain.jpg|''Kusulubiwa kwa Kristo'', mchoro wa [[Michelangelo]], 1540 File:De kruisiging.jpg|alt=Print of the Crucifixion, made at the end of the 16th century|[[Albrecht Dürer]], ''Die Kreuzigung'', iliyochapishwa karne ya 16<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=De Kruisiging|url=https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:B4D16A3C-15CD-11E9-954B-23312282636C#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-2876,-181,8131,3613|access-date=2020-09-28|website=lib.ugent.be|archive-date=October 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017140700/https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:B4D16A3C-15CD-11E9-954B-23312282636C#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-2876,-181,8131,3613|url-status=live}}</ref> File:Paolo Veronese 010.jpg|''[[Kalivari]]'', mchoro wa [[Paolo Veronese]], karne ya 16 File:History of the Kings (f.38) the Crucifixion of Christ.jpg|[[Mchoro mdogo]] wa karne ya 14 au 15, [[Welisi]] File:ArchdiocesanShrineofSaint Annejf0133 12.JPG|Msalaba katika [[Taguig Church]], [[Ufilipino]] File:Jesus Tkors Ytterselo01.gif|Yesu msulubiwa, Ytterselö kyrka, [[Uswidi]], 1500 hivi File:Santíssimo Cristo 02.jpg|''[[Cristo de La Laguna]]'', 1510–14, [[San Cristóbal de La Laguna]], Hispania File:Crucifixion by G.Margkazinis (17th c.).jpg|''Kusulubiwa'', [[Georgios Markazinis]], 1647 File:Raffaello, pala baglioni, deposizione.jpg|''Kushushwa kutoka msalabani'', mchoro wa [[Raphael]], 1507 File:Peter Paul Rubens - Descent from the cross (1617).jpg|''Kushushwa kutoka msalabani'', mchoro wa [[Rubens]], 1616–17 </gallery> ==Tazama pia== * [[Kifo cha Yesu]] * [[Yesu kushushwa]] * [[Titulus Crucis]] ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} ==Vyanzo== {{refbegin}} <!-- B --> * {{cite book | last =Blomberg | first =Craig L. | year =2009 | title =Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey | publisher =B&H Publishing | isbn =978-0-8054-4482-7}} <!-- C --> * {{cite book | last =Crossan | first =John Dominic | year =1995 | title =Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography | url =https://archive.org/details/jesusrevolutiona00cros_1 | publisher=HarperOne | isbn =0-06-061662-8}} <!-- D --> * {{cite book | last =Dunn | first =James D. G. | year =2003 | title =Jesus Remembered | url =https://archive.org/details/jesusremembered0000dunn | publisher =Wm. B. Eerdmans | isbn =0-8028-3931-2}} <!-- E --> * {{cite book | last1 =Eddy | first1 = Paul |last2=Boyd | first2 =Gregory | year =2007 | title =The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition | publisher =Baker Academic | isbn =978-0-8010-3114-4}} * {{cite book | last =Ehrman | first =Bart D. | year =2008 | title =A Brief Introduction to the New Testament | url =https://archive.org/details/briefintroductio0000ehrm_x4c5 | publisher =Oxford University Press | isbn =978-0-19-536934-2}} <!-- L --> * {{cite book | last =Lüdemann | first =Gerd | year =1997 | title =The Unholy in Holy Scripture: The Dark Side of the Bible| publisher =Westminster John Knox Press | isbn =0-664-25739-9}} <!-- M --> * {{cite book | last = Meier | first =John P. | year =2006 | chapter =How do we decide what comes from Jesus | editor-last1 =Dunn | editor-first1 =James D. G. | editor-last2 =McKnight | editor-first2 =Scot | title =The Historical Jesus in Recent Research | url = https://archive.org/details/historicaljesusi0010unse | publisher =Eisenbrauns | isbn =1-57506-100-7}} <!-- T --> * {{cite book | last =Tuckett | first =Christopher M. | chapter = | editor-last =Bockmuehl | editor-first =Markus N. A. | year =2001 | title =The Cambridge Companion to Jesus | publisher =Cambridge University Press | isbn =0-521-79678-4}} <!-- V --> * {{cite book | last =Verhoeven | first =Paul | year =2010 | title =Jesus of Nazareth | url =https://archive.org/details/jesusofnazareth0000verh | publisher =Seven Stories Press | isbn =978-1-58322-905-7}} {{refend}} ==Marejeo mengine== * {{Rejea jarida| title = 'Doketismus' – eine Problemanzeige |periodical = Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte |last = Brox |first = Norbert |publisher =[[Kohlhammer Verlag]]|year = 1984 |volume = 95 |pages = 301–314 |issn = 0044-2925 }} * {{cite book |title=A Theology of the Cross: The Death of Jesus in the Pauline Letters |url=https://archive.org/details/theologyofcrossd0000cous |last=Cousar |first=Charles B. |year=1990 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=0-8006-1558-1 }} * {{cite journal |last=Dennis |first=John |year=2006 |title=Jesus' Death in John's Gospel: A Survey of Research from Bultmann to the Present with Special Reference to the Johannine Hyper-Texts |journal=[[Currents in Biblical Research]] |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=331–363 |doi=10.1177/1476993X06064628 |s2cid=170326371 }} * {{cite book|title=The Symbols of the Church|last=Dilasser|first=Maurice|year=1999|publisher=Liturgical Press |isbn=978-0-8146-2538-5|url=https://archive.org/details/symbolsofchurch00dila}} * {{cite book |title=The Death of Jesus: Tradition and Interpretation in the Passion Narrative |url=https://archive.org/details/deathofjesustrad0000gree |last=Green |first=Joel B. |year=1988 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |isbn=3-16-145349-2 }} * {{cite journal |last=Humphreys |first=Colin J. |date=December 1983 |title=Dating the Crucifixion |journal=Nature |volume=306 |issue=5945 |pages=743–746 |doi=10.1038/306743a0 |author2=W. G. Waddington |bibcode=1983Natur.306..743H|s2cid=4360560 }} * {{cite book |title=Archaeology and the New Testament |last=McRay |first=John |year=1991 |publisher=Baker Books |isbn=0-8010-6267-5 }} * {{cite journal |last=Rosenblatt |first=Samuel |date=December 1956 |title=The Crucifixion of Jesus from the Standpoint of Pharisaic Law |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-biblical-literature_1956-12_75_4/page/314 |journal=Journal of Biblical Literature |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=315–321 |doi=10.2307/3261265 |publisher=The Society of Biblical Literature |jstor=3261265 }} * {{cite book |title=Crucifixion in Antiquity |url=https://archive.org/details/crucifixioninant0000samu |last=Samuelsson |first=Gunnar. |year=2011 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |isbn=978-3-16-150694-9 }} * {{Rejea kitabu|chapter = The Gospel of Peter |title = New Testament Apocrypha: Gospels and related writings |last1 = Schneemelcher |first1 = Wilhelm |author-link = Wilhelm Schneemelcher |last2 = Maurer |first2 = Christian |editor1-last = Schneemelcher |editor1-first = Wilhelm |editor1-link = Wilhelm Schneemelcher |editor2-last = Wilson |editor2-first = McLachlan |publisher = Westminster John Knox Press |year = 1994 |orig-year = 1991 |volume = 1 |pages = 216–227 |isbn = 978-0-664-22721-0 |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TDW0PeFSvGEC&pg=PA220 |access-date = April 25, 2012}} * {{cite book |title=The Crucifixion of Jesus |url=https://archive.org/details/crucifixionofjes0000sloy_l5n0 |last=Sloyan |first=Gerard S. |year=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=0-8006-2886-1 }} {{Bikira Maria}} {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Jamii:Yesu Kristo]] [[Jamii:Injili]] [[Jamii:Teolojia]] [[Jamii:Rozari]] 12aotax78fm3s6qnxwagw38r8f4te2s 0 44085 1529769 1335179 2026-05-02T12:16:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 7 template(s) replaced. 1529769 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Karolingischer Buchmaler um 840 001.jpg|thumb|250px|Yoshua na watu wa Israeli, Karolingischer Buchmaler, [[840]] hivi.]] [[Picha:JSC the battle of Jericho.png|thumb|250px|Mbele ya [[Yeriko]].]] '''Yoshua''' (kwa [[Kiebrania]]: '''יְהוֹשֻׁעַ''', ''Yəhōšuaʿ'' au ''Yŏhōšuaʿ,'' yaani '[[YHWH]] ni wokovu'<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last=Khan |first=Geoffrey |title=The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew, Volume 1. |publisher=Open Book Publishers |year=2020 |isbn=978-1783746767}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Strong's Hebrew Concordance - 3091. Yehoshua |url=https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3091.htm |website=Bible Hub}}</ref>, lakini pia '''יֵשׁוּעַ''', ''Yēšūaʿ''; kwa [[Kiaramu]]: ܝܫܘܥ ܒܪ ܢܘܢ, ''Yəšūʿ bar Nōn''; kwa [[Kigiriki]]: Ἰησοῦς, Yesus; kwa Kiarabu: يُوشَعُ ٱبْنُ نُونٍ, ''Yūšaʿ ibn Nūn''; kwa [[Kilatini]]: Iosue au Josue<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Josue (Joshua) |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08524a.htm |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref>), [[Mtoto|mwana]] wa Nun, [[mtumishi wa Mungu]], alikuwa [[kiongozi]] wa [[taifa]] la [[Israeli]] baada ya [[Musa]] aliyemwekea [[Mkono|mikono]] [[kichwa|kichwani]] ili ajazwe [[Roho Mtakatifu|roho]] ya [[hekima]]. Hivyo, kupitia [[Yordani (mto)|mto Yordani]], aliweza kuingiza Waisraeli katika nchi ya [[Kanaani]] na kuiteka kwa namna ya ajabu<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/92446</ref>. Anajulikana hasa kupitia [[kitabu]] cha sita kati ya vitabu vya [[Tanakh]] (yaani [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]]) na vya [[Agano la Kale]] katika [[Biblia ya Kikristo]]. Kitabu hicho chenye [[sura]] 24 kinatupasha habari za [[uvamizi]] wa [[nchi takatifu]] ambao [[Waisraeli]] waliufanya chini ya Yoshua, ambaye ni mfano wa [[Yesu]] (hata [[jina]] lao kwa [[Kiyahudi]] ni moja, linalotafsiriwa “[[Mungu]] anaokoa”): kwa [[imani]] ya [[Ukristo|Wakristo]], Yesu ndiye aliyewaingiza watu katika nchi ya ahadi, si Musa. Kama vitabu vingine vyote vya [[Biblia]], hiki pia kinatakiwa kisomwe katika mfululizo wa [[historia ya wokovu]] ili kukielewa kadiri ya maendeleo ya [[ufunuo]] wa [[Mungu]] kwa [[binadamu]]. Yoshua anaheshimiwa kama [[mtakatifu]] na [[Wayahudi]], [[Wakristo]] na [[Waislamu]], hasa tarehe [[1 Septemba]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. == Mazingira == Kitabu cha Yoshua kinahusika zaidi na [[Waisraeli]] walipoteka nchi ya [[Kanaani]] na nchi hiyo ilivyogawiwa kati ya makabila yake. Tangu wakati wa [[Ibrahimu]] Mungu alikuwa ameahidi kwamba Kanaani ingekuwa mali ya Waisraeli (Mwa 13:14-17), lakini [[karne]] kadhaa zilipita mpaka Waisraeli walipokuwa taifa kubwa la kutosha kwa kuteka na kumiliki nchi hiyo. Taifa la Israeli lilikua na kuongezeka hasa katika nchi ya [[Misri]], na wakati ulipowadia, Musa aliwaongoza watu hao kutoka Misri kuelekea Kanaani ([[Kut]] 3:7-10; 12:40-41). Lakini watu walipofika karibu, ambapo wangeweza kuandaa mashambulio, waliwaogopa Wakanaani wakamwasi Mungu. Kwa ukaidi wao, watu walikataa kumtegemea Mungu na kuingia Kanaani, isipokuwa viongozi wawili, yaani Yoshua na [[Kalebu]]. Mungu akawaadhibu jangwani mpaka walipokufa watu wazima wote (waliokuwa na miaka 20 na kuzidi, isipokuwa Yoshua na Kalebu) na kizazi kipya kilipokuwa na nguvu ya kutosha ([[Hes]] 14:28-35). Wakati huo, miaka 40 baada ya wazazi wao kuondoka Misri, watu wa kizazi kile kipya walikuwa tayari kuingia Kanaani. Kambi yao kubwa ilikuwa mashariki mwa Mto Yordani kukabili Yeriko (Hes 22:1). Musa alikuwa amekufa tangu muda mfupi ([[Kumb]] 34:1-5), na Yoshua alipewa jukumu la kuwaongoza Waisraeli baada ya kifo cha Musa kwenye miaka [[1210 KK|1210]]-[[1200 KK|1200]] hivi [[KK]] (Kumb 34:9; Yos 1:1-2). == Kiongozi mpya wa Israeli == Yoshua alizaliwa na kukulia Misri, lakini miaka ya taabu huko ilimsaidia kujenga [[tabia]], uwezo na [[imani]] ya kumtegemea Mungu ambayo siku moja itamfanya awe mtu wa maana sana katika taifa lake. Muda mfupi baada ya Waisraeli kuondoka Misri, Yoshua alionyesha uwezo wake wa kuongoza alipokusanya kwa haraka sana jeshi dogo na kuwafukuza wachokozi [[Waamaleki]] (Kut 17:8-16). Waisraeli walipofika Mlima Sinai, Yoshua alikuwa msaidizi maalumu wa Musa. Yeye peke yake alifuatana naye alipokwea mlima, ambapo Musa alikutana na Mungu katika wingu, lakini Yoshua alibaki nje (Kut 24:13). Vile vile Yoshua hakutoka katika hema ambamo Musa alikutana na Mungu (Kut 33:11; taz. Hes 11:28). Siku moja, Waisraeli walipomwasi Mungu jangwani, Yoshua alionyesha imani yake yenye ujasiri ambapo yeye na Kalebu walisimama imara kinyume cha wenzao wote (Hes 14:9). Imani yake ya kumtegemea Mungu ilimpa uvumilivu na kumlinda asije akachukuliwa na tamaa ya ubinafsi ya kutaka makuu. Hakuwa na kijicho dhidi ya Musa kuwa kiongozi wa Israeli, bali alijaribu kumtetea watu wengine walipojaribu kushambulia daraja yake ya pekee (Hes 11:26-30). Mungu alimchagua Yoshua awe kiongozi wa taifa baada ya Musa, lakini alionyesha wazi kwamba Yoshua asingekuwa na mamlaka kubwa sawa sawa na Musa, kwa kuwa baada ya kufa kwake, uongozi wa kiraia na ule wa kiroho ukawa juu ya watu tofauti. Tangu wakati huo kawaida ilikuwa kwamba, kiongozi wa kiraia alipata maagizo ya Mungu kwa njia ya [[kuhani mkuu]] (Hes 27:18-23). Hata hivyo, Yoshua alikuwa mtu aliyemwelewa Mungu. Uzoefu wake kama kiongozi wa kiroho, mtawala wa kiraia na mkuu wa jeshi ulimfaa sana kuwaongoza Waisraeli katika nchi yao mpya na katika wakati mpya uliowakabili (Kum 31:7, 14, 23; 34:9). == Mtindo wa Kitabu cha Yoshua == Kitabu cha Yoshua kimepata jina lake kutokana na mtu ambaye habari zake zimesimuliwa zaidi humo, lakini hakimtaji mwandishi wake. Inawezekana kwamba mwandishi alipata habari kutokana na kumbukumbu ambazo Yoshua mwenyewe aliziandika (Yos 24:25-26) na vitabu vingine vya historia vya wakati ule (Yos 10:13) na ripoti za kikabila na za kitaifa kuhusu mahali, koo na matukio mbalimbali (Yos 18:8-9). Ingawa kitabu kinaeleza utekaji wa nchi ya Kanaani, hakitoi orodha ya kinaganaga kuhusu matukio yote ya historia. Vita vya kuteka Kanaani vilichukua muda mrefu (Yos 11:18) usiopungua miaka mitano (Yos 14:7, 10), lakini mwandishi alitaja baadhi ya vita virefu katika mistari michache tu, na mambo mengine yasiyokuwa na maana sana ya kivita aliyaandika kirefu. Sababu ya tofauti hizo katika masimulizi ni kwamba, madhumuni maalumu ya mwandishi hayakuwa kuandika kinaganaga kuhusu vita na siasa, bali alitaka kuonyesha kazi ya Mungu na watu wake. Mwandishi alikuwa mhubiri kuliko mwandishi wa ripoti na orodha mbalimbali tu. Alikuwa nabii kuliko mwandishi wa historia. Kwa Waisraeli kazi ya kwanza ya nabii haikuwa kutabiri mambo ya usoni, bali kuwajulisha watu mapenzi ya Mungu ([[Isa]] 1:18-20; [[Yer]] 1:7,9; [[Amo]] 3:7-8; taz. Kut 4:10-16; 7:1-2). Wao waliona historia yao kama ufunuo wa matendo ya Mungu, na kwa sababu hiyo kitabu hiki na vingine kadhaa vya Biblia tunavyoviona vya historia, Waisraeli waliviita vya unabii. Waandishi wengi wa historia katika Israeli walikuwa manabii ([[1 Nya]] 29:29; [[2 Nya]] 9:29; 12:15). Waisraeli waligawanya vitabu vyao vya unabii katika sehemu mbili zilizoitwa Vitabu vya Unabii wa Awali (Yoshua, Waamuzi, Samweli na Wafalme), na Vitabu vya Unabii wa Baadaye (Isaya, Yeremia, Ezekieli na vitabu 12 vya [[manabii wadogo]]). Katika vitabu vya Unabii wa Awali, Mungu alidhihirisha makusudi yake kwa njia ya historia ya Waisraeli, na kwa kweli mataifa yote yalikuwa chini ya utawala wake mkuu. Katika vitabu vya Unabii wa Baadaye, Mungu alidhihirisha makusudi yake zaidi kwa njia ya maneno ya wasemaji wake. Kwa sababu ya namna hiyo ya pekee ya Waisraeli kutazama historia, mwandishi wa kitabu cha Yoshua hakujaribu kuorodhesha kila tukio lililotokea wakati ule, wala hakuandika katika utaratibu maalumu wa mfululizo wa matukio. Zaidi alichagua na kupanga mambo yake kadiri ya kusudi lake kuu la unabii. Alitaka kuwasaidia watu wamjue Mungu zaidi, akishughulika na matukio yale yaliyokuwa na maana kubwa katika uhusiano wa taifa na Mungu wake. == Habari za kitabu chenyewe == Mara baada ya kushika uongozi, Yoshua alituma wapelelezi nchini; huko [[Yeriko]], mji wa zamani kuliko yote ya dunia, walisaidiwa na [[Rahabu]], kahaba aliyeamini kuwa ushindi utakuwa wa [[Mungu]] wa [[Israeli]] (Yos 2): kwa hiyo akaokolewa pamoja na ndugu zake, tena akajaliwa kuwa bibi wa babu wa mfalme Daudi, hata akatajwa na [[Injili]] kama bibi wa [[Yesu Kristo]] ([[Math]] 1:5-6), halafu akachukuliwa kama mfano wa [[imani]] ([[Eb]] 11:31) na wa matendo mema ([[Yak]] 2:25). Kadiri ya kitabu hicho, Yoshua aliwavusha Waisraeli pakavu kati ya mto wa [[Yordani]] (Yos 3-4) na hivyo akawaingiza katika nchi takatifu. Hapo ikawabidi kwanza wafunge tena agano na Mungu kwa kutahiriwa wanaume wote na kwa kuadhimisha Pasaka ambapo kwa mara ya kwanza walikula mazao ya nchi hiyo waliyoahidiwa: ndio mwisho wa mana na wa kipindi cha jangwani (Yos 5:1-12). Hata sisi tutaacha kula mkate toka mbinguni tutakapoingia pale tulipoahidiwa. Baada ya matendo hayo ya kidini Mungu alimtokea Yoshua kama amiri jeshi wa Israeli ili kumhakikishia kwamba mwenyewe ataongoza mambo, hivyo Yoshua amtegemee akijisikia chombo chake tu (Yos 5:13-15). Ni rahisi kwa kila binadamu aliyeshika uongozi kujisikia mwenyewe na hivyo kuacha kumtegemea Mungu. Kumbe Yoshua kwa kupokea ujumbe huo akaweza kushinda watu wenye maboma, nguvu na silaha kali kuliko Waisraeli. Kwamba hiyo ni nguvu ya Mungu inaonekana wazi hasa katika simulizi la kuteka Yeriko (Yos 6:1-21): huko Waisraeli walifanya maandamano ya ibada mpaka kuta za mji zikaanguka. Vita vyetu vya kiroho na vya kitume vitegemee hasa sala. Baada ya vita vingi Yoshua akayagawia [[makabila 12 ya Israeli]] nchi yote, ikiwa ni pamoja na sehemu zilizobaki chini ya wenyeji (Yos 12:1-13:14). Huko Shekemu aliwadai wote wachague kumtumikia [[YHWH]] au miungu mingine, akisisitiza ugumu wa kumtumikia sawasawa Mungu aliye mtakatifu na mwenye wivu kwa watu wake. Lakini wao walikubali kwa moyo wote kumtumikia Mungu tu, wakasimamisha jiwe kubwa kama kumbukumbu (Yos 24:1-28). Kabla hajafa Yoshua akawaita Waisraeli wote ili kuwaimarisha katika imani na umoja kwa kuwakumbusha maajabu waliyotendewa na Mungu na kwa kuwahimiza wamuonyeshe shukrani (Yos 23). Kukumbuka ni jambo muhimu ili tuishi kwa imani bila ya kudanganywa na maisha yanayosahaulisha kwa urahisi mambo ya Kimungu. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|Joshua}} * [http://www.catholicrevelations.com/category/the-catholic-bible/douay-rheims-version/the-book-of-joshua-josue-catholic-bible-douay-rheims-version-commentary-bishop-challoner-old-testament-stories.html The Book of Joshua, Douay Rheims Bible Version with annotations By Bishop Challoner] {{Wayback|url=http://www.catholicrevelations.com/category/the-catholic-bible/douay-rheims-version/the-book-of-joshua-josue-catholic-bible-douay-rheims-version-commentary-bishop-challoner-old-testament-stories.html |date=20120928043608 }} * [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Joshua;&version=9; Book of Joshua at BibleGateway] * [http://www.christnotes.org/dictionary.php?dict=sbd&id=2493 Smith’s Bible Dictionary] * [http://refbible.com/j/joshua.htm Easton's Bible Dictionary & Int. Standard Bible Encyclopedia] * [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=aeIWYGLVoDQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Deuteronomistic+history+consensus&source=bl&ots=74YDx7sAiK&sig=6HstEiMWQXw5vnUBTCT3_rCGMX4&hl=en&ei=c5eYTPajBM2wccHirJoP&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Joshua&f=false de Pury, Albert, Römer, Thomas, Macchi, Jean-Daniel "Israël constructs its history: Deuteronomistic historiography in recent research" (Sheffield Academic Press, 2000)] * [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=5bY6JCwYK4sC&pg=PA104&lpg=PA104&dq=Garbini+Ezra&source=bl&ots=6WsNinIOe0&sig=0KmMTPpxl_PFOr5yBIO4ixM1X2E&hl=en&ei=KaeSTPavC83XcZD6_fIG&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Garbini%20Ezra&f=false Garbini, G., "Myth and history in the bible" (Sheffield Academic Press, 2003)] * [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Hebrew+Bible+today:+an+introduction+to+critical+issues&source=bl&ots=fUEuF-W9Ul&sig=YcThOSXuCkrdCzelf6hXPh0_2Mo&hl=en&ei=AOyRTKGFJ4KecIS89MYG&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false Graham, M.P, and McKenzie, Steven L., "The Hebrew Bible today: an introduction to critical issues" (Westminster John Knox Press, 1998)] * [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=VtAmmwapfVAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Biblical+peoples+and+ethnicity:+an+archaeological&source=bl&ots=ZaKtgpooxk&sig=Qc02Q0uT2nZCL1zyDStCvgRsjMA&hl=en&ei=2X7WS5yOCJCTkAWG6I3ABg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Killebrew, Ann E., "Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, and Early Israel, 1300-1100 BCE" (Society of Biblical Literature, 2005)] * [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=zFhvECwNQD0C&dq=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=en&ei=ToBWTIreOITJceLI7L8M&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false Coogan, Michael D. (ed), "The Oxford History of the Biblical World (Oxford University Press, 1998)] * [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=3surkLVdw3UC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Oxford+Bible+commentary&source=bl&ots=5s4E9q2oZh&sig=6NU_qqp_09wL-Pyxg2XqvwteooI&hl=en&ei=GY-UTIr7DYGfcaT13KQF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false Oxford Bible Commentary (ed. John Barton, John Muddiman, Oxford University Press, 2001)] * [http://books.google.ca/books?id=LtD4Xomh4XgC&pg=PA45 The biblical world, Volume 2], [[John Barton (theologian)|John Barton]], Taylor & Francis, 2004. * [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&dq=Eerdmans+commentary+on+the+Bible&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=en&ei=pmmUTNrsCZC9cfqd9aMF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible (ed. James D. G. Dunn, John William Rogerson, Eerdmans, 2003)] * [http://www.google.com.au/search?q=Yahweh+and+the+gods+and+goddesses+of+Canaan&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a Day, John, "Yahweh and the gods and goddesses of Canaan" (Sheffield Academic Press, 2002)] * [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6-VxwC5rQtwC&dq=Dever+What+did+the+biblical+writers+know&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=en&ei=KSVhS6P5MoqUkAXF34zzCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CBkQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=&f=false Dever, William, "What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?" (Eerdmans, 2001)] * [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=8WkbUkKeqcoC&dq=Who+were+the+early+Israelites,+and+where+did+they+come+from%3F&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=en&ei=XDxdS8SRKc6OkQXd_YymAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CBkQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=&f=false Dever, William, "Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?" (Eerdmans, 2003, 2006)] * [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jpbngoKHg8gC&dq=The+quest+for+the+historical+Israel:&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=en&ei=p_xmS9jKDdGHkAWaoOTsDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CBgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=&f=false Finkelstein, Israel; Mazar, Amihay; Schmidt, Brian B., "The Quest for the Historical Israel" (Society of Biblical Literature, 2007)] * [http://books.google.ca/books?id=39nQafdJ_ssC&pg=PA96 Brettler, Marc Zvi, "How to read the Bible" (Jewish Publication Society, 2005)] * Joshua, an Introduction and Commentary, by Richard Hess, Inter-Varsity press (1996) * Auzou, Georges. Le Don d'une conquête: étude du livre de Josué (Édition de l'Orante, 1964), in series, "Connaissance de la Bible", 4. *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Bright|first=John|title=A History of Israel|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=2000|url=http://books.google.com/?id=0VG67yLs-LAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Bright+History+of+Israel#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=978-0-664-22068-6}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=McNutt|first=Paula|title=Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1999|url=http://books.google.com/?id=hd28MdGNyTYC&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33&dq=Reconstructing+the+Society+of+Ancient+Israel++By+Paula+M.+McNutt#v=onepage&q=&f=false|isbn=978-0-664-22265-9}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Miller|first=James Maxwell|last2=Hayes|first2=John Haralson|title=A History of Ancient Israel and Judah|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1986|isbn=0-664-21262-X|url=http://books.google.com/?id=uDijjc_D5P0C&dq=A+history+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah++By+James+Maxwell+Miller,+John+Haralson+Hayes&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=&f=false}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Miller|first=Robert D.|title=Chieftains of the Highland Clans: A History of Israel in the 12th and 11th Centuries B.C.|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2005|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Gtm7NtK87poC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Chieftains+of+the+highland+clans#v=onepage&q=&f=false|isbn=978-0-8028-0988-9}} {{mbegu-mtu-Biblia}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa karne ya 13 KK]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki karne ya 12 KK]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Biblia]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Israeli]] 1krxblfg0ajljlalnyfw1woamuan0zo 1 49828 1530351 1413013 2026-05-03T08:57:29Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Revision */ 1530351 wikitext text/x-wiki Nimesoma orodha yenu ya Makabila ya Tanzania. Lakini kama nimeona vizuri sijaona kabila la Wameru (Varwa) kwenye orodha (labda ipo?). Kama halipo je Wameru si kabila au ni makosa ya uchapaji? Kwa ufahamu wangu Wameru ni kabila linalojitambua na kutambuliwa. Au mmeliweka kwenye upotoshaji wa kwamba ni kabila la Wamasai? au Waarusha (hili pia halipo). == Wamanyema == Je kabila la wamanyema asilimia kubwa ni waislamu au wakistro? '''[[Mtumiaji:Maulid Bin Swaleh|Maulid Bin Swaleh]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Maulid Bin Swaleh|majadiliano]])''' 10:53, 28 Julai 2021 (UTC) :Wengi Waislamu. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 10:58, 28 Julai 2021 (UTC) == Lead Section == The Lead section paragraphs of this Article sounds like they need to be in "Tanbihi" , Cause it doesn't explain the Content in it. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz^{Chronist^2.0}</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 16:36, 30 Machi 2025 (UTC) == Revision == This article requires More revision since its one of the most viewed pages, [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz^{Chronist^2.0}</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 16:46, 30 Machi 2025 (UTC) :Jedwali lililoongezwa linaelekeza kila kitu kwenye Wikipedia ya Kiingereza kama kwamba ile ya Kiswahili isingekuwa na makala hazo, kumbe zipo. Naomba viungo vyote vielekeze kwenya kurasa za Kiswahili, kwa sababu zipo, yanavyoonyesha maandishi ya awali yaliyoachwa chini ya yale mapya. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 08:57, 3 Mei 2026 (UTC) ekn6aams6a4fhh1eetu4jbe7dz18wyv 0 55352 1529960 1498096 2026-05-02T17:54:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260502sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1529960 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ugonjwa wa Alzheimer''' (pia hujulikana kama '''Udhaifu wa kiakili utokanao na uzee wa aina ya Alzeima''' au '''Alzeima''' tu) ni aina ya kawaida sana ya [[tatizo la kiakili]]. Huo [[ugonjwa]] usiotibika, wa kusawijika na unaoua, ulielezewa kwa mara ya kwanza na [[mtaalamu]] wa [[magonjwa ya akili]] na ya [[mfumo wa neva]] [[Alois Alzheimer]] katika [[mwaka]] wa [[1906]] ukapewa [[jina]] lake. Kwa jumla, huwa unatambuliwa kwa watu walio na [[umri]] wa zaidi ya miaka 65,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Brookmeyer R, Gray S, Kawas C |title=Projections of Alzheimer's disease in the United States and the public health impact of delaying disease onset |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-public-health_1998-09_88_9/page/1337 |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=88 |issue=9 |pages=1337–42 |year=1998 |month=Septemba |pmid=9736873 |pmc=1509089 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.88.9.1337 }}</ref> ingawa kuna Alzeima ya nadra inayoanza mapema. Katika mwaka wa 2006, kulikuwa na wagonjwa [[milioni]] 26.6 kote [[duniani]]. Alzeima inakadiriwa itakuwa inaathiri mtu 1 kati ya watu 85 kote duniani kufikia mwaka wa 2050.<ref name="Brookmeyer2007"/> Ingawa [[chanzo]] cha ugonjwa wa Alzeima ni tofauti kwa kila mtu, kuna [[dalili]] kadhaa za kawaida.<ref name="alzheimers.org"> {{cite web | title=What is Alzheimer's disease? | url=http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?documentID=100 | publisher=Alzheimers.org.uk | year=2007 | month=Agosti | accessdate=2008-02-21 }}</ref> Dalili za mwanzo zinazoonekana mara nyingi hudhaniwa kimakosa kuwa matatizo 'yanayotokana na umri', au kuonyesha kuwa mtu anafadhaika.<ref name="pmid17222085">{{cite journal |author=Waldemar G, Dubois B, Emre M, ''et al.'' |title=Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease and other disorders associated with dementia: EFNS guideline |journal=Eur J Neurol |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=e1–26 |year=2007 |month=Januari |pmid=17222085 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01605.x }}</ref> Katika hatua za mwanzo, dalili za kawaida zinazotambuliwa ni kukosa uwezo wa kupata kumbukumbu mpya, kama vile wa kukumbuka mambo yaliyofanyika hivi karibuni. Wakati Alzeima inakisiwa, utambuzi kwa kawaida huwa unathibitishwa na tathmini ya tabia na vipimo vya utambuzi wa mambo, mara nyingi zikifuatiwa na skani ya ubongo kama inapatikana.<ref name="alzres">{{cite web | title=Alzheimer's diagnosis of AD | url=http://www.alzheimers-research.org.uk/info/diagnosis/ | publisher=Alzheimer's Research Trust | accessdate=2008-02-29 | archivedate=2007-10-22 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022154220/http://alzheimers-research.org.uk/info/diagnosis/ }}</ref> Ugonjwa unapoendelea, dalili huwa ni pamoja na kuchanganyikiwa, kukerwa na uchokozi, mabadiliko ya hali ya moyo, kutatizika kwa lugha, kupoteza kumbukumbu ya muda mrefu, na mgonjwa kujitenga sana kadiri hisia zake zinavyoendelea kupungua.<ref name="pmid17222085"/><ref name="pmid17823840"> {{cite journal |author=Tabert MH, Liu X, Doty RL, Serby M, Zamora D, Pelton GH, Marder K, Albers MW, Stern Y, Devanand DP |title=A 10-item smell identification scale related to risk for Alzheimer's disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-neurology_2005-07_58_1/page/155 |journal=Ann. Neurol. |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=155–160 |year=2005 |pmid=15984022 |doi=10.1002/ana.20533 }}</ref> Hatua kwa hatua, kazi za [[mwili]] hupotea, na hatimaye kusababisha [[kifo]].<ref name="nihstages">{{cite web | title=Understanding stages and symptoms of Alzheimer's disease | url=http://www.nia.nih.gov/Alzheimers/Publications/stages.htm | publisher=National Institute on Aging | date=2007-10-26 | accessdate=2008-02-21 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516213955/http://www.nia.nih.gov/Alzheimers/Publications/stages.htm | archivedate=2008-05-16 }}</ref> Ni vigumu kubashiri hatima ya mgonjwa binafsi kwa vile muda wa ugonjwa unatofautiana. Alzeima hukua kwa kipindi kisichojulikana kabla ya kudhihirika kabisa, na inaweza kukua bila ya kutambuliwa kwa miaka mingi. Muda wa kuishi baada ya utambuzi ni takriban miaka saba.<ref name="pmid3776457">{{cite journal |author=Mölsä PK, Marttila RJ, Rinne UK |title=Survival and cause of death in Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia |journal=Acta Neurol Scand |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=103–7 |year=1986 |month=Agosti |pmid=3776457 |accessdate=2008-08-04 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0404.1986.tb04634.x }}</ref> Chini ya asilimia tatu ya wagonjwa huishi kwa zaidi ya miaka kumi na nne baada ya utambuzi.<ref name="pmid7793228">{{cite journal |author=Mölsä PK, Marttila RJ, Rinne UK |title=Long-term survival and predictors of mortality in Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia |journal=ActaNeurol Scand |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=159–64 |year=1995 |month=Machi |pmid=7793228 }}</ref> Chanzo na kukua kwa Alzeima huwa havieleweki vizuri. Utafiti unaonyesha kuwa ugonjwa huu unahusiana na tando na mifungamano kwenye ubongo.<ref name="pmid15184601"/> Kwa sasa matibabu yanayotumika hupunguza dalili za ugonjwa lakini hakuna matibabu ya kuchelewesha au kusimamisha kuendelea kwa ugonjwa huu. Hadi mwaka wa 2012, zaidi ya majaribio 1000 ya kliniki yamefanywa kwa ajili ya kutambua tiba ya Alzeima, lakini haijulikani kama mojawapo ya mikakati iliyofanyiwa majaribio ya kusitisha ugonjwa huu itaonyesha matokeo yenye matumaini.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=alzheimer |title= Alzheimer's Disease Clinical Trials |accessdate= 2008-08-18 |publisher= US National Institutes of Health }}</ref> Baadhi ya mienendo ya maisha ambayo haihusu upasuaji, imetajwa kwa ajili ya kuzuia ugonjwa wa Alzeima, lakini kuna ukosefu wa ushahidi wa kutosha wa uhusiano kati ya mapendekezo hayo na kupungua kwa kusawijika. Kusisimua akili, mazoezi, na lishe bora yanapendekezwa, kama njia za kujikinga na njia ya busara ya kudhibiti ugonjwa huo. <ref name="prevention1">{{cite web | title=Can Alzheimer's disease be prevented | url=http://www.nia.nih.gov/NR/rdonlyres/63B5A29C-F943-4DB7-91B4-0296772973F3/0/CanADbePrevented.pdf | format=pdf | publisher=National Institute on Aging | accessdate=2008-02-29 | date=2006-08-29 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002125551/http://www.nia.nih.gov/NR/rdonlyres/63B5A29C-F943-4DB7-91B4-0296772973F3/0/CanADbePrevented.pdf | archivedate=2006-10-02 }}</ref> Kwa sababu Alzeima haiwezi kutibiwa na husababisha kusawijika, utunzaji wa wagonjwa ni muhimu. Wajibu mkuu wa mlezi mara nyingi kuchukuliwa na mke au jamaa wa karibu.<ref name="metlife.com">{{cite web | title= The MetLife study of Alzheimer's disease: The caregiving experience | month= Agosti | year= 2006 |archivedate=2008-06-25 | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080625071754/http://www.metlife.com/WPSAssets/14050063731156260663V1FAlzheimerCaregivingExperience.pdf | publisher=MetLife Mature Market Institute | format=PDF | accessdate=2008-02-12 }}</ref> Ugonjwa wa Alzeima unajulikana kwa kuwatwika walezi wa wagonjwa mzigo mkubwa na mashinikizo yanaweza kuwa ya aina nyingi, yakiwemo ya kijamii, ya kisaikolojia, ya kimwili, na ya kiuchumi katika maisha ya mlezi huyo.<ref name="pmid17662119">{{cite journal |author=Thompson CA, Spilsbury K, Hall J, Birks Y, Barnes C, Adamson J |title=Systematic review of information and support interventions for caregivers of people with dementia |journal=BMC Geriatr |volume=7 |page=18 |year=2007 |pmid=17662119 |pmc=1951962 |doi=10.1186/1471-2318-7-18 }}</ref><ref name="pmid10489656">{{cite journal |author=Schneider J, Murray J, Banerjee S, Mann A |title=EUROCARE: a cross-national study of co-resident spouse carers for people with Alzheimer's disease: I—Factors associated with carer burden |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-geriatric-psychiatry_1999-08_14_8/page/651 |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=651–661 |year=1999 |month=Agosti |pmid=10489656 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199908)14:8<651::AID-GPS992>3.0.CO;2-B |accessdate=2008-07-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Murray J, Schneider J, Banerjee S, Mann A |title=EUROCARE: a cross-national study of co-resident spouse carers for people with Alzheimer's disease: II—A qualitative analysis of the experience of caregiving |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-geriatric-psychiatry_1999-08_14_8/page/662 |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=662–667 |year=1999 |month=Agosti |pmid=10489657 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199908)14:8<662::AID-GPS993>3.0.CO;2-4 }}</ref> Katika nchi zilizoendelea, Alzeima ni mojawapo ya magonjwa yenye gharama kubwa sana kwa jamii.<ref name="pmid15685097">{{cite journal |author=Bonin-Guillaume S, Zekry D, Giacobini E, Gold G, Michel JP |title=Impact économique de la démence (English: The economical impact of dementia) |language=French |journal=Presse Med |issn=0755-4982 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=35–41 |year=2005 |month=Januari |pmid=15685097 }}</ref><ref name="pmid9543467">{{cite journal |author=Meek PD, McKeithan K, Schumock GT |title=Economic considerations in Alzheimer's disease |journal=Pharmacotherapy |volume=18 |issue=2 Pt 2 |pages=68–73; discussion 79–82 |year=1998 |pmid=9543467 }}</ref> == Sifa == Mkondo wa ugonjwa umegawanywa katika hatua nne, na mwelekeo wa kuendelea kuharibika kwa utambuzi na utendaji wa mambo. === Kabla ya Dementia === Dalili za kwanza mara nyingi uhusishwa kimakosa kama zinazotokana na kuzeeka au fadhaa.<ref name="pmid17222085"/> Upimwaji wa kina wa kinyurosaikolojia unaweza kufichua matatizo madogo madogo ya utambuzi wa mambo hadi miaka minane kabla ya mtu kutimiza vigezo vya kliniki kwa ajili ya utambuzi wa Alzeima.<ref name="pmid15324363">{{cite journal |author=Bäckman L, Jones S, Berger AK, Laukka EJ, Small BJ |title=Multiple cognitive deficits during the transition to Alzheimer's disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-internal-medicine_2004-09_256_3/page/195 |journal=J Intern Med |volume=256 |issue=3 |pages=195–204 |year=2004 |month=Sep |pmid=15324363 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01386.x }}</ref> Dalili hizi za mapema zinaweza kuathiri shughuli tata zaidi za maisha ya kila siku.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Nygård L |title=Instrumental activities of daily living: a stepping-stone towards Alzheimer's disease diagnosis in subjects with mild cognitive impairment? |journal=Acta Neurol Scand |volume=Suppl |issue=179 |pages=42–6 |year=2003 |month= |pmid=12603250 |doi= 10.1034/j.1600-0404.107.s179.8.x }}</ref> Upungufu unaoonekana kwa urahisi sana ni kupoteza kwa kumbukumbu ya mambo, ambayo hujitokeza kama ugumu wa kukumbuka mambo msingi yaliyosomwa hivi karibuni na kukosa uwezo wa kupata habari mpya.<ref name="pmid15324363"/><ref name="pmid12603249">{{cite journal |author=Arnáiz E, Almkvist O |title=Neuropsychological features of mild cognitive impairment and preclinical Alzheimer's disease |journal=Acta Neurol. Scand., Suppl. |volume=179 |pages=34–41 |year=2003 |pmid=12603249 |doi=10.1034/j.1600-0404.107.s179.7.x |accessdate=2008-06-12 }}</ref> Matatizo ya utambuzi na utendaji rasmi waumakinifu, [[Mipango|kupanga]], uwezo wa kubadilika kwa urahisi kutoka na mageuzi ya mambo, na kuwaza kidhahania, au kuharibika kwa kumbukumbu ya kisemantiki (kumbukumbu ya maana, na uhusiano wa dhana), yanaweza pia kuwa ni dalili ya hatua za kwanza za Alzeima.<ref name="pmid15324363"/> Kutojali kunaweza kuonekana katika hatua hii, na inaenaendelea kuwa dalili sugu yakinyurosaikologia katika mwenendo wa ugonjwa huu.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Landes AM, Sperry SD, Strauss ME, Geldmacher DS |title=Apathy in Alzheimer's disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_2001-12_49_12/page/1700 |journal=J Am Geriatr Soc |volume=49 |issue=12 |pages=1700–7 |year=2001 |month=Dec |pmid=11844006 |doi=10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.49282.x }}</ref> Hatua ya kabla ya kutambuliwa ya ugonjwa pia hujulikana kama uharibifu mdogo wa utambuzi wa mambo,<ref name="pmid12603249"/>lakini kama jina hili linalingana na hatua tofauti ya utambuzi au linatambua hatua ya kwanza ya Alzeima ni suala lenye mgogoro.<ref name="pmid17279076"> {{cite journal |author=Petersen RC |title=The current status of mild cognitive impairment—what do we tell our patients? |journal=Nat Clin Pract Neurol |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=60–1 |year=2007 |month=Februari |pmid=17279076 |doi=10.1038/ncpneuro0402 }}</ref> === Kuanza kwa Dementia === Kwa watu walio na Alzeima ongezeko la kuharibika kwa uwezo wa kujifunza na kumbukumbu hatimaye hupelekea kufanywa kwa utambuzi dhihiri. Katika sehemu ndogo ya watu hawa, matatizo ya lugha, utendaji wa mambo, utambuzi (agnosia), au utekelezaji wa majukumu (apraksia) ni dhahiri zaidi kuliko matatizo ya kumbukumbu.<ref name="pmid10653284"> {{cite journal |author=Förstl H, Kurz A |title=Clinical features of Alzheimer's disease |journal=European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience |volume=249 |issue=6 |pages=288–290 |year=1999 |pmid=10653284 |doi=10.1007/s004060050101 }}</ref> Alzeima haiathiri uwezo wote wa kumbukumbu kwa njia usawa. Kumbukumbu za kitambo za maisha ya mtu (kumbukumbu za matukio), mambo ya kujifunza (kumbukumbu za kisemantiki), na kumbukumbu isiyojitokeza wazi (kumbukumbu ya mwili kuhusu jinsi ya kufanya mambo, kama vile kutumia uma kula) huwa zinathirika na kiasi kidogo kuliko mambo mapya au kumbukumbu.<ref name="pmid1300219"> {{cite journal |author=Carlesimo GA, Oscar-Berman M |title=Memory deficits in Alzheimer's patients: a comprehensive review |journal=Neuropsychol Rev |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=119–69 |year=1992 |month=Juni |pmid=1300219 |doi=10.1007/BF01108841 }}</ref><ref name="pmid8821346"> {{cite journal |author=Jelicic M, Bonebakker AE, Bonke B |title=Implicit memory performance of patients with Alzheimer's disease: a brief review |journal=International Psychogeriatrics |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=385–392 |year=1995 |pmid=8821346 | doi = 10.1017/S1041610295002134 }}</ref> Matatizo ya lugha hasa huwa na sifa ya kupungua kwa msamiati na ufasaha wa maneno, husababisha kuharibika kwa jumla kwa lugha simulizi lugha ya kuandikwa.<ref name="pmid10653284"/><ref name="pmid1856925">{{cite journal |author=Taler V, Phillips NA |title=Language performance in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: a comparative review |journal= J Clin Exp Neuropsychol |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=501–56 |year=2008 |month=Jul |pmid=1856925 |doi=10.1080/13803390701550128 }}</ref> Katika hatua hii, mtu aliye na Alzeima kwa kawaida huwa na uwezo wa kutosha wa kuwasilisha mawazo ya msingi.<ref name="pmid10653284"/><ref name="pmid1856925"/><ref name="pmid7967534">{{cite journal |author=Frank EM |title=Effect of Alzheimer's disease on communication function |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-south-carolina-medical-association_1994-09_90_9/page/417 |journal=J S C Med Assoc |volume=90 |issue=9 |pages=417–23 |year=1994 |month=Septemba |pmid=7967534 }}</ref> Wakati anapotekeleza majukumu ya misuli kama vile kuandika, kuchora au kuvaa nguo, baadhi ya matatizo ya kudhibiti mwendo na kuratibu (apraksia) zinaweza kuwepo lakini kwa kawaida hazitambuliwi.<ref name="pmid10653284"/> Ugonjwa unavyoendelea, watu wenye Alzeima mara nyingi huendelea kufanya kazi nyingi kwa kujitegemea, lakini huhitaji msaada au usimamizi katika shughuli zinazohitaji uamuzi mkubwa.<ref name="pmid10653284"/> === Dementia ya Wastani === Kudhoofika kunavyoendelea hatimaye kunazuia kujitegemea, huku anayehusika akishindwa kufanya shughuli za kawaida za maisha ya kila siku.<ref name="pmid10653284"/> Matatizo ya maongezi huwa wazi kutokana na kutokuwa na uwezo wa kukumbuka msamiati, ambayo hupelekea matumizi ya mara kwa mara ya misamiati isiyo sawa (paraphasia). Ujuzi wa kusoma na kuandika pia huendelea kupotea.<ref name="pmid10653284"/><ref name="pmid7967534"/> Taratibu tata za shughuli zinazohusisha misuli huzidi hupoteza uwiano kadri wakati unavyopita na Alzeima inavyoendelea, hivyo hatari ya kuanguka huongezeka.<ref name="pmid10653284"/> Wakati wa awamu hii, matatizo ya kumbukumbu huwa mabaya, na mtu anaweza kushindwa kutambua jamaa wa karibu.<ref name="pmid10653284"/> Kumbukumbu ya muda mrefu, ambayo ilikuwa hapo awali haijaathiriwa, sasa hudhoofika.<ref name="pmid10653284"/> Mabadiliko ya kitabia na kinyurosaikayatri huenea zaidi. Mara nyingi haya hudhihirika katika kutangatanga, kuwashwa na kuathirika kwa maongezi, hali ambazo husababisha kilio, uvamizi usio na sababu au kukataa huduma za mtunzaji.<ref name="pmid10653284"/> Kuchanganyikiwa na njozi za usiku zinaweza pia kuonekana.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Volicer L, Harper DG, Manning BC, Goldstein R, Satlin A |title=Sundowning and circadian rhythms in Alzheimer's disease |journal=Am J Psychiatry |volume=158 |issue=5 |pages=704–11 |year=2001 |month=Mei |pmid=11329390 |url=http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/158/5/704 |accessdate=2008-08-27 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.158.5.704 |archive-date=2011-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611235057/http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/158/5/704 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Takriban 30% ya wagonjwa huwa na kutambua kusiko sahihi kwa mawazo yasiyo ya ukweli na dalili zingine za kudanganyika.<ref name="pmid10653284"/> Anayehusika pia hupoteza ufahamu wa mchakato wa ugonjwa wao na upungufu (anosognosia).<ref name="pmid10653284"/> Shida ya kutoweza kuzuia mkojo pia huanza.<ref name="pmid10653284"/> Dalili hizi huleta dhiki ya kimawazo kwa jamaa na watunzaji wake, mambo ambayo yaweza kupunguzwa kwa kumhamisha mgonjwa kutoka kwa huduma ya nyumbani hadi vituo vya huduma ya muda mrefu .<ref name="pmid10653284"/><ref name="pmid7806732">{{cite journal |author=Gold DP, Reis MF, Markiewicz D, Andres D |title=When home caregiving ends: a longitudinal study of outcomes for caregivers of relatives with dementia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1995-01_43_1/page/10 |journal=J Am Geriatr Soc |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=10–6 |year=1995 |month=Januari |pmid=7806732 }}</ref> === Dementia Pevu === Katika hatua hii ya mwisho ya Alzeima, mgonjwa hutegemea kabisa watunzaji.<ref name="pmid10653284"/> Lugha hupunguka hadi kwa maneno rahisi au hata neno moja, hatimaye kusababisha kupotea kabisa kwa uwezo wa maongezi.<ref name="pmid10653284"/><ref name="pmid7967534"/> Hata baada ya kupoteza uwezo wa maongezi ya lugha, wagonjwa wanaweza mara kwa mara kuelewa na kujibu ishara za kihisia.<ref name="pmid10653284"/> Ingawa uchokozi bado upo, hali ya kutojali iliyokithiri na uchovu ni matokeo ya kawaida zaidi.<ref name="pmid10653284"/> Wagonjwa hatimaye watashindwa kutenda hata mambo rahisi kabisa bila kusaidiwa.<ref name="pmid10653284"/> Mkusanyiko wa misuli na uwezo wa kuenda huzorota hadi pale ambapo wagonjwa hulazwa tu kitandani, na hupoteza uwezo wa kujilisha wenyewe.<ref name="pmid10653284"/> Alzeima ni ugonjwa usiotibika lakini sababu ya kifo aghalabu huwa ugonjwa mwingine kama vile vidonda vya shinikizo au nimonia, si Alzeima yenyewe.<ref name="pmid10653284"/> == Chanzo == Nadharia tete kadhaa zipo zinazojaribu kuelezea chanzo cha ugonjwa huu. Ile ya zamani, ambayo ni msingi wa matibabu ya madawa mengi ya kisasa ni nadharia tete ya kikolinajia ''<ref name="pmid10071091">{{cite journal |author=Francis PT, Palmer AM, Snape M, Wilcock GK |title=The cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease: a review of progress |journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=137–47 |year=1999 |month=Februari |pmid=10071091 |pmc=1736202 |doi= 10.1136/jnnp.66.2.137|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-neurology-neurosurgery-and-psychiatry_1999-02_66_2/page/137}}</ref>ambayo inapendekeza kwamba Alzeima hunasababishwa na kupunguka kwa kutengezwa kwa kipeleki cha nyuro cha asetilikolini.'' Nadharia tete hii haijaungwa mkono sana, hasa kwa sababu madawa yanayonuiwa kutibu upungufu wa asetilikolini huwa si mazuri sana. Athari zingine za kikolinajia pia zimependekezwa, kwa mfano, kuanza kujikusanya kwa ukubwa wa amiloidi,<ref name="pmid15236795">{{cite journal |author=Shen ZX |title=Brain cholinesterases: II. The molecular and cellular basis of Alzheimer's disease |journal=Med Hypotheses |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=308–21 |year=2004 |pmid=15236795 |doi=10.1016/j.mehy.2004.02.031 }}</ref>inayo sababisha uvimbe wa nyuro usio wa kawaida.<ref name="pmid12934968">{{cite journal |author=Wenk GL |title=Neuropathologic changes in Alzheimer's disease |journal=J Clin Psychiatry |volume=64 Suppl 9 |pages=7–10 |year=2003 |pmid=12934968 }}</ref> Katika mwaka wa 1991,''nadharia ya amiloidi'' ilidai kwamba amana za amiloidi beta (Aβ) ndiyo chanzo msingi cha ugonjwa huu.<ref name="pmid1763432">{{cite journal |author=Hardy J, Allsop D |title=Amyloid deposition as the central event in the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease |journal=Trends Pharmacol. Sci. |volume=12 |issue=10 |pages=383–88 |year=1991 |month=Oktoba |pmid=1763432 |doi=10.1016/0165-6147(91)90609-V }}</ref><ref name="pmid11801334">{{cite journal |author=Mudher A, Lovestone S |title=Alzheimer's disease-do tauists and baptists finally shake hands? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-neurosciences_2002-01_25_1/page/22 |journal=Trends Neurosci. |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=22–26 |year=2002 |month=Januari |pmid=11801334 |doi=10.1016/S0166-2236(00)02031-2 }}</ref> Uungaji mkono wa madai haya unatokana na kuwepo kwa jeni ya amiloidi tangulizi ya protini beta (APP) juu ya kromosomu 21, pamoja na ukweli kwamba watu walio natrisomia 21 (Down Syndrome) ambao wana nakala ziada ya jeni karibu ulimwenguni kote hudhihirisha Alzeima wanapofikisha umri wa maika 40.<ref name="pmid16904243">{{cite journal |author=Nistor M, Don M, Parekh M, ''et al.'' |title=Alpha- and beta-secretase activity as a function of age and beta-amyloid in Down syndrome and normal brain |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2007-10_28_10/page/1493 |journal=Neurobiol Aging |volume=28 |issue=10 |pages=1493–1506 |year=2007 |month=Oktoba |pmid=16904243 |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.06.023 |last12=Head |first12=E }}</ref><ref name="pmid15639317">{{cite journal |author=Lott IT, Head E |title=Alzheimer disease and Down syndrome: factors in pathogenesis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2005-03_26_3/page/n112 |journal=Neurobiol Aging |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=383–89 |year=2005 |month=Machi |pmid=15639317 |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.08.005 }}</ref> APOE4 ndiyo hatari kubwa ya kimaumbile ya Alzeima, husababisha kuongezeka kwa mkusanyiko zaidi wa amiloidi katika ubongo kabla ya dalili za Alzeima kujitokeza. Hivyo basi, kujikusanya kwa Aβ hutokea kabla ya Alzeima ya kliniki.<ref name="pmid7566000">{{cite journal |author=Polvikoski T, Sulkava R, Haltia M, ''et al.'' |title=Apolipoprotein E, dementia, and cortical deposition of beta-amyloid protein |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_the-new-england-journal-of-medicine_1995-11-09_333_19/page/1242 |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=333 |issue=19 |pages=1242–47 |year=1995 |month=Novemba |pmid=7566000 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199511093331902 }}</ref> Ushahidi zaidi unatokana na kupatikana kwamba panya wenye jeni geuzi iliyotokana na wanyama weingine ya jeni APP ya binadamu hukua na kusababisha utando wa amiloidi fibrila na ishara za ugonjwa wa akili kama Alzeima ulio na upungufu wa mafunzo ya kimahali. <ref>Panya wenye jeni za wanyama wengine: * {{cite journal |author=Games D, Adams D, Alessandrini R, ''et al.'' |title=Alzheimer-type neuropathology in transgenic mice overexpressing V717F beta-amyloid precursor protein |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1995-02-09_373_6514/page/522 |journal=Nature |volume=373 |issue=6514 |pages=523–27 |year=1995 |month=Februari |pmid=7845465 |doi=10.1038/373523a0 }} * {{cite journal |author=Masliah E, Sisk A, Mallory M, Mucke L, Schenk D, Games D |title=Comparison of neurodegenerative pathology in transgenic mice overexpressing V717F beta-amyloid precursor protein and Alzheimer's disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-neuroscience_1996-09-15_16_18/page/n244 |journal=J Neurosci |volume=16 |issue=18 |pages=5795–811 |year=1996 |month=Septemba |pmid=8795633 }} * {{cite journal |author=Hsiao K, Chapman P, Nilsen S, ''et al.'' |title=Correlative memory deficits, Abeta elevation, and amyloid plaques in transgenic mice |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1996-10-04_274_5284/page/98 |journal=Science (journal) |volume=274 |issue=5284 |pages=99–102 |year=1996 |month=Oktoba |pmid=8810256 |doi=10.1126/science.274.5284.99 }} * {{cite journal |author=Lalonde R, Dumont M, Staufenbiel M, Sturchler-Pierrat C, Strazielle C. |title=Spatial learning, exploration, anxiety, and motor coordination in female APP23 transgenic mice with the Swedish mutation. |journal=Brain Research (journal) |volume=956 |pages=36–44, year=2002 |pmid=12426044 |doi=10.1016/S0006-8993(02)03476-5 |year=2002 |issue=1 }} </ref> Majaribio ya chanjo yalionekana kuondoa utando wa amiloidi katika majaribio ya awali ya binadamu, lakini hayakuwa na athari yoyote muhimu kwa dementia. <ref name="pmid18640458">{{cite journal |author=Holmes C, Boche D, Wilkinson D, ''et al.'' |title=Long-term effects of Abeta42 immunisation in Alzheimer's disease: follow-up of a randomised, placebo-controlled phase I trial |journal=Lancet |volume=372 |issue=9634 |pages=216–23 |year=2008 |month=Julai |pmid=18640458 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61075-2 |last12=Nicoll |first12=JA }}</ref> Watafiti wamepelekewa kudhania kwamba oligoma zisizo za utando za Aβ (mkusanyiko wa monoma nyingi) ndio muundo wa kimsingi wa Aβ. Hizi oligoma za sumu, pia zinajulikana kama Seli-gandi Tawanyishi zitokanazo na Amiloidi (ADDLs), hujigandisha kwenye kipokezi cha nyuroni na kubadilisha muundo wa sinapsi, na hivyo basi kusitisha mawasiliano ya neva.<ref name="pmid17251419"> {{cite journal |author=Lacor PN,''et al.'' |title=Aß Oligomer-Induced Aberrations in Synapse Composition, Shape, and Density Provide a Molecular Basis for Loss of Connectivity in Alzheimer's Disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-neuroscience_2007-01-24_27_4/page/796 |journal=Journal of Neuroscience |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=796–807 |year=2007 |month=Januari |pmid=17251419 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3501-06.2007 |last2=Buniel |first2=MC |last3=Furlow |first3=PW |last4=Clemente |first4=AS |last5=Velasco |first5=PT |last6=Wood |first6=M |last7=Viola |first7=KL |last8=Klein |first8=WL }}</ref> Mojawapo ya kipokezi cha Oligoma ya Aβ inaweza kuwaprotini aina ya Prioni, protini ambayo pia imehusishwa na ugonjwa wa kichaa cha ng'ombe na hali inayofanana kwenye binadamu, ugonjwa wa Creutzfeldt-Jakob, hivyo basi kuunganisha mfumo wa msingi wa matatizo haya ya kuzorota kwa nyuro na yale ya ugonjwa wa Alzeima.<ref name="pmid19242475"> {{cite journal |author=Lauren J, Gimbel D, ''et al.'' |title=Cellular prion protein mediates impairment of synaptic plasticity by amyloid-beta oligomers |journal=Nature |volume=457 |issue=7233 |pages=1128–32 |year=2009 |month=Februari |pmid=19242475 |doi=10.1038/nature07761 |pmc=2748841 }}</ref> Katika 2009, nadharia hii iliboreshwa,huku ikipendekeza kuwa aina ya karibu ya protini ya beta-amiloidi, na siyo lazima iwe beta-amiloidi yenyewe, inaweza kuwa ndiyo chanzo kikubwa cha ugonjwa huu. Nadharia hii inashikilia kwamba utaratibu unaohusiana na amiloidi inayopogoa viunganishi vya nyuro katika ubongo katika awamu ya haraka ya awali ya ukuaji wa maisha inaweza kusababishwa na mifumo inayohusiana na kuzeeka katika maisha ya baadaye na kusababisha kunyauka kwa neva kwa ugonjwa wa Alzeima.<ref name="Nikolaev">{{cite journal | first= Anatoly | last= Nikolaev | coauthors= Todd McLaughlin, Dennis O'Leary, Marc Tessier-Lavigne | date= 19 Februari 2009 | title= N-APP binds DR6 to cause axon pruning and neuron death via distinct caspases | url= https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2009-02-19_457_7232/page/981 | journal= Nature | volume= 457 | issue= 7232 | pages= 981–989 | issn= 0028-0836 | pmid= 19225519 | pmc= 2677572 | doi= 10.1038/nature07767 | accessdate= Mei 2009 }} </ref> N-APP, sehemu ya APP kutoka peptidi ya N ya mwisho-, ni karibu na beta-amiloidi na imepasuliwa kutoka kwa APP na mojawapo ya vimeng'enya. N-APP huchochea mkondo wa kujiharibu kwa kujiunganisha kwa kipokezi cha kinyuro kinachoitwa kipokezi cha kifo 6 (DR6, pia inajulikana kama TNFRSF21).<ref name="Nikolaev"/> DR6 huonekana sana katika maeneo ya ubongo wa binadamu walioathirika zaidi na Alzeima, hivyo inawezekana kwamba njia ya N-APP/DR6 yaweza kutekwa nyara katika ubongo unaozeeka ili kusababisha uharibifu. Katika mfumo huu, Beta-amiloidi hutekeleza jukumu la usaidizi, kwa kukomesha kazi kwa kubana utendakazi wa kisinapti. Utafiti uliofanywa katika mwaka wa 2004 ulipata kuwa utando za amiloidi haziwiani vyema na upotevu wa nyuro.<ref name="pmid15039236">{{cite journal |author=Schmitz C, Rutten BP, Pielen A, ''et al.'' |title=Hippocampal neuron loss exceeds amyloid plaque load in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease |journal=Am J Pathol |volume=164 |issue=4 |pages=1495–1502 |year=2004 |month=Aprili |pmid=15039236 |pmc=1615337 |last12=Steinbusch |first12=HW |last13=Pradier |first13=L |last14=Bayer |first14=TA }}</ref> Uchunguzi huu unaunga mkono nadharia tete ya''tau,'' dhana kwamba matatizo ya protini ya tau huanzisha kuzuka kwa ugonjwa huu.<ref name="pmid11801334"/> Kulingana na mfumo huu, tau ya haipafosforilia huanza kushikana na nyuzi zingine za tau. Hatimaye, hutengeneza utando wa nyurofibirila ndani ya miili ya seli za neva.<ref name="pmid1669718">{{cite journal |author=Goedert M, Spillantini MG, Crowther RA |title=Tau proteins and neurofibrillary degeneration |journal=Brain Pathol |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=279–86 |year=1991 |month=Julai |pmid=1669718 |doi=10.1111/j.1750-3639.1991.tb00671.x }}</ref> Wakati hili linapotokea, mishipa midogo zaidi husambaratika na kusababisha kuharibika kwa mfumo wa usafiri wa nyuro.<ref name="pmid15615638">{{cite journal |author=Iqbal K, Alonso Adel C, Chen S, ''et al.'' |title=Tau pathology in Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies |journal=Biochim Biophys Acta |volume=1739 |issue=2–3 |pages=198–210 |year=2005 |month=Januari |pmid=15615638 |doi=10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.09.008 |url= |last12=Grundke-Iqbal |first12=I }}</ref> Hii inaweza kusababisha kwanza kutofanya kazi kwa mawasiliano ya biokemikali kati ya nyuro na baadaye kifo cha seli.<ref name="pmid17127334">{{cite journal |author=Chun W, Johnson GV |title=The role of tau phosphorylation and cleavage in neuronal cell death |journal=Front Biosci |volume=12 |pages=733–56 |year=2007 |pmid=17127334 |doi=10.2741/2097 }}</ref> Malengelenge ya Hepisi simpuleksiya virusi vya aina 1 pia yamependekezwa kutekeleza jukumu sababishi katika kubeba aina shawishi za jeni ya apoE. <ref name="pmid18487848"> {{cite journal |author=Itzhaki RF, Wozniak MA |title=Herpes simplex virus type 1 in Alzheimer's disease: the enemy within |journal=J Alzheimers Dis |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=393–405 |year=2008 |month=Mei |pmid=18487848 |doi= |issn=1387-2877 |url=http://iospress.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&issn=1387-2877&volume=13&issue=4&spage=393 }}</ref> Nadharia tete nyingine inasisitiza kwamba ugonjwa huu unaweza kuwa unasababishwa na kuvunjika kwa mayelinindani ya ubongo kunakotokana na umri. Kuvunjika huku kwa mayelini husababisha kusitishwa kwa usafiri wa kimkongo, na hivyo husababisha kupotezwa kwa nyuro ambazo huganda. Madini ya chuma yanayotolewa wakati wa kuvunjwa kwa mayelina hudaiwa kuwa husababisha uharibifu zaidi. Mifumo karabati wa uthabitishaji wa mayelini huchangia katika kukua kwa amana za protini kama vile-beta Amiloidi na tau.<ref>{{Cite pmid| 19775776}}</ref><ref>{{Cite pmid| 15665415}}</ref><ref>{{Cite pmid|18596894}}</ref> Fadhaa ya uoksidishaji ni sababu kubwa katika kutokea kwa ugonjwa huu./} Watu walio na Alzeima huonyesha kupoteza kwa 70% ya udhibiti wa seli za [[kurulusi]] ambazo hutoa norepinefrini (pamoja na wajibu wake wa uwasilishi wa nyuro) ambazo kwa kawaida huenea kutoka kwa “varicositi” kama za kusababishwa na mwili wenyewe kupiganan na uvimbe kwenye mazingira madogo yanayozunguka nyuro, seli za gliali, na mishipa ya damu kwenye neokoteksi na hipokampasi.<ref name="Heneka"> Heneka MT, Nadrigny F, Regen T, Martinez-Hernandez A, Dumitrescu-Ozimek L, Terwel D, Jardanhazi-Kurutz D, Walter J, Kirchhoff F, Hanisch UK, Kummer MP. (2010). [http://www.pnas.org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/content/107/13/6058.full.pdf Locus ceruleus hudhibiti patholojia ya Alzeima kwa kusimamia utendajikazi wa microglial kupitia norepinephrine.] Proc Natl Acad Sci Marekani A. 107:6058-6063 {{doi|10.1073/pnas.0909586107}} PMID 20,231,476</ref> Imeonyeshwa kuwa norepinefrini huchangamsha kipanya cha microglia na kuzuia Aβ- uzalishaji ulishawishiwa wa saitokini na fagosaitosisi zao za Aβ.<ref name="Heneka"/> Hii inaashiria kwamba kuzorota kwa ceruleusi ya mahali maalum yaweza kuwajibika kwa utuaji uliongezeka wa Aβ kwenye ubongo wa Alzeima.<ref name="Heneka"/> == Pathofiziolojia == [[Picha:Alzheimer dementia (3) presenile onset.jpg|thumb|Mfano wa Histopatholojia wa utando dhoofu unavyoonekana katika oteksi ya serebali ya mtu alye na ugonjwa wa mwanzo Alzeima kabla ya uzee. Kutiliwa fedha.]] === Patholojia ya Nyuro === Ugonjwa wa Alzeima una sifa ya kupotezwa kwa nyuro na sinepsi katika tabaka la juu la ubongo na baadhi ya ya maeneo madogo ya oteksi. Upotevu huu hupelekea kudhoofika kwa jumla kwa maeneo yaliyoathirika, ikiwa ni pamoja na kuzorota kwa ndewe ya wakati na ndewe ya parietali, na sehemu ya mbele ya koteksi na mzunguko wa "singulate".<ref name="pmid12934968"/> Utafiti unaotumia MRI na PET umetia kwenye kumbukumbu kupunguka kwa ukubwa maeneo maalum ya ubongo ya wagonjwa wanavyoendelea kutoka kwa kuharibika kwa umauzi wa kadiri hadi kwa ugonjwa wa Alzeima , na kwa kulinganisha na picha zinazofanana kutoka kwa watu wazima walio na uzeee na wenye afya.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Moan R|title=MRI software accurately IDs preclinical Alzheimer's disease|journal=Diagnostic Imaging|date=20 Julai 2009|url=http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/news/display/article/113619/1428344|access-date=2010-10-18|archive-date=2016-05-16|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516192841/http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/news/display/article/113619/1428344|dead-url=yes|=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516192841/http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/news/display/article/113619/1428344}}</ref> Tando zote za amiloidi na utanda neurofibrila huonekana wazi wazi na microscopia katika akili ya wale walio na taabu ya Alzeima.<ref name="pmid15184601">{{cite journal |author=Tiraboschi P, Hansen LA, Thal LJ, Corey-Bloom J |title=The importance of neuritic plaques and tangles to the development and evolution of AD |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_2004-06-08_62_11/page/n140 |journal=Neurology |volume=62 |issue=11 |pages=1984–9 |year=2004 |month=Juni |pmid=15184601 }}</ref> Tando ni nene, hakunaamana zaidi za beta peptidi amiloidi na nyenzo [[Seli|za mkononi]] nje na kuzunguka nyuro. Mfungamano (mfungamano wa neurofibrila) ni mkusanyiko wa neli ndogo za protini za tau ambazo zimekuwa haipafosoforia na kujilimbikiza ndani ya seli zenyewe. Ingawa watu wengi zaidi hupata tando na mfungamano kama matokeo ya uzee, wagonjwa wa Alzeima huwa nazo kwa wingi katika sehemu maalum za ubongo kama vile tundu ya wakati.<ref name="pmid8038565">{{cite journal |author=Bouras C, Hof PR, Giannakopoulos P, Michel JP, Morrison JH |title=Regional distribution of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques in the cerebral cortex of elderly patients: a quantitative evaluation of a one-year autopsy population from a geriatric hospital |journal=Cereb. Cortex |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=138–50 |year=1994 |pmid=8038565 |doi=10.1093/cercor/4.2.138 }}</ref> Mkusanyiko mkubwa wa protini (Miili ya Lewy) si adimu katika ubongo wa mgonjwa wa Alzeima.<ref name="pmid11816795">{{cite journal |author=Kotzbauer PT, Trojanowsk JQ, Lee VM |title=Lewy body pathology in Alzheimer's disease |journal=J Mol Neurosci |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=225–32 |year=2001 |month=Oct |pmid=11816795 |doi=10.1385/JMN:17:2:225 }}</ref> === Biokemia === [[Picha:Amyloid-plaque formation-big.jpg|right|thumb|border|Vimeng'enya hufanyia kazi APP (protini tangulizi ya amiloidi) na kuikata katika vipande. Kipande cha amiloidi beta ni muhimu katika uundaji wa utando dhoofu katika Alzeima.]] Ugonjwa wa Alzeima umetambuliwa kama ugonjwa wa u kukunjwa vibaya kwa protini (proteopathia) , unaosababishwa na protini za A/beta na tau zilizojikunja vibaya ubongoni.<ref name="pmid14528050">{{cite journal |author=Hashimoto M, Rockenstein E, Crews L, Masliah E |title=Role of protein aggregation in mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases |journal=Neuromolecular Med. |volume=4 |issue=1–2 |pages=21–36 |year=2003 |pmid=14528050 |doi=10.1385/NMM:4:1-2:21 }}</ref> Utando umeundwa kwa peptidi ndogo, zenye urefu wa asidi ya amino 39-43 uitwao beta amiloidi-(pia huandikwa pia kama A-beta-au Aβ). Beta-amiloidi ni kipande kutoka protini kubwa iitwayo amiloidi tangulizi (APP), protini iliyotanda na hupenya kwa utando wa nyuroni. APP ni muhimu kwa ukuaji nyuroni, kuishi na-kujirekebisha baada ya majeraha.<ref name="pmid16822978">{{cite journal |author=Priller C, Bauer T, Mitteregger G, Krebs B, Kretzschmar HA, Herms J |title=Synapse formation and function is modulated by the amyloid precursor protein |journal=J. Neurosci. |volume=26 |issue=27 |pages=7212–21 |year=2006 |month=Julai |pmid=16822978 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1450-06.2006 }}</ref><ref name="pmid12927332">{{cite journal |author=Turner PR, O'Connor K, Tate WP, Abraham WC |title=Roles of amyloid precursor protein and its fragments in regulating neural activity, plasticity and memory |journal=Prog. Neurobiol. |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=1–32 |year=2003 |month=Mei |pmid=12927332 |doi=10.1016/S0301-0082(03)00089-3 }}</ref> Katika ugonjwa wa Alzeima, mchakato usiojulikana husababisha APP kugawanyika kwa vipande vidogo kupitia kimengenyakatika proteolisisi.<ref name="pmid15787600">{{cite journal |author=Hooper NM |title=Roles of proteolysis and lipid rafts in the processing of the amyloid precursor protein and prion protein |journal=Biochem. Soc. Trans. |volume=33 |issue=Pt 2 |pages=335–8 |year=2005 |month=Aprili |pmid=15787600 |doi=10.1042/BST0330335 }}</ref> Moja ya vipande hivi inazaa fibrili za amiloidi-beta, ambazo zinatengeza vibonge ambazo zinakusanyika nje ya nyuroni kwa wingi na kuunda vikundi ambavyo vinajulikana kama utando dhaifu.<ref name="pmid15184601"/><ref name="pmid15004691">{{cite journal |author=Ohnishi S, Takano K |title=Amyloid fibrils from the viewpoint of protein folding |journal=Cell. Mol. Life Sci. |volume=61 |issue=5 |pages=511–24 |year=2004 |month=Machi |pmid=15004691 |doi=10.1007/s00018-003-3264-8 }}</ref> [[Picha:TANGLES HIGH.jpg|right|thumb|Katika ugonjwa wa Alzeima, mabadiliko katika protini ya tau yanapelekea kuharibika kwa mikrotubuli katika seli za ubongo.]] Alzeima pia hufikiriwa kuwa shida ya protini ya tau kutokana na kusanyikousio wa kawaida wa protini ya tau. Kila nyuroni ina mfupa wa ndani, mfumo wa ndani ambao kwa kiasi umeundwa kwa mifumo iitwayo mikrotubuli. Mikrotubuli hizi huwa kama alama, kuongoza virutubisho na molekuli kutoka katika mwili wa seli hadi mwisho wa mkongo na kurejea. Protini ya ''tau'' uhimarisha mikrotubuli wakati inapopata fosforasi, na kwa hiyo huitwa protini inayohusisha mikrotubuli. Katika Alzeima, tau bado hupitia mabadiliko ya kemikali, kuwa na fosfori nyingi, basi huanza kuunda jozi na nyuzi nyingine, na kuunda misokotano ya neurofibrila na kuharibu mfumo wa usafiri wa nyuroni.<ref name="pmid17604998">{{cite journal |author=Hernández F, Avila J |title=Tauopathies |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cellular-and-molecular-life-sciences_2007-09_64_17/page/2219 |journal=Cell. Mol. Life Sci. |volume=64 |issue=17 |pages=2219–33 |year=2007 |month=Septemba |pmid=17604998 |doi=10.1007/s00018-007-7220-x }}</ref> === Utaratibu wa ugonjwa === Jinsi mvurugiko wa uzalishaji na mkusanyiko wa peptidi amiloidi beta husababisha kuongezeka kwa ugonjwa wa Alzeima haijulikani hasa.<ref name="pmid17622778">{{cite journal |author=Van Broeck B, Van Broeckhoven C, Kumar-Singh S |title=Current insights into molecular mechanisms of Alzheimer disease and their implications for therapeutic approaches |journal=Neurodegener Dis |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=349–65 |year=2007 |pmid=17622778 |doi=10.1159/000105156 }}</ref> Nadharia tete ya amiloidi kijadi huashiria kuwa mkusanyiko wa peptidi amiloidi beta kama tukio kuu la kuchochea nyuroni kuzorota. Mkusanyiko wa fibrili za amiloidiambazo zinaaminika kuwa aina ya protini yenye sumu inayosababisha kuvuruga homiostasisi ya ayoni [[Kalisi|kalsiamu]] katika seli, husababisha chembe kufa (apoptosisi).<ref name="pmid2218531">{{cite journal |author=Yankner BA, Duffy LK, Kirschner DA |title=Neurotrophic and neurotoxic effects of amyloid beta protein: reversal by tachykinin neuropeptides |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1990-10-12_250_4978/page/278 |journal=Science (journal) |volume=250 |issue=4978 |pages=279–82 |year=1990 |month=Oktoba |pmid=2218531 |doi=10.1126/science.2218531 }}</ref> Pia inajulikana kwamba Aβ huchagua kuendelea kukusanyika katika mitokondria katika seli za ubongo ulioathirika na Alzeima, na pia inazuia kazi fulani ya [[Kimeng'enya|kimengenya]] na matumizi ya glukosi na nyuroni.<ref name="pmid17424907">{{cite journal |author=Chen X, Yan SD |title=Mitochondrial Abeta: a potential cause of metabolic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease |journal=IUBMB Life |volume=58 |issue=12 |pages=686–94 |year=2006 |month=Desemba |pmid=17424907 |doi=10.1080/15216540601047767}}</ref> Michakato mbalimbali yenye uvimbe na saitokini pia inaweza kuwa inahusika kwa kutokea kwa ugonjwa wa Alzeima. Kuvimba ni ishara ya jumla ya uharibifu wa tishu katika ugonjwa wowote, na huweza kuwa baada ya uharibifu wa tishu katika Alzeima au ishara ya jibu la kinga.<ref name="pmid15681814">{{cite journal |author=Greig NH, Mattson MP, Perry T, ''et al.'' |title=New therapeutic strategies and drug candidates for neurodegenerative diseases: p53 and TNF-alpha inhibitors, and GLP-1 receptor agonists |journal=Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume=1035 |pages=290–315 |year=2004 |month=Desemba |pmid=15681814 |doi=10.1196/annals.1332.018 }}</ref> Tofauti katika ugawaji wa neurotrofiki na tofauti katika uelezaji wa vipokezi vyao kama vile vipengele vya neurotrofiki zinazotokana na ubongo(BDNF) zilivyoelezwa katika Alzeima.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tapia-Arancibia L, Aliaga E, Silhol M, Arancibia S |title=New insights into brain BDNF function in normal aging and Alzheimer disease |journal=[[Brain Research Reviews]] |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=201–20 |year=2008 |month=Nov |pmid=18708092 |doi=10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.07.007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1601-183X.2007.00378.x |author=Schindowski K, Belarbi K, Buée L |title=Neurotrophic factors in Alzheimer's disease: role of axonal transport |journal= [[Genes, Brain and Behavior]] |volume=7 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=43–56 |year=2008 |month=Feb |pmid=18184369 |pmc=2228393 }}</ref> === Jenetiki === Na idadi kubwa ya kesi za ugonjwa wa Alzeima ni za mtawanyiko, ina maana kuwa ugonjwa huu haurithiwi ingawa baadhi ya jeni zinaongeza hatari. Kwa upande mwingine, karibu 0.1% ya kesi ni aina ya ugonjwa unaosababishwa na urithi wa kifamilia kutoka jeni za mzazi mmoja, ambao kwa kawaida huanza kabla ya umri wa 65.<ref name="pmid16876668">{{cite journal |author=Blennow K, de Leon MJ, Zetterberg H |title=Alzheimer's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=368 |issue=9533 |pages=387–403 |year=2006 |month=Julai |pmid=16876668 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69113-7 |url= }}</ref> Mara nyingi ugonjwa wa kifamilia wa Alzeima unaotokana na jeni za mzazi mmoja unaweza kuhusishwa na mabadiliko katika moja ya jeni tatu: protini tangulizi ya amiloidi (APP) na presenilini ya 1 na 2.<ref name="pmid18332245">{{cite journal |author=Waring SC, Rosenberg RN |title=Genome-wide association studies in Alzheimer disease |journal=Arch Neurol |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=329–34 |year=2008 |month=Machi |pmid=18332245 |doi=10.1001/archneur.65.3.329 }}</ref> Mabadiliko mengi katika APP na jeni ya presenilini huchangia uzalishaji wa protini ndogo iitwayoAβ42, ambayo ni sehemu kuu ya utando dhaifu.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Selkoe DJ |title=Translating cell biology into therapeutic advances in Alzheimer's disease |journal=Nature |volume=399 |issue=6738 Suppl |pages=A23–31 |year=1999 |month=Juni |pmid=10392577 |doi=10.1038/19866 }}</ref> Baadhi ya mabadiliko hubadilisha tu uwiano wa kawaida kati ya Aβ42 na miundo mingine mikuu, kama vile Aβ40-bila kuongeza viwango vya Aβ42.<ref name="pmid8938131">{{cite journal |author=Borchelt DR, Thinakaran G, Eckman CB, ''et al.'' |title=Familial Alzheimer's disease-linked presenilin 1 variants elevate Aβ1-42/1-40 ratio in vitro and in vivo. |journal=Neuron |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=1005–13 |year=1996 |month=Nov |pmid=8938131 |doi=10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80230-5 |last12=Wang |first12=R |last13=Seeger |first13=M |last14=Levey |first14=AI |last15=Gandy |first15=SE |last16=Copeland |first16=NG |last17=Jenkins |first17=NA |last18=Price |first18=DL |last19=Younkin |first19=SG |last20=Sisodia |first20=SS }}</ref><ref name="pmid17254019">{{cite journal |author=Shioi J, Georgakopoulos A, Mehta P, ''et al.'' |title=FAD mutants unable to increase neurotoxic Aβ 42 suggest that mutation effects on neurodegeneration may be independent of effects on Abeta. |journal=J Neurochem. |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=674–81 |year=2007 |month=Mei |pmid=17254019 |doi=10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04391.x }}</ref> Hii inaashiria kwamba mabadiliko ya presenilini yanaweza kusababisha ugonjwa hata kama inapunguza kiwango cha Aβ zinazozalishwa na huweza kuashiria majukumu mengine ya presenilini au jukumu la mabadiliko katika kazi ya APP na / au vipande vyake vingine mbali na Aβ. Kesi zaidi za ugonjwa wa Alzeima hazionyeshi dalili za ugonjwa wa kurithi na hujulikana kama Alzeima ya mtawanyiko. Hata hivyo tofauti za kijenetiki zinaweza kuwa ishara ya hatari. Ishara ijulikanayo vyema zaidi ni urithi wa aleli ya ε4 apolipoprotini E (APOE).<ref name="pmid8446617">{{cite journal |author=Strittmatter WJ, Saunders AM, Schmechel D, ''et al.'' |title=Apolipoprotein E: high-avidity binding to beta-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial Alzheimer disease |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA |volume=90 |issue=5 |pages=1977–81 |year=1993 |month=Machi |pmid=8446617 |pmc=46003 |doi=10.1073/pnas.90.5.1977 }}</ref><ref name="pmid16567625">{{cite journal |author=Mahley RW, Weisgraber KH, Huang Y |title=Apolipoprotein E4: a causative factor and therapeutic target in neuropathology, including Alzheimer's disease |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=103 |issue=15 |pages=5644–51 |year=2006 |month=Aprili |pmid=16567625 |pmc=1414631 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0600549103 |url= }}</ref> Kati ya 40 na 80% ya wagonjwa walio na Alzeima wanayo aleli ya apoE4.<ref name="pmid16567625"/> Aleli ya APOE4 huongeza hatari ya ugonjwa huo kwa mara tatu katika heterozigoti na kwa mara 15 katika homozigoti.<ref name="pmid16876668"/> Wanasayansi wa jenetiki wanakubaliana kwamba jeni nyingine nyingi pia huwa kama sababu za hatari au zina athari za kinga zinayoshawishi kuanza kwa kuchelewa ugonjwa wa Alzeima.<ref name="pmid18332245"/> Zaidi ya jeni 400 zimepimwa kuonyesha uhusiano na Alzeima ya mtawanyiko inayoanza kwa kuchelewa,<ref name="pmid18332245"/>nyingi bila matokeo.<ref name="pmid16876668"/> == Utambuzi wa Ugonjwa == [[Picha:PET Alzheimer.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Uchungzi wa PET wa ubongo wa mtu aliye na Alzeima huonyesha upungufu wa utendaji kazi katika tundu ya panja]] Ugonjwa wa Alzeima kwa kawaida hutambulika kama ugonjwa kutoka kwa historia ya mgonjwa, historia ya pamoja kutoka kwa jamaa, na uchunguzi wa kimatibabu, kutegemea na kuwepo kwa sifaza kinyurolojia na kinyurosaikolojia za neva na kukosekana kwa hali mbadala.<ref name="pmid17407994">{{cite journal |author=Mendez MF |title=The accurate diagnosis of early-onset dementia |journal=International Journal of Psychiatry Medicine |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=401–412 |year=2006 |pmid=17407994 |doi=10.2190/Q6J4-R143-P630-KW41 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17018549">{{cite journal |author=Klafki HW, Staufenbiel M, Kornhuber J, Wiltfang J |title=Therapeutic approaches to Alzheimer's disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_brain_2006-11_129_11/page/2840 |journal=Brain |volume=129 |issue=Pt 11 |pages=2840–55 |year=2006 |month=Novemba |pmid=17018549 |doi=10.1093/brain/awl280 }}</ref> Matibabu ya mionzi ya hali ya juu na tomografia ya utendajikazi au mwangwi wa sumaku wa upigaji picha (MRI), na kwa upigaji picha wa kitomografia wa utendajikazi wa mwili(SPECT) au picha ya kompyuta ya miale ya gama (PET) zinaweza kutumika kusaidia kutenga magonjwa mengine ya ubongo au aina nyingine za magonjwa ya ubongo.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG042quickrefguide.pdf |format = PDF |title = Dementia: Quick reference guide |publisher = (UK) [[National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence]] |location = London |month = Novemba |year = 2006 |isbn = 1-84629-312-X |accessdate = 2008-02-22 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080227161412/http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG042quickrefguide.pdf |archivedate = 2008-02-27 }}</ref> Aidha, inaweza kutabiri kubadilika kutoka hatua za mwanzo (upungufu wa uwezo wa utambuzi) hadi kwa ugonjwa wa Alzeima.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Schroeter ML, Stein T, Maslowski N, Neumann J |title=Neural correlates of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment – A meta-analysis including 1351 patients. |journal=NeuroImage |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=1196–1206 |year=2009 |pmid=19463961 |pmc=2730171 |doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.037 }}</ref> Tathmini ya utendajikazi wa wasomi pamoja na kupima kumbukumbu kunaweza kusaidia zaidi kutathmini hali ya ugonjwa huo.<ref name="pmid17222085"/> Mashirika ya kimatibabu yameunda vigezo vya uchunguzi wa kimatibabu ili kurahisisha na kuwekeza viwango vya michakato ya wauguzi. Utambuzi huweza kuwa imara zaidi wakati wa uchunguzi wa mwili wakati sehemu za ubongo zinaweza kupatikana na kuchunguzwa kihistoria.<ref name="pmid6610841">{{cite journal |author=McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM |title=Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_1984-07_34_7/page/939 |journal=Neurology |volume=34 |issue=7 |pages=939–44 |year=1984 |month=Julai |pmid=6610841 }}</ref> === Vigezo vya uchunguzi wa kiutambuzi === Taasisi ya Taifa ya Kinyurojia na matatizo ya kimawasiliano na kiharusi (NINCDS) na Ushirika wa ugonjwa wa Alzeima na magonjwa husika (ADRDA, sasa inajulikana kama [[Chama cha Alzeima)]] [[NINCDS-ADRDA]] iliunda vigezo vinavyotumika kwa kawaida katika utambuzi mnamo 1984,<ref name="pmid6610841"/> vilivyoboreshwa mnamo 2007.<ref name="pmid17616482">{{cite journal |author=Dubois B, Feldman HH, Jacova C, ''et al.'' |title=Research criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: revising the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria |journal=Lancet Neurol |volume=6 |issue=8 |pages=734–46 |year=2007 |month=Agosti |pmid=17616482 |doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70178-3 |last12=O'brien |first12=J |last13=Pasquier |first13=F |last14=Robert |first14=P |last15=Rossor |first15=M |last16=Salloway |first16=S |last17=Stern |first17=Y |last18=Visser |first18=PJ |last19=Scheltens |first19=P }}</ref> Vigezo hivi vinahitaji kuwa kuwepo kwa uharibifu wa utambuzi, na kukishukiwa kuwepo kwa shida ya akili, na kuthibitishwa na kupima saikolojia ya akili kwa uchunguzi wa kimatibabu wa uwezekano au uwepo wa Alzeima. Uthibitisho kutoka kwa uchunguzi wa kina wa ugonjwa ikiwa ni pamoja na uchunguzi wa kina wa tishu ya ubongo inahitajika kwa ajili ya kuthibitisha uchunguzi. Takwimu za kuaminika na uhalali zimeonyeshwa kati ya vigezo vya uchunguzi na uthibitisho wa uchunguzi wa historia na maendeleo ya ugonjwa huu.<ref name="pmid7986174">{{cite journal |author=Blacker D, Albert MS, Bassett SS, Go RC, Harrell LE, Folstein MF |title=Reliability and validity of NINCDS-ADRDA criteria for Alzheimer's disease. The National Institute of Mental Health Genetics Initiative |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=51 |issue=12 |pages=1198–204 |year=1994 |month=Desemba |pmid=7986174 }}</ref> Vitengo vinane vya utendaji kwa kawaida uharibiwa katika Alzeima- kumbukumbu, [[lugha]], ujuzi wa utambuzi, makini, uwezo wa kujenga, maelekezo, kutatua tatizo na uwezo wa utendaji. Vitengo hivi ni sawa na Vigezo vya Alzeima vya NINCDS-ADRDA kama vilivyoorodheshwa katika ''Uchunguzi na Takwimu za Mwongozo wa Magonjwa ya akili'' ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders '' (DSM-IV-TR) iliyochapishwa na Chama cha Marekani cha Kiakili.<ref>{{cite book |last=American Psychiatric Association |title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR |url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis00amer_2 |edition=4th Edition Text Revision |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |year=2000 |location=Washington, DC |isbn=0890420254 }}</ref><ref name="pmid8752526">{{cite journal |author=Ito N |title=[Clinical aspects of dementia] |language=Japanese |journal=Hokkaido Igaku Zasshi |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=315–20 |year=1996 |month=Mei |pmid=8752526 }}</ref> === Vifaa vya Uchunguzi === [[Picha:InterlockingPentagons.svg|right|thumb|Uchunguzi wa vipimo wa saikolojia ya ubongo unaweza kusaidia katika uchunguzi wa Alzeima. Katika uchunguzi huo wagonjwa wanapaswa kunakili michoro sawa na ile inayoonyeshwa katika picha, kumbuka maneno, kusoma, na kuondoa nambari katika mfululizo.]] Uchunguzi wa kinyrosaikolojia kama vile uchunguzi wa kiasi wa hali ya akili(MMSE), hutumika sana kutathmini upungufu wa utambuzi unaohitajika kwa uchunguzi. Uchunguzi pana zaidi unahitajika kwa matokeo ya kuaminika zaidi, hasa katika hatua za mwanzo za ugonjwa huo.<ref name="pmid1512391">{{cite journal |author=Tombaugh TN, McIntyre NJ |title=The mini-mental state examination: a comprehensive review |journal=J Am Geriatr Soc |volume=40 |issue=9 |pages=922–35 |year=1992 |month=Septemba |pmid=1512391 }}</ref><ref name="pmid9987708">{{cite journal |author=Pasquier F |title=Early diagnosis of dementia: neuropsychology |journal=J. Neurol. |volume=246 |issue=1 |pages=6–15 |year=1999 |month=Januari |pmid=9987708 |doi=10.1007/s004150050299 }}</ref> Uchunguzi wa neva mwanzoni mwa Alzeima hutoa matokeo ya kawaida, ila kwa uharibifu dhahiri katika utambuzi, ambayo inaweza kosa kuwa tofauti na ile itokanayo na michakato mingine ya magonjwa, ikiwa ni pamoja na sababu nyingine ya shida ya akili. Uchunguzi zaidi kinyurojia ni muhimu katika kutofautisha utambuzi wa Alzeima na magonjwa mengine.<ref name="pmid17222085"/> Mahojiano na jamaa wa familia pia hutumika katika tathmini ya ugonjwa huo. Walezi wanaweza kusambaza taarifa muhimu kuhusu uwezo wa kuishi wa kila siku, na pia juu ya kupungua, baada ya muda, uwezo wa akili ya mtu kufanya kazi.<ref name="pmid16327345">{{cite journal |author=Harvey PD, Moriarty PJ, Kleinman L, ''et al.'' |title=The validation of a caregiver assessment of dementia: the Dementia Severity Scale |journal=Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=186–94 |year=2005 |pmid=16327345 |doi=10.1097/01.wad.0000189034.43203.60 }}</ref> Mtizamo wa mlezi ni muhimu sana, kwani mtu aliye na Alzeima ni kawaida hajui upungufu wake mwenyewe.<ref name="pmid15738860">{{cite journal |author=Antoine C, Antoine P, Guermonprez P, Frigard B |title=[Awareness of deficits and anosognosia in Alzheimer's disease.] |language=French |journal=Encephale |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=570–7 |year=2004 |pmid=15738860 |doi=10.1016/S0013-7006(04)95472-3 }}</ref> Mara nyingi, pia familia huwa na shida ya kutambua dalili za awali za dementia na wanaweza kukosa kutoa habari sahihi kwa daktari.<ref name="pmid16197855">{{cite journal |author=Cruz VT, Pais J, Teixeira A, Nunes B |title=[The initial symptoms of Alzheimer disease: caregiver perception] |language=Portuguese |journal=Acta Med Port |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=435–44 |year=2004 |pmid=16197855 }}</ref> Dalili nyingine nzuri katika utambuzi wa ugonjwa ni ichunguzi wa maji ya serebali ya uti wa mgongo kwa uwepo wa amiloidi beta au protini ya tau,<ref name="pmid17612711">{{cite journal |author=Marksteiner J, Hinterhuber H, Humpel C |title=Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: beta-amyloid(1-42), tau, phospho-tau-181 and total protein |journal=Drugs Today |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=423–31 |year=2007 |month=Juni |pmid=17612711 |doi=10.1358/dot.2007.43.6.1067341 }}</ref>yaani protini ya tau na protini ya tau iliyo na fosforasi _181P.<ref name="demeyer"/> Kutafuta protini hizo kwa kufyonza uti wa mgongo unaweza kutabiri kuanza kwa ugonjwa wa Alzeima na usahihi kwa kati ya 94% na 100%.<ref name="demeyer"/> Inapotumika na mbinu zilizopo za upigaji picha za ubongo, madaktari wanaweza kutambua wagonjwa wa kupoteza kumbukumbu ambao tayari wameanza kuugua ugonjwa huu.<ref name="demeyer">{{cite journal |author=De Meyer G, Shapiro F, Vanderstichele H, Vanmechelen E, Engelborghs S, De Deyn PP, Coart E, Hansson O, Minthon L, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Shaw L, Trojanowski JQ |title=Diagnosis-Independent Alzheimer Disease Biomarker Signature in Cognitively Normal Elderly People |journal=Arch Neurol. |volume=67 |issue=8 |pages=949–56 |year=2010 |month=Agosti |pmid=20697045 |doi=10.1001/archneurol.2010.179 }}</ref> Uchunguzi wa maji ya uti wa mgongo unapatikana kwa kulipia, tofauti na teknolojia ya kisasa ya kupiga picha za akili.<ref>{{cite news |author=Kolata G |title=Spinal-Fluid Test Is Found to Predict Alzheimer's |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/10/health/research/10spinal.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=9 Agosti 2010 |accessdate=10 Agosti 2010 }}</ref> Ugonjwa wa Alzeima ulitambuliwa katika kila mmoja ya watu watatu ambao hawakuwa na dalili yoyote katika utafiti wa 2010, ina maana kuwa ugonjwa huanza kuota kabla ya dalili kutokea.<ref>{{cite news |author=Roan S |title=Tapping into an accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease |url=http://www.latimes.com/health/boostershots/aging/la-heb-alzheimers-20100809,0,5683387.story |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=9 Agosti 2010 |accessdate=10 Agosti 2010 }}</ref> Uchunguzi wa zaidi hutoa habari ya ziada juu ya sifa za ugonjwa au hutumika kuondhosha utambuzi wa ugonjwa mwingine. Kupima damu kunaweza kubaini sababu nyingine za shida ya akili mbali na Alzeima<ref name="pmid17222085"/> -sababu ambazo, katika kesi nadra, zinaweza kupinduliwa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Clarfield AM |title=The decreasing prevalence of reversible dementias: an updated meta-analysis |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=163 |issue=18 |pages=2219–29 |year=2003 |month=Oktoba |pmid=14557220 |doi=10.1001/archinte.163.18.2219 }}</ref> Ni kawaida kufanya vipimo vya utendakazi wa kikoromeo, kutathmini B12, kuondosha kaswende, na matatizo ya metaboli (ikiwa ni pamoja na vipimo utendakazi wa figo, viwango vya elektrolaiti na ugonjwa wa kisukari), tathmini viwango vya metali nzito (mfano risasi, zebaki) na upungufu wa damu. (Angalia njia tofauti za utambuzi wa shida za akili). (Pia ni muhimu kwa kuondosha uwezekano wa mapayo). Vipimo vya kisaikolojia kwa unyogovu hutumiwa, kwani unyogovu unaweza unaweza kuwa sambamba na Alzeima (tz Unyogovu wa ugonjwa wa Alzeima), ni ishara ya mapema ya kuharibika kwa utambuzi,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sun x, Steffens DC, Au R, ''et al.'' |title=Amyloid-Associated Depression: A Prodromal Depression of Alzheimer Disease? |journal=Arch Gen Psychiatry |volume=65 |issue=5 |pages=542–550|year=2008 |url=http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/65/5/542 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.65.5.542 |pmid=18458206 |last1=Sun |first1=X |last2=Steffens |first2=DC |last3=Au |first3=R |last4=Folstein |first4=M |last5=Summergrad |first5=P |last6=Yee |first6=J |last7=Rosenberg |first7=I |last8=Mwamburi |first8=DM |last9=Qiu |first9=WQ}}</ref> au hata sababu.<ref name="pmid9153154">{{cite journal |author=Geldmacher DS, Whitehouse PJ |title=Differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease |journal=Neurology |volume=48 |issue=5 Suppl 6 |pages=S2–9 |year=1997 |month=Mei |pmid=9153154 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17495754">{{cite journal |author=Potter GG, Steffens DC |title=Contribution of depression to cognitive impairment and dementia in older adults |journal=Neurologist |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=105–17 |year=2007 |month=Mei |pmid=17495754 |doi=10.1097/01.nrl.0000252947.15389.a9 }}</ref> ==== Kupiga Picha za Utambuzi ==== Wakati inapopatikana kama chombo cha utambuzi, upigaji picha wa kitomografia wa utendakazi wa mwili (SPECT) na picha ya kompyuta ya miale ya gama (PET) upigaji picha za ubongo hutumika kuthibitisha utambuzi wa Alzeima kwa ushirikiano na tathmini ya uchunguzi wa hali ya akili.<ref name="pmid16785801">{{cite journal |author=Bonte FJ, Harris TS, Hynan LS, Bigio EH, White CL |title=Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT in the differential diagnosis of the dementias with histopathologic confirmation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-nuclear-medicine_2006-07_31_7/page/376 |journal=Clin Nucl Med |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=376–8 |year=2006 |month=Julai |pmid=16785801 |doi=10.1097/01.rlu.0000222736.81365.63 }}</ref> Kwa mtu ambaye tayari ana shida ya akili, SPECT inaonekana kuwa bora katika kutofautisha ugonjwa wa Alzeima na sababu zingine, ikilinganishwa na majaribio ya kawaida yanayotumia kupima akili na uchambuzi wa historia ya matibabu.<ref name="pmid15545324">{{cite journal |author=Dougall NJ, Bruggink S, Ebmeier KP |title=Systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of 99mTc-HMPAO-SPECT in dementia |journal=Am J Geriatr Psychiatry |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=554–70 |year=2004 |pmid=15545324 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajgp.12.6.554 }}</ref> Maendeleo yamepelekea kupendekezwa kwa vigezo vipya vya utambuzi.<ref name="pmid17222085"/><ref name="pmid17616482"/> Mbinu mpya inayojulikana kama PiB PET imeundwa kwa ajili kupiga picha moja kwa moja na kwa uwazi amana za amiloidi beta katika vivo kwa kutumia kinakili ambacho kinajishikilia kwa kipendeleo kwa amana ya A-beta. <ref> PiB PET: * {{cite journal |author=Kemppainen NM, Aalto S, Karrasch M, ''et al.'' |title=Cognitive reserve hypothesis: Pittsburgh Compound B and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in relation to education in mild Alzheimer's disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-neurology_2008-01_63_1/page/112 |journal=Ann. Neurol. |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=112–8 |year=2008 |month=Januari |pmid=18023012 |doi=10.1002/ana.21212 }} * {{cite journal |author=Ikonomovic MD, Klunk WE, Abrahamson EE, ''et al.'' |title=Post-mortem correlates of in vivo PiB-PET amyloid imaging in a typical case of Alzheimer's disease |journal=Brain |volume=131 |issue=Pt 6 |pages=1630–45 |year=2008 |month=Juni |pmid=18339640 |pmc=2408940 |doi=10.1093/brain/awn016 |last12=Hope |first12=CE |last13=Isanski |first13=BA |last14=Hamilton |first14=RL |last15=Dekosky |first15=ST }} * {{cite journal |author=Jack CR, Lowe VJ, Senjem ML, ''et al.'' |title=11C PiB and structural MRI provide complementary information in imaging of Alzheimer's disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment |journal=Brain |volume=131 |issue=Pt 3 |pages=665–80 |year=2008 |month=Machi |pmid=18263627 |doi=10.1093/brain/awm336 |pmc=2730157 }} </ref> Mchanganyiko wa PiB-PET unatumia uchunguzi wa PET kaboni-11. Utafiti wa karibuni unaonyesha kwamba PiB-PET ni sahihi 86% katika utabiri wa watu watakaoshikwa na ugonjwa wa Alzeima kati ya wale walio na viwango vya chini vya kupoteza uwezo wa utambuzi ndani ya miaka miwili, na usahihi wa 92% katika kuondoa uwezekano wa kushikwa na Alzeima. Mchanganyiko sawa wa uchunguzi wa PET wa uchunguzi wa dawa kwa miale ya redio uitwao(E) -4 - (2 - (6 - (2 - (2 - (2 - ^([18 F]-fluoroethoxy) ethoxy) ethoxy) pyridin-3-yl) vinyl)-N -methyl benzenamine, au ¹⁸ F AV-45, au florbetapir-florini-18, au tu florbetapir, ina radionuclide florini-18 ya kudumu, viliundwa hivi karibuni, na kufanyiwa majaribio kama chombo kinachoweza kutumika katika uchunguzi wa wagonjwa wa Alzeima.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging |date=2009 Aug |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=387–93 |title=The use of the exploratory IND in the evaluation and development of ¹⁸F-PET radiopharmaceuticals for amyloid imaging in the brain: a review of one company's experience |author=Carpenter AP Jr, Pontecorvo MJ, Hefti FF, Skovronsky DM |pmid=19834448 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Leung K |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=micad&part=AV-45-18F |title=(E)-4-(2-(6-(2-(2-(2-(¹⁸F-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)pyridin-3-yl)vinyl)-N-methyl benzenamine <nowiki>[[</nowiki>¹⁸F<nowiki>]AV-45]</nowiki> |work=Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database |date=8 Aprili 2010 |accessdate=2010-06-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=[[Gina Kolata|Kolata G]] |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/24/health/research/24scans.html |title=Promise Seen for Detection of Alzheimer's |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=23 Juni 2010 |accessdate=23 Juni 2010 }}</ref><ref name="pmid20501908">{{cite journal |doi=10.2967/jnumed.109.069088 |journal=J Nucl Med |date=2010 Jun |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=913–20 |title=In vivo imaging of amyloid deposition in Alzheimer disease using the radioligand 18F-AV-45 (flobetapir F 18) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-nuclear-medicine_2010-06_51_6/page/913 |author=Wong DF, Rosenberg PB, Zhou Y, Kumar A, Raymont V, Ravert HT, Dannals RF, Nandi A, Brasić JR, Ye W, Hilton J, Lyketsos C, Kung HF, Joshi AD, Skovronsky DM, Pontecorvo MJ |pmid=20501908 |laysummary=http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/news/display/article/113619/1598949 }}</ref> Florbetapir, kama PiB, hufungamana na amiloidi-beta, lakini kutokana na matumizi yake ya florini-18 ina maisha nusu ya dakika 110, kwa kulinganisha na maisha nusu ya kinyuklia ya PiB ya dakika 20. ''Et al Wong'' aligundua kwamba maisha marefu ya kinakili yalikiruhusu kujilimbikiza zaidi katika bongo za wagonjwa wa Alzeima, hasa katika sehemu zinazohusishwa na amana za amiloidi beta.<ref name="pmid20501908"/> Uchambuzi mmoja ulitabiri kwamba kuna uwezekano wa kutumika kwa kushirikiana na dalili nyengine badala ya kuwa mbadala.<ref name="pmid19847050">{{cite journal |author=Rabinovici GD, Jagust WJ |journal=Behav Neurol |year=2009 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=117–28 |title=Amyloid imaging in aging and dementia: testing the amyloid hypothesis in vivo |pmid=19847050 |pmc=2804478 |doi=10.3233/BEN-2009-0232 |doi_brokendate=2010-08-25 }}</ref> Kupima ukubwa waMRI unaweza kuchunguza mabadiliko katika ukubwa wa sehemu za ubongo. Upimaji wa maeneo hayo ambayo hudhoofika wakati wa ueneaji wa ugonjwa wa Alzeima inaonyesha ahadi nzuri kama kama kiashiria ya diagnostiksamarbetet. Inaweza kuja kuwa njia isiyo ghali ikilinganishwa na njia nyingine zinazofanyiwa uchunguzi kwa sasa.<ref name="pmid18445747">{{cite journal |author=O'Brien JT |title=Role of imaging techniques in the diagnosis of dementia |journal=Br J Radiol |date=2007 Dec |volume=80 |issue=Spec No 2 |pages=S71–7 |pmid=18445747 |doi=10.1259/bjr/33117326 }}</ref> Utafiti wa karibuni unaonyesha kwamba ngazi za metaboli za ubongo zinaweza kutumika kama viashiria vya baolojia vya ugonjwa wa Alzeima.<ref name="pmid 19501936">{{cite journal |author=Rupsingh R, Borrie M, Smith M, Wells JL, Bartha R |title=Reduced hippocampal glutamate in Alzheimer disease |journal=[[Neurobiol Aging]] |year=2009 |month=Juni |pmid=19501936 |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.05.002 }}</ref> == Kuzuia == [[Picha:Honoré Daumier 032.jpg|right|thumb|Shughuli za kitaaluma kama vile kucheza chesi au kushirikiana kijamii kumehusishwa na upungufu wa hatari ya Alzeima katika utafiti wa kiepidemolojia, ingawa hakuna sababu shirikishi iliyopatikana.]] Kwa sasa, hakuna ushahidi dhabiti kuonyesha kuwa kuna njia yoyote yenye ufanisi katika kuzuia Alzeima. <ref>Mapendekezo ya Kuzuia hayajaungwa mkono: * {{cite journal |author=Kawas CH |title=Medications and diet: protective factors for AD? |journal=Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord |volume=20 |issue=3 Suppl 2 |pages=S89–96 |year=2006 |pmid=16917203|doi=}} * {{cite journal |author=Luchsinger JA, Mayeux R |title=Dietary factors and Alzheimer's disease |journal=Lancet Neurol |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=579–87 |year=2004 |pmid=15380154 |doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(04)00878-6}} * {{cite journal |author=Luchsinger JA, Noble JM, Scarmeas N |title=Diet and Alzheimer's disease |journal=Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=366–72 |year=2007 |pmid=17764625 |doi=10.1007/s11910-007-0057-8}} * {{cite press release |url=http://www.nih.gov/news/health/apr2010/od-28.htm |title=Independent Panel Finds Insufficient Evidence to Support Preventive Measures for Alzheimer's Disease |date=28 Aprili 2010 |publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]] |access-date=2010-10-18 |archivedate=2010-05-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502034409/http://www.nih.gov/news/health/apr2010/od-28.htm }} * {{cite web |url=http://consensus.nih.gov/2010/alzstatement.htm |title=NIH State-of-the-Science Conference: Preventing Alzheimer's Disease and Cognitive Decline |date=26 Aprili–28, 2010 |author=Daviglus ML ''et al.'' |accessdate=2010-10-18 |archivedate=2010-05-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503054126/http://consensus.nih.gov/2010/alzstatement.htm }}</ref> Uchunguzi wa ulimwengu wa kuzuia au kuchelewesha kuanza kwa Alzeima mara nyingi umetoa matokeo yasiyowiana. Hata hivyo, tafiti za epidemiolojia na mapendekezo katika uhusiano kati ya mambo fulani yanayoweza kubadilishwa, kama vile chakula, hatari ya moyo na mishipa, bidhaa za dawa, au shughuli za kitaaluma kati ya nyingine, na uwezekano wa wakazi wa kuugua Alzeima. Utafiti zaidi tu, ikiwa ni pamoja na majaribio ya kimatibabu, ndio utakaonyesha kama haya yanaweza kusaidia kuzuia Alzeima.<ref> {{cite journal |author=Szekely CA, Breitner JC, Zandi PP |title=Prevention of Alzheimer's disease |journal=Int Rev Psychiatry |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=693–706 |year=2007 |pmid=18092245 |doi=10.1080/09540260701797944 }}</ref> Ingawa sababu za hatari za moyo na mishipa, kama vile haipakolesterolemia , shinikizo la damu ugonjwa wa kisukari, na uvutaji sigara, zinahusishwa na hatari kubwa zaidi na mwanzo na mkondo wa Alzeima,<ref name="pmid18299540">{{cite journal |author=Patterson C, Feightner JW, Garcia A, Hsiung GY, MacKnight C, Sadovnick AD |title=Diagnosis and treatment of dementia: 1. Risk assessment and primary prevention of Alzheimer disease |journal=CMAJ |volume=178 |issue=5 |pages=548–56 |year=2008 |month=Februari |pmid=18299540 |pmc=2244657 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.070796 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17483665">{{cite journal |author=Rosendorff C, Beeri MS, Silverman JM |title=Cardiovascular risk factors for Alzheimer's disease |journal=Am J Geriatr Cardiol |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=143–9 |year=2007 |pmid=17483665 |doi=10.1111/j.1076-7460.2007.06696.x }}</ref>statini, ambayo ni madawa ya kupunguza kolestroli, hayajakuwa na ufanisi katika kuzuia au kuboresha mkondo wa ugonjwa huo.<ref name="pmid17927279">{{cite journal |author=Reiss AB, Wirkowski E |title=Role of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in neurological disorders: progress to date |journal=Drugs |volume=67 |issue=15 |pages=2111–20 |year=2007 |pmid=17927279|doi=10.2165/00003495-200767150-00001 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17877925">{{cite journal |author=Kuller LH |title=Statins and dementia |journal=Curr Atheroscler Rep |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=154–61 |year=2007 |month=Agosti |pmid=17877925 |doi=10.1007/s11883-007-0012-9 }}</ref> Vipengele vya vyakula vya Mediterenia, ambayo ni pamoja na matunda na mboga, [[Mkate|mikate]], [[Nafaka|unga]] wa [[ngano]] na nyinginezo, mafuta, [[Samaki|samaki]], na mvinyo mwekundu, vyote kwa kibinafsi au kwa pamoja vinaweza kupunguza hatari au mkondo wa ugonjwa huo wa Alzeima.<ref name="pmid18088206">{{cite journal |author=Solfrizzi V, Capurso C, D'Introno A, ''et al.'' |title=Lifestyle-related factors in predementia and dementia syndromes |journal=Expert Rev Neurother |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=133–58 |year=2008 |month=Januari |pmid=18088206 |doi=10.1586/14737175.8.1.133 |url= }}</ref> Athari yake ya manufaa kwa moyo na mishipa imependekezwa kama utaratibu wa utekelezaji.<ref name="pmid18088206"/> Kuna ushahidi mdogo kwamba kutumia pombe kwa wastani , hasa mvinyo mwekundu, kunahusiana na hatari ya chini ya Alzeima.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Panza F, Capurso C, D'Introno A, Colacicco AM, Frisardi V, Lorusso M, Santamato A, Seripa D, Pilotto A, Scafato E, Vendemiale G, Capurso A, Solfrizzi V. |title=Alcohol drinking, cognitive functions in older age, predementia, and dementia syndromes |journal=J Alzheimers Dis |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=7–31 |date=Mei 2009 |pmid=19494429 |doi=10.3233/JAD-2009-1009 |last12=Capurso |first12=A |last13=Solfrizzi |first13=V |doi_brokendate=2010-08-25 }}</ref> Uchambuzi juu ya matumizi ya vitamini haujapata ushahidi wa kutosha wa umuhimu kupendekeza vitamini C,<ref name="pmid16227450">{{cite journal |author=Boothby LA, Doering PL |title=Vitamin C and vitamin E for Alzheimer's disease |journal=Ann Pharmacother |volume=39 |issue=12 |pages=2073–80 |year=2005 |month=Desemba |pmid=16227450 |doi=10.1345/aph.1E495 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-pharmacotherapy_2005-12_39_12/page/2073 }}</ref> E,<ref name="pmid16227450"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Isaac MG, Quinn R, Tabet N |title=Vitamin E for Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue=3 |pages=CD002854 |year=2008 |pmid=18646084 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002854.pub2 |url= }}</ref> au asidi ya foliki na au bila vitamini B _12,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Malouf R, Grimley Evans J |title=Folic acid with or without vitamin B₁₂ for the prevention and treatment of healthy elderly and demented people |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue=4 |pages=CD004514 |year=2008 |pmid=18843658 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004514.pub2 |url= }}</ref> kama kinga au tiba ya mawakala katika Alzeima. Kuzidisha vitamini E inahusishwa na hatari muhimu za kiafya.<ref name="pmid16227450"/> Majaribio ya kuchunguza asidi ya foliki B9 () na vitamini nyingine za B zilishindwa kuonyesha uhusiano wowote muhimu kwa kupungua kwa utambuzi.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Effect of folic acid, with or without other B vitamins, on cognitive decline: meta-analysis of randomized trials |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-medicine_2010-06_123_6/page/522 |author=Wald DS, Kasturiratne A, Simmonds M |journal=[[The American Journal of Medicine]] |date=Juni 2010 |volume=123 |issue=6 |pages=522-527.e2 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.01.017 |pii=S0002-9343(10)00131-2 }}</ref> Matumizi ya muda mrefu yamadawa yasiyo steroidi zenye mshawasho (NSAIDs) yamehusishwa na kupunguza uwezekano wa kuugua Alzeima.<ref name="pmid17612054">{{cite journal |author=Szekely CA, Town T, Zandi PP |title=NSAIDs for the chemoprevention of Alzheimer's disease |journal=Subcell Biochem |volume=42 |issue= |pages=229–48 |year=2007 |month= |pmid=17612054 |doi=10.1007/1-4020-5688-5_11 }}</ref> Masomo ya uchunguzi wa miili ya binadamu, katika mifano ya wanyama , au katika uchunguzi wa vitro pia uanongeza nguvu kwa dhana kwamba NSAID huweza kupunguza uvimbe kuhusiana na utando wa amiloidi.<ref name="pmid17612054"/> Hata hivyo uchunguzi wa majaribio ya matumizi yao kama matibabu ya kupunguza yameshindwa kuonyesha matokeo mazuri wakati hakuna majaribio ya kuzuia ambayo yamekamilika.<ref name="pmid17612054"/> Sakamini kutoka bizari manjano imeonyesha ufanisi kiasi katika kuzuia uharibifu wa ubongo kwa mifano ya panya kutokana na uwezo wake wa kuzuia uvimbe.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ringman JM, Frautschy SA, Cole GM, Masterman DL, Cummings JL |title=A potential role of the curry spice curcumin in Alzheimer's disease |journal=Curr Alzheimer Res |issn=1567-2050 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=131–6 |year=2005 |month=Aprili |pmid=15974909 |pmc=1702408 |doi=10.2174/1567205053585882 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Aggarwal BB, Harikumar KB |title=Potential therapeutic effects of curcumin, the anti-inflammatory agent, against neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases |journal=Int J Biochem Cell Biol |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=40–59 |year=2009 |month=Januari |pmid=18662800 |doi=10.1016/j.biocel.2008.06.010 |pmc=2637808 }}</ref> Tiba ya kubadilisha homoni, ingawa ilitumika awali, haidhaniwi tena kuzuia shida ya ubongo na kwa wakati mwingine inadhaniwa kuhusishwa nayo.<ref name="pmid19370593">{{cite journal |author=Farquhar C, Marjoribanks J, Lethaby A, Suckling JA, Lamberts Q |title=Long term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue=2 |pages=CD004143 |date=15 Aprili 2009 |pmid=19370593 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004143.pub3 }}</ref><ref name="pmid19401958">{{cite journal |author=Barrett-Connor E, Laughlin GA |title=Endogenous and exogenous estrogen, cognitive function, and dementia in postmenopausal women: evidence from epidemiologic studies and clinical trials |journal=Semin Reprod Med |volume=27 |issue=3 |date=Mei 2009 |pages=275–82 |pmc=2701737 |doi=10.1055/s-0029-1216280 |pmid=19401958 |last1=Barrett-Connor |first1=E |last2=Laughlin |first2=GA }}</ref> Kuna ushahidi pinzani usioshawishi kwamba "ginkgo" ina athari yoyote chanya juu ya kuharibika kwa utambuzi na shida ya akili na utafiti wa hivi karibuni unaonyesha kwamba haina athari katika kupunguza kasi ya matukio ya Alzeima.<ref>{{cite journal |author=DeKosky ST, Williamson JD, Fitzpatrick AL ''et al.'' |title=Ginkgo biloba for Prevention of Dementia |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |year=2008 |volume=300 |issue=19 |pages=2253–2262 |pmid=19017911 |doi=10.1001/jama.2008.683 |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/300/19/2253 |accessdate=2008-11-18 |last12=Robbins |first12=JA |last13=Tracy |first13=RP |last14=Woolard |first14=NF |last15=Dunn |first15=L |last16=Snitz |first16=BE |last17=Nahin |first17=RL |last18=Furberg |first18=CD |last19=Ginkgo Evaluation Of Memory (Gem) Study |first19=Investigators |pmc=2823569 }}</ref> Utafiti wa miaka 21 uligundua kwamba wanywa kahawa vikombe 3-5 kwa siku katika makamo walikuwa na upungufu wa 65% katika hatari ya shida ya akili katika maisha ya uzeeni.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Eskelinen MH, Ngandu T, Tuomilehto J, Soininen H, Kivipelto M |title=Midlife coffee and tea drinking and the risk of late-life dementia: a population-based CAIDE study |journal=J Alzheimers Dis |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=85–91 |year=2009 |month=Januari |pmid=19158424 |doi=10.3233/JAD-2009-0920 |doi_brokendate=2010-08-25 }}</ref> Watu wanaoshiriki katika shughuli za kitaaluma kama vile kusoma, kucheza michezo ya bodi, kukamilisha jedwali za maneno /, kucheza muziki wa ala, au kuhusiana mara kwa mara kijamii huonyesha kupungua kwa hatari ya ugonjwa wa Alzeima.<ref name="pmid16917199">{{cite pmid|16917199}}</ref> Hii inawiana na nadharia ya hifadhi ya utambuzi, ambayo inasema kwamba baadhi ya uzoefu wa maisha huleta ufanisi wa neva kufanya kazi zaidi kwa kumpa mtu hifadhi ya utambuzi na kuchelewesha kuanza kwa shida ya akili.<ref name="pmid16917199"/> Elimu huchelewesha mwanzo wa dalili za Alzeima, lakini haina uhusiano na kifo cha mapema baada ya utambuzi wa ugonjwa.<ref name="pmid19026089">{{cite journal |author=Paradise M, Cooper C, Livingston G |title=Systematic review of the effect of education on survival in Alzheimer's disease |journal=Int Psychogeriatr |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=25–32 |year=2009 |month=Februari |pmid=19026089 |doi=10.1017/S1041610208008053 }}</ref> Mazoezi pia uhusishwa na kupunguza hatari ya Alzeima.<ref name="pmid19026089"/> Baadhi ya tafiti zimeonyesha ongezeko la hatari ya kupatwa na Alzeima kwa sababu ya mazingira hasa matumizi ya [[Metali|madini]], hasa[[Alumini|alumini]],<ref name="pmid17522444">{{cite journal |author=Shcherbatykh I, Carpenter DO |title=The role of metals in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease |journal=J Alzheimers Dis |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=191–205 |year=2007 |month=Mei |pmid=17522444 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Rondeau V, Commenges D, Jacqmin-Gadda H, Dartigues JF |title=Relation between aluminum concentrations in drinking water and Alzheimer's disease: an 8-year follow-up study |journal=Am J Epidemiol |volume=152 |issue=1 |pages=59–66 |year=2000 |month=Julai |pmid=10901330 |pmc=2215380 |doi=10.1093/aje/152.1.59 }}</ref> au kuingiliana na viyeyuko.<ref name="pmid7771442">{{cite journal |author=Kukull WA, Larson EB, Bowen JD, ''et al.'' |title=Solvent exposure as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: a case-control study |journal=Am J Epidemiol |volume=141 |issue=11 |pages=1059–71; discussion 1072–9 |year=1995 |month=Juni |pmid=7771442 }}</ref> Ubora wa baadhi ya tafiti hizi umekosolewa,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Santibáñez M, Bolumar F, García AM |title=Occupational risk factors in Alzheimer's disease: a review assessing the quality of published epidemiological studies |journal=Occupational and Environmental Medicine |volume=64 |issue=11 |pages=723–732 |year=2007 |pmid=17525096 |doi=10.1136/oem.2006.028209 }}</ref> na tafiti zingine zimekwisha pata kuwa hakuna uhusiano kati ya mazingira haya na kuugua Alzeima.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Seidler A, Geller P, Nienhaus A, ''et al.'' |title=Occupational exposure to low frequency magnetic fields and dementia: a case-control study |journal=Occup Environ Med |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=108–14 |year=2007 |month=Februari |pmid=17043077 |doi=10.1136/oem.2005.024190 |pmc=2078432 }}</ref><ref name="pmid12222737">{{cite journal |author=Rondeau V |title=A review of epidemiologic studies on aluminum and silica in relation to Alzheimer's disease and associated disorders |journal=Rev Environ Health |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=107–21 |year=2002 |pmid=12222737 }}</ref><ref name="pmid9115023">{{cite journal |author=Martyn CN, Coggon DN, Inskip H, Lacey RF, Young WF |title=Aluminum concentrations in drinking water and risk of Alzheimer's disease |journal=Epidemiology |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=281–6 |year=1997 |month=Mei |pmid=9115023 |doi=10.1097/00001648-199705000-00009 }}</ref><ref name="pmid9861186">{{cite journal |author=Graves AB, Rosner D, Echeverria D, Mortimer JA, Larson EB |title=Occupational exposures to solvents and aluminium and estimated risk of Alzheimer's disease |journal=Occup Environ Med |volume=55 |issue=9 |pages=627–33 |year=1998 |month=Septemba |pmid=9861186 |pmc=1757634 |doi=10.1136/oem.55.9.627 }}</ref> Wakati baadhi ya uchunguzi unaonyesha kwamba marudio madogo sana ya maeneo ya sumakuumeme huweza kuongeza hatari ya ugonjwa wa Alzeima, wachunguzi walipata kwamba uchunguzi zaidi wa kiepidelemojia na uchunguzi wa maabara zaidi ya nadharia tete hili unahitajika.<ref>{{Cite document |title=Health Effects of Exposure to EMF |author=Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks-SCENIHR|date=Januari 2009|publisher=Directorate General for Health&Consumers; European Commission |location=Brussels |pages=4–5 |url=http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_scenihr/docs/scenihr_o_022.pdf |accessdate=2010-04-27 |postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> Sigara ni kati ya sababu zenye hatari kubwa za Alzeima.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cataldo JK, Prochaska JJ, Glantz SA |title=Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: an analysis controlling for tobacco industry affiliation |journal=J Alzheimers Dis |year=2010 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=465–80 |pmid= 20110594 |doi=10.3233/JAD-2010-1240 |doi_brokendate=2010-08-25 }}</ref> Utaratibu wa dalili za mifumo ya kinga ya ndani ni sababu za hatari za Alzeima inayaonza kuchelewa.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=20160456}}</ref> == Udhibiti == Hakuna tiba ya ugonjwa wa Alzeima, matibabu yanayopatikana hutoa kiasi kidogo cha faida kwa kupunguza dalili lakini kimsingi huwa ya kupunguza athari. Matibabu ya sasa yanaweza kugawanywa katika dawa, kisaikolojia-kijamii na ulezi wa wagonjwa. === Dawa === [[Picha:Donepezil 1EVE.png‎|kulia | thumb | Pande Tatu mfano wa molekuli ya donepezili, ni kizuizi cha asetilkolinesterasi kinachotumika katika kutibu dalili za Alzeima.]] [[Picha:Memantine.svg|right|thumb|upright|Muundo Masi wa memantine, dawa iliyopitishwa kwa kutibu dalili za Alzeima iliyokomaa]] Dawa nne sasa zimeidhinishwa na mashirika ya udhibiti kama vile ya Shirika la Chakula na Matumizi ya Dawa la Marekani(FDA) na Shirika la Dawa la Ulaya (EMA) kutibu dalili za kiutambuzi za Alzeima: tatu kati ya hizi ni vizuizi vya kolinesterasi na nyingine ni memantini, ambacho ni kipokezi pimgamizi cha NMDA. Hakuna dawa iliyoonyesha dalili ya kuchelewesha au kusimamisha kuendelea kwa ugonjwa huu. Kupunguza kazi kwa nyuroni za kolineji ni kipengele maalumu kinachojulikana vizuri cha ugonjwa wa Alzeima.<ref name="pmid8534419">{{cite journal |author=Geula C, Mesulam MM |title=Cholinesterases and the pathology of Alzheimer disease |journal=[[Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord]] |volume=9 Suppl 2 |pages=23–28 |year=1995 |pmid=8534419 }}</ref> Vizuizi vya Asetilkolinesterasi zinatumiwa kupunguza kasi ambayo asetikolini /1} (ACh) inavunjwa, na hivyo kuongeza kukoleza kwa ACh katika ubongo na kupambana na upotevu wa ACh ulionasababishwa na kufa kwa nyuroni za kolineji.<ref name="pmid11105732">{{cite journal |author=Stahl SM |title=The new cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease, Part 2: illustrating their mechanisms of action |journal=[[J Clin Psychiatry]] |volume=61 |issue=11 |pages=813–814 |year=2000 |pmid=11105732 }}</ref> {{as of | 2008}}Vizuizi vya kolinesterasi vilivyoidhinishwa kwa ajili ya udhibiti wa dalili za Alzeima ni [[donepesili]] (jina la kibiashara ni ''Arisepti),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a697032.html |title=Donepezil |accessdate=2010-02-03 |date=2007-01-08 |publisher=[[US National Library of Medicine]] |work=[[Medline Plus]] }}</ref>galanitamini ''(Rasadine),'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a699058.html |title=Galantamine |accessdate=2010-02-03 |date=2007-01-08 |publisher=[[US National Library of Medicine]] |work=[[Medline Plus]] }}</ref> na [[rivasitigimini]] (huitwa ''Ekiloni'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a602009.html |title=Rivastigmine |accessdate=2010-02-03 |date=2007-01-08 |publisher=[[US National Library of Medicine]] |work=[[Medline Plus]] }}</ref> na ''Pachi ya Ekiloni'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a607078.html |title=Rivastigmine Transdermal |accessdate=2010-02-03 |date=2007-01-08 |publisher=[[US National Library of Medicine]] |work=[[Medline Plus]] }}</ref> ).'' Kuna ushahidi wa kufaa wa dawa hizi katika kutibu ugonjwa wa kadiri wa Alzeima,<ref name="pmid16437532">{{cite journal |author=Birks J |title=Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |issue=1 |pages=CD005593 |year=2006 |pmid=16437532 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005593 |last2=Birks |first2=Jacqueline }}</ref><ref name="pmid19370562">{{cite journal |journal=[[Cochrane Database Syst Rev]] |date=2009 Apr 15 |issue=2 |at=CD001191 |title=Rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease |author=Birks J, Grimley Evans J, Iakovidou V, Tsolaki M, Holt FE |pmid=19370562 }}</ref> na baadhi ya ushahidi wa matumizi yao katika hatua zilizoendelea. Donepesili tu ndiyo iliyopitishwa kwa ajili ya kutibu Dementia Alzeima ya kiwango cha juu. <ref name="pmid16437430">{{cite journal |author=Birks J, Harvey RJ |title=Donepezil for dementia due to Alzheimer's disease |journal=[[Cochrane Database Syst Rev]] |issue=1 |pages=CD001190 |date=2006 Jan 25 |pmid=16437430 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001190.pub2 }}</ref> Matumizi ya dawa hizi katika kuharibika kwa uamuzi wa mambo wa kadiri hakijaonyesha athari yoyote katika kuchelewesha kuanza kwa Alzeima.<ref name="pmid18044984">{{cite journal |author=Raschetti R, Albanese E, Vanacore N, Maggini M |title=Cholinesterase inhibitors in mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review of randomised trials |journal=[[PLoS Med]] |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=e338 |year=2007 |pmid=18044984 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0040338 |pmc=2082649 }}</ref> Athari za kawaida sana ni kichefuchefu na [[Kutapika|kutapika]], zote ambazo zinahusishwa na koligeni ya kupindukia. Madhara haya hutokea katika takriban 10-20% ya watumiaji na ukali wake ni wa chini hadi wastani. Athari za mkondo wa pili ambazo si za kawaida ni pamoja na kukakamaa misuli, kupungua kwa kiwangocha kupiga moyo (bradikadia), kupungua kwa hamu ya chakula na uzito, na ongezeko la uzalishaji wa asidi ya tumbo. <ref>Maelezo ya kutolewa kwa vizuizi vya astelikolinesterasi: * {{cite web |url=http://www.aricept.com/images/AriceptComboFullPINovember02006.pdf |form=pdf |title=Aricept Prescribing information |accessdate=2008-08-18 |format=PDF |publisher=Eisai and [[Pfizer]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910154231/http://www.aricept.com/images/AriceptComboFullPINovember02006.pdf |archivedate=2008-09-10 }} (chanzo msingi) * {{cite web |url=http://razadyneer.com/razadyneer/pages/pdf/razadyne_er.pdf |title=Razadyne ER U.S. Full Prescribing Information |accessdate=2008-02-19 |format=PDF |publisher=[[Ortho-McNeil Neurologics]] |archivedate=2008-05-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528195504/http://razadyneer.com/razadyneer/pages/pdf/razadyne_er.pdf }} (chanzo msingi) * {{cite web |url=http://www.pharma.us.novartis.com/product/pi/pdf/exelonpatch.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070728014715/http://www.pharma.us.novartis.com/product/pi/pdf/exelonpatch.pdf |archivedate=2007-07-28 |title=Exelon ER U.S. Prescribing Information |accessdate=2008-02-19 |format=PDF |publisher=[[Novartis Pharmaceuticals]] }} (chanzo msingi) * {{cite web |url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/020823s016,021025s008lbl.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710074347/http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/label/2006/020823s016,021025s008lbl.pdf |archivedate=2007-07-10 |title=Exelon U.S. Prescribing Information |date=Juni 2006 |accessdate=2009-07-30 |format=PDF |publisher=[[Novartis Pharmaceuticals]] }} ( chanzo msingi) * {{cite web |url=http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/EnforcementActivitiesbyFDA/WarningLettersandNoticeofViolationLetterstoPharmaceuticalCompanies/ucm054180.pdf |format=PDF |title=Exelon Warning Letter |date=Agosti 2007 |accessdate=2009-07-30 |publisher=[[US Food and Drug Administration]] }}</ref> Glutamate ni kisisimuzi muhimu cha nyurotransmita ya mfumo wa neva, ingawa kuwepo kwa kiwango kingi katika ubongo kunaweza kusababisha kifo cha [[seli]] kupitia mchakato uitwao usisimuzi ambao unahusisha kusimuliwa sana kwa vipokezi vya glutamate. Usisimuzi hutokea sio tu kwa ugonjwa wa Alzeima, lakini pia katika magonjwa mengine ya neva kama vile ugonjwa wa Parkinson na uwingi-sklerosi.<ref name="pmid16424917">{{cite journal |author=Lipton SA |title=Paradigm shift in neuroprotection by NMDA receptor blockade: memantine and beyond |journal=[[Nat Rev Drug Discov]] |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=160–170 |year=2006 |pmid=16424917 |doi=10.1038/nrd1958 }}</ref> Memanitine (jina la kibiashara ni ''Akatinoli, Axura, Ebixa'' / ''Abixa, Memox'' na ''Namenda),'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a604006.html |title=Memantine |accessdate=2010-02-03 |date=2004-01-04 |publisher= US National Library of Medicine (Medline) }}</ref> ni kizuizi kisicholeta ushindani cha kipokezi cha NMDA iliyoanza kutumika kama dawa ya kupigana nainfluenza. Hufanya kazi katika mfumo wa glutamaterigiki na kuzuia vipokezi vya NMDA na kuzuia kusisimuliwa zaidi kwao na glutamate.<ref name="pmid16424917"/> Memanatine imeonyeshwa kuwa kwa kiasi cha kadiri kuleta matokeo yanayokusudiwa katika matibabu ya ugonjwa wa Alzeima wa wastani hadi wa kiwango cha juu. Athari zake katika hatua za awali za Alzeima hazijulikani.<ref name="pmid15495043">{{cite journal |author=Areosa Sastre A, McShane R, Sherriff F |title=Memantine for dementia |journal=[[Cochrane Database Syst Rev]] |issue=4 |pages=CD003154 |year=2004 |pmid=15495043 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003154.pub2 }}</ref> Taarifa za matukio mabaya na memanitine si za kila mara na ni za kadiri, ikiwa ni pamoja na kuota, kuchanganyikiwa , kizunguzungu, kuumwa na kichwa na uchovu.<ref>[384] ^ {{cite web |url=http://www.frx.com/pi/namenda_pi.pdf |title=Namenda Prescribing Information |accessdate=2008-02-19 |format=PDF |publisher=[[Forest Pharmaceuticals]] }} (Asili ya msingi)</ref> Mchanganyiko wa memantine na donepesili imeonekana kuwa "yenye umuhimu kitwakimu lakini ufanisi mdogo wa kimatibabu".<ref name="pmid18316756">{{cite journal |author=Raina P, Santaguida P, Ismaila A, ''et al.'' |title=Effectiveness of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine for treating dementia: evidence review for a clinical practice guideline |journal=[[Annals of Internal Medicine]] |volume=148 |issue=5 |pages=379–397 |year=2008 |pmid=18316756 }}</ref> Dawa za kuzuia kichaa ni muhimu katika kupunguza kwa kadiri kwa uchokozi na kichaa katika ya wagonjwa wa Alzeima na matatizo ya kitabia, lakini zinahusishwa na athari mbaya sana, kama vile matukio ya damubongo, matatizo ya kutembea au kupungua kwa uamuzi wa mambo, ambazo haziruhusu matumizi yake ya kawaida. <ref> Matumizi ya dawa za kuzuia kichaa: * {{cite journal |author=Ballard C, Waite J |title=The effectiveness of atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of aggression and psychosis in Alzheimer's disease |journal=[[Cochrane Database Syst Rev]] |issue=1 |pages=CD003476 |year=2006 |pmid=16437455 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003476.pub2}} * {{cite journal |author=Ballard C, Lana MM, Theodoulou M, ''et al.'' |title=A randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled trial in dementia patients continuing or stopping neuroleptics (The DART-AD trial) |journal=[[PLoS Med]] |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=e76 |year=2008 |pmid=18384230 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050076 |pmc=2276521 }} * {{cite journal |author=Sink KM, Holden KF, Yaffe K |title=Pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia: a review of the evidence |journal=[[J Am Med Assoc]] |volume=293 |issue=5 |pages=596–608 |year=2005 |pmid=15687315 |doi=10.1001/jama.293.5.596 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19138567"> {{cite journal |author=Ballard C, Hanney ML, Theodoulou M, Douglas S, McShane R, Kossakowski K, Gill R, Juszczak E, Yu L-M, Jacoby R |title=The dementia antipsychotic withdrawal trial (DART-AD): long-term follow-up of a randomised placebo-controlled trial |journal=[[Lancet Neurology]] |date=9 Januari 2009 |pmid=19138567 |doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70295-3 |laysummary=http://www.physorg.com/news150695213.html |volume=8 |page=151 |issue=2 }}</ref>Wakati zinapotumika kwa muda mrefu, zionyeshwa kuhusishwa na kuongezeka kwa vifo.<ref name="pmid19138567"/> === Hatua za Kisaikolojia na Kijamii === [[Picha:Snoezelruimte.JPG|thumb|upright|righ|Chumba kilichooundwa haswa kwa minajili ya tiba ya kuimarisha hisia , pia hujulikana kama snoezelen; kuingilia hisia kijamii na kwa kisaikolojia ili kuwasaidia watu wenye shida ya akili]] Hatua zakisaikolojia an kijamii zinatumiwa kama nyongeza ya matibabu ya dawa na kunaweza kuorodheshwa ndani mbinu zinazoegemea tabia, hisia, utambuzi au usisimuzi. Utafiti juu ya ufanifu wake hakupatikani na nadra ule unaozingatia kwa Alzeima, badala yake hulenga dementia kwa ujumla.<ref name="pracGuideAPA">{{cite web | url=http://www.psychiatryonline.com/pracGuide/loadGuidelinePdf.aspx?file=AlzPG101007 | format=PDF | title =Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Alzheimer's disease and Other Dementias | publisher =[[American Psychiatric Association]] | month=Oktoba | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-12-28 | doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890423967.152139 }}</ref> Hatua za kitabia hujaribu kutambua na kupunguza chanzo na matokeo ya tabia zinazotatiza. Njia hii haijaonyesha mafanikio katika kuboresha utendaji kwa ujumla,<ref name="pmid16323385">{{cite journal |author=Bottino CM, Carvalho IA, Alvarez AM, ''et al.'' |title=Cognitive rehabilitation combined with drug treatment in Alzheimer's disease patients: a pilot study |journal=Clin Rehabil |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=861–869 |year=2005 |pmid=16323385 |doi=10.1191/0269215505cr911oa }}</ref> lakini inaweza kusaidia kupunguza baadhi ya matatizo ya tabia fulani, kama vile kushindwa kudhibiti mkojo.<ref name="pmid11342679">{{cite journal |author=Doody RS, Stevens JC, Beck C, ''et al.'' |title=Practice parameter: management of dementia (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_2001-05-08_56_9/page/1154 |journal=Neurology |volume=56 |issue=9 |pages=1154–1166 |year=2001 |pmid=11342679 }}</ref> Kuna ukosefu wa twakimu bora kuhusu ufanisi wa mbinu hizi katika matatizo ya tabia mengine kama vile kuzurura.<ref name="pmid17253573">{{cite journal |author=Hermans DG, Htay UH, McShane R |title=Non-pharmacological interventions for wandering of people with dementia in the domestic setting |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |issue=1 |pages=CD005994 |year=2007 |pmid=17253573 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005994.pub2 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17096455">{{cite journal |author=Robinson L, Hutchings D, Dickinson HO, ''et al.'' |title=Effectiveness and acceptability of non-pharmacological interventions to reduce wandering in dementia: a systematic review |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-geriatric-psychiatry_2007-01_22_1/page/9 |journal=Int J Geriatr Psychiatry |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=9–22 |year=2007 |pmid=17096455 |doi=10.1002/gps.1643 }}</ref> Hatua zinazoegemea hisia zinahusu matibabu ya kukumbuka mambo ya zamani, matibabu ya uthibitishaji, matibabu ya kisaikolojia yanayounga mkono, kuunganishwa kwa hisi, pia hujulikana kama snoeseleni, na matibabu ya usimulizi wa sasa. Matibabu ya kisaikolojia yanyounga mkono yamepokea rasmi utafiti kidogo au usiokuwepo wa kisayansi, lakini baadhi ya madaktari huona kuwa yana manufaa katika kuwasaidia wagonjwa wenye uharibifu wa kadiri kuzoea maradhi yao.<ref name="pracGuideAPA"/> Matibabu ya kukumbuka mambo ya zamani (RT) yanahusu majadiliano ya mambo ya zamani na mtu mmoja au katika kikundi, mara nyingi kwa kutumia picha, vitu vya nyumbani, muziki na rekodi za sauti, au vitu vinavyofahamika vya zamani. Ingawa kuna uchache wa utafiti bora kuhusu ufanisi wa RT, inaweza kuwa ya manufaa kwa utambuzi wa mambo na hali ya hisia.<ref name="pmid15846613">{{cite journal |author=Woods B, Spector A, Jones C, Orrell M, Davies S |title=Reminiscence therapy for dementia |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |issue=2 |pages=CD001120 |year=2005 |pmid=15846613 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001120.pub2 }}</ref> Matibabu ya uigaji mambo ya sasa (SPT) yana msingi wake katika nadharia za kushikamana na yanahusisha kucheza na kurekodi kwa sauti za jamaa wa karibu wa mtu huyo aliye na ugonjwa wa Alzeima. Kuna kiasi cha ushahidi unaoonyesha kwamba SPT yaweza kupunguza tabia zenye changamoto.<ref name="pmid19023729">{{cite journal |author=Zetteler J |title=Effectiveness of simulated presence therapy for individuals with dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Aging Ment Health |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=779–85 |year=2008 |month=Novemba |pmid=19023729 |doi=10.1080/13607860802380631 }}</ref> Hatimaye, matibabu ya uthibitishi ni msingi wake katika kukubali ukweli na ukweli wa kibinafsi wa maisha binafsi, wakati kuunganishwa kwa hisia nyingi kunatokana na mazoezi yenye lengo la kuchochea hisia. Kuna kiasi cha ushahidi kinachounga mkono manufaa ya matibabu haya.<ref name="pmid12917907">{{cite journal |author=Neal M, Briggs M |title=Validation therapy for dementia |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |issue=3 |pages=CD001394 |year=2003 |pmid=12917907 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001394 }}</ref><ref name="pmid12519587">{{cite journal |author=Chung JC, Lai CK, Chung PM, French HP |title=Snoezelen for dementia |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |issue=4 |pages=CD003152 |year=2002 |pmid=12519587 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003152 }}</ref> Lengo la matibabu yanayoegemea utambuzi, ambayo ni pamoja na mwelekeo wa ukweli na kufunzwa tena kwa utambuzi wa mambo, ni kupunguza nakisi ya utambuzi wa mambo. Mwelekeo wa ukweli unahusisha katika uwasilishaji wa taarifa juu ya muda, mahali au mtu ili kurahisisha kuelewa kwa mtu juu ya mazingira yake na sehemu yake ndani yake. Kwa upande mwingine kufunzwa tena utambuzi wa mambo hujaribu kuboresha uwezo wa utendaji ulioharibika kwa kusisimua uwezo wa akili. Hatua zote zimeonyesha baadhi ya matokeo yaliyotarajiwa ya kuboresha uwezo wa utambuzi,<ref name="pmid17636652">{{cite journal |author=Spector A, Orrell M, Davies S, Woods B |title=Withdrawn: Reality orientation for dementia |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |issue=3 |pages=CD001119 |year=2000 |pmid=17636652 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001119.pub2 }}</ref><ref name="pmid12948999">{{cite journal |author=Spector A, Thorgrimsen L, Woods B, ''et al.'' |title=Efficacy of an evidence-based cognitive stimulation therapy programme for people with dementia: randomised controlled trial |journal=Br J Psychiatry |volume=183 |pages=248–254 |year=2003 |pmid=12948999 |doi=10.1192/bjp.183.3.248 }}</ref>ingawa katika baadhi ya utafiti madhara haya yalikuwa ya muda mfupi na ya athari mbaya, kama vile kuudhika, pia yameripotiwa.<ref name="pracGuideAPA"/> Matibabu yanayoegemea usisimuzi ni pamoja na sanaa, muziki na matibabu ya chuki, mazoezi, na aina yoyote ya shughuli nyingine za burudani. Kusisimua kunasaidia kidogo katika kuboresha tabia, hisia, na, kwa kiasi cha chini utendakazi. Hata hivyo, muhimu kama athari hizi ni usaidizi mkuu kwa ajili ya matumizi ya matibabu ya kusisimua ni mabadiliko ya maisha ya mtu ya kawaida.<ref name="pracGuideAPA"/> === Matunzo === Kwa vile Alzeima haina tiba na hatua kwa hatua huwanya watu kutoweza kuchunga mahitaji yao wenyewe, utunzaji kimsingi ndiyo matibabu na lazima yathibitiwe kwa makini katika kipindi cha ugonjwa huu. Katika awamu za mapema na za wastani, mabadiliko ya mazingira ya kuishi na maisha yanaweza kuongeza usalama wa mgonjwa na kupunguza mzigo wa mlezi<ref name="pmid15860476">{{cite journal |author=Gitlin LN, Hauck WW, Dennis MP, Winter L |title=Maintenance of effects of the home environmental skill-building program for family caregivers and individuals with Alzheimer's disease and related disorders |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journals-of-gerontology_2005-03_60a_3/page/368 |journal=J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=368–74 |year=2005 |month=Machi |pmid=15860476 }}</ref> Mifano wa mabadiliko haya ni kama vile kuzingatia matendo yalirahisishwa ya kila siku, na kuweka kwa wa kufuli za usalama, na kuweka alama kwa vitu vya nyumbani ili kumtambulisha mtu mwenye ugonjwa au matumizi ya vitu vilivyobadilishwa vya maisha ya kila siku.<ref name="pracGuideAPA"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alz.org/Health/Treating/agitation.asp |title=Treating behavioral and psychiatric symptoms |year=2006 |accessdate=2006-09-25 |publisher=Alzheimer's Association |archivedate=2006-09-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925112503/http://www.alz.org/Health/Treating/agitation.asp }}</ref><ref name="pmid15297089"> {{cite journal | author = Dunne TE, Neargarder SA, Cipolloni PB, Cronin-Golomb A | title = Visual contrast enhances food and liquid intake in advanced Alzheimer's disease | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-nutrition_2004-08_23_4/page/533 | journal = Clinical Nutrition | volume = 23 | issue = 4 | pages = 533–538 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15297089 | doi = 10.1016/j.clnu.2003.09.015 }}</ref> Mgonjwa anaweza pia kutoweza kujilisha mwenyewe, hivyo huhitaji chakula kikiwa katika vipande vidogo au kilichosagwa.<ref>{{cite book |author=Dudek, Susan G. |title=Nutrition essentials for nursing practice |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstown, Maryland |year=2007 |page=360 |isbn=0-7817-6651-6 |oclc= |doi= |url= http://books.google.com/?id=01zo6yf0IUEC&pg=PA360&dq=alzheimer%27s+chew |accessdate=2008-08-19 }}</ref> Wakati wa kumeza matatizo hutokea, na matumizi ya neli za kulisha zinaweza kuhutajika. Katika hali kama hizo, na ufanifu wa matibabu na maadili ya kuendelea kulisha ni muhimu kuzingatiwa na watunzaji na familia.<ref name="pmid16415742">{{cite journal |author=Dennehy C |title=Analysis of patients' rights: dementia and PEG insertion |journal=Br J Nurs |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=18–20 |year=2006 |pmid=16415742 }}</ref><ref name="pmid16556924">{{cite journal |author=Chernoff R |title=Tube feeding patients with dementia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nutrition-in-clinical-practice_2006-04_21_2/page/142 |journal=Nutr Clin Pract |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=142–6 |year=2006 |month=Aprili |pmid=16556924 |doi=10.1177/0115426506021002142 }}</ref> Matumizi ya vifaa vya kumfunga mgonjwa nadra huhitajika katika hatua yoyote ya ugonjwa huu, ingawa kuna wakati ambapo huwa muhimu ili kuzuia madhara kwa wagonjwa wa Alzeima au watunzaji wao.<ref name="pracGuideAPA"/> Ugonjwa unavyoendelea, masuala mbalimbali ya matibabu yanaweza kuonekana, kama vile maradhi ya mdomo na meno, vidonda vya mbano, utapiamlo, matatizo ya usafi, au matatizo ya upumuaji, ngozi, au [[Jicho|macho]]. Usimamizi wa makini unaweza kuzuia haya yote, na matibabu maalum yanahitajika wakati yanapotokea.<ref name="pmid10369823">{{cite journal |author=Gambassi G, Landi F, Lapane KL, Sgadari A, Mor V, Bernabei R |title=Predictors of mortality in patients with Alzheimer's disease living in nursing homes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-neurology-neurosurgery-and-psychiatry_1999-07_67_1/page/59 |journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=59–65 |year=1999 |month=Julai |pmid=10369823 |pmc=1736445 |doi=10.1136/jnnp.67.1.59 }}</ref><ref> Masuala ya Matibabu: * {{cite journal |author=Head B |title=Palliative care for persons with dementia |journal=Home Healthc Nurse |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=53–60; quiz 61 |year=2003 |month=Januari |pmid=12544465 |doi=10.1097/00004045-200301000-00012 }} * {{cite journal |author=Friedlander AH, Norman DC, Mahler ME, Norman KM, Yagiela JA |title=Alzheimer's disease: psychopathology, medical management and dental implications |journal=J Am Dent Assoc |volume=137 |issue=9 |pages=1240–51 |year=2006 |month=Septemba |pmid=16946428 }} * {{cite journal |author=Belmin J |title=Practical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of weight loss in Alzheimer's disease: a consensus from appropriateness ratings of a large expert panel |journal=J Nutr Health Aging |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=33–7 |year=2007 |pmid=17315078 |author2=Expert Panel and Organisation Committee }} * {{cite journal |author=McCurry SM, Gibbons LE, Logsdon RG, Vitiello M, Teri L |title=Training caregivers to change the sleep hygiene practices of patients with dementia: the NITE-AD project |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_2003-10_51_10/page/1455 |journal=J Am Geriatr Soc |volume=51 |issue=10 |pages=1455–60 |year=2003 |month=Oktoba |pmid=14511168 |doi=10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51466.x }} * {{cite journal |author=Perls TT, Herget M |title=Higher respiratory infection rates on an Alzheimer's special care unit and successful intervention |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1995-12_43_12/page/1341 |journal=J Am Geriatr Soc |volume=43 |issue=12 |pages=1341–4 |year=1995 |month=Desemba |pmid=7490383 }}</ref> Katika hatua ya mwisho ya ugonjwa huu, matibabu uhusisha kupunguza usumbufu hadi kifo.<ref name="pmid12854952">{{cite journal |author=Shega JW, Levin A, Hougham GW, ''et al.'' |title=Palliative Excellence in Alzheimer Care Efforts (PEACE): a program description |journal=J Palliat Med |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=315–20 |year=2003 |month=Aprili |pmid=12854952 |doi=10.1089/109662103764978641 }}</ref> Utafiti mdogo wa hivi karibuni huko Marekani ulihitimisha kuwa wagonjwa ambao watunzaji wao walikuwa na uelewa mzuri wa matatizo na shida za kimatibabu za hatua ya mwisho ya dementia walikuwa na uwezekano wa chini wa kupata matibabu ya kutumia nguvu karibu na mwisho wa maisha. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Mitchell SL, Teno JM, Kiely DK, ''et al.'' |title=The clinical course of advanced dementia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2009-10-15_361_16/page/1528 |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=361 |issue=16 |pages=1529–38 |year=2009 |month=Oct |pmid=19828530 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0902234 |pmc=2778850}}</ref> == Kutabiri Maendeleo yake == [[Picha:Alzheimer and other dementias world map - DALY - WHO2004.svg|thumb|Maisha yaliobadilishwa na Ulemavu-mwaka kwa Alzeima na shida ya akili nyingine kwa wakazi 100,000 katika 2004.[446][447][448][449][450][451][452][453][454][455][456][ 457][458]]] Hatua za kwanza za ugonjwa wa Alzeima ni ngumu kuzitambua. Utambuzi wa hakika huweza kufanyika mara tu uharibifu wa utambuzi huanza kuathiri shughuli za kila siku, ingawa mtu anaweza kuwa bado anaishi kivyake. Dalili huongezeka kutokana na shida ndogo ndogo za utambuzi, kuzidi kupoteza kumbukumbu katika hatua za kuzidi kuharibika kwa uwezo wa utambuzi, kuondoa uwezekano wowote wa kuishi ukiwa huru.<ref name="pmid10653284"/> Muda wa kuishi wa walio na ugonjwa huo hupungua.<ref name="pmid3776457"/><ref name="pmid8757016">{{cite journal |author=Bowen JD, Malter AD, Sheppard L, ''et al.'' |title=Predictors of mortality in patients diagnosed with probable Alzheimer's disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_1996-08_47_2/page/433 |journal=Neurology |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=433–9 |year=1996 |month=Agosti |pmid=8757016 }}</ref><ref name="pmid12580712">{{cite journal |author=Dodge HH, Shen C, Pandav R, DeKosky ST, Ganguli M |title=Functional transitions and active life expectancy associated with Alzheimer disease |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=253–9 |year=2003 |month=Februari |pmid=12580712 |doi=10.1001/archneur.60.2.253 }}</ref> Kadiri ya muda wa kuishi baada ya kugunduliwa kwa ugonjwa ni takriban miaka saba.<ref name="pmid3776457"/> Chini ya 3% ya wagonjwa huishi zaidi ya miaka kumi na minne.<ref name="pmid7793228"/> Sifa za ugonjwa huu zinazohusishwa sana na kupunguka kwa maisha ni kuzidi kwa upungufu wa utambuzi, kupungua kwa kiwango cha utendaji kazi, historia ya kuanguka, na usumbufu katika uchunguzi wa kinyurolojia. Magonjwa mengine ya kisadfa kama vile matatizo ya moyo, [[Kisukari|ugonjwa wa kisukari]] au historia ya [[Utumiaji mbaya wa Pombe|ulevi]] pia uhusishwa na kupungua kwa maisha.<ref name="pmid8757016"/><ref name="pmid15068977">{{cite journal |author=Larson EB, Shadlen MF, Wang L, ''et al.'' |title=Survival after initial diagnosis of Alzheimer disease |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=140 |issue=7 |pages=501–9 |year=2004 |month=Aprili |pmid=15068977 }}</ref><ref name="pmid7792352">{{cite journal |author=Jagger C, Clarke M, Stone A |title=Predictors of survival with Alzheimer's disease: a community-based study |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-medicine_1995-01_25_1/page/171 |journal=Psychol Med |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=171–7 |year=1995 |month=Januari |pmid=7792352 |doi=10.1017/S0033291700028191 }}</ref> Iwapo ugonjwa utaanza mapema basi maisha huwa marefu zaidi, matarajio ya maisha ya walio wadogo kiumri hupungua sana hasa ikilinganishwa na jamii kwa jumla.<ref name="pmid12580712"/> Wagonjwa wanaume wana matarajio madogo zaidi ya kuishi ikilinganishwa na wanawake.<ref name="pmid7793228"/><ref name="pmid15883266">{{cite journal |author=Ganguli M, Dodge HH, Shen C, Pandav RS, DeKosky ST |title=Alzheimer disease and mortality: a 15-year epidemiological study |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=62 |issue=5 |pages=779–84 |year=2005 |month=Mei |pmid=15883266 |doi=10.1001/archneur.62.5.779 }}</ref> Ugonjwa ni [[Mauti|sababu]] ya kimsingi [[Mauti|ya kifo]] katika 70% ya kesi zote.<ref name="pmid3776457"/> Nimonia na kuishiwa na maji mwilini ni sababu kuu za vifo vya haraka, wakati saratani ni sababu ndogo ya kifo ikilinganishwa na jamii kwa jumla.<ref name="pmid3776457"/><ref name="pmid15883266"/> == Epidemiolojia == Hatua mbili kuu hutumiwa katika masomo ya epidemolojia: matukio na maenezi. Matukio ni idadi ya kesi mpya kwa idadi ya watu -na wakati kuna hatari ya kuambukiza (kwa kawaida idadi ya kesi mpya kwa watu na miaka elfu moja) matukio ya mwezi kwa kila wa elfu-); ilhali maenezi ni jumla ya idadi ya matukio ya ugonjwa kati ya watu wote katika wakati fulani. Kuhusu matukio, masomo ya kilongitudo {{/0} (masomo ambapo kundi la watu wasio na ugonjwa hufuatwa kwa muda) hutoa viwango kati ya miaka 10 na 15 kwa kila watu elfu 5-8 kwa Alzeima,<ref name="pmid17727890">{{cite journal |author=Bermejo-Pareja F, Benito-León J, Vega S, Medrano MJ, Román GC |title=Incidence and subtypes of dementia in three elderly populations of central Spain |journal=J. Neurol. Sci. |volume=264 |issue=1–2 |pages=63–72 |year=2008 |month=Januari |pmid=17727890 |doi=10.1016/j.jns.2007.07.021 }}</ref><ref name="pmid12028245">{{cite journal |author=Di Carlo A, Baldereschi M, Amaducci L, ''et al.'' |title=Incidence of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular dementia in Italy. The ILSA Study |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_2002-01_50_1/page/41 |journal=J Am Geriatr Soc |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=41–8 |year=2002 |month=Januari |pmid=12028245 |doi=10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50006.x |last12=Ilsa Working |first12=Group }}</ref> ambayo ina maana kwamba nusu ya kesi za shida ya akili kila mwaka ni za Alzeima. Kuongezeka kwa umri ni sababu ya kimsingi ya kuongezeka kwa hatari ya ugonjwa, na viwango vya matukio si sawa kwa rika zote: kila baada ya miaka mitano baada ya umri wa miaka 65, hatari ya kupata ugonjwa huongezeka takriban maradufu, kuongezeka kutoka 3 hadi 69 kwa kila miaka elfu ya mtu.<ref name="pmid17727890"/><ref name="pmid12028245"/> Pia kuna tofauti za kijinsia katika viwango vya matukio, wanawake huwa na hatari kubwa ya kuugua Alzeima hasa katika idadi ya watu wenye umri zaidi ya 85.<ref name="pmid12028245"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Andersen K, Launer LJ, Dewey ME, ''et al.'' |title=Gender differences in the incidence of AD and vascular dementia: The EURODEM Studies. EURODEM Incidence Research Group |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_1999-12-10_53_9/page/1992 |journal=Neurology |volume=53 |issue=9 |pages=1992–7 |year=1999 |month=Desemba |pmid=10599770 |last12=Martinez-Lage |first12=JM |last13=Stijnen |first13=T |last14=Hofman |first14=A }}</ref> Maenezi ya Alzeima katika watu hutegemea mambo mbalimbali ikiwa ni pamoja na matukio na kuendelea kuishi. Kwa kuwa matukio ya Alzeima yanaongezeka na umri, ni muhimu kujumuisha umri wa watu walio na mvuto. Nchini Marekani, maambukizi ya Alzeima yalikadiriwa kuwa 1.6% mwaka 2000 kwa ujumla na katika umri 65-74, na kuongezeka kwa kiwango cha 19% katika kundi 75-84 na 42% katika kundi waliozidi miaka 84. <ref> 2000 Makadirio ya Marekani: * {{cite journal |author=Hebert LE, Scherr PA, Bienias JL, Bennett DA, Evans DA |title=Alzheimer disease in the US population: prevalence estimates using the 2000 census |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=60 |issue=8 |pages=1119–22 |year=2003 |month=Agosti |pmid=12925369 |doi=10.1001/archneur.60.8.1119 }} * {{cite web |title=Profiles of general demographic characteristics, 2000 census of population and housing, United States |year=2001 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/dp1/2kh00.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-08-27 }} </ref> Uenezi katika sehemu zenye ustawi mdogo ni wa chini. [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Shirika]] la [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Afya Ulimwenguni]] lilikadiria kwamba mnamo mwaka 2005, 0.379% ya watu duniani kote walikuwa na shida ya akili, na kwamba kiwango cha maambukizi kitaongezeka kwa 0.441% katika 2015 na 0.556% katika 2030.<ref name="isbn9789241563369">{{cite book | last = World Health Organization | title = Neurological Disorders: Public Health Challenges | publisher = World Health Organization | year = 2006 | location = Switzerland | pages = 204–207 | url = http://www.who.int/mental_health/neurology/neurodiso/en/index.html | isbn = 978-92-4-156336-9 }}</ref> Tafiti zingine zimepata hitimisho sawa.<ref name="pmid16360788">{{cite journal |author=Ferri CP, Prince M, Brayne C, ''et al.'' |title=Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study |journal=Lancet |volume=366 |issue=9503 |pages=2112–7 |year=2005 |month=Desemba |pmid=16360788 |pmc=2850264 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67889-0 |url=http://www.sbgg.org.br/profissional/artigos/pdf/demencia_mundo.pdf |accessdate=2008-06-25 |format=PDF |last12=Mathers |first12=C |last13=Menezes |first13=PR |last14=Rimmer |first14=E |last15=Scazufca |first15=M |last16=Alzheimer's Disease |first16=International |archive-date=2008-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625071754/http://www.sbgg.org.br/profissional/artigos/pdf/demencia_mundo.pdf |dead-url= }}</ref> Utafiti mwingine ulikadiria kwamba mwaka 2006, 0.40% ya idadi ya watu duniani (kati ya % 0.17-0.89; idadi kamili {{Nowrap|26.6 million}}, kati ya {{Nowrap|11.4–59.4 million}} ) walikuwa wameathirika na Alzeima, na kwamba maenezi ya maambukizi yameongezeka mara tatu na idadi kamili ingekuwa mara nne kwa 2050. <ref name="Brookmeyer2007">2006 maambukizi ya makisio: * {{cite journal |author=Brookmeyer R, Johnson E, Ziegler-Graham K, MH Arrighi |title=Forecasting the global burden of Alzheimer's disease |journal=Alzheimer's and Dementia |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=186–91 |year=2007 |month=Julai |doi=10.1016/j.jalz.2007.04.381 |url=http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1022&context=rbrookmeyer |accessdate=2008-06-18 |pmid=19595937 |last1=Brookmeyer |first1=R |last2=Johnson |first2=E |last3=Ziegler-Graham |first3=K |last4=Arrighi |first4=HM |archive-date=2008-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207025403/http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1022&context=rbrookmeyer |dead-url=yes }} * {{cite paper |url=http://un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/WPP2006_Highlights_rev.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-08-27 |year=2007 |title=World population prospects: the 2006 revision, highlights |publisher=Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations |version=Working Paper No. ESA/P/WP.202 |journal= |archive-date=2008-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819191533/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/WPP2006_Highlights_rev.pdf |dead-url=yes |=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819191533/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/WPP2006_Highlights_rev.pdf }}</ref> == Historia == [[Picha:Auguste D aus Marktbreit.jpg|thumb|Alois mgonjwa wa Alzeima Auguste Deter katika 1902. Chake ndicho kisa cha kwanza kilichofafanuliwa kwa ugonjwa uliokuja kujulikana kama Alzeima.]] Wanafalsafa na madaktari wa [[Ugiriki ya Kale|Ugiriki]] na [[Roma wa Kale]] walihusisha kuzeeka na kuongezeka kwa dementia.<ref name="pmid9661992">{{cite journal |author=Berchtold NC, Cotman CW |title=Evolution in the conceptualization of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: Greco-Roman period to the 1960s |journal=Neurobiol. Aging |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=173–89 |year=1998 |pmid=9661992 |doi=10.1016/S0197-4580(98)00052-9 }}</ref> Haikuwa hadi 1901 ndipo 0}mtaalamu wa saikolojia wa Kijerumani { Alois Alzheimer alipotambua kesi ya kwanza ya kile kilichochokuja kujulikana kama ugonjwa wa Alzeima katika mwanamke mwenye umri wa miaka 50 aliyemwita {1}Auguste D. Alzheimer alimfuata hadi alipokufa mnamo 1906, ambapo aliitangaza kesi hiyo hadharani kwa mara ya kwanza. <ref> Auguste D.: * {{ cite journal | author=Alzheimer Alois | title=Über eine eigenartige Erkrankung der Hirnrinde [About a peculiar disease of the cerebral cortex] | journal=Allgemeine Zeitschrift fur Psychiatrie und Psychisch-Gerichtlich Medizin | volume=64 | issue=1–2 | pages=146–148 | year=1907 | language={{de icon}} }} * {{cite journal |author=Alzheimer Alois |title=About a peculiar disease of the cerebral cortex. By Alois Alzheimer, 1907 (Translated by L. Jarvik and H. Greenson) |journal=Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=3–8 |year=1987 |pmid=3331112 }} * {{cite book |author=Maurer Ulrike, Maurer Konrad |title=Alzheimer: the life of a physician and the career of a disease |url=https://archive.org/details/alzheimerlifeofp00maur |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |year=2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/alzheimerlifeofp00maur/page/270 270] |isbn=0-231-11896-1 |oclc= }} </ref> Katika kipindi cha miaka mitano iliyofuata, kesi sawa kumi na mmoja ziliripotiwa katika maandiko ya matibabu, na baadhi yao yakitumia jina la ugonjwa wa Alzeima kuutaja ugonjwa huo.<ref name="pmid9661992"/> Ugonjwa ulielezewa kama ugonjwa bainifu naye Emil Kraepelin baada ya kuzuia baadhi ya sifa za ugonjwa (upotovu na ndoto) na za kipatholojia (mabadiliko mkakamo wa ateri) zilizoko katika ripoti ya awali ya Auguste D.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Berrios G E |title=Alzheimer's disease: a conceptual history |journal=Int. J. Ger. Psychiatry |volume=5 |issue= |pages=355–365 |year=1990 |month= |pmid= |doi=10.1002/gps.930050603 }}</ref> Alijumuisha ''ugonjwa wa Alzeima,'' pia uiutwaodementiaya ''kabla ya udhoofu'' naye Kraepelin, kama aina ya ''shida ya akili ya udhoofu'' katika toleo la nane ya ''kitabu'' chake ''cha Saikayatria,'' kilichochapishwa mwaka 1910.<ref name="isbn1-4325-0833-4">{{cite book |author=Kraepelin Emil, Diefendorf A. Ross (translated by) |title=Clinical Psychiatry: A Textbook For Students And Physicians (Reprint) |url=https://archive.org/details/clinicalpsychiat0000emil |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |date=2007-01-17 |page=[https://archive.org/details/clinicalpsychiat0000emil/page/568 568] |isbn=1-4325-0833-4 |oclc= }}</ref> Kwa sehemu kubwa ya karne ya 20, utambuzi wa ugonjwa wa Alzeima ulikuwa miliki ya watu wenye umri kati ya 45 na 65 ambao walionyesha dalili za dementia. Istilahi hii ilipita baada ya 1977, wakati mkutano juu ya Alzeima ulihitimisha kuwa na dalili za kimatibabu na zakipatholojia za dementia za kudhoofika na kabla ya kudhoofika zilikuwa karibu sawa, ingawa waandishi pia waliongeza hawakuondoa uwezekano wa kuwa yalisababishwa na sababu tofauti.<ref name="isbn0-89004-225-X">{{cite book |author=Katzman Robert, Terry Robert D, Bick Katherine L (editors) |title=Alzheimer's disease: senile dementia and related disorders |url=https://archive.org/details/alzheimersdiseas0000work |publisher=Raven Press |location=New York |year=1978 |page=[https://archive.org/details/alzheimersdiseas0000work/page/594 595] |isbn=0-89004-225-X |oclc= }}</ref> Hii hatimaye ilipelekea utambuzi wa ''ugonjwa wa'' ''Alzeima'' bila kutegemea umri.<ref name="pmid9702682">{{cite journal |author=Boller F, Forbes MM |title=History of dementia and dementia in history: an overview |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-neurological-sciences_1998-06-30_158_2/page/n9 |journal=J. Neurol. Sci. |volume=158 |issue=2 |pages=125–33 |year=1998 |month=Juni |pmid=9702682 |doi=10.1016/S0022-510X(98)00128-2 }}</ref> Jina '' dementia ya kudhoofika ya Alzeima '' (SDAT) lilitumika kwa muda kuelezea hali ya watu wa zaidi ya miaka 65, huku ugonjwa wa Alzeima ukitumika kuwaelezea wale waliokuwa na umri wa chini. Hatimaye, jina Alzeima lilichukuliwa rasmi katika utaratibu wa majina ya matibabu ya kuwaelezea watu wa umri wowote wenye sampuli sawa ya dalili mfano tabia, mkondo wa ugonjwa, na neuropatholojia.<ref name="pmid3531918">{{cite journal |author=Amaducci LA, Rocca WA, Schoenberg BS |title=Origin of the distinction between Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia: how history can clarify nosology |journal=Neurology |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=1497–9 |year=1986 |month=Novemba |pmid=3531918 }}</ref> == Jamii na utamaduni == === Gharama za kijamii === Shida ya akili, na hasa ya ugonjwa wa Alzeima, inaweza kuwa kati ya magonjwa yenye gharama kubwa kwa jamii katika Ulaya na Marekani,<ref name="pmid15685097"/><ref name="pmid9543467"/> wakati gharama zao katika nchi nyingine kama vile [[Argentina|Ajentina]],<ref name="pmid16870037">{{cite journal |author=Allegri RF, Butman J, Arizaga RL, ''et al.'' |title=Economic impact of dementia in developing countries: an evaluation of costs of Alzheimer-type dementia in Argentina |journal=Int Psychogeriatr |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=705–18 |year=2007 |month=Agosti |pmid=16870037 |doi=10.1017/S1041610206003784 }}</ref> au [[Korea Kusini]],<ref name="pmid16858741">{{cite journal |author=Suh GH, Knapp M, Kang CJ |title=The economic costs of dementia in Korea, 2002 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-geriatric-psychiatry_2006-08_21_8/page/722 |journal=Int J Geriatr Psychiatry |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=722–8 |year=2006 |month=Agosti |pmid=16858741 |doi=10.1002/gps.1552 }}</ref> pia inazidi kupanda. Gharama hizi pengine zitaongezeka sambamba na kuzeeka kwa jamii, na hivyo kuwa tatizo kuu katika kijamii. Gharama zinazohusiana na Alzeima ni pamoja na gharama za matibabu ya moja kwa moja kama vile huduma ya nyumba za uuguzi, gharama za moja kwa moja zisizo za matibabu kama vile katika huduma ya mchana ya nyumbani, gharama zisizo za moja kwa moja kama vile kupoteza uzalishaji wa mgonjwa na mtunzaji.<ref name="pmid9543467"/> Hesabu inatofautiana kati ya tafiti lakini gharama ya dementia duniani kote imekadiriwa karibu $ bilioni 160,<ref name="pmid16401889">{{cite journal |author=Wimo A, Jonsson L, Winblad B |title=An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and direct costs of dementia in 2003 |journal=Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=175–81 |year=2006 |pmid=16401889 |doi=10.1159/000090733 }}</ref>wakati gharama ya Alzeima nchini Marekani inaweza kuwa $ bilioni 100 kila mwaka.<ref name="pmid9543467"/> Asili kubwa zaidi ya gharama kwa jamii ni huduma ya muda mrefu kutoka kwa wataalamu wa huduma ya afya na hasa kuwekwa kwenye taasisi, ambazo zinahusiana na 2/3 ya jumla ya gharama kwa jamii.<ref name="pmid15685097"/> Gharama za maisha nyumbani pia ni za juu sana,<ref name="pmid15685097"/> hasa wakati gharama rasmi kwa familia zinapojumuishwa, kama vile ulezi, mapato yaliyopotezwa na mtunzaji.<ref name="pmid11445614">{{cite journal |author=Moore MJ, Zhu CW, Clipp EC |title=Informal costs of dementia care: estimates from the National Longitudinal Caregiver Study |journal=J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=S219–28 |year=2001 |month=Julai |pmid=11445614 }}</ref> Gharama huongezeka na kuongezeka kwa dementia na kuwepo kwa shida za kitabia,<ref name="pmid16676288">{{cite journal |author=Jönsson L, Eriksdotter Jönhagen M, Kilander L, ''et al.'' |title=Determinants of costs of care for patients with Alzheimer's disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-geriatric-psychiatry_2006-05_21_5/page/449 |journal=Int J Geriatr Psychiatry |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=449–59 |year=2006 |month=Mei |pmid=16676288 |doi=10.1002/gps.1489 }}</ref> na inahusiana na kuongezeka kwa muda unaohitajika wa utunzaji ya kimwili.<ref name="pmid11445614"/> Kwa hiyo tiba yoyote ambayo kwamba inapunguza kupotea kwa utambuzi, inayochelewesha kuwekwa kwenye taasisi au inayopunguza masaa ya mtunzaji yana faida za kiuchumi. Tathmini kiuchumi za matibabu ya sasa yameonyesha matokeo mazuri.<ref name="pmid9543467"/> === Mzigo wa utunzaji === Wajibu wa mtunzaji mkuu mara nyingi huchukuliwa na mke au jamaa wa karibu.<ref name="metlife.com"/> Ugonjwa wa Alzeima unajulikana kwa kuweka mzigo mkubwa juu ya walezi ambao ni pamoja na wa kisaikolojia, kimwili au hali ya kiuchumi.<ref name="pmid17662119"/><ref name="pmid10489656"/><ref name="pmid10489657">{{cite journal |author=Murray J, Schneider J, Banerjee S, Mann A |title=EUROCARE: a cross-national study of co-resident spouse carers for people with Alzheimer's disease: II—A qualitative analysis of the experience of caregiving |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-geriatric-psychiatry_1999-08_14_8/page/662 |journal=Int J Geriatr Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=662–7 |year=1999 |month=Agosti |pmid=10489657 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199908)14:8<662::AID-GPS993>3.0.CO;2-4 }}</ref> Hudumaza nyumbani hupendelewa kwa kawaida na wagonjwa na familia.<ref name="pmid18044111">{{cite journal |author=Zhu CW, Sano M |title=Economic considerations in the management of Alzheimer's disease |journal=Clin Interv Aging |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=143–54 |year=2006 |pmid=18044111 |doi=10.2147/ciia.2006.1.2.143 |pmc=2695165 }}</ref> Fursa hii pia huchelewesha au hupunguza haja ya huduma za kitaalamu zaidi na viwango vya gharama kubwa za matibabu.<ref name="pmid18044111"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Gaugler JE, Kane RL, Kane RA, Newcomer R |title=Early community-based service utilization and its effects on institutionalization in dementia caregiving |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gerontologist_2005-04_45_2/page/177 |journal=Gerontologist |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=177–85 |year=2005 |month=Aprili |pmid=15799982 }}</ref> Hata hivyo, theluthi mbili ya wakazi wa nyumba ya uuguzi ni wagonjwa wa akili.<ref name="pracGuideAPA"/> Watunzaji wa dementia/0} wanaathiriwa na kiwango cha juu cha matatizo ya [[kiakili]] na kimwili.<ref name="pmid12480441">{{cite journal |author=Ritchie K, Lovestone S |title=The dementias |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2002-11-30_360_9347/page/1758 |journal=Lancet |volume=360 |issue=9347 |pages=1759–66 |year=2002 |month=Novemba |pmid=12480441 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11667-9 }}</ref> Mambo yanayohusiana na matatizo zaidi ya kisaikolojia ya watunzaji wa kimsingi ni pamoja na watunzaji na mtu aliyeathirika nyumbani, na mtunzaji kuwa mumewe au mkewe, tabia za mgonjwa kama vile huzuni, usumbufu wa kitabia, ndoto, matatizo ya kulala au matatizo ya kutembea na kutengwa kijamii.<ref name="pmid2241719">{{cite journal |author=Brodaty H, Hadzi-Pavlovic D |title=Psychosocial effects on carers of living with persons with dementia |journal=Aust N Z J Psychiatry |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=351–61 |year=1990 |month=Septemba |pmid=2241719 |doi=10.3109/00048679009077702 }}</ref><ref name="pmid9646153">{{cite journal |author=Donaldson C, Tarrier N, Burns A |title=Determinants of carer stress in Alzheimer's disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-geriatric-psychiatry_1998-04_13_4/page/248 |journal=Int J Geriatr Psychiatry |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=248–56 |year=1998 |month=Aprili |pmid=9646153 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199804)13:4<248::AID-GPS770>3.0.CO;2-0 }}</ref> Kuhusu matatizo ya kiuchumi, watunzaji wa familia mara nyingi huacha masaa ya kazi na kutumia kwa wastani masaa 47 kwa wiki kumshughulikia mtu aliye na Alzeima, wakati gharama za kuwatunza ziko juu. Gharama moja kwa moja na zisizo za moja kwa moja za kuhudumia wagonjwa wa Alzeima kwa kadri ni kati ya $ 18,000 na $ 77,500 kwa mwaka katika nchi ya Marekani, kulingana na utafiti. Matibabu ya tabia za utambuzi na mafundisho ya mikakati ya kukabiliana aitha mmoja mmoja au katika vikundi imeonyesha ufanisi katika kuboresha afya ya kisaikolojia ya walezi.<ref name="pmid17662119"/><ref name="pmid11511058">{{cite journal |author=Pusey H, Richards D |title=A systematic review of the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for carers of people with dementia |journal=Aging Ment Health |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=107–19 |year=2001 |month=Mei |pmid=11511058 |doi=10.1080/13607860120038302 }}</ref> === Kesi zinazotambulika === [[Picha:President Ronald Reagan with Charlton Heston.jpg|thumb|Charlton Heston na Ronald Reagan katika mkutano katika White House. Wote wawili baadaye walishikwa.]] Kwa kuwa ugonjwa wa Alzeima unapatikana sana, kuna watu wengi maarufu ambao wameathiriwa nao. Mifano maarufu ni pamoja Rais wa zamani wa Marekani [[Ronald Reagan]] na mwandishi wa Ayalandi Iris Murdoch, ambao wote walikuwa katika makala za kisayansi zikichunguza jinsi uwezo wao wa utambuzi ulivyoshushwa na ugonjwa huo.<ref name="pmid15574466">{{cite journal |author=Garrard P, Maloney LM, Hodges JR, Patterson K |title=[http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/128/2/250 The effects of very early Alzheimer's disease on the characteristics of writing by a renowned author] |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_brain_2005-02_128_2/page/250 |journal=Brain |volume=128 |issue=Pt 2 |pages=250–60 |year=2005 |month=Februari |pmid=15574466 |doi=10.1093/brain/awh341 }}</ref><ref name="pmid15461232">{{cite journal |author=Sherman FT |title=[http://www.modernmedicine.com/modernmedicine/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=121676 Did President Reagan have mild cognitive impairment while in office? Living longer with Alzheimer's Disease] |journal=Geriatrics |volume=59 |issue=9 |pages=11, 15 |year=2004 |month=Septemba |pmid=15461232 }}</ref><ref name="pmid15788549">{{cite journal |author=Venneri A, Forbes-Mckay KE, Shanks MF |title=Impoverishment of spontaneous language and the prediction of Alzheimer's disease |journal=Brain |volume=128 |issue=Pt 4 |pages=E27 |year=2005 |month=Aprili |pmid=15788549 |doi=10.1093/brain/awh419 |url= }}</ref> Kesi nyingine ni pamoja na mwanakandanda mstaafu Ferenc Puskas,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/6155766.stm |title=Hungary legend Puskas dies at 79 |publisher=BBC News |date=2006-11-17 |accessdate=2008-01-25}} </ref> na waliokuwa Maziri Wakuu Harold Wilson (Uingereza) na Adolfo Suárez [[Hispania|(Uhispania)]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/prime-ministers-in-history/harold-wilson |title=Prime Ministers in History: Harold Wilson |publisher=10 Downing Street |location=London |accessdate=2008-08-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080825211328/http://www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/prime-ministers-in-history/harold-wilson |archivedate=2008-08-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/padre/reconocio/Rey/noto/carino/elpepiesp/20080718elpepinac_11/Tes |title=Mi padre no reconoció al Rey pero notó el cariño |publisher=El País |location=Madrid |year=2008 |accessdate=2008-10-01 }}</ref> na mwigizaji Rita Hayworth,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alz.org/galas/Rita/overview.asp |title=Chicago Rita Hayworth Gala |publisher=Alzheimer's Association |year=2007 |accessdate=2010-02-03 }} </ref> mwigizaji Charlton Heston,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/08/09/heston.illness/ |title=Charlton Heston has Alzheimer's symptoms |publisher=CNN |date=2002-08-09 |accessdate=2008-01-25 |archivedate=2008-02-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201123928/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/08/09/heston.illness/ }}</ref> na mwandishi wa riwaya Terry Pratchett,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2007/dec/12/news.michellepauli1 |author=Pauli Michelle |title=Pratchett announces he has Alzheimer's |publisher=Guardian News and Media |date=2007-12-12 |accessdate=2008-08-18 | location=London}}</ref> na mshindi wa 2009 wa [[Tuzo ya Nobeli|Tuzo]] la [[Tuzo ya Nobeli|Nobel]] katika Fizikia Charles K. Kao.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Asia/Story/STIStory_439665.html |title=Nobel Prize Winner has Alzheimer's |publisher=The Straits Times |date=2009-10-08 |accessdate=2009-10-09 }}</ref> Alzeima pia imeweza kuonyeshwa katika filamu kama vile: ''Iris'' (2001),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0280778/ |title=Iris |date=2002-01-18 |publisher=IMDB |accessdate=2008-01-24}}</ref> iliyo na asili yake katika kumbukumbu zake John Bayley za mke wake Iris Murdoch,<ref>{{cite book |title=Iris: a memoir of Iris Murdoch |author=Bayley John |publisher=Abacus |location=London |year=2000 |isbn=9780349112152 |oclc=41960006 }}</ref> ''Daftari'' ya (2004),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0332280/ |title=The notebook |publisher=IMDB |accessdate=2008-02-22}}</ref> iliyo na msingi wake katika riwaya ya jina kama hilo ya Nicholas Sparks ya 1996<ref>{{cite book |title=The notebook |url=https://archive.org/details/notebook00spar_1 |author=Sparks Nicholas |year=1996 |publisher=Thorndike Press |location=Thorndike, Maine |page=[https://archive.org/details/notebook00spar_1/page/268 268] |isbn=078620821X }} </ref> ''Muda wa kumbuka'' (2004); ''Thanmathra'' (2005),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webindia123.com/movie/regional/thanmatra/index.htm |title=Thanmathra |publisher=Webindia123.com |accessdate=2008-01-24}} </ref> ''Kumbukumbu ya Kesho (Ashita no Kioku)'' (2006 ), <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0494640/ |title=Ashita no kioku |originallanguage={{jp icon}} |publisher=IMDB |accessdate=2008-01-24}}</ref> msingi wake ukiwa riwaya ya Ogiwara Hiroshi ya jina kama hilo, <ref>{{cite book |author=Ogiwara Hiroshi |year=2004 |title=Ashita no Kioku |url=https://archive.org/details/ashitanokioku0000ogiw |location=Tōkyō |publisher=Kōbunsha |isbn=9784334924461 |oclc=57352130 |language={{jp icon}} |isbn-status=Mei be invalid – please double check }}</ref> ''Mbali kutoka kwake'' (2006), msingi wake ukiwa ni hadithi fupi ya Alice Munro "Dubu alikuja juu ya mlima"."The Bear Came over the Mountain".<ref>{{cite book |title=[[Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage|Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage: Stories]] |author=Munro Alice |location=New York |publisher=A.A. Knopf |year=2001 |isbn=9780375413001 |oclc=46929223 |chapter-url=The bear came over the mountain}}</ref> Kumbukumbu juu ya ugonjwa Alzeima ni pamoja na ''Malcolm na Barbara: Hadithi ya Mapenzi'' (1999) na ''Malcolm na Barbara: Upendo wa Wasalaam'' (2007), zote zikiwashirikisha Malcolm Pointon. <ref>Malcolm na Barbara: * {{cite web |url=http://www.dfgdocs.com/Directory/Titles/700.aspx |title=Malcolm and Barbara: A love story |publisher=Dfgdocs |accessdate=2008-01-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524213821/http://www.dfgdocs.com/Directory/Titles/700.aspx |archivedate=2008-05-24 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524213821/http://www.dfgdocs.com/Directory/Titles/700.aspx }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/cambridgeshire/content/articles/2007/08/06/pointon_audio_feature.shtml |title=Malcolm and Barbara: A love story |publisher=BBC Cambridgeshire |accessdate=2008-03-02 }} * {{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2007/aug/07/broadcasting.itv |title=Alzheimer's film-maker to face ITV lawyers |publisher=Guardian Media |date=2007-08-07 |accessdate=2008-01-24 |location=London |first=John |last=Plunkett }}</ref> == Mkondo wa Utafiti == Mnamo 2008, usalama na ufanifu wa zaidi ya dawa za matibabu 400 ulifanyiwa uchunguzi katika utafiti wa kimatibabu ulimwenguni kote, na karibu nusu ya michanganyiko hiyo iko katika awamu ya ya III; majaribio ya hatua ya mwisho kabla ya kupitia kwa vyombo vya udhibiti viwango.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=alzheimer |title= Clinical Trials. Found 459 studies with search of: alzheimer |accessdate= 2008-03-23 |publisher= US National Institutes of Health }}</ref> Eneo moja la utafiti wa kliniki limetilia makini katika kutibu sababu za kimsingi za ugonjwa. Kupunguza viwango vya Amiloidi beta ni lengo la kawaida la michanganyiko<ref> {{cite journal |author=Lashuel HA, Hartley DM, Balakhaneh D, Aggarwal A, Teichberg S, [[David J E Callaway|Callaway DJE]] |title=New class of inhibitors of [[Beta amyloid|amyloid-beta]] fibril formation. Implications for the mechanism of pathogenesis in Alzheimer's disease |url=http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/45/42881 |journal=[[Journal of Biological Chemistry|J Biol Chem]] |year=2002 |volume=277 |pages=42881–42890 |pmid=12167652 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M206593200 |issue=45 }}</ref> (kama vile apomofini) inayofanyiwa uchunguzi. Tiba ya kuzuia au chanjo dhidi ya protini ya amiloidi ni moja matibabu yaliyo chini ya masomo ya kielelezo.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dodel r, Neff F, Noelker C, Pul R, Du Y, Bacher M Oertel W. |title=Intravenous Immunoglobulins as a Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease: Rationale and Current Evidence |url=http://adisonline.com/drugs/Abstract/2010/70050/Intravenous_Immunoglobulins_as_a_Treatment_for.1.aspx |journal=Drugs |year=2010 |volume=70 |pages=513–528 |pmid=20329802 |doi=10.2165/11533070-000000000-00000 |issue=5 |access-date=2010-10-18 |archive-date=2011-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917191608/http://adisonline.com/drugs/Abstract/2010/70050/Intravenous_Immunoglobulins_as_a_Treatment_for.1.aspx |dead-url=yes |=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917191608/http://adisonline.com/drugs/Abstract/2010/70050/Intravenous_Immunoglobulins_as_a_Treatment_for.1.aspx }}</ref> Tofauti na chanjo ya kuzuia, tiba iliyodhaniwa itakuwa ikitumika kutibu watu ambao tayari wametambuliwa. Msingi wake ni dhana ya mafunzo kwa mfumo wa kinga ya kutambua, mashambulizi, na kurejesha nyuma utuaji wa amiloidi, hivyo Kubadili mwenendo wa ugonjwa huo.<ref>Kutoa Chanjo: * {{cite journal |author=Hawkes CA, McLaurin J |title=Immunotherapy as treatment for Alzheimer's disease |journal=Expert Rev Neurother |volume=7 |issue=11 |pages=1535–48 |year=2007 |month=Novemba |pmid=17997702 |doi=10.1586/14737175.7.11.1535 }} * {{cite journal |author=Solomon B |title=Clinical immunologic approaches for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease |journal=Expert Opin Investig Drugs |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=819–28 |year=2007 |month=Juni |pmid=17501694 |doi=10.1517/13543784.16.6.819 }} * {{cite journal |author=Woodhouse A, Dickson TC, Vickers JC |title=Vaccination strategies for Alzheimer's disease: A new hope? |journal=Drugs Aging |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=107–19 |year=2007 |pmid=17313199 |doi=10.2165/00002512-200724020-00003 }}</ref> Mfano wa chanjo hiyo iliyokuwa ikifanyiwa uchunguzi ni ACC-001,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00498602 |title = Study Evaluating ACC-001 in Mild to Moderate Alzheimers Disease Subjects |work = Clinical Trial |publisher =US National Institutes of Health |accessdate=2008-06-05 |date = 2008-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00479557 |title=Study Evaluating Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of ACC-001 in Subjects With Alzheimer's Disease |publisher=US National Institutes of Health |accessdate=2008-06-05 }}</ref> ingawa majaribio yalisitishwa katika 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medpagetoday.com/MeetingCoverage/AAN/tb/9165 |title = Alzheimer's Disease Vaccine Trial Suspended on Safety Concern |publisher =Medpage Today |accessdate=2008-06-14 |date = 2008-04-18}}</ref> Kiungo kmwingine sawa na hiyo ni bapineuzumab, zindiko iliyoundwa ili kufanana na zindiko iliyo dhidi ya amiloidi inayopatikana kiasili mwilini.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00574132 |title= Bapineuzumab in Patients With Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease/ Apo_e4 non-carriers |work = Clinical Trial |accessdate=2008-03-23 |publisher= US National Institutes of Health |date= 2008-02-29 }}</ref> Njia nyingine ni wakala wa kukinga akili kama ,vile AL-108,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00422981 |title = Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy Study to Evaluate Subjects With Mild Cognitive Impairment |work = Clinical Trial |accessdate=2008-03-23 |publisher= US National Institutes of Health |date = 2008-03-11 }}</ref> na viungo vya kuzuia mwingiliano wa protini na chuma, kama vile PBT2.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00471211 |title = Study Evaluating the Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of PBT2 in Patients With Early Alzheimer's Disease |work = Clinical Trial |accessdate=2008-03-23 |publisher= US National Institutes of Health |date = 2008-01-13 }}</ref> Kipokezi cha TNFα protini ya uyeunganishaji , etanercept imeonyesha matokeo ya kutia moyo.<ref name="pmid16926764">[629] ^utafiti wa Etanercept : ** {{cite journal |author=Tobinick E, Gross H, Weinberger A, Cohen H |title=TNF-alpha modulation for treatment of Alzheimer's disease: a 6-month pilot study |journal=MedGenMed |volume=8 |issue=2 |page=25 |year=2006 |pmid=16926764 |pmc=1785182 }} ** {{cite journal |author=Griffin WS |title=Perispinal etanercept: potential as an Alzheimer therapeutic |journal=J Neuroinflammation |volume=5 |page=3 |year=2008 |pmid=18186919 |pmc=2241592 |doi=10.1186/1742-2094-5-3 }} ** {{cite journal |author=Tobinick E |title=Perispinal etanercept for treatment of Alzheimer's disease |journal=Curr Alzheimer Res |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=550–2 |year=2007 |month=Desemba |pmid=18220520 |doi=10.2174/156720507783018217 }}</ref> Katika 2008, majaribio mawili tofauti ya kimatibabu yalionyesha matokeo mazuri katika kubadilisha mwenendo wa ugonjwa wa Alzeima ya kiwango kidogo au cha kadri kwa kutumia methilithioniniamu kloridi (ijulikanayo kibiashara kama ''rember'' ), dawa izuiayo mrundiko wa tau, <ref>{{cite journal |title=Tau aggregation inhibitor (TAI) therapy with remberTM arrests disease progression in mild and moderate Alzheimer's disease over 50 weeks |author=Wischik Claude M, Bentham Peter, Wischik Damon J, Seng Kwang Meng |journal=Alzheimer's & Dementia |publisher=Alzheimer's Association |year=2008 |month=Julai |volume=4 |issue=4 |page=T167 |url=http://www.abstractsonline.com/viewer/viewAbstractPrintFriendly.asp?CKey={E7C717CF-8D73-41E0-8DB0-FA92205978CD}&SKey={68E04DB5-AB1C-4F7B-9511-DA3173F4F755}&MKey={CFC5F7C6-CB6A-40C4-BC87-B30C9E64B1CC}&AKey={50E1744A-0C52-45B2-BF85-2A798BF24E02} |accessdate=2008-07-30 |doi=10.1016/j.jalz.2008.05.438 }}</ref> <ref> {{cite journal |author=Harrington Charles, Rickard Janet E, Horsley David, ''et al.'' |title=Methylthioninium chloride (MTC) acts as a Tau aggregation inhibitor (TAI) in a cellular model and reverses Tau pathology in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease |journal=Alzheimer's & Dementia |publisher=Alzheimer's Association |year=2008 |month=Julai |pages=T120–T121 |doi=10.1016/j.jalz.2008.05.259 |volume=4 }}</ref> na dimebon, ni kimaliza kemikali za mzio.<ref name="pmid18640457">{{cite journal |author=Doody RS, Gavrilova SI, Sano M, ''et al.'' |title=Effect of dimebon on cognition, activities of daily living, behaviour, and global function in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study |journal=Lancet |volume=372 |issue=9634 |pages=207–15 |year=2008 |month=Julai |pmid=18640457 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61074-0 }}</ref> Awamu ya III ya mfululizo ya majaribio ya Dimebon ilishindwa kuonyesha athari chanya katika sehemu za mwisho za msingi na za upili.<ref> [http://www.alzforum.org/new/detail.asp?id=2387 Dimebon yavunja moyo katika majaribio ya Awamu ya 3]</ref> Uwezekano wa kwamba Alzeima inaweza kutibiwa na dawa kinzavirusi unatolewa na utafiti kuonyesha kuwa pamoja kwa malengelenge ya virusi vya vidonda mwilini na utando wa amiloidi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wozniak M, Mee A, Itzhaki R |title=Herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA is located within Alzheimer's disease amyloid plaques |journal=J Pathol |volume=217 |issue=1 |pages=131–138 |year=2008 |pmid=18973185 |doi=10.1002/path.2449}}</ref> Utafiti wa awali wa athari za tiba katika kurejesha kumbukumbu na uwezo wa kutambua umekuwa wa kutia moyo. Upungufu wa utafiti huu unaweza kushughulikiwa katika utafiti wa baadaye kwa uchambuzi wa kina zaidi.<ref>{{cite journal |pages=517–26 |last1=Newberg |first1=AB |issue=2 |last2=Wintering |first2=N |last3=Khalsa |first3=DS |last4=Roggenkamp |first4=H |last5=Waldman |first5=MR |author8=Newberg AB, Wintering N, Khalsa DS, Roggenkamp H, Waldman MR |volume=20 |title=Meditation effects on cognitive function and cerebral blood flow in subjects with memory loss: a preliminary study |year=2010 |journal=[[Journal of Alzheimer's Disease]] |url=http://www.j-alz.com/issues/20/vol20-2.html |pmid=20164557 |doi=10.3233/JAD-2010-1391 |doi_brokendate=2010-08-25 |archive-date=2010-10-07 |access-date=2010-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007041817/http://j-alz.com/issues/20/vol20-2.html |url-status=dead }} (Asili ya msingi)</ref> == Tanbihi == {{Marejeo|colwidth=30em}} == Marejeo == * {{cite book | title=Alzheimer's Disease: Unraveling the Mystery | url=http://www.nia.nih.gov/Alzheimers/Publications/UnravelingTheMystery | publisher=US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Aging, NIH | year=2008 }} * {{cite book |url=http://www.nia.nih.gov/Alzheimers/Publications/ADPrevented/ |title=Can Alzheimer's Disease Be Prevented? |publisher=US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Aging, NIH |year=2009 }} * {{cite book | title=Caring for a Person with Alzheimer's Disease: Your Easy-to-Use Guide from the National Institute on Aging | url=http://www.nia.nih.gov/Alzheimers/Publications/CaringAD/ | publisher=US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Aging, NIH | year=2009 }} * {{cite journal |author=Cummings JL, Frank JC, Cherry D, Kohatsu ND, Kemp B, Hewett L, Mittman B |title=Guidelines for managing Alzheimer's disease: Part&nbsp;I. Assessment |journal=American Family Physician |volume=65 |issue=11 |pages=2263–2272 |year=2002 |pmid=12074525 |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/20020601/2263.html }} * {{cite journal |author= Cummings JL, Frank JC, Cherry D, Kohatsu ND, Kemp B, Hewett L, Mittman B |title=Guidelines for managing Alzheimer's disease: Part&nbsp;II. Treatment |journal=American Family Physician |volume=65 |issue=12 |pages=2525–2534 |year=2002 |pmid=12086242 |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/20020615/2525.html }} * {{cite web | title=Alzheimer's Behavior Management: Learn to manage common behavior problems | url=http://www.helpguide.org/elder/alzheimers_behavior_problems.htm | author=Russell D, Barston S, White M | publisher=helpguide.org | date=2007-12-19 | accessdate=2008-02-29 }} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|Alzheimer's disease}} * '''''(en)''''' [http://www.nia.nih.gov/Alzheimers/ResearchInformation/ResearchCenters/ Vituo vya Ugonjwa wa Alzeima (AlzeimaCs)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nia.nih.gov/Alzheimers/ResearchInformation/ResearchCenters/ |date=20100604070324 }} * '''''(en)''''' [http://www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers Kituo cha Elimu na Malazi cha Ugojwa wa Alzeima (AlzeimaEAR) ] * '''''(en)''''' [http://www.alz.org/index.asp Chama cha Alzeima] {{Wayback|url=http://www.alz.org/index.asp |date=20120730181212 }} * '''''(en)''''' [http://memory.ucsf.edu/ Kituo cha Kuzeeka na Kumbukumbu UCSF] {{DEFAULTSORT:Alzeima}} [[Jamii:Maradhi ya ubongo]] [[Jamii:Maradhi ya uzee]] jnq0jqnv5wtbm8ehlgtv7i5q7l6dg86 0 55448 1530115 1377505 2026-05-02T18:57:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 11 template(s) replaced. 1530115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox actor | jina = Zoe Saldana | picha = Zoe Saldana - Guardians of the Galaxy premiere - July 2014 (cropped).jpg | maelezo ya picha = Saldana, mnamo Julai 2014 | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1978|6|19|df=yes}} | mahala pa kuzaliwa = [[New Jersey]], [[Marekani]]<ref name="filmreference.com" /><ref name="offwebbio">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.zoesaldana.com/biography.html |title=The Official Website of Zoe Saldana — Biography |accessdate=2010-10-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323234331/http://www.zoesaldana.com/biography.html |archivedate=2010-03-23 }}</ref> | kazi yake = Mwigizaji | miaka ya kazi = 1999–mpaka sasa | domestic partner = Keith Britton | tovuti = http://www.zoesaldana.com/ }} '''Zoé Yadira Zaldaña Nazario'''<ref name="filmreference.com">{{Rejea tovuti|url= http://www.filmreference.com/film/20/Zoe-Saldana.html |title=Zoe Saldana Biography (1978-) |accessdate=2008-10-16}}</ref><ref name="Informador">{{Rejea habari |title=Zoe Saldana, con la crítica a sus pies |language=Spanish |newspaper=El Informador |location=Guadalajara, Jalisco |date=2010-01-04 |url=http://www.informador.com.mx/entretenimiento/2010/167526/6/zoe-saldana-con-la-critica-a-sus-pies.htm |accessdate=2010-01-16 |archivedate=2010-01-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118072021/http://www.informador.com.mx/entretenimiento/2010/167526/6/zoe-saldana-con-la-critica-a-sus-pies.htm }}</ref> (anafahamika zaidi kama '''Zoe Saldana''', wakati mwingine huandikwa ''Zoë''<ref>For the spelling and her own pronunciation of her professional name, please see: {{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JwefL53MhCU&feature=youtube_gdata |title=YouTube — Conversation with Avatar's James Cameron and stars Sam Worthington and Zoe Saldana. |accessdate=2010-01-07}} It is linked from the [http://www.avatarmovie.com/m/index.php?x=feed&pageID=6 official website of ''Avatar''].</ref>; amezaliwa [[19 Juni]] [[1978]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[filamu]] kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Alipata uhusika wake katika filamu ya mwaka wa 2000 ''[[Center Stage]]'', na baadaye kupata umaarufu zaidi kwa uhusika wa Anamaria kwenye ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: Curse of the Black Pearl]]'', [[Uhura]] kwenye filamu ya mwaka wa 2009 ''[[Star Trek (filamu)|Star Trek]]'', na Neytiri kwenye filamu ya [[James Cameron]] ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]''. Mwaka wa 2010, ameonekana kwenye filamu ya ''[[The Losers (filamu)|The Losers]]'' na ''[[Takers]]''. == Maisha ya awali == Saldana alizaliwa kama Zoé Yadira Zaldaña Nazario huko mjini [[Passaic, New Jersey|Passaic]], [[New Jersey]],<ref name="offwebbio" /><ref name="MSN">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://movies.msn.com/celebrities/celebrity/zoe-saldana/ |title=Zoe Saldana:Biography on MSN |author=Jason Buchanan |accessdate=2008-07-29 |year=2008 |publisher=[[MSN]] |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130129053404/http://movies.msn.com/celebrities/celebrity/zoe-saldana/ |archivedate=2013-01-29 |=https://archive.today/20130129053404/http://movies.msn.com/celebrities/celebrity/zoe-saldana/ }}</ref> [[Marekani]], na Aridio Zaldaña, [[Jamhuri ya Dominika|Mdominika]], na Asalia Nazario, [[Puerto Rico|M-Puerto Rika]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url= http://www.popentertainment.com/saldana.htm |title=PopEntertainment.com: Zoe Saldana interview about 'Haven.' |accessdate=2010-01-04 |date=2006-09-12|quote=My mom is Puerto Rican and my father is Dominican.}}</ref><ref name="ref12">{{Rejea habari|last=Balfour|first=Brad|coauthors=|title=HAVEN : An Interview with Zoe Saldana|pages=|publisher=Blackfilm|date=Septemba 2006|url=http://www.blackfilm.com/20060908/features/zoesaldana.shtml|accessdate=2010-01-04 |quote=ZS: My mom is Puerto Rican and my father is Dominican.}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/herocomplex/2009/11/avatar-star-zoe-salda%C3%B1a-says-the-movie-lives-up-to-hype-this-is-big.html |title='Avatar' star Zoe Saldana says the movie will match the hype: 'This is big' | Hero Complex | Los Angeles Times |date=2009-11-23 |last=Boucher |first=Geoff |quote=My family background is from the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico|accessdate=2010-01-04}}</ref><ref name="nuevoh">{{Rejea habari|last=|first=|coauthors=|title=ZOE SALDANA TRABAJO DE ESTRELLA|pages=|publisher=El Nuevo Herald|date=2003-10-02|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=EN&s_site=miami&p_multi=EN&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0FDFF7B2EDEF083D&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|accessdate=2010-04-19|archivedate=2012-03-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302113338/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=EN&s_site=miami&p_multi=EN&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0FDFF7B2EDEF083D&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM}}</ref> Lugha yake ya kwanza ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kihispania]]. Ametumia utotoni mwake akikulia huko mjini [[Queens, New York]]. Akiwa na umri 10, alihamia Jamhuri ya Dominika, ambapo waliishi kwa miaka mingine saba. Saldana amejiunga katika darasa la [[ballet]] katika moja kati ya shule za dansi za majigambo katika Jamhuri ya Dominika. Baada ya kurudi mjini [[Queens]] akiwa na umri wa 17, akaanza kutumbuiza kikindi cha kibisa cha Faces, ambacho kinachohusisha na michezo ya kusambaza ujumbe wa kheri kwa vijana, kupitia mandhari yanayohusiana na masuala ya utumiaji wa dawa za kulevya na ngono kwa ujumla. Michezo hiyo haikumpa uzoefu wa haja tu bali ilikuwa chanzo cha majivuno na sifa kubwa kwake, pindi alipogundua ya kwamba analeta mabadiliko katika maisha ya vijana wa lika lake. Wakati anatumbuiza na kikundi cha kibisa cha Faces na pia New York Youth Theater Zoe akachaguliwa na wakala wa vipaji. Mafunzo yake ya dansi katika miaka ya awali, jumosha na uzoefu wake wa uigizaji, kumemsaidia vilivyo kuwekza kucheza vyema uhusika wake wa kwenye skrini kubwa akiwa kama Eva, akiwa kama mcheza ballet mwenye kipaji na ushapavu katika filamu ya mwaka wa 2000 ''[[Center Stage]]''. Tar. [[30 Juni]] [[2010]], imetangazwa kwenye ''[[Us Weekly]]'' kwamba Saldana amevishwa pete na bwana wake wa miaka 10, mwigizaji na CEO wa My Fashion Database Keith Britton.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.usmagazine.com/healthylifestyle/news/avatars-zoe-saldana-is-engaged-2010306|title=Avatar's Zoe Saldana Is Engaged!|publisher=UsMagazine.com}}</ref> ==Filmografia== {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" | Filamu |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! Mwaka ! Filamu ! Uhusika ! Maelezo |- | 2000 | ''Center Stage'' | Eva Rodriguez | Kama Zoë Saldana |- | rowspan="2"| 2001 | ''Get Over It'' | Maggie | Kama Zoë Saldana |- | ''Snipes'' | Cheryl | aka Prolifik |- | rowspan="2"| 2002 | ''Crossroads'' | Kit | Kama Zoë Saldana |- | ''Drumline'' | Laila | Kama Zoë Saldana |- | 2003 | ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl]]'' | Anamaria | |- | rowspan="3"| 2004 | ''The Terminal'' | Dolores Torres | Kama Zoë Saldana |- | ''Haven'' | Andrea | |- | ''Temptation'' | Annie | |- | rowspan="4"| 2005 | ''Constellation'' | Rosa Boxer | |- | ''Guess Who'' | Theresa Jones | Kama Zoë Saldaña ''Amechaguliwa'' kwa ajili ya [[Black Movie Award]] ''Amechaguliwa'' kwa ajili ya [[Black Reel Award]] ''Amechaguliwa'' kwa ajili ya [[Image Award]] |- | ''Dirty Deeds'' | Rachel Buff | Kama Zoe Saldaña |- | ''La maldición del padre Cardona'' | Flor | Kama Zoe Saldaña |- | rowspan="2"| 2006 | ''Premium'' | Charli | |- | ''Ways of the Flesh'' | Donna | aka The Heart Specialist |- | rowspan="2"| 2007 | ''After Sex'' | Kat | |- | ''Blackout'' | Claudine | |- | 2008 | ''Vantage Point'' | Angie Jones | Kama Zoë Saldana |- | rowspan="3"| 2009 | ''[[Star Trek (filamu)|Star Trek]]'' | [[Uhura|Nyota Uhura]] | Kama Zoë Saldana ''Amechaguliwa'' kwa ajili ya [[ALMA Award]] ''Amechaguliwa'' kwa ajili ya [[Teen Choice Award]] |- | ''The Skeptic'' | Cassie | |- | ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' | [[Neytiri]] |[[Empire Award|Empire Award for Best Actress]] [[Saturn Award for Best Actress]] ''Amechaguliwa'' kwa ajili ya [[National Movie Award]] ''Amechaguliwa'' for a [[Black Reel Award]] ''Amechaguliwa'' for an [[Image Award]] |- | rowspan="4"| 2010 | ''[[The Losers (film)|The Losers]]'' | Aisha | As Zoë Saldana |- | ''[[Takers]]'' | Rachel Jansen | |- | ''Death at a Funeral'' | Elaine | Amechaguliwa- Teen choice award: Actress Comedy |- | ''Burning Palms'' | Sara Cotton | Inahaririwa |- || 2011 | ''Colombiana''<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1657507/</ref> | Cat | ipo matengenezoni |- || 2012 | ''[[Star Trek XII|Untitled Star Trek Sequel]]'' | [[Uhura|Nyota Uhura]] | Kama Zoë Saldana |- || TBA | ''[[Avatar 2]]'' | [[Neytiri]] | Being Written |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" | Televisheni |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! Mwaka !! Jina !! Uhusika !! Maelezo |- | 1999 | ''Law & Order'' | Uncredited | Sehemu: Refuge, Part 1 |- | 2004 | ''Law & Order: Special Victims Unit'' | Gabrielle Vega | Sehemu: "Criminal" |- | 2006–2007 | ''Six Degrees'' | Regina | Sehemu 5 |} == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya Nje == {{Commons category}} * {{Official website|http://www.zoesaldana.com/}} * {{IMDb name|0757855|Zoe Saldana}} * {{Amg name|277350|Zoe Saldana}} * {{Rotten-tomatoes|title=Zoe Saldana}} * {{Memoryalpha|Zoë Saldana}} * {{Rejea tovuti | title = Brant Publications interview (July 2004) | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071227160138/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1285/is_6_34/ai_n6095007 | archivedate = 2007-12-27 | url = http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1285/is_6_34/ai_n6095007 | accessdate = 2010-10-26 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Saldana, Zoe}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1978]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ru01f2w65b15rtrdmx3z4cfgbq7tazc 0 56749 1530111 1524776 2026-05-02T18:56:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260502sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1530111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Ruth First | nchi = | majina_mengine = | picha = [[Image:RuthFirst.jpg|100px]] | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = [[4 Mei]] [[1925]] | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Johannesburg]], [[Afrika Kusini]] | tarehe_ya_kufariki = [[17 Agosti]] [[1982]] | mahala_alipofia = [[Msumbiji]] | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = Kupihgania haki dhidi ya ubaguzi wa rangi | kazi_yake = Mwanaharakati, Mwandishi | cheo = | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dini = | ndoa = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Ruth First''' ([[4 Mei]] [[1925]] - [[17 Agosti]] [[1982]]) alikuwa mwanaharakati na mwandishi wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. Mwaka wa 1963, kwa vile aliandika dhidi ya [[ubaguzi wa rangi]] alikamatwa na kutiwa ndani bila kesi. Alikuwa mhariri wa magazeti mbalimbali zilizopigwa marufuku, kama ''The Guardian'', ''New Age'' na ''Fighting Talk''. Alihamia [[Uingereza]] na baadaye [[Msumbiji]] ambapo alifundisha katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[Maputo]]. Aliuawa na bomu lililofichwa ndani ya kifurushi cha posta. == Familia na elimu == '''Ruth First''' alizaliwa tarehe 4 Mei 1925 katika Johannesburg na wazazi wake Wayahudi, Julius First na Matilda Leveta. Julius alihamia Afrika Kusini kutoka Latvia alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 10, na Matilda alihamia kutoka Lithuania alipokuwa na umri wa miaka minne. Wote wawili walikuwa wanaharakati wa kupinga ubaguzi wa rangi na walikuwa wanachama waanzilishi wa Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA), mtangulizi wa South African Communist Party (SACP). Ruth First alikulia Kensington, Gauteng ambapo yeye na kaka yake, Ronald First, walilelewa katika familia yenye msimamo mkali wa kisiasa. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 14, Ruth alikuwa mwanachama wa Young Left Wing Book Club.<ref name="JWA2">{{cite web|title=Ruth First|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/first-ruth|website=Jewish Women’s Archive|access-date=29 March 2025}}</ref> Kama wazazi wake, alijiunga na Chama cha Kikomunisti,<ref name="Marks 1983 123–1282">{{cite journal |last=Marks |first=Shula |date=October 1983 |title=Ruth First: A Tribute |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-southern-african-studies_1983-10_10_1/page/122 |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=123–128 |doi=10.1080/03057078308708071 |jstor=2636820}}</ref> ambacho kilikuwa kimeungana na African National Congress katika mapambano ya kuuangusha utawala wa ubaguzi wa rangi nchini Afrika Kusini. Akiwa kijana, First alisoma katika Jeppe High School for Girls na baadaye akawa mtu wa kwanza katika familia yake kwenda chuo kikuu. Alipata shahada yake ya kwanza katika Sayansi ya Jamii kutoka University of the Witwatersrand mwaka [[1946]], akipata alama za juu katika anthropolojia, historia ya uchumi, sosholojia, na utawala wa wenyeji.<ref name="SAHO2">{{cite web|title=Ruth First|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/ruth-first|website=South African History Online|access-date=29 March 2025}}</ref> Akiwa chuoni, aligundua kuwa “katika chuo kikuu cha Afrika Kusini, masuala ya wanafunzi yanayojadiliwa ni masuala ya kitaifa.” Alishiriki katika kuanzishwa kwa Federation of Progressive Students, inayojulikana pia kama Progressive Students League, na alikutana na wanafunzi wenzake kama Nelson Mandela, ambaye baadaye alikuwa rais wa South Africa, na Eduardo Mondlane, kiongozi wa kwanza wa harakati ya ukombozi ya Msumbiji FRELIMO. Pia alikuwa katibu wa Young Communist League na kwa muda mfupi alikuwa hai katika CPSA ya [[Johannesburg]].<ref name="SAHO3">{{cite web|title=Ruth First|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/ruth-first|website=South African History Online|access-date=29 March 2025}}</ref> Baada ya kuhitimu, First alifanya kazi kama msaidizi wa utafiti katika Idara ya Ustawi wa Jamii ya Halmashauri ya Jiji la Johannesburg. Mwaka [[1946]], nafasi yake katika Chama cha Kikomunisti iliimarika sana baada ya migomo ya wachimbaji migodi ambapo viongozi wakuu wa chama walikamatwa. Baada ya hapo, First aliomba mahojiano na Mkurugenzi wa Ustawi wa Jamii na kutangaza kuwa anataka kuacha kazi bila kutoa notisi ya kawaida. Kisha akawa mhariri mkuu wa gazeti la msimamo mkali *The Guardian*, ambalo baadaye lilipigwa marufuku na serikali chini ya sheria ya Suppression of Communism Act na kubadilisha majina mara kwa mara kutokana na ukandamizaji na udhibiti wa vyombo vya habari.<ref name="jwa2">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/first-ruth|title=Ruth First {{!}} Jewish Women's Archive|first=Milton|last=Shain|author2=Miriam Pimstone|website=jwa.org|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref> Kupitia uandishi wa uchunguzi, First alifichua sera za ubaguzi wa rangi zinazojulikana kama apartheid, zilizolenga Waafrika weusi kufuatia kupanda madarakani kwa National Party mwaka [[1948]]. Mwaka 1949, aliolewa na Joe Slovo, mwanaharakati wa kupinga ubaguzi wa rangi na Mkomunisti wa Afrika Kusini, ambaye waliinaye binti watatu, Shawn Slovo, Gillian Slovo na Robyn Slovo. Pamoja, Slovo na First walikuwa nguvu kubwa katika enzi ya maandamano ya miaka ya 1950 ambapo serikali ilipiga marufuku harakati zote zilizopinga sera zake. Mbali na kazi yake katika *The Guardian* na machapisho yaliyofuata, South African Congress of Democrats (COD), tawi la wazungu la Congress Alliance, lilianzishwa mwaka [[1953]] kwa msaada wa First wakati ANC ilipoona haja ya kuwa na kundi la wanaharakati weupe ili kuunga mkono sera zake na kuwafikia wanachama wa chama cha Nationalist. <ref name="117 Days2">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ruth-first-117-days|title=117 Days: An Account of Confinement and Interrogation under the South African 90-Day Detention Law|last1=First|first1=Ruth|date=2009|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=9781101050873|location=New York|access-date=29 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/ruth-heloise-first|title=Ruth Heloise First {{!}} South African History Online|website=sahistory.org.za|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref> Mwaka [[1955]], alichukua nafasi ya mhariri wa jarida la kisiasa la msimamo mkali *Fighting Talk*. First na Slovo pia walikuwa wanachama wa African National Congress, pamoja na Chama cha Kikomunisti. Pia alishiriki kikamilifu katika ghasia kubwa za miaka ya [[1950]]. Ruth alikuwa katika kamati ya kuandaa Freedom Charter, lakini hakuweza kuhudhuria uwasilishaji wake tarehe 25 Juni 1955 katika Congress of the People huko Kliptown kutokana na amri ya kupigwa marufuku. Ruth pia alisafiri kwenda International Union of Students na mikutano ya kuanzisha World Federation of Democratic Youth. Alitembelea Umoja wa Kisovyeti, [[China]], [[Uingereza]], [[Italia]], [[Yugoslavia]], [[Ujerumani]], na [[Ufaransa]]. ==Maandishi yake== * ''South West Africa'' (1963) * ''117 Days'' (1965) * ''No Easy Walk to Freedom'' (1965, mhariri wa hotuba za [[Nelson Mandela]]) * ''Olive Schreiner'' (1980, wasifu pamoja na Ann Scott) == Angalia pia == * [[Orodha ya Waandishi wa Afrika Kusini]] ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{DEFAULTSORT:First, Ruth}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1925]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1982]] cplihtwaqob5h44mue34e0x8tbazjz1 0 56779 1529686 1506878 2026-05-02T12:02:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 17 template(s) replaced. 1529686 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Entering jericho south.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Yeriko kutoka kusini.]] '''Yeriko''' (kwa [[Kiebrania]] יְרִיחוֹ, kwa [[Kiarabu]] أريحا, maana yake "wenye kunukia") ni [[mji]] wa kale sana, ulioanzishwa miaka 9000 hivi [[KK]] karibu na [[mto]] [[Yordani]]. Mwaka [[2006]] ulikuwa na wakazi 20,400<ref>[http://www.jericho-city.org/etemplate.php?id=12 Elected City Council Municipality of Jericho] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jericho-city.org/etemplate.php?id=12 |date=20080505133103 }}. Retrieved 8 Machi 2008.</ref><ref name="PCBS">[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/populati/pop09.aspx Projected Mid -Year Population for Jericho Governorate by Locality 2004–2006] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/populati/pop09.aspx |date=20120207051511 }} [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS).</ref> ==Upekee wake== Umaarufu wake unatokana na kuwa chini ya [[Usawa bahari wastani|usawa wa bahari]] kuliko miji yote [[Dunia|duniani]]. Unasadikiwa pia kuwa mmojawapo kati ya miji ya zamani zaidi kukaliwa mfululizo hadi leo.<ref name=gates2003>{{cite book|last=Gates|first=Charles|year=2003| title="Near Eastern, Egyptian, and Aegean Cities", Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientcitiesarc0000gate|publisher=Routledge|page=[https://archive.org/details/ancientcitiesarc0000gate/page/18 18]|isbn=0415018951|quote= "Jericho, in the Jordan River Valley in Palestine, inhabited from ca. 9000 BCE to the present day, offers important evidence for the earliest permanent settlements in the Near East."}}</ref><ref name=Murphyp288>Murphy-O'Connor, 1998, p. 288.</ref><ref name=Freedmanp689>Freedman et al., 2000, p. 689–671.</ref> [[Akiolojia]] imekuta chini ya [[ardhi]] zaidi ya miji 20 iliyojengwa kwa nyakati tofauti mahali pale, kuanzia miaka 11,000 iliyopita.<ref name="encyclopedia1">[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9043547/Jericho "Jericho"], [[Encyclopedia Britannica]]</ref> ==Katika Biblia== Katika [[Biblia]] unatajwa kama "Mji wa Mitende": [[chemchemi]] mbalimbali ndani na kandokando yake zilivuta [[binadamu]] tangu [[milenia]] nyingi.<ref name=Bromileyp715>Bromiley, 1995, p. 715.</ref> Katika [[Agano la Kale]] unatajwa kwa namna ya pekee kuhusiana na [[Yoshua]] kuingiza [[Waisraeli]] waliotoka [[Misri]] katika nchi ya [[Kanaani]] kwa kuvuka mto Yordani mkabala wa Yeriko na kuuteka kwa [[maandamano ya ibada]] ([[Yos]] 6) kabla ya miji mingine yoyote. Katika [[Agano Jipya]] unatajwa kuhusiana na [[Yesu]] ambaye huko alimuongoa [[mtozaushuru]] [[tajiri]] [[Zakayo]] ([[Luk]] 19) na kumponya [[kipofu]] [[ombaomba]] [[Bartimayo]] ([[Mk]] 10). == Tanbihi == {{Marejeo}} == Marejeo == {{Refbegin}} * {{Rejea kitabu|title=City of Stone: The Hidden History of Jerusalem|authorlink=Meron Benvenisti|first=Meron|last=Benvenisti|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=1998|isbn=0520207688, 9780520207684}} * {{Rejea kitabu|title=The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J|first=Geoffrey W.|last=Bromiley|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|year=1995|isbn=0802837824, 9780802837820}} * {{Rejea kitabu|title=Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible|url=https://archive.org/details/eerdmansdictiona0000unse_w9v5|authorlink1=David Noel Freedman|first1=David Noel|last1=Freedman|first2=Allen C.|last2=Myers|first3=Astrid B.|last3=Beck|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|year=2000|isbn=0802824005, 9780802824004}} * {{Rejea kitabu | title = Digging Up Jericho | url = https://archive.org/details/diggingupjericho0000keny | authorlink=Kathleen Kenyon|first = Kathleen | last = Kenyon | year = 1957 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | authorlink=Israel Finkelstein|last = Finkelstein | first = Israel | author2 = Silberman, Neil Asher | title = The Bible Unearthed | url=https://archive.org/details/bibleunearthedar00fink| publisher = Touchstone |date = 2002 | isbn = 0-684-86913-6 }} * {{Rejea kitabu|title=History of Art: The Western Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofart00hwja|first1=Horst Woldemar|last1=Janson|first2=Anthony F.|last2=Janson|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=2003|isbn=0131828959}} * {{Rejea kitabu | title = Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome. | url = https://archive.org/details/ancientcitiesarc0000gate | last = Gates | first = Charles | year = 2003 }} * {{Rejea kitabu|title=Arrows in the Dark: David Ben-Gurion, the Yishuv Leadership, and Rescue Attempts During the Holocaust|url=https://archive.org/details/arrowsindarkdavi0000fril|first1=Tuvia|last1=Friling|first2=Ora|last2=Cummings|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|year=2005|isbn=0299175502, 9780299175504}} * {{Rejea kitabu|title=Holman Illustrated Study Bible-HCSB: Holman Christian Standard Bible|publisher=Broadman & Holman Publishers|last=Holman|year=2006|isbn=1586402757, 9781586402754}} * {{Rejea kitabu|title=Mount Seir, Sinai and Western Palestine|first=Edward|last=Hull|year=1855|publisher=Richard Bently and Sons}} * {{Rejea kitabu|title=The Uttermost Part of the Earth: A Guide to Places in the Bible|url=https://archive.org/details/uttermostpartofe0000losc|first=Richard R.|last=Losch|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|year=2005|isbn=0802828051, 9780802828057}} * {{Rejea kitabu|title=The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700|url=https://archive.org/details/holylandoxfordar0000murp|first=Jerome|last=[[Jerome Murphy-O'Connor|Murphy-O'Connor]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1998|isbn=0192880136, 9780192880130}} * {{Rejea kitabu|title=International dictionary of historic places|first1=Trudy|last1=Ring|first2=Robert M.|last2=Salkin|first3=K. A.|last3=Berney|first4=Paul E.|last4=Schellinger|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1994|isbn=1884964036, 9781884964039}} * {{Rejea kitabu|title=Amazing Archaeologists and Their Finds|first=William|last=Scheller|publisher=The Oliver Press, Inc.|year=1994|isbn=188150817X, 9781881508175}} * {{Rejea kitabu|title=The Shengold Jewish Encyclopedia|first1=Mordecai|last1=Schreiber|first2=Alvin I.|last2=Schiff|first3=Leon|last3=Klenicki|publisher=Schreiber Pub.|date=2003|isbn=1887563776, 978188756377}} * {{Rejea kitabu|title=Palestine: A Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/palestine00mari|first=Mariam|last=Shahin|year=2005|publisher=Interlink Books|isbn=156656557X, 978-1566565578}} * {{Rejea kitabu|title=Palestine Under the Moslems|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ENANAAAAIAAJ|first=Guy|last=le Strange|publisher=Alexander P. Watt for the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund|year=1890}} {{Refend}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|Jericho}} * [http://198.62.75.1/www1/ofm/mad/discussion/012discuss.html Jericho (Ariha) - History] {{Wayback|url=http://198.62.75.1/www1/ofm/mad/discussion/012discuss.html |date=20070210074813 }} Studium Biblicum Franciscum - Jerusalem. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080616055428/http://www.jericho-cablecar.com/ Telepherique & Sultan Tourist Center] * [http://www.jericho-city.org/ Jericho Municipality Official Website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jericho-city.org/ |date=20140809143020 }} * [http://www.jericho-city.org/etemplate.php?id=19 Jericho Municipality Official Website Historical site] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jericho-city.org/etemplate.php?id=19 |date=20080917020530 }} * [http://www.BiblicalArcheology.Net/ Resources on Biblical Archaeology] {{Wayback|url=http://www.biblicalarcheology.net/ |date=20190921054837 }} * [http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/middle_east/jericho.html Archaeological History of Jericho] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/middle_east/jericho.html |date=20070523094439 }} * [http://ljames1.home.netcom.com/jericho99.html Jericho: Tel es-Sultan] {{Wayback|url=http://ljames1.home.netcom.com/jericho99.html |date=20081013030856 }} * [http://www.biblicalchronologist.org/answers/bryantwood.php The walls of Jericho fell in 1550 BCE] {{mbegu-jio-Asia}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Palestina]] [[Jamii:Miji ya Biblia]] [[Jamii:Akiolojia]] sroti5ije4hwzdr6ai2we6hczwe6n4j 0 57653 1530376 1450099 2026-05-03T10:27:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530376 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Coat of arms of the Carmelite order (simple).svg|160px|thumb|[[Nembo]] ya shirika.]] [[Faili:Pietro Novelli Our Lady of Carmel and Saints.JPG|thumb|200px|left|[[Bikira Maria wa Mlima Karmeli]] na Wakarmeli watakatifu ([[Simon Stock]] (amesimama), [[Anjelo wa Yerusalemu]] (amepiga magoti), [[Maria Magdalena wa Pazzi]], [[Teresa wa Yesu]]). Picha hii ya [[Pietro Novelli]] ([[1641]]) inatunzwa kwenye "Museo Diocesano", [[Palermo]], [[Italia]].]] [[File:OCD Zelle.jpg|thumb|[[Sista]] [[mmonaki]] Mkarmeli akijisomea [[chumba|chumbani]].]] '''Wakarmeli''' (kwa [[Kilatini]] '''Ordo Fratrum Beatissimæ Virginis Mariæ de Monte Carmelo''', kwa [[Kiingereza]] '''Order of the Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel''', kifupi '''O.Carm.''') ni [[utawa|watawa]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] ambao labda ulianzishwa katika [[karne ya 12]] kwenye [[mlima Karmeli]] ([[Israeli]]) ukizingatia [[juhudi]] za [[nabii Elia]] zilizojumlishwa katika maneno yake yanayotumika kama [[kaulimbiu]] ya shirika: "Zelo zelatus sum pro Domino Deo exercituum" (yaani "Nimefanya bidii sana kwa Bwana Mungu wa majeshi"). Pia kuna uhusiano wa pekee na [[Bikira Maria]]. Mbali ya [[wanaume]], wapo [[wanawake]] [[wamonaki]] wanaojifungia katika [[ugo]] wa [[monasteri]], na ma[[sista]] wenye [[utume]] wa aina mbalimbali. Hatimaye wapo walei wanaofuata [[karama]] ya shirika ambayo ni hasa kuzama katika [[sala]]. Walio wengi wanafuata [[urekebisho]] wa [[Wakarmeli Peku]] (kwa Kilatini "Ordo Carmelitarum Discalceatorum", kwa kifupi "O.C.D."), ulioanzishwa na [[Teresa wa Yesu]] katika [[karne ya 16]] huko [[Hispania]]. ==Watakatifu Wakarmeli== * [[Albati wa Trapani]] * [[Andrea Corsini]] * [[Anibale Maria di Francia]] * [[Anjelo wa Yerusalemu]] * [[Wakarmeli wa Compiègne|Charlotte wa Ufufuko]] * [[Elizabeti wa Utatu]] * [[Wakarmeli wa Compiègne|Eufrasia wa Kukingiwa Dhambi ya Asili]] * [[Wakarmeli wa Compiègne|Henriette wa Yesu]] * [[Joakima wa Vedruna]] * [[Joji Preca]] * [[Wakarmeli wa Compiègne|Julia Luisa wa Yesu]] * [[Wakarmeli wa Compiègne|Katerina Soiron]] * [[Wakarmeli wa Compiègne|Kostansya wa Mt. Denis]] * [[Wakarmeli wa Compiègne|Maria Henrieta wa Maongozi ya Mungu]] * [[Maria Maajabu wa Yesu]] * [[Mariam Baouardy]] * [[Maria Magdalena wa Pazzi]] * [[Wakarmeli wa Compiègne|Maria wa Roho Mtakatifu]] * [[Wakarmeli wa Compiègne|Maria wa Yesu Msulubiwa]] * [[Wakarmeli wa Compiègne|Mtakatifu Fransisko Saveri]] * [[Wakarmeli wa Compiègne|Mtakatifu Luis]] * [[Wakarmeli wa Compiègne|Mtakatifu Martha]] * [[Nuno Alvares]] * [[Petro Tomaso]] * [[Rafaeli Kalinowski]] * [[Roza Eluvathingal]] * [[Edith Stein|Teresa Benedikta wa Msalaba]], bikira mfiadini * [[Teresa Margerita Redi]], bikira * [[Wakarmeli wa Compiègne|Teresa Soiron]] * [[Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu]], bikira, mwalimu wa Kanisa * [[Wakarmeli wa Compiègne|Teresa wa Moyo Mtakatifu wa Maria]] * [[Wakarmeli wa Compiègne|Teresa wa Mt. Augustino]] * [[Wakarmeli wa Compiègne|Teresa wa Mt. Ignasi]] * [[Teresa wa Yesu]], bikira, mwalimu wa Kanisa * [[Teresa wa Yesu wa Los Andes]] * [[Titus Brandsma]] * [[Yohane wa Msalaba]], padri, mwalimu wa Kanisa ==Wengineo== *[[Alberto wa Yerusalemu]], [[askofu]] *[[Avertano]] *[[Brocardo]], padri *[[Elia Kuriakose Chavara]], padri *[[Simon Stock]], padri ==Wenye heri Wakarmeli== *[[Ana wa Mt. Bartolomeo]], bikira *[[María Lopez Rivas]], bikira *[[Arcangela Girlani]], bikira *[[María wa Umwilisho]], bikira *[[Angelo Agostino Mazinghi]], padri *[[Maria wa Yesu Msulubiwa]], bikira *[[Maria wa Malaika]], bikira *[[Luis Rabata]], padri *[[Wafiadini wa Guadalajara]], mabikira *[[Bartolomeo Fanti]], padri *[[Baptista Mantuano]], padri *[[Dionisio wa Noeli]], mfiadini *[[Redento wa Msalaba]], mfiadini *[[Romeo wa Lucca]] *[[Enrique wa Osso]], padri *[[Franciska wa Amboise]] *[[Francisko Palau]], padri *[[Franco wa Siena]] *[[Teresa María wa Msalaba]], bikira *[[Jacobino de Canepacis]] *[[Yoana Scopelli]], bikira *[[Yoana wa Tolosa]], bikira *[[Yohane Soreth]], padri ==Marejeo== *''Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religion'' *Copsey, Richard and Fitzgerald-Lombard, Patrick (eds.), ''Carmel in Britain: studies on the early history of the Carmelite Order'' (1992–2004). *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03354a.htm "The Carmelite Order"] by Benedict Zimmerman. ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'', 1908. *T. Brandsma, ''Carmelite Mysticism, Historical Sketches: 50th Anniversary Edition'', (Darien, IL, 1986), ASIN B002HFBEZG * J. Boyce, ''Carmelite Liturgy and Spiritual Identity. The Choir Books of Kraków'', Turnhout, 2009, Brepols Publishers, ISBN 978-2-503-51714-8 * W. McGreal, ''At the Fountain of Elijah: The Carmelite Tradition'', (Maryknoll, NY, 1999), ISBN 1-57075-292-3 * J. Smet, ''The Carmelites: A History of the Brothers of Our Lady of Mt. Carmel'', 4. vol. (Darien IL, 1975) *J. Welch, ''The Carmelite Way: An Ancient Path for Today’s Pilgrim'', (New York: 1996), ISBN 0-8091-3652-X ==Viungo vya nje== {{commonscat}} * [http://carmelites.info/ Index of Carmelite Websites] * [http://ocarm-ocd.org/ OCARM - OCD Web Portal] {{Wayback|url=http://ocarm-ocd.org/ |date=20110727140326 }} * [http://www.ocarm.org/ Order of the Brothers of Our Lady of Mount Carmel] * [http://www.carmelite.org/ British Province of Carmelites] * [http://www.carmelitemonks.org/ Carmelite Monks - Contemplative Carmelite men living a solitary life of prayer and penance] * [http://www.meditationsfromcarmel.com/ Meditations from Carmel]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.karmel.at/ics/john/dichos.htm "Sayings of Light and Love" - Spiritual Maxims of John of the Cross] {{Wayback|url=http://www.karmel.at/ics/john/dichos.htm |date=20080922162852 }} * [http://www.karmel.at/ics/edith/stein_9.html The Carmelite history and vocation] {{Wayback|url=http://www.karmel.at/ics/edith/stein_9.html |date=20071217214442 }} * ''[http://www.scribd.com/share/upload/14132985/186lepak5by0o5ztxslt Way of Perfection for the Laity] {{Wayback|url=http://www.scribd.com/share/upload/14132985/186lepak5by0o5ztxslt |date=20121025184322 }}'' - A commentary on the traditional rule of the Discalced Carmelite Third Order. {{mbegu-katoliki}} [[Category:Wakarmeli| ]] [[Category:Mashirika ya kitawa]] kb3rtmtgtlmttaj0dgs19puyxvs73e1 0 57654 1530377 1450098 2026-05-03T10:27:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530377 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:escocd.gif|200px|thumb|Nembo ya shirika.]] '''Wakarmeli Peku''' (kwa [[Kilatini]] '''Ordo Fratrum Discalceatorum B. Mariae V. de Monte Carmelo''', kifupi '''O.C.D.''') ni [[watawa]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] wanaofuata [[urekebisho]] wa shirika la [[Wakarmeli]] ulioanzishwa na [[Teresa wa Yesu]] katika [[karne ya 16]] huko [[Hispania]]. Upande wa [[wanaume]] alisaidiwa na [[Yohane wa Msalaba]]. Mbali ya [[waanzilishi]] hao wawili, shirika lilizaa [[mwalimu wa Kanisa]] mwingine, [[Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu]] katika [[karne ya 19]]. Kwa jumla hao watatu wanatazamwa kuwa viongozi bora kuhusu kuzama katika [[sala]] na [[maisha ya kiroho]] kwa jumla. Pia shirika lilizaa [[watakatifu]] na [[wenye heri]] wengi. Mwishoni mwa mwaka [[2022]] shirika lilikuwa na nyumba 572 zenye watawa 3,978, (kati yao ma[[padri]] 2,897).<ref>''Annuario Pontificio per l'anno 2022'', [[Città del Vaticano]], [[2024]], p. 1388</ref> ==Picha== <gallery perrow=5> Picha:Wenceslas Hollar - Carmelita discalceatus.jpg|Wakarmeli Peku walivyochorwa na Wenzel Hollar, mwaka 1650 hivi. Picha:Buns2b.jpg|Benedict Buns, mwaka 1716 hivi. Picha:Avila Convento de Sta Theresa Church window06.jpg|Mt. Teresa na Mt. Yohane wa Msalaba katika [[kioo]] cha [[kanisa]] huko [[Avila]]. Picha:Sanlucar barrameda s juan cruz manuscrito sanlucar2.jpg|Nembo ya shirika katika ''Manuscrito de Sanlúcar'' ya Yohane wa Msalaba. Picha:Segovia - Convento de los Carmelitas Descalzos 01.jpg|[[Konventi]] ya [[Segovia]]. </gallery> ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.karmel.at/ics/edith/stein_9.html Carmelite Vocation] {{Wayback|url=http://www.karmel.at/ics/edith/stein_9.html |date=20071217214442 }} * [http://www.discalcedcarmel.com/ Discalced Carmelite Order] {{Wayback|url=http://www.discalcedcarmel.com/ |date=20110710132137 }} * [http://www.karmel.at/ics/john/dichos.htm "Sayings of Light and Love" - Spiritual Maxims of John of the Cross] {{Wayback|url=http://www.karmel.at/ics/john/dichos.htm |date=20080922162852 }} * [http://thereseoflisieux.org St. Therese of Lisieux, Discalced Carmelite and Doctor of the Church - her life, writings, spirituality, and mission] {{Wayback|url=http://thereseoflisieux.org/ |date=20201007131238 }} * [http://www.carmelite-seremban.org/Spirituality/carmelite_calendar.html Discalced Carmelite Calendar and Saints] {{Wayback|url=http://www.carmelite-seremban.org/Spirituality/carmelite_calendar.html |date=20070713102022 }} * [http://www.hermitsofourladyofmountcarmel.org/ Hermits of Our Lady of Mt. Carmel] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hermitsofourladyofmountcarmel.org/ |date=20110716015016 }} * [http://www.carmelitehermit.homestead.com/ Carmelite Hermits of the Trinity] * [http://www.icspublications.com/ Institute of Carmelite Studies Publications] * [http://www.meditationsfromcarmel.com/ Meditations from Carmel]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.cbcisite.com/cbcinews4080.htm Archbishop Daniel Acharuparambil Passed Away] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cbcisite.com/cbcinews4080.htm |date=20110708124736 }} {{mbegu-katoliki}} [[Category:Wakarmeli]] [[Category:Mashirika ya kitawa]] fi2ecv2965x8kt9egqc2wtby8atg6lg 0 57940 1530256 1470020 2026-05-03T00:57:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530256 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Aurlandsfjorden.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Aurlandsfjorden, Sogn og Fjordane.]] '''Sogn og Fjordane''' ni moja kati ya [[Orodha ya majimbo ya Norwei|majimbo ya Norwei]]. Jimbo hili limepakana na [[Møre og Romsdal]], [[Oppland]], [[Buskerud]], na [[Hordaland]]. Makao makuu ya jimbo hili yapo mjini Hermansverk katika manispaa ya [[Leikanger]] - wakati mji mkubwa kabisa ni [[Førde]]. == Manispaa za jimboni hapa == Takriban manispaa 26 zipo mjini Sogn og Fjordane. {|class="wikitable" border="1" !colspan=3|Municipalities of Sogn og Fjordane |- !colspan=2|Key||rowspan=2|[[Picha:Sogn og Fjordane Municipalities.png|650px]] |- |width=150|<ol> <li>[[Årdal]] <li>[[Askvoll]] <li>[[Aurland]] <li>[[Balestrand]] <li>[[Bremanger]] <li>[[Eid, Norway|Eid]] <li>[[Fjaler]] <li>[[Flora, Norway|Flora]] <li>[[Førde]] <li>[[Gaular]] <li>[[Gloppen]] <li>[[Gulen]] <li>[[Hornindal]] |width=150|<ol start =14> <li>[[Høyanger]] <li>[[Hyllestad]] <li>[[Jølster]] <li>[[Lærdal]] <li>[[Leikanger]] <li>[[Luster, Norway|Luster]] <li>[[Naustdal]] <li>[[Selje]] <li>[[Sogndal]] <li>[[Solund]] <li>[[Stryn]] <li>[[Vågsøy]] <li>[[Vik]] </ol> |} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.sfj.no/ Sogn og Fjordane - Fylkeskommune] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sfj.no/ |date=20150621054154 }} - county web site {{no icon}} * [http://www.nrk.no/sfj/leksikon/ NRK County encyclopedia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nrk.no/sfj/leksikon/ |date=20090220171052 }} {{no icon}} * [http://www.firda.no/ Firda - Sogn og Fjordane's largest newspaper] {{no icon}} * [http://forum.firda.no/ forum.firda.no - Sogn og Fjordane's largest discussion group] {{Wayback|url=http://forum.firda.no/ |date=20060225010231 }} {{no icon}} {{Sogn_og_Fjordane}} {{Counties of Norway}} {{mbegu-jio-Norwei}} [[Jamii:Majimbo ya Norwei]] [[Jamii:Sogn og Fjordane| ]] 2oxfmm6e9v9cj9fiw546zild687tcsa 10 60003 1530346 1529049 2026-05-03T08:51:30Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/~2026-26480-00|~2026-26480-00]] ([[User talk:~2026-26480-00|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Articles HaSwa digitals|Articles HaSwa digitals]] 1469897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Worldcinema | title = [[World cinema]] | group1 = [[African cinema|Africa]] | list1 = <div> {{Nowrap begin}} [[Cinema of Algeria|Algeria]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Burkina Faso|Burkina&nbsp;Faso]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Egypt|Egypt]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Kenya|Kenya]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Morocco|Morocco]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Niger|Niger]]{{·w}} [[Nollywood|Nigeria]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Senegal|Senegal]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Somalia|Somalia]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of South Africa|South&nbsp;Africa]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Tunisia|Tunisia]] {{Nowrap end}} </div> | group2 = [[Cinema of the Americas|Americas]] | list2 = {{Nowrap begin}} [[Cinema of Argentina|Argentina]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Canada|Canada]] ([[Cinema of Quebec|Quebec]]){{·w}} [[Cinema of Chile|Chile]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Colombia|Colombia]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Cuba|Cuba]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Haiti|Haiti]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Paraguay|Paraguay]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Peru|Peru]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Puerto Rico|Puerto&nbsp;Rico]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of the United States|United&nbsp;States]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Uruguay|Uruguay]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Venezuela|Venezuela]]{{·w}} [[Latin American cinema|Latin&nbsp;America]]{{·w}} [[North American cinema|Northern&nbsp;America]] {{Nowrap end}} | group3 = [[Asian cinema|Asia]] | list3 = {{Navbox subgroup | evenodd = swap | group1 = [[East Asian cinema|East&nbsp;Asia]] | list1 = <div> {{Nowrap begin}} [[Cinema of China|China]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Japan|Japan]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Korea|Korea]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Mongolia|Mongolia]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Taiwan|Taiwan]] {{Nowrap end}} </div> | group2 = [[South Asian cinema|South&nbsp;Asia]] | list2 = <div> {{Nowrap begin}} [[Cinema of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] ([[Bengali cinema|Bengal]]){{·w}} [[Cinema of India|India]] ([[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Assam|Assam]]{{·w}} [[Bollywood]]{{·w}} [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Karnataka|Karnataka]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Kerala|Kerala]]{{·w}} [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Orissa|Orissa]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Punjab|Punjab]]{{·w}} [[Tamil cinema|Tamil Nadu]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of West Bengal|West Bengal]]){{·w}} [[Cinema of Nepal|Nepal]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Pakistan|Pakistan]] ([[Pahariwood|Azad Kashmir]]{{·w}} [[Kariwood|Karachi]]{{·w}} [[Lollywood|Lahore]]{{·w}} [[Pollywood|Peshawar]]{{·w}} [[Sindhi cinema|Sindh]]){{·w}} [[Cinema of Sri Lanka|Sri&nbsp;Lanka]] ([[Sri Lankan Tamil cinema|Jaffna]]) {{Nowrap end}} </div> | group3 = [[Southeast Asian cinema|Southeast&nbsp;Asia]] | list3 = <div> {{Nowrap begin}} [[Cinema of Burma|Burma]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Cambodia|Cambodia]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Indonesia|Indonesia]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Malaysia|Malaysia]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of the Philippines|Philippines]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Singapore|Singapore]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Thailand|Thailand]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Vietnam|Vietnam]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Laos|Laos]] {{Nowrap end}} </div> | group4 = [[West Asian cinema|West&nbsp;Asia]] | list4 = <div> {{Nowrap begin}} [[Cinema of Armenia|Armenia]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Bahrain|Bahrain]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Cyprus|Cyprus]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Georgia|Georgia]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Iran|Iran]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Iraq|Iraq]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Israel|Israel]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Jordan|Jordan]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Kuwait|Kuwait]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Lebanon|Lebanon]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Palestine|Palestine]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Saudi Arabia|Saudi&nbsp;Arabia]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Syria|Syria]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Tajikistan|Tajikistan]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of the United Arab Emirates|U.A.E.]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Yemen|Yemen]] {{Nowrap end}} </div> }} | group4 = [[European cinema|Europe]] | list4 = <div> {{Nowrap begin}} [[Cinema of Albania|Albania]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Austria|Austria]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Belgium|Belgium]]{{·w}} [[List of Bosnia and Herzegovina films|Bosnia and Herzegovina]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Croatia|Croatia]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of the Czech Republic|Czech&nbsp;Republic]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Denmark|Denmark]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Estonia|Estonia]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of the Faroe Islands|Faroe&nbsp;Islands]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Finland|Finland]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of France|France]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Germany|Germany]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Greece|Greece]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Hungary|Hungary]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Iceland|Iceland]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Ireland|Ireland]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Italy|Italy]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Latvia|Latvia]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Lithuania|Lithuania]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Luxembourg|Luxembourg]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of the Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Moldova|Moldova]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Montenegro|Montenegro]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of the Netherlands|Netherlands]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Norway|Norway]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Poland|Poland]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Portugal|Portugal]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Romania|Romania]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Russia|Russia]] ([[Cinema of the Russian Empire|Russian&nbsp;Empire]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of the Soviet Union|Soviet&nbsp;Union]]){{·w}} [[Cinema of Serbia|Serbia]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Slovakia|Slovakia]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Spain|Spain]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Sweden|Sweden]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Switzerland|Switzerland]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Turkey|Turkey]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Ukraine|Ukraine]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of the United Kingdom|United&nbsp;Kingdom]] ([[Cinema of Scotland|Scotland]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Wales|Wales]]){{·w}} [[Cinema of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] {{Nowrap end}} </div> | group5 = [[Oceanian cinema|Oceania]] | list5 = <div> {{Nowrap begin}} [[Cinema of Australia|Australia]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Fiji|Fiji]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of New Zealand|New&nbsp;Zealand]]{{·w}} [[Cinema of Samoa|Samoa]] {{Nowrap end}} </div> }}<noinclude> [[Category:Film country templates| ]] </noinclude> nqzlisignkkk3s5wn9l757vhborx0rh 0 60680 1530314 1472731 2026-05-03T06:22:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530314 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Religiousfreedom (Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life 2009).png|thumb|400px|Hali ya uhuru wa dini nchi kwa nchi (Pew Research Center study, 2009). [[Rangi]] ya [[njano]] hafifu inamaanisha vizuio ni vichache, kumbe [[nyekundu]] inaonyesha kuna vizuio vingi.]] '''Uhuru wa dini''' ni mojawapo kati ya [[Haki ya msingi ya binadamu|haki za msingi]] za kila [[binadamu]] kutokana na [[hadhi]] yake inayomtofautisha na [[wanyama]]. Yaani [[akili]] yake inamfanya atafute [[ukweli]], jambo linalohitaji kuwa huru kutoka kwa mwingine yeyote. [[Uhuru]] huo unaendana na [[wajibu]] na [[haki]] ya kufuata [[dhamiri]] hasa katika masuala ya [[dini]] na [[maadili]]. Haki hiyo inatajwa katika [[Tamko la kimataifa la haki za binadamu]] lililotolewa na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] mwaka [[1948]], ingawa haitekelezwi vizuri katika nchi nyingi, hasa zile zinazofuata [[Dini rasmi|rasmi dini]] fulani au zinapinga dini zote. Haki hiyo inajumlisha haki ya kuwa au kutokuwa na [[imani]] fulani, kuibadili, kuitekeleza katika [[ibada]] za binafsi na za pamoja, kuishuhudia kwa maneno na matendo, kuitangaza, n.k. maadamu mtu hatendi [[makosa ya jinai]] wala hasababishi vurugu katika [[maisha]] ya [[jamii]]. ==Historia== Suala la kukubali haki hiyo katika [[sheria]] za nchi lilikabiliwa tangu zamani; maarufu ni hasa [[Hati ya Milano]] iliyotolewa na [[Konstantino Mkuu]] mwaka [[313]] ili kuruhusu [[Ukristo]] katika [[Dola la Roma]] baada ya miaka karibu 250 ya [[dhuluma]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Hati ya Thesalonike]] == Viungo vya nje == *[http://cfr.org/religion Religion and Foreign Policy Initiative] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090916120657/http://www.cfr.org/religion |date=2009-09-16 }}, [[Council on Foreign Relations]]. *[http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/hrj/iss16/gunn.shtml The Complexity of Religion and the Definition of “Religion” in International Law] Harvard Human Rights Journal article from the President and Fellows of Harvard College(2003) *[http://www.hreoc.gov.au/Human_RightS/briefs/brief_3.html Human Rights Brief No. 3, Freedom Of Religion and Belief] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hreoc.gov.au/Human_RightS/briefs/brief_3.html |date=20051216050311 }} Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) *[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/irf/rpt/ U.S. State Department country reports] *[http://www.globalengage.org Institute for Global Engagement] *[http://www.irf.in.ua/eng/ Institute for Religious Freedom] {{Wayback|url=http://www.irf.in.ua/eng/ |date=20190723070745 }} * [http://www.alleanzacattolica.org/acs/index.htm Ripoti juu ya uhuru wa dini ulimwenguni] {{Wayback|url=http://www.alleanzacattolica.org/acs/index.htm |date=20060618201805 }} (chanzo: [[Church in Need]]) {{mbegu-sheria}} [[Jamii:Haki za binadamu]] [[Jamii:Sheria]] [[Jamii:Dini]] sd91zqll5118kaqdh1yqc9tn761dsj9 0 62286 1530140 1204021 2026-05-02T19:01:33Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530140 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zubain Muhaji Mhita''' (amezaliwa [[9 Septemba]] [[1950]]) ni [[mbunge]] wa [[jimbo]] la [[Kondoa Kaskazini]] katika [[bunge]] la kitaifa nchini [[Tanzania]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/peo/peo_579.html|title=Mengi kuhusu Zubain Muhaji Mhita|date=10 Julai 2006|accessdate=11 Novemba 2011|archivedate=2011-10-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017210750/http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/peo/peo_579.html}}</ref> Anatokea katika chama cha [[CCM]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Wabunge wa Tanzania]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-wanasiasa-Tanzania}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mhita, Zubain}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1950]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] p4nu7z0zly39ogkfutppxx5skzojwuh 0 62314 1529749 1203988 2026-05-02T12:12:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529749 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yono Stanley Jilaoneka Kevela''' (amezaliwa tar. [[13 Desemba]] [[1963]]) ni mbunge wa jimbo la [[Njombe Magharibi]] katika bunge la kitaifa huko nchini [[Tanzania]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/peo/peo_2804.html|title=Mengi kuhusu Yono Stanley Jilaoneka Kevela|date=13 Julai 2006|accessdate=11 Novemba 2011|archivedate=2011-10-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018141125/http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/peo/peo_2804.html}}</ref> Anatokea katika chama cha [[CCM]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Wabunge wa Tanzania]] * Tovuti ya [https://www.bunge.go.tz Bunge la Tanzania] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-wanasiasa-Tanzania}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kevela, Yono}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1963]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] nki3bqrytenadnvkyt06z8i8catjcsf 0 62362 1530142 1204022 2026-05-02T19:01:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530142 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zubeir Ali Maulid''' (amezaliwa [[25 Machi]], [[1968]]) ni mbunge wa jimbo la [[Kwamtipura]] katika bunge la kitaifa huko nchini [[Tanzania]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/peo/peo_2851.html|title=Mengi kuhusu Zubeir Ali Maulid|date=19 Julai 2006|accessdate=11 Novemba 2011|archivedate=2011-10-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018114653/http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/peo/peo_2851.html}}</ref> Anatokea katika chama cha [[CCM]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Wabunge wa Tanzania]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-wanasiasa-Tanzania}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Maulid, Zubeir}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1968]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] t4mc5ythb6cf9n0vqcsnz3tgomsgqat 0 62698 1529774 1221697 2026-05-02T12:16:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Songs --> | Jina = You Raise Me Up | Caption = | Aina = | Msanii = [[Secret Garden (duo)|Secret Garden]] | alt Artist = | Album = [[Once in a Red Moon]] | Ilitolewa = | Iliachiwa = 26 Machi 2002 | track_no = 2 | Ilirekodiwa = | Aina = [[Inspirational music|Inspirational]] | Urefu = 5:04 | Mwandishi = [[Brendan Graham]] (lyricist)<br>[[Rolf Løvland]] (composer) | Composer = | Studio = | Mtayarishaji = [[Decca Records|Decca]] | Chart position = | Tracks = | prev = Awakening | prev_no = 1 | next = Silent Wings | next_no = 3 | Misc = }} "'''You Raise Me Up'''" ni wimbo maarufu wa kutia moyo. Wimbo huu uliandikwa na [[Secret Garden (duo)|Secret Garden]]'s [[Rolf Løvland]] na mashairi yaliandikwa na [[Brendan Graham]], ambaye huyu alikua ni mwandishi maarufu wa nyimbo kutoka [[Jamuhuri ya Island]]. WImbo huu hadi sasa umekwisha kurudiwa zaidi ya mara 125 .<ref>http://www.peermusic.com/peermusic/index.cfm/artist-writer/artist-details/?artist_id=351 {{Wayback|url=http://www.peermusic.com/peermusic/index.cfm/artist-writer/artist-details/?artist_id=351 |date=20110927144052 }}, paragraph 5</ref> Wimbo huu kwa asili uliandikwa kama wimbo wa kuimbwa kwa vyombo pekee na ulikua ukijulikana kama ''Silent Story'', na mahadhi ya wimbo huu yanaelekeana na yale ya tamaduni za Kiairish, hasa wakati wa kuanza kwa kiitikio. Løvland alimwendea mwandishi wa vitabu vya hadithi na mtunzi wa nyimbo kutoka nchini Irish [[Brendan Graham]] kuandika mashairi kwa ajili ya sauti zake za vyombo, hii ikiwa ni baada kusoma kitabu chake cha hadithi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.secretgarden.no/lowband/sight_sound/music_redmoon_linernotes_youraisemeup.html |title=Lyrics by Secret Garden<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2011-12-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417072027/http://www.secretgarden.no/lowband/sight_sound/music_redmoon_linernotes_youraisemeup.html |archivedate=2014-04-17 }}</ref> Wimbo huu ulitolewa kwa mara ya kwanza katika albamu ya Garden ya mwaka 2001 iliyokwenda kwa jila la ''[[Once in a Red Moon]]'' ikiwa na waimbaji kama vile [[Brian Kennedy (singer)|Brian Kennedy]], na kufanikiwa kupata mauzo mazuri nchini Ireland na [[Norway]]. Hapo awali, Brian Kennedy alitakiwa kufuatana na Secret Garden katika ziara yao ya mwaka 2002, lakini aliguua na hivyo kushindwa kuhudhuria. Na badala yake, nafasi yake ilichukuliwa na mwimbaji mwingine wa nchini Norway, aliyejulikana kwa jina la [[Jan Werner Danielsen]], ambaye baadae pia alikuja kurekodi wimbo huo na Secret Garden lakini haukuwahi kutoka ==Kurudiwa== Mwimbaji wa nchini Uingereza [[Becky Taylor]] aliurudia wimbo huu katika albamu yake ya pili iliyokwenda kwa jina la ''Shine'' iliitoka mnano 1 Julai 2003. Baadae pia, wimbo huu ulirekodiwa na [[Daniel O'Donnell (Irish singer)|Daniel O'Donnell]] mwaka 2003, na ulifanya vizuri nchini Ireland na [[Uingereza]]. Pia mwimbaji Tenor [[Javier Fontana]] alifanikiwa kurekodi wimbo huu. Baadae mwaka 2003, [[David Foster]] aliamua kuutengeneza tena wimbo huu ikiwa ni baada ya kupewa taarifa na mtayarishaji wa nyimbo aliyefahamika kwa jina la Frank Petrone wa [[Peermusic]] Alifanikiwa kutengeneza wimbo huo ambao ulionekana kufanya vizuri nchini Marekani na kufanikiwa kushika nafasi ya juu katika chati ya muziki ya ''Billboard'' na kufanikiwa kushika nafasi hiyo kwa wiki sita mfululizo Wimbo wa ''You Raise Me UP'' umekua ni wimbo uliofana vizuri zaidi kutoka kwa kundi la [[Westlife]], hii ikiwa ni katika albamu yao ya tano iliyofahamika kwa jina la ''[[Face to Face (Westlife album)|Face To Face]]''. Wimbo huu ulifanikiwa kishika nafasi ya kwanza katika orodha ya nyimbo bora zaidi nchini Uingereza kwa mwaka 2005, na kuufanya kuwa wimbo wa kumi na tatu kutoka katika kundi hili kuweza kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza. Halikadhalika, wimbo huu umefanikiwa kuuza zaidi ya nakala 540,000 nchini Uingereza hadi sasa .<ref>http://www.mtv.co.uk/music/charts/official-uk-countdowns/westlife-official-top-20</ref> ==Umaarufu== Kaitika mwaka [[2004]], wimbo huu ulikuwa ukipigwa zaidi ya mara 500,000 katika radio mbalimbali nchini Marekani. Baadae katika miaka ya 2005, wimbo huu ulikua umekwisha imbwa katika aina zaidi ya 80 tofauti tofauti, hii ikiwa ni kwa nchini Marekani peke yake. Wimbo huu ulishawai kutuliwa katika mashindano mbalimbali ya nyimbo za dini katika Wimbo bora wa mwaka. Tarehe 3 Desemba 2010, wimbo huu uliokua ukiimbwa na Josh Groban, uliimbwa mwishoni mwa michuano ya mpira ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Michigan]]. Wimbo huu uliweza kuibua hisia, ambapo uliimbwa wakati wachezaji wakiwa wameshikana mikono ikiwa juu, na mwisho kocha wa timu ya mpira alionekana akifuta machozi kabla ya kutoa nasaha za mwisho ==Toleo la Westlife== {{Infobox single | Jina = You Raise Me Up | Cover = | Msanii = [[Westlife]] | Kutoka Album = Face To Face | Ulitoka = 24 Oktoba 2005 | Muundo = CD Single | Ulirekodiwa = [[Rokstone Studios]], [[London]] [[2004]] | Urefu = 4:01 | Aina = [[Pop (music)|Pop]] | Mtayarishaji = Steve Mac | Label = [[Sony BMG]] | SIngo ya mwisho = "[[Obvious (Westlife song)|Obvious]]"<br>(2004) | Singo ya sasa = "'''You Raise Me Up'''"<br>(2005) | Singo ya baadae = "[[When You Tell Me That You Love Me]]"<br>(2005) | Misc = }} ===Orodha ya nyimbo=== * '''United Kingdom''' ; CD1 # "You Raise Me Up" – 4:00 # "World Of Our Own" <small>(Acoustic Version)</small> – 3:30 ; CD2 # "You Raise Me Up" – 4:00 # "Flying Without Wings" <small>(Acoustic Version)</small> – 3:30 # "My Love" <small>(Acoustic Version)</small> – 3:48 * '''Australia''' # "You Raise Me Up" - 4:00 # "You Raise Me Up" (Chameleon Remix) - 3:17 # "You Raise Me Up" (Reactor Remix) - 3:29 ===Chati=== {|class="wikitable sortable" !Chart (2005) !Peak<br />position |- |Australian Singles Chart |align="center"|3 |- |Austrian Singles Chart |align="center"|59 |- |Dutch Singles Chart |align="center"|47 |- |German Singles Chart |align="center"|11 |- |Irish Singles Chart |align="center"|1 |- |Norwegian Singles Chart |align="center"|3 |- |Swedish Singles Chart |align="center"|7 |- |Swiss Singles Chart |align="center"|18 |- |UK Singles Chart |align="center"|1 |- |} ===Chati ya mwisho wa mwaka=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|End of year chart (2005) !align="center"|Position |- |Irish Singles Chart |align="center"|1 |- |UK Singles Chart |align="center"|9 |- !align="left"|End of year chart (2006) !align="center"|Position |- |Australian Singles Chart |align="center"|14<ref>http://www.aria.com.au/pages/ARIACharts-EndofYearCharts-Top100Singles2006.htm</ref> |- |} {{Westlife}} {{Westlife singles}} {{Josh Groban}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 2001]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Westlife]] k0e9i0bw0tg11ggsnt7vdw69fvaqktr 0 65173 1530318 1281328 2026-05-03T07:21:19Z ~2026-26900-92 89084 kibosho 1530318 wikitext text/x-wiki '''kibosho''' ni jina la eneo kwenye miteremko ya [[mlima Kilimanjaro]] katika [[Tanzania]]. Wakazi wake ni [[Wachagga]]. Mwaka 2012 ni sehemu ya [[kata]] za [[Kibosho Kati]], [[Kibosho Magharibi]] na [[Kibosho Mashariki]] katika [[wilaya ya Moshi Vijijini]]. Katika siku za kwanza za [[ukoloni]] eneo lake lilikadiriwa kuwa na [[kilomita za mraba]] 45 zilizokaliwa na watu wengi kati ya mpaka wa [[msitu]] wa mlima Kilimajaro kwa uwiano wa [[mita]] 1650 na kutelemka hadi mita 1200 juu ya [[UB]]. [[Mto Karanga]] unapita katika nchi hii. <ref>ling. makala "Kiboscho" katika [[Kamusi ya Koloni za Kijerumani (1920)]]</ref> Kwa upande wa [[dini]] Wakibosho wengi ni [[Kanisa Katoliki|Wakatoliki]] kwa sababu [[Mmisionari|wamisionari]] waliofika eneo hilo walijenga [[kanisa]] kubwakubwa, [[shule]] na [[hospitali]] pia. 90[[Asilimia|%]] ya wakazi ni wa [[madhehebu]] hayo japo kuna dini nyingine ila kwa uchache. [[File:Kanisa la Katoliki Kibosho.jpg|thumb|Kanisa Katoliki la Kibosho.]] Kanisa hili la Kibosho limejengwa kwa [[Jiwe|mawe]] matupu, huenda ni kwa sababu lipo katikati ya [[Mto Karanga]] kushoto na [[Mto Nsoo]] kulia. ==Wamangi wa Kibosho== Katika [[karne ya 18]] na [[Karne ya 19|19]] na chini ya ukoloni hadi [[uhuru]] Kibosho kilikuwa eneo la utemi mdogo wa Kichagga na [[watawala]] wake walijulikana kwa [[cheo]] cha "Mangi". Kuhusu Wamangi wa kwanza majina yamehifadhiwa lakini [[tarehe]] za utawala hazina uhakika. <ref>orodha ifuatayo ni kutoka http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Tanzania_native.html</ref> .... - .... Yansanya [1st ruler]<br> .... - .... Orio<br> .... - .... Kimboka<br> .... - .... Irongo<br> .... - .... Iweri<br> takr. 1810 Kirenga<br> takr. 1850 Kashenge<br> takr. 1850 - af.1862 Tatua<br> 18.. - 18.. Ngaluma<br> 18.. - 18.. Lokila<br> 18.. - takr. 1872 Mamka ''(wa kike)''<br> takr. 1872 - 1897 Sina <br> 1897 - 1900 Molelia <br> 1900 - 1911 Sianga<br> 1911 - 1917 Malamya<br> 1917 Barnabas Ngowi (mtendaji)<br> 1917 - 1946 Ngulisho I (+ 1962)<br> 1946 - 1961 Alex Ngulisho II<br> [[Mangi Sina]] alitawala wakati wa kufika kwa wakoloni [[Wajerumani]]. Mwaka [[1889]] alifaulu kumshinda [[Mangi Rindi]] wa Moshi lakini kuingilia kwa Wajerumani chini ya [[Hermann von Wissmann]] ilikuwa chanzo cha kumaliza mashindano kati ya Wamangi na utawala wa wakoloni katika Uchagga wote. ==Marejeo== <references/> {{mbegu-jio-kilimanjaro}} [[jamii:Wachagga]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Moshi Vijijini]] t5j8uaxrm65xmi1tua8i0kj287pxsw9 1530327 1530318 2026-05-03T08:31:19Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/~2026-26900-92|~2026-26900-92]] ([[User talk:~2026-26900-92|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] 1281328 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kibosho''' ni jina la eneo kwenye miteremko ya [[mlima Kilimanjaro]] katika [[Tanzania]]. Wakazi wake ni [[Wachagga]]. Mwaka 2012 ni sehemu ya [[kata]] za [[Kibosho Kati]], [[Kibosho Magharibi]] na [[Kibosho Mashariki]] katika [[wilaya ya Moshi Vijijini]]. Katika siku za kwanza za [[ukoloni]] eneo lake lilikadiriwa kuwa na [[kilomita za mraba]] 45 zilizokaliwa na watu wengi kati ya mpaka wa [[msitu]] wa mlima Kilimajaro kwa uwiano wa [[mita]] 1650 na kutelemka hadi mita 1200 juu ya [[UB]]. [[Mto Karanga]] unapita katika nchi hii. <ref>ling. makala "Kiboscho" katika [[Kamusi ya Koloni za Kijerumani (1920)]]</ref> Kwa upande wa [[dini]] Wakibosho wengi ni [[Kanisa Katoliki|Wakatoliki]] kwa sababu [[Mmisionari|wamisionari]] waliofika eneo hilo walijenga [[kanisa]] kubwakubwa, [[shule]] na [[hospitali]] pia. 90[[Asilimia|%]] ya wakazi ni wa [[madhehebu]] hayo japo kuna dini nyingine ila kwa uchache. [[File:Kanisa la Katoliki Kibosho.jpg|thumb|Kanisa Katoliki la Kibosho.]] Kanisa hili la Kibosho limejengwa kwa [[Jiwe|mawe]] matupu, huenda ni kwa sababu lipo katikati ya [[Mto Karanga]] kushoto na [[Mto Nsoo]] kulia. ==Wamangi wa Kibosho== Katika [[karne ya 18]] na [[Karne ya 19|19]] na chini ya ukoloni hadi [[uhuru]] Kibosho kilikuwa eneo la utemi mdogo wa Kichagga na [[watawala]] wake walijulikana kwa [[cheo]] cha "Mangi". Kuhusu Wamangi wa kwanza majina yamehifadhiwa lakini [[tarehe]] za utawala hazina uhakika. <ref>orodha ifuatayo ni kutoka http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Tanzania_native.html</ref> .... - .... Yansanya [1st ruler]<br> .... - .... Orio<br> .... - .... Kimboka<br> .... - .... Irongo<br> .... - .... Iweri<br> takr. 1810 Kirenga<br> takr. 1850 Kashenge<br> takr. 1850 - af.1862 Tatua<br> 18.. - 18.. Ngaluma<br> 18.. - 18.. Lokila<br> 18.. - takr. 1872 Mamka ''(wa kike)''<br> takr. 1872 - 1897 Sina <br> 1897 - 1900 Molelia <br> 1900 - 1911 Sianga<br> 1911 - 1917 Malamya<br> 1917 Barnabas Ngowi (mtendaji)<br> 1917 - 1946 Ngulisho I (+ 1962)<br> 1946 - 1961 Alex Ngulisho II<br> [[Mangi Sina]] alitawala wakati wa kufika kwa wakoloni [[Wajerumani]]. Mwaka [[1889]] alifaulu kumshinda [[Mangi Rindi]] wa Moshi lakini kuingilia kwa Wajerumani chini ya [[Hermann von Wissmann]] ilikuwa chanzo cha kumaliza mashindano kati ya Wamangi na utawala wa wakoloni katika Uchagga wote. ==Marejeo== <references/> {{mbegu-jio-kilimanjaro}} [[jamii:Wachagga]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Moshi Vijijini]] rk385gg3sbjfrzkt1amnar9chwyf2wi 0 67125 1529728 1420991 2026-05-02T12:09:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529728 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Jan z dukli.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Mt. Yohane wa Dukla.]] '''Yohane wa Dukla''' (kwa [[Kipolandi]]: '''Jan z Dukly'''; [[Dukla]], [[Polandi]], [[1414]] - [[Lviv]], leo nchini [[Ukraina]], [[1484]] <ref name="Jones, p 273">Jones, p 273</ref>) alikuwa [[mtawa]] na [[padri]] wa [[shirika]] la [[Ndugu Wadogo]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://saints.sqpn.com/saintj46.htm |title=Patron Saints Index - Saint John of Dukla |accessdate=2012-11-19 |archivedate=2011-12-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231192127/http://saints.sqpn.com/saintj46.htm }}</ref> ==Maisha== Ingawa alijiunga kwanza na [[Ndugu Wadogo Wakonventuali]], baadaye akahamia [[urekebisho]] wa [[Observansya]] akaishi maisha ya [[sala]] na [[juhudi]] za kiroho, lakini pia alifanya kwa [[ari]] [[uchungaji]] na kulenga [[Ekumeni|umoja wa Wakristo]]<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/91624</ref>. Hata baada ya kupofuka aliendelea kuandaa [[hotuba]] zake maarufu kwa kurudisha watu wengi kwenye [[Kanisa]].<ref name="Jones, p 273"/> ==Heshima baada ya kifo== Mara baada ya [[kifo]] chake aliheshimiwa kama [[mtakatifu]] na miujiza mbalimbali ilisemekana kutokea [[kaburi]]ni pake. Hatimaye, tarehe [[10 Juni]] [[1997]], [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] alimtangaza rasmi kuwa mtakatifu katika [[misa]] aliyoadhimisha huko [[Krosno]], Poland, wakishiriki watu [[milioni]] 1 hivi. [[Sikukuu]] yake ni tarehe [[29 Septemba]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== *{{Rejea kitabu| last=Jones |first=Kathleen |authorlink= | title=Butler's Lives of the Saints | year=2006 |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |location=New York |isbn=0-86012-255-7}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1414]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1484]] [[Category:Wafransisko]] [[Jamii:Mapadri]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Polandi]] gzili5t7xjobom4491i677mg5d37c2u 0 69849 1529969 1527911 2026-05-02T18:20:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260502sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1529969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease |Name = Obesity |Image = Obesity-waist_circumference.svg |Alt = Three silhouettes depicting the outlines of a normal sized (left), overweight (middle), and obese person (right). |Caption = Silhouettes and waist circumferences representing normal, overweight, and obese |DiseasesDB = 9099 |ICD10 = {{ICD10|E|66| |e|65}} |ICD9 = {{ICD9|E|66| |e|278}} |MedlinePlus = 003101 |OMIM = 601665 |eMedicineSubj = med |eMedicineTopic =1653 |MeshName = Obesity |MeshNumber = C23.888.144.699.500 | }} '''Unene wa kupindukia''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]] "obesity" kutokana na [[neno]] la [[Kilatini]] ''obesitas'', linalomaanisha "gumu, nono au nene” <ref name=etymol>''Ēsus'' is the past participle of ''edere'' (to eat), with ''ob'' (over) added to it. {{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=obesity |title=Online Etymology Dictionary: Obesity |work=Douglas Harper|accessdate=December 31, 2008}}; ''[[Kamusi ya Kingereza ya Oxford]]'' ilichapisha kutumika kwake kwa mara ya kwanza mnamo mwaka wa 1611 na [[Randle Cotgrave]]. {{cite web |url=http://www.oed.com/ |title=Obesity, n |work=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] 2008|accessdate=March 21, 2009}}</ref>; [[jina la kisayansi]] kwa [[Kilatini]] ni "adipositas") ni hali mbaya ambapo [[mafuta ya ziada ya mwili]] hulimbikizana hadi kiwango kinachoweza kuathiri vikubwa [[afya]], ikipelekea ongezeko la [[maradhi]] na kupungua kwa [[matarajio ya kuishi]]. <ref name="WHO 2000 p.6">WHO 2000 p.6</ref><ref name=HaslamJames/> [[Kipimo]] cha [[mwili]] kuwa mnene na mzito mno ni [[uwiano]] kati ya [[urefu]] wa mtu na [[uzito]] wake. Watu hutajika kuwa na unene wa kupindukia wakati [[nambapeo ya mata ya mwili]] (NMM), kipimo kinachopatikana kwa kugawanya [[uzito]] wa mtu kwa [[kilogramu]] kwa mraba wa [[urefu]] wake katika [[mita]], kimezidi 30&nbsp;kg/m².<ref name="WHO 2000 p.9">WHO 2000 p.9</ref> Kuwa mneme mno kunaleta [[hatari]] ningi kwa [[afya]] na kusababisha au kuongeza uwezekano wa [[magonjwa]] kama vile: * [[Shinikizo la juu la damu]] * Ugonjwa wa [[kisukari]] * [[Maradhi ya moyo]] * [[Ugonjwa wa kupooza]] * Shida za kupumua na [[pumu]]<ref>http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/24118.php</ref><ref name=HaslamJames/> * Matatizo ya viungo vya [[miguu]] na ya [[uti wa mgongo]] * [[Maradhi ya mishipa]], * [[Apnea pingani ya usingizi]] * [[Osteoathritisi]]<ref name=HaslamJames/>. Watu wakinenepa mno hufa mapema na kuwa na magonjwa mengi kuliko watu wembamba wanaokula kiasi tu, jinsi wanavyohitaji [[chakula]]. Tatizo la unene [[duniani]] hukumba [[wanaume]] zaidi ya [[wanawake]]. Unene wa kupindukia mara nyingi husababishwa na ujumuisho wa kula chakula kilicho na nguvu nyingi, ukosefu wa [[mazoezi ya mwili]], na [[urithi]] wa [[jeni]] maalumu, ingawa visa vichache vina msingi wa jeni, matatizo ya [[kiendrosini]], [[matibabu]] au [[maradhi ya akili]]. Ushahidi wa kuthibitisha dhana kuwa baadhi ya watu hunenepa ingawa hula kiasi kidogo hautoshi; kwa wastani, watu wanene hutumia nguvu nyingi kuliko watu wenye mwili mdogo kwa sababu ya nguvu zinazohitajika kuimarisha [[mata]] kubwa ya mwili.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kushner, Robert |title=Treatment of the Obese Patient (Contemporary Endocrinology) |publisher=Humana Press |location=Totowa, NJ|year=2007 |page=158 |isbn=1-59745-400-1 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=vWjK5etS7PMC&pg=PA121&lpg=PA121&dq=measurement+of+metabolism+in+obese+Bessesen |doi= |accessdate=April 5, 2009}}</ref><ref name=Anes2000>{{cite journal |author=Adams JP, Murphy PG |title=Obesity in anaesthesia and intensive care |journal=Br J Anaesth |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=91–108 |year=2000 |month=July |pmid=10927998 |doi= 10.1093/bja/85.1.91|url=http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/85/1/91}}</ref> [[Chakula bora]] na [[mazoezi ya mwili]] ndiyo njia kuu za kutibu unene wa kupindukia. Ubora wa chakula unaweza kuimarishwa kwa kutumia vyakula vilivyo na nguvu nyingi, kama vile vyakula vilivyo na kiwango cha juu cha mafuta na [[sukari]], na kwa kutumia [[unyuzi wa chakula]] kwa wingi zaidi. [[Dawa za kukabiliana na unene]] zinaweza kutumiwa kupunguza hamu ya chakula au kuzuia ufyonzaji wa mafuta, huku mtu akila chakula kinachofaa. Iwapo chakula bora, mazoezi na matibabu hayatoshi, [[mpira wa utumboni]] unaweza kusaidia kupunguza uzito wa mwili, au [[upasuaji]] unaweza kufanywa ili kupunguza ukubwa na/au urefu wa matumbo. Upasuaji huo hupelekea mtu [[kushiba]] upesi na kupunguza uwezo wa kufyonza [[virutubishi]] vilivyomo katika chakula.<ref>NICE 2006 p.10–11</ref><ref name=balloon2008>{{cite journal |author=Imaz I, Martínez-Cervell C, García-Alvarez EE, Sendra-Gutiérrez JM, González-Enríquez J |title=Safety and effectiveness of the intragastric balloon for obesity. Uchanganuzi wa kina|journal=Obes Surg |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=841–6 |year=2008 |month=July |pmid=18459025|doi=10.1007/s11695-007-9331-8}}</ref> Unene wa kupindukia ni [[kisababishi kinachozuilika cha kifo]] kilicho kikuu ulimwenguni kote, huku kiwango chake cha [[ueneaji]] kikiongezeka kwa watu wazima na [[watoto]]. Viongozi huamini kuwa hili ni mojawapo ya matatizo makuu zaidi ya [[afya ya umma]] katika [[karne ya 21]].<ref name=Barn1999>{{cite journal |author=Barness LA, Opitz JM, Gilbert-Barness E |title=Obesity: genetic, molecular, and environmental aspects |journal=Am. J. Med. Genet. A|volume=143A |issue=24 |pages=3016–34 |year=2007 |month=December |pmid=18000969 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.32035 |url=}}</ref> Unene wa kupindukia hufedheheshwa katika sehemu nyingi za [[ulimwengu]] wa kisasa (hasa katika [[Ustaarabu wa Magharibi]]<ref>Huko wengine wanalazimika kutumia vifaa maalum (butt wipers]) kushililia karatasi shashi wakiwa msalani</ref>), ingawa hali hii ilitazamwa na watu wengi kama [[ishara]] ya [[utajiri]] na afya bora katika nyakati za awali za [[historia]], na pia huonekana hivyo katika baadhi ya sehemu za [[dunia]].<ref name=HaslamJames/><ref name=Woodhouse/> ==Uainishaji== Unene wa kupindukia ni hali ya kimatibabu ambapo [[mafuta ya mwili]] ya ziada hulimbikizana hadi kiwango kinachoathiri afya kwa vikubwa.<ref name="WHO 2000 p.6"/> Hali hii hufasiliwa kwa [[Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili]] na kukadiriwa zaidi kwa kupima ugawaji wa mafuta kupitia kwa uwiano wa kiuno na nyonga na ujumla wa vipengele hatari vya magonjwa ya mishipa na moyo.<ref>{{cite journal |journal= Nutr J |year=2007 |volume=6 |page=32 |title= Measurement and Definitions of Obesity In Childhood and Adolescence: A field guide for the uninitiated |author= Sweeting HN|doi=10.1186/1475-2891-6-32|pmid=17963490 |url=http://www.nutritionj.com/content/6/1/32 |pmc= 2164947|issue=1}}</ref><ref>NHLBI p.xiv</ref> Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili kinahusiana kwa karibu na asilimia ya mafuta ya mwili na jumla ya mafuta ya mwili.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gray DS, Fujioka K |title=Use of relative weight and Body Mass Index for the determination of adiposity |journal=J Clin Epidemiol |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=545–50 |year=1991 |pmid=2037859 |doi= 10.1016/0895-4356(91)90218-X|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-epidemiology_1991_44_6/page/545}}</ref> [[File:Obesity6.JPG|thumb|kushoto|alt=mtazamo wa mbele na upande wa kiwiliwili cha mwanamume aliye "mnene kupindukia". Alama za kuvutika kwa ngozi zinaonekana pamoja na jinakomastia.|Mwanamume "mnene kupindukia" aliye na Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili cha 47&nbsp;kg/m²: uzito 146&nbsp;kg (322&nbsp;lb), urefu sentimita 177&nbsp; (5&nbsp;ft 10&nbsp;in)]] Katika [[watoto]], uzito ulio bora hutofautiana kwa sababu ya [[umri]] na [[jinsia]]. Katika watoto na [[vijana]] [[baleghe]], unene wa kupindukia hufasiliwa si kwa [[nambari]] kamili, lakini kulingana na kundi la kawaida la wakati huo, hivi kwamba unene wa kupindukia ni wa Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili kilichozidi [[asilimia]] 95 <ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/childrens_BMI/about_childrens_BMI.htm |title=Healthy Weight: Assessing Your Weight: BMI: About BMI for Children and Teens|publisher=[[Center for disease control and prevention]]|accessdate=April 6, 2009}}</ref>Data ya marejeleo ambayo ilitumiwa kukadiria hesabu hii ni ya kutoka mwaka 1963 hadi 1994, hivyo haijaathiriwa na ongezeko la uzito la hivi karibuni.<ref name="Flegal KM, Ogden CL, Wei R, Kuczmarski RL, Johnson CL 2001 1086–93">{{cite journal |author=Flegal KM, Ogden CL, Wei R, Kuczmarski RL, Johnson CL|title=Prevalence of overweight in US children: comparison of US growth charts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention with other reference values for body mass index |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=73 |issue=6|pages=1086–93 |year=2001 |month=June |pmid=11382664 |doi= |url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/73/6/1086}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style = "float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center" |- ! BMI !! Classification |- |width=50%| < 18.5 ||underweight |- |18.5–24.9 || normal weight |- |25.0–29.9 || overweight |- |30.0–34.9 || class I obesity |- |35.0–39.9 || class II obesity |- |≥ 40.0 || &nbsp;&nbsp;class III obesity&nbsp;&nbsp; |} Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili hukadiriwa kwa kugawanya uzito wa mtu kwa kipeo cha uzito wake, na kwa kawaida huandikwa aidha kwa [[Mfumo wa mita]] au kwa [[vipimo vya Marekani]]: :Metric:<math>BMI=kilograms/meters^2</math> :US customary and [[Imperial System|imperial]]: <math>BMI=lb*703/in^2</math> ambapo <math>lb</math> ni uzito wa mtu katika [[pauni (uzito)|pauni]] na<math>in</math> ni urefu wa mtu katika inchi. Fasili zinazotumika mara nyingi, ambazo zilitolewa na [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] mwaka wa 1997 na kuchapishwa mwaka wa 2000, hutoa ukadiriaji kama ilivyoorodheshwa katika jedwali lililo upande wa kulia.<ref name="WHO 2000 p.9"/> Baadhi ya mashirika yamerekebisha kidogo fasili zilizotolewa na SAD. Habari ya kiupasuaji hugawanya unene wa kupindukia wa "daraja la 3" katika vikundi zaidi, ambavyo ukadiriaji wake ungali unakumbwa na utata.<ref name=morbid2007>{{cite journal|author=Sturm R |title=Increases in morbid obesity in the USA: 2000–2005 |journal=Public Health |volume=121 |issue=7|pages=492–6 |year=2007 |month=July |pmid=17399752 |pmc=2864630 |doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2007.01.006 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_public-health_2007-07_121_7/page/492}}</ref> * Any BMI ≥ 35 or 40 is ''severe obesity'' * A BMI of ≥ 35 or 40–44.9 or 49.9 is ''morbid obesity'' * A BMI of ≥ 45 or 50 is ''super obesity'' Kwa sababu watu wa asili ya [[Asia]] wameendelea kuathiriwa vibaya katika kiwango cha KUM cha chini kuliko kile cha [[Wazungu]], baadhi ya [[mataifa]] yamefasili upya unene wa kupindukia; [[Wajapani]] wameufasili kama kiwango chochote cha KUM kinachozidi 25<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kanazawa M, Yoshiike N, Osaka T, Numba Y, Zimmet P, Inoue S |title=Criteria and classification of obesity in Japan and Asia-Oceania|journal=Asia Pac J Clin Nutr |volume=11 Suppl 8 |issue= |pages=S732–S737 |year=2002 |month=December |pmid=12534701|doi= 10.1046/j.1440-6047.11.s8.19.x|url=}}</ref> huku [[China]] ikitumia kipimo cha KUM cha juu ya 28.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bei-Fan Z |title=Predictive values of body mass index and waist circumference for risk factors of certain related diseases in Chinese adults: study on optimal cut-off points of body mass index and waist circumference in Chinese adults |journal=Asia Pac J Clin Nutr |volume=11 Suppl 8 |issue= |pages=S685–93 |year=2002 |month=December|pmid=12534691 |doi= 10.1046/j.1440-6047.11.s8.9.x|url= |author2=Cooperative Meta-Analysis Group of Working Group on Obesity in China}}</ref> ==Madhara ya kiafya== Uzito uliozidi huhusianishwa na [[magonjwa]] mengi, hasa [[magonjwa ya moyo]] na [[mishipa]], [[kisukari aina ya 2]], [[apnea pingani ya usingizi]], aina fulani za [[saratani]], [[osteoathritisi]]<ref name=HaslamJames/> na [[pumu]]<ref>http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/24118.php</ref><ref name=HaslamJames/>. Matokeo yake ni kwamba unene wa kupindukia umetambulika kupunguza [[matarajio ya kuishi]].<ref name=HaslamJames/> ===Hatari ya kufa=== {{Double image|right|MenBMIMort.png|200|WomenBMIMort.png|200|alt=(Left) A graph showing how the risk of death varies with BMI. The lowest risk is found at a BMI of 20 to 25 and increases in both directions. (Right) A graph showing how the risk of death varies with BMI. The lowest risk is found at a BMI of 20 to 25 and increases in both directions.|Relative risk of death over 10 years for White men (left) and women (right) who have never smoked in the United States by BMI.<ref name=NEJM10>{{cite journal |author=Berrington de Gonzalez A |title=Body-Mass Index and Mortality among 1.46 Million White Adults |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=363 |issue=23 |pages=2211–9 |year=2010|month=December |pmid=21121834 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1000367 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2010-12-02_363_23/page/2210|pmc=3066051 |author-separator=,|display-authors=3}}</ref>||}} Unene wa kupindukia ni kati ya [[visababishi vya kifo vinavyozuilika]] kote ulimwenguni.<ref name=Barn1999/><ref>{{cite journal|author=Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL |title=Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000|journal=JAMA |volume=291 |issue=10 |pages=1238–45 |year=2004 |month=March |pmid=15010446 |doi=10.1001/jama.291.10.1238|url=http://www.csdp.org/research/1238.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name=Allison>{{cite journal |author=Allison DB, Fontaine KR, [[JoAnn E. Manson|Manson JE]], Stevens J, VanItallie TB |title=Annual deaths attributable to obesity in the United States |journal=JAMA |volume=282 |issue=16 |pages=1530–8 |year=1999 |month=October |pmid=10546692 |doi= 10.1001/jama.282.16.1530|url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/282/16/1530}}</ref> Utafiti mkuu wa Ulaya na Marekani umeonyesha kuwa hatari ya kufa iko chini zaidi katika kiwango cha KUM cha 20–25 kg/m²<ref name=NEJM10/><ref name=Lancet2009>{{cite journal |author=Whitlock G |title=Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies |journal=Lancet |volume=373 |issue=9669 |pages=1083–96 |year=2009|month=March |pmid=19299006 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60318-4 |url= |pmc=2662372 |author-separator=,|author2=Lewington S |author3=Sherliker P |display-authors=3 |last4=Sherliker |first4=P |last5=Clarke |first5=R|last6=Emberson |first6=J |last7=Halsey |first7=J |last8=Qizilbash |first8=N |last9=Collins |first9=R}}</ref> katika watu wasiovuta sigara na 24–27 kg/m² katika watu wanaoendelea kuvuta sigara, huku hatari hii ikiongezeka na mabadiliko kuelekea pande zote mbili.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Calle EE, Thun MJ, Petrelli JM, Rodriguez C, Heath CW |title=Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. adults |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=341 |issue=15 |pages=1097–105|year=1999 |month=October |pmid=10511607 |doi= 10.1056/NEJM199910073411501|url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/341/15/1097}}</ref><ref name=Euro2008>{{cite journal |author=Pischon T |title=General and abdominal adiposity and risk of death in Europe |journal=N. Engl. J. Med.|volume=359 |issue=20 |pages=2105–20 |year=2008 |month=November |pmid=19005195 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0801891 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2008-11-13_359_20/page/2104|author-separator=, |author2=Boeing H |author3=Hoffmann K |display-authors=3 |last4=Bergmann |first4=M. |last5=Schulze|first5=M.B. |last6=Overvad |first6=K. |last7=Van Der Schouw |first7=Y.T. |last8=Spencer |first8=E. |last9=Moons|first9=K.G.M.}}</ref>Kipimo cha Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili cha zaidi ya 32 kimehusishwa na ongezeko la mara mbili la vifo kwa wanawake kwa muda wa miaka 16.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Manson JE |title=Body weight and mortality among women |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_the-new-england-journal-of-medicine_1995-09-14_333_11/page/n57 |journal=N. Engl. J. Med.|volume=333 |issue=11 |pages=677–85 |year=1995 |pmid=7637744| doi = 10.1056/NEJM199509143331101 |author-separator=,|author2=Willett WC |author3=Stampfer MJ |display-authors=3 |last4=Colditz |first4=Graham A. |last5=Hunter|first5=David J. |last6=Hankinson |first6=Susan E. |last7=Hennekens |first7=Charles H. |last8=Speizer |first8=Frank E.}}</ref> Nchini Marekani, inakisiwa kuwa unene wa kupindukia husababisha zaidi ya vifo 111,909 hadi 365,000 kila mwaka,<ref name=HaslamJames>{{cite journal |author=Haslam DW, James WP|title=Obesity |journal=Lancet |volume=366 |issue=9492|pages=1197–209 |year=2005 |pmid=16198769 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67483-1}}</ref><ref name=Allison/> huku milioni 1 (7.7%) ya vifo katika nchi za Ulaya husababishwa na uzito uliozidi.<ref name=EuroG2008/><ref name=Euro2007>{{cite journal|author=Fried M |title=Inter-disciplinary European guidelines on surgery of severe obesity |journal=Int J Obes (Lond)|volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=569–77 |year=2007 |month=April |pmid=17325689 |doi=10.1038/sj.ijo.0803560 |url=|author-separator=, |author2=Hainer V |author3=Basdevant A |display-authors=3 |last4=Buchwald |first4=H |last5=Deitel|first5=M |last6=Finer |first6=N |last7=Greve |first7=J W M |last8=Horber |first8=F |last9=Mathus-Vliegen|first9=E}}</ref> Kwa wastani, unene hupunguza muda wa maisha miaka 6 hadi 7:<ref name=HaslamJames/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Peeters A, Barendregt JJ, Willekens F, Mackenbach JP, Al Mamun A, Bonneux L |title=Obesity in adulthood and its consequences for life expectancy: A life-table analysis |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=138 |issue=1 |pages=24–32 |year=2003 |month=January |pmid=12513041 |doi=|url=http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/138/1/24 | format=PDF |last7=Nedcom}}</ref>Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili cha 30–35 hupunguza miaka 2 hadi 4 matarajio ya kuishi<ref name=Lancet2009/> ilhali unene uliokithiri (Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili&nbsp;>&nbsp;40) hupunguza miaka 10 matarajio ya kuishi <ref name=Lancet2009/> ===Hali ya kuugua=== Unene wa kupindukia huongeza hatari ya hali nyingi za kimwili na kiakili. Ambatani hizi kwa kawaida huonyeshwa sana katika [[dalili]] za magonjwa ya [[metaboli]],<ref name=HaslamJames/> kama: [[kisukari aina ya 2]], [[shinikizo la juu la damu]], [[kolestro]], and [[hypertriglyceridemia]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Grundy SM |title=Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=89 |issue=6 |pages=2595–600|year=2004 |pmid=15181029 |doi=10.1210/jc.2004-0372}}</ref> Matatizo aidha husababishwa na unene moja kwa moja au kwa njia isiyo ya moja kwa moja inayohusiana kupitia utaratibu ulio na sababu sawa kama vile [[lishe duni]] au [[uzembe maishani]]. Uhusiano mkuu kati ya unene na hali maalum inatofautiana. Mojawapo ni [[kisukari aina ya 2]]. Mafuta ya ziada mwilini ndiyo kisababishi cha 64% ya kisukari kwa wanaume na 77% kwa wanawake.<ref>Seidell 2005 p.9</ref> Madhara ya kiafya huwa katika vikundi viwili vipana: * yale yanayotokana na madhara ya kiasi cha mafuta kilichozidi (kama vile [[osteoarthritisi]], [[apnea pingani ya usingizi]], kutengwa na jamii) na * yale yanayotokana na idadi iliyozidi ya [[seli za mafuta]] ([[kisukari]], [[saratani]], [[ugonjwa wa moyo na mishipa ya damu]], [[ugonjwa wa maini iliyo na mafuta usiohusiana na pombe]]).<ref name=HaslamJames/><ref name=Bray2004>{{cite journal |author=Bray GA |title=Medical consequences of obesity |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=89 |issue=6 |pages=2583–9 |year=2004 |pmid=15181027|doi=10.1210/jc.2004-0535}}</ref>Ongezeko la mafuta katika mwili hugeuza hali ambavyo mwili huitikia [[insulini]] hata kusababisha [[kupinga insulini]]. Ongezeko la mafuta pia husababisha [[inflamesheni]],<ref>{{cite journal|author=Shoelson SE, Herrero L, Naaz A |title=Obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gastroenterology_2007-05_132_6/page/2169 |journal=Gastroenterology|volume=132 |issue=6 |pages=2169–80 |year=2007 |month=May |pmid=17498510|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.059}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Shoelson SE, Lee J, Goldfine AB|title=Inflammation and insulin resistance |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=116 |issue=7 |pages=1793–801 |year=2006|month=July |pmid=16823477 |pmc=1483173 |doi=10.1172/JCI29069 |url=http://www.jci.org/articles/view/29069}}</ref> na kuandaa [[thrombosi]].<ref name=Bray2004/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Dentali F, Squizzato A, Ageno W|title=The metabolic syndrome as a risk factor for venous and arterial thrombosis |journal=Semin. Thromb. Hemost.|volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=451–7 |year=2009 |month=July |pmid=19739035 |doi=10.1055/s-0029-1234140}}</ref> ===Fumbo kuhusu kuendeleza uhai=== Ingawa madhara ya kiafya ya unene wa kupindukia miongoni mwa jumla ya watu imeungwa mkono na ushahidi uliopo, matokeo ya kiafya katika vikundi mahususi yanaonekana kuboreka kwa kiwango cha Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili kinachoongezeka. Tukio hilo linajulikana kama fumbo kuhusu kuendelea kuishi kwa watu walio na unene wa kupindukia.<ref name=Schmidt2007>{{cite journal |author=Schmidt DS, Salahudeen AK |title=Obesity-survival paradox-still a controversy? |journal=Semin Dial |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=486–92 |year=2007 |pmid=17991192|doi=10.1111/j.1525-139X.2007.00349.x}}</ref> Mara ya kwanza fumbo hili lilielezwa mwaka 1999, likiwakumba watu wenye unene wa kupindukia waliokuwa wakisafishwa damu,<ref name=Schmidt2007/> kisha kupatikana katika watu waliokuwa na [[mshtuko wa moyo]] na [[ugonjwa wa ateri za pembeni]] (UAP).<ref name=paradox2003>{{cite journal |author=|title=Behavioral counseling in primary care to promote a healthcite journal y diet: recommendations and rationale |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2003-06-15_67_12/page/2572|journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=67 |issue=12 |pages=2573–6 |year=2003 |month=June |pmid=12825847 |doi= |author1= U.S. Preventive Services Task Force }}</ref> Katika watu waliokuwa na mshtuko wa moyo, wale wenye kipimo cha Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili cha kati ya 30.0. na 34.9 walikuwa na kima cha vifo cha chini kuliko wenye uzito wa kawaida. Hii ni kwa sababu watu mara nyingi hupoteza uzito kadiri wanavyoendelea kuwa wagonjwa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Habbu A, Lakkis NM, Dokainish H |title=The obesity paradox: Fact or fiction?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-cardiology_2006-10-01_98_7/page/944 |journal=Am. J. Cardiol. |volume=98 |issue=7 |pages=944–8 |year=2006 |month=October |pmid=16996880|doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.04.039}}</ref> Matokeo sawa na haya yamepatikana katika aina nyingine za magonjwa ya moyo. Watu walio na unene wa kupindukia wa daraja la 1 na magonjwa ya moyo hawana kima cha matatizo ya moyo kuliko watu walio na uzito wa kawaida ambao wana matatizo ya moyo. Hata hivyo, katika watu walio na viwango vikubwa zaidi vya unene, hatari ya kutokea kwa matatizo ya ziada huongezeka.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Romero-Corral A |title=Association of bodyweight with total mortality and with cardiovascular events in coronary artery disease: A systematic review of cohort studies |journal=Lancet |volume=368|issue=9536 |pages=666–78 |year=2006 |pmid=16920472 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69251-9 |author-separator=,|author2=Montori VM |author3=Somers VK |display-authors=3 |last4=Korinek |first4=Josef |last5=Thomas |first5=Randal J|last6=Allison |first6=Thomas G |last7=Mookadam |first7=Farouk |last8=Lopez-Jimenez|first8=Francisco}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Oreopoulos A, Padwal R, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Fonarow GC, Norris CM, McAlister FA |title=Body mass index and mortality in heart failure: A meta-analysis |journal=Am. Heart J. |volume=156|issue=1 |pages=13–22 |year=2008 |month=July |pmid=18585492 |doi=10.1016/j.ahj.2008.02.014 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-heart-journal_2008-07_156_1/page/13}}</ref> Hata baada ya [[upasuaji wa kipenyo cha moyo]], hakuna ongezeko la vifo linalotambulika katika watu walio na uzito mkubwa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Oreopoulos A, Padwal R, Norris CM, Mullen JC, Pretorius V, Kalantar-Zadeh K|title=Effect of obesity on short- and long-term mortality postcoronary revascularization: A meta-analysis|journal=Obesity (Silver Spring) |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=442–50 |year=2008 |month=February |pmid=18239657|doi=10.1038/oby.2007.36}}</ref> Utafiti mmoja ulionyesha kuwa ongezeko la muda wa kuishi kwa watu wenye unene wa kupindukia husababishwa na matibabu madhubuti ambao watu hao hupata baada ya tukio la tatizo la moyo.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Diercks DB | title=The obesity paradox in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: Results from the Can Rapid risk stratification of Unstable angina patients Suppress ADverse outcomes with Early implementation of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines Quality Improvement Initiative | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-heart-journal_2006-07_152_1/page/140 | journal=Am Heart J | year=2006 | month=July | volume=152 |issue=1 | pages=140–8 | pmid=16824844 | doi=10.1016/j.ahj.2005.09.024| author-separator=,| author2=Roe MT|author3=Mulgund J| display-authors=3| last4=Pollack| first4=Charles V.| last5=Kirk| first5=J. Douglas| last6=Gibler|first6=W. Brian| last7=Ohman| first7=E. Magnus| last8=Smith| first8=Sidney C.| last9=Boden| first9=William E.}}</ref> Utafiti mwingine unaonyesha kuwa mtu anapouchukulia kwa makini [[ugonjwa wa muda mrefu wa kuzibika kwa mapafu]] (COPD) kwa walio na PDA, manufaa ya unene wa kupindukia hayapo tena.<ref name=paradox2003/> ==Visababishi== Katikia kiwango cha mtu binafsi, ujumlisho wa kula [[chakula kinachotoa nguvu]] na kutofanya [[mazoezi ya kimwili]] hudhaniwa kusababisha visa vingi zaidi vya unene wa kupindukia.<ref name=CADG2006/>Matukio machache sana husababishwa hasa na jeni, sababu za kimatibabu au ugonjwa wa akili.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bleich S, Cutler D, Murray C, Adams A |title=Why is the developed world obese? |journal=Annu Rev Public Health |volume=29 |pages=273–95 |year=2008 |pmid=18173389|doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090954}}</ref> Kinyume na matarajio, inakisiwa kuwa viwango vya unene wa kupindukia vinavyoongezeka katika jamii vinasababishwa na urahisi wa kupata chakula kinachovutia,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Drewnowski A, Specter SE|title=Poverty and obesity: the role of energy density and energy costs |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=79 |issue=1|pages=6–16 |year=2004 |month=January |pmid=14684391 |doi= |url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/79/1/6}}</ref>ongezeko la kutegemea gari na uzalishaji wa bidhaa kwa kutumia mitambo.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nestle M, Jacobson MF|title=Halting the obesity epidemic: a public health policy approach |journal=Public Health Rep |volume=115 |issue=1|pages=12–24 |year=2000 |pmid=10968581 |pmc=1308552 |doi= 10.1093/phr/115.1.12|url=}}</ref><ref name=James2008>{{cite journal |author=James WP |title=The fundamental drivers of the obesity epidemic |journal=Obes Rev |volume=9 |issue= Suppl 1 |pages=6–13 |year=2008 |month=March |pmid=18307693 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00432.x}}</ref> Uhakiki mmoja wa 2006 ulionyesha mambo mengine kumi yanayochangia katika ongezeko la unene wa kupindukia wa hivi majuzi: # kukosa usingizi wa kutosha, # [[matatizo ya mfumo wa mwili]] ([[vichafuzi vya mazingira]] vinavyotatiza umetaboli wa lipidi), # upungufu wa mabadiliko ya halijoto ya mazingira, # upungufu wa viwango vya [[kuvuta sigara]], kwa sababu uvutaji sigara hugandamiza hamu ya chakula, # kuendelea kutumia dawa zinazoweza kusababisha ongezeko la uzito wa mwili (kwa mfano, [[dawa ya kuzuia magonjwa ya akili yasiyo ya kawaida]]), # ongezeko la vikundi vya kikabila na umri vinavyoweza kukita zaidi, # ujauzito wa miaka ya uzeeni (jambo ambalo linaweza kusababisha hatari ya unene wa kupindukia katika watoto), # hatari za [[jenetikia|kijenetikia]]zinazoweza kupitishwa kutoka kizazi hadi kingine, # [[uteuzi wa kiasili]] kwa watu wenye kima cha juu zaidi cha Kielezo cha Uzito wa Mwili, na # [[kujamiiana kiubaguzi]] jambo ambalo huongeza vipengele hatari vya unene wa kupindukia (hii inaweza kuongezea idadi ya watu wanene sana kwa kuongezea kiwango cha tofauti kati ya idadi ya watu na uzito).<ref name="pmid16801930">{{cite journal|author=Keith SW |title=Putative contributors to the secular increase in obesity: Exploring the roads less traveled|journal=Int J Obes (Lond) |volume=30 |issue=11 |pages=1585–94 |year=2006 |pmid=16801930 |doi=10.1038/sj.ijo.0803326|url=http://www.nature.com/ijo/journal/v30/n11/full/0803326a.html |author-separator=, |author2=Redden DT|author3=Katzmarzyk PT |display-authors=3 |last4=Boggiano |first4=M M |last5=Hanlon |first5=E C |last6=Benca |first6=R M |last7=Ruden |first7=D |last8=Pietrobelli |first8=A |last9=Barger |first9=J L}}</ref> Ingawa kuna utafiti wa kutosha unaoonyesha jinsi taratibu hizi zinavyopelekea ongezeko la kutokea kwa unene wa kupindukia, utafiti huu bado haujaweza kutoa hitimisho kamili. Watafiti walioufanya wanasema kuwa inawezekana kuwa taratibu hizi zina athari ya kiwango cha chini kuliko zile zilizojadiliwa katika aya iliyotangulia. ===Chakula bora=== {{Double image|right|World map of Energy consumption 1961,2.svg|200|World map of Energy consumption 2001-2003.svg|200|alt=(Left) A world map with countries colored to reflect the food energy consumption of their people in 1961. North America, Europe, and Australia have relatively high intake, while Africa and Asia consume much less.(Right) A world map with countries colored to reflect the food energy consumption of their people in 2001–2003. Consumption in North America, Europe, and Australia has increased with respect to previous levels in 1971 Food consumption has also increased substantially in many parts of Asia. However, food consumption in Africa remains low.|Map of dietary energy availability per person per day in 1961 (left) and 2001–2003 (right) in kcal/person/day. {{Multicol}} {{legend|#b3b3b3|no data}} {{legend|#ffff65|<1600}} {{legend|#fff200|1600–1800}} {{legend|#ffdc00|1800–2000}} {{legend|#ffc600|2000–2200}} {{legend|#ffb000|2200–2400}} {{legend|#ff9a00|2400–2600}} {{Multicol-break}} {{legend|#ff8400|2600–2800}} {{legend|#ff6e00|2800–3000}} {{legend|#ff5800|3000–3200}} {{legend|#ff4200|3200–3400}} {{legend|#ff2c00|3400–3600}} {{legend|#cb0000|>3600}} {{Multicol-end}} ||}} [[File:World Per Person Energy Consumption.png|thumb|alt=A graph showing a gradual increase in global food energy consumption per person per day between 1961 and 2002.|Average per capita energy consumption of the world from 1961 to 2002<ref name=Earth09>{{cite web |url=http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/index.php?theme=8&variable_ID=212&action=select_countries |title=EarthTrends: Nutrition: Calorie supply per capita |work=World Resources Institute |accessdate=Oct. 18, 2009}}</ref>]] Kima cha ugavi wa nguvu za kimlo kwa kila mtu hutofautiana pakubwa katika maeneo na nchi mbali mbali. Kima hiki pia kimebadilika pakubwa kwa muda mrefu sasa.<ref name=Earth09/> Kutoka mwanzoni wa miaka ya 1970 hadi mwishoni wa kiaka ya 1990, wastani wa kalori kwa kila mtu kila siku (kiwango cha chakula kilichonunuliwa) uliongezeka katika maeneo yote duniani ila Mashariki mwa Uropa. Nchi ya Marekani ilikuwa na kima cha juu zaidi cha upatikanaji, ikiwa ni [[kalori]] 3,654 kwa kila mtu katika mwaka wa 1996. Kima hiki kiliongezeka zaidi hadi 3,754 katika mwaka wa 2003.<ref name=Earth09/> Katika miaka ya mwisho ya 1990 Uropa ilikuwa na kalori &nbsp3,394; kwa kila mtu. Katika maeneo yanayostawi kiuchumi ya Asia kulikuwa na kalori&nbsp2,648; kwa kila mtu na katika kusin mwa jangwa la Sahara, watu walikuwa na kalori &nbsp 2,176;kwa kila mtu.<ref name=Earth09/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/1470965/USDA-frsept99b|title=USDA: frsept99b |work=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=January 10, 2009}}</ref> Jumla ya kalori inayotumika imetambulika kuwa inahusiana na unene wa kupindukia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-003-x/2009004/article/10933-eng.htm |title=Diet composition and obesity among Canadian adults |work=Statistics Canada |accessdate=}}</ref> Upatikanaji mkubwa wa vielekezo kuhusu lishe<ref>{{cite web |author=National Control for Health Statistics | title=Nutrition For Everyone | publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | url=http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/nutrition/nutrition_for_everyone | accessdate=2008-07-09}}</ref>haujafaulu kutatua shida za kula kupita kiasi na uamuzi mbaya kuhusu lishe.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Marantz PR, Bird ED, Alderman MH |title=A call for higher standards of evidence for dietary guidelines |journal=Am J Prev Med|volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=234–40 |year=2008 |month=March |pmid=18312812 |doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2007.11.017|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-preventive-medicine_2008-03_34_3/page/234}}</ref> Kutoka mwaka wa 1971 hadi 2000, viwango vya unene wa kupindukia viliongezeka kutoka 14.5% hadi 30.9%.<ref name=Flegal2002>{{cite journal | author=Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL| title=Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2000 | journal=JAMA | year=2002 | month=October | volume=288| pages=1723–1727 |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/288/14/1723 | doi=10.1001/jama.288.14.1723 | pmid=12365955 |issue=14}}</ref> Katika kipindi hicho pia, wastani wa matumizi ya chakula kinachotoa nguvu yaliongezeka. Katika wanawake, wastani wa ongezeko hili ulikuwa kalori 335 kwa siku (1,542 mwaka wa 1971 na kalori 1,877 mwaka wa 2004), ilhali katika wanaume, wastani katika ongezeko hilo ulikuwa kalori 168 kwa siku (kalori 2,450 mwaka wa 1971 na kalori 2,618 mwaka wa 2004). Kiwango kikubwa cha nguvu hizi za ziada kilitokana na ongezeko la kutumia [[kabohidrati]] badala ya mafuta.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Wright JD, Kennedy-Stephenson J, Wang CY, McDowell MA, Johnson CL |title=Trends in intake of energy and macronutrients—United States, 1971–2000 | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep |year=2004 | month=February | volume=53 | issue=4 | pages=80–2 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5304a3.htm | pmid=14762332}}</ref> Vyanzo vya msingi vya kabohidrati hizi za ziada ni vinywaji vilivyo na sukari ambavyo vinakadiriwa kusababisha karibu 25% ya nguvu za kila siku katika vijana wakomavu Marekani, <ref name=Caballero>{{cite journal |author=Caballero B |title=The global epidemic of obesity: An overview|journal=Epidemiol Rev |volume=29 |issue= |pages=1–5 |year=2007 |pmid=17569676 |doi=10.1093/epirev/mxm012 |url=}}</ref>na [[chipsi]] za [[viazi]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mozaffarian|first=D|coauthors=Hao, T, Rimm, EB, Willett, WC, Hu, FB|title=Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2011-06-23_364_25/page/2392|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=2011 Jun 23|volume=364|issue=25|pages=2392–404|pmid=21696306|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1014296|pmc=3151731}}</ref> Utumiaji wa vinywaji vilivyo na sukari unaaminika kuchangia katika ongezeko la viwango vya unene wa kupindukia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB |title=Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review work=Statistics Canada | J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=274–88 |year=2006 |month=August |pmid=16895873 |doi=|url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/84/2/274 |pmc=3210834}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Olsen NJ, Heitmann BL |title=Intake of calorically sweetened beverages and obesity |journal=Obes Rev |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=68–75|year=2009 |month=January |pmid=18764885 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00523.x |url=}}</ref> Jinsi jamii nyingi zinavyoendelea kutegemea [[nguvu nyingi za chakula]], viwango vikubwa vya chakula na vyakula duni, ndivyo uhusiano wa utumiaji wa vyakula duni na unene wa kupindukia unavyoendelea kusababisha madhara. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Rosenheck R|title=Fast food consumption and increased caloric intake: a systematic review of a trajectory towards weight gain and obesity risk |journal=Obes Rev |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=535–47 |year=2008 |month=November |pmid=18346099|doi=10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00477.x |url=}}</ref> Nchini Marekani, utumiaji wa vyakula duni uliongezeka mara tatu huku utumiaji wa chakula chenye nguvu ukiongezeka mara nne kati ya mwaka 1977 na 1995.<ref>{{cite book |author=Lin BH, Guthrie J and Frazao E |editor=Frazão E |title=Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 750: America's Eating Habits: Changes and Consequences |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aib750/ |year=1999 |publisher=US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service |location=Washington, DC |pages=213–239 |chapter=Nutrient contribution of food away from home |access-date=2013-11-28 |archive-date=2002-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020611183104/http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aib750/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Sera za kilimo]] na [[ufundisanifu]] zinazozingatia mazingira nchini Marekani na barani Uropa zimesababisha kushuka kwa bei ya vyakula. Kule Marekani, hatua ya kupunguza bei ya mahindi, soya, ngano na mchele kupitia bili ya ukulima ya Marekani imepelekea kushuka kwa bei ya chakula cha viwandani ikilinganishwa na matunda na mboga.<ref>{{cite news|author=Pollan, Michael|title=You Are What You Grow|work=New York Times|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/22/magazine/22wwlnlede.t.html?ex=1186027200&en=bbe0f6a2c10e3b3c&ei=5070|date= 22 April 2007|accessdate= 2007-07-30}}</ref> Wakati mwingi, watu wanene kupindukia hawaripoti vyema jinsi wanavyotumia chakula ikilinganishwa na wale walio na uzito wa kawaida.<ref>Kopelman and Caterson 2005:324.</ref> Utafiti huu ni kwa mujibu wa uchunguzi wa watu uliofanyika katika chumba cha kipima kalori <ref>{{cite web|title=Metabolism alone doesn't explain how thin people stay thin |publisher=The Medical Post|work=John Schieszer|format=registration required}}</ref> na kwa kutazama moja kwa moja. ===Mwenendo wa kuzembea=== [[Mwenendo wa kuzembea]] huchangia pakubwa katika unene wa kupindukia.<ref>Seidell 2005 p.10</ref> Kote ulimwenguni, watu wengi wamegeukia kazi isiyohusisha nguvu nyingi za kimwili<ref name=WHO2009>{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/facts/obesity/en/ |title=WHO: Obesity and overweight |work=[[World Health Organization]] |accessdate=January 10, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218104805/http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/facts/obesity/en/ |archivedate=2008-12-18 }}</ref><ref name=WHOExercise>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_inactivity/en/index.html |title=WHO &#124; Physical Inactivity: A Global Public Health Problem |work=[[World Health Organization]] |accessdate=February 22, 2009}}</ref><ref name=Ness2006>{{cite journal |author=Ness-Abramof R, Apovian CM |title=Diet modification for treatment and prevention of obesity |journal=Endocrine |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=5–9 |year=2006 |month=February |pmid=16622287|doi=10.1385/ENDO:29:1:135 |url=}}</ref> na kwa wakati huu angalau 60% ya idadi ya watu duniani hupata mazoezi yasiyotosheleza.<ref name=WHOExercise/> Hii hasa ni kwa sababu ya ongezeko la kutumia mitambo katika uchukuzi, na teknologia inayosaidia sana kikazi huko nyumbani.T<ref name=WHO2009/><ref name=WHOExercise/><ref name=Ness2006/> Katika watoto, viwango vya kufanya mazoezi vinaonekana kushuka kwa sababu ya kutotembea sana na kutohusika katika somo la mazoezi ya mwili.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Salmon J, Timperio A |title=Prevalence, trends and environmental influences on child and youthphysical activity |journal=Med Sport Sci |volume=50 |issue= |pages=183–99 |year=2007 |pmid=17387258|doi=10.1159/000101391 |series=Medicine and Sport Science |isbn=978-3-318-01396-2 }}</ref> Mienendo ya dunia katika burudani ambapo watu huusika moja kwa moja[[mazoezi ya mwili]] inaendelea kufifia. [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] linaonyesha kuwa, ulimwenguni kote, watu wanaendelea kuhusika katika burudani isiyohusisha maoezi, ilhali katika utafiti mmoja huko Finland<ref>{{cite journal |author=Borodulin K, Laatikainen T, Juolevi A, Jousilahti P |title=Thirty-year trends of physical activity in relation to age, calendar time and birth cohort in Finnish adults |journal=Eur J Public Health |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=339–44 |year=2008|month=June |pmid=17875578 |doi=10.1093/eurpub/ckm092 |url=}}</ref> ulionyesha ongezeko, ilhali utafiti mwingine huko Marekani ulionyesha kuwa mazoezi katika burudani hayajabadilika sana.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Brownson RC, Boehmer TK, Luke DA |title=Declining rates of physical activity in the United States: what are the contributors?|journal=Annu Rev Public Health |volume=26 |issue= |pages=421–43 |year=2005 |pmid=15760296|doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144437 |url=}}</ref> Katika watoto na watu wazima, kuna uhusiano kati ya kutazama runinga na hatari ya unene wa kupindukia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gortmaker SL, Must A, Sobol AM, Peterson K, Colditz GA, Dietz WH |title=Television viewing as a cause of increasing obesity among children in the United States, 1986–1990 |journal=Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med |volume=150 |issue=4 |pages=356–62 |year=1996 |month=April |pmid=8634729|doi=10.1001/archpedi.1996.02170290022003}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Vioque J, Torres A, Quiles J |title=Time spent watching television, sleep duration and obesity in adults living in Valencia, Spain |journal=Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. |volume=24 |issue=12 |pages=1683–8 |year=2000 |month=December |pmid=11126224 |doi= 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801434|url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Tucker LA, Bagwell M |title=Television viewing and obesity in adult females |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=81 |issue=7 |pages=908–11 |year=1991 |month=July|pmid=2053671 |pmc=1405200 |doi= 10.2105/AJPH.81.7.908|url=http://www.ajph.org/cgi/reprint/81/7/908 |format=PDF}}</ref> Ukaguzi ulitambua kuwa 63 kati ya tafiti 73 (86%) zilionyesha ongezeko katika kiwango cha unene wa kupindukia wa utotoni pindi watoto wanavyofikia vyombo vya mawasiliano, huku viwango hivi vikiongezeka kulingana na muda unaotumika kutazama runinga.ref>{{cite web |url=http://ipsdweb.ipsd.org/uploads/IPPC/CSM%20Media%20Health%20Report.pdf |title=Media + Child and Adolescent Health: A Systematic Review |publisher=Common Sense Media |year=2008 |format=PDF |work=Ezekiel J. Emanuel |accessdate=April 6, 2009 |archive-date=2012-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122070205/http://ipsdweb.ipsd.org/uploads/IPPC/CSM%20Media%20Health%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Usomijeni=== [[File:La monstrua desnuda (1680), de Juan Carreño de Miranda..jpg|thumb|wima|alt=Mchoro wa msichana mweusi wa kike mwenye nywele nyeusi, mashavu ya waridi aliye uchi akiegemea meza. Msichana huyu ameshika zabibu na majani ya zabibu katika mkono wake wa kushoto ambayo yamezifunika jenitalia zake.| Mchoro uliochorwa mwaka wa 1680 na [[Juan Carreno de Miranda]], wa msichana aliyedhaniwa kuwa na [[sindromu ya Prader-Will]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esst.org/newsletter2000.htm |title=Case Study: Cataplexy and SOREMPs Without Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Prader Willi Syndrome. Is This the Beginning of Narcolepsy in a Five Year Old?|author=Mary Jones|publisher=European Society of Sleep Technologists|accessdate=April 6, 2009}}</ref>]] Kama magonjwa mengine mengi, unene wa kupindukia hutokana na mwingiliano kati ya vipengele vya kijeni na vya kimazingira. [[Upolimofi]] katika [[jeni]] nyingi zinazodhibiti [[hamu ya kula[[]] na [[umetaboli]]hupelekea unene wa kupindukia wakati nguvu za kutosha zinazotoka katika chakula zinapatikana. Katika mwaka wa 2006, zaidi ya 41 za sehemu hizi zimehusishwa na kuendelea kwa unene wa kupindukia wakati mazingira mwafaka yanapokuwepo.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Poirier P |title=Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss |journal=Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=968–76 |year=2006 |month=May |pmid=16627822 |doi=10.1161/01.ATV.0000216787.85457.f3|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_arteriosclerosis-thrombosis-and-vascular-biology_2006-05_26_5/page/968|author-separator=, |author2=Giles TD |author3=Bray GA |display-authors=3 |last4=Hong |first4=Y |last5=Stern|first5=JS |last6=Pi-Sunyer |first6=FX |last7=Eckel |first7=RH}}</ref> Watu walio na aina mbili za[[jeni ya FTO]] (jeni inayohusishwa na wingi wa mafuta na unene wa kupindukia) wamepatikana kwa wastani kuwa na uzito wa kilogramu 3-4]] &nbsp; zaidi na huwa katika hatari mara1.67 zaidi ya kukumbwa na unene wa kupindukia wakilinganishwa na wale wasio na hatari hii [[aleli]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Loos RJ, Bouchard C |title=FTO: the first gene contributing to common forms of human obesity |journal=Obes Rev |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=246–50|year=2008 |month=May |pmid=18373508 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00481.x |url=}}</ref> Asilimia ya unene wa kupindukia unaoweza kuhusishwa visababishi vya kijeni ni ya kubadilika kutoka 6% hadi 85% kulingana na idadi ya watu waliochunguzwa.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Yang W, Kelly T, He J |title=Genetic epidemiology of obesity |journal=Epidemiol Rev |volume=29 |issue=|pages=49–61 |year=2007 |pmid=17566051 |doi=10.1093/epirev/mxm004}}</ref> Unene wa kupindukia ni kipengele kikuu katika sindromu kadhaa kama vile [[sindromu ya Prader-Willi]], [[sindromu ya Bardet-Biedl]], [[sindromu ya Cohen]], na [[sindromu ya MOMO]]. Neno unene wa kupindukia usiosababishwa na sindromu hutumika wakati mwingine kuzitenga hali hizi.<ref name="pmid19506576">{{cite journal |author=Walley AJ, Asher JE, Froguel P |title=The genetic contribution to non-syndromic human obesity |journal=Nat. Rev. Genet. |volume= 10|issue= 7|pages= 431–42|year=2009|month=June |pmid=19506576 |doi=10.1038/nrg2594 |url=}}</ref> Kwa watu walio na mwanzo mkali wa mapema wa unene wa kupindukia (unaofasiliwa na mwanzo kabla ya umri wa miaka 10&nbsp; na kielezo cha uzani wa mwili zaidi ya tatu [[standard deviation]] zaidi ya kawaida), 7% huwa na kipimo kimoja cha mgeuko papale <ref>{{cite journal |author=Farooqi S, O'Rahilly S |title=Genetics of obesity in humans |journal=Endocr. Rev. |volume=27 |issue=7 |pages=710–18 |year=2006 |month=December |pmid=17122358 |doi=10.1210/er.2006-0040 |url=http://edrv.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/7/710 |access-date=2013-11-28 |archive-date=2010-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710170521/http://edrv.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/7/710 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Tafiti zilizolenga mitindo ya urithi badala ya jeni maalum zimetambua kuwa asilimia 80 ya watoto wa watu wawili walio wanene kupindukia walikuwa vilevile na unene wa kupindukia, ikilinganishwa na asilimia chini ya 10 ya watoto wa wazazi wawili waliokuwa na uzito wa kawaida.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kolata,Gina |title=Rethinking thin: The new science of weight loss&nbsp;– and the myths and realities of dieting |publisher=Picador |location= |year=2007 |page=122|isbn=0-312-42785-9}}</ref> [[Nadharia tete ya jeni yenye mafanikio]] hudai kuwa watu wana uwezekano mkubwa wa kupatwa na unene wa kupindukia kutokana na ukosefu wa chakula wakati wa mageuko ya binadamu. Uwezo wao wa kujinufaisha katika vipindi visivyo vya kawaida vya wingi kwa kuweka nguvu kama mafuta unaweza kuwafaa katika nyakati ambapo upatikanaji wa chakula si yakini na watu walio na hifadhi kubwa ya mafuta wanaweza kuwa na uwezekano mkubwa wa kuongoka[[njaa]]. Hata hivyo, huenda jamii zilizo na chakula kwa wingi zisizoee kujiwekea mafuta.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chakravarthy MV, Booth FW |title=Eating, exercise, and "thrifty" genotypes: Connecting the dots toward an evolutionary understanding of modern chronic diseases |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-applied-physiology_2004-01_96_1/page/3 |journal=J. Appl. Physiol.|volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=3–10 |year=2004 |pmid=14660491 |doi=10.1152/japplphysiol.00757.2003}}</ref> Nadharia hii imeweza kukosolewa sana na kupelelea kupendekezwa kwa nadharia zingine za kimageuko kama vile [[nadharia tete ya jeni isiyo na mkondo]] na[[fenotipu yenye mafanikio|nadharia tete ya fenotipu yenye mafanikio]]zilizopendekezwa. <ref>{{cite doi|10.1038/ijo.2009.175}}</ref><ref>{{cite doi|10.1002/ajhb.21100}}</ref> ===Maradhi mengine=== Maradhi mengine ya mwili na akili na dawa za kifamasia zinazotumiwa kuyatibu zinaweza kuongeza hatari ya unene wa kupindukia. Maradhi yanayoongeza hatari ya unene huo ni sindromu kadhaa za kijenetikia zisizo za kawaida (zilizoorodheshwa hapo juu) na aidha magonjwa mengine ya kuzaliwa nayo au ya kujitokeza baada ya kuzaliwa: [[uhipothiroidi]], [[Sindromu ya Cushing]], [[kukosa homoni ya kukua]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rosén T, Bosaeus I, Tölli J, Lindstedt G, Bengtsson BA |title=Increased body fat mass and decreased extracellular fluid volume in adults with growth hormone deficiency |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-endocrinology_1993-01_38_1/page/63 |journal=Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |year=1993 |pmid=8435887| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1993.tb00974.x}}</ref> na [[matatizo ya kula]]: [[matatizo ya kula yatokanayo na ulevi]] na [[sindromu ya kula usiku]].<ref name=HaslamJames/>.Hata hivyo, unene wa kupindukia hauchukuliwi kuwa tatizo la kiakili na kwa hiyo haujaorodheshwa katika Mwongozo wa Utambuzi na Takwimu za Maradhi ya Akili (DSM-IVR) kama maradhi ya akili.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Zametkin AJ, Zoon CK, Klein HW, Munson S |title=Psychiatric aspects of child and adolescent obesity: a review of the past 10 years |journal=J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=134–50 |year=2004 |month=February |pmid=14726719|doi=10.1097/00004583-200402000-00008}}</ref> Hatari ya uzito wa kupita kiasi na unene wa kupindukia iko juu kwa wagonjwa walio na maradhi ya akili kuliko kwa watu ambao hawana maradhi ya akili.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Chiles C, van Wattum PJ |title=Psychiatric aspects of the obesity crisis | journal=Psychiatr Times | year=2010 | volume=27 | issue=4 |pages=47–51}}</ref> Matibabu mengine yanaweza kusababisha kuongezeka kwa uzito au mabadiliko katika [[mchanganyiko wa mwili]]; nayo ni [[insulini]], [[salfonyilurea]], [[thiasolidinedioni]], [[dawa za magonjwa ya kiakili]], [[dawa ya unyogovu]], [[glucocorticoids|steroidi]], aina nyingine za [[dawa za mitukutiko]] ([[fenitoini]] na [[valproeati]]), [[pisotifeni]], na za [[uzuiaji mimba wa kihomoni]].<ref name=HaslamJames/> ===Vigezo vya kijamii=== Ingawa athari za kijenetiki ni muhimu katika kuelewa unene wa kupindukia, haziwezi kuwajibikia mkondo uliopo wa ongezeko katika nchi fulani au duniani.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Yach D, Stuckler D, Brownell KD |title=Epidemiologic and economic consequences of the global epidemics of obesity and diabetes |journal=Nat. Med. |volume=12 |issue=1|pages=62–6 |year=2006 |month=January |pmid=16397571 |doi=10.1038/nm0106-62 |url=}}</ref> Ingawa imekubalika kuwa utumizi wa nguvu zaidi ya kiasi kinachostahili kutumika husababisha unene wa kupindukia kibinafsi, kisababishi cha mageuko katika vipengele hivi viwili kwa kiwango cha jamii hujadiliwa sana. Kuna nadharia kadhaa zinazohusu visababishi vya unene wa kupindukia. Hata hivyo, nadharia nyingi zimeshikilia kuwa unene husababishwa na mchanganyiko wa vipengele tofauti. Uhusiano kati ya [[hadhi ya kijamii]] na Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili huwa tofauti ulimwenguni. Tathmini katika mwaka wa 1989 ilionyesha kuwa wanawake wenye hadhi ya juu ya kijamii katika nchi zinazostawii walikuwa na uwezekano mdogo wa kukumbwa na unene wa kupindukia. Hakuna tofauti muhimu zilizoonekana miongoni mwa wanaume wa hadhi tofauti za kijamii. Katika nchi zinazostawi, wanawake, wanaume na watoto kutoka katika hadhi ya juu ya kijamii walikuwa na viwango vikubwa vya unene wa kupindukia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sobal J, Stunkard AJ |title=Socioeconomic status and obesity: A review of the literature |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-bulletin_1989-03_105_2/page/260 |journal=Psychol Bull |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=260–75 |year=1989 |month=March |pmid=2648443|doi=10.1037/0033-2909.105.2.260}}</ref>. Toleo la tathmini hii uliofanyika mwaka wa 2007 ulionyesha uhusiano uo huo lakini ulikuwa dhaifu. Upungufu katika uthabiti wa uhusiano huo ulihisika kuwa uliotokana na [[utandawazi]].<ref name=McLaren2007>{{cite journal |author=McLaren L |title=Socioeconomic status and obesity |journal=Epidemiol Rev|volume=29 |issue= |pages=29–48 |year=2007 |pmid=17478442 |doi=10.1093/epirev/mxm001}}</ref> Katika nchi zilizostawi, viwango vya unene wa kupindukia kwa watu wazima, na asilimia ya watoto waliobalehe walio na uzani wa kupindukia vinahusiana na [[tofauti za kiuchumi|tofauti za kimapato]]. Uhusiano kama huu hunekana katika majimbo ya Marekani: watu wengi wazima, hata walio katika matabaka ya juu katika jamii wana unene wa kupindukia hata katika majimbo yaliyo na tofauti za kimapato.<ref name="spirit">{{cite book|title=[[The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better]]|last1=Wilkinson|first1=Richard|authorlink1=Richard G. Wilkinson|last2=Pickett|first2=Kate|publisher=Allen Lane|location=London|isbn=978-1-84614-039-6|year=2009|pages=91–101|url=http://www.equalitytrust.org.uk/why/evidence/obesity}}</ref> Maelezo mengi yametolewa yakilinganisha Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili na hadhi ya kijamii. Inadhaniwa mwilia mwilizo wa kumudu vyakula bora zaidi, nao huwa katika shinikizo zaidi la kusalia wembamba kutoka kwa jamii, na wana nafasi na matumaini makubwa ya kudumisha [[siha njema ya kimwili]]. Katika [[nchi zisizostawi]] inaaminika kuwa uwezo wa kumudu chakula, utumizi mkubwa wa nguvu katika kufanya kazi za sulubu, na tamaduni zinazothamini miili mikubwa huchangia katika kuleta mitindo hii.<ref name=McLaren2007/> Mitazamo inayoshikiliwa na watu kuhusu ukubwa wa mwili maishani pia inaweza kuchangia unene wa kupindukia. Uhusiano wa mabadiliko katika Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili kwa muda mrefu umeonekana miongoni mwa marafiki, ndugu na wachumba.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Christakis NA, [[James H. Fowler|Fowler JH]] |title=The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network over 32 Years |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2007-07-26_357_4/page/370 |journal= New England Journal of Medicine|volume=357 |issue=4|pages=370–379 |year=2007 |pmid=17652652 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsa066082}}</ref> Stress and perceived low social status appear to increase risk of obesity.<ref name="spirit" /><ref>{{cite journal|author=Bjornstop P|title=Do stress reactions cause abdominal obesity and comorbidities?|journal=Obesity Reviews|volume=2|issue=2|pages=73–86|year=2001|doi=10.1046/j.1467-789x.2001.00027.x|pmid=12119665}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Goodman E, Adler NE, Daniels SR, Morrison JA, Slap GB, Dolan LM|title=Impact of objective and subjective social status on obesity in a biracial cohort of adolescents|journal=Obesity Reviews|volume=11|issue=8|pages=1018–26|year=2003|pmid=12917508|doi=10.1038/oby.2003.140}}</ref> Uvutaji sigara huathiri pakubwa uzani wa mtu. Watu wanaokoma kuvuta sigara huongeza uzito kwa wastani wa kilo 4.4&nbsp; 9.7&nbsp;lb) katika wanaume na kilo 5.0&nbsp;(11.0&nbsp;lb) katika wanawake kwa muda wa miaka kumi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Flegal KM, Troiano RP, Pamuk ER, Kuczmarski RJ, Campbell SM |title=The influence of smoking cessation on the prevalence of overweight in the United States |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=333 |issue=18 |pages=1165–70 |year=1995 |month=November |pmid=7565970 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199511023331801 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/333/18/1165 |access-date=2013-11-28 |archive-date=2003-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030405192136/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/333/18/1165 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Hata hivo mabadiliko katika viwango vya uvutaji yamekuwa na matokeo duni kwa viwango vya jumla vya unene wa kupindukia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chiolero A, Faeh D, Paccaud F, Cornuz J |title=Consequences of smoking for body weight, body fat distribution, and insulin resistance|journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=801–9 |date=1 April 2008|pmid=18400700|url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/87/4/801 }}</ref> Nchini Marekani, idadi ya watoto alionao mtu inahusiana na hatarisho lao la unene wa kupindukia. Hatari ya mwanamke huongezeka kwa 7% kwa kila mtoto, ilhali hatarisho la mwanamume huongezeka kwa 4%.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Weng HH, Bastian LA, Taylor DH, Moser BK, Ostbye T |title=Number of children associated with obesity in middle-aged women and men: results from the health and retirement study |journal=J Women's Health (Larchmt) |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=85–91 |year=2004|pmid=15006281 |doi=10.1089/154099904322836492}}</ref> Hii inaweza kuelezwa kwa kiasi fulani kutokana na ukweli kwamba kuwa na watoto wanaokutegemea hupunguza shughuli za kimwili kwa wazazi katika nchi za Ulaya na Marekani.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bellows-Riecken KH, Rhodes RE |title=A birth of inactivity? A review of physical activity and parenthood |journal=Prev Med |volume=46|issue=2 |pages=99–110 |year=2008 |month=February |pmid=17919713 |doi=10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.08.003}}</ref> Katika nchi zinazostawi, ukuaji wa miji unachangia katika kiwango kinachoongezeka cha unene wa kupindukia. Nchini [[Uchina]]viwango vya jumla vya unene wa kupindukia viko chini ya asilimia 5; hata hivyo, katika miji mingine, viwango vya unene wa kupindukia ni zaidi ya asilimia 20.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/media/en/gsfs_obesity.pdf |title=Obesity and Overweight |format=PDF|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |accessdate=February 22, 2009}}</ref> [[Utapiamlo]] mwanzoni mwa maisha umeaminika kuchangia katika viwango vinavyoongezeka vya unene wa kupindukia katika[[nchi zinazostawi]].<ref name=DC2001>{{cite journal |author=Caballero B |title=Introduction. Symposium: Obesity in developing countries: biological and ecological factors |journal=J. Nutr. |volume=131 |issue=3 |pages=866S–870S |year=2001|month=March |pmid=11238776 |doi= |url=http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/131/3/866S}}</ref>Mabadiliko ya endokrini yanayotokea katika vipindi vya utapiamlo yanaweza kuendeleza uhifadhiwaji wa mafuta mara tu chakula zaidi kiletacho nguvu kinapopatikana.<ref name=DC2001/> Sawa na data za [[epidemiolojia tambuzi|epidemiolojia tambuzi]], na tafiti nyingi huthibitisha kuwa unene wa kupindukia unahusiana na upungufu katika utambuzi. <ref name="Smith2011"> {{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00920.x|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00920.x/abstract|doi_brokendate=1-1-2012|author1=<Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.>}}</ref> Iwapo unene wa kupindukia husababisha upungufu katika utambuzi kwa vyovyote vile bado haijulikani kwa sasa. ===Vikolezo viambukizi=== Utafiti wa jinsi vikolezo viambukizi vinavyoathiri umetaboli ungali katika hatua zake za kwanza. [[Flora ya utumbo]] imeonekana kutofautiana kati ya watu wembamba na wale walio na unene wa kupindukia. Kuna ishara kuwa flora ya utumbo katika watu wanene kupindukia na wale wembamba inaweza kuathiri uwezo wa umetaboli. Mabadiliko haya dhahiri katika uwezo wa umetaboli yanaaminika kuchangia kwa kiwango kikubwa katika kuvuna nguvu zinazosababisha unene wa kupindukia. Iwapo tofauti hizi ndizo visababishi vya moja kwa moja au ndiyo matokeo ya unene wa kupindukia, bado haijabainishwa kwa kiasi kisichopotosha<ref>{{cite journal |author=DiBaise JK, Zhang H, Crowell MD, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Decker GA, Rittmann BE |title=Gut microbiota and its possible relationship with obesity |journal=Mayo Clinic proceedings. Mayo Clinic |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=460–9 |year=2008 |month=April |pmid=18380992|doi=10.4065/83.4.460}}</ref> Uhusiano kati ya [[virusi]] na unene wa kupindukia umeonekana kwa wanadamu na spishi kadhaa za wanyama. Kiasi ambacho ushirikiano huu unaweza kuwa umechangia katika kuongezeka kwa kiwango cha unene wa kupindukia bado hakijabainishwa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Falagas ME, Kompoti M |title=Obesity and infection |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=6 |issue=7|pages=438–46 |year=2006 |month=July |pmid=16790384 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70523-0 |url=}}</ref> ==Pathofiziolojia== [[File:Fatmouse.jpg|thumb|alt=Panya wawili weupe wenye masikio yanayotoshana, macho meusi na pua za waridi. Hata hivyo upana wa mwili wa panya aliye kushoto ni takribani mara tatu zaidi ya ule wa panya wa kulia aliye na ukubwa wa kawaida.|Ulinganisho wa panya asiyeweza kutoa [[leptini]] na hatimaye kupelekea unene wa kupindukia (kushoto) na panya wa kawaida (kulia)]] Flier anafupisha taratibu nyingi za [[pathofiziolojia]] zinazohusika katika ukuaji na udhibiti wa unene wa kupindukia.<ref name="flier">{{cite journal | author=Flier JS | title=Obesity wars: Molecular progress confronts an expanding epidemic Molecular progress confronts an expanding epidemic | journal=Cell | year=2004 | pages=337–50 | volume=116 | issue=2 | pmid=14744442 | doi = 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)01081-X}}</ref> Kitengo hiki cha utafiti kilikuwa hakijaangaziwa hadi mwaka wa 1994[[leptini]] ilipogunduliwa. Tangu ugunduzi huu ulipofanyika, taratibu zingine nyingi za homoni zinazohusika katika udhibiti wa [[hamu ya kula]] na ulaji, mitindo ya uhifadhi ya [[tishu ya mafuta]] na ukuaji wa [[ukinzani kwa insulini zimefumbuliwa]]. Tangu kuvumbuliwa kwa leptini, [[grelin]], [[insulini]], [[oreksini]], [[PYY 3-36]], [[kolesistokinini]],[[adiponektini]], na vipengele vinginevyo zimechunguzwa. [[Adipokini]] ni chembe zinazoundwa na tishu ya mafuta; utendakazi wake unadhaniwa kubadilisha magonjwa mengi yanayohusiana na unene wa kupindukia. Inachukuliwa kuwa leptini na grelini hufanya kazi pamoja katika jinsi zinavyoathiri hamu ya kula; huku grelini, inayotolewa na tumbo, ikirekebisha uthibiti wa muda mfupi wa hamu ya kula (yaani kula wakati ambapo tumbo liko tupu na kukoma tumbo inapotanuka). Leptini hutolewa na tishu ya mafuta kuchochea hifadhi za mafuta mwilini na kupatanisha uthibiti wa muda mrefu wa hamu ya kula (yaani, kula kwa wingi ambapo hifadhi za mafuta ziko chini na kula kiasi kidogo zinapokuwa juu). Ingawa utoaji wa leptini unaweza kufaa katika kikundi kidogo cha watu wenye unene wa kupindukia walio na upungufu wa leptini, watu wengi wenye unene huu hufikiriwa kuwa wenye ukinzani wa leptini na wamepatikana kuwa na viwango vya juu vya leptini.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Hamann A, Matthaei S |title=Regulation of energy balance by leptin |journal=Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes|volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=293–300 |year=1996 |pmid=8886745 |doi=10.1055/s-0029-1211457}}</ref> Ukinzani huu hufikiriwa kueleza kwa kiasi fulani sababu inayofanya utoaji wa leptini usionekane kufaa katika kukandamiza hamu ya kula kwa watu wengi walio na unene wa kupindukia.<ref name="flier"/> [[File:Leptin.png|thumb|kushoto|alt=Modeli ya mitazamo mitatu iliyo na jozi mbili za nguzo mkabala zilizopinda na kushikanishwa pamoja kwenye miisho na sehemu zingine zilizopangwa katika mistari.||Kielelezo cha molekuli ya leptini]] Ingawa leptini na grelini hutolewa pembezoni, zinadhibiti hamu ya kula kupitia jinsi zinavyoathiri[[mfumo mkuu wa neva]]. Hasa, leptini na grelini, na homoni zingine zinazohusiana na hamu ya kula huichochea [[hipothalamasi]], sehemu ya ubongo iliyo muhimu zaidi katika kudhibiti ulaji na utumiaji wa nguvu. Kuna mizunguko kadhaa katika hipothalamasi inayochangia kwenye jukumu lake katika kuongeza na kudumisha hamu ya kula, ambapo[[melanokotini]] ndiyo njia inayoeleweka vizuri sana.<ref name="flier"/> Mzunguko huu huanzia katika sehemu ya hipothalamasi iitwayo [[kiini akueti]], ambayo matokeo yake huenda kwenye [[hipothalamasi ya pembeni]] na [[hipothalamasi inayotambua shibe]], sehemu za ubongo zinazodhibiti kula na shibe mtawalia.<ref>{{cite book |author=Boulpaep, Emile L.; Boron, Walter F. |title=Medical physiologya: A cellular and molecular approach |url=https://archive.org/details/medicalphysiolog0000boro_a6j9 |publisher=Saunders|location=Philadelphia |year=2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/medicalphysiolog0000boro_a6j9/page/n1227 1227]|isbn=0-7216-3256-4}}</ref> Kiini akueti kina makundi mawili tofauti ya [[nyuroni]].<ref name="flier"/> Kundi la kwanza hudhirisha [[nuropeptaidi Y]] na [[peptaidi inayohusiana na agouti]] kwa pamoja na kuchangia katika kuichochea hipothalamasi ya pembeni na kuikandamiza hipothalamasi inayotambua shibe. Kundi la pili hudhihirisha [[pro-opiomelanokotini]] na [[nakala inayodhitiwa na kokeni na amfetamini]] (NIKA) na huchangia katika kuichochea hipothalamasi inayotambua shibe na kuikandamiza hipothalamasi ya pembeni. Kwa hiyo, nyuroni za nuropetaidi Y/peptaidi inayohusiana na agouti (NPY/AgRP) huchochea kula na kuzuia kushiba, ilhali nuroni za POMC/NIKA huchochea kushiba na kuzuia kula. Makundi yote mawili ya nuroni za kiini akueti nuroni hudhibitiwa kwa kiasi fulani na leptini. Leptini hukandamiza kundi la nuropetaidi Y/peptaidi inayohusiana na agouti (NPY/AgRP) huku ikilichochea kundi la POMC/NIKA. Kwa hivyo, ukosefu wa uchochelezi wa leptini, iwe ni kutokana na ukosefu wa leptini au ukinzani kwa leptin, hupelekea kula zaidi na inaweza kusababisha unene wa kupindukia wa kijenetikia na wa kupatikana maishani.<ref name="flier"/> {{clear}} ==Afya ya umma== [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] (WHO) linatabiri kuwa hivi karibuni, [[uzito wa kupita kiasi]] na unene wa kupindukia unaweza kuchukua nafasi ya matatizo ya jadi ya [[afya ya umma]] kama vile [[utapiamlo]] na [[magonjwa ya kuambukiza]] kama visababishi vikuu vya afya duni.<ref>{{cite book |author=Loscalzo, Joseph; Fauci, Anthony S.; Braunwald, Eugene; Dennis L. Kasper; Hauser, Stephen L; Longo, Dan L. |title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |location=|year=2008 |pages= |isbn=0-07-146633-9 |oclc=|doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> Unene wa kupindukia ni tatizo la afya ya umma na la kisera kwa sababu yaueneaji wake, gharama na athari za kiafya.<ref>{{cite book | author=Satcher D | title=The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity | year=2001 | publisher=U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of Surgeon General | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44206/|isbn=978-0-16-051005-2}}</ref> Juhudi za afya ya umma hulenga kuelewa na kurekebisha mazingira yanayochangia kukithiri kwa unene wa kupindukia miongoni mwa watu. Suluhisho hutazamia kubadilisha mambo yanayosababisha utumiaji zaidi wa vyakula viletavyo nguvu na kukandamiza shughuli/mazoezi ya mwili. Juhudi ni programu za milo zinazofadhiliwa na serikali katika shule, kupunguza uuzaji wa[[chakula visivyo bora]] kwa watoto, <ref>{{cite news | author=Brook Barnes | title=Limiting Ads of Junk Food to Children |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/18/business/18food.html | work=New York Times | date=2007-07-18 |accessdate=2008-07-24}}</ref> na kupunguza upatikanaji wa vinywanji vyenye sukari katika shule.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.healthfinder.gov/news/newsstory.aspx?docID=625759 |title=Fewer Sugary Drinks Key to Weight Loss -healthfinder.gov |work=U.S.. Department of Health and Human Services |accessdate=Oct 18,2009 |archivedate=2012-11-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116045620/http://www.healthfinder.gov/news/newsstory.aspx?docID=625759 }}</ref> Juhudi zimefanywa katika uundaji wa mazingira ya miji ili kuongeza ufikiaji wa bustani na kutengeneza njia za waendao kwa miguu.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Brennan Ramirez LK | title=Indicators of activity-friendly communities: An evidence-based consensus process | journal=Am J Prev Med | year=2006 | month=December | issue=6 | pages=530–32 | pmid=17169714 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-preventive-medicine_2006-12_31_6/page/530|doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2006.07.026 | volume=31 | author-separator=, | author2=Hoehner CM | author3=Brownson RC |display-authors=3 | last4=Cook | first4=R | last5=Orleans | first5=C | last6=Hollander | first6=M | last7=Barker |first7=D | last8=Bors | first8=P | last9=Ewing | first9=R}}</ref> Nchi nyingi pamoja na vikundi vimechapisha ripoti zinazohusu unene wa kupindukia. Mnamo mwaka wa 1998, miongozo ya kwanza ya serikali ya shirikisho ya Marekani ilichapishwa kwa jina "Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report" (Mwongozo wa Kitabibu kuhusu Utambuzi, Utathmini na Matibabu ya Unene na Unene wa Kupindukia katika Watu Wazima).<ref>{{cite book |author=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute|title=Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults|publisher=International Medical Publishing, Inc |location=|year= 1998 |isbn=1-58808-002-1 |oclc=|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/ob_gdlns.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2006 [[Mfumo wa Unene wa Kupindukia wa Kanada]] ulichapisha "Canadian Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) on the Management and Prevention of Obesity in Adults and Children" [Taratibu za Kitabibu za Kanada zinazohusu Udhibiti na uzuiaji wa Unene wa Kupindukia kwa Watu Wazima na Watoto] Huu ni utaratibu wa kina unaozingatia ushahidi ili kushughulikia udhibiti na uzuiaji wa uzani wa kupita kiasi na unene wa kupindukia kwa watu wazima na watoto.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lau DC, Douketis JD, Morrison KM, Hramiak IM, Sharma AM, Ur E |title=2006 Canadian clinical practice guidelines on the management and prevention of obesity in adults and children summary |journal=CMAJ |volume=176 |issue=8|pages=S1–13 |year=2007 |month=April |pmid=17420481 |pmc=1839777|doi=10.1503/cmaj.061409 |url=http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/176/8/S1}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2004 nchini Uingereza, [[Chuo cha Mafizishiani cha Royal]], [[Kitengo cha Afya ya Umma]] na [[Chuo cha Pediatria na Afya ya Watoto]] vilitoa ripoti, “Kuhifadhi Matatizo", iliyodokeza kuhusu kuongezeka kwa tatizo la unene wa kupindukia nchini Uingereza. <ref>{{cite book |title=Storing up problems; the medical case for a slimmer nation |date=2004-02-11|publisher=Royal College of Physicians |location= London|isbn=1-86016-200-2 |author=}}</ref> Mwaka huohuo, Kamati Teule ya Afya ya Bunge la Uingereza ilichapisha "uchunguzi wake wa kina zaidi [...] uliowahi kufanywa kuhusu athari ya unene wa kupindukia kwa afya na jamii nchini Uingereza na njia mwafaka zinazoweza kutumiwa katika kutatua tatizo hili.<ref name =GB2004>{{cite book |author=Great Britain Parliament House of Commons Health Committee |title=Obesity– Volume 1 – HCP 23-I, Third Report of session 2003–04. Report, together with formal minutes|url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmhealth/23/2302.htm|accessdate=2007-12-17|year=2004 |month=May|publisher=TSO (The Stationery Office)|location=London, UK|isbn=978-0-215-01737-6}}</ref> Mwaka wa 2006, [[Taasisi ya Kitaifa ya Afya na Ubora wa Kitabibu]] ilitoa utaratibu wa kutambua na kutibu unene wa kupindukia na vilevile athari za kisera kwa mashirika yasiyo ya kiafya kama vile mabaraza ya mitaa<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG43NICEGuideline.pdf |title=Obesity: guidance on the prevention, identification, assessment and management of overweight and obesity in adults and children|publisher=[[National Health Services]] (NHS)|year= 2006|format=PDF |work=National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence(NICE)|accessdate=April 8, 2009}}</ref> Ripoti iliyotolewa na Bwana [[Derek Wanless]] mwaka wa 2007 kwa [[Hazina ya Mfalme]] ilionya kuwa iwapo hatua zaidi hazitachukuliwa, unene wa kupindukia una uwezo wa kulemaza [[Huduma ya Afya ya Kitaifa]]kifedha.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wanless |first=Sir Derek |coauthors=John Appleby, Anthony Harrison, Darshan Patel|title=Our Future Health Secured? A review of NHS funding and performance|url=http://www.kingsfund.org.uk/research/publications/our_future.html|accessdate=2007-12-17 |year=2007 |publisher=The King's Fund|location=London, UK |isbn=1-85717-562-X}}</ref> Hatua za kina zinabuniwa ili kuthibiti viwango vinavyoongezeka vya unene wa kupindukia. Mfumo wa Sera ya Kukabiliana na Unene wa Kupindukia hugawanya hatua kwa sera za ‘juu’, sera za ‘katikati’ na sera za ‘chini’. Sera za ‘juu’ zinalenga kubadilisha jamii, sera za ‘kati’ hujaribu kubadilisha mienendo ya watutu ili kuzuia unene wa kupindukia nazo sera za ‘chini’ hujaribu kuwahudumia wale ambao tayari wameathirika.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sacks G, Swinburn B, Lawrence M|title=Obesity Policy Action framework and analysis grids for a comprehensive policy approach to reducing obesity|journal=Obes Rev |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=76–86 |year=2009 |month=January|pmid=18761640|doi=10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00524.x |url=}}</ref> ==Udhibiti== [[File:Obesity Med2008.JPG|thumb|alt=Kifurushi cha kadibodi kinachotumika kupakia aina mbili za dawa zinazotumika kutibu unene wa kupindukia. Orlistat imeonyeshwa hapo juu chini ya jina la chapa la Xenical kwa kifurushi cheupe kilicho na nembo ya Roche kwa kona hapo chini upande wa kulia (jina Roche lililo kwenye pembe sita). Sibutramine iko hapo chini, chini ya chapa Meridia. Kifurushi kina rangi nyeupe upande wa juu na samawati upande wa chini zilizotenganishwa na utepe wa kupima. Herufi A ya Abbott iko kwenye nusu ya chini ya kifurushi.|kulia|[[Orlistat]] (Xenical), tiba inayotumika sana katika kutibu unene wa kupindukia, na [[sibutramine]](Meridia) dawa iliyoondolewa hivi karibuni kutokana na athari zake kwa moyo]] Matibabu makuu ya unene wa kupindukia ni [[kudhibiti jinsi unavyokula]] and [[mazoezi ya mwili]].<ref name=CADG2006>{{cite journal|author=Lau DC, Douketis JD, Morrison KM, Hramiak IM, Sharma AM, Ur E |title=2006 Canadian clinical practice guidelines on the management and prevention of obesity in adults and children summary |journal=CMAJ |volume=176 |issue=8|pages=S1–13 |year=2007 |month=April |pmid=17420481 |pmc=1839777 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.061409 |url=}}</ref>Mipango ya lishe inaweza kupelekea [[kupoteza uzito]]kwa kipindi cha muda mfupi<ref name=Strychar>{{cite journal |author=Strychar I |title=Diet in the management of weight loss |journal=CMAJ |volume=174 |issue=1 |pages=56–63 |year=2006 |month=January |pmid=16389240|pmc=1319349 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.045037 |url=http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/174/1/56}}</ref> lakini kudumisha kiwango hiki cha kupoteza uzito mara nyingi huwa vigumu na hivyo huhitaji kudumisha mwenendo wa maisha ya mazoezi ya kimwili na kula chakula kilicho na kiwango cha chini cha nguvu.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Shick SM, Wing RR, Klem ML, McGuire MT, Hill JO, Seagle H|title=Persons successful at long-term weight loss and maintenance continue to consume a low-energy, low-fat diet|journal=J Am Diet Assoc |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=408–13 |year=1998 |month=April |pmid=9550162|doi=10.1016/S0002-8223(98)00093-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Tate DF, Jeffery RW, Sherwood NE, Wing RR|title=Long-term weight losses associated with prescription of higher physical activity goals. Are higher levels of physical activity protective against weight regain? |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=954–9|date=1 April 2007|pmid=17413092 |url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/85/4/954}}</ref>Kufanikiwa kudumisha kiwango cha kupoteza uzani na mabadiliko katika mienenbo ni chini mno kati ya asilimia 2 - asilimia 20.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Wing, Rena R; Phelan, Suzanne|title=Science-Based Solutions to Obesity: What are the Roles of Academia, Government, Industry, and Health Care? Proceedings of a symposium, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 10–11 March 2004 and Anaheim, California, USA, 2 October 2004 |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=82 |issue=1 Suppl |pages=207S–273S |date=1 July 2005|pmid=16002825|url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/82/1/222S }}</ref>Mabadiliko ya kilishe na kimienendo ni muhimu katika kudhibiti uongezaji wa kupita kiasi wa uzani katika [[ujauzito]] na kuboresha hali ya mama na mtoto.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Thangaratinam|first=S|coauthors=Rogozinska, E; Jolly, K; Glinkowski, S; Roseboom, T; Tomlinson, JW; Kunz, R; Mol, BW; Coomarasamy, A; Khan, KS|title=Effects of interventions in pregnancy on maternal weight and obstetric outcomes: meta-analysis of randomised evidence|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=2012 May 16|volume=344|pages=e2088|pmid=22596383|pmc=3355191|doi=10.1136/bmj.e2088}}</ref> Aina moja ya dawa, [[Orlistat]] (Xenical), inapatikana kwa urahisi na imeidhinishwa kwa matumizi ya muda mrefu. Hata hivyo, kupoteza uzito ni jambo la kadri kwa wastani wa kilogramu 2.9 &nbsp;kg (6.4&nbsp;lb) kwa mwaka 1 hadi 4&nbsp;na kuna habari kidogo kuhusu jinsi dawa hizi zinavyoathiri matatizo ya muda mrefu ya unene wa kupindukia.<ref name=Orli07>{{cite journal |author=Rucker D, Padwal R, Li SK, Curioni C, Lau DC |title=Long term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight: updated meta-analysis |journal=BMJ|volume=335 |issue=7631 |pages=1194–99 |year=2007 |pmid=18006966 |doi=10.1136/bmj.39385.413113.25|url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/335/7631/1194 |pmc=2128668}}</ref> Matumizi yake yanahusiana na viwango vya juu vya athari kwa utumbo <ref name=Orli07/> and concerns have been raised about negative effects on the kidneys.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wood|first=Shelley|title=Diet Drug Orlistat Linked to Kidney, Pancreas Injuries|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/740855?src=mp&spon=30|work=Medscape|publisher=Medscape News|accessdate=26 April 2011}}</ref> Aina zingine mbili za dawa pia zinapatikana [[Lorcaserin]](Belviq) hupelekea upotezaji wa uzito kwa wastani kilogramu 3.1&nbsp; (asilimia 3 ya uzani wa mwili) zaidi ya plasebo kwa muda wa mwaka mmoja.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bays|first=HE|title=Lorcaserin: drug profile and illustrative model of the regulatory challenges of weight-loss drug development|journal=Expert review of cardiovascular therapy|date=2011 Mar|volume=9|issue=3|pages=265–77|pmid=21438803|doi=10.1586/erc.10.22}}</ref> Mchanganyiko wa [[Phentermine/topiramate|phentermine na topiramate]] (Qsymia) pia ni bora kwa kiwango fulani.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bays HE, Gadde KM |title=Phentermine/topiramate for weight reduction and treatment of adverse metabolic consequences in obesity |journal=Drugs Today |volume=47 |issue=12 |pages=903–14 |year=2011 |month=December|pmid=22348915 |doi=10.1358/dot.2011.47.12.1718738 |url=}}</ref> Njia mwafaka zaidi ya kutibu unene wa kupindukia ni [[upasuaji wa kibariatriki]]. Upasuaji kwa mujibu wa unene mkali wa kupindukia unahusiana na upotezaji wa uzito kwa muda mrefu na upunguaji katika vifo kwa ujumla. Utafiti mmoja ulitambua upotezaji wa uzito wa kati wa asilimia 14 na 25 (kulingana na utaratibu uliofuatwa) kwa miaka 10&nbsp; na upunguaji wa asilimia 29 katika vifo vitokanavyo na unene huu ikilinganishwa na hatua za kawaida za upotezaji wa uzito.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sjöström L |title=Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=357 |issue=8 |pages=741–52 |year=2007 |month=August|pmid=17715408 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa066254 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2007-08-23_357_8/page/740|author-separator=, |author2=Narbro K |author3=Sjöström CD|display-authors=3 |last4=Karason |first4=Kristjan |last5=Larsson |first5=Bo |last6=Wedel |first6=Hans |last7=Lystig|first7=Ted |last8=Sullivan |first8=Marianne |last9=Bouchard |first9=Claude}}</ref> Hata hivyo, kutokana na gharama yake na hatari ya matatizo, watafiti wanatafuta tiba zingine mwafaka ilhali zisizo na madhara. {{clear}} ==Epidemiolojia== {{Double image|right|World map of Male Obesity, 2008.svg|200|World map of Female Obesity, 2008.svg|200|World obesity prevalence among males (left) and females (right).<ref name=IOTF2008>{{cite web|url=http://www.iotf.org/database/documents/GlobalPrevalenceofAdultObesity16thDecember08.pdf |title=Global Prevalence of Adult Obesity |format=PDF |work=[[International Obesity Taskforce]] |accessdate=January 29, 2008}}</ref> {{Multicol}} {{legend|#ffff65|<5%}} {{legend|#fff200|5–10%}} {{legend|#ffdc00|10–15%}} {{Multicol-break}} {{legend|#ffc600|15–20%}} {{legend|#ffb000|20–25%}} {{legend|#ff9a00|25–30%}} {{Multicol-break}} {{legend|#ff8400|30–35%}} {{legend|#ff6e00|35–40%}} {{legend|#ff5800|40–45%}} {{Multicol-break}} {{legend|#ff4200|45–50%}} {{legend|#ff2c00|50–55%}} {{legend|#cb0000|>55%}} {{Multicol-end}} |alt=A map of the world with countries colored to reflect the percentage of men who are obese. Obese males and females have higher prevalence (above 30%) in the U.S. and some Middle Eastern and Oceanian countries, medium prevalence in the rest of North America and Europe, and lower prevalence (<5%) in most of Asia and Africa.||}} Kabla ya [[karne ya 20]], unene wa kupindukia ulikuwa wa nadra;<ref name=Haslam2007/> in 1997 the WHO formally recognized obesity as a global epidemic.<ref name=Caballero/> As of 2005 the WHO estimates that at least 400&nbsp;million adults (9.8%) are obese, with higher rates among women than men.<ref name=WHO2009a>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/index.html |title=Obesity and overweight |work=World Health Organization |accessdate=April 8, 2009}}</ref> Kiwango cha unene wa kupindukia pia huongezeka kulingana na umri kwa angalau kufikia umri wa miaka 50 au 60&nbsp; <ref>Seidell 2005 p.5</ref> na unene mkali wa kupindukia nchini Marekani, Australia, na Canada unaongezeka haraka kuliko kiwango cha jumla cha unene wa kupindukia.<ref name=morbid2007/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Howard, Natasha J.|title=Severe obesity: Investigating the socio-demographics within the extremes of body mass index |journal=Obesity Research &Clinical Practice |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=51–59 |year=2008|month=March |pmid=|doi=10.1016/j.orcp.2008.01.001 |url= |first2=A |first3=T |first4=C |last2=Taylor |last3=Gill|last4=Chittleborough}}</ref><ref name=Tjepkema2005>{{cite book | author=Tjepkema M | chapter=Measured Obesity–Adult obesity in Canada: Measured height and weight | title=Nutrition: Findings from the Canadian Community Health Survey |publisher=Statistics Canada | date=2005-07-06 | location=Ottawa, Ontario |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-620-m/2005001/article/adults-adultes/8060-eng.htm}}</ref> Ijapokuwa uliwahi kuchukuliwa kama tatizo la nchi zilizo na mapato ya juu pekee, viwango vya unene wa kupindukia vinaongezeka ulimwenguni kote na kudhuru nchi zilizostaw na aidha zinazostawi<ref name=EuroG2008>{{cite journal |author=Tsigosa Constantine |title=Management of Obesity in Adults: European Clinical Practice Guidelines |journal=The European Journal of Obesity |volume=1 |year=2008 |month=April |pmid=20054170 |doi=10.1159/000126822 |url=http://www.gojaznost.org/gs/dodatak/OMTFManagementofObesityinAdults2008.pdf |first2=Vojtech |issue=2 |first3=Arnaud |first4=Nick |first5=Martin |first6=Elisabeth |first7=Dragan |first8=Maximo |first9=Gabriela |pages=106–16 |last2=Hainer |last3=Basdevant |last4=Finer |last5=Fried |last6=Mathus-Vliegen |last7=Micic |last8=Maislos |last9=Roman |access-date=2013-11-28 |archive-date=2012-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426034913/http://www.gojaznost.org/gs/dodatak/OMTFManagementofObesityinAdults2008.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>.Ongezeko hili limeonekana sana katika maeneo ya miji.<ref name=WHO2009a/> Sehemu inayobakia ulimwenguni ambayo unene wa kupindukia sio jambo la kawaida ni[[mataifa ya kusini mwa sahara]].<ref name=HaslamJames/> {{clear}} ==Historia== [[File:Charles Mellin zugeschr - Porträt eines Herrn - Gemäldegalerie Berlin.jpg|thumb|wima|alt=Mwanamume mwenye unene zaidi wa kupindukia aliye na kidevu chenye sehemu mbili, masharubu, na kuvalia nguo nyeusi huku akiwa na kitara kwenye upande wake wa kushoto.|Katika[[Enzi za Kati]] na[[kipindi cha mvuvumko]], mara nyingi unene wa kupindukia ulionekana kama ishara ya utajiri na ulikuwa umekithiri kwa tabaka aali: ''The Tuscan General [[Alessandro del Borro]]'', attributed to Charles Mellin, 1645<ref name=Zach2003>{{cite journal |author=Zachary Bloomgarden |title=Prevention of Obesity and Diabetes |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=26 |pages=3172–3178 |year=2003|pmid= 14578257|doi= 10.2337/diacare.26.11.3172|url=http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/26/11/3172.full|issue=11}}</ref>]] [[File:Venus von Willendorf 01.jpg|thumb|wima|alt= Kisanamu kilichochongwa kutoka kwa jiwe kilionyesha mwanamke mwenye unene wa kupindukia.|''[[Venus of Willendorf]]'' kilichotengenezwa 24,000–22,000 BC]] [[Wagiriki]] ndio waliokuwa wa kwanza kutambua unene wa kupindukia kama tatizo la kiafya.<ref name=Haslam2007>{{cite journal|author=Haslam D |title=Obesity: a medical history |journal=Obes Rev |volume=8 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=31–6 |year=2007|month=March |pmid=17316298 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00314.x |url=}}</ref> [["Hippocrates]] aliandika kuwa "Unene wa kupindukia si ugonjwa kivyake tu, bali ni dalili ya magonjwa mengine".<ref name=HaslamJames/> Daktari Mhindi wa upasuaji [[Sushruta]] (karne ya 6 BCE) alihusisha unene wa kupindukia na kisukari na matatizo ya moyo.<ref name=Dwivedi&Dwivedi07/> He recommended physical work to help cure it and its side effects.<ref name=Dwivedi&Dwivedi07>{{cite web |url=http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf |format=PDF |title=History of Medicine: Sushruta – the Clinician –Teacher par Excellence |accessdate=2008-09-19 |work=Dwivedi, Girish & Dwivedi, Shridhar |publisher= |year=2007 |archivedate=2008-10-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010045900/http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf |=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010045900/http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf }}</ref>Katika historia ya watu, wanadamu wamekumbwa sana na ukosefu wa chakula.<ref>{{cite book |author=Theodore Mazzone; Giamila Fantuzzi |title=Adipose Tissue And Adipokines in Health And Disease (Nutrition and Health) |publisher=Humana Press|location=Totowa, NJ |year=2006 |page=222 |isbn=1-58829-721-7 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref>Kwa hivyo, kihistoria, unene wa kupindukia umeonekana kama ishara ya utajiri na ustawi. Ulikuwa umekithiri kwa maafisa wakuu barani Uropa katika [[Enzi za Kati]] na [[Kipindi cha Mvuvumko]]<ref name=Zach2003/> as well as in Ancient East Asian civilizations.<ref>Keller p. 49</ref> Kwa kuwepo kwa mwanzo wa [[mvuvumko wa viwanda]], iligunduliwa kuwa uwezo wa kijeshi na kiuchumi wa mataifa ulitegemea ukubwa wa mwili na nguvu za wanajeshi na wafanyikazi.<ref name=Caballero/> Kuongeza wastani wa kielezo cha uzito wa mwili kutoka kile kinachofikiriwa kuwa uzito wa chini hadi kwa kile kilicho anuwai ya kawaida kulichangia pakubwa katika ustawi wa jamii zilizo na viwanda.<ref name=Caballero/> Kutokana na hayo, kimo na uzito viliongezeka katika karne ya 19&nbsp; katika nchi zilizostawi. Katika karne ya 20, watu walipofikia kikamilifu uwezo wao wa kijenetiki wa kimo, uzito ulianza kuongezeka sana zaidi ya kimo na kupelekea unene wa kupindukia.<ref name=Caballero/>Katika miaka ya 1950, kuongezeka kwa utajiri katika nchi zilizostawi kulipunguza vifo vya watoto. Hata hivyo, uzito ulipoongezeka, ugonjwa wa moyo na figo ulikithiri.<ref name=Caballero/><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.2105/AJPH.42.9.1116 | author=Breslow L |title=Public Health Aspects of Weight Control | journal=Am J Public Health Nations Health | year=1952 | month=September| volume=42 | issue=9 | pages=1116–20 | pmid=12976585 | pmc=1526346}}</ref> Katika kipindi hiki, kampuni za bima ziligundua uhusiano kati ya uzito na matarajio ya muda wa kuishi na hivyo basi zikaongeza malipo ya bima kwa walio na unene wa kupindukia.<ref name=HaslamJames/> Tamaduni nyingi katika historia zimeona unene wa kupindukia kama ambayo inatokana na makosa ya kimienendo. Mwigizaji aliyekuwa na ''obesus'' au mafuta katika[[uigizaji wa Kigriki]] aliwakilisha ulafi na utani. Katika nyakati za Ukristo, chakula kilichukuliwa kama njia inayoelekeza kwenye dhambi za [[uzembe]]na[[tamaa]].<ref name=Woodhouse/> Katika tamaduni za kisasa za Ulaya na Marekani, unene wa kupita kiasi unachukuliwa kama jambo lisilovutia na unene wa kupindukia mara nyingi huhusishwa na mambo kadhaa mabaya yasiyo na uasili. Watu wa umri tofauti wanaweza kufedheheshwa na kulengwa na wadhalimu au kutengwa na wenzao. Unene wa kupindukia kwa mara nyingine ni sababu ya ubaguzi<ref name=Bias2001>{{cite journal |author=Puhl R, Brownell KD |title=Bias, discrimination, and obesity|journal=Obes. Res. |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=788–805 |year=2001 |month=December |pmid=11743063|doi=10.1038/oby.2001.108 |url=}}</ref> Fahamu za umma katika jamii ya Ulaya na Marekani kuhusu uzito bora wa mwili zinatofautiana na zile zinazohusu uzito unaofikiriwa kuwa bora &nbsp;– na zote zimebadilika tangu mwanzo wa karne ya 20. Uzito unaochukuliwa kuwa bora umekuwa chini tangu miaka ya 1920. Marekani uliongezeka kwa asilimia 2 kutoka mwaka wa 1922 hadi 1999 ilhali wastani wa uzito wao ulipungua kwa asilimia 12.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Rubinstein S, Caballero B |title=Is Miss America an undernourished role model? |journal=JAMA |volume=283|issue=12 |page=1569 |year=2000 |pmid=10735392 |doi= 10.1001/jama.283.12.1569|url=}}</ref> Kwa upande mwingine, mitazamo ya watu kuhusu uzito bora imebadilika na kuchukua mkondo pinzani. Nchini Uingereza, uzito ambapo watu walijiona kuwa na uzito wa kupita kiasi ulikuwa juu kwa kiasi cha haja katika mwaka wa 2007 kuliko 1999.<ref name=John2008>{{cite journal|author=Johnson F, Cooke L, Croker H, Wardle J |title=Changing perceptions of weight in Great Britain: comparison of two population surveys |journal=BMJ |volume=337 |issue= |pages=a494 |year=2008 |pmid=18617488 |pmc=2500200 |doi= 10.1136/bmj.a494|url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/337/jul10_1/a494}}</ref> Mabadiliko haya yanaaminika kusababishwa na viwango vinavyoongezeka vya uadiposi (unene), hali inayopelekekea ukubalifu wa mafuta ya ziada mwilini kama jambo la kawaida.<ref name=John2008/> Unene wa kupindukia ungali unachukuliwa kuwa ishara ya utajiri na ufanisi katika sehemu nyingi za [[Afrika]]. Hili limekuwa jambo la kawaida hasa tangu kuzuka kwa janga la [[VVU]]lilianza. <ref name=HaslamJames/> ==Sanaa== Sanaa ya kwanza ya uchongaji iliyoleta mfano wa mwili wa binadamu kati ya miaka 20,000 - 35,000 &nbsp; iliyopita ilionyesha wanawake walio na unene wa kupindukia. Baadhi ya watu huihusisha [[sanamu ya Zuhura]]na juhudi za kusisitiza uwezo wa kuzaa ilhali wengine huhisi kuwa wao husimamia “unene” kwa watu wa wakati huo.<ref name=Woodhouse/> Hata hivyo, unene wa kupindukia haupo katika sanaa ya Wagiriki na Waroma, yamkini kwa kudumisha ulimbwende wao kwa mujibu wa kiasi. Haya yaliendelea katika sehemu kubwa ya historia ya ukristo barani Uropa ambapo wale tu walio na mapato ya chini wakichukuliwa kuwa wenye unene wa kupindukia.<ref name=Woodhouse/> Katika [[Kipindi cha Mvuvumko]], baadhi ya watu katika tabaka la juu walianza kuuringia ukubwa wao jinsi inavyoonekana katika picha za Henry wa nane na Alessandro del Borro.<ref name=Woodhouse>{{cite journal |author=Woodhouse R |title=Obesity in art: A brief overview |journal=Front Horm Res |volume=36 |issue= |pages=271–86 |year=2008 |isbn=978-3-8055-8429-6|pmid=18230908 |doi=10.1159/000115370 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=nXRU4Ea1aMkC&pg=PA271&lpg=PA271&dq=Obesity+in+art:+a+brief+overview |series=Frontiers of Hormone Research}}</ref>[[Peter Paul Rubens|Rubens]] (1577–1640) alionyesha wanawake wenye miili mikubwa katika picha zake, ambapo anatoa neno [[Rubenesque]]. Hata hivyo, wanawake hawa bado walilidumisha umbo la shisha na uhusiano wake na uwezo wa kuzaa.<ref name=Fumento>{{cite book |author=Fumento, Michael |title=The Fat of the Land: Our Health Crisis and How Overweight Americans Can Help Themselves |publisher=Penguin (Non-Classics) |year=1997|page=126|isbn=0-14-026144-3}}</ref> Katika karne ya 19 &nbsp; mitazamo kuhusu unene wa kupindukia ilibadilika katika nchi za Ulaya na Amerika. Baada ya karne kadhaa ambapo unene wa kupindukia ulihusiana na mali na hadhi ya kijamii katika jamii, wembamba ulianza kuonekana kama kipimo kifaacho.<ref name=Woodhouse/> ==Jamii na utamaduni== ===Athari za kiuchumi=== Pamoja na athari zake za kiafya, unene wa kupindukia husababisha matatizo mengi yakiwemo ugumu katika ajira <ref name="Puhl R. p.29">Puhl R., Henderson K., and Brownell K. 2005 p.29</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ehb.2009.01.008|author=Johansson E, Bockerman P, Kiiskinen U, Heliovaara M |title=Obesity and labour market success in Finland: The difference between having a high BMI and being fat |journal=Economics and Human Biology |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=36–45|year=2009 |pmid=19249259}}</ref> na gharama za juu za biashara. Athari hizi zinazikumba sekta zote za jamii kutoka kwa watu binafsi, hadi kwa mashirika, na hadi kwa serikali. Katika mwaka wa 2005, gharama za kimatibabu zinazoweza kuhusishwa na unene wa kupindukia nchini Marekani zilikuwa takribani dola bilioni &nbsp;190.2 &nbsp; au asilimia 20.6 ya gharama zote za kimatibabu,<ref name=medical-costs>{{cite journal|coauthors=John Cawley, Chad Meyerhoefer|title=The medical care costs of obesity: An instrumental variables approach|journal=Journal of Health Economics|year=2012|month=January|volume=31|issue=1|pages=219–230|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629611001366|accessdate=2 August 2012|doi=10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.10.003|pmid=22094013|last1=Cawley|first1=J}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|author=Finkelstein EA, Fiebelkorn IA, Wang G |title=National medical spending attributable to overweight and obesity: How much, and who's paying |journal= Health Affairs|volume=Online |issue=May |pages=|date=1 January 2003|url=http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/full/hlthaff.w3.219v1/DC1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/economic_consequences.htm |title=Obesity and overweight: Economic consequences | publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] | date=22 May 2007 |accessdate=2007-09-05}}</ref> while the cost of obesity in Canada was estimated at CA$2 billion in 1997 (2.4% of total health costs).<ref name="CADG2006"/> Jumla ya gharama ya unene wa kupindukia nchini Kanada ilikuwa imekadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 2 za Australia katika mwaka wa 2005. Waustralia walio na uzito wa kupita kiasi na wanene kupindukia pia walipokea dola za Australia bilioni 35.6 kama ruzuku kutoka kwa serikali.<ref name=MJA2009>{{Rejea jarida|title=The cost of overweight and obesity in Australia|url=http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/192_05_010310/col10841_fm.html|year=2009|author=Colagiuri, Stephen|journal=The Medical Journal of Australia|accessdate=2011-06-18|last2=Lee|first2=Crystal M. Y.|last3=Colagiuri|first3=Ruth|display-authors=4|author5=<Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.>}}</ref> Kadiri ya gharama ya bidhaa za lishe imekadiriwa kuwa kati ya dola bilioni 40&nbsp; hadi dola bilioni 100&nbsp&nbsp; nchini Marekani pekee.<ref>{{cite news | last = Cummings | first = Laura|title = The diet business: Banking on failure|publisher = BBC News| date = 5 February 2003| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2725943.stm| accessdate = 25 February 2009}}</ref> Miradi ya kuzuia unene wa kupindukia imezinduliwa ili kupunguza gharama ya kutibu magonjwa yanayohusiana na unene huu. Hata hivyo, jinsi watu wanavyoendelea kuishi ndivyo wanavyogharamika zaidi. Kwa hivyo, watafiti huafiki kuwa kupunguza unene wa kupindukia kunaweza kuidumisha afya ya umma lakini huenda isipunguze gharama ya jumla ya afya..<ref>{{cite journal |author=van Baal PH |title=Lifetime Medical Costs of Obesity: Prevention No Cure for Increasing Health Expenditure |journal=PLoS Med. |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=e29 |year=2008 |month=February |pmid=18254654 |pmc=2225430 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050029 |url=http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050029 |author-separator=, |author2=Polder JJ |author3=de Wit GA |display-authors=3 |last4=Hoogenveen |first4=Rudolf T. |last5=Feenstra |first5=Talitha L. |last6=Boshuizen |first6=Hendriek C. |last7=Engelfriet |first7=Peter M. |last8=Brouwer |first8=Werner B. F. |access-date=2013-11-28 |archive-date=2015-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111110729/http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050029 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Wide Chair.jpg|thumb|kushoto|alt= Kiti cha ziada kipana kando ya viti kadhaa vyenye ukubwa wa kawaida.|Ni sharti huduma ziwazingatie watu walio na unene wa kupindukia kwa vifaa maalumu kama vile viti vipana.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bakewell J|title=Bariatric furniture: Considerations for use|journal=Int J Ther Rehabil|issue=7|pages=329–33|year=2007|url=http://www.ijtr.co.uk/cgi-bin/go.pl/library/article.cgi?uid=23858;article=IJTR_14_7_329_333|volume=14|access-date=2013-11-28|archive-date=2011-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008202913/http://www.ijtr.co.uk/cgi-bin/go.pl/library/article.cgi?uid=23858;article=IJTR_14_7_329_333|dead-url=yes}}</ref>]] Unene wa kupindukia unaweza kusababisha fedheha ya kijamii na ugumu katika ajira.<ref name="Puhl R. p.29"/> Wakilinganishwa na wenzao walio na uzito wa kawaida, wafanyikazi walio na unene wa kupindukia kwa wastani wana viwango vya juu vya kutokuwa kazini kwao na huchukua likizo ya udhaifu mara kwa mara na kupelekea kuongezeka kwa gharama upande wa waajiri na kupunguka kwa tija.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Neovius K, Johansson K, Kark M, Neovius M|title=Obesity status and sick leave: a systematic review |journal=Obes Rev |volume=10|issue=1 |pages=17–27 |year=2009|month=January |pmid=18778315 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00521.x |url=}}</ref> Utafiti wa kuwachunguza wafanyikazi wa chuo kikuu cha Duke ulionyesha kuwa watu walio na kielezo cha uzito wa mwili zaidi ya 40 walijiandikisha kufidiwa katika [[fidia ya wafanyikazi]] mara mbili zaidi ya wale ambao kielezo chao cha uzito wa mwili kilikuwa 18.5-24.9. Pia siku zao za kutofika kazini kwao zilikuwa zaidi ya mara 12&nbsp; ikilinganishwa na wenzao wasio na kielezo cha juu cha uzito wa mwili. Majeraha ya mara kwa mara katika kikundi hiki yalitokana na kuanguka na kunyanyuka hivyo ikiathiri miguu, vifundo vya mikono au mikono, na migongo.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ostbye T, Dement JM, Krause KM|title=Obesity and workers' compensation: Results from the Duke Health and Safety Surveillance System |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=167 |issue=8|pages=766–73|year=2007 |pmid=17452538 |doi=10.1001/archinte.167.8.766}}</ref> Bodi ya Bima ya Wafanyikazi katika Jimbo la Alabama nchini Marekani iliidhinisha mpango tata wa kuwatoza wafanyikazi walio na unene wa kupindukia dola 25 kila mwezi iwapo hawachukui hatua za kuupunguza uzito wao na kudumisha afya yao. Hatua hizi zilianza Januari 2010 na zinalenga wale walio na Kielezo cha Uzito wa Mwili cha zaidi ya kilo 35 &nbsp;kwa kila mita ² wanaokosa kuboresha afya yao baada ya mwaka mmoja.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webmd.com/diet/news/20080825/alabama-obesity-penalty-stirs-debate |title=Alabama "Obesity Penalty" Stirs Debate |work=Don Fernandez |accessdate=April 5, 2009}}</ref> Utafiti fulani umeonyesha kuwa watu walio na unene wa kupindukia wana uwezekano mdogo wa kuajiriwa na pia wana uwezekano mdogo wa kupandishwa cheo.<ref name=Bias2001/> Watu hawa pia hulipwa mshahara wa chini kuliko wenzao wasio na unene huu wa kupindukia kwa kazi sawa. Wanawake na wanaume walio na unene wa kupindukia kwa wastani hupata asilimia 6 na 3 chini mtawalia.<ref>Puhl R., Henderson K., and Brownell K. 2005 p.30</ref> Nyanja mahususi kama vile shirika la ndege, afya na nyanja za vyakula, zina matatizo maalumu. Kutokana na viwango vinavyoongezeka vya unene wa kupindukia, mashirika ya ndege yanakumbwa na gharama ya juu ya mafuta na shinikizo la kuongeza upana wa viti.<ref>{{cite web | author=Lisa DiCarlo| url=http://www.forbes.com/2002/10/24/cx_ld_1024obese.html |title=Why Airlines Can't Cut The Fat|work=Forbes.com|date=2002-10-24 | accessdate=2008-07-23}}</ref> Katika mwaka wa 2000, uzito wa ziada wa abiria wenye unene wa kupindukia uliyagharimu mashirika ya ndege dola za Marekani milioni 275&nbsp;.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Dannenberg AL, Burton DC, Jackson RJ |title=Economic and environmental costs of obesity: The impact on airlines |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-preventive-medicine_2004-10_27_3/page/264 |journal=American journal of preventive medicine|volume=27 |issue=3 |page=264|year=2004 |pmid=15450642 |doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2004.06.004}}</ref> Ulimwengu wa afya umelazimika kuwekeza katika vifaa maalumu vya kuwashughulikia wagonjwa walio na unene zaidi wa kupindukia vikiwemo vifaa maalumu vya kunyanyua na [[ambyulensi ya kibariatriki]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Diet/obese-health-care-bariatric-ambulances/story?id=7981746|title=Who Should Pay for Obese Health Care?|author=Lauren Cox|publisher=ABC News|date=July 2, 2009|accessdate=2012-08-06}}</ref>Gharama za hoteli zimeongezwa na mahakama kwa shutma za kusababisha unene wa kupindukia.<ref name=Govtrack>{{cite web | url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h109-554 | title=109th U.S. Congress (2005–2006) H.R. 554: 109th U.S. Congress (2005–2006) H.R. 554: Personal Responsibility in Food Consumption Act of 2005 | publisher=GovTrack.us | accessdate=2008-07-24 | archivedate=2008-11-01 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101192335/http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h109-554 }}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2005, bunge la Marekani lilijadili utungaji sheria ya kuzuia kesi za raia dhidi ya sekta ya vyakula kwa mujibu wa unene wa kupindukia; hata hivyo, haikufanikiwa kuwa sheria..<ref name=Govtrack/> ===Ukubalifu wa ukubwa=== [[File:PresidentTaftTelephoneCrop.jpg|thumb|150px|kulia|kulia|Rais wa Marekani [[William Howard Taft]] alidhihakiwa mara nyingi kwa kuwa na uzito wa kupita kiasi]] Lengo kuu la vuguvugu la ukubalifu wa unene ni kupunguza ubaguzi dhidi ya watu walio na unene na uzito wa kupindukia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.capitalnaafa.org/whatisnaafa.html |title=What is NAAFA |work=[[National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance]] |accessdate=February 17, 2009 |archivedate=2009-03-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312001218/http://www.capitalnaafa.org/whatisnaafa.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.size-acceptance.org/mission.html |title=ISAA Mission Statement |work=[[International Size Acceptance Association]] |accessdate=February 17, 2009 |archive-date=2009-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225005852/http://www.size-acceptance.org/mission.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hata hivyo, wengine katika vuguvugu hilo pia wanajaribu kupinga uhusiano uliothibitishwa kati ya unene wa kupindukia na athari mbaya za kiafya.<ref name=Pulver2007>{{cite book |author=Pulver, Adam |title=An Imperfect Fit: Obesity, Public Health, and Disability Anti-Discrimination Law |publisher=Social Science Electronic Publishing |location= |year=2007 |pages= |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1316106|accessdate=January 13, 2009}}</ref> Kunayo mashirika kadhaa yanayoendeleza ukubalifu wa unene wa kupindukia. Umaarufu wa mashirika haya umeongezeka katika nusu ya hivi karibuni ya karne ya 20 &nbsp;.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Neumark-Sztainer D |title=The weight dilemma: a range of philosophical perspectives |journal=Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. |volume=23 Suppl 2 |issue= |pages=S31–7|year=1999 |month=March |pmid=10340803 |doi= 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800857|url=}}</ref>Shirika la Kitaifa la Kuendeleza Ukubalifu wa Unene]] nchini Marekani [[lilianzishwa mwaka wa 1969 na hujieleza kama shirika la haki za raia linalolenga kukomesha ubaguzi wa ukubwa.<ref>{{cite | author=National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance | url=http://www.naafaonline.com/dev2/ | title=We come in all sizes | publisher=NAAFA | year=2008 | accessdate=2008-07-29 | archivedate=2018-12-26 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226125112/https://www.naafaonline.com/dev2/%20 }}</ref> Hata hivyo, uhamasishaji juu ya unene umebaki harakati za pembeni.<ref>[http://www.bitchmagazine.org/article/big-trouble Big Trouble | Bitch Magazine<!--Bot-generated title-->] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bitchmagazine.org/article/big-trouble |date=20121226160246 }}, bitchmagazine.org</ref> [[Shirika la Kimataifa la Ukubalifu wa Ukubwa]]ni [[shirika lisilo la kiserikali]] lililoanzishwa mnamo mwaka wa 1997. Shirika hili ni la kimataifa na hueleza lengo lake kama kuendeleza ukubalifu wa ukubwa na kusaidia kukomesha ubaguzi kwa misingi ya uzito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.size-acceptance.org/ |title=International Size Acceptance Association – ISAA |work=International Size Acceptance Association |accessdate=January 13, 2009 |archive-date=2009-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105165710/http://size-acceptance.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Vikundi hivi mara nyingi hupigania kutambulika kwa unene wa kupindukia kama ulemavu chini ya [[Sheria ya Wamarekani Walio na Ulemavu]] Hata hivyo, mfumo wa kisheria wa Marekani umeamua kuwa gharama zitakazokuwa za afya ya umma zinazidi faida za kueindeleza sheria hii ya dhidi ya ubaguzi kujumlisha unene wa kupindukia.<ref name=Pulver2007/> ==Unene wa utotoni== Kielezo cha Uzito wa Mwili mwafaka hutofautiana kulingana na umri na jinsia ya mtoto. Unene katika watoto na vijana huelezwa kama Kielezo cha Uzito wa Mwili cha zaidi ya &nbsp;[[asilimia]].<ref name="cdc.gov"/>95. Data ya marejeo yenye ndio mzingi wa asilimia hizi ni kutoka 1963 hadi 1994 na hivyo haijaathiriwa na ongezeko la kiwango cha unene cha hivi karibuni.<ref name="Flegal KM, Ogden CL, Wei R, Kuczmarski RL, Johnson CL 2001 1086–93"/> Unene wa utotoni umefika kiwango cha mlipuko katika karne ya 21 &nbsp;, kukiwa na ongezeko la kiwango katika nchi zimeendelea na zinazoendelea. Kima cha unene kwa wavulana chini Kanada imeongezeka kutoka 11% miaka ya 1980s hadi zaidi ya 30% miaka ya 1990, bali kwa kipindi cha muda huu kiwango kiliongezeka kutoka 4 hadi 14% katika watoto wa Brazili.<ref name=flynn2006/> Kama ilivyo na unene katika watu wazima, hali nyingi tofauti huchangia kwa viwango vingi ongezeko la unene utotoni. Ubadilishaji wa lishe na upungufu wa mazoezi ya mwili huaminika kuwa ndizo visababishi viwili vya hivi karibu muhimu zaidi vya ongezeko la viwango.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dollman J, Norton K, Norton L |title=Evidence for secular trends in children's physical activity behaviour |journal=Br J Sports Med |volume=39 |issue=12 |pages=892–7; discussion 897 |year=2005|month=December |pmid=16306494 |pmc=1725088 |doi=10.1136/bjsm.2004.016675 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-sports-medicine_2005-12_39_12/page/892}}</ref> Kwa sababu unene wa utotoni huendelea hadi wakati wa utu uzima na unahusishwa na magonjwa mengi yanayodumu, watoto walio wanene mara nyingi huchunguzwa[[shinikizo la juu la damu]], [[Ugonjwa wa kisukari]], [[hipalipidimia]], na [[ini yenye mafuta]].<ref name=CADG2006/> Matibabu yanayotumika kwa watoto hasa ni hatua ya hali ya maisha na mbinu za mwenendo, hata hivyo bidii za kuongezea mazoezi kwa watoto zimekuwa na mafanikio madogo.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Metcalf|first=B.|coauthors=Henley, W.; Wilkin, T.|title=Effectiveness of intervention on physical activity of children: systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials with objectively measured outcomes (EarlyBird 54)|journal=BMJ|date=27 September 2012|volume=345|issue=sep27 1|pages=e5888–e5888|doi=10.1136/bmj.e5888}}</ref>Nchini Marekani, dawa hazikubaliwi na Muungano wa Chakula na Dawa kutumika katika kikundi hiki cha umri.<ref name=flynn2006>{{cite journal |author=Flynn MA |title=Reducing obesity and related chronic disease risk in children and youth: a synthesis of evidence with 'best practice' recommendations|journal=Obes Rev |volume=7 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=7–66 |year=2006 |month=February |pmid=16371076|doi=10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00242.x |url= |author-separator=, |author2=McNeil DA |author3=Maloff B |display-authors=3|last4=Mutasingwa |first4=D. |last5=Wu |first5=M. |last6=Ford |first6=C. |last7=Tough |first7=S. C.}}</ref> ==Katika wanyama== Unono katika [[mifugo]] ni jambo la kawaida katika nchi nyingi. Kiwango cha unono uliozidi katika mbwa kule Marekani ni kutoka 23% hadi 41%, 5.1% yao wakiwa ni wanono.<ref name=Lund2006>{{cite journal|author=Lund Elizabeth M.|title=Prevalence and Risk Factors for Obesity in Adult Dogs from Private US Veterinary Practices|journal=Intern J Appl Res Vet Med|volume=4|issue=2|pages=177–86|year=2006|pmid= |doi= |url=http://www.jarvm.com/articles/Vol4Iss2/Lund.pdf}}</ref>Rates of obesity in cats was slightly higher at 6.4%.<ref name= Lund2006/>Nchini Australia kiwango cha unene wa kupindukia katika mbwa kwa muktadha wa utabibu wa mifugo imepatikana kuwa 7.6%.<ref>{{cite journal |author=McGreevy PD, Thomson PC, Pride C, Fawcett A, Grassi T, Jones B|title=Prevalence of obesity in dogs examined by Australian veterinary practices and the risk factors involved|journal=Vet. Rec.|volume=156|issue=22|pages=695–702|year=2005|month=May |pmid=15923551|doi= |url=}}</ref> Hatari za unono kwa mbwa inahusiana na unene wa wamiliki; hata hivyo, hakuna uhusiano kama huo baina ya [[paka]] na wamiliki.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nijland ML, Stam F, Seidell JC|title= Overweight in dogs, but not in cats, is related to overweight in their owners|journal=Public Health Nutr|volume=13|issue= 1|pages= 1–5|year=2009|month=June|pmid=19545467|doi=10.1017/S136898000999022X|url= }}</ref> ==Tazama pia== *[[Jon Brower Minnoch]] *[[Manuel Uribe]] *[[Mayra Rosales]] *[[Walter Hudson]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Marejeo== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite journal | doi = 10.1079/BJN2002739 | last1 = Bhargava | first1 = Alok | last2 = Guthrie | first2 = J. | year = 2002 | title = Unhealthy eating habits, physical exercise and macronutrient intakes are predictors of anthropometric indicators in the Women's Health Trial: Feasibility Study in Minority Populations | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-nutrition_2002-12_88_6/page/719 | journal = British Journal of Nutrition | volume = 88 | issue = 6 | pages = 719–728 | pmid = 12493094 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Bhargava | first1 = Alok | year = 2006 | title = Fiber intakes and anthropometric measures are predictors of circulating hormone, triglyceride, and cholesterol concentration in the Women's Health Trial | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-nutrition_2006-08_136_8/page/2249 | journal = Journal of Nutrition | volume = 136 | issue = 8 | pages = 2249–2254 | pmid = 16857849 }} * Jebb S. and Wells J. Measuring body composition in adults and children In:{{cite book|author=Peter G. Kopelman, Ian D. Caterson, Michael J. Stock, William H. Dietz|title=Clinical obesity in adults and children: In Adults and Children|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|location=|year=2005|pages=[https://archive.org/details/clinicalobesityi02edunse/page/12 12]–28|isbn=1-4051-1672-2|url=https://archive.org/details/clinicalobesityi02edunse}} * Kopelman P., Caterson I. An overview of obesity management In:{{cite book|author=Peter G. Kopelman, Ian D. Caterson, Michael J. Stock, William H. Dietz|title=Clinical obesity in adults and children: In Adults and Children|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|location=|year=2005|pages=[https://archive.org/details/clinicalobesityi02edunse/page/319 319]–326|isbn=1-4051-1672-2|url=https://archive.org/details/clinicalobesityi02edunse}} * {{cite book |author=[[National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute]] (NHLBI) |title=Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults |publisher=International Medical Publishing, Inc |location= |year=1998 |pages= |isbn=1-58808-002-1 |oclc= |url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/ob_gdlns.pdf |format=PDF }} * {{cite web|url=http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG43NICEGuideline.pdf|title=Obesity: guidance on the prevention, identification, assessment and management of overweight and obesity in adults and children|publisher=[[National Health Services]] (NHS)|year=2006|format=PDF|work=[[National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence]](NICE)|accessdate=April 8, 2009}} * Puhl R., Henderson K., and Brownell K. Social consequences of obesity In:{{cite book|author=Peter G. Kopelman, Ian D. Caterson, Michael J. Stock, William H. Dietz|title=Clinical obesity in adults and children: In Adults and Children|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|location=|year=2005|pages=[https://archive.org/details/clinicalobesityi02edunse/page/29 29]–45|isbn=1-4051-1672-2|url=https://archive.org/details/clinicalobesityi02edunse}} * Seidell JC. Epidemiology — definition and classification of obesity In:{{cite book|author=Peter G. Kopelman, Ian D. Caterson, Michael J. Stock, William H. Dietz|title=Clinical obesity in adults and children: In Adults and Children|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|location=|year=2005|pages=[https://archive.org/details/clinicalobesityi02edunse/page/3 3]–11|isbn=1-4051-1672-2|url=https://archive.org/details/clinicalobesityi02edunse}} * {{cite book | author=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) | title=Technical report series 894: Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic. | location=Geneva | publisher=World Health Organization | year=2000 | url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_894_(part1).pdf | format=PDF | isbn=92-4-120894-5 | access-date=2013-11-28 | archive-date=2015-05-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501075305/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_894_(part1).pdf | dead-url=yes }} {{Refend}} ==Marejeo mengine== {{Refbegin}} * {{dmoz|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Nutritional_and_Metabolic_Disorders/Obesity/}} * {{cite book |author=Fumento, Michael | authorlink=Michael Fumento | title=The Fat of the Land: Our Health Crises and How Overweight Americans can Help Themselves |url=https://archive.org/details/fatoflandourheal0000mich |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New York |year=1997|isbn=0-14-026144-3}} * {{cite book |author=Keller, Kathleen |title=Encyclopedia of Obesity |publisher=Sage Publications, Inc|location=Thousand Oaks, Calif |year=2008 |isbn=1-4129-5238-7 |oclc= |url=http://books.google.com/?id=aRp2rJrEqZsC&dq=IOTF+obesity+map|doi= |accessdate=}} * {{cite book |author=Kolata, Gina | authorlink=Gina Kolata |title=Rethinking Thin: The new science of weight loss –and the myths and realities of dieting |url=https://archive.org/details/rethinkingthinne0000kola_i1w5 |publisher=Picador |location= |year=2007 |pages= |isbn=0-312-42785-9}} * {{cite book|author=Kopelman, Peter G.|title=Clinical obesity in adults and children: In Adults and Children|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|location= |year=2005|page=493 |isbn=1-4051-1672-2|url=http://books.google.com/?id=u7RvldSr5M0C&pg=PA87&dq=80+percent+of+the+offspring+of+two+obese+parents+become+obese}} * {{cite book |author=Levy-Navarro, Elena |title=The Culture of Obesity in Early and Late Modernity |url=https://archive.org/details/cultureofobesity0000levy |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location= |year=2008 |pages= |isbn=0-230-60123-5}} * {{cite book |author=Pool, Robert |title=Fat: Fighting the Obesity Epidemic |url=https://archive.org/details/fatfightingobesi00pool |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford, UK |year=2001 |pages= |isbn=0-19-511853-7}} {{Refend}} == Viungo vya nje == {{commonscat|Obesity}} {{Sister project links|display=Obesity}} * [http://www.refugees.org/uploadedfiles/Participate/National_Programs/Healthy_Refugees/Brochures/Swahili-Obesity.pdf Unene ni nini] {{Wayback|url=http://www.refugees.org/uploadedfiles/Participate/National_Programs/Healthy_Refugees/Brochures/Swahili-Obesity.pdf |date=20090331130222 }} * [http://www.refugees.org/uploadedfiles/Participate/National_Programs/Healthy_Refugees/Brochures/Swahili-ChildhoodObesity.pdf Unene utotoni] {{Wayback|url=http://www.refugees.org/uploadedfiles/Participate/National_Programs/Healthy_Refugees/Brochures/Swahili-ChildhoodObesity.pdf |date=20090331130208 }} * [https://dmoztools.net/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Nutritional_and_Metabolic_Disorders/Obesity/ Unene kwenye tovuti ya DMOZ] {{Wayback|url=https://dmoztools.net/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Nutritional_and_Metabolic_Disorders/Obesity/ |date=20171112194539 }} [[Jamii:Afya]] [[Jamii:Magonjwa]] [[Jamii:Chakula]] cvygpe4aq719laoxj1guaaxhdyuxhtm 0 70147 1530219 1525252 2026-05-02T20:52:58Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease |Name = Lung cancer |Image = LungCACXR.PNG |Caption = A plane [[chest X-ray]] showing a tumor in the lung (marked by arrow) |DiseasesDB = 7616 |ICD10 = {{ICD10|C|33||c|30}}-{{ICD10|C|34||c|30}} |ICD9 = {{ICD9|162}} |ICDO = |OMIM = |MedlinePlus = 007194 |eMedicineSubj = med |eMedicineTopic = 1333 |eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|med|1336}}{{eMedicine2|emerg|335}}{{eMedicine2|radio|807}}{{eMedicine2|radio|405}}{{eMedicine2|radio|406}} |MeshID = D002283 }} '''Saratani ya mapafu''' ni ugonjwa unaohusishwa na [[ukuaji wa seli]] katika [[tishu (biolojia)|tishu]] za [[mapafu]]. Tishu hii isipotibiwa, inaweza kuenea kwa njia inayoitwa [[metastasisi]] kwa tishu zilizokaribu au kwa mwili. Saratani zinazoanzia kwa mapafu, ziitwazo saratani za kwanza, ni [[kasinomasi]] zinazotoka kwa seli za [[epitheliumu|epitheliumu]]. Aina kuu za saratani ni kasinoma ya mapafu ya seli ndogo (KMSN), pia huitwa saratani ya seli ya oat, na kasinoma ya mapafu ya seli kubwa (KMSK). [[Dalili]] inayojulikana sana ni kukohoa (pamoja na [[Hemotisisi|kukohoa damu]]), kupoteza uzito na upungufu wa pumzi.<ref name="Harrison" /> [[Faili:LungCACXR.PNG|235x235px|LungCACXR]] Kisababishi kikuu cha saratani ya mapafu ni kuathiriwa na [[uvutaji tumbaku|moshi wa tumbaku]],<ref name="Merck" /> unaosababisha asilimia 80&ndash;90 ya saratani.<ref name="Harrison" /> Wasiovuta huchangia visa hivi kwa asilimia 10-15&ndash;<ref name="Thun" /> na mara nyingi huhusishwa na muungano wa [[jenetiki|masuala ya kijenetiki]],<ref name="MurrayNadel46" /> gesi ya [[radoni]],<ref name="MurrayNadel46" /> [[asbesto]],<ref name="O'Reilly" /> na [[uchafuzi wa hewa]]<ref name="MurrayNadel46" /> pamoja na [[uvutaji moshi|moshi kutoka kwa anayevuta sigara]].<ref name="AUTOREF" /><ref name="AUTOREF1" /> Saratani ya mapafu inaweza kuonekana kwa [[rediografu ya kifua]] na [[tomografi ya kompyuta]] (ukaguzi wa CT). [[Utambuzi wa kimatibabu|utambuzi]] hudhibitishwa kwa [[biopsi]]<ref name="Holland-Frei78" /> ambao hutekelezwa kwa [[bronkoskopi]] au mwongozo wa CT. Matibabu na matokeo ya muda mrefu hulingana na aina ya saratani, [[hatua ya (patholojia)|hatua]] (kiwango cha uenezi), na afya kwa jumla ya mtu, ikipimwa kwa [[hali ya utendakazi]]. Matibabu ya kawaida ni pamoja na [[upasuaji]], [[kemotherapi]], na [[therapi ya mnururisho|radiotherapi]]. KMSK wakati mwingine hutibiwa na upasuaji, ilhali KMSN huwa bora kwa kemotherapi na radiotherapi.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chapman | first=S | coauthors=Robinson G, Stradling J, West S | title=Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine |edition=2nd | chapter=Chapter 31 | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2009 | isbn=9-780199-545162 }}</ref> Kwa jumla, asilimia 15 ya waliopatikana na saratani nchini Marekani wana [[uwezekano wa kuishi|kuishi]] miaka mitano.<ref name="Collins" /> Ulimwenguni kote, [[saratani ya mapafu]] ni kisababishi cha kawaida cha vifo vinavyohusiana na saratani kwa wanaume na wanawake, na husababisha [[:aina ya:Vifo kutokana na saratani ya mapafu|Vifo milioni 1.38]] kwa mwaka, kufikia 2008.<ref name="GLOBOCAN" /> {{TOC limit|3}} ==Ishara na dalili== Ishara na dalili zinazoashiria saratani ya mapafu ni pamoja na:<ref name="Harrison" /> * Dalili za upumuaji: [[kukohoa]], [[hemotisisi|kukohoa damu]], [[mkoromo|kukoroma]] au [[disnia|upungufu wa pumzi]] * Dalili za kimfumo: kupoteza uzito, [[homa]], [[kucha zilizopindika|kupindika]] kwa kucha za vidole, au [[uchovu (kimwili)|uchovu]] * Dalili kwa sababu ya kugandamizwa : [[maumivu ya kifua]], [[maumivu ya mifupa]], [[kuzibwa kwa vena kubwa]], [[dysphagia|matatizo ya kumeza]] Ikiwa saratani itatokea katika [[njia ya hewa]], inaweza kuziba mpito wa hewa, na kusababisha [[disinia|matatizo ya kupumua]]. Uzibaji unaweza kusababisha mkusanyiko wa unyesaji nyuma ya kizibo, na kuwa [[nimonia]].<ref name="Harrison" /> Kulingana na aina ya tyuma, inayoitwa [[sindromu ya paraneoplastiki|fenomena ya paraneoplastiki]] inaweza kuleta magonjwa.<ref name="Honnorat" /> Katika saratani ya mapafu, nimonia zinaweza kuwa pamoja na [[Sindromu ya Lambert–Eaton myasthenic]] (udhaifu wa misuli kwa sababu ya [[kutotenda kazi kwa kinganafsia| autoantibodies]]), [[hipakalkemia]], au [[sindromu ya homoni ya antidiuretic isiyofaa]] (SHAI). Tyuma katika [[mwisho wa mapafu|ncha ya mapafu]], inayoitwa [[tyuma ya Pancoast]], inaweza kuingilia sehemu ya [[mfumo neva wa simpathetiki]], na kusababisha [[sindromu ya Horner]] (kuanguka kwa kikawa cha jicho na mboni kwa upande huo), na kuharibika kwa [[brachial plexus]].<ref name="Harrison" /> Dalili nyingi za saratani hii (kukosa hamu ya chakula, kupoteza uzito, homa, uchovu) si bayana.<ref name="Holland-Frei78" /> Kwa wengi, saratani tayari imeenea zaidi kabla ya kuwa na dalili na kutafuta matibabu. Sehemu za kawaida inayoenea ni pamoja na ubongo, mifupa, [[adrenal gland]], pafulililo mkabala, ini, [[perikadiumu]], na [[figo]].<ref name="ajcc" /> Takribani asilimia 10 ya watu walio na saratani hawana dalili wakati wa utambuzi; saratani hizi hupatikana wakati wa radiotherapi ya kifua.<ref name="Collins" /> ==Visababishi== Saratani hujitokeza kufuatia kuharibika kwa jenetiki kwa [[DNA]]. Hii huathiri utendakazi wa seli, pamoja na seli inayozaa, kufa kwa seli ([[apoptosis]]) na urekebishaji wa DNA. Uharibikaji unapoongezeka, ndivyo hatari ya saratani inavyoongezeka .<ref name="Holland-Frei8">{{Rejea kitabu | last=Brown | first=KM | coauthors=Keats JJ, Sekulic A et al. |title=Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine | publisher=People's Medical Publishing House USA | year=2010 | chapter=8 | edition=8th| isbn=978-1607950141 }}</ref> ===Uvutaji wa sigara=== . [[Uvutaji wa tumbaku |Uvutaji]], haswa [[sigara]], ni kisababishi kikuu cha saratani ya mapafu.<ref name="AUTOREF5" /> Moshi wa sigara huwa na [[kasinojeni]] zaidi ya 60 inayojulikana,<ref name="Hecht" /> ikijumuisha [[radioisotopu]] kutoka uozaji wa [[radoni]], [[nitrosamine]], na [[benzopyrene]]. Kwa kuongeza, nikotini huonekana kuvunja matokeo ya kinga kwa uvimbe wa saratani kwa tishu zilizowazi.<ref name="AUTOREF6" /> Katika nchi zilizoendelea, asilimia 90 ya vifo vya saratani kwa wananume mwaka wa 2000 zilihusishwa na uvutaji wa sigara (asilimia 70 kwa wanawake).<ref name="Peto" /> Uvutaji huchangia kwa asilimia 80-90 ya visa vya saratani.<ref name="Harrison" /> [[Uvutaji wa moshi kutoka kwa anayevuta sigara]]—uvutaji moshi kutoka kwa mvuta siagara—ni kisababishi cha saratani kwa wasiovuta sigara. Mtu asiyevuta anaweza kuainishwa kama mtu anayeishi au kufanya kazi na mvutaji. Utafiti kutoka Marekani,<ref name="AUTOREF7">{{Rejea jarida | last=California Environmental Protection Agency | title=Health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smokeCalifornia Environmental Protection Agency | journal=Tobacco Control | volume=6 | issue=4 | pages=346–353 | year=1997 | url=http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/tobacco/caets/ets-main.htm | pmid=9583639 | doi=10.1136/tc.6.4.346 | pmc=1759599 | archive-date=2007-08-08 | access-date=2014-01-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808045344/http://druglibrary.org/schaffer/tobacco/caets/ets-main.htm | url-status=dead }}<br />* {{Rejea jarida | last=CDC | authorlink=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | title=State-specific prevalence of current cigarette smoking among adults, and policies and attitudes about secondhand smoke—United States, 2000 | journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | volume=50 | issue=49 | pages=1101–1106 | publisher=CDC | location=Atlanta, Georgia | month=December | year=2001 | url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5049a1.htm | pmid=11794619 | author1=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) }}</ref><ref name="Alberg">{{Rejea jarida | last=Alberg | first=AJ | coauthors=Samet JM | title=Epidemiology of lung cancer | journal=Chest | volume=132 | issue=S3 | pages=29S–55S | publisher=American College of Chest Physicians | month=September | year=2007 | url=http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/132/3_suppl/29S.long | pmid=17873159 | doi=10.1378/chest.07-1347 | access-date=2014-01-09 | archive-date=2020-03-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329053623/http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/132/3_suppl/29S.long | dead-url=yes }}</ref> Ulaya,<ref>{{Rejea jarida | last=Jaakkola | first=MS | coauthors=Jaakkola JJ | title=Impact of smoke-free workplace legislation on exposures and health: possibilities for prevention | journal=European Respiratory Journal | volume=28 | issue=2 | pages=397–408 | year=2006 | month=August | url=http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/28/2/397.long | pmid=16880370 | doi=10.1183/09031936.06.00001306 | access-date=2014-01-09 | archive-date=2013-01-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129003845/http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/28/2/397.long | url-status=dead }}</ref> Uingereza,<ref>{{Rejea jarida | last=Parkin | first=DM |title=Tobacco—attributable cancer burden in the UK in 2010 | journal=British Journal of Cancer | volume=105 | issue=Suppl. 2 | pages=S6–S13 | month=December | year=2011 | pmid=22158323 | doi=10.1038/bjc.2011.475 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3252064/?tool=pubmed| pmc=3252064}}</ref> na Australia<ref name="NHMRC" /> Umeonyesha ongezeko kubwa la hatari kati ya wasiovuta sigara.<ref name="Taylor">{{Rejea jarida | last=Taylor | first=R | coauthors=Najafi F, Dobson A | title=Meta-analysis of studies of passive smoking and lung cancer: effects of study type and continent |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology | volume=36 | issue=5 |pages=1048–1059 | year=2007 | month=October | url=http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/36/5/1048.long| pmid=17690135 |doi=10.1093/ije/dym158 }}</ref> Wanaoishi na mvuta sigara huwa na asilimia 20&ndash;na 30 ya ongezeko la hatari ilhali wanaofanya kazi katika mazingira yalio na moshi uliovutwa wana asilimia 16&ndash;19 ya ongezeko la hatari.<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently asked questions about second hand smoke|url=http://www.who.int/tobacco/research/secondhand_smoke/faq/en/index.html|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=25 July 2012|archivedate=2013-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101163934/http://www.who.int/tobacco/research/secondhand_smoke/faq/en/index.html}}</ref> Uchunguzi kuhusu [[moshi kutoka kwa wanaovuta]] unadokeza kuwa ni hatari zaidi kuliko moshi anaovuta mvutaji mwenyewe.<ref name="Schick" /> Uvutaji wa moshi husababisha takribani vifo 3,400 kutokana na saratani ya mapafu kila mwaka nchini marekani.<ref name="Alberg" /> ===Gesi ya Radoni=== [[Radoni]] ni [[gesi]] isiyo na rangi na harufu inayotokana na kuharibika kwa mnururisho [[radiumu]], ambayo ni bidhaa zilizooza za [[urani]], zinazopatikana katika [[umbo (jiolojia)|umbo]] la ardhi. Bidhaa za mnururisho zilizooza [[ioni]] vitu vya jenetiki, vikisababisha mabadiliko yanayoleta saratani. Radoni ni kisababishi cha pili cha kawaida cha saratani nchini Marekani baada ya uvutaji wa sigara.<ref name="Alberg" /> Hatari huongezeka asilimia 8–16 kwa kila ongezeko la 100 [[becquerel|Bq]]/[[cubic metre|m³]] katika kuwepo kwa radoni .<ref>{{cite journal |author=Schmid K, Kuwert T, Drexler H |title=Radon in Indoor Spaces: An Underestimated Risk Factor for Lung Cancer in Environmental Medicine |journal=Dtsch Arztebl Int |volume=107|issue=11 |pages=181–6 |year=2010 |month=March |pmid=20386676 |pmc=2853156 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.2010.0181 |url=}}</ref> Viwango vya gesi ya radoni hutofautiana kulingana na maeneo na elementi za mchanga ulio chini na miamba. Kwa mfano, katika maeneo kama [[Cornwall]] nchini Uingereza (iliyo na [[granite]] kama safu ya chini), gesi ya radoni ni tatizo kuu, na majengo yanafaa kuwa na matundu ya kupitishia hewa na fani ili kupunguza kiwango cha gesi ya radoni. [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] Hukadiria kuwa moja kwa maboma 15 nchini Marekani huwa na viwango vya radoni zaidi ya miongozo iliyopendekezwa ya [[picocurie]] 4 kwa kila lita (pCi/l) (148 Bq/m³).<ref name="EPA radon" /> ===Asbesto=== [[Asbesto]] inaweza kusababisha baadhi ya magonjwa ya mapafu, pamoja na saratani yake. Uvutaji wa tumbaku na asbesto huwa na athari ya [[ushirikiano|inayoshirikiana]] kuanza kwa saratani ya mapafu.<ref name="O'Reilly" /> Pia inaweza kusababisha saratani ya [[pleura]], inayoitwa [[mesothelioma]] (ambayo ni tofauti na saratani ya mapafu).<ref>{{Rejea kitabu | last=Daviesfirst=RJO |coauthors=Lee YCG | title=Oxford Textbook Medicine | publisher=OUP Oxford | year=2010 | chapter=18.19.3 | edition=5th |isbn=978-0199204854 }}</ref> ===Kuchafuka kwa hewa=== Kuchafuka kwa hewa huwa na athari ndogo kwa ongezeko la hatari ya saratani ya mapafu.<ref name="MurrayNadel46">{{Rejea kitabu |author=Alberg AJ, Samet JM | title=Murray & Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine |url=https://archive.org/details/murraynadelstext0001unse_5ed | publisher=Saunders Elsevier |year=2010 | chapter=Chapter 46 | edition=5th | isbn=978-1-4160-4710-0 }}</ref> [[chembe za angahewa|chembe]] (PM_2.5) na [[stratospheric sulfur aerosols|sulfate aerosols]], inayoweza kutoka kwa ekzozi ya magari barabarani, huhusishwa na hatari kidogo.<ref name="MurrayNadel46" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Chen | first=H | coauthors=Goldberg MS, Villeneuve PJ | journal=Reviews on Environmental Health | year=2008 |month=Oct-Dec | volume=23 |issue=4 | pages=243–297 | title=A systematic review of the relation between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and chronic diseases | pmid=19235364 }}</ref> Kwa [[naitrojeni dioksidi]], ongezeko la [[Sehemu 10 kwa kila bilioni]] huongeza hatari kwa asilimia 14.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Clapp | first=RW |coauthors=Jacobs MM, Loechler EL | journal=Reviews on Environmental Health | year=2008 | month=Jan-Mar | volume=23|issue=1 | pages=1–37 | title=Environmental and Occupational Causes of Cancer New Evidence, 2005–2007 | pmid=18557596 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791455/?tool=pubmed| pmc=2791455}}</ref> Kuchafuka kwa hewa huchangia karibu asilimia 1-2 ya saratani.<ref name="MurrayNadel46" /> Pendekezo la dhibitisho kuunga mkono ongezeko la hatari ya saratani kutoka kwa [[uchafuzi wa hewa]] unaohusiana na kuchoma kuni, makaa, kinyesi cha mnyama, au mabaki yao ili kupika au kupasha joto.<ref name=Lim2012>{{cite journal|last=Lim|first=WY|coauthors=Seow, A|title=Biomass fuels and lung cancer.|journal=Respirology (Carlton, Vic.)|date=2012 Jan|volume=17|issue=1|pages=20-31|pmid=22008241}}</ref> Wanawake wanaoathiriwa na moshi ya makaa huwa na hatari mara dufu kama baadhi ya mabaki ya kuchoma [[biomasi]] yanajulikana au ni kasinojeni zinazodhaniwa.<ref name=Sood2012/> Hatari hii huathiri takribani watu bilioni 2.4&nbsp; ulimwenguni,<ref name=Lim2012/> Na kuchangia asilimia 1.5 ya vifo vya saratani ya mapafu.<ref name=Sood2012>{{cite journal|last=Sood|first=A|title=Indoor fuel exposure and the lung in both developing and developed countries: an update.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinics-in-chest-medicine_2012-12_33_4/page/649|journal=Clinics in chest medicine|date=2012 Dec|volume=33|issue=4|pages=649-65|pmid=23153607}}</ref> ===Jenetikia=== Inakadiriwa kuwa asilimia 8 hadi 14 ya saratani ya mapafu husababishwa na masuala ya [[urithi|kuurithi]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Dudley|first=Joel|title=Exploring Personal Genomics|year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199644483|page=25|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=arCnThIq9LcC&pg=PA25}}</ref> Kwa jamaa walio na saratani, hatari huongezeka mara 2.4. Hii inawezekana kwa sababu ya [[polymorphism ya jenetikia|mchanganyiko wa jeni]].<ref name="Fishman1802">{{Rejea kitabu | author=Kern JA, McLennan G | title=Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders |publisher=McGraw-Hill | year=2008 | page=1802 | edition=4th | isbn=0-07-145739-9 }}</ref>s ===Visababishi vingine=== Vitu vingine, Kazi, na maeneo mbalimbali yamehusishwa na saratani ya mapafu. [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] (IARC) unaeleza kuwa "dhibitisho tosha" kuonyesha yafuatayo ni pafu lililo na kasinojeni:<ref name='Saratani ya mapafu YOte'>{{cite journal|last=Cogliano|first=VJ|coauthors=Baan, R; Straif, K; Grosse, Y; Lauby-Secretan, B; El Ghissassi, F; Bouvard, V; Benbrahim-Tallaa, L; Guha, N; Freeman, C; Galichet, L; Wild, CP|title=Preventable exposures associated with human cancers.|journal=Journal of the National Cancer Institute|date=2011 Dec 21|volume=103|issue=24|pages=1827-39|pmid=22158127|url=http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/Table4.pdf|access-date=2014-01-09|archive-date=2012-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920150724/http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/Table4.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> *Metali zingine (Utengenezaji wa aluminiamu, [[cadmium]] na elementi za kadimiamu, [[chromium]](VI), [[beryllium]] na beriliamu, kupatikana kwa chuma na chuma cha pua, elementi za nikeli, [[arsenic]] na za aseniki isiyo hai, uchimbaji madini wa chini ya ardhi [[hematite]]) *Bidhaa zingine za mwako (mwako usiokamilika, makaa ya moto (moshi wa ndani kutokana na kuchoma makaa kwa nyumba), kugeuza makaa kuwa gesi, kuweka lami, [[makaa (fueli)|utengenezaji wa makaa]], masizi, utoaji dizeli kutoka kwa injini *Mnururisho aionishi (X-radiasheni, radoni-222 na vitu vyake vilivyooza, [[mnururisho wa gama]], [[plutonium]]) *Gesi sumu ingine (methyl ether (technical grade), Bis-(chloromethyl) ether, [[sulfurmustard]], MOPP ([[Mustargen Oncovin Procarbazine Prednisone|vincristine-prednisone-nitrogen mustard-procarbazine mixture]]), harufu kali ya moshi kutokana na upakaji wa rangi) *Utengenezaji wa raba na kristalini [[Silikoni dioksidi|vumbi ya silika]] ==Pathojenesisi== Sawa na saratani nyingine nyingi, saratani ya mapafu huanzishwa na uhai wa [[oncogene]] au kutokuwa hai kwa [[jeni inayokandamiza tyuma]].<ref name="Fong" /> Oncogenes zinaaminiwa huwafanya watu kuwa na uwezekano zaidi wa kupata saratani. [[Proto-oncogene]] zinaaminiwa kubadilika kuwa oncogenes zinapokutana na kasinojeni fulani.<ref name="Salgia" /> [[Mabadiliko]] katika ''[[Ras (protini)|K-ras]]'' proto-oncogene husababisha asilimia 10–30 ya adenocarcinomas ya mapafu.<ref name="NEJM-molecular" /><ref name="Aviel-Ronen" /> [[kipokezi cha suala la ukuaji wa epidemisi]] (KSUE) hudhibiti uzaaji wa seli, [[apoptosis]], [[angiogenesis]], na uvamizi wa tyuma.<ref name="NEJM-molecular" /> Mabadiliko na ukuaji wa KSUE hupatikana sana katika saratani ya seli kubwa ya mapafu na hupeana msingi wa kutibu kwa vizuizi vya KSUE. [[Her2/neu]] huathirika mara chache.<ref name="NEJM-molecular" /> Uharibifu wa [[Chromosome|Chromosomal]] unaweza kusababisha [[kukosekana kwa heterozygosity]]. Hii inaweza kusababisha kutotenda kazi kwa jeni zinazokandamiza tyuma. Kuharibika kwa chromosome 3p, 5q, 13q, na 17p ni kawaida hasa kwa kasinoma ya seli ndogo ya mapafu.''[[p53]]'' jeni inayokandamiza tyuma, iliyo kwa kromosomu 17p, huathirika katika asilimia 60-75 ya visa.<ref name="Devereux" /> Jeni zingine ambazo mara nyingi hubadilika au kukua ni ''[[c-MET]]'', ''[[NKX2-1]]'', ''[[LKB1]]'', ''[[PIK3CA]]'', na''[[BRAF (gene)|BRAF]]''.<ref name="NEJM-molecular" /> ==Utambuzi== [[Picha:Thorax CT peripheres Brronchialcarcinom li OF.jpg|kidole cha thumb|[[ Ukaguzi wa CT]]kuonyesha tyuma ya saratani katika pafu la kushoto]] Kutekeleza [[radiotherapi ya kifua]] ni hatua ya kwanza ya uchunguzi ikiwa mtu ata ripoti dalili zinazoweza kuashiria saratani ya mapafu. Hii inaweza kuonyesha kupanuka kwa [[mediastinum]] (dokezo la kuenea kwa [[nodi ya limfu]]), [[atelectasis]] (kuvunjika), kuimarika ([[nimonia]]), au [[pleural effusion]].<ref name="Merck" /> [[tomografi ya kompyuta ya eksirei|Upigaji picha wa CT]] hutumiwa kupeana habari zaidi kuhusu aina na kiwango cha maradhi. [[Bronkoskopi]] au mwongozo wa CT [[biopsi]] mara nyingi hutumiwa kuchukua sampuli ya tyuma ili kufanyia [[histopatholojia]].<ref name="Collins" /> Saratani ya mapafu hutokea kama [[nodu moja ya mapafu]] katika radiografu ya kifua. Hata hivyo, [[utambuzi wa kutofautisha]] ni mpana. Magonjwa mengine yanaweza kujitokeza hivi, pamoja na [[kifua kikuu]], maambukizi ya kuvu, saratani ya metastasisi, au [[nimonia]]. Kisababishi kisicho cha kawaida cha nodu moja ya mapafu hujumuisha [[hamartoma]], [[bronchogenic cyst]], [[adenoma]], [[ulemavu wa ateri na vena]], [[pulmonary sequestration]], [[rheumatoid nodule]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]], au [[limfoma]].<ref>{{Rejea kitabu | last=Miller |first=WT | title=Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders | publisher=McGraw-Hill | year=2008 | page=486 | edition=4th | isbn=0-07-145739-9 }}</ref> Saratani ya mapafu pia inaweza kuwa [[incidentaloma|utambuzi wa dharura]], kama kifundo kimoja cha mapafu katika radiografu ya kifua au ukaguzi wa CT uliotekelezwa kwa sababu isiyohusiana.<ref name="Fishman1815">{{Rejea kitabu | last=Kaiser | first=LR | title=Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders | publisher=McGraw-Hill | year=2008 | pages=1815–1816 | edition=4th | isbn=0-07-145739-9 }}</ref> Utambuzi wa kufafanua saratani ya mapafu huzingatia [[histopatholojia|histolojia]] uchunguzi wa tishu inayodhaniwa katika muktadha wa sifa za kliniki na radiolojia.<ref name="Harrison" /> ===Uainishaji=== {| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;width:45%;margin-left:1em" |+ style="background:#E5AFAA;"|'''Age-adjusted [[incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]] of lung cancer by histological type'''<ref name="MurrayNadel46" /> |- style="background: #E5AFAA;text-align:center;font-size:90%;" ! abbr="Type" | Histological type ! abbr="Frequency" | Incidence per 100,000 per year |- | All types | 66.9 |- | Adenocarcinoma | 22.1 |- | Squamous-cell carcinoma | 14.4 |- | Small-cell carcinoma | 9.8 |} Saratani ya mapafu zimeainishwa kulingana na [[histopatholojia|aina ya histolojia]].<ref name="Holland-Frei78" /> Uainishaji huu ni muhimu kwa kubainisha udhibiti na kubashiri matokeo ya maradhi. Saratani nyingi za mapafu ni ya [[kasinoma]]—hatari inayotokana na [[seli za epithelia]]. Kasinoma ya mapafu huainishwa kwa ukubwa na jinsi seli hatari zinavyoonekana ikiangaliwa na histopatholojia kwa [[darubini]]. Aina zote mbili ni kasinoma ya mapafu ya seli ndogo na kasinoma ya mapafu ya seli kubwa.<ref name="Robbins" /> ====Kasinoma ya mapafu ya seli kubwa==== [[Picha:Squamous carcinoma lung 2 cytology.jpg|thumb|[[Mikrografu]] ya [[kasinoma ya squamous]], aina ya kasinoma ya seli kubwa,sampuli ya FNA, [[doa la ubwabwa]]]] Aina tatu ndogo za KMSK ni [[adenocarcinoma]], [[kasinoma ya mapafu ya seli za squamous]], na [[kasinoma ya mapafu ya seli ndogo]].<ref name="Harrison" /> Karibu asilimia 40 ya saratani huwa adenocarcinoma, ambayo kwa kawaida huanzia kwa tishu ya mapafu iliyo pembeni.<ref name="Holland-Frei78">{{cite book | last=Lu | first=C | coauthors=Onn A, Vaporciyan AA et al. | title=Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine |edition=8th | chapter=78: Cancer of the Lung | publisher=People's Medical Publishing House | year=2010 |isbn=9781607950141}}</ref> Visa vingi vya adenocarcinoma huhusishwa na uvutaji; hata hivyo, kati ya watu waliovuta sigara chini ya 100 katika maisha yao ("wasiovuta"),<ref name="Harrison" /> adenocarcinoma ni aina ya saratani ya mapafu inayopatikana.<ref name="Subramanian">{{cite journal | last=Subramanian | first=J | coauthors=Govindan R |title=Lung cancer in never smokers: a review | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-oncology_2007-02-10_25_5/page/560 | journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology | volume=25 | issue=5 | pages=561–570| publisher=American Society of Clinical Oncology | month=February | year=2007 | pmid=17290066 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2006.06.8015 }}</ref> Aina ndogo ya adenocarcinoma, [[bronchioloalveolar carcinoma]], hupatikana sana kwa wanawake wasiovuta, na inaweza kuwa na muda nzuri wa kuishi.<ref name="Raz"/> Kasinoma ya seli ya squamous huchangia kwa takribani asilimia 30 ya saratani za mapafu. Hutokea kwa njia za hewa zilizokubwa. Kaviti tupu na inayohusishwa [[necrosis|kufa kwa seli]] kwa kawaida hupatikana katikati ya tyuma.<ref name="Holland-Frei78" /> Takribani asilimia 9 ya saratani za mapafu ni kasinoma ya seli kubwa. Huitwa hivyo kwa kuwa seli za saratani ni kubwa, na zina [[cytoplasm]] nyingi zaidi, [[nukliasi ya seli|nukliasi]] iliyo kubwa na inayoonekana [[nukleolasi|nucleoli]].<ref name="Holland-Frei78" /> ====Kasinoma ya mapafu ya seli ndogo==== Katika [[kasinoma ya mapafu ya seli ndogo]] (KMSD), seli huwa na granuli nene zinazotoa neurosisi ([[vesicle (biolojia)|vesicles]] zilizo na [[homoni]]), za [[mfumo wa neva na endokrini]] zinazopatia tyuma muungano wa sindromu ya endokrini/paraneoplasti.<ref name="Rosti" /> Mara nyingi hutokea katika njia za hewa zilizokubwa zaidi [[bronkasi|bronkia]](za kwanza na za pili).<ref name="Collins" /> Saratani hizi hukua haraka na kuenea mapema wakati wa maradhi. Asilimia sitini hadi sabini huwa na maradhi ya metastiki inapotokea. Aina hii ya saratani ya mapafu huhusishwa sana na uvutaji.<ref name="Harrison" /> ====Zingine==== Aina nyingine nne kuu za histolojia zimetambuliwa, hata ingawa saratani zingine zinaweza kuwa na mchanganyiko wa aina tofauti za aina ndogo.<ref name=Robbins>{{cite book | last=Maitra | first=A | coauthors=Kumar V | year=2007 | title=Robbins Basic Pathology|edition=8th | publisher=Saunders Elsevier | pages=528–529 | isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1 }}</ref> Aina ndogo zilizo nadra hujumuisha [[Saratani ya glandi ya ute|tyuma za glandi]], [[kasinoidi ya mapafu|tyuma za kasinoidi]], na kasinoma zisizopambanuliwa.<ref name="Harrison" /> ====Metastasisi==== {| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;width:45%;margin-left:1em" |+ style="background:#E5AFAA;"|'''Typical [[immunostaining]] in lung cancer'''<ref name="Harrison" /> |- style="background: #E5AFAA;text-align:center;font-size:90%;" ! abbr="Type" | Histological type ! abbr="Frequency" | Immunostain |- | Squamous-cell carcinoma | [[Cytokeratin|CK]]5/6 positive <br>[[Keratin 7|CK7]] negative |- | Adenocarcinoma | CK7 positive <br>[[NK2 homeobox 1|TTF-1]] positive |- | Large-cell carcinoma | TTF-1 negative |- | Small-cell carcinoma | TTF-1 positive <br>[[Neural cell adhesion molecule|CD56]] positive <br>[[Granin|Chromogranin]] positive<br>[[Synaptophysin]] positive |} Mapafu ni sehemu ya kawaida ya uenezi wa tyuma kutoka sehemu zingine za mwili. Saratani za pili zimeainishwa kutokana na chanzo chake; kwa mfano, saratani ya matiti iliyoenea kwa mapafu huitwa saratani ya matiti ya metastasisi. Metastasisi mara nyingi huwa na sifa ya kuonekana mviringo kwa radiografu ya kifua.<ref name="Seo" /> Saratani za kwanza za mapafu kwa kawaida huenea kwa ubongo, mifupa, ini, na [[glandi ya adrenali]].<ref name="Holland-Frei78" /> [[Immunostaining]] ya biopsi mara nyingi husaidia kubaini kiini halisi.<ref name="pmid18784820">{{cite journal |author=Tan D, Zander DS |title=Immunohistochemistry for Assessment of Pulmonary and Pleural Neoplasms: A Review and Update |journal=Int J Clin Exp Pathol |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=19–31|year=2008|pmid=18784820 |pmc=2480532 }}</ref> ===Hatua ya saratani=== [[Hatua ya saratani]] ni kutathmini maenezi ya saratani kutoka chanzo chake. Ni mojawapo ya masuala yanayoathiri [[prognosisi]] na uwezekano wa kutibu saratani ya mapafu.<ref name="Harrison" /> Utathmini wa kwanza wa hatua ya saratani ya mapafu ya seli kubwa (SMSK) hutumia [[mfumo wa TNM|uainishaji wa TNM]]. Hii huzingatia ukubwa wa '''t'''yuma, limfu huhusishaji '''n'''odi na kwa umbali'''m'''etastasisi. Baadaye, kwa kutumia kielezi TNM, Kikundi hupeanwa, kuanzia saratani ya kwanza kupitia awamu 0, 1-A (moja A), IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB na IV (nne). Kikundi hiki cha awamu husaidia kwa uchaguzi wa matibabu na makadirio ya prognosisi.<ref name="Rami-Porta">{{Rejea jarida | last=Rami-Porta | first=R | coauthors=Crowley JJ, Goldstraw P | title=The revised TNM staging system for lung cancer | journal=Annals of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery | volume=15 | issue=1 | pages=4–9 |month=February | year=2009 | url=http://www.atcs.jp/pdf/2009_15_1/4.pdf| pmid=19262443 }}</ref> Kasinoma ya mapafu ya seli ndogo (KMSN) kimapokeo imeainishwa kuwa 'awamu iliyo na mpaka' (iliyofungiwa kwa moja na nusu ya kifua na kati ya eneo la [[radiotherapi]] moja inayoweza kustahimiliwa) au 'awamu pana' (magonjwa yaliyoenea pakubwa zaidi).<ref name="Harrison" /> Hata hivyo, uainishaji wa TNM na upangaji ni muhimu kwa kukadiria prognosisi.<ref name="Rami-Porta" /> Kwa KMSK na KMSK, aina zote mbili za kawaida za utathmini wa hatua ni ule wa kliniki na upasuaji. Hatua ya saratani hubainishwa kabla ya upasuaji wenyewe. Huzingatia matokeo ya masomo ya picha (kama vile [[tomografi ya kompyuta ya eksirei|uchunguzi wa CT]] na [[picha ya kompyuta ya miale ya gama|uchunguzi wa PET]]) na matokeo ya biopsi. Hatua ya upasuaji hutathminiwa wakati wa au baada ya upasuaji, na huzingatia muunganisho wa matokeo ya upasuaji na kliniki, pamoja na kuchukua sampuli za nodi za limfu za kifua.<ref name="Holland-Frei78" /> ==UKingaji== Ukingaji ndio gharama ya chini ya kuzuia kukua kwa saratani ya mapafu. Ilhali katika mataifa mengi kasinojeni za viwanda na zile za nyumbani zimetambuliwa na kupigwa marufuku, uvutaji tumbaku ungali umeenea pakubwa. Kukomesha uvutaji wa tumbaku ni lengo la kwanza katika ukingaji [[kukomesha uvutaji]] ni kifaa muhimu katika utaratibu huu.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Goodman | first=GE | title=Lung cancer. 1: prevention of lung cancer | journal=Thorax |volume=57 | issue=11 | year=2002 | month=November | pages=994–999 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1746232/pdf/v057p00994.pdf| pmid=12403886 | pmc=1746232}}</ref> Sera za kupunguza [[uvutaji wa moshi ya sigara]] Kwenye maeneo kama vile hoteli na pahali pa kufanyia kazi umekuwa wa kawaida katika mataifa mengi ya magharibi.<ref>{{cite journal | last=McNabola | first=A | coauthors=Gill LW | title=The control of environmental tobacco smoke: a policy review | journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=6 | issue=2 | year=2009 | month=February | pages=741–758 | doi=10.3390/ijerph6020741 | pmid=19440413 |pmc=2672352}}</ref> [[Bhutan]] imepiga marufuku uvutaji wa sigara tangu mwaka wa 2005<ref name="Bhutan" /> ilhali India ilipiga marufuku uvutaji wa tumbaku mwezi wa kumi 2008.<ref>{{cite news | last=Pandey | first=G | title=Indian ban on smoking in public |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7645868.stm| publisher=[[BBC]]| date=2 October 2008 | accessdate=2012-04-25 }}</ref> [[Shirika la Afya la Ulimwengu]] limetoa wito kwa serikali kuanzisha upigaji marufuku wa kutangaza tumbaku ili vijana wasianze kuvuta. Hutathmini unaonyesha kuwa uvutaji umepungua kwa asilimia 16%.<ref name="AUTOREF10">{{Cite press release |title=UN health agency calls for total ban on tobacco advertising to protect young |url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=26857|publisher=[[United Nations]] News service |date=30 May 2008}}</ref> Utumiaji wa nyongeza ya vitamini A kwa muda mrefu,<ref name="Fabricius">{{cite journal | last=Fabricius | first=P |coauthors=Lange P | title=Diet and lung cancer | journal=Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease | volume=59 | issue=3 |year=2003 | month=July–September |pages=207–211 | pmid=15065316 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida | last=Fritz | first=H |coauthors=Kennedy D, Fergusson D et al. | title=Vitamin A and Retinoid Derivatives for Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis | journal=PLoS ONE | volume=6 | issue=6 | year=2011 | page=e21107 | pmid=21738614 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0021107 | pmc=3124481}}</ref> vitamini C,<ref name="Fabricius" /> vitamini D<ref>{{cite journal |last=Herr | first=C |scoauthors=Greulich T, Koczulla RA et al. | title=The role of vitamin D in pulmonary disease: COPD, asthma, infection, and cancer | journal=Respiratory Research | volume=12 | issue=1 | year=2011 | month=March | page=31 |doi=10.1186/1465-9921-12-31 | pmid=21418564 | pmc=3071319}}</ref> au vitamin E<ref name="Fabricius" /> Hupunguzi hatari ya saratani ya mapafu. Uchunguzi mwingine unapendekeza kuwa watu wanaokula chakula kilicho na kiwango cha juu zaidi cha mboga na matunda wana hatari ya chini,<ref name="Alberg" /><ref name="Key">{{cite journal | last=Key | first=TJ | title=Fruit and vegetables and cancer risk | journal=British Journal of Cancer | volume=104 | issue=1 | year=2011 | month=January | pages=6–11 |doi=10.1038/sj.bjc.6606032 | pmid=21119663 | pmc=3039795}}</ref> lakini hii inawezekana kwa sababu ya [[kushangaza]]. Uchunguzi mkali zaidi haujaonyesha ushirikiano dhahiri.<ref name="Key" /> ===Uchunguzi=== [[Uchunguzi (dawa)|Uchunguzi]] ni matumizi ya [[uchunguzi wa matibabu]] ili kubaini ugonjwa kwa watu wanaoonyesha dalili. Uwezekano wa vipimo vya kuchuja saratani ya mapafu ni pamoja na [[sputum]] [[saitopatholojia|saitolojia]], [[radiografu ya kifua]], na [[tomografia ya digitali]]. Utaratibu wa uchunguzi unaotumia radiografu ya kifua au saitologia haijaleta manufaa.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Manser | first=RL | coauthors=Irving LB, Stone C et al. | title=Screening for lung cancer | journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue=1 | pages=CD001991 | year=2004 | pmid=14973979 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001991.pub2/full | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001991.pub2 }}</ref> Kuchuja walio katika hatari kuu (yaani, miaka 55 hadi 79 waliovuta zaidi ya &nbsp; [[pakiti]] 30 kwa mwaka au wale wamewahi kupata saratani ya mapafu hapo awali) kwa mwaka na dozi iliyo chini ya uchunguzi wa picha inaweza kupunguza uwezekano wa kifo kutokana na saratani ya mapafu kwa [[Kupunguza hatari kamili|kiasi kamili]] ya asilimia 0.3 ([[Kupunguza hatari kiasi|hatari kiasi]] ya asilimia 20).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jaklitsch | first=MT | coauthors=Jacobson FL, Austin JH et al. | title=The American Association for Thoracic Surgery guidelines for lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography scans for lung cancer survivors and other high-risk groups |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-thoracic-and-cardiovascular-surgery_2012-07_144_1/page/33 | journal=Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery | month=July | year=2012 | volume=144 | issue=1 |pages=33&ndash;38 | pmid=22710039 | doi=10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.05.060}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Bach | first=PB |coauthors=Mirkin JN, Oliver TK et al. | title=Benefits and harms of CT screening for lung cancer: a systematic review |journal=JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association | month=June | year=2012 | volume=307 | issue=22 |pages=2418–2429 | pmid=22610500 | doi=10.1001/jama.2012.5521}}</ref> Hata hivyo, kuna kiwango cha juu ya matokeo duni kinachoweza kusababisha utaratibu wa upasuaji vile vile gharama kubwa ya fedha.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Boiselle|first=PM|title=Computed tomography screening for lung cancer.|journal=JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association|date=2013 Mar 20|volume=309|issue=11|pages=1163-70|pmid=23512063}}</ref> Kwa kila tokeo la kipimo halisi kuna zaidi ya 19 ya matokeo duni.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bach PB, Mirkin JN, Oliver TK, ''et al.''|title=Benefits and harms of CT screening for lung cancer: a systematic review |journal=JAMA |volume=307 |issue=22|pages=2418–29 |year=2012 |month=June |pmid=22610500 |doi=10.1001/jama.2012.5521 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2012-06-13_307_22/page/2418}}</ref> Kuwa wazi kwa mnururisho ni njia nyingine ya madhara inayoweza kuwa kutokana na kuchuja.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Aberle|first=DR|coauthors=Abtin, F; Brown, K|title=Computed tomography screening for lung cancer: has it finally arrived? Implications of the national lung screening trial.|journal=Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology|date=2013 Mar 10|volume=31|issue=8|pages=1002-8|pmid=23401434}}</ref> ==Udhibiti== Matibabu ya saratani ya mapafu hulingana na seli maalum ya saratani [[hali ya saratani|kuenea]], na [[hali ya utendaji]] wa mtu. Matibabu ya kawaida hujumuisha [[huduma ya kupunguza maumivu]],<ref>{{cite journal | last=Ferrell |first=B | coauthors=Koczywas M, Grannis F, Harrington A | title=Palliative care in lung cancer | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_surgical-clinics-of-north-america_2011-04_91_2/page/403 | journal=Surgical Clinics of North America | volume=91 | issue=2 | pages=403–417 | year=2011 | month=April | pmid=21419260 |doi=10.1016/j.suc.2010.12.003}}</ref> [[upasuaji]], [[kemotherapi]], na [[therapi ya mnururisho]].<ref name="Harrison" /> ===Upasuaji=== Ikiwa uchunguzi utathibitisha KSMK, [[hatua ya saratani|hatua]] inatathminiwa ili kuamua ikiwa kuna ugonjwa katika eneo maalum na inaweza kutibiwa kwa upasuaji au iwapo imeenea kwa kiwango kisichoweza kufanyiwa upasuaji. Uchunguzi wa picha na [[picha ya kompyuta ya miale ya gama]] inatumika kwa uamuzi.<ref name="Harrison" /> Ikiwa unashuku tezi ya mediastinamu inahusika, [[upasuaji wa mediastinamu]] inaweza kutumika kutengeneza sampuli nodi na kutathmini kiwango.<ref name="Fishman1853">{{Rejea kitabu |author=Kaiser LR | title=Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders | publisher=McGraw-Hill | year=2008 | pages=1853–1854| edition=4th | isbn=0-07-145739-9 }}</ref> [[Upimaji wa damu]] na [[uchunguzi wa utendakazi wa mapafu]] hutumika kutathmini iwapo mtu atafanyiwa upasuaji.<ref name="Collins" /> Ikiwa matokeo ya uchunguzi wa utendakazi wa mapafu yataonyesha kuwa mapafu hayana hewa ya kutosha, upasuaji hautawezekana.<ref name="Harrison" /> Katika hali nyingi za kwanza KSMK, kutoa tundu la pafu matibabu ya upasuaji ya ([[lobektomia]]) huchaguliwa. Watu wasio sawa kwa lobektomia mzima, sublobar kiasi ([[kuondoa kipande cha tishu]]) inaweza kutekelezwa. Hata hivyo, kuondoa kipande hiki kina hatari kubwa ya kurudi tena kuliko lobektomia.<ref name="Fishman1855">{{Rejea kitabu | author=Kaiser LR |title=Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders | publisher=McGraw-Hill | year=2008 | pages=1855–1856 | edition=4th |isbn=0-07-145739-9 }}</ref> Mnururisho [[iodini]] [[brachytherapy]] ukingoni mwa kuondoa kipande cha tishu unaweza kupunguza hatari ya kurudi tena.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Odell | first=DD | coauthors=Kent MS, Fernando HC | title=Sublobar resection with brachytherapy mesh for stage I non-small cell lung cancer | journal=Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery |volume=22 | issue=1 | pages=32–37 | year=2010 | month=Spring | pmid=20813314 | doi=10.1053/j.semtcvs.2010.04.003}}</ref> Ni nadra, kutoa pafu lote ([[numonektomi]]) hufanywa.<ref name="Fishman1855" /> [[Upasuaji wa thoracoscopic unaosaidiwa na video]] na [[lobektomia ya VATS]] hutumia njia itakayoingia ndani katika upasuaji.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Alam| first=N | coauthors=Flores RM | title=Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) lobectomy: the evidence base |journal=Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons | volume=11 | issue=3 | pages=368–374 | year=2007 |month=July–September | pmid=17931521 | pmc=3015831}}</ref> Lobektomia ya VATS inapendekezwa kwa usawa kulingana na lobektomia ya wazi iliyo kawaida, na magonjwa baada ya upasuaji. <ref>{{cite journal | last=Rueth | first=NM | coauthors=Andrade RS |title=Is VATS lobectomy better: perioperatively, biologically and oncologically? | journal=Annals of Thoracic Surgery |volume=89 | issue=6 | pages=S2107–S2111 | year=2010 | month=June | pmid=20493991 | doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.03.020}}</ref> Kwa KSMN, kemotherapi na/au radiotherapi hutumika.<ref name='SimonTurrisi'>{{cite journal |author=Simon GR, Turrisi A |title=Management of small cell lung cancer: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition)|journal=Chest |volume=132 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=324S–339S |year=2007 |month=September |pmid=17873178|doi=10.1378/chest.07-1385 |url=http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/132/3_suppl/324S.long}}</ref> Hata hivyo jukumu la upasuaji kwa KSMN inastahili kufikiriwa tena. Upasuaji unaweza kuboresha matokeo itakapowekwa kwa kemotherapi na mnururisho katika hatua ya kwanza ya KSMN.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Goldstein | first=SD | coauthors=Yang SC | title=Role of surgery in small cell lung cancer | journal=Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America | volume=20 | issue=4 | pages=769–777 | year=2011 |month=October | pmid=21986271 | doi=10.1016/j.soc.2011.08.001}}</ref> ===Radiotherapi=== [[Matibabu ya mnururisho|Radiotherapi]] hutolewa mara kwa mara pamoja na kemotherapi, na inaweza kutumika pamoja na dhamira ya kuponya kwa watu walio na KSMK wasioweza kufanyiwa upasuaji. Hali iliyo kali sana huitwa radiotherapi ya radikali.<ref name="OTO" /> Mabadiliko ya utaratibu huu hugawanywa kulingana na makali ya radiotherapi unaoendelea, ambapo dozi kali ya radiotherapi hutolewa kwa muda mfupi. <ref>{{Rejea jarida | last=Hatton | first=MQ| coauthors=Martin JE | title=Continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (CHART) and non-conventionally fractionated radiotherapy in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: a review and consideration of future directions| journal=Clinical Oncology (Royal College of Radiologists) | volume=22 | issue=5 | pages=356–364 | month=June | year=2010| pmid=20399629 | doi=10.1016/j.clon.2010.03.010}}</ref> Radiotherapi ya kifua baada ya upasuaji haipaswi kutumika baada ya upasuaji wa dhamira ya kuponya kwa watu waliona KSMK.<ref name="PORT Meta-analysis Trialists Group" /> Baadhi ya watu walio na mediastinamu ya limfu nodi ya N2 inayohusika wanaweza kufaidika kutokana na radiotherapi ya baada ya upasuaji.<ref>{{Rejea jarida | last=Le Péchoux | first=C |title=Role of postoperative radiotherapy in resected non-small cell lung cancer: a reassessment based on new data |journal=Oncologist | volume=16 | issue=5 | pages=672–681 | year=2011 | pmid=21378080 | doi=10.1634/theoncologist.2010-0150| pmc=3228187}}</ref> Kwa hali ya KSMN, radiotherapi mara nyingi inapendekezwa zaidi pamoja na kemotherapi.<ref name="Holland-Frei78" /> Ikiwa ueneaji wa saratani itaziba sehemu ya bronkasi, [[brachytherapy]] (radiotherapi maalum) inaweza kupewa moja kwa moja ndani ya njia ya hewa ili njia ifunguke.<ref>{{Rejea jarida | last=Cardona | first=AF | coauthors=Reveiz L, Ospina EG et al.| title=Palliative endobronchial brachytherapy for non-small cell lung cancer | journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue=2 | pages=CD004284 | month=April | year=2008 | pmid=18425900 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004284.pub2}}</ref> Kulingana na mwali wa mwanga ya nje ya radiotherapi, brachytherapy inaruhusu kupungua kwa muda wa matibabu na upungufu wa uwazi kwa mnururisho kwa wahudumu wa afya. Prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) ni aina ya radiotherapi kwa akili, hutumika kupunguza hatari ya [[metastasisi]]. (PCI) hutumika sana kwa KSMN. Katika hatua za ugonjwa mdogo, (PCI) huongeza miaka mitatu za maisha kutoka asilimia 15 hadi 20; kwa ugonjwa uliozidi, kuishi mwaka mmoja huzidi kutoka asilimia 13 hadi 27.<ref>{{Rejea jarida | last=Paumier | first=A | coauthors=Cuenca X, Le Péchoux C | title=Prophylactic cranial irradiation in lung cancer | journal=Cancer Treatment Reviews | volume=37 | issue=4| pages=261–265 | month=June | year=2011 | pmid=20934256 | doi=10.1016/j.ctrv.2010.08.009}}</ref> Maendeleo ya hivi karibuni yanayolenga na kutoa picha yameleta maendeleo ya upasuaji kwa kutumia mnururisho kwa kutibu saratani iliyo katika hatua ya kwanza. Katika aina hii, dozi kali hutolewa kwa idadi ndogo ya vipindi kwa kutumia mbinu ya kulenga upasuaji. Matumizi yake hasa ni kwa wagonjwa wasiofanyiwa upasuaji kwa sababu ya matibabu [[comorbidities]].<ref>{{Rejea jarida | last=Girard | first=N | coauthors=Mornex F | title=Stereotactic radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer: From concept to clinical reality. 2011 update | journal=Cancer Radiothérapie | volume=15 |issue=6–7 | pages=522–526 | month=October | year=2011 | pmid=21889901 | doi=10.1016/j.canrad.2011.07.241}}</ref> Kwa wagonjwa walio na KSMK na KSMN, dozi kiasi cha mnururisho kwa kifua inaweza kutumika ili kudhibiti dalili (radiotherapi ya [[huduma inayopunguza maumivu|inayopunguza maumivu]]).<ref>{{Rejea jarida | last=Fairchild | first=A | coauthors=Harris K, Barnes E et al. |title=Palliative thoracic radiotherapy for lung cancer: a systematic review | journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology |volume=26 | issue=24 | pages=4001–4011 | month=August | year=2008 | pmid=18711191 |url=http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/24/4001.full | doi=10.1200/JCO.2007.15.3312}}</ref> ===Kemotherapi=== Mazoezi ya [[kemotherapi]] inalingana na aina ya tyuma.<ref name="Holland-Frei78" /> Kasinoma ya mapafu ya seli ndogo (KMSN), hata kiasi kidogo ya hatua ya kwanza ya ugonjwa, hutibiwa hasa kwa kemotherapi na mnururisho.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hann CL, Rudin CM |title=Management of small-cell lung cancer: incremental changes but hope for the future |journal=Oncology (Williston Park)|date=2008-11-30|volume=22|issue=13|pages=1486–92 |pmid=19133604}}</ref> Kwa KMSN, [[cisplatin]] na [[etoposide]] kwa kawaida hutumika zaidi.<ref name="Murray"/> Zikiunganishwa na [[carboplatin]], [[gemcitabine]], [[paclitaxel]], [[vinorelbine]], [[topotecan]], na [[irinotecan]] pia zinatumika.<ref name="Azim" /><ref name="MacCallum" /> Kwa kasinoma ya mapafu ya seli kubwa (KMSK) iliyozidi, kemotherapi huboresha maisha na hutumika kama tiba ya kwanza, bora mtu awe sawa kwa kupokea matibabu.<ref name="pmid18678835" /> Kwa kawaida, dawa mbili hutumika, moja yazo mara nyingi huwa besi ya platinamu (ama [[cisplatin]] au [[carboplatin]]). Dawa zingine zinazotumika ni [[gemcitabine]], [[paclitaxel]], [[docetaxel]],<ref name="Fishman1876">{{Rejea kitabu | author=Mehra R, Treat J | title=Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders | publisher=McGraw-Hill | year=2008 | page=1876 | edition=4th | isbn=0-07-145739-9 }}</ref><ref name="Clegg" /> [[pemetrexed]],<ref name="pmid20446853">{{cite journal |author=Fuld AD, Dragnev KH, Rigas JR|title=Pemetrexed in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer |journal=Expert Opin Pharmacother |volume=11 |issue=8|pages=1387–402 |year=2010 |month=June |pmid=20446853 |doi=10.1517/14656566.2010.482560 }}</ref> [[etoposide]] au [[vinorelbine]].<ref name="Clegg" /> [[Kemotherapi ya adjuvant]] inamaanisha matumizi ya kemotherapi baada ya matibabu ya upasuaji ili kuboresha matokeo. Katika KMSK, sampuli huchuliwa karibu na [[limfu nodi]] wakati wa upasuaji ili kusaidia [[hatua ya saratani ya mapafu|hatua]]. Ikiwa ugonjwa wa kiwango cha II au cha III kitatambulika, kemotherapi ya adjuvanti inaboresha maisha kwa asilimia 5 kwa miaka mitano.<ref name="Carbone">{{Rejea jarida | last=Carbone | first=DP | coauthors=Felip E | title=Adjuvant therapy in non-small cell lung cancer: future treatment prospects and paradigms | journal=Clinical Lung Cancer | volume=12 | issue=5 | pages=261–271 | month=September |year=2011 | pmid=21831720 | doi=10.1016/j.cllc.2011.06.002 }}</ref><ref name="Le Chevalier">{{Rejea jarida | last=Le Chevalier | first=T | title=Adjuvant chemotherapy for resectable non-small-cell lung cancer: where is it going? |journal=Annals of Oncology | volume=21 | issue=Suppl. 7 | pages=vii196–198 | month=October | year=2010 | pmid=20943614 |url=http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/suppl_7/vii196.long | doi=10.1093/annonc/mdq376}}</ref> Matumizi ya vinorelbine pamoja na cisplatin yana matokeo bora kuliko mazoezi.<ref name="Le Chevalier" /> Kemotherapi ya adjuvanti kwa watu waliokuwa na saratani iliyo kiwango IB haijakubalika, kama vipimo vya kliniki havijaonyesha manufaa.<ref name="Horn" /><ref name="Wakelee" /> Vipimo vya kemotherapi kabla ya upasuaji ([[kemotherapi ya neoadjuvant]]) kwa KMSK yanayoweza kugawanywa hayajahitimishwa.<ref name="Clinical evidence" /> ===Huduma ya kupunguza maumivu=== Kwa wagonjwa walio na ugonjwa usiotibika, huduma ya kupunguza au udhibiti wa hospitali inafaa.<ref name="Collins" /> Mbinu hizi hukubali majadiliano zaidi ya matibabu na kutoa nafasi kuafikia kwa maamuzi yaliyozingatiwa vilivyo<ref name="pmid20818881">{{cite journal |author=Kelley AS, Meier DE |title=Palliative care&mdash;a shifting paradigm |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2010-08-19_363_8/page/780 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=363 |issue=8 |pages=781–2|year=2010 |month=August |pmid=20818881|doi=10.1056/NEJMe1004139 }}</ref><ref name="pmid19856592">{{cite journal |author=Prince-Paul M |title=When hospice is the best option: an opportunity to redefine goals|journal=Oncology (Williston Park, N.Y.) |volume=23 |issue=4 Suppl Nurse Ed|pages=13–7 |year=2009 |month=April |pmid=19856592 }}</ref> na yanaweza kuepushwa na huduma isiyosaidia katika maisha.<ref name="pmid19856592"/> Kemotherapi inaweza kuunganishwa na huduma ya kupunguza maumivu kwa matibabu ya KMSK. Kwa hali zilizozidi, kemotherapi inayofaa huboresha maisha [[katikati|wastani]] zaidi ya huduma ya kusaidia pekee, vile vile kuboresha ubora wa maisha.<ref name="pmid7551923">{{cite journal|author=Souquet PJ, Chauvin F, Boissel JP, Bernard JP |title=Meta-analysis of randomised trials of systemic chemotherapy versus supportive treatment in non-resectable non-small cell lung cancer |journal=Lung Cancer |volume=12 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S147–54|year=1995 |month=April |pmid=7551923 |doi=10.1016/0169-5002(95)00430-9 }}</ref> Pamoja na [[hali ya utendaji|ubora wa mwili]] unaofaa, kuendeleza kemotherapi wakati wa kutuliza saratani ya mapafu huzidisha maisha kwa miezi 1.5 hadi 3, kutuliza dalili, na kuboresha maisha, pamoja na matokeo mema zinazoonekana na maajenti wa kisasa.<ref name="pmid11441939">{{cite journal |author=Sörenson S, Glimelius B, Nygren P |title=A systematic overview of chemotherapy effects in non-small cell lung cancer |journal=Acta Oncol |volume=40 |issue=2–3|pages=327–39 |year=2001 |pmid=11441939 |doi= }}</ref><ref name="pmid12065068">{{cite journal |author=Clegg A, Scott DA, Sidhu M, Hewitson P, Waugh N |title=A rapid and systematic review of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of paclitaxel, docetaxel, gemcitabine and vinorelbine in non-small-cell lung cancer |journal=Health Technol Assess |volume=5|issue=32 |pages=1–195 |year=2001 |pmid=12065068 |doi= }}</ref> Kikundi cha chambuzi cha KMSK inapendekeza kwamba iwapo mgonjwa anahitaji na anaweza kuvumilia matibabu, basi kemotherapi inapaswa kutumiwa kwa KMSK iliyoendelea.<ref name="pmid18678835">{{cite journal |title=Chemotherapy in Addition to Supportive Care Improves Survival in Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Individual Patient Data From 16 Randomized Controlled Trials |journal=J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=26 |issue=28|pages=4617–25 |year=2008 |month=October |pmid=18678835 |pmc=2653127|doi=10.1200/JCO.2008.17.7162 |author1=NSCLC Meta-Analyses Collaborative Group }}</ref><ref name="pmid20464750">{{cite Cochrane |title=Chemotherapy and supportive care versus supportive care alone for advanced non-small cell lung cancer|review=CD007309 |version=2 |issue=5 |year=2010 |pmid=20464750|editor1-last=Burdett |editor1-first=Sarah |author1=Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Collaborative Group }}</ref> ==Prognosisi== {| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;width:45%;margin-left:1em" |+ style="background:#E5AFAA;"| '''Outcomes in lung cancer according to clinical stage '''<ref name="Rami-Porta" /> |- style="background: #E5AFAA;text-align:center;font-size:90%;" ! abbr="Type" rowspan="2" | Clinical stage ! abbr="5-year" colspan="2" | Five-year survival (%) |- style="background: #E5AFAA;text-align:center;font-size:90%;" ! abbr="NSCLC" | Non-small cell lung carcinoma ! abbr="SCLC" | Small cell lung carcinoma |- | IA | 50 | 38 |- | IB | 47 | 21 |- | IIA | 36 | 38 |- | IIB | 26 | 18 |- | IIIA | 19 | 13 |- | IIIB | 7 | 9 |- | IV | 2 | 1 |} Prognosisi huwa duni. Kwa watu wote walio na saratani ya mapafu, asilimia 15 huishi kwa miaka mitano baada ya kutambuliwa.<ref name="Merck" /> Mara kwa mara kiwango huzidi wakati wa utambuzi. Wakati wa kujitokeza, asilimia 30-40 ya hali ya KMSK huwa kiwango cha IV, na asilimia 60 ya KMSN huwa kiwango cha IV.<ref name="Holland-Frei78" /> Visababishi vya prognosisi katika KMSK ni pamoja na kuwepo na kutokuwepo kwa dalili za mapafu, ukubwa wa [[tyuma]], ([[histologia]]) ya aina ya seli, kiwango cha kuenea [[kuainisha (pathologia)|(hatua)]] na [[metastasisi]] kwa [[limfu nodi]] yaliyozidi, na [[kuathiriwa kwa mishipa]]. Kwa watu walio na ugonjwa usiofanyiwa upasuaji, matokeo huwa mabaya kwa walio na [[hali ya utendakazi]] mbaya na upungufu wa uzito zaidi ya asilimia 10.<ref name="AUTOREF17"> {{cite web |url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/non-small-cell-lung/HealthProfessional/page2 |title=Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment |publisher=National Cancer Institute |work=PDQ for Health Professionals |accessdate=2008-11-22}}</ref> Visababishi vya prognosisi kwa saratani ya mapafu kwa seli ndogo inahusisha hali ya utendakazi, [[jinsia]], kiwango cha ugonjwa, na kuhusika kwa [[mfumo wa kati wa neva]] au [[ini]] wakati wa utambuzi.<ref name="AUTOREF18" /> Kwa KMSK, prognosisi bora imefanikishwa na upasuaji kamili wa kiwango cha IA cha ugonjwa, ikiwa na asilimia 70 ya kuishi miaka mitano.<ref name="OTM">{{Rejea kitabu | last=Spiro | first=SG | title=Oxford Textbook Medicine | publisher=OUP Oxford |year=2010 | chapter=18.19.1 | edition=5th | isbn=978-0199204854 }}</ref> Kwa KMSK, maisha kwa ujumla ni angalau asilimia 5.<ref name="Harrison" /> Watu walio na kiwango kilichozidi cha KMSK kawaida huwa kiasi cha miaka mitano ya kiwango cha maisha iliyo chini ya asilimia 1. Muda wa kawaida wa kuishi wa kiwango kidogo cha ugonjwa ni miezi 20, na kiwango cha miaka mitano za kuishi zilizo asilimia 20.<ref name="Merck" /> Kulingana na utafiti wa [[Taasisi ya kimataifa ya saratani]], umri wa kati ya kutambua saratani ya mapafu kule Marekani ni miaka 70,<ref>SEER data (SEER.cancer.gov)[http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2003/results_single/sect_01_table.11_2pgs.pdf Median Age of Cancer Patients at Diagnosis 2002-2003]</ref> na umri kati ya kifo ni miaka 72.<ref>SEER data (SEER.cancer.gov)[http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2006/results_single/sect_01_table.13_2pgs.pdf Median Age of Cancer Patients at Death 2002-2006]</ref> Nchini Marekani, walio na bima ya matibabu hupata matokeo bora zaidi.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Slatore | first=CG | coauthors=Au DH, Gould MK | title=An official American Thoracic Society systematic review: insurance status and disparities in lung cancer practices and outcomes | date=November 2010 | journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine | volume=182 | issue=9 | pages=1195–1205 | pmid=21041563 | url=http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/content/182/9/1195.long | doi=10.1164/rccm.2009-038ST | archive-date=2020-06-13 | access-date=2014-01-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613071318/https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.2009-038ST | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Epidemiolojia== [[Image:Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers world map - Death - WHO2004.svg|thumb|[[urekebishaji wa umri|Umri uliosanifishwa]] vifo kutokana na trakea, bronkasi, na saratani ya mapafu kwa 100,000&nbsp;walioishi mwaka wa 2004<ref name="AUTOREF20" /> {{Multicol}} {{legend|#b3b3b3|no data}} {{legend|#ffff65|≤&nbsp;5}} {{legend|#fff200|5-10}} {{legend|#ffdc00|10-15}} {{legend|#ffc600|15-20}} {{legend|#ffb000|20-25}} {{legend|#ff9a00|25-30}} {{Multicol-break}} {{legend|#ff8400|30-35}} {{legend|#ff6e00|35-40}} {{legend|#ff5800|40-45}} {{legend|#ff4200|45-50}} {{legend|#ff2c00|50-55}} {{legend|#cb0000|≥&nbsp;55}} {{Multicol-end}}]] [[Image:Lung cancer US distribution.gif|thumb|kidole cha thumb|Mgawanyo wa saratani ya mapafu nchini [[Marekani]]]] Ulimwenguni, saratani ya mapafu ni ya kawaida katika swala la [[Tukio (epidemiolojia)|tukio]] na kifo. Katika 2008, kulikuwa na milioni 1.61 za hali mpya, na vifo milioni 1.38 kwa sababu ya saratani ya mapafu. Viwango vilivyo juu sana kiko Uingerezani na Kaskazini Marekani.<ref name="GLOBOCAN">{{cite journal | last=Ferlay | first=J | coauthors=Shin HR, Bray F et al.|title=Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008 | journal=International Journal of Cancer |date=December 2010 | volume=127 | issue=12 | pages=2893–2917 | pmid=21351269 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijc.25516/full | doi=10.1002/ijc.25516}}</ref> Sehemu ya watu wanaoweza kupata saratani ya mapafu zaidi ni wale waliozidi umri wa miaka 50 wanao historia ya uvutaji wa sigara. Kwa kutofautisha kiwango cha vifo kwa wanaume, iliyoanza kushuka zaidi miaka ishirini iliyopita, viwango vya vifo kutokana na saratani ya mapafu kwa wanawake vimeongezeka zaidi katika kipindi cha miaka kumi zilizopita, na vinaanza kutulia.<ref name="AUTOREF22" /> Nchini Marekani, [[hatari]] ya kupata saratani ya mapafu ni asilimia 8 kwa wanaume na asilimia 6 kwa wanawake. <ref name="Harrison" /> Kwa kila milioni 3-4 ya sigara iliyovutwa, kifo kimoja hutokea kutokana na saratani ya mapafu.<ref name="Harrison" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Proctor | first=RN | title=The history of the discovery of the cigarette-lung cancer link: evidentiary traditions, corporate denial, global toll | journal=Tobacco Control | volume=21 | issue=2 | pages=87–91 | month=March | year=2012 |pmid=22345227 | doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050338 }}</ref> Ushawishi wa "[[Tumbaku Kubwa]]" huchukua jukumu kubwa katika utamaduni wa uvutaji wa sigara.<ref name="Lum" /> Vijana wasiovuta sigara wanao tazama matangazo ya uvutaji wa sigara huenda wakavuta.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Lovato | first=C | coauthors=Watts A, Stead LF | title=Impact of tobacco advertising and promotion on increasing adolescent smoking behaviours | date=October 2011 | journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue=10 | pages=CD003439 | pmid=21975739 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003439.pub2}}</ref> Jukumu la [[kuvuta moshi ya sigara]] inaendelea kutambulika kama hatari ya saratani ya mapafu,<ref name="Taylor" /> inayoelekeza kwa sera ya kuingilia upungufu wa wasiovuta kutotaka kuwa karibu wavutaji wanapovuta.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Kemp |first=FB | title=Smoke free policies in Europe. An overview | journal=Pneumologia | volume=58 | issue=3 | pages=155–158 |month=Jul–Sep | year=2009 | pmid=19817310 }}</ref> Moshi kutoka magari, viwanda, na vituo vya umeme pia vinaweza kuwa hatari.<ref name="MurrayNadel46" /> [[Ulaya Mashariki]] ina vifo vilivyosababishwa na saratani ya mapafu vilivyo juu kwa wananume, bali kaskazini mwa Uingereza na Marekani huwa na vifo vingi kwa wanawake. Nchini Marekani, wanaume na wanawake weusi huwa na hali iliyo juu zaidi.<ref>National Cancer Institute; SEER stat fact sheets: Lung and Bronchus. Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results. 2010[http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/lungb.html#incidence-mortality]</ref> Viwango vya saratani kwa sasa viko chini kwa nchi zinazoendelea.<ref name="AUTOREF23" /> Pamoja na ongezeko la uvutaji kwa nchi zinazoendelea, viwango vinatarajiwa kuongezeka kwa miaka michache yanayokuja, hasa Uchina<ref>{{cite journal | last=Zhang | first=J | coauthors=Ou JX, Bai CX |title=Tobacco smoking in China: prevalence, disease burden, challenges and future strategies | date=November 2011 |journal=Respirology | volume=16 | issue=8 | pages=1165–1172 | pmid=21910781 | doi=10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.02062.x }}</ref> na India.<ref name="AUTOREF25" /> Kutoka 1960, viwango vya adenocarcinoma vilianza kuzidi kulingana na aina zingine za saratani ya mapafu. Hii ndio sababu ndogo ya kuanzishwa kwa sigara yenye chujio. Matumizi ya chujio hutoa moshi nzito kutoka tumbaku, hivyo kupunguza mabaki kwa njia za kupumua. Hata hivyo, mvutaji lazima avute moshi ndani sana ili apate kiasi sawa cha nikotini, na kuzidisha moshi kuingia kwa njia ndogo za hewa ambapo adenocarcinoma ina panda.<ref name="Charloux" /> Hali ya adenocarcinoma ya mapafu huzidi kupanda.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Kadara | first=H | coauthors=Kabbout M, Wistuba II | title=Pulmonary adenocarcinoma: a renewed entity in 2011 | journal=Respirology | volume=17 | issue=1 |pages=50–65 | month=January | year=2012 | pmid=22040022 | doi=10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.02095.x }}</ref> ==Historia== Saratani ya mapafu haikujulikana kabla ya matangazo ya uvutaji wa sigara; haikutambulika kama ugonjwa tofauti hadi mwaka wa 1761.<ref name="AUTOREF27" /> Vipengele tofauti vya saratani ya mapafu yameelezwa zaidi mwaka wa 1810.<ref name="AUTOREF28" /> Tyuma ya mapafu ya kuhatarisha yamechangia asilimia 1 pekee kwa saratani yaliyoonekana kwa otopsi mwaka 1878, lakini yalizidi asilimia 10-15 mwanzoni mwa mwaka 1900.<ref name="Witschi" /> Ripoti za uchunguzi katika maandiko ya matibabu yalikuwa 374 pekee duniani mwaka 1912,<ref name="AUTOREF29" /> lakini uchunguzi wa otopsi ulionyesha hali ya saratani ya mapafu yaliongezeka kutoka asilimia 0.3 mwaka 1852 hadi asilimia 5.66 mwaka 1952.<ref name="Grannis" /> Nchini [[Ujerumani]] mwaka 1929, fizishiani Fritz Lickint alitambua uhusiano baina ya uvutaji wa sigara na saratani ya mapafu,<ref name="Witschi" /> iliyoelekeza kwa [[Muungano wa kupinga uvutaji wa sigara nchini Ujerumani|kampeni ya kupinga uvutaji wa sigara]] ulio mkali.<ref name="Proctor" /> [[Uchunguzi ya madaktari wa Uingereza]], uliochapishwa wa 1950, ili kuwa ya kwanza [[epidemiolojia|epidemiolojia]] ili kuwa ushahidi kuu ya kiunganishi baina saratani ya mapafu na uvutaji wa sigara.<ref name="Doll" /> Kama matokeo, mwaka 1964 [[Mpasuaji Mkuu nchini Marekani]] aliwashauri wavutaji sigara kuwacha kuvuta.<ref name="AUTOREF30" /> Uhusiano na gesi ya [[radoni]] ulitambuliwa na wachimbuaji wa madini katika [[Milima za Ore (Ujerumani)|Milima za Ore]] karibu na [[Schneeberg, Saxony]]. [[Fedha]] ime chimbuliwa hapo tangu mwaka wa 1470, na machimbo haya yana [[urani]] nyingi, ikitanguliwa na [[radiamu]] na gesi ya radoni.<ref name="Greaves" /> Wachimbuaji madini walipata kiasi isiyolingana na saratani ya mapafu, baadae kujulikana kama saratani ya mapafu mwaka wa 1870.<ref>{{Rejea jarida | last=Greenberg | first=M | coauthors=Selikoff IJ |title=Lung cancer in the Schneeberg mines: a reappraisal of the data reported by Harting and Hesse in 1879 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-occupational-hygiene_1993-02_37_1/page/n8 |journal=Annals of Occupational Hygiene | volume=37 | issue=1 | pages=5–14 | month=February | year=1993 | pmid=8460878 }}</ref> Licha ya utambulizi huu, kuchimbuliwa kulizidi hadi mwaka wa 1950, kwa sababu ya madai ya urani kutoka [[Urusi]].<ref name="Greaves" /> Radoni ilitambulika kama kisababishi cha saratani ya mapafu mwaka wa 1960.<ref>{{Rejea jarida | last=Samet | first=JM |title=Radiation and cancer risk: a continuing challenge for epidemiologists | journal=Environmental Health | volume=10 |issue=Suppl. 1 | pages=S4 | month=April | year=2011 | pmid=21489214 | doi=10.1186/1476-069X-10-S1-S4 | pmc=3073196}}</ref> Mafanikio ya kwanza ya [[numonektomi]] ya saratani ya mapafu ulifanywa mwaka wa 1933.<ref name="AUTOREF32" /> [[Radiotherapi]] ya kupunguza maumivu imetumika tangu mwaka wa 1940.<ref name="Edwards" /> Radiotherapi ya radikali, iliyotumika awali mwaka wa 1950, ilikuwa jaribio la kutumia dozi kubwa ya mnururisho kwa wagonjwa walio na kiasi cha saratani kinachoanza, lakini hawawezi kufanyiwa upasuaji vinginevyo.<ref name="AUTOREF33" /> Mwaka wa 1997, mkeneko mkali wa radiotherapi uliochapuzwa unaoendelea ulionekana ukiendelea kuliko radiotherapi ya radikali iliyo ya kawaida.<ref name="Saunders" /> Kwa SMSD, majaribio ya hapo awali mwaka wa 1960 katika upasuaji <ref name="AUTOREF34" /> na radiotherapi ya radikali<ref name="AUTOREF35" /> hayakufaulu. Mwaka wa 1970, kemotherapi ya mazoezi yaliyofaulu yaliendelezwa.<ref name="AUTOREF36" /> ==Marejeo== {{reflist|2|refs= <ref name="Harrison">{{Rejea kitabu | last=Horn | first=L | coauthors=Pao W, Johnson DH | title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine | publisher=McGraw-Hill | editor-last=Longo | editor-first=DL | editor-last2=Kasper | editor-first2=DL | editor-last3=Jameson | editor-first3=JL | editor-last4=Fauci | editor-first4=AS | editor-last5=Hauser | editor-first5=SL | editor-last6=Loscalzo | editor-first6=J | year=2012 | chapter=Chapter 89 | edition=18th | isbn=0-07-174889-X }}</ref> <ref name="Thun">{{Rejea jarida | last=Thun | first=MJ | coauthors=Hannan LM, Adams-Campbell LL et al. | title=Lung cancer occurrence in never-smokers: an analysis of 13 cohorts and 22 cancer registry studies | journal=PLoS Medicine | volume=5 | issue=9 | pages=e185 | month=September | year=2008 | doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050185 | pmid=18788891 | pmc=2531137 }}</ref> <ref name="O'Reilly">{{Rejea jarida | last=O'Reilly | first=KM | coauthors=Mclaughlin AM, Beckett WS, Sime PJ | title=Asbestos-related lung disease | journal=American Family Physician | volume=75 | issue=5 | pages=683–688 | month=March | year=2007 | url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070301/683.html | pmid=17375514 | access-date=2014-01-09 | archive-date=2007-09-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083111/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070301/683.html | dead-url=yes }}</ref> <ref name="AUTOREF">{{cite web |url=http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/secondhandsmoke |author=Carmona, RH |publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services |title=The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General |date=2006-06-27 |quote=Secondhand smoke exposure causes disease and premature death in children and adults who do not smoke.}}</ref> <ref name="AUTOREF1">{{Rejea jarida |url=http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83/volume83.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer |title=Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking |journal=IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans |volume=83 |year=2002 |quote=There is sufficient evidence that involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or 'environmental' tobacco smoke) causes lung cancer in humans.&nbsp;... 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Graham and the first pneumonectomy for lung cancer | journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology | volume=26 | issue=19 | pages=3268–3275 | month=July | year=2008 | pmid=18591561 | url=http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/pdf_extract/26/19/3268 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2008.16.8260 | access-date=2014-01-09 | archive-date=2020-03-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317080747/https://ascopubs.org/cgi/pdf_extract/26/19/3268 | dead-url=yes }}</ref> <ref name="Edwards">{{Rejea jarida | last=Edwards | first=AT | title=Carcinoma of the Bronchus | journal=Thorax | volume=1 | issue=1 | pages=1–25 | year=1946 | pmc = 1018207 | doi=10.1136/thx.1.1.1 | pmid=20986395}}</ref> <ref name="AUTOREF33">{{Rejea jarida | last=Kabela | first=M | title=Erfahrungen mit der radikalen Röntgenbestrahlung des Bronchienkrebses |trans_title=Experience with radical irradiation of bronchial cancer | language=German | journal=Ceskoslovenská Onkológia | volume=3 | issue=2 | pages=109–115 | year=1956 | pmid=13383622 }}</ref> <ref name="Saunders">{{Rejea jarida | last=Saunders | first=M | coauthors=Dische S, Barrett A et al. | title=Continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (CHART) versus conventional radiotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomised multicentre trial | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1997-07-19_350_9072/page/n11 | journal=Lancet | volume=350 | issue=9072 | pages=161–165 | publisher=Elsevier | month=July | year=1997 | pmid=9250182 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(97)06305-8 }}</ref> <ref name="AUTOREF34">{{Rejea jarida | last=Lennox | first=SC | coauthors=Flavell G, Pollock DJ et al. | title=Results of resection for oat-cell carcinoma of the lung | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1968-11-02_2_7575/page/n9 | journal=Lancet | volume=2 | issue=7575 | pages=925–927 | publisher=Elsevier | month=November | year=1968 | pmid=4176258 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(68)91163-X }}</ref> <ref name="AUTOREF35">{{Rejea jarida | last=Miller | first=AB | coauthors=Fox W, Tall R | title=Five-year follow-up of the Medical Research Council comparative trial of surgery and radiotherapy for the primary treatment of small-celled or oat-celled carcinoma of the bronchus | journal=Lancet | volume=2 | issue=7619 | pages=501–505 | publisher=Elsevier | month=September | year=1969 | pmid=4184834 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(69)90212-8 }}</ref> <ref name="AUTOREF36">{{Rejea jarida | last=Cohen | first=M | coauthors= Creaven PJ, Fossieck BE Jr et al. | title=Intensive chemotherapy of small cell bronchogenic carcinoma | journal=Cancer Treatment Reports | volume=61 | issue=3 | pages=349–354 | year=1977 | pmid=194691 }}</ref> }} [[Jamii:Saratani]] [[Jamii:Mapafu]] k3mdpvwlruzsxuvl3xyphekoh55zk0s 0 70546 1529860 1481952 2026-05-02T12:30:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 5 template(s) replaced. 1529860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mwigizaji 2 | jina = {{BASEPAGENAME}} | picha = Yvonne Cherrie.jpg | maelezo ya picha = Cherrie akishika tuzo yake ya Bab-Kubwa | jina la kuzaliwa = Cherrie Y. K. Salehe | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1981|8|19|df=yes}} | mahala pa kuzaliwa = [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanzania]] | jina lingine = Monalisa | kazi yake = Mwigizaji<br>mwongozaji wa filamu<br>mtayarishaji wa filamu | miaka ya kazi = 1998-hadi sasa | ndoa = Geoge Tyson (2001-2005) | watoto = Sonia Akinyi (2002).<br/>Sean Abdulwahid Jr. (2007) | mahusiano ya kimapenzi = | tovuti = }} '''Yvonne Cherrie''' (alizaliwa [[19 Agosti]] [[1981]]) ni mshindi wa [[tuzo]] ya ZIFF kama [[mwigizaji]] bora wa [[filamu]] na mifululizo ya vipindi vya [[televisheni]] kutoka nchini [[Tanzania]]. Pia ni mtunzi wa muswada, [[mwandishi]], [[mtayarishaji]] na [[mwongozaji wa filamu]]. Anafahamika zaidi kwa jina lake la uhusika uliompatia umaarufu kama "Monalisa". Vilevile [[Lulu (Siri ya Mtungi)|Lulu]] katika tamthilia ya [[Siri ya Mtungi]]. Cherrie, alianza kuonesha upenzi wa kuigiza tangu akiwa [[mtoto]] mdogo. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 8, alianza kuigiza akiwa kanisani na baadaye shuleni.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=UJUE VILIVYO WASIFU WA YVONNE CHERRYL / MONA LISA (BIOGRAPH)|url=http://bongofilmdatabase.blogspot.com/2012/01/mjue-vilivyo-wafisu-yvonne-cherryl-mona.html|work=Bongo Film Database|accessdate=2023-02-26}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali== Cherrie, alizaliwa katika [[hospitali]] ya taifa [[Muhimbili]] mjini [[Dar es Salaam]], Tanzania na Susan Lewis (almaarufu Natasha), akiwa kama [[mtoto]] wa kwanza kati ya watoto wawili aliojaaliwa kupata Bi. Lewis. Alianza kusoma shule ya chekechea huko mjini [[Luanda]], [[Angola]], na baadaye shule ya msingi ya Muungano ya [[Wilaya ya Temeke]] huko jijini [[Dar es Salaam]] kuanzia [[1988]] hadi [[1994]]. Akabahatika kufaulu na kuendelea na masomo ya sekondari katika shule ya serikali ya wasichana Zanaki hadi mwaka [[1998]]. Baada ya hapo alisoma katika chuo cha Uhazili Magogoni (ukatibu muhtasi-secretary). Mwaka wa [[2002]] alijiunga na British Council Tanzania ili kusomea zaidi lugha ya Kiingereza (Pre-Advanced Level) Mwaka wa [[2003]]-[[2005]] alijiunga na Wilnag Media Taining College huko mjini [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]] na kusomea masuala ya vyombo vya habari na kupata stashahada (Diploma in Mass Communication). ==Kazi== Cherrie, pia ni [[mwigizaji]] wa jukwaani. Amepata kushiriki katika sehemu mbalimbali ikiwa ni pamoja na tamasha la 18 na 19 la sanaa na utamaduni la [[Bagamoyo]] - katika Chuo Kikuu cha Sanaa cha [[Bagamoyo]]. Pia amewahi kutumbuiza katika jukwaa la ZIFF huko mjini [[Zanzibar]] mnamo [[2002]]. Ambapo aliigiza kitabu cha Kirusi kiitwacho "Mkaguzi wa Serikali" (Gorvernment Inspector).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=THE ZANZIBAR INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL AWARDS|url=https://issamichuzi.blogspot.com/2010/07/zanzibar-international-film-festival_18.html|work=MICHUZI BLOG|accessdate=2023-02-26|author=Michuzi Blog}}</ref> Utumbuizaji wake mkubwa akiwa kama [[binti]] mdogo anayehangaikia kuliweka sawa penzi lake dhidi ya wapenzi wawili mnamo [[1998]] kupitia igizo la "Mambo Hayo" - ambamo alipata jina la Monalisa. Baadaye akarudia tena kazi yake ya uigizaji kwa kucheza uhusika wa jukwaani wa “Government Inspector” [[2001]] ikifuatiwa na “Zawadi ya Ushindi” [[2002]] kabla ya kuanza kuonekana tena rasmi katika [[filamu]] kibao. Baada ya kutoka kwenye michezo ya televisheni [[filamu]] yake ya kwanza kucheza ilikuwa Girlfriend ([[2002]]) aliyocheza kama Zuwena kipenzi cha [[TID]]. Huo ndiyo ulikuwa mwanzo rasmi wa mfululizo wa [[filamu]] kwani baada ya Girlfriend zikafuata Sabrina ([[2003]]),Dilemma ([[2004]]), She is My Sister [[2006]], Binti Nusa ([[2010]]), Network [[2013]]. Pia amepata kufanya igizo la jukwaani huko mjini Nairobi katika "Kenya National Theatre (KNT). Akiwa mjini Nairobi, amepata kutumbuiza jukwaani kwa kutumia vitabu vinavyotumika mashuleni nchini humo - ikiwa ni pamoja na kitabu cha KIU na A Man of the People mnamo [[2003]]/[[2004]]. Pia alifanyakazi na Carib Theatre-UK akitumbuiza nchini [[Tanzania]] kuelimisha wanafunzi mradi ujulikanao kama TIE, yaani, Theatre in Education kwa miaka mitatu mfululizo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Nigerian Entertainment Awards 2011 nominees|url=https://tooxclusive.com/nigerian-entertainment-awards-2011-nominees/|work=tooXclusive|date=2023-01-25|accessdate=2023-02-26|language=en-US|author=donboye|archive-date=2019-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190211094538/http://tooxclusive.com/activities-in-africa/nigerian-entertainment-awards-2011-nominees/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=SWP: Full List of Nominees Tanzania Film Awards 2015, Dogo Maasai, Mdundiko, We Are Four Lead Nominations.|url=http://swahiliworldplanet.blogspot.com/2015/04/full-list-of-nominees-tanzania-film.html|work=SWP|date=2015-04-02|accessdate=2023-02-26|author=Unknown}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=MONALISA AND THE TANZANIA FILM INDUSTRY: AHSANTE FILAMU CENTRAL|url=http://monalisafilms.blogspot.com/2011/01/ahsante-filamu-central.html|work=MONALISA AND THE TANZANIA FILM INDUSTRY|date=2011-01-16|accessdate=2023-02-26|author=Monalisa}}</ref> ===Utangazaji=== ====TV==== Cherrie, pia alifanya vipindi vya runinga kama vile Bongo Movies iliyokuwa ikioneshwa katika idhaa ya EATV. Awali alifanyakazi pia katika kipindi cha bahati nasibu maarufu kama Jackpot Bingo [[1999]]-[[2001]]. ====Redio==== Alishawahi kufanya kazi na Radio One Stereo ya Tanzania mwaka [[2001]]-[[2002]] na kufanya vipindi mbalimbali ikiwemo Chombeza Time na Times FM Radio mwaka [[2004]]-[[2005]] akaacha kabla ya kurudi tena [[2012]] hadi sasa anafanya kipindi cha Filamonata kinachohusiana na masuala ya [[filamu]] na [[wasanii]] wa [[filamu]] wa [[Tanzania]]. ==Maisha binafsi== Mwaka wa 2001 katika mwezi wa [[Agosti]] aliolewa na [[mtayarishaji]]/[[mwongozaji]] wa [[filamu]] kutoka nchini [[Kenya]] George Otieno Okumo (Tyson) na kubahatika kupata mtoto mmoja aitwaye Sonia Akinyi ([[2002]]). Mwaka wa [[2005]] walitengana na [[2012]] akapewa talaka rasmi na mahakama. Mwaka wa [[2007]], alibahatika tena kupata mtoto mwingine wa kiume aitwaye Sean Abdulwahid Jr kutoka kwa baba mwingine aitwaye Abdulkarim Abdulwahid Abdulkarim. ==Filamugrafia== ===Kama mwigizaji=== * [[Girlfriend (filamu)|Girlfriend]] * Sabrina * Dilemma * Jeraha la Ndoa * She is My Sister * Behind the Scenes * Where is God * Chanzo ni Mama * Black Sunday (ZIFF - [[2010]]) * Binti Nusa 2 na 3 * Payback * Nimeokoka * Cellular * Wrong Number * Wedding Pressure * Who is Smarter * Pastor Myambas Trial * 38 Weeks *Tell Me The Truth ===Kama mwongozaji=== *Kaburi 1 ([[2007]]) *Chanzo Ni Mama ([[2007]]) *Binti Nusa 1. ([[2008]]) *Where is God ([[2009]]) *Binti Nusa 2 na 3 ([[2010]]) ==Tuzo== * Malkia wa Filamu za Bongo - Gazeti la Kiu [[2007]] * Mwigizaji Bora Filamu wa Kike [[2010]] - Filamu-Central * Mwigizaji Bora Filamu wa Kike [[2010]] - ZIFF * Mwigizaji Bora Filamu wa Kike wa Muda Wote [[2010]] - Jarida la Bab-Kubwa ===Uteuzi wa tuzo nchi za nje=== *[[Nigeria]] Entertainment - Tuzo Bora ya Waigizaji wa Afrika Yote kwa [[2010]] (Kateuliwa tu) - Nigeria *African Prestigious Awards - Msanii Bora wa Kike Afrika 2018 - Ghana ==Viungo vya Nje== *[http://www.bongocinema.com/casts/view/yvonne-cherryl Kwenye Bongo Cinema] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bongocinema.com/casts/view/yvonne-cherryl |date=20190713073241 }} *[http://kingkif.blogspot.com/2010/07/ziff-awards.html Picha za Tamasha la ZIFF] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6cj4R4LS7Ns Usiyoyajua kuhusu Yvonne Cherrie 'Monalisa'] (YouTube) ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1981]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wanawake Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:1lib1ref 2023]] ra1diobg57hsnws1prh2yhgbcursozb 0 71772 1529809 1257446 2026-05-02T12:22:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 48 template(s) replaced. 1529809 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ufalme wa Yuda''' (kwa [[Kiebrania]] מַמְלֶכֶת יְהוּדָה, ''Mamlekhet Yehuda'') ulikuwa nchi ya [[Mashariki ya Kati]] katika [[karne ya 10 KK]] hadi [[karne ya 6 KK]].<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|last=Grabbe|first=Lester L., ed.|authorlink=Lester L. Grabbe |title=Israel in Transition: From Late Bronze II to Iron IIa (c. 1250–850 B.C.E.)|publisher=T&T Clark International|year=2008|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=tR0Qpz2zRogC |isbn=978-0567027269 |pages=225–6}}</ref><ref>Lehman in {{Rejea kitabu|last=Vaughn|first=Andrew G.|last2=Killebrew|first2=Ann E., eds.|title=Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period|publisher=Sheffield|year=1992|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=yYS4VEu08h4C |page=149}}</ref>Mara nyingi unaitwa [[ufalme]] wa [[Kusini]] kwa sababu ulitokana na mgawanyiko wa [[Ufalme wa Israeli]] ulioendelea upande wa [[kaskazini]]. Ufalme huo uliongozwa daima na [[ukoo wa Daudi]], isipokuwa miaka 6 ([[842 KK]] - [[837 KK]]) aliposhikwa utawala [[malkia]] [[Atalia]], [[binti]] au [[dada]] wa mfalme wa Israeli [[Ahabu]]. Hata hivyo kwa muda mrefu watawala wa Yuda walikuwa vibaraka wa [[Ashuru]] au nchi nyingine za jirani.<ref name=thompson410>{{Rejea kitabu|last=Thompson|first=Thomas L.|authorlink=Thomas L. Thompson |title=Early History of the Israelite People|publisher=Brill|year=1992|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=XqoMRPJca-wC |pages=410–1}}</ref><ref>''A History of the Jewish People'', [[H.H. Ben-Sasson]] ed., Harvard University Press, 1976, page 142: "Sargon's heir, Sennacherib (705-681), could not deal with Hezekiah's revolt until he gained control of Babylon in 702. ..."</ref>). Hatimaye, chini ya mfalme [[Sedekia]], mfalme [[Nebukadneza II]] wa [[Babuloni]] aliangamiza ufalme huo na [[mji mkuu]] wake, [[Yerusalemu]], mwaka [[587]], akihamisha kwa awamu tatu wakazi wake hadi [[Mesopotamia]]. Mwaka [[539]] [[Koreshi Mkuu]], mfalme wa [[Persia]], aliteka Babuloni na kuruhusu [[Wayahudi]] warudi kwao, si tena kama ufalme, bali kama [[wilaya]] iliyoitwa [[Yehud Medinata|Yehud]], chini ya [[Zerubabeli]], [[kitukuu]] wa [[Yekonia]], wa pili kuanzia mwisho kati ya wafalme wa Yuda. ==Tanbihi== {{commons category|Kingdom of Judah}} {{Reflist|2}} ===Marejeo=== *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Albertz|first=Rainer|title=A History of Israelite Religion, Volume I: From the Beginnings to the End of the Monarchy|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1994|origyear=Vanderhoek & Ruprecht 1992|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=yvZUWbTftSgC&pg=PA145#v=onepage&q&f=false}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Albertz|first=Rainer|title=A History of Israelite Religion, Volume II: From the Exile to the Maccabees|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1994|origyear=Vanderhoek & Ruprecht 1992|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=exjyhvRy7YUC}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Albertz|first=Rainer|title=Israel in Exile: The History and Literature of the Sixth Century B.C.E.|publisher=Society of Biblical Literature|date=2003a|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Xx9YzJq2B9wC}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Albertz|first=Rainer|last2=Becking|first2=Bob, eds.|title=Yahwism After the Exile: Perspectives on Israelite Religion in the Persian Era|publisher=Koninklijke Van Gorcum|date=2003b|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=hwExATCqwvwC}} {{Rejea kitabu|last=Becking|first=Bob|chapter=Law as Expression of Religion (Ezra 7–10)}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Amit|first=Yaira, et al., eds.|title=Essays on Ancient Israel in its Near Eastern Context: A Tribute to Nadav Na'aman|publisher=Eisenbrauns|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Ku4OKVrEd4MC&pg=PA467#v=onepage&q&f=false}} {{Rejea kitabu|last=Davies|first=Philip R|chapter=The Origin of Biblical Israel}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Barstad|first=Hans M.|title=History and the Hebrew Bible|publisher=Mohr Siebeck|year=2008|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=zqJxkKy-cMMC}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Bedford|first=Peter Ross|title=Temple Restoration in Early Achaemenid Judah|publisher=Brill|year=2001|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=MOd320e710IC&q=Osarsiph}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Ben-Sasson|first=H.H.|title=A History of the Jewish People|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1976|isbn=0-674-39731-2}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Blenkinsopp|first=Joseph|title=Ezra-Nehemiah: A Commentary|publisher=Eerdmans|year=1988|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=3PvirfZkfvQC}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Blenkinsopp|first=Joseph|last2=Lipschits|first2=Oded, eds.|title=Judah and the Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period|publisher=Eisenbrauns|year=2003|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=R65fhpcUFcgC}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Blenkinsopp|first=Joseph|chapter=Bethel in the Neo-Babylonian Period}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Blenkinsopp|first=Joseph|title=Judaism, the First Phase: The Place of Ezra and Nehemiah in the Origins of Judaism|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2009|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=m1V1DeBS6P0C}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Brett|first=Mark G.|title=Ethnicity and the Bible|publisher=Brill|year=2002|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=RfFRhC4FpZkC&pg=PA45#v=onepage&q=Finkelstein%20haser-style%20layout&f=false}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Bright|first=John|title=A History of Israel|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=2000|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=0VG67yLs-LAC}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Coogan|first=Michael D., ed.|title=The Oxford History of the Biblical World|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=zFhvECwNQD0C}} *{{Rejea jarida|last1=Coote|first1=Robert B.|last2=Whitelam|first2=Keith W.|year=1986|title=The Emergence of Israel: Social Transformation and State Formation Following the Decline in Late Bronze Age Trade|url=https://archive.org/details/emergenceofearly0000coot|journal=Semeia|issue=37|pages=[https://archive.org/details/emergenceofearly0000coot/page/107 107]–47}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Davies|first=Philip R.|title=In Search of Ancient Israel|publisher=Sheffield|year=1992|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=pMcM8GGO_n8C}} *{{Rejea jarida|last=Davies|first=Philip R.|title=The Origin of Biblical Israel|journal=Journal of Hebrew Scriptures|issue=47|volume=9|year=2009|url=http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/JHS/Articles/article_47.htm|access-date=2014-06-20|archive-date=2008-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528230034/http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/JHS/Articles/article_47.htm|dead-url=yes|=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528230034/http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/JHS/Articles/article_47.htm}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Dever|first=William|title=What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and When Did They Know It?|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2001|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6-VxwC5rQtwC}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Dever|first=William|title=Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2003|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=8WkbUkKeqcoC}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Dunn|first=James D.G|last2=Rogerson|first2=John William, eds.|title=Eerdmans commentary on the Bible|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2003|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA153#v=onepage&q=John%20W.%20Rogerson%20Deuteronomy&f=false}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Edelman|first=Diana, ed.|title=The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms|publisher=Kok Pharos|year=1995|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=bua2dMa9fJ4C}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Finkelstein|first=Israel|last2=Silberman|first=Neil Asher|title=The Bible Unearthed|year=2001|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=lu6ywyJr0CMC}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Finkelstein|first=Israel|last2=Mazar|first2=Amihay|last3=Schmidt|first3=Brian B.|title=The Quest for the Historical Israel|publisher=Society of Biblical Literature|year=2007|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jpbngoKHg8gC}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Golden|first=Jonathan Michael|title=Ancient Canaan and Israel: An Introduction|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2004a|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=EResmS5wOnkC}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Golden|first=Jonathan Michael|title=Ancient Canaan and Israel: New Perspectives|publisher=ABC-CLIO|date=2004b|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=yTMzJAKowyEC&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q=Late%20Bronze%20collapse%20in%20Canaan&f=false}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Killebrew|first=Ann E.|title=Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, and Early Israel, 1300–1100 B.C.E.|publisher=Society of Biblical Literature|year=2005|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=VtAmmwapfVAC}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=King|first=Philip J.|last2=Stager|first2=Lawrence E.|title=Life in Biblical Israel|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=2001|isbn=0-664-22148-3|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=OtOhypZz_pEC}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Kuhrt|first=Amélie|title=The Ancient Near East c. 3000–330 BC|publisher=Routledge|year=1995|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=V_sfMzRPTgoC}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Lemche|first=Niels Peter|title=The Israelites in History and Tradition|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1998|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=JIoY7PagAOAC}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Levy|first=Thomas E.|title=The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land|publisher=Continuum International Publishing|year=1998|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=-etsKv-4V2oC}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Lipschits|first=Oded|title=The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem|publisher=Eisenbrauns|year=2005|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=78nRWgb-rp8C}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Lipschits|first=Oded, et al., eds.|title=Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century B.C.E.|publisher=Eisenbrauns|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6NsxZRnxE70C&pg=PA75#v=onepage&q=Lipschits%20Yehud&f=false}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=McNutt|first=Paula|title=Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1999|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=hd28MdGNyTYC&pg=PA33#v=onepage&q=&f=false}} *{{Rejea jarida|last=Merrill|first=Eugene H.|year=1995|title=The Late Bronze/Early Iron Age Transition and the Emergence of Israel|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-bibliotheca-sacra_1995-06_152_606/page/145|journal=Bibliotheca Sacra|volume=152|issue=606|pages=145–62}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Middlemas|first=Jill Anne|title=The Troubles of Templeless Judah|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Jrpx-op_-XkC&dq=lester+grabbe+1995&source=gbs_similarbooks_s}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Miller|first=James Maxwell|last2=Hayes|first2=John Haralson|title=A History of Ancient Israel and Judah|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1986|isbn=0-664-21262-X|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=uDijjc_D5P0C}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Miller|first=Robert D.|title=Chieftains of the Highland Clans: A History of Israel in the 12th and 11th Centuries B.C.|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2005|url=http://books.google.com.kh/books?id=Gtm7NtK87poC}} *{{Rejea jarida|last=Pitkänen|first=Pekka|title=Ethnicity, Assimilation and the Israelite Settlement|journal=[[Tyndale Bulletin]]|volume=55|number=2|year=2004|pages=161–82|url=http://www.tyndalehouse.com/tynbul/library/TynBull_2004_55_2_01_Pitkanen_EthnicityIsraelSettlement.pdf|access-date=2014-06-20|archive-date=2011-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717120935/http://www.tyndalehouse.com/tynbul/library/TynBull_2004_55_2_01_Pitkanen_EthnicityIsraelSettlement.pdf|dead-url=yes}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Silberman|first=Neil Asher|last2=Small|first2=David B., eds.|title=The Archaeology of Israel: Constructing the Past, Interpreting the Present|publisher=Sheffield Academic Press|year=1997|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=qX7r2lAQdFkC&pg=PA238#v=onepage&q=hesse%20wapnish&f=false}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Soggin|first=Michael J.|title=An Introduction to the History of Israel and Judah|publisher=Paideia|year=1998|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Dzw_H5GhkfYC}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Van der Toorn|first=Karel|title=Family Religion in Babylonia, Syria, and Israel|publisher=Brill|year=1996|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=VSJWkrXfbLQC}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Zevit|first=Ziony|title=The Religions of Ancient Israel: A Synthesis of Parallactic Approaches|publisher=Continuum|year=2001|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=db4hr55j0yYC}} {{mbegu-Biblia}} [[Category:Historia ya Israeli]] mgvyzel6yhki98tnvf6v5js7vmfzjlh 0 72302 1529691 1320679 2026-05-02T12:03:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 13 template(s) replaced. 1529691 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:GuidoReniAnnunciation.jpg|thumb|Maria "[[Kupashwa Habari]]" kadiri ya [[Guido Reni]], [[1621]].]] {{Yesu Kristo}} '''Yesu kuzaliwa na Bikira''' ni [[fundisho]] la [[imani]] linalosema kuwa [[Yesu Kristo]] alitungwa tumboni mwa [[mama]] yake, [[Bikira Maria]], kwa uwezo wa [[Mungu]] ([[Roho Mtakatifu]]) tu, na kuwa Maria alipomzaa alikuwa bado [[bikira]]. Katika [[Biblia ya Kikristo]] fundisho hilo linapatikana katika [[Injili]] mbili zilizo tofauti hata kwa vyanzo katika [[uzazi]] na [[utoto]] wa [[Yesu]]: [[Math]] 1:18-25<ref>1:18Basi, hivi ndivyo Yesu Kristo alivyozaliwa: Maria, mama yake, alikuwa ameposwa na Yosefu. Lakini kabla hawajakaa pamoja kama mume na mke, alionekana kuwa mja mzito kwa uwezo wa Roho Mtakatifu. 19 Yosefu, mumewe, kwa vile alikuwa mwadilifu, hakutaka kumwaibisha hadharani; hivyo alikusudia kumwacha kwa siri. 20 Alipokuwa bado anawaza jambo hilo, malaika wa Bwana alimtokea katika ndoto, akamwambia, "Yosefu, mwana wa Daudi, usiogope kumchukua Maria awe mke wako, maana amekuwa mja mzito kwa uwezo wa Roho Mtakatifu. 21 Atajifungua mtoto wa kiume, nawe utampa jina Yesu, kwa kuwa yeye atawaokoa watu wake kutoka katika dhambi zao." 22 Basi, haya yote yalitukia ili litimie lile neno Bwana alilosema kwa njia ya nabii: 23 "Bikira atachukua mimba, atamzaa mtoto wa kiume, naye ataitwa Emanueli" (maana yake, "Mungu yu pamoja nasi"). 24 Hivyo, Yosefu alipoamka usingizini alifanya kama malaika huyo alivyomwambia, akamchukua mke wake nyumbani. 25 Lakini hakumjua kamwe kimwili hata Maria alipojifungua mtoto wa kiume. Naye Yosefu akampa jina Yesu.</ref> na [[Lk]] 1:26-38<ref>1:26 Mnamo mwezi wa sita, malaika Gabrieli alitumwa na Mungu aende kwenye mji uitwao Nazareti huko Galilaya, 27 kwa msichana mmoja aitwaye Maria, mchumba wa mtu mmoja jina lake Yosefu, wa ukoo wa Daudi. 28 Malaika akamwendea, akamwambia, "Salamu Maria! Umejaliwa neema nyingi! Bwana yu pamoja nawe." 29 Maria aliposikia maneno hayo alifadhaika sana, akawaza: maneno haya yanamaanisha nini? 30 Malaika akamwambia, "Usiogope Maria, kwa maana Mungu amekujalia neema. 31 Utachukua mimba, utamzaa mtoto wa kiume na utampa jina Yesu. 32 Yeye atakuwa mkuu na ataitwa Mwana wa Mungu Mkuu. Bwana Mungu atampa kiti cha mfalme Daudi, babu yake. 33 Kwa hivyo atautawala ukoo wa Yakobo milele, na ufalme wake hautakuwa na mwisho." 34 Maria akamjibu, "Yatawezekanaje hayo, hali mimi ni bikira?" 35 Malaika akamjibu, "Roho Mtakatifu atakushukia, na uwezo wake Mungu Mkuu utakujia kama kivuli; kwa sababu hiyo, mtoto atakayezaliwa ataitwa Mtakatifu, Mwana wa Mungu. 36 Ujue pia kwamba hata Elisabeti, jamaa yako, naye amepata mimba ingawa ni mzee, na sasa ni mwezi wa sita kwake yeye ambaye watu walimfahamu kuwa tasa. 37 Kwa maana hakuna jambo lisilowezekana kwa Mungu." 38 Maria akasema, "Mimi ni mtumishi wa Bwana, nitendewe kama ulivyosema." Kisha yule malaika akaenda zake.</ref>. Mathayo anathibitisha hilo kwa kutaja [[utabiri]] wa maneno ya [[Isa]] 7:14 katika [[tafsiri]] ya [[Kigiriki]] ya [[Septuaginta]]: "Tazama bikira atachukua [[mimba]], naye atazaa mwana, nao watamwita jina lake Emmanuel, yaani Mungu pamoja nasi".<ref name="Brown92">[[Raymond E. Brown|Brown, Raymond E.]]; [[Paul J. Achtemeier|Achtemeier, Paul J.]] (1978). ''Mary in the New Testament: A Collaborative Assessment by Protestant and Roman Catholic Scholars''. Paulist Press. p. 92. ISBN 0-8091-2168-9.</ref> <ref>Diarmaid MacCulloch, ''A History of Christianity'', 2009 (Penguin 2010, p. 81). ISBN 978-0-14-102189-8</ref> Fundisho hilo linashikiliwa na [[madhehebu]] karibu yote ya [[Ukristo]], hasa [[Wakatoliki]], [[Waorthodoksi]] na [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]]. Hata [[Waislamu]] wanakubali fundisho hilo kutokana na [[Kurani]], hasa [[sura]] 3 ([[Al Imran]]) na 19 ([[Maryam (sura)]]).<ref name="Sarker">Sarker, Abraham.''Understand My Muslim People''. 2004 ISBN 1-59498-002-0 page 260</ref> ==Tofauti na mafundisho mengine== Mara nyingine fundisho hilo linachanganywa na mengine tofauti,<ref>{{cite book |last=O'Brien |first=Catherine |authorlink= |title=The Celluloid Madonna |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xJUtElmZ6JwC&pg=PT33#v=snippet&q=%22virginal%20conception%22%20%22immaculate%20conception%22&f=false |accessdate=22 July 2013 |year= 2012|publisher=Columbia University Press |location= |isbn=978-0-23150181-1 |page= }}</ref> kama vile [[utakatifu usio na doa]] wa Maria<ref>{{cite book |last=McKnight |first=Scot |authorlink= |title=The Jesus Creed |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=thNEk5HLI1sC&pg=PA301&q=%22virginal%20conception%22%20%22immaculate%20conception%22#v=onepage&f=false |accessdate=22 July 2013 |year= 2004|publisher=Paraclete Press |location= |isbn=978-1-55725400-9 |page=301 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Harrington |first=S.J.J. |authorlink= |title=Historical Dictionary of Jesus |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jET7cnRDZWMC&pg=PA167&q=%22virginal%20conception%22%20%22immaculate%20conception%22#v=onepage&f=false |accessdate=22 July 2013 |year= 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press |location= |isbn=978-0-81087668-2 |page=167 }}</ref>na [[ubikira wa kudumu]] aliokuwa nao [[maisha]] yake yote<ref name=REBrown273 >{{cite book |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Raymond Edward |editor1-link=Raymond E. Brown |title=Mary in the New Testament |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ML1mnUBwmhcC&lpg=PA273&pg=PA273#v=onepage&q=273&f=false |accessdate= |year=1978 |publisher=Paulist Press |location= |isbn=9780809121687 |page=273}}</ref> ==Picha== <gallery> File:Holy Doors.jpg|[[Milango mitakatifu]], [[Monasteri ya Mt. Katerina]], [[Mlima Sinai]] huko [[Misri]], [[karne ya 12]] File:Sandro Botticelli 080.jpg|Mchoro wa [[Sandro Botticelli]], [[1489]]–[[1990]] File:Annunciation nesterov.jpg|[[Picha takatifu]] ya [[Mikhail Nesterov]], [[Russia]], [[karne ya 19]] File:Birth of Jesus - Capella dei Scrovegni - Padua 2016.jpg|Mchoro wa [[Giotto]] ([[1267]]-[[1337]]) </gallery> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist|2}} ==Marejeo== *{{cite web |last=anon. |first= |title=Virgin Birth |date= |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/629896/Virgin-Birth |work= |publisher= |ref=}} *{{Rejea kitabu |last=Bruner |first=Frederick |title=Matthew: The Christbook, Matthew 1-12 |publisher=Eerdmans |year=2004 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5jZlfg1yxIEC&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q=excursus%201%20the%20question%20of%20the%20historicity%20of%20the%20virgin%20birth&f=false |ref=harvref |accessdate=2014-07-20}} *{{Rejea kitabu |last=Cohen |first=Jonathan |title=The Origins and Evolution of the Moses Nativity Story |publisher=BRILL |year=1993 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=p_y8lr0jmIoC#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref=harvref |accessdate=2014-07-20}} *{{Rejea kitabu |last=Coyle |first=Kathleen |title=Mary in the Christian Tradition |publisher=Twenty-third Publications |year=1996 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5QCZlA_j3BcC&pg=PA36#v=onepage&q=%22immaculate%20conception%22&f=false |ref=harvref |accessdate=2014-07-20}} *{{Rejea kitabu |last=Davidson |first=John |title=The Gospel Of Jesus: In Search Of His Original Teachings |publisher=Clear Press |year=2005 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GoWhptP_up0C |ref=harvref |accessdate=2014-07-20}} *{{Rejea kitabu |last=Dorman |first=T.M. |chapter=Virgin Birth |editor-last=Bromiley |editor-first=Geoffrey W. |title=International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: Q-Z |publisher=Eerdmans |year=1995 |url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6OJvO2jMCr8C&pg=PA990#v=onepage&q=definition%20virgin%20birth&f=false |ref=harvref |accessdate=2014-07-20}} *{{Rejea kitabu |last=Erickson |first=Millard J. |title=Christian Theology |publisher=Baker Academic |year=1998 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0PbBz6-XcssC#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref=harvref |accessdate=2014-07-20}} *{{Rejea kitabu |last=Fredriksen |first=Paula |title=From Jesus to Christ: The Origins of the New Testament Images of Jesus |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2008 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RNAvCtgEgtMC#v=onepage&f=false |ref=harvref |accessdate=2014-07-20}} *{{Rejea kitabu |last=Hurtado |first=Larry W. |title=Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity |publisher=Eerdmans |year=2010 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=k32wZRMxltUC |ref=harvref |accessdate=2014-07-20}} *{{Rejea kitabu |last=Lachs |first=Samuel T. |title=A Rabbinic Commentary of the New Testament: the Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke |publisher=KTAV Publishing House |year=1987 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_qSWLVIi2xwC |ref=harvref |accessdate=2014-07-20}} *{{Rejea kitabu |last=Miller |first=John W. |chapter=The Miracle of Christ's Birth |editor-last=Ellens |editor-first=J. Harold |title=Miracles |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2008 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=51n9m5oTdrkC&pg=PR5-IA3#v=onepage&q=miracle%20of%20christ%27s%20birth%20john%20w.%20miller&f=false |ref=harvref |accessdate=2014-07-20}} *{{Rejea kitabu |last=Saldarini |first=Anthony |chapter=Matthew |editor1-last=Dunn |editor1-first=James D.G. |editor2-last=Rogerson |editor2-first=John William |title=Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible |publisher=Eerdmans |year=2003 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA1000&q=Matthew+Saldarini+name+composition+authorship+dates#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref=harvref |accessdate=2014-07-20}} *{{Rejea kitabu |last=Sweeney |first=Marvin A |title=Isaiah 1–39: with an introduction to prophetic literature |publisher=Eerdmans |year=1996 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BdSzj9-SZv0C&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref=harvref |accessdate=2014-07-20}} *{{Rejea kitabu |last=Welburn |first=Andrew J |title=From a Virgin Womb: The "Apocalypse of Adam" and the Virgin Birth |publisher=BRILL |year=2008 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nuYM_jgnv6EC |ref=harvref |accessdate=2014-07-20}} ==Marejeo mengine== *Gromacki, Robert G. ''The Virgin Birth: Doctrine of Deity''. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Book House, 1981, cop. 1974. 202 p. ISBN 0-89010-3765-4 {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Category:Yesu Kristo]] [[Jamii:Bikira Maria]] [[Jamii:Teolojia]] [[Category:Uislamu]] lvhbjt78vfqfw9ac75ho4s446clj8y8 0 72547 1529690 1321467 2026-05-02T12:03:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 6 template(s) replaced. 1529690 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:P52 recto.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Papyrus P52]], iliyoandikwa kwa [[Kigiriki]] mwaka [[125]] hivi, inahesabika kuwa andiko la zamani zaidi kutufikia kuhusu Yesu. Ina sehemu za [[Injili ya Yohane]]; mbele 18:31-33, nyuma 18;37-38.]] [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-D0116-0041-019, Albert Schweitzer.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Albert Schweitzer]], aliyeandika kitabu maarufu kuhusu [[Kumchunguza Yesu wa historia]].]] {{Yesu Kristo}} '''Yesu kadiri ya historia''' ni [[ujuzi]] juu yake unaopatikana kwa kumchunguza kama [[mtu]] mwingine yeyote, mbali na [[imani]] ya [[dini]], ili kuelewa vizuri [[maisha]] yake yalivyokuwa ki[[historia]].<ref name=AmyJill1>[[Amy-Jill Levine]] in the ''The Historical Jesus in Context'' edited by Amy-Jill Levine et al. 2006 Princeton Univ Press ISBN 978-0-691-00992-6 pages 1-2</ref><ref name=Bart411>''Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium'' by Bart D. Ehrman (Sep 23, 1999) ISBN 0195124731 Oxford Univ Press pages ix-xi</ref><ref>''Jesus Remembered'' Volume 1, by James D. G. Dunn 2003 ISBN 0-8028-3931-2 pp. 125-127</ref> [[Fani]] hiyo inavyodai, ni lazima kuchunguza [[habari]] tulizonazo juu yake ili kuthibitisha [[ukweli]] wake.<ref>http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/historicity</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/historicity |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2014-09-22 |archivedate=2014-10-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006165629/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/historicity }}</ref><ref name=Ehrman285>While discussing the "striking" fact that "we don't have any Roman records, of any kind, that attest to the existence of Jesus," Ehrman dismisses claims that this means Jesus never existed, saying, "He certainly existed, as virtually every competent scholar of antiquity, Christian or non-Christian, agrees, based on clear and certain evidence." B. Ehrman, 2011 ''Forged : writing in the name of God'' ISBN 978-0-06-207863-6. page 285</ref><ref name="Grantmajority">[[Michael Grant (author)|Michael Grant]] (a [[classicist]]) states that "In recent years, 'no serious scholar has ventured to postulate the non historicity of Jesus' or at any rate very few, and they have not succeeded in disposing of the much stronger, indeed very abundant, evidence to the contrary." in ''Jesus: An Historian's Review of the Gospels'' by Michael Grant 2004 ISBN 1898799881 page 200</ref><ref name=Burridge34>[[Richard A. Burridge]] states: "There are those who argue that Jesus is a figment of the Church’s imagination, that there never was a Jesus at all. I have to say that I do not know any respectable critical scholar who says that any more." in ''Jesus Now and Then'' by Richard A. Burridge and Graham Gould (Apr 1, 2004) ISBN 0802809774 page 34</ref><ref name="autogenerated145">{{cite book |author=Crossan, John Dominic |title=Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/jesusrevolutiona00cros |isbn=0-06-061662-8 |year=1995 |publisher=HarperOne |quote=That he was crucified is as sure as anything historical can ever be, since both Josephus and Tacitus&nbsp;... agree with the Christian accounts on at least that basic fact. |page=[https://archive.org/details/jesusrevolutiona00cros/page/145 145]}}</ref><ref name=MAPowell168 >''Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee'' by Mark Allan Powell 1998 ISBN 0-664-25703-8 pages 168–173</ref> Yesu hakuacha [[Maandishi|maandiko]] yoyote. [[Habari]] zake zinapatikana hasa katika [[Biblia]], kwa namna ya pekee katika [[Injili]] nne na [[vitabu]] vingine vya [[Agano Jipya]]<ref name= Blomberg431 >''Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey'' by Craig L. Blomberg 2009 ISBN 0-8054-4482-3 pages 431-436</ref><ref name="Blomberg431"/><ref>[[#refVanVoorst2000|Van Voorst (2000)]] pp. 39-53</ref>. Yapo pia mengine ya Wakristo yasiyokubaliwa na [[Kanisa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]] hasa kwa sababu yalichelewa kuandikwa (kuanzia [[karne ya 2]]). Nje ya [[Ukristo]] kuna habari fupi kuhusu Yesu katika maandiko ya [[waandishi]] wa [[Roma]], [[Wagiriki]] na Wayahudi. Habari hizo zinaangaliwa sana kwa sababu zimetungwa na watu wasiomwamini Yesu [[Dini|kidini]]<ref name="Blomberg431"/><ref>[[#refVanVoorst2000|Van Voorst (2000)]] pp. 39-53</ref><ref name=VVoorst39 >Robert E. Van Voorst, ''Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence'', Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2000. p 39- 53</ref><ref name=EddyB127>Eddy, Paul; Boyd, Gregory (2007). ''The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition'' Baker Academic, ISBN 0-8010-3114-1 page 127</ref><ref>F.F. Bruce,''Jesus and Christian Origins Outside the New Testament'', (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974) p. 23</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu| author=Theissen, Gerd; Merz, Annette | authorlink= | coauthors= | title=The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide |url = http://books.google.com/?id=3ZU97DQMH6UC&pg=PA83| year=1998 | publisher=Fortress Press | location=Minneapolis | isbn=978-0-8006-3122-2 | page=83}}</ref><ref>The Case Against Christianity, By Michael Martin, pg 50-51, at http://books.google.co.za/books?id=wWkC4dTmK0AC&pg=PA52&dq=historicity+of+jesus&hl=en&sa=X&ei=o-_8U5-yEtTH7AbBpoCoAg&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=tacitus&f=false</ref><ref>The Historical Jesus in the Twentieth Century: 1900-1950, By Walter P. Weaver, pg 53, pg 57, at http://books.google.co.za/books?id=1CZbuFBdAMUC&pg=PA45&dq=historicity+of+jesus&hl=en&sa=X&ei=o-_8U5-yEtTH7AbBpoCoAg&ved=0CEoQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=tacitus&f=false</ref><ref name="books.google.co.za">Secret of Regeneration, By Hilton Hotema, pg 100, at http://books.google.co.za/books?id=jCaopp3R5B0C&pg=PA100&dq=interpolations+in+tacitus&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CRf-U9-VGZCe7AbxrIDQCA&ved=0CCAQ6AEwATge#v=onepage&q=interpolations%20in%20tacitus&f=false</ref><ref name="books.google.co.za"/><ref>''Jesus'', University Books, New York, 1956, p.13</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|authorlink=RT France|last=France|first=RT|title=Evidence for Jesus (Jesus Library)|url=https://archive.org/details/evidenceforjesus0000fran|publisher=Trafalgar Square Publishing|year=1986|isbn=0-340-38172-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/evidenceforjesus0000fran/page/19 19]–20}}</ref>. Kwa ujumla zinathibitisha ya kwamba Yesu alikuwepo, na kwamba wakati hao walipoandika alikuwa na [[wafuasi]] huko [[Roma]] na ya kwamba awali Waroma hawakuelewa tofauti kati ya wafuasi wake na Wayahudi<ref>{{cite book|last=Schreckenberg|first=Heinz|title=Jewish Traditions in Early Christian Literature|year=1992|isbn=90-232-2653-4|author2=Kurt Schubert}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kostenberger|first=Andreas J.|title=The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament|url=https://archive.org/details/cradlecrosscrown0000kost|year=2009|isbn=0-8054-4365-7|author2=L. Scott Kellum |author3=Charles L. Quarles }}</ref> Kati ya waandishi hao muhimu ni hasa: 1. [[Mtaalamu]] Myahudi [[Flavius Josephus]]: huyo aliandika miaka [[93]]-[[94]] BK kitabu cha "Antiquitates Judaicae“ (Habari za [[historia]] ya Wayahudi) akitaja [[kifo]] cha "[[Yakobo ndugu wa Yesu]]“ (sura ya 20, 200)<ref name=JospehusM662 >''The new complete works of Josephus'' by Flavius Josephus, William Whiston, Paul L. Maier ISBN 0-8254-2924-2 pages 662-663</ref><ref>''Josephus XX'' by [[Louis H. Feldman]] 1965, ISBN 0674995023 page 496</ref><ref>Van Voorst, Robert E. (2000). ''Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence'' ISBN 0-8028-4368-9. page 83</ref><ref>Flavius Josephus; Maier, Paul L. (December 1995). ''Josephus, the essential works: a condensation of Jewish antiquities and The Jewish war'' ISBN 978-0-8254-3260-6 pages 284-285</ref>. 2. Mwandishi Mroma [[Tacitus]]: huyo aliandika mnamo mwaka [[117]] ya kwamba [[Kaisari Nero]] alishtaki kikundi cha “Chrestiani” ya kuwa wamechoma [[moto]] [[mji]] wa Roma. Aliongeza: “Mtu ambaye ni asili ya jina hilo ni Chrestus aliyeuawa wakati wa [[Tiberio]] kwa [[amri]] ya [[Pontio Pilato]]” (Annales XV,44). 3. Mwandishi Mroma [[Svetonius]]: huyo alimtaja “Chrestos” katika kitabu chake juu ya [[maisha]] ya [[Kaisari Klaudio]] (25,4) ya kwamba huyu amesababisha [[fujo]] kati ya Wayahudi wa Roma hivyo [[Kaisari]] aliwafukuza wote mjini. 4. [[Mwanasiasa]] Mroma [[Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus]]: huyo aliacha [[barua]] kadhaa zinazotaja Wakristo mnamo mwaka [[100]] BK. Alimwuliza [[Kaisari Traianus]] jinsi ya kushughulikia Wakristo waliokataa kutoa [[sadaka]] mbele ya [[sanamu]] za Kaisari. ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Marejeo== {{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}} *[[Raymond E. Brown|Brown, Raymond E.]] (1997) ''An Introduction to the New Testament''. Doubleday ISBN 0-385-24767-2 *Daniel Boyarin (2004). ''Border Lines. The Partition of Judaeo-Christianity''. University of Pennsylvania Press. *Doherty, Earl (1999). ''The Jesus Puzzle. Did Christianity Begin with a Mythical Christ? : Challenging the Existence of an Historical Jesus''. ISBN 0-9686014-0-5 *Drews, Arthur & Burns, C. Deslisle (1998). ''The Christ Myth'' (Westminster College-Oxford Classics in the Study of Religion). ISBN 1-57392-190-4 *[[Alvar Ellegård|Ellegård, Alvar]] ''Jesus – One Hundred Years Before Christ: A Study in Creative Mythology'', (London 1999). *France, R.T. (2001). ''The Evidence for Jesus''. Hodder & Stoughton. *Freke, Timothy & Gandy, Peter. ''The Jesus Mysteries - was the original Jesus a pagan god?'' ISBN 0-7225-3677-1 *George, Augustin & Grelot, Pierre (Eds.) (1992). ''Introducción Crítica al Nuevo Testamento''. Herder. ISBN 84-254-1277-3 *{{Rejea kitabu|first=Helmut|last=Koester|title=Ancient Christian Gospels|location= Harrisburg, PA|publisher=Continuum|isbn=0-334-02450-1|year=1992}} *Gowler, David B. (2007). ''What Are They Saying About the Historical Jesus?''. Paulist Press. *[[Michael Grant (author)|Grant, Michael]], ''Jesus: An Historian's Review of the Gospels'', Scribner, 1995. ISBN 0-684-81867-1 *Meier, John P., ''[[John P. Meier#A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus|A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus]]'', [[Anchor Bible Series|Anchor Bible Reference Library]], Doubleday : (1991), v. 1, ''The Roots of the Problem and the Person'', ISBN 0-385-26425-9 : (1994), v. 2, ''Mentor, Message, and Miracles'', ISBN 0-385-46992-6 : (2001), v. 3, ''Companions and Competitors'', ISBN 0-385-46993-4 : (2009), v. 4, ''Law and Love'', ISBN 978-0-300-14096-5 *Mendenhall, George E. (2001). ''Ancient Israel's Faith and History: An Introduction to the Bible in Context''. ISBN 0-664-22313-3 *[[Vittorio Messori|Messori, Vittorio]] (1977). ''Jesus hypotheses''. St Paul Publications. ISBN 0-85439-154-1 *New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha, New Revised Standard Version. (1991) New York, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-528356-2 *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Price|first=Robert M.|authorlink=Robert M. Price|title=Deconstructing Jesus|url=https://archive.org/details/deconstructingje00pric|year=2000|publisher=Prometheus Books|location=Amherst, N.Y.|isbn=1-57392-758-9}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Price|first=Robert M.|authorlink=Robert M. Price|title=The Incredible Shrinking Son of Man: How Reliable is the Gospel Tradition?|url=https://archive.org/details/incredibleshrink00pric|year=2003|publisher=Prometheus Books|location=Amherst, N.Y.|isbn=1-59102-121-9}} *Wells, George A. (1988). ''The Historical Evidence for Jesus''. Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-429-X *Wells, George A. (1998). ''The Jesus Myth''. ISBN 0-8126-9392-2 *Wells, George A. (2004). ''Can We Trust the New Testament?: Thoughts on the Reliability of Early Christian Testimony''. ISBN 0-8126-9567-4 *Wilson, Ian (2000). ''Jesus: The Evidence'' (1st ed.). Regnery Publishing. {{Refend}} {{mbegu-mtu-Biblia}} [[Category:Yesu Kristo]] 7f7j3a8ujrbetb007y5zzt69g6x0d8s 0 76847 1529709 1313815 2026-05-02T12:06:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529709 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Vrksasana.jpg|300px|thumbnail|Mazoezi ya Yoga katika kikundi]] '''Yoga''' ni mazoezi ya kiroho na kimwili yenye asili katika falsafa ya [[Uhindi]]. Tangu miaka ya 1980 yoga ilisambaa pia nje ya Uhindi katika nchi za magharibi kama mazoezi ya kimwili. Katika utamaduni wa Kihindi yoga inatekelezwa pamoja na jitihada za kiroho na kidini kwenye msingi wa [[Uhindu]] na pia [[Ubuddha]]. Mtu anayefanya mazoezi ya yoga huitwa [[yogi]]. ==Shabaha za Yoga== Shabaha ya mazoezi ya yoga ni kujikamilisha kama binadamu mwenye mwili, nafsi na roho. Hapa ni wazo muhimu kutawala tamaa za mwili na roho zinazotazamiwa kama kizuizi kwenye njia ya kufikia ukamilifu. Kwa hiyo mwanafunzi wa yoga apate kujifunza nidhamu ya ndani na nidhamu ya kimwili. Njia muhimu kuelekea shabaha hii ni kufanya mazoezi ya kudhibiti pumzi na kumakinisha fikra na hisia. Watendaji na walimu wa yoga huamini ya kwamba mazoezi haya yanachangia kwenye afya ya kimwili na kiroho. Kujifunza mikao fulani ya mwili ni mbinu ya kufikia shabaha za yoga. ==Yoga katika Magharibi== Yoga ilisambazwa na walimu kutoka Uhindini katika [[Ulaya]] na [[Marekani]]. Katika nchi hizi za magharibi ni zaidi mazoezi ya kimwili na elimu ya mikao yaliyopokelewa bila kuelewa asili katika roho ya Uhindu na falsafa yake. Yoga imependekezwa kama mbinu za kunpunza matatizo ya afya, kuimarisha musuli na hasa uti wa mgongo kwa watu wanaoketi muda mrefu ofisini, na kupunguza dhiki na shinikizo ya maisha ya kisasa (stress). Kwa hiyo matumizi yayoga inafanana kiasi na aina ya michezo. ==Yoga na dini nyingine== Kiasi mazoezi ya yoga yanaweza kufanana na [[taamuli za kiroho]] jinsi zinavyopatikana pia katika dini kama Ukristo na Uislamu. ===Ubuddha=== Madhehebu kadhaa za Ubuddha yanajua mazoezi yanayofanana na yoga, hasa upande wa [[Zen]]. Hapa njia za kutawala pumzi na fikra zinafundishwa pia, pamoja na mikao mbalimbali ya mwili. Ilhali kulikuwa na kipindi ca athira kubwa ya Kibuddha katika Uhindi inawezekana ya kwamba sehemu za mazoezi ya Yoga zina asili katika Ubuddha. ===Ukristo=== *Kuna [[wakristo]] wanaotoa onyo dhidi ya matumizi ya yoga wakikazia asili yake katika Uhindu<ref>Dr Ankerberg, John & Dr Weldon, John, Encyclopedia of New Age Beliefs, Harvest House Publishers, 1996</ref> *katika kanisa katoliki mazoezi ya yoga yametumiwa kwa idhini ya papa na maaskofu ndani ya [[mazoezi ya kiroho]]<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/07/weekinreview/ideas-trends-trying-to-reconcile-the-ways-of-the-vatican-and-the-east.html Trying to reconcile the ways of the Vatican and of te East, New York Times January 7, 1990]</ref> ===Uislamu=== *walimu na viongozi mbalimbali wa [[Uislamu]] wamekataza matumizi ya yoga, kwa mfano Misri, Indonesia na Malaysia<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.islam.gov.my/portal/yoga_Bi.php |title=Fatwa ya Halmashauri Kuu ya Waislamu wa Malaysia inatangaza yoga kuwa haraam, ikitofautisha na mazoezi ya kimwili tu |accessdate=2008-12-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222125337/http://www.islam.gov.my/portal/yoga_Bi.php |archivedate=2008-12-22 }}</ref> *jumuiya za [[Wasufi]] wanatumia mbinu za kusimamia pumzi na mikao kadhaa yenye asili katika yoga. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.unc.edu/~cernst/pdf/jras2.pdf |title=Carl W. Ernst, Situating Sufism and Yoga, review of article in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Apr., 2005), pp. 15- 43 |accessdate=2015-05-21 |archivedate=2014-08-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824031249/http://www.unc.edu/%7Ecernst/pdf/jras2.pdf }}</ref> ==Mifano ya mazoezi ya yoga== <gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="180"> File:Sivakempfort.jpg|Sanamu ya mungu Siva katika mkao wa Yoga |Mkao wa yoga File:Project Yoga Richmond 1.jpg|Mazoezi ya kwanza ya yoga katika kikundu cha wanafunzi huko Marekani file:Acro Yoga - star (side view).jpg|Mkao mgumu wa yoga kwa watu wawili </gallery> ==Marejeo== <references/> == Kujisomea== * {{cite book |last= Bryant |first=Edwin |authorlink= Edwin Bryant (author)|title= The Yoga Sutras of Patañjali: A New Edition, Translation, and Commentary |url= https://archive.org/details/yogastrasofpataj0000brya |year= 2009 |publisher= North Point Press |location= New York, USA |isbn= 978-0865477360 }} * {{Citation | last =Crangle | first =Edward Fitzpatrick | year =1994 | title =The Origin and Development of Early Indian Contemplative Practices | publisher =Otto Harrassowitz Verlag}} * {{cite book |last=Dhillon|first=Dalbir Singh|title=Sikhism, Origin and Development|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=osnkLKPMWykC&pg=PA249|year=1988|publisher=Atlantic Publishers|id=GGKEY:BYKZE4QTGJH }} * {{cite book | last = De Michelis | first = Elizabeth | year = 2004 | title = A History of Modern Yoga | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderny0000demi | publisher = Continuum | location = London | isbn=0-8264-8772-6 }} * {{cite book |last1=Dumoulin|first1=Heinrich|last2=Heisig|first2=James W.|last3=Knitter|first3=Paul F.|title=Zen Buddhism: a History: India and China|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9CYeWYtYBS4C|year=2005|publisher=World Wisdom, Inc|isbn=978-0-941532-89-1 }} * {{cite book | last = Eliade | first = Mircea | authorlink = Mircea Eliade | year = 1958 | title = Yoga: Immortality and Freedom | url = https://archive.org/details/yogaimmortalityf0000mirc | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton | isbn=978-0-691-14203-6 }} * {{cite book | last = Feuerstein | first = Georg | authorlink = Georg Feuerstein | year = 1996 | title = The Shambhala Guide to Yoga. 1st ed. | location = Boston & London | publisher = Shambhala Publications }} * {{Citation | last =Flood | first =Gavin D. | year =1996 | title =An Introduction to Hinduism | publisher =Cambridge University Press}} * {{cite book | last = Goldberg | first = Philip | year = 2010 | title = American Veda. From Emerson and the Beatles to Yoga and Meditation. How Indian Spirituality Changed the West | url = https://archive.org/details/americanvedafrom00gold | publisher= Harmony Books | location = New York | isbn= 978-0-385-52134-5 }} * {{cite book | last = Flood | first = Gavin | year = 1996 | title = An Introduction to Hinduism| publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | isbn=0-521-43878-0 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C }} * {{cite book | last = Gambhirananda | first = Swami | year = 1998 | title = Madhusudana Sarasvati Bhagavad_Gita: With the annotation Gūḍhārtha Dīpikā| publisher = [[Advaita Ashrama]] Publication Department| location = Calcutta | isbn=81-7505-194-9 }} * {{cite book |last1=Jacobsen|first1=Knut A.|last2=Larson|first2=Gerald James|title=Theory And Practice of Yoga: Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TDGFFNYvrokC|year=2005|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-14757-7 }} * {{cite book |last=Larson |first=Gerald James |title=The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Yoga: India's philosophy of meditation |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=p6pURGdBBmIC |year=2008 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3349-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Lidell |first=Lucy |title=The Sivananda Companion to Yoga |url=http://selfdefinition.org/yoga/Lucy%20Lidell%20-%20The%20Sivananda%20Companion%20to%20Yoga.pdf |year=1983 |publisher=Gaia Books Limited | location = London |isbn=0-684-87000-2 }} * {{cite book |last=McEvilley|first=Thomas|title=The shape of ancient thought|publisher=Allworth Communications|year=2002|isbn=978-1-58115-203-6|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Vpqr1vNWQhUC}} * {{cite book | last = Müller | first = Max | authorlink= Max Müller |year = 1899 | title = Six Systems of Indian Philosophy; Samkhya and Yoga, Naya and Vaiseshika | publisher = Susil Gupta (India) Ltd.| location = Calcutta | isbn=0-7661-4296-5 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=hiH57a0tGpcC}} Reprint edition; Originally published under the title of "The Six Systems of Indian Philosophy." * {{cite book |last=Possehl |first=Gregory|authorlink=Gregory Possehl |title=The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective |year=2003 |publisher=AltaMira Press |isbn=978-0-7591-0172-2 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC}} * {{cite book |last=Radhakrishnan |first=S. |authorlink=Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan |last2=Moore|first2= CA |title=A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy |year=1967 |publisher=Princeton |isbn=0-691-01958-4 }} * {{Citation |last=Samuel |first=Geoffrey |title=The Origins of Yoga and Tantra |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-521-69534-3 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=JAvrTGrbpf4C}} * {{cite book |last=Satyananda |first=Swami |authorlink=Swami Satyananda |title=Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha |url=http://www.znakovi-vremena.net/en/Swami-Satyananda-Saraswati---Asana-Pranayama-Mudra-Bandha.pdf |year=2008 |publisher=Yoga Publications Trust |location=Munger |isbn=978-81-86336-14-4 |access-date=2015-05-21 |archive-date=2015-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807084750/http://www.znakovi-vremena.net/en/Swami-Satyananda-Saraswati---Asana-Pranayama-Mudra-Bandha.pdf |dead-url=yes }} * {{cite book |last=Taimni |first=I. K. |title=The Science of Yoga |url=https://archive.org/details/scienceofyogayog00unse |year=1961 |publisher=The Theosophical Publishing House |location=Adyar, India |isbn=81-7059-212-7 }} * {{cite book | title=Yoga And Indian Philosophy (1977, Reprinted in 1998) | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ | last=Werner|first= Karel | year=1998 | isbn=81-208-1609-9 }} * {{cite book |last=Whicher |first=Ian |title=The Integrity of the Yoga Darśana: A Reconsideration of Classical Yoga |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_Qo9K9hPvQgC |year=1998 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-3815-2 }} * {{Citation | last =White | first =David Gordon | year =2011 | title =Yoga, Brief History of an Idea (Chapter 1 of "Yoga in practice") | publisher =Princeton University Press | url =http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i9565.pdf}} * Worthington, Vivian (1982). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=5aI9AAAAIAAJ A History of Yoga]''. Routledge. ISBN 0-7100-9258-X. * Wynne, Alexander [http://books.google.com/books?id=ElIupyX_SYAC&pg=PA51 "The Origin of Buddhist Meditation."] Routledge, 2007, ISBN 1-134-09741-7. * {{Citation |last=Zimmer |first=Heinrich |authorlink=Heinrich Zimmer |title=Philosophies of India |year=1951 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=New York, New York |isbn=0-691-01758-1 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bRQ5fpTmwoAC }} Bollingen Series XXVI; Edited by Joseph Cambell. * Zydenbos, Robert. ''Jainism Today and Its Future''. München: Manya Verlag, 2006. p.&nbsp;66 * [http://www.kriyayoga-mahavatarbabaji.com Tovuti ya mwalimu wa yoga Kriya Yoga Mahavatar Babaji] [[jamii:Uhindu]] [[jamii:michezo]] leuyge7d3c8icz74m7fx6vcdr6o18ou 0 77467 1530021 1508943 2026-05-02T18:42:51Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1530021 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Homo_habilis_-_forensic_facial_reconstruction.png|thumb|250px|[[Homo habilis]].]] '''Zamadamu''' walikuwa [[wanyama]] wenye [[umbile]] lililokaribiana na [[mwili]] wa [[binadamu]] kuliko hata [[sokwe]]. Binadamu wanadhaniwa kuwa walitokana na hao wa kwanza [[miaka]] [[laki]] kadhaa iliyopita, labda kwa kupitia [[spishi]] za awali za [[jenasi]] "[[Homo]]", hasa [[Homo heidelbergensis]]. Kwa sasa hakuna tena zamadamu hai [[Dunia|duniani]], ila [[baki|mabaki]] ya [[mzoga|mizoga]] yao yanazidi kupatikana hasa [[Bara|barani]] [[Afrika]], ambalo ndilo [[asili]] ya [[jenasi]] hiyo. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== *<!-- Briggs|Crowther|2008 -->{{Rejea kitabu | editor1-last = Briggs | editor1-first = D. | editor2-first = P. R. | editor2-last = Crowther | title = Palaeobiology II | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2008 | isbn = 9780470999288 | page = 600 | ref = harv}} * Franzen, J. L. (1985). "Asian australopithecines?". In: ''Hominid Evolution: Past, Present, and Future''. New York: Wiley-Liss, 255-263. * Gao, J. (1975). "Australopithecine teeth associated with Gigantopithecus". ''Vertebrata Palasiatica''. 13(2): 81-88. *<!-- Kottak|2004 -->{{Rejea kitabu | last = Kottak | first = C. P. | year = 2004 | chapter = Glossary | title = Cultural Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity | edition = 10th | chapterurl = http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072832258/student_view0/glossary.html | publisher = McGraw-Hill | isbn = 978-0072832259 | ref = harv | access-date = 2015-07-09 | archive-date = 2013-07-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130718051605/http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072832258/student_view0/glossary.html | dead-url = yes }} * Liu, Wu, Ronald Clarke, and Song Xing. (2010). "Geometric morphometric analysis of the early Pleistocene hominin teeth from Jianshi, Hubei Province, China." ''Science China Earth Sciences''. 53(8): 1141-1152. *<!-- Mai|Owl|Kersting|2005 -->{{Rejea kitabu | year = 2005 | first1 = L. L. | last1 = Mai | first2 = M. Y. | last2 = Owl | first3 = M. P. | last3 = Kersting | title = The Cambridge Dictionary of Human Biology and Evolution | url = https://archive.org/details/cambridgediction00mail | page = [https://archive.org/details/cambridgediction00mail/page/45 45] | location = Cambridge & New York | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-66486-8 | ref = harv}} * Wolpoff, M. H. (1999). ''Paleoanthropology''. New York: McGraw-Hill. * Zhang, Y. (1985). "Gigantopithecus and “Australopithecus in China". In: ''Palaeoanthropology and palaeolithic archaeology in the People’s Republic of China'', 69-78. ==Viungo vya nje== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20111216082405/http://homepage.mac.com/wis/Personal/lectures/evolutionary-anatomy/Australopithecines.pdf Informative lecture on ''Australopithecines''] {{mbegu-biolojia}} [[Category:Biolojia]] [[Category:Hominini]] [[Jamii:Historia]] ckxpdegmoert9aa6lr4rr5mkl5j2lkj 0 78599 1529785 1467245 2026-05-02T12:18:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 7 template(s) replaced. 1529785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club |jinalaclub = Young Africans SC | jinalote = Young Africans Sports Club | uwanja =[[Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium]] | kocha = Pedro Gonçalves |imeanzishwa = 11 Feb 1935|tovuti=https://www.yangasc.co.tz/|jinalautani=Yanga (Swahili)|uwezo=60,000|Rais=Inj.Hersi Said|ligi=[[Ligi Kuu Tanzania Bara|Ligi Kuu]]|msimu=[[2020]] - [[2021]]|Afisa Mtendaji Mkuu=Andre Mtine}} '''Young Africans S.C.''' (maarufu kama '''Yanga''', [[jina]] kamili ni '''Young Africans Sports Club''') ni [[timu]] ya [[soka]] ya nchini [[Tanzania]] iliyoanzishwa mnamo [[mwaka]] [[1935]], inayoshiriki [[Ligi Kuu Tanzania Bara]]. Jina la utani ''Timu ya Wananchi au Wanajangwani''. Imepata kuwa mabingwa mara 30 nchini na mabingwa mara 5 kombe la mabingwa Afrika Mashariki Kagame.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Young Africans live score, schedule and results - Football - SofaScore|url=https://www.sofascore.com/team/football/young-africans/134320|work=www.sofascore.com|accessdate=2021-01-02}}</ref> Katika ngao ya jamii Yanga imeifunga Azam FC kwa jumla ya magoli 8 kwa 7, takribani mara tatu kwa Azam FC kukutana na Yanga katika Ngao ya Jamii na Yanga kumfunga Azam kwenye mechi zote tatu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Young Africans News {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-tza/team/young-africans/es0todg3ftqeg5ml6lfq55rof|work=www.goal.com|accessdate=2021-01-02}}</ref> ==Wachezaji== === Kikosi Cha Sasa === {{Updated|As of 16 April 2025}} {{Fs start}} {{Fs player|no=1|nat=TAN|name=[[Khomeny Abubakary]]|pos=GK|other=}} {{Fs player|no=39|nat=MLI|name=[[Djigui Diarra]]|pos=GK|other=}} {{Fs player|no=2|nat=TAN|name=[[Aziz Andabwile]]|pos=MF|other=}} {{Fs player|no=23|nat=COD|name=[[Shedrak Boka]]|pos=DF|other=}} {{Fs player|no=3|nat=TAN|name=[[Bakari Mwamnyeto]]|pos=DF|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}} {{Fs player|no=4|nat=TAN|name=[[Ibrahim Hamad]]|pos=DF|other=}} {{Fs player|no=5|nat=TAN|name=[[Dickson Job]]|pos=DF|other=[[Vice-captain (association football)|vice-captain]]}} {{Fs player|no=60|nat=TAN|name=[[Israel Mwenda]]|pos=DF|other=}} {{Fs player|no=30|nat=TAN|name=[[Nickson Kibabage]]|pos=DF|other=}} {{Fs player|no=27|nat=TAN|name=[[Mudathir Yahya]]|pos=MF|other=}} {{Fs player|no=7|nat=COD|name=[[Maxi Nzengeli]]|pos=MF|other=}} {{Fs player|no=|nat=TAN|name=[[Abubakar Ninju]]|pos=DF|other=}} {{Fs player|no=|nat=TAN|name=[[Mohamed Husseini]]|pos=DF|other=}} {{Fs player|no=8|nat=MLI|name=[[Lassine Kouma]]|pos=MF|other=}} {{Fs player|no=|pos=DF|nat=GHA|name=[[Frank Assinki]]}} {{Fs mid}} {{Fs player|no=9|nat=COD|name=[[Andey Boyeli]]|pos=FW|other=}} {{Fs player|no=38|nat=KEN|name=[[Duke Abuya]]|pos=MF|other=}} {{Fs player|no=31|nat=TAN|name=[[Offen Chikola]]|pos=FW|other=}} {{Fs player|no=40|nat=TAN|name=[[Denis Nkane]]|pos=FW|other=}} {{Fs player|no=22|nat=TAN|name=[[Sheikhan Ibrahim]]|pos=MF|other=}} {{Fs player|no=24|nat=TAN|name=[[Clement Mzize]]|pos=FW|other=}} {{Fs player|no=29|nat=ZIM|name=[[Prince Dube]]|pos=FW|other=}} {{Fs player|no=12|nat=TAN|name=[[Faridi Mussa]]|pos=FW|other=}} {{Fs player|no=15|nat=TAN|name=[[Kibwana Shomari]]|pos=DF|other=}} {{Fs player|no=16|nat=TAN|name=[[Abuutwalib Mshery]]|pos=GK|other=}} {{Fs player|no=6|nat=GUI|name=[[Balla Conte]]|pos=MF|other=}} {{Fs player|no=11|nat=CIV|name=[[Celectin Ecua]]|pos=FW|other=}} {{Fs player|no=19|nat=CIV|name=[[Mohamed Doumbia]]|pos=MF|other=}} {{Fs player|no=36|nat=TAN|name= Edmund John|pos=MF|other=}} {{Fs player|no=|nat=TAN|name=[[Abdulnassir Casemiro]]|pos=MF|other=}} {{Fs player|no=18|nat=TAN|name=[[Salum Abubakar]]|pos=MF|other=}} {{Fs end}} ===Wachezaji wa kigeni=== Ligi Kuu ya Tanzania inaruhusu wachezaji wa nje kumi na mbili(12). Yanga kwa sasa wanatumia wachezaji wa kigeni wafuatao: *{{flagicon|COD}} [[Maxi Nzegeli ]] *{{flagicon|Mali}} [[Djigui Diarra]] *{{flagicon|COD}} [[Shedrak Boka ]] *{{flagicon|COD}} [[Andey Boyeli ]] *{{flagicon|CIV}} [[Pacóme ZouaZoua]] *{{flagicon|CIV}} [[Mohamed Doumbia]] *{{flagicon|GUI}} [[Balla Conte]] *{{flagicon|CIV}} [[Celéctin Ecua]] *{{flagicon|Mali}} [[Laussine Kouma]] *{{flagicon|Uganda}} [[Duke Abuya ]] *{{flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Price Dube]] *{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Frank Assinki]] == Heshima == === Ndani ya Nchi === [[Picha:YASC Building.JPG|thumb|Ofisi kuu za Young Africans zilizoko barabara ya Twiga, Jangwani, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Mashariki]] *'''[[Ligi Kuu Tanzania Bara|Ligi Kuu Tanzania]]'''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tanzania – List of Champions|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablest/tanzchamp.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=2023-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116204224/https://www.rsssf.org/tablest/tanzchamp.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ** '''Mabingwa ('' 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012–13, [[Ligi Kuu Tanzania Bara|2016–17]], [[Ligi Kuu Tanzania Bara|2021–22]], [[Ligi Kuu Tanzania Bara|2022–23]], 2024–25 *'''[[Kombe la FA Tanzania]]'''<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tanzania – List of Cup Winners|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablest/tanzcuphist.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=2022-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812154040/https://www.rsssf.org/tablest/tanzcuphist.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ** '''Mabingwa (3):''' 1975, 1994, 1999 **''Makombe (1):'' 2001 *'''Kombe la FAT'''<ref name=":03">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Tanzania – List of Cup Winners |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablest/tanzcuphist.html |access-date=2020-12-31 |website=[[RSSSF]] |archive-date=2022-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812154040/https://www.rsssf.org/tablest/tanzcuphist.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ** '''Mabingwa (3):''' 2015–16, 2021/22, 2022/23 ** ''Makombe (2):'' 1996, 2021 *'''Kombe la Tusker'''<ref name=":0" /> ** '''Mabingwa (7):'''1986,1992,1987,2000,2005,2007, 2009 ** ''Makombe (3):'' 2001, 2002, 2005. *'''Kombe la Mapinduzi'''<ref name=":0" /> ** '''Mabingwa (3):''' 2003,2004, 2021 ** ''Makombe (1):'' 2011 *'''Ngao ya Jamii'''<ref name=":0" /> ** '''Mabingwa (7):''' 2001, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2021,2022 ** ''Makombe (7):'' 2002, 2005,2013,2009, 2011, 2016, 2017 === Bara === '''[[CECAFA|Kombe la CECAFA]]'''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=CECAFA Club Championship|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/cecafa.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=2022-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812144629/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/cecafa.html|url-status=live}}</ref> * '''Mabingwa (5):''' 1975, 1993, 1999, [[CECAFA|2011]], [[CECAFA|2012]] *''Makombe (3):'' 1976, 1986, 1990 '''Kombe la Shirikisho la CAF''' * ''Makombe (1):'' 2023 == Ufundi katika Mashindano ya CAF == * '''[[Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika|Ligi ya Mabingwa wa CAF]]: Onyesho 15''' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ligi Kuu ya Tanzania 2024/25: Muhtasari wa Msimu - SportPesa Tanzania|url=https://blog.sportpesa.co.tz/2025/08/02/ligi-kuu-ya-tanzania-2024-25-muhtasari-wa-msimu/|date=2025-08-02|accessdate=2025-09-02|language=en-GB|author=SportPesa}}</ref> {{colbegin|colwidth=22em}} ::[[Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika|1997]]&nbsp;– Raundi ya Awali ::[[Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika|1998]]&nbsp;– Hatua ya Makundi (Nane Bora) ::[[Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika|2001]]&nbsp;– Raundi ya Pili ::[[Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika|2006]]&nbsp;– Raundi ya Awali ::[[Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika|2007]]&nbsp;– Raundi ya Pili ::[[Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika|2009]]&nbsp;– Raundi ya Kwanza ::[[Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika|2010]]&nbsp;– Raundi ya Awali ::[[Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika|2012]]&nbsp;– Raundi ya Awali ::[[Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika|2014]]&nbsp;– Raundi ya Kwanza ::[[Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika|2016]]&nbsp;– Raundi ya Pili ::[[Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika|2017]]&nbsp;– Raundi ya Kwanza {{colend}} ::[[Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika|2022]]&nbsp;– Raundi ya Kwanza ::[[Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika|2023]]&nbsp;– Robo fainali * '''[[Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika|Kombe la Washindi wa Mataji ya Afrika]]: Onyesho 11''' {{colbegin|colwidth=22em}} ::[[Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika|1969]]&nbsp;– Robo-fainali ::[[Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika|1970]]&nbsp;– Robo-fainali ::[[Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika|1971]]&nbsp;– Kujitoa katika Raundi ya Pili ::[[Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika|1972]]&nbsp;– Raundi ya Kwanza ::[[Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika|1973]]&nbsp;– Raundi ya Kwanza ::[[Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika|1975]]&nbsp;– Raundi ya Pili ::[[Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika|1982]]&nbsp;– Raundi ya Pili ::[[Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika|1984]]&nbsp;– Raundi ya Kwanza ::[[Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika|1988]]&nbsp;– Raundi ya Kwanza ::[[Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika|1992]]&nbsp;– Raundi ya Kwanza ::[[Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika|1996]]&nbsp;– Raundi ya Awali {{colend}} * '''Kombe la Shirikisho la CAF: Onyesho 6''' {{colbegin|colwidth=22em}} ::2007&nbsp;– Raundi ya Kati ::2008&nbsp;– Raundi ya Kwanza ::2011&nbsp;– Raundi ya Awali ::2016&nbsp;– Hatua ya Makundi (Nane Bora) ::2018&nbsp;– Hatua ya Makundi (16 Bora) ::2022–23&nbsp;– Mshindi wa Pili {{colend}} * '''[[CAF|Kombe la CAF]]: Onyesho 2''' ::1994&nbsp;– Raundi ya Kwanza ::1999&nbsp;– Raundi ya Kwanza * '''Kombe la Washindi wa Mataji la CAF: Onyesho 2''' ::1995&nbsp;– Robo-fainali ::2000&nbsp;– Raundi ya Kwanza ==Nembo== [[Picha:Young_Africans.jpg|thumb|Nembo ya zamani]] == Tanbihi == <references /> ==Viungo vya nje== *[https://web.facebook.com/yangasc1935/?_rdc=1&_rdr Facebook] *[https://twitter.com/Yangasc1935 Twitter] *[https://www.instagram.com/yangasc/ Instagram] [[Jamii:Vilabu vya mpira Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Dar es Salaam]] h5tm34pphe04fsyhhhu8m99eq1hkgne 0 79632 1530029 1328481 2026-05-02T18:44:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530029 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zanzui''' ni [[kata]] ya [[Wilaya ya Maswa]] katika [[Mkoa wa Simiyu]], [[Tanzania]], yenye [[postikodi]] [[namba]] '''39302''' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.tcra.go.tz/images/documents/postcode/tzPostcodeList.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2018-02-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805072810/https://www.tcra.go.tz/images/documents/postcode/tzPostcodeList.pdf |archivedate=2018-08-05 }}</ref>. Katika [[sensa]] ya [[mwaka]] [[2022]] wakazi wa kata walihesabiwa kuwa 6,670 <ref>https://www.nbs.go.tz, uk 221 </ref>. Kwa mujibu wa sensa iliyofanyika mwaka wa 2012, kata ilikuwa na wakazi wapatao 5,458 waishio humo.<ref>[http://www.wavuti.weebly.com/uploads/3/0/7/6/3076464/census20general20report20-202920march202013_combined_final20for20printing1.pdf Sensa ya 2012, Simiyu Region - Maswa District Council]</ref>. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Kata za Wilaya ya Maswa}} {{mbegu-jio-simiyu}} [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Maswa]] [[Jamii:kata za Mkoa wa Simiyu]] blfbks7rs9e2b6ojler6bx8uqtok5s3 0 83662 1530003 1318578 2026-05-02T18:40:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530003 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zajilwa''' ni [[kata]] ya [[Wilaya ya Chamwino]] katika [[Mkoa wa Dodoma]], [[Tanzania]], yenye [[postikodi]] [[namba]] '''41430'''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.tcra.go.tz/images/documents/postcode/dodoma.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2017-10-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321135312/https://www.tcra.go.tz/images/documents/postcode/dodoma.pdf |archivedate=2020-03-21 }}</ref>. Katika [[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2022]] wakazi walihesabiwa 16,971 <ref>https://www.nbs.go.tz</ref>. Wakati wa sensa iliyofanyika mwaka wa [[2012]], kata ilikuwa na wakazi wapatao 10,553 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.meac.go.tz/sites/default/files/Statistics/Tanzania%20Population%20Census%202012.pdf |title=Sensa ya 2012, Dodoma - Chamwino DC |accessdate=2016-05-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225919/http://www.meac.go.tz/sites/default/files/Statistics/Tanzania%20Population%20Census%202012.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-03 }}</ref> waishio humo. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Kata za Wilaya ya Chamwino}} {{mbegu-jio-dodoma}} [[Jamii:kata za Mkoa wa Dodoma]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Chamwino]] cbfg0q1n5ujbalplkxxusk32hvfism0 0 84119 1530143 1485368 2026-05-02T19:02:03Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mtu |rangi =Mweusi |jina =Zubeir Mtemvu |picha =Mtemvu na Nyerere.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha =Kuanzia kushoto: [[John Rupia]], [[Julius Nyerere]], Zuberi Mtemvu. Waliosimama nyuma yao ni BANTU Group Vijana Walinzi wa Viongozi wa TANU. |jina la kuzaliwa = |alizaliwa =1928 |alikufa =1998 |nchi =[[Tanzania]] |kazi yake =Mwanaharakati |ndoa = |wazazi = |watoto = |tovuti rasmi = }} {{History of Tanzania}} '''Alhaji Zuberi Mwinshehe Manga Mtemvu''' (1928 - 20 Septemba 1999) alikuwa mwanaharakati na mzalendo aliyeshiriki katika kupigania uhuru wa [[Tanganyika]] katika [[miaka ya 1950]]. Zuberi Mtemvu alikuwa kati ya wanachama wa mwanzo shupavu na msomi kabisa kujiunga na [[TANU]] na alikuwa mwanachama wa tatu kuacha kazi ya kuajiriwa ili akitumikie chama.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Political Parties and Democracy in Tanzania (Dar Es Salaam University Press, 1994, 228 p.): Chapter 2: Political Parties in Tanzania: The Antecedent Political Parties|url=http://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0unescoen--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-10&cl=CL1.8&d=HASHe4482790151948ddfc2f99.3.2&x=1|work=www.nzdl.org|accessdate=2021-06-27}}</ref> Mwanachama wa kwanza kuajiriwa na chama alikuwa Alexander Tobias aliyeacha kazi na kuajiriwa na [[TAA]] wa pili alikuwa [[Mwalimu Julius Nyerere]] aliyeacha ualimu na kufanya kazi ya TANU na mzalendo wa tatu alikuwa Zuberi Mtemvu. Mtemvu alikuwa akiishi Somali Street jirani na nyumba ya akina Sykes. Baba yake Mtemvu, Mzee Mwinshehe Manga Mtemvu, alikuwa amejenga nyumba yake nyuma ya nyumba ya Kleist Sykes. Kwa hiyo Mtemvu hakushikwa na mtu mkono kuingizwa TANU kwa kuwa hiyo mitaa ndiyo chimbuko la TANU. Mwalimu Nyerere alipokuja kufahamiana na [[Abdulwahid Sykes|Abdulwahid]] Sykes (1924-1968) na [[Ali Sykes|Ali Sykes (1926-2013)]], [[Dossa Aziz|Dossa Aziz (1921-1998)]], [[John Rupia]] na viongozi wengine wa TAA mwaka wa 1952, Mtemvu akawa mmoja wa watu wa mwanzo kuwa karibu na Nyerere. Mtemvu alikuwa na kipaji cha kuzungumza kama alichokuwanacho Nyerere, halikadhalika alikuwa na kipaji cha kuweza kushawishi na kuwashirikisha watu katika harakati. Takriban mwezi mmoja baada ya kuundwa kwa TANU mwaka 1954, Nyerere na Mtemvu walikwenda kuifanyia kampeni TANU huko Morogoro ambako ndiko ilipokuwa asili ya ukoo wa Mtemvu. Baba yake Mtemvu, Mzee Mwinshehe, alikuwa ameongea na baadhi ya wazee wenzake kuhusu TANU mjini Morogoro. Ijapokuwa Nyerere alijaribu kwa uwezo wake wote kuwafikishia watu ujumbe wa TANU matokeo hayakuwa mazuri. Mzee Mtemvu ana picha na nyaraka muhimu sana kwa mtafiti yeyote atakaye kufahamu kuhusu historia ya TANU na siku za mwanzo za Mwalimu Nyerere katika siasa. Katika barua ambayo Mtemvu alimwandikia Ally Sykes mnamo tarehe 15 Agosti, 1954 aliwaelezea watu wa kabila lake kama 'wagumu'. Inaaminika hii ndiyo ilikuwa safari ya kwanza kwa TANU kuanza kujitangaza hadharani. Ndani ya barua hiyo Mtemvu alimjulisha Ally Sykes kuhusu mwanachama mpya wa TANU, Ally Mwinyi Tambwe. Wakati ule Tambwe alikuwa Katibu wa Al Jamiatul fi Tanganyika. Mchango wake mkubwa ukiacha kuipa TANU uongozi wa wasomi ilikuwa kutumia ushawishi wake kwa mweka hazina wa Al Jamiatul Islamiyya Ali Jumbe Kiro kuruhusu fedha nyingi sana za jumuia hii ya Waislamu kutumika katika harakati za uhuru na hasa katika kufanikisha safari ya kwanza ya Mwalimu Nyerere kwenda [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] kudai uhuru wa Tanganyika mbele ya [[Baraza la Udhamini]] mwaka 1955. Zuberi Mtemvu alikuwa kati ya watu wa mwanzo kabisa kufikisha chama kwa wananchi. Katika barua hiyo iliyomwandikia Ally Sykes, Mtemvu aliomba kadi mia mbili ili atafute wanachama. Kitu cha kufurahisha ni kuwa kadi ya Mtemvu ya TANU aliandikiwa na Ally Sykes hii ni pamoja na kadi ya Mwalimu Nyerere ambayo ni kadi namba moja. Jambo la kushangaza kuwa nyaraka hizi muhimu katika kumbukumbu ya nchi hadi leo hii bado zimeachwa katika mikono ya watu binafsi badala ya kuwa katika Makumbusho ya Taifa kama kielelezo cha historia ya Tanganyika. Historia inaonesha kuwa Mtemvu alikuwa mmoja wa wazalendo waliotayarisha mkutano wa TANU wa kwanza uliofanyika Ukumbi wa Arnautoglo ambao haukuhudhuriwa na watu zaidi ya ishirini. Mkutano wa uzinduzi wa TANU ulihudhuriwa na kikundi kidogo cha takriban watu 20 miongoni mwao Julius Nyerere, Abdulwahid na Ally Sykes, Dossa Aziz, John Rupia, [[Mshume Kiyate]], [[Makisi Mbwana]], [[Jumbe Tambaza|Jumbe Tambaza (1891-1978)]], Juma Waziri, Clement Mtamila, Rajabu Diwani, Schneider Abdillah Plantan, Marsha Bilali, Rashid Ally Meli, Frederick Njiliwa, [[Idd Faiz Mafongo]], Idd Tulio, Denis Phombeah (1920-1974) na wengineo. Tangazo la mkutano huu lilichapishwa katika gazeti la Ramadhani Mashado Plantan Zuhra. Lau kama mwaka wa 1954 Mashado na Mtemvu walikuwa pamoja ndani ya TANU wote wakiwa wahamasishaji wakubwa wa umma miaka minne baadae walitupana mkono na Mwalimu Nyerere na kuanzisha vyama vya upinzani. ==Kuanzisha chama cha upinzani== [[File:Mtemvu Takadir.JPG|thumb|Wanaonekana Zuberi Mtemvu (aliyeshika tama) aliyekuwa Katibu Mwenezi wa TANU akiwa na [[Sheikh Suleiman Takadir]], Mwenyekiti wa Baraza la Wazee wa TANU na kushoto yake Mzee [[John Rupia]] Makamu wa Rais wa TANU wakiwa katika moja ya hafla za TANU katika tawi hilo. Rais wa TANU Mwalimu Nyerere haonekani amezibwa na John Rupia lakini mlinzi wake katika vijana wa BANTU Group anaoenakana amesimama karibu yake amevaa lubega.]] [[File:TANU Magomeni.jpg|thumb|Ofisi ya TANU Mtaa wa Jaribu Magomeni Mapipa kama ilivyokuwa ikionekana katika miaka ya 1950 ikiwa imezungikwa na wanachama wake.]] Mtemvu akiongoza Congress na Mashado All Muslim National Union (AMNUT). Katika wanachama wa mwanzo katika TANU alikuwa Mzee Said Chamwenyewe. Huyu alikuwa mwanachama shupavu wa TANU na alikuwa karibu sana na Mtemvu na Mwalimu Nyerere.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zuberi Mtemvu: Mzalendo aliyekuwa na msimamo mkali – Raia Mwema|url=http://www.raiamwema.co.tz/zuberi-mtemvu-mzalendo-aliyekuwa-na-msimamo-mkali|work=web.archive.org|date=2017-05-31|accessdate=2021-06-27|archivedate=2017-05-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531044344/http://www.raiamwema.co.tz/zuberi-mtemvu-mzalendo-aliyekuwa-na-msimamo-mkali}}</ref> Mtemvu alipohama TANU kuunda chama chake cha upinzani, Said Chamwenyewe alitoka TANU na kujiunga na Mtemvu katika Congress. Umuhimu wa Chamwenyewe ni kuwa Msajili wa Vyama alipokataa kuisajili TANU kwa kisingizio kuwa haina wanachama, marehem Abdulwahid Sykes alimpa Chamwenyewe kitabu cha rejesta na kadi za TANU akamuomba aende Rufiji akatafute wanachama. Katika TANU kulikuwa na kundi la wasomi wengi wakiwa wamezama sana katika nadharia za staili ya Fabian Society. Hawa fikra na kuchanganua mikakati ilikuwa zaidi kuliko kufanya vitendo vyenyewe. Kundi hili lilikuwa likiongozwa na Abdulwahid Sykes, Hamza Kibwana Mwapachu (1913-1962) na Mwalimu Nyerere. Halafu kulikuwa na kundi la wale waliokuwa hawaoni tabu kuandika mada na kufanya michanganuo ya fikra na mikakati lakini waliona ili TANU ifanikiwe wananchi wafundishwe na kuhamasishwa kupinga dhulma kwa dhahiri hata kama itakuwa kwa kufanya hivyo watakuwa wanavunja sheria za wakandamizaji. Huu ulikuwa uwanja wa Zuberi Mtemvu, Ally Sykes na Steven Mhando (1918-1982). Kwa ajili ya msimamo wao huu Waingereza wakawaita "wakomunisti". Taarifa za kijasusi za Waingereza zinamueleza Mtemvu kama "Mkomunisti, mtu asiyejali sheria". Ilikuwa katika kipindi hiki cha Kuijengea TANU misingi imara ya uongozi ndipo Mwaimu Nyerere alimshauri Mtemvu aache kazi serikalini aajiriwe na TANU. Mtemvu alikubali ushauri ule na akaacha kazi. Mtemvu akawa Katibu wa kwanza wa TANU. Mtemvu akiwa Katibu Mwenezi alikuwa na kazi ngumu ya kuwashawishi na kuwashirikisha watu kujiunga na kusajili matawi ya TANU. Ili kampeni ya kuwaingiza watu ifanikiwe na ujumbe wake uwafikie wananchi ilibidi TANU ifanye mikutano ya hadhara. Kwa bahati mbaya serikali ikawa haitaki kutoa kibali cha TANU ili ifanye mikutano. TANU ilijikuta katika hali ambayo haiwezi kuwasiliana na watu kuwatayarisha katika harakati za kuhamasisha umma. Katika hatua kadhaa za ujasiri Mtemvu alifanya mikutano ya hadhara bila ya kupata kibali cha serikali. Nyerere mtu wa hadhari hakutaka kuonekana anavunja sheria. Alifahamu kwamba vitendo kama hivyo vingesababisha matatizo kutoka serikalini. Jambo kama hilo lilikuwa sawa na kuikaribisha misukosuko bila sababu ambayo ingeathiri chama na uongozi wake wote. Nyerere, kama Rais wa TANU, alikuwa amepokea barua kadhaa kutoka kwa Chief Secretary, T. Griffith-Jones, kuhusu mikutano isiyokuwa na kibali aliyokuwa akiifanya Mtemvu. Lakini kwa hakika kwa TANU kunyimwa haki ya kuitisha mikutano ilikuwa sawasawa na kuifunga mikono. Hakukuwa na namna nyingine TANU ingeweza kufanya ili iwasiliane na watu. Kuacha kufanya mikutano TANU ingebakia dhaifu na harakati zingekufa. Mtemvu alikuwa akifahaamu kuwa serikali ilikuwa imedhamiria kabisa kuiua TANU ingali bado changa. Akiwa bado amenaswa katika kitendawili hicho cha 'kibali cha kufanya mkutano', Mtemvu alipata nakala ya mkutano wa 674 wa Baraza la Udhamini la Umoja wa Mataifa ambayo Mwanasheria Mkuu, Gratten Below, alifafanua juu ya msimamo wa serikali kuhusu suala hilo. Mwanasheria Mkuu aliarifu kwamba watu wanaweza kuanza shughuli za chama mara tu maombi ya usajili ya chama cha siasa yatakapowakilishwa; na wanaweza kuendelea na shughuli za siasa mpaka majibu kutoka kwa Msajili Mkuu yamepokelewa kwamba tasjili imekataliwa. Uongozi wa TANU katika makao makuu ulisisimka kwa taarifa hiyo iliyofukuliwa na Mtemvu. ==Tazama pia== *[[Abdulwahid Sykes]] *[[Ally Sykes]] *[[John Rupia]] *[[Makisi Mbwana]] *[[Mohamed Said]] *[[Suleiman Takadir]] ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.raiamwema.co.tz/zuberi-mtemvu-mzalendo-aliyekuwa-na-msimamo-mkali Mtemvu] {{Wayback|url=http://www.raiamwema.co.tz/zuberi-mtemvu-mzalendo-aliyekuwa-na-msimamo-mkali|date=20160123033238 }} katika Raia Mwema *[http://www.tanzaniatoday.co.tz/news/mtemvu--alifichua-siri-za-mwalimu-nyerere-8 Mtemvu] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tanzaniatoday.co.tz/news/mtemvu--alifichua-siri-za-mwalimu-nyerere-8 |date=20180411194536 }} katika Tanzania Today {{BD|1928|1998}} [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Watu wa historia ya Tanzania]] 236x4gg53m80m6vxuwhv2opg7azuwg8 0 84753 1529770 1206597 2026-05-02T12:16:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single |Jina = You're Still the One |Cover =You're Still the One.png |Msanii = [[Shania Twain]] |B-side = "Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)"<br>(Toleo la kimataifa) |Albamu = [[Come On Over (Shania Twain)|Come on Over]] |Imetolewa = Januari 27, 1998 <small>(Marekani)</small><br>Februari 16, 1998 <small>(Uingereza)</small> |Muundo = {{hlist|Radio single|[[maxi single]]|5" CD single|[[7-inch single|7" vinyl single]]}} |Imerekodiwa = 1997 |Aina = {{hlist|[[Country pop]]|[[adult contemporary]]}} |Urefu = 3:19 |Studio = [[Mercury Nashville Records|Mercury Nashville]] |Mtunzi = {{hlist|[[Robert Lange|Robert John "Mutt" Lange]]|Shania Twain}} |Mtayarishaji= Robert John "Mutt" Lange |Certification = 2× Platinum <small>(U.S.)</small><br />Platinum (Australia) |Single iliyopita = "[[Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)]]"<br>(1997) |Single ya sasa = "'''You're Still the One'''"<br>(1998) |Single ijayo = "[[From This Moment On (Shania Twain song)|From This Moment On]]"<br>(1998)|Misc = }} "'''You're Still the One'''" ni jina la kutaja wimbo uliotungwa shirika na kurekodiwa na mwimbaji wa [[muziki wa country]] kutoka nchini [[Kanada]] - [[Shania Twain]]. Wimbo ulitolewa mnamo mwezi wa Januari 1998 ukiwa kama wimbo wa tatu kutolewa kama single ya miondoko ya country kutoka katika albamu yake ya ''[[Come On Over (Shania Twain)|Come on Over]]'', huku ukiwa kama wimbo wa kwanza kupagawisha katika soko la kimataifa. Wimbo umeingia nafasi ya pili katika chati za [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] ukiufanya kuwa wimbo wa kwanza wa Twain kuingia katika chati hizo. Hata hivyo, haujatamba sana katika chati hizo, pamoja na hayo, bado kibao hiki hutazamiwa kama miongoni mwa vibao vya Twain ambavyo vimebamba balaa katika maredio yanayopiga country duniani.<ref name="billboard.com">{{BillboardURLbyName|artist=shania twain|chart=all}} Billboard chart history</ref> Wimbo ulitungwa na Twain akiwa na [[Robert John "Mutt" Lange|Mutt Lange]] na kutayarishwa na Lange. "You're Still the One" ulichaguliwa katika kategoria nne kwenye [[Grammy Awards]] mnamo 1999, huku ukishinda kategoria mbili tu. Ulishinda ukiwa kama Wimbo Bora wa Country na Mwimbaji Bora wa Kike wa Muziki wa Country na kupoteza Rekodi ya Mwaka na Wimbo wa Mwaka - badala yake Mkanada mwenzake , [[Celine Dion]] kachukua kwa ajili ya wimbo wake wa "[[My Heart Will Go On]]".<ref name="41st annual Grammy nominees">{{cite news|title=41st annual Grammy nominees|publisher=cnn|url=http://www.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/Music/9901/05/grammy.cnn/list2.html|date=January 5, 1999|accessdate=November 28, 2006}}</ref> Wimbo ulikuwa nafasi Na. 46 kwenye orodha ya [[VH1]] ya "Nyimbo Bab-Kubwa 100 za Miaka ya '90s''.<ref name="greatest90s">{{cite web | url = http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/the_greatest/127759/episode_featured_copy.jhtml | publisher = [[VH1]] | title = VH1: 100 Greatest Songs of the '90s | accessdate = August 9, 2008 | archivedate = 2013-04-07 | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/6FhOioAtN?url=http://www.vh1.com/shows/the_greatest/series.jhtml }}</ref> ==Matoleo== *'''CD-Maxi''' #"You're Still The One" (Single Version) (3:19) #"(If You're Not in it For Love) I'm Outta Here!" (Mutt Lange Mix) (4:21) #"You Win My Love" (Mutt Lange Mix) (3:54) #"You're Still The One" (LP Version) (3:34) *'''U.S. CD Single''' #"You're Still The One" (Radio Edit w/Intro) (3:34) #"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)" (Remix) (3:37) *'''Europe CD Single''' #"You're Still The One" (Single Version) (3:19) #"You're Still The One" (Soul Solution Dance Mix) (4:03) *'''Canada CD-Maxi''' #"You're Still The One" (Radio Edit w/Intro) (3:36) #"You're Still The One" (Album Version) (3:32) #"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)" (Dance Mix) (4:45) *'''Dance Mixes CD-Maxi''' #"You're Still The One" (Soul Solution Radio Mix) (4:03) #"You're Still The One" (Soul Solution Extended Club Mix) (8:42) #"You're Still The One" (Kano Dub) (7:46) #"You're Still The One" (Soul Solution Percapella Dance Mix) (3:34) #"You're Still The One" (Radio Edit w/Intro) (3:34) ==Matoleo rasmi== *Album Version (3:34) *Radio Edit (3:19) *International Version (3:34) *International Version Single Mix (3:19) *[[Soul Solution]] Radio Mix (4:03) (Also known as Soul Solution Dance Radio Edit) *[[Soul Solution]] Radio Edit (4:08) (appears on the UK single 'When') *Soul Solution Extended Club Mix (8:42) *Soul Solution Percapella Dance Mix (3:35) *[[Doug Beck]] Pleasure Dub (6:09) *Kano Dub (7:46) *Lenny B X-Mix (6:31) *Live from ''[[Still the One: Live from Vegas]]'' (3:35) *Live from ''[[Divas Live]]'' (3:37) *Duet with Brazilian singer [[Paula Fernandes]], a ''[[Porglish]]'' version (3:30) ==Chati na tunukio== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ===Chati za wiki=== {|class="wikitable" |- !Chati (1998) !Nafasi<br>iliyoshika |- {{singlechart|Australia|1|artist=Shania Twain|song=You're Still the One|accessdate=January 13, 2012}} |- {{singlechart|Flanders|16|artist=Shania Twain|song=You're Still the One|accessdate=January 13, 2012}} |- {{singlechart|Canadatopsingles|7|chartid=3601|publishdate=June 22, 1998|accessdate=July 14, 2013}} |- {{singlechart|Canadaadultcontemporary|1|chartid=3515|publishdate=April 13, 1998|accessdate=July 14, 2013}} |- {{singlechart|Canadacountry|1|chartid=3516|publishdate=April 13, 1998|accessdate=July 14, 2013}} |- {{singlechart|France|51|artist=Shania Twain|song=You're Still the One|accessdate=January 13, 2012}} |- {{singlechart|Germany|68|artist=Twain,Shania|song=You're Still the One|accessdate=January 13, 2012}} |- |Ireland ([[Irish Singles Chart]]) | style="text-align:center;"|3 |- {{singlechart|Dutch100|10|artist=Shania Twain|song=You're Still the One|accessdate=January 13, 2012}} |- {{singlechart|New Zealand|9|artist=Shania Twain|song=You're Still the One|accessdate=January 13, 2012}} |- {{singlechart|Swiss|26|artist=Shania Twain|song=You're Still the One|accessdate=January 13, 2012}} |- {{singlechart|UKchartstats|10|artist=Shania Twain|song=You're Still the One|songid=25842|accessdate=January 13, 2012}} |- {{singlechart|Billboardhot100|2|artist=Shania Twain|artistid=34388}} |- {{singlechart|Billboardpopsongs|3|artist=Shania Twain|artistid=34388}} |- {{singlechart|Billboardcountrysongs|1|artist=Shania Twain|artistid=34388}} |- {{singlechart|Billboardadultpopsongs|6|artist=Shania Twain|artistid=34388}} |- {{singlechart|Billboardadultcontemporary|1|artist=Shania Twain|artistid=34388}} |} Toleo la Paula Fernandes {|class="wikitable" |- !Chati (2014) !Nafasi<br>iliyoshika |- |Brazil ([[Billboard Brasil|''Billboard'' Brasil Hot 100]])<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com.br/tipo_lista/top-100/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2016-08-10 |archivedate=2015-01-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106172236/http://www.billboard.com.br/tipo_lista/top-100/ }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|14 |- |} {{col-2}} ===Chati za mwisho wa mwaka=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Chati (1998) ! style="text-align:center;"|Nafasi |- |Australia [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Singles Chart<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-1998.htm|title=ARIA Charts – End of Year Charts – Top 100 Singles 1998|accessdate=December 28, 2011}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|9 |- | Canada Adult Contemporary Tracks (''[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.6979&type=1&interval=24|title=RPM Top 100 Adult Contemporary Tracks of 1998|work=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|date=December 14, 1998|accessdate=July 14, 2013}}</ref> | align="center" | 10 |- | Canada Country Tracks (''[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.6973&type=1&interval=24|title=RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1998|work=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|date=December 14, 1998|accessdate=July 14, 2013|archivedate=2016-03-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315194458/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.6973&type=1&interval=24}}</ref> | align="center" | 9 |- |Dutch Top 40<ref>{{cite web|url=http://michajans.nl|title=Dutch top 40 – 1998|accessdate=July 5, 2011}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|12 |- |US ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1998|title=Billboard Top 100 – 1998|accessdate=August 28, 2010|archivedate=2009-03-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309202636/http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1998}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|3 |- | US [[Hot Country Songs|Country Songs]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1998/hot-country-songs| title=Best of 1998: Country Songs | work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] | date=1998| accessdate=July 14, 2013}}</ref> | align="center" | 24 |} ===Chati za mwishoni mwa muongo=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Chati (1990–1999) !Nafasi |- | US ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref name="1990sbb">{{cite book | author = Geoff Mayfield | url = http://books.google.co.kr/books?id=9w0EAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PP1&lr&rview=1&pg=RA1-PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false | title = 1999 The Year in Music Totally '90s: Diary of a Decade – The listing of Top Pop Albums of the '90s & Hot 100 Singles of the '90s |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | date = December 25, 1999 |accessdate=October 15, 2010}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|34 |- |Dutch Top 40<ref>{{cite web|url=http://michajans.nl|title=Dutch top 40 – deceniumlist 90's |accessdate=July 5, 2011}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|97 |} ===Tunukio=== {{Certification Table Top}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Australia|artist=Shania Twain|title=You're Still the One|type=single|award=Platinum|autocat=true|certyear=1998}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|artist=Twain, Shania|title=You%27re Still the One|type=single|award=Platinum|number=2|autocat=true|relyear=1998|certyear=2011}} {{Certification Table Bottom|nosales=true|nounspecified=true}} {{col-end}} ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * {{MetroLyrics song|shania-twain|youre-still-the-one}}<!-- Licensed lyrics provider --> {{Shania Twain singles}} {{DEFAULTSORT:You're Still The One}} [[Category:Nyimbo za 1998]] [[Category:Nyimbo za Shania Twain]] [[Category:Nyimbo za 1997]] 3blym74tne02e1z66k58m5lp387rl85 0 86227 1529729 1450820 2026-05-02T12:09:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529729 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Jan Kanty.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Sanamu]] ya Mt. Yohane wa Kety.]] [[File:Kraków Kościół Świętej Anny 011.jpg|thumb|Kaburi la Mt. John Cantius<br>Kanisa la Mt. AnnA, Kraków, Poland.]] '''Yohane wa Kety''' (kwa [[Kipolandi]] '''Jan z Kęt''' au '''Jan Kanty'''; [[23 Juni]] [[1390]] - [[24 Desemba]] [[1473]]) alikuwa [[padri]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]], [[mwanafalsafa]], [[mwanafizikia]] na [[mwanateolojia]] kutoka [[Polandi]]. Kisha kupewa [[upadirisho]], alifundisha miaka mingi katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Krakov]]. Baada ya kukabidhiwa [[Mchungaji|uchungaji]] wa [[parokia]] ya Olkusz, aliongezea [[adili|maadili]] yake ushuhuda wa [[imani sahihi]] akawa kwa wasaidizi na [[Mwanafunzi|wanafunzi]] wake kielelezo cha [[ibada]] na [[upendo]] kwa jirani <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/30500</ref>. [[Papa Klementi X]] alimtangaza [[mwenye heri]] [[tarehe]] [[28 Machi]] [[1676]]. Halafu [[Papa Klementi XIII]] alimtangaza [[mtakatifu]] tarehe [[16 Julai]] [[1767]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://saints.sqpn.com/saintj82.htm |title=Patron Saints Index: "Saint John Cantius" |accessdate=2016-10-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081018200320/http://saints.sqpn.com/saintj82.htm |archivedate=2008-10-18 }}</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa tarehe [[23 Desemba]],<ref>Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice 1969), p.&nbsp;111</ref><ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref> lakini pia [[20 Oktoba]]. ==Maisha== Alizaliwa [[Kęty]], karibu na [[Oświęcim]], Polandi. Baada ya kusoma [[chuo kikuu]] cha [[Kraków]] alipopata [[digrii]] mbili<ref name=godrycz>{{cite web|last=Godrycz|first=J.|title=St. John Cantius|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08451b.htm|work=The Catholic Encyclopedia|publisher=New York: Robert Appleton Company|year=1910}}</ref>, mwaka [[1418]] alifikia [[udaktari]] wa [[falsafa]].<ref name=parish>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.stjohncantius.org/patronsaint.html |title="St. John Kanty", Catholic Faith Community of Saint John Cantius, St. Cloud, Minnesota |accessdate=2016-10-23 |archivedate=2016-06-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629214840/http://www.stjohncantius.org/patronsaint.html }}</ref> Miaka 3 iliyofuata alifundisha falsafa na kujiandaa kwa [[upadrisho]]. Baadaye akawa [[gombera]] katika [[shule]] ya [[Wakanoni]] huko [[Miechow]]<ref name=parish/>, akarudi Krakow kufundisha ''Sacrae Scripturae'' ([[Biblia ya Kikristo|Maandiko Matakatifu]]). Pia alipata udaktari wa [[teolojia]] na kuwa mkuu wa [[idara]] hiyo. Yohane alitumia muda mrefu kunakili [[vitabu]] vya [[Biblia]], teolojia n.k. Katika [[fizikia]], alisaidia kuendeleza [[theory of impetus]] ya [[Jean Buridan]], akitangulia michango ya [[Galileo Galilei]] na [[Isaac Newton]]. Huko Kraków, alijulikana sana kwa [[huruma]] na [[ukarimu]] wake kwa [[maskini]], hasa [[wanafunzi]] wa chuo kikuu wenye shida. Alijipatia mahitaji halisi tu, ili kugawa mara kwa mara misaada kwa mafukara. Mara moja [[hija|alihiji]] hadi [[Yerusalemu]] na mara nne alihiji kwa [[miguu]] hadi [[Roma]].<ref name=godrycz/> Aliendelea kufundisha hadi [[kifo]] chake mwaka 1473, alipokuwa na [[umri]] wa miaka 83. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * Masomo ya Breviari - Sikukuu za Bwana, za Bikira Maria na za Watakatifu - Ndanda Mission Press 1978, uk 472-474 * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 461-462 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 399-400 ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category-inline}} *[http://www.canons-regular.org/go/patron/life-of-st-john-cantius/ Biography from the Canons Regular of Saint John Cantius] {{Wayback|url=http://www.canons-regular.org/go/patron/life-of-st-john-cantius/ |date=20161026111212 }} *[http://www.canons-regular.org/go/bull-of-canonization/ Bull of Canonization (1767) by Pope Clement XIII] {{Wayback|url=http://www.canons-regular.org/go/bull-of-canonization/ |date=20120904040442 }} *[http://www.canons-regular.org/go/patron/life-of-st-john-cantius/ Novena to Saint John Cantius] {{Wayback|url=http://www.canons-regular.org/go/patron/life-of-st-john-cantius/ |date=20161026111212 }} *[http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/saintj82.htm Biography at The Catholic Forum] {{Wayback|url=http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/saintj82.htm |date=20060103023956 }} *[http://saints.sqpn.com/saintj82.htm Patron Saints Index: ''Saint John Cantius''] {{Wayback|url=http://saints.sqpn.com/saintj82.htm |date=20081018200320 }} *[http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/KANTY.htm ''The Saints: A concise Biographical Dictionary'', (ed. John Coulson), Hawthorn Books, Inc. 1960] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/KANTY.htm |date=20170419113722 }} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1390]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1473]] [[Category:Mapadri]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Polandi]] [[Category:Wanafalsafa wa Polandi]] [[Category:Wanateolojia wa Polandi]] [[Jamii:Wanafizikia wa Polandi]] 39meb3ssrnj5mcsno0whp9v9g8jy2qg 0 86484 1530102 1428438 2026-05-02T18:55:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake |name = Sea of Galilee |image = Kineret (Mar da Galiléia) P1090310 (5151207637).jpg |caption = |image_bathymetry = Bathymetric map of Sea of Galilee.jpg |caption_bathymetry= |coords = {{Coord|32|50|N|35|35|E|type:waterbody_region:IL|display=inline,title}} |lake_type = [[Monomictic]] |inflow = [[Mto Yordani]] na makorongo kadhaa<ref name="hydropolitics"/> |outflow = [[Mto Yordani]] na [[uvukizaji]] |catchment = {{convert|2730|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref name="asdf"/> |basin_countries = [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], [[Israeli]] |length = {{convert|21|km|mi|abbr=on}} |width = {{convert|13|km|mi|abbr=on}} |area = {{convert|166|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} |depth = {{convert|25.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} |max-depth = {{convert|43|m|ft|abbr=on}} |volume = {{convert|4|km3|cumi|abbr=on}} |residence_time = 5 years |shore = {{convert|53|km|mi|abbr=on}} |elevation = -{{convert|212.07|m|ft|abbr=on}} |islands = 2{{dubious|When water level low, a mini-islet off S tip (has been there for a while). That's it.|date=April 2016}} |cities = [[Tiberias]], [[Tel Katzir]] |reference = <ref name="hydropolitics">Aaron T. Wolf, [http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80859e/80859E02.htm#Hydrography Hydropolitics along the Jordan River] {{Wayback|url=http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80859e/80859E02.htm#Hydrography |date=20100528062740 }}, United Nations University Press, 1995</ref><ref name="asdf">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.exact-me.org/overview/images/p31_map.gif |title=Exact-me.org |accessdate=2016-11-17 |archivedate=2012-01-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125181122/http://www.exact-me.org/overview/images/p31_map.gif }}</ref> }} [[File:Lake Tiberias (Sea of Galilee), Northern Israel.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ziwa kutoka angani.]] [[File:JordanRiver en.svg|thumb|250px|right|[[Ramani]] ya Ziwa Galilaya kuhusiana na Bahari ya Chumvi.]] '''Ziwa Galilaya''', pia '''Kinneret''', '''Ziwa la Genesareti''', au '''Ziwa la Tiberia''' (kwa [[Kiebrania]] יָם כִּנֶּרֶת, kwa [[Kiarabu]] بحيرة طبريا) ni [[ziwa]] lenye [[umbo]] la [[yai]] [[kaskazini]] mwa [[Israeli]]. Ni kama [[kilomita]] 53 kwa 21 kwa 13. Eneo linafikia pengine [[kilomita mraba]] 166.7 na [[kina]] chake [[mita]] 43.<ref name=ilec>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake.asp?LakeID=ASI-09 |title=Data Summary: Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee)<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2016-11-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203051354/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake.asp?LakeID=ASI-09 |archivedate=2014-02-03 }}</ref> La pekee ni kwamba liko chini ya [[usawa wa bahari]] (mita 209-215),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kinneret.ocean.org.il/dc_lake_general.aspx|title=Kinneret - General|language=hebrew|publisher=Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research Ltd}}</ref> hivyo ni ziwa la [[maji baridi]] lililoko chini kuliko yote duniani. [[Bahari ya Chumvi]] tu liko chini zaidi.<ref>The 1996-discovered [[subglacial lake|subglacial]] [[Lake Vostok]] challenges both records; it is estimated to be {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on}} to {{convert|600|m|ft|abbr=on}} below sea level.</ref> [[Maji]] yake yanategemea kwa kiasi kikubwa [[mto Yordani]] ambao unaingia [[kaskazini]] na kutoka tena [[kusini]] mwa ziwa hilo. Umaarufu wa ziwa hilo unatokana hasa na [[Yesu]] kulitembelea na kulivuka mara nyingi, inavyoelezwa na [[Injili]] zote [[nne]]. == Picha == {{Wide image|Sea_of_Galilee_(panoramic_view,_ca._2006).jpg|2800px|Mandhari yote ya ziwa}} {{Wide image|Kinnereth-Panorama-01s.jpg|1000px|Upande wa kusini}} {{Clear}} ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist|30em}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons|Sea of Galilee}} {{Wikivoyage}} * [http://www.greenprophet.com/2010/04/25/20291/israel-fishing-ban-sea-galilee/ Israel Bans Fishing in Sea of Galilee] * [http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake.asp?LakeID=ASI-09 World Lakes Database entry for Sea of Galilee] {{Wayback|url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake.asp?LakeID=ASI-09 |date=20140203051354 }} * [http://www.bibleplaces.com/seagalilee.htm Bibleplaces.com: Sea of Galilee] * [http://www.wilkens-art.com/galilee.htm Peace Mural of the Sea of Galilee in the Chapel of the Good Shephard – Ramallah] * [http://www.israelweather.co.il/kineret.asp Updated elevation of the Kinneret's level] (Hebrew). Elevation (meters below sea level) is shown on the line following the date line. * [http://www.mapisrael.info/kinneret Virtual Map of Israel: Kinneret] * [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.davidorlev.miflas&feature=search_result#?t=W251bGwsMSwxLDEsImNvbS5kYXZpZG9ybGV2Lm1pZmxhcyJd Sea Of Galilee Water Level Application [Google Store<nowiki>]</nowiki>] {{mbegu-jio-Asia}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Galilaya, Ziwa}} [[Category:Maziwa ya Israeli]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Biblia]] a2kixt4cw1ryoh63tejdkjkp7axlg17 10 89311 1529879 994938 2026-05-02T12:53:03Z Muddyb 379 1529879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = F. Gary Gray |title = Filamu zilizoongozwa na [[F. Gary Gray]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |list1 = * ''[[Friday (1995)|Friday]]'' (1995) * ''[[Set It Off]]'' (1996) * ''[[The Negotiator]]'' (1998) * ''[[A Man Apart]]'' (2003) * ''[[The Italian Job (2003)|The Italian Job]]'' (2003) * ''[[Be Cool]]'' (2005) * ''[[Law Abiding Citizen]]'' (2009) * ''[[Straight Outta Compton (filamu)|Straight Outta Compton]]'' (2015) * ''[[The Fate of the Furious]]'' (2017) * ''[[Men in Black: International]]'' (2019) * ''[[Lift (filamu ya 2024)|Lift]]'' (2024) }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Category:American film director navigational boxes|Gray, F. Gary]] </noinclude> ogns8bxda2uyc41j6osxbkmdgdd3onp 1529880 1529879 2026-05-02T12:56:24Z Muddyb 379 1529880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = F. Gary Gray |title = Filamu zilizoongozwa na [[F. Gary Gray]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |list1 = * ''[[Friday (1995)|Friday]]'' (1995) * ''[[Set It Off (filamu)|Set It Off]]'' (1996) * ''[[The Negotiator]]'' (1998) * ''[[A Man Apart]]'' (2003) * ''[[The Italian Job (2003)|The Italian Job]]'' (2003) * ''[[Be Cool]]'' (2005) * ''[[Law Abiding Citizen]]'' (2009) * ''[[Straight Outta Compton (filamu)|Straight Outta Compton]]'' (2015) * ''[[The Fate of the Furious]]'' (2017) * ''[[Men in Black: International]]'' (2019) * ''[[Lift (filamu ya 2024)|Lift]]'' (2024) }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Category:American film director navigational boxes|Gray, F. Gary]] </noinclude> ptq1cv4yjdj4zcevpf1adz6mykqz98u 0 92137 1529821 1458950 2026-05-02T12:24:25Z Muddyb 379 /* Hadithi */ 1529821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | jina = Friday | picha = Fridayposter1995.jpg | image_size = 215px | alt = | maelezo = Theatrical release poster | mwongozaji = [[F. Gary Gray]] | mtayarishaji = Patricia Charbonnet | mtunzi = [[Ice Cube]]<br />[[DJ Pooh]] | nyota = {{Plainlist| * Ice Cube * [[Chris Tucker]] * [[Nia Long]] * [[Tom Lister Jr.|Tiny "Zeus" Lister, Jr.]] * [[Regina King]] * [[Anna Maria Horsford]] * [[Bernie Mac]] * [[John Witherspoon (actor)|John Witherspoon]]}} | muziki = [[Frank Fitzpatrick]]<br />Simon Franglen<br />Chuck Wild | sinematografia = [[Gerry Lively]] | mhariri = John Carter | studio = Priority Films<br /> Ghetto Bird Productions<br/>[[Cube Vision Productions]] | msambazaji = [[New Line Cinema]] | imetolewa = 26 Aprili 1995 | muda = Dakika 91<br />97 minutes {{small|([[Director's cut]])}} | nchi = Marekani | lugha = Kiingereza | bajeti = $3.5 million | mapato = $27.5 million }} '''''Friday''''' ni [[filamu]] ya washikaji-ya-vichekesho ya mwaka wa 1995 kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Filamu imeongozwa na [[F. Gary Gray]] ikiwa ndiyo filamu yake ya kwanza kuongoza. Ndani yake anakuja [[Ice Cube]], ambaye pia alishiriki katika kuandika muswaada andishi wa filamuna [[DJ Pooh]], na [[Chris Tucker]] katika uhusika wake wa kwanza kwenye filamu. Filamu inaelezea masaa 16 ya maisha bila ajira ya Craig Jones (Cube) na Smokey (Tucker), ambaye anatakiwa alipe deni la dola 200 la mwuza dawa za kulevya ifikapo saa 4 kamili usiku huo. Mafanikio ya filamu yamezaa matoleo mengine [[Friday (mfululizo wa filamu)|mawili]]: ''[[Next Friday]]'' (2000) na ''[[Friday After Next]]'' (2002). Sehemu ya nne ya filamu itaitwa ''Last Friday'' ilikuwa ikishuhulikiwa kwa miaka kadhaa sasa lakini imepitishwa mnamo mwezi wa Aprili 2017 - na hiyo ni kwa mujibu wa [[John Witherspoon (mwigizaji)|John Witherspoon]].<ref>{{cite web |author=EURPublisher01 |url=https://www.eurweb.com/2017/04/john-witherspoon-ice-cube-says-new-friday-movie-studio-greenlight/ |title=John Witherspoon: Ice Cube Says New ‘Friday’ Movie Has Studio Greenlight |publisher=EURweb |date= |accessdate=2017-04-27 |archive-date=2017-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422130237/https://www.eurweb.com/2017/04/john-witherspoon-ice-cube-says-new-friday-movie-studio-greenlight/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Hadithi== Craig Jones ([[Ice Cube]]), kijana mkazi wa Los Angeles, amepoteza kazi yake hivi karibuni baada ya kusingiziwa wizi. Akiwa hana mpango mwingine, anatumia siku yake katika kibaraza cha nyumba yao akiwa na rafiki yake, Smokey ([[Chris Tucker]]), ambaye ni muuzaji mdogo wa bangi anayemfanyia kazi Big Worm ([[Faizon Love]]), msambazaji mkatili wa dawa za kulevya mtaani hapo. Siku nzima, Craig na Smokey wanashuhudia matukio mbalimbali ya majirani zao: Ezail, mraibu wa dawa za kulevya anayeishi kwa wizi mdogo; Debbie Parker ([[Nia Long]]), mwanamke anayevutiwa na Craig; Stanley, jirani mshamba wa mali zake; Red ([[DJ Pooh]]), rafiki wa zamani wa Craig ambaye baiskeli na mkufu wake viliporwa na Deebo ([[Tiny Lister Jr.]]), mbabe na mnyanyasaji wa mtaani; na Mchungaji Clever ([[Bernie Mac]]) ambaye ananaswa akizini na mke wa Bwana Parker. Mgogoro mkuu unaanza wakati Smokey anapogundulika kuwa amevuta bangi aliyopewa kuuza badala ya kuingiza faida. Big Worm anagundua upotevu wa pesa na kumtishia Smokey, ambaye anamsingizia Craig kuwa amemsaidia kuvuta bangi hiyo. Big Worm anatoa onyo kuwa atawaua wote wawili iwapo hawatalipa pesa hizo ifikapo saa nne usiku. Craig anajaribu kutafuta pesa kwa mama yake, dada yake, na mpenzi wake mwenye wivu, Joi, lakini anashindwa. Baba yake, Willie ([[John Witherspoon]]), anagundua kuwa Craig amebeba bunduki kwa ajili ya ulinzi. Willie anamshauri Craig kuweka silaha chini na kutumia mikono yake kutatua matatizo, akimkumbusha kifo cha ndugu yao kilichosababishwa na ghasia za bunduki. Usiku unapokaribia, gari la wahuni wa Big Worm linapita mtaani na kuanza kushambulia kwa risasi. Craig na Smokey wanafanikiwa kujificha na kunusurika. Baadaye, Deebo anampiga Felisha (dada wa Debbie) na kisha kumshambulia Debbie mwenyewe baada ya kutokea ugomvi. Kitendo hiki kinamkasirisha Craig ambaye anaamua kumkabili Deebo. Licha ya kutaka kutumia bunduki awali, Craig anakumbuka ushauri wa baba yake na kuweka silaha chini. Anaingia kwenye mapigano ya ana kwa ana na Deebo. Baada ya mapambano makali, Craig anampiga Deebo na kumwangusha kwa kutumia matofali na vifaa vingine kama silaha. Baada ya ushindi huo, Red anachukua baiskeli yake na mkufu kutoka kwa Deebo aliyezirai, na Ezail anaiba viatu vyake. Smokey anachukua pesa alizokuwa akidaiwa na Big Worm kutoka kwenye mfuko wa Deebo na kumlipa mdai wake kupitia simu, huku akidai kuwa ameacha kutumia dawa za kulevya. Filamu inaishia hapo huku Smokey akivunja ukuta wa nne na kumwambia mtazamaji kuwa alikuwa anatania tu kuhusu kuacha bangi. ==Washiriki== {{div col||25em}} * [[Ice Cube]] kama Craig Jones * [[Chris Tucker]] kama Smokey * [[Nia Long]] kama Debbie Parker * [[Tiny Lister Jr.]] kama Deebo * [[John Witherspoon (mwigizaji)|John Witherspoon]] kama Willie Jones * [[Anna Maria Horsford]] kama Betty Jones * [[Regina King]] kama Dana Jones * [[Paula Jai Parker]] kama Joi * [[Bernie Mac]] kama Pastor Clever * [[Faizon Love]] kama Big Worm * [[DJ Pooh]] kama Red * [[Anthony Johnson (mwigizaji)|Anthony Johnson]] kama Ezail * Angela Means kama Felisha Parker * [[Vickilyn Reynolds]] kama Joann * Ronn Riser kama Stanley * [[Kathleen Bradley]] kama Mrs. Parker * [[Tony Cox (actor)|Tony Cox]] kama Mr. Parker * Demetrius Navarro kama Hector * Jason Bose Smith kama Lil' Chris * Justin Revoner kama Mtoto #1 * [[Meagan Good]] kama Mtoto #2 * [[LaWanda Page]] kama Old Lady * [[Terri J. Vaughn]] kama China * [[Yvette Wilson]] kama Rita * [[WC (rapper)|WC]] kama Mpiga risasi * [[Reynaldo Rey]] kama Baba wa Red * [[F. Gary Gray]] (''Waliotokeza'') kama Mtu Dukani * [[Michael Clarke Duncan]] (''hajatajwa'') kama Craps player {{div col end}} ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya Nje== {{wikiquote}} * {{IMDb title|0113118|Friday}} * {{mojo title|friday|Friday}} * {{rotten-tomatoes|friday|Friday}} * {{metacritic film|friday|Friday}} {{F. Gary Gray}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Friday (Film)}} [[Category:Filamu za 1995]] [[Category:Filamu za Marekani]] 044wc5r12elykkhrix0cwrxm7ol3l99 1529874 1529821 2026-05-02T12:46:17Z Muddyb 379 1529874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | jina = Friday | picha = Fridayposter1995.jpg | image_size = 215px | alt = | maelezo = Theatrical release poster | mwongozaji = [[F. Gary Gray]] | mtayarishaji = Patricia Charbonnet | mtunzi = [[Ice Cube]]<br />[[DJ Pooh]] | nyota = {{Plainlist| * Ice Cube * [[Chris Tucker]] * [[Nia Long]] * [[Tom Lister Jr.|Tiny "Zeus" Lister, Jr.]] * [[Regina King]] * [[Anna Maria Horsford]] * [[Bernie Mac]] * [[John Witherspoon (actor)|John Witherspoon]]}} | muziki = [[Frank Fitzpatrick]]<br />Simon Franglen<br />Chuck Wild | sinematografia = [[Gerry Lively]] | mhariri = John Carter | studio = Priority Films<br /> Ghetto Bird Productions<br/>[[Cube Vision Productions]] | msambazaji = [[New Line Cinema]] | imetolewa = 26 Aprili 1995 | muda = Dakika 91<br />97 minutes {{small|([[Director's cut]])}} | nchi = Marekani | lugha = Kiingereza | bajeti = $3.5 million | mapato = $27.5 million }} '''''Friday''''' ni [[filamu]] ya washikaji-ya-vichekesho ya mwaka wa 1995 kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Filamu imeongozwa na [[F. Gary Gray]] ikiwa ndiyo filamu yake ya kwanza kuongoza. Ndani yake anakuja [[Ice Cube]], ambaye pia alishiriki katika kuandika muswaada andishi wa filamuna [[DJ Pooh]], na [[Chris Tucker]] katika uhusika wake wa kwanza kwenye filamu. Filamu inaelezea masaa 16 ya maisha bila ajira ya Craig Jones (Cube) na Smokey (Tucker), ambaye anatakiwa alipe deni la dola 200 la mwuza dawa za kulevya ifikapo saa 4 kamili usiku huo. Mafanikio ya filamu yamezaa matoleo mengine [[Friday (mfululizo wa filamu)|mawili]]: ''[[Next Friday]]'' (2000) na ''[[Friday After Next]]'' (2002). Sehemu ya nne ya filamu itaitwa ''Last Friday'' ilikuwa ikishuhulikiwa kwa miaka kadhaa sasa lakini imepitishwa mnamo mwezi wa Aprili 2017 - na hiyo ni kwa mujibu wa [[John Witherspoon (mwigizaji)|John Witherspoon]].<ref>{{cite web |author=EURPublisher01 |url=https://www.eurweb.com/2017/04/john-witherspoon-ice-cube-says-new-friday-movie-studio-greenlight/ |title=John Witherspoon: Ice Cube Says New ‘Friday’ Movie Has Studio Greenlight |publisher=EURweb |date= |accessdate=2017-04-27 |archive-date=2017-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422130237/https://www.eurweb.com/2017/04/john-witherspoon-ice-cube-says-new-friday-movie-studio-greenlight/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Hadithi== Craig Jones ([[Ice Cube]]), kijana mkazi wa Los Angeles, amepoteza kazi yake hivi karibuni baada ya kusingiziwa wizi. Akiwa hana mpango mwingine, anatumia siku yake katika kibaraza cha nyumba yao akiwa na rafiki yake, Smokey ([[Chris Tucker]]), ambaye ni muuzaji mdogo wa bangi anayemfanyia kazi Big Worm ([[Faizon Love]]), msambazaji mkatili wa dawa za kulevya mtaani hapo. Siku nzima, Craig na Smokey wanashuhudia matukio mbalimbali ya majirani zao: Ezail, mraibu wa dawa za kulevya anayeishi kwa wizi mdogo; Debbie Parker ([[Nia Long]]), mwanamke anayevutiwa na Craig; Stanley, jirani mshamba wa mali zake; Red ([[DJ Pooh]]), rafiki wa zamani wa Craig ambaye baiskeli na mkufu wake viliporwa na Deebo ([[Tiny Lister Jr.]]), mbabe na mnyanyasaji wa mtaani; na Mchungaji Clever ([[Bernie Mac]]) ambaye ananaswa akizini na mke wa Bwana Parker. Mgogoro mkuu unaanza wakati Smokey anapogundulika kuwa amevuta bangi aliyopewa kuuza badala ya kuingiza faida. Big Worm anagundua upotevu wa pesa na kumtishia Smokey, ambaye anamsingizia Craig kuwa amemsaidia kuvuta bangi hiyo. Big Worm anatoa onyo kuwa atawaua wote wawili iwapo hawatalipa pesa hizo ifikapo saa nne usiku. Craig anajaribu kutafuta pesa kwa mama yake, dada yake, na mpenzi wake mwenye wivu, Joi, lakini anashindwa. Baba yake, Willie ([[John Witherspoon]]), anagundua kuwa Craig amebeba bunduki kwa ajili ya ulinzi. Willie anamshauri Craig kuweka silaha chini na kutumia mikono yake kutatua matatizo, akimkumbusha kifo cha ndugu yao kilichosababishwa na ghasia za bunduki. Usiku unapokaribia, gari la wahuni wa Big Worm linapita mtaani na kuanza kushambulia kwa risasi. Craig na Smokey wanafanikiwa kujificha na kunusurika. Baadaye, Deebo anampiga Felisha (dada wa Debbie) na kisha kumshambulia Debbie mwenyewe baada ya kutokea ugomvi. Kitendo hiki kinamkasirisha Craig ambaye anaamua kumkabili Deebo. Licha ya kutaka kutumia bunduki awali, Craig anakumbuka ushauri wa baba yake na kuweka silaha chini. Anaingia kwenye mapigano ya ana kwa ana na Deebo. Baada ya mapambano makali, Craig anampiga Deebo na kumwangusha kwa kutumia matofali na vifaa vingine kama silaha. Baada ya ushindi huo, Red anachukua baiskeli yake na mkufu kutoka kwa Deebo aliyezirai, na Ezail anaiba viatu vyake. Smokey anachukua pesa alizokuwa akidaiwa na Big Worm kutoka kwenye mfuko wa Deebo na kumlipa mdai wake kupitia simu, huku akidai kuwa ameacha kutumia dawa za kulevya. Filamu inaishia hapo huku Smokey akivunja ukuta wa nne na kumwambia mtazamaji kuwa alikuwa anatania tu kuhusu kuacha bangi. ==Washiriki== {{div col||25em}} * [[Ice Cube]] kama Craig Jones * [[Chris Tucker]] kama Smokey * [[Nia Long]] kama Debbie Parker * [[Tiny Lister Jr.]] kama Deebo * [[John Witherspoon (mwigizaji)|John Witherspoon]] kama Willie Jones * [[Anna Maria Horsford]] kama Betty Jones * [[Regina King]] kama Dana Jones * [[Paula Jai Parker]] kama Joi * [[Bernie Mac]] kama Pastor Clever * [[Faizon Love]] kama Big Worm * [[DJ Pooh]] kama Red * [[Anthony Johnson (mwigizaji)|Anthony Johnson]] kama Ezail * Angela Means kama Felisha Parker * [[Vickilyn Reynolds]] kama Joann * Ronn Riser kama Stanley * [[Kathleen Bradley]] kama Mrs. Parker * [[Tony Cox (actor)|Tony Cox]] kama Mr. Parker * Demetrius Navarro kama Hector * Jason Bose Smith kama Lil' Chris * Justin Revoner kama Mtoto #1 * [[Meagan Good]] kama Mtoto #2 * [[LaWanda Page]] kama Old Lady * [[Terri J. Vaughn]] kama China * [[Yvette Wilson]] kama Rita * [[WC (rapper)|WC]] kama Mpiga risasi * [[Reynaldo Rey]] kama Baba wa Red * [[F. Gary Gray]] (''Waliotokeza'') kama Mtu Dukani * [[Michael Clarke Duncan]] (''hajatajwa'') kama Craps player {{div col end}} ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya Nje== {{wikiquote}} * {{IMDb title|0113118|Friday}} * {{mojo title|friday|Friday}} * {{rotten-tomatoes|friday|Friday}} * {{metacritic film|friday|Friday}} {{F. Gary Gray}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Friday (Film)}} [[Category:Filamu za 1995]] [[Category:Filamu za Marekani]] [[Jamii:Filamu zilizoongozwa na F. Gary Gray]] mbgy2wdo2osu7e247lyyy2cl5vjkdnz 0 93037 1530076 1166263 2026-05-02T18:51:41Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Single | Jina = Zilipendwa | Cover = ZilipendwaWCB.jpg | Cover size = | Border = Yes | Maelezo = Kava la Zilipendwa | Msanii = [[WCB]] | Albamu = | A-side = | B-side = | Imetolewa = [[25 Agosti]], [[2017]] | Muundo = Upakuzi mtandaoni | Imerekodiwa = 2017 | Aina = Bongo Flava, muziki wa dansi | Urefu = 5:25 | Studio = [[Wasafi Records]] | Mtunzi = | Mtayarishaji = [[Laizer Classic]] | Audio sample? = | Certification = | Single iliyopita = | Single ya sasa = "Zilipendwa"<br>(2017) | Single ijayo = | Misc = }} '''"Zilipendwa"''' ni jina la wimbo uliotoka [[25 Agosti]], [[2017]] wa kundi zima la [[Bongo Flava|muziki wa kizazi kipya]] kutoka nchini [[Tanzania]] - [[WCB]]. Wimbo umetayarishwa na [[Laizer Classic]]. Huu ni wimbo wa kwanza kutolewa kama kikosi kizima cha WCB tangu kuanzishwa kwake. Vilevile wiambo unamtambulisha Malomboso wa Yamoto Band kuwa mwanachama kamili wa WCB tangu kuvunjika kwa Yamoto Band. Wimbo umetolewa masaa 12 tangu kutolewa wimbo wa [[Ali Kiba]] [[Seduce Me]]. Wimbo ulikuwa gumzo sana wakati umetoka hasa kwa kufuatia malumbano yaliyoendelea mtandaoni huku kukiwa na hisia kadhaa wa kadhaa ya kwamba kautoa wimbo huu ni jibu la Seduce Me ili kupunguza makali. Wimbo unahusu mambo kadhaa yaliyopita, watu, wanamuziki, watu mashuhuri, na vitu ambavyo vilipendwa na watu wengi hapo awali. Siku moja tu, tangu kutolewa, [[Matonya]] 2 akatoa lawama ya kwamba WCB wameiba wazo lake la wimbo ambao aliutoa yeye tarehe 5 Novemba, 2012. Matonya alitoa lake la moyoni kwamba wimbo mzima ni wazo lake na si WCB.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pv2uvpb8FiQ Zilipendwa ya Matonya] katika [[YouTube]]</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9aCp0a0KM1w Matonya alalamikia kunakiliwa wimbo wake bila ruhusa] MATONYA AELEZA KWANINI ANASEMA NGOMA YAKE IMEIBIWA NA WCB ..NGOMA YA ZILIPENDWA</ref> Vilevile kulikuwa na ushindani mkali sana wa kutazamwa sana katika idhaa ya [[YouTube]]. Wimbo ulikuwa unapishana kati ya watazamaji 500,000 hadi 800,000 huku Seduce Me ikiwa juu ya Zilipendwa. Hatimaye zikaja kupishana kiasi tu. Tarehe 7 Novemba, 2017, bendi ya [[muziki wa dansi]] nchini Tanzania maarufu kama [[Msondo Ngoma]] Baba ya muziki wafungua mashtaka ya madai kwa WCB kutumia sehemu ya saxafoni la wimbo wa Ajali katika wimbo huu mwishoni bila ruhusa kutoka kwa wamiliki halali wa melodi ile. Msondo wanataka walipwe pesa za Kitanzania milioni 300 kutoka kwa WCB. Msondo wametoa barua hiyo kupitia wanasheria wao Maxim Advocates kwenda kwa WCB huku nakala kwenda [[Baraza la Sanaa Taifa]] ([[BASATA]]) pamoja na COSOTA. Hadi sasa hakuna mrejesho kutoka kwa WCB.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.bongoswaggz.com/2017/11/bendi-ya-msondo-ngoma-yadai-ilipwe.html |title=Bendi ya Msondo Ngoma Yadai Ilipwe Milioni 300 na WCB Kisa Zilipendwa |accessdate=2017-11-11 |archivedate=2017-11-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113163406/http://www.bongoswaggz.com/2017/11/bendi-ya-msondo-ngoma-yadai-ilipwe.html }}</ref><ref>[http://millardayo.com/msnd9nv/ Msondo Ngoma waenda kwa Wanasheria, wanataka WCB wawalipe Milioni 300]</ref> Habari hii imechukuliwa kwa aina yake katika tasnia ya muziki Tanzania. Wapo waliona ni sawa kudadi haki yao hao Msondo. Wapo waliona hii ni kuendekea njaa na sifa tu katika muziki.<ref>[http://bongo5.com/bendi-ya-msondo-ngoma-yataka-ilipwe-na-wcb-milioni-300-kisa-zilipendwa-11-2017/ Bendi ya Msondo Ngoma yataka ilipwe na WCB milioni 300 kisa Zilipendwa]</ref> ==Tazama pia== *[[Zilipendwa (Matonya)]] *[[Too Much]] *[[Utaniua]] *[[Muziki (wimbo)|Muziki]] ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya Nje== * {{YouTube|dpFpApiQ5dk|{{PAGENAME}}}} {{Diamond Platnumz}} [[Category:Nyimbo za 2017]] [[Category:Nyimbo za Tanzania]] [[Category:Nyimbo za WCB]] [[Category:Nyimbo zilizotayarishwa na Laizer Classic]] mqjej2kkn0n102s0cr2j0sfso0lq8iq 0 93430 1530273 1413638 2026-05-03T02:13:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nyota | jina = Suheli (Alfa Carinae, Canopus) | picha = King of the Cosmos.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = Suheli - Canopus jinsi inavyoonekana pamoja na [[Wingu Kubwa la Magellan]] huko [[Chile]] | kundinyota = Mkuku (Carina) | Mwangaza unaonekana = -0.74 | kundi la spektra = A9 II<ref>tazama Lopez (1993), uk. 66; lakini katika orodha ya Hiparcos inatajwa kuwa F0 Ib ([http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-out.add=.&-source=I/239/hip_main&HIP=30438])</ref> | paralaksi = 10.55 | umbali= 310 ± 20 | mwangaza halisi = -5.71 | masi = 8 | nusukipenyo = 71 | mng’aro= 10.7 | jotoridi usoni = 6998 | muda wa mzunguko = siku 135 | majina mbadala = Suhayl, Suhel, Suhail, Alpha Carinae, CD−52°914, FK5 245, GC 8302, HD 45348, HIP 30438, HR 2326, SAO 234480 }} '''Suheli''' ([[ing.]] na [[lat.]] '''Canopus''' ''ka-no-pus'', pia '''<big>α</big> Alpha&nbsp;Carinae''', kifupi '''Alpha Car''', '''α&nbsp;Car''') ni nyota angavu zaidi kwenye kundinyota la [[Mkuku (kundinyota)|Mkuku]] (''[[:en:Carina (constellation)|Carina]]''). Ni pia nyota angavu ya pili kabisa kwenye anga baada ya Shira (Sirius). ==Jina== Nyota ya Suheli ilijulikana kwa mabaharia Waswahili tangu miaka mingi wakifuata njia yao baharini wakati wa usiku kwa msaada wa nyota. <ref>ling. Knappert 1993</ref>. Walipokea jina hili kutoka Waarabu wanaoijua kama <big>سهیل</big> ''suhail'' na katika hadithi moja ya Waarabu hii ni jina la mtu mbaya aliyeishi Uarabuni hadi aliondolewa duniani na Mungu na kupelekwa angani akawa nyota <ref>Lane, Arabic‐English Lexicon: ُ سھيل A certain star [well known; namely, Canopus]; (TA:) it is said that سھيل was a tyrannical collector of the tithes on the road to El‐Yemen, and God transformed him into a star (uk 1469 toleo la pdf)</ref>. Pia nyota λ Lambda Velorum inaitwa "Suhail" - hili ni jina lilelile kama Suheli (Canopus). Sababu yake ni ya kwamba Waarabu walitumia jina hili kwa nyota tatu katika kundinyota la [[Argo (kundinyota)|Argo]] iliyovunjika baadaye. Suhail inayotokana na neno سَهُلَ sahula “tambarare, isiyo na matata” ikitumiwa na Waarabu kwa nyota mbalimbali na pia kama jina la mwanaume. <ref>Allen, Star-Names (1899), uk. 72</ref>. Jina la kimataifa ni Canopus ambalo lilipokelewa na kuthibitishwa na [[UKIA]] kama jina maalum.<ref>[https://www.iau.org/public/themes/naming_stars/ Naming Stars] {{Wayback|url=https://www.iau.org/public/themes/naming_stars/ |date=20200411104839 }}, tovuti ya [[Umoja wa Kimataifa wa Astronomia]] (Ukia), iliangaliwa Novemba 2017</ref>. Asili yake iko katika lugha ya [[Kigiriki]]; ilionekana kwa Wagiriki wa Kale kama vile [[Eratosthenes]] na [[Klaudio Ptolemaio]] waliokaa [[Misri]] (maanake haionekanI katika Ulaya penyewe) walioipa jina la Κονοβος ''ko-no-bos'' kwa kumbukumbu ya nahodha wa mitholojia yao; kwa uzoefu wa Kilatini jina hili lilikuwa Canopus <ref> linganisha Allen uk 67</ref>. Hapa ni mfano ambako [[UKIA]] haukufuata kawaida ya kupokea majina ya Kiarabu kwa sababu « Suhail » ilitumiwa kwa nyota mbalimbali. Alfa Carinae ni [[jina la Bayer]]. Nyota za Mkuku (Carina) zilikuwa sehemu ya kundinyota la kale la [[Argo (kundinyota)|Argo]] na Alfa ilikuwa na mwangaza mkuu. Hapo [[Nicolas Louis de Lacaille]] alitoa herufi za Kigiriki kwa nyota za Argo lakini baadaye aligawa Argo kwa makundinyota matatu ya [[Shetri (kundinyota)|Shetri]] (Puppis), Mkuku (Carina) na [[Tanga (kundinyota)|Tanga]] (Vela). Mkuku ni kundi la pekee kati ya hizi tatu iliyo na nyota ya "[[Alfa]]" lakini haina "[[Beta]]" au "[[Gamma]]" maana hizi ziligawiwa baadaye kwa Tanga na Shetri. ==Tabia== Suheli ina [[mwangaza unaoonekana]] wa -0.74, mwangaza halisi ni -5.71.Umbali wake na Dunia ni [[miaka ya nuru|miakanuru]] 509 <ref>[http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/canopus.html CANOPUS (Alpha Carinae)], tovuti ya Prof Jim Kaler, University of Illinois, iliangaliwa Oktoba 2017</ref>. Miaka mingi ilikuwa vigumu kukadiria umbali wa Suheli na tabia nyingine. Tangu kupatikana kwa vipimo vya [[darubini ya angani]] [[Hipparcos]] umbali wake ulipimwa kuwa [[miaka ya nuru|miakanuru]] 309-310 kutoka Jua letu. Ni kubwa kuliko Jua letu, kipenyo chake ni mara 70 cha Jua na kama ingekuwepo katika [[mfumo wa Jua]] letu ingefikia karibu hadi [[obiti]] ya sayari [[Utaridi]]. Mwangaza halisi ni mara 13,000 kushinda Jua. ==Tanbihi== <references/> ==Viungo vya Nje== * [http://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/Carina-constellation/ Constellation Guide:Carina] *[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/Carina.htm Carina], kwenye tovuti ya Ian Ridpath, Star Tales, iliangaliwa Oktoba 2017 *[http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/Canopus.html Canopus (Alfa Carinae)], kwenye tovuti ya Prof Jim Kaler, University of Illinois, iliangaliwa Oktoba 2017 ==Marejeo== * Allen, Richard Hinckley: Star-Names and their Meanings; kwa G. E. Stechert New York, Leipzig, London, Paris 1899, ukurasa 437 ([https://ia801402.us.archive.org/14/items/starnamesandthe00allegoog/starnamesandthe00allegoog.pdf online kwenye archive.org]) * Cruzalèbes, P.; Jorissen, A.; Rabbia, Y.; Sacuto, S.; Chiavassa, A.; Pasquato, E.; Plez, B.; Eriksson, K.; Spang, A.; Chesneau, O. (2013). "Fundamental parameters of 16 late-type stars derived from their angular diameter measured with VLTI/AMBER". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 434: 437 [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1306.3288.pdf online hapa] * Lopez-Cruz, O.; Garrison, R. F. (1993). "A Spectroscopic Study of High Galactic Latitude F Supergiant Stars". Luminous High-Latitude Stars. the International Workshop on Luminous High-Latitude Stars. 45: 59 [http://adsbit.harvard.edu//full/1993ASPC...45...59L/0000061.000.html online hapa]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *Knappert, Jan: The Swahili Names of Stars, Planets and Constellations; The Indian Ocean Review September 1993 Volume 6 No. 3 September 1993, kurasa 6-7, ISSN 1031-2331 * Ptolemy's Almagest, translated and annotated by G.J. Toomer, London 1984, ISBN 0-7156-1588-2 [https://archive.org/dAlfails/PtolemysAlmagestPtolemyClaudiusToomerG.5114 online hapa] [[Jamii:Nyota]] l391agtk69lyiiieephpr896p2mia63 0 93564 1530317 1527912 2026-05-03T07:03:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530317 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Nestorius Hooghe 1688.png|thumb|Nestori kadiri ya [[Romeyn de Hooghe]] ([[1688]])]] '''Unestori''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]] Nestorianism<ref>[http://www.ec-patr.org/list/index.php?lang=gr&id=41 Nestorius] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ec-patr.org/list/index.php?lang=gr&id=41 |date=20171207215000 }} Ecumenical Patriarchate</ref>) ulikuwa [[tapo]] la [[Ukristo]] lililofuata mafundisho ya [[Nestori]], [[mmonaki]] na [[mwanateolojia]] aliyefikia kuwa [[Patriarki]] wa [[Konstantinopoli]] (leo [[Istanbul]]) tangu [[tarehe]] [[10 Aprili]] [[428]] hadi Agosti [[431]], ambapo [[kaisari]] [[Theodosius II]] alithibitisha [[uamuzi]] dhidi yake uliopitishwa na [[Mtaguso wa Efeso]] tarehe [[22 Juni]]. Kwa kukataa [[jina]] lililozoeleka la Θεοτόκος, [[Theotokos]], "Mama wa Mungu", kwa [[Bikira Maria]], Nestori alisababisha mabishano makubwa na hatimaye mafarakano kuhusu [[fumbo]] la [[Yesu Kristo]]. Hasa [[Sirili wa Aleksandria]] alimpinga vikali kwa kudai haamini [[umungu]] wa [[Yesu]], ingawa mwenyewe alizidi kujitetea hadi [[kifo]] chake kwamba anashika [[imani sahihi]]. Matokeo ya mabishano hayo ni [[Kanisa la Asiria]] kutengana na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] hadi leo, ingawa kwa sasa mafundisho kuhusu Yesu yamelingana. ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Vyanzo== * {{Rejea kitabu|ref=harv|last=Meyendorff|first=John|author-link=John Meyendorff|year=1989|title=Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450-680 A.D.|series=The Church in history|volume=2|location=Crestwood, NY|publisher=St. Vladimir's Seminary Press|isbn=978-0-88-141056-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ}} * Artemi, Eirini,«Τό μυστήριο της Ενανθρωπήσεως στούς δύο διαλόγους «ΠΕΡΙ ΤΗΣ ΕΝΑΝΘΡΩΠΗΣΕΩΣ ΤΟΥ ΜΟΝΟΓΕΝΟΥΣ» και «ΟΤΙ ΕΙΣ Ο ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ» του Αγίου Κυρίλλου Αλεξανδρείας», in Εκκλησιαστικός Φάρος, ΟΕ (2004), 145–277. *''St. Cyril of Alexandria: The Christological Controversy'' {{ISBN|0-88141-259-7}} by [[John Anthony McGuckin]]—includes a history of the Council of Ephesus and an analysis of Nestorius' Christology. * [[Edward Walford]], translator, [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/index.htm#Evagrius_Scholasticus ''The Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius: A History of the Church from AD 431 to AD 594''], 1846. Reprinted 2008. Evolution Publishing, {{ISBN|978-1-889758-88-6}}. [http://www.evolpub.com/CRE/CREseries.html#CRE5 http://www.evolpub.com/CRE/CREseries.html#CRE5] {{Wayback|url=http://www.evolpub.com/CRE/CREseries.html#CRE5 |date=20150607154228 }}—includes an account of the exile and death of Nestorius, along with correspondence purportedly written by Nestorius to [[Theodosius II]]. * Bishoy Youssef (2011). "Lecture II: The Nature of Our Lord Jesus Christ." http://www.suscopts.org/messages/lectures/christlecture2.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://www.suscopts.org/messages/lectures/christlecture2.pdf |date=20190728153141 }} * Seleznyov, Nikolai N., "Nestorius of Constantinople: Condemnation, Suppression, Veneration, with special reference to the role of his name in East-Syriac Christianity" in: [http://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=issue&journal_code=JECS&issue=3&vol=62 Journal of Eastern Christian Studies] {{Wayback|url=http://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=issue&journal_code=JECS&issue=3&vol=62 |date=20110928092043 }} 62:3–4 (2010): 165–190. * {{Rejea jarida|ref=harv|last=Chesnut|first=Roberta C.|year=1978|authorlink=Roberta C. Chesnut|title=The Two Prosopa in Nestorius' Bazaar of Heracleides|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23958267|journal=The Journal of Theological Studies|issue=29|pages=392-409}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://orthodoxwiki.org/Nestorius From Orthodoxwiki.org] * [http://www.britishorthodox.org/assyrian.php Dialogue between the Syrian and Assyrian Churches from the Coptic Church] {{Wayback|url=http://www.britishorthodox.org/assyrian.php |date=20040807110936 }} * [http://www.lacopts.org/index.php/site/entry/89/ The Coptic Church's View Concerning Nestorius] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lacopts.org/index.php/site/entry/89/ |date=20070928003850 }} * [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers#Nestorius English translation of the ''Bazaar of Heracleides'']. * [http://www.monachos.net/content/patristics/patristicstudies/46-specificfathers/247-nestorius-resources Writing of Nestorius] {{Wayback|url=http://www.monachos.net/content/patristics/patristicstudies/46-specificfathers/247-nestorius-resources |date=20100315220423 }} * [http://www.metamind.net/nestor.html "The lynching of Nestorius"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.metamind.net/nestor.html |date=20051027212230 }} by Stephen M. Ulrich, concentrates on the political pressures around the Council of Ephesus and analyzes the rediscovered ''Bazaar'' of Nestorius. * [http://www.cired.org/east/0303_nestorius_of_constantinople.pdf The Person and Teachings of Nestorius of Constantinople] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cired.org/east/0303_nestorius_of_constantinople.pdf |date=20030314193225 }} by Mar Bawai Soro. {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Category:Historia ya Ukristo]] [[Category:Teolojia]] pm97cmrr1ac9y1zke13515wc67t6bw5 0 93697 1530097 1254202 2026-05-02T18:54:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|0|38|N|36|05|E|region:KE_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} '''Ziwa Baringo''' linapatikana katika [[Bonde la Ufa]], [[kaskazini]] mwa [[Kenya]], lina eneo la [[Km²|km²]] 130, na liko [[mita]] [[970]] juu ya [[usawa wa bahari]]. Linalishwa na [[mito]] mbalimbali, ikiwemo [[mto Molo]], [[mto Perkerra]] na [[mto Ol Arabel]], lakini halina mito inayotoka. ==Visiwa vinavyopatikana ndani ya ziwa== * [[Kisiwa cha Lesukut]] ([[kaunti ya Baringo]]) * [[Kisiwa cha Olkokwa]] (kaunti ya Baringo) * [[Kisiwa cha Parmalok]] (kaunti ya Baringo) * [[Kisiwa cha Rongena]] (kaunti ya Baringo) * [[Kisiwa cha Samatian]] (kaunti ya Baringo) ==Tazama pia== • [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Kenya]] ==Viungo vya nje== <ref name = "gn200574">[{{Geonameslink|gnid=200574|name=lake%20baringo}} Lake Baringo] sa [{{Geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]; post updated 2013-09-06; database download sa 2016-09-13</ref> <ref name = "koppen">{{cite journal |last= Peel|first= M C|last2= Finlayson|first2= B L|date= |title= Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification| url = http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html |journal= Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|publisher= |volume= 11|issue= |pages= 1633-1644|doi= 10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007|access-date=30 Enero 2016}}</ref> <ref name = "nasa">{{Rejea tovuti|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|access-date= 30 Enero 2016|publisher= NASA|accessdate= 2019-02-13|archivedate= 2013-08-06|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130806035941/http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php}}</ref> <ref name = "nasarain">{{Rejea tovuti|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M|title= NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|access-date= 30 Enero 2016|publisher= NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission|accessdate= 2019-02-13|archivedate= 2020-04-13|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20200413164725/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{Maziwa ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-KE}} [[Jamii:ziwa Baringo]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Baringo]] f90qchom15bieqeqzi9l6ddh7f1mbu3 3 94147 1530348 1514843 2026-05-03T08:55:39Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election */ 1530348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{karibu}} == Translation request == Hello! May I ask you for a translation of the phrase '''Automatic refresh''' into {{#language:sw}}? Thanks '''[[Mtumiaji:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:-XQV-|majadiliano]])''' 21:31, 20 Juni 2018 (UTC) Habari! The translation of the phrase '''Automatic refresh''' is '''Onesha upya moja kwa moja''' Shukrani sana! '''[[Mtumiaji:Makangabila Clement|Makangabila Clement]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Makangabila Clement#top|majadiliano]])''' 17:17, 21 Juni 2018 (UTC) ==Mtumiaji:ChriKo== habari naona umesahihisha matini katika ukrasa wa ChriKo. Masahihisho haya ni sahihi. Lakini ka jumla hatuingii katika kurasa za watumiaji. Kila mmoja anajitambulisha jinsi anavyoona (na anavyoweza). Hii ni tofauti na makala anazotunga. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 05:39, 26 Novemba 2018 (UTC) ==Samahani sikua najua== Samahani mzee '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] sikujua utaratibu huu. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' ==[[Ngw'anamalundi (Mwanamalundi)]]== Naona tumehariri wakati mmoja, naomba uangalie tena kile ulichohariri mwishoni, inawezekana nimeiharibu kwa bahati mbaya. Niliingiza vyanzo vinavyopatikana google books na OUT. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 14:16, 4 Desemba 2018 (UTC) Sawa mzee nitaangalia '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' ==Samaki== [[Picha:Barb gonio 080526 9681 ltn Pv.jpg|thumb|90px|Pezi]] [[Picha:Tuna Gills in Situ 01.jpg|90px|thumb|Mashavu ya jodari]] Unaamini kweli [[samaki]] inavuta oksijeni kupitia [[pezi|mapezi]]?? Hii ingekuwa kazi ngumu mno, heri tumwachie mashavu! <br/> ona Kamusi sanifu ya Biolojia, Fizikia na Kemia (TUKI 2012³)<br/> '''''gill arch''' n taoshavu kigegedu,kiungo maalum katika shavu la samaki kinachofanana na upinde, na ambacho hutegemeza vijishavu ambapo kubadilishana kwa oksijeni na dioksidi kaboni hutokea.<br/> '''fin''' n pezi: kiungo katika wanyama wa inajini kama vile samaki ambacho hutokana na mkunjo wa ngozi na musuli uliotengenezwa na mifupa''<br/> TUKI English-Swahili dictionary ''gill n yavuyavu: shavu la samaki. Vt toa/tumbua mashavu (ya samaki) ''Kama ChriKo (PhD biolojia) ameshiriki katika makala, sijaona bado makosa mengi. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 18:29, 1 Machi 2020 (UTC) : Sawa Mzee Kipala, nadhani mapezi ni lugha jumuishi sana ila walau mashavu ya samaki inafaa zaidi. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 06:27, 2 Machi 2020 (UTC) ==Tangazo== Habari ndugu Mwanawikipedia!<br><br>Mimi ni mwezeshaji wa mradi uitwao [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct)&article_action=watch#Utangulizi_kuhusu_Mwongozo_Wa_Kimataifa_Wa_Nidhamu_Na_Maadili Mwongozo Wa Kimataifa Wa Mwenendo Na Maadili]. Ni mradi mchanga/mpya ambao Shirika la Wikimedia Foundation linanuia kuuanzisha endapo wadau wataona ni mradi unaofaa. Nakukaribisha usome mwongozo huo na kisha utoe maoni yako kwa kujibu maswali yote au baadhi yake kwa yale utakayopenda kuyatolea maoni [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majadiliano_ya_Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct)#Maswali_ya_Wikimedia_Foundation HAPA]<br><br>'''<big>Taarifa zaidi kuhusu Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Nidhamu na Mwenendo</big>'''<br><br> Shirika la Wikimedia Foundation lina mpango wa kuanzisha [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct)&article_action=watch#Utangulizi_kuhusu_Mwongozo_Wa_Kimataifa_Wa_Nidhamu_Na_Maadili Mwongozo Wa Kimataifa Wa Mwenendo Na Maadili]. Lengo la mwongozo huo ni kujaribu kuainisha vitu vya msingi vinavyopatikana katika miongozo midogo midogo iliyopo tayari katika kila jamii husika (mfano Jumuiya yetu hii ya wahariri wa Wikipedia ya Kiswahili). Lengo hasa la mwongozo huu ni kutengeneza mazingira ambayo wanawikipedia wote duniani watakuwa na uelewa wa pamoja juu ya vitu vya msingi kuhusu nini kinakubalika na kipi hakikubaliki wakati wa uchangiaji (uhariri) wa Wikipedia na pale wanawikipedia wanapowasiliana kwenye Wikipedia au ana kwa ana katika warsha na mikutano ya Wanawikipedia. Wazo hilo limekuja baada kukithiri kwa baadhi ya Wanawikimedia kukumbana kufanyiwa unyanyasaji wa kitabia (mfano matusi, kuitana majina yasiyofaa, kutishiana n.k) na Wanawikimedia wenzao, hivyo kuwakatisha tamaa ya kuendelea kuchangia katika miradi ya Wikimedia.Hivyo, wewe kama mdau muhimu katika miradi ya Wikimedia Foundation, unakaribishwa ku [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct) soma zaidi kuhusu mwongozo huo Hapa]na baada ya kuusoma mwongozo huo unaweza ku [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majadiliano_ya_Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct)#Maswali_ya_Wikimedia_Foundation toa maoni yako Hapa kabla ya tar 15 April 2020.]<br><br>'''<big>Mwaliko wa kujiunga na kundi la Wahariri wa Wikipedia</big>''' <br><br> Nakukaribisha ujiunge na kundi la Wahariri wa Wikipedia kutoka Dar es Salaam ili tuweze kujadiliana na kubadilishana uzoefu na mambo kadha wa kadha kuhusu Uhariri wa Wikipedia. Iwapo utapenda kujiunga, usisite kuwasiliana nasi kupitia '''wikitzagroup@gmail.com''', na kwa taarifa zaidi kuhusu kundi la Wahariri wa Wikipedia wa hapa Dar es Salaam na Tanzania kwa ujumla na miradi waliyoitekeleza tayari, unaweza tembelea hapa ukurasa wao wa meta uitwao [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Community_User_Group_Tanzania Wikimedia Community User Group Tanzania] au pia katika Facebook kwa jila la [https://www.facebook.com/Wikimediatz/ Wikimedia Tanzania].<br><br> Ndimi '''[[Mtumiaji:AMtavangu (WMF)|AMtavangu (WMF)]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AMtavangu (WMF)|majadiliano]])''' 17:18, 5 Aprili 2020 (UTC) :Nimekaribia! '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 12:08, 12 Agosti 2025 (UTC) == Kigezo: Picha ya wiki == <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[Picha:Cow horned portrait.jpg|200px|Ng'ombe]] </div> '''[[Ng'ombe]]''' ni wanyama wakubwa wa jenasi [[Bos]]. Spishi ya ng'ombe ina nususpishi au aina nyingi lakini ni spishi moja tu. Ng'ombe hula manyasi na kutembea kwa vidole viwili. Asili yake ni aina za ng'ombe wa pori waliofugwa kwa sababu ya nyama na maziwa. Katika nchi nyingi anatumiwa pia kama mnyama wa mizigo anayevuta plau au magari. Wataalamu huamini ya kwamba aina zote za ng'ombe zina asili katika mashariki ya kati mnamo milenia ya 9 KK ambako watu waliwahi kuwafuga nas kutoka hapa ufugaji ng'ombe ulisambaa kote duniani. ==Picha== Asante kwa kuweka kumbukumbu hiyo ya warsha ya astronomia. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 09:30, 9 Aprili 2020 (UTC) <br/> Karibu. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 9 Aprili 2020 (UTC) ==Masanja== Kuna sababu ya kufuta picha ya V Masanja?'''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 19:24, 10 Aprili 2020 (UTC) ==Lugha za makabila ya Tanzania== Ndugu, hakuna haja ya kuanzisha jamii hiyo, inatosha [[:Jamii:Lugha za Tanzania|ile ya lugha za Tanzania]]. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 07:05, 13 Aprili 2020 (UTC) <br/> Sawa Ndungu. Ahsante '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:26, 13 Aprili 2020 (UTC) ==Kukaribisha wageni== Asante kwa kushiriki katika kukaribisha wageni. Nashukuru ukiendelea. Ila tu usisahau kutia sahihi kwa kuingiza yafuatayo: '''<nowiki>{{karibu}}~~~~ </nowiki>'''. Sahihi yako ambayo ni sehemu '''<big><nowiki>~~~~ </nowiki></big>''' inakuja pamoja na tarehe. Hii inatusaidia kujua baadaye ni lini kwamba mchangiaji amekaribishwa na kuelezwa kanuni zeti; ni msaada hasa tukilazimishwa kuchukua hatua dhidi ya mchangiaji: je aliweza kujua utaratibu kwa sababu amekaribishwa tayari au bado? '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 23:27, 31 Julai 2020 (UTC) :Ahsante sana [[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]], niliweza kujua utaratibu baada ya kufatilia mabadiliko ya karibuni hivyo niliona jinsi ya kukaribisha watu.'''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 06:16, 7 Agosti 2020 (UTC) ==Salamu za "Karibu"== Uliweka salamu kwenye ukurasa wa [[Mtumiaji:Oparanya_harvey]] badala ya ukurasa wa majadiliano. Naomba uhakikishe unapoweka. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 22:54, 8 Septemba 2020 (UTC) :Sawa, ahsante. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 23:14, 8 Septemba 2020 (UTC) ==Hongera ya kazi== Naona jisi unavyopiga mbio siku hizi, hongera sana. Ila kwenye namna ya kutafsiri usifuate mfano wa Kiingereza neno-kwa-neno. Mfano [[hijabu]] ulichukua sehemu hii yote ya alama za kifonetiki kuhusu matamshi kwa Kiingereza, ambayo ni bure kidogo maana anayetaka kuona haya aangalie upande wa enwiki, si kwetu (isipokuwa labda kama matamshi ya Kiingereza isizo kawaida, inaweza kuwa na maana mara chache). Vilevile kwa [[karani]] umetafsiri "white collar" ambayo inaleta maana tofauti. Nani anavaa "kola" kwa Kiswahili? Hata kwa Kiingereza si maana asilia tena (kola kama sehemu ya vazi inayofungwa kwenye shati yako, jinsi ilivyo kwa wachungaji hadi leo, lakini nje ya magauni kadhaa ya wanawake "collar" yenyewe haipo tena) lakini inaeleweka kwa watu wanaofanya kazi ofisini kutokana na desturi ya zamani kubadilisha ile "kola nyeupe" iwe safi ilhali hujaosha shati kila siku. Kutafsiri kamwe ni neno kwa neno lakini kuonyesha maana. Sina wasiwasi, utapata uzoefu! '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 05:25, 10 Septemba 2020 (UTC) :Kwa Marejeo usisahau kuweka chini yake msimbo wa '''<nowiki> <references/> </nowiki>''' , itahakikisha tanbihi zinaonekana mahali panapotakiwa. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 05:29, 10 Septemba 2020 (UTC) :: Ahsante sana [[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]], nitazidi kujifunza kuboresha zaidi. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 19:26, 10 Septemba 2020 (UTC) == Uteuzi kuwa mkabidhi == Salaam! Ulipendekezwa na kukubaliwa kupata haki za mkabidhi. Je, uko tayari kupokea uteuzi huu na kushiriki katika kazi mara kwa mara kama jinsi ilivyoelezwa katika ukurasa wa wakabidhi? Tunaomba jibu lako kwa baruapepe katika wiki hii. Tumia zana za Wikipedia kutuma barua pepe. --[[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_{'''Muddyb Mwanaharakati'''}</font>]]<font face="Comic Sans MS">[[User talk:Muddyb Blast Producer|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 07:43, 13 Septemba 2020 (UTC) ==Majadiliano ya ufutaji== Ukichangia kuhusu ufutaji wa makala, usiandike pekee kwenye ukurasa wa majadiliano ya makala, usisahau kuipeleka pia kwenye ukurasa wa ufutaji, maana maazimio yanafanywa pale. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 21:43, 14 Septemba 2020 (UTC) :Sawa, nitafanya hivyo. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 21:47, 14 Septemba 2020 (UTC) == Jamii Forums == '''JamiiForums''' ni [[mtandao wa kijamii]] maarufu zaidi nchini [[Tanzania]] ulioanzishwa rasmi mwaka [[2006]] mwezi Machi ikiwa na waanzilishi wawili, [[Maxence Melo]] na [[Mike Mushi]] ambao walijuana kupitia mtandao wakati ambao mtandao ukiwa dubwana geni si tu Tanzania lakini sehemu kubwa ya dunia, wakati huo ikijulikana kama Jambo Forums na jina hilo lilidumu kwa miaka miwili pekee. === '''Historia''' === ==== '''Uanzilishi''' ==== JamboForums ilikuja baada ya kuwa na majukwaa mbalimbali kama Tanzania Economic Forum, Habari Tanzania, Jambo Network, Jambo Radio na Jambo Videos. Kila tovuti ilikuwa na malengo tofauti lakini yote yakilenga kuwahudumia watu wa nyanja husika kuweza kupata sehemu ya kusemea au kubadilishana mawazo. Lengo kuu la JF likiwa ni kuanzisha Jamvi moja ambapo wadau watakutana na kubadilishana mawazo huku wakikubali kutokubaliana (utofauti wa mawazo) na kujenga mijadala endelevu. Katika Jambo Network (jambonetwork.com) au JamboRadio.com mijadala ilikuwa kwa mtindo wa chat ambapo hakukuwa na kumbukumbu baada ya mjadala, hii ilipelekea mijadala mingi kuwa inarudiwa na kusababisha kukosa mwelekeo kabisa. Katika uanzilishi lengo kubwa lilikuwa kuwafikia wazungumzaji wa kiswahili wa eneo la Maziwa Makuu na hata watumiaji wengi wa Kiingereza lakini wenye kupenda kujua habari za ukanda huu. Mkusanyiko wa majukwaa haya ulipelekea kuwa na kusanyiko moja ambalo kwa wakati huo (2006) liliitwa JamboForums.com, jina ambalo lilitumika hadi mwezi Mei 2008 ==== '''Mabadiliko ya jina''' ==== Mwaka 2008 yalifanyika maamuzi ya haraka na ya lazima kwa wakati huo kwa kubadili jina kutoka Jambo Forums kwenda JamiiForums. Jina la JamiiForums lilichagizwa na kubakia na kifupi cha JF kutoka kuwakilisha neno JamboForums na sasa kuwakilisha neno JamiiForums. Jina lililazimika kubadilishwa kutokana na mgongano wa matumizi ya jina la JamboForums ambapo lilikuwa halijachukuliwa haki miliki (copyrights) za jina ingawa baadaye walifanikiwa kulimiliki kihalali. Uongozi haukutaka kusimamisha moja kwa moja matumizi ya JF hivyo wakafikiria jina mbadala la JamboForums na kubaini kuwa tayari hili kusanyiko la wadau ni kusanyiko la Jamii, na bado Jamii ilikuwa ikiendelea kutunza JF kama wengi wanavyopenda kufupisha. ==== '''Madhumuni ya kuanzisha JF''' ==== Lengo kubwa la uanzishwaji wa JF likiwa ni kuwafikia wazungumzaji wa Kiswahili wa eneo la Maziwa Makuu na hata watumiaji wengi wa Kiingereza lakini wenye kupenda kujua habari za ukanda huu kwa kutoa uwanja huru wa kujadili kwa wanachama wake ambao sio shuruti kutumia majina yao halisi. === '''Mafanikio''' === Kwa miaka yote iliyodumu, Jamiiforums imekuwa msaada katika nyanja nyingi ikiwemo siasa, michezo, afya, habari na hasa habari mtambuka. Mtandao wa JamiiForums unatoa fursa ya kipekee ya kujadili habari na hoja mbalimbali badala ya habari kulishwa kwa upande mmoja. JamiiForums imetoa fursa kwa wananchi wa kawaida kujadiliana na viongozi wa juu katika serikali na taasisi mbalimbali pia watu maarufu katika jamii ambao kwa namna moja au nyingine ingekuwa ngumu kwao kuwapata. Mfano watu maarufu ni mwanasiasa mkongwe wa Tanzania ambae alipata kuwa katibu mkuu wa chama kikuu cha upinzani Tanzania na kuwania urais mwaka 2010, Dr. [[Wilbrod Peter Slaa]], [[Mwigulu Nchemba]] ambae aliwahi kuwa naibu wizara ya fedha na mgombea aliekuwa anawania kupewa tiketi ya Urais kwa niaba ya chama tawala, chama cha Mapinduzi, aliekuwa naibu katibu mkuu chama cha demokrasia na maendeleo ([[CHADEMA]]) [[Kabwe Zuberi Zitto]] pia baadhi ya taasisi kubwa nchini kama TCRA ambao ni wadhibiti wa mawasiliano Tanzania. JamiiForums kutokana kuwa na wanachama wa aina mbalimbali ina wataalam waliobobea katika fani mbalimbali ambao wanaweza kutoa majibu ya kitaalamu kulingana na fani zao ambapo si ajabu muhusika angelipia kama wangekutana ofisini ama kuibiwa. Mifano inajumuisha ujenzi, afya, teknologia pia inajumuisha uchambuzi makini katika siasa na chaguzi za miaka nenda rudi kwa kutoa mawazo mbadala na kufikisha sauti za watu wasioweza kusikika. ===Mfano wa mijadala JamiiForums=== '''[https://www.jamiiforums.com/threads/elimutiba-jinsi-ya-kujieleza-kwa-daktari.382399/ ELIMUTIBA: Jinsi ya kujieleza kwa Daktari]''' [https://www.jamiiforums.com/threads/yaliyojiri-bungeni-ijumaa-28-novemba-2014-hatma-ya-sakata-la-tegeta-escrow-account.765731/ '''Yaliyojiri Bungeni: Ijumaa, 28 Novemba 2014 (Hatma ya Sakata la Tegeta ''Escrow'' Account)'''] [https://www.jamiiforums.com/threads/walimu-kwa-wale-wanaotaka-kubadilishana-vituo-vya-kazi.417341/ '''WALIMU: Kwa wale wanaotaka kubadilishana vituo vya kazi'''] [https://www.jamiiforums.com/threads/kitabu-gani-ambacho-kimewahi-kubadilisha-maisha-yako-na-unatamani-wengine-tukisome.647294/ '''Kitabu gani ambacho kimewahi kubadilisha maisha yako na unatamani wengine tukisome?'''] [https://www.jamiiforums.com/threads/majibu-ya-waziri-mwigulu-nchemba-kuhusu-tuhuma-za-kughushi-vyeti-vya-taaluma-kuiba-jina.1133661/ '''Majibu ya Waziri Mwigulu Nchemba kuhusu tuhuma za kughushi vyeti vya taaluma, kuiba jina'''] [https://www.jamiiforums.com/threads/mahojiano-ya-moja-kwa-moja-na-mhe-zitto-zuberi-kabwe-katika-jamiiforums.357439/ '''Mahojiano ya moja kwa moja na Mhe. Zitto Zuberi Kabwe katika JamiiForums'''] [https://www.jamiiforums.com/threads/kwa-wazazi-na-walezi-mada-maalum-ya-watoto.1002067/ '''Kwa wazazi na walezi: Mada maalum ya watoto'''] === '''Chanzo/uthibitishaji habari JamiiForums''' === Hili kwa muda mrefu limekuwa swali kwa watu wengi kwa jinsi gani JamiiForums wanadhibiti habari za uongo na nini chanzo cha habari zao. JamiiForums ni mtandao wa kijamii na si gazeti wala redio lakini utofauti wake wenyewe wameweka wahariri ambao kazi yao kubwa ni kusimamia sheria za majadiliano walizojiwekea lakini pia ikiwekwa habari na wanachama wake inayotiliwa shaka basi hufatilia na kuthibisha au kubatilisha. === '''FikraPevu''' === Kuongeza ufanisi na uhakika wa habari zake, kilianzishwa kitengo maalum kinachohusika na habari ambapo huaririwa na waandishi na kuchapishwa kwenye mtandao wa www.FikraPevu.com ambapo ni gazeti mahsusi la mtandaoni kwani kuwazuia watu kuweka habari mpaka uthibitisho kwenye JamiiForums ilionekana ni ukirikitimba na ungeelekea kwenye mkwamo. Wanachama wa JF wamekuwa waungwana na pale ambapo mwanachama mwenzao akipotosha basi kuna nafasi ya kuripoti ili usawa uwekwe. === '''Takwimu''' === Kwa mwaka 2012 JamiiForums ilikuwa na wanachama zaidi ya 100,000 na kupata watembeleaji 50,000 kila siku. Kulingana na mtandao wa statscrop.com ambao hupima tovuti mbalimbali, JamiiForums ina thamani ya $3,182,721. === '''Wanachama wakongwe''' === Pamoja na JF kuwa na wanachama wengi lakini wapo wanachama walioanza tangu JamboForums inaanza mwaka 2006 na wangine wamekuwa nayo kwa takriban miaka kumi sasa. Mafano wa wanachama hao ni Mzee Mwanakijiji, Rev. Kishoka, Augustine Moshi, Kyoma, Mwawado, Mkandara, Kibunango, Steve Dii Mwafrika wa Kike, Kichuguu Choveki Masatu Masanja Quemu Mlalahoi Mtanzania Bibi Ntilie Game Theory jmushi1 Zakumi Moelex23 na wengineo wengi. === '''JamiiForums kwenye mitandao ya kijamii''' === Pamoja na kuwa mtandao wa kijamii maarufu zaidi ukanda wa Afrika Mashariki wenye asili ya Tanzania, JamiiForums inazo kurasa kwenye mitandao ya kijamii kama Facebook ikiwa na wafuatiliaji wengi zaidi Afrika Mashariki takribani 3,200,000 mpaka September 2019 pia JamiiForums ina kurasa yake katika mtandao wa Twitter na Instagram. [[Jamii:Mawasiliano]]. ==Futa== Kuna Pendekezo la ufutaji wa Makala uliyoanzisha, hivyo unaweza kuiboresha zaidi ili kuepushwa kufutwa. ==[[Majadiliano:Jihadi]]== Nimerudisha matini ya [[mtumiaji:JJOSY2000]], maana si vizuri tukijaribu kuficha ukosoaji. Akikosoa (bila matusi, bila fujo) ni haki yake, hata kama sababu anazoleta ni dhaifu na mabadiliko aliyoleta hayawezi kubaki maana anaanza kugusa uwanja wa mahubiri. Sitashughulika usiku huu. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 21:15, 18 Januari 2021 (UTC) :Sawa, ahsante kwa taarifa. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 19:12, 19 Januari 2021 (UTC) == Boot Camps article == This is my first try and you guys attack me instant. I know is some kind robotic but Im working on it plus to add more sources. Just give me a chance. I will proof read it until tommorow and add more citations. :You seems passionate [[user:Crapalan‬]] and thats a good start. But we can't keep such article not knowing when you gonna improve it. Next time try to pe patient and perfect the article before publishing. You may have as more practices into your sandbox as many times as you can. Peaceful!! '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 17:28, 1 Juni 2021 (UTC) == [[Kituo cha reli Luebeck Travemuende Strand]] == Hello Bro, I d like to ask you if you could check the grammar of this article please? I am in a starters level in Kiswahili yet and for sure I wrote some typos. Thank you! Alex. [[Maalum:Michango/87.153.174.166|87.153.174.166]] 20:42, 24 Agosti 2021 (UTC) :Okay I will check '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 21:14, 24 Agosti 2021 (UTC) We can finish up the article together if you want, I know the station and the district. You know the Kiswahili language. [[Maalum:Michango/87.153.174.166|87.153.174.166]] 11:44, 25 Agosti 2021 (UTC) : Okay, please login or share username so as I can contact you easily to help you with the translation. Thanks '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 20:45, 25 Agosti 2021 (UTC) You can email me directly to denjakvienna@gmail.com please. What informations do you want to addict into this article? [[Maalum:Michango/87.153.174.166|87.153.174.166]] 11:35, 26 Agosti 2021 (UTC) Bro could you help me to translate some words because google translate gives stuff only, how would you call: * timetable * network map * ticket validators * equipment In Kiswahili? Regards, Alex [[Maalum:Michango/87.153.174.166|87.153.174.166]] 22:01, 27 Agosti 2021 (UTC) * timetable ( Ratiba) * network map (Mchoro wa ramani ya mtandao) * ticket validators (Wakatisha tiketi/Wakaguzi wa tiketi)) * equipment (Kifaa) '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 22:16, 27 Agosti 2021 (UTC) == How we will see unregistered users == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin=content/> Hi! You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki. When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed. Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin '''will still be able to access the IP'''. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|better tools]] to help. If you have not seen it before, you can [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more on Meta]]. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] to [[m:Tech/News|the weekly technical newsletter]]. We have [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|two suggested ways]] this identity could work. '''We would appreciate your feedback''' on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|let us know on the talk page]]. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January. Thank you. /[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]<section end=content/> </div> 18:19, 4 Januari 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/Admins2022(7)&oldid=22532681 --> :Thanks '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 05:59, 5 Januari 2022 (UTC) == Have you voted in the UCoC enforcement guidelines ratification? == Hi! {{ping|User:Czeus25 Masele}} The ratification voting process for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) is now open! '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|Voting commenced on SecurePoll]]''' on 7 March 2022 and will conclude on 21 March 2022. Please [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|read more on the voter information and eligibility details]]. Please vote and encourage other editors of Swahili Wikipedia to also vote. Regards, '''[[Mtumiaji:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Zuz (WMF)|majadiliano]])''' 12:23, 11 Machi 2022 (UTC) :Thanks '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 16:12, 14 Machi 2022 (UTC) == [[King Kikii]] == Original state of "King Kikii" contains nothing but misspellings of it as Kiki with SINGLE "i". '''[[Mtumiaji:Kokamamie|Kokamamie]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kokamamie|majadiliano]])''' 09:56, 23 Novemba 2024 (UTC) :Thanks [[Mtumiaji:Kokamamie]]; please refer below: :[[King Kikii|Tanzanian rumba maestro King Kikii passes away at 77 | The Citizen]] [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2024-18927|&#126;2024-18927]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2024-18927|talk]]) 13:01, 25 Novemba 2024 (UTC) == Tungependa kusikia kuhusu uzoefu wako kuhusu Akaunti za Muda == <section begin="body"/> [[File:Temporary Accounts - first edit popup.png|thumb]] '''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_e2MNLeWJU89pNTo Utafiti huu hautachukua zaidi ya dakika 5 kukamilisha.]''' Timu ya Trust & Safety Product hivi karibuni iliunda [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|akaunti za muda]] zinapatikana kwenye miradi ya wiki 12. Kuna mipango ya kupanua hili kwa seti kubwa ya miradi ya wiki katika wiki na miezi ijayo, kisha kufuata mchakato wa kutekeleza kikamilifu baadaye mwaka huu. Ushiriki wako katika utafiti huu utakuwa na manufaa makubwa katika kutusaidia kuelewa jinsi Akaunti za Muda zinavyofanya kazi na kile tunachoweza kuboresha mbele. Sera ya faragha ya utafiti huu inaweza kuonwa [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Temp_Accounts_Minor_Pilots_Survey_Privacy_Statement|kupitia kiungo hiki]]. Kwa kumaliza utafiti huu, unakubali masharti yaliyoainishwa katika sera ya faragha. Asante!<section end="body"/> [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">majadiliano</span>]]) 02:50, 27 Februari 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/8&oldid=28315571 --> :Ni wazo zuri likiwa na faida juu ya kuwezesha wachangiaji wasiopenda kujisajiri. Japo nina mapendekezo akaunti hizi ziangaliwe upya ili kuzuia waharibifu wa mtandao, pendekezo ni kwamba hizi akaunti za muda ziwe na mipaka ya matumizi (mfano: idadi ya hariri, muda wa kuwepo. Akaunti lazima zipangiliwe vizuri ili zisitumike vibaya au kuharibu kazi za jamii ya Wikipedia. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:20, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) == Talk Page == Why would you delete my talk page? About Morisi, I moved Mauritius (Not Mauritania) to Morisi. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz^{Chronist^2.0}</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 06:13, 20 Juni 2025 (UTC) == Ancient Sorcerous Empire == WikiBayer - is NOT guardian angel, it is ANNONRIAL/RAVERNAL pure evil: [[Majadiliano_ya_mtumiaji:Gayle157#Elephant_in_Porcelain_Shop]] READ debunking of WikiBayer reverts. '''[[Mtumiaji:Annonrial Guardian Ravernal Angel|Annonrial Guardian Ravernal Angel]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Annonrial Guardian Ravernal Angel|majadiliano]])''' 08:26, 24 Juni 2025 (UTC) == samahani naitwa janeth john == nimeona umefuta makala yangu iitwayo"understandable way to open source technology" ningependa kujua kwanini umefuta maana nina hiitaji nnashida nayo '''[[Mtumiaji:JANETH JOHN LUTENGANO|JANETH JOHN LUTENGANO]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:JANETH JOHN LUTENGANO|majadiliano]])''' 11:34, 25 Juni 2025 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:JANETH JOHN LUTENGANO|JANETH JOHN LUTENGANO]] Jibu ni rahisi. Hii ni Wikipedia ya Kiswahili, huo Uzungu unafuata nini hapa? [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 07:48, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) == Delete == What is wrong with you? Why do you delete pages just anyhow , Like why did you delete the redirect to Vita za Israeli-Irani [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz^{Chronist^2.0}</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 12:55, 25 Juni 2025 (UTC) :Habari! :Nimefuta redirection kwa sababu tayari ukurasa umehamishwa, hakuna haja ya kuwa na makala iliyokosewa jina kipindi inaanzishwa. labda :kama ingekuwa makala iliyofutwa inafanania sana na ilikohamishiwa na kuwa makala iliyofutwa ni maarufu ama ndio jina linalojulikana sana. Mfano Makala iliyofutwa ingekua Aguahrz ila watu wanafahamu zaidi Chronist basi redirection ya Chrosist ingebaki. Amani kwako! '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:08, 25 Juni 2025 (UTC) ::That's not how it works, ::You don't delete redirects after a page is moved, This is because it preserves History, It also prevents broken links since there are page linking to that redirect . ::Also the redirect page you delete wasn't as a result of page move i created it for alternative names, ::Its just like how Iran redirects to Irani , That doesn't mean you delete the redirect , [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz^{Chronist^2.0}</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 14:04, 25 Juni 2025 (UTC) :::Hapo zamani niliwahi kusimamia zoezi la editorthon, vijana wapya walikua wakipata mafunzo jinsi ya kuandika makala kwenye boksi la mchanga na kisha kuichapisha makala, vijana wengi waliandika vichwa vya makala na kuweka kituo kikubwa mwishoni mwa jina la makala. Mwalimu wetu alitufundisha kanuni za uandishi na jisi ya kuhamisha makala hizo kwa kuondoa kituo kikubwa mwishoni mwa makala zenye makosa. kisha makala yenye makosa (redirect) zilifutwa. Sio kila redirect ina maana kubaki au la basi mradi huu usingefikia ubora ulionao. kama wachangiaji tutaendelea kuboresha kadiri inavyofaa kulingana na kanuni za mradi. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 15:56, 25 Juni 2025 (UTC) ::::Bro, You are wrong you need to read [[en:Wikipedia:Redirect/Deletion reasons|WP:Redirect/Delete Reasons]] :::::The redirect page i created was for alternative name to ensure readers find the article easily. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="fontfamily: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz^{Chronist^2.0}</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 16:49, 25 Juni 2025 (UTC) == Indentations == Please do NOT waste indent steps by multiple ":" at once. Single step suffices, and on contrary, it looks like long tabulation. '''[[Mtumiaji:CLA 245|CLA 245]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CLA 245|majadiliano]])''' 11:25, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) :Thanks :'''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:26, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) ::You again forgot it. '''[[Mtumiaji:CLA 245|CLA 245]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CLA 245|majadiliano]])''' 11:27, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) :::Oh I see, I'm used to start with : in reply for a single step (old version). I have noticed now when you reply there is a single step created automatically. So much have changes in Wiki, again thanks. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:38, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) == Misclassification == Since [[Mtumiaji:Peter Born lȣ]] is ALREADY belonging to MASSIVE [[:Jamii:Akaunti bandia za NyinaWaJambo]] group of accounts, '''[[Mtumiaji:FIutureIA]]''' should be tagged as SOCK of "NyinaWaJambo" as well, but '''NOT''' to single-member "Peter Born lȣ" subgroup. Please change in '''[[Mtumiaji:FIutureIA]]''' "Peter Born lȣ" string to "NyinaWaJambo" string to avoid single-member [[:Jamii:Akaunti bandia za Peter Born lȣ]]. '''[[Mtumiaji:CLA 245|CLA 245]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CLA 245|majadiliano]])''' 11:35, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) :I will work on it.'''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:40, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) ::{{ping|Czeus25 Masele}} [[Mtumiaji:FIutureIA]] is '''admin-only''', still nothing changed, simply please fix as said HERE, from "Peter Born lȣ" to "NyinaWaJambo", since Gayle obviously triggered DISRUPTIVE single-member recursing subcategory. '''[[Mtumiaji:CLA 245|CLA 245]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CLA 245|majadiliano]])''' 11:45, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) ::[[Mtumiaji:FIutureIA]] begs correction. You forgot IT. '''[[Mtumiaji:Gaël Clän|Gaël Clän]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gaël Clän|majadiliano]])''' 13:37, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) :::I'm investigating '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:40, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) ::::I will investigate for you. If '''FIutureIA''' is sock of '''Peter Born lȣ''' who in turn is sock of '''NyinaWaJambo''', then '''FIutureIA''' is too sock of '''NyinaWaJambo'''. '''DITCH INTERMEDIATE STEP'''. '''[[Mtumiaji:Gaël Clän|Gaël Clän]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gaël Clän|majadiliano]])''' 13:46, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[Mtumiaji:Gaël Clän|Gaël Clän]] Lol, You are too ironic, Cut the pretence.! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz^{Chronist^2.0}</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 15:42, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) == I am not PORN monger == They globally locked my "Clän Gaël" account thinking I describe bytes of PORN online. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-83683|&#126;2025-83683]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-83683|talk]]) 13:26, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) :[[w:en:Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block|Wikipedia:Appealing a block - Wikipedia]]'''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:28, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) ::English Wikipedia is UNRELATED. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-82776|&#126;2025-82776]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-82776|talk]]) 13:33, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) :::It works '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:38, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) ::::ENGLISH wikipedia is NOT "META"! And META people are very LOFTY. 90% chance for request defeat. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-85053|&#126;2025-85053]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-85053|talk]]) 14:04, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) == [[Special:Contribs/Maryam_Saleh_Abeid]] == You should know what "[[template:Karibu]]" boilerplate says. She does since weeks '''recurring breaching''' of [[w:en:Wikipedia:Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia]]. Administrative action needed. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-24870-7|&#126;2025-24870-7]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-24870-7|talk]]) 08:20, 23 Julai 2025 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:~2025-24870-7|~2025-24870-7]] Can you make your english simple?'''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:29, 23 Julai 2025 (UTC) You too should admonish her as '''admin'''. Many '''non'''-admin people tell her to stop going against [[w:en:Wikipedia:Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia]] and she ignores that STUBBORNLY, see: [[Majadiliano_ya_mtumiaji:Maryam_Saleh_Abeid]]. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-25146-2|&#126;2025-25146-2]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-25146-2|talk]]) 08:49, 23 Julai 2025 (UTC) :Thanks. As any contributor you can do correction of any article that has not been restricted by admins, hence whenever there is an article you see not fit please do some improvement, add a banner addressing the issues of it it is for deletion add it on deletion list. Also do not hesitate to point out what was done wrong by the contributor in their talk page. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:11, 23 Julai 2025 (UTC) [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Maryam Saleh Abeid]] - "What Was Done Wrong" already there and she still blatantly ignores all that. '''[[Mtumiaji:Wflgf|Wflgf]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Wflgf|majadiliano]])''' 09:25, 23 Julai 2025 (UTC) :usichoke kurekebisha makosa, ila endapo atafanya mabadiliko ya kuondoa kwa makusudi masahihisho yatakayofanywa ataonywa na kuchukuliwa hatua. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:28, 23 Julai 2025 (UTC) == Vyanzo == There is <nowiki>{{vyanzo}}</nowiki> full boilerplate instead of misapplied inline version. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-24742-3|&#126;2025-24742-3]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-24742-3|talk]]) 09:00, 23 Julai 2025 (UTC) :1.Add <nowiki>{{Futa}}</nowiki> - if suggesting deleting the article ref: [[:Jamii:Makala zenye matatizo|Jamii:Makala zenye matatizo - Wikipedia, kamusi elezo huru]] :2.add <nowiki>{{Chanzo}}</nowiki> - if an article has no reference '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:11, 23 Julai 2025 (UTC) :<nowiki>{{Futa}}</nowiki> is WRONG,it does NOT support <nowiki>{{Futa|Reason}}</nowiki>, so use <nowiki>{{Delete|Reason}}</nowiki> instead. '''[[Mtumiaji:Wflgf|Wflgf]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Wflgf|majadiliano]])''' 09:21, 23 Julai 2025 (UTC) :<nowiki>{{Chanzo}}</nowiki> is wrong, it creates PETIT inline. TO cover whole article, better is <nowiki>{{Vyanzo}}</nowiki>. '''[[Mtumiaji:Wflgf|Wflgf]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Wflgf|majadiliano]])''' 09:22, 23 Julai 2025 (UTC) Thanks for clarification '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:24, 23 Julai 2025 (UTC) :[[Kigezo:Db-meta]] contains UPDATED code supporting <nowiki>{{Delete|Reason}}</nowiki> syntax. Please copy its code into [[Kigezo:Futa]] which is obsolete since years. '''[[Mtumiaji:Wflgf|Wflgf]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Wflgf|majadiliano]])''' 09:28, 23 Julai 2025 (UTC) == [[Maalum:Michango/Ternera]] == Obvious behavior akin to '''SOVIET COMMISSAR''', [[Maalum:Michango/~2025-32681-1]] was OK! [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-33265-3|&#126;2025-33265-3]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-33265-3|talk]]) 19:45, 4 Agosti 2025 (UTC) == Wito wa kupiga kura kwa ajili ya [[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu]] - awe msimamizi wa kusano == Ndugu @[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] [[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni]], unaombwa kupiga kura juu ya kumpatia uwezo wa ukabidhi/usimamizi wa kusano katika ukurasa wa [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi#Msimaizi wa KUSANO - Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu]]. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 07:56, 7 Agosti 2025 (UTC) == Dogo Janja == [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dogo_Janja&diff=1444388&oldid=1444308 R.R. agreed finally with mine blank!] So can thou lift BLOCK from "Dogo Janja" account now? '''[[Mtumiaji:Janja Dogo|Janja Dogo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Janja Dogo|majadiliano]])''' 10:03, 12 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :Done! '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:18, 12 Agosti 2025 (UTC) == MIS-conceptions == [[:Jamii:Makala_kwa_ufutaji]] should contain '''ONLY''' pages condemned for SPEEDY DELETE like vandalism, etc..., so do NOT use <nowiki>{{futa}}</nowiki> nor <nowiki>{{delete|REASON}}</nowiki>, but instead always use <nowiki>{{vyanzo}}</nowiki>. '''[[Mtumiaji:Hakim Abdazath|Hakim Abdazath]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hakim Abdazath|majadiliano]])''' 14:49, 12 Agosti 2025 (UTC) It is example of FUTA purpose. [[Mtumiaji:Lvova]] wants her userpage permanently deleted so META-hosted userpage will show. Delete [[Mtumiaji:Lvova]] for real as she wish please. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-40114-5|&#126;2025-40114-5]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-40114-5|talk]]) 12:17, 16 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :Thank you. {{Ping|Riccardo Riccioni}} do I have the rights to perform this action? '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 12:21, 16 Agosti 2025 (UTC) ::@[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] Usijisumbue. Ni wasumbufu wa mjini. Anakuja na jina jipya kila siku. Hicho atakacho hakina faida yoyote kwa kamusi yetu. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 18:16, 16 Agosti 2025 (UTC) Use <nowiki>{{ping|Riccardo Riccioni}}</nowiki> instead, bare "@" is notifying '''NOBODY'''. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-40539-0|&#126;2025-40539-0]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-40539-0|talk]]) 13:50, 16 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:~2025-40539-0|~2025-40539-0]] Si kweli. Ukiweka @ inamjulisha kama ametajwa. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 18:16, 16 Agosti 2025 (UTC) ::Wabheja! @[[Mtumiaji:Muddyb|Muddyb]]'''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 18:38, 16 Agosti 2025 (UTC) Really please delete both [[Lvova]] and [[Mtumiaji:Lvova]], she wants that to be deleted since her META user page https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Lvova does not show from META into THIS wiki. '''[[Mtumiaji:Hakim Abdazath|Hakim Abdazath]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hakim Abdazath|majadiliano]])''' 15:29, 17 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :This was done. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 15:45, 17 Agosti 2025 (UTC) == Kigezo:User Wikimania == Jambo. Sorry for writing in English. Could you please tell me whether my translation on [[Kigezo:User Wikimania]] is correct? ''This user participated in Wikimania {{{1}}}.'' → ''Mtumiaji huyu alishiriki katika Wikimania {{{1}}}.'' Asante. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Volvox|Volvox]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Volvox|majadiliano]])''' 16:52, 17 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :Habari! Yes your translation is correct, and thank you for creating that. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 16:56, 17 Agosti 2025 (UTC) == Reverts == Use REVERT not ROLLBACK, so it will permit edit summary editing. Please write in EDIT summary meaningful reasons instead of using constant [[Maasai]]... mantra, example: https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yericko_Nyerere&action=history In this way TEMP ACCOUNTS will understand what is going. Your and not only your habit should be changed permanently. '''[[Mtumiaji:Hakim Abdazath|Hakim Abdazath]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hakim Abdazath|majadiliano]])''' 09:46, 19 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :What should have been written in that matter give me an example. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 19 Agosti 2025 (UTC) In this case, instead of [[Maasai]]... HIHI HIHI... there should be written in edit summary: "ji jambo jemba kuendelea kuhariri makala, ila kumbuka unapoongeza taarifa fulani inahitaji chanzo kuthibitisha" Analogously other reasons in other cases. '''[[Mtumiaji:Hakim Abdazath|Hakim Abdazath]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hakim Abdazath|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 19 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :majadiliano |michango |zuia|'''rejesha'''|asante this is what I see and I normally use the bolded one '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:53, 19 Agosti 2025 (UTC) Simply use "tengua" inside edit history instead of "rejesha" to be able to insert custom edit summaries. '''[[Mtumiaji:Hakim Abdazath|Hakim Abdazath]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hakim Abdazath|majadiliano]])''' 09:55, 19 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :We cannot trust outsiders, even established ones. [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uhandisi_wa_reli&diff=1459836&oldid=1459268 WTF]? English vandalisms restored? FYI: already reverted. '''[[Mtumiaji:Wotwo|Wotwo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Wotwo|majadiliano]])''' 14:08, 13 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) == Misplaced Articles == If trivial page is obstruction, delete it first. Please ALWAYS move articles misplaced on talks and userpages to ARTICLE SPACE, see [[special:contribs/Geoffrey_Kurara]]. Do NOT copypaste, it is to preserve edit history for having all contributors listed there, it is required by WMF licensing terms. '''[[Mtumiaji:Geoffrey Kurara|Geoffrey Kurara]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Geoffrey Kurara|majadiliano]])''' 10:43, 21 Agosti 2025 (UTC) == Old Account == Please unblock "Jumanne Rajabu", it was overblow - ONE YEAR, i am sorry for newbie error. '''[[Mtumiaji:Jumane Rajabu|Jumane Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Jumane Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 15:52, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :Are you the real J4? I know he wouldn't edit his own article and without credible source. Ok 1 year was not overblow but to showcase this trend of people editing their own articles. Appology accepted. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 16:01, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC) Of course I am the same as "Jumanne Rajabu", and this BAN-ana expected to be lifted ASAP, makes my old account useless to talk with you and R.R. on their own userpages. '''[[Mtumiaji:Jumane Rajabu|Jumane Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Jumane Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 16:03, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC) Alternatively, you can BAN-anize old "Jumanne Rajabu" account for ever. '''[[Mtumiaji:Jumane Rajabu|Jumane Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Jumane Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 16:10, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :I know you can still write on your userpage ref [[:en:Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block|Wikipedia:Appealing a block - Wikipedia]] and you can appeal your block here [[:en:Wikipedia:Unblock_wizard|Wikipedia:Unblock wizard - Wikipedia]] '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 17:22, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC) I do not need any Wizards nor Witchs and that all is on ENGLISH wikipedia separate from SWAHILI wikipedia. Simply YOU please unblock my old account when YOU accepted my apology. '''[[Mtumiaji:Jumane Rajabu|Jumane Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Jumane Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 17:33, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :You can still appeal if you think it was unfair block. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 17:37, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC) ::@[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] It's time for soul finding. Do not waste your energy on minor issues. You did your part, let the ball roll on its own. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 19:02, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :::Wakola! '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 19:06, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC) == Explanation == META is one wiki, ENGLISH wikipedia is other wiki, SWAHILI is current wiki, GERMAN wikipedia is different wiki, etc... Telling someone to do something outside SWAHILI wiki instead locally here I do not understand. SWAHILI wiki does not contain any advanced bureaucratic scripts nor wizards, and direct addressing on talk is sole way here. '''[[Mtumiaji:Hakim Abdazath|Hakim Abdazath]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hakim Abdazath|majadiliano]])''' 17:43, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC) It is NOT related to current SW-wiki at all. Yes, using of [[w:en:Wikipedia:Unblock_wizard]] will cause ENGLISH admins only to conclude that blockee is NOT blocked at all on ENGLISH wikipedia. '''[[Mtumiaji:Geoffrey Kurara|Geoffrey Kurara]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Geoffrey Kurara|majadiliano]])''' 18:13, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC) == Futa == [[:template:futa]] is nothing but '''disfunctional deficiency''', unable to convey "delete reason". Please copy full code from [[:template:db-meta]] into adminprotected [[:template:futa]] so "delete reason" will be since NOW supported. '''[[Mtumiaji:Reliwei|Reliwei]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Reliwei|majadiliano]])''' 08:39, 4 Septemba 2025 (UTC) :This was done. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:49, 4 Septemba 2025 (UTC) == [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mchizi Petro]] == From protected [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mchizi Petro]] please BLANK all lines between: "Thank you" and "== Mchizi Petro ==" it is ARTICLE COPY unsuitable for talk page. '''[[Mtumiaji:AlexBongo98|AlexBongo98]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AlexBongo98|majadiliano]])''' 08:02, 5 Septemba 2025 (UTC) :Sure.'''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:19, 5 Septemba 2025 (UTC) So please DELETE it now wholly. '''[[Mtumiaji:AlexBongo98|AlexBongo98]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AlexBongo98|majadiliano]])''' 18:05, 5 Septemba 2025 (UTC) :It’s deleted '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 18:06, 5 Septemba 2025 (UTC) == ABBEY == Please see [[:Jamii:Makala_kwa_ufutaji]] you deleted only one ABBEY page, please delete rest, there are much more to delete. '''[[Mtumiaji:AlexBongo98|AlexBongo98]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AlexBongo98|majadiliano]])''' 20:02, 5 Septemba 2025 (UTC) :Some pages needs improvement and you can do improvement to rescue them. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 03:46, 6 Septemba 2025 (UTC) == Kigezo == <nowiki>{{tafsiri kompyuta}}</nowiki> ≠ <nowiki>{{futa}}</nowiki> Uhariri ≠ Uharabu '''[[Mtumiaji:AlexBongo98|AlexBongo98]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AlexBongo98|majadiliano]])''' 14:51, 15 Septemba 2025 (UTC) Please see [[:Jamii:Makala_kwa_ufutaji]] you deleted only one KIGEZO page, please delete rest, there are much more to delete. '''[[Mtumiaji:96dudi69|96dudi69]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:96dudi69|majadiliano]])''' 09:45, 29 Septemba 2025 (UTC) :OK. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:03, 29 Septemba 2025 (UTC) ==Mbegu== Ndugu, naona unapenda bango la mbegu litangulie tanbihi na marejeo, lakini si kawaida. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 09:58, 29 Septemba 2025 (UTC) :Aha sikuliona hilo kwa makala ambazo bango lilikuja chini ya marejeo halafu likafuatiwa na orodha ya marejeo ndio nilirekebisha. Basi ntafanya masahihisho kwa kuongeza (Reflist) chini ya marejeo ili mbegu ije chini baada ya orodha. Ahsante '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:02, 29 Septemba 2025 (UTC) == Kevin Nyerere / Kewin Nyerere == Now please delete all TWO instances of him since he is FICTION and FAKE, see: *https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Nyerere *https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Horcrux '''[[Mtumiaji:Lupinga Nyinga|Lupinga Nyinga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Lupinga Nyinga|majadiliano]])''' 11:43, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :Done. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 12:20, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) == Duplicate == Please delete [[Δελτα]] and [[Majadiliano:Δελτα]], they are duplicates of [[Delta]] and [[Majadiliano:Delta]]. '''[[Mtumiaji:Donna Wanyama|Donna Wanyama]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Donna Wanyama|majadiliano]])''' 08:50, 13 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :This was done. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:03, 13 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) == Font Leak == See [[Majadiliano_ya_mtumiaji:Muddyb#Font_Leak]] - Comic Sans MS font leak outside Muddyb signature fixed by me. '''[[Mtumiaji:Donna Wanyama|Donna Wanyama]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Donna Wanyama|majadiliano]])''' 13:59, 13 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) == Editathon == Is true that EDITATHON was yesterday? Rather [[Wikimedia_Community_Kilimanjaro_2025-26_Monthly_Edit-a-thon/Event_Organizers_Toolkit|TRUE]]! I had some fixing afterwork, even from TEMP ACCOUNT set. '''[[Mtumiaji:Wotwo|Wotwo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Wotwo|majadiliano]])''' 14:43, 13 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :Which one? '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:55, 15 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) ::@[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] Anakutesa tu huyo kaka. Duh! Pole! [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 13:22, 15 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :::Ahsante sana. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:25, 15 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) ::::Ndugu, umefuta <nowiki>[[Jamii:Wiki for Minority Tanzania 2025]]</nowiki> yenye makala kadhaa ambazo hivi sasa hazina jamii tena, na jamii mpya uliyoiunda kwa ajili yake ni tupu. Itabaki hivyo mpaka utakapobadili jamii lengwa katika kila makala husika. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 09:37, 24 Machi 2026 (UTC) :::::Ndugu @[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]], ahsante kwa taarifa, ni kweli ni makosa ya kiufundi nimefanya kubadili jina la jamii na kisha kufuta jamii ya zamani, sikujua kama makala zitabaki yatima bila jamii. nitafanya juhudi ya kuzihamisha makala zote kwenye jamii mpya. Ahsante '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:56, 24 Machi 2026 (UTC) == Viewer == Hi [[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]], nice to see you online in the chat :-) '''[[Mtumiaji:NDG|NDG]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:NDG|majadiliano]])''' 13:06, 27 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :Hello @[[Mtumiaji:NDG|NDG]], ahsante. I'm still familiarizing with the tool. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:10, 27 Aprili 2026 (UTC) ::That's great for your community. I can help you with the basics. '''[[Mtumiaji:NDG|NDG]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:NDG|majadiliano]])''' 13:12, 27 Aprili 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:11, 28 Aprili 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472482 --> ==Makabila== --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 08:55, 3 Mei 2026 (UTC)Ndugu, katika ukurasa kuhusu [[Orodha ya makabila ya Tanzania|orodha ya makabila ya Tanzania]] umeongeza jedwali ambalo linaelekeza kila kitu kwenye Wikipedia ya Kiingereza kama kwamba ile ya Kiswahili isingekuwa na makala hazo, kumbe zipo. Naomba viungo vyote vielekeze kwenya kurasa za Kiswahili, kwa sababu zipo. Asante na amani kwako! n0a8a90fo4w6zp5y80769h9pmh4kcom 1530357 1530348 2026-05-03T09:39:27Z Czeus25 Masele 28489 /* Makabila */ Jibu 1530357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{karibu}} == Translation request == Hello! May I ask you for a translation of the phrase '''Automatic refresh''' into {{#language:sw}}? Thanks '''[[Mtumiaji:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:-XQV-|majadiliano]])''' 21:31, 20 Juni 2018 (UTC) Habari! The translation of the phrase '''Automatic refresh''' is '''Onesha upya moja kwa moja''' Shukrani sana! '''[[Mtumiaji:Makangabila Clement|Makangabila Clement]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Makangabila Clement#top|majadiliano]])''' 17:17, 21 Juni 2018 (UTC) ==Mtumiaji:ChriKo== habari naona umesahihisha matini katika ukrasa wa ChriKo. Masahihisho haya ni sahihi. Lakini ka jumla hatuingii katika kurasa za watumiaji. Kila mmoja anajitambulisha jinsi anavyoona (na anavyoweza). Hii ni tofauti na makala anazotunga. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 05:39, 26 Novemba 2018 (UTC) ==Samahani sikua najua== Samahani mzee '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] sikujua utaratibu huu. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' ==[[Ngw'anamalundi (Mwanamalundi)]]== Naona tumehariri wakati mmoja, naomba uangalie tena kile ulichohariri mwishoni, inawezekana nimeiharibu kwa bahati mbaya. Niliingiza vyanzo vinavyopatikana google books na OUT. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 14:16, 4 Desemba 2018 (UTC) Sawa mzee nitaangalia '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' ==Samaki== [[Picha:Barb gonio 080526 9681 ltn Pv.jpg|thumb|90px|Pezi]] [[Picha:Tuna Gills in Situ 01.jpg|90px|thumb|Mashavu ya jodari]] Unaamini kweli [[samaki]] inavuta oksijeni kupitia [[pezi|mapezi]]?? Hii ingekuwa kazi ngumu mno, heri tumwachie mashavu! <br/> ona Kamusi sanifu ya Biolojia, Fizikia na Kemia (TUKI 2012³)<br/> '''''gill arch''' n taoshavu kigegedu,kiungo maalum katika shavu la samaki kinachofanana na upinde, na ambacho hutegemeza vijishavu ambapo kubadilishana kwa oksijeni na dioksidi kaboni hutokea.<br/> '''fin''' n pezi: kiungo katika wanyama wa inajini kama vile samaki ambacho hutokana na mkunjo wa ngozi na musuli uliotengenezwa na mifupa''<br/> TUKI English-Swahili dictionary ''gill n yavuyavu: shavu la samaki. Vt toa/tumbua mashavu (ya samaki) ''Kama ChriKo (PhD biolojia) ameshiriki katika makala, sijaona bado makosa mengi. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 18:29, 1 Machi 2020 (UTC) : Sawa Mzee Kipala, nadhani mapezi ni lugha jumuishi sana ila walau mashavu ya samaki inafaa zaidi. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 06:27, 2 Machi 2020 (UTC) ==Tangazo== Habari ndugu Mwanawikipedia!<br><br>Mimi ni mwezeshaji wa mradi uitwao [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct)&article_action=watch#Utangulizi_kuhusu_Mwongozo_Wa_Kimataifa_Wa_Nidhamu_Na_Maadili Mwongozo Wa Kimataifa Wa Mwenendo Na Maadili]. Ni mradi mchanga/mpya ambao Shirika la Wikimedia Foundation linanuia kuuanzisha endapo wadau wataona ni mradi unaofaa. Nakukaribisha usome mwongozo huo na kisha utoe maoni yako kwa kujibu maswali yote au baadhi yake kwa yale utakayopenda kuyatolea maoni [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majadiliano_ya_Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct)#Maswali_ya_Wikimedia_Foundation HAPA]<br><br>'''<big>Taarifa zaidi kuhusu Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Nidhamu na Mwenendo</big>'''<br><br> Shirika la Wikimedia Foundation lina mpango wa kuanzisha [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct)&article_action=watch#Utangulizi_kuhusu_Mwongozo_Wa_Kimataifa_Wa_Nidhamu_Na_Maadili Mwongozo Wa Kimataifa Wa Mwenendo Na Maadili]. Lengo la mwongozo huo ni kujaribu kuainisha vitu vya msingi vinavyopatikana katika miongozo midogo midogo iliyopo tayari katika kila jamii husika (mfano Jumuiya yetu hii ya wahariri wa Wikipedia ya Kiswahili). Lengo hasa la mwongozo huu ni kutengeneza mazingira ambayo wanawikipedia wote duniani watakuwa na uelewa wa pamoja juu ya vitu vya msingi kuhusu nini kinakubalika na kipi hakikubaliki wakati wa uchangiaji (uhariri) wa Wikipedia na pale wanawikipedia wanapowasiliana kwenye Wikipedia au ana kwa ana katika warsha na mikutano ya Wanawikipedia. Wazo hilo limekuja baada kukithiri kwa baadhi ya Wanawikimedia kukumbana kufanyiwa unyanyasaji wa kitabia (mfano matusi, kuitana majina yasiyofaa, kutishiana n.k) na Wanawikimedia wenzao, hivyo kuwakatisha tamaa ya kuendelea kuchangia katika miradi ya Wikimedia.Hivyo, wewe kama mdau muhimu katika miradi ya Wikimedia Foundation, unakaribishwa ku [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct) soma zaidi kuhusu mwongozo huo Hapa]na baada ya kuusoma mwongozo huo unaweza ku [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majadiliano_ya_Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct)#Maswali_ya_Wikimedia_Foundation toa maoni yako Hapa kabla ya tar 15 April 2020.]<br><br>'''<big>Mwaliko wa kujiunga na kundi la Wahariri wa Wikipedia</big>''' <br><br> Nakukaribisha ujiunge na kundi la Wahariri wa Wikipedia kutoka Dar es Salaam ili tuweze kujadiliana na kubadilishana uzoefu na mambo kadha wa kadha kuhusu Uhariri wa Wikipedia. Iwapo utapenda kujiunga, usisite kuwasiliana nasi kupitia '''wikitzagroup@gmail.com''', na kwa taarifa zaidi kuhusu kundi la Wahariri wa Wikipedia wa hapa Dar es Salaam na Tanzania kwa ujumla na miradi waliyoitekeleza tayari, unaweza tembelea hapa ukurasa wao wa meta uitwao [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Community_User_Group_Tanzania Wikimedia Community User Group Tanzania] au pia katika Facebook kwa jila la [https://www.facebook.com/Wikimediatz/ Wikimedia Tanzania].<br><br> Ndimi '''[[Mtumiaji:AMtavangu (WMF)|AMtavangu (WMF)]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AMtavangu (WMF)|majadiliano]])''' 17:18, 5 Aprili 2020 (UTC) :Nimekaribia! '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 12:08, 12 Agosti 2025 (UTC) == Kigezo: Picha ya wiki == <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[Picha:Cow horned portrait.jpg|200px|Ng'ombe]] </div> '''[[Ng'ombe]]''' ni wanyama wakubwa wa jenasi [[Bos]]. Spishi ya ng'ombe ina nususpishi au aina nyingi lakini ni spishi moja tu. Ng'ombe hula manyasi na kutembea kwa vidole viwili. Asili yake ni aina za ng'ombe wa pori waliofugwa kwa sababu ya nyama na maziwa. Katika nchi nyingi anatumiwa pia kama mnyama wa mizigo anayevuta plau au magari. Wataalamu huamini ya kwamba aina zote za ng'ombe zina asili katika mashariki ya kati mnamo milenia ya 9 KK ambako watu waliwahi kuwafuga nas kutoka hapa ufugaji ng'ombe ulisambaa kote duniani. ==Picha== Asante kwa kuweka kumbukumbu hiyo ya warsha ya astronomia. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 09:30, 9 Aprili 2020 (UTC) <br/> Karibu. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 9 Aprili 2020 (UTC) ==Masanja== Kuna sababu ya kufuta picha ya V Masanja?'''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 19:24, 10 Aprili 2020 (UTC) ==Lugha za makabila ya Tanzania== Ndugu, hakuna haja ya kuanzisha jamii hiyo, inatosha [[:Jamii:Lugha za Tanzania|ile ya lugha za Tanzania]]. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 07:05, 13 Aprili 2020 (UTC) <br/> Sawa Ndungu. Ahsante '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:26, 13 Aprili 2020 (UTC) ==Kukaribisha wageni== Asante kwa kushiriki katika kukaribisha wageni. Nashukuru ukiendelea. Ila tu usisahau kutia sahihi kwa kuingiza yafuatayo: '''<nowiki>{{karibu}}~~~~ </nowiki>'''. Sahihi yako ambayo ni sehemu '''<big><nowiki>~~~~ </nowiki></big>''' inakuja pamoja na tarehe. Hii inatusaidia kujua baadaye ni lini kwamba mchangiaji amekaribishwa na kuelezwa kanuni zeti; ni msaada hasa tukilazimishwa kuchukua hatua dhidi ya mchangiaji: je aliweza kujua utaratibu kwa sababu amekaribishwa tayari au bado? '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 23:27, 31 Julai 2020 (UTC) :Ahsante sana [[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]], niliweza kujua utaratibu baada ya kufatilia mabadiliko ya karibuni hivyo niliona jinsi ya kukaribisha watu.'''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 06:16, 7 Agosti 2020 (UTC) ==Salamu za "Karibu"== Uliweka salamu kwenye ukurasa wa [[Mtumiaji:Oparanya_harvey]] badala ya ukurasa wa majadiliano. Naomba uhakikishe unapoweka. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 22:54, 8 Septemba 2020 (UTC) :Sawa, ahsante. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 23:14, 8 Septemba 2020 (UTC) ==Hongera ya kazi== Naona jisi unavyopiga mbio siku hizi, hongera sana. Ila kwenye namna ya kutafsiri usifuate mfano wa Kiingereza neno-kwa-neno. Mfano [[hijabu]] ulichukua sehemu hii yote ya alama za kifonetiki kuhusu matamshi kwa Kiingereza, ambayo ni bure kidogo maana anayetaka kuona haya aangalie upande wa enwiki, si kwetu (isipokuwa labda kama matamshi ya Kiingereza isizo kawaida, inaweza kuwa na maana mara chache). Vilevile kwa [[karani]] umetafsiri "white collar" ambayo inaleta maana tofauti. Nani anavaa "kola" kwa Kiswahili? Hata kwa Kiingereza si maana asilia tena (kola kama sehemu ya vazi inayofungwa kwenye shati yako, jinsi ilivyo kwa wachungaji hadi leo, lakini nje ya magauni kadhaa ya wanawake "collar" yenyewe haipo tena) lakini inaeleweka kwa watu wanaofanya kazi ofisini kutokana na desturi ya zamani kubadilisha ile "kola nyeupe" iwe safi ilhali hujaosha shati kila siku. Kutafsiri kamwe ni neno kwa neno lakini kuonyesha maana. Sina wasiwasi, utapata uzoefu! '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 05:25, 10 Septemba 2020 (UTC) :Kwa Marejeo usisahau kuweka chini yake msimbo wa '''<nowiki> <references/> </nowiki>''' , itahakikisha tanbihi zinaonekana mahali panapotakiwa. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 05:29, 10 Septemba 2020 (UTC) :: Ahsante sana [[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]], nitazidi kujifunza kuboresha zaidi. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 19:26, 10 Septemba 2020 (UTC) == Uteuzi kuwa mkabidhi == Salaam! Ulipendekezwa na kukubaliwa kupata haki za mkabidhi. Je, uko tayari kupokea uteuzi huu na kushiriki katika kazi mara kwa mara kama jinsi ilivyoelezwa katika ukurasa wa wakabidhi? Tunaomba jibu lako kwa baruapepe katika wiki hii. Tumia zana za Wikipedia kutuma barua pepe. --[[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_{'''Muddyb Mwanaharakati'''}</font>]]<font face="Comic Sans MS">[[User talk:Muddyb Blast Producer|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 07:43, 13 Septemba 2020 (UTC) ==Majadiliano ya ufutaji== Ukichangia kuhusu ufutaji wa makala, usiandike pekee kwenye ukurasa wa majadiliano ya makala, usisahau kuipeleka pia kwenye ukurasa wa ufutaji, maana maazimio yanafanywa pale. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 21:43, 14 Septemba 2020 (UTC) :Sawa, nitafanya hivyo. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 21:47, 14 Septemba 2020 (UTC) == Jamii Forums == '''JamiiForums''' ni [[mtandao wa kijamii]] maarufu zaidi nchini [[Tanzania]] ulioanzishwa rasmi mwaka [[2006]] mwezi Machi ikiwa na waanzilishi wawili, [[Maxence Melo]] na [[Mike Mushi]] ambao walijuana kupitia mtandao wakati ambao mtandao ukiwa dubwana geni si tu Tanzania lakini sehemu kubwa ya dunia, wakati huo ikijulikana kama Jambo Forums na jina hilo lilidumu kwa miaka miwili pekee. === '''Historia''' === ==== '''Uanzilishi''' ==== JamboForums ilikuja baada ya kuwa na majukwaa mbalimbali kama Tanzania Economic Forum, Habari Tanzania, Jambo Network, Jambo Radio na Jambo Videos. Kila tovuti ilikuwa na malengo tofauti lakini yote yakilenga kuwahudumia watu wa nyanja husika kuweza kupata sehemu ya kusemea au kubadilishana mawazo. Lengo kuu la JF likiwa ni kuanzisha Jamvi moja ambapo wadau watakutana na kubadilishana mawazo huku wakikubali kutokubaliana (utofauti wa mawazo) na kujenga mijadala endelevu. Katika Jambo Network (jambonetwork.com) au JamboRadio.com mijadala ilikuwa kwa mtindo wa chat ambapo hakukuwa na kumbukumbu baada ya mjadala, hii ilipelekea mijadala mingi kuwa inarudiwa na kusababisha kukosa mwelekeo kabisa. Katika uanzilishi lengo kubwa lilikuwa kuwafikia wazungumzaji wa kiswahili wa eneo la Maziwa Makuu na hata watumiaji wengi wa Kiingereza lakini wenye kupenda kujua habari za ukanda huu. Mkusanyiko wa majukwaa haya ulipelekea kuwa na kusanyiko moja ambalo kwa wakati huo (2006) liliitwa JamboForums.com, jina ambalo lilitumika hadi mwezi Mei 2008 ==== '''Mabadiliko ya jina''' ==== Mwaka 2008 yalifanyika maamuzi ya haraka na ya lazima kwa wakati huo kwa kubadili jina kutoka Jambo Forums kwenda JamiiForums. Jina la JamiiForums lilichagizwa na kubakia na kifupi cha JF kutoka kuwakilisha neno JamboForums na sasa kuwakilisha neno JamiiForums. Jina lililazimika kubadilishwa kutokana na mgongano wa matumizi ya jina la JamboForums ambapo lilikuwa halijachukuliwa haki miliki (copyrights) za jina ingawa baadaye walifanikiwa kulimiliki kihalali. Uongozi haukutaka kusimamisha moja kwa moja matumizi ya JF hivyo wakafikiria jina mbadala la JamboForums na kubaini kuwa tayari hili kusanyiko la wadau ni kusanyiko la Jamii, na bado Jamii ilikuwa ikiendelea kutunza JF kama wengi wanavyopenda kufupisha. ==== '''Madhumuni ya kuanzisha JF''' ==== Lengo kubwa la uanzishwaji wa JF likiwa ni kuwafikia wazungumzaji wa Kiswahili wa eneo la Maziwa Makuu na hata watumiaji wengi wa Kiingereza lakini wenye kupenda kujua habari za ukanda huu kwa kutoa uwanja huru wa kujadili kwa wanachama wake ambao sio shuruti kutumia majina yao halisi. === '''Mafanikio''' === Kwa miaka yote iliyodumu, Jamiiforums imekuwa msaada katika nyanja nyingi ikiwemo siasa, michezo, afya, habari na hasa habari mtambuka. Mtandao wa JamiiForums unatoa fursa ya kipekee ya kujadili habari na hoja mbalimbali badala ya habari kulishwa kwa upande mmoja. JamiiForums imetoa fursa kwa wananchi wa kawaida kujadiliana na viongozi wa juu katika serikali na taasisi mbalimbali pia watu maarufu katika jamii ambao kwa namna moja au nyingine ingekuwa ngumu kwao kuwapata. Mfano watu maarufu ni mwanasiasa mkongwe wa Tanzania ambae alipata kuwa katibu mkuu wa chama kikuu cha upinzani Tanzania na kuwania urais mwaka 2010, Dr. [[Wilbrod Peter Slaa]], [[Mwigulu Nchemba]] ambae aliwahi kuwa naibu wizara ya fedha na mgombea aliekuwa anawania kupewa tiketi ya Urais kwa niaba ya chama tawala, chama cha Mapinduzi, aliekuwa naibu katibu mkuu chama cha demokrasia na maendeleo ([[CHADEMA]]) [[Kabwe Zuberi Zitto]] pia baadhi ya taasisi kubwa nchini kama TCRA ambao ni wadhibiti wa mawasiliano Tanzania. JamiiForums kutokana kuwa na wanachama wa aina mbalimbali ina wataalam waliobobea katika fani mbalimbali ambao wanaweza kutoa majibu ya kitaalamu kulingana na fani zao ambapo si ajabu muhusika angelipia kama wangekutana ofisini ama kuibiwa. Mifano inajumuisha ujenzi, afya, teknologia pia inajumuisha uchambuzi makini katika siasa na chaguzi za miaka nenda rudi kwa kutoa mawazo mbadala na kufikisha sauti za watu wasioweza kusikika. ===Mfano wa mijadala JamiiForums=== '''[https://www.jamiiforums.com/threads/elimutiba-jinsi-ya-kujieleza-kwa-daktari.382399/ ELIMUTIBA: Jinsi ya kujieleza kwa Daktari]''' [https://www.jamiiforums.com/threads/yaliyojiri-bungeni-ijumaa-28-novemba-2014-hatma-ya-sakata-la-tegeta-escrow-account.765731/ '''Yaliyojiri Bungeni: Ijumaa, 28 Novemba 2014 (Hatma ya Sakata la Tegeta ''Escrow'' Account)'''] [https://www.jamiiforums.com/threads/walimu-kwa-wale-wanaotaka-kubadilishana-vituo-vya-kazi.417341/ '''WALIMU: Kwa wale wanaotaka kubadilishana vituo vya kazi'''] [https://www.jamiiforums.com/threads/kitabu-gani-ambacho-kimewahi-kubadilisha-maisha-yako-na-unatamani-wengine-tukisome.647294/ '''Kitabu gani ambacho kimewahi kubadilisha maisha yako na unatamani wengine tukisome?'''] [https://www.jamiiforums.com/threads/majibu-ya-waziri-mwigulu-nchemba-kuhusu-tuhuma-za-kughushi-vyeti-vya-taaluma-kuiba-jina.1133661/ '''Majibu ya Waziri Mwigulu Nchemba kuhusu tuhuma za kughushi vyeti vya taaluma, kuiba jina'''] [https://www.jamiiforums.com/threads/mahojiano-ya-moja-kwa-moja-na-mhe-zitto-zuberi-kabwe-katika-jamiiforums.357439/ '''Mahojiano ya moja kwa moja na Mhe. Zitto Zuberi Kabwe katika JamiiForums'''] [https://www.jamiiforums.com/threads/kwa-wazazi-na-walezi-mada-maalum-ya-watoto.1002067/ '''Kwa wazazi na walezi: Mada maalum ya watoto'''] === '''Chanzo/uthibitishaji habari JamiiForums''' === Hili kwa muda mrefu limekuwa swali kwa watu wengi kwa jinsi gani JamiiForums wanadhibiti habari za uongo na nini chanzo cha habari zao. JamiiForums ni mtandao wa kijamii na si gazeti wala redio lakini utofauti wake wenyewe wameweka wahariri ambao kazi yao kubwa ni kusimamia sheria za majadiliano walizojiwekea lakini pia ikiwekwa habari na wanachama wake inayotiliwa shaka basi hufatilia na kuthibisha au kubatilisha. === '''FikraPevu''' === Kuongeza ufanisi na uhakika wa habari zake, kilianzishwa kitengo maalum kinachohusika na habari ambapo huaririwa na waandishi na kuchapishwa kwenye mtandao wa www.FikraPevu.com ambapo ni gazeti mahsusi la mtandaoni kwani kuwazuia watu kuweka habari mpaka uthibitisho kwenye JamiiForums ilionekana ni ukirikitimba na ungeelekea kwenye mkwamo. Wanachama wa JF wamekuwa waungwana na pale ambapo mwanachama mwenzao akipotosha basi kuna nafasi ya kuripoti ili usawa uwekwe. === '''Takwimu''' === Kwa mwaka 2012 JamiiForums ilikuwa na wanachama zaidi ya 100,000 na kupata watembeleaji 50,000 kila siku. Kulingana na mtandao wa statscrop.com ambao hupima tovuti mbalimbali, JamiiForums ina thamani ya $3,182,721. === '''Wanachama wakongwe''' === Pamoja na JF kuwa na wanachama wengi lakini wapo wanachama walioanza tangu JamboForums inaanza mwaka 2006 na wangine wamekuwa nayo kwa takriban miaka kumi sasa. Mafano wa wanachama hao ni Mzee Mwanakijiji, Rev. Kishoka, Augustine Moshi, Kyoma, Mwawado, Mkandara, Kibunango, Steve Dii Mwafrika wa Kike, Kichuguu Choveki Masatu Masanja Quemu Mlalahoi Mtanzania Bibi Ntilie Game Theory jmushi1 Zakumi Moelex23 na wengineo wengi. === '''JamiiForums kwenye mitandao ya kijamii''' === Pamoja na kuwa mtandao wa kijamii maarufu zaidi ukanda wa Afrika Mashariki wenye asili ya Tanzania, JamiiForums inazo kurasa kwenye mitandao ya kijamii kama Facebook ikiwa na wafuatiliaji wengi zaidi Afrika Mashariki takribani 3,200,000 mpaka September 2019 pia JamiiForums ina kurasa yake katika mtandao wa Twitter na Instagram. [[Jamii:Mawasiliano]]. ==Futa== Kuna Pendekezo la ufutaji wa Makala uliyoanzisha, hivyo unaweza kuiboresha zaidi ili kuepushwa kufutwa. ==[[Majadiliano:Jihadi]]== Nimerudisha matini ya [[mtumiaji:JJOSY2000]], maana si vizuri tukijaribu kuficha ukosoaji. Akikosoa (bila matusi, bila fujo) ni haki yake, hata kama sababu anazoleta ni dhaifu na mabadiliko aliyoleta hayawezi kubaki maana anaanza kugusa uwanja wa mahubiri. Sitashughulika usiku huu. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 21:15, 18 Januari 2021 (UTC) :Sawa, ahsante kwa taarifa. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 19:12, 19 Januari 2021 (UTC) == Boot Camps article == This is my first try and you guys attack me instant. I know is some kind robotic but Im working on it plus to add more sources. Just give me a chance. I will proof read it until tommorow and add more citations. :You seems passionate [[user:Crapalan‬]] and thats a good start. But we can't keep such article not knowing when you gonna improve it. Next time try to pe patient and perfect the article before publishing. You may have as more practices into your sandbox as many times as you can. Peaceful!! '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 17:28, 1 Juni 2021 (UTC) == [[Kituo cha reli Luebeck Travemuende Strand]] == Hello Bro, I d like to ask you if you could check the grammar of this article please? I am in a starters level in Kiswahili yet and for sure I wrote some typos. Thank you! Alex. [[Maalum:Michango/87.153.174.166|87.153.174.166]] 20:42, 24 Agosti 2021 (UTC) :Okay I will check '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 21:14, 24 Agosti 2021 (UTC) We can finish up the article together if you want, I know the station and the district. You know the Kiswahili language. [[Maalum:Michango/87.153.174.166|87.153.174.166]] 11:44, 25 Agosti 2021 (UTC) : Okay, please login or share username so as I can contact you easily to help you with the translation. Thanks '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 20:45, 25 Agosti 2021 (UTC) You can email me directly to denjakvienna@gmail.com please. What informations do you want to addict into this article? [[Maalum:Michango/87.153.174.166|87.153.174.166]] 11:35, 26 Agosti 2021 (UTC) Bro could you help me to translate some words because google translate gives stuff only, how would you call: * timetable * network map * ticket validators * equipment In Kiswahili? Regards, Alex [[Maalum:Michango/87.153.174.166|87.153.174.166]] 22:01, 27 Agosti 2021 (UTC) * timetable ( Ratiba) * network map (Mchoro wa ramani ya mtandao) * ticket validators (Wakatisha tiketi/Wakaguzi wa tiketi)) * equipment (Kifaa) '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 22:16, 27 Agosti 2021 (UTC) == How we will see unregistered users == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin=content/> Hi! You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki. When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed. Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin '''will still be able to access the IP'''. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|better tools]] to help. If you have not seen it before, you can [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more on Meta]]. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] to [[m:Tech/News|the weekly technical newsletter]]. We have [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|two suggested ways]] this identity could work. '''We would appreciate your feedback''' on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|let us know on the talk page]]. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January. Thank you. /[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]<section end=content/> </div> 18:19, 4 Januari 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/Admins2022(7)&oldid=22532681 --> :Thanks '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 05:59, 5 Januari 2022 (UTC) == Have you voted in the UCoC enforcement guidelines ratification? == Hi! {{ping|User:Czeus25 Masele}} The ratification voting process for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) is now open! '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|Voting commenced on SecurePoll]]''' on 7 March 2022 and will conclude on 21 March 2022. Please [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|read more on the voter information and eligibility details]]. Please vote and encourage other editors of Swahili Wikipedia to also vote. Regards, '''[[Mtumiaji:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Zuz (WMF)|majadiliano]])''' 12:23, 11 Machi 2022 (UTC) :Thanks '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 16:12, 14 Machi 2022 (UTC) == [[King Kikii]] == Original state of "King Kikii" contains nothing but misspellings of it as Kiki with SINGLE "i". '''[[Mtumiaji:Kokamamie|Kokamamie]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kokamamie|majadiliano]])''' 09:56, 23 Novemba 2024 (UTC) :Thanks [[Mtumiaji:Kokamamie]]; please refer below: :[[King Kikii|Tanzanian rumba maestro King Kikii passes away at 77 | The Citizen]] [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2024-18927|&#126;2024-18927]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2024-18927|talk]]) 13:01, 25 Novemba 2024 (UTC) == Tungependa kusikia kuhusu uzoefu wako kuhusu Akaunti za Muda == <section begin="body"/> [[File:Temporary Accounts - first edit popup.png|thumb]] '''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_e2MNLeWJU89pNTo Utafiti huu hautachukua zaidi ya dakika 5 kukamilisha.]''' Timu ya Trust & Safety Product hivi karibuni iliunda [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|akaunti za muda]] zinapatikana kwenye miradi ya wiki 12. Kuna mipango ya kupanua hili kwa seti kubwa ya miradi ya wiki katika wiki na miezi ijayo, kisha kufuata mchakato wa kutekeleza kikamilifu baadaye mwaka huu. Ushiriki wako katika utafiti huu utakuwa na manufaa makubwa katika kutusaidia kuelewa jinsi Akaunti za Muda zinavyofanya kazi na kile tunachoweza kuboresha mbele. Sera ya faragha ya utafiti huu inaweza kuonwa [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Temp_Accounts_Minor_Pilots_Survey_Privacy_Statement|kupitia kiungo hiki]]. Kwa kumaliza utafiti huu, unakubali masharti yaliyoainishwa katika sera ya faragha. Asante!<section end="body"/> [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">majadiliano</span>]]) 02:50, 27 Februari 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/8&oldid=28315571 --> :Ni wazo zuri likiwa na faida juu ya kuwezesha wachangiaji wasiopenda kujisajiri. Japo nina mapendekezo akaunti hizi ziangaliwe upya ili kuzuia waharibifu wa mtandao, pendekezo ni kwamba hizi akaunti za muda ziwe na mipaka ya matumizi (mfano: idadi ya hariri, muda wa kuwepo. Akaunti lazima zipangiliwe vizuri ili zisitumike vibaya au kuharibu kazi za jamii ya Wikipedia. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:20, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) == Talk Page == Why would you delete my talk page? About Morisi, I moved Mauritius (Not Mauritania) to Morisi. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz^{Chronist^2.0}</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 06:13, 20 Juni 2025 (UTC) == Ancient Sorcerous Empire == WikiBayer - is NOT guardian angel, it is ANNONRIAL/RAVERNAL pure evil: [[Majadiliano_ya_mtumiaji:Gayle157#Elephant_in_Porcelain_Shop]] READ debunking of WikiBayer reverts. '''[[Mtumiaji:Annonrial Guardian Ravernal Angel|Annonrial Guardian Ravernal Angel]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Annonrial Guardian Ravernal Angel|majadiliano]])''' 08:26, 24 Juni 2025 (UTC) == samahani naitwa janeth john == nimeona umefuta makala yangu iitwayo"understandable way to open source technology" ningependa kujua kwanini umefuta maana nina hiitaji nnashida nayo '''[[Mtumiaji:JANETH JOHN LUTENGANO|JANETH JOHN LUTENGANO]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:JANETH JOHN LUTENGANO|majadiliano]])''' 11:34, 25 Juni 2025 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:JANETH JOHN LUTENGANO|JANETH JOHN LUTENGANO]] Jibu ni rahisi. Hii ni Wikipedia ya Kiswahili, huo Uzungu unafuata nini hapa? [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 07:48, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) == Delete == What is wrong with you? Why do you delete pages just anyhow , Like why did you delete the redirect to Vita za Israeli-Irani [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz^{Chronist^2.0}</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 12:55, 25 Juni 2025 (UTC) :Habari! :Nimefuta redirection kwa sababu tayari ukurasa umehamishwa, hakuna haja ya kuwa na makala iliyokosewa jina kipindi inaanzishwa. labda :kama ingekuwa makala iliyofutwa inafanania sana na ilikohamishiwa na kuwa makala iliyofutwa ni maarufu ama ndio jina linalojulikana sana. Mfano Makala iliyofutwa ingekua Aguahrz ila watu wanafahamu zaidi Chronist basi redirection ya Chrosist ingebaki. Amani kwako! '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:08, 25 Juni 2025 (UTC) ::That's not how it works, ::You don't delete redirects after a page is moved, This is because it preserves History, It also prevents broken links since there are page linking to that redirect . ::Also the redirect page you delete wasn't as a result of page move i created it for alternative names, ::Its just like how Iran redirects to Irani , That doesn't mean you delete the redirect , [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz^{Chronist^2.0}</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 14:04, 25 Juni 2025 (UTC) :::Hapo zamani niliwahi kusimamia zoezi la editorthon, vijana wapya walikua wakipata mafunzo jinsi ya kuandika makala kwenye boksi la mchanga na kisha kuichapisha makala, vijana wengi waliandika vichwa vya makala na kuweka kituo kikubwa mwishoni mwa jina la makala. Mwalimu wetu alitufundisha kanuni za uandishi na jisi ya kuhamisha makala hizo kwa kuondoa kituo kikubwa mwishoni mwa makala zenye makosa. kisha makala yenye makosa (redirect) zilifutwa. Sio kila redirect ina maana kubaki au la basi mradi huu usingefikia ubora ulionao. kama wachangiaji tutaendelea kuboresha kadiri inavyofaa kulingana na kanuni za mradi. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 15:56, 25 Juni 2025 (UTC) ::::Bro, You are wrong you need to read [[en:Wikipedia:Redirect/Deletion reasons|WP:Redirect/Delete Reasons]] :::::The redirect page i created was for alternative name to ensure readers find the article easily. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="fontfamily: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz^{Chronist^2.0}</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 16:49, 25 Juni 2025 (UTC) == Indentations == Please do NOT waste indent steps by multiple ":" at once. Single step suffices, and on contrary, it looks like long tabulation. '''[[Mtumiaji:CLA 245|CLA 245]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CLA 245|majadiliano]])''' 11:25, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) :Thanks :'''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:26, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) ::You again forgot it. '''[[Mtumiaji:CLA 245|CLA 245]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CLA 245|majadiliano]])''' 11:27, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) :::Oh I see, I'm used to start with : in reply for a single step (old version). I have noticed now when you reply there is a single step created automatically. So much have changes in Wiki, again thanks. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:38, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) == Misclassification == Since [[Mtumiaji:Peter Born lȣ]] is ALREADY belonging to MASSIVE [[:Jamii:Akaunti bandia za NyinaWaJambo]] group of accounts, '''[[Mtumiaji:FIutureIA]]''' should be tagged as SOCK of "NyinaWaJambo" as well, but '''NOT''' to single-member "Peter Born lȣ" subgroup. Please change in '''[[Mtumiaji:FIutureIA]]''' "Peter Born lȣ" string to "NyinaWaJambo" string to avoid single-member [[:Jamii:Akaunti bandia za Peter Born lȣ]]. '''[[Mtumiaji:CLA 245|CLA 245]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CLA 245|majadiliano]])''' 11:35, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) :I will work on it.'''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:40, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) ::{{ping|Czeus25 Masele}} [[Mtumiaji:FIutureIA]] is '''admin-only''', still nothing changed, simply please fix as said HERE, from "Peter Born lȣ" to "NyinaWaJambo", since Gayle obviously triggered DISRUPTIVE single-member recursing subcategory. '''[[Mtumiaji:CLA 245|CLA 245]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CLA 245|majadiliano]])''' 11:45, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) ::[[Mtumiaji:FIutureIA]] begs correction. You forgot IT. '''[[Mtumiaji:Gaël Clän|Gaël Clän]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gaël Clän|majadiliano]])''' 13:37, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) :::I'm investigating '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:40, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) ::::I will investigate for you. If '''FIutureIA''' is sock of '''Peter Born lȣ''' who in turn is sock of '''NyinaWaJambo''', then '''FIutureIA''' is too sock of '''NyinaWaJambo'''. '''DITCH INTERMEDIATE STEP'''. '''[[Mtumiaji:Gaël Clän|Gaël Clän]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gaël Clän|majadiliano]])''' 13:46, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[Mtumiaji:Gaël Clän|Gaël Clän]] Lol, You are too ironic, Cut the pretence.! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz^{Chronist^2.0}</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 15:42, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) == I am not PORN monger == They globally locked my "Clän Gaël" account thinking I describe bytes of PORN online. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-83683|&#126;2025-83683]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-83683|talk]]) 13:26, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) :[[w:en:Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block|Wikipedia:Appealing a block - Wikipedia]]'''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:28, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) ::English Wikipedia is UNRELATED. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-82776|&#126;2025-82776]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-82776|talk]]) 13:33, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) :::It works '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:38, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) ::::ENGLISH wikipedia is NOT "META"! And META people are very LOFTY. 90% chance for request defeat. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-85053|&#126;2025-85053]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-85053|talk]]) 14:04, 26 Juni 2025 (UTC) == [[Special:Contribs/Maryam_Saleh_Abeid]] == You should know what "[[template:Karibu]]" boilerplate says. She does since weeks '''recurring breaching''' of [[w:en:Wikipedia:Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia]]. Administrative action needed. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-24870-7|&#126;2025-24870-7]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-24870-7|talk]]) 08:20, 23 Julai 2025 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:~2025-24870-7|~2025-24870-7]] Can you make your english simple?'''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:29, 23 Julai 2025 (UTC) You too should admonish her as '''admin'''. Many '''non'''-admin people tell her to stop going against [[w:en:Wikipedia:Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia]] and she ignores that STUBBORNLY, see: [[Majadiliano_ya_mtumiaji:Maryam_Saleh_Abeid]]. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-25146-2|&#126;2025-25146-2]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-25146-2|talk]]) 08:49, 23 Julai 2025 (UTC) :Thanks. As any contributor you can do correction of any article that has not been restricted by admins, hence whenever there is an article you see not fit please do some improvement, add a banner addressing the issues of it it is for deletion add it on deletion list. Also do not hesitate to point out what was done wrong by the contributor in their talk page. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:11, 23 Julai 2025 (UTC) [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Maryam Saleh Abeid]] - "What Was Done Wrong" already there and she still blatantly ignores all that. '''[[Mtumiaji:Wflgf|Wflgf]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Wflgf|majadiliano]])''' 09:25, 23 Julai 2025 (UTC) :usichoke kurekebisha makosa, ila endapo atafanya mabadiliko ya kuondoa kwa makusudi masahihisho yatakayofanywa ataonywa na kuchukuliwa hatua. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:28, 23 Julai 2025 (UTC) == Vyanzo == There is <nowiki>{{vyanzo}}</nowiki> full boilerplate instead of misapplied inline version. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-24742-3|&#126;2025-24742-3]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-24742-3|talk]]) 09:00, 23 Julai 2025 (UTC) :1.Add <nowiki>{{Futa}}</nowiki> - if suggesting deleting the article ref: [[:Jamii:Makala zenye matatizo|Jamii:Makala zenye matatizo - Wikipedia, kamusi elezo huru]] :2.add <nowiki>{{Chanzo}}</nowiki> - if an article has no reference '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:11, 23 Julai 2025 (UTC) :<nowiki>{{Futa}}</nowiki> is WRONG,it does NOT support <nowiki>{{Futa|Reason}}</nowiki>, so use <nowiki>{{Delete|Reason}}</nowiki> instead. '''[[Mtumiaji:Wflgf|Wflgf]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Wflgf|majadiliano]])''' 09:21, 23 Julai 2025 (UTC) :<nowiki>{{Chanzo}}</nowiki> is wrong, it creates PETIT inline. TO cover whole article, better is <nowiki>{{Vyanzo}}</nowiki>. '''[[Mtumiaji:Wflgf|Wflgf]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Wflgf|majadiliano]])''' 09:22, 23 Julai 2025 (UTC) Thanks for clarification '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:24, 23 Julai 2025 (UTC) :[[Kigezo:Db-meta]] contains UPDATED code supporting <nowiki>{{Delete|Reason}}</nowiki> syntax. Please copy its code into [[Kigezo:Futa]] which is obsolete since years. '''[[Mtumiaji:Wflgf|Wflgf]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Wflgf|majadiliano]])''' 09:28, 23 Julai 2025 (UTC) == [[Maalum:Michango/Ternera]] == Obvious behavior akin to '''SOVIET COMMISSAR''', [[Maalum:Michango/~2025-32681-1]] was OK! [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-33265-3|&#126;2025-33265-3]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-33265-3|talk]]) 19:45, 4 Agosti 2025 (UTC) == Wito wa kupiga kura kwa ajili ya [[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu]] - awe msimamizi wa kusano == Ndugu @[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] [[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni]], unaombwa kupiga kura juu ya kumpatia uwezo wa ukabidhi/usimamizi wa kusano katika ukurasa wa [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi#Msimaizi wa KUSANO - Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu]]. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 07:56, 7 Agosti 2025 (UTC) == Dogo Janja == [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dogo_Janja&diff=1444388&oldid=1444308 R.R. agreed finally with mine blank!] So can thou lift BLOCK from "Dogo Janja" account now? '''[[Mtumiaji:Janja Dogo|Janja Dogo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Janja Dogo|majadiliano]])''' 10:03, 12 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :Done! '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:18, 12 Agosti 2025 (UTC) == MIS-conceptions == [[:Jamii:Makala_kwa_ufutaji]] should contain '''ONLY''' pages condemned for SPEEDY DELETE like vandalism, etc..., so do NOT use <nowiki>{{futa}}</nowiki> nor <nowiki>{{delete|REASON}}</nowiki>, but instead always use <nowiki>{{vyanzo}}</nowiki>. '''[[Mtumiaji:Hakim Abdazath|Hakim Abdazath]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hakim Abdazath|majadiliano]])''' 14:49, 12 Agosti 2025 (UTC) It is example of FUTA purpose. [[Mtumiaji:Lvova]] wants her userpage permanently deleted so META-hosted userpage will show. Delete [[Mtumiaji:Lvova]] for real as she wish please. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-40114-5|&#126;2025-40114-5]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-40114-5|talk]]) 12:17, 16 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :Thank you. {{Ping|Riccardo Riccioni}} do I have the rights to perform this action? '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 12:21, 16 Agosti 2025 (UTC) ::@[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] Usijisumbue. Ni wasumbufu wa mjini. Anakuja na jina jipya kila siku. Hicho atakacho hakina faida yoyote kwa kamusi yetu. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 18:16, 16 Agosti 2025 (UTC) Use <nowiki>{{ping|Riccardo Riccioni}}</nowiki> instead, bare "@" is notifying '''NOBODY'''. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-40539-0|&#126;2025-40539-0]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-40539-0|talk]]) 13:50, 16 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:~2025-40539-0|~2025-40539-0]] Si kweli. Ukiweka @ inamjulisha kama ametajwa. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 18:16, 16 Agosti 2025 (UTC) ::Wabheja! @[[Mtumiaji:Muddyb|Muddyb]]'''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 18:38, 16 Agosti 2025 (UTC) Really please delete both [[Lvova]] and [[Mtumiaji:Lvova]], she wants that to be deleted since her META user page https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Lvova does not show from META into THIS wiki. '''[[Mtumiaji:Hakim Abdazath|Hakim Abdazath]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hakim Abdazath|majadiliano]])''' 15:29, 17 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :This was done. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 15:45, 17 Agosti 2025 (UTC) == Kigezo:User Wikimania == Jambo. Sorry for writing in English. Could you please tell me whether my translation on [[Kigezo:User Wikimania]] is correct? ''This user participated in Wikimania {{{1}}}.'' → ''Mtumiaji huyu alishiriki katika Wikimania {{{1}}}.'' Asante. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Volvox|Volvox]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Volvox|majadiliano]])''' 16:52, 17 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :Habari! Yes your translation is correct, and thank you for creating that. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 16:56, 17 Agosti 2025 (UTC) == Reverts == Use REVERT not ROLLBACK, so it will permit edit summary editing. Please write in EDIT summary meaningful reasons instead of using constant [[Maasai]]... mantra, example: https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yericko_Nyerere&action=history In this way TEMP ACCOUNTS will understand what is going. Your and not only your habit should be changed permanently. '''[[Mtumiaji:Hakim Abdazath|Hakim Abdazath]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hakim Abdazath|majadiliano]])''' 09:46, 19 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :What should have been written in that matter give me an example. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 19 Agosti 2025 (UTC) In this case, instead of [[Maasai]]... HIHI HIHI... there should be written in edit summary: "ji jambo jemba kuendelea kuhariri makala, ila kumbuka unapoongeza taarifa fulani inahitaji chanzo kuthibitisha" Analogously other reasons in other cases. '''[[Mtumiaji:Hakim Abdazath|Hakim Abdazath]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hakim Abdazath|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 19 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :majadiliano |michango |zuia|'''rejesha'''|asante this is what I see and I normally use the bolded one '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:53, 19 Agosti 2025 (UTC) Simply use "tengua" inside edit history instead of "rejesha" to be able to insert custom edit summaries. '''[[Mtumiaji:Hakim Abdazath|Hakim Abdazath]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hakim Abdazath|majadiliano]])''' 09:55, 19 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :We cannot trust outsiders, even established ones. [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uhandisi_wa_reli&diff=1459836&oldid=1459268 WTF]? English vandalisms restored? FYI: already reverted. '''[[Mtumiaji:Wotwo|Wotwo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Wotwo|majadiliano]])''' 14:08, 13 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) == Misplaced Articles == If trivial page is obstruction, delete it first. Please ALWAYS move articles misplaced on talks and userpages to ARTICLE SPACE, see [[special:contribs/Geoffrey_Kurara]]. Do NOT copypaste, it is to preserve edit history for having all contributors listed there, it is required by WMF licensing terms. '''[[Mtumiaji:Geoffrey Kurara|Geoffrey Kurara]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Geoffrey Kurara|majadiliano]])''' 10:43, 21 Agosti 2025 (UTC) == Old Account == Please unblock "Jumanne Rajabu", it was overblow - ONE YEAR, i am sorry for newbie error. '''[[Mtumiaji:Jumane Rajabu|Jumane Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Jumane Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 15:52, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :Are you the real J4? I know he wouldn't edit his own article and without credible source. Ok 1 year was not overblow but to showcase this trend of people editing their own articles. Appology accepted. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 16:01, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC) Of course I am the same as "Jumanne Rajabu", and this BAN-ana expected to be lifted ASAP, makes my old account useless to talk with you and R.R. on their own userpages. '''[[Mtumiaji:Jumane Rajabu|Jumane Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Jumane Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 16:03, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC) Alternatively, you can BAN-anize old "Jumanne Rajabu" account for ever. '''[[Mtumiaji:Jumane Rajabu|Jumane Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Jumane Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 16:10, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :I know you can still write on your userpage ref [[:en:Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block|Wikipedia:Appealing a block - Wikipedia]] and you can appeal your block here [[:en:Wikipedia:Unblock_wizard|Wikipedia:Unblock wizard - Wikipedia]] '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 17:22, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC) I do not need any Wizards nor Witchs and that all is on ENGLISH wikipedia separate from SWAHILI wikipedia. Simply YOU please unblock my old account when YOU accepted my apology. '''[[Mtumiaji:Jumane Rajabu|Jumane Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Jumane Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 17:33, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :You can still appeal if you think it was unfair block. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 17:37, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC) ::@[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] It's time for soul finding. Do not waste your energy on minor issues. You did your part, let the ball roll on its own. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 19:02, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :::Wakola! '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 19:06, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC) == Explanation == META is one wiki, ENGLISH wikipedia is other wiki, SWAHILI is current wiki, GERMAN wikipedia is different wiki, etc... Telling someone to do something outside SWAHILI wiki instead locally here I do not understand. SWAHILI wiki does not contain any advanced bureaucratic scripts nor wizards, and direct addressing on talk is sole way here. '''[[Mtumiaji:Hakim Abdazath|Hakim Abdazath]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hakim Abdazath|majadiliano]])''' 17:43, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC) It is NOT related to current SW-wiki at all. Yes, using of [[w:en:Wikipedia:Unblock_wizard]] will cause ENGLISH admins only to conclude that blockee is NOT blocked at all on ENGLISH wikipedia. '''[[Mtumiaji:Geoffrey Kurara|Geoffrey Kurara]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Geoffrey Kurara|majadiliano]])''' 18:13, 22 Agosti 2025 (UTC) == Futa == [[:template:futa]] is nothing but '''disfunctional deficiency''', unable to convey "delete reason". Please copy full code from [[:template:db-meta]] into adminprotected [[:template:futa]] so "delete reason" will be since NOW supported. '''[[Mtumiaji:Reliwei|Reliwei]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Reliwei|majadiliano]])''' 08:39, 4 Septemba 2025 (UTC) :This was done. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:49, 4 Septemba 2025 (UTC) == [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mchizi Petro]] == From protected [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mchizi Petro]] please BLANK all lines between: "Thank you" and "== Mchizi Petro ==" it is ARTICLE COPY unsuitable for talk page. '''[[Mtumiaji:AlexBongo98|AlexBongo98]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AlexBongo98|majadiliano]])''' 08:02, 5 Septemba 2025 (UTC) :Sure.'''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:19, 5 Septemba 2025 (UTC) So please DELETE it now wholly. '''[[Mtumiaji:AlexBongo98|AlexBongo98]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AlexBongo98|majadiliano]])''' 18:05, 5 Septemba 2025 (UTC) :It’s deleted '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 18:06, 5 Septemba 2025 (UTC) == ABBEY == Please see [[:Jamii:Makala_kwa_ufutaji]] you deleted only one ABBEY page, please delete rest, there are much more to delete. '''[[Mtumiaji:AlexBongo98|AlexBongo98]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AlexBongo98|majadiliano]])''' 20:02, 5 Septemba 2025 (UTC) :Some pages needs improvement and you can do improvement to rescue them. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 03:46, 6 Septemba 2025 (UTC) == Kigezo == <nowiki>{{tafsiri kompyuta}}</nowiki> ≠ <nowiki>{{futa}}</nowiki> Uhariri ≠ Uharabu '''[[Mtumiaji:AlexBongo98|AlexBongo98]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AlexBongo98|majadiliano]])''' 14:51, 15 Septemba 2025 (UTC) Please see [[:Jamii:Makala_kwa_ufutaji]] you deleted only one KIGEZO page, please delete rest, there are much more to delete. '''[[Mtumiaji:96dudi69|96dudi69]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:96dudi69|majadiliano]])''' 09:45, 29 Septemba 2025 (UTC) :OK. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:03, 29 Septemba 2025 (UTC) ==Mbegu== Ndugu, naona unapenda bango la mbegu litangulie tanbihi na marejeo, lakini si kawaida. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 09:58, 29 Septemba 2025 (UTC) :Aha sikuliona hilo kwa makala ambazo bango lilikuja chini ya marejeo halafu likafuatiwa na orodha ya marejeo ndio nilirekebisha. Basi ntafanya masahihisho kwa kuongeza (Reflist) chini ya marejeo ili mbegu ije chini baada ya orodha. Ahsante '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:02, 29 Septemba 2025 (UTC) == Kevin Nyerere / Kewin Nyerere == Now please delete all TWO instances of him since he is FICTION and FAKE, see: *https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Nyerere *https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Horcrux '''[[Mtumiaji:Lupinga Nyinga|Lupinga Nyinga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Lupinga Nyinga|majadiliano]])''' 11:43, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :Done. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 12:20, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) == Duplicate == Please delete [[Δελτα]] and [[Majadiliano:Δελτα]], they are duplicates of [[Delta]] and [[Majadiliano:Delta]]. '''[[Mtumiaji:Donna Wanyama|Donna Wanyama]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Donna Wanyama|majadiliano]])''' 08:50, 13 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :This was done. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:03, 13 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) == Font Leak == See [[Majadiliano_ya_mtumiaji:Muddyb#Font_Leak]] - Comic Sans MS font leak outside Muddyb signature fixed by me. '''[[Mtumiaji:Donna Wanyama|Donna Wanyama]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Donna Wanyama|majadiliano]])''' 13:59, 13 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) == Editathon == Is true that EDITATHON was yesterday? Rather [[Wikimedia_Community_Kilimanjaro_2025-26_Monthly_Edit-a-thon/Event_Organizers_Toolkit|TRUE]]! I had some fixing afterwork, even from TEMP ACCOUNT set. '''[[Mtumiaji:Wotwo|Wotwo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Wotwo|majadiliano]])''' 14:43, 13 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :Which one? '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:55, 15 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) ::@[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] Anakutesa tu huyo kaka. Duh! Pole! [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 13:22, 15 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :::Ahsante sana. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:25, 15 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) ::::Ndugu, umefuta <nowiki>[[Jamii:Wiki for Minority Tanzania 2025]]</nowiki> yenye makala kadhaa ambazo hivi sasa hazina jamii tena, na jamii mpya uliyoiunda kwa ajili yake ni tupu. Itabaki hivyo mpaka utakapobadili jamii lengwa katika kila makala husika. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 09:37, 24 Machi 2026 (UTC) :::::Ndugu @[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]], ahsante kwa taarifa, ni kweli ni makosa ya kiufundi nimefanya kubadili jina la jamii na kisha kufuta jamii ya zamani, sikujua kama makala zitabaki yatima bila jamii. nitafanya juhudi ya kuzihamisha makala zote kwenye jamii mpya. Ahsante '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:56, 24 Machi 2026 (UTC) == Viewer == Hi [[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]], nice to see you online in the chat :-) '''[[Mtumiaji:NDG|NDG]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:NDG|majadiliano]])''' 13:06, 27 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :Hello @[[Mtumiaji:NDG|NDG]], ahsante. I'm still familiarizing with the tool. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:10, 27 Aprili 2026 (UTC) ::That's great for your community. I can help you with the basics. '''[[Mtumiaji:NDG|NDG]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:NDG|majadiliano]])''' 13:12, 27 Aprili 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:11, 28 Aprili 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472482 --> ==Makabila== --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 08:55, 3 Mei 2026 (UTC)Ndugu, katika ukurasa kuhusu [[Orodha ya makabila ya Tanzania|orodha ya makabila ya Tanzania]] umeongeza jedwali ambalo linaelekeza kila kitu kwenye Wikipedia ya Kiingereza kama kwamba ile ya Kiswahili isingekuwa na makala hazo, kumbe zipo. Naomba viungo vyote vielekeze kwenya kurasa za Kiswahili, kwa sababu zipo. Asante na amani kwako! :Ahsante Ndugu, bado niko naendelea kuboresha zaidi. Ahsante '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:39, 3 Mei 2026 (UTC) m8zgha6dns7gxu9dk3vm85tswmkishi 0 97018 1530072 1409426 2026-05-02T18:51:01Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530072 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:A14833D at Huairou Shichang (20200810161442).jpg|thumb|Basi la Zhongtong]] [[Picha:Hersteller-logo von Zhong Tong Bus.gif|thumb|Nembo ya Zhongtong]] '''Zhongtong''' ni kampuni inayotengeneza mabasi nchini [[China]]. Kiwanda kipo katika mji wa [[Liaocheng]] katika [[Jimbo la Shangdong]]. Kampuni imeorodheshwa katika [[soko la hisa]] la [[Shenzhen]], na ni mmoja wa watengenezaji mabasi wakubwa wa China<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/newsrelease/commonnews/200703/20070304455301.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2018-03-12 |archive-date=2011-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604013312/http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/newsrelease/commonnews/200703/20070304455301.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>. == Historia == Kampuni hii ilianzishwa mwaka 1958. [[Liaocheng]] kama [[viwanda]] vya kutengeneza mabasi, walianza kutengeneza mabasi mwaka 1971. Baada ya mfululizo wa mabadiliko ya jina sasa ni mabasi ya Zhongtong, mwaka 1998. Mwaka 2017 walikuwa na wafanyakazi 4,000 waliotengeneza kwenye eneo la m² 934,000.<ref>[http://www.zhongtongbuses.com/about.html About Zhogdong], tovuti ya wenyewe, iliangaliwa Machi 2018</ref> ==Marejeo== <references/> [[jamii:kampuni za China]] 2p9k91o5b1nzmg84inms4hj6a452sac 0 100617 1529720 1415332 2026-05-02T12:08:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1529720 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:San Juan de Ogilvie.jpg|thumb|Mt. John Ogilvie]] [[File:Hanged, drawn and quartered.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kifodini]] cha Mt. John Ogilvie.]] '''John Ogilvie''' ([[Drumnakeith]], [[Banffshire]], [[1579]] – [[Glasgow Cross]], [[10 Machi]] [[1615]]) alikuwa [[padri]] [[Mjesuiti]] kutoka [[Uskoti]]. [[Mtoto]] wa kwanza wa Walter Ogilvie, [[Wakalvini|Mkalvini]] [[tajiri]], alipokuwa na [[umri]] wa miaka 12 alitumwa [[Ulaya]] [[bara]] kwa masomo. [[Mwaka]] [[1596]] alijiunga na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] huko [[Leuven]], [[Ubelgiji]], na miaka mitatu baadaye alijiunga na [[Shirika la Yesu]]. Alipata [[upadrisho]] huko [[Paris]], [[Ufaransa]], mwaka [[1610]]. Akifanya [[uchungaji]] huko [[Rouen]], [[Normandy]], aliomba mara kadhaa kutumwa [[Glasgow]] (ingawa tangu mwaka [[1560]] huko Uskoti ilikuwa marufuku kutetea Ukatoliki).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://saints.sqpn.com/saintj60.htm|title=Patron Saints Index: Saint John Ogilvie|date=2009-01-15|access-date=2017-05-14|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115193729/http://saints.sqpn.com/saintj60.htm|archivedate=15 January 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Alipokosa msaada huko, alikwenda [[London]], [[Uingereza]], tena Paris, na mnamo [[Novemba]] [[1613]] akarudi Uskoti akijidai ni [[mfanyabiashara]] na kutumia jina la John Watson. Kumbe alianza kufanya [[utume]] kwa [[bidii]] akihubiri na kusoma [[Misa]] kwa [[siri]] hadi [[Oktoba]] [[1614]], alipofungwa [[gereza|gerezani]] chini ya [[mfalme]] [[James VI]] <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/44375</ref>. Hatimaye alinyongwa na kukatwa vipandevipande.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.katolsk.no/biografi/jogilvie.htm|title=10. mars: Den hellige John Ogilvie (~1580-1615)|date=2010-03-13|access-date=2017-05-14|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313160405/http://www.katolsk.no/biografi/jogilvie.htm|archivedate=13 March 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Alitangazwa [[mwenye heri]] mwaka [[1929]] na [[mtakatifu]] mwaka [[1976]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.stthomasirondequoit.com/SaintsAlive/id195.htm|title=Irondequoit Catholic Communities - - John Ogilvie|date=2008-10-11|access-date=2017-05-14|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011121603/http://www.stthomasirondequoit.com/SaintsAlive/id195.htm|archivedate=11 October 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa na Wakatoliki [[tarehe]] 10 Machi<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090115193729/http://saints.sqpn.com/saintj60.htm Patron Saints Index] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ogilvie, John}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1579]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1615]] [[Category:Wajesuiti]] [[Category:Mapadri]] [[Category:Wafiadini Wakatoliki]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Uskoti]] h13z0v0fbnmbphpzw4a9p5g26nrrjvk 0 101293 1529712 1075092 2026-05-02T12:06:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529712 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:John Bunyan by Thomas Sadler 1684.jpg|thumb|John Bunyan alivyochorwa na [[Thomas Sadler]], [[1684]].]] '''John Bunyan''' ([[Ubatizo|alibatizwa]] [[30 Novemba]] [[1628]]{{spaced ndash}}[[31 Agosti]] [[1688]]) alikuwa [[mhubiri]] na [[mwandishi]]<ref>The best collection of Bunyan's writing appears in ''The Works of John Bunyan,'' edited by George Offor and published in London in three volumes between 1853 and 1855, containing 61 unique works. A revised edition was published in 1862. The misnamed ''Complete Works of John Bunyan,'' edited by John Gulliver and published in one volume by Bradley, Garretson & Co. in 1871, omits 28 works and lacks the biblical references and editorial footnotes present in Offor's collection.</ref> wa [[Kikristo]] kutoka [[Uingereza]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://digitalpuritan.net/john-bunyan/|title=John Bunyan {{!}} Digital Puritan Press|website=digitalpuritan.net|language=en-US|access-date=2017-02-28}}</ref>. Anaheshimiwa na [[Waanglikana]] kama [[mtakatifu]], hasa [[tarehe]] [[29 Agosti]], [[30 Agosti]] au [[31 Agosti]]. ==Baadhi ya maandishi yake== {{Div col}} * ''A Few Sighs from Hell, or the Groans of a Damned Soul'', 1658 * ''A Discourse Upon the Pharisee and the Publican'', 1685 * ''A Holy Life * ''Christ a Complete Saviour (The Intercession of Christ And Who Are Privileged in It)'', 1692 * ''Come and Welcome to Jesus Christ'', 1678 * ''[[Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners]]'', 1666 * ''Light for Them that Sit in Darkness * ''Praying with the Spirit and with Understanding too'', 1663 * ''Of Antichrist and His Ruin'', 1692 * ''Reprobation Asserted'', 1674 * ''Saved by Grace'', 1675 * ''Seasonal Counsel or Suffering Saints in the Furnace – Advice to Persecuted Christians in Their Trials & Tribulations'', 1684 * ''Solomon's Temple Spiritualized'' * ''Some Gospel Truths Opened'', 1656 * ''The Acceptable Sacrifice * ''The Desire of the Righteous Granted * ''The Doctrine of the Law and Grace Unfolded'', 1659 * ''The Doom and Downfall of the Fruitless Professor (Or The Barren Fig Tree)'', 1682 * ''The End of the World, The Resurrection of the Dead and Eternal Judgment'', 1665 * ''The Fear of God – What it is, and what is it is not'', 1679 * ''The Greatness of the Soul and Unspeakableness of its Loss Thereof'', 1683 * ''The Heavenly Footman'', 1698 * ''The Holy City or the New Jerusalem'', 1665 * ''[[The Holy War]] – The Losing and Taking Again of the Town of Man-soul (The Holy War Made by Shaddai upon Diabolus, for the Regaining of the World)'', 1682 * ''[[The Life and Death of Mr Badman]]'', 1680 * ''[[The Pilgrim's Progress]]'', 1678 * ''The Strait Gate, Great Difficulty of Going to Heaven'', 1676 * ''The Saint's Knowledge of Christ's Love, or The Unsearchable Riches of Christ'', 1692 * ''The Water of Life or The Richness and Glory of the Gospel'', 1688 * ''The Work of Jesus Christ as an Advocate'', 1688 {{Div col end}} ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== {{Refbegin}} * {{Citation | year = 2008 | title = Bunyan family tree | first = Clive A | last = Arnold | publisher = Pilgrim House | place = Elstow}}. * {{Citation | title = In the steps of John Bunyan: an excursion into Puritan England | first = Vera | last = Brittain | year = 1950 | place = London | publisher = Rich and Cowan}}. * Forrest, J.F. and Greaves, R.L. (1982), ''John Bunyan: a reference guide''. Boston: GK Hall & Co. * {{Citation | first = Monica | last = Furlong | title = Puritan's progress: a study of John Bunyan | place = London | publisher = Hodder & Stoughton | year = 1975}}. * Keeble, Neil (2010), John Bunyan's literary life. In Anne Dunan-Page (ed.) ''The Cambridge Companion to Bunyan'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 13–25. * {{Citation | first = Peter | last = Morden | title = John Bunyan: the people's pilgrim | place = Farnham | publisher = CWR | year = 2013}}. {{Refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons|John Bunyan}} * [http://www.bunyanmeeting.co.uk/museum/ John Bunyan Museum Bedford] * [http://www.bedford.gov.uk/moothall Moot Hall Elstow, a Museum specialising in 17th century life and John Bunyan] * {{Gutenberg author |id=Bunyan,+John | name=John Bunyan}} * [http://www.chapellibrary.org/literature/bunyan/ John Bunyan Archive] * [http://acacia.pairsite.com/Acacia.John.Bunyan/ Acacia John Bunyan Online Library] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100113165910/http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~dgay/Bunyan.htm International John Bunyan Society] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bunyan, John}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1628]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1688]] [[Category:Wanateolojia wa Uingereza]] [[Category:Wakalvini]] [[Category:Waandishi wa Kiingereza]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Uingereza]] i257zesdidndfugh27c7qyyy5n0700s 0 108634 1529695 1433929 2026-05-02T12:04:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529695 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Tartu Observatory 2008.JPG|right|frameless|208x208px]] '''Paoneaanga pa Tartu''' (Tartu Observatory) ni [[paoneaanga]] maarufu huko [[Estonia]]. Kituo hiki kilianzishwa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Kifalme cha Dorpat (jina la awali la Tartu) kikafunguliwa mwaka [[1802]]. Jengo la uchunguzi lilikamilishwa mwaka [[1810]] kwenye [[kilima cha Toome]] huko [[Dorpat]]. Vifaa vya uchunguzi viliwekwa katika mwaka [[1814]] na von Struve ambaye baadaye alianza uchunguzi. Wanasayansi kadhaa wanaojulikana kuhusishwa katika kituo hiki : von Struve, [[Johann Heinrich von Mädler]], [[Thomas Clausen]], [[Ernst Julius Öpik]], [[Grigori Kuzmin]], [[Jaan Einasto]]. == Viungo vya nje == {{commons category}} * [https://www.to.ee/muuseum/Main/Downloads/Observatoorium.pdf Tartu Observatoorium 1805-1948, Georgi Želnin, 2004]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://www.to.ee/eng/about_us/history Timeline of Tartu Observatory]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.obs.ee/obs/instrumendid/fr.htm Fraunhofer refractor] * [http://www.icranet.org/4th_ICRANet_Scientific_Committee/Volume3-Scientific_Report/12Einasto_b.pdf About the search for dark matter in the Tartu observatory] * [http://www.to.ee Tartu Observatory] {{Wayback|url=http://www.to.ee/ |date=20160111175319 }} {{Mbegu-jio-Ulaya}} [[Jamii:Estonia]] [[Jamii:Paoneaanga]] 8d9sofzlff450xh81efs56ch7st9jb2 0 109315 1530166 1395566 2026-05-02T19:05:45Z Muddyb 379 Kuboresha makala 1530166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Filamu 2 | jina = The Big Boss | picha = TheBigBossposter.JPG | ukuwa_wa_picha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Sura ya filamu ya Hong Kong | mwongozaji = [[Lo Wei]], Wu Chia-hsiang | mtayarishaji = [[Raymond Chow]] | mtunzi = Lo Wei | mwadithiaji = | nyota = [[Bruce Lee]], [[Maria Yi]], [[James Tien (actor)|James Tien]], [[Han Ying-chieh]] | muziki = Wang Fu-ling, [[Peter Thomas (composer)|Peter Thomas]] | sinematografi = Chen Ching-chu | mhariri = Sung Ming | msambazaji = [[Orange Sky Golden Harvest|Golden Harvest]] | imetolewa = {{Film date|df=yes|1971|10|23|Hong Kong}} | muda = Dakika 100 | nchi = Hong Kong | lugha = [[Cantonese]], [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], [[Thai language|Thai]] | bajeti = US$ 100,000 | mapato = US$ 50,000,000 | imetanguliwa_na = | ikafuatiwa_na = [[Fist of Fury]] }} '''The Big Boss''' (kwa Kichina: 唐山大兄; huko Marekani inajulikana kama '''''Fists of Fury''''') ni [[filamu ya mapigano]] ya mwaka 1971 kutoka [[Hong Kong]] iliyoongozwa na [[Lo Wei]]. Hii ni filamu ya kwanza kubwa kwa [[Bruce Lee]] kucheza kama mhusika mkuu tangu arudi katika tasnia ya filamu ya Hong Kong mwaka 1960. Filamu hii pia imewashirikisha waigizaji kama [[Maria Yi]], [[James Tien (actor)|James Tien]], na [[Nora Miao]]. Hapo awali, nafasi ya mhusika mkuu ilipangwa kuchezwa na James Tien, lakini baada ya mwongozaji kubadilishwa na kuwa Lo Wei, nafasi hiyo alipewa Bruce Lee. Bruce Lee alionyesha uwezo mkubwa wa kuigiza ambao ulimfunika James Tien (ambaye tayari alikuwa staa mkubwa wakati huo), na jambo hili lilimfanya Bruce Lee kuwa maarufu sana Kusini Mashariki mwa Asia na baadaye duniani kote. Filamu hii ilipata mafanikio makubwa sana sokoni. Ikiwa na bajeti ndogo ya takriban dola 100,000, ilifanikiwa kuingiza karibu dola milioni 50 duniani kote. Hiyo ni mara 500 zaidi ya gharama iliyotumika kuitengeneza! [[The Big Boss]] ilishikilia rekodi ya kuwa filamu iliyoingiza pesa nyingi zaidi nchini Hong Kong hadi ilipokuja kupitwa na filamu nyingine ya Lee iitwayo ''[[Fist of Fury]]'' mnamo mwaka 1972. ==Mkasa== Cheng Chao-an, kijana mgeni kutoka vijijini nchini China, anahamia Pak Chong, nchini Thailand, kuishi na ndugu zake na kufanya kazi katika kiwanda cha barafu. Anakutana na binamu yake, Hsu Chien, ambaye anamvutia baada ya kusimama kidete dhidi ya wahuni waliokuwa wakimpiga mdogo wake. Ingawa Cheng anatamani kusaidia, anajizuia kwa sababu alimuahidi mama yake kuwa hataingia kwenye mapigano, na huvaa mkufu wa johari (jade) kama ukumbusho wa ahadi hiyo. Cheng anaanza kazi kiwandani. Siku moja, kitalu cha barafu kinapasuka kwa bahati mbaya na mfuko wa unga mweupe—ambao ni dawa za kulevya—unaanguka. Binamu wawili wa Cheng wanauokota, na usiku huo wanaitwa na meneja ambaye anawaambia kuwa kiwanda hicho ni kichaka cha biashara ya magendo inayongozwa na Hsiao Mi (Big Boss). Ndugu hao wanapokataa kujiunga nao, wanauawa na miili yao kufichwa. Hsu Chien na binamu mwingine, Ah Pi, wanaenda nyumbani kwa Big Boss kutafuta ndugu zao, lakini nao wanauawa baada ya mapigano makali. Kukosekana kwao kunasababisha wafanyakazi kugoma na kuanza fujo dhidi ya uongozi wa kiwanda. Cheng anaendelea kuvumilia, lakini wakati wa fujo hizo, mmoja wa wahuni anapasua mkufu wake wa johari. Kwa hasira, Cheng anaingia vitani na kuwapiga wahuni hao vibaya. Ili kutuliza hali, meneja anamteua Cheng kuwa msimamizi (mnyampara). Usiku wa sherehe ya uteuzi wake, Cheng anapewa pombe nyingi na kulala na mwanamke mmoja anayeuza mwili, Sun Wu Man. Jambo hili linamfanya aone haya mbele ya rafiki yake, Chow Mei, na anashindwa kutekeleza ahadi yake ya kufuatilia polisi kuhusu ndugu zake waliopotea. Baadaye, Sun Wu Man anamwonya Cheng kuwa maisha yake yako hatarini na kumpa siri kuwa Hsiao Mi anajishughulisha na biashara ya dawa za kulevya. Baada ya Cheng kuondoka, mtoto wa Big Boss anamuua Sun. Cheng anavamia kiwandani na kugundua dawa za kulevya pamoja na vichwa vya ndugu zake na Sun vikiwa vimegandishwa kwenye barafu. Cheng anapigana na kuua kundi la wahuni pamoja na mtoto wa Big Boss, kisha anarudi nyumbani na kukuta ndugu zake wengine wote wameuawa na Chow Mei ametekwa. Akiwa na uchungu mkubwa, Cheng anaapa kulipiza kisasi. Anavamia jumba la Big Boss na kupigana na kundi lake lote. Wakati mapigano yakiendelea, mtumwa mmoja wa Big Boss anamwachia huru Chow Mei, ambaye anakimbia kwenda kuita polisi wa Thailand. Baada ya mapambano makali ya ana kwa ana, Cheng anamuua Big Boss kwa kumchoma kisu. Baada ya kuona Chow Mei yuko salama akiwa na polisi, Cheng anajisalimisha mikononi mwa mamlaka. == Washiriki == * [[Bruce Lee]] * [[James Tien (actor)|James Tien]] * [[Nora Miao]] * [[Lee Kwan]] * Han Ying-chieh (The Big Boss) * [[Tony Liu]] * Kam San * Kam San * Li Hua Sze * Malarin Boonak * Chan Chue * Chom * [[Chan Wui-ngai|Billy Chan Wui-ngai]] * [[Lam Ching-ying]] * Tu Chia-Cheng * Peter Chan Lung == Viungo vya nje == * {{IMDb title|0067824}} * {{Rotten Tomatoes|the_big_boss_1972}} * [http://hkmdb.com/db/movies/view.mhtml?id=5265&display_set=eng ''The Big Boss''] at the [[Hong Kong Movie DataBase]] * {{Amg movie|17615}} * [http://bruceleelives.co.uk/missingboss.html An in-depth article on the missing scenes featuring rare publicity shots and screenshots] {{Wayback|url=http://bruceleelives.co.uk/missingboss.html |date=20190323101608 }} {{mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:Filamu za 1971]] [[Jamii:Filamu za China]] ermytdvmjxym8gjfrwks9gd4hcad024 0 109887 1530098 1408353 2026-05-02T18:54:41Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530098 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png|thumb|[[Mito]] na maziwa ya Uganda. Bonyeza ili kukuza [[ramani]].]] [[Picha:Deepest lake in uganda.jpg|thumb|left|Ziwa Bunyonyi]] '''Ziwa Bunyonyi''' (yaani '''Mahali pa vindege wengi''') ni [[ziwa]] dogo la [[Uganda]] lililopo kwenye kwenye [[kusini]] ya nchi hiyo, [[wilaya ya Kabale]], karibu na mpaka wa [[Rwanda]].<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Social and economic use of wetland resources : a case study from Lake Bunyonyi, Uganda|last=Maclean, Ilya.|date=2003|publisher=Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment|oclc=1064481271}}</ref> Ziwa lina urefu wa kilomita 25 na upana wa kilomita 7. Eneo lake ni [[hektari]] 6100. Kuna visiwa 29. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Kujisomea == {{refbegin|33em}} * {{citation|last1=UNEMA|title=Uganda: Atlas of our Changing Environment|date=2009|url=https://na.unep.net/atlas/uganda/downloads/uganda-atlas-2009.pdf|page=94|publisher=Uganda National Environment Management Authority|access-date=2022-07-24|archive-date=2022-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712062341/https://na.unep.net/atlas/uganda/downloads/uganda-atlas-2009.pdf|url-status=dead}} * {{citation|last1=Visser|first1=S.A.|title=Chemical Investigations into a System of Lakes, Rivers and Swamps in S.W. Kigezi, Uganda|date=1962|journal=East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal|volume=28|issue=2|pages=81–86|doi=10.1080/00128325.1962.11661848}} {{refend}} == Viungo vya Nje == {{Commons category}} * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=459-IrnCR5Y - a beautiful video about lake Bunyonyi * http://www.bunyonyi.org - A guide To Lake Bunyonyi * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{maziwa ya Uganda}} {{mbegu-jio-Uganda}} [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Kabale]] cgfxi9m4k5bwle7pttolijes76niusj 0 114190 1530128 1278459 2026-05-02T18:59:33Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530128 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Zoom Communications Logo.svg|alt=Nembo ya Zoom|right|frameless|267x267px|Nembo ya Zoom]] '''Zoom Video Communications''' ni [[kampuni]] yenye [[makao makuu]] [[San Jose, California]] inayotoa [[huduma]] ya mikutano kwa video, mikutano ya mtandaoni, na gumzo.<ref name="ume">{{cite web | url=http://www.telepresenceoptions.com/2013/01/zooms_full_featured_ume_videoc/ | title=Zoom's Full Featured UME Videoconferencing Platform Exceeds Expectations | publisher=Telepresence Options | date=27 January 2013 | author=Maldow, David S., Esq. | accessdate=2019-06-26 | archivedate=2019-09-08 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908004103/http://www.telepresenceoptions.com/2013/01/zooms_full_featured_ume_videoc/ }}</ref> == Historia == Zoom ilianzishwa [[mwaka]] [[2011]] na [[mhandisi]] toka kampuni ya [[Cisco Systems]] na kitengo chake, [[WebEx]], ambacho nacho kinatoa huduma kama hii. Mwanzilishi huyo, [[Eric Yuan]], awali alikuwa ni makamu wa raisi wa uhandisi wa Cisco. [[David Berman]], toka WebEx na [[Ring Central]], walichukua urais wa kampuni hii toka Novemba 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/zoom-names-new-president-david-berman-and-board-member-peter-gassner-2069595.htm |title=Zoom Names New President David Berman and Board Member Peter Gassner |work= Press release |date= November 3, 2015 |accessdate= March 21, 2017 }}</ref> Zoom ilianza kutoa huduma zake Januari 2013 na kufikia Mei 2013, ilikuwa na wateja milioni moja.<ref name="tmcnet1mil">{{cite web | url=http://www.tmcnet.com/topics/articles/2013/05/23/339279-zoom-video-communications-reaches-1-million-participants.htm | title=Zoom Video Communications Reaches 1 Million Participants | publisher=TMCnet | date=23 May 2013 | author=Pleasant, Robbie}}</ref> Ilipotoa tolea lake la kwanza, Zoom iliingia ubia na kampuni kadhaa ikiwemo [[Redbooth]] (wakati huo ikijulikana kama Teambox).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/06/18/teambox-adds-high-definition-video-conferencing-market-looks-for-deeper-collaboration/ |publisher=[[TechCrunch]]|title=Teambox Adds High-Definition Video Conferencing, Market Looks for Deeper Collaboration|date=18 June 2013}}</ref> Muda mfupi baadaye iliunda programu iliyoitwa "Works with Zoom",iliyopelekea Zoom kuingia ubia na kampuni za [[Logitech]], Vaddio, and [[InFocus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://conferencing.tmcnet.com/topics/conferencing/articles/347006-zoom-launches-program-with-top-communications-tech-companies.htm|publisher=[[TMCnet]]|title=Zoom Launches Program with Top Communications Tech Companies|date=25 July 2013|accessdate=2019-06-26|archivedate=2019-06-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626032125/http://conferencing.tmcnet.com/topics/conferencing/articles/347006-zoom-launches-program-with-top-communications-tech-companies.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.enterprisenetworkingplanet.com/unified_communications/zoom-beefs-up-video-conferencing-strategy-with-new-partners.html | title=Zoom Beefs Up Video Conferencing Strategy with New Partners | publisher=Enterprise Networking Planet | date=29 July 2013 | accessdate=11 February 2015 | author=Chao, Jude | archivedate=2019-06-26 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626032130/http://www.enterprisenetworkingplanet.com/unified_communications/zoom-beefs-up-video-conferencing-strategy-with-new-partners.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130723005656/en/Zoom-Video-Communications-Partners-Industry-Leading-Technology-Providers | title=Zoom Video Communications Partners with Industry-Leading Technology Providers | publisher=[[Business Wire]] | date=23 July 2013 | accessdate=11 February 2015}}</ref> Towards the end of the year, Zoom managed to have its software integrated into InterviewStream, a company that provides remote video interviewing capacity to employers.<ref>{{cite press release | url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/12/prweb11436166.htm | title=InterviewStream Expands Video Interviewing Capabilities with Zoom Video Integration | publisher=PRWeb | date=December 19, 2013 | accessdate=11 February 2015}}</ref> InterviewStream expanded their video interviewing capabilities using Zoom's video services.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/12/prweb11436166.htm|title=InterviewStream Expands Video Interviewing Capabilities with Zoom Video Integration|work=PRWeb|access-date=2017-06-22}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist|30em}} == Viungo vya nje == *{{official|https://zoom.us/}} {{mbegu-uchumi}} [[Jamii:Kompyuta]] [[Jamii:kampuni za Marekani]] l2uiuzoeyb7pkfxr0w0aavosfj7125y 0 118180 1530270 1349287 2026-05-03T01:56:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530270 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Kwame Ture at a 1966 Mississippi press conference (cropped).jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Stokely Carmichael]] {{Infobox Person |jina = Stokely Carmichael |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = Stokely mnamo mwaka 1966 |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = maarufu kama: '''Kwame Ture |kazi_yake = mwanaharakati |nchi = }} '''Stokely Standiford Churchill Carmichael''' (maarufu kama: '''Kwame Ture'''; [[1941]] – [[1998]]) alikuwa [[mwanaharakati]] wa [[Haki]] za [[Watu weusi]] nchini [[Marekani]]. == Maisha ya mapema == Stokely Standiford Churchill Carmichael alizaliwa [[Port of Spain]], [[Trinidad na Tobago]], katika [[visiwa vya Karibi]]. Alihudhuria Shule itwayo Tranquility School hapo kabla ya kuhamia [[Harlem]], [[New York City]], mnamo [[1952]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 11, aliungana na wazazi wake waliokuwa wakiishi Marekani tangu akiwa na miaka miwili, na alilelewa na bibi yake na shangazi zake wawili. <ref name="NYTobit">Kaufman, Michael T. [https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/16/us/stokely-carmichael-rights-leader-who-coined-black-power-dies-at-57.html "Stokely Carmichael, Rights Leader Who Coined 'Black Power', Dies at 57"], ''[[New York Times]]'', November 16, 1998. Accessed March 27, 2008. [http://www.interchange.org/Kwameture/nytimes111698.html (alternate url)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.interchange.org/Kwameture/nytimes111698.html |date=20210918095448 }}</ref> Alikuwa na dada watatu. <ref name = "NYTobit" /> <ref>[http://biography.yourdictionary.com/stokely-carmichael "Ukweli wa Stokely Carmichael"] {{Wayback|url=http://biography.yourdictionary.com/stokely-carmichael |date=20160301051526 }}, YourDictionary.</ref> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1941|1998}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Trinidad na Tobago]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]] okyr6zfvd51vpllgmgepal27c8w3e1v 0 118224 1529678 1474623 2026-05-02T12:01:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1529678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area|name=Yellowstone National Park|iucn_category=II|iucn_ref=<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://protectedplanet.net/yellowstone-national-park|title=Yellowstone in United States of America|website=protectedplanet.net|publisher=IUCN|access-date=December 31, 2018|accessdate=2019-10-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827123420/https://www.protectedplanet.net/yellowstone-national-park|archivedate=2019-08-27}}</ref>|photo=YellowstonefallJUN05.JPG|photo_caption=[[Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone]]|photo_width=250px|location=[[United States]] * Park County, Wyoming * Teton County, Wyoming * Gallatin County, Montana * Park County, Montana * Fremont County, Idaho |map= |map_caption= |relief=1|coordinates={{coords|44|36|N|110|30|W|region:US-WY|display=inline, title}}|established={{start date|1872|March|1}}|area_acre=2219791|area_ref=<ref name="acres">{{NPS area |year=2011 |accessdate=March 8, 2012}}</ref>|visitation_num=4,115,000|visitation_year=2018|visitation_ref=<ref name="visits">{{NPS visitation |accessdate=March 11, 2019}}</ref>|governing_body=U.S. [[National Park Service]]|website={{Official website}}|embedded1={{designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = WHS | designation1_type = Natural | designation1_criteria = vii, viii, ix, x | designation1_number = [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/28 28]<ref name=whs>{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/28 |title=Yellowstone National Park |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accessdate=March 24, 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224234321/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/28 |archivedate=February 24, 2017 }}</ref> | designation1_date = 1978 (2nd [[World Heritage Committee|session]]) | designation1_free1name = Region | designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in North America|The Americas]] | designation1_free3name = [[List of World Heritage in Danger|Endangered]] | designation1_free3value = 1995–2003 }}}} [[Picha:Yellowstone_River_in_Hayden_Valley.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Mto Yellowstone kwenye tambarare ]] '''Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Yellowstone''' ni [[mbuga]] ya kitaifa [[Marekani|nchini Marekani]]. Ilikuwa mbuga ya kwanza wa kitaifa kutangazwa [[duniani]]. <ref name="UNESCO-facts">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/28|title=UNESCO, Yellowstone National Park|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> [[Jina]] lilichukuliwa kutoka [[Mto Yellowstone]], ambao unapita katikati ya hifadhi. Yellowstone lilipokewa katika orodha ya [[Urithi wa Dunia]] ya [[UNESCO]] [[mwaka]] [[1978]]. Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Yellowstone ni maarufu kwa [[geyser]] zake na [[chemchemi za moto]]. Hifadhi hiyo ina karibu [[nusu]] ya geyser zote duniani. <ref name="UNESCO-facts"/> Geyser maarufu inaitwa Old Faithful kwa sababu inachemka kwa umakini mkubwa kia baada ya dakika ama 65 au 91. Kuna [[wanyamapori]] aina za [[dubu]], [[mbwa mwitu]], [[baisani]] na [[Elki|elk]]<nowiki/>i. [[Watalii]] wengi hutembelea mbuga hiyo kila mwaka kuona geyser na wanyama huko. == Jiografia == Karibu [[asilimia]] 96 ya mbuga ziko katika [[Majimbo ya Marekani|jimbo]] la [[Wyoming]]. Asilimia tatu ziko [[Montana]] na asilimia moja tu huko [[Idaho]]. Eneo lake ni [[km2]] 9,100. . Miaka 640,000 iliyopita Yellowstone ilikuwa mahali pa [[volkeno]] kubwa. Volkeno hii ilisababishwa na " hotspot " katika [[koti]] ya [[Dunia]], ambako [[bamba la Amerika Kaskazini]] lilipita juu yake na kuyeyusha [[ganda la Dunia]] hapa. [[Mlipuko]] mkubwa wa volkeno ulirusha kilomita za mjazo 1,000 za miamba na [[lava]] [[Hewa|hewani]]. {{Convert|240|cumi}} ya [[mwamba]] na lava angani.<ref name="volcanic">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs100-03/|title=Tracking changes in Yellowstone's restless volcanic system|work=|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey|date=2006-01-09|accessdate=2007-03-12}}</ref> [[Wataalamu]] wanategemea kutokea kwa mlipuko mwingine katika muda usio mbali sana.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Lowenstern|first=Jake|date=June 2005|title=Truth, fiction and everything in between at Yellowstone|url=http://www.agiweb.org/geotimes/june05/feature_supervolcano.html|journal=Geotimes|publisher=American Geologic Institute|access-date=2007-03-12|archive-date=2019-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203211435/http://www.agiweb.org/geotimes/june05/feature_supervolcano.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Picha:Antilocapra_americana.jpg|right|thumb|225x225px| Swala la Pronghorn hupatikana mahali pengi kwenye nyasi za mbuga. ]] === Baisoni === [[Picha:Bison_near_a_hot_spring_in_Yellowstone.JPG|left|thumb|225x225px| Baisoni hutafuta malisho karibu na chemchemi ya moto ]] Kati ya [[wanyama]] wakubwa mashuhuri wa Yeloowstone ni [[kundi]] la [[baisoni]]. Hao ng'ombe mwitu wakubwa walijaza [[nyika]] za [[Amerika ya kaskazini]] kwa [[idadi]] za mamilioni hadi [[karne ya 19]]. [[Mwaka]] [[1902]] wanyama 50 waliokuwa kati ya mwisho waliobaki walipelekwa Yellowstone. Mnamo mwaka [[2003]] idadi yao ilikuwa imeongezeka kufikia 4,000. == Marejeo == {{Reflist|2}} == Tovuti zingine == {{Commons category-inline|Yellowstone National Park}} * [http://www.nps.gov/yell/ Maeneo rasmi ya Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Yellowstone] * [http://www.nps.gov/archive/yell/tours/ Nyumba ya sanaa ya picha ya kina ya Yellowstone kwenye tovuti rasmi ya NPS.gov] * [http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/yvo/history.html USGS: Historia ya volkeno ya uwanja wa Volkano wa Planoau] {{Wayback|url=http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/yvo/history.html |date=20070318093739 }} * [http://bioinfo.bact.wisc.edu/themicrobialworld/LAHT/b1.html Maisha kwenye joto la juu] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120707091601/http://bioinfo.bact.wisc.edu/themicrobialworld/LAHT/b1.html |date=2012-07-07 }} - Utangulizi wa bakteria ya thermophilic ya Yellowstone. * [http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs100-03/ ''Kufuatilia Mabadiliko katika Mfumo wa Volkeno wa''] Sio wa Volkano usiovunjika, Uchunguzi wa Jiolojia wa Amerika, Karatasi ya Ukweli 100-03, 2004 * [http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&articleID=00076914-0667-10AA-84B183414B7F0000 Jarida la Sayansi Amerika (Juni 2004 Suala) Masomo kutoka kwa Wolf] [[Jamii:Wyoming]] [[Jamii:Montana]] [[Jamii:Idaho]] [[Jamii:IUCN Jamii II]] 7utwokigg4lwf95ypkgcqfn0a8x2qzh 0 118391 1530109 1301193 2026-05-02T18:56:33Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ziwa | jina = Ziwa Vostok | picha = LakeVostok-Location.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = Mahali pa ziwa katika Antaktiki | mahali = | nchi = [[Antaktiki]] | eneo = [[kilomita ya mraba|km<small>²</small>]] 12,500 | kina = mita 432 | mito inayoingia = | mito inayotoka = | kimo = ,ita -500 | miji = }}{{coord|77|30|S|106|00|E|display=title}} [[Picha:Lake Vostok drill 2011.jpg|250px|thumb|Ziwa Vostok chini ya barafu ya Antaktiki]] [[Picha:Lake Vostok Sat Photo color.jpg|150px|thumb|Ziwa Vostok jinsi linavyoonekana kutoka satelaiti]] '''Ziwa Vostok''' ni [[ziwa]] lililopo kwenye [[Bara la Antaktiki]] chini ya ngao ya [[barafu]]. Ni moja kati ya maziwa 400 yaliyotambuliwa chini ya barafu ya Antaktiki; ni ziwa kubwa la bara hilo. Ni ziwa lenye [[maji]] ya kumiminika yaliyo [[mita]] 4000 chini ya uso wa barafu ya Antaktiki. [[Jina]] lake limetokana na [[Kituo cha Vostok]] cha [[Urusi]] kilichopo kwenye uso wa barafu juu yake. Kuwepo kwa ziwa hilo liligunduliwa na [[Mwanasayansi|wanasayansi wa]] [[Urusi]] na [[Uingereza]] waliotumia mitambo ya [[rada]]. Ziwa lina [[Maji matamu|maji safi]]. [[Jotoridi]] ya maji ni karibu -3 [[Selsiasi|°C]] lakini hayagandi, hubaki kiowevu kwa sababu ya [[shinikizo]] kubwa la [[barafu]] juu yake. == Uhai == Hakuna uthibitisho bado kama huna [[uhai]] wowote katika maji ya ziwa hili. Sehemu hii haikuwa na uhusiano na nje kwa miaka [[milioni]] kadhaa kwa sababu imefungwa chini ya ngao ya barafu ya Antaktiki. Wanasayansi walitoboa barafu hadi uso wa ziwa mara 3 wakakuta baadaye [[bakteria]] katika sampuli za maji lakini imegunduliwa baadaye kwamba bakteria wote ni machafuko yaliyoingizwa na vifaa vya kutobolea barafu. [[Kimeng'enya|Enzymes]] ya kinga. [[Mazingira]] katika ziwa yanaaminiwa kufanana na yale ya [[Mwezi (maana)|mwezi]] [[Europa]] wa [[Mshtarii|Mshtarii (Jupiter)]] au mwezi [[Enceladus]] wa [[Zohali]]. Kupata uhai katika ziwa hilo kungeongeza uwezekano wa kukuta uhai umekuwepo katika moja ya miezi hiyo. <ref name="tdg">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2007/12/secret-life-o-1.html|title=Mystery of Antarctica's 15-million year-old lake|date=2007-12-04|accessdate=2009-07-01|work=The Daily Galaxy|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316014449/http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2007/12/secret-life-o-1.html|archivedate=2008-03-16}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Tovuti za Nje == {{Commons category|Lake Vostok}} * [http://www.earthinstitute.columbia.edu/news/story3_2_01a.html Mailiya Chini ya barafu ya Antarctic, Maisha ya Ziwa La Maji Meupe la Bahari ya Maji] . Robert Lee Hotz, ''Los Angeles Times'' . * [http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~mstuding/vostok.html Columbia.edu: About Lake Vostok] * [http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/pi/vostok/ Columbia.edu: "Lake Vostok: A Curiosity or a Focus for Interdisciplinary Study?"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/pi/vostok/ |date=20200427181049 }} (1998) * [http://www.asoc.org/storage/documents/Other_publications/asoc_vostok_statement041408.pdf ASOC.org: Lake Vostok Letter of Appeal to Russia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.asoc.org/storage/documents/Other_publications/asoc_vostok_statement041408.pdf |date=20160304055957 }} * [https://archive.today/20121209073118/http://documentary.operationreality.org/2011/07/19/the-lost-world-of-lake-vostok-under-antarctica/ OperationReality.org: video documentary about Lake Vostok] {{mbegu-jio}} [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Antaktiki]] tuad4sfg8lr96isf25acs4is9ibocjs 0 118479 1530105 1254204 2026-05-02T18:55:49Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 8 template(s) replaced. 1530105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ziwa | jina = Ziwa Maracaibo | picha = Lake_Maracaibo_map.png | maelezo_ya_picha = | mahali = | nchi = [[Venezuela]] | eneo = [[kilomita ya mraba|km<small>²</small>]] 13,512 | kina = [[mita|m]] 60 | mito inayoingia = | mito inayotoka = | kimo = [[mita|m]] 0 | miji = [[Maracaibo]], [[Cabimas]], [[Ciudad Ojeda]] }} '''Ziwa Maracaibo''' ({{Lang-es|Lago de Maracaibo}}) ni eneo kubwa la [[maji]] nchini [[Venezuela]] karibu na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]]. Limeunganishwa na [[Bahari Karibi]] kwa njia ya [[mfereji]] wenye [[upana]] wa [[km]] 5.5. Kupitia mfereji huo [[maji ya chumvi]] hungia ndani yake. Kwa upande mwingine [[ziwa]] linalishwa na [[mito]] mingi. Upande wa kaskazini maji yake huwa ya chumvi-chumvi, upande wa [[kusini]] huwa maji matamu. Hivyo lina [[tabia]] ya [[Hori|hori ya bahari]] lakini pia ya [[ziwa]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Maracaibo|title=Lake Maracaibo|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|date=16 June 2016|accessdate=6 December 2016|author=The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Lake%20Maracaibo|title=Webster's New Geographical Dictionary|last=Merriam-Webster|date=2016|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=0-87779-446-4|page=727}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Comprehensive Atlas of the World|last=Times Books|date=2014|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-00-755140-8|page=47}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.qunlimited.com/conflict.htm|title=Who Wants to Be a Judge at the National Academic Championship?|work=National Academic Championship|date=2003|accessdate=6 December 2016|author=Question Unlimited|archivedate=2017-04-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406182417/http://www.qunlimited.com/conflict.htm}}</ref>. Kwa kawaida huitwa "ziwa", si "hori"<ref name="Murphy">{{Rejea jarida|last=John C. Murphy|title=Marine Invasions by Non-Sea Snakes, with Thoughts on Terrestrial–Aquatic–Marine Transitions|url=http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/52/2/217.full|journal=Integr. Comp. Biol.|publisher=Oxford Journals Volume 52, Issue 2 Pp. 217-226.|issue=52 (2)|pages=217–226.|doi=10.1093/icb/ics060|access-date=May 10, 2012|quote=...from Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela. The mostly freshwater lake is a remnant of the [[Orinoco]] changing course, and has a direct flow of water from the Caribbean through the Strait of Maracaibo and Tablazo Bay.}}</ref>. [[Jina]] lake limetokana na [[mji]] wa [[Maracaibo]], ambao upo upande wa [[mashariki]] mwa mfereji wa kuingia baharini. Pale Maracaibo mfereji huwa na [[upana]] wa km 8.5 ukivukwa kwa [[daraja]] refu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/mar/11/venezuela-lightning-lake-maracaibo|title=Venezuela’s nightly lightning show|author=Baverstock, Alasdair|date=11 March 2015|work=The Guardian|accessdate=19 April 2015}}</ref> Ziwa Maracaibo huwa na vipimo vya km 160 kwa km 110. [[Idadi]] ya mito inayoishia humo ni 135 na mkubwa kati yake ni [[Mto Catatumbo]]. == Umuhimu wa uchumi == [[Meli]] za baharini zinaweza kuingia ndani ya Ziwa Maracaibo na kupeleka mizigo kwenda [[bandari]] za Maracaibo na [[Cabimas]]. Tangu [[mwaka]] [[1914]], [[mafuta ya petroli]] yamepatikana katika ziwa. Hadi leo ziwa na [[mazingira]] yake ni [[kitovu]] cha [[uzalishaji]] wa mafuta nchini Venezuela. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Boschetti|first=Tiziano|last2=Angulo|first2=Beatriz|last3=Cabrera|first3=Frank|last4=Vásquez|first4=Jhaisson|last5=Montero|first5=Ramón Luis|date=2016|title=Hydrogeochemical characterization of oilfield waters from southeast Maracaibo Basin (Venezuela): Diagenetic effects on chemical and isotopic composition|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264817216300435|journal=Marine and Petroleum Geology|volume=73|pages=228-248|doi=10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2016.02.020|via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref> Takribani robo ya wakazi wa Venezuela wanaishi katika bonde karibu na ziwa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=9069|title=LakeNet - Lakes|work=www.worldlakes.org}}</ref> == Shida za mazingira == [[Ekolojia]] ya ziwa huwa na matatizo, Miji mikubwa kando yake humwaga [[majitaka]] mle. Pia uzalishaji wa mafuta husababisha mara kwa mara machafuko. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-AmerikaKusini}} [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Venezuela]] 93b7vkb31nqucoqpny3c13z3omzpbmi 0 118505 1530104 1210662 2026-05-02T18:55:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ziwa | jina = Ziwa Great Slave | picha = UtsingiPoint-GreatSlaveLake.JPG | maelezo_ya_picha = Ufuko wa mashariki | mahali = | nchi = [[Kanada]], jimbo la [[Northwest_Territories]] | eneo = [[kilomita ya mraba|km<small>²</small>]] 27,200 | kina = [[mita|m]] 614 | mito inayoingia = Mito ya Hay, Slave, Taltson, Lockhart, Yellowknife | mito inayotoka = [[Mto Mackenzie]] | kimo = [[mita|m]] 156 | miji = }} '''Ziwa Great Slave''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: [[Grand lac des Esclaves]]; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: [[Great Slave Lake]]) ni [[ziwa]] la pili kwa ukubwa katika maeneo ya [[Northwest Territories]] ya [[Kanada]]. Ni ziwa lenye [[kina]] kirefu zaidi katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini|Amerika Kaskazini]] likifikia [[mita]] 614 <ref name="EoEarth">{{Rejea jarida|last=Hebert|first=Paul|date=2007|title=Encyclopedia of Earth|url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Great_Slave_Lake,_Northwest_Territories|publisher=Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment|publication-place=Washington, DC|access-date=2007-12-07|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> na ziwa kubwa la tisa [[duniani]]. [[Urefu]] wake ni [[km]] 480 likiwa na [[upana]] wa km 19 hadi 109, hivyo kuwa na eneo la [[km2]] 27,200. [[Jina]] linatokana na [[neno]] la [[utani]] la [[Maindio]] wa Cree kwa maadui wao waliokalia sehemu ya ziwa. Waliwaita "watumwa" na jina hili lilitafsiriwa na [[Wafaransa]] wa kwanza waliofanya [[biashara]] na [[Wacree]] na kuingizwa katika [[ramani]] zao wakiandika "Lac des Esclaves" (ziwa la Watumwa, walishika pia "mto wa watumwa"). [[Umbo]] hili la Kifaransa lilitafsiriwa baadaye kwa Kiingereza "Slave Lake", ilhali kuna "Great Slave Lake" na "Lesser Slave Lake", pia "Slave River". [[Miji]] kwenye ziwa ni pamoja na: [[Yellowknife]], [[Hay River]], [[Behchoko]], [[Fort Resolution]], [[Lutselk'e]], [[Hay River Reserve]], [[Dettah]] na [[N'Dilo]]. ==Picha== <gallery> File:Ice Road on Great Slave Lake 2.jpg|Wakati wa baridi kuna barabara ya magari kwenye barafu ya ziwa Great Slave File:Great Slave Lake.jpg|Hori ya kaskazini kwenye Ziwa Great Slave File:Hay River, NWT.jpg|Mto Hay ni kati ya mito inayochangia ziwa </gallery> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Tovuti za Nje == * [http://www.picsearch.com/pictures/Travel/Nature/Lakes/Great%20Slave%20Lake.html Picha za Lake Slave Lake] {{Wayback|url=http://www.picsearch.com/pictures/Travel/Nature/Lakes/Great%20Slave%20Lake.html |date=20120718011849 }} kutoka [http://www.picsearch.com Picsearch.com] {{mbegu-jio-Kanada}} [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Kanada]] [[Jamii:Northwest Territories]] 7da7kuahhn57370bdtx2lzvdrhd958h 0 118596 1530103 1091011 2026-05-02T18:55:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ziwa | jina = Ziwa Great Bear <br/> Great Bear Lake | picha = Great Bear Lake.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = Picha ya Ziwa Great Bear kutoka angani (angalia moshi wa moto wa misituni) | mahali = {{Coord|66|N|121|W|region:CA-NT_type:waterbody_scale:2000000|display=inline,title}} | nchi = [[Kanada]], [[Northwest Territories]] | eneo = [[kilomita ya mraba|km<small>²</small>]] 31,153 | kina = [[mita|m]] 71 | mito inayoingia = | mito inayotoka = | kimo = | miji = }} '''Ziwa Great Bear''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Grand lac de l'Ours; "Ziwa kubwa la [[dubu]]") ni [[ziwa]] lililopo katika [[misitu]] ya [[Kanada]] ya [[Kaskazini]]. Ni ziwa kubwa kabisa ndani ya [[Kanada]], isipokuwa [[Ziwa Superior|(Ziwa Superior]] na [[Ziwa Huron]] ambayo yanavuka mpaka wa Kanada na [[Marekani]] ni makubwa zaidi), ni ya nne kwa ukubwa [[Amerika ya Kaskazini|Amerika Kaskazini]], ni ya nane kwa ukubwa [[ulimwenguni]]. Ziwa liko katika [[Northwest Territories|maeneo ya Northwest Territories]], ndani ya [[mzingo aktiki]] kati ya [[nyuzi]] 65 hadi 67 za [[latitudo]] ya kaskazini na kati ya nyuzi 118 na 123 za [[longitudo]] ya [[magharibi]] ilhali liko mnamo [[mita]] 156 [[juu ya usawa wa bahari]]. == Jiografia == [[Picha:Great Bear Lake (depth information).png|left|thumb|[[Ramani]] inaonyesha kina cha Ziwa la Great Bear.]] [[Picha:Mackenzie River drainage basin.PNG|left|thumb|[[Beseni]] la [[Mto Mackenzie]] likionyesha mahali pa Ziwa Great Bear katika Aktiki ya Kanada.]] Ziwa lina eneo la [[maji]] la [[kilomita za mraba]] 31,153. [[Kina]] kirefu zaidi ni [[m]] 446 na kina cha [[wastani]] m 71. [[Beseni]] lake ni la km² 114,717. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/nam/nam-30.html|title=Great Bear Lake|work=World Lakes Database|publisher=International Lake Environment Committee|accessdate=2 February 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605082305/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/nam/nam-30.html|archivedate=5 June 2011}}</ref> Ziwa Great Bear limefunikwa na [[barafu]] kutoka mwishoni mwa [[Novemba]] hadi [[Julai]]. === Mito inayoingia mle === [[Mito]] inapita kwenye Ziwa Great Bear ni pamoja na [[Mto Whitefish]], [[Mto Big Spruce]], [[Mto Haldane]], [[Mto Bloody River]], [[Mto Sloan]], [[Mto wa Dease]] na [[Mto Johnny Hoe]]. == Marejeo == <references/> {{mbegu-jio-Kanada}} [[jamii:Maziwa ya Kanada]] [[Jamii:Northwest Territories]] sfbfryjtftcoo6bas7l31hhhm1y6n3j 0 118639 1530101 1091200 2026-05-02T18:55:01Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake | name = Lake Chilwa | image = Lake Chilwa NASA.jpg | caption = seen from space (false color) | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Wilaya ya Zomba]] | coords = {{Coord|15|18|S|35|42|E|region:MW_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = Naisi, Thondwe, Phalombe, Songani, Domasi | outflow = (hakuna) | catchment = | basin_countries = [[Malawi]] | length = km 60 | width = km 40 | area = | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | islands = Chisi | cities = |embedded = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_date = 14 November 1996 | designation1_number = 869<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lake Chilwa|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/869|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} [[Picha:Lake Chilwa NASA.jpg|300px|thumb|Ziwa Chilwa jinsi linavyoonekana kutoka [[Anga|angani]].]] '''Ziwa Chilwa''' ni [[ziwa]] la pili kwa ukubwa nchini [[Malawi]], baada ya [[Ziwa Nyasa]]. Liko kwenye [[wilaya ya Zomba]], karibu na mpaka wa [[Msumbiji]]. [[Urefu]] wake ni [[km]] 60, [[upana]] ni km 40. Katikati ya ziwa hilo kuna [[kisiwa]] kiitwacho [[Chisi]]. Hakuna [[mto]] unaotoka katika ziwa. Wakazi wa [[vijiji]] 335 karibu na Ziwa Chilwa<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title = Historical Dictionary of Malawi|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FuXPkCVjzasC|publisher = Rowman & Littlefield|date = 2012-01-01|isbn = 9780810859616|language = en|first = Owen J. M.|last = Kalinga |authorlink=Owen J. M. Kalinga}}</ref> huvua [[samaki]] hapa; zao lote ni takriban [[tani]] 17,000 kwa [[mwaka]]. ==Marejeo== <references/> {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Category:Maziwa ya Malawi|Chilwa]] g2a15nfi17bwcqmuttkyal5b4zvd8h4 0 118664 1530095 1301124 2026-05-02T18:54:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 5 template(s) replaced. 1530095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Ziwa |image=Amarambo Chiuta Malombe.png |caption=Mahali pa Maziwa ya Amarambo Chiuta Malombe nchini Malawi |image_bathymetry=|caption_bathymetry= |location=Msumbiji |coords={{coord|14|22|39|S|35|55|19|E|type:waterbody_region:MZ|display=title}} |inflow=[[Ziwa Chiuta]] |outflow=[[mto Lugenda]]|catchment=|basin_countries=Msumbiji, Malawi |length=km 35 |width=km 1.2 |area=[[ha]] 8350 |depth=|max-depth=mita 5 |volume=|residence_time=|shore=| elevation=mita 635 |islands=|cities=}} '''Ziwa Amaramba''' (kwa {{Lang-pt|Lago Amaramba}}) ni [[ziwa]] lenye [[kina]] kifupi nchini [[Msumbiji]], karibu na mpaka na [[Malawi]]. Liko kwenye uwanda wa juu wa [[Nyasa (ziwa)|Nyasa]], upande wa [[kaskazini]] wa [[Ziwa Chiuta]]. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CKk8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA379|title=The Climate of the Continent of Africa|last=Knox|first=Alexander|publisher=University Press|year=1911|location=Cambridge|page=379}}</ref> Maziwa hayo mawili yako karibu na kwenye [[majira]] ya [[ukame]] kuna [[mfereji]] unaoyaunganisha, lakini kwenye [[masika]] baada ya [[mvua]] nyingi yako kama ziwa moja refu. [[Maji]] hutoka katika ziwa Amaramba kwa njia ya [[Mto Lugenda]] <ref name="RGSwithIBG">{{Rejea jarida|last=The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers)|date=February 1886|title=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|volume=8|issue=2|page=99|jstor=1800926}}</ref> unaoishia katika [[Ruvuma (mto)|Ruvuma]] inayopeleka [[maji]] yake kwenda [[Bahari Hindi]]. Maji ya ziwa Amaramba yanatoka linaunganishwa kila wakati na Mto wa Lugenda, [[mji]] wa [[Ruvuma (mto)|Ruvuma]]. <ref name="Mepham">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA686|title=A directory of African wetlands|last=Mepham|first=Robert|last2=Hughes, R.H|last3=Hughes J. S.|publisher=IUCN|year=1992|isbn=2-88032-949-3|page=686|access-date=2010-10-09}}</ref> == Jiografia == Ziwa Amaramba linaenea kwa [[hektari]] 8350. Uso wa maji yake unapatikana kwenye [[mita]] 635 juu ya [[usawa wa bahari]]. Ziwa huwa na urefu wa [[kilomita]] 35 na [[upana]] wa [[wastani]] wa km 1.5. <ref>Proceedings (1884), p. 720</ref> Upande wa mashariki kuna vilima mbalimbali vinavyoitwa Mitumbi, Mero, Mangombo, Chikalulu na Lipembegwe. <ref>Proceedings (1884), p. 717</ref> Maji ya ziwa ni chanzo endelevu cha maji safi kwa [[watu]] katika [[mazingira]] yake kwa matumizi ya [[kilimo]] na pia kama njia ya usafiri. [[Mafuriko]] yanayotokea kila mwaka huacha [[matope]] kwenye ardhi iliyo jirani na hivyo kuongeza [[rutuba]] ya [[Shamba|mashamba]]. <ref name="Amara">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/coastaleastafrica/lakechiuta-amaramba.html|title=Protecting freshwater ecosystems|accessdate=2010-10-09|publisher=WWF|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130416060658/http%3A//www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/coastaleastafrica/lakechiuta-amaramba.html|archivedate=2013-04-16}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist|2}} == Vitabu == * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBASAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA718|title=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and monthly record of geography|last=Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain)|first=|publisher=Edward Stanford|year=1884|volume=6}} == Kusoma zaidi == * Thieme, Michelle L. (2005). ''Ecoregions ya Maji safi ya Afrika na Madagaska: Tathmini ya Uhifadhi'' . Kisiwa cha Press, Washington DC. Uk. &nbsp; 173-175. == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.flickr.com/search/?q=Amaramba&w=all Picha] {{mbegu-jio-Msumbiji}} [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Msumbiji]] [[Jamii:Bahari ya Hindi]] 40afs429a393yf03kh8tkv5nt84s7so 0 118771 1530106 1465786 2026-05-02T18:56:03Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Ziwa|image=qinghai lake.jpg|caption=Picha ya satelaiti mnamo Novemba 1994. Kaskazini iko upande wa kushoto.|image_bathymetry=|caption_bathymetry=|location=[[Qinghai]], China|coords={{coord|37|00|N|100|08|E|region:CN-63_type:waterbody_scale:1000000|display=title}}|type=[[Ziwa la chumvi]] |inflow=|outflow=|catchment=|basin_countries=|length=|width= |area=km<small>²</small> 4186 (2004)<br>km<small>²</small> 4489<small>(2007)</small><ref name=asdf/>|depth=|max-depth= m 32.8|volume=|residence_time=|shore= |elevation=m 3260 |islands=Sand Island, Bird Islands|cities=[[Haiyan County, Qinghai|Haiyan County]]|reference=<ref name=asdf>{{cite web|url=http://www.cciced.org/2008-07/03/content_15925312.htm|title=Area of Qinghai Lake Has Increased Continuously|publisher=China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development|access-date=August 28, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828130842/http://www.cciced.org/2008-07/03/content_15925312.htm|archive-date=August 28, 2008|accessdate=2019-11-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828130842/http://www.cciced.org/2008-07/03/content_15925312.htm|archivedate=2008-08-28}}</ref>}} '''Ziwa Qinghai''' ni [[ziwa]] kubwa zaidi nchini [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China|China]]. Iko katika [[Qinghai|Mkoa wa Qinghai]] uliopata [[jina]] lake kutoka kwa ziwa hili. Ziwa Qinghai ni [[ziwa la chumvi]] la [[magadi]]. == Majina == "Qinghai" inamaanisha ziwa [[buluu]]. Ziwa hilo huwa na majina mbalimbali katika [[lugha]] za [[Kimongolia]] na [[Kitibeti]] yanayomaanisha "Ziwa la Buluu". == Jiografia == Ziwa Qinghai liko karibu [[km]] 100 [[magharibi]] mwa [[Xining]] katika [[nyanda za juu]] za [[Tibet]] kwenye [[mita]] 3205 juu ya [[Usawa bahari wastani|usawa wa bahari]]. <ref>Buffetrille 1994, p. 2; Gruschke 2001, pp. 90 ff.</ref> Lipo kati ya [[wilaya]] za [[Haibei]] na [[Hainan]] za Tibet kaskazini mashariki mwa jimbo la Qinghai katika kaskazini magharibi ya China. Eneo la ziwa limeonekana kubadilika; limepungua wakati wa [[karne ya 20]] lakini limeongezeka tangu [[2004]]. Mnamo mwaka [[2008]] ziwa lilikuwa na eneo la km<small>²</small> 4217. [[Kina]] cha [[wastani]] ni m 21.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Zhang|first=Guoqing|year=2011|title=Water level variation of Lake Qinghai from satellite and ''in situ'' measurements under climate change|journal=Journal of Applied Remote Sensing|volume=5|pages=053532|doi=10.1117/1.3601363}}</ref> [[Mito]] 23 huingia ndani ya Ziwa Qinghai lakini hakuna njia ya [[maji]] kutoka, isipokuwa kwa [[uvukizaji]]. Kwa njia hiyo ziwa limezidi kuwa ziwa la chumvi lenye magadi mengi. Kwa sasa ziwa huwa na [[asilimia]] 14 za [[chumvi]]. === Tabianchi === Uso wa mji huganda na kuwa [[barafu]] wakati wa [[majira ya baridi]]. == Viungo vya nje == <references/> ===Vitabu=== {{refbegin}} * {{citation|contribution-url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/asia/chinese-political-geography/qinghai|contribution=Qinghai|title=Columbia Encyclopedia|edition=6th|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|ref={{harvid|''Columbia Encycl.''|2001}}|date=2001}}. * {{citation|url=https://archive.org/details/06078133.cn/page/n148|title=Qīndìng Xīyù Tóngwén Zhì|script-title=zh:《欽定西域同文志》|trans-title=Imperial Glossary of the Western Regions|language=Chinese|date=1763|location=Beijing|publisher=|ref={{harvid|''Xiyu Tongwen Zhi''|1763}}}}. * {{citation|last=Bell|first=Daniel|url=https://theses.ncl.ac.uk/jspui/bitstream/10443/4067/1/Bell%2C%20D.M.%202017.pdf|title=Syntactic Change in Xining Mandarin|location=[[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]]|publisher=Newcastle University|date=2017|editor=Anders Holmberg|editor2=Joel Wallenberg|display-editors=0|access-date=2019-11-06|archive-date=2020-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601103856/https://theses.ncl.ac.uk/jspui/bitstream/10443/4067/1/Bell%2C%20D.M.%202017.pdf|url-status=dead}}. * {{citation|last=Buffetrille|first=Katia|contribution=The Blue Lake of Amdo and Its Island: Legends and Pilgrimage Guide|title=The Tibet Journal|volume=Vol. XIX|issue=No. 4|date=Winter 1994}}. * {{citation|first=Andreas|last=Gruschke|contribution=The Realm of Sacred Lake Kokonor|title=The Cultural Monuments of Tibet's Outer Provinces|volume=Vol. I: The Qinghai Part of Amdo|publisher=White Lotus Press|location=Bangkok|date=2001|pp=93 ff|isbn=974-7534-59-2}}. * {{citation|last=Hamer|first=Ashley|contribution-url=https://curiosity.com/topics/what-the-color-grue-means-about-the-impact-of-language-curiosity/|contribution=What the Color Grue Means about the Impact of Language|title=Curiosity|date=10 June 2016|publisher=|location=|access-date=2019-11-06|archive-date=2019-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826145839/https://curiosity.com/topics/what-the-color-grue-means-about-the-impact-of-language-curiosity/|dead-url=yes}}. * {{citation|title=Wildlife Conservation in China: Preserving the Habitat of China's Wild West|first=Richard B.|last=Harris|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|location=|year=2008}}. * {{citation|last=Huang|first=Fei|authormask=Huang Fei|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xoRXDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover|title=Dongchuan in Eighteenth-Century Southwest China|series=''Reshaping the Frontier Landscape'', Vol. 10|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|date=2018}}. * {{citation|last=Hutchings|first=Graham|title=Modern China: A Guide to a Century of Change|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]|date=2003|page=351}}. * {{citation|last=Perdue|first=Peter C.|title=China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2005|location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]}}. * {{citation|title=Historical Dictionary of Mongolia|first=Alan|last=Sanders|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=|date=2010}}. * {{citation|last=Shakabpa|first=Tsepon W.D.|title=Tibet: A Political History|location=New Haven|publisher=Yale University Press|date=1962}}. * {{citation|last=Stanford|first=Edward|authorlink=Edward Stanford|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924023258241#page/n3/mode/2up|title=Complete Atlas of China, ''2nd ed.''|date=1917|publisher=China Inland Mission|location=London}}. * {{citation|last=Su|first=Shuyang|authormask=[[Su Shuyang]]|title=China: Ein Lesebuch zur Geschichte, Kultur, und Zivilisation|language=German|trans-title=|publisher=Wissenmedia Verlag|date=2008|isbn=3-577-14380-0}}. * {{citation|last=Zhang|last2=Ludwig|last3=Zhang|last4=Tong|last5=Li|last6=Tang|last7=Peng|last8=Zhao|display-authors=1|ref={{harvid|Zhang & al.|2015}}|date=2015|contribution-url=http://www.nature.com/articles/srep09780|contribution=Article 9780: ''Gymnocypris przewalskii'' (''Cyprinidae'') on the Tibetan Plateau|title=Scientific Reports|volume=Vol. 5}}. * {{citation|last=Zhu|first=Yongzhong|authormask=Zhu Yongzhong|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FfdXAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover|title=China's National Minority Education: Culture, Schooling, and Development|editor=Gerard A. Postiglione|display-editors=0|publisher=Falmer Press|location=New York|date=1999|contribution=Education among the Minhe Monguo|contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FfdXAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA341|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FfdXAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA341 341–384]|author2=Kevin Stuart|display-authors=1|ref={{harvid|Zhu & al.|1999}}}}. {{refend}} {{mbegu-jio-China}} [[jamii:Maziwa ya China]] 9x5p02qbkvqde1p09c6j9qunj46rgh6 0 118779 1530096 1204010 2026-05-02T18:54:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 11 template(s) replaced. 1530096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Ziwa |image=STS039-085-00E_Lake_Balkhash,_Kazakhstan_April_1991.jpg |caption=Picha ya satelaiti mnamo Aprili 1991 |image_bathymetry=Lakebalkhashbasinmap.png |caption_bathymetry=Ramani ya beseni ya Ziwa Balkhash |location=Kazakhstan |coords={{coord|46|10|N|74|20|E|type:waterbody_region:KZ_scale:2500000|display=title}} |type=Ziwa la chumvi |inflow=mito ya [[Ili River|Ili]], [[Karatal River|Karatal]], [[Aksu River (Kazakhstan)|Aksu]], [[Lepsy River|Lepsy]], [[Byan River|Byan]], [[Kapal River|Kapal]], [[Koksu River|Koksu]] |outflow=''[[uvukizaji]]'' |catchment= |basin_countries=[[Kazakhstan]] 85%<br />[[China]] 15% |length=km 605 |width=Mashariki km 19, magharibi km 74 |area=km<small>²</small> 16400 |depth=m 5.8 |max-depth=m 26 |volume=km<small>³</small> 106 |residence_time=|shore= |elevation=m 341.4|islands=|cities= |frozen=Novemba hadi Machi}} '''Ziwa Balkhash''' (kwa [[Kikazakhi]]: ''Балқаш көлі'', ''Balqaş kóli''; kwa [[Kirusi]]: ''Озеро Балхаш'', ''Ozero Balkhash'') ni moja ya [[Ziwa|maziwa]] makubwa zaidi [[Bara|barani]] [[Asia]] na ziwa kubwa la tano [[duniani]]. Liko katika [[Asia ya Kati]], [[mashariki]] mwa [[Kazakhstan]] ndani ya [[beseni]] linaloshirikiwa na Kazakhstan na [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China|China]], pamoja na sehemu ndogo ya [[Kirgizia]]. Beseni halina njia ya [[maji]] kutoka nje. ==Jiografia== Maji huingia ndani ya ziwa kupitia mito saba ilhali mkubwa ni Mto Ili. Chanzo cha maji ni [[usimbisaji]] hasa kutoka kwa kuyeyuka kwa [[theluji]] kwenye milima ya jimbo la [[Xinjiang]] wa China . Ziwa kwa sasa linajumuisha eneo la karibu km<small>²</small> 16400. Walakini, kama [[Aral (ziwa)|Ziwa Aral]] maji yake huzidi kupungua kama matokeo ya kupunguka kwa maji kutoka [[mito]] inayolilisha. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716085418/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/asi/asi-54.html Lake Balkhash], International Lake Environment Committee</ref> Ziwa limegawanywa na [[shingo]] nyembamba kwa sehemu mbili tofauti. Sehemu ya [[magharibi]] ni [[Maji matamu|maji safi]], wakati [[nusu]] ya [[mashariki]] ni [[maji ya chumvi|ya chumvi]]. <ref name="britanica">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/50390/Lake-Balkhash|title=Lake Balkhash|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=2009-01-29}}</ref> <ref name="ground">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NueJf_WhSw4C&pg=PA76&dq=Balkhash|title=Groundwater and the Environment: Applications for the Global Community|last=Igor S. Zektser, Lorne G Everett|publisher=CRC Press|year=2000|isbn=1-56670-383-2|page=76}}</ref> <ref name="phys_geo">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CFiT3qbN5UC&pg=PA140&dq=Balkhash|title=The Physical Geography of Northern Eurasia|last=Maria Shahgedanova|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-19-823384-1|pages=140–141}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Yoshiko Kawabata|displayauthors=etal|year=1997|title=The phytoplankton of some saline lakes in Central Asia|journal=International Journal of Salt Lake Research|volume=6|issue=1|pages=5–16|doi=10.1007/BF02441865}}</ref> Sehemu ya mashariki iko kwa [[wastani]] kubwa mara 1.7 zaidi kuliko sehemu ya magharibi. [[Mji]] mkubwa karibu na ziwa pia unaitwa [[Balkhash (mji)|Balkhash]] na una wenyeji wapatao 66,000. Shughuli kubwa za kiuchumi katika eneo hilo ni pamoja na [[uchimbaji]] [[madini]] na [[uvuvi]]. Wakati ukubwa wa ziwa hilo unaongezeka kwa muda, kuna wasiwasi juu ya kuzidi kwa ziwa kwa sababu ya [[Kuongezeka Majangwa|jangwa]] na shughuli za [[Viwanda|viwandani]]. ==Tabianchi== {{Climate chart|Mji wa Balkhash |−18.1|-9.2|13 |−17.8|-8.1|10 |−10.0|0.0|10 |2.8|14.2|11 |10.0|22.1|15 |16.0|27.9|12 |18.3|30.0|10 |15.7|28.0|8 |9.4|21.9|4 |1.7|12.7|9 |−6.3|2.6|14 |−13.1|-4.8|15 |float=left | Source = [http://www.pogoda.ru.net/climate/35796.htm Weather and Climate – The climate of Lake Balkhash]<ref>data [http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/asi/asi -54.html ILEC]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} for 1986–1990 are slightly different</ref> }} == Masuala ya mazingira na ya siasa == Kuna wasiwasi mkubwa juu ya [[Ekolojia|mazingira]] ya ziwa, hasa kwa kukumbuka matatizo ya [[mazingira]] katika [[Aral (ziwa)|Ziwa Aral]] ambalo limegeuzwa kuwa jangwa kutokana na machafuko na matumizi ya maji yake. <ref name="undp2">{{Rejea tovuti|date=4 November 2004|url=http://www.undp.kz/library_of_publications/files/1030-25100.pdf|publisher=UNDP Kazakhstan|accessdate=2009-02-14|language=Russian|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722144213/http://www.undp.kz/library_of_publications/files/1030-25100.pdf|archivedate=22 July 2011}}</ref> Tangu [[mwaka]] [[1970]], km³ 39 matumizi ya maji kujaza [[Bwawa la Kapchagay]] yalisababisha kupungua kwa 2/3 kwa maji yaliyoingia ziwani kutoka [[Mto Ili]]. <ref name="britanica">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/50390/Lake-Balkhash|title=Lake Balkhash|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=2009-01-29}}</ref> Uso wa maji ziwani ulishuka kila mwaka [[sentimita]] 15.6<ref name="undp">{{Rejea tovuti|date=April 19, 2004|url=http://www.undp.kz/library_of_publications/files/2496-24188.pdf|title=Water resources of Kazakhstan in the new millennium|publisher=UNDP Kazakhstan|accessdate=2009-02-14|language=Russian|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306235829/http://www.undp.kz/library_of_publications/files/2496-24188.pdf|archivedate=March 6, 2007}}</ref>. Kushuka kwa maji ya Balkhash kunaonekana sana katika sehemu yake ya magharibi na kusababisha pia kupotea kwa maziwa madogo karibu nayo.<ref name="unep">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Guillaume Le Sourd, Diana Rizzolio|year=2004|url=http://www.grid.unep.ch/activities/sustainable/balkhash/|title=United Nations Environment Programme – Lake Balkhash|publisher=UNEP Global Resource Information Database|accessdate=2009-01-29|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/612K6exVN?url=http://www.grid.unep.ch/activities/sustainable/balkhash/|archivedate=2011-08-18}}</ref> Kati ya maziwa madogo 16 ya ziwa iliyopo karibu na maziwa matano tu ndiyo yaliyobaki. Mchakato wa [[Kuongezeka Majangwa|kuenea kwa jangwa]] uliathiri karibu 1/3 ya beseni lake. <ref name="centrasia">{{Rejea tovuti|author=N. Borovaya|date=4 October 2005|url=http://www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=1128411000|title=Спасти уникальное озеро. Стремительно мелеет казахстанский Балхаш|publisher=Экспресс К, No. 186 (15844)|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-01-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718181423/http://www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=1128411000|archivedate=2011-07-18}}</ref> [[Vumbi]] la [[chumvi]] limepulizwa mbali na kuchangia kutokea kwa [[dhoruba]] za vumbi katika sehemu za Asia, kuongezeka kwa chumvi ya [[udongo]] na kuathiri vibaya [[hali ya hewa]]. [[Ekolojia]] ya bonde la Ili-Balkhash inaathiriwa pia na [[uchafuzi wa hewa]] kutokana na viwanda ambako madini yanayeyushwa, hasa kwenye Kiwanda cha Madini cha Balkhash. Katika miaka baada ya [[1990]], [[uzalishaji]] wa [[metali]] mbalimbali ulipeleka [[tani]] 280-320,000 kwa mwaka [[Hewa|hewani]], pamoja na tani 76 za [[shaba]], tani 68 za [[zinki]] na tani 66 za [[plumbi]] kuteremka kwenye uso wa ziwa.<ref name="zakon">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2005-10-01|url=http://www.zakon.kz/64827-osnovnaja-problema-ozera-balkhash.html|title=The main problem of Balkhash Lake is poor water quality|author=A. Samakova|publisher=zakon.kz|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-01-29|archivedate=2018-03-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307121817/http://www.zakon.kz/64827-osnovnaja-problema-ozera-balkhash.html}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist|35em}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/asi/asi-54.html|title=Information on Balkhash's geography and biology|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010305164812/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/asi/asi-54.html|archivedate=5 March 2001}} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4286916.stm Kazakh 'hazina ya kitaifa' chini ya tishio] * [http://www.grid.unep.ch/activities/sustainable/balkhash/index.php Maelezo ya Programu ya Mazingira ya Umoja wa Mataifa juu ya Ziwa Balkhash] {{Wayback|url=http://www.grid.unep.ch/activities/sustainable/balkhash/index.php |date=20061018023138 }} * [http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/3/CC0D14E0-0C50-4A02-97F6-CFB13B6BE11E.html "Asia ya Kati: Kazakhstan, miili ya kusaidia kufanya kazi kuokoa ziwa kuu" 13 Machi 2007] RadioFreeEurope / RadioLiberty {{mbegu-jio-Asia}} [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Kazakhstan]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Kirgizia]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya China]] cpmmwm3fppbr2wx5ax3ixuu18nfmp4p 0 120046 1529718 1100075 2026-05-02T12:07:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529718 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Hosios Loukas (nave, vault over south-west bay) - John Kolobos.jpg|thumb|[[Mozaiki]] huko [[Hosios Loukas]].]] '''Yohane Mbilikimo''' (kwa [[Kigiriki]]: Ιωάννης Κολοβός, Ioannes Kolobos; kwa [[Kiarabu]]: ابو يحنّس القصير (Abū) Yuḥannis al-Qaṣīr<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=The Sayings of the Desert Fathers: The Alphabetical Collection|last=Ward|first=Benedicta|publisher=Cistercian Publications|year=1975|isbn=978-0879079598|location=|pages=}}</ref>; [[Thebe]]<ref>https://st-takla.org/Saints/Coptic-Orthodox-Saints-Biography/Coptic-Saints-Story_1969.html</ref>, [[339]] hivi – [[Mlima Colzim]], [[405]] hivi) alikuwa [[padri]] [[mmonaki]] wa [[Misri]]. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]], [[Waorthodoksi]] na [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[15 Septemba]] au [[17 Oktoba]]<ref>https://catholicsaints.info/saint-john-the-short/</ref> au [[9 Novemba]]. ==Maisha== Alipokuwa na [[umri]] wa miaka [[kumi na nane]] alikwenda na [[kaka]] yake kuishi [[Jangwa|jangwani]]<ref name=Butler>[http://www.bartleby.com/210/9/153.html Butler, Alban. "St. John the Dwarf, Anchoret of Sceté", ''The Lives of the Saints'', Vol.IX, 1866]</ref> akawa mfuasi wa [[Pambo wa jangwani|Pambo]]. Alisifiwa hasa kwa [[utiifu]] wake. Baadaye aliongoza wengi, akiwemo [[Arseni Mkuu]]. [[Maisha]] yake yote alikula mara moja tu kwa siku, tena [[nafaka]], [[matunda]] na [[mboga]] tu<ref>Stefaniw, Blossom. (2019). ''Christian Reading: Language, Ethics, and the Order of Things''. University of California Press. p. 11. {{ISBN|978-0520300613}}</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] *[[Mababu wa jangwani]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Vyanzo kwa Kiswahili== * Misemo ya Mababa wa Jangwani (Apophthegmata Patrum) – tafsiri ya W. Ngowi, O.F.M.Cap. – ed. Salvatorianum – [[Morogoro]] [[2000]] –ISBN 0-264-66350-0 ==Vyanzo kwa Kiingereza== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20061008102119/http://catholic-forum.com/saints/saintj9e.htm Saint John the Dwarf] *[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?FSID=103258 Ortodox Church of America, Feasts and Saints] * Atiya, Aziz S. ''The Coptic Encyclopedia.'' New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1991. {{ISBN|0-02-897025-X}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 339]] [[Category:Waliofariki 405]] [[Jamii:Mapadri]] [[Category:Wakaapweke]] [[Jamii:Mababu wa jangwani]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Misri]] lp9j2lx09wyowgdk5mzupp8a2vz22fw 0 120906 1530099 1349338 2026-05-02T18:54:51Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530099 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Postcard of Lake.jpg | thumbnail|right|200px|Moja ya maeneo ya Ziwa Chaubunagungamaug ]] '''Ziwa Chaubunagungamaug''' (pia hujulikana kama '''Ziwa Webster''') linapatikana katika nchi ya [[Marekani]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lake Chargoggagoggmanchauggauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg {{!}} lake, Massachusetts, United States|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Chargoggagoggmanchauggauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=2020-01-27|language=en}}</ref> Ni ziwa lenye [[jina]] refu zaidi [[duniani]] likiwa kwa kirefu jina hili husomeka kama Char­gogg­a­gogg­man­chaugg­a­gogg­chau­bun­a­gung­a­maugg. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-USA}} [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Marekani]] rgn4kkc90tetk6c17sxeu3scntkjelj 0 121001 1530044 1492790 2026-05-02T18:46:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Zaynab Himid Mohammed |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 12 Februari 1918 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Zanzibar |tarehe_ya_kufariki = 31 Desemba 2002 |mahala_alipofia = Zanzibar |majina_mengine = Zaynab Himid Mohammed |anafahamika kwa = Mwanaharakati |kazi_yake = Taaluma ya Kiswahili |nchi = Tanzania }} '''Zaynab Himid Mohammed''' (Forodhani, [[mtaa]] wa [[Malindi (Zanzibar)|Malindi]], [[Mji|mjini]] [[Zanzibar]], [[12 Februari]] [[1918]] - [[31 Desemba]] [[2002]]) ni miongoni wa [[wasichana]] wachache waliobahatika kupata [[elimu]] katika kipindi hicho huku msukumo mkubwa wa kusoma ukiwa umetoka kwa [[baba]] yake ambaye alikuwa amesafiri sehemu nyingi na kujua umuhimu wa elimu <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/144607717|title=Howani mwana Howani : tenzi za Zaynab Himid Mohammed|last=Mohammed, Zaynab Himid.|date=2004|publisher=Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili, Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam|isbn=9776911645|location=Dar es Salaam|oclc=144607717}}</ref>. Katika zama za Zaynabu Himid Mohammed hali ya ubaguzi katika [[elimu]] katika [[kisiwa]] cha [[Zanzibar]] ilikuwa imetawala sana na hivyo [[wazazi]] wake waliamua kubadili [[jina]] katika cheti cha kuzaliwa ili aonekane na jina la [[Kiarabu]] na aweze kwenda [[shule]]. Katika miezi ya mwanzo ya Bi Zaynabu kwenda [[shule]] alikutana na changamoto nyingi ikiwemo za kurushiwa [[mawe]] kwani watu waliamini kuwa elimu haina manufaa yoyote kwa mtoto wa kike. Zaynabu Himid alianza kupata uzoefu zaidi wa kuandika akiwa shuleni kama [[mwalimu]] ambapo alikuwa akiandika michezo ya kuigiza na [[hotuba]]. [[Muda]] mfupi baada ya [[Mapinduzi ya Zanzibar]] [[rais]] wa kwanza wa Zanzibar [[Abeid Amani Karume]] alimpa [[kazi]] ya kuandika mchezo wa kuigiza ulioitwa Unguja ya leo si ya jana, mchezo ambao ulikuja kuonyeshwa mbele ya Mwalimu [[Julius Kambarage Nyerere]]. Mbali na kuandika mchezo huo, pia aliwahi kuitwa na [[waziri]] mmoja na kupewa kazi ya kuandika [[shairi]] kumuhusu [[Julius Nyerere]] na shairi hilo liliitwa "Nyerere raisi mwema mwenye busara na hima". Zaynab Himid Mohammed alifariki [[dunia]] akiwa na [[umri]] wa miaka [[themanini na nne]]. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1918|2002}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1918]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2002]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Tanzania]] m5y3lq0vzvmkxz04oqotyw6h80zeesc 0 121217 1529995 1257619 2026-05-02T18:39:01Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1529995 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zaina Foundation''' ni [[asasi isiyo ya kiserikali]] na ya kifaida iliyosajiliwa kwa mujibu wa [[sheria]] [[mwaka]] [[2017]] ikiwalenga sana [[wanawake]] na watoto wa kike katika kuwawezesha juu ya matumizi sahihi ya [[Mtandao|mitandao]] na mifumo ya [[dijiti|kidijitali]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=About Us – Zaina Foundation|url=https://zainafoundationtz.org/about-us/|accessdate=2020-02-09|language=en-US}}</ref> Taasisi hii imekuwa ikiandaa mafunzo na [[semina]] mbalimbali kwa wanawake na watoto wa kike juu ya namna ya kutumia ulinzi katika mitandao ili kujikinga na [[unyanyasaji wa kijinsia]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zaina Foundation increasing cyber security knowledge for Tanzanian women|url=https://safesisters.net/2017/12/15/zaina-foundation-helps-women-in-tanzania-to-increase-their-knowledge-of-cyber-security/|work=Safe Sisters|accessdate=2020-02-09|language=en-US|author=helen|archivedate=2020-08-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812061451/https://safesisters.net/2017/12/15/zaina-foundation-helps-women-in-tanzania-to-increase-their-knowledge-of-cyber-security/}}</ref> na ulinzi wa kimtandao. == Malengo == Kuwezesha wasichana na wanawake katika [[teknolojia]] kupitia usalama wa dijiti na semina za kujenga uwezo wa faragha na mafunzo. == Maono == Kuendeleza na kusaidia wanawake ambao ni [[waandishi wa habari]], watetezi wa [[haki za binadamu]], [[wanafunzi]] wa teknolojia, [[wanasheria]], na wanafunzi sawa, kuboresha kabisa njia pamoja na kulinda taarifa za mitandaoni. Taasisi hiyo ilianzishwa na [[Zaytuni Njovu|Zaituni Njovu]] ambaye ni [[mtaalamu]] wa [[teknolojia za habari]] na [[mawasiliano]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=CIPESA-FIFAfrica2019-Zaituni|url=https://cipesa.org/fifafrica/speaker/zaituni/|work=Forum on Internet Freedom in Africa (FIFAfrica)|accessdate=2020-02-09|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-09-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918164254/https://cipesa.org/fifafrica/speaker/zaituni/}}</ref>. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Intaneti]] [[Jamii:Mashirika]] [[Jamii:Malezi]] [[Jamii:Dar es Salaam]] rswqbod7j7pnon6zznk4esnvno3pcf2 0 121229 1529863 1523338 2026-05-02T12:31:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529863 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Patrick Aron Lipilima Mfugale''' ([[Ifunda]], [[mkoa wa Iringa]] <ref>{{Citation|title=Je Patrick Mfugale ni nani?|date=2018-09-27|url=https://www.bbc.com/swahili/habari-45668340|work=BBC News Swahili|language=sw|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref>, [[1950]] - [[29 Juni]] [[2021]]) alikuwa [[mhandisi]] maarufu nchini [[Tanzania]], mtendaji mkuu wa Mamlaka ya [[Barabara]] nchini Tanzania [[TANROADS]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=TANROADS Official Website :: Chief Executive Message|url=https://www.tanroads.go.tz/about-us/chief-executive-message|work=www.tanroads.go.tz|accessdate=2020-02-09}}</ref> ==Maisha== Mfugale alimaliza [[elimu]] ya [[upili]] katika [[shule]] ya Moshi [[mwaka]] [[1975]]. Alipata [[shahada]] ya kwanza ya [[uhandisi]] mwaka [[1983]] kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Rokii ([[Uhindi]]) iliyofuatwa na shahada ya pili kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Loughborough ([[Uingereza]]) mwaka [[1995]]. Mwaka [[2003]] alipokea [[tuzo]] ya [[Bodi ya Wahandisi wa Tanzania]] na mwaka [[2018]] alipokea tuzo nyingine iitwayo "Engineering Execellency". Patrick Mfugale alitengeneza mfumo wa [[usimamizi]] madaraja uitwao "Bridge Management System". Katika mradi wa [[barabara]] za juu nchini Tanzania, [[serikali]] iliamua kulipa [[daraja]] moja jina [[Daraja la Mfugale]]. Mfugale amefariki dunia mwezi Julai 2021 == Madaraja aliyojenga == Mfugale amefanikiwa kusimamia [[ujenzi]] jumla ya madaraja elfu moja na mia nne<ref>[https://nukta.co.tz/read/mfahamu-mhandisi-patrick-mfugale-%27kichwa%27-nyuma-ya-flyover-ya-tazara.html Mfahamu mhandisi Patrick Mfugale 'kichwa' nyuma ya flyover ya Tazara]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, tovuti ya nukta.co.tz ya tar. Septemba 27, 2018</ref>, yafuatayo ni madaraja machache aliyosimamia: *[[Daraja la Mkapa]] kwenye [[mto Rufiji]] *[[Daraja la Rusumo]] [[Mkoa wa Kagera|mkoani Kagera]] *[[Daraja la Kikwete]], kwenye [[mto Malagarasi]] *[[Daraja la Julius Nyerere|Daraja la Nyerere]], [[Kigamboni]] ==Marejeo== <references/> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1950|2021}} [[Jamii:Wahandisi wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Madaraja nchini Tanzania]] oaak8lctkddjxqqsi0ik11mldtgynq2 0 121280 1530159 1477433 2026-05-02T19:04:43Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1530159 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zuonosia''' (kutoka [[Kiingereza]]: ''zoonosis, zoonotic desease'') ni [[ugonjwa wa kuambukiza]] wenye [[asili]] ya [[mnyama]] unaosababisha [[ugonjwa]] wa [[binadamu]]. [[Magonjwa]] ya zuonosia huenea kwa njia ya [[bakteria]], [[virusi]], [[fungi]] au [[vimelea]]<ref name=cdc>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/zoonotic-diseases.html|title=Toxoplasmosis |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=October 18, 2013 |website=One Health |publisher=United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |accessdate=February 11, 2016 |quote=}}</ref>. Magonjwa hayo hutokea mara nyingi. Imekadidiriwa kuwa mnamo [[asilimia]] 60 za magonjwa ya kuambukiza yote ni ya zuonosia, yaani maambukizo hupitia wanyama au [[wadudu]].<ref>Taylor L.H; Latham S.M. & Woolhouse M.E.J. 2001. Risk factors for human disease emergence. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'' '''356''' (1411): 983–989. [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/356/1411/983] {{Wayback|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/356/1411/983 |date=20180808200443 }}</ref> ==Njia za maambukizi== Maambukizi hutokea kiasili hasa kwa njia mbili * mnyama [[mgonjwa]] anapitisha [[kiambukizi]] moja kwa moja hadi binadamu (mfano: [[kichaa cha mbwa]] kinapitishwa pale ambako virusi vyake vinaingia [[Mwili|mwilini]] mwa binadamu, kwa kawaida mtu aking'atwa na [[mbwa]] mgonjwa). * kupitia [[vekta]] ''(vector)'': ** kiambukizi kutoka mnyama mgonjwa kinahamia mnyama mwingine asiyegonjeka lakini anapitisha kiambukizi kwa binadamu (mfano: bakteria za [[tauni]] huambukiza [[panya]]; kutoka kwa panya mgonjwa huingia pia katika [[viroboto]] wanavyonyonya [[damu]] yao. Viroboto hao hawana tatizo na bakteria lakini wananyonya pia damu ya binadamu. Kwenye hatua hiyo kiambukizi kinapitishwa kwa binadamu na kusababisha tauni kwake. ** viambukizi vingine huishi ndani ya mnyama bila kusababisha ugonjwa kwake. Vimelea aina ya [[plasmodium]] vinavyosababisha [[malaria]] huishi ndani ya [[mbu]] za [[jenasi]] anopheles. Wakati wa kumdunga mtu mbu anapitisha kwa binadamu vimelea hivyo ambavyo vinasababisha [[homa]] ya malaria. ==Magonjwa mbalimbali ya zuonosia== ===Magonjwa yanayosababishwa na chakula=== Magonjwa mengi yanayotokana na [[chakula]] ni magonjwa ya zuonosia. Hapo mwanadamu anagonjeka kutokana na kula kitu ambacho kilitoka kwa mnyama mgonjwa. [[Pathojeni|Viambukizi]] vya kawaida ambavyo husababisha magonjwa kupitia chakula ni bakteria wa ''[[ Salmonella|salmonella]]'', ''[[Campylobacter|campylobacter]]'', na ''[[escherichia coli]]'' (''E. coli''). [[Yai|Mayai]], [[samaki]], [[nyama]] ya [[ Kuku|kuku]], na [[maziwa]] vinaweza kubeba bakteria hao na kusababisha magonjwa yanayotokana na chakula, kama [[usumisho wa chakula]], kwa wanadamu. <ref name="czpf">{{Rejea jarida|last=Humphrey T; O'Brien S; et al. 2007|title=Campylobacters as zoonotic pathogens: A food production perspective|journal=International Journal of Food Microbiology|volume=117|issue=3|pages=237–257|doi=10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.01.006|pmid=17368847}}</ref> <ref name="iear">{{Rejea jarida|last=Cloeckaert A 2006|author-link=|title=Introduction: emerging antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in the zoonotic foodborne pathogens Salmonella and Campylobacter|url=|journal=Microbes and Infection|publisher=|volume=8|issue=7|pages=1889–1890|doi=10.1016/j.micinf.2005.12.024|pmid=16714136}}</ref> Magonjwa ya zuonosia yanayoambukizwa kupitia chakula ni pamoja na: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" ! scope="col" |Ugonjwa ! scope="col" |Pathojeni (kiambukizi) |- |[[Bruselosisi]] |bakteria ya ''[[Brucella|brucella]]'' |- |[[Kipindupindu]] |''[[Kipindupindu cha Vibrio|bakteria ya kipindupindu]]'' |- |[[Ugonjwa wa Creutzfeldt-Jakob|ugonjwa wa Creutzfeldt-Jakob]] |[[prioni]] |- |listeriosisi |bakteria ya ''[[Listeria]]'' |- |[[Toxoplasmosis|toksoplasmosisi]] |''vimelea vya [[Toxoplasma gondii|toxoplasma gondii]]'' |} Mara nyingi, watu wanaweza kuzuia maabukizi kupitia chakula kwa kukipika kwa muda wa kutosha na hivyo kuua bakteria au vimelea vilivyomo. <ref name="cdc2">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/zoonotic-diseases.html|title=Toxoplasmosis|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=October 18, 2013|work=One Health|publisher=United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=February 11, 2016|quote=}}</ref> === Maambukizi ya moja kwa moja === Yafuatayo ni mifano ya magonjwa ya zuonosia ambayo wanadamu wanaweza kuambukizwa moja kwa moja kutoka kwa wanyama wagonjwa walio hai. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" ! scope="col" |Ugonjwa ! scope="col" |Pathojeni (kiambukizi) |- |[[kimeta]] ([[Kimeta|anthrax)]] |bakteria ya ''[[ Bacillus anthracis|bacillus anthracis]]'' |- |[[homa ya mafua]] (influenza) |virusi vya influenza A |- |[[homa ya Lassa]] |virusi vya lassa |- |[[kichaa cha mbwa]] |virusi vya rabies |- |toksoplasmosisi |''vimelea vya toxoplasma gondii'' |- |[[kifua kikuu]] |bakteria ya ''[[ Mycobacterium|mycobacterium]] bovis'' |} === Magonjwa ya zuonosia yanayoambuiza kupitia vekta === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" ! scope="col" |Ugonjwa ! scope="col" |Pathojeni ! scope="col" |Kimelewa (mwenyeji) ! scope="col" |Vekta |- |[[ugonjwa wa malale]] |''vimelea vya trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense'' |Wanyama mwitu na wa kufugwa mbaimbali |[[mbung'o]] | |- |[[tauni]] ''(bubonic plague)'' |''bakteria ya yersinia pestis'' |[[panya]], [[rodentia]] |[[viroboto]]<ref name="plague">{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs267/en/|title=Plague|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=November 2014|website=WHO.int|publisher=World Health Organization|accessdate=February 11, 2016|quote=}}</ref> |- |[[homa ya dengi]] |''virusi vya dengue ([[:simple:Flavivirus|flavi]])'' |[[binadamu]] na [[nyani]] |''mbu wa [[:simple:Aedes|aedes]]'' <ref>{{cite web|title=Vector-borne viral infections|url=http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/vector/en/index1.html|date=2016|publisher=World Health Organization|accessdate=February 11, 2016}}</ref> |- |borrelosia ''(borreliosis, Lyme desease)'' |''bakteria ya borrellia'' |mamalia na ndege |[[papasi]]<ref name="pmid18452798">{{cite journal|author=Tilly K; Rosa PA. et al. 2008|date=June 2008|title=Biology of infection with ''Borrelia burgdorferi''|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_infectious-disease-clinics-of-north-america_2008-06_22_2/page/217|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=22|issue=2|pages=217–34, v|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2007.12.013|pmc=2440571|pmid=18452798}}</ref> |- |[[malaria]] |''vimelea vya plasmodium'' |binadamu |mbu, hasa anopheles<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|title=Malaria|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=2016|website=WHO.int|publisher=World Health Organization|accessdate=February 11, 2016|quote=}}</ref> |- |homa ya Naili magharibi ''(West Nile fever)'' |virusi vya Naili magharibi ''([[:simple:West_Nile_virus|West Nile virus]])'' |hasa ndege |mbu<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs354/en/|title=West Nile virus|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=July 2011|website=WHO.int|publisher=World Health Organization|accessdate=February 11, 2016|quote=}}</ref> |} ==Magonjwa mapya kutokana na virusi badilifu== Kuna virusi mbalimbali ambavyo kwa kawaida vinapatikana kwa wanyama vinavyoweza kubadili tabia kadhaa na kupata uwezo wa kuathiri binadamu. Mabadiliko ya aina hiyo yametazamwa hasa kwa [[influenza|virusi vya influenza]]<ref>[https://www.who.int/influenza/spotlight/zoonotic-influenza Zoonotic influenza], tovuti ya [[WHO]], iliangaliwa Februari 2020</ref> vya ndege, [[nguruwe]] na [[farasi]], halafu kwa [[virusi vya korona]]<ref>[https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus Coronavirus], tovuti ya [[WHO]], iliangaliwa Februari 2020</ref>. Wakati virusi vya wanyama vinapata uwezo wa kusambaa kutoka mtu hadi mtu, vinaweza kuathiri watu wengi kwa sababu ni "virusi vipya". Maana mwili hupambana na virusi kwa uwezo wa [[mfumo wa kingamaradhi]] ''(immune system)'' unaochungulia virusi na kutoa [[zindikomwili]] (antibodi) zenye uwezo wa kuzuia virusi. Mfumo wa kingamaradhi hukumbuka mashambulio ya miaka ya nyuma, lakini virusi vipya ni changamoto kwa mfumo huo. Kama virusi vipya kutoka mnyama fulani ni tofauti sana na vyote vilivyotangulia uwezo wake wa kusababisha hatari kali ya afya ni mkubwa. Hapa kuna uwezekano wa [[mlipuko wa ugonjwa|mlipuko wa maambukizi]] (epidemia, hata [[pandemia]]) jinsi ilivyotokea kwenye [[tauni]] ya [[karne za kati]], na [[influenza ya 1918]]. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK114494/ Origins Of Major Human Infectious Diseases], tovuti ya National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine {{mbegu-tiba}} [[Jamii:Maradhi ya kuambukiza]] [[Jamii:Virusi]] [[Jamii:Bakteria]] hyth5gz70sn041ivwyh4433na27u0xt 0 121702 1529840 1419977 2026-05-02T12:27:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529840 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yusto El-Antony''' ([[1910]]-[[1976]]) alikuwa [[mmonaki]] [[Mkopti]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://stshenoudamonastery.org.au/father-yostos-saint-anthony/ |title="Father Yostos Of Saint Anthony", ''Pi Monakhos'', St Shenouda Monastery. February 8, 2016 |accessdate=2020-02-25 |archive-date=2020-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225125757/http://stshenoudamonastery.org.au/father-yostos-saint-anthony/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Anaheshimiwa na [[Kanisa la Kikopti]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[17 Desemba]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== <references/> == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xMWNg5nlNOA "Film The Silent Monk" (arabic sound + english subtitle)] * [http://st-takla.org/Saints/Coptic-Orthodox-Saints-Biography/Coptic-Saints-Story_1915.html Story of Father Yostos in arabic] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1910]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1976]] [[Category:Wamonaki]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Misri]] 83chdg1o004rpntg2ri8ckw30g47hkz 0 121863 1529746 1102791 2026-05-02T12:12:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 43 template(s) replaced. 1529746 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:明太宗.jpg|thumb|300px| Kaisari Yongle ]] [[Picha:Ming_divisions.png|thumb|300px| Ramani ya maeneo yaliyotawaliwa na Yongle ("Ming Empire" mnamo mwaka 1409) ]] [[Picha:Yongle_Emperor.png|thumb|300px| Sanamu ya shaba ya Kaisari Yongle. Hii ni nakala ya sanamu asilia ya jiwe ambayo iliharibiwa wakati wa [[Mapinduzi ya utamaduni|Mapinduzi ya Kitamaduni]] ]] '''Kaisari Yongle''' (tamka: yong-luh; [[2 Mei]] [[1360]] - [[12 Agosti]] [[1424]]) - jina la binafsi '''Zhu Di''' (WG: '''Chu Ti)''' - alikuwa [[kaisari]] wa tatu wa [[nasaba ya Ming]], aliyetawala kuanzia [[mwaka]] [[1402]] hadi 1424. Zhu Di alikuwa [[mtoto]] wa nne wa Kaisari [[Hongwu]] aliyeanzisha [[Ming (nasaba)|nasaba]] ya [[Ming (nasaba)|Ming]] . [[Cheo]] chake cha kwanza kilikuwa Mwanamfalme wa Yan akipewa [[utawala]] juu ya eneo la [[Beijing]] kaskazini mwa [[ufalme wa Ming]] mnamo [[Mei]] [[1370]]. Huko alipaswa kupigana dhidi ya [[Wamongolia]] wa [[Nasaba ya Yuan|nasaba ya Yuan]] ya [[Kaskazini]]. Katika mapigano hayo Zhu Di aliweza kuweka [[msingi]] wa [[jeshi]] lake la binafsi. [[Baba]] yake alipomteua [[mpwa]] wake Zhu Yunwen kama mfalme mteule alikubali mwanzoni. Lakini baada ya Zhu Yunwen kushika utawala kwa jina la '''Jianwen''' na kuanza kuwaua [[Mjomba|wajomba]] wake, Zhu Di aliamua kuasi dhidi ya mpwa wake. Mnamo [[1402]], alifanikiwa kupindua mpwa wake na kuteka [[mji mkuu]] wa ufalme [[Nanjing]]. Hapo alitangazwa Kaisari akachukua jina la Yongle, inayomaanisha "furaha ya milele". Ili kuimarisha utawala wake na kukazia uhalali wake mwenyewe, Zhu Di alijaribu kufuta [[kumbukumbu]] ya enzi ya Kaisari [[Jianwen]] akaamuru kuteketeza au kubadilisha [[taarifa]] na [[hati]] zilizohusu utoto na uasi wake. Alifukuza [[wataalamu]] wengi waliowahi kuhudumia [[serikali]] huko Nanjing akatoa [[mamlaka]] kubwa kwa [[polisi wa siri]]. <ref name="EunuchPower!">Crawford, Robert B. "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4527509 Eunuch Power in the Ming Dynasty]". ''T'oung Pao'', 2d Series, Vol. 49, Livr. 3 (1961), pp. 115–148. Accessed 9 Oct 2012.</ref> Kati ya watumishi wapya waliopanda sasa ngazi chini yake alikuwa [[Zheng He]], aliyeendelea baadaye kuzindua [[safari]] kubwa za [[upelelezi]] katika [[Bahari ya Pasifiki Kusini]] na [[Bahari Hindi]] hadi [[Afrika ya Mashariki]]. Kaisari aliamua pia kuhamisha mji mkuu kurudi tena [[Beijing]]. Aliagiza kufanya matengenezo kwenye Mfereji Mkubwa wa China ulioendelea kuinua [[uchumi]] wa [[himaya]] yake. Beijing alielekeza [[ujenzi]] wa [[Mji Haramu]]. Kwa kusudi la kuimarisha utawala wake alipanua mfumo wa mitihani ambako kila mgombea kwa huduma ya [[serikali]] alipaswa kupita. Aliagiza pia kutungwa kwa [[Kamusi Elezo ya Yongle]] (Yongle Encyclopedia) iliyokuwa [[kamusi elezo]] kubwa [[duniani]] hadi mwaka [[2007]] ilipopitiwa na [[Wikipedia]]. Kaisari Yongle aliaga [[dunia]] wakati alipoongoza mapigano ya kijeshi dhidi ya Wamongolia. Alizikwa kwenye [[kaburi]] la Changling, ambalo ni kaburi la kifalme kubwa zaidi kati ya makaburi ya Ming yaliyopo upande wa kaskazini mwa Beijing. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya Nje== * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3PiAAAAMAAJ|title=History of the Filipino People|last=Agoncillo|first=Teodoro A.|last2=Guerrero|first2=Milagros|publisher=R. P. 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"The 5th Karma-pa and some aspects of the relationship between Tibet and the early [[Ming (nasaba)|Ming]]." In: ''Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson''. Edited by Michael Aris and [[Aung San Suu Kyi]], pp.&nbsp;283–284. (1979). Vikas Publishing house, New Delhi. * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xNwAAAAMAAJ|title=The Chinese in the Philippines, 1898–1935: A Study of Their National Awakening|last=Tan|first=Antonio S.|publisher=R. P. Garcia Publishing Company|others=|year=1972|isbn=|edition=|ref=harv|access-date=24 April 2014}} * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p5ARAQAAMAAJ|title=Encyclopædia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge, Volume 9|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|others=|year=1949|isbn=|editor-last=Yust|editor-first=Walter|edition=|ref=harv|access-date=24 April 2014}} * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9KfnAAAAMAAJ|title=Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 9|last=|first=|publisher=EncyclopÆdia Britannica|others=Contributor Walter Yust|year=1954|isbn=|edition=|volume=Volume 9 of EncyclopÆdia Britannica: A New Survey of Universal Knowledge|ref=harv|access-date=24 April 2014}} * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJYVAQAAIAAJ|title=The Philippines since pre-Spanish times.-v. 2. The Philippines since the British invasion|last=Zaide|first=Gregorio F.|publisher=Philippine Education Company|year=1957|isbn=|edition=revised|volume=Volume 1 of Philippine Political and Cultural History|ref=harv|access-date=24 April 2014}} * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRJwAAAAMAAJ|title=The Pageant of Philippine History: Political, Economic, and Socio-cultural, Volume 1|last=Zaide|first=Gregorio F.|publisher=Philippine Education Company|year=1979|isbn=|volume=|ref=harv|access-date=24 April 2014}} * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykgeAAAAMAAJ|title=The Philippines: a Handbook of Information|last=Philippines (Republic). Office of Cultural Affairs|publisher=Republic of the Philippines, Department of Foreign Affairs|others=Contributor National Economic Council (Philippines)|year=1965|isbn=|edition=revised|volume=|ref=harv|access-date=24 April 2014}} * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3DzjAAAAMAAJ|title=The Annals of Philippine Chinese Historical Association, Volumes 5-8|last=Philippine Chinese Historical Association|publisher=|year=1975|isbn=|edition=revised|volume=|ref=harv|access-date=24 April 2014}} * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZ5IAAAAMAAJ|title=Biennial Conference Proceedings, Issue 1|last=IAHA Conference|publisher=Philippine Historical Association.|year=1962|isbn=|edition=|volume=|ref=harv|access-date=24 April 2014}} * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr4eAAAAMAAJ|title=The Philippines: A Handbook of Information|last=|publisher=Philippine Information Agency|others=Contributor Philippine Information Agency|year=1955|isbn=|edition=|volume=|ref=harv|access-date=24 April 2014}} * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVPRAAAAMAAJ|title=University of Manila Journal of East Asiatic Studies, Volume 7|last=|publisher=University of Manila.|others=Contributors Manila (Philippines) University, University of Manila|year=1959|isbn=|edition=revised|volume=|ref=harv|access-date=24 April 2014}} * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=26oiAQAAIAAJ|title=Unitas, Volume 30, Issues 1-2|last=|publisher=University of Santo Tomás|others=Contributor University of Santo Tomás|year=1957|isbn=|edition=|volume=|ref=harv|access-date=24 April 2014}} * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5c3_QiLW50EC|title=The Researcher, Volume 2, Issue 2|last=|publisher=Dagupan Colleges|others=Contributors University of Pangasinan, Dagupan Colleges|year=1970|isbn=|edition=|volume=|ref=harv|access-date=24 April 2014}} * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5KLjAAAAMAAJ|title=Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Review, Volumes 24–25|last=|publisher=|others=Contributor University of the Philippines. College of Liberal Arts|year=1959|isbn=|edition=|volume=|ref=harv|access-date=24 April 2014}} * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gi-2AAAAIAAJ|title=Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Reviews, Volume 24, Issues 1–2|last=|publisher=College of Liberal Arts, University of the Philippines|others=Contributors Philippine Academy of Social Sciences, Manila, University of the Philippines. College of Liberal Arts|year=1959|isbn=|edition=|volume=|ref=harv|access-date=24 April 2014}} * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0suOAAAAMAAJ|title=Studies in Public Administration, Issue 4|last=|publisher=Institute of Public Administration, University of the Philippines|others=Contributor University of the Philippines. Institute of Public Administration|year=1957|isbn=|edition=|volume=|ref=harv|access-date=24 April 2014}} * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wAkEAAAAMAAJ|title=Proceedings [of The] Second Biennial Conference, Held at Taiwan Provincial Museum, Taipei, Taiwan. Republic of China, October 6–9, 1962|last=|publisher=Tʻai-pei|others=|year=1963|isbn=|edition=|volume=|ref=harv|access-date=24 April 2014}} * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oTUkAQAAMAAJ|title=Yearbook|last=|publisher=|others=|year=1965|isbn=|edition=|volume=|ref=harv|access-date=24 April 2014}} * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uWzjAAAAMAAJ|title=Philippine Almanac & Handbook of Facts|last=|first=|publisher=|others=|year=1977|isbn=|edition=|ref=harv|access-date=24 April 2014}} * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OlUdAAAAMAAJ|title=Compte rendu|last=International Institute of Differing Civilizations|publisher=The Institute|others=Contributor International Colonial Institute|year=1961|isbn=|edition=|volume=|ref=harv|access-date=24 April 2014}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1424]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1360]] [[Jamii:Watu wa China]] pud3x02vuemru5a81rj44jtfbpc17zo 0 121926 1529918 1523992 2026-05-02T15:48:22Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529918 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |<big>Rafiki</big> |- |'''Imeongozwa na''' |Wanuri Kahiu<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kenyan Director Wanuri Kahiu Is Fun, Fierce, Frivolous and Timely|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/kenyan-director-wanuri-kahiu-is-fun-fierce-frivolous-timely-1145485|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}</ref> |- |'''Imetayarishwa na''' |Steven Markovitz |- |'''Wasanii''' |Wanuri Kahiu Jena Cato Bass |- |'''Nyota''' |[https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki Samantha Mugatsia] {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} [https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki Sheila Munyiva]{{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki 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{{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki 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{{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 |- |'''Sinematografi''' |Christopher Wessels |- |'''Imehaririwa na''' |Isabelle Dedieu |- |'''Imetolewa tar.''' |9 May 2018 ([[Cannes]]) 23 September 2018 (Kenya) |- |'''Ina muda wa dakika''' |82 |- |'''Nchi''' |Kenya |- |'''Lugha''' |Kiingereza Kiswahili |- |'''Mauzo ya Ofisi''' |$176,513<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rafiki (2018) - Financial Information|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)|work=The Numbers|accessdate=2020-03-05|archive-date=2024-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203144814/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} [[Picha:Wanuri Kahiu at the 2025 Sundance Film Festival (cropped).jpg|thumb|162x162px]] '''Rafiki'''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=RAFIKI|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/festival/films/rafiki|work=Festival de Cannes 2019|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}</ref> ni [[filamu]] kutoka nchi ya [[Kenya]] iliyotengenezwa katika [[mwaka]] [[2018]]. Filamu imeongozwa na [http://www.wanurikahiu.com/bio Wanuri Kahiu] ambaye ni Mkenya. Yeye aliandika “Rafiki” na Jenna Bass, [[meneja]] wa cinema kutoka [[Afrika ya Kusini]]. == Hadithi == “Rafiki” inahusu wanawake wawili, Kena na Ziki, ambao walianza kupendana. Kena alitoka jiji la Nairobi na alikaa katika nyumba ya mama yake, lakini husaidia katika duka la baba yake. Baba ya Kena alifanya kampeni katika uchaguzi wa serekali ya mtaa. Wakati wa kufanya kazi, Kena alianza kuonyesha mapenzi na Ziki, mwanamke wa mtaa. Lakini, Ziki ni binti la Peter Okemi, mshindani wa baba ya Kena katika uchaguzi wa serekali ya mtaa. Hata hevyo, Ziki na Kena waliendelea mchezo wa datsi nyingi na walikuwa karibukaribu sana. Lakini hawaweza kuonyesha uhusiano wao kwa sababu usenge ni haramu katika nchi ya Kenya. Marafiki wa Ziki walikasirika kwa sababu yeye hutumia wakati mwingi na Kena kwa hivyo walimpiga Kena. Kisha, Ziki alisaidia kupona Kena katika nyumba ya Ziki lakini mama ya Ziki aliona, wakati alienda chumbani, wakibusu. Walijaribu kukimbia lakini kundi la watu wenye waliwapata. Wamekamatwa, kisha wazazi wao walikuja kuwachukua. Baddaye, wazazi wa Ziki wanampeleka jiji la London na wazazi wa Kena walificha hali hiyo yote. Mwisho wa filamu, miaka kadhaa baadaye, Ziki alirudi mtaa na alikutana na Kena tena. Kena alimaliza shule wakaanza tena uhusiano wao. == Washiriki == • Samantha Mugatsia ni Kena<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=What I Learnt from My Lesbian Role in "Rafiki"- Samantha Mugatsia|url=https://www.eelive.ng/what-i-learnt-from-my-lesbian-role-in-rafiki-samantha-mugatsia/|work=Eelive|date=2019-03-13|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en-US}}</ref> • Sheila Munyiva ni Ziki • Neville Misati ni Blacksta • Nini Wacera ni Mercy • Jimmy Gathu ni John Mwaura • Charlie Karumi ni Waireri • Muthoni Gathecha ni Mama Atim • Dennis Musyoka ni Peter Okemi • Patricia Amira ni Rose Okemi • Nice Githinji ni Nduta • Patricia Kihoro ni Josephine • Mellen Aura ni Elizabeth == Mapokezi == Wakati filamu "Rafiki" ilitolewa watu hawakuruhusiwa kuitazama katika nchi ya Kenya kwa sababu Bodi ya Uainishaji Filamu Nchini Kenya (KFCB) walipiga marufuku filamu<ref>{{Citation|title=Lesbian film banned ahead of Cannes debut|date=2018-04-27|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43922780|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref>. KFCB walisema ni marufuku kwa sababu ya mada yake ya [[ushoga]] na dhamira ya wazi ya kukuza [[usagaji]] nchini Kenya kinyume na [[sheria]]. Bodi waliomba Wanuri Kahiu abadilishe mwisho wa filamu usiwe tumaini lakini Kahiu alisema hapana. Kwa hiyo, KFCB walionya watu kwamba wakinunua filamu wanaweza kuenda jela. Wapigania haki za ushoga wa kimataifa walikasirika.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ban of Kenyan film over lesbianism criticised|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Ban-of-Kenyan-film-over-lesbianism-criticised/1056-4535138-iuvqlo/index.html|work=Daily Nation|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}</ref> Kisha, Wanuri Kahiu alidai [[serikali]] ya Kenya kwa sababu alitaka kuingia Tuzo la Chuo (Academy Award) cha Filamu Bora ya Lugha ya Kigeni kwa mwaka tisini na moja za maadhimisho<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Govt Sued for Preventing Kenyan Movie From Winning Oscars|url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/33039-government-sued-preventing-kenyan-movie-winning-oscars|work=Kenyans.co.ke|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=EN|author=Mumbi Mutuko on 11 September 2018-6:45 pm}}</ref>. Mnamo [[21 Septemba]] 2018, [[Mahakama Kuu]] ya Wakenya iliondoa marufuku ya filamu kwa siku saba<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=High Court lifts ban on lesbian movie, dismisses moral police Ezekiel Mutua|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/286608-high-court-lifts-ban-controversial-lesbian-movie-dismisses-moral-police-ezekiel-mutua.html|work=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news.|date=2018-09-21|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en|author=Tuko.co.ke}}</ref>.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=High court lifts ban on lesbian themed movie 'Rafiki'|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018-09-21-high-court-lifts-ban-on-lesbian-themed-movie-rafiki/|work=The Star|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en-KE}}</ref> Baada ya marufuku kutolewa, “Rafiki” iliuzwa kabisa kutoka sinema katika jiji la Nairobi<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lesbian film Rafiki sells out after Kenyan court lifts ban|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/lesbian-film-rafiki-sells-out-after-kenyan-court-lifts-ban-20180924-p505k2.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=2018-09-23|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en|author=Cecilie Kallestrup}}</ref>. Lakini, hata hivyo, “Rafiki” haikuenda Tuzo la Chuo. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== *https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)#tab=summary {{Wayback|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)#tab=summary |date=20240203144814 }} *https://twitter.com/InfoKfcb/status/989837096251781120 *https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Ban-of-Kenyan-film-over-lesbianism-criticised/1056-4535138-iuvqlo/index.html *https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43922780 *https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/festival/films/rafiki *https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/33039-government-sued-preventing-kenyan-movie-winning-oscars *https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018-09-21-high-court-lifts-ban-on-lesbian-themed-movie-rafiki/ *https://www.tuko.co.ke/286608-high-court-lifts-ban-controversial-lesbian-movie-dismisses-moral-police-ezekiel-mutua.html#286608 *https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/lesbian-film-rafiki-sells-out-after-kenyan-court-lifts-ban-20180924-p505k2.html *https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/kenyan-director-wanuri-kahiu-is-fun-fierce-frivolous-timely-1145485 *https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} *https://www.eelive.ng/what-i-learnt-from-my-lesbian-role-in-rafiki-samantha-mugatsia/ {{mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:Filamu za Kenya]] [[Jamii:filamu za 2018]] cuc7otnhqrtqjgerl0ij5692dwaqo8m 0 122246 1529768 1195067 2026-05-02T12:15:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529768 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yoshio Furukawa''' (古川 好男; alizaliwa [[5 Julai]] [[1934]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa [[Japani]]. Aliwahi kucheza [[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Japani|timu ya taifa ya Japani]]. Furukawa alicheza kwa mara ya kwanza katika [[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Japani|timu ya taifa ya Japani]] tarehe 3 Juni 1956 dhidi ya [[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Korea Kusini|Korea Kusini]]. Furukawa alicheza Japani katika mechi 19.<ref name="JNFTD">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.jfootball-db.com/en/players/furukawa_yoshio.html |title=Japan National Football Team Database |accessdate=2020-03-13 |archivedate=2018-08-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828134641/http://www.jfootball-db.com/en/players/furukawa_yoshio.html }}</ref><ref name="NFT">{{NFT player}}</ref> ==Takwimu== <ref name="JNFTD"/><ref name="NFT"/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !colspan="3"|[[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Japani|Timu ya Taifa ya Japani]] |- !Mwaka||Mechi||Magoli |- |1956||3||0 |- |1957||0||0 |- |1958||3||0 |- |1959||10||0 |- |1960||0||0 |- |1961||1||0 |- |1962||2||0 |- !Jumla||19||0 |} ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1934|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Japani]] pwqcrgh3nrx6gmr2gq1a804bh4dhzuc 0 122337 1529823 1195069 2026-05-02T12:24:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529823 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yukitaka Omi''' (小見 幸隆; alizaliwa [[15 Desemba]] [[1952]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa [[Japani]]. Aliwahi kucheza [[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Japani|timu ya taifa ya Japani]]. Omi alicheza kwa mara ya kwanza katika [[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Japani|timu ya taifa ya Japani]] tarehe 23 Mei 1978 dhidi ya [[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Uthai|Uthai]]. Omi alicheza Japani katika mechi 6.<ref name="JNFTD">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.jfootball-db.com/en/players/omi_yukitaka.html |title=Japan National Football Team Database |accessdate=2020-03-14 |archivedate=2018-08-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826113628/http://www.jfootball-db.com/en/players/omi_yukitaka.html }}</ref><ref name="NFT">{{NFT player}}</ref> ==Takwimu== <ref name="JNFTD"/><ref name="NFT"/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !colspan="3"|[[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Japani|Timu ya Taifa ya Japani]] |- !Mwaka||Mechi||Magoli |- |1978||1||0 |- |1979||0||0 |- |1980||5||0 |- !Jumla||6||0 |} ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1952|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Japani]] tn09j7avpmgp578lh7r4e1eytmlfxhj 0 124531 1529753 1424539 2026-05-02T12:13:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529753 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ([[Seoul]], [[1785]] - Seoul, [[27 Mei]] [[1839]]) alikuwa [[Daktari wa dawa|mfamasia]] wa [[Rasi ya Korea|Korea]] ambaye, kisha kuingia [[Ukristo]], alifungwa [[gereza|gerezani]] na kufa kwa [[maumivu]] makali <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/54810</ref>. Ni mmojawapo katika [[kundi]] kubwa la [[Wakristo]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] nchini [[Korea]] waliouawa kwa ajili ya [[imani]] yao katika miaka [[1791]]–[[1888]]. Wanakadiriwa kuwa 8,000 - 10,000. Yeye na wenzake 102 walitangazwa na [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] kuwa [[watakatifu]] [[tarehe]] [[6 Mei]] [[1984]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.kofc.org/en/columbia/detail/korea-church-martyrs.html |title=Korea and the church of martyrs |accessdate=2020-04-06 |archivedate=2020-01-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125224009/http://www.kofc.org/en/columbia/detail/korea-church-martyrs.html }}</ref> [[Sikukuu]] ya hao [[Wafiadini wa Korea]] huadhimishwa tarehe [[20 Septemba]], lakini ya kwake mwenyewe tarehe [[26 Mei]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Mazingira== Mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 18]], [[Ukristo]] wa Kikatoliki ulianza kuenea taratibu nchini<ref>Michael Walsh, ed. "Butler's Lives of the Saints" (HarperCollins Publishers: New York, 1991), p. 297.</ref> kwa juhudi za wananchi [[walei]]. Mwaka [[1836]] Korea, nchi ya [[Ukonfusio|Kikonfusyo]] ilipata [[wamisionari]] wa kwanza kutoka nje (wanashirika wa [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]])<ref>''The Liturgy of the Hours Supplement'' (New York: Catholic Book Publishing Co., 1992, pp. 17–18.</ref>. Chini ya [[nasaba ya Joseon]], Ukristo ulifutwa, tena waamini walidhulumiwa na kuuawa. Waliobaki walipaswa kushika [[imani]] yao kwa [[siri]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 327-329 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 282-283 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== *Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John (1993). ''The Penguin Dictionary of Saints''. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN|0-14-051312-4. *Dallet, Charles (1874). [https://archive.org/details/histoiredelegli01dallgoog ''Histoire de l'Église de Corée'', Volume 1]. Paris: Librairie Victor Palmé. *Dallet, Charles (1874). [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LoUPAAAAIAAJ ''Histoire de l'Église de Corée'', Volume 2]. Paris: Librairie Victor Palmé. *Fathers of the London Oratory (1859). [https://books.google.com/books?id=QMUCAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The New Glories of the Catholic Church'']. London: Richardson and Son. *[http://english.cbck.or.kr/index.php?mid=newsletter&document_srl=2097 ''The Lives of the 103 Korean Martyr Saints (4): St. Chong Ha-sang Paul (1795-1839)''] {{Wayback|url=http://english.cbck.or.kr/index.php?mid=newsletter&document_srl=2097 |date=20160303225450 }}, Catholic Bishops' Conference of Korea Newsletter No. 29 (Winter 1999). ==Viungo vya nje== * [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/1984/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_19840506_martiri-coreani_en.html Homily of Pope John Paul II given for the Mass for the canonization of the Korean martyrs] * [http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=4740&CFID=29233537&CFTOKEN=88892945 List and brief description of martyrs] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180524152040/http://animation.mepasie.org/rubriques/haut/historique-des-mep History of the Missions Etrangeres de Paris MEP] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|1785|1839}} [[Category:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Korea]] hhllwc91g5ggxhrgjuvi0s3ho3rj75g 0 124540 1529717 1424546 2026-05-02T12:07:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529717 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yohane Mbatizaji Yi Kwangnyol''' ([[Kwangju]], [[1795]] - [[Seoul]], [[20 Julai]] [[1839]]) alikuwa [[Ukristo|Mkristo]] wa [[Rasi ya Korea]] aliyeuawa pamoja na [[Magdalena Yi Yonghui]], [[Teresa Yi Maeim]], [[Martha Kim Songim]], [[Lusia Kim Nusia]], [[Rosa Kim Nosa]], [[Ana Kim Changgum]] na [[Maria Won Kwiim]] <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/63720</ref>. Ni mmojawapo katika [[kundi]] kubwa la [[Wakristo]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] nchini [[Korea]] waliouawa kwa ajili ya [[imani]] yao katika miaka [[1791]]–[[1888]]. Wanakadiriwa kuwa 8,000 - 10,000. Yeye<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/63720</ref> na wenzake 102 walitangazwa na [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] kuwa [[watakatifu]] [[tarehe]] [[6 Mei]] [[1984]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.kofc.org/en/columbia/detail/korea-church-martyrs.html |title=Korea and the church of martyrs |accessdate=2020-04-06 |archivedate=2020-01-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125224009/http://www.kofc.org/en/columbia/detail/korea-church-martyrs.html }}</ref> [[Sikukuu]] ya hao [[Wafiadini wa Korea]] pamoja huadhimishwa tarehe [[20 Septemba]], lakini ya kwake mwenyewe tarehe ya [[Mfiadini|kifodini]] chake <ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Mazingira== Mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 18]], [[Ukristo]] wa Kikatoliki ulianza kuenea taratibu nchini<ref>Michael Walsh, ed. "Butler's Lives of the Saints" (HarperCollins Publishers: New York, 1991), p. 297.</ref> kwa juhudi za wananchi [[walei]]. Mwaka [[1836]] Korea, nchi ya [[Ukonfusio|Kikonfusyo]] ilipata [[wamisionari]] wa kwanza kutoka nje (wanashirika wa [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]])<ref>''The Liturgy of the Hours Supplement'' (New York: Catholic Book Publishing Co., 1992, pp. 17–18.</ref>. Chini ya [[nasaba ya Joseon]], Ukristo ulifutwa, tena waamini walidhulumiwa na kuuawa. Waliobaki walipaswa kushika [[imani]] yao kwa [[siri]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 327-329 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 282-283 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== *Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John (1993). ''The Penguin Dictionary of Saints''. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN|0-14-051312-4. *Dallet, Charles (1874). [https://archive.org/details/histoiredelegli01dallgoog ''Histoire de l'Église de Corée'', Volume 1]. Paris: Librairie Victor Palmé. *Dallet, Charles (1874). [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LoUPAAAAIAAJ ''Histoire de l'Église de Corée'', Volume 2]. Paris: Librairie Victor Palmé. *Fathers of the London Oratory (1859). [https://books.google.com/books?id=QMUCAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The New Glories of the Catholic Church'']. London: Richardson and Son. *[http://english.cbck.or.kr/index.php?mid=newsletter&document_srl=2097 ''The Lives of the 103 Korean Martyr Saints (4): St. Chong Ha-sang Paul (1795-1839)''] {{Wayback|url=http://english.cbck.or.kr/index.php?mid=newsletter&document_srl=2097 |date=20160303225450 }}, Catholic Bishops' Conference of Korea Newsletter No. 29 (Winter 1999). ==Viungo vya nje== * [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/1984/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_19840506_martiri-coreani_en.html Homily of Pope John Paul II given for the Mass for the canonization of the Korean martyrs] * [http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=4740&CFID=29233537&CFTOKEN=88892945 List and brief description of martyrs] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180524152040/http://animation.mepasie.org/rubriques/haut/historique-des-mep History of the Missions Etrangeres de Paris MEP] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|1795|1839}} [[Category:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Korea]] sv6t1e7k58zhgfv7oqkq1qmlnp22d3l 0 124544 1529721 1424553 2026-05-02T12:08:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529721 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yohane Pak Hujae''' ([[Yongin]], [[1798]] hivi - [[Seoul]], [[3 Septemba]] [[1839]]) alikuwa [[Mkristo]] wa [[Korea]] ambaye kwa ajili ya [[imani]] yake alifikishwa pamoja na [[wanawake]] watano ([[Maria Pak Kunagi]], [[Barbara Kwon Hui]], [[Barbara Yi Chonghui]], [[Maria Yi Yonhui]] na [[Agnes Kim Hyochu]]) mbele ya [[mahakama]] ya [[jinai]]. Baada ya kuteswa sana, walikatwa [[kichwa]] <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/68960</ref>. Ni baadhi katika [[kundi]] kubwa la [[Wakatoliki]] nchini waliouawa kwa ajili ya [[imani]] yao katika miaka [[1791]]–[[1888]]. Wanakadiriwa kuwa 8,000 - 10,000. Yeye na wenzake 102 walitangazwa na [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] kuwa [[watakatifu]] [[tarehe]] [[6 Mei]] [[1984]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.kofc.org/en/columbia/detail/korea-church-martyrs.html |title=Korea and the church of martyrs |accessdate=2020-04-06 |archivedate=2020-01-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125224009/http://www.kofc.org/en/columbia/detail/korea-church-martyrs.html }}</ref> [[Sikukuu]] ya hao [[Wafiadini wa Korea]] huadhimishwa tarehe [[20 Septemba]], lakini ya kwake mwenyewe ni tarehe [[3 Septemba]] <ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Mazingira== Mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 18]], [[Ukristo]] wa Kikatoliki ulianza kuenea taratibu nchini<ref>Michael Walsh, ed. "Butler's Lives of the Saints" (HarperCollins Publishers: New York, 1991), p. 297.</ref> kwa juhudi za wananchi [[walei]]. Mwaka [[1836]] Korea, nchi ya [[Ukonfusio|Kikonfusyo]] ilipata [[wamisionari]] wa kwanza kutoka nje (wanashirika wa [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]])<ref>''The Liturgy of the Hours Supplement'' (New York: Catholic Book Publishing Co., 1992, pp. 17–18.</ref>. Chini ya [[nasaba ya Joseon]], Ukristo ulifutwa, tena waamini walidhulumiwa na kuuawa. Waliobaki walipaswa kushika [[imani]] yao kwa [[siri]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 327-329 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 282-283 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== *Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John (1993). ''The Penguin Dictionary of Saints''. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN|0-14-051312-4. *Dallet, Charles (1874). [https://archive.org/details/histoiredelegli01dallgoog ''Histoire de l'Église de Corée'', Volume 1]. Paris: Librairie Victor Palmé. *Dallet, Charles (1874). [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LoUPAAAAIAAJ ''Histoire de l'Église de Corée'', Volume 2]. Paris: Librairie Victor Palmé. *Fathers of the London Oratory (1859). [https://books.google.com/books?id=QMUCAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The New Glories of the Catholic Church'']. London: Richardson and Son. *[http://english.cbck.or.kr/index.php?mid=newsletter&document_srl=2097 ''The Lives of the 103 Korean Martyr Saints (4): St. Chong Ha-sang Paul (1795-1839)''] {{Wayback|url=http://english.cbck.or.kr/index.php?mid=newsletter&document_srl=2097 |date=20160303225450 }}, Catholic Bishops' Conference of Korea Newsletter No. 29 (Winter 1999). ==Viungo vya nje== * [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/1984/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_19840506_martiri-coreani_en.html Homily of Pope John Paul II given for the Mass for the canonization of the Korean martyrs] * [http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=4740&CFID=29233537&CFTOKEN=88892945 List and brief description of martyrs] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180524152040/http://animation.mepasie.org/rubriques/haut/historique-des-mep History of the Missions Etrangeres de Paris MEP] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|1798|1839}} [[Jamii:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Korea]] ifreoy49yh9f3mz0rxhf7sr8s111xyv 0 124597 1529725 1424492 2026-05-02T12:08:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529725 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (Inchon, [[1810]] - [[Seoul]], [[1 Februari]] [[1840]]) ni mmojawapo katika [[kundi]] kubwa la [[Wakristo]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] nchini [[Korea]] waliouawa kwa ajili ya [[imani]] yao katika miaka [[1791]]–[[1888]]. Wanakadiriwa kuwa 8,000 - 10,000. Yeye na wenzake 102 walitangazwa na [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] kuwa [[watakatifu]] [[tarehe]] [[6 Mei]] [[1984]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.kofc.org/en/columbia/detail/korea-church-martyrs.html |title=Korea and the church of martyrs |accessdate=2020-04-07 |archivedate=2020-01-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125224009/http://www.kofc.org/en/columbia/detail/korea-church-martyrs.html }}</ref> [[Sikukuu]] ya hao [[Wafiadini wa Korea]] huadhimishwa tarehe [[20 Septemba]], lakini ya kwake mwenyewe na ya wenzake [[Paulo Hong Yongju]] na [[Barbara Choe Yongi]] tarehe 1 Februari<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. Paulo alikuwa [[katekista]], Yohane alikuwa maarufu kwa kusaidia [[maskini]] na kuzika wafiadini, Barbara alikuwa ameshauliwa [[mume]] na [[wazazi]] kwa ajili ya [[Masiya|Kristo]]. Wote watatu walikatwa [[kichwa]] <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/99319</ref>. ==Mazingira== Mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 18]], [[Ukristo]] wa Kikatoliki ulianza kuenea taratibu nchini<ref>Michael Walsh, ed. "Butler's Lives of the Saints" (HarperCollins Publishers: New York, 1991), p. 297.</ref> kwa [[juhudi]] za wananchi [[walei]]. Mwaka [[1836]] Korea, nchi ya [[Ukonfusio|Kikonfusyo]] ilipata [[wamisionari]] wa kwanza kutoka nje (wanashirika wa [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]])<ref>''The Liturgy of the Hours Supplement'' (New York: Catholic Book Publishing Co., 1992, pp. 17–18.</ref>. Chini ya [[nasaba ya Joseon]], Ukristo ulifutwa, tena waamini walidhulumiwa na kuuawa. Waliobaki walipaswa kushika [[imani]] yao kwa [[siri]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 327-329 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 282-283 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== *[http://english.cbck.or.kr/index.php?mid=newsletter&document_srl=2097 ''The Lives of the 103 Korean Martyr Saints (4): St. Chong Ha-sang Paul (1795-1839)''] {{Wayback|url=http://english.cbck.or.kr/index.php?mid=newsletter&document_srl=2097 |date=20160303225450 }}, Catholic Bishops' Conference of Korea Newsletter No. 29 (Winter 1999).==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== *Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John (1993). ''The Penguin Dictionary of Saints''. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN|0-14-051312-4. *Dallet, Charles (1874). [https://archive.org/details/histoiredelegli01dallgoog ''Histoire de l'Église de Corée'', Volume 1]. Paris: Librairie Victor Palmé. *Dallet, Charles (1874). [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LoUPAAAAIAAJ ''Histoire de l'Église de Corée'', Volume 2]. Paris: Librairie Victor Palmé. *Fathers of the London Oratory (1859). [https://books.google.com/books?id=QMUCAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The New Glories of the Catholic Church'']. London: Richardson and Son. ==Viungo vya nje== * [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/1984/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_19840506_martiri-coreani_en.html Homily of Pope John Paul II given for the Mass for the canonization of the Korean martyrs] * [http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=4740&CFID=29233537&CFTOKEN=88892945 List and brief description of martyrs] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180524152040/http://animation.mepasie.org/rubriques/haut/historique-des-mep History of the Missions Etrangeres de Paris MEP] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|1810|1840}} [[Category:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Korea]] kjnxmyrprvqfaloukn7vd2iguk7gc5r 0 124604 1529758 1424500 2026-05-02T12:14:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529758 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ([[1803]] - [[Seoul]], [[20 Septemba]] [[1846]]) ni mmojawapo katika [[kundi]] kubwa la [[Wakristo]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] nchini [[Korea]] waliouawa kwa ajili ya [[imani]] yao katika miaka [[1791]]–[[1888]]. Wanakadiriwa kuwa 8,000 - 10,000. Yeye na wenzake 102 walitangazwa na [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] kuwa [[watakatifu]] [[tarehe]] [[6 Mei]] [[1984]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.kofc.org/en/columbia/detail/korea-church-martyrs.html |title=Korea and the church of martyrs |accessdate=2020-04-07 |archivedate=2020-01-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125224009/http://www.kofc.org/en/columbia/detail/korea-church-martyrs.html }}</ref> [[Sikukuu]] ya hao [[Wafiadini wa Korea]] huadhimishwa tarehe [[20 Septemba]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. Walionyongwa katika [[gereza|magereza]] mbalimbali siku moja naye ni: [[Laurenti Han Ihyong]], [[Petro Nam Kyongmun]], [[Suzana U Surim]], [[Teresa Kim Imi]], [[Agata Yi Kannan]] na [[Katerina Chong Choryom]]<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/70880</ref>. ==Mazingira== Mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 18]], [[Ukristo]] wa Kikatoliki ulianza kuenea taratibu katika [[rasi ya Korea]], nchi ya [[Ukonfusio|Kikonfusyo]], kwa [[juhudi]] na [[ari]] za wananchi [[walei]]<ref>Michael Walsh, ed. "Butler's Lives of the Saints" (HarperCollins Publishers: New York, 1991), p. 297.</ref>. Mwaka [[1836]] Korea ilipata [[wamisionari]] wa kwanza kutoka nje (wanashirika wa [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]]) ambao walilisha na kuthibitisha imani kwa kutangaza [[Neno la Mungu]] na kuadhimisha [[sakramenti]]. Chini ya [[nasaba ya Joseon]], Ukristo ulifutwa, tena waamini walidhulumiwa na kuuawa. Waliobaki walipaswa kushika [[imani]] yao kwa [[siri]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 327-329 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 282-283 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== *[http://english.cbck.or.kr/index.php?mid=newsletter&document_srl=2097 ''The Lives of the 103 Korean Martyr Saints (4): St. Chong Ha-sang Paul (1795-1839)''] {{Wayback|url=http://english.cbck.or.kr/index.php?mid=newsletter&document_srl=2097 |date=20160303225450 }}, Catholic Bishops' Conference of Korea Newsletter No. 29 (Winter 1999).==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== *Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John (1993). ''The Penguin Dictionary of Saints''. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN|0-14-051312-4. *Dallet, Charles (1874). [https://archive.org/details/histoiredelegli01dallgoog ''Histoire de l'Église de Corée'', Volume 1]. Paris: Librairie Victor Palmé. *Dallet, Charles (1874). [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LoUPAAAAIAAJ ''Histoire de l'Église de Corée'', Volume 2]. Paris: Librairie Victor Palmé. *Fathers of the London Oratory (1859). [https://books.google.com/books?id=QMUCAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The New Glories of the Catholic Church'']. London: Richardson and Son. ==Viungo vya nje== * [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/1984/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_19840506_martiri-coreani_en.html Homily of Pope John Paul II given for the Mass for the canonization of the Korean martyrs] * [http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=4740&CFID=29233537&CFTOKEN=88892945 List and brief description of martyrs] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180524152040/http://animation.mepasie.org/rubriques/haut/historique-des-mep History of the Missions Etrangeres de Paris MEP] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|1803|1846}} [[Category:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Korea]] 4djpueq0695gvvdecs16ipz3guquh37 0 124613 1529716 1424509 2026-05-02T12:07:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529716 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ([[Ch'ungju]], [[1812]] - [[Seoul]], [[7 Machi]] [[1866]]) ni mmojawapo katika [[kundi]] kubwa la [[Wakristo]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] nchini [[Korea]] waliouawa kwa ajili ya [[imani]] yao katika miaka [[1791]] – [[1888]]. Wanakadiriwa kuwa 8,000 - 10,000. Yeye <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/44210</ref> na wenzake 102 walitangazwa na [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] kuwa [[watakatifu]] [[tarehe]] [[6 Mei]] [[1984]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.kofc.org/en/columbia/detail/korea-church-martyrs.html |title=Korea and the church of martyrs |accessdate=2020-04-07 |archivedate=2020-01-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125224009/http://www.kofc.org/en/columbia/detail/korea-church-martyrs.html }}</ref> [[Sikukuu]] ya hao [[Wafiadini wa Korea]] huadhimishwa tarehe [[20 Septemba]]. ==Mazingira== Mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 18]], [[Ukristo]] wa Kikatoliki ulianza kuenea taratibu nchini<ref>Michael Walsh, ed. "Butler's Lives of the Saints" (HarperCollins Publishers: New York, 1991), p. 297.</ref> kwa juhudi za wananchi [[walei]]. Mwaka [[1836]] Korea, nchi ya [[Ukonfusio|Kikonfusyo]] ilipata [[wamisionari]] wa kwanza kutoka nje (wanashirika wa [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]])<ref>''The Liturgy of the Hours Supplement'' (New York: Catholic Book Publishing Co., 1992, pp. 17–18.</ref>. Chini ya [[nasaba ya Joseon]], Ukristo ulifutwa, tena waamini walidhulumiwa na kuuawa. Waliobaki walipaswa kushika [[imani]] yao kwa [[siri]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 327-329 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 282-283 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== *[http://english.cbck.or.kr/index.php?mid=newsletter&document_srl=2097 ''The Lives of the 103 Korean Martyr Saints (4): St. Chong Ha-sang Paul (1795-1839)''] {{Wayback|url=http://english.cbck.or.kr/index.php?mid=newsletter&document_srl=2097 |date=20160303225450 }}, Catholic Bishops' Conference of Korea Newsletter No. 29 (Winter 1999).==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== *Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John (1993). ''The Penguin Dictionary of Saints''. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN|0-14-051312-4. *Dallet, Charles (1874). [https://archive.org/details/histoiredelegli01dallgoog ''Histoire de l'Église de Corée'', Volume 1]. Paris: Librairie Victor Palmé. *Dallet, Charles (1874). [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LoUPAAAAIAAJ ''Histoire de l'Église de Corée'', Volume 2]. Paris: Librairie Victor Palmé. *Fathers of the London Oratory (1859). [https://books.google.com/books?id=QMUCAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The New Glories of the Catholic Church'']. London: Richardson and Son. ==Viungo vya nje== * [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/1984/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_19840506_martiri-coreani_en.html Homily of Pope John Paul II given for the Mass for the canonization of the Korean martyrs] * [http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=4740&CFID=29233537&CFTOKEN=88892945 List and brief description of martyrs] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180524152040/http://animation.mepasie.org/rubriques/haut/historique-des-mep History of the Missions Etrangeres de Paris MEP] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|1812|1866}} [[Category:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Korea]] 4o9c9qpkxuldq0qmwmtc3lq2y8zlsyy 0 124614 1529715 1424510 2026-05-02T12:07:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529715 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (alifariki [[Nei-Ko-Ri]], [[9 Machi]] [[1866]]) alikuwa [[baba]] wa [[nyumba|nyumbani]] aliyefanya [[utume]] kwa [[Ubatizo|kubatiza]] watu na kuchapa [[Kitabu|vitabu]] vya [[Ukristo|Kikristo]] pamoja na [[Petro Choe Hyong]]. Kwa ajili hiyo waliteswa sana, lakini walidumu katika [[imani]] kwa kuvumilia yote kiasi cha kushangaza watesi wao <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/44360</ref>. Ni kati ya [[kundi]] kubwa la [[Wakristo]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] nchini [[Korea]] waliouawa kwa ajili ya [[imani]] yao katika miaka [[1791]]–[[1888]]. Wanakadiriwa kuwa 8,000 - 10,000. Yeye na wenzake 102 walitangazwa na [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] kuwa [[watakatifu]] [[tarehe]] [[6 Mei]] [[1984]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.kofc.org/en/columbia/detail/korea-church-martyrs.html |title=Korea and the church of martyrs |accessdate=2020-04-07 |archivedate=2020-01-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125224009/http://www.kofc.org/en/columbia/detail/korea-church-martyrs.html }}</ref> [[Sikukuu]] ya hao [[Wafiadini wa Korea]] huadhimishwa tarehe [[20 Septemba]], lakini ya kwake mwenyewe tarehe ya kifodini chake<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Mazingira== Mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 18]], [[Ukristo]] wa Kikatoliki ulianza kuenea taratibu nchini<ref>Michael Walsh, ed. "Butler's Lives of the Saints" (HarperCollins Publishers: New York, 1991), p. 297.</ref> kwa juhudi za wananchi [[walei]]. Mwaka [[1836]] Korea, nchi ya [[Ukonfusio|Kikonfusyo]] ilipata [[wamisionari]] wa kwanza kutoka nje (wanashirika wa [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]])<ref>''The Liturgy of the Hours Supplement'' (New York: Catholic Book Publishing Co., 1992, pp. 17–18.</ref>. Chini ya [[nasaba ya Joseon]], Ukristo ulifutwa, tena waamini walidhulumiwa na kuuawa. Waliobaki walipaswa kushika [[imani]] yao kwa [[siri]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 327-329 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 282-283 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== *[http://english.cbck.or.kr/index.php?mid=newsletter&document_srl=2097 ''The Lives of the 103 Korean Martyr Saints (4): St. Chong Ha-sang Paul (1795-1839)''] {{Wayback|url=http://english.cbck.or.kr/index.php?mid=newsletter&document_srl=2097 |date=20160303225450 }}, Catholic Bishops' Conference of Korea Newsletter No. 29 (Winter 1999).==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== *Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John (1993). ''The Penguin Dictionary of Saints''. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN|0-14-051312-4. *Dallet, Charles (1874). [https://archive.org/details/histoiredelegli01dallgoog ''Histoire de l'Église de Corée'', Volume 1]. Paris: Librairie Victor Palmé. *Dallet, Charles (1874). [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LoUPAAAAIAAJ ''Histoire de l'Église de Corée'', Volume 2]. Paris: Librairie Victor Palmé. *Fathers of the London Oratory (1859). [https://books.google.com/books?id=QMUCAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The New Glories of the Catholic Church'']. London: Richardson and Son. ==Viungo vya nje== * [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/1984/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_19840506_martiri-coreani_en.html Homily of Pope John Paul II given for the Mass for the canonization of the Korean martyrs] * [http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=4740&CFID=29233537&CFTOKEN=88892945 List and brief description of martyrs] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180524152040/http://animation.mepasie.org/rubriques/haut/historique-des-mep History of the Missions Etrangeres de Paris MEP] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD||1866}} [[Category:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Korea]] tdqdtgqqm6vcgml5ahb2hd0s4zne2b9 0 124621 1529752 1424517 2026-05-02T12:13:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529752 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ([[1802]] - Su-Ryong, [[30 Machi]] [[1866]]) ni mmojawapo katika [[kundi]] kubwa la [[Wakristo]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] nchini [[Korea]] waliouawa kwa ajili ya [[imani]] yao katika miaka [[1791]]–[[1888]]. Wanakadiriwa kuwa 8,000 - 10,000. Alikatwa [[kichwa]] pamoja na [[askofu]] [[Antoni Daveluy]], [[mapadri]] [[Pierre Aumaître]] na [[Martin-Luc Huin]], na ma[[katekista]] wenzake [[Thoma Son Cha-son]] na [[Luka Hwang Soktu]] <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/100776</ref>. [[Mlei]] huyo na [[wafiadini]] wenzake 102 walitangazwa na [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] kuwa [[watakatifu]] [[tarehe]] [[6 Mei]] [[1984]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.kofc.org/en/columbia/detail/korea-church-martyrs.html |title=Korea and the church of martyrs |accessdate=2020-04-07 |archivedate=2020-01-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125224009/http://www.kofc.org/en/columbia/detail/korea-church-martyrs.html }}</ref> [[Sikukuu]] ya hao [[Wafiadini wa Korea]] huadhimishwa tarehe [[20 Septemba]], lakini ya kwake mwenyewe tarehe ya [[kifodini]] chake<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Mazingira== Mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 18]], [[Ukristo]] wa Kikatoliki ulianza kuenea taratibu nchini<ref>Michael Walsh, ed. "Butler's Lives of the Saints" (HarperCollins Publishers: New York, 1991), p. 297.</ref> kwa juhudi za wananchi [[walei]]. Mwaka [[1836]] Korea, nchi ya [[Ukonfusio|Kikonfusyo]] ilipata [[wamisionari]] wa kwanza kutoka nje (wanashirika wa [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]])<ref>''The Liturgy of the Hours Supplement'' (New York: Catholic Book Publishing Co., 1992, pp. 17–18.</ref>. Chini ya [[nasaba ya Joseon]], Ukristo ulifutwa, tena waamini walidhulumiwa na kuuawa. Waliobaki walipaswa kushika [[imani]] yao kwa [[siri]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 327-329 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 282-283 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== *[http://english.cbck.or.kr/index.php?mid=newsletter&document_srl=2097 ''The Lives of the 103 Korean Martyr Saints (4): St. Chong Ha-sang Paul (1795-1839)''] {{Wayback|url=http://english.cbck.or.kr/index.php?mid=newsletter&document_srl=2097 |date=20160303225450 }}, Catholic Bishops' Conference of Korea Newsletter No. 29 (Winter 1999).==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== *Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John (1993). ''The Penguin Dictionary of Saints''. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN|0-14-051312-4. *Dallet, Charles (1874). [https://archive.org/details/histoiredelegli01dallgoog ''Histoire de l'Église de Corée'', Volume 1]. Paris: Librairie Victor Palmé. *Dallet, Charles (1874). [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LoUPAAAAIAAJ ''Histoire de l'Église de Corée'', Volume 2]. Paris: Librairie Victor Palmé. *Fathers of the London Oratory (1859). [https://books.google.com/books?id=QMUCAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The New Glories of the Catholic Church'']. London: Richardson and Son. ==Viungo vya nje== * [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/1984/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_19840506_martiri-coreani_en.html Homily of Pope John Paul II given for the Mass for the canonization of the Korean martyrs] * [http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=4740&CFID=29233537&CFTOKEN=88892945 List and brief description of martyrs] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180524152040/http://animation.mepasie.org/rubriques/haut/historique-des-mep History of the Missions Etrangeres de Paris MEP] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|1802|1866}} [[Category:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Korea]] 21qjozpy3xg0fv68fky6uxvpdnnoaou 0 124628 1529756 1424524 2026-05-02T12:13:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529756 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ([[Chungcheongbuk-do]], [[1836]] - [[Tiyen-Tiyon]], [[13 Desemba]] [[1866]]) alikuwa [[baba]] wa [[familia]] na [[katekista]] wa [[Korea]] ambaye, pamoja na [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wenzake watano <ref>Waliouawa pamoja naye ni: [[Petro Cho Hwaso]], [[Petro Yi Myongso]] na [[Bartholomayo Chong Munho]], akina baba wa familia; [[Petro Son Sonji]], katekista mwenzake; na [[Petro Chong Wonji]], [[mvulana]].</ref>, alikatwa [[kichwa]] baada ya kukataa [[kishawishi|vishawishi]] vya aina zote kutoka kwa [[Kiongozi|mtawala]] aliyetaka waasi [[dini]] yao <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/81230</ref>. Ni mmojawapo katika [[kundi]] kubwa la [[Wakristo]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] nchini [[Korea]] waliouawa kwa ajili ya [[imani]] yao katika miaka [[1791]]–[[1888]]. Wanakadiriwa kuwa 8,000 - 10,000. [[Mlei]] huyo na [[wafiadini]] wenzake 102 walitangazwa na [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] kuwa [[watakatifu]] [[tarehe]] [[6 Mei]] [[1984]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.kofc.org/en/columbia/detail/korea-church-martyrs.html |title=Korea and the church of martyrs |accessdate=2020-04-07 |archivedate=2020-01-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125224009/http://www.kofc.org/en/columbia/detail/korea-church-martyrs.html }}</ref> [[Sikukuu]] ya hao [[Wafiadini wa Korea]] huadhimishwa tarehe [[20 Septemba]] <ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Mazingira== Mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 18]], [[Ukristo]] wa Kikatoliki ulianza kuenea taratibu nchini<ref>Michael Walsh, ed. "Butler's Lives of the Saints" (HarperCollins Publishers: New York, 1991), p. 297.</ref> kwa juhudi za wananchi [[walei]]. Mwaka [[1836]] Korea, nchi ya [[Ukonfusio|Kikonfusyo]] ilipata [[wamisionari]] wa kwanza kutoka nje (wanashirika wa [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]])<ref>''The Liturgy of the Hours Supplement'' (New York: Catholic Book Publishing Co., 1992, pp. 17–18.</ref>. Chini ya [[nasaba ya Joseon]], Ukristo ulifutwa, tena waamini walidhulumiwa na kuuawa. Waliobaki walipaswa kushika [[imani]] yao kwa [[siri]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 327-329 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 282-283 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== *[http://english.cbck.or.kr/index.php?mid=newsletter&document_srl=2097 ''The Lives of the 103 Korean Martyr Saints (4): St. Chong Ha-sang Paul (1795-1839)''] {{Wayback|url=http://english.cbck.or.kr/index.php?mid=newsletter&document_srl=2097 |date=20160303225450 }}, Catholic Bishops' Conference of Korea Newsletter No. 29 (Winter 1999).==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== *Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John (1993). ''The Penguin Dictionary of Saints''. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN|0-14-051312-4. *Dallet, Charles (1874). [https://archive.org/details/histoiredelegli01dallgoog ''Histoire de l'Église de Corée'', Volume 1]. Paris: Librairie Victor Palmé. *Dallet, Charles (1874). [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LoUPAAAAIAAJ ''Histoire de l'Église de Corée'', Volume 2]. Paris: Librairie Victor Palmé. *Fathers of the London Oratory (1859). [https://books.google.com/books?id=QMUCAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The New Glories of the Catholic Church'']. London: Richardson and Son. ==Viungo vya nje== * [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/1984/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_19840506_martiri-coreani_en.html Homily of Pope John Paul II given for the Mass for the canonization of the Korean martyrs] * [http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=4740&CFID=29233537&CFTOKEN=88892945 List and brief description of martyrs] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180524152040/http://animation.mepasie.org/rubriques/haut/historique-des-mep History of the Missions Etrangeres de Paris MEP] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|1836|1866}} [[Category:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Korea]] ru783glpb9ziog3eumat7db5iu09c6o 0 124630 1529754 1424526 2026-05-02T12:13:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529754 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ([[Sinchang]], [[1848]] - [[Tiyen-Tiyon]], [[23 Desemba]] [[1866]]) alikuwa [[kijana]] mwenye [[ndoa]] wa [[Rasi ya Korea|Korea]] aliyeuawa kwa ajili ya [[imani]] ya [[Kikristo]] kama [[baba]] yake, [[Petro Cho Hwaso]] na [[babu]] yake, ila kwa kupigwa [[fimbo]] nyingi<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/82920</ref>. Ni mmojawapo katika [[kundi]] kubwa la [[Wakristo]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] nchini [[Korea]] waliouawa kwa ajili ya [[imani]] yao katika miaka [[1791]]–[[1888]]. Wanakadiriwa kuwa 8,000 - 10,000. Huyo na [[wafiadini]] wenzake 102 walitangazwa na [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] kuwa [[watakatifu]] [[tarehe]] [[6 Mei]] [[1984]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.kofc.org/en/columbia/detail/korea-church-martyrs.html |title=Korea and the church of martyrs |accessdate=2020-04-07 |archivedate=2020-01-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125224009/http://www.kofc.org/en/columbia/detail/korea-church-martyrs.html }}</ref> [[Sikukuu]] ya hao [[Wafiadini wa Korea]] huadhimishwa tarehe [[20 Septemba]], lakini ya kwake mwenyewe tarehe [[23 Desemba]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Mazingira== Mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 18]], [[Ukristo]] wa Kikatoliki ulianza kuenea taratibu nchini<ref>Michael Walsh, ed. "Butler's Lives of the Saints" (HarperCollins Publishers: New York, 1991), p. 297.</ref> kwa juhudi za wananchi [[walei]]. Mwaka [[1836]] Korea, nchi ya [[Ukonfusio|Kikonfusyo]] ilipata [[wamisionari]] wa kwanza kutoka nje (wanashirika wa [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]])<ref>''The Liturgy of the Hours Supplement'' (New York: Catholic Book Publishing Co., 1992, pp. 17–18.</ref>. Chini ya [[nasaba ya Joseon]], Ukristo ulifutwa, tena waamini walidhulumiwa na kuuawa. Waliobaki walipaswa kushika [[imani]] yao kwa [[siri]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 327-329 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 282-283 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== *[http://english.cbck.or.kr/index.php?mid=newsletter&document_srl=2097 ''The Lives of the 103 Korean Martyr Saints (4): St. Chong Ha-sang Paul (1795-1839)''] {{Wayback|url=http://english.cbck.or.kr/index.php?mid=newsletter&document_srl=2097 |date=20160303225450 }}, Catholic Bishops' Conference of Korea Newsletter No. 29 (Winter 1999).==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== *Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John (1993). ''The Penguin Dictionary of Saints''. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN|0-14-051312-4. *Dallet, Charles (1874). [https://archive.org/details/histoiredelegli01dallgoog ''Histoire de l'Église de Corée'', Volume 1]. Paris: Librairie Victor Palmé. *Dallet, Charles (1874). [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LoUPAAAAIAAJ ''Histoire de l'Église de Corée'', Volume 2]. Paris: Librairie Victor Palmé. *Fathers of the London Oratory (1859). [https://books.google.com/books?id=QMUCAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The New Glories of the Catholic Church'']. London: Richardson and Son. ==Viungo vya nje== * [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/1984/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_19840506_martiri-coreani_en.html Homily of Pope John Paul II given for the Mass for the canonization of the Korean martyrs] * [http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=4740&CFID=29233537&CFTOKEN=88892945 List and brief description of martyrs] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180524152040/http://animation.mepasie.org/rubriques/haut/historique-des-mep History of the Missions Etrangeres de Paris MEP] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|1848|1866}} [[Category:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Korea]] gvxnrx1kkllpi30qe5dmsexed243w1s 0 124631 1529727 1424527 2026-05-02T12:09:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529727 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ([[Hongju]], [[1823]] - [[Daegu]], [[21 Januari]] [[1867]]) alikuwa [[baba]] wa [[familia]], [[mkulima]] na [[katekista]]. Alidumu katika [[imani]] ya [[Ukristo|Kikristo]] akivumilia kupigwa na kuvunjwa viungo hadi alipokubali kwa utulivu kukatwa [[kichwa]] <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/38425</ref>. Ni wa mwisho katika [[kundi]] kubwa la [[Wakristo]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] nchini [[Korea]] waliouawa kwa ajili ya [[imani]] yao katika miaka [[1791]]–[[1888]]. Wanakadiriwa kuwa 8,000 - 10,000. [[Mlei]] huyo na [[wafiadini]] wenzake 102 walitangazwa na [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] kuwa [[watakatifu]] [[tarehe]] [[6 Mei]] [[1984]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.kofc.org/en/columbia/detail/korea-church-martyrs.html |title=Korea and the church of martyrs |accessdate=2020-04-07 |archivedate=2020-01-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125224009/http://www.kofc.org/en/columbia/detail/korea-church-martyrs.html }}</ref> [[Sikukuu]] ya hao [[Wafiadini wa Korea]] huadhimishwa tarehe [[20 Septemba]], ila ya kwake mwenyewe ni tarehe 21 Januari<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Mazingira== Mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 18]], [[Ukristo]] wa Kikatoliki ulianza kuenea taratibu nchini<ref>Michael Walsh, ed. "Butler's Lives of the Saints" (HarperCollins Publishers: New York, 1991), p. 297.</ref> kwa juhudi za wananchi [[walei]]. Mwaka [[1836]] Korea, nchi ya [[Ukonfusio|Kikonfusyo]] ilipata [[wamisionari]] wa kwanza kutoka nje (wanashirika wa [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]])<ref>''The Liturgy of the Hours Supplement'' (New York: Catholic Book Publishing Co., 1992, pp. 17–18.</ref>. Chini ya [[nasaba ya Joseon]], Ukristo ulifutwa, tena waamini walidhulumiwa na kuuawa. Waliobaki walipaswa kushika [[imani]] yao kwa [[siri]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 327-329 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 282-283 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== *[http://english.cbck.or.kr/index.php?mid=newsletter&document_srl=2097 ''The Lives of the 103 Korean Martyr Saints (4): St. Chong Ha-sang Paul (1795-1839)''] {{Wayback|url=http://english.cbck.or.kr/index.php?mid=newsletter&document_srl=2097 |date=20160303225450 }}, Catholic Bishops' Conference of Korea Newsletter No. 29 (Winter 1999).==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== *Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John (1993). ''The Penguin Dictionary of Saints''. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN|0-14-051312-4. *Dallet, Charles (1874). [https://archive.org/details/histoiredelegli01dallgoog ''Histoire de l'Église de Corée'', Volume 1]. Paris: Librairie Victor Palmé. *Dallet, Charles (1874). [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LoUPAAAAIAAJ ''Histoire de l'Église de Corée'', Volume 2]. Paris: Librairie Victor Palmé. *Fathers of the London Oratory (1859). [https://books.google.com/books?id=QMUCAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The New Glories of the Catholic Church'']. London: Richardson and Son. ==Viungo vya nje== * [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/1984/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_19840506_martiri-coreani_en.html Homily of Pope John Paul II given for the Mass for the canonization of the Korean martyrs] * [http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=4740&CFID=29233537&CFTOKEN=88892945 List and brief description of martyrs] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180524152040/http://animation.mepasie.org/rubriques/haut/historique-des-mep History of the Missions Etrangeres de Paris MEP] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|1823|1867}} [[Category:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Korea]] 75vq1omibh6hgtfhugsqggnpfxrczeb 0 124658 1529714 1338915 2026-05-02T12:07:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529714 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yohane II wa Yerusalemu''' ([[356]] hivi &ndash; [[10 Januari]] [[417]]) alikuwa [[Patriarki]] wa [[Yerusalemu]] kuanzia [[mwaka]] [[387]] hadi [[kifo]] chake. Alishika nafasi ya [[Sirili wa Yerusalemu|Sirili]] aliyefariki [[386]] (au 387). Uzushi ulipoenea, alitetea imani sahihi na kupigania amani ndani ya Kanisa<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. [[Wataalamu]] wanazidi kukubali kwamba ''Katekesi za Mafumbo'' zilizosemekana kuwa za Sirili, kumbe ni za kwake.<ref>Paul F. Bradshaw, ''The Search for the Origins of Christian Worship'' 2002 ISBN|0-19-521732-2, pag 113</ref>. Vilevile [[maandishi]] yake mengine yametunzwa kwa [[jina]] la mtu tofauti kwa kuhofia yatachomwa kutokana na wasiwasi uliojitokeza juu ya [[Imani sahihi|usahihi wa imani]] yake<ref>M. van Esbroeck, ''Dans une Homily géorgienne sur les Archanges'', in ''Analecta Bollandiana'' 89 (1971) 155-176</ref><ref name="homelie">M. van Esbrœck, ''Une homélie sur l’Église attribuée à Jean de Jérusalem'', in ''Le Muséon'', 86 (1973), p. 283-304</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Waorthodoksi]] na [[Wakatoliki]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[30 Machi]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://days.pravoslavie.ru/en/Days/20130330.htm |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2020-04-08 |archivedate=2013-12-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214211318/http://days.pravoslavie.ru/en/Days/20130330.htm }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ecclesia.gr/greek/synaxaire/synaxari.asp?minas=3&id=210 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2020-04-08 |archive-date=2023-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033348/https://www.ecclesia.gr/greek/synaxaire/synaxari.asp?minas=3&id=210 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/2497/sxsaintinfo.aspx Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἰωάννης Πατριάρχης Ἱεροσολύμων]</ref> au [[10 Januari]] <ref>''Martyrologium Romanum'', 2004, p.&nbsp;92</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== * M. van Esbrœck, ''Jean II de Jérusalem'', in ''[[Analecta Bollandiana]]'', Tome 102, Fasc.1-2 (1984), p.&nbsp;99-134 (includes also the text of John's homily on the ''Dedication of the Church of Holy Zion'', in French) * A. Piédagnel - P. Paris, ''Cyrille de Jérusalem, Catéchèses mystagogiques'', SC 126 (1966) et 126bis (1980) * P. Nautin, ''La lettre de Théophile d’Alexandrie à l’Église de Jérusalem et la réponse de Jean de Jérusalem (juin-juillet 396)'', ''[[Revue d'histoire ecclésiastique]]'', 96 (1974), p.&nbsp;365-394 * F.J. Leroy, ''Pseudo-chrysostomica: Jean de Jérusalem. Vers une résurrection littéraire ?'', dans ''Studia patristica'', 10 (''TU'' 107), Berlin, 1970, p.&nbsp;131-136 {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 356]] [[Category:Waliofariki 417]] [[Category:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Category:Mababu wa Kanisa]] [[Category:Wanateolojia wa Israeli]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Israeli]] my48ojuh6zz19six09nf22mjom0up91 0 124855 1529807 1252871 2026-05-02T12:22:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1529807 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Ytterby_terbiumvagen_gruvvagen.jpg|thumb| Terbiumvägen ''(terbium Road)'' na Gruvvägen ''(Mine Road)'' karibu na mgodi Ytterby ( {{Coord|59.42836|18.35384|type:landmark_region:SE-AB|name=Terbiumvägen / Gruvvägen}} ) ]] '''Ytterby''' ni [[kijiji]] kwenye [[kisiwa]] cha [[Resarö]], katika [[Manispaa]] ya [[Vaxholm]] kwenye [[funguvisiwa]] la [[Stockholm]] nchini [[Uswidi]]. [[Jina]] la kijiji linamaanisha "kijiji cha nje". <ref name="Emsley">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Nature's Building Blocks|last=Emsley|first=John|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn=0-19-850341-5|page=496}}</ref> Ytterby ni maarufu kwa sababu katika [[Mgodi|migodi]] yake [[elementi]] [[nane]] zilitambuliwa mara ya kwanza. Elementi nne za [[Ytri]] (Y), Yterbi (Yb), [[Erbi]] (Er) na [[Terbi]] (Tb) zote zimepewa jina la Ytterby. == Ugunduzi wa elementi == Tangu [[miaka ya 1500]] hivi [[felspar]] ilichimbwa hapa kwa ajili ya [[kiwanda]] cha [[kauri]]. Mnamo [[1787]] [[luteni]] [[Carl Axel Arrhenius]] aliyechungulia eneo kwa kupata mahali pa kujenga [[ngome]] alikuta [[jiwe]] jeusi na zito ambalo halikujalikana. <ref name="fort">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Knutson Udd, Lena|title=Ytterby gruva|url=http://fortv.se/Documents/Ytterby%20gruva%20dokumentation%202012%20exkl%20bilaga%20webbversion.pdf|publisher=Fortifikationsverket|accessdate=6 January 2018|language=Swedish|format=pdf|date=2012|archivedate=2018-01-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107061900/http://fortv.se/Documents/Ytterby%20gruva%20dokumentation%202012%20exkl%20bilaga%20webbversion.pdf}}</ref> [[Mwaka]] [[1794]] jiwe hilo lilifanyiwa [[utafiti]] na [[mtaalamu]] [[Johan Gadolin]] aliyetambua kwamba sehemu kubwa ilikuwa elementi mpya. [[Mwanakemia]] wa Uswidi [[Anders Gustaf Ekeberg]] alithibitisha ugunduzi huo mwaka uliofuata na akaiita kwa jina la ''Yttria'', na yale madini aliitwa ''Gadoliniti''. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths|last=Krishnamurthy|first=Nagaiyar|date=2015|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781466576384|edition=2nd|pages=2, 839}}</ref> Ndani ya madini ya gadoliniti jumla ya elementi saba ilipatikana. Mbali na [[Ytri]] (Y), [[Yterbi]] (Yb), [[Erbi]] (Er) na [[Terbi]] (Tb), elementi za [[Skandi|Scandi]] ([[Skandinavia]]), [[Holmi]] (Ho, jina la [[Stockholm]]), Thuli (Tm, jina la Thule, kisiwa cha [[kaskazini]] katika [[mitholojia ya Kigiriki]]) ya [[Skandinavia|Scandinavia]]), na [[Gadolini]] (Gd, jina la mvumbuzi Johan Gadolin) zilitambuliwa katika madini ya Ytterbi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Kean|first=Sam|title=Ytterby: The Tiny Swedish Island That Gave the Periodic Table Four Different Elements|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/elements/features/2010/blogging_the_periodic_table/ytterby_the_tiny_swedish_island_that_gave_the_periodic_table_four_different_elements.html|work=Slate|accessdate=14 November 2016|date=16 July 2010}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.travelblog.org/Europe/Sweden/Stockholm-County/Vaxholm/Ytterby/blog-793338.html Kuingia kwa blogi kwenye Ytterby] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F9QmVM536Ks Ziara ya YouTube ya tovuti ya mgodi] * [https://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&q=59.425956,18.352875 Mahali kwenye Ramani za Google] * [https://www.google.com/maps/@59.4291167,18.3356748,635m/data=!3m1!1e3?hl=en Mtazamo wa Google Earth ya Ytterby] * [http://wordpress.mrreid.org/2012/05/15/what-do-these-elements-have-in-common/ Wavuti ya wavuti &nbsp; - Je! Vitu hivi vinafananaje?] {{mbegu-jio-Uswidi}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Uswidi]] lcmwjh0ej4znuaxfaw0r1oc40lgrk59 0 124856 1529806 1465099 2026-05-02T12:22:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529806 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Ytterbium-3.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Yterbi, 70Yb]] {{elementi | rangi =#ffbfff | jina =Yterbi (Ytterbium) | picha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | alama = Tb | namba atomia = 70 | mfululizo safu = [[Lanthanidi]] | uzani atomia = 173.045 | valensi = 2, 8, 18, 32, 8, 2 | densiti husianifu = 6.90 g/cm3 | kiwango cha kuyeyuka = <small>°K 1097 </small> | kiwango cha kuchemka = <small>°K 1469 </small> | ugumu = | kiwango utatu = | % ganda dunia = | hali maada = | mengineyo = }} '''Yterbi''' ''(Ytterbium)'' ni [[Elementi ya kikemia|elementi]] ya [[Metali|kimetali]] yenye [[alama]] '''Yb''' na [[namba atomia]] 70, maana yake [[Kiini cha atomu|kiini cha Yterbi]] kina [[protoni]] 70 ndani yake. [[Uzani atomia]] ni 173.045. Katika [[jedwali la elementi]] inahesabiwa kati ya [[lanthanidi]] na metali za [[ardhi adimu]]. Kiasili Yterbi haipatikani kwa hali safi lakini imo ndani ya [[madini]] mengi. Iligunduliwa mnamo [[mwaka]] [[1878]] wakati [[mwanakemia]] [[Mswisi]] [[Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac]] alitenga kutoka ardhi adimu ya "erbia" na kuiita Ytterbia kutokana na [[kijiji]] cha [[Ytterby]], [[Uswidi]] ambako aliwahi kupata madini aliyochungulia.<ref>Mbali na [[Yterbi]] (Yb), kuna pia elementi za [[Ytri]] (Y), [[Erbi]] (Er) na [[Terbi]] (Tb) zilizopokea jina kutokana na kijiji cha Ytterby; elementi za [[Skandi|Scandi]] ([[Skandinavia]]), [[Holmi]] (Ho, jina la [[Stockholm]]), Thuli (Tm, jina la Thule, kisiwa cha [[kaskazini]] katika [[mitholojia ya Kigiriki]]) ya [[Skandinavia|Scandinavia]]), na [[Gadolini]] (Gd, jina la mvumbuzi Johan Gadolin) zilitambuliwa pia katika madini ya Ytterbi.</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Kean|first=Sam|title=Ytterby: The Tiny Swedish Island That Gave the Periodic Table Four Different Elements|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/elements/features/2010/blogging_the_periodic_table/ytterby_the_tiny_swedish_island_that_gave_the_periodic_table_four_different_elements.html|work=Slate|accessdate=14 November 2016|date=16 July 2010}}</ref> Yterbi ni vigumu kutengwa na madini mengine, kwa hiyo haina matumizi mengi isipokuwa viwango vidogo katika [[leza]] kadhaa. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Kusoma zaidi == * ''Guide to the Elements – Revised Edition'', Albert Stwertka, (Oxford University Press; 1998) ISBN 0-19-508083-1 == Viungo vya nje == * [http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele070.html It's Elemental – Ytterbium] {{Wayback|url=http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele070.html |date=20210128160328 }} * [https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-319-39193-9_144-2 Encyclopedia of Geochemistry - Ytterbium] {{mbegu-kemia}} [[Jamii:Lanthanidi]] [[Jamii:Elementi]] [[Jamii:Metali]] gonqcaqvnzbj9etbcg7dqioio5pkx1j 0 126957 1530193 1493258 2026-05-02T19:09:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Évariste Ndayishimiye | image = Эварист Ндайишимие (18-02-2022) (cropped).jpg | caption = Évariste Ndayishimiye, 2022 | office = 10 [[Orodha ya Marais wa Burundi|Rais wa Burundi]] | vicepresident = [[Prosper Bazombanza]] | primeminister = [[Gervais Ndirakobuca]] | term_start = 18 Juni 2020 | predecessor = [[Pierre Nkurunziza]] | successor = | birth_date = 1968 | birth_place = [[Giheta]], [[Mkoa wa Gitega|Gitega]], [[Burundi]] | party = [[CNDD–FDD]] | spouse = Angeline Ndayishimiye | children = 6 }} '''Evariste Ndayishimiye''' (amezaliwa [[1968]]) ni [[askari]] [[mwanasiasa]] ambaye amekuwa [[Rais]] wa [[Burundi]] [[tarehe]] [[18 Juni]] [[2020]]<ref>[https://www.la-croix.com/Le-president-Ndayishimiye-prend-tete-Burundi-fragilise-2020-06-18-1301100428 ''Le président Ndayishimiye prend tête de Burundi fragilisé.''] la-croix.com ya 18 Juni 2020</ref> baada ya [[kifo]] cha [[Pierre Nkurunziza]] tarehe [[8 Juni]] 2020. ==Maisha== Alizaliwa katika [[familia]] ya [[Wahutu]] nchini Burundi. Wakati wa kuanzishwa kwa [[vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] ya Burundi alikuwa [[mwanafunzi]] wa [[sheria]] kwenye [[chuo kikuu]] cha Burundi. Baada ya mashambulio dhidi ya [[wanafunzi]] Wahutu alijiunga na [[Chama cha kisiasa|chama]] cha [[CNDD–FDD]] akaendelea kuwa [[kiongozi]] wa [[tawi]] lake la [[Mgambo|wanamgambo]]. Baada ya mapatano ya kumaliza [[vita]] alikuwa makamu wa mkuu wa [[jeshi]] la kitaifa. Baada ya [[uchaguzi]] wa kiongozi wa CNDD-FDD [[Pierre Nkurunziza]] kuwa [[rais]], Ndayishimiye alikuwa [[waziri]] wa mambo ya ndani hadi [[mwaka]] [[2007]] na baadaye mwangalizi wa jeshi lote hadi [[2014]].<ref name=DW1>{{cite news |title=Evariste Ndayishimiye candidat du pouvoir au scrutin de mai au Burundi |url=https://p.dw.com/p/3Wr6r |accessdate=11 June 2020 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=27 January 2020}}</ref> Mwaka [[2016]] alikuwa [[katibu mkuu]] wa chama cha CNDD-FDD. Nkurunziza alipokubali kutogombea tena urais alimkubali Ndayishimiye kuwa mgombea wa chama kama rais.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea habari|title=Burundi's ruling party names presidential hopeful|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|date=2020-01-26|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51255840|accessdate=2020-05-07}}</ref> Katika uchaguzi wa mwaka 2020 Ndayishimiye alishinda kwa kupata [[asilimia]] 68 za kura zote. Nkurunziza aliaga [[dunia]] ghafla tarehe [[8 Juni]] 2020 mara baada ya uchaguzi. [[Mahakama Kuu]] ya Burundi ilikubali kuwahishwa kwa kuapishwa kwa rais mpya na tarehe 18 Juni Ndayishimiye alikula [[kiapo]] cha kuhudumia kama rais wa [[taifa]].<ref>[https://www.africanews.com/2020/06/18/burundi-cabinet-wants-court-to-declare-presidency-vacant/ Burundi swears in Evariste Ndayishimiye as president] {{Wayback|url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/06/18/burundi-cabinet-wants-court-to-declare-presidency-vacant/ |date=20200618142717 }}, tovuti ya Africa News ya 18-06-2020</ref> Anaishi katika [[ndoa]] na Angeline Ndayubaha.<ref>[https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/Burundi-vote-campaign-begins-in-shadow-covid19/4552908-5536470-2s5fmz/index.html ]</ref> Anajulikana kama [[Mkristo]] mwaminifu wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]].<ref>[https://www.rtbf.be/info/monde/detail_qui-est-le-general-evariste-ndayishimiye-le-nouveau-visage-du-regime-burundais?id=10418320 Qui est le général Evariste Ndayishimiye, le nouveau visage du régime burundais ? ] {{Wayback|url=https://www.rtbf.be/info/monde/detail_qui-est-le-general-evariste-ndayishimiye-le-nouveau-visage-du-regime-burundais?id=10418320 |date=20200610154419 }}, tovuti ya rtbf.be, redio ya Ubelgiji</ref> Mnamo Agosti 2024, ripoti ya Amnesty International ilishutumu vitendo vya "vitisho, unyanyasaji, ukamataji ovyo na kuwekwa kizuizini" vinavyofanywa na serikali ya Évariste Ndayishimiye kwa kulenga wanaharakati, waandishi wa habari na wengineo.<ref>[https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240821-burundi-le-pr%C3%A9sident-ndayishimiye-continue-de-mener-une-implacable-r%C3%A9pression-pointe-amnesty Afrique Burundi: le président Ndayishimiye continue de mener une «implacable répression», pointe Amnesty], tovuti ya Radio France International ya 21-08-2024</ref> ==Marejeo== <references/> {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1968|}} [[Jamii:Marais wa Burundi]] 8lp0wvclrrym5jzqczd7uuh1mo58971 0 127005 1529723 1419541 2026-05-02T12:08:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529723 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Saint-john-rigby.png|thumb|Mt. Yohane katika [[dirisha]] la [[kioo cha rangi]].]] '''Yohane Rigby''' ([[Eccleston]], [[Lancashire]], [[1570]] hivi – [[London]], [[21 Juni]] [[1600]]) alikuwa [[Mkristo]] wa [[Uingereza]] ambaye, baada ya kulelewa katika [[Ushirika wa Anglikana]] alijiunga na [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. Kwa sababu hiyo miaka miwili baadaye, chini ya [[malkia]] [[Elizabeti I]] alinyongwa na kuchanwa [[utumbo]] akiwa bado hai<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Lake|first=P.|last2=Questier|first2=M.|date=1996-11-01|journal=Past & Present|volume=153|issue=1|pages=64–107|doi=10.1093/past/153.1.64|issn=0031-2746|title=Agency, Appropriation and Rhetoric Under the Gallows: Puritans, Romanists and the State in Early Modern England}}</ref><ref name="stanton">[https://archive.org/stream/menologyofenglan00stanrich#page/280/mode/2up Stanton, Richard, ''A Menology of England and Wales'', Burns & Oates, ltd., London, 1892]</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.dioceseofshrewsbury.org/weekly_digests/st-john-rigby-21st-june |title="St John Rigby, 21st June", Diocese of Southwark |accessdate=2020-06-20 |archivedate=2020-06-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621163544/https://www.dioceseofshrewsbury.org/weekly_digests/st-john-rigby-21st-june }}</ref><ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/92075</ref>. Alitangazwa na [[Papa Pius XI]] kuwa [[mwenyeheri]] [[tarehe]] [[15 Desemba]] [[1929]], halafu na [[Papa Paulo VI]] kuwa [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]] [[tarehe]] [[25 Oktoba]] [[1970]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake ni tarehe [[21 Juni]] kufuatana na [[kalenda]] rasmi ya [[Kanisa Katoliki]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1570]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1600]] [[Jamii:Wafiadini Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Uingereza]] p7sn4qqfz1m3pnk5liw884tzpu6rq3r 0 127006 1529759 1146681 2026-05-02T12:14:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529759 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yosefu Isabel Flores''' (kwa [[Kihispania]] '''José Isabel Flores Varela''', [[S. Maria de la Paz]], [[Zacatecas]], [[Guadalajara]], [[Mexico]], [[28 Novemba]] [[1866]] - [[Zapotlanejo]], [[21 Juni]] [[1927]]) alikuwa [[padri]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] nchini [[Meksiko]] hadi [[kifodini|alipouawa]] kwa [[kisu]] bila [[kesi]] wakati wa [[Vita vya Wakristero]]. Kwa miaka 26 alikuwa amehudumia kwa [[upendo]] mkubwa waamini wa [[Matatlan]]<ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/90122</ref>. [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] alimtangaza [[mwenye heri]] tarehe [[22 Novemba]] [[1992]] halafu [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]] tarehe [[21 Mei]] [[2000]] pamoja na wenzake 24 waliofia [[dini]] katika [[vita]] hivyo<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://home.catholicweb.com/SanCristobal/index.cfm/about |title=List of San Cristobal and companions, St. Cristobal Magallanes and Companions Church, Mission, Texas |accessdate=2020-06-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324192614/http://home.catholicweb.com/SanCristobal/index.cfm/about |archivedate=2015-03-24 }}</ref>: [[Sikukuu]] yao inaadhimishwa kila [[tarehe]] [[21 Mei]] ila ya kwake mwenyewe ni tarehe ya [[kifodini]] chake<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== # [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_20000521_canonizations_en.html Homily of Pope John Paul II from Canonization Mass] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1866]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1927]] [[Category:Mapadri]] [[Category:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Meksiko]] c0dfmsohw1bp4b3xha0aylcokzw4apu 0 127220 1530209 1419489 2026-05-02T19:49:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530209 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Salvio na Superio''' (pia: '''Salvius, Salve, Saulve, Sauve''' na '''Super, Supery, Superieur'''; walifariki karibu na [[Valenciennes]], [[768]]) walikuwa [[wamisionari]] huko [[Austrasia]], leo nchini [[Ufaransa]] wakauawa na [[mtawala]] wa eneo hilo, Vinegardi. Walitokea [[Auvergne]], Salvio akiwa [[askofu]] na Superio [[mwanafunzi]] wake<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/59530</ref><ref>[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/1396/Saints-Saulve-et-Superieur.html Nominis : Saints Saulve et Supérieur]</ref><ref>[http://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?t=730 Forum orthodoxe.com : saints pour le 26 juin du calendrier ecclésiastique]</ref><ref>[https://www.notredamedusaintcordon.fr/saint-saulve-honneur.html Saint Saulve à l'honneur]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Notre-Dame du Saint-Cordon.</ref><ref>https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnominis.cef.fr%2Fcontenus%2Fsaint%2F1396%2FSaints-Saulve-et-Superieur.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url</ref>. Tangu kale wanaheshimiwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] kama [[watakatifu]] [[wafiadini]]. [[Sikukuu]] yao inaadhimishwa kila [[tarehe]] [[26 Juni]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 768]] [[Jamii:maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Wamisionari]] [[Jamii:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Ufaransa]] iwedgr4jkzxggg9u74cq4ttia6b1qfi 0 127246 1529760 1146682 2026-05-02T12:14:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529760 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:San jose maria robles hurtado.jpg|thumb|Mt. Yosefu Maria.]] '''Yosefu Maria Robles''' (kwa [[Kihispania]] '''José Maria Robles Hurtado''', [[Mascota]], [[Jalisco]], [[Mexico]], [[3 Mei]] [[1888]] - [[Quila]], Jalisco, [[26 Juni]] [[1927]]) alikuwa [[padri]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] nchini [[Meksiko]] hadi [[kifodini|alipouawa]] kwa kutundikwa [[mti|mtini]] bila [[kesi]] wakati wa [[Vita vya Wakristero]]. Kwa miaka 14 alikuwa amehudumia kwa [[upendo]] mkubwa waamini wake, pamoja na kuandika [[vitabu]] vya [[Kikristo]] na kuanzisha shirika la [[Masista]] wa [[Moyo Mtakatifu wa Yesu]]<ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/90130</ref>. [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] alimtangaza [[mwenye heri]] tarehe [[22 Novemba]] [[1992]] halafu [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]] tarehe [[21 Mei]] [[2000]] pamoja na wenzake 24 waliofia [[dini]] katika [[vita]] hivyo<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://home.catholicweb.com/SanCristobal/index.cfm/about |title=List of San Cristobal and companions, St. Cristobal Magallanes and Companions Church, Mission, Texas |accessdate=2021-01-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324192614/http://home.catholicweb.com/SanCristobal/index.cfm/about |archivedate=2015-03-24 }}</ref>: [[Sikukuu]] yao inaadhimishwa kila [[tarehe]] [[21 Mei]] ila ya kwake mwenyewe ni tarehe ya [[kifodini]] chake<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_20000521_canonizations_en.html Homily of Pope John Paul II from Canonization Mass] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1888]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1927]] [[Category:Mapadri]] [[Jamii:Watawa waanzilishi]] [[Category:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Meksiko]] acqm34e62azwbi2u2xnwi0q252ynpjb 0 127264 1529724 1489156 2026-05-02T12:08:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529724 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yohane Southworth''' ([[Lancashire]], [[Uingereza]], [[1592]] hivi &ndash; [[Tyburn, London|Tyburn]], [[London]], [[28 Juni]] [[1654]]) alikuwa [[Mkristo]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] pamoja na [[familia]] yake wakati wa [[dhuluma]] ya nchi hiyo iliyotaka wote wawe [[Waanglikana]]<ref name=McNamara>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070224184522/http://www.stthomasirondequoit.com/SaintsAlive/id758.htm McNamara, Robert. "St. John Southworth", ''Saints Alive'', St. Thomas the Apostle Catholic Church, Rochester, New York]</ref>. Baada ya kuhamia [[Ufaransa]], aliingia [[seminari]] kwa kengo la kurudi kwao kufanya [[uchungaji]] usioruhusiwa na [[serikali]]. Kisha kupewa [[daraja]] ya [[upadri]] alifaulu kufanya [[utume]] Uingereza miaka [[1619]]-[[1624]]<ref name=Wainewright>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14165a.htm Wainewright, John. "St. John Southworth." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 17 February 2018</ref> na [[1626]]-[[1627]]<ref name=Herald>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://catholicherald.co.uk/news/2011/06/24/the-17th-century-martyr-whose-corpse-was-found-in-the-1920s/ |title="The 17th-century martyr whose corpse was found in the 1920s", ''Catholic Herald'', 24 June 2011 |accessdate=2020-06-27 |archivedate=2018-11-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124040544/http://catholicherald.co.uk/news/2011/06/24/the-17th-century-martyr-whose-corpse-was-found-in-the-1920s/ }}</ref>. Ndipo alipokamatwa na kukaa [[Gereza|gerezani]] hadi [[mwaka]] [[1630]] alipofukuzwa nchini badala ya kuuawa kama alivyohukumiwa. Mwaka [[1636]] alikuwa amerudi [[London]] akawa anahudumia [[wagonjwa]] wa [[tauni]]<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10578a.htm Wainewright, John. "Ven. Henry Morse." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 17 Feb. 2018</ref>. Kati ya miaka [[1637]] na [[1640]] mara nne alikamatwa na kuachwa au kutoroka akiendelea na utume kwa [[siri]] hadi mwaka 1654 aliponyongwa na kukatwakatwa chini ya [[sheria]] ya serikali ya [[Oliver Cromwell]]. Akitazama [[kamba]] aliyoandaliwa alisema ilikuwa kwake kama [[msalaba]] [[Msalaba wa Yesu|wa]] [[Yesu]]<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/93307</ref>. [[Papa Pius XI]] alimtangaza [[mwenye heri]] mwaka [[1929]]. Halafu [[Papa Paulo VI]] [[tarehe]] [[25 Oktoba]] [[1970]] akamtangaza kuwa [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]] pamoja na wenzake 39. [[Sikukuu]] yake ni tarehe 28 Juni<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== * Bishop Challoner, [http://www.archive.org/stream/memoirsofmission01chaliala#page/n21/mode/2up ''Memoirs of Missionary Priests and other Catholics of both sexes that have suffered death in England on religious accounts from the year 1577 to 1684''] (Manchester 1803) {{Mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1592]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1654]] [[Jamii:Mapadri]] [[Jamii:Wafiadini Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Uingereza]] f40vhsmdz9dxpkqs3mxcgb83fadxpt3 0 129759 1530146 1486204 2026-05-02T19:02:33Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 15 template(s) replaced. 1530146 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zuhura Othman Soud''' (anafahamika zaidi kwa [[jina la kisanii|jina lake la kisanii]] '''Zuchu'''; alizaliwa tarehe [[22 Novemba]] mwaka [[1993]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zuchu – YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCOn8zDM533kqzhIA8c3NFbQ/about|access-date=6 November 2020|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref>) ni [[mwanamuziki]], [[mtunzi]] wa [[wimbo|nyimbo]] na [[Wasanii|msanii]] wa kurekodi wa Kitanzania aliezaliwa [[Zanzibar (maana)|Zanzibar]]. Ni mhamasishaji na muendelezaji mzuri wa mtindo mpya wa muziki unaoitwa Singeli. Nyimbo yake ya 'Hujanizidi' inadhihirisha jambo hili. Nyimbo zake nyingi ziko kwenye mtindo wa Singeli. Hivyo basi, tunaweza kumuita Malkia wa Singeli. Amesainiwa chini ya lebo ya [[WCB Wasafi]] Records chini ya uongozi wa [[Diamond Platnumz]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://eafeed.com/zuchu-biography/|title=Zuchu Bio – Age, Career, Education, Songs, WCB, Boyfriend, Net Worth|website=www.eafeed.com|language=en|access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/news/entertainment/Zuchu-is-the-new-face-on-Diamond-s-record-label-WCB/1840560-5519064-8da1n4z/index.html|title=Zuchu is the new face on Diamond's record label WCB |newspaper=[[The Citizen (Tanzania)|The Citizen]] |access-date=4 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=17 July 2020|title=Zuchu set to rise under the auspices of Diamond Platnumz|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/zuchu-set-rise-under-auspices-diamond-platnumz|access-date=6 November 2020|website=Music in Africa|language=en}}</ref> Alitunukiwa tuzo ya silver play button na mtandao wa kijamii wa Youtube kwa kuwa msanii wa kwanza wa kike [[Afrika ya mashariki]] kwa kufikisha wafuasi zaidi ya 100,000 ndani ya wiki moja.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=17 July 2020|title=Zuchu set to rise under the auspices of Diamond Platnumz|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/zuchu-set-rise-under-auspices-diamond-platnumz|access-date=6 November 2020|website=Music in Africa|language=en}}</ref> Katika wiki ya kusheherekea siku ya kuzaliwa, Zuchu alitunukiwa tuzo ya msanii bora chipukizi wa mwaka [[2020]] na tuzo All Africa Music Awards AFRIMMA.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=16 November 2020|title=Check out full list of winners at the 2020 AFRIMMA Awards|url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/celebrities/zuchu-nandy-and-diamond-win-big-at-the-2020-afrimma-awards-full-list/vcs43m6|access-date=24 November 2020|website=Pulse Live Kenya|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali== Zuchu amezaliwa kwenye familia ya wanamuziki. Ni binti wa [[mwanamuziki]] wa taarabu anayefahamika kwa jina la [[Khadija Kopa]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Diamond's new signee Zuchu features her mum, legendary Khadija Kopa, in new song days after joining WCB |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/351303-diamonds-signee-zuchu-features-mum-legendary-khadija-kopa-song-barely-days-joining-wcb.html |website=TUKO |access-date=10 June 2020 |archive-date=2021-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302234256/https://www.tuko.co.ke/351303-diamonds-signee-zuchu-features-mum-legendary-khadija-kopa-song-barely-days-joining-wcb.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kati ya wasanii hawa mmoja atajiunga WCB |url=https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/habari/kitaifa/Kati-ya-wasanii-hawa-mmoja-atajiunga-WCB/1597296-5201332-puqk78z/index.html |website=Mwananchi |access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Diamond's new signee Zuchu features her mum, legendary Khadija Kopa, in new song days after joining WCB |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/351303-diamonds-signee-zuchu-features-mum-legendary-khadija-kopa-song-barely-days-joining-wcb.html |website=TUKO |access-date=10 June 2020 |archive-date=2021-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302234256/https://www.tuko.co.ke/351303-diamonds-signee-zuchu-features-mum-legendary-khadija-kopa-song-barely-days-joining-wcb.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kati ya wasanii hawa mmoja atajiunga WCB |url=https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/habari/kitaifa/Kati-ya-wasanii-hawa-mmoja-atajiunga-WCB/1597296-5201332-puqk78z/index.html |website=Mwananchi |access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref> Zuchu alianza kuimba akiwa na umri mdogo na baadae kushirikiana na mama yake Khadija Kopa katika wimbo unaofahamika kama Mauzauza <ref>{{cite web |title=ZUCHU – Biography – Age, Family, Early life, Record Label, Music, Net Worth |url=https://daily4mative.com/zuchu-biography-age-family-early-life-music-net-worth/ |website=Daily4mative |accessdate=2021-03-06 |archivedate=2021-03-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304181116/https://daily4mative.com/zuchu-biography-age-family-early-life-music-net-worth/ }}</ref> Zuchu alitambulika rasmi kwenye Tasnia ya muziki mnamo [[Aprili]] [[2020]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Why WCB’s new signee Zuchu is a force to reckon with as she unveils her EP ‘I am Zuchu’ |url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/why-wcbs-new-signee-zuchu-is-a-force-to-reckon-with-as-she-unveils-her-ep-i-am-zuchu/k2tt5v9 |website=Pulselive |access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref> Mpaka sasa ana albamu moja na alichaguliwa kushiriki mashindano ya kuwania tuzo ya MTV MAMA awards ya mwaka 2021. Kwenye mashindano hayo, Zuchu alipangwa katika kipengele cha 'best breakthrough act', na alikabiliwa na ushindani kutoka kwa Elaine na Focalistic wa [[Afrika Kusini]] na Tems na Omah Lay wote kutoka [[Nigeria]], John Blaq ([[Uganda]]) na Sha Sha ([[Zimbabwe]]).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://habarileo.co.tz/habari/2020-12-115fd396650321b.aspx |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-03-06 |archivedate=2021-02-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225200038/https://habarileo.co.tz/habari/2020-12-115fd396650321b.aspx }}</ref> == Kazi == Zuchu alianza kuimba akiwa na umri mdogo na baadaye alishirikiana na mama yake, [[Khadija Kopa]], katika wimbo ulioitwa ''Mauzauza'' uliomo kwenye EP yake ya kwanza ''I am Zuchu''. Mara ya kwanza kujitokeza hadharani kama msanii ilikuwa mwaka [[2015]]. Alitumbuiza miongoni mwa wasanii wengine katika toleo la kwanza la TECNO OWN THE STAGE lililofanyika [[Lagos]], [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{Citation|title=EP4 Zouchu Performance|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahdgDqFJUdY|language=en|access-date=2021-03-14}}</ref>, ambapo alifanya majaribio (audition) pamoja na msanii wa Tanzania, [[Nandy (singer)|Nandy]]. Mwaka 2022, Zuchu alikua msanii wa kike mwenye idadi kubwa zaidi ya wanaojisajili (subscribers) kwenye YouTube katika eneo la Afrika Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=admin|date=2022-10-25|title=Zuchu the most Youtube subscribed female artist in Sub-Saharan Africa — citiMuzik|url=https://www.citimuzik.com/2022/10/zuchu-the-most-youtube-subscribed-female-artist-in-sub-saharan-africa.html|access-date=2023-02-21|language=en-US}}</ref>. Miezi michache baadaye, alikua msanii wa kwanza wa kike katika [[Afrika Mashariki]] kufikisha jumla ya mitiririko (streams) milioni 100 kwenye jukwaa la [[Boomplay]].<ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Diamond, Zuchu, Harmonize and Nandy emerge top artists in Boomplay Recap 2022|language=en|work=The Citizen|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/entertainment/diamond-zuchu-harmonize-and-nandy-emerge-top-artists-in-boomplay-recap-2022-4058478|access-date=2023-02-21}}</ref> Vilevile mwaka 2022, Zuchu alikua msanii wa kwanza wa kike kutoka Afrika Mashariki kupata uteuzi (nominashion) katika tuzo za MTV EMAs.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tanzanian singer Zuchu nominated for 2022 MTV Awards {{!}} The East African|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/zuchu-nominated-2022-mtv-ema-awards-3983704?view=htmlamp|access-date=2024-01-01|website=www.theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Zuchu alianza mwaka 2023 kwa kutoa wimbo mpya ulioitwa ''Utaniua''. Wimbo huo ulipokelewa vizuri na wakosoaji wa muziki, ambapo mwandishi wa habari za muziki nchini Tanzania, Charles Maganga, aliusifu wimbo huo kama kazi ya karibu kihisia inayotoa heshima kwa muziki wa Bongo Flava na Baibuda.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2023-02-10|title=Zuchu Drops A Brand New Song Titled "Utaniua" {{!}} Notjustok|url=https://notjustok.com/eastafrica/music/utaniua-zuchu/|access-date=2023-02-21|website=Latest East African & Bongo Flava Music, Songs & Video - Notjustok|language=en-US}}</ref> Mnamo Machi 2023, Zuchu alitoa video yake ya kwanza rasmi ya muziki kwa mwaka 2023 kwa wimbo ulioitwa ''Napambana''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2023-02-10|title=Zuchu - Napambana (Official Music Video)|url=https://www.nyimbompya.com/zuchu-napambana-official-music-video-17407.html|access-date=2023-03-06|website=Nyimbo Mpya|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306155719/https://www.nyimbompya.com/zuchu-napambana-official-music-video-17407.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mwezi Juni 2023, Zuchu alitangaza kufikisha jumla ya watazamaji zaidi ya milioni 500 kwenye YouTube, na hivyo kuwa msanii wa kwanza wa kike Afrika Mashariki na wa tano kwa ujumla barani Afrika kufikia rekodi hiyo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=@officialzuchu surpassed 500M total views on youtube, She is the 1st Female Artist To Surpass This Milestone In East Africa & 5th in All Africa.|url=https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2F100065022041900%2Fposts%2Fpfbid02x8JUPX28YGU1gRvwMM6TkJMEs6gY1vTHqdQ9ynjvQwSFjMUox547fXgYo8oaokvzl%2F%3Fapp%3Dfbl|access-date=2023-06-29|website=Facebook|language=en}}</ref> Mwaka 2023 pia, wimbo wa Zuchu wa mwaka 2021 ulioitwa ''Sukari'' uliorodheshwa katika nafasi ya nane na Notjustok kwenye orodha yao ya nyimbo bora za Tanzania za muongo mmoja kuanzia 2012 hadi 2022.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tanzanian singer Zuchu nominated for 2022 MTV Awards {{!}} The East African|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/zuchu-nominated-2022-mtv-ema-awards-3983704?view=htmlamp|access-date=2024-01-01|website=www.theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> == Diskografia == === Albamu === Zuchu aliachia albamu ya kwanza iliyotambulika kama “I am Zuchu“ mwaka 2020 ikiwa na nyimbo 7. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.deezer.com/us/album/142790582|title=Zuchu: I Am Zuchu|website=deezer.com}}</ref> Albamu yake ndiyo albamu iliyosikilizwa na watu wengi zaidi nchini [[Tanzania]] kwa mwaka 2020 na video za nyimbo zake zimetazamwa na mamilioni ya watu. Mwanamziki Zuchu kwa sasa anatamba na albamu yake mpya iitwayo Peace And Money yenye nyimbo kama Till I Die akiwa ame mshirikisha Spyro, Lollipop akiwa amemshirikisha [[Yemi Alade]], Mwizi, Antenna, Makonzi, Lullaby akiwa na Majeeed, I Don't Care, Mama, Nimechoka akiwa amemshirikisha msani mkubwa [[Tanzania]] Diamond. <ref>https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/entertainment/zuchu-named-on-bbc-s-10-african-musicians-to-look-out-for-in-2021-3245486</ref> ==Nyimbo zake== {|class="wikitable sortable" |- !Mwaka !Nyimbo !Albamu |- | rowspan="13" |2020 |"Hakuna Kulala" | rowspan="13" |''I Am Zuchu EP'' |- |"Nisamehe" |- |"Kwaru" |- |"Wana" |- |"Raha" |- |"Ashua"<small>(feat. [[Mbosso]])</small> |- |"Tanzania ya Sasa" |- |"Shangilia" |- |"Mauzauza"<small>(feat. [[Khadija Kopa]])</small> |- |"Cheche" (feat. [[Diamond Platnumz]]) |- |"Litawachoma" (feat. [[Diamond Platnumz]]) |- |"Hasara" |- |"Nobody" (feat. Joeboy) |- | rowspan="2" |2021 |"Sukari" |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Mwaka !Nyimbo !Albamu |- | rowspan="13" |2024 |"Till I Die"(feat. Spyro) | rowspan="13" |''Peace and Money'' |- |"Lollipop"(feat. [[Yemi Alade]]) |- |"Mwizi" |- |"Antenna" |- |"Makonzi" |- |"Lullaby"(feat. Majeed) |- |"I Don't Care" |- |"Cherie"(feat. Lava Lava) |- |"Tinini"(feat. H-art The Band) |- |"Mama" |- |"Nimechoka" |- |"Wale wale"(feat. [[Diamond Platnumz]]) |- |"Hujanizidi" (feat. D Voice) |- |} ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1993]] [[Jamii:Arts and Feminism 2023]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:WikiGap JWK 2026]] big2up56atifgl04iypyavmuonosn6o 0 131096 1529864 1489729 2026-05-02T12:31:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529864 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Yvonne Orji.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Yvonne Orji]] '''Yvonne Anuli Orji''' (alizaliwa [[Port Harcourt]], [[Rivers State|Jimbo la Rivers]], [[Nigeria]], [[2 Desemba]] [[1983]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] na mchekeshaji [[Mmarekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Nigeria]]. Anajulikana sana kwa uhusika wake katika filamu ya Insecure ya mwaka [[2016]], ambayo iliteuliwa kwenye tuzo za Primetime Emmy na Tuzo za Picha za NAACP.. == Wasifu == Orji alikulia Laurel, Maryland nchini Marekani<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://issuemagazine.com/yvonne-orji/#/|title=YVONNE ORJI|access-date=2016-12-15|archive-date=2016-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221013156/http://issuemagazine.com/yvonne-orji/#/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Alisoma shule ya upili katika mji mdogo wa Lititz, Pennsylvania ambapo alihudhuria Shule ya Linden Hall, shule ya zamani zaidi ya wasichana ya bweni nchini. Alipata Shahada yake katika sanaa huria kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha [[George Washington]] na kisha akaendelea kupata shahada uzamili katika afya ya umma Chuo Kikuu cha George Washington vile vile. Wazazi wa Orji walimtarajia kuwa ama daktari, wakili, mfamasia, au mhandisi. Walakini, alipewa msukumo wa kufanya ucheshi kama mwanafunzi aliyehitimu alipofanya kusimama katika sehemu ya talanta ya mashindano ya urembo. Baada ya kuhitimu masomo, mnamo mwaka [[2009]], Orji alihamia [[New York City]] kuendeleza taaluma ya uchekeshaji. Alivaa uhusika wa Molly kwenye filamu ya Insecure bila wakala au uzoefu wowote wa kweli.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/16/yvonne-orji-landed-her-insecure-role-without-an-agent-or-a-manager.html | title=Yvonne Orji landed her role on HBO's 'Insecure' with no agent, no manager and zero acting experience|date=17 November 2018|first=Courtney|last=Connley|publisher=CNBC|accessdate=27 June 2020}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Orji ni mcha Mungu [[Mkristo]] na amesema kwamba atabaki bikira mpaka ndoa.<ref>Davis, Allison P. (10 October 2016). "Molly From 'Insecure' Is Your New Favorite Single Lady". ''The Ringer''. Iliwekwa mnamo 12 Disenba 2024.</ref> Alicheza katika TEDxWilmingtonSalon mnamo mwaka [[2017]], iliyoitwa "The wait is sexy" kwenye YouTube. Katika mazungumzo, anaelezea sababu zake za kujiepusha na ngono kabla ya ndoa.<ref>{{cite web |title=The wait is sexy |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zw7AXwnb8M |website=YouTube |publisher=TEDx Talks}}</ref> == Jitihada za hisani == Nje ya kazi yake ya ubunifu, amejitolea kwa uhisani. Mnamo mwaka [[2008]] na [[2009]] alitumia miezi sita akifanya kazi baada ya vita [[Liberia]], na Population Services International (PSI),NGO ambayo hutumia uuzaji wa kijamii katika kupitisha tabia njema. Alipokuwa [[Liberia]], alifanya kazi na kikundi cha vijana wenye talanta ya kusaidia kujenga programu ya ushauri pamoja na kipindi cha majadiliano ya kila wiki ambacho kilisaidia kuelimisha juu ya kuenea kwa ujauzito kwa vijana na VVU / UKIMWI. Hivi sasa anatoa wakati na sauti yake kama Balozi wa R (ED), Bingwa wa Kujua kusoma na kuandika kwa Jumpstart na akifanya kazi na JetBlue kwa mema.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=UTA|first=Talent Agency|date=|title=Yvonne Orji, UTA Bio Page|url=https://www.unitedtalent.com/speaker/yvonne-orji/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=|accessdate=2020-10-31|archivedate=2019-08-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812031013/https://www.unitedtalent.com/speaker/yvonne-orji/}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Arts and Feminism 2023]] 83buaxptox3z8r119fjztbwkhhpjq1s 0 131489 1530075 1471734 2026-05-02T18:51:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1530075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Zikhona Sodlaka |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa =7 Juni mwaka 1985 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Mthatha |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = anayejulikana zaidi kwa majukumu yake ya kuigiza katika safu ya runinga |kazi_yake = Mwigizaji wa Afrika Kusini |nchi = Afrika kusini }} '''Zikhona Sodlaka''' (amezaliwa [[Mthatha]], [[7 Juni]] [[1985]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=5305|title=Zikhonda Sodlaka, TVSA|website=tvsa.co.za|accessdate=10 June 2020}}</ref>) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] anayejulikana zaidi kwa majukumu yake ya kuigiza katika safu ya [[runinga]] kama vile ''Shooting Stars'',''Rhythm City'',''Soul City'', ''Intsika'' na ''Montana''. Sodlaka aliwahi kuteuliwa kwenye Tuzo za Filamu na Televisheni za [[Afrika Kusini]] ''(SAFTA)''.<ref>{{cite web|first=Adeaga Favour|url=https://briefly.co.za/36212-zikhona-sodlaka-biography-age-speech-profile-nomhle-nkonyeni-generations-instagram-contact-details.html|title=Zikhona Sodlaka biography: Age, speech, profile, Nomhle Nkonyeni, Generations, Instagram and contact details|website=briefly.co.za|last=Komani Sibabalwe|date=3 September 2019}}</ref> Yeye ni mwigizaji mashuhuri wa [[Afrika Kusini]] katika ''Tsha Tsha'', ''Igazi'', ''Generations'' safu ya Runinga ya [[Afrika Kusini]].<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://zalebs.com/whats-hot/zikhona-sodlaka-one-fine-woman|title=Getting To Know Zikhona Sodlaka|last=|work=zalebs.com|access-date=2019-06-05|language=en|accessdate=2020-11-19|archivedate=2019-06-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604223711/https://zalebs.com/whats-hot/zikhona-sodlaka-one-fine-woman}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.mytvnews.co.za/10-facts-you-didnt-know-about-zikhona-sodlaka/|title=10 Facts You Didn’t Know About Zikhona Sodlaka|last=|work=mytvnews.co.za|access-date=2019-06-05|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-22-final-act-axed-generations-ask-court-to-cancel-the-legacy|title=Final act: Axed Generations stars go to court|last=Sapa|work=The M&G Online|access-date=2018-05-21|language=en}}</ref>na filamu ya ''The Two of Us'' ya mwaka [[2015]] na ''Mandela:Matembezi Marefu hadi Uhuru''.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.redlive.co.za/love-zikhona-sodlaka/|title=Why We Love Zikhona Sodlaka|last=|work=redlive.co.za|access-date=2019-06-05|language=en|accessdate=2020-11-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604223730/https://www.redlive.co.za/love-zikhona-sodlaka/|archivedate=2019-06-04}}</ref><ref name="SouthAfrica">{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/south-africa-sets-drama-for-foreign-language-oscar-race-1201598794/ |title=South Africa Sets Drama for Foreign-language Oscar Race |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |work=Variety |date=22 September 2015 |accessdate=22 September 2015}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Sodlaka alizaliwa Mthatha huko [[Eastern Cape]], alikulia [[KwaZulu-Natal]]. Alisoma katika shule ya ''Excelsior SSS'' na aliacha akiwa darasa la 9. Alipata elimu yake yote katika shule ya ''Warriors Rust''. Alipata elimu ya juu katika chuo cha ''Shepstone'' ambapo alisomea Usimamizi wa Biashara. Alipata Astashada yake na kwenda [[Johannesburg]] na kusajiliwa katika Teknolojia ya Habari kama Mwanafunzi na alifanya Programu ya Kompyuta huko ''Havtec'' kabla ya kujikita kwenye sanaa. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{BD|1985|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Arts and Feminism 2023]] hre8bvplveakd5y4debfjln8okjk2qd 0 131797 1529713 1499277 2026-05-02T12:06:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529713 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:I.F. Regis S.J. PA02032.jpg|thumb|Mt. Yohane Fransisko Regis alivyochorwa.]] '''Yohane Fransisko Regis, [[S.J.]]''' ([[Fontcouvert]], [[31 Januari]] [[1597]] - [[Lalouvesc]], [[31 Desemba]] [[1640]]) alikuwa [[padri]] wa [[Shirika la Yesu]] nchini [[Ufaransa]]. Baada ya kuhudumia [[wagonjwa]] wa [[tauni]], alikwenda kuhubiri na [[kitubio|kuungamisha]] mfululizo [[Mlima|milimani]] na [[Kijiji|vijijini]] ili kuinua [[imani]] ya [[Kanisa Katoliki|Kikatoliki]] katika [[roho]] za waumini wa [[Dayosisi|jimbo]] la [[Viviers]] kuanzia [[mwaka]] [[1633]] hadi [[kifo]] chake <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/66225</ref>. Alitangazwa na [[Papa Klementi XI]] kuwa [[mwenye heri]] [[tarehe]] [[18 Mei]] [[1716]], halafu [[Papa Klementi XII]] alimtangaza [[mtakatifu]] tarehe [[5 Aprili]] [[1737]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa tarehe aliyoiaga [[dunia]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref> ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 206-207 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 173 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== * {{cite book | last =Holland |first=Robert E. |title=The Life of Saint John Francis Regis of the Society of Jesus| url =https://archive.org/details/lifeofsaintjohnf00holl |location= Chicago, Illinois | publisher = Loyola University Press | date= 1922 |isbn= 9781117653297 | oclc=1343407}} * {{Rejea kitabu|title=Lives of the saints: for every day of the year: in accord with the norms and principles of the new Roman calendar|last=Hoever|first=Hugo H.|date=1955|publisher=Catholic Book Pub. Co|isbn=0899428703|edition=New rev.|location=New York|oclc=24886449|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/livesofsaintsfor0000hoev}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1597]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1640]] [[Category:Mapadri]] [[Category:Wajesuiti]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Ufaransa]] rqdevpiqce0j1cx4qmjrashnrqlwuqj 0 132508 1529708 1414561 2026-05-02T12:06:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529708 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Saint Jeanne de Lestonnac.jpg|thumb|Mt. Yoana wa Lestonnac]] '''Yoana wa Lestonnac, [[O.D.N.]]''' ([[Bordeaux]], [[27 Desemba]] [[1556]] – [[2 Februari]] [[1640]]) alikuwa [[mtawa]] wa [[Ufaransa]], wa kwanza kuanzisha [[shirika]] la [[masista]] [[walimu]] ([[1607]])<ref>Dast le Vacher de Boisville, ''La Vénérable Jeanne de Lestonnac et la fondation de l'Ordre des Filles de Notre Dame'', (Bordeaux: R. Coussau, 1899)</ref><ref name=History>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://lestonnac-odn.org/recursos/arxius/20130204_0225History_of_the_Order_of_the_Company.pdf |title="History of the Order of the Company of Mary, Our Lady" |accessdate=2021-01-28 |archivedate=2016-10-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007172722/http://lestonnac-odn.org/recursos/arxius/20130204_0225History_of_the_Order_of_the_Company.pdf }}</ref>. [[Utoto|Utotoni]] alikataa mahimizo ya [[mama]] yake ya kuasi [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. Baadaye aliishi miaka 24 katika [[ndoa]], ambamo alizaa [[watoto]] watano ambao aliwalea kwa hekima baada ya kufiwa mumewe.Hatimaye, kwa mfano wa shirika la [[Wajesuiti]], alianzisha shirika la Mabinti wa Bibi Yetu ili kulea [[Kikristo]] [[Msichana|wasichana]] wengi iwezekanavyo <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/39410</ref>. [[Papa Leo XIII]] alimtangaza [[mwenye heri]] [[tarehe]] [[12 Mei]] [[1900]], halafu [[Papa Pius XII]] alimtangaza [[mtakatifu]] tarehe [[15 Mei]] [[1949]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa kila [[mwaka]] kwenye tarehe ya [[kifo]] chake<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|Jeanne de Lestonnac}} *[http://www.lestonnac-odn.org/en/who-are-we/2/saint-jeanne The Company of Mary Our Lady Official site] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lestonnac-odn.org/en/who-are-we/2/saint-jeanne |date=20170319153124 }} *{{worldcat id|lccn-n85-341155}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1556]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1640]] [[Jamii:Watawa waanzilishi]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Ufaransa]] 2twz23qhe2v0cdiyc35umrm7pzs2ev4 0 132602 1529689 1414907 2026-05-02T12:03:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529689 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Jesús_Méndez_Montoya.jpg|thumb|Picha yake halisi.]] '''Yesu Mendez''' ([[jina]] kamili kwa [[Kihispania]]: '''Jesús_Méndez_Montoya'''; [[Tarimbaro]], [[Michoacán|Michoacan]], [[Mexico]], [[10 Juni]] [[1880]] – [[Valtierrilla]], [[Guanajuato]], [[Mexico]], [[5 Februari]] [[1928]]<ref>http://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20000521_mendez-montoya_sp.html</ref>) alikuwa [[padri]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] nchini [[Meksiko]] hadi [[kifodini|alipouawa]] bila [[kesi]] wakati wa [[Vita vya Wakristero]] kwa ajili ya [[Ufalme wa Mungu|ufalme]] wa [[Kristo Mfalme|Kristo]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Manuel |first1=Alcántara |last2=Mercedes |first2=García Montero |last3=Francisco |first3=Sánchez López |title=Arte y patrimonio cultural: Memoria del 56.º Congreso Internacional de Americanistas |date=2018 |publisher=Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca |isbn=9788490129166 |page=754 |url=https://books.google.es/books?id=Tf1kDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA754#v=onepage&q&f=false |language=es}}</ref><ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/90126</ref>. [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] alimtangaza [[mwenye heri]] tarehe [[22 Novemba]] [[1992]] halafu [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]] tarehe [[21 Mei]] [[2000]] pamoja na wenzake 24 waliofia [[dini]] katika [[vita]] hivyo<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://home.catholicweb.com/SanCristobal/index.cfm/about |title=List of San Cristobal and companions, St. Cristobal Magallanes and Companions Church, Mission, Texas |accessdate=2020-04-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324192614/http://home.catholicweb.com/SanCristobal/index.cfm/about |archivedate=2015-03-24 }}</ref>: [[Sikukuu]] yao inaadhimishwa kila [[tarehe]] [[21 Mei]] ila ya kwake mwenyewe ni tarehe ya kifodini chake<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_20000521_canonizations_en.html Homily of Pope John Paul II from Canonization Mass] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1880]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1928]] [[Category:Mapadri]] [[Category:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Meksiko]] fi18vsm7f4dbz3miszkozyv4c1zx6ic 0 133295 1529841 1424506 2026-05-02T12:27:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529841 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Just_de_Bretenières.jpg|thumb|Mt. Yusto alivyochorwa.]] '''{{PAGENAME}}, [[M.E.P.]]''' ([[Chalon-sur-Saône]], [[Saône-et-Loire]], [[Ufaransa]], [[28 Februari]] [[1838]] - [[Sai-Nam-Hte]], [[7 Machi]] [[1866]]) ni mmojawapo katika [[kundi]] kubwa la [[Wakristo]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] nchini [[Korea]] waliouawa kwa ajili ya [[imani]] yao katika miaka [[1791]]–[[1888]]. Wanakadiriwa kuwa 8,000 - 10,000. [[Padri]] huyo [[mmisionari]] alikatwa [[kichwa]] pamoja na [[askofu]] [[Simeoni-Fransisko Berneux]] na [[mapadri]] wawili wa shirika lake: [[Alois Beaulieu]] na [[Petro-Henri Dorie]] kwa sababu, walipoulizwa na watesi wamefika Korea kufanya nini, walijibu kwa [[ujasiri]] na [[unyofu]] kwamba wana lengo la [[Wokovu|kuokoa]] watu kwa [[jina]] la [[Yesu]]<ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/92284</ref>. Hao na [[wafiadini]] wenzao 99 walitangazwa na [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] kuwa [[watakatifu]] [[tarehe]] [[6 Mei]] [[1984]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.kofc.org/en/columbia/detail/korea-church-martyrs.html |title=Korea and the church of martyrs |accessdate=2021-03-05 |archivedate=2020-01-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125224009/http://www.kofc.org/en/columbia/detail/korea-church-martyrs.html }}</ref> [[Sikukuu]] ya hao [[Wafiadini wa Korea]] huadhimishwa tarehe [[20 Septemba]]. ==Mazingira== Mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 18]], [[Ukristo]] wa Kikatoliki ulianza kuenea taratibu nchini<ref>Michael Walsh, ed. "Butler's Lives of the Saints" (HarperCollins Publishers: New York, 1991), p. 297.</ref> kwa juhudi za wananchi [[walei]]. Mwaka [[1836]] Korea, nchi ya [[Ukonfusio|Kikonfusyo]] ilipata [[wamisionari]] wa kwanza kutoka nje (wanashirika wa [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]])<ref>''The Liturgy of the Hours Supplement'' (New York: Catholic Book Publishing Co., 1992, pp. 17–18.</ref>. Chini ya [[nasaba ya Joseon]], Ukristo ulifutwa, tena waamini walidhulumiwa na kuuawa. Waliobaki walipaswa kushika [[imani]] yao kwa [[siri]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 327-329 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 282-283 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== *[http://english.cbck.or.kr/index.php?mid=newsletter&document_srl=2097 ''The Lives of the 103 Korean Martyr Saints (4): St. Chong Ha-sang Paul (1795-1839)''] {{Wayback|url=http://english.cbck.or.kr/index.php?mid=newsletter&document_srl=2097 |date=20160303225450 }}, Catholic Bishops' Conference of Korea Newsletter No. 29 (Winter 1999).==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== *Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John (1993). ''The Penguin Dictionary of Saints''. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN|0-14-051312-4. *Dallet, Charles (1874). [https://archive.org/details/histoiredelegli01dallgoog ''Histoire de l'Église de Corée'', Volume 1]. Paris: Librairie Victor Palmé. *Dallet, Charles (1874). [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LoUPAAAAIAAJ ''Histoire de l'Église de Corée'', Volume 2]. Paris: Librairie Victor Palmé. *Fathers of the London Oratory (1859). [https://books.google.com/books?id=QMUCAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The New Glories of the Catholic Church'']. London: Richardson and Son. ==Viungo vya nje== * [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/1984/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_19840506_martiri-coreani_en.html Homily of Pope John Paul II given for the Mass for the canonization of the Korean martyrs] * [http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=4740&CFID=29233537&CFTOKEN=88892945 List and brief description of martyrs] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180524152040/http://animation.mepasie.org/rubriques/haut/historique-des-mep History of the Missions Etrangeres de Paris MEP] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|1838|1866}} [[Jamii:Mapadri]] [[Jamii:Wamisionari]] [[Category:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Ufaransa]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Korea]] nyqp0rkgyvl4hch58h0mb0xs1gn23w4 0 133326 1530039 1488006 2026-05-02T18:45:41Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 5 template(s) replaced. 1530039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Zarina Bhimji |picha = Zarina Bhimji at SOAS University of London 2019.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = Zarina Bhimji (2019) |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 1963 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Mbarara |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = mpiga picha |nchi = Uganda }} '''Zarina Bhimji''' (alizaliwa [[Mbarara]], [[Uganda]], [[1963]]<ref name="Phaidon Editors">{{cite book |last1=Phaidon Editors |title=Great women artists |date=2019 |publisher=Phaidon Press |isbn=978-0714878775 |page=62}}</ref>) ni mpiga [[picha]] wa [[Uganda]] mwenye [[asili]] ya [[bara]] la [[Asia]], kazi zake anazifanyia [[Jiji|jijini]] [[London]]. Mwaka [[2007]] aliteuliwa kushiriki katika [[tuzo]] za Turner Prize,<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/press/press-releases/turner-prize-2007-shortlist-announced|title=Turner Prize 2007 shortlist announced – Press Release {{!}} Tate|last=Tate|work=Tate|access-date=2018-10-29|language=en-GB}}</ref> zilifanyika huko Documenta 11 mnamo [[2002]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.zarinabhimji.com/biography_groupshows_02.htm|title=Zarina Bhimji|website=www.zarinabhimji.com|access-date=2018-10-29|accessdate=2021-03-06|archivedate=2015-04-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429141605/http://www.zarinabhimji.com/biography_groupshows_02.htm}}</ref> na kuwakilishwa katika makusanyo kwa ajili ya uma kwenye jumba la makumbusho la Tate Britain mahususi kwa ajili ya maonyesho na [[Sanaa]] huko [[Chicago]] na jumba la makumbusho la Moderna Museet jijini [[Stockholm]]. ==Maisha na Kazi== Bhimji alipata elimu yake katika shule ya Leicester Polytechnic [[1982]]–[[1983]] katika [[chuo]] cha Goldsmiths [[1983–1986]] na [[Slade School of Fine Art, chuo kikuu cha London University College London [[1987–1989]].<ref>[http://www.zarinabhimji.com/biography_education.htm "Education"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514015055/http://www.zarinabhimji.com/biography_education.htm|date=May 14, 2007}}, zarinabhimji.com Education page. Retrieved 21 May [[2007]].</ref> kazi yake ilionekana katika ''Kamera ya Ubunifu'' mwezi Aprili[[1990]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.zarinabhimji.com/biography_reviews_04.htm|title=Zarina Bhimji|website=www.zarinabhimji.com|access-date=2019-09-02|accessdate=2021-03-06|archivedate=2019-09-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902122342/https://www.zarinabhimji.com/biography_reviews_04.htm}}</ref> and in a landmark issue of ''Ten.8'' magazine as early as 1992.<ref>'Critical Decade: Black British Photography in the 80s', ''Ten.8'' vol. 2, no. 3, 1992</ref> Mnamo mwaka [[2001]], Bhimji alifanya maonyesho yake ya kwanza kwa jina la ''Cleaning the Garden'', katika jumba la Sanaa la Talwar Gallery, huko New York, Marekani<ref>{{cite web|url=http://talwargallery.com/zarinagarden-pr/|title=Zarina Garden-Press Release|website=Talwar Gallery|access-date=2018-11-16}}</ref>. Alishishiriki kwenye maonyesho ya documenta 11 yaliyofanyika Juni hadi Septemba [[2002]] akiwa na [[filamu]] yake ya 16&nbsp;mm.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://frieze.com/article/documenta-11-2|title=Documenta 11|website=frieze.com|language=en|access-date=2019-03-13}}</ref> Kuanzia [[2003]] mpaka [[2007]], alisafiri sana maeneo ya [[India]], [[Afrika Mashariki]] na [[Zanzibar]], akisoma kuhusu utawala wa waingereza katika nchi hizo, akifanya mahojiano na kupiga picha.<ref name="short2">[http://www.tate.org.uk/liverpool/exhibitions/turnerprize2007/artists.shtm#zarina "Turner Prize: The shortlisted artists"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121003757/http://www.tate.org.uk/liverpool/exhibitions/turnerprize2007/artists.shtm#zarina|date=November 21, 2007}}, Tate online. Retrieved 29 November 2007.</ref> Mwaka [[2003]] Bhimji alipata tuzo kutoka Shirika kuu la kimataifa la upigaji picha ‘’International Center for Photography’’.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.icp.org/infinity-awards/zarina-bhimji|title=2003 Infinity Award: Art|date=2016-02-23|website=International Center of Photography|language=en|access-date=2019-03-13}}</ref> [[File:Zarina_Bhimji_monograph.jpg|left|thumb|monografia ya ''Zarina Bhimji'', imechapishwa na Ridinghouse mwaka 2012.]] Mwaka [[2007]], alipenya na kuteuliwa katika tuzo za upigaji picha kwa jina la ‘’Turner Prize’’ za nchini [[Uganda]]. Dhima ilikua visa vya [[Idi Amin]] kufukuza wakazi wa bara la Asia na hasara zilizotokea baada.<ref name="Iraq2">Reynolds, Nigel, [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/08/nturner108.xml "Iraq protest camp shortlisted for Turner Prize"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F05%2F08%2Fnturner108.xml |date=20070508194637 }} ''The Daily Telegraph'' online, 10 May 2007. Retrieved 21 May 2007.</ref> Picha zake zilionyeshwa katika jumba la Sanaa la ‘’Haunch of Venison’’ jijini London na huko Zurich.<ref name="short2" /> Maonyesho yake katika tuzo za ‘’Turner Prize’’ ilihusisha filamu ya jina la ''Waiting'', iliyokua na mandhari ya kiwanda cha katani. <nowiki>Kichanja cha Sanaa cha ‘’Tate’’ kinaelezea kwa kina kazi zake:{{cquote|picha za Bhimji zinaonyesha ufuatiliaji wa binadamu katika mandhari tofauti pamoja na usanifu. Kuta ni motisha za mara kwa mara zinazomvutia kufuatilia </nowiki>[[historia]] kwani huwa kumbukumbu kwa wale waliojenga, wakaishi humo na baadae kuhama. Ingawa hapakuwa na kielelezo cha mwili, picha zilitoa mwanga wa uwepo wa [[mwanadamu]]. Marejeo kwa wakati mwingine huwa wazi-safu za [[bunduki]] zipo zinasubiri matumizi wakati wa ‘’usingizi haramu’’, na bado wakati mwingine ilimaanisha– waya wa umeme, iliyoninginia, pasipo kuunganishwa ''choma moyo wangu'' ... Bhimji alipiga picha mandhari yake, akiwa na lengo la kuonyesha sifa na hisia za mwanadamu wa kawaida na uwepo, sononeko, uwepo, upendo na matumaini. Sehemu halisi hugeuka kuwa muhtasari wa hisia na midundo halisia ya mandhari na usanifu huwa saikolojia.<ref name="short2" /> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1963]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Arts and Feminism 2023]] hdsm5x5kzdm9yuoiav34z6zp1a1hsmm 0 133594 1529985 1317430 2026-05-02T18:37:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529985 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Old dispensary front.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Zahanati ya Ithnashiri kwa mbele, 2020.]] [[File:Old Dispensary 3 (Zanzibar).jpg|thumb|300px|right|Zahanati ya Ithnashiri kwa ndani, 2021.]] [[File:Old Dispensary 10 (Zanzibar).jpg|thumb|300px|Zahanati ya Ithnashiri upande wa ndani]] '''Zahanati ya Ithnashiri''' (pia inajulikana kama ''Old Dispensary''<ref name="cc">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.zanzibar.cc/stonetown.htm |title=Stone Town |access-date=29 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830040324/http://www.zanzibar.cc/stonetown.htm |archive-date=30 August 2010 |url-status=dead |accessdate=2021-03-14 |archivedate=2010-08-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830040324/http://www.zanzibar.cc/stonetown.htm }}</ref>) ni [[jengo]] la [[Historia|kihistoria]] katika [[Mji Mkongwe]], [[Zanzibar]]. Liko mbele ya [[bahari]], katika [[barabara ya Mizingani, Zanzibar|barabara ya Mizingani]], katikati ya [[Jumba la Makumbusho]] la [[Ikulu]] na [[bandari]]. [[Jina]] lake linatokana na [[ukweli]] kwamba ilitumika kama [[zahanati]] katika [[nusu]] ya kwanza ya [[karne ya 20]]. Zahanati hiyo ni mojawapo kati ya majengo yaliyopambwa vizuri zaidi ya [[Mji Mkongwe]] na [[alama]] ya [[usanifu]] wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]] na [[urithi]] wa [[jiji]].<ref name="cc"/><ref name="agakhan"/> [[Balkoni]] zake za [[mbao]] zilizochongwa, na [[mapambo]] ya [[Kioo|vioo]], ni ya ushawishi wa [[India]]; [[muundo]] mkuu umejengwa na kitambara cha [[jadi]] cha [[matumbawe]] ya Kizanzibari na [[chokaa]], lakini imefunikwa na mapambo ya mpako ya [[ladha]] ya [[Ulaya]] mamboleo.<ref name="agakhan">[http://www.akdn.org/aktc_hcp_zanzibar4.asp Zanzibar Stone Town Projects: Conservation Works in the Former Old Dispensary] {{Wayback|url=http://www.akdn.org/aktc_hcp_zanzibar4.asp |date=20160303165825 }}, Aga Khan Trust for Culture</ref> Ndani ya jengo ni sawa tu, na ua uliofunikwa na [[Daraja|madaraja]] ya kuchonga yanayounganisha [[sakafu]]. Zahanati hiyo ni kimojawapo katika vivutio vikuu vya Mji Mkongwe. Ina [[jumba]] la [[makumbusho]] dogo kuhusu historia ya [[Zanzibar]].<ref name="cc"/> ==Historia== [[Ujenzi]] wa Zahanati ya Kale uliamriwa mnamo [[1887]] na [[Tharia Topan]], mfanyabiashara [[tajiri]] wa [[Ismaili]], kusherehekea [[Jubilei|jubilii ya Dhahabu]] ya [[malkia]] [[Viktoria wa Uingereza]]. Kusudi la Topan lilikuwa kwamba jengo hilo litumiwe kama [[hospitali]] ya [[hisani]] kwa [[maskini]]. Alipofariki mnamo [[1891]], jengo lilikuwa halijamalizika. [[Mjane]] wake alianza tena [[kazi]] hiyo lakini ilibidi aisimamishe mnamo [[1893]] kwa kuwa [[bajeti]] yake haikutosha. Hatimaye nyumba ilimalizika kwenye mwaka [[1894]], lakini [[pesa]] haikutosha tena kufungua hospitali yenyewe.<ref>[https://d1zah1nkiby91r.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/Publications/1997_aktc_zanzibar.pdf Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme - Zanzibar Stone Town Projects name], kijitabu cha 1997 kwenye tovuti ya Taasisi ya Aga Khan, iliangaliwa Machi 2021</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa [[1900]] jengo hilo liliuzwa kwa warithi wa [[mfanyabiashara]] mwingine mashuhuri wa Kihindi aliyeishi Zanzibar, Haji Nasser Nurmohamed,<ref name="ismaili">[http://www.ismaili.net/Source/mumtaz/Heroes1/hero099.html Tharia Topan]</ref> aliyewahi kutenga sehemu ya [[mali]] yake kwa [[taasisi]] ya hisani. Warithi waliamua kwamba [[ghorofa]] la chini litatumika kama zahanati, wakati ghorofa za juu ziligawanywa kuwa [[chumba|vyumba]] vya kuishi. Ilhali Haji Nasser alikuwa mfuasi wa [[Shia Ithnashiri]] na taasisi iliyoundwa kutokana na urithi wake ilimilikiwa kufuatana na kanuni ya dhehebu hilo, ikaitwa sasa ''Zahanati ya Ithnashiri''. Mnamo mwaka wa [[1964]], kufuatia [[Mapinduzi ya Zanzibar]] (ambapo [[Wahindi]] wengi wa Kizanzibari, pamoja na wale walioishi katika zahanati hiyo, waliuawa au walikimbilia nje ya nchi), jengo hilo lilitwaliwa na [[serikali]], na baadaye likaanza kutotumika na kuoza. Mnamo [[1990]], kama sehemu ya mpango wa jumla wa ukarabati wa majengo ya kihistoria ya Mji Mkongwe, [[Taasisi ya Aga Khan ya Utamaduni]] ilipokea [[idhini]] kutoka kwa [[Serikali ya Mapinduzi ya Zanzibar]] ya kurejesha Zahanati hiyo.Hii ilikamilishwa Aprili 1994.<ref name="travel">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.zanzibartravel.co.za/the-palace-museum.html |title=The Palace Museum |accessdate=2021-03-14 |archivedate=2021-04-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421075528/http://zanzibartravel.co.za/the-palace-museum.html }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-jio-Tanzania}} [[Jamii:Zanzibar]] [[jamii:Makumbusho ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Urithi wa Dunia katika Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:Told Cities 2021 in Tanzania]] pamz1m58a8iknhdb3ctn6sfkerclqva 0 133979 1529694 1502029 2026-05-02T12:03:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529694 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yetunde Ayeni-Babaeko''' (amezaliwa [[Enugu]], [[Nigeria]], [[1978]]) ni mpigaji [[picha]] wa nchini [[Nigeria]]. ==Maisha== [[Baba]] yake ni Mnigeria na [[mama]] yake ni Mjerumani. Alihamia Ujerumani akiwa bado [[mtoto]], akasomea huko na kupata [[elimu]] ya upigaji picha kutoka studio za Be huko [[Greven]]. Mnamo mwaka [[2005]] alirudi nchini Nigeria mnamo mwaka [[2007]], akafungua studio yake mwenyewe kwa jina la ‘’Camera Studios’’, makao makuu yakiwa ni [[Ikeja]].<ref>Elizabeth Ayoola, [https://connectnigeria.com/articles/2015/01/5-minutes-with-the-boss-yetunde-ayeni-babaeko-camara-studios/ Meet the Boss: Yetunde Ayeni-Babaeko, Camera Studios] {{Wayback|url=https://connectnigeria.com/articles/2015/01/5-minutes-with-the-boss-yetunde-ayeni-babaeko-camara-studios/ |date=20171112203855 }}, ''Connect Nigeria'', 21 January 2015. Accessed 15 May 2020.</ref> Katika maonyesho ya mwaka [[2014]] kwa jina la 'Eko Moves', yaliyoandaliwa na Ayeni-Babaeko akishirikiana na shirika la Sanaa ya maonyesho la Nigeria (SPAN), ulitoa jukwaa lililowapa wacheza dansi maineo mengi jijini [[Lagos]]. Katika maonyesho yake ya mwaka [[2019]] kwa jina la 'White Ebony' liliwakilisha ya watu wenye ulemavu wa ngozi.<ref>[https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/331282-photographer-yetunde-ayeni-babaeko-spotlights-albinism-with-white-ebony.html Photographer Yetunde Ayeni-Babaeko spotlights Albinism with ‘White Ebony’], ''[[Premium Times]]'', 23 May 2019. Accessed 15 May 2020.</ref> == Maonyesho na miradi == Maonyesho ya Ayeni-Babaeko ya mwaka 2014, ''Eko Moves'', kwa ushirikiano na Society for Performing Arts of Nigeria (SPAN), yaliwaonesha wachezaji wa dansi katika maeneo ya wazi jijini Lagos. Maonyesho yake ya mwaka 2019, ''White Ebony'', yaliangazia hali ya watu wenye ualbino. Maonyesho hayo yalifanyika katika ukumbi wa Temple Muse jijini Lagos na yaliandaliwa kuendana na Siku ya Kimataifa ya Uhamasishaji kuhusu Ualbino. Katika mradi huo, Ayeni-Babaeko alishirikiana na wanachama wa The Albino Foundation Lagos, akitengeneza mfululizo wa picha uliolenga kuonyesha uzoefu wao wa maisha na mitazamo ya kijamii kuhusu ualbino.<ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Yetunde Ayeni-Babaeko's White Ebony Raises Awareness of Albinism|url=https://www.nigeriacommunicationsweek.com.ng/yetunde-ayeni-babaekos-white-ebony-raises-awareness-of-albinism/|access-date=2025-12-15|newspaper=[[Nigeria CommunicationsWeek]]}}</ref> == Warsha na ulezi == Ayeni-Babaeko amewezesha warsha na mafunzo ya upigaji picha, ikiwemo programu zilizoandaliwa kwa kushirikiana na Goethe-Institut, zikilenga kukuza ujuzi wa upigaji picha na maendeleo ya kitaaluma. Washiriki wake wamejumuisha wapiga picha chipukizi kutoka Nigeria.<ref>{{cite web|title=Starke Frauen.Starkes Handwerk|url=https://yetundeayenibabaeko.com/blog.php|access-date=2025-12-15}}</ref> == Shughuli za hivi karibuni == Mwaka 2025, Ayeni-Babaeko alishiriki katika miradi ya upigaji picha ikiwemo shindano la ''Starke Frauen. Starkes Handwerk'' lililoandaliwa na Handwerkskammer Dortmund, likiwa na simulizi za picha kuhusu wanawake katika kazi za ufundi na uwasilishaji wa hadithi kwa njia ya picha. Aidha, aliandika matukio ya kitamaduni kama Tamasha la Abo Egungun katika Jimbo la [[Kogi (jimbo)|Kogi]] kama sehemu ya kazi yake inayoendelea ya upigaji picha.<ref>{{cite web|title=Abo Egungun Festival|url=https://yetundeayenibabaeko.com/blog.php|access-date=2025-12-15}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:wasanii wa Nigeria]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1978]] [[Jamii:Arts and Feminism 2023]] p47gp3cq7hezpceja5w5vldaf4thfl0 0 134026 1529722 1415935 2026-05-02T12:08:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529722 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Saint-john-payne.png|thumb|[[Picha takatifu]] ya Mt. Yohane Payne.]] '''Yohane Payne''' ([[Peterborough]], [[1550]] – [[Chelmsford]], [[2 Aprili]] [[1582]]) alikuwa [[padri]] wa [[Uingereza]] aliyeuawa kwa ajili ya [[imani]] [[Kanisa Katoliki|Katoliki]] wakati wa [[dhuluma]] za [[serikali]] ya nchi hiyo yenye [[Ushirika wa Anglikana]] kama [[dini rasmi]]. [[Mwaka]] [[1574]] alijiunga na [[seminari]] huko [[Douai]], [[Ufaransa]], na miaka miwili baadaye alipata [[upadrisho]]<ref name=wainewright>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08483a.htm Wainewright, John. "Bl. John Payne." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 4 Feb. 2013]</ref>. Siku chache baadaye akarudi Uingereza pamoja na [[Cuthbert Mayne]] ili kufanya [[utume]]. Alipokamatwa mara ya kwanza alilazimika kurudi Ufaransa, lakini mwaka [[1579]] alirudi tena Uingereza akafanya utume kwa mwaka mmoja unusu tena halafu alinyongwa kwa kisingizio cha [[usaliti]] dhidi ya [[malkia]] [[Elizabeth I wa Uingereza|Elizabeti I]] <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/93302</ref>; watu waliohudhuria walifaulu kuzuia asiraruliwe vipandevipande <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last1=Lake|first1=P.|last2=Questier|first2=M.|date=1996-11-01|journal=Past & Present|volume=153|issue=1|pages=64–107|doi=10.1093/past/153.1.64|issn=0031-2746|title=Agency, Appropriation and Rhetoric Under the Gallows: Puritans, Romanists and the State in Early Modern England}}</ref> kama mapadri wengine <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KaI-Rl8p6C0C&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q&f=false Challoner, Richard. ''Memoirs of Missionary Priests'', Thomas Richardson & son, 1843, p. 90]</ref>. Alitangazwa [[mwenye heri]] na [[Papa Leo XIII]] tarehe [[29 Desemba]] [[1886]] na [[mtakatifu]] na [[Papa Paulo VI]] tarehe [[25 Oktoba]] [[1970]]<ref name=40martyrscanonization>{{cite book |last1=Nelson |first1=Thomas |title=Nelson's Dictionary of Christianity: The Authoritative Resource on the Christian World |date=2001 |publisher=Thomas Nelson |isbn=978-1-4185-3981-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmA18QOiBUUC&q=John+Payne+canonization++1970&pg=PT4102 |language=en}}</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa na Wakatoliki [[tarehe]] 2 Aprili<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== The most reliable compact source is Godfrey Anstruther, ''Seminary Priests'', St Edmund's College, Ware, vol. 1, 1968, pp.&nbsp;133–134, 311–313. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.sjp.essex.sch.uk St John Payne Catholic School Website] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Payne, John}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1550]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1582]] [[Category:Mapadri]] [[Category:Wafiadini Wakatoliki]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Uingereza]] 2842x86ehs17ftf8nfflcg94yy87pc1 0 134072 1529763 1406577 2026-05-02T12:15:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 8 template(s) replaced. 1529763 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Joseph the Hymnographer.jpg|300px|thumb|[[Picha takatifu]] ya Mt. Yosefu mtungatenzi.]] '''Yosefu mtungatenzi''' ([[Sicilia]], [[Italia]], [[816]] - [[Konstantinopoli]], leo nchini [[Uturuki]], [[3 Aprili]] [[886]]) alikuwa [[mmonaki]] [[padri]] katika [[monasteri]] ya [[Thesalonike]], [[Ugiriki]]. Ni maarufu hasa kwa [[tenzi]] zake zinazotumika hadi leo hata katika [[Ukristo wa Magharibi]] ambazo zimemfanya mmojawapo kati ya [[watunzi]] wakuu wa [[muziki wa Kikristo]]<ref>Evtychios Tomadakes ([[#Tom1971|1971]]). See the review by Daniel Stiernon ([[#Sti1973|1973]], 244).</ref>. Alidhulumiwa sana na [[serikali]] kwa kutetea [[heshima]] kwa [[picha takatifu]]. Kwa ajili hiyo alitumwa pia [[Roma]] kuomba [[ulinzi]] wa [[Papa]]. Hatimaye alikabidhiwa utunzaji wa vyombo vitakatifu vya [[kanisa]] la [[Hagia Sophia]]<ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/91514</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]]<ref>About the hagiographic sources ([[Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca|BHG]], p. [https://archive.org/stream/bibliothecahagi00boll#page/130/mode/2up 131]) and their interpretation, see Daniel Stiernon ([[Joseph the Hymnographer#Sti1973|1973]], 245-248).</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa tarehe [[3 Aprili]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} == Marejeo == === Matoleo === *{{Rejea jarida | volume = 2 | pages = 87–88, 177–193 | last = Mioni | first = Elpidio | title = I kontakia inediti di Giuseppe Innografo: studio introduttivo e testi | journal = Bollettino della Badia Greca di Grottaferrata | date = 1948 | ref = Mio1948 }} *{{Rejea jarida | volume = 2 | pages = 1–14 | editor-last = Papadopulos-Kerameus | editor-first = Athanasios | title = Vie de saint Joseph l'Hymnographe par Théophane | journal = Monumenta Graeca et Latina Ad Historiam Photii Patriarchae Pertinentia | date = 1901 | ref = TheBios }} *{{Rejea jarida |title = Λόγος εἰς τὸν βιὸν τοῦ ἐν ἁγίοις πατρός ἡμῶν Ἰωσὴφ τοῦ ὑμνογράφου |last = Ioannes o Diakonos |date = 1862 |journal = Patrologia Graeca |volume = 105 |ref = IoaSynax |pages = cc. 939–976 }} *{{Rejea jarida | volume = 84 | pages = 1–14 | editor-last = Treu | editor-first = Maximilian | title = Θεοδώρου τοῦ Πεδιασίμου λόγος ἐγκωμιαστικὸς εἰς τὸν ὄσιον Ἰωσὴφ τὸν ὑμνογράφον | journal = Programm des Victoria-Gymnasiums zu Potsdam | date = 1899 | url = http://digital.ub.uni-duesseldorf.de/ulbdsp/periodical/pageview/6836015 | ref = PedBios }} === Uchunguzi === *{{Rejea jarida | doi = 10.3406/rebyz.1961.1248 | volume = 19 | pages = 130–151 | last = Follieri | first = Enrica | title = Un canone di Giuseppe Innografo, per S. Fantino " il vecchio " di Tauriana | journal = Revue des études byzantines | date = 1961 | ref = Fol1961 }} *{{Rejea jarida | volume = 36 | issue = 2 | date = 1985 | pages = 311–320 | last = Hillier | first = Richard | title = Joseph the Hymnographer and Mary the Gate | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-theological-studies_1985-10_36_2/page/311 | journal = The Journal of Theological Studies | jstor = 23962461 | ref = Hil1985 | doi = 10.1093/jts/36.2.311 }} *{{Rejea jarida | doi = 10.3406/rebyz.1973.1468 | volume = 31 | pages = 243–266 | last = Stiernon | first = Daniel | title = La vie et l'œuvre de S. Joseph l'Hymnographe. À propos d'une publication récente | journal = Revue des études byzantines | date = 1973 | ref = Sti1973 }} *{{Rejea jarida | publisher = Academy of Athens | last = Tomadakes | first = Evtychios I. | title = Ἰωσὴφ ὁ Ὑμνογράφος. Βίος καὶ ἔργον | location = Athens | date = 1971 | series = Ἀθηνά, σύγγραμμα περιοδικὸν τῆς ἐν Ἀθήναις Ἐπιστημονικῆς Ἐταιρεῖας, Σειρά διατριβῶν καὶ μελετημάτων | volume = 11 | ref = Tom1971 }} ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://orthodoxwiki.org/Joseph_the_Hymnographer Joseph the Hymnographer] article from Orthodox Wiki. *[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=100984 Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer] Icon and [[Synaxarion]]. *[http://www.byzmusic.gr/apriliou/03_apriliou/ Hymn to St. Joseph the Hymnographer] {{Wayback|url=http://www.byzmusic.gr/apriliou/03_apriliou/ |date=20211024113230 }}. Icon and chant. *[[:de:Max Treu (Byzantinist)|Max Treu]] article from German Wikipedia. {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 816]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 886]] [[Jamii:Wamonaki]] [[Jamii:Wabazili]] [[Jamii:Mapadri]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Ugiriki]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Uturuki]] kmhfjzc6budlboc2cq4h99h154vizmh 0 134273 1529762 1423437 2026-05-02T12:14:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529762 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:San Giuseppe Moscati.jpg|thumb|[[Picha]] yake halisi.]] '''Yosefu Moscati''' (kwa [[Kiitalia]]: '''Giuseppe Moscati'''; [[Benevento]], [[25 Julai]] [[1880]] – [[Napoli]], [[12 Aprili]] [[1927]]) alikuwa [[daktari]] na [[mwanabiolojia]] wa [[Italia Kusini]]<ref>In 2007, Italy's [[Rai Uno]] presented the TV film ''[[St. Giuseppe Moscati: Doctor to the Poor]]'' directed by [[Giacomo Campiotti]]. The film is based on testimonies of contemporaries of Moscati who knew him, and describes his life between his university graduation in 1903 and his death in 1927.</ref>. Pamoja na kutibu [[wagonjwa]] bila kujibakiza, kwa [[huruma]] kubwa na hata bure, alikuwa anashughulikia roho zao pia, na pengine aliwaponya [[Muujiza|kimuujiza]]; pia alikuwa [[mtafiti]] wa [[biokemia]] na kufundisha [[chuo kikuu]]<ref name="cerc1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/catholic_stories/cs0067.html|title=Joseph Moscati: Saint, doctor, and miracle-worker|accessdate=2007-08-13|publisher=Catholic Educator's Resource Center|year=2004|author=Miller, Michael J.|work=Catholic Education Resource Center|archivedate=2009-11-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125164502/http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/catholic_stories/cs0067.html}}</ref><ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/77850</ref>. Alitangazwa [[mwenye heri]] na [[Papa Paulo VI]] [[tarehe]] [[16 Novemba]] [[1975]], halafu [[mtakatifu]] na [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] tarehe [[25 Oktoba]] [[1987]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake hufanyika tarehe 12 Aprili<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 126-128 ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons category|Giuseppe Moscati}} * [http://himetop.wikidot.com/giuseppe-moscati Some places and memories related to Giuseppe Moscati] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1880]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1927]] [[Category:Wanabiolojia wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Italia]] sc51lhah0sqzfzcxpjdxauxlao6i44u 0 134329 1529949 1306412 2026-05-02T17:29:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529949 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rita Chiarelli''' ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[blues]] wa [[Kanada]]. Aliitwa pia “[[mungu]] wa blues ya Kanada” na Shelagh Rogers katika CBC Radio One.<ref>https://www.folkharbour.com/teams/rita-chiarelli/{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Biografia== Alizaliwa na kukulia [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]], [[Ontario]]. Chiarelli alianza kutumbuiza katika [[bendi]] ya Ronnie Hawkins mwanzoni mwa [[miaka ya 1980]]. Baadaye alitumia miaka kadhaa nchini [[Italia]]. Aliporejea Kanada, kwa haraka alimvutia [[mwongozaji]] wa [[filamu]] Bruce McDonald aliyejumuisha ''"Have You Seen My Shoes?"'' kwenye [[wimbo]] kwa [[filamu]] yake ''Roadkill'' [[mwaka]] [[1989]]. Chiarelli na Colin Linden walirekodi “cover” ya [[Bob Dylan]] ''“Highway 61 Revisited”'' kwa filamu ya McDonald ya mwaka 1991 ''Highway 61'', na Chiarelli alitoa [[albamu]] yake ya kwanza mwaka unaofuata kwenye Stony Plain Records. Albamu zake ''Just Getting Started'' na ''Breakfast at Midnight'' zote zilipendekezwa kwa [[Tuzo]] za Juno kwa Albamu Bora ya Blues. ==Diskografia== ===Mwenyewe=== *''Road Rockets'' (1992) *''Just Getting Started (1995) *''What a Night'' (1997) *''Breakfast at Midnight'' (2001) *''No One to Blame'' (2004) *''Cuore: The Italian Sessions'' (2006) *''Uptown Goes Downtown... Rita Chiarelli pamoja na Thunder Bay Symphony Orchestra'' (2008) *''Sweet Paradise'' (2009) *''Music From The Big House Soundtrack'' (2011) ===Mkusanyiko mjumuisho=== *''Saturday Night Blues: 20 Years'' (CBC Radio, 2006)<ref>A compilation album of live performances from the Saturday Night Blues radio program on CBC Radio, hosted by Holger Petersen. Chiarelli's performance of "Memphis Has Got The Blues" is included. The song, written by Chiarelli, originally appears on her ''Breakfast at Midnight'' album. See [http://www.cbc.ca/radioshows/SATURDAY_NIGHT_BLUES/20091107.shtml Transcript of Saturday Night Blues]; November 7, 2009; www.cbc.ca.</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2021 in Tanzania]] s2yvic1mgzpyhl8z23wi07gahfe0334 0 134344 1530283 1526793 2026-05-03T03:16:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{rediotv|jina=Tanzania Safari Channel|picha=LOGO-SAFARI3.png|maelezo_ya_picha=Nembo ya Tanzania Safari Channel|mji=[[Dar es salaam]]|nchi=Tanzania|eneo=Kote duniani|kuanzishwa=|mwenyewe=[[Televisheni ya Taifa ya Tanzania]]|vipindi vya=|tovuti=tanzaniasafarichannel.go.tz|chanzo=2018|programu=}} '''Tanzania Safari Channel''' ni [[chaneli]] iliyo chini ya [[Televisheni ya Taifa ya Tanzania]] (TBC) iliyoanzishwa kwa lengo la kutangaza hifadhi na vivutio vya [[utalii]] nchini Tanzania.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=WAZIRI MKUU, MHE. KASSIM MAJALIWA AZINDUA TANZANIA SAFARI CHANNEL {{!}} Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism|url=https://www.maliasili.go.tz/highlights/view/waziri-mkuu-mhe.-kassim-majaliwa-azindua-tanzania-safari-channel|work=www.maliasili.go.tz|accessdate=2022-06-25}}</ref> Tanzania Safari ilizinduliwa [[tarehe]] [[15 Disemba]] [[2018]] <ref>https://il.tzembassy.go.tz/resources/view/premier-launches-tanzania-safari-channel</ref><ref>http://zanzibar24.co.tz/tbc-kuzindua-chanel-ya-utalii-tanzania-safari-channel/</ref> na [[waziri mkuu]] wa Tanzania [[Kassim Majaliwa]]. == Historia == Ilianzishwa ikiwa ni utekelezaji wa agizo la Rais [[John Magufuli]] alilolitoa alipozuru makao makuu ya shirika hilo Mei 16, 2019 ambapo aliagiza kuwepo kwa chaneli hiyo itakayokuwa inaonyesha vivutio vya utalii.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Nukta {{!}} Majaliwa aanika faida za chaneli mpya ya utalii Tanzania|url=https://nukta.co.tz/read/majaliwa-aanika-faida-za-chaneli-mpya-ya-utalii-tanzania.html|work=nukta.co.tz|accessdate=2022-06-25}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Chaneli hii ilianzishwa kwa ushirikiano wa [[Shirika la Utangazaji Tanzania]] (TBC) na wadau wengine wa utalii wakiwemo [[Mamlaka ya Hifadhi za Taifa Tanzania]] (TANAPA), [[Mamlaka ya Hifadhi ya Eneo la Ngorongoro]] (NCAA) na [[Bodi ya Utalii Tanzania]] (TTB). Mchakato wa kuanzisha chaneli hii ulihusisha pia mikutano na wadau wa sekta binafsi ambao shughuli zao zinahusiana na masuala ya utalii. Chaneli hii inapatikana kwenye ving'amuzi mbalimbali ikiwa ni pamoja na StarTimes na [[Azam TV]]. ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Televisheni za Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Kampuni za Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mashirika ya serikali ya Tanzania]] jnvvei1ad9koeexgmx2s0jjecwvnet4 0 134509 1530038 1292850 2026-05-02T18:45:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 5 template(s) replaced. 1530038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mwigizaji 2 | jina = Zarina Baloch | picha = | maelezo ya picha = | jina la kuzaliwa = Zarina Baloch | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = 29 Desemba 1934 | mahala pa kuzaliwa = Allahabad Chand Village, Sindh | tarehe ya kufa = 25 Oktoba 2005 (umri 70) | mahala alipofia = | jina lingine = | kazi yake = [[mwimbaji]], [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi]], [[mwigizaji]], [[msanii]] | miaka ya kazi = | ndoa = Rasool Bux Palijo | watoto = Ayaz Latif Palijo, Akhter Baloch (kutoka kwa mume wa kwanza) | mahusiano ya kimapenzi = | tovuti = }} '''Zarina Baloch''' (kwa [[Kisindhi]]: زرينه بلوچ); [[29 Desemba]] [[1934]] - [[25 Oktoba]] [[2005]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi]] wa [[muziki]] wa kitamaduni wa [[Pakistan]]. Alikuwa pia [[mwigizaji]], [[msanii]] wa [[redio]] na [[runinga]], [[mwandishi]], [[mwalimu]] kwa zaidi ya miaka 30, [[Harakati|mwanaharakati]] wa kisiasa na mfanyakazi wa [[Jamii|kijamii.]]<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Jiji Zarina laid to rest|url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/163070/jiji-zarina-laid-to-rest|work=DAWN.COM|date=2005-10-27|accessdate=2021-04-13|language=en}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na familia == Alizaliwa mnamo 29 Desemba 1934 katika [[kijiji]] cha Allahdad Chand, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. Mama yake, Gulroz Jalalani, alifariki mnamo 1940 wakati Zarina alikuwa na umri wa miaka sita. Alisoma na Mohammad Juman, ambaye pia alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa Sindhi. Katika [[umri]] mdogo wa miaka 15, [[familia]] yake ilipanga [[ndoa]] yake na jamaa wa mbali. Alikuwa na watoto wawili: Akhter Baloch pia anajulikana kama Zina (aliyezaliwa 1952), na Aslam Parvez (aliyezaliwa 1957). Walakini, Baloch na mumewe hawakukubaliana juu ya elimu hivyo wawili hao walitenganishwa mnamo 1958. Baloch alijiunga na Radio Hyderabad mnamo 1960 na akapokea [[tuzo]] yake ya kwanza ya [[muziki]] mnamo 1961. Ndipo Zarina alioa [[mwanasiasa]] wa Sindhi Rasool Bux Palijo, na [[ndoa]] yao ilifanyika huko Hyderabad mnamo 22 Septemba 1964 na walipata [[mtoto]] wa kiume, Ayaz Latif Palijo. Mnamo 1967, alikua mwalimu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Model Sindh University. Alistaafu mnamo 1997 na alifariki mnamo 2005 kwa Saratani ya ubongo katika [[hospitali]] ya Kitaifa ya Liaquat.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sassui Palijo|url=https://wn.com/Sassui_Palijo|work=World News|accessdate=2021-04-13|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Legendary heroine of Sindh Jeejee Zareena Baloch|url=https://iaoj.wordpress.com/2010/10/22/legendary-heroine-of-sindh-jeejee-zareena-baloch/|work=Indus Asia Online Journal (iaoj)|date=2010-10-22|accessdate=2021-04-13|language=en|author=iaoj|archivedate=2020-06-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601061718/https://iaoj.wordpress.com/2010/10/22/legendary-heroine-of-sindh-jeejee-zareena-baloch/}}</ref> == Kifungo na harakati za kisiasa == Mnamo 1979, Zarina alikamatwa na kufungwa katika [[jela]] za Sukkur na Karachi kwa kuongoza [[maandamano]] dhidi ya [[sheria]] ya Vita ya Rais Jenerali Zia ul Haq. Kwa sababu ya mapambano yake dhidi ya tabaka tawala na dhidi ya ubaguzi wa kijinsia, ukabaila na sheria za kijeshi za Ayub Khan na Yahya Khan, alipata jina la JeeJee (mama) wa watu wa Kisindhi.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=HYDERABAD: Jiji Zarina Baloch remembered|url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/272824/hyderabad-jiji-zarina-baloch-remembered|work=DAWN.COM|date=2007-10-26|accessdate=2021-04-13|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=In loving memory: Jiji Zarina Baloch remembered|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/979023/in-loving-memory-jiji-zarina-baloch-remembered|work=The Express Tribune|date=2015-10-25|accessdate=2021-04-13|language=en}}</ref> Alikuwa mmoja wa waanzilishi wakuu wa Sindhiani Tahreek, Jukwaa la vitendo vya [[Wanawake]], Sindhi Adabi Sangat na Kamati ya Haree ya Sindhi. Alikuwa anajua vizuri [[Kisindhi]], [[Kiurdu]], Seraiki, Balochi, [[Kiajemi]], [[Kiarabu]] na Kigujrati.<ref name=":1" /> == Michango ya sanaa na fasihi == Aliandika [[Wimbo|nyimbo]] nyingi na [[Shairi|mashairi]] ambayo yalisifika kati ya [[Uzalendo|wazalendo]] huko Sindh na Balochistan. Alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa [[hadithi]] kadhaa na [[mashairi]], na [[Kitabu]] chake "Tunhinjee Gola Tunhinjoon Galhion" kilichapishwa mnamo 1992.<ref name=":1" /> Zarina Baloch pia alikuwa mwigizaji mzuri na alikuwa na [[maigizo]] mengi ya [[Kiurdu]] na Kisindhi. Tamthilia zake maarufu za Kiurdu ni Dewarain, Jungle, Karwan na Aan. == Nyimbo maarufu == * Mor Tho Tilley Rana * Sabhka Moomal Sabbko Raarno * Tunhnjii Yaarii * Sindhri tey sir ker na dendo * Kaang Lanvain * Guzrii Vaii Barsaat * Bbii Khabar Na Aahai Par * Kiin Karyaan Maan * Jjariyan Bhar Jaaiyoon * Saavak Rat main Saanvara * Paee Yaad Aaya * Gehraa Gehraa Nairn == Tuzo na utambuzi == * Pride of Performance Award ilitolewa na Rais wa Pakistan mnamo 1994<ref name=":0" /> * Faiz Ahmed Faiz Award<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> * Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) Award<ref name=":1" /> * Lal Shahbaz Qalandar Award<ref name=":1" /> * Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai Award<ref name=":1" /> == Marejeo == <references /> == Viungo vya nje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070318230709/http://www.atsindh.com/jjzb/index.html Profile of Zarina Baloch (archived)] {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Pakistan]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Pakistan]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1934]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2005]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2021 in Tanzania]] 81mg7tmxdlqewzqi5o5oyj5ddh07v6m 0 134940 1529761 1417346 2026-05-02T12:14:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529761 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:José Rubio (1864-1929).jpg|thumb|[[Picha]] yake halisi.]] '''Yosefu Maria Rubio''' ([[Dalias]], leo nchini [[Hispania]], [[22 Julai]] [[1864]] - [[Aranjuez]], Hispania, [[2 Mei]] [[1929]]) alikuwa [[padri]] wa [[Shirika la Yesu]], ambaye anaitwa [[mtume]] wa [[Madrid]] kwa jinsi alivyotangaza [[Injili]] huko, hasa kwa kutembelea [[mitaa]] [[maskini]], mbali ya kuhubiri mafungo na [[kitubio|kuungamisha]] waliotubu <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/91487</ref>. [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] alimtangaza [[mwenye heri]] [[tarehe]] [[6 Oktoba]] [[1985]] akamtangaza [[mtakatifu]] tarehe [[4 Mei]] [[2003]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.vatican.va/news_services//liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20030504_rubio-peralta_en.html|title=José María Rubio Peralta(1864-1929), 4 May 2003, biography|website=www.vatican.va|access-date=2018-08-24}}</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20080603061724/http://saints.sqpn.com/saintjfw.htm</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] ya [[kifo]] chake<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.sjweb.info/resources/Calender_Liturgy/2012-18_Proper%20Calendar%20SI_ENG.pdf|title=Liturgical calendar}}</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1864]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1929]] [[Category:Wajesuiti]] [[Category:Mapadri]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Hispania]] kspgby856vh33e3riwomwd3r5vn6frf 0 135588 1530387 1457077 2026-05-03T11:00:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530387 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Washers.agr.jpg|thumb|Washeli mbalimbali: bapa, kugawanyika, kinyota na kihami]] '''Washeli'''<ref>"Washeli" ni [[msamiati]] kutoka Kamusi ya [[TUKI-ESD]]; kamusi nyingine hazina [[neno]] la Kiswahili kwa jambo linalotajwa.</ref> ([[ing.]] ''washer'') ni kisahani chembamba (kawaida kina [[umbo]] la [[duara]], wakati mwingine ni la [[mraba]]) chenye [[tundu]] katikati. Hutumiwa pamoja na [[bolti]] na [[nati]]. Kazi yake ni hasa kutandaza mkazo kwenye uso mkubwa zaidi wa kitu kinachoshikiliwa. Washeli hutumiwa pia kuongeza [[umbali]] wakati wa kuunganisha vitu viwili. Ni muhimu pia kwa kutenganisha dutu tofauti kama [[alumini]] na [[feleji]] ya bolti / nati inayoweza kusababisha ulikaji. Washeli kwa kawaida hutengenezwa kwa [[metali]] au [[plastiki]]. Zile za [[mpira]] au [[plastiki]] hupunguza mitikisiko. Washeli zenye uso wa [[meno]] huongeza mshiko baina ya nati na bolti na kuzuia kufunkuka kwa mshiko. [[Picha:Bolt,_Plain_washer_and_Spring_lock_washer.jpg|thumb| Washeli bapa pamoja na washeli ya pili ya springi huwekwa kwenye bolti kati ya nati (kwenye ncha iliyofungwa) na kichwa cha bolt.]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == ** (http://www.fastenerdata.co.uk/flat-washers Dimensions of Global washers ** [http://www.amesweb.info/Fasteners/Washers/Plain-Flat-Washer-Dimensions.aspx ASME Plain washer dimensions (Type A and Type B)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.amesweb.info/Fasteners/Washers/Plain-Flat-Washer-Dimensions.aspx |date=20201001132528 }} ** [http://euler9.tripod.com/bolt-database/35.html Typical USA Flat Washer Dimensions] {{Wayback|url=http://euler9.tripod.com/bolt-database/35.html |date=20200928020656 }} USS, SAE, Fender, and NAS washer ID & OD (mm) ** [http://www.engineershandbook.com/Tables/washerdimensions.htm American National Standard (ANSI) Type B Plain Washers] {{Wayback|url=http://www.engineershandbook.com/Tables/washerdimensions.htm |date=20190107091535 }} ** [http://www.stanlok.com/Washers_Pages/sae_flat.html SAE Flat Washers] {{Wayback|url=http://www.stanlok.com/Washers_Pages/sae_flat.html |date=20160912090232 }} Type A Plain Washers ** [http://www.almabolt.com/pages/catalog/washers/combineddimensions.htm USS & SAE Combined Flat Washer Dimensions] ** [http://www.instockfasteners.com/TOOLS/flatwasherthicknesstable.ASP Flat Washer Thickness Table] Steel Gage Thicknesses, non-metric ** [http://hillcountryengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Split-Lockwashers-Separating-Myth-from-Truth.pdf Split Lockwashers: Truth vs. Myth] Hill Country Engineering ** [http://machinedsgn.com/washers/ Using machine washers] {{Wayback|url=http://machinedsgn.com/washers/ |date=20201111210111 }} Machine Design - Using washers [[Jamii:Vifaa]] mpn5ydxglbxiow6q17m0pu8emtunxif 0 136198 1530161 1413937 2026-05-02T19:05:03Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 9 template(s) replaced. 1530161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Zuri Hall | nchi = | majina_mengine = | picha =[[Faili:Zuri MTVAfterParty2015.jpg|alt=Zuri akiwa katika Tuzo za Sinema za MTV za mwaka 2015, katika Ukumbi wa Michezo wa Nokia huko Los Angeles, CA.|thumb|Zuri akihudhuria Tuzo za Sinema za MTV za mwaka 2015, katika Ukumbi wa Michezo wa Nokia huko Los Angeles, CA.]] | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = [[2 Juni]] [[1988]] | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Toledo, Ohio]] | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi_yake = Mwandishi wa habari | cheo = | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dini = | ndoa = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Zuri Hall''' (alizaliwa [[Toledo, Ohio]], [[2 Juni]] [[1988]]) ni Mmarekani aliyejihusisha na masuala ya uandishi wa habari, utu wa televisheni, mwigizaji na mtayarishaji. Hall alikuwa mwandishi wa [[Access Hollywood]] kwenye [[NBC]]. Yeye pia ni mwandishi wa pembeni wa onyesho la kwanza la msimu wa joto la NBC [[American Ninja Warrior]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.americanninjawarriornation.com/2019/3/5/18250636/american-ninja-warrior-season-11-2019-new-sideline-reporter-zuri-hall|title=Meet Zuri Hall, American Ninja Warrior's new sideline reporter|access-date=5 March 2019}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali== Zuri Hall alipokua, alivutiwa na sanaa, haswa na ukumbi wa michezo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Bailey|first=Leslie|title=From Indy to E!: Where's Zuri Hall now?|url=https://www.indystar.com/story/life/2016/04/07/indy-e-news-zuri-hall-now/82071732/|access-date=2021-02-10|website=The Indianapolis Star|language=en-US}}</ref>. Alipata stashahada ya Sanaa mnamo mwaka 2010 huko [[chuo cha Ohio|Chuo cha Ohio]] katika mikakati ya mawasiliano na msisitizo juu ya uigizaji. ==Maisha ya kazi== ===Matangazo ya burudani=== Hall alishindana na mamia kutafuta Sura inayofuata ya [[WNDY-TV | MyINDY-TV]] na kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kushinda katika nafasi hiyo. Katika [[WNDY-TV]] huko Indianapolis, alishughulikia hafla za mahali hapo, aliigiza katika kituo cha [[Tangazo la huduma ya Umma | PSA], na mahojiano yaliyofanyika ya watu mashuhuri. Kuanzia mwezi Desemba 2011 mpaka Desemba 2012, alikuwa mwenyeji wa kamera na mtayarishaji wa kipindi cha mazungumzo ya mtindo wa maisha kwenye [[WDTN] huko Dayton, Ohio.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wdtn.com/dpp/about_us/personalities/zuri-hall|title=WDTN: Living Dayton|accessdate=2021-05-22|archivedate=2012-10-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016234733/http://www.wdtn.com/dpp/about_us/personalities/zuri-hall}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bet.com/video/106andpark/exclusives/zuri-hall-106-and-park.html|title=106 & Park Exclusives: 106 Search: Zuri Hall|date=9 July 2012|access-date=5 November 2012|accessdate=2021-05-22|archivedate=2021-05-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522122448/https://www.bet.com/video/106andpark/exclusives/zuri-hall-106-and-park.html}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Hipes|first=Patrick|date=2018-11-12|title=E!'s Zuri Hall Signs With ICM Partners|url=https://deadline.com/2018/11/zuri-hall-e-news-hollywood-agency-icm-partners-1202500085/|access-date=2021-02-10|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref> Alifanya kazi kama afisa [[Mshereheshaji | MC]] kwa [[Indiana Pacers]] 'michezo ya nyumbani kwa misimu ya 2010-2011 na 2011-2012 [[NBA]]. Hapo awali Jumba liliibuka kwa [[Ligi Ndogo ya Baseball | MiLB]] [[Wahindi wa Indianapolis]], [[WNBA]] '[[Homa ya Indiana]], na Mashindano Makubwa kumi ya 2011. Alitumikia pia kama Mshereheshaji (MC) kwa Mashindano ya [[NCAA Wanawake Idara ya Mpira wa Kikapu | Wanawake wa NCAA]] Matukio ya Nne ya Mwisho ya burudani, na "Town Tourney" kwa miaka mitatu - [[Indianapolis]] mnamo mwaka 2011, [[Denver]] mnamo 2012, na [[Nashville]] mnamo mwaka 2013. Hall pia alikuwa Mshereheshaji rasmi wa Kijiji cha Super Bowl, burudani ya siku 10 kwa [[Super Bowl XLVI]], huko Indianapolis mnamo 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nuvo.net/MusicBlog/archives/2012/01/10/new-details-announced-for-super-bowl-village#|title=New details announced for Super Bowl Village|date=10 January 2012|access-date=5 June 2015|accessdate=2021-05-22|archivedate=2012-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809181043/http://www.nuvo.net/MusicBlog/archives/2012/01/10/new-details-announced-for-super-bowl-village}}</ref> Hadi Julai 2015, Hall alifanya kazi kwa [[MTV]], ambapo alikuwa mwenyeji wa "[[Changamoto: Vita ya Exes II]]" baada ya maonyesho na utaalam anuwai wa mtandao. Katika msimu wa joto wa 2015, Hall alionekana pamoja na mtu maarufu wa redio [[Charlamagne tha God | Charlamagne Tha God]] kwenye kipindi chake kipya [[MTV2]], '' [[Uncommon Sense with Charlamagne | Uncommon Sense]] ''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cthagodworld.com/2015/07/10/watch-sneak-preview-for-charlamagnes-mtv2-show-uncommon-sense/|title=MTV2 Premieres Uncommon Sense|accessdate=2021-05-22|archivedate=2016-04-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426185542/http://cthagodworld.com/2015/07/10/watch-sneak-preview-for-charlamagnes-mtv2-show-uncommon-sense/}}</ref> Mnamo Oktoba 2015, alirudi kama "[[Changamoto: Mapigano ya Damu]]" baada ya onyesho. Kuanzia mnamo mwaka 2015 hadi mwaka 2019, Hall alikuwa nanga ya kujaza na mwandishi wa kila siku wa '' [[E! Habari]]. "Wakati wa enzi yake, alishiriki" What Good with Zuri Hall "kwenye [[Instagram]] na mwenyeji wa pamoja" What the Fashion "kwenye [[Snapchat]]. Mnamo Oktoba 2019, alijiunga na NBC kama mwandishi wa [[Access Hollywood]] na mwandishi wa pembeni wa '' [[American Ninja Warrior]] ". Yeye pia ni mwenyeji mwenza wa onyesho lao jipya "AllAccess", ambalo linalenga habari za burudani, maslahi ya binadamu na hadithi za uhalifu wa kweli. ===Maigizo=== Hall alianza kazi yake ya kamera kama mwigizaji wa kibiashara. Ametajwa katika matangazo ya kitaifa kwa [[Thamani ya Jiji | Samani ya Jiji la Thamani]], na matangazo ya biashara ya [[Salama Kampuni ya Bima ya Auto | Salama Auto]], [[Meijer]], na [[Ohio]] utalii. Ametokea mara kadhaa kwa wageni kwenye vipindi vya televisheni vilivyoandikwa wakati wote wa kazi yake. Mnamo mwaka wa 2019, aliigiza kwenye jukwaa linalokabili Jen Aniston, katika Apple TV + kipindi cha "The Morning Show," <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zuri Hall|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm6361406/|access-date=2021-02-10|website=IMDb}}</ref> na ameonekana mara nyingi kwenye Runinga ya "Land Nobodies" ya TV Land (mtendaji aliyezalishwa na [[Melissa McCarthy]]), "Mpangilio" kwenye E!, na safu ya kichekesho ya kidigitali "Hashtaggers" .<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hashtaggers|url=https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/hashtaggers/episodes-season-1/1030173458/|access-date=2021-02-10|website=TVGuide.com|language=en}}</ref> ==Mengineyo== Alianzisha pia idhaa ya YouTube yenye jina, "Hey Zuri Hall" ambapo anazungumza juu ya, "penda maisha, na mtindo kwa wasichana wanaoshtuka." Kituo chake kina zaidi ya wanachama 100,000, na imekusanya maoni zaidi ya milioni 5. Mnamo Novemba 2019, Hall alizindua podcast yake. '' Zuri Hall's Hot Happy Mess '' kwa kushirikiana na [[iHeartRadio]] na [[Charlamagne tha God]] Mtandao wa Black Effect Podcast. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zuri Hall's Hot Happy Mess on Apple Podcasts|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/zuri-halls-hot-happy-mess/id1540012837|access-date=2021-02-10|website=Apple Podcasts|language=en-us}}</ref>. Ameangaziwa katika machapisho mengi-ikiwa ni pamoja na kama '' [[Essence (magazine) | Essence]] '' Jarida la Oktoba 2016 "Ni Msichana" wa mwezi (na [[Barack Obama]] na [[Michelle Obama]] kwenye kifuniko),<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zuri Hall Reveals The Makeup Secrets That Keep Her Camera-Ready|url=https://www.essence.com/beauty/zuri-hall-makeup-secrets/|access-date=2021-02-10|website=Essence|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-08-13|title=Zuri Hall Takes Control|url=https://www.papermag.com/zuri-hall-feature-2646973473.html|access-date=2021-02-10|website=PAPER|language=en}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2020, Hall alionyeshwa katika kipindi cha 2 cha [[Bravo TV]] ''Mbio huko Amerika'', mazungumzo na washiriki wa NBC wakijadili nguvu ya kura nyeusi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-10-14|title=Zuri Hall|url=https://www.bravotv.com/people/zuri-hall|access-date=2021-02-10|website=Bravo TV Official Site|language=en-US}}</ref> == Tuzo na Uteuzi == Mwaka mmoja baada ya kuhitimu elimu yake ya chuo, Hall alishinda [[Tuzo ya Emmy | Tuzo ya Mkoa ya Emmy]] ya Mwenyeji Bora na Kipaji.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nataslgl.org/awards_emmys_winners2011.php|title=NATAS: Emmy Award Winners|access-date=5 November 2012|accessdate=2021-05-22|archivedate=2020-06-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629022947/https://nataslgl.org/awards_emmys_winners2011.php}}</ref>Mnamo mwaka 2017, alipata uteuzi wa [[Tuzo ya Emmy ya Mchana]] kwa [[Tuzo ya Mchana ya Emmy ya Programu bora ya Burudani ya Habari | Programu bora ya Burudani]] kama sehemu ya '' E! Habari ".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zuri Hall: American Ninja Warrior Host - NBC.com|url=https://www.nbc.com/american-ninja-warrior/credits/host/zuri-hall|access-date=2021-02-10|website=NBC|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * {{Twitter|zurihall}} * {{Instagram|zurihall}} * {{IMDb name|6361406}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1988]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Los Angeles]] [[Jamii:Arusha Translation-a-thon]] iz4ozayyx1o67yy45950gixu113r3lu 0 136416 1529862 1492768 2026-05-02T12:30:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 7 template(s) replaced. 1529862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina =Yvonne Nelson | nchi =Accra Ghana | majina_mengine = | picha =Yvonne_Nelson_in_Sisters_at_War.png | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa =Yvonne Nelson | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = Novemba 12, 1985 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa =alizaliwa Accra Ghana, | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi_yake = i mwigizaji, mwanamitindo, mtayarishaji wa filamu na mjasiriamali wa Ghana | cheo = | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dini = | ndoa = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Yvonne Nelson''' (alizaliwa [[Accra]] [[Ghana]], [[Novemba 12]], [[1985]])<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://yen.com.gh/114649-profile-yvonne-nelson-husband-pregnancy-career.html|title=Profile: Yvonne Nelson husband, pregnancy and career|last=Gracia|first=Zindzy|date=2018-08-21|website=Yen.com.gh|language=en|access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref> ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mwanamitindo]], mtayarishaji wa [[filamu]] na [[mjasiriamali]] wa [[Ghana]].<ref name=ok>[http://buzzghana.com/yvonne-nelson-profile-biography-facts/ Yvonne Nelson facts], BuzzGhana, Retrieved 22 September 2016</ref> Amecheza katika sinema kadhaa, pamoja na ''House of Gold (film)'' (2013), ''Any Other Monday'', "Mnamo Aprili", na "Swings".<ref>{{cite web|title=Watch Yvonne Nelson, Kafui Danku, Jose Tolbert in new movie trailer|url=http://pulse.com.gh/movies/any-other-monday-watch-yvonne-nelson-kafui-danku-jose-tolbert-in-new-movie-trailer-id4610204.html|website=Pulse.com.gh|author=David Mawuli|date=26 January 2016|access-date=28 January 2016|archive-date=2016-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127104103/http://pulse.com.gh/movies/any-other-monday-watch-yvonne-nelson-kafui-danku-jose-tolbert-in-new-movie-trailer-id4610204.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/What-Yvonne-Nelson-wore-to-In-April-movie-premiere-got-everyone-talking-467357|title=What Yvonne Nelson wore to 'In April' movie premiere got everyone talking|date=2016-09-04|website=www.ghanaweb.com|access-date=2018-12-17}}</ref><ref name=Pulse20171122>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.pulse.com.gh/swings-movie-starring-yvonne-nelson-chris-attoh-henry-adofo-premieres-november-25/kd7hxln|title=Movie starring Yvonne Nelson, Chris Attoh, Henry Adofo premieres November 25|author=David Mawuli|date=2017-11-22|website=Pulse.com.gh|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-17|accessdate=2021-05-26|archivedate=2018-12-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202230/http://www.pulse.com.gh/swings-movie-starring-yvonne-nelson-chris-attoh-henry-adofo-premieres-november-25/kd7hxln}}</ref> [[jamii:Arts and Feminism 2023]] == Maisha ya awali == Yvonne Nelson ana asili ya watu wa Fante na watu wa Ga. Alianza masomo yake Shule ya St. Martin De Porres [[Accra]] <ref name="auto">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.peacefmonline.com/ghana/people/moviestars/yvonne_nelson/biography/|title=Yvonne Nelson|website=www.peacefmonline.com|access-date=2019-04-13|archive-date=2019-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413115704/http://www.peacefmonline.com/ghana/people/moviestars/yvonne_nelson/biography/|url-status=dead}}</ref> na baadaye akaenda Aggrey Memorial A.M.E. Shule ya Upili ya Sayansi. Alikuwa na elimu ya juu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Zenith na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kati (Ghana) | Chuo , ambapo alifanya kozi ya udhamili ya ( [[usimamizi]] wa [[rasilimali]] watu).<ref>[http://africamagic.dstv.com/2015/11/12/all-about-yvonne-nelson/ "All about Yvonne Nelson"] {{Wayback|url=http://africamagic.dstv.com/2015/11/12/all-about-yvonne-nelson/ |date=20160923210615 }}, Africa Magic.</ref><ref>[https://ibakatv.com/yvonne-nelson Yvonne Nelson profile] {{Wayback|url=https://ibakatv.com/yvonne-nelson |date=20190723144201 }}, Ibaka TV.</ref> Alihitimu kwenye ([[Taasisi]] ya Usimamizi na [[Utawala]] wa [[Umma]] ya Ghana (GIMPA)) na kupata Shahada ya Uzamili katika Uhusiano wa Kimataifa na Diplomasia mnamo 2020.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yvonne Nelson reveals why she went back to school – MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/music/yvonne-nelson-reveals-why-she-went-back-to-school/|access-date=2020-11-13|website=www.myjoyonline.com|accessdate=2021-05-26|archivedate=2020-11-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114145339/https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/music/yvonne-nelson-reveals-why-she-went-back-to-school/}}</ref> == Kazi == Nelson, mshiriki wa zamani wa Miss Ghana, alishiriki kwenye maonyesho makubwa.alijulikana kwa uhusika kama Princess Tyra na Playboy. Alitengeneza sinema itwayo ''The Price'', mwaka [[2011]]. Alizalisha pia '' Single and Married '' mnamo 2012 na '' House of Gold '' mnamo 2013.<ref name=house>{{cite web | url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/02/05/bn-exclusive-coming-soon-to-the-big-screen-ice-prince-omawumi-majid-michel-mercy-chinwo-eddie-watson-star-in-yvonne-nelsons-movie-house-of-gold-your-behind-the-scenes-look-scoop/ | title=BN Exclusive: Coming Soon to the Big Screen! Ice Prince, Omawumi, Majid Michel, Mercy Chinwo & Eddie Watson star in Yvonne Nelson's Movie "House of Gold" - Your Behind-the-Scenes Look & Scoop | work=Bella Naija | date=5 February 2013 | access-date=30 September 2016 | author=Aiki, Damilare}}</ref> Badae alishinda Picha Bora katika Tuzo za Sinema za Ghana na Sinema Bora ya Ghana ya mwaka 2013 City People Entertainment Awards.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://nigerianfinder.com/yvonne-nelson-biography-career-other-details/|title=Yvonne Nelson: Biography, Career & Other Details|website=nigerianfinder.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-24}}</ref> == Maisha ya binafsi == Mnamo Oktoba 29, 2017, Nelson alimzaa binti yake Ryn Roberts na mpenzi wake wa zamani, Jamie Roberts.<ref>[https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2018/january-10th/yvonne-nelson-reveals-why-she-decided-to-have-a-baby-with-jamie-roberts.php "Yvonne Nelson's Daughter"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2018/january-10th/yvonne-nelson-reveals-why-she-decided-to-have-a-baby-with-jamie-roberts.php |date=20181106132451 }} : Yvonne Nelson reveals why she decided to have a baby with Jamie Roberts. Retrieved 23 March 2018.</ref> Mwigizaji huyo alikaa kimya juu ya uvumi juu ya ujauzito wake hadi alipotangaza kuzaliwa kwa binti yake kupitia Jalada la Jarida la WOW <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://citifmonline.com/2017/11/yvonne-nelson-pregnancy-photos-out-after-childbirth/|title=Yvonne Nelson pregnancy photos out after 'childbirth'|date=2017-11-13|website=Citi 97.3 FM - Relevant Radio. Always|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-02|archive-date=2021-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115130312/https://citifmonline.com/2017/11/yvonne-nelson-pregnancy-photos-out-after-childbirth/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nelson, Yvonne}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1985]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Arusha Translation-a-thon]] bl9xe22flh1afxelt0dpicms5gob201 0 136695 1529778 1295440 2026-05-02T12:17:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Youcef Dris | nchi = Algeria | majina_mengine = | picha = | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = Youcef Dris | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 15 Oktoba 1945 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Tizi Ouzou | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi_yake = Mwandishi wa habari | cheo = | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dini = | ndoa = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Youcef Dris''' Ni mwandishi wa Algeria alizaliwa tarehe [[15 Oktoba]] [[1945]] huko Tizi Ouzou.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africultures.com/php/?nav=personne&no=23201 |title=Biographie de Youcef Dris |publisher=Africultures |date=1945-10-25 |access-date=2015-07-31}}</ref> Alianza kazi ya uandishi wa habari mnamo mwaka 1970 akiandika machapisho kuhusu El Moujahid. Baadae alikuwa mhariri mkuu wa West Oran Tribune. Mnamo mwaka 2013, alichapisha insha ya kihistoria iliyotambulika kama "''Le Combat des justes''" iliyochapwa na El Ibriz. Insha hiyo inahusu heshima kwa wafaransa walioshiriki vita vya Algeria katika ngazi ya ukombozi wa kitaifa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.babelio.com/auteur/Youcef-Dris/117407|title=Youcef Dris (auteur de Les amants de Padovani) - Babelio|website=www.babelio.com|language=fr|access-date=2018-07-01}}</ref> ==Kazi== ===Insha=== * ''Les Massacres d'octobre 1961'' (2009) *''Le Combat des Justes (2013)'' ===Riwaya=== * ''Les Amants de Padovani'' (2004) * ''Affaires criminelles. Histoires Vraies'' ( 2006) * ''Biographie de Guerouabi'' (2008) * ''Destin à l'encre noire'' (2012) * "Le puits confisqué" (2010) ===Ushairi=== * ''Grisaille'' (1993) * ''Gravelures'' (2009) ==Marejeo== [[Jamii:Arusha Translation-a-thon]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Algeria]] t512sdv4gj4brx0ka7084ao7lmng67v 0 137137 1529924 1247876 2026-05-02T16:19:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529924 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Phare_Cap_Caxine_2.JPG|thumb|Rasi ya Caxine]] [[Faili:Phare Cap Caxine 1.JPG|thumb|Phare Cap Caxine]] '''Rasi ya Caxine''' ni [[rasi]] (jiografia) iliyoko nchini [[Algeria]]. <ref>{{cite web|url= http://mapcarta.com/17349560|title=Cap Caxine, Algeria Map|publisher=Mapcarta|accessdate=18 June 2010}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Mbegu}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.onsm-dz.com/?p=detailphares&equipement_id=19 Cap Caxine]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Ministere des Travaux Public'' [[jamii:jiografia ya Algeria]] [[Category:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha]] 7xs8qhl9lhjsq2fj3uk6r3lw105rvr5 0 137386 1530323 1528546 2026-05-03T07:59:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530323 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Dring_Stadium.jpg|thumb|Uwanja wa Bahawal]] '''Uwanja wa Bahawal''' ni uwanja wa [[mchezo]] Uliopo katika jimbo la Punjabu nchini [[Pakistani]] karibu na hifadhi ya wanyama ya Bahawalpur,ukiwa na uwezo wa kuchukua zaidi ya mashabiki 15,000 .<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/810774-the-dring-stadium|title=The Dring Stadium &#124; Sports &#124; thenews.com.pk|website=www.thenews.com.pk}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ni moja kati ya viwanja katika bara la Asia venye uwezo wa kuchukua michezo tofauti tofauti kwa wakati mmoja,michezo inayojumuisha kuogelea,[[Karate]], [[Judo]] na michezo mingine. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-michezo}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha]] qfgv3vrd1merfly9t7cuao86alinvrr 0 138253 1530022 1255767 2026-05-02T18:43:01Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530022 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zanagee Artis''' (amezaliwa [[2000]])<ref>https://templeofunderstanding.org/we-are-a-movement-of-unstoppable-youth-zanagee-artis-on-zero-hour/</ref> ni [[mwanaharakati]] wa [[hali ya hewa]] kutoka [[Clinton, Mississippi|Clinton]], [[Marekani]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://ecojusticeforall.org/artis |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-06-18 |archivedate=2021-06-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200542/https://ecojusticeforall.org/artis }}</ref> Anajulikana sana kwa kushirikiana kuanzisha [[kikundi]] cha [[wanaharakati]] wa hali ya hewa kinachoongozwa na [[vijana]] cha ''Zero Hour'' mnamo [[2017]]. Kuanzia [[2021]], Artis alikuwa Kaimu [[Mkurugenzi]] wa Sera wa ''Zero Hour''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who We Are |url=http://thisiszerohour.org/who-we-are/ |website=Zero Hour |access-date=20 April 2021 |accessdate=2021-06-18 |archivedate=2021-04-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416103301/http://thisiszerohour.org/who-we-are/ }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2000]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Mashindano ya uandishi wa makala za haki za binadamu]] 6stqajihjr4g994uw81gt8voefjjxll 0 138600 1530062 1325565 2026-05-02T18:49:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 5 template(s) replaced. 1530062 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zephany Nurse''' (amezaliwa [[28 Aprili]] [[1997]]) ni [[mwanamke]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] aliyetekwa nyara kutoka Hospitali ya Groote Schuur huko [[Cape Town]], Afrika Kusini mnamo 30 Aprili 1997, wakati alikuwa na siku mbili. Nurse aliunganishwa tena na wazazi wake wa kibiolojia, Morne na Mlaani wa Celeste, miaka 17 baadaye kutokana na vipimo vya DNA kuthibitisha utambulisho chake.<ref>https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/south-africa-parents-find-daughter-17-years-kidnap-29267340</ref> <ref>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/11440150/Baby-stolen-from-sleeping-mothers-arms-in-hospital-reunited-after-17-years.html</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=IN PICTURES {{!}} SA finally gets to see the young woman known as Zephany Nurse|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2019-08-13-in-pictures-sa-finally-gets-to-see-the-young-woman-known-as-zephany-nurse/|work=TimesLIVE|accessdate=2021-06-21|language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Utekwaji == Muuguzi wa Celeste aliwasilisha Zephany mnamo 27 Aprili 1997 na sehemu ya caesarean katika Hospitali ya Groote Schuur, Cape Town, Afrika Kusini. Celeste alielezea mtu aliyevaa sare ya muuguzi akimfariji wakati mtoto wake alikuwa bado kwenye kitanda kilicho karibu, kabla ya kulala. Wakati Celeste alikuwa amejiandikisha, muuguzi aliendelea kumuuliza mtoto yuko wapi, na kwa wakati huu aligundua kuwa Zephany alikuwa amechukuliwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Search for daughter never-ending|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/search-for-daughter-never-ending-474075|work=www.iol.co.za|accessdate=2021-06-21|language=en}}</ref> Hospitali iliwasiliana na [[polisi]] kwa msaada wa kutafuta hospitali; Walakini vitu vichache tu visivyoweza kupatikana vilipatikana, pamoja na kiota cha mtoto wa Zephany, vazi la watoto, na mkoba usio na vitu vinavyotambulika. Mto ulipatikana katika handaki ambayo ilikusudiwa kutoa ufikiaji wa moja kwa moja kwa wanawake wanaofanya kazi kwa wadi kutoka mitaani. Shuburi hiyo pia ilitoa ufikiaji wa jengo kuu la zamani, idara ya magonjwa ya akili na sehemu ya nje ya [[mgonjwa]], ambayo wakati huo ilikuwa na ufikiaji usiozuiliwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Search for daughter never-ending|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/search-for-daughter-never-ending-474075|work=www.iol.co.za|accessdate=2021-06-21|language=en}}</ref> Familia ya Muuguzi inaamini mteka nyara alichukua tahadhari kusonga kwa wadi bila kutambuliwa. Mto huo labda ulitumiwa kudanganya ujauzito, kwani hakuna mtu atakayehoji mwanamke mjamzito akizunguka katika wodi ya uzazi. Mwanamke huyo, ambaye sasa amevaa kama muuguzi katika suruali ya maroon na juu ya oatmeal, alijitahidi kuwa rafiki wa [[mama]] kwenye wadi. Mmoja wa mama anayetarajia, ambaye alikumbuka uso wa mtekaji, alikuwa amezungumza naye kwa kifupi. Katika tukio lingine, mama huyo huyo alimkuta amemshika mtoto wake, na alipohojiwa mwanamke huyo alijibu kuwa mtoto alikuwa analia na alikuwa akifariji. Katika mahojiano ya baadaye Mwuguzi wa Celeste alisema: Kusudi lake lilikuwa kuiba mtoto, hakujali ni mtoto gani."<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Search for daughter never-ending|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/search-for-daughter-never-ending-474075|work=www.iol.co.za|accessdate=2021-06-21|language=en}}</ref> Siku tano baada ya kuzaliwa kwa Zephany, familia ya Muuguzi ilienda nyumbani bila binti yao.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Search for daughter never-ending|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/search-for-daughter-never-ending-474075|work=www.iol.co.za|accessdate=2021-06-21|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{BD|1997|}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Editathon 2021-06 Morogor]] o8nx1uffy8tittddwuaynm3yfkqi1q3 0 138716 1529839 1175399 2026-05-02T12:27:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529839 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yustini na Atilano''' (ma[[jina]] kamili kwa [[Kihispania]] '''Justino Orona Madrigal''', aliyezaliwa [[tarehe]] [[14 Aprili]] [[1877]], na '''Atilano Cruz Alvarado''', aliyezaliwa tarehe [[5 Oktoba]] [[1901]]; waliuawa [[Rancho de las Cruces]], [[Guadalajara]], [[Mexico]], [[1 Julai]] [[1928]]) walikuwa ma[[padri]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] nchini [[Meksiko]] hadi [[kifodini|walipouawa]] bila [[kesi]] wakati wa [[Vita vya Wakristero]]<ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/90118</ref>. Yustini aliwahi kuanzisha [[shirika]] la [[Masista Waklara wa Moyo Mtakatifu]]<ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/90128</ref>. [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] aliwatangaza [[wenye heri]] tarehe [[22 Novemba]] [[1992]] halafu [[watakatifu]] [[wafiadini]] tarehe [[21 Mei]] [[2000]] pamoja na wenzao 24 waliofia [[dini]] katika [[vita]] hivyo<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://home.catholicweb.com/SanCristobal/index.cfm/about |title=List of San Cristobal and companions, St. Cristobal Magallanes and Companions Church, Mission, Texas |accessdate=2020-04-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324192614/http://home.catholicweb.com/SanCristobal/index.cfm/about |archivedate=2015-03-24 }}</ref>: [[Sikukuu]] ya wote pamoja inaadhimishwa kila [[tarehe]] [[21 Mei]] ila ya kwao wenyewe ni tarehe ya [[kifodini]] chao<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_20000521_canonizations_en.html Homily of Pope John Paul II from Canonization Mass] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1877]] [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1901]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1928]] [[Category:Mapadri]] [[Jamii:Watawa waanzilishi]] [[Category:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Meksiko]] 2yh3eeug677824bxlxnaamqtuqlm7db 0 139684 1529764 1293029 2026-05-02T12:15:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529764 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yosepha Alomang''' ([[Mama]] Yosepha) ni [[mwanamazingira]] kutoka [[mkoa]] wa [[Papua]] huko [[Indonesia]].<ref name="goldman"/><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.oca.no/contributors/mama-yosepha-alomang |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-07-17 |archivedate=2021-07-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717005731/https://www.oca.no/contributors/mama-yosepha-alomang }}</ref> Alipewa [[Tuzo ya Mazingira ya Goldman]] mnamo [[2001]], kwa juhudi zake za kuandaa [[jamii]] yake kupinga [[kampuni]] ya [[uchimbaji madini]] ya ''Freeport-McMoRan'' iliyofanya [[shughuli]] za uchimbaji madini kwa zaidi ya [[miongo]] mitatu na kuharibu [[misitu ya mvua]], kuchafua [[mito]], na kuhamisha [[jamii]]..<ref name="goldman">Goldman Environmental Prize: [http://www.goldmanprize.org/node/66 Yosepha Alomang] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023053103/http://www.goldmanprize.org/node/66 |date=October 23, 2007 }} (Retrieved on November 10, 2007)</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://brushandbow.com/mama-yosepha-i-speak-up-and-fight-activism-in-west-papua/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-07-17 |archivedate=2021-07-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717005726/https://brushandbow.com/mama-yosepha-i-speak-up-and-fight-activism-in-west-papua/ }}</ref> {{Mbegu-mtu}} ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Indonesia]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Indonesia]] [[Jamii:Mashindano ya uandishi wa makala za haki za binadamu]] 38j7oe3fjze6l5aq8b4b4gcz8nob6i8 0 140319 1530036 1258983 2026-05-02T18:45:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530036 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Fossaregiafossatumafricaemap.png|thumb|Ramani ya Dola la Roma, Jimbo la Numidia katika karne ya 4.]] [[File:Algeria location map.svg|thumb|Ramani ya Algeria, ulipo mji wa kale wa Zaraï.]] '''Zaraï''' ulikuwa [[mji]] wa kale katika [[Dola la Roma]] ambapo waliishi jamii ya [[Waberberi]]. Leo hii hupatikana katika mji wa [[Aïn Oulmene]], [[Algeria]]. Chini ya utawala wa [[Warumi]], Zaraï ilikuwa ni sehemu ya [[jimbo]] la [[Numidia (Roman province)|Numidia]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/entity/zara%C3%AF/m08cpqj?hl=en |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-07-28 |archivedate=2021-07-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728154658/https://artsandculture.google.com/entity/zara%C3%AF/m08cpqj?hl=en }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Algeria}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge 2021 in Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Maeneo ya kiakiolojia Algeria]] 98ur74vq4ixz0hozefr6jbqcqxzan16 0 141019 1529693 1349645 2026-05-02T12:03:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529693 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Yetu Microfinance logo.png|thumbnail|right|200px|Benki Yetu Microfinance ]] '''Benki Yetu Microfinance Plc.''' ([[kifupi]]: Yetu) ni [[benki]] iliyopo nchini [[Tanzania]]. Ni taasisi ya kwanza ya uwezeshaji mdogomdogo iliyoorodheshwa katika [[Soko la hisa la Dar es Salaam]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.dse.co.tz/content/listed-securities|title=Listed Securities {{!}} Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange PLC|website=www.dse.co.tz|access-date=2016-07-05|accessdate=2021-08-15|archivedate=2021-07-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729214820/https://www.dse.co.tz/content/listed-securities}}</ref> ==Muhtasari== Benki hiyo inatoa huduma za mikopo, kama vile mikopo ya kikundi cha mshikamano kwa wateja ambao wameunda vikundi na wanachama wao hutumika kama aseti kwa mikopo ya kila mmoja; Huduma za Mikopo ya Mavuno kwa mkopo wa kikundi umefika hadi ''TZS milioni 3'' na wanapenda kukopa kwa uwezo wa [[mtu]] binafsi; huduma ndogo na za kati za mikopo, ikiwa ni pamoja na mauzo ya kuingiza na kutoa vitu nje kama vile gari, mtaji wa biashara, mikopo ya viwanda; Mikopo ya Kilimo ya [[SRI]]; Mikopo ya kilimo inayotolewa ni kwa ajili ya wakulima wadogo ili kufadhili mazao mbalimbali; na mikopo ya papo kwa papo, pamoja na mikopo ya elimu. Huduma zake za amana zinajumuisha akiba ya lazima (dhamana) na (amana) ya hiari. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Benki za Tanzania]] [[Jamii:USLWA]] lowx7kd5xkju68t7u5p7oc43kegjae2 0 141316 1529784 1344494 2026-05-02T12:18:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Young 1ove''' ni [[Shirika Lisilo la Kiserikali|shirika lisilo la kiserikali]] lenye makao yake [[Gaborone]], nchini [[Botswana]] ambalo dhamira yake ni kuwaunganisha vijana na habari inayothibitisha ya kuokoa [[maisha]] ya watu. Shirika la [[Young 1ove]] limefikia zaidi ya vijana 50,000. == Maelezo == ''Mpango wa kwanza'' ulikuwa na kazi ya kuwahimiza vijana kujihusisha na mpenzi wa rika karibia sawa na si kujihususha na watu waliowazidi umri. Mpango huo uliongozwa na darasa la saa 1 lililowasilishwa [[Kenya|nchini Kenya]]. [http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/app.3.1.1] ''Programu ya pili'', Kufundisha kwa kiwango sahihi, <ref>https://www.povertyactionlab.org/scale-ups/remedial-education</ref> ni mpango wa [[elimu]] ya kurekebisha uliotengenezwa na Pratham kusaidia wanafunzi ambao hawafikii malengo yao nyuma ya matarajio ya mtaala. Uingiliaji huo umeonyeshwa katika majaribio zaidi ya sita ya udhibiti wa bahati nasibu ili kuonyesha athari dhabiti katika mazingira na mifano ya utekelezaji. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.sundaystandard.info/gov%E2%80%99t%E2%80%99s-new-employment-scheme-pay-degree-holders-p600 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-08-25 |archivedate=2019-04-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425032320/http://www.sundaystandard.info/gov%E2%80%99t%E2%80%99s-new-employment-scheme-pay-degree-holders-p600 }}</ref> == Muhimu == Programu za Young 1ove zinaendeshwa kwa kushirikiana na serikali ya [[Botswana]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Does “Sugar Daddies” replicate? The preliminary results are in for Botswana|url=https://www.globalinnovation.fund/does-sugar-daddies-replicate-the-preliminary-results-are-in-for-botswana/|work=Global Innovation Fund|date=2018-01-29|accessdate=2021-12-02|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-12-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208010354/https://www.globalinnovation.fund/does-sugar-daddies-replicate-the-preliminary-results-are-in-for-botswana/}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Ukimwi]] [[Jamii:USLWA]] [[Jamii:Botswana]] de6g8m3sa0mkihew8fayjs52nv29g6i 0 141317 1530126 1362766 2026-05-02T18:59:13Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1530126 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zombo''' (Tebogo Ndlovu, [[3 Mei]] [[1979]] - [[17 Februari]] [[2008]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]], [[mtunzi]] wa [[nyimbo]] na mtayarishaji wa [[muziki]], anayefahamika zaidi kama mshiriki wa kikundi cha kwaito [[Abashante]]. == Wasifu == Zombo alipata umaarufu kama [[rapa]] pamoja na kikundi chake cha kwaito kiitwacho Abashante [[miaka ya 1990]]. Kikundi hicho, ambacho pia kilijumuisha waimbaji wa sauti [[Nestum]] na Malkia Sesako, walijulikana kwa mazoea yao ya kucheza kwa nguvu. Albamu yao iliyouza zaidi ilikuwa wimbo wao wa kwanza mwaka [[1996]], "[[Wasichana]]" (uliotolewa kabla ya Zombo kujiunga na kikundi), kilichokwenda nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. <ref>Expomusique.com – Abashante Archived 16 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine</ref> Baada ya kuondoka Abashante, Zombo alifanya kazi kama mtayarishaji wa muziki na akaanzisha lebo yake ya kurekodi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.yeahbo.net/collabointerview.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-08-25 |archivedate=2010-01-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118002630/http://www.yeahbo.net/collabointerview.html }}</ref> Kama msanii wa peke yake na kama mshiriki wa kikundi kipya cha Collabo alishindwa kuiga mafanikio yake ya zamani<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.observer.org.sz/weekend/main.php?id=41661 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-08-25 |archive-date=2008-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416193145/http://www.observer.org.sz/weekend/main.php?id=41661 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ingawa albamu yake "Zombo" ilipata uteuzi wa ''Best Rap Album'' kwenye Tuzo za Muziki za Afrika Kusini za mwaka [[2003]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.mio.co.za/newsitem.php?id=24 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-08-25 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003739/http://www.mio.co.za/newsitem.php?id=24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{BD|1979|2008}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:USLWA]] md2n781f5brz5wdyyppsas54iggozvz 0 142031 1529685 1480894 2026-05-02T12:02:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person | jina = Yericko Nyerere | nchi = Tanzania | majina_mengine = | picha = Yericko nyerere.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 4 Aprili 1983 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Iringa, Tanzania | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi_yake = mwanasiasa na mwandishi wa vitabu | cheo = | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = CHAUMMA | bodi = | dini = Muabudu Mizimu | ndoa = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Yericko Yohanesy Msambila Mkana Nyerere''' (alizaliwa [[Maduma]], [[wilaya ya Mufindi]], [[mkoa wa Iringa]], [[Tanzania]], [[4 Aprili]] [[1983]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] [[mwanzilishi]] wa [[kampuni]] ya "Yecco Group Limited". Ni mwanachama wa [[chama cha kisiasa]] [[Chama cha Ukombozi wa Umma]] (CHAUMMA). Aligombea Ubunge Jimbo la Kigamboni 2025 kupitia CHAUMMA aliyepata kura 36,789 kati ya kura 251,889 na kuwa wa pili dhidi ya mshindi Bwana Haran Sanga wa Chama cha Mapinduzi CCM. Yericko Nyerere ni mshindi wa [[tuzo]] 7 mfululizo "Barani Afrika", ambapo tuzo 6 ni za "Mwandishi Bora wa Vitabu Afrika", na tuzo 1 ni ya "Kiongozi Bora wa Kijamii Afrika", Yericko ameshinda tuzo ya Mwandishi Bora wa Vitabu iliyotolewa na Zikomo Awards 2025 Pia akashinda tuzo ya “Young Achievement Africa Awards 2025”, Kisha akashinda tuzo "Shining Stars Africa Awards 2024”. Mwaka huohuo 2024 alishinda tuzo ya "Music Video Africa Awards" (MVAA) akishinda mara moja. Mwaka 2024 Yericko alishinda tuzo za "[[Zikomo Africa Awards]]". Lakini pia tuzo hiyohiyo ya Zikomo alishinda mwaka 2023. Tuzo za uandishi wa vitabu alishinda kupitia [[kitabu|Vitabu]] vyake kama vile kitabu cha "[[Ujasusi wa Kidola na Kichumi]]", toleo la [[2016]], Kitabu cha "Mapambano ya Madaraka", toleo la [[2017]], kitabu cha "Mtu Baada ya Mtu", toleo la 2020 na Kitabu cha “We Shall Win” toleo la 2025. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=UU Ventures|url=https://www.uu.com/|work=www.uu.com|accessdate=2024-12-18}}</ref> Yericko ni Mtanzania wa pili kutangaza hadharani kuwa anafuata dini asilia za Kiafrika (Mizimu), akiungana na [[Kingunge Ngombare Mwilu]] ambaye naye aliabudu Mizimu. Hivyo yeye si "Mkristo" wala "Muislamu". Urithi wake wa fasihi juu ya uandishi pia unadhihirishwa juu ya mkakati wa ushindi wa ushirika wa vyama vya upinzani nchini Tanzania (UKAWA) wakati wa uchaguzi mkuu mwaka 2015 akiwa sehemu ya jopo la wanamikakati wa Chama. ==Elimu== Yericko ana [[Stashahada]] ya [[Elimunafsia|Saikolojia]] ya kiuchunguzi kutoka katika [[chuo kikuu huria]] cha [[Uingereza]] (2016-2017), akapata [[Stashahada]] ya Uchunguzi na [[Upelelezi]] kutoka taasisi ya kimataifa ya Uchunguzi na upelelezi ya "International Institute Of Certified Forensic Investigation Professionals" kwa kushirikiana na "Osulivan Associates International" - USA (2015). ==Kazi== Tangu 2010 hadi Julai 2015, Yericko Nyerere alikuwa mshauri wa Usalama na Ulinzi binafsi kwa Katibu Mkuu wa CHADEMA, [[Willibrod Peter Slaa]]. Kama mwanaharakati wa kisiasa anasifika kwa mazungumzo yake ya busara juu ya mabadiliko ya kisiasa na maendeleo ya kiuchumi nchini Tanzania, kazi zake hasa vitabu na makala mitandaoni zimesababisha ushawishi mkubwa kwa kura nyingi kwa watoa maamuzi na viongozi wa kisiasa. Amekuwa msukumo wa kisiasa kwa mabadiliko na ushiriki wa vijana na ushiriki katika ajenda ya serikali na mabadiliko ya kiuchumi. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == *https://mtanzania.co.tz/yeriko-nyerere-kizimbani-kwa-uchochezi-facebook/ {{Wayback|url=https://mtanzania.co.tz/yeriko-nyerere-kizimbani-kwa-uchochezi-facebook/ |date=20250516171420}} *https://www.dw.com/sw/yericko-nyerere-azungumzia-orodha-ya-watu-hatari/av-42753403 *https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/kitaifa/yericko-nyerere-alipa-faini-akwepa-kifungo-miaka-mitatu-jela-3333184%3fview=htmlamp {{Wayback|url=https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/kitaifa/yericko-nyerere-alipa-faini-akwepa-kifungo-miaka-mitatu-jela-3333184%3fview=htmlamp |date=20210324222412}} *https://www.rfi.fr/sw/makala/afrika-ya-mashariki/20210727-utamaduni-wa-kuandika-na-kusoma-vitabu-nchini-tanzania *https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/12863187 *https://www.amazon.com/s?k=Yericko+Nyerere *https://iicfip.org/tanzania-2/ *https://www.futurelearn.com/certificates/8033r09 *https://crb.go.tz/contractordetails/home/search?search=Yecco {{Wayback|url=https://crb.go.tz/contractordetails/home/search?search=Yecco |date=20210906102432}} *https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg=Yericko+Nyerere&searchCode=GKEY%5E*&searchType=0&recCount=25 *https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/kitaifa/yeriko-nyerere-afikishwa-mahakamani--2793292?view=htmlamp {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1983|}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] 7186n75zbtq6eeydclzly7oml2tsmjq 0 142350 1529705 1306484 2026-05-02T12:05:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1529705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Yinon Cohen''', ni [[mtaalamu]] wa [[jamii]] ya [[Israeli]], ni [[profesa]] wa Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi wa Israeli na Mafunzo ya Kiyahudi katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia]] . Cohen ni mwenye BA kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Kiebrania huko [[Yerusalemu]], na MA na Ph.D. kutoka SUNY huko Stony Brook. Anajulikana kwa utafiti wake juu ya uhamiaji wa kimataifa, matabaka ya kijamii na masoko ya kazi. Amesomea uhamasishaji wa wahamiaji huko Israeli, Ujerumani, na Marekani, mapungufu ya kikabila ya kijamii na kiuchumi nchini Israeli, ukosefu wa mapato ya Israeli huko Israeli, na uhusiano wa viwanda huko Israeli. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.sociology.columbia.edu/fac-bios/cohen/faculty.html |title=faculty |accessdate=2021-09-14 |archivedate=2008-03-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309210434/http://www.sociology.columbia.edu/fac-bios/cohen/faculty.html }}</ref> Uteuzi wa Cohen kuwa mwenyekiti wa Yerushalmi ulikuwa wa kutatanisha kwa sababu amekuwa mkosoaji wa sera ya Israeli na kwa sababu kamati ya utafutaji ilijumuisha wakosoaji wawili mashuhuri wa Israeli. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.nysun.com/article/72009 |title=New Columbia Israel Director Denounced 'Occupation' - February 28, 2008 - The New York Sun |accessdate=2021-09-14 |archivedate=2022-06-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626163853/https://www.nysun.com/article/72009 }}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.nysun.com/article/13026 |title=Search Committee for Israel Scholar Includes Two Harsh Critics of Israel - April 29, 2005 - The New York Sun |accessdate=2021-09-14 |archivedate=2007-05-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503200000/http://www.nysun.com/article/13026 }}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.nysun.com/article/72591 |title=Scholar of Yiddish Named To Lead Columbia Institute - March 10, 2008 - The New York Sun |accessdate=2021-09-14 |archivedate=2022-06-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626172815/https://www.nysun.com/article/72591 }}</ref> Anaelezewa na The Forward kama aliyeegemea "kushoto juu ya siasa za Israeli." <ref>[http://www.forward.com/articles/12933/ Head of Columbia Jewish Studies Program Resigns - Forward.com"]</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] aja0fo2uz57fmz6itafegaqza98nzgk 0 143982 1529730 1246483 2026-05-02T12:09:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1529730 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:CPH half Marathon2015-Yohanes Ghebregergis.jpg|alt=Ghebregergis kwenye Mbio za Nusu za Copenhagen 2015|thumb|Ghebregergis kwenye Mbio za Nusu za Copenhagen 2015]] '''Yohanes Ghebregergis''' (alizaliwa [[1 Januari]] [[1989]]) ni mkimbiaji wa mbio ndefu kutoka [[Eritrea]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yohanes GHEBREGERGIS {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/eritrea/yohanes-ghebregergis-14647870|work=www.worldathletics.org|accessdate=2021-11-01}}</ref> Alishiriki katika mbio za [[Marathoni ya Boston|marathoni]] za [[Mwanaume|wanaume]] katika Mashindano ya Dunia ya Riadha ya 2017, akishika nafasi ya 7 akitumia masaa 2:12:07.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-world-championships/iaaf-world-championships-london-2017-5151/results/men/marathon/final/startlist#resultheader |title=IAAF. |accessdate=2021-11-01 |archivedate=2019-04-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403200129/https://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-world-championships/iaaf-world-championships-london-2017-5151/results/men/marathon/final/startlist#resultheader }}</ref> Alishiriki katika Olimpiki ya Majira ya joto 2020 katika mbio za marathon za wanaume.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yohanes GHEBREGERGIS|url=https://olympics.com/en/athletes/yohanes-ghebregergis|work=Olympics.com|accessdate=2021-11-01}}</ref> Alimaliza katika nafasi ya 7 katika mbio za wanaume za Tokyo Marathon za 2017.<ref>[https://www.marathon.tokyo/en/about/past/2017/press-release/pdf/47fd7d8e5c0edac50f2052a4661174f0.pdf lite men results.]</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{BD|1989|}} [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Eritrea]] [[Jamii:USLW DOM]] iv5x43ejkspiy3gb6p3a8km5dgiw1vo 0 144326 1529719 1423844 2026-05-02T12:07:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529719 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:John the Silent of St. Sabbas' Monastery (Menologion of Basil II).jpg|thumb|[[Mchoro mdogo]] wa Mt. Yohane.]] '''Yohane Mnyamavu''' ([[Nikopoli]], [[Armenia ya Kale]], leo nchini [[Uturuki]], [[454]] hivi - [[558]] hivi<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GFCaNmcDCUQC&pg=PA303 |title=The Lives of Saints |publisher=Thomas Meighan |year=1729 |location=London |pages=303–307}}</ref>) bado [[Ujana|kijana]] alianzisha [[monasteri]] akafanywa [[askofu]] wa Taxara, lakini baada ya miaka tisa aling'atuka na kuhamia nchini [[Palestina]] alipoishi miaka mingi katika [[Monasteri ya Mar Saba|monasteri ya Mar Saba]] akihudumia kwa unyenyekevu wanajumuia akishika kwa ukamilifu upweke na [[kimya]] <ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/80740</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[7 Desemba]] <ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== <references/> ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 165-166 ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=4055 John the Silent at Catholic Online] * [http://saints.sqpn.com/saint-john-the-silent/ Saints.SQPN: John the Silent] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 454]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 558]] [[Jamii:Wakaapweke]] [[Jamii:Wamonaki]] [[Jamii:Watawa waanzilishi]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Armenia]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Uturuki]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Palestina]] f4sv6ms6drut3dvwyzk38k8n3k37bwm 0 144343 1530053 1358802 2026-05-02T18:47:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530053 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rufo wa Avignon''' alikuwa [[askofu]] wa kwanza wa [[Avignon]], [[Provence]] (leo nchini [[Ufaransa]]) kabla ya [[karne ya 5]]<ref>Wasselynck, ''Bibliotheca Sanctorum'', vol. XI, col. 484.</ref><ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/77560</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa tarehe [[14 Novemba]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] == Tanbihi == {{reflist}} == Marejeo == *{{la}} [[Denis de Sainte-Marthe]], [https://books.google.it/books?id=uVmjfXlEMJcC&hl=fr&pg=RA2-PR70 ''Gallia christiana''], vol. I, Parigi 1715, col. 795 *{{fr}} Henry Reynard-Lespinasse, [http://archive.org/stream/armorialhistori00lesgoog#page/n11/mode/2up ''Armorial historique du diocèse et de l'Etat d'Avignon''], in ''Mémoires de la Société française de numismatique et d'archéologie'', Parigi 1874, p. 4 *{{fr}} [[Louis Duchesne]], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k107955h/f275.image ''Fastes épiscopaux de l'ancienne Gaule''], vol. I, Paris 1907, pp. 266-267 *{{it}} René Wasselynck, ''Rufo, vescovo di Avignone (?), santo'', in «[[Bibliotheca Sanctorum]]», vol. XI, col. 484 *{{fr}} [https://www.archives.diocese-avignon.fr/Saint-Ruf.html Saint Ruf sur le site du diocèse d'Avignon]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *{{fr}} [https://www.saintsdeprovence.com/ruf-2/ Saint Ruf, confesseur de la foi], Association de soutien à la tradition des saints de Provence {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Category:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Wamisionari]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Ufaransa]] fmjn1662h3q7qnoud77a1iseu4hbbid 0 144355 1530129 1445534 2026-05-02T18:59:43Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Filamu 2 | jina = Zootopia | picha = Zootopia logo.svg | maelezo_ya_picha = Nembo ya filamu | mwongozaji = [[Byron Howard]]<br />[[Rich Moore]] | mtayarishaji = [[Clark Spencer]] | mtunzi = [[Jared Bush]]<br />[[Phil Johnston (filmmaker)|Phil Johnston]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to Zootopia at D23 EXPO! |url=https://d23.com/welcome-to-zootopia-at-d23-expo/ |publisher=D23 |access-date=August 30, 2015 |date=August 15, 2015 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905133749/https://d23.com/welcome-to-zootopia-at-d23-expo/ |archive-date=September 5, 2015}}</ref> | nyota = [[Ginnifer Goodwin]]<br />[[Jason Bateman]]<br />[[Idris Elba]]<br />[[Jenny Slate]]<br />[[Nate Torrence]]<br />[[Bonnie Hunt]]<br />[[Don Lake]]<br />[[Tommy Chong]]<br />[[J. K. Simmons]]<br />[[Octavia Spencer]]<br />[[Alan Tudyk]]<br />[[Shakira]] | muziki = [[Michael Giacchino]] | kampuni = [[Walt Disney Animation Studios]] | msambazaji = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Walt Disney Studios<br />Motion Pictures]] | imetolewa = {{Film date|2016|2|13|Ubelgiji|2016|3|4|Marekani}} | muda = Dakika 108<!-- Theatrical runtime: 108:23 --><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ci.ionia.mi.us/index.aspx?NID=409|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402052335/http://www.ci.ionia.mi.us/index.aspx?NID=409|archive-date=April 2, 2016|title=Ionia, MI – Official Website – "Zootopia"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/zootropolis-film |title=''Zootropolis'' (PG) |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=February 17, 2016 |access-date=February 17, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225125944/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/zootropolis-film |archive-date=February 25, 2016}}</ref> | nchi = Marekani | lugha = Kiingereza | bajeti = [[Dola ya Marekani|dola]]milioni 150<ref name="budget">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/07/arts/zootopia-tops-the-box-office.html |title='Zootopia' Tops the Box Office |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=March 13, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311162320/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/07/arts/zootopia-tops-the-box-office.html |archive-date=March 11, 2016 |last1=Barnes |first1=Brooks}}</ref> | mapato = dola milioni 1.025<ref name="BOM">{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt2948356/ |title=''Zootopia'' (2016) |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |publisher=[[Internet Movie Database|IMDb]] |access-date=August 7, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528042942/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=disney2016.htm |archive-date=May 28, 2017}}</ref> | ilitanguliwa_na = ''[[Big Hero 6 (filamu)|Big Hero 6]]'' | ikafuatiwa_na = ''[[Moana]]'' }} '''Zootopia''' ni [[filamu]] ya [[tarakilishi|kompyuta]] ya vichekesho ya [[mwaka]] [[2016]] iliyozalishwa na [[Walt Disney Animation Studios]]. Ni filamu ya [[hamsini na tano]] katika mfululizo wa [[Walt Disney Animated Classics]]. == Wkamahiriki wa sauti == * [[Ginnifer Goodwin]] kama Judy Hopps<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ginnifer Goodwin Joins Jason Bateman in Disney Animation’s ‘Zootopia’ (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/ginnifer-goodwin-joins-jason-bateman-793927/|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=2015-05-06|accessdate=2021-11-21|language=en-US|author=Borys Kit, Borys Kit}}</ref> * [[Jason Bateman]] kama Nick Wilde<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Disney, ‘Tangled’ Director Plot New Animated Feature With Jason Bateman (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/disney-tangled-director-plot-new-451665/|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=2013-05-03|accessdate=2021-11-21|language=en-US|author=Borys Kit, Borys Kit}}</ref> * [[Idris Elba]] kama Chief Bogo * [[Jenny Slate]] kama Dawn Bellwether * [[Nate Torrence]] kama Benjamin Clawhauser * [[Bonnie Hunt]] kama Bonnie Hopps * [[Don Lake]] kama Stu Hopps * [[Tommy Chong]] kama Yax * [[J. K. Simmons]] kama Mayor Lionheart * [[Octavia Spencer]] kama Miss Otterton * [[Alan Tudyk]] kama Duke Weaselton * [[Shakira]] kama Gazelle * [[Raymond S. Persi]] kama Flash * [[Maurice LaMarche]] kama Mister Big * [[Phil Johnston]] kama Gideon Grey * [[John DiMaggio]] kama Jerry Jumbeaux Jr == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{IMDb title|2948356}} * {{tcmdb title|2060804|Zootopia}} * {{bcdb title|151185}} * {{Amg title|586271}} * {{Metacritic film|zootopia}} * {{Rotten Tomatoes|zootopia}} * {{mojo title|disney2016}} {{Katuni za Disney}} {{Mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:Filamu za katuni za Disney]] [[Jamii:Filamu za Marekani]] [[Jamii:Filamu za 2016]] ig1r8mqv8ooe3qwzsaibxxjaepz8kye 0 144368 1529979 1413322 2026-05-02T18:36:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1529979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Zach Apple |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa =23 Aprili 1997 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake =mwogeleaji mtaalam wa Marekani |nchi = }} '''Zach Apple'''. (amezaliwa [[23 Aprili]] [[1997]]) ni mwogeleaji mtaalam wa [[Marekani]] ambaye anajishughulisha na mtindo wa kuogea wa sprinti. Kwa sasa ni muogeleaji wa kimataifa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=ISL Season 3: Free Agency Period Closed July 30th, Season Begins August 24th|url=https://swimswam.com/isl-season-3-free-agency-period-closed-after-36-free-agent-signings-in-july/|work=SwimSwam|date=2021-08-02|accessdate=2021-12-03|language=en-US}}</ref> Alishinda medali yake ya kwanza ya dhahabu ya [[Michezo ya Olimpiki|Olimpiki]] katika mbio za mita 400 katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki|Olimpiki]] ya Majira ya joto ya [[2020]], kuogelea katika prelim katika fainali, na baadaye katika Michezo hiyo hiyo ya Olimpiki alishinda [[medali]] ya [[dhahabu]] na kusaidia kuweka rekodi mpya ya dunia na rekodi ya Olimpiki katika mbio za medleyi za mita 400, kuogelea kwa staili ya mguu katika fainali.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics - Athletes, Medals & Results|url=https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/tokyo-2020|work=Olympics.com|date=2018-04-23|accessdate=2021-12-03|language=en|author=IOC}}</ref> Alishiriki katika Mashindano ya Dunia ya Aquatics ya [[2019]] yaliyofanyika Gwangju, [[Korea Kusini]], na kushinda [[medali]] 4, 2 za [[dhahabu]], 1 fedha na 1 ya [[shaba]].<ref>[https://www.omegatiming.com/File/0001130107FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF22.pdf https://www.omegatiming.com/File/0001130107FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF]</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Butler County native eyeing 2020 Olympics after winning medals around the world|url=https://www.journal-news.com/sports/edgewood-grad-eyes-2020-olympics/bLTCV4CXRYONZxLpJBSpzK/|work=journal-news|accessdate=2021-12-03|language=English|author=Mark Schmetzer}}</ref> Alishinda [[medali]] ya dhahabu na kuweka rekodi mpya katika Mashindano ya mbio za mita 400 za freestyle. Pia alikuwa sehemu ya timu ya fainali za kupokezana vijiti katika mbio za mita 400 za kupokezana vijiti na kushinda medali ya dhahabu katika muda wa rekodi ya dunia wa dakika 3, sekunde 19.40. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{BD|1997|}} [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:USLWO]] 3jk2386v0yncpikm6ve3cq332orae5j 0 144447 1530068 1453929 2026-05-02T18:50:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530068 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Zhan Beleniuk with his Olympic gold medal at Tokyo 2020.jpg|alt=Beleniuk akiwa na medali yake ya dhahabu katika Olimpiki ya Majira ya joto ya 2020|thumb|Beleniuk akiwa na medali yake ya dhahabu katika Olimpiki ya Majira ya joto ya 2020]] '''Zhan Vensanovych Beleniuk''' (kwa [[Kiukraini]]: Жан Венсанович Беленюк; pia kwa tafsiri nyingine '''Jean Vensanovitch Beleniouk'''; alizaliwa [[Kiev|Kyiv]], [[24 Januari]] [[1991]]) ni mtu wa [[Ukraini]] anayeshiriki michezo ya mieleka na pia ni [[mwanasiasa]], ni [[mbunge]] [[watu weusi|Mweusi]] wa kwanza katika Bunge la Ukraini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Чи пройшла Україна «тест Чепурного», реагуючи на першого темношкірого кандидата у депутати Жана Беленюка|url=https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/beleniuk-chepurnyj/29991845.html|work=Радіо Свобода|accessdate=2021-11-27|language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Монобільшість Зе, бюджетні гроші для Шарія та перший темношкірий депутат. 7 «вперше» виборів у Раду {{!}} Громадське телебачення|url=https://hromadske.ua/posts/monobilshist-ze-byudzhetni-groshi-dlya-shariya-ta-pershij-temnoshkirij-deputut-7-vpershe-viboriv-u-radu|work=hromadske.ua|accessdate=2021-11-27|language=uk}}</ref> == Maisha ya Nyuma == [[Mama]] yake ni kutoka nchini [[Ukraini]] na [[baba]] yake alikuwa [[rubani]] kutoka nchini [[Rwanda]] aliyekuwa anasoma Kyiv katika [[chuo kikuu]] cha [[taifa]] cha urubani na alifariki katika [[vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] vya Rwanda. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1991|}} [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Ukraina]] [[Jamii:USLW DOM]] [[Jamii:USLWO]] c1ubf0sz4t4jls2wbuyr62qrsbbqh5j 0 144539 1530190 1435320 2026-05-02T19:09:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1530190 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:AL AHLY SC VS C.F. Monterrey in 2021 FIFA Club World Cup10 (cropped).jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Érick Aguirre]] '''Érick Germáin Aguirre Tafolla''' (amezaliwa [[23 Februari]] [[1997]])<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Érick Aguirre - Player profile 21/22|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/erick-aguirre/profil/spieler/295373|work=www.transfermarkt.com|accessdate=2021-11-30|language=en}}</ref> ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa [[Meksiko]] ambaye anacheza kama [[beki]] wa kushoto au [[winga]] wa [[klabu]] ya Liga MX Monterrey.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Erick Aguirre, Últimas noticias & perfil del jugador {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/es/jugador/erick-aguirre/aevk7yjo0gjbppcpqeb0siead|work=www.goal.com|accessdate=2021-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Erick Aguirre|url=https://www.fotmob.com/players/564634/erick-aguirre|work=FotMob|accessdate=2021-11-30|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{BD|1997|}} [[Jamii:USLWO]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Meksiko]] 1onkh62zzshazbszfzhuuidfweoq8wd 0 144568 1529977 1341650 2026-05-02T18:36:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529977 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zacarías Bonnat Michel''' (alizaliwa 27 Februari [[1996]])<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zacarias BONNAT MICHEL|url=https://olympics.com/en/athletes/zacarias-bonnat-michel|work=Olympics.com|accessdate=2021-12-01}}</ref> ni mnyanyua vyuma kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Dominikana]]. Alishinda [[medali]] ya fedha kwenye michuano ya wanaume wenye kilo 81 kwenye [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[majira ya joto]] jijini [[Tokyo]], [[Japani]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tokyo 2020 Men's 81kg Results - Olympic weightlifting|url=https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/tokyo-2020/results/weightlifting/men-s-81kg|work=Olympics.com|accessdate=2021-12-01|language=en|author=IOC}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{BD|1996|}} [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Jamhuri ya Dominikana]] [[Jamii:USLWO]] dft7rmitibb7xswy0n96r7q1sfb3ci8 0 144990 1529816 1347978 2026-05-02T12:23:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1529816 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Yuka Ichiguchi.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Yuka Ichiguchi]] '''Yuka Ichiguchi''' ni Mjapani anayecheza mpira laini nafasi ya kiungo wa ndani. Alisaidia [[Japani]] kufuzu [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya majira ya joto mwaka 2020.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Japanese softball team begins training camp at Tokyo 2020 venue|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1100955/japan-softball-training-camp-tokyo-2020|work=www.insidethegames.biz|date=1605794760|accessdate=2021-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Japan unveils Olympic softball roster for Tokyo 2020|url=http://olympicsoftball.wbsc.org/en/2021/news/japan-unveils-olympic-softball-roster-for-tokyo-2020|work=wbsc.org|accessdate=2021-12-17|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721013116/https://olympicsoftball.wbsc.org/en/2021/news/japan-unveils-olympic-softball-roster-for-tokyo-2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alishiriki kwenye kombe la dunia la mpira mlaini mwaka 2013<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Japan beats US to win gold at Softball World Cup {{!}} Taiwan News {{!}} 2013-07-15 11:01:01|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/2257208|work=Taiwan News|date=2013-07-15|accessdate=2021-12-17|author=Taiwan News|archivedate=2021-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009085337/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/2257208}}</ref> na 2018 michuano ya mabingwa wa dunia wa mpira mlaini kwa wanawake. Anachezea timu ya Bic Camera Queen Bees.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=ビックカメラ女子ソフトボール高崎 BEE QUEEN|url=https://www.biccamera.co.jp/sport_activity/index.html|work=ビックカメラ スポーツ部|accessdate=2021-12-17|language=ja}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:USLWO]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Japani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] l3hknct0520uqiwb8xsvj73ewc9ofsi 0 145042 1530071 1291026 2026-05-02T18:50:51Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:2022-08-19 European Championships 2022 – Men's 200 Metres by Sandro Halank–016.jpg|thumb|Hughes, 2022]] '''Zharnel Hughes''' (amezaliwa Julai 13, [[1995]])<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zharnel HUGHES {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/great-britain-ni/zharnel-hughes-14414524|work=worldathletics.org|accessdate=2021-12-21}}</ref> ni [[Riadha|mwanariadha]] kutoka [[Uingereza]] alijkita kwenye mbio za mita 100 na mita 200. Alishinda [[medali]] ya dhahabu kwenye mbio za mita 100 na 4*100 kwenye michuano ya mabingwa wa ulaya 2018, akiwakilisha Uingereza na mbio za mita 4*100 mwaka 2018 kwenye michuano ya [[Jumuiya ya Madola|jumuiya ya madola]] akiwakilisha Uingereza. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zharnel Hughes|url=https://www.teamgb.com/athlete/zharnel-hughes/7xmAWp1LpIInJHEWC5RaXg|work=www.teamgb.com|accessdate=2021-12-21|language=en-gb}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:USLWO]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1995]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Uingereza]] qjwsabqjnc1pq77nyqzpwm78hq9vljy 0 145742 1529935 1207658 2026-05-02T16:44:58Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529935 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Regina_Caeli.wav|thumb|Antifona ikiimbwa.]] [[File:Regina caeli, laetare.png|350px|thumb|[[Nota]] za Regina caeli<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-EJiI_yAas The Regina caeli sung]. Youtube. Re-accessed Oct 2021.</ref>]] "'''Regina caeli'''" (tamka: reˈdʒina ˈtʃeli; maana yake [[Bikira Maria Malkia|Malkia wa Mbingu]])ni [[antifona]] inayotumika kumuelekea [[Bikira Maria]] katika [[Kanisa la Kilatini]] [[Kipindi cha Pasaka|wakati wa Pasaka]], kuanzia [[Jumapili|Dominika]] ya [[Ufufuko wa Yesu]] hadi [[Pentekoste]]. Katika [[siku]] hizo [[hamsini]] ndiyo antifona pekee inayotumika kumalizia [[Sala ya mwisho]] ya [[Liturujia ya Vipindi]] <ref>"Finally one of the antiphons of the Blessed Virgin Mary is said. In Eastertide this is always the Regina caeli" ([https://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Resources/Rites/GILH.pdf General Instruction of the Liturgy of the Hours, p. 18, paragraph 92]).</ref> lakini pia inashika nafasi ya [[sala]] ya ''[[Malaika wa Bwana|Angelus]]'' (inayofanyika mara tatu kwa siku: [[asubuhi]], [[adhuhuri]] na [[jioni]]). ==Maneno asili kwa [[Kilatini]]== *''Regina caeli, laetare, alleluia; *''Quia quem meruisti portare, alleluia, *''Resurrexit, sicut dixit, alleluia: *''Ora pro nobis Deum, alleluia.''<ref>Loyola Press: [https://www.loyolapress.com/our-catholic-faith/prayer/traditional-catholic-prayers/prayers-honoring-mary/regina-caeli-queen-of-heaven-prayer ''Regina Caeli'']{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Re-accessed Oct 2021.</ref> ==Tafsiri ya [[Kiswahili]]== *''Malkia wa mbingu, furahi, aleluya; *''Kwani uliyestahili kumchukua, aleluya, *''Amefufuka, alivyosema, aleluya: *''Utuombee kwa Mungu, aleluya.''<ref>[[Misale ya waamini]], toleo la mwaka 2021.</ref> ==Historia== [[Mtunzi]] wa Regina caeli hajulikani. Kimaandishi inapatikana katika [[kitabu cha antifona]] cha [[mwaka]] [[1200]] hivi kinachotunzwa katika [[Basilika la Mt. Petro]], huko [[Vatikani]], [[jiji|jijini]] [[Roma]].<ref name=Lex>{{cite book |last= Heinz |first= Andreas |author-link= |title= Marianische Antiphonen |page= 1358 |editor= Walter Kasper |editor-link= Walter Kasper |work= Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche |lang= de |publisher=[[Verlag Herder]] |location= Freiburg im Breisgau |volume= 6 |year= 1997 |edition= 3 |isbn= 9783451220012|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=L3zYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1357 |access-date= 15 October 2021}}</ref> ==Tazama pia== * ''[[Alma Redemptoris Mater]]'' * ''[[Ave Regina caelorum]]'' * ''[[Salve Regina]]'' ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == {{commons category}} * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12718b.htm Hugh Henry, "Regina Coeli (Queen of Heaven)" in ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'' (New York 1911)] * [https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/regina-caeli-laetare R.J. Snow, "Regina Caeli Laetare" in ''New Catholic Encyclopedia'' (The Gale Group 2003)] {{Bikira Maria}} [[Category:Bikira Maria]] [[Category:Sala]] [[Category:Liturujia]] ioaph6son3nfzs5nuhkbmcb2yxhcv8n 0 146426 1529931 1524209 2026-05-02T16:31:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529931 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Rebecca Lolosoli.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Rebecca Lolosoli]] '''Rebecca Lolosoli''' (aliyezaliwa mnamo [[1962]]) ndiye [[mwanzilishi]] na mrithi wa [[kijiji]] cha Umoja katika [[Kaunti ya Samburu]] nchini [[Kenya]]. Kijiji hicho ni kimbilio la [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] wanaokimbia [[unyanyasaji wa kijinsia]], na [[Mwanaume|wanaume]] wamepigwa marufuku kijijini hapo. Anapanga kugombea wadhifa wa ndani na atakuwa mwanamke wa kwanza wa [[Kisamburu]] kuwahi kufanya hivyo. == Wasifu == [[File:Rebecca_Lolosoli_Umoja_Women's_Village._Kenya.ogg|thumb|left|Rebecca Lolosoli akizungumza kuhusu Umoja Women's Village nchini Kenya.]] Lolosoli, aliyezaliwa mwaka 1962 katika kijiji cha Wamba, alikuwa mmoja wa watoto sita katika familia.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |date=June 2007 |title=Interview with Rebecca Lolosoli |url=http://www.satyamag.com/jun07/lolosoli.html |access-date=2017-08-21 |website=Satya Mag}}</ref> Alianza masomo yake katika shule ya msingi ya wasichana ya Wamba mwaka 1971 lakini aliacha kabla ya kumaliza elimu yake. Baadaye alijiunga na kituo cha mafunzo ya uuguzi cha Kikatoliki lakini aliacha miezi sita kabla ya kumaliza kutokana na matatizo ya kifedha.<ref name=":0" /> Akiwa na umri wa miaka 18, aliolewa na Fabiano David Lolosoli,<ref name=":1" /> kwa mahari ya ng’ombe 17.<ref name=":0" /> Alianzisha biashara yake kijijini na kuwa mtetezi wa haki za wanawake.<ref name="Independent Lens">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/half-the-sky/rebecca-lolosoli.html|title=Rebecca Lolosoli|publisher=Independent Lens}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Baada ya kushambuliwa na kuporwa, mume wake hakuchukua hatua yoyote, jambo lililomfanya aondoke.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2011-03-06 |title=Women in the World: Rebecca Lolosoli, Kenya |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/03/06/women-in-the-world-rebecca-lolosoli-kenya |access-date=2017-08-21 |website=The Daily Beast}}</ref> Mwaka 1990, alianzisha kwa pamoja kijiji cha [[Umoja, Kenya|Umoja]] pamoja na wanawake wengine wanne, na kukifanya kuwa makazi salama kwa wanawake pekee.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |date=December 2009 |title=Violence Against Women in Kenya |url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lfh&AN=48301119&site=ehost-live |journal=Sister Namibia |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=44 |url-access=subscription |via=EBSCOhost}}</ref> Mwaka 1995, wanawake wa Umoja walimchagua kuwa mwenyekiti wa [[Maendeleo Ya Wanawake|Maendeleo Ya Wanawake Organization]] (MYWO), shirika la kuendeleza wanawake. Alihudumu katika nafasi hiyo kwa miaka kumi.<ref name=":0" /> Mwaka 2005, Lolosoli alihudhuria mkutano wa [[United Nations]] huko [[New York City|New York]].<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/08/AR2005070801775.html|title=A Place Where Women Rule|last=Wax|first=Emily|date=2005-07-09|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-08-21|page=2|language=en-US}}</ref> Kabla ya safari hiyo alipokea vitisho vya kuuawa kutoka kwa wanaume wa eneo hilo kutokana na msimamo wake kuhusu haki za wanawake.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/08/AR2005070801775.html|title=A Place Where Women Rule|last=Wax|first=Emily|date=2005-07-09|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-08-21|page=1|language=en-US}}</ref> Kijiji cha Umoja kilishambuliwa mwaka 2009 na aliyekuwa mume wake, akiwa na bunduki. Aliwafukuza wanawake kutoka makazi yao na alidaiwa kumtafuta Rebecca, ambaye hakuwa nyumbani wakati huo.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea habari|url=http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=e16449266cba9902b5f1ea0ce3643ceb|title=Gunman Attacks Women's Village in Kenya|last=Schell|first=Brittany|date=22 August 2009|work=New America Media|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521131839/http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=e16449266cba9902b5f1ea0ce3643ceb|archive-date=21 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mwaka 2010, alitunukiwa tuzo ya Global Leadership Award kutoka Vital Voices.<ref name="Independent Lens" /> == Dhamira == === Chanzo cha kujitolea kwake kwa haki za wanawake === Akiwa na umri wa miaka 15, alipitia tohara ya wanawake, ambayo ni desturi inayofanyika katika eneo hilo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gazettedesfemmes.ca/8497/umoja-village-refuge/|title=Umoja, village-refuge}}</ref> Baadaye aliolewa kwa lazima akiwa na umri wa miaka 18 kwa kubadilishwa na ng’ombe 17. Rebecca pia alinusurika kwa shida jaribio la ubakaji kutoka kwa wanajeshi wa [[United Kingdom|Uingereza]] katika kituo cha kijeshi cha Archer Post, ambapo matukio ya ubakaji yalikuwa ya mara kwa mara katika miaka ya 1990. Hapo ndipo alipoanza kujihusisha kikamilifu na harakati za [[Feminism|ufeministi]]. Kupitia biashara yake ya bidhaa za mikono, alipata uhuru wa kifedha na kupinga mfumo wa mfumo dume uliokuwepo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satyamag.com/jun07/lolosoli.html|title=No Men Allowed!}}</ref> Baadaye alianza kuzungumzia suala la ubakaji katika mikutano ya serikali za mitaa, jambo lililosababisha kupigwa vibaya na kuporwa na wanaume wa Wasamburu. Kutokana na kutopata msaada kutoka kwa mume wake, alitambua kuwa maisha yake yako hatarini, hivyo alikimbia nyumbani na kuanzisha kijiji cha Umoja mwaka 1991 kwa msaada wa wanawake 15 waliokuwa wameathiriwa na ukatili.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fblack-in.com%2Fblackin-dit%2Ffemmes%2Frebecca-s-lolosoli-portrait-dune-femme-dexception%2F|title=Rebecca Lolosoli : portrait d’une femme d’exception}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.de/Mama-Mutig-Frauendorf-Afrikas-gr%C3%BCndete/dp/3517087130|title=Mama Mutig: Wie ich das erste Frauendorf Afrikas gründete}}</ref>Mwaka 2010 alipata rasmi haki ya talaka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/vital-voices-world-changing-women/gQe59AcA|title=Vital Voices: World Changing Women}}</ref> === Maisha katika kijiji cha Umoja === [[File:Famille.jpg|thumb|Familia katika Umoja]] [[File:Samburu women singing.jpg|thumb|Wanawake wa Umoja]] Kuanzishwa kwa kijiji hiki cha wanawake pekee kilipinga mfumo wa kijamii ambapo wanawake hawakuruhusiwa kumiliki ardhi, mifugo au kupata elimu. Kijiji kinahakikisha usalama wa wanachama wake na kutoa fursa za maendeleo. Kama Rebecca Lolosoli alivyosema: : "Wanawake wanapata uhuru wa kijamii na kiuchumi na kufanya maamuzi kuhusu maisha yao wenyewe" Tangu mwanzo, Rebecca amekuwa kiongozi wa kijiji kama mama mkuu aliyechaguliwa kidemokrasia. Ili kujikimu, wanakijiji walianza kwa kuuza bidhaa za kilimo kama mahindi na sukari, lakini baadaye walihamia katika biashara ya mapambo ya shanga.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marilynwillison.com/53-the-self-empowered-woman-rebecca-samaria-lolosoli/|title=53: The Self-Empowered Woman: Rebecca Samaria Lolosoli}}</ref> Mafanikio ya kiuchumi yaliwawezesha kununua ardhi kwa shilingi 200,000 ili kupata umiliki rasmi na kujilinda dhidi ya vijiji pinzani. Pia walijenga makumbusho na shule kwa watoto wa Umoja na maeneo jirani. Umaarufu wa kijiji hiki umeifanya kuwa kivutio cha utalii, na juhudi za Rebecca katika kupigania haki za wanawake zimetambuliwa kimataifa. == Marejeo == <references/> {{BD|1962|}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Kenya]] cmuse8ebysqglildvue5b0ke1n2ndd6 0 146724 1530339 1528750 2026-05-03T08:47:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530339 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Veneranda Nzambazamariya''' alizaliwa Rwanda tarehe 8 Agosti [[1957]] na alifariki tarehe 30 Januari 2000 katika ajali ya ndege ya [[Kenya Airways Flight 431]] karibu na Côte d’Ivoire.<ref name=":1">Mwambari, David (2019-12-23). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331299552_Leadership_Emergence_in_Post-Genocide_Rwanda_The_role_of_Women_in_Peacebuilding Leadership Emergence in Post-Genocide Rwanda: The role of Women in Peacebuilding]". ''Leadership and Developing Societies''. '''2''' (1): 88–104 – via ResearchGate.</ref> Alijulikana kwa kuunganisha watu wa makundi tofauti, hasa katika kipindi cha baada ya mauaji ya kimbari Rwanda. Alikuwa pia mshauri kwa vijana, akisisitiza elimu na ushiriki wa kiraia katika kujenga jamii bora.<ref name=":3" /> Alikuwa kiongozi wa wanawake nchini Rwanda na baadaye akatunukiwa tuzo ya Millennium Peace Prize for Women.<ref name="unifem-bio-2001">{{cite web |date=2001 |title=2001 Peace Prize Recipients - Biography - Veneranda Nzambazamariya |url=http://www.undp.org/unifem/mpprize/rwandabio.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011031071457/http://www.undp.org/unifem/mpprize/rwandabio.html |archive-date=2001-10-31 |access-date=5 November 2016 |publisher=[[United Nations]] |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |year=2010 |title=Century of Women |url=http://vov.com/files/exhibitions/The-Century-of-Women.pdf |access-date=2023-11-17 |publisher=Victory Over Violence |page=16}}</ref> Alisoma na baadaye akajihusisha na mashirika ya kiraia, jambo lililomsaidia katika kazi yake ya kukuza [[usawa wa kijinsia]] na kujenga amani.<ref name=":3">{{Rejea jarida |last=Burnet |first=Jennie E. |date=2008-07-01 |title=Gender Balance and the Meanings of Women in Governance in Post-Genocide Rwanda |url=https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article/107/428/361/12456 |journal=African Affairs |volume=107 |issue=428 |pages=361–386 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adn024 |issn=0001-9909}}</ref> == Kazi ya kibinadamu == Nzambazamariya alikuwa mshawishi mkubwa wa amani na mshikamano wa kijamii. Akiwa rais wa Pro-Femmes/Twese Hamwe, alisimamia programu za mikopo midogo (microcredit), vyama vya kilimo, na mafunzo ya kusoma na kuandika ili kuwawezesha wanawake kiuchumi na kijamii katika Rwanda ya baada ya mauaji ya kimbari.<ref name=":3" /> Alikuwa pia mwanachama mwanzilishi wa Reseau de Femmes na Pro-Femmes Twese Hamwe.<ref name=":3" /> Aidha alishiriki katika Kamati ya Wanawake ya Amani na Maendeleo, akilenga kurekebisha mifumo ya kijamii na kisheria iliyokuwa ikiwabagua wanawake.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title=Building a Culture of Peace for the Children of the World | url=http://vov.com/files/exhibitions/Building-A-Culture-Of-Peace.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024112017/http://vov.com/files/exhibitions/Building-A-Culture-Of-Peace.pdf | archive-date=2015-10-24}}</ref> == Tuzo == Tuzo ya Millennium Peace Prize for Women ilianzishwa mwaka [[2001]] na United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM, sasa UN Women) kwa ajili ya kuwaheshimu wanawake waliotoa mchango mkubwa katika kujenga amani duniani. Nzambazamariya alikuwa mpokeaji wa kwanza wa tuzo hii, kutokana na uongozi wake katika kuhimiza maridhiano kupitia Pro-Femmes/Twese Hamwe na kampeni za amani zilizoimarisha ushiriki wa wanawake katika jamii ya Rwanda.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Press Briefing by UN Development Fund For Women on Millennium Peace Prize {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases |url=https://press.un.org/en/2001/unifembriefing.doc.htm |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=press.un.org }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>"[https://africanactivist.msu.edu/record/210-849-31176/ African Activist Archive]". ''africanactivist.msu.edu''. Retrieved 2024-11-18.</ref> == Kifo na urithi == Baada ya kifo chake katika ajali ya ndege ya Kenya Airways Flight 431, kifo cha Nzambazamariya kilileta pengo kubwa katika jamii ya Rwanda na duniani katika harakati za kujenga amani.<ref name=":1" /> Urithi wake unaendelea kupitia shirika la Nzambazamariya Veneranda Organization lililoanzishwa mwaka [[2000]], linalohimiza amani, haki, na maendeleo endelevu kwa kutumia falsafa ya [[Ubuntu philosophy|Ubuntu]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=staff |first=CBSNews com staff CBSNews com |date=2001-03-09 |title=U.N. Awards Women Peacemakers - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/un-awards-women-peacemakers/ |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">Ukwezi. (2022). ''Byinshi wamenya kuri Nzambazamariya Veneranda umaze imyaka 22 yishwe n’impanuka y’indege.'' Retrieved from http://ukwezi.com/Mu-rwanda/Ubuzima/article/Byinshi-wamenya-kuri-Nzambazamariya-Veneranda-umaze-imyaka-22-yishwe-n-impanuka-y-indege </ref> Kila mwaka tarehe 30 Januari, familia yake na wanachama wa shirika lake hukumbuka mchango wake kupitia kumbukumbu na kuweka maua kwenye kaburi lake lililopo Remera Cemetery.<ref name=":2" /> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Rwanda]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Rwanda]] [[Jamii:Mashindano ya uandishi wa makala za haki za binadamu]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2000]] [[Jamii:FFD22]] 2ffbfz8qssgf71jxi26xa7umwg1fhzr 0 146757 1530085 1301424 2026-05-02T18:52:51Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Zineb El Rhazoui |picha = Zineb_El_Rhazoui_6.png |maelezo_ya_picha = Zineb El Rhazoui mwaka 2017 |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa =[19 Januari 1982 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake =mwandishi wa habari |nchi = Moroko }} '''Zineb El Rhazoui''' (kwa [[Kiarabu]]: زينب الغزوي, Zainab al-Ghazwi; alizaliwa [[Moroko]], [[19 Januari]] [[1982]]) ni [[mwandishi wa habari]] nchini [[Ufaransa]]. Alikuwa mwandishi wa habari wa [[gazeti]] lenye maudhui ya kejeli Charlie Hebdo lenye makao makuu mjini [[Paris]] kuanzia [[2011]] hadi 2017.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Charlie Hebdo: first cover since terror attack depicts prophet Muhammad|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/jan/13/charlie-hebdo-cover-magazine-prophet-muhammad|work=the Guardian|date=2015-01-13|accessdate=2022-03-01|language=en}}</ref> Alikuwa [[Moroko]] wakati wa mauaji ya Charlie Hebdo tarehe 7 Januari [[2015]]. Alikuwa mtaalamu wa [[dini]] na mkosoaji wa dini ya [[Uislamu]]<ref>http://www.aftenposten.no/amagasinet/Zineb-El-Rhazoui-fortsetter-kampen-for-ytringsfriheten-i-Charlie-Hebdo-7957936.html</ref> kupitia uandishi wa magazeti. Tangu kutokea kwa mauaji aliamua kuwa [[mwanaharakati]] wa kidini na [[haki za binadamu]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Isis supporters call for Charlie Hebdo survivor Zineb el-Rhazoui to be murdered by terrorist lone wolves|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/isis-supporters-call-charlie-hebdo-survivor-zineb-el-rhazoui-be-murdered-by-terrorist-lone-wolves-1488721|work=International Business Times UK|date=2015-02-19|accessdate=2022-03-01|language=en}}</ref> kuongea hadharani ulimwenguni kote na kwenye majukwaa kwa kuizunguka [[dunia]] kuhusu [[Uislamu]] na uhuru wa kujieleza. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa habari]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1982]] [[Jamii:Mashindano ya uandishi wa makala za haki za binadamu]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Moroko]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Moroko]] [[Jamii:FFD22]] il0ywbspgw49uqzw2uakoqcyoeelb2k 0 146840 1529735 1212309 2026-05-02T12:10:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1529735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | jina = Yolanda Bako | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name --> | mwaka wa kuzaliwa = 1946 | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | utaifa = American | other_names = | kazi = Activist against domestic violence | years_active = | anajulikana kama = Co-founded New York City's first state-funded shelter for battered women (1977) | notable_works = }} '''Yolanda Bako''' (alizaliwa [[Bronx]], [[1946]]) ni [[mwanaharakati]] na mtetezi wa [[haki za wanawake]] wa nchini [[Marekani]] dhidi ya vurugu za nyumbani. == Early life == Yolanda Bako alizaliwa na watu kutoka [[Hungaria]].<ref name=":0">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7bA8Z57PwMC&dq=%22Yolanda+Bako%22&pg=PA272|title=In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution|last=Brownmiller|first=Susan|date=2000|publisher=Dial Press|isbn=978-0-385-31831-0|pages=272–273|language=en}}</ref> Baba yake alikuwa baunsa wa kwenye baa<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/40924691/battered_women_gain_floor_as_washington/|title=Battered Women Gain Floor As Washington Gathers Data|date=1977-07-27|work=Hartford Courant|access-date=2019-12-22|pages=13|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Alihitimu kutoka kampasi ya [[Evander Childs Educational Campus]]. "Ninapofikiria kuhusu ulimwengu, basi Bronx iko katikati yake," alitoa maoni juu ya asili yake, mnamo mwaka [[1978]].<ref name=":1">{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/40924369/a_leader_in_the_fight_for_battered_women/|title=A Leader in the Fight for Battered Women|last=Wood|first=Ann|date=1978-02-25|work=Daily News|access-date=2019-12-22|pages=10|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1946]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]] 32u2mxx45o8ngj4n8l9tfka8ag052w4 0 146912 1530215 1212480 2026-05-02T20:28:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530215 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Sandra Bernhard crop.JPG|thumb|180px|right|Bernhard at the Daryl Roth Theater in New York City, 2006]] '''Sandra Bernhard''' (alizaliwa [[Juni 6]], [[1955]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alipata shauku kwa mara ya kwanza mwishoni mwa miaka ya [[1970]] katika uchekeshaji wa jukwaani, ambapo mara nyingi alikosoa [[tamaduni|utamaduni]] wa watu mashuhuri hasa wa [[siasa|wanasiasa]]..<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.ranker.com/list/comedy-central_s-100-greatest-standups-of-all-time-v1/celebrity-insider|title=Comedy Central's 100 Greatest Standups of All Time|access-date=6 October 2018|archive-date=2014-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509020101/https://m.ranker.com/list/comedy-central_s-100-greatest-standups-of-all-time-v1/celebrity-insider|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] og0cp5s50vowi5q3z9z47h7dxldvmny 0 146952 1529810 1337183 2026-05-02T12:22:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1529810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Yudaya Nakayenze |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 26 Juni 1997 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu |nchi = Uganda }} '''Yudaya Nakayenze''' (alizaliwa [[26 Juni]] [[1997]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira]] wa miguu nchini [[Uganda]] ambaye anacheza kama beki wa [[timu]] ya [[Taifa]] ya [[kandanda]] ya [[wanawake]] ya Uganda.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Muyita|first=Joel|date=2022-01-25|title=Nakayenze, Nambi named in Crested Cranes squad to face Kenya|url=http://kawowo.com/2022/01/25/nakayenze-nambi-named-in-crested-cranes-squad-to-face-kenya/|access-date=2022-02-20|website=Kawowo Sports|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2022-01-25|title=AWCON Qualifiers: Nambi, Shiraz, Nakayenze return to Crested Cranes fold|url=https://football256.com/awcon-qualifiers-nambi-shiraz-nakayenze-return-to-crested-cranes-fold/|access-date=2022-02-20|website=Football 256|language=en-US|accessdate=2022-03-01|archivedate=2022-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220234946/https://football256.com/awcon-qualifiers-nambi-shiraz-nakayenze-return-to-crested-cranes-fold/}}</ref> Mnamo [[tarehe ]] [[21 Julai]] [[2018]], alifunga bao la ushindi dakika ya 75 kwa kichwa katika timu ya Uganda walipoilaza na kuishinda [[timu ya taifa]] ya kandanda ya wanawake ya [[Ethiopia]] kwa ushindi wa 2-1.<ref>{{Citation|title=#ThrowBackThursday Yudaya Nakayenze winning goal against Ethiopia #2018CECAFAWomenChallengeCup|date=18 June 2020|url=https://www.facebook.com/FootballUganda/videos/3215741895160042/|language=en|access-date=2022-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Luyombya|first=Swaibu|date=22 July 2018|title="We badly needed a win and we fought for it." Yudaya Nakayenze|url=https://www.swiftsportsug.com/blog/we-badly-needed-a-win-and-we-fought-for-it-yudaya-nakayenze/|access-date=20 February 2022|website=Swift Sports Uganda|language=en-us|archive-date=2022-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221014316/https://www.swiftsportsug.com/blog/we-badly-needed-a-win-and-we-fought-for-it-yudaya-nakayenze/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uganda]] hpcsoat757e9vffhpfz9hce82yidfsh 0 147639 1530094 1376887 2026-05-02T18:54:01Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530094 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ziria Tibalwa Waako''' ni [[mhandisi]] wa umeme wa [[Uganda]] na mtendaji mkuu wa shirika, anahudumu kama Mkurugenzi Mtendaji na [[Mkurugenzi|Afisa Mkuu Mtendaji]] wa Mamlaka ya Udhibiti wa Umeme, kutoka [[Novemba]] [[2016]]. Alichukua nafasi ya Benon Mutambi, ambaye aliteuliwa kuwa Katibu Mkuu wa Wizara ya Mambo ya Ndani ya Uganda. Kwa miezi minne ya kwanza, kuanzia Novemba [[2016]] hadi Machi 2017, alihudumu kama kaimu, hadi kuthibitishwa kwake tarehe [[27 Machi]] [[2017]]. Ana stashahada ya uhandisi wa umeme na [[Astashahada]] ya juu ya uhandisi wa umeme, zote alizopata kutoka ''Uganda Polytechnic Kyambogo'' (leo [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kyambogo]]). Pia ana Shahada ya Kwanza ya Sayansi na Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sayansi, katika uhandisi wa Umeme, na zote mbili alizipata kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere]], huko [[Kampala]], mji mkuu wa Uganda na jiji kubwa zaidi. Pia, ana Shahada ya Uzamili ya Utawala wa Biashara katika Uongozi, iliyotolewa na Chuo Kikuu cha Walden, huko [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]], Marekani. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|work=[[New Vision]]|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/214|date=14 June 2020|title=Ziria Waako: CEO with a vision for women|accessdate=1 October 2021|author=Jackie Nalubwama and David Lumu}}</ref> ==Kazi== Kazi ya Tibalwa Waako ni ndefu, inarudi nyuma kwa zaidi ya miaka 23. Maisha yake yote ya kazi ya yametumika katika sekta ya umeme nchini Uganda. Alifanya kazi na Bodi ya Umeme ya Uganda (UEB) ambayo sasa imekufa. UEB ilipovunjwa mwaka wa [[2001]], alihamishiwa kwa Kampuni ya Usambazaji Umeme ya Uganda (UETCL). Mwaka [[2012]] aliteuliwa kuwa [[Mkurugenzi]] wa udhibiti wa kiufundi katika [[Mamlaka]] ya Udhibiti wa [[Umeme]], akihudumu katika wadhifa huo hadi alipopandishwa [[cheo]] na kuwa Mkurugenzi Mtendaji na wakala wa udhibiti. Mhandisi Ziria Tibalwa Waako ni mwanachama wa "Taasisi ya Wahandisi Wataalam wa Uganda". == Familia == Mhandisi Waako ameolewa na [[Profesa]] Paul Waako, mtaalam wa dawa za kimatibabu na msimamizi wa taaluma, ambaye tangu tarehe [[1 Mei]] [[2019]], anahudumu kama [[Chansela (elimu)|Makamu Chansela]] wa Chuo Kikuu cha Busitema, chuo kikuu cha umma Mkoa wa Mashariki mwa Uganda. Kwa pamoja ni wazazi wa watoto watano. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.busitema.ac.ug/vice-chancellor-2/|title=Profile of Professor Paul Waako: Vice Chancellor Busitema University|publisher=[[Busitema University]]|date=June 2019|accessdate=4 November 2019|author=Busitema University|archivedate=2020-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219055513/http://busitema.ac.ug/vice-chancellor-2/}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.era.or.ug/ Tovuti ya Mamlaka ya Udhibiti wa Umeme Uganda] {{Wayback|url=http://www.era.or.ug/ |date=20200919024308 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Waako, Ziria Tibalwa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wahandisi wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]] m9xn5fjod53sii6gxvsrzr7wvgq2uc3 0 147793 1530151 1217767 2026-05-02T19:03:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{mtu |rangi = pink |jina = Zukiswa Wanner |picha = Zukiswa Wanner on The British Library.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = zukiswa akiwa kwenye majadiliano mwaka 2020 |jina la kuzaliwa = |alizaliwa = 1976 |alikufa = |nchi = Zambia |kazi yake = [[mwandishi]], mhariri |ndoa = |wazazi = |watoto = |tovuti rasmi = }} '''Zukiswa Wanner''' (alizaliwa [[1976]], [[zambia]]) ni [[mwandishi]] wa [[riwaya]] na mhariri huko [[Afrika Kusini]]. Zukiswa amezaliwa nchini Zambia na anaishi [[Kenya]]. Mnamo [[mwaka]] [[2006]], alipochapisha kitabu chake cha kwanza, riwaya zake ziliorodheshwa kwenye tuzo ikiwa ni pamoja na Tuzo za [[Fasihi]] nchini Afrika Kusini (SALA) na Tuzo ya Waandishi wa Jumuiya ya Madola. Mnamo mwaka [[2015]], alishinda tuzo ''K Sello Duiker Memorial Literary Award'' , [[London]], [[Cape Town]] Joburg mwaka (2014).<ref name="bookslive.co.za">[http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2015/11/09/2015-south-african-literary-awards-salas-winners-announced/ "2015 South African Literary Awards (SALAs) Winners Announced"], Books Live, ''Sunday Times'', 9 November 2015.</ref> [[Mwaka]] [[2014]] alitajwa katika orodha ya ''Afrika39'' ya waandishi 39 wa Afrika chini ya [[umri]] wa miaka 40 wenye uwezo wa kufafanua mwenendo katika fasihi ya Afrika.<ref name=Africa39>[http://www.hayfestival.com/artistlist-u-x.aspx Africa39 list of artists], Hay Festival.</ref>Mwaka [[2020]] alikuwa [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza kutoka Afrika kushinda tuzo ya Goethe.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://literandra.com/first-african-woman-to-be-awarded-the-goethe-medal-zukiswa-wanner/|title=First African Woman to Be Awarded the Goethe Medal: Zukiswa Wanner|date=2020-04-28|website=Literandra|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-04-29|accessdate=2022-03-17|archivedate=2021-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414115704/https://literandra.com/first-african-woman-to-be-awarded-the-goethe-medal-zukiswa-wanner/}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Uandishi]] [[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]] pf32vl4mp8unyed41aibcl1ikp5nloj 0 148058 1530168 1391572 2026-05-02T19:06:03Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530168 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zwelidumile Geelboi Mgxaji Mslaba Feni''' (maarufu kama '''Dumile'''; [[21 Mei]] [[1942]] – [[1991]]) alikuwa [[msanii]] wa nchini [[Afrika Kusini]] aliyejulikana kwa [[michoro]] yake iliyojumuisha vinyago ambavyo mara nyingi vilionyesha mapambano dhidi ya [[ubaguzi wa rangi]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. <ref name="SouthAfricanHistoryOnline-2014">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Dumile Feni|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dumile-feni|work=South African History Online|accessdate=8 February 2016|date=23 December 2014}}</ref> Feni aliishi uhamishoni na umaskini uliokithiri kwa muda mwingi wa kazi yake ya [[sanaa]]. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wiki4uni]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1992]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1942]] 23q21grubar3zbq966oynfcsw5mk6b5 0 148084 1530169 1480182 2026-05-02T19:06:13Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530169 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lydia Zynnell Zuh''' (alizaliwa [[18 Julai]] [[1990]]) ni [[mwanamitindo]] wa [[Ghana]], [[mwigizaji]], [[mwandishi]], [[mtayarishaji]], mtu wa televisheni na mfadhili ambaye anatoka katika eneo la [[Volta (mto)|Volta]] [[Ghana|nchini Ghana]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage//Actress-Zynnel-Zuh-strips-down-to-her-lingerie-626534 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-03-20 |archivedate=2019-10-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012112427/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/Actress-Zynnel-Zuh-strips-down-to-her-lingerie-626534 }}</ref> Alijiunga na tasnia ya [[filamu]] ya [[Ghana]] mwaka wa [[2004]] na tangu wakati huo amepokea tuzo kadhaa kwa kazi yake zikiwemo, Glitz Style Awards, City People Entertainment Awards na Golden Movie Awards .<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://ameyawdebrah.com/ameyaw-debrah-yvonne-okoro/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-03-20 |archivedate=2018-08-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829073655/https://ameyawdebrah.com/ameyaw-debrah-yvonne-okoro/ }}</ref><ref>https://www.pulse.com.gh/lifestyle/fashion/glitz-style-awards-zynnell-zuh-is-the-serena-williams-of-ghanas-red-carpet/qx64rsc</ref><ref>https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/48275/actress-zynnell-zuh-breaks-the-internet-with-red.html</ref><ref>https://www.glitzafrica.com/celebrating-zynnell-zuh-her-top-10-red-carpet-moments/</ref> == Maisha yake ya elimu. == '''Zynnel Zuh''' alizaliwa mjini [[Accra|Accra, Ghana.]] Alipata elimu yake ya sekondari katika shule ya sekondari ya wesley Girls, kisha akahitimu shahada ya kwanza katika masomo ya Jiografia na taaluma za habari kutoka chuo kikuu cha Ghana<ref>{{Citation|title=Zynnell Zuh|date=2025-08-02|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zynnell_Zuh&oldid=1303882394|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-01-10}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1990]] [[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]] qgirm44o1ar7fw68m6wou19ayztg972 0 148109 1529994 1487538 2026-05-02T18:38:51Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529994 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zahra Joya''' (kuzaliwa 1992) ni [[mwanaharakati]], [[mwandishi wa habari]] na [[mwanzilishi]] wa [[Rukhshana Media]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rukhshana Media|url=https://fullerproject.org/our-partners/rukhshana-media/|work=The Fuller Project|accessdate=2022-03-20|language=en|archive-date=2022-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320071615/https://fullerproject.org/our-partners/rukhshana-media/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa habari]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afghanistan]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Afghanistan]] [[Jamii:Mashindano ya uandishi wa makala za haki za binadamu]] l8hctb4ypwzxto2wowotxdiew8if0lc 0 148175 1529843 1348063 2026-05-02T12:27:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529843 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Yusuf Warsame Saeed.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Yusuf Warsame Saeed]] '''Yusuf Warsame Saeed''' (alifariki 7 Aprili [[2013]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Somalia]]. Alikuwa Meya wa [[Hargeisa]], mji mkuu wa [[Somaliland|Jamhuri ya Somaliland]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.somalilandsun.com/somaliland-who-is-eng-yusuf-warsame-saeed-mayor-of-hargeisa/|title=Somaliland: Who is Eng Yusuf Warsame Saeed? Mayor of Hargeisa|accessdate=26 December 2012}}</ref> [[Mhandisi]] kitaaluma, Saeed alichaguliwa kwenye nafasi hiyo tarehe 23 Desemba [[2012]]. Alihudumu katika wadhifa huu hadi miezi michache kabla ya kifo chake. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2013]] [[Jamii:Wahandisi wa Somalia]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Somalia]] [[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]] o2g8zq5q0ensn6vyzq9bszomokvwdtb 0 148293 1529990 1413308 2026-05-02T18:38:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1529990 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zahir Howaida''' (Kidari/Pashto: ظاهر هویدا) (pia hutamkwa kama '''Zahir Huwaida'''; 28 February 1946 - Machi 2012) alikuwa [[mwanamuziki]] maarufu nchini [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://afghans.com.au/?p=522|work=afghans.com.au|accessdate=2022-03-23|title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa|archive-date=2012-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321091528/http://afghans.com.au/?p=522|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=خاکسپاری ظاهر هویدا در آلمان|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan/2012/03/120309_l93_zaher_hoveida_funeral|work=BBC News فارسی|date=2012-03-09|accessdate=2022-03-23|language=fa}}</ref><ref>http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,6404311,00.html</ref> Alianza kuvuma tangu miaka ya 1960 pamoja na nyimbo zake zilizokuwa maarufu kwa jina la "[[Bareek-e-Man]]"na "[[Shanidam Az Anja Safar Mikoni]]". Howaida alisifika kwa [[sauti]] yake ya ndani(asili) na ya kupendeza.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://cultureandcuisine.com/afghan-food-and-music/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-03-23 |archivedate=2020-01-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124102117/http://cultureandcuisine.com/afghan-food-and-music/ }}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1946]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2012]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Afghanistan]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afghanistan]] 3o1nn7awjc8xiv5z0dcpw1jt5koyyp0 0 148315 1530303 1262556 2026-05-03T05:09:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530303 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tove Marika Jansson''' ([[9 Agosti]] [[1914]] - [[27 Juni]] [[2001]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa [[riwaya]], [[mchoraji]] wa [[katuni]] wa [[Ufini]] anayezungumza [[Kiswidi]]. Jansson alilelewa na [[wazazi]] [[wasanii]], alianza kusoma [[sanaa]] miaka [[1930]]-[[1938]] huko [[Stockholm]], [[Helsinki]] na [[Paris]]. Wakati huo huo alikuwa akiandika [[hadithi]] fupi na makala kwa ajili ya kuchapisha. Jansson akliandika vitabu vya [[Moomin]] na Great Flood mnamo mwaka [[1945]] kwa ajili ya watoto.<ref name=andersen>[http://www.ibby.org/index.php?id=273 "Hans Christian Andersen Awards"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ibby.org/index.php?id=273 |date=20180818051534 }}. [[International Board on Books for Young People]] (IBBY). Retrieved 2013-08-01.</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1914]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2001]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufini]] [[Jamii:FFD22]] 2c9b2h9yfme2ri4c7nv8om81hznl7o5 0 148367 1529997 1443780 2026-05-02T18:39:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1529997 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dk. Zainab Asvat'''alizaliwa mnamo mwaka ([[1920]] - [[30 Novemba|30 Novemba,]] [[2013]]) alikuwa [[mwanaharakati]] wa kupinga [[ubaguzi wa rangi]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] . Asvat alisomea [[Daktari|udaktari]], lakini alikuwa akifanya [[siasa]] muda mwingi wa [[maisha]] yake. Asvat alikuwa [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza [[Mwislamu]] kuwa daktari nchini [[Afrika Kusini]] . <ref name=":4">{{Rejea jarida|date=January 2014|title=Zainab Asvat, Doctor for the People, Passes On|url=https://issuu.com/muslimviews/docs/mv_2801_jan_2014/25|journal=Muslim Views|volume=28|issue=1|pages=25|via=Issuu|archive-date=2022-03-29|access-date=2022-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329191411/https://issuu.com/muslimviews/docs/mv_2801_jan_2014/25|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mumewe, Dr.Zain Kazi ni daktari na katibu wa ''Transvaal Indian Congress'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Reddy|first=E.S|date=29 March 2020|title=Biographical notes on Indians in South Africa compiled by E.S. Reddy {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/biographical-notes-indians-south-africa-compiled-es-reddy|accessdate=2020-07-11|work=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Asvat alikuwa mmoja wa watoto kumi na moja wa Ebrahim na Fatima Asvat. <ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.polity.org.za/article/when-hope-and-history-rhyme-amina-cachalias-autobiography-2013-03-27|title=When Hope and History Rhyme – Amina Cachalia's autobiography|work=Polity}}</ref> Babake Asvat alimpeleka binti yake kwenye mikutano ya kisiasa alipokuwa msichana na hii ilimsaidia kupata uzoefu wa kisiasa mapema. Alikuwa msichana wa kwanza wa Kiislamu kusoma [[shule ya upili]] katika [[Transvaal]] Katika miaka ya [[1940]]. Alisomea udaktari katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Witwatersrand]] baada ya kushawishiwa na Yusuf Dadoo ambaye alirejea kutoka kwa masomo yake ya matibabu huko [[Edinburgh]] . <ref name=":0">{{Rejea habari|title=Zainab Asvat|work=South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/zainab-asvat}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2013]] [[Jamii:FFD22]] 0zpi5vmj0vhlo2czn3n3t4jyoac063i 0 148759 1530311 1527665 2026-05-03T05:54:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530311 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ujumbe wa Umoja wa Mataifa Nchini Rwanda''' [[:en:United_Nations_Assistance_Mission_for_Rwanda|(UNAMIR)]], ilianzishwa tarehe 5 Oktoba 1993<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=UNAMIR|url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/past/unamirS.htm|work=peacekeeping.un.org|accessdate=2022-04-19|archive-date=2025-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201092533/https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/past/unamirS.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ili kutekeleza [[:en:Arusha_Accords_(Rwanda)|Makubaliano ya Arusha]], ambayo ilikubaliwa ili kumaliza vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Rwanda. Ujembe ilitendeka mwezi Oktoba mwaka 1993 hadi mwezi Machi mwaka 1996. Licha ya nia yake nzuri, UNAMIR haikuweza kufikia malengo yake. Kutofaulu hii kulisababishwa na uongozi mbaya, mamlaka yasiyo dhahiri, na rasilimali zisizotosheleza. Kwa sababu hii, miezi michache baada ya ujembe, [[mauaji ya kimbari ya Rwanda]] ilianza tarehe saba mwezi wa nne mwaka wa 1994. ==Matukio ya awali== Mnamo Oktoba mwaka 1993, vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Rwanda vilianzishwa na chama cha Uzalendo cha Rwanda ([[:en:Rwandan_Patriotic_Front|Rwanda Patriotic Front-RPF]]) kutoka Uganda kusini. Wakiongozwa na [[:en:Fred_Rwigyema|Fred Rwigyema]] na [[Paul Kagame]], kundi la RPF lilikuwa na wanajeshi zaidi ya elfu nne. Kwa sababu ya kuungwa mkono na serikali ya Uganda, shambulizi la kwanza la RPF lilizuiliwa kwa sababu serikali za Ufaransa na Kongo ziliunga mkono serikali ya Hutu na rais wao Juvenal Habyarimana. Baada ya uvamizi kuzuiliwa, RPF walirudi nyuma hadi milima ya Virunga katika kaskazini magharibi mwa Rwanda. Katika miaka iliyofuata, wapiganaji ya RPF walipigana vita vya msituni kutoka yalipokuwa maficho yao katika [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|milima ya Virunga]]. Mwishowe, mazungumzo ya amani katika mji wa Arusha nchini [[Tanzania]], lilizaa Makubaliano ya Arusha ambayo iliyopendekeza utawala wa pamoja na msaada kutoka [[Umoja wa Mataifa]]. Ombi hii liliongoza kwa UNAMIR. == Uanzishwaji == UNAMIR ilianzishwa na kupewa majukumu ifuatayo: * Kulinda mji wa Kigali * Kuangalia makubaliano ya kusimamisha mapigano * Kusaidia na katika uondoaji wa mabomu ya kutega * Kupeleleza ukiukwaji wa Makubaliano ya Arusha * Kusaidia fatica masuala ya wakimbizi * Kuangalia vitendo vya Polisi wa Rwanda <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=UNAMIR|url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/unamir_b.htm|work=peacekeeping.un.org|accessdate=2022-04-19|archive-date=2023-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118155121/https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/unamir_b.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Muundo wa jeshi la kulinda amani== Kamanda wa kwanza wa misheni alikuwa Generali [[:en:Roméo_Dallaire|Romeo Dallaire]] kutoka Kanada. Kamanda wa pili alikuwa Meja Generali Guy Tousignant, pia kutoka Kanada. Waliomba wanajeshi elfu nne na mia tano, lakini walipokea askari elfu mbili na mia tano tu. Ubeljiji, Bangladesh, [[Ghana]], na Tunisia walisaidia kutuma wanajeshi pia. ==Utendakazi kabla ya mauaji ya kimbari== UNAMIR ilipangwa miezi saba kabla ya mauaji ya kimbari. Wakati huo, Kamanda Dallaire alielewa kwamba serikali ya Hutu haikuwa inafuata Makubaliano ya Arusha.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Roméo Dallaire {{!}} Canadian military officer {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Romeo-Dallaire|work=www.britannica.com|accessdate=2022-04-19|language=en}}</ref> Kamanda Daiilre alitoa habari kuhusu mauaji ya kimbari ambayo yalikuwa yanakaribia, lakini uongozi wa Umoja wa Mataifa haukutaka kuchukua hatua. Uamuzi huu uliweka UNAMIR katika hali ngumu. ==Mauaji ya kimbari== Tarehe sita mwezi wa nne mwaka wa 1994, ndege ya rais Habyarimana ilitunguliwa ikikaribia Kigali. Mauaji ya Kimbari ilianza mara moja kwa kishindo. Nchi iliporomoka usiku kucha na watu wa Watusi walianza kuchinjwa. Wanajeshi kumi wa kueka amani wa UNAMIR waliuawa katika siku ya kwanza. UNAMIR walilazimika kutazama tu. Baada ya vifo vya  wanajeshi wa Ubelgiji, baadhi ya nchi ziliamuru wanajeshi wao kurudi nyumbani. UNAMIR ilivunjika kabisa. Wao walifanya walichoweza, lakini hawangeweza kusaidia Watutsi wote. Katika siku mia moja, karibu watu milioni moja waliuawa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rwandan Genocide – Summary, Death Toll, & Facts|url=https://www.worldhistoryedu.com/rwandan-genocide-summary-death-toll-tribunal-and-facts/|work=World History Edu|date=2020-12-20|accessdate=2022-04-19|language=en-US|author=World History Edu}}</ref> Mwezi wa sita mwaka wa 1994, Umoja wa Mataifa hatimaye ulikubali kuimarisha UNAMIR, lakini ulikuwa umechelewa kwa sababu chama cha RPF kilikuwa na mamlaka. ==Katika historia== UNAMIR ilijulikana kwa kushindwa kabisa kutekeleza majukumu yake. Rwanda ilikuwa nchi kubwa ambayo ilitangulia kuwa na mauaji ya kimbari na uongozi ya Umoja wa Mataifa ulijuta kukosa kutenda kwa usahihi. Kushindwa kwa UNAMIR kulibadili uwekaji amani wa Umoja wa Mataifa daima. Umoja wa Mataifa sasa uko makini zaidi. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Historia ya Rwanda]] t5jkbi089yhfnpj0dqbw1fd5otwnujk 0 148769 1529772 1237565 2026-05-02T12:16:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529772 wikitext text/x-wiki '''You Belong to Me: Sex, Race and Murder in the South''' ni [[filamu]] ya Kimarekani ya mwaka 2014 iliyotayarishwa na Hilary Saltzman, Kitty Potapow, na Jude Hagin na kuongozwa na John Cork.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Silenced the Story of Ruby McCollum|url=https://www.ocalastyle.com/silenced-the-story-of-ruby-mccollum/|work=Ocala Style Magazine|date=2015-01-28|accessdate=2022-04-19|language=en-US}}</ref> Filamu ilifanya kazi ya kueleza ukweli uliofichwa kuhusu kesi ya Ruby McCollum ya mwaka 1952. McCollum, tajiri wa kike Mmarekani mwenye asili ya Afrika katika nchi ya [[Suwannee]], Florida,alimpiga risasi daktari Mzungu na mwanasiasa Clifford Leroy Adams mara nne kwa bastola yake. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Filamu za Marekani]] [[Jamii:Filamu za 2014]] [[Jamii:USLW Iringa]] i032b4oay3cwwei8vddceab5h7wssfj 0 148917 1529779 1462036 2026-05-02T12:17:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529779 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gilbert Youlou Mabiala''' (alizaliwa [[3 Machi]], [[1947]]), maarufu kama '''Prince Youlou''', ni [[msanii]] wa [[muziki]] wa Kongo, [[mtunzi]] na [[mwimbaji]], katika [[jamuhuri ya Kongo]] (Congo-Brazzaville). Aliwahi kuwa mwanachama wa bendi ya muziki wa Kongo ya ''TPOK Jazz'' ambayo ilikua maarufu katika muziki wa Kongo kuanzia miaka ya [[1960]] hadi [[1980]]. == Kazi ya muziki na OKJazz == Youlou Mabiala alizaliwa Linzolo, kitongoji cha [[Brazzaville]], [[mji mkuu]] wa Jamhuri ya Kongo. Alianza [[kazi]] yake ya muziki huko [[Brazzaville]] na vikundi vya ndani. Mnamo [[1963]], alijiunga na bendi ya muziki ya TPOK Jazz, huko [[Kinshasa]] (Leopoldville), kama mwimbaji na mtunzi. Baada ya misukosuko ya hatua ya awali, aliishi chini ya malezi ya [[Vicky Longomba]] . Youlou Mabiala anasifika kwa kutunga nyimbo zifuatazo za bendi: * ''Celine'' * ''Kamikaze'' * ''Asumani'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Siddikh|first=Aboubacar|title=Asumani (Youlou Mabiala) - T.P. O.K. Jazz Télé Zaire 1975|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nMaCoURuTc|date=30 June 2008|accessdate=13 April 2014|publisher=Youtube.com}}</ref> * ''Ledi'' * ''Massi'' * ''Lekwey'' (Franco na Youlou) Mnamo [[1972]], Youlou alikuwa mmoja wa wanamuziki waliohama kutoka bendi ya ''OKJazz'' na kuanzisha bendi iliyojulikana kama ''Lovy du Zaïre'', iliyoongozwa na Vicky Longomba. Alirejea tena katika bendi ya OKJazz mwaka [[1975]] na kuachia kibao cha ''Kamikaze'' ambacho kilikuwa maarufu barani [[Afrika]] na miongoni mwa wanadiaspora wa [[Diaspora ya Waafrika|Afrika]] barani [[Ulaya]] na [[Amerika]] [[Kaskazini]]. Mnamo [[1977]], Youlou aliondoka OKJazz kabisa. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Jamhuri ya Kongo]] acq7ov9leho3xljgur81g7kpkujbwnx 0 149050 1530167 1451513 2026-05-02T19:05:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 5 template(s) replaced. 1530167 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zwai Bala''' (alizaliwa [[15 Februari]] [[1975]]) ni mwanamuziki wa kwaito na [[Nyimbo za Kiinjili]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zwai Bala Biography, Age, Wife, Career, Songs & Net Worth|url=https://ghanadmission.com/za/zwai-bala/|work=SA Online Portal|date=2021-06-10|accessdate=2023-02-26|language=en-us|author=Excel|archive-date=2023-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226091530/https://ghanadmission.com/za/zwai-bala/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Elimu == Bala alisoma katika Shule ya Kwaya ya Wavulana ya [[Drakensberg,]] karibu na [[Winterton, KwaZulu-Natal]], na alifuzu katika [[Chuo]] cha St Stithians mnamo [[1994]]. Kisha alifuata Cheti cha Uzamili cha mtandaoni katika Okestration ya Filamu na Televisheni katika [[Chuo cha Muziki cha Berklee]] huko [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]. <ref name="auto1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hashtagsquare.com/zwai-bala-biography/|title=Zwai Bala Biography|first=Kamoche|author=James|date=10 April 2018|accessdate=2022-04-23|archivedate=2021-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204143541/https://www.hashtagsquare.com/zwai-bala-biography/}}</ref> Alikuja kujulikana mwaka [[1997]] kama mwanachama wa kikundi cha kwaito TKZee . <ref name="auto">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=3119|title=Zwai Bala &#124; TVSA|work=www.tvsa.co.za}}</ref> == Kazi == Alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 11, aliingia kwenye onyesho la vipaji la The Shell Road to Fame na kufika nusu fainali. Pamoja na marafiki zake wa shule Kabelo Mabalane na Tokollo Tshabalala, alianzisha kikundi cha [[kwaito]] cha [[TKZee]]. TKZeere walitoa nyimbo zao "Take It Eezy", kibao cha likizo "Phalafala" na " [[Shibobo]] " kilichouza zaidi, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.music.org.za/artist.asp?id=120|title=SAMusic|accessdate=2022-04-23|archivedate=2022-11-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125225426/http://www.music.org.za/Artist.asp?ID=120}}</ref> ambacho kilimshirikisha mchezaji wa [[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Afrika Kusini|timu ya taifa ya kandanda ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Benni McCarthy]]. Baadaye, Bala alianza kazi ya [[muziki]] ya solo. Alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 11, aliingia kwenye onyesho la vipaji la The Shell Road to Fame na kufika nusu fainali. Pamoja na marafiki zake wa shule Kabelo Mabalane na Tokollo Tshabalala, alianzisha kikundi cha [[kwaito]] cha [[TKZee]]. TKZeere walitoa nyimbo zao "Take It Eezy", kibao cha likizo "Phalafala" na " [[Shibobo]] " kilichouza zaidi, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.music.org.za/artist.asp?id=120|title=SAMusic|accessdate=2022-04-23|archivedate=2022-11-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125225426/http://www.music.org.za/Artist.asp?ID=120}}</ref> ambacho kilimshirikisha mchezaji wa [[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Afrika Kusini|timu ya taifa ya kandanda ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Benni McCarthy]]. Baadaye, Bala alianza kazi ya muziki ya solo. Alikuwa mshiriki mashuhuri katika msimu wa kwanza wa shindano la uhalisia la [[SABC 2]] la [[Strictly Come Dancing (Mfululizo wa TV wa Afrika Kusini)|''Strictly Come Dancing'']] mnamo 2006, lililoshirikiana na mcheza densi mtaalamu wa chumba cha mpira Kego Motshabi. Wawili hao walimaliza wa tatu. == Nyimbo == Baadhi ya muziki alizorekodi Bala ni pamoja na: * Ndize * Umlilo-Masibase * All I Do * Black 'N Proud * Ndiredi * Moody's Mood For Love * Nozamile * Vuk'uzenzele * Play That Music * Kuyasa * Ikhaya * Bash'abafana * Tino Tino * Folkfanse-My Heritage * Hand Prints * Circle of Life * Solo * Soccer * Gux Duo * Niceland-Guguletu * Everyone Can Drum * Noble Peace * Noyana == Tunzo == Mnamo mwaka [[2002]] alipokea Tuzo la Muziki la Afrika Kusini (SAMA) Kwa wimbo wake Lifted na mnamo [[2019]] Bala na washiriki wa TKZee walipokea tuzo ya SAMA ya Mafanikio ya Maisha. ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1975]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:1lib1ref 2023]] 0kghmkj8at4awukvwwfzxzz4hdmokkm 0 149057 1529792 1393479 2026-05-02T12:19:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1529792 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book|title=Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|last=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|date=2023-06-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-009-32584-4|edition=1|doi=10.1017/9781009325844.001 sherbinin, alex de; bukvic, anamaria; rohat, guillaume; gall, melanie; mccusker, brent; preston, benjamin; apotsos, alex; fish, carolyn; kienberger, stefan; muhonda, park; wilhelmi, olga}}</ref>'''Youssef Alimam''' (amezaliwa [[8 Februari]] [[1991]]) ni mtengenezaji wa [[filamu]] wa kujitegemea wa [[Misri]]. Amesomea [[Misri]] na [[Kanada]], na anazungumza [[Kiarabu]] na [[Kiingereza]]. Kwa kawaida sasa anagawa wakati wake kati ya [[Kairo]], [[Misri]] na [[Quebec]], [[Kanada]]. ==Marejeo<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book|title=Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|last=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|date=2023-06-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-009-32584-4|edition=1|doi=10.1017/9781009325844.001 sherbinin, alex de; bukvic, anamaria; rohat, guillaume; gall, melanie; mccusker, brent; preston, benjamin; apotsos, alex; fish, carolyn; kienberger, stefan; muhonda, park; wilhelmi, olga}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book|title=Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|last=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|date=2023-06-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-009-32584-4|edition=1|doi=10.1017/9781009325844.001 sherbinin, alex de; bukvic, anamaria; rohat, guillaume; gall, melanie; mccusker, brent; preston, benjamin; apotsos, alex; fish, carolyn; kienberger, stefan; muhonda, park; wilhelmi, olga}}</ref>== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1991]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] 3tuxp6r04st2nm4kdspwn6tjvd6zvjg 0 149553 1529992 1393694 2026-05-02T18:38:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1529992 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Zaho-concert.jpg|thumb|Zaho akiwa kwenye tamasha]] '''Zahera Darabid''' (alizaliwa [[Mei 10]], [[1980]]), anajulikana kwa [[jina]] lake la kisanii '''Zaho''', ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[R&B]] wa nchini [[Algeria]] anayeishi [[Kanada]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.music-story.com/zaho/biographie|title=Archived copy|accessdate=October 1, 2008|archivedate=December 1, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201124106/http://www.music-story.com/zaho/biographie}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://vibe2lyon.com/actu_zaho/index.html|title=Yw.193.cnc爆乳尤物_嘿咻嘿咻免费区在线观看吃奶头_综合图区 另类图区 卡通动漫_精品久久久久久国产}}</ref> == Wasifu == '''Zahera Darabid''' alizaliwa mnamo [[Mei]] [[10]], [[1980]], huko Bab Ezzouar, kitongoji cha [[mji]] mkuu wa Algeria [[Algiers]]. Akiwa na [[umri]] wa miaka [[18]], yeye na [[familia]] yake walihamia [[Montreal|Montréal]], Kanada. [[Baba]] yake ni mtendaji na [[mama]] yake ni [[profesa]] wa [[hisabati]] katika ''l'Institute national d'informatique of France''. Anao pia [[kaka]] na [[dada]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zaho : biographie, news, discographie, photos, videos {{!}} nrj.re|url=http://www.nrj.re/NRJ_Artistes/fiche.do%3Aid%3D236%26name%3Dzaho|work=web.archive.org|date=2018-12-25|accessdate=2023-02-26|archivedate=2018-12-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225123214/http://www.nrj.re/NRJ_Artistes/fiche.do%3Aid%3D236%26name%3Dzaho}}</ref> == Kazi == '''Zaho''' alijifunza [[gitaa]] alipokuwa na umri wa miaka [[saba]], na kwa haraka sana akajifunza uimbaji wa Francis Cabrel ndani ya [[Mwaka|miaka]] 10. Mnamo [[2008]], alitoa [[albamu]] yake ya kwanza iliyoitwa ''Dima'', ikimaanisha ''Daima'' kwa Kiarabu. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]] [[Jamii:waimbaji wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:1lib1ref 2023]] k5s2r78qbko7dyl0vk8a1n27bt96fah 0 149556 1530049 1393079 2026-05-02T18:47:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 6 template(s) replaced. 1530049 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ZeeZee Adel''' (pia hutamkwa kama '''Zizi''' na '''Zeze''', alizaliwa [[26 Oktoba]] [[1987]], [[Kuwait]] <ref name="jarida">{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.aljarida.com/news/index/170057/|date=11 July 2007|language=ar|title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa|accessdate=2022-05-03|archivedate=2014-09-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918035815/http://www.aljarida.com/news/index/170057/}}</ref> ) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa nchini [[Misri]]. <ref name="alrai">{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.alrai.com/pages.php?news_id=256256|title=Zizi Adel&nbsp;— Album and clip of the (promised high)|date=8 November 2009|language=ar}}</ref> Adel alikuja kujulikana kwa mara ya kwanza alipoingia katika [[Misimu (lugha)|msimu]] wa pili wa [[mashindano]] ya ''Star Academy'' mwaka [[2005]], <ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.alriyadh.com/2005/01/24/article10940.html|date=24 January 2005|language=ar|title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa|accessdate=2022-05-03|archivedate=2006-06-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060602163643/http://www.alriyadh.com/2005/01/24/article10940.html}}</ref> na kuishika nafasi ya tatu baada ya Hisham Abdulrahman na Amani Swissi kwenye nusu fainali. <ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.elaph.com/Music/2005/4/54423.htm|date=11 April 2005|language=ar}}</ref> == Baada ya Star Academy == Baada ya ''Star Academy'', Zizi Adel alitia saini ya [[mkataba]] na Rotana mwaka [[2007]]. <ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2007/01/17/71223.html|date=17 January 2007|work=Alwatan Voice|language=ar}}</ref> [[Albamu]] yake ya kwanza, ''Wahad Tayib Kbeeeeeer Awi'' ( ''One Good Package'' ), <ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.alriyadh.com/2007/01/28/article220293.print|date=28 January 2007|work=Al Riyadh|language=ar|title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa|accessdate=2022-05-03|archivedate=2011-07-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717074507/http://www.alriyadh.com/2007/01/28/article220293.print}}</ref> iliyotolewa mwaka 2007, ilikua na nyimbo nane zikiwemo nyimbo kama ''Hobbo Eja Alayah'' ( ''Uaccounted Premature Fire'' ) na ''Wahad Tani''. Zizi Adel alishinda [[tuzo]] ya ''ART'' kama msanii bora mpya na albamu bora ya mwaka [[2007]].  Alisoma katika [[:en:Institute_of_Arabic_Music|I]]''nstitute of Arabic Music''. Albamu ya pili ya Adel, iliyotolewa mwaka [[2009]], ''Waed Alia'' ( ''Promised High'' ) iliyokua na nyimbo 10. == Orodha ya kazi za muziki == === Albamu === * [[2007]]: ''Wahda Tayiba'' * [[2009]]: ''Waed Alia'' ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1987]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Misri]] e134pfbinszzn27lawp9om00evex5vn 0 149557 1530046 1255768 2026-05-02T18:46:51Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530046 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zaïnaba Ahmed''' (alizaliwa [[1960]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Komori|Comoro]]. Ndiye [[msanii]] wa kwanza wa Comoro kusaini katika rekodi lebo ya kigeni huku akibaki kuwa mkazi katika visiwa hivyo. <ref name="comores-online.com">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.comores-online.com/mwezinet/musique/tradzaina.htm|title=La Musique Traditionnelle revisitée par ZAINABA AHMED|work=comores-online.com|accessdate=6 November 2017|archivedate=2021-12-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207062124/https://www.comores-online.com/mwezinet/musique/tradzaina.htm}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Ahmed alizaliwa katika [[mji]] wa Mitsamiouli, katika [[familia]] ya hali ya chini yenye watoto kumi. Alianza kuigiza kwenye [[harusi]] akiwa na [[umri]] wa miaka mitano. == Kazi == Ni [[mama]] mwenye wa [[watoto]] watano, ametoa [[albamu]] tatu za muziki wa [[asili]] wa Comoro, pia amekuwa mtendaji wa kisiasa kama mpigania haki za wanawake, na kusaidia katika kuanzisha mfumo wa [[posta]] katika visiwa. Mbali na kuwa [[Mwanamuziki|mwanamuzik]]<nowiki/>i, anashikilia nafasi ndani ya [[serikali]] ya Comoro. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.habarizacomores.com/2013/04/la-femme-du-jour-zainaba-ahmed.html|title=Portrait de Zainaba Ahmed, la "voix en or" des Comores|publisher=Habariza Comores|accessdate=6 November 2017}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]] 1uss7yl6ojbpyarcvh1z45qmss8ez8z 0 149603 1529679 1460830 2026-05-02T12:01:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529679 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Yemane_Barya_Ghebremichael.png|thumb|Yemane Barya Ghebremichael]] '''Yemane Ghebremichael''' (alijulikana sana kama '''Yemane Baria''' au '''Yemane Barya'''; [[Januari 21]], [[1949]] - [[Novemba 5]], [[1997]]) alikuwa [[mtunzi]] na [[mwimbaji]] mashuhuri wa [[Eritrea]]. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f0R7iHoaykoC&pg=PA254|title=Eritrea|last=Ph.D|first=Mussie Tesfagiorgis G.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598842326|language=en}}</ref> == Wasifu == Utunzi wa nyimbo wa Yemane ulijitahidi kuakisi maudhui ya kile alichoona wakati wa Vita vya Uhuru wa [[Eritrea]]. Pia [[nyimbo]] zake zilikuwa na [[hadithi]] za [[mapenzi]], [[safari]], matumaini, [[uhamiaji]] na [[ukombozi]]. Mnamo [[1975]], alifungwa kwa tafsiri ya masuala kisiasa katika moja ya [[nyimbo]] zake. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Eritrea (Africa in Focus)|last=Mussie Tesfagiorgis G|first=|publisher=ABC Clio|year=2011|isbn=1-59884-231-5|page=255}}</ref> == Nyimbo maarufu na albamu == * ''Hadar girki'' (ሓዳር ጌርኪ) * ''Deqi Asmara'' (ደቂ ኣስመራ) * ''Wedebat Adey'' (ወደባት ዓደይ) * ''Asmera'' (ኣስመራ) * ''Zemen'' (ዘመን) * ''Meskerem'' (መስከረም) * ''Natsenet'' (ናጽነት) * ''Delay Selam'' (ደላይ ሰላም) * ''Aykonen Oromay'' (ኣይኮነን ኦሮማይ) * ''Wegiha'ya Meriet'' (ወጊሓ'ያ መሬት) * ''Mesob Ade'' (መሶብ ኣደ) * ''Ab Kulu Gobotat'' (ኣብ ኩሉ ጎቦታት) * ''Nay Meqabir Btsotey'' (ናይ መቃብር ብጾተይ) * ''Tezkoneley'' (ተዝኾነለይ) * ''Anbibeyo Debdabeki'' (ኣንቢበዮ ደብዳቤኺ) * ''Ab Sidet Zeleka'' (ኣብ ስደት ዘለኻ) * ''Kemeleki Zefkireki'' (ከሜለኺ ዘፍቅረኪ) * ''Yikielo Eye Ane'' (ይኽእሎ እየ ኣነ) * ''Gual Hagerey'' (ጓል ሃገረይ) * ''Bsrah Tegedide'' (ብስራሕ ተገዲደ) * ''Chira Feres'' (ጭራ ፈረስ) * ''Mealtat Newihuni'' (መዓልታት ነዊሑኒ) * ''Emo Ke Dea Hji Entay Ygeber'' (እሞ ኸ ደኣ ሕጂ እንታይ ይገ* == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1997]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1949]] [[Jamii:wanamuziki wa Eritrea]] lz3sj7t0bzio39uxj00ygij3oqcfz19 0 149659 1530018 1437673 2026-05-02T18:42:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 5 template(s) replaced. 1530018 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zama Adelaide Khumalo''' (alizaliwa [[2002]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. Anafahamika zaidi kwa kushinda msimu wa kumi na sita wa shindano la Idols la [[Afrika Kusini]] [[mwaka]] [[2020]]. <ref name="Channel" /> Mzaliwa wa Witbank, <ref name="Channel">{{Rejea habari|title=Idols SA winner Zama Khumalo: 'This is the biggest achievement of my life' {{!}} Channel|url=https://www.news24.com/amp/channel/tv/idols/idols-sa-winner-zama-khumalo-this-is-the-biggest-achievement-of-my-life-20201214|date=2021-12-15|first=Leandra|last=Engelbrecht|publisher=Channel}}</ref> Zama alisaini mkataba na rekodi lebo ya Kalawa Jazmee, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kalawa Jazmee signs all top five finalists from 2020 Idols|url=https://www.iol.co.za/amp/the-star/news/kalawa-jazmee-signs-all-top-five-finalists-from-2020-idols-2c2f6d1f-50cc-43d6-bde1-5f2d3222aa5a|first=Mpiletso|author=Motumi|date=2021-03-23|accessdate=2021-11-19|publisher=Independent Online}}</ref> alitoa [[albamu]] ya kwanza ya studio iliyojulikana kama ''In The Beginning'' ([[2021]]). <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zama Khumalo releases her debut album - Midrand Reporter|url=https://midrandreporter.co.za/295434/zama-khumalo-releases-her-debut-album/?pwa-amp&|first=Ofentse|author=Ditlopo|date=2021-11-19|accessdate=2019-11-19|publisher=Midrand Reporter|archive-date=2021-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119054508/https://midrandreporter.co.za/295434/zama-khumalo-releases-her-debut-album/?pwa-amp&|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kazi == Muda mfupi baada ya kushinda shindano hilo, Zama alianza kuifanyia [[kazi]] [[albamu]] yake ya kwanza ya ''In The Beginning'' iliyotolewa baadae mnamo [[Novemba]] 2021. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Former Idols SA winner Zama Khumalo finally drops debut album|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/s-mag/2021-11-12-former-idols-sa-winner-zama-khumalo-finally-drops-debut-album/|publisher=Sowetan LIVE|first=Masego|author=Seemela|accessdate=2021-11-18|date=2021-11-12}}</ref> Mnamo [[Oktoba 29]], [[wimbo]] wake "Is'thunzi" ulitolewa kama [[wimbo]] bora katika [[albamu]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Idols SA winner Zama Khumalo finally drops first single off long-awaited debut album {{!}} Celebs Now|url=https://celebsnow.co.za/zama-khumal/?amp|work=Celebs Now|author=Recky M|date=October 29, 2021|accessdate=November 20, 2021|archivedate=2021-11-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120154303/https://celebsnow.co.za/zama-khumal/?amp}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2002]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 39z25lvkbaht8iyb7xq33fg1pgstpx5 0 149840 1530090 1427783 2026-05-02T18:53:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530090 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zionism ya kijani''' ni tawi la Zionism ambalo limejikita katika mazingira ya [[Israeli|Israeli]].Hujihusishs na masuala ya kuwepo kwa Israeli kama Ngome ya Kiisraeli.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Enter The Green Zionists|url=https://forward.com/culture/128801/enter-the-green-zionists/|work=The Forward|date=2010-06-16|accessdate=2022-05-07|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Biolojia]] [[Jamii:Ekolojia]] [[Jamii:Umoja wa Mataifa]] [[Jamii:Mazingira]] 9xe8fd3eyuupwkfkh0fkcsmq739m4ay 0 150036 1530137 1224067 2026-05-02T19:01:03Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530137 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zouheira Salem''' (alifariki [[27 Desemba]], [[2020]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa nchini [[Tunisia]]. Alikuwa sehemu ya kizazi kile kile cha waimbaji kama Naâma, [[Oulaya]], na Safia Chamia . [[Wimbo]] wake maarufu zaidi, ''Baja bled el mandara wa sabba'', ulikuwa wa heshima katika [[mji]] wa Béja. Alifariki mnamo 27 Desemba 2020 huko [[Tunis]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://kapitalis.com/tunisie/2020/12/27/deces-de-la-chanteuse-tunisienne-zouheira-salem/|title=Décès de la chanteuse tunisienne Zouheïra Salem|date=27 December 2020|work=Kapitalis}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2020]] a9h652npnel5ttt7d296r9f6fk5mhyl 0 150409 1530156 1393204 2026-05-02T19:04:13Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 6 template(s) replaced. 1530156 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mxolisi Mgingqeni Majozi''' <ref name="TVSA">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zuluboy biography {{!}} TVSA|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=11156|work=TVSA}}</ref> (anajulikana kama "Zuluboy"; alizaliwa [[19 Mei]] [[1976]]) [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[KwaZulu-Natal]], nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. Amefanya [[kazi]] na [[wasanii]] maarufu wa [[hip hop]] wa Afrika Kusini kama vile PRO . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/sowetan/20140122/281560878657886|title=Talented Pro Hailed as Legend of SA hip hop|publisher=pressreader.com|date=22 January 2014|accessdate=15 February 2020|archivedate=15 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215084422/https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/sowetan/20140122/281560878657886}}</ref> == Kazi == [[Wimbo]] wake uliompa mafanikio ulikuwa ni "Nomalanga" kutoka kwenye [[albamu]] ya ''Inqolobane'', ilitolewa [[mwaka]] [[2008]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/south-african-hip-hop-love-songs/|title=South african hip hop love songs|publisher=okayfrica|accessdate=15 February 2020|archivedate=15 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215084423/https://www.okayafrica.com/south-african-hip-hop-love-songs/}}</ref> Alishinda [[tuzo]] ya [[rapa]] bora katika tuzo za Metro FM mwaka 2008. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://afternoonexpress.co.za/guests/zuluboy/4099&grqid=YQ3cgx55&s=1&hl=en-ZA|title=Zuluboy—Afternoon Express|publisher=afternoonexpress.co.za|date=15 February 2020|accessdate=20 November 2020|archivedate=15 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215084423/https://afternoonexpress.co.za/guests/zuluboy/4099%26grqid%3DYQ3cgx55%26s%3D1%26hl%3Den-ZA}}</ref> Katika [[Tuzo za Muziki za MTV Afrika]] mwaka [[2009]] aliteuliwa kama mwanamuziki bora wa [[Hip Hop]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title="MTV Africa Music Awards Nominations Unveiled|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/1266150/m|work=Billaboard|date=August 26, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zuluboy kicked out of Ukhozi FM|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2016-10-05-zuluboy-kicked-out-of-ukhozi-fm/|work=SowetanLIVE|accessdate=2023-02-26|language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:1lib1ref 2023]] rdqvzoctytyzryxa8o5iw9dotc6gm09 0 150515 1529734 1462133 2026-05-02T12:10:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1529734 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Yolanda Adams.jpg|alt=Adams mnamo 2010|thumb|Adams mnamo 2010]] '''Yolanda Yvette Adams''' (amezaliwa [[Agosti 27]], [[1961]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Wimbo|nyimbo]] za [[Nyimbo za Kiinjili|Injili]], mwigizaji, na msimamizi wa kipindi chake cha injili cha asubuhi kilichounganishwa kitaifa nchini [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni mmoja wa wasanii wa injili wanaouza sana albamu wakati wote, ameuza takribani 10&nbsp;milioni albamu duniani kote. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 18, 2019|title=Yolanda Adams at the 2019 Soul Train Awards: Our Lady Of Soul Gets Candid On The State Of Gospel|url=https://www.bet.com/music/2019/11/18/soul-train-awards-yolanda-adams-lady-of-soul-interview.html|accessdate=November 19, 2019}}</ref> Mbali na kufikia hadhi ya platinamu nyingi, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=May 15, 2011|title=5 Questions for Yolanda Adams on Her New Album|url=https://www.essence.com/news/5-questions-for-yolanda-adams-on-becoming-wal-mart-album/|accessdate=September 3, 2020}}</ref> ameshinda Tuzo nne [[Grammy Awards|za Grammy]], <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/yolanda-adams/105|title=Yolanda Adams|date=November 26, 2019|work=GRAMMY.com|accessdate=July 12, 2021}}</ref> Tuzo nne za Njiwa, Tuzo tano za BET, Tuzo za Picha sita [[NAACP Image Awards|za NAACP, Tuzo]] sita za Muziki wa Soul Train, Tuzo mbili za BMI na Tuzo kumi na sita za Stellar. Alikuwa msanii wa kwanza wa Injili kutunukiwa Tuzo ya muziki wa Marekani. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=February 7, 2020|title=Prudential Center Hosts McDonalds Gospelfest|url=https://www.newjerseystage.com/articles/2020/02/07/prudential-center-hosts-mcdonalds-gospelfest/|accessdate=September 3, 2020|work=NewJerseyStage}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Washindi wa Tuzo za Grammy]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa filamu wa kike wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Injili]] fb6us2gdh3woc2hvyib8g7x4ezq1hdw 0 150623 1529847 1461989 2026-05-02T12:28:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529847 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Yusupha Ngum performing and the Affia Band Nov 2018a.png|alt=Yusupha Ngum|thumb|Yusupha Ngum]] '''Yusupha Ngum''' ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] kutoka nchini [[Gambia]], pia anajulikana kwa [[jina]] la sanaa la "Joloffman". Ameimba katika mitindo mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na mbalax, [[rap]], [[jazz]], na muziki wa [[Afro]]. Yusupha kwa sasa anaishi [[Australia]]. == Maisha == [[Baba]] yake Yusupha alikuwa Musa Ngum (mara nyingi ikiandikwa "Moussa Ngom"). Musa Ngum alikuwa griot, na mwimbaji aliyefanikiwa sana huko [[Gambia]] na [[Senegal]]. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Panzacchi|first=Cornelia|date=1994|title=The Livelihoods of Traditional Griots in Modern Senegal|journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute|volume=64|issue=2|pages=202|doi=10.2307/1160979|jstor=1160979}}</ref> Yusupha pia alifuata [[mila]] ya baba yake. Alipokuwa mdogo, Yusupha alisoma katika [[shule]] ya Franco-Arab huko Senegal.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Roger Whittaker on Apple Music|url=https://music.apple.com/gb/artist/roger-whittaker/252978|work=Apple Music|accessdate=2023-02-26|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Gambia]] c3eljto787aub004igg3ldqiwyt3gr8 0 150632 1530141 1490774 2026-05-02T19:01:43Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530141 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zubeen Garg''' (jina la kuzaliwa: '''Zubeen Borthakur'''; [[18 Novemba]] [[1972]] - [[18 Septemba]] [[2025]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]], mkurugenzi wa muziki, [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]], [[Mtayarishaji wa Muziki|mtayarishaji wa muziki]], [[mwigizaji]], mtayarishaji wa filamu, mwandishi wa tamthilia na philanthropist raia wa [[India]]. <ref name="firstpost">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/decoding-the-stardom-of-zubeen-garg-an-unpredictable-rockstar-with-a-heart-of-gold-4227227.html|title=Decoding the stardom of Zubeen Garg – An unpredictable rockstar with a heart of gold- Entertainment News, Firstpost|date=25 November 2017|work=Firstpost|language=en|accessdate=14 May 2019|archivedate=14 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514050714/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/decoding-the-stardom-of-zubeen-garg-an-unpredictable-rockstar-with-a-heart-of-gold-4227227.html}}</ref> Alifanya kazi na kuwa mwimbaji katika [[Tasnia ya muziki|tasnia]] ya muziki ya Kiassam, Kibengali na [[Kihindi]], lakini ameimba lugha nyingine nyingi na [[lahaja]], pamoja na Bishnupriya Manipuri, [[Kibodo (Uhindi)|Boro]], [[Kiingereza]], Goalpariya, [[Kikannada|Kannada]], [[Kikarbi|Karbi]], [[Kikhasi|Khasi]], [[Kimalayalam]], [[Kimarathi|Marathi]], [[Kimising|Mising]], [[Kinepali|Nepali]], [[Kioriya|Odia]], [[Kisanskrit|Sanskrit]], [[Kisindhi|Sindhi]], [[Kitamil|Tamil]], [[Kitelugu|Telugu]], [[Kitiwa|Tiwa]]. Pia alikuwa mpiga [[Ala ya muziki|ala]] na hucheza ala 12 zikiwemo dhol, dotara, [[Ngoma (ala ya muziki)|ngoma]], [[gitaa]], harmonica, harmonium, mandolini, [[kinanda]], tabla na ala mbalimbali za midundo. Alikuwa ndiye mwimbaji mwenye kulipwa pesa nyingi zaidi katika Assam. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=16 April 2017|title=Barred from singing in Hindi, Assam singer leaves Bihu stage|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/guwahati/zubeen-garg-noonmati-bihu-sanmilan-stopped-from-singing-hindi-song-assam-top-singer-quits-bihu-stage-with-an-abuse-4614435/|accessdate=19 December 2020|work=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Zubin Garg Live performance (cropped).jpg|thumb]] == Maisha ya awali == Garg alizaliwa katika familia ya [[Brahmin]] ya [[Tura, Meghalaya]] kwa Mohini Mohon Borthakur na Ily Borthakur. Alijulikana kwa jina [[Zubin Mehta]] kabla ya kuwa mwimbaji<ref>{{cite news|last1=Parashar|first1=Utpal|title='These Brahmins should be killed', says Assam singer Zubeen Garg; cases filed|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/these-brahmins-should-be-killed-says-assam-singer-zubeen-garg-cases-filed/story-QgaKOmiMcqiCEhzOc8K29O.html|access-date=12 April 2022|work=Hindustan Times|date=29 July 2019|language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1972]] [[Jamii:wanamuziki wa India]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:1lib1ref 2023]] [[Jamii:Arts and Feminism 2023]] 3z476yfatkqnav0x1fe0suwuzxfpojl 0 150932 1529733 1488446 2026-05-02T12:10:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 7 template(s) replaced. 1529733 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yola Mgogwana''' (alizaliwa [[2008]]) ni [[Harakati|mwanaharakati]] wa [[hali ya hewa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] kutoka Khayelitsha, [[Cape Town]] . <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Evans|first=Julia|date=2021-09-29|title=OUR BURNING PLANET: Dark days ahead: A bleak future awaits future generations if world leaders and industries continue to ignore climate crisis|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-09-29-dark-days-ahead-a-bleak-future-awaits-future-generations-if-world-leaders-and-industries-continue-to-ignore-climate-crisis/|accessdate=2022-04-22|work=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yola Mgogwana|url=https://afternoonexpress.co.za/guests/yola-mgogwana/4990|accessdate=2022-04-22|work=afternoonexpress.co.za|archive-date=2021-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124204701/https://afternoonexpress.co.za/guests/yola-mgogwana/4990|url-status=dead}}</ref> Harakati za Mgogwana zilianza mwaka wa [[2019]], akiwa na umri wa miaka kumi na moja tu, baada ya kuwa na wasiwasi kuhusu uchafuzi wa [[mazingira]], [[hali ya hewa]] isiyo ya kawaida, na shida ya [[maji]] inayokuja nchini mwake. <ref>{{Rejea habari}}</ref> Amekuwa msukumo kwa vijana barani Afrika kuungana naye katika kupigania [[Haki za hali ya hewa|haki ya hali]] ya hewa. Pamoja na Kiara Nirghin na Ruby Sampson, amesifiwa kama jibu la Afrika Kusini na mwanaharakati wa hali ya hewa wa [[Uswidi]] [[Greta Thunberg]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=https://www.timeslive.co.za/authors/andrea-nagel|title=These young climate change activists are SA's answer to Greta Thunberg|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2019-10-13-these-young-climate-change-activists-are-sas-answer-to-greta-thunberg/|accessdate=2020-11-11|work=TimesLIVE|language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Maisha yake == Mgogwana ni [[mwanafunzi]] katika [[Shule ya msingi|Shule ya Msingi]] ya Yolomela huko Khayelitsha, mojawapo ya vitongoji maskini zaidi vya [[Cape Town]]. <ref name=":02">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Evans|first=Julia|date=2021-09-29|title=OUR BURNING PLANET: Dark days ahead: A bleak future awaits future generations if world leaders and industries continue to ignore climate crisis|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-09-29-dark-days-ahead-a-bleak-future-awaits-future-generations-if-world-leaders-and-industries-continue-to-ignore-climate-crisis/|accessdate=2022-04-22|work=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Bonthuys|first=Jorisna|date=2022-04-18|title=CLIMATE DESPAIR (PART THREE): Our own Greta Thunbergs, Anelisa and Yola, fighting the floods of the climate crisis in South Africa|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-04-18-our-own-greta-thunbergs-anelisa-and-yola-fighting-the-floods-of-the-climate-crisis-in-south-africa/|accessdate=2022-04-22|work=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref> [[Mwalimu]] wake wa mazingira ni Xoli Fuyani, ambaye ni mshauri na mshiriki mkuu katika kazi yake, na pia ni Mratibu wa Elimu ya Mazingira katika Mradi wa Earthchild, shirika lisilo la faida la Mgogwana. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=admin|date=|title=Earthchild Project|url=http://earthchildproject.org/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-11-11|work=EarthChild Project|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Afrika Kusini]] 0qq6yd2n2rfvxihgydv309pv1bu6s4d 0 151095 1530216 1525159 2026-05-02T20:31:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530216 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Sandra Laugier.jpg|thumb|Sandra Laugier]] '''Sandra Laugier''' ni [[mwanafalsafa]] wa [[Kifaransa]], anayefanya kazi katika [[falsafa]] ya [[Maadili|maadili, falsafa]] ya kisiasa, falsafa ya [[lugha]], masomo ya [[jinsia]], na [[utamaduni]] maarufu . Kwa sasa ni profesa kamili wa [[falsafa]] katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha [[Paris]] 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne na mwanachama Mwandamizi wa Taasisi ya Universitaire de France, baada ya kuwa profesa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Picardy Jules Verne huko [[Amiens]] hadi [[2010]]. Alisoma katika Ecole Normale Supérieure na katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]] . Yeye ni naibu mkurugenzi wa Institut des sciences juridique et philosophique de la Sorbonne (Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne/CNRS). <ref>[https://www.univ-paris1.fr/unites-de-recherche/isjps/ Institut des sciences juridique et philosophique de la Sorbonne] {{Wayback|url=https://www.univ-paris1.fr/unites-de-recherche/isjps/ |date=20161229085938 }} (UMR 8103, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne/CNRS).</ref> Amekuwa Profesa Mgeni katika Chuo Kikuu cha Boston ([[2019]]) na katika Chuo Kikuu cha Sapienza cha Roma (2019), Mtafiti Mgeni katika Taasisi ya [[Max Planck]] (Berlin), Profesa Mgeni Mashuhuri katika Chuo Kikuu cha Johns Hopkins, Profesa Mgeni katika Chuo Kikuu cha Kipapa (Lima), na Profesa Mgeni “Chaire invitée” katika Kitivo cha Saint-Louis (Bruxelles). Tangu 2019, amekuwa mchunguzi mkuu wa mpango wa ERC unaojitolea kwa falsafa ya mfululizo wa TV ''Demoseries'' . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.demoseries.eu/team |title=demoseries.eu |accessdate=2022-05-30 |archivedate=2022-03-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331075959/https://www.demoseries.eu/team }}</ref> Yeye ni mwanachama wa Bodi ya Wahariri/[[Kisayansi]] ya ''Kumbukumbu za [[Falsafa]]'', ''Jarida la [[Uingereza]] la [[Historia]] ya Falsafa'', ''Iride'', Revue de ''Métaphysique'' ''et de Morale'', Wingi, ''Espace Temps'' . == Bibliografia == === Vitabu === * ''L'Anthropologie logique de Quine'', Paris, Vrin, [[1992]] * ''Mpendekeza la philosophie: La philosophie américaine aujourd'hui'', Paris, PUF, [[1999]] (toleo jipya lililopanuliwa, Vrin, 2014) * ''Du réel à l'ordinaire: Quelle philosophie du langage aujourd'hui ?'', Paris, Vrin, 1999 (imetafsiriwa kwa Kiingereza, [[Chuo Kikuu cha Chicago]] Press, [[2013]]) * ''Faut-il encore écouter les intellectuels?'', Paris, Bayard, [[2003]] * ''Une autre pensée politique américaine: La démocratie radicale, de RW Emerson à S. Cavell'', Paris, Michel Houdiard, [[2004]] * ''Qu'est-ce que le care?'' (pamoja na Patricia Paperman na Pascale Molinier), Paris, Payot, [[2009]] * ''Wittgenstein: Les sens de l'usage'', Paris, Vrin, 2009 * ''Wittgenstein: Le mythe de l'inexpressivité'', Paris, Vrin, 2010 * ''Pourquoi désobéir en demokrasia?'' (pamoja na Albert Ogien), Paris, La Découverte, 201010 * ''Kwa Nini Tunahitaji Falsafa ya Lugha ya Kawaida'', Chicago, Chuo Kikuu cha Chicago Press, 2013 <ref>[http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/W/bo11469158.html Why We Need Ordinary Language Philosophy], press.uchicago.edu</ref> * ''Face aux désastres: Une mazungumzo à quatre voix sur la folie, le care et les grandes détresses collectives'' (pamoja na Anne M. Lovell, Stefania Pandolfo, Veena Das), Paris, Ithaque, 2013 * ''Le Principe démocratie'' (pamoja na Albert Ogien), Paris, La Découverte, 2014 * ''Mshauri wa falsafa: Stanley Cavell et la philosophie en Amérique'', Paris, Vrin, 2014 * ''Etica e politica dell'ordinario'', Milano, LED Edizioni, 2015 * ''Antidémocratie'', (pamoja na Albert Ogien), Paris, La Découverte, 2017 * ''Nos vies en series'', Paris, Hali ya Hewa, 2019 * ''La société des vulnérables.'' ''Leçons féministes d'une crise'' (pamoja na Najat Vallaud-Belkacem ), Paris, Gallimard, 2020 * ''Siasa za Kawaida.'' ''Utunzaji, Maadili, na Aina za Maisha'' , Leuven, Peeters, [[2020]] <ref>[https://www.peeters-leuven.be/detail.php?search_key=1081416&series_number_str=11&lang=fr www.peeters-leuven.be]</ref> === Vitabu vilivyohaririwa === * ''Physique et'' réalité (iliyoratibiwa na Michel Bitbol ), Paris, matoleo ya Diderot, Paris, 1997 * ''Les mots de l'esprit: Wittgenstein et la philosophie de la psychologie'' (iliyoratibiwa na Christiane Chauviré na Jean-Jacques Rosat), Paris, Vrin, 2001 * ''Carnap et la ujenzi logique du monde'', Paris, Vrin, 2001 * ''Stanley Cavell, sinema et philosophie'' (iliyoratibiwa na Marc Cerisuelo), Paris, Presses de la Sorbonne Nouvelle, 2001 * ''Wittgenstein: Métaphysique et jeu de langage'', Paris, PUF, 2001 * ''Wittgenstein, dernières pensées'' (iliyoratibiwa na Jacques Bouveresse na Jean-Jacques Rosat), Marseille, Agone, 2002 * ''Husserl et Wittgenstein: De la description de l'expérience à la phénoménologie linguistique'' (iliyoratibiwa na Jocelyn Benoist), Hildesheim, Olms, 2004 * ''Textes-clés de philosophie des sciences'' (iliyoratibiwa pamoja na Pierre Wagner), juzuu 2, Paris, Vrin, 2004 * ''Langage ordinaire et métaphysique – Strawson'' (iliyoratibiwa na Jocelyn Benoist), Paris, Vrin, 2005 * ''Dictionnaire de la ponografia'' (iliyoratibiwa na Philippe Di Folco ), Paris, PUF, 2005 * ''Le souci des autres – éthique et politique du care'' (imeratibiwa na Patricia Paperman), Paris, Éditions de l'EHESS, 2006 * ''L'ordinaire et le politique'' (iliyoratibiwa na Claude Gautier), Paris, PUF, 2006 * ''Ethique, littérature, vie humanine'', Paris, PUF, 2006 * ''Lire les Recherches Philosophiques de Wittgenstein'' (iliyoratibiwa na Christiane Chauviré), Paris, Vrin, 2006 * ''Je, una maoni gani kuhusu uhuru?'' ''Entre compétences et dependances'' (iliyoratibiwa na Marlène Jouan), Paris, PUF, 2008 * ''Normativités du sens commun'' (imeratibiwa na Claude Gautier), Paris, PUF, 2009 * ''Textes-clés de philosophie du langage'' (iliyoratibiwa pamoja na Bruno Ambroise), juzuu 2, Paris, Vrin, 2009, 2010 * ''La voix et la vertu: Variétés du perfectionnisme moral'', Paris, PUF, 2010 * ''JL Austin et la philosophie du langage ordinaire'' (iliyoratibiwa pamoja na Christophe Al-Saleh), Hildesheim, Olms, 2011 * ''Je, ni watu walio katika mazingira magumu?'' ''Ethique du care, les animaux et l'environnement'' , Paris, Payot, 2012 * ''La philosophie analytique'' (iliyoratibiwa na Sabine Plaud), Paris, Ellipses, [[2012]] * ''Falsafa: Buffy – Tueuse de Vampires'' (iliyoratibiwa na Sylvie Allouche), Paris, Bragelonne, 2014 * ''Formes de vie'' (imeratibiwa pamoja na Estelle Ferrarese), matoleo ya CNRS, 2018 * ''Le pouvoir des liens faibles'' (imeratibiwa na Alexandre Gefen), matoleo ya CNRS, 2020 * ''Concepts de l'ordinaire'' (imeratibiwa pamoja na Pierre Fasula), matoleo de la Sorbonne [[2021]] === Maswala maalum ya jarida yaliyohaririwa === * "Retour du moralisme ?" (iliyoratibiwa na Laurent Jaffro), ''Cités'', 2001 * "Moritz Schlick et le tournant de la philosophie", ''Etudes Philosophiques'', 2001 * "Wittgenstein 1889-1951", ''Archives de philosophie'', 2001 * "Ralph Waldo Emerson: L'autorité du scepticisme", ''Revue Française d'Etudes Américaines'', 2002 * "Naturalisme(s): Héritages contemporains de Hume", ''Revue de métaphysique et de morale'', 2003 * "Politiques de la pornographie" (iliyoratibiwa na Michela Marzano), ''Cités'', 2003 * "Après la structure: Kuhn et les révolutions scientifiques", ''Archives de philosophie'', 2003 * "Usages d'Austin" (iliyoratibiwa na Isabelle Thomas-Fogiel), ''Revue de métaphysique et de morale'', 2004 * "Morale et métaphysique chez GE Moore" (iliyoratibiwa na Emmanuel Picavet), ''Revue de métaphysique et de morale'', 2006 * "La contrainte", ''Actes de savoirs.'' ''Revue de l'IUF'', 2007 * "Quine et l'analyticité", ''Archives de philosophie'', 2009 * "Wittgenstein politique" (iliyoratibiwa na Marie-Anne Lescourret), ''Cités'', 2009 * "Politiques du care" (iliyoratibiwa na Pascale Molinier), ''Multitudes'', 2009 * "Ukamilifu, Transcendentalism, Pragmatism" (iliyoratibiwa na Piergiorgio Donatelli), ''Jarida la Ulaya la Pragmatism na Falsafa ya Marekani'', 2011 * "Grammaires de la vulnérabilité" (iliyoratibiwa pamoja na Marie Gaille), ''Raison Publique'', 2011 * "Stanley Cavell", ''Revue internationale de falsafa'', 2011 * "Le retour à la vie ordinaire", ''Raison Publique'', 2013 * "Utunzaji na Usalama wa Binadamu", ''Iride'', 2013 * "Utunzaji, janga, uwezo", ''Raison Publique'', 2014 * "Aina na mazingira", ''Cahiers du Genre'', 2015 * "Roboti Mpya, Viumbe Hai Mpya", ''Iride'', 2016 * "L'invention des formes de vie", Multitudes, no 71, 2018 * "Le patriarcat bouge encore", Makundi, no 78, 2020 === Tafsiri === * S. Cavell, ''Une nouvelle Amérique encore inapprochable, de Wittgenstein à Emerson'' ( ''This New Yet Unaappachable America'' ), Combas, L'éclat, 1991 * S. Cavell, ''Statuts d'Emerson: Constitution, philosophie, politique'', juzuu hiyo inajumuisha uwasilishaji na tafsiri ya insha za Cavell na Emerson, Combas, L'éclat, 1992 * S. Cavell, ''A la recherche du bonheur: Hollywood et la comédie du remariage'' ( ''Pursuits of Happiness'' ), Paris, Cahiers du Cinéma, 1993 (pamoja na Christian Fournier) * S. Cavell, ''Conditions nobles et ignobles: La constitution du perfectionnnisme moral émersonien'' ( ''Conditions Handsome and Unhandsome'' ), Combas, L'éclat, 1993 (pamoja na Christian Fournier) * S. Cavell, ''Les Voix de la raison'' ( ''Madai ya Sababu'' ), Paris, Seuil, 1996 (pamoja na Nicole Balso) * A. Gibbard, ''Sagesse des choix, justesse des sentiments: Une théorie du judgement normatif'' ( ''Chaguo za Busara, Hisia za Apt'' ), Paris, PUF, 1996 * S. Cavell, ''Un ton pour la philosophie'' ( ''A Pitch of Philosophy'' ), Paris, Bayard, 2003 (pamoja na Elise Domenach) * WV Quine, ''D'un point de vue logique'' ( ''From a Logical Point of View'' ), Paris, Vrin, 2003 (tafsiri ya pamoja) * RW Emerson, ''Essais: Histoire, Destin, Expérience, Fidia'', Paris, Michel Houdiard, 2005 (pamoja na Christian Fournier) * S. Cavell, ''Dire et vouloir dire'' ( ''Lazima Tumaanishe Tunachosema?'' ), Paris, Éditions du Cerf, 2009 (pamoja na Christian Fournier) * S. Cavell, ''Qu'est-ce que la philosophie américaine?'', Paris, Folio Gallimard, 2009 (pamoja na Christian Fournier) * S. Cavell, ''Si j'avais su…'' ( ''Little Did I Know'' ), Paris, Éditions du Cerf, 2014 (pamoja na Jean-Louis Laugier) === Makala === * Machapisho na karatasi kadhaa zinapatikana kwenye [https://univ-paris1.academia.edu/SandraLaugier ukurasa wa Academia] {{Wayback|url=https://univ-paris1.academia.edu/SandraLaugier |date=20220805205539 }} wa mwandishi * Karatasi kadhaa zinapatikana kwenye [https://sandralaugier.fr/ wavuti ya kibinafsi] {{Wayback|url=https://sandralaugier.fr/ |date=20181121235515 }} ya mwandishi * Machapisho na matangazo yake ya hivi majuzi yanatangazwa kwenye [https://www.facebook.com/sandralaugierP1 ukurasa wa facebook] wa mwandishi === Karatasi za Kiingereza zinazopatikana mtandaoni === * " [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/phin.12197 Hii ni sisi.] [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/phin.12197 Wittgenstein na kijamii] ", 2012 * " [https://academic.oup.com/monist/article-abstract/103/4/391/5905787 Necrology of Ontology: Putnam, Ethics, Realism] ", ''[[Mwaministi|The Monist]]'', gombo la 103, toleo la 4, Oktoba 2020, kurasa 391-403 * " [https://www.academia.edu/38017645/Disobedience_as_Resistance_to_Intellectual_Conformity Kutotii kama Upinzani wa Upatanifu wa Kiakili] {{Wayback|url=https://www.academia.edu/38017645/Disobedience_as_Resistance_to_Intellectual_Conformity |date=20220530103214 }} ", ''Uchunguzi Muhimu'' 45, 2019 * " [https://www.pdcnet.org/gfpj/content/gfpj_2018_0039_0002_0367_0401 The Vulnerbiliy of the Ordinary: Goffman, msomaji wa Austin] ", 2018 * " [https://www.nordicwittgensteinreview.com/article/view/3364 Sauti kama Fomu ya Maisha na Maisha] ", 2015 * [https://sandralaugier.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/normativity-of-the-ordinary.pdf "Kawaida ya Kawaida: Matamshi Utendaji na Ukweli wa Kijamii"] * [https://sandralaugier.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/laugier-romanticism-democracy.pdf "Ulimbwende wa Demokrasia: Emerson, Thoreau, Cavell, Malick"] {{Wayback|url=https://sandralaugier.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/laugier-romanticism-democracy.pdf |date=20191101183029 }} * " [https://www.jstor.org/stable/43611278 Tamaduni Maarufu, Ukosoaji wa Kawaida: Falsafa ya Aina Ndogo] ", Jarida la MLN | Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012 * [https://sandralaugier.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/mwm-ci.pdf "Utangulizi wa toleo la Kifaransa la ''Je, Tunapaswa Kumaanisha Tunachosema?'' "] , ''Uchunguzi Muhimu'', juz. 37 (2011), Na. 4, uk.&nbsp;627–651 * [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/589904/pdf "Maadili ya Utunzaji kama Siasa ya Kawaida"] * [http://www.materialifoucaultiani.org/en/materiali/altri-materiali/55-intervista-a-sandra-laugier-e-albert-ogien/113-laugier-ogien-intervista-1.html Mahojiano na Sandra Laugier na Albert Ogien juu ya kutotii raia] * [http://olponline.wordpress.com/2010/09/28/oct-14-sandra-laugiers-passages/ Maelezo juu ya Stanley Cavell] === Kwa Kifaransa === * [https://www.cairn.info/publications-de-Laugier-Sandra--636.htm Machapisho ya Sandra Laugier kwenye Cairn.info] * [http://www.liberation.fr/auteur/6377-sandra-laugier Nakala za Sandra Laugier katika ''Ukombozi''] * [https://blogs.mediapart.fr/sandra-laugier/blog Nakala za Sandra Laugier katika ''Mediapart''] * [http://www.multitudes.net/author/sandra-laugier/ Nakala za Sandra Laugier katika ''Wingi''] == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanafalsafa wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Utamaduni]] j97im57muuy0rlj2e3ie2aw2qhmcw57 0 151171 1529699 1295101 2026-05-02T12:04:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529699 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Yi-Fu Tuan-Festival international de géographie 2012 (1).jpg|thumb]] '''Yi-Fu Tuan''' (amezaliwa [[Tianjin]], [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China|Uchina]], [[5 Desemba]], [[1930]]) ni mwanajiografia wa Uchina-Amerika. Yeye ni mmoja wa watu muhimu katika jiografia ya binadamu na ndiye mwanzilishi muhimu zaidi wa jiografia hiyo. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Alizaliwa katika familia ya hali ya juu, alisoma nchini China, [[Australia]], [[Ufilipino]] na [[Ufalme wa Muungano|Uingereza]]. Alihudhuria [[Chuo Kikuu cha London]], lakini alihitimu kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford]] na BA na MA katika [[1951]] na [[1955]] mtawalia. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.yifutuan.org/Tuan%20Curriculum%20Vitae.pdf|title=Curriculum Vitae Yi-Fu Tuan|date=2008-04-08|accessdate=2011-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002212037/http://www.yifutuan.org/Tuan%20Curriculum%20Vitae.pdf|archivedate=2011-10-02}}</ref> Kutoka hapo alikwenda [[California]] kuendelea na elimu yake ya kijiografia. Alipata [[Uzamivu|Ph.D.]] mwaka [[1957]] kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha California]], Berkeley. == Marejeo == {{BD|1930|}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:wanasayansi wa Uchina]] [[Jamii:wanasayansi wa Marekani]] pyiaq8yjfexg4qtb7teumqm0m1nb37a 0 151174 1530002 1227896 2026-05-02T18:40:01Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530002 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zainunnisa "Cissie" Gool''' ( 6 Novemba 1897 – 1 Julai 1963 ) alikuwa kiongozi wa siasa na haki za kiraia aliyepinga [[ubaguzi wa rangi]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. Alikuwa binti wa [[daktari]] na mwanasiasa mashuhuri Abdullah Abdurahman na mama Helen Potter James. Gool alianzisha Ligi ya Kitaifa ya Ukombozi na kusaidia kuunda Jumuiya Isiyo ya [[Uropa]] United Front (NEUF). Alijulikana na kupendwa kama "Jewel of District Six" na "Joan of Arc" na Waafrika Kusini kama bingwa wa maskini. <ref name="saha">[http://www.saha.org.za/news/2011/November/a_giant_in_anti_apartheid_activism_was_born_this_month.htm Cissie Cool], SAHA, retrieved 19 August 2014</ref> == Maisha == Zainunnisa Gool alizaliwa tarehe 6 Novemba 1897 na Abdullah Abdurahman, kiongozi wa African Peoples Organization (APO) ambayo alisaidia kuunda mwaka wa [[1902]] na pia alikuwa Mwafrika Kusini wa kwanza mweusi kuchaguliwa katika Baraza la Jiji la Cape Town mwaka [[1904]], <ref name="sahahistory">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/zainunnisa-cissie-gool|title=Zainunnisa "Cissie" Gool|author=Anonymous|date=17 February 2011|accessdate=21 September 2017}}</ref> na Helen Potter James. <ref name="saha2">[http://www.saha.org.za/news/2011/November/a_giant_in_anti_apartheid_activism_was_born_this_month.htm Cissie Cool], SAHA, retrieved 19 August 2014</ref> == marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Haki za binadamu]] hmdd68go62uyw6xqa70rxaj5vz8i54u 0 151545 1529706 1443404 2026-05-02T12:05:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1529706 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yo Rap Bonanza''' lilikuwa tamasha la kila mwaka lililoanzishwa mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990 nchini [[Tanzania]], kuonyesha vipaji vya [[kurap]]. Liliandaliwa na DJ Kim & the Boys Promotion.<ref>Dar Es Salaam: Histories from an Emerging African Metropolis edited by James R. Brennan, Andrew Burton, Yusufu Qwaray Lawi, British Institute in Eastern Africa page 257 and page 261</ref> Onyesho la kwanza lilifanyika mwaka wa 1993 na la pili na la mwisho lilikuwa mwaka wa 1995. ''Yo Rap Bonanza'' linatambulika kama shindano la kwanza la hip hop nchini Tanzania. Mamia ya wasanii, hasa kutoka jijini [[Dar es Salaam]] walichuana vikali kwa muda wa siku mbili katika ghorofa ya saba ya hoteli ya New Africa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yo Rap Bonanza|url=https://www.liquisearch.com/yo_rap_bonanza|work=www.liquisearch.com|accessdate=2022-07-31|archive-date=2022-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731145442/https://www.liquisearch.com/yo_rap_bonanza|url-status=dead}}</ref> Shindano la ''Yo Rap Bonanza'' linatajwa kwamba liliweka misingi mipya ya muziki wa Hip Hop nchini Tanzania japokuwa nyimbo za wasanii wengi walizokuwa wakiimba zilikuwa ni katika lugha ya [[Kiingereza]], wengi wakikopi staili za makundi ya Marekani, mashairi ya Kiswahili yalionesha kuwavutia watu wengi sana waliofurika kwenye tamasha hilo.<ref>Lemelle, Sidney J. "''Ni wapi Tunakwenda'': Hip Hop Culture and the Children of Arusha". In ''The Vinyl Ain’t Final: Hip Hop and the Globalization of Black Popular Culture'', ed. by Dipannita Basu and Sidney J. Lemelle, 230-54. London; Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press</ref><ref>Clark, Msia Kibona. (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286446920_The_Struggle_for_Hip_Hop_Authenticity_and_Against_Commercialization_in_Tanzania The struggle for hip hop authenticity and against commercialization in Tanzania]. ''Journal of Pan African Studies'', 6 (3), 5-21.</ref> Wasanii wengi walipata umaarufu baada ya kushiriki ''Yo Rap Bonanza''. [[Saleh J]], alikua mmoja wa wasanii wa muziki wa hip-hop wanaotambulika na kuheshimika mara baada ya kushinda shindano hilo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Origin Of Bongo Flava|url=https://gilox.co/the-origin-of-bongo-flava/|work=Gilox|date=2020-08-28|accessdate=2022-07-31|language=en-US|author=Cabidon|archivedate=2021-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326121456/https://gilox.co/the-origin-of-bongo-flava/}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Afropop Worldwide {{!}} Tanzanian Hip-Hop: A Primer|url=https://afropop.org/articles/tanzanian-hip-hop-a-primer|work=Afropop Worldwide|accessdate=2022-07-31|language=en}}</ref> Ni katika tamasha hilo ndipo vipaji vingine vilipoibuka, wakiwemo wasanii kama Nigga One, [[Eazy B.|Eazy B]], D Rob, [[KBC]], Y Thang, Killa B na wengine wengi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hip-hop in Tanzania|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/hip-hop-tanzania|work=Music In Africa|date=2015-03-03|accessdate=2022-07-31|language=en}}</ref> Baada ya Yo! Rap Bonanza kumalizika, wasanii waliofanya vyema kwenye mashindano hayo, waliungana na kuunda makundi mbalimbali, likiwemo [[Kwanza Unit]], chini yake [[Zavara Mponjika|Ramadhan Mponjika]] ‘Chief Rhymson’ akiwa na Kibacha ([[KBC]]), D-Rob na [[Eazy B.|Eazy B]], baadaye wakaongezeka wanachama wengine kama Bugzy Malone, Papa Sav, Abbas Maunda, Baraka, Ndoti, Fresh-G, Y-Thang na Adili. Pia lilizaliwa kundi lingine, [[Deplowmatz|Deplomatz]] lililokuwa likiundwa na Saigon na [[Dola Soul]] (Balozi). Mbali na makundi, pia wasanii wengine walianza kufanya kazi kama wasanii binafsi, wakiwemo [[Joseph Mbilinyi]] kipindi hicho akiitwa II Proud kabla ya baadaye kuja kubadili jina na kuitwa Mr II (Sugu). ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Hip hop ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Muziki wa Tanzania]] t9mpp5o673k1wqddakd2t378yjd362l 0 151578 1530319 1528029 2026-05-03T07:23:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530319 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utalii''' ni sehemu muhimu ya uchumi wa [[Visiwa vya Kanari|Visiwa vya Canary]], <ref name="Andrews">Andrews, Sarah, 2004, ''Canary Islands'', Lonely Planet.</ref> [[visiwa]] vya [[Uhispania]] vilivyoko katika [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]], kilomita 100 (maili 62) magharibi mwa Moroko. Visiwa saba kuu na visiwa sita vinaunda Visiwa vya Kanari. Walikuwa na zaidi ya watalii milioni 9 wa kigeni walioingia mwaka wa 2007. <ref name="geographic">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.turismodecanarias.com/canary-islands-spain/tourist-guide/history/|title=Official Canary Islands Tourism Website - The Canaries<!-- Bot generated title -->|work=Turismodecanarias|accessdate=20 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928080417/http://www.turismodecanarias.com/canary-islands-spain/tourist-guide/history/|archivedate=28 September 2010}}</ref> Watalii wanaotafuta jua na fukwe walianza kutembelea Canaries kwa wingi katika miaka ya [[1960]]. Visiwa vya Canary ni kivutio kikuu cha watalii wa Uropa na rasilimali za asili na kitamaduni za kuvutia sana. <ref>Moreno Gil, S. & Brent Ritchie, J. R. 2009. Understanding the museum image formation process: A comparison of residents and tourists. Journal of Travel Research. 47, 4, 480-493.</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=S.|first=Moreno Gil|last2=Moreno|first2=Gil, S.|last3=B.|first3=Ritchie, J. R.|title=Understanding the Museum Image Formation Process: A Comparison of Residents and Tourists|url=https://ulpgc.academia.edu/SergioMorenoGil/Papers/594805/Understanding_the_museum_image_formation_process_A_comparison_of_residents_and_tourists|journal=Journal of Travel Research|volume=47|access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref> == Utaifa == Kwa mataifa ambayo hutembelea Visiwa vya Canary, maeneo yanayopendelewa na [[Ufalme wa Muungano|Waingereza]] ni Tenerife na Lanzarote, wakichukua 46.7% na 25% ya waliofika mtawalia; [[Wajerumani]] wamegawanywa kwa usawa kati ya Fuerteventura (29.8%), Gran Canaria (28.9%) na Tenerife (26.1%); Watu wa Nordic mara nyingi huchagua Gran Canaria (58.7%) na [[Wahispania]] Tenerife (46%). <ref>[https://www.hosteltur.com/122930_canarias-asi-es-perfil-turista-visita-islas.html Canarias: así es el perfil del turista que visita las Islas]</ref> Visiwa vya Canary vinaendelea kupokea watalii kutoka kwa masoko ya kitamaduni na vinakumbana na kuibuka kwa wageni kutoka nchi nyingine kama vile [[Italia]], [[Ufaransa]] na [[Polandi]] . <ref>[http://www.laprovincia.es/economia/2012/01/14/canarias-alcanza-nuevo-record-turistas-extranjeros/430372.html La Provincia - Diario de Las Palmas]</ref> Kwa watalii wa Kiitaliano, Tenerife ndio kivutio kikuu (42.49%), ikifuatiwa na Fuerteventura (22.21%), Gran Canaria (18.78%) na Lanzarote (16.51%). <ref>[https://www.tourinews.es/resumen-de-prensa/notas-de-prensa-mercados-turismo/turistas-italianos-a-canarias-se-ha-triplicado_4455187_102.html La llegada de italianos a Canarias se ha triplicado en la última década]</ref> Wafaransa pia walichagua Tenerife katika nafasi ya kwanza kwa 35.0%, ikifuatiwa na Fuerteventura (30.9%), Lanzarote (20.1%), Gran Canaria (13.3%) na La Palma (0.7%). <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://turismodeislascanarias.com/sites/default/files/promotur_francia_2014.pdf |title=Perfil del turista francés que viaja a Canarias |accessdate=2022-06-11 |archive-date=2022-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615140837/https://turismodeislascanarias.com/sites/default/files/promotur_francia_2014.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Watalii wa Kipolishi wamegawanywa kati ya; Tenerife (38.8%), Fuerteventura (26.7%), Gran Canaria (21.9%), Lanzarote (11.9%) na La Palma (0.7%). <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://turismodeislascanarias.com/sites/default/files/promotur_polonia_2016.pdf |title=Perfil del turista polaco que viaja a Canarias |accessdate=2022-06-11 |archive-date=2022-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615140750/https://turismodeislascanarias.com/sites/default/files/promotur_polonia_2016.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Utalii]] [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] o5re983f4pswoj9ldbxmorgqhr2ts3k 1530383 1530319 2026-05-03T10:40:16Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530383 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utalii''' ni sehemu muhimu ya uchumi wa [[Visiwa vya Kanari|Visiwa vya Canary]], <ref name="Andrews">Andrews, Sarah, 2004, ''Canary Islands'', Lonely Planet.</ref> [[visiwa]] vya [[Uhispania]] vilivyoko katika [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]], kilomita 100 (maili 62) magharibi mwa Moroko. Visiwa saba kuu na visiwa sita vinaunda Visiwa vya Kanari. Walikuwa na zaidi ya watalii milioni 9 wa kigeni walioingia mwaka wa 2007. <ref name="geographic">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.turismodecanarias.com/canary-islands-spain/tourist-guide/history/|title=Official Canary Islands Tourism Website - The Canaries<!-- Bot generated title -->|work=Turismodecanarias|accessdate=20 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928080417/http://www.turismodecanarias.com/canary-islands-spain/tourist-guide/history/|archivedate=28 September 2010}}</ref> Watalii wanaotafuta jua na fukwe walianza kutembelea Canaries kwa wingi katika miaka ya [[1960]]. Visiwa vya Canary ni kivutio kikuu cha watalii wa Uropa na rasilimali za asili na kitamaduni za kuvutia sana. <ref>Moreno Gil, S. & Brent Ritchie, J. R. 2009. Understanding the museum image formation process: A comparison of residents and tourists. Journal of Travel Research. 47, 4, 480-493.</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=S.|first=Moreno Gil|last2=Moreno|first2=Gil, S.|last3=B.|first3=Ritchie, J. R.|title=Understanding the Museum Image Formation Process: A Comparison of Residents and Tourists|url=https://ulpgc.academia.edu/SergioMorenoGil/Papers/594805/Understanding_the_museum_image_formation_process_A_comparison_of_residents_and_tourists|journal=Journal of Travel Research|volume=47|access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref> == Utaifa == Kwa mataifa ambayo hutembelea Visiwa vya Canary, maeneo yanayopendelewa na [[Ufalme wa Muungano|Waingereza]] ni Tenerife na Lanzarote, wakichukua 46.7% na 25% ya waliofika mtawalia; [[Wajerumani]] wamegawanywa kwa usawa kati ya Fuerteventura (29.8%), Gran Canaria (28.9%) na Tenerife (26.1%); Watu wa Nordic mara nyingi huchagua Gran Canaria (58.7%) na [[Wahispania]] Tenerife (46%). <ref>[https://www.hosteltur.com/122930_canarias-asi-es-perfil-turista-visita-islas.html Canarias: así es el perfil del turista que visita las Islas]</ref> Visiwa vya Canary vinaendelea kupokea watalii kutoka kwa masoko ya kitamaduni na vinakumbana na kuibuka kwa wageni kutoka nchi nyingine kama vile [[Italia]], [[Ufaransa]] na [[Polandi]] . <ref>[http://www.laprovincia.es/economia/2012/01/14/canarias-alcanza-nuevo-record-turistas-extranjeros/430372.html La Provincia - Diario de Las Palmas]</ref> Kwa watalii wa Kiitaliano, Tenerife ndio kivutio kikuu (42.49%), ikifuatiwa na Fuerteventura (22.21%), Gran Canaria (18.78%) na Lanzarote (16.51%). <ref>[https://www.tourinews.es/resumen-de-prensa/notas-de-prensa-mercados-turismo/turistas-italianos-a-canarias-se-ha-triplicado_4455187_102.html La llegada de italianos a Canarias se ha triplicado en la última década]</ref> Wafaransa pia walichagua Tenerife katika nafasi ya kwanza kwa 35.0%, ikifuatiwa na Fuerteventura (30.9%), Lanzarote (20.1%), Gran Canaria (13.3%) na La Palma (0.7%). <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://turismodeislascanarias.com/sites/default/files/promotur_francia_2014.pdf |title=Perfil del turista francés que viaja a Canarias |accessdate=2022-06-11 |archive-date=2022-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615140837/https://turismodeislascanarias.com/sites/default/files/promotur_francia_2014.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Watalii wa Kipolishi wamegawanywa kati ya; Tenerife (38.8%), Fuerteventura (26.7%), Gran Canaria (21.9%), Lanzarote (11.9%) na La Palma (0.7%). <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://turismodeislascanarias.com/sites/default/files/promotur_polonia_2016.pdf |title=Perfil del turista polaco que viaja a Canarias |accessdate=2022-06-11 |archive-date=2022-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615140750/https://turismodeislascanarias.com/sites/default/files/promotur_polonia_2016.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Utalii]] [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] nq2jhhg0aoyrfudlqjt8eo9hf9etkur 0 151620 1529883 1523478 2026-05-02T13:10:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529883 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Egypt relief location map.jpg|alt=Na Pelusium iko nchini Misri|thumb|Na Pelusium inapatikana nchini ya Misri]] '''Pelusium''' ( Coptic iliyoandikwa kwa Kiromani , au {{Lang|cop|Ⲥⲓⲛ}} , ''Dhambi'' ; Arabic ; Egyptian Arabic <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Pelusium – Tell Farama|url=https://pcma.uw.edu.pl/en/2019/02/10/pelusium-tell-farama/|accessdate=2020-08-18|work=pcma.uw.edu.pl}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ) ulikuwa mji muhimu katika maeneo ya mashariki ya [[Delta ya Nile]] ya [[Misri]], 30&nbsp;km kuelekea kusini mashariki mwa [[Port Said|Bandari ya kisasa ya Said]] . <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World|date=15 September 2000|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-03169-9|editor-last=Talbert, Richard J. A.|location=Princeton, New Jersey|pages=70, 74}}</ref> Ikawa mji mkuu [[Jimbo la Kiroma|wa mkoa wa Kirumi]] na uaskofu mkuu wa Metropolitan na kubakia kuwa eneo la wawakilishi wengi wa Kikatoliki na [[dayosisi]] inayofanya kazi ya Othodoksi ya Mashariki. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Holy Archdioceses|url=http://www.patriarchateofalexandria.com/index.php?module=content&cid=004001|accessdate=2020-12-14|work=Patriarchate of Alexandria}}</ref> == Mahali == Pelusium ilikuwa kati ya ubao wa bahari na mabwawa ya [[Delta ya Nile]], kama maili mbili na nusu kutoka baharini. Bandari hiyo ilisongwa na mchanga mapema katika karne ya kwanza KK, na ukanda wa pwani sasa umesonga mbele zaidi ya mipaka yake ya kale kwamba jiji hilo, hata katika karne ya tatu BK, lilikuwa angalau maili nne kutoka Mediterania. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Mji]] [[Jamii:Utalii]] [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] t7xngxi031wn7xmfl7jdqf6rgwhm4y8 0 151654 1530042 1476613 2026-05-02T18:46:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530042 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Egypt adm location map.svg|alt=Na Zawyet el-Maiyitin iko nchini Misri|thumb|Zawyet el-Maiyitin iko nchini [[Misri]].]] '''Zawyet el-Maiyitin''' au '''Zawyet Sultan''' au '''Zawyet el-Amwat''' ni kijiji nchini [[Misri]], kilichoko katika [[Mkoa wa Minya]]. Huko kuna [[piramidi]] ndogo na ya ajabu kwa kuwa ni piramidi pekee iliyojengwa kwenye ukingo wa mashariki wa [[Nile|Mto Nile]]. Pia inajumuisha makaburi yaliyochongwa katika miamba ya Ufalme wa Kale.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.egyptsites.co.uk/middle/minya/maiyitin.html |title=Nakala ya EgyptSites |accessdate=2022-06-11 |archive-date=2007-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113111517/http://www.egyptsites.co.uk/middle/minya/maiyitin.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Misri]] hv6vry4l8ch8dpbm0fqr4y705g43afw 0 151673 1530041 1321656 2026-05-02T18:46:01Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530041 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:UmmRakhamGateBSouthSide.jpg|thumb| Eneo la kiakiolojia la Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham, Misri]] '''Zawyet Umm El Rakham''' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/archaeology-classics-and-egyptology/research/projects/zawiyet/|title=The Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham Project|accessdate=2022-06-11|archivedate=2018-07-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705233513/https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/archaeology-classics-and-egyptology/research/projects/zawiyet/}}</ref> ni eneo la archaeological linapatikana kwenye pwani ya kaskazini ya Misri 20 km magharibi ya Marsa Matruh, na 300 km upande wa magharibi ya Alexandria. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://geocities.com/zurdig/HomeFrame.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022185436/http://geocities.com/zurdig/HomeFrame.htm|archivedate=2009-10-22|title=Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham}}</ref> Wakati wa utawala wa [[Ramses II|Ramesses II]], palikuwa mahali pa ngome mji mkubwa ambao pengine uliashiria kama eneo la magharibi lenye ushawishi wa moja kwa moja wa [[Misri ya Kale|Misri]] . Iligunduliwa mwaka wa [[1948]] na miaka iliyofuata ilichunguzwa mara kwa mara na Alan Rowe na Labib Habachi . Tangu 1994 uchimbaji wa kina umefanywa kwenye na timu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Liverpool chini ya uongozi wa Steven Snape . == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Utalii nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Misri]] ncilgjw67pwxzv0agl5it4do9rzlz8t 0 151865 1530107 1229540 2026-05-02T18:56:13Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530107 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ziwa Shirwa''' ni [[ziwa]] linalopatikana nchini [[Msumbiji]] . Iligunduliwa mnamo [[1859]] na mvumbuzi wa Scotland, [[David Livingstone]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/3496847.stm|title='Message in a bottle' for auction|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=2004-02-17|accessdate=2008-05-09}}</ref> == Kusoma zaidi == {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://archive.org/details/narrativeanexpe00livigoog|title=Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries; and of the Discovery of the Lakes Shirwa and Nyassa. 1858-1864|last=Livingstone|first=David|last2=Charles|first2=Livingstone|publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]]|year=1865|location=London|author-link=David Livingstone|author-link2=Charles Livingstone}} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Msumbiji]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Afrika]] hp875u4lr818q9mhgx3ajerx45fr9k1 0 152087 1529925 1524121 2026-05-02T16:20:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529925 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Ravitoto.jpg|alt=Picha ya Ravitoto|thumb|Picha ya Ravitoto]] '''Ravitoto''' ni vyakula vya [[tamaduni|kitamaduni]] vya [[Kimalagasi]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2015-08-24|title=The culinary specificities of Malagasy cuisine by Hotel * RESTAURANT gourmet coconut LODGE MAJUNGA|url=https://www.cocolodgemajunga-madagascar.com/les-specificites-culinaires-de-la-cuisine-malgache-by-hotel-restaurant-gourmand-coco-lodge-majunga/|accessdate=2020-12-16|work=Coconut lodge Madagascar|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ravitoto ina maana ya "[[majani]] ya [[muhogo]] yaliyosagwa". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Pork and ravitoto {{!}} a traditional recipe in Madagascar|url=https://www.booking-hotel-madagascar.com/news/henakisoa-sy-ravitoto-recette-traditionnelle-a-madagascar/|accessdate=2020-12-11|work=Book with Madagascar Hotels Booking|language=en|archivedate=2020-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204072124/https://www.booking-hotel-madagascar.com/news/henakisoa-sy-ravitoto-recette-traditionnelle-a-madagascar/}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|author=|first=|date=|title=CASSAVA LEAVES (RAVITOTO)|url=https://soul-of-madagascartours.com/cassava-leaves-ravitoto/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126015122/https://soul-of-madagascartours.com/cassava-leaves-ravitoto/|archivedate=2020-11-26|accessdate=|work=}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=|first=|date=|title=Cassava leaves in Malagasy (ravitoto)|url=http://www.auzoma.com/au/index.php/en/home/26-cooking/vegetable/962-cassava-leaves-in-gabon-ravitoto|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=|work=}}</ref> Haya ni majani matamu ya [[muhogo]] (mti wa muhogo) yaliyopondwa kwa chokaa au kinu cha nyama. <ref name=":0" /> chakula hicho hupikwa na vitunguu na nyama ya nguruwe yenye mafuta mengi. Katika jamii zingine, [[maziwa]] ya [[nazi]] hutumiwa badala yake kupika majani ya muhogo, kama mataba huko [[Komori|Comoro]] . Sahani hii ni rahisi kuandaa, lakini inachukua muda mrefu kupika kwa sababu [[kitoweo]] huchukua [[dakika]] 30 hadi saa. Kuna [[mapishi]] kadhaa ya [https://travelinspires.org/recipe-for-the-famous-ravitoto-of-madagascar/ ravitoto] mtandaoni, na kuna njia kadhaa za kupika. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] 0funpe2p3vud16jc1bcuitppd67xpgv 0 152436 1530108 1230817 2026-05-02T18:56:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530108 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Lake Tsimanampetsotsa NASA.jpg|thumb|Ziwa Tsimanampetsotsa]] '''Ziwa Tsimanampetsotsa''' (kwa {{Lang-fr|Lac Tsimanampetsotsa}}; pia huitwa '''Ziwa Tsimanampesotse''') ni [[ziwa]] lenye [[Alkali|alkali]] kiasi <ref name="alka">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2001AM/finalprogram/abstract_26774.htm|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2017-08-19|archivedate=2017-08-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820033645/https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2001AM/finalprogram/abstract_26774.htm}}</ref> katika [[Mkoa wa Toliara]], sehemu ya kusini-magharibi ya [[Madagaska]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Madagascar#ref386732|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2017-08-19|archivedate=2017-08-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820042038/https://www.britannica.com/place/Madagascar#ref386732}}</ref> Iko karibu{{Coord|24|07|S|43|45|E|type:waterbody_region:MG}}. [[Ziwa]] limehifadhiwa ndani ya Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Tsimanampetsotsa na pia liko ndani ya eneo la Ramsar. Tovuti ya Ramsar ina jumla ya eneo la 456km za mraba , wakati uso wa ziwa ni mdogo zaidi. Jina la ziwa katika [[Kimalagasy|Kimalagasi]] linamaanisha "ziwa bila [[pomboo]] ". Ni mahali patakatifu kwa ibada, sherehe na matambiko. Tabu za mitaa huzuia uchafuzi wa maji. Kuogelea na kutumia pirogues ni marufuku. Maji, matope na baadhi ya mimea kutoka ziwani hutumiwa katika dawa za jadi (Tahirindraza na Marikandia 2015). <ref name="Rasoloariniaina2017">Rasoloariniaina, JR. 2017. Physico-chemical water characteristics and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Lake Tsimanampesotse, south-western Madagascar. [[African Journal of Aquatic Science]]. 42. 191-199. 10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532.</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Madagaska]] 48ogapdcqq5fejo1fnru5l9irmmfhts 0 155064 1530020 1239827 2026-05-02T18:42:41Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530020 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zama za Shirazi''' inahusu asili ya hadithi katika historia ya Kusini Mashariki mwa Afrika (na hasa Tanzania), kati ya karne ya 13 na karne ya 15. Waswahili wengi katika eneo la pwani ya kati wanadai kwamba miji yao ilianzishwa na Waajemi kutoka mkoa wa Shiraz katika karne ya 13. Mara baada ya kukubalika kama ukweli, utafiti wa kisasa umekanusha asili ya Shirazi kwa miji ya Kiswahili, badala yake kusisitiza mambo mbalimbali ya kijamii yaliyochochea kudai utambulisho huu. == Historia == Asili ya hadithi kuhusu Shirazi ni kutoka kwa wakazi Waislamu wa Visiwa vya Lamu ambao walihamia kusini katika karne ya 10 na 11. Walileta pamoja nao mapokeo ya sarafu na aina ya Uislamu wa kienyeji. Wahamiaji hawa wa Kiafrika wanaonekana kuendeleza dhana ya asili ya Shirazi walipokuwa wakielekea kusini zaidi, karibu na Malindi na Mombasa, kando ya pwani ya Mrima. Uhusiano wa muda mrefu wa kibiashara na Ghuba ya Uajemi ulitoa uaminifu kwa hadithi hizi. Kwa kuongezea, kwa sababu jamii nyingi za Kiislamu ni za kizalendo, mtu anaweza kudai utambulisho wa mbali kupitia mistari ya baba bila kujali muundo wa asili ya mtu wengi. Kile kinachoitwa mapokeo ya Shirazi kinawakilisha kuwasili kwa Uislamu katika zama hizi, sababu mojawapo imethibitisha kudumu kwa muda mrefu. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Fouéré|first=Marie-Aude|date=2003-01-01|title=Horton, Mark &amp; Middleton, John. – The Swahili. The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Society. Oxford-Malden, MA, Blackwell Publishers, 2000, 282 p., index, bibl. (« The Peoples of Africa »).|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/etudesafricaines.1549|journal=Cahiers d'études africaines|volume=43|issue=172|doi=10.4000/etudesafricaines.1549|issn=0008-0055}}</ref> == Urithi == Moja ya maeneo muhimu ya akiolojia ni yale ya Kaole, kaskazini mwa Dar es Salaam. Mabaki ya msikiti mkongwe zaidi kusini mashariki mwa Afrika yanaweza kupatikana huko. == Nyumba ya Kifalme == Kuna mstariwa kifalme wa Kiajemi ambao unahifadhi cheo cha Masultani wa Wa-Shirazi ikiwa ni pamoja na Usultani wa Hamamvu wa Comoro na Usultani wa Aldabra (aliyepo madarakani sasa akiwa Viknesh Sounderajah). <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Fouéré|first=Marie-Aude|date=2003-01-01|title=Horton, Mark &amp; Middleton, John. – The Swahili. The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Society. Oxford-Malden, MA, Blackwell Publishers, 2000, 282 p., index, bibl. (« The Peoples of Africa »).|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/etudesafricaines.1549|journal=Cahiers d'études africaines|volume=43|issue=172|doi=10.4000/etudesafricaines.1549|issn=0008-0055}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Historia ya Tanzania]] ewv8et6kbrp183r52o9jw457v8mr5ok 0 159027 1529743 1480923 2026-05-02T12:11:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 5 template(s) replaced. 1529743 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yom Kippur''' (kwa [[Kiebrania]] יוֹם כִּפּוּר  <nowiki>'</nowiki> <span>Siku ya Upatanisho</span> &#x27;) ndiyo [[siku]] takatifu zaidi katika [[dini]] za [[Uyahudi]] na [[Usamaria]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Festival 2016: Seven Festivals Celebrated in the Israelite Samaritan Year|url=https://www.israelite-samaritans.com/festival/|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Israelite Samaritan Information Institute|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Festival of Yom Kippur (The day of Atonement)|url=https://www.the-samaritans.net/the-festival-of-yom-kippur-the-day-of-atonement/|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=The Samaritans|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913235447/https://www.the-samaritans.net/the-festival-of-yom-kippur-the-day-of-atonement/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Afflicting the Soul: A Day When Even Children Must Fast - TheTorah.com|url=https://thetorah.com/article/afflicting-the-soul-a-day-when-even-children-must-fast|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=thetorah.com}}</ref> Inatokea kila [[mwaka]] siku ya 10 ya [[mwezi]] wa Tishri ambao ni wa saba katika [[kalenda ya Kiyahudi]]. Ni siku ya [[toba]] na maadhimisho yake yanajumuisha [[saumu]] kamili kwa [[saa]] 25, pamoja na [[sala]] na [[maungamo ya dhambi]] (kwa kawaida katika [[ibada]] ya [[sinagogi]]). Pamoja na [[sherehe]] ya [[Rosh Hashanah|Rosh HaShanah]], Yom Kippur ni mojawapo ya " Siku Takatifu Kuu " za Uyahudi. == Rosh HaShanah na Yom Kippur == Yom Kippur ni "siku ya kumi ya [mwezi] wa saba" <ref>{{Bibleverse|Numbers|29:7|HE}}</ref> ( Tishrii ) na [[Rosh Hashanah]] ni siku ya kwanza ya mwezi huo kulingana na [[Kalenda ya Kiyahudi|kalenda ya Kiebrania]]. Siku kumi kati ya Rosh Hashanah na Yom Kippur zinajulikana katika [[Uyahudi]] kama Siku Kuu Takatifu au ''Yamim Nora'im'' ("Siku za Kustaajabisha"). <ref name="hhd">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-high-holidays/|title=The High Holidays|publisher=My Jewish Learning|accessdate=September 27, 2020}}</ref> == Desturi za siku == [[Tabia]] kuu ni kufunga [[chakula]] na kila [[kinywaji]] kuanzia kabla ya [[machweo]] hadi baada ya machweo kwa hiyo kwa saa 25. Kanuni ya mafungo ya Yom Kippur ni pamoja na * Hakuna kula wala kunywa * Hakuna kuvaa [[Kiatu|viatu]] vya ngozi * Hakuna kuoga wala kuosha * Hakuna kujipaka [[Marashi|manukato]] wala [[mafuta]] ya kujipaka * Hakuna mahusiano ya [[ndoa]] Hapo wanashiriki pia Wayahudi wengi ambao vinginevyo hawafuati dini wala [[sheria]] zake. Yom Kippur ni siku ambapo wengi kati ya Wayahudi hao wasio wa kidini wanafika kwenye [[sinagogi]] na kushiriki katika ibada.<ref>Cohen, S.M.; Eisen, A.M.: ''The Jew Within: Self, Family, and Community in America'', p. 169. Indiana University Press, 2000. "For completely uninvolved Jews ... the question of synagogue attendance rarely arises. They are unlikely ever to consider the matter, except at Rosh Hashanha and Yom Kippur or to attend a bar or bat mitzvah." See also Samuel C. Heilman, Synagogue Life, 1976.</ref> === Jioni === Kabla ya macheo ya Yom Kippur, waumini hukusanyika katika [[sinagogi]]. [[Sanduku]] la [[Torati]] linafunguliwa na watu wawili wanaochukua kutoka humo [[magombo]] mawili ya Torati. Kisha wakasimama pande zote mbili za [[Mwimbaji]] Mkuu. Wote watatu kwa pamoja huimba kwa Kiebrania:<blockquote>Katika [[mahakama]] ya [[Mbingu|mbinguni]] na mahakama ya [[Dunia|duniani]], tunaona ni halali kuswali pamoja na wakosaji.</blockquote>Kisha mwimbaji mkuu anaimba [[sala]] ya Kol Nidre ([[Kiaramu]]: '''כל נדרי''' "viapo vyote"). [[Jina]] lake "Kol Nidre" limechukuliwa kutoka [[neno|maneno]] ya ufunguzi, na hutafsiri "viapo vyote":<blockquote>[[kiapo|Viapo]] vyote vya binafsi ambavyo tunaweza kufanya, viapo vyote vya binafsi na viapo ambavyo tunaweza kuchukua kati ya Yom Kippur hii na Yom Kippur ijayo, tunakanusha hadharani. Vyote viachwe, vibatilishwe na visiwe imara wala vya maana. Viapo vyetu binafsi, [[nadhiri]] na viapo vyetu vya hadharani vizingatiwe kuwa si nadhiri wala viapo. <ref>Translation of Philip Birnbaum, from ''High Holiday Prayer Book''', Hebrew Publishing Company, NY, 1951</ref></blockquote>Kisha [[kiongozi]] na kusanyiko wanasema pamoja mara tatu "Watu wote wa [[Israeli]] wasamehewe, pamoja na wageni wote wanaoishi kati yao, kwa maana watu wote wana hatia." Magombo ya Torati huwekwa tena ndani ya sanduku, na ibada ya [[jioni]] ya Yom Kippur huanza.  [[Talmud]] inasema, "Yom Kippur hupatanisha wale wanaotubu na haileti upatanisho kwa wale wasiotubu". <ref>[[Yoma]] 85b.</ref> Toba katika Uyahudi inafanywa kupitia mchakato uitwao Teshuva, ambao katika hali yake ya msingi kabisa inajumuisha kujuta kwa kufanya [[dhambi]], kuazimia kutotenda dhambi hiyo katika siku zijazo na kuungama dhambi hiyo mbele ya [[Mungu]]. Kuungama katika Uyahudi kunaitwa ''Vidui'' (Kiebrania וידוי). Pia kuna [[amri]] ya kutubu kwenye Yom Kippur. <ref>Maimonodes, Mishneh Torah, Laws of Teshuva 2:7</ref> Wayahudi ''husoma Vidui'' kamili jumla mara tisa. === Tarehe ya Yom Kippur === Yom Kippur huadhimishwa kila mwaka siku ya 10 ya mwezi wa Kiyahudi wa Tishri, ambayo ni siku 9 baada ya siku ya kwanza ya [[Rosh Hashanah]]. Kwa mujibu wa [[kalenda ya Gregori]], [[tarehe]] ya kwanza kabisa ambayo Yom Kippur inaweza kuadhimishwa ni Septemba 14, kama ilivyotokea hivi majuzi mwaka wa 1899 na 2013. Yom Kippur inaweza kutokea kuhusiana na tarehe za Gregori hadi 14 Oktoba, kama ilivyotokea mwaka wa 1967 na itavyotokea tena mwaka wa 2043. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.oztorah.com/2010/07/an-early-rosh-hashanah-ask-the-rabbi/|title=Rosh HaShanah and the Gregorian calendar|publisher=Oztorah.com|accessdate=September 12, 2012}}</ref> Tarehe za [[kalenda ya Gregori]] kwa sikukuu za hivi karibuni na zijazo za Yom Kippur ni: {| class='wikitable' |- ! align='center' | Mwaka wa Kiyahudi || align='center' | Mwaka wa [[Kalenda ya Gregori]] |- | align='center' | 5783 || align='center' | 5 Oktoba 2022 |- | align='center' | 5784 || align='center' | 25 Septemba 2023 |- | align='center' | 5785 || align='center' | 12 Oktoba 2024 |- | align='center' | 5786 || align='center' | 2 Oktoba 2025 |- | align='center' | 5787 || align='center' | 21 Septemba 2026 |}   == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == ** [http://www.feldheim.com/pathway-to-prayer-rosh-hashanah-and-yom-kippur-sephardic-custom.html/ Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur Prayers for Sephardic Jews] {{Wayback|url=http://www.feldheim.com/pathway-to-prayer-rosh-hashanah-and-yom-kippur-sephardic-custom.html/ |date=20210511213057 }} ** [http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/rosh_hashana/index.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki From Our Collections: Marking the New Year] – Online exhibition from Yad Vashem on the celebration of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur before, during, and after the Holocaust ** [http://www.hebcal.com/ Dates for Yom Kippur] ** [https://www.tefilah.com.au/lesson/kol-nidrei/ Yom Kippur Prayers sung by Chazzanim] ** [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Yom-Kippur More information on Yom Kippur] [[Jamii:Sikukuu za Uyahudi]] 46x3mzw366bw54y9d7zf1280xtpgseb 0 161396 1530315 1527831 2026-05-03T06:38:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530315 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Unyanyasaji dhidi ya wanawake''' ([[kifupi]] cha [[Kiingereza]]: '''VAW''' ), unaojulikana pia kama '''unyanyasaji wa kijinsia''' ('''SGBV'''), <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Russo|first=Nancy Felipe|last2=Pirlott|first2=Angela|date=November 2006|title=Gender-based violence: concepts, methods, and findings|journal=[[Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences]]|publisher=[[Taylor and Francis]] and [[Oxfam]]|volume=1087|issue=Violence and Exploitation Against Women and Girls|pages=178&ndash;205|bibcode=2006NYASA1087..178R|doi=10.1196/annals.1385.024|pmid=17189506}}</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140721134742/http://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/pht/SGBV/en/ Sexual and Gender-based Violence] (WHO)</ref> ni vitendo vya [[ukatili]] hasa vinavyofanywa dhidi ya [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] au wasichana. Vurugu kama hizo mara nyingi huchukuliwa kama aina ya uhalifu wa chuki, <ref>''Citations'': </ref> unaofanywa dhidi yao haswa kwa sababu ni [[Jike|wanawake]], na unaweza kuchukua aina nyingi. VAW ina historia ndefu sana, ingawa matukio ya unyanyasaji yanaofautiana kwa maeneo na ata [[jamii]]. Vitendo kama hivyo mara nyingi huonekana kama njia ya kuwatiisha wanawake, iwe katika jamii kwa ujumla au katika uhusiano wa kibinafsi . ukatili huo unaweza kuibuka kutokana na hisia ya kustahiki, ubora, chuki dhidi ya wanawake au mitazamo kama hiyo katika mhalifu au tabia yake ya ukatili, hasa dhidi ya wanawake. Azimio la Umoja wa Mataifa la Kutokomeza Unyanyasaji Dhidi ya Wanawake linasema, "unyanyasaji dhidi ya wanawake ni dhihirisho la uhusiano wa kihistoria usio na usawa kati ya wanaume na wanawake" na "unyanyasaji dhidi ya wanawake ni mojawapo ya mifumo muhimu ya kijamii ambayo wanawake wanalazimishwa kuwa chini. ikilinganishwa na wanaume." <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.un-documents.net/a48r104.htm|title=A/RES/48/104 - Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women|publisher=United Nations General Assembly|accessdate=6 August 2014}}</ref> [[Kofi Annan]], [[Katibu Mkuu wa UM|Katibu Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa]], alitangaza katika ripoti ya [[2006]] iliyowekwa kwenye tovuti ya [[UNIFEM|Mfuko wa Maendeleo ya Umoja wa Mataifa kwa Wanawake]] (UNIFEM):<blockquote>Ukatili dhidi ya wanawake na wasichana ni tatizo la uwiano . Angalau mwanamke mmoja kati ya watatu duniani kote amepigwa, kulazimishwa kufanya ngono, au kunyanyaswa maishani mwake na mnyanyasaji kwa kawaida ni mtu anayejulikana naye. <ref name="Moradian">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://en.tolerancy.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=176:2009-09-15-08-37-55&catid=43:events-a-reports&Itemid=90|title=Domestic Violence against Single and Married Women in Iranian Society|author=Moradian|first=Azad|work=Tolerancy.org|publisher=[[The Chicago School of Professional Psychology]]|date=10 September 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425230632/http://en.tolerancy.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=176%3A2009-09-15-08-37-55&catid=43%3Aevents-a-reports&Itemid=90|archivedate=25 April 2012|accessdate=1 March 2015}}</ref></blockquote> : a. ukatili unaotokea katika familia au familia, ikijumuisha, ''pamoja na mengine'', unyanyasaji wa kimwili na kiakili, unyanyasaji wa kihisia na kisaikolojia, ubakaji na unyanyasaji wa kijinsia, kujamiiana na jamaa, ubakaji kati ya wanandoa, wenzi wa kawaida au wa hapa na pale na wanaoishi pamoja, uhalifu unaotendwa kwa jina la heshima, ukeketaji na mila nyingine zenye madhara kwa wanawake kama vile ndoa za kulazimishwa; == Viungo vya nje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110516094651/http://www.echr.coe.int/NR/rdonlyres/39C38938-2E29-4151-9280-D5AC063DD02E/0/FICHES_Violence_femmes_EN.pdf Violence against women], a factsheet on ECtHR case law * [https://www.endvawnow.org/ Virtual Knowledge Centre to End Violence against Women and Girls]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (in English, French, and Spanish) * [http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Women/SRWomen/Pages/SRWomenIndex.aspx UN Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences] * [https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/fgm/en/ World Health Organization's reports on FGM], Health complications of female genital mutilation == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Haki za binadamu]] [[Jamii:Haki za watoto]] [[Jamii:Jinsia]] b2f2us76e2lra00ybe84qhhn3jh9a4m 0 161678 1529802 1309282 2026-05-02T12:21:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529802 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Youths for Human Rights Protection and Transparency Initiative (YARPTI)''' (YARPTI) ni shirika lisilo la [[Serikali|kiserikali]] nchini [[Nigeria]] lililojitolea kukuza ustawi na ulinzi wa watoto na vijana. YARPTI pia inashughulikia na kupambana na ukiukaji wa [[haki za binadamu]],shirika hili lilianzishwa tarehe [[2 Aprili]] [[2015]]. Shirika hili linapinga ukiukaji wa haki za msingi ya haki za kibinadamu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Youths for Human Rights Protection and Transparency Initiative - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding|url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/youths-for-human-rights-protection-and-transparency-initiative|work=Crunchbase|accessdate=2022-11-27|language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Nigeria]] [[Jamii:African Youth Month 2022]] 9hzvjqpisf6ik8y63xhcoqztohmgcge 0 161736 1529675 1298288 2026-05-02T12:00:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529675 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yei Joint Stars FC''' ni klabu ya soka ya wanawake huko [[Yei]], [[Sudan Kusini]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2022-08-18|title=South Sudan's Yei Joint Stars thrash Djibouti 6-0|url=https://www.eyeradio.org/south-sudans-yei-joint-stars-thrash-djibouti-6-0/|accessdate=2022-11-20|work=Eye Radio|language=en-US}}</ref> Yei Joint Stars FC inashiriki katika shindano la CECAFA la Ligi ya Mabingwa ya Wanawake ya CAF mnamo 2021 na 2022 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Communications|first=F. K. F.|date=2021-08-29|title=Yei Joint Stars, CBE FC master wins in CAF Women Champions League CECAFA qualifiers|url=https://footballkenya.org/yei-joint-stars-edge-new-generations-in-caf-women-champions-league-cecafa-qualifiers/|accessdate=2022-11-20|work=Football Kenya Federation|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-michezo}} [[Jamii:Vilabu Mpira vya Sudan Kusini]] f9oahq4862zp3ie5925s716dpo2ufa3 0 162165 1529676 1273258 2026-05-02T12:00:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529676 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Dembo Yelena.jpg|thumb|Dembo akiwa Iraklion mwaka 2007]] '''Yelena Dembo''' (alizaliwa 8 Desemba [[1983]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Sataranji|chess]] wa [[Ugiriki]], ambaye anashikiria majina ya Mwalimu wa Kimataifa na Bibi mashuhuli. Yeye pia ni mwalimu na mwandishi wa [[chess]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The chess games of Yelena Dembo|url=https://www.chessgames.com/player/yelena_dembo.html|work=www.chessgames.com|accessdate=2023-03-14}}</ref> == Historia ya kifamilia == Dembo alizaliwa Desemba 8, 1983 huko [[Penza]], [[Urusi|Urusi.]] Alianza kusoma kwa mara ya kwanza alipokuwa na umri wa miaka miwili na nusu na akiwa na umri wa miaka mitatu na miezi tisa, alicheza kwa mara ya kwanza katika [[mashindano ya chess]] kati ya wavulana chini ya miaka kumi na mbili, na kumwezesha kuwa mchezaji wa chess aliyekadiriwa. Mama yake Dembo, Nadezhda Fokina <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Log in or Subscribe – ChessCafe.com|url=https://chesscafe.com/account/login/?action=mepr_unauthorized&redirect_to=https://chesscafe.com/text/misha30.pdf|work=chesscafe.com|accessdate=2022-12-10}}</ref>ni [[:en:Unified_Sports_Classification_System_of_the_USSR_and_Russia|USSR Master of Sport]]<nowiki/>kwenye michezo ya chess, mtaalamu wa lugha, mwandishi wa habari wa chess na mkufunzi. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Ugiriki]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ugiriki]] ewdj5s8e1mpwwp4zvbl0e2u9bs79xwg 0 162373 1530081 1260797 2026-05-02T18:52:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530081 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Great-Zimbabwe.jpg|right|thumb|[[Mandhari]] ya Zimbabwe Kuu.]] '''Zimbabwe Kuu''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: '''Great Zimbabwe''' ulikuwa [[mji]] wa [[Enzi ya kati|Karne za Kati]] katika vilima vya [[kusini]]-[[mashariki]] mwa [[Zimbabwe]] karibu na [[Ziwa Mutirikwi]] na mji wa [[Masvingo]]. Inafikiriwa ulikuwa [[mji mkuu]] wa [[dola]] kubwa lisilojulikana sana.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287608347 |doi=10.1007/BF03376887|title=Great Zimbabwe in Historical Archaeology: Reconceptualizing Decline, Abandonment, and Reoccupation of an Ancient Polity, A.D. 1450–1900 |year=2013 |last1=Pikirayi |first1=Innocent |journal=Historical Archaeology |volume=47 |pages=26–37 |hdl=2263/59176 |s2cid=59380130 }}</ref> [[jengo|Majengo]] yake ya [[Jiwe|mawe]] ni ya kuanzia [[karne ya 9]] hadi [[karne ya 15]], mji ulipoachwa. Inasadikiwa kwamba wakazi bwake waliweza kufikia 18,000 na kuwa mababu wa [[Washona]] wa leo.<ref name="livescience.com">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.livescience.com/58200-great-zimbabwe.html|title = Great Zimbabwe: African City of Stone|website = [[Live Science]]|date = 10 March 2017}}</ref> [[Gofu|Magofu]] yake yameorodheshwa na [[UNESCO]] kama [[Urithi wa Dunia]]. ==Picha== <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" class="center"> File:Great Zimbabwe (Donjon).jpg|Mnara File:Zimbabwe wall.jpg|Ngome File:Wall of the great enclosure, Great Zimbabwe.JPG|Ngome kutoka jirani File:Wall of the great enclosure (far), Great Zimbabwe.JPG|Ngome kutoka mbali File:Great-Zimbabwe-3.jpg|Mandhari kutoka bondeni File:Zimbabwe wooden lintel.jpg|Linta ya mbao </gallery> == Tazama pia == *Magofu mengine nchini Zimbabwe **[[Bumbusi National Monument|Bumbusi]] **[[Danangombe]] **[[Naletale]] **[[Khami]] **[[Ziwa, Zimbabwe]] **[[Leopard's Kopje]] *Magofu mengine nje ya Zimbabwe **[[Manyikeni]] huko [[Msumbiji]] **[[Blaauboschkraal stone ruins]] huko [[Mpumalanga]], [[Afrika Kusini]] **[[BaKoni ruins]] huko [[Mpumalanga]], [[Afrika Kusini]] **[[Engaruka]] huko [[Mkoa wa Arusha]], [[Tanzania]] **[[Kweneng' Ruins]] huko [[Gauteng]], [[Afrika Kusini]] **[[Mapungubwe]] huko [[Limpopo]], [[Afrika Kusini]] **[[Thimlich Ohinga|Thimlich Ohinga stone ruins]] huko [[Kaunti ya Migori]], [[Kenya]] *[[Megaliths]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Vyanzo== * {{cite book |last=Garlake |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Garlake |title=Great Zimbabwe: New Aspects of Archaeology |url=https://archive.org/details/greatzimbabwe0000garl_f0i8 |year=1973 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London|isbn= 978-0-8128-1599-3}} * {{cite book |last=Garlake |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Garlake |title=Great Zimbabwe|year=1982 |publisher=Zimbabwe Publishing House|location=Harare|isbn=978-0-949932-18-1}} * {{cite book |last=Garlake |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Garlake |title=Early Art and Architecture of Africa |year=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-284261-7 |location=Oxford |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/earlyartarchitec00garl }} * {{cite book |last=Matenga |first=Edward |title=Soapstone Birds of Great Zimbabwe: Symbols of a Nation |year=2008 |location=Harare |publisher= African Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-77901-135-0}} * {{cite book |last=Pikirayi |first=Innocent |author-link=Innocent Pikirayi |title=The Zimbabwe culture: origins and decline of southern Zambezian states |year=2001 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn= 978-0-7591-0091-6}} * {{cite book|last=Summers|first=Roger|author-link=Roger Summers|year=1970|chapter=The Rhodesian Iron Age|editor=J.D. Fage |editor2=Roland Oliver|title=Papers in African Prehistory|url=https://archive.org/details/papersinafricanp0000fage|url-access=registration|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-09566-2}} * {{cite book|last=Ucko|first=Peter J.|title=Theory in Archaeology: A World Perspective|year=1995|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-97328-8}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Great Zimbabwe}} {{Wikivoyage}} * [http://www.greatzimbabweruins.com Great Zimbabwe Ruins] * Great Zimbabwe entry on the [https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=364 UNESCO World Heritage site] {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Category:Historia ya Zimbabwe]] [[Category:Majengo ya Zimbabwe]] [[Category:Masvingo]] [[Category:Mahali pa Urithi wa Dunia katika Afrika]] 2i7q7zlcp8p6orfqpvrm1qtsud6c81j 0 163170 1529670 1479520 2026-05-02T11:59:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529670 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Josaphat_rex.png|thumb|right|Mfalme Yehoshafati alivyochorwa na [[Guillaume Rouillé]] [[mwaka]] [[1553]].]] '''Yehoshafati''' (kwa [[Kiebrania]]: '''יְהוֹשָׁפָט''', Yəhōšafat, Yŏhōšāp̄āṭ<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last=Khan |first=Geoffrey |title=The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew, Volume 1. |publisher=Open Book Publishers |year=2020 |isbn=978-1783746767}}</ref>, ''Mungu amehukumu''; [[905 KK]] hivi - [[849 KK]] hivi) alitawala [[ufalme wa Yuda]] kati ya miaka [[870 KK]] na [[849 KK]]. [[Muda]] huo alijitahidi kurudisha [[Israeli|Israeli]] kwa [[Mungu]] pekee, [[YHWH]], kama alivyofanya [[baba]] yake [[Asa]]. Aliyemrithi ni [[Mtoto|mwanae]] [[Yehoramu wa Yuda|Yehoramu]]. Habari zake zinapatikana hasa katika [[Kitabu cha Pili cha Wafalme]] 15-22 na [[Mambo ya Nyakati II|Kitabu cha Pili cha Mambo ya Nyakati]] 17-21. Pia anatajwa na [[Injili ya Mathayo]] kati ya [[babu|mababu]] wa [[Yesu Kristo]]. ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[https://www.kethertomalkuth.net/jehoshaphat-king-of-judah Genealogy of the House of David- Jehoshaphat, King of Judah] {{Wayback|url=https://www.kethertomalkuth.net/jehoshaphat-king-of-judah |date=20210720141940 }} {{Watawala wa Israeli ya Kale}} {{mbegu-mtu-Biblia}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 905 KK]] [[Category:Waliofariki 849 KK]] [[Category:Wafalme wa Yuda|Y]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Biblia|Y]] nq4rw82m3e0f60pahin59rzozkzg17s 0 163472 1529842 1380525 2026-05-02T12:27:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529842 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Yusuf Abdioğlu 2023.jpg|thumb|250px]] '''Yusuf Abdioğlu''' (alizaliwa [[14 Oktoba]] [[1989]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa [[Uturuki]] ambaye anacheza kama mlinzi wa klabu ya Ligi ya Samsunspor. Pia alitumia muda mwingi katika taaluma yake kucheza katika Timu za nusu daraja nchini Uturuki. akianza na Lüleburgazspor. Alikuwa na kazi katika [[Ofspor]], [[Nazilli Belediyespor]], [[Altınordu]], na [[Ankaragücü]] kabla ya kuhamia [[Hatayspor]] mnamo [[2018]] ambapo alisaidia Timu kupata ushindi wa ligi kuu kwa mara ya kwanza katika [[historia]] yao mwaka [[2020]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.fotomac.com.tr/hatayspor/2020/08/29/hataysporda-yusuf-abdioglu-mucade-etmezsek-ligde-kalici-olamayiz|title=Hatayspor'da Yusuf Abdioğlu: Mücade etmezsek ligde kalıcı olamayız|website=Fotomaç}}</ref> Abdioğlu alicheza mechi ya kwanza ya kulipwa akiwa na [[[[Hatayspor]] katika ushindi wa 2-0 wa Süper Lig dhidi ya mabingwa watetezi İstanbul Başakşehir FK mnamo [[14 Septemba]] [[2021|2020]], akiwa na umri wa miaka 31..<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2020/09/14/turkey/super-lig/hatayspor/istanbul-buyuksehir-bsk/3352762/|title=Hatayspor vs. Istanbul Basaksehir - 14 September 2020 - Soccerway|website=uk.soccerway.com}}</ref> Mnamo [[Juni 21]], [[2022]], Abdioğlu alisaini mkataba wa miaka miwili na [Samsunspor]<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Samsunspor|url=https://www.samsunspor.org.tr/haberDetay.php?id=6570|title=MEMLEKETİNE HOŞ GELDİN YUSUF ABDİOĞLU|date=21 June 2022|access-date=18 October 2022|language=tr|archive-date=2022-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709115405/https://www.samsunspor.org.tr/haberDetay.php?id=6570|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uturuki]] 1quo1wjgmg57cvrac27nexsk1qzohw4 0 163619 1529826 1265110 2026-05-02T12:25:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529826 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yuliana Aleksandrova''' (amezaliwa [[21 Februari]] [[1999]]) ni [[mwanasoka]] wa [[Bulgaria]] ambaye anacheza kama [[mshambuliaji]] kwenye [[Mashindano ya Kitaifa ya Wanawake]], pia ni mshambuliaji wa [[FC NSA Sofia]] na [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] ya Bulgaria. == Kazi za Kimataifa == Aleksandrova aliichezea Bulgaria katika kiwango cha juu katika mechi ya kirafiki ambayo iliyofungwa 0-6 na [[Kroatia]] mnamo 14 Juni 2019.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://hns-cff.hr/matches/33585689/bugarska-hrvatska-0-6/|title=Hrvatice proslavile visoku pobjedu u Bugarskoj|website=Croatian Football Federation|trans-title=Croats celebrate high victory in Bulgaria|language=hr|access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1999]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Bulgaria]] 4hylegkpl2quq580m7brx899vhvzoye 0 164493 1529666 1268158 2026-05-02T11:59:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529666 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yazdan Abbasian''' ni [[Kiungo (michezo)|kiungo]] wa kati wa [[Iran]] ambaye kwa sasa anachezea klabu ya [[soka]] ya Iran Shahrdari Bandar Abbas katika [[Ligi]] ya 2 ya Iran. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/yazdan-abbasian/292803/|title=Iran - y. Abbasian - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wachezaji mpira wa Iran]] opcbhd4d2iud5bqcaqmuaodnj7iuw24 0 166151 1530000 1272883 2026-05-02T18:39:41Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Football Player | jinalamchezaji = Zainab Kapanda | picha = | jinakamili = | tareheyakuzaliwa = 12 Machi 2002 | mjialiozaliwa = | nchialiozaliwa = Malawi | urefu = | nafasi = Kiungo | klabuyasasa = | nambayaklabu = | miakayavijana = | klabuzavijana = | miaka = | vilabu = | caps(goals) = | miakayataifa = | timuyataifa = Timu ya Taifa ya Wanawake Malawi | nationalcaps(goals) = | pcupdate = | ntupdate = }} '''Zainab Kapanda''', (alizaliwa [[12 Machi]] [[2002]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa nchini [[Malawi]] ambaye anacheza kama kiungo wa klabu ya Blantyre Zero na Timu ya Taifa ya Wanawake Malawi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://en.africatopsports.com/2021/05/30/malawi-goals-galore-as-national-womens-league-kicks-off-in-style/|title=MALAWI : Goals galore as National Women’s League kicks off in style|website=Africa Top Sports|date=30 May 2021|accessdate=16 October 2021}}</ref> == Ushiriki Kimataifa == Kapanda amechezea Timu ya Taifa ya Wanawake ya Malawi katika misimu mawili ya michuano ya Kombe la Wanawake la COSAFA ([[2020]] na [[2021]]).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zainab Kapanda - Soccer player profile & career statistics - Global Sports Archive|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/people/soccer/zainab-kapanda/468262/|work=globalsportsarchive.com|accessdate=2023-03-13}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Malawi]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2002]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] g1f4p4vu39o9d9h67k27kppi2n7pxie 0 166300 1530144 1330991 2026-05-02T19:02:13Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Football Player | jinalamchezaji = Zuberi Katwila | picha = | jinakamili = | tareheyakuzaliwa = 11 Oktoba 1982 | mjialiozaliwa = | nchialiozaliwa = Tanzania | urefu = | nafasi = Kiungo wa kati | klabuyasasa = | nambayaklabu = | miakayavijana = | klabuzavijana = | miaka = | vilabu = | caps(goals) = | miakayataifa = | timuyataifa = Timu ya Taifa ya Tanzania | nationalcaps(goals) = | pcupdate = | ntupdate = }} '''Zuberi Katwila,''' (alizaliwa [[11 Oktoba]] [[1982]]),alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] nchini [[Tanzania]], ambaye alicheza kama [[kiungo wa kati]].Mwenye msimamo katika shughuli yake ya mpira. == Klabu == Katwila alichezea klabu ya [[Mtibwa Sugar F.C.]] tangu mwaka [[1999]] hadi kustaafu kwake mchezo wa kandanda mwaka 2013.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zuberi Katwila (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/31457/Zuberi_Katwila.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2023-03-16|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}</ref> == Ushiriki Kimataifa == Alishiriki [[mashindano]] mbalimbali ya Kimataifa katika [[Taifa Stars|Timu ya Taifa ya Tanzania]], ikiwa ni pamoja na nusu fainali ya kombe la CECAFA [[2002]] dhidi ya [[Rwanda]], ambapo Tanzania iliibuka na ushindi wa mabao 3 - 0.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=CECAFA Cup (2002) {{!}} Final Tournament {{!}} Semi Finals|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/tournament/19/2002/2659/CECAFA_Cup.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2023-03-16|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1982]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 5t2ab3tggulo9pkucqzoa3uldn62lf0 0 166327 1530051 1273555 2026-05-02T18:47:41Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1530051 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Zeila ruins.jpeg|thumb|Maghofu ya kihistoria, Zeila]] [[Faili:Zeila at night.jpg|thumb|Zeila wakati wa usiku]] '''Zeila''' (kwa {{Lang-so|Saylac}}, kwa [[Kiarabu]] زيلع ''zayla'') ni [[mji]] wa [[bandari]] wa [[historia|kihistoria]] katika mkoa wa magharibi wa Awdal wa [[Somaliland]]. <ref name="Sfalr">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Somalia City & Town Population|url=http://www.faoswalim.org/ftp/Land_Reports/Cleared/L-03%20Land%20Cover%20of%20Selected%20Study%20Areas%20in%20Somaliland%20and%20Southern%20Somalia.pdf|publisher=FAO|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211231231/http://www.faoswalim.org/ftp/Land_Reports/Cleared/L-03%20Land%20Cover%20of%20Selected%20Study%20Areas%20in%20Somaliland%20and%20Southern%20Somalia.pdf|archivedate=11 February 2015|accessdate=20 October 2015}}</ref> Katika [[Enzi ya kati|Karne za Kati]], [[msafiri]] [[Wayahudi|Myahudi]] [[Benjamini wa Tudela]] alitambua Zeila (au Hawilah) na eneo la [[Biblia|Kibiblia]] la Havila. <ref>François-Xavier Fauvelle-Aymar, "Desperately Seeking the Jewish Kingdom of Ethiopia: Benjamin of Tudela and the Horn of Africa (Twelfth Century)", ''[[Speculum (journal)|Speculum]]'', 88.2 (2013): 383–404.</ref> Wasomi wengi wa kisasa wanadhani kwamba Zeila ni kati ya miji iliyotajwa katika [[kitabu]] cha mwongozo wa [[biashara]] kwenye [[Bahari ya Shamu]] iliyotungwa kwenye [[karne ya 2]] [[Baada ya Kristo|BK]] na kuitwa ''[[Mzunguko wa Bahari Nyekundu|Periplus ya Bahari ya Erythraea]]''. <ref>G. W. B. Huntingford (ed.), ''The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, by an Unknown Author: With Some Extracts from Agatharkhides ‘On the Erythraean Sea’'' (Ashgate, 1980), p. 90.</ref> <ref>Lionel Casson (ed.), ''The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text with Introduction, Translation and Commentary'' (Princeton University Press, 1989), pp. 116–17. Avalites may be [[Assab]] or a village named Abalit near [[Obock]].</ref> Mji huo uliendelea kuwa [[kitovu]] cha awali cha [[Uislamu]]. Tangu [[karne ya 9]], Zeila ilikuwa [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Ufalme wa Adal]] na [[Usultani wa Ifat]] katika [[karne ya 13]]; na pia mji mkuu wa [[dola]] mrithi wake [[Usultani wa Adal]]. Wakati wa [[karne ya 16]] iliona kipindi cha ustawi. Baadaye mji ulikuwa chini ya [[mamlaka]] ya [[Milki ya Osmani]] na tangu [[karne ya 18]] chini ya [[Milki ya Uingereza|Uingereza]]. Hadi hivi majuzi Zeila ilikuwa imezungukwa na [[ukuta]] mkubwa wenye [[mlango|milango]] mitano: Bab al Sahil na Bab al-jadd upande wa Kaskazini, Bab Abdulqadir upande wa Mashariki, Bab al-Sahil upande wa magharibi na Bab Ashurbura upande wa kusini. <ref>Historical Dictionary of Somalia by Mohamed Haji Mukhtar page 268 </ref> Zeila iko katika eneo la jadi la ukoo wa kale wa Dir ya [[Somalia]]. Mji wa Zeila na wilaya ya Zeila inakaliwa na Wagadabuursi na Waissa, ambao ni koo ndogo za familia ya Dir. <ref>Futūḥ al-Ḥabasha. (n.d.). Christian-Muslim Relations 1500 – 1900. doi:10.1163/2451-9537_cmrii_com_26077</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mnLDwAAQBAJ&q=samaron&pg=PA121|title=The Security Arena in Africa: Local Order-Making in the Central African Republic, Somaliland, and South Sudan|last=Glawion|first=Tim|date=2020-01-30|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-65983-3|language=en|quote=Three distinct circles can be distinguished based on the way the security arena is composed in and around Zeila: first, Zeila town, the administrative centre, which is home to many government institutions and where the mostly ethnic Gadabuursi/Samaron inhabitants engage in trading or government service activities; second, Tokhoshi, an artisanal salt mining area eight kilometres west of Zeila, where a mixture of clan and state institutions provide security and two large ethnic groups (Ciise and Gadabuursi/Samaron) live alongside one another; third the southern rural areas, which are almost universally inhabited by the Ciise clan, with its long, rigid culture of self-rule.}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/reclus/universalgeograp10recl.pdf|title=The Earth and its Inhabitants The Universal Geography Vol. X. North-east Africa|last=Reclus|first=Elisée|date=1886|publisher=J.S. Virtue & Co, Limited, 294 City Road|language=en|quote=Two routes, often blocked by the inroads of plundering hordes, lead from Harrar to Zeila. One crosses a ridge to the north of the town, thence redescending into the basin of the Awash by the Galdessa Pass and valley, and from this point running towards the sea through Issa territory, which is crossed by a chain of trachytic rocks trending southwards. The other and more direct but more rugged route ascends north-eastwards towards the Darmi Pass, crossing the country of the Gadibursis or Gudabursis. The town of Zeila lies south of a small archipelago of islets and reefs on a point of the coast where it is hemmed in by the Gadibursi tribe. It has two ports, one frequented by boats but impracticable for ships, whilst the other, not far south of the town, although very narrow, is from 26 to 33 feet deep, and affords safe shelter to large craft.}}</ref> <ref>UN (1999) Somaliland: Update to SML26165.E of 14 February 1997 on the situation in Zeila, including who is controlling it, whether there is fighting in the area, and whether refugees are returning. "The Gadabuursi clan dominates Awdal region. As a result, regional politics in Awdal is almost synonymous with Gadabuursi internal clan affairs." p. 5.</ref> Mazingira ya Zeila ni [[jangwa]]. [[Bahari|Baharini]] kuna [[Kisiwa|visiwa]] vidogo. Mji ulikuwa na vipindi vya ustawi kutokana na biashara yake lakini [[idadi]] ya watu ilibaki ndogo kutokana na uhaba wa maji baridi. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Vyanzo ==  {{refbegin}} *{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NDtCISiFS8IC|title=Coral Reefs of the Indian Ocean: Their Ecology and Conservation|last1=McClanahan|first1=T. R.|last2=Sheppard|first2=C. R. C.|last3=Obura|first3=D. O.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-195-35217-3}} {{refend}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://historicaltextarchive.com/books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=47&cid=2 Sir Richard Burton's account of Zeila in the late 19th century] * [http://www.fallingrain.com/world/SO/21/Saylac.html Zeila - majiranukta] [[Jamii:miji ya Somalia]] [[Jamii:Miji ya Somaliland]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:Coordinates on Wikidata]] 4whrrrwyd3lssr1ek4dbop0n87xw5xv 0 167029 1530199 1275693 2026-05-02T19:10:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1530199 wikitext text/x-wiki '''İpek Emiroğlu''' (alizaliwa [[Denizli]], [[1992]]) ni [[refa|mwamuzi]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa chama cha wanawake nchini [[Uturuki]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=İPEK EMİROĞLU - Referee Details TFF|url=https://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageId=531&hakemId=1258836|work=www.tff.org|accessdate=2023-04-03}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == İpek Emiroğlu ni mwanafunzi wa udaktari wa mifugo katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Uludağ huko [[Bursa]]. == Kazi ya uamuzi == Emiroğlu alianza kazi ya urefa katika [[mechi]] ya Ligi ya Wanaume chini ya miaka 21 mnamo [[2009]]. Alichezesha mechi kadhaa za Ligi za wanaume kama vile Regional Amateur League,TFF Third League na katika ngazi zote za ligi za wanawake kama mwamuzi msaidizi. Alichezesha kwa mara ya kwanza kama mwamuzi katika mechi ya Ligi ya wanawake daraja la pili mnamo [[Desemba 1]], [[2013]], na pia kwa mara ya kwanza kama mwamuzi katika Ligi ya Wanawake ya daraja la kwanza mnamo [[Novemba 9]], [[2014]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=İPEK EMİROĞLU - Referee Details TFF|url=https://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageId=531&hakemId=1258836|work=www.tff.org|accessdate=2023-04-03}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=NİYE KLASMAN DÜŞTÜLER?|url=https://www.hakeminsesi.com.tr/niye-klasman-dustuler.html|work=www.hakeminsesi.com.tr|accessdate=2023-04-03}}</ref> İpek Emiroğlu ndiye mwamuzi wa mpira wa miguu mwanamke mwenye [[umri]] mdogo zaidi kuwahi kutokea nchini Uturuki. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Uturuki]] 3mu9116a2qpcsiuntrtcmsvijlv2c10 0 167918 1530196 1277755 2026-05-02T19:10:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 5 template(s) replaced. 1530196 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Özge Kanbay''' ([[4 Novemba]] [[1996]]{{Spaced ndash}}[[25 Februari]] [[2019]]) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa nchini [[Uturuki]] na [[refa|mwamuzi]] wa mpira wa miguu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=ÖZGE KANBAY - Hakem Bilgileri TFF|url=https://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageId=72&hakemId=1652006|work=www.tff.org|accessdate=2023-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=ÖZGE KANBAY - Futbolcu Bilgileri TFF|url=https://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageId=30&kisiId=1652006|work=www.tff.org|accessdate=2023-04-06}}</ref> Kama mchezaji, alicheza msimu wa soka la wanawake wa Uturuki wa [[2019]]- [[2020]] na msimu wa Ligi ya Raga ya wanawake Uturuki, na kuwa mchezaji bora wa ligi hiyo mara saba.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kadıköy'de ragbi heyecanı - Tünaydın Gazetesi|url=http://www.tunaydingazetesi.com/haber/29728/kadikoy-de-ragbi-heyecani/|work=webcache.googleusercontent.com|accessdate=2023-04-06|archivedate=2020-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002185708/http://www.tunaydingazetesi.com/haber/29728/kadikoy-de-ragbi-heyecani/}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Kanbay alizaliwa [[Hamburg]], Ujerumani, mnamo 4 Novemba 1996. Ana [[dada]] yake mkubwa Gamze Kanbay Özkan.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Özge Kanbay son yolculuğuna uğurlandı|url=https://www.cnnturk.com/spor/futbol/ozge-kanbay-son-yolculuguna-ugurlandi|work=CNN TÜRK|accessdate=2023-04-06|language=tr|author=AA}}</ref> Kanbay alikuwa mwanafunzi wa elimu ya viungo na ufundishaji wa michezo katika fakati ya Sayansi ya michezo katika Chuo Kikuu cha Manisa Celal Bayar (MCBÜ).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=22 yaşında kansere yenik düştü|url=https://www.cnnturk.com/spor/futbol/genc-hakem-22-yasinda-kansere-yenik-dustu|work=CNN TÜRK|accessdate=2023-04-06|language=tr|author=DHA}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2019]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1996]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uturuki]] 4og6w09qvp09yamj3tx9wg71qmpf81h 0 168003 1530202 1277747 2026-05-02T19:11:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530202 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Želimir "Željko" Bebek''' (alizaliwa 16 Disemba 1945) ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Bosnia]] na '''[[Korasia]]'''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Željko Bebek|url=https://www.vecernji.hr/enciklopedija/zeljko-bebek-18455|work=[[Večernji list]]|accessdate=3 February 2020|language=hr|date=1 December 2016}}</ref> mashuhuri zaidi kwa kuwa mwimbaji wa bendi ya zamani ya [[rock]] ya huko Yugoslavia Bijelo Dugme kutoka 1974 hadi 1984. Pia ana kazi yenye mafanikio kama msanii wa solo. == Miaka ya awali == Bebek alizaliwa [[Sarayevo|Sarajevo]], PR Bosnia na Herzegovina, FPR Yugoslavia kwa wazazi wa Bosnia Croat Zvonimir na Katarina. Alionyesha kuvutiwa na sanaa ya muziki mapema sana, akiwaburudisha wageni waliokuwa wakifika nyumbani kwa mama yake kwa kuwaimbia nyimbo alizosikia kwenye [[redio]]. Pia alifanya majaribio ya muziki kupitia kifaa cha harmonica, lakini aliiacha katika darasa la tatu,kwa kuwa alitaka kucheza [[gitaa]] na kuimba. [[Mwalimu]] wake, hata hivyo, aliikatisha tamaa nia yake hio na hivyo Željko akaishia kucheza mandolin badala yake. Muda si muda akawa mchezaji bora wa mandolini wa shule hiyo na akaruhusiwa kucheza gitaa kama zawadi. Akiwa na umri wa miaka kumi na sita, Bebek alianza kupanda na kutumbuiza jukwaani katika eneo la Eho 61. Shughuli iliyofuata ya muziki ya Bebek ilikuja katika bendi isiyo na jina na Šento Borovčanin na akina Redžić – Fadil na Zoran . Bebek aliendelea kucheza muziki na bendi hio hadi Fadil Redžić alipoondoka na kujiunga na Indexi . == Kazi == === Kodeksi === Mnamo mwaka wa 1965, Eduard "Edo" Bogeljić alimwalika Bebek akiwa na umri wa miaka ishirini ajiunge na bendi ya muziki aliyoianzisha iitwayo Kodeksi ambayo pia ilimshirikisha Ismeta Dervoz katika uimbaji akiwa na Luciano Paganotto kwenye ngoma. Bebek alitumia miaka kadhaa akiimba na kucheza gitaa la ''rhythm'' na bendi, akiwasaidia kuwa mashuhuri ndani ya jiji la Sarajevo. Wakati Kodeksi ikikosa mpiga gitaa la besi, Bebek alimpendekeza Goran Bregović mwenye umri wa miaka kumi na minane kujiunga nao baada ya kuona kijana huyo akicheza na Beštije mnamo 1969. Mnamo msimu wa 1970, baada ya kutofautiana na wenzi wa bendi yake huko Italia, Bebek aliondoka Kodeksi na kurudi nyumbani kwao Sarajevo. ==== Novi Kodeksi ==== Muda mfupi baada ya kurejea Sarajevo, Bebek alianzisha Novi Kodeksi na mwanachama mwingine wa zamani wa Kodeksi Edo Bogeljić. Ikidhamiriwa kurudi kama asili ya kundi la Kodeksi, bendi ya Bogeljić na Bebek ilizunguka Sarajevo na mafanikio yaliyokuwa yakipungua huku ladha ya jumla ya watazamaji ikionekana kuhama; ingawa wakati fulani walivunja rekodi ya kutumbuiza kwa muda mrefu zaidi kusiko kwa kawaida wakitumia hadi masaa 32 mfululizo wakicheza jukwaani. Mwaka mpya wa 1971 ulileta ubunifu mpya kwani ladha ya muziki ilibadilika na kuwa na vionjo vingi vya kigeni. Mnamo Desemba 1971, Bebek alipokea notisi kutoka Jeshi la Watu wa Yugoslavia (JNA) kuripoti kutumikia jeshi na bendi hio ya Novi Kodeksi ilicheza tamasha lao la mwisho Dom Mladih huko Sarajevo. Umri wa miaka ishirini na sita wakati huo, Bebek alioa kwa nia ya kutulia na kusitisha shughuli zake za kupata riziki kupitia kucheza muziki. == Maisha binafsi == [[Faili:Zeljko_Bebek.JPG|right|thumb|225x225px| Bebek mnamo Juni 2012]] Bebek alizaliwa [[Sarayevo|Sarajevo]], [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] kwa wazazi Zvonimir na Katarina. Ameoa mara tatu. Ana binti Silvija kutoka kwenye ndoa yake ya kwanza, na binti mwingine Bianca kutoka kwenye ndoa yake ya pili. Kutoka kwenye ndoa yake ya sasa, ya tatu, na Ružica kutoka Tomislavgrad ambaye alikutana naye 1997 na kumuoa, Bebek ana mtoto wa kiume Zvonimir na binti Katarina, aliyepewa jina la baba na mama yake. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Željko Bebek|url=https://www.vecernji.hr/enciklopedija/zeljko-bebek-18455|work=[[Večernji list]]|accessdate=3 February 2020|language=hr|date=1 December 2016}} </ref> == Diskografia == === — akiwa na Bijelo Dugme === ==== Albamu za studio ==== * ''Kad bi bio bijelo dugme'' (1974) * ''Šta bi dao da si na mom mjestu'' (1975) * ''Eto!'' ''Baš hoću!'' (1976) * ''Bitanga na princeza'' (1979) * ''Doživjeti stotu'' (1980) * ''Uspavanka za Radmilu M.'' (1983) === Solo === ==== Albamu za studio ==== * ''Skoro da smo isti'' (1978) * ''Mene tjera neki vrag'' (1984) * ''Armija B'' (1985) * ''Niko zaidi na sanja'' (1989) * ''Pjevaj moj narode'' (1989) * ''Karmin pjesma i rakija'' (1990) * ''A svemir miruje'' (1992) * ''Gori svijet ti ćeš ga ugasiti'' (1993) * ''Puca mi u glavi'' (1995) * ''S tobom i bez tebe'' (1999) * ''Ošini po prašini'' (2000) * ''Kad poljubac pomiješaš sa vinom'' (2012) * ''Ono nešto naše'' (2017) * ''Mali oblak ljubavi'' (2021) == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1945]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Bosnia na Herzegovina]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Korasia]] 2kyt03ljyucm2viys1kr188g6xcpnkx 0 168357 1530388 1529294 2026-05-03T11:13:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530388 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Welenga''' ni [[albamu]] ya kwanza ya Wes Madiko na Michel Sanchez, iliyotolewa mnamo mwaka [[1996]] kupitia Saint George Records. Albamu hii ilishika nafasi ya 10 bora nchini [[Ureno]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://muscheu.tripod.com/PO/PO9824.HTM|title=Portugal (Top 10)}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:muziki wa Ureno]] 87j2esrgx9q2i8ot7ugp4sbrkq2g026 0 168979 1529827 1279245 2026-05-02T12:25:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529827 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yuliya Larionova''' (alizaliwa [[18 Agosti]], [[1984]]) ni [[refa|mwamuzi]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa [[Azerbaijan]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Azerbaijan - Y. Qurbanova - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/-/267168/|work=int.soccerway.com|accessdate=2023-04-15}}</ref> Alikuwa [[mchezaji]] aliyecheza kama [[mshambuliaji]] katika [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] ya Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Azerbaijan - Y. Qurbanova - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/-/267168/|work=int.soccerway.com|accessdate=2023-04-15}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Azerbaijan]] g0uah33qnn0ew31ufp040as4w0b8xj0 0 170393 1530077 1282733 2026-05-02T18:51:51Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530077 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zimamoto F.C.''' ni klabu ya soka ya [[Zanzibar (Jiji)|Zanzibar]]. Timu inashindana katika Ligi Kuu ya Zanzibar. Walishindana katika Ligi ya Mabingwa wa CAF kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka [[2017|2017.]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zanzibar - Zimamoto - Results, fixtures, squad, statistics, photos, videos and news - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/teams/zanzibar/zimamoto/38202/|work=int.soccerway.com|accessdate=2023-05-14}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Vilabu vya mpira Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Zanzibar]] 5ix3ogm0joqa7dhfbttz3vlmokc6eqr 0 170401 1530027 1282735 2026-05-02T18:43:51Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530027 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zanzibar Ocean View Football Club''' ni klabu ya [[Mpira wa miguu|soka]] [[Soka|(mpira wa miguu)]] kutoka Zanzibar yenye maskani yake mjini [[Unguja|Unguja.]] Ziliundwa mwaka wa 2010 kama upande uliojitenga kutoka Miembeni S.C.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zanzibar - Zanzibar Ocean View - Results, fixtures, squad, statistics, photos, videos and news - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/teams/zanzibar/zanzibar-ocean-view/17315|work=int.soccerway.com|accessdate=2023-05-14}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Vilabu vya mpira Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Zanzibar]] gt1fa9ufri6yo7f1vn8su2srdgnc24g 0 170415 1530028 1363355 2026-05-02T18:44:01Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530028 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ligi Kuu ya Zanzibar''' kwa kiingereza (''Zanzibar Premier League''), kwa jina lingine PBZ Premier League, ni mashindano ya daraja la juu kabisa ya mchezo wa mpira wa miguu chini ya Shirikisho la mpira wa miguu la Zanzibar. Ilianzishwa mwaka 1926 na kurasimishwa mwaka 1981. Anayeshikilia rekodi ya mfungaji mwenye magoli mengi mpaka sasa ni Craig macfarlane, alifunga jumla ya magoli 63 kwenye msimu wa 2001-02. '''Ligi Kuu ya Zanzibar''' kwa kiingereza (Zanzibar Premier League), kwa jina lingine PBZ Premier League, ni mashindano ya daraja la juu kabisa ya mchezo wa mpira wa miguu chini ya Shirikisho la mpira wa miguu la Zanzibar. Ilianzishwa mwaka 1926 na kurasimishwa mwaka 1981. Anayeshikilia rekodi ya mfungaji mwenye magoli mengi mpaka sasa ni Craig macfarlane, alifunga jumla ya magoli 63 kwenye msimu wa 2001-02. ==Washindi== {{Div col|colwidth=22em}} *1981 : [[Ujamaa FC|Ujamaa]] *1981–82 : [[Ujamaa FC|Ujamaa]] *1982–83 : [[Small Simba SC|Small Simba]] *1983–84 : [[KMKM F.C.|KMKM]] *1984–85 : [[Small Simba SC|Small Simba]] *1985–86 : [[KMKM F.C.|KMKM]] *1986–87 : [[Miembeni S.C.|Miembeni]] *1987–88 : [[Small Simba SC|Small Simba]] *1988–89 : [[Malindi S.C.|Malindi]] *1989–90 : [[Malindi S.C.|Malindi]] *1990–91 : [[Small Simba SC|Small Simba]] *1991–92 : [[Malindi S.C.|Malindi]] *1992–93 : [[Shangani F.C.|Shangani]] *1993–94 : [[Shangani F.C.|Shangani]] *1994–95 : [[Small Simba SC|Small Simba]] *1995–96 : [[Mlandege FC|Mlandege]] *1996–97 : [[Mlandege FC|Mlandege]] *1997–98 : [[Mlandege FC|Mlandege]] *1998–99 : [[Mlandege FC|Mlandege]] *1999–2000 : [[Kipanga FC|Kipanga]] *2000–01 : [[Mlandege FC|Mlandege]] *2001–02 : [[Mlandege FC|Mlandege]] *2002–03 : [[Jamhuri F.C.|Jamhuri]] *2003–04 : [[KMKM F.C.|KMKM]] *2004–05 : [[Polisi FC|Polisi]] *2005–06 : [[Polisi FC|Polisi]] *2006–07 : [[Miembeni S.C.|Miembeni]] *2007–08 : [[Miembeni S.C.|Miembeni]] *2008–09 : [[Mafunzo F.C.|Mafunzo]] *2009–10 : [[Zanzibar Ocean View FC|Zanzibar Ocean View]] *2010–11 : [[Mafunzo F.C.|Mafunzo]] ''(ligi ndogo)'' *2011–12 : [[Super Falcon (Zanzibar)|Super Falcon]] ''(ligi ndogo)'' *2012–13 : [[KMKM F.C.|KMKM]] *2013–14 : [[KMKM F.C.|KMKM]] *2014–15 : [[Mafunzo F.C.|Mafunzo]] *2015–16 : [[Zimamoto F.C.|Zimamoto]] *[[2016–2017 Zanzibar Premier League|2016–17]] : [[JKU S.C.|JKU]] *[[2017–2018 Zanzibar Premier League|2017–18]] : [[JKU S.C.|JKU]] *2018–19 : [[KMKM F.C.|KMKM]] *2019–20 : [[Mlandege FC|Mlandege]] *2020–21 : [[KMKM F.C.|KMKM]] *[[2021–22 Zanzibar Premier League|2021–22]] : [[KMKM F.C.|KMKM]] *[[2022–23 Zanzibar Premier League|2022–23]] : [[KMKM F.C.|KMKM]] *[[2023-24 Zanzibar Premier League|2023–24]] : [[JKU S.C.|JKU]] {{div col end}} Chanzo:<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Zanzibar Champions |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesz/zanzchamp.html |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=www.rsssf.org}}</ref> === Utendaji wa Timu=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="background:mediumseagreen; color:black; border:1px solid dodgerblue;" |Klabu ! style="background:mediumseagreen; color:black; border:1px solid dodgerblue;" |Mataji ! style="background:mediumseagreen; color:black; border:1px solid dodgerblue;" |Taji la mwisho |- | [[KMKM F.C.|KMKM]] || 9 || 2022–23 |- | [[Mlandege FC]]|| 7 || 2019–20 |- | [[Small Simba]]|| 5 || 1994–95 |- | [[Malindi S.C.|Malindi]]|| rowspan="4" | 3 || 1991–92 |- | [[Mafunzo F.C.|Mafunzo]]|| 2014–15 |- | [[Miembeni]] || 2007–08 |- | [[JKU S.C.|JKU]] || 2023–24 |- | [[Shangani F.C.]] || rowspan="3" | 2 || 1993–94 |- | [[Polisi FC|Polisi]] || 2005–06 |- | [[Ujamaa]] || 1981–82 |- | [[Kipanga]] || rowspan="5" | 1 || 1999–2000 |- | [[Jamhuri F.C.|Jamhuri]] || 2002–03 |- | [[Zanzibar Ocean View F.C.|Zanzibar Ocean View]] || 2009–10 |- | [[Super Falcon]] || 2011–12 |- | [[Zimamoto F.C.|Zimamoto]] || 2015–16 |} Chanzo:<ref name=":0" /> === Wafungaji Bora === {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !style="background:mediumseagreen; color:black; border:1px solid dodgerblue;"|Msimu !style="background:mediumseagreen; color:black; border:1px solid dodgerblue;"|Mfungaji Bora !style="background:mediumseagreen;color:black; border:1px solid dodgerblue;"|Klabu !style="background:mediumseagreen; color:black; border:1px solid dodgerblue;"|Magoli |- |'''2005''' |align=left|{{flagicon|ZAN}} [[Joseph Malik]] || [[Tembo FC|Tembo]] || 8 |- |'''2008''' |align=left|[[Bakari Mohammed]] || [[Mundu SC|Mundu]] || |- |'''2009''' |align=left|[[Mfanyeje Musa]] || [[Mundu SC|Mundu]] || 14 |- |'''2020–21''' |align=left|{{flagicon|ZAN}} Maabad Maulid ||[[KVZ S.C.|KVZ]]||17 |- |'''2021–22''' |align=left|{{flagicon|ZAN}} Maabad Maulid ||[[KVZ S.C.|KVZ]]||21 |- |'''2022–23''' |align=left|{{flagicon|TAN}} Yassin Mgaza ||[[KMKM F.C.|KMKM]] || 17 |- |'''2023–24''' |align=left|{{flagicon|ZAN}} Suleiman Mwalim Abdallah|| [[KVZ S.C.| KVZ]]||20 |} == Marejeo == <references /> {{mbegu-michezo}} [[Jamii:Michezo nchini Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:Mpira wa Miguu]] bukogigu82n9uc1rxnxhr5l933ay2wa 0 170450 1530026 1448162 2026-05-02T18:43:41Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530026 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zanzibar''' ni [[riwaya]] ya 2002 ya Giles Foden. Inahusu mwanabiolojia wa baharini anayefanya kazi Zanzibar, ambaye anakutana na mfanyakazi wa ubalozi wa Marekani akiwa Dar es Salaam, akiwaingiza wote wawili katika njama ya kigaidi. Kitabu hicho kinazungumzia tishio la al-Qaeda na Osama bin Laden kabla ya [[Shambulio la 11 Septemba 2001]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Holden|first=Anthony|title=Bin Laden - before he was infamous|date=2002-09-01|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/sep/01/fiction.features|work=The Observer|language=en-GB|issn=0029-7712|access-date=2023-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zanzibar, by Giles Foden|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/zanzibar-by-giles-foden-176579.html|work=The Independent|date=2002-09-10|accessdate=2023-05-14|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:Fasihi ya Kiingereza]] swmjo0ly6ll8i6bbd4bz9wv9cjamy47 0 170830 1530147 1432660 2026-05-02T19:02:43Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530147 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zuhal Atmar''' ni mjasiriamali na [[mwanamazingira]] kutoka Afghanistan. Anajulikana kwa kipaombele cha kazi yake kama mwanamke wa kwanza kumiliki na kuendesha kiwanda cha kuchakata tena nchini [[Afghanistan]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Displaying items by tag: Afghanistan|url=https://www.silkroadstudies.org/forums-and-events/itemlist/tag/Afghanistan.html?start=5|accessdate=2022-02-23|work=www.silkroadstudies.org|language=en|archive-date=2022-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223233524/https://www.silkroadstudies.org/forums-and-events/itemlist/tag/Afghanistan.html?start=5|url-status=dead}}</ref> Atmar pia ni mtafiti na mchambuzi wa masuala ya uchumi. <ref>{{Citation|title=NIMA ROOZ: Survey Says Afghans Hopeless About Future {{!}} TOLOnews|url=https://tolonews.com/nima-rooz/nima-rooz-survey-says-afghans-hopeless-about-future|language=en|access-date=2022-02-24}}</ref> Alijumuishwa katika orodha ya BBC ya wanawake 100 wenye ushawishi na msukumo kwa [[2021]]. == Wasifu == Atmar alizaliwa Afghanistan. Ripoti ilitaja kwamba alikuwa mkimbizi nchini [[Pakistani]], ambako alimaliza elimu yake. Alirudi Afghanistan baada ya kuanguka kwa [[Taliban]] . Alianza kazi yake kama mtafiti. Wakati wa kazi yake kwa Kitengo cha Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, alihusika katika kukuza elimu ya wanawake, sauti ya jamii, fursa sawa, na upatikanaji wa riziki.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|date=July 2005|title=CELA 4 Biography Book|url=https://celanetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/zara/Academies/CELA_CELA%204%20Bio%20Book.pdf|accessdate=February 25, 2022|work=CELA Network|archivedate=2022-02-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224233612/https://celanetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/zara/Academies/CELA_CELA%204%20Bio%20Book.pdf}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Swahili climate voices]] lfjqu0amy64v29ep9z0x5h1ffae97dp 0 170966 1529850 1288484 2026-05-02T12:28:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529850 wikitext text/x-wiki ''''''Yuyun Ismawati'''''' '''Yuyun Ismawati''' (alizaliwa mnamo mwaka 1964) ni mhandisi wa mazingira nchini Indonesia. Ambae alikuwa akifanya kazi ya kubuni mifumo ya usambazaji wa maji katika miji na maeneo ya vijijini. Ismawati pia alishughulika kubuni mifumo ya usimamizi wa maji taka nakupelekea kutunukiwa Tuzo ya Mazingira ya ''Goldman'' mnamo mwaka 2009. <ref name=goldman>{{cite web |url=http://goldmanprize.org/2009/islands |title=Yuyun Ismawati |publisher=Goldman Environmental Prize |access-date=1 May 2009}}</ref> Yuyun Ismawati ni Mshauri,Mwandamizi na mwanzilishi mwenza wa [[Taasisi]] ya ''BALIFOKUS'', shirika la mazingira lenye makao yake [[Bali]]. Yuyun ana uzoefu mpana katika masuala ya usimamizi wa mazingira mijini, afya ya mazingira na usafi, pamoja na masuala ya hali ya hewa na sumu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://projectsoutheastasia.com/people/advisors/yuyun-ismawati|title=Yuyun Ismawati|date=2012-12-22|website=Project Southeast Asia|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-27|accessdate=2023-05-27|archivedate=2016-05-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517005856/http://projectsoutheastasia.com/people/advisors/yuyun-ismawati}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Swahili climate voices]] bvd21fmuhgiw8hfahg476tqfkwq3nnd 0 171216 1529836 1332811 2026-05-02T12:26:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529836 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yurina Imai''' (alizaliwa [[20 Februari]] [[1998]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] nchini [[Japani]] ambae anacheza kama [[Kiungo (michezo)|kiungo]] wa klabu ya [[wanawake]] ya ''JEF United Chiba'' inayoshiriki ligi ya ''Yogibo WE'' huko Japani. Yurina alicheza kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye Ligi ya Yogibo WE mnamo [[20 Septemba]] [[2021]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://jefunited.co.jp/ladies/player/2021/2.html|title = Yurina Imai}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://weleague.jp/files/2021/match_pdf/2021092001.pdf|website=weleague.jp|title=Scoresheet}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1998]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Japani]] [[Jamii:wanawake wa Japani]] 9tfbdts3aglidbarmimd6f9cenrx96v 0 171233 1529815 1287796 2026-05-02T12:23:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529815 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yuka Anzai''' (alizaliwa [[ 14 Oktoba]] [[1996]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] nchini [[Japani]] ambae anacheza kama [[Kiungo (michezo)|kiungo]] wa klabu ya [[wanawake]] ya ''JEF United Chiba'' inayoshiriki ligi ya ''Yogibo WE'' huko Japani. Yuka alicheza kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye Ligi ya Yogibo WE mnamo [[16 Oktoba]] [[2021]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://jefunited.co.jp/ladies/player/2021/2.html|title =Yuka Anzai}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://weleague.jp/files/2021/match_pdf/2021092001.pdf|access-date=27 April 2023|website=weleague.jp|title=Scoresheet|date=September 2021}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1996]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Japani]] [[Jamii:wanawake wa Japani]] a0yhuexwbzjlnxslgvemy98ocs6rstd 0 171239 1529822 1343847 2026-05-02T12:24:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529822 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yuki Mizutani''' (alizaliwa [[ 11 Aprili]] [[1996]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] nchini [[Japani]] ambae anacheza kama [[Kiungo (michezo)|kiungo]] wa klabu ya [[wanawake]] ya '' Urawa Reds'' inayoshiriki ligi ya ''Yogibo WE'' huko Japani. Yuki alicheza kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye Ligi ya Yogibo WE mnamo [[12 Septemba]] [[2021]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.urawa-reds.co.jp/redsladies/player/shimada_m/|title=Yuki Mizutani; Urawa Red Diamonds Ladies|accessdate=2023-06-01|archive-date=2023-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601211625/https://www.urawa-reds.co.jp/redsladies/player/shimada_m/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://weleague.jp/files/2021/match_pdf/2021091212.pdf|website=weleague.jp|title=Scoresheet}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1996]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Japani]] [[Jamii:wanawake wa Japani]] stirjisjlbfz9kb20siz7o4hd8snma1 0 171240 1529808 1343844 2026-05-02T12:22:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529808 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yu Endo''' (alizaliwa [[ 29 Oktoba]] [[1997]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] nchini [[Japani]] ambae anacheza kama [[Kiungo (michezo)|kiungo]] wa klabu ya [[wanawake]] ya '' Urawa Reds'' inayoshiriki ligi ya ''Yogibo WE'' huko Japani. Yu Endo alicheza kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye Ligi ya Yogibo WE mnamo [[12 Septemba]] [[2021]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.urawa-reds.co.jp/redsladies/player/shimada_m/|title=Yu Endo; Urawa Red Diamonds Ladies|accessdate=2023-06-01|archive-date=2023-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601211625/https://www.urawa-reds.co.jp/redsladies/player/shimada_m/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://weleague.jp/files/2021/match_pdf/2021091212.pdf|access-date=27 April 2023|website=weleague.jp|title=Scoresheet|date=September 2021}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Japani]] [[Jamii:wanawake wa Japani]] 7lnk13ibw0ybucgul0nyfthjbcpxm73 0 171411 1529776 1348982 2026-05-02T12:17:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529776 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:RC Lens - OGC Nice (10-04-2022) 24 (cropped).jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Youcef Atal]] {{Infobox football biography | jina = Youcef Atal | picha = RC Lens - OGC Nice (10-04-2022) 24 (cropped).jpg | maelezo = Atal na [[OGC Nice|Nice]] mwaka 2022 | jina kamili = Youcef Atal<ref>{{cite web |url=https://images.cafonline.com/image/upload/caf-prd/kpakgtavgq0lbzxizu89.pdf |title=Algeria |publisher=Confederation of African Football |format=PDF |page=1 |date=15 Juni 2019 |access-date=16 Julai 2019 |accessdate=2023-06-10 |archivedate=2019-06-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621010626/https://images.cafonline.com/image/upload/caf-prd/kpakgtavgq0lbzxizu89.pdf }}</ref> | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1996|5|17}} | mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Boghni]], [[Tizi-Ouzou]], [[Algeria]] | urefu = 1.76 m<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ogcnice.com/en/fiche/1698/youcef-atal.html |title=Youcef Atal |publisher=OGC Nice |access-date=5 Agosti 2022 }}</ref> | nafasi = [[Beki#Beki wa kulia|Beki wa kulia]] / [[Mchezaji wa kiungo#Mshambuliaji wa pembeni|Mshambuliaji wa pembeni]]{{cn|date=Julai 2022}} | klabu ya sasa = [[OGC Nice|Nice]] | nambari ya klabu = 20 | miaka ya vijana1 = 2006–2008 | klabu ya vijana1 = [[CR Belouizdad]] | miaka ya vijana2 = 2008–2011 | klabu ya vijana2 = [[JS Kabylie]] | miaka ya vijana3 = 2011–2012 | klabu ya vijana3 = [[USM Alger]] | miaka ya vijana4 = 2012–2014 | klabu ya vijana4 = [[JS Kabylie]] | miaka ya vijana5 = 2014–2015 | klabu ya vijana5 = [[Paradou AC]] | miaka1 = 2015–2018 | klabu1 = [[Paradou AC]] | mechi1 = 46 | mabao1 = 5 | miaka2 = 2017–2018 | klabu2 = → [[K.V. Kortrijk|Kortrijk]] (mkopo) | mechi2 = 10 | mabao2 = 0 | miaka3 = 2018– | klabu3 = [[OGC Nice|Nice]] | mechi3 = 100 | mabao3 = 11 | miakanat1 = 2017– | timunat1 = [[Timu ya taifa ya soka ya Algeria|Algeria]] | mechianat1 = 29 | maigizo1 = 2 | club-update = 23:54, 20 Machi 2022 ( UTC) | nationalteam-update = 23:32, 19 Novemba 2022 (UTC) | medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Wanaume [[soka]]}} {{MedalCountry|{{fb|ALG}}}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika]]}} {{Medal|W|[[Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 2019|Misri 2019]]|}} }} '''Youcef Atal''' (alizaliwa 17 Mei 1996) ni mchezaji wa soka wa kitaalam wa Algeria anayesakata kazi klabu ya Ligue 1, Nice, na timu ya taifa ya Algeria. Anacheza kama beki wa kulia, lakini pia anaweza kucheza kama mshambuliaji wa pembeni kushoto. == Maisha== Atal alihamia klabu ya Ufaransa ya Nice kutoka Paradou AC mnamo 2018. Alifanyiwa upasuaji wa goti mnamo Desemba 2019.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50701349|title=Youcef Atal: Algeria international to have knee surgery|date=8 Desemba 2019|website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Tarehe 1 Juni 2017, Atal alikutwa na timu ya taifa ya Algeria kwa mara ya kwanza kwa ajili ya mchezo wa kirafiki dhidi ya Guinea na mechi ya kufuzu ya Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika dhidi ya Togo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dzfoot.com/2017/06/01/en-lannonce-des-23-par-lucas-alcaraz-103902.php|title=EN : 25 joueurs convoqués par Alcaraz, beaucoup de nouveautés|author=M-A-D|website=DZfoot|date=1 Juni 2017|access-date=1 Juni 2017|language=fr}}</ref> ==Kazi == === Kimataifa === {{updated|mechi ilichezwa tarehe 19 Novemba 2022}}<ref name="NFT">{{NFT|68225|access-date=31 Julai 2021}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Maonyesho na mabao ya timu ya taifa kwa mwaka |- !Timu ya taifa!!Mwaka!!Mechi!!Mabao |- |rowspan="5"|[[Algeria national football team|Algeria]] |2017||4||0 |- |2018||2||1 |- |2019||12||0 |- |2021||4||0 |- |2022||7||1 |- !colspan="2"|Jumla||29||2 |} :''Matokeo na mabao yamorodheshwa kwa kufuatia mabao ya Algeria kwanza.''<ref name="NFT"/> {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Mabao ya kimataifa kwa tarehe, uwanja, nafasi, mpinzani, alama, matokeo na mashindano |- !scope=col|No. !scope=col data-sort-type=date|Tarehe !scope=col|Uwanja !scope=col|Nafasi !scope=col|Mpinzani !scope=col|Alama !scope=col|Matokeo !scope=col|Mashindano !scope=col class=unsortable|{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- !scope=row style=text-align:center|1 | 18 Nov emba 2018 || [[Stade Municipal (Lomé)|Stade Municipal]], [[Lomé]], Togo || align=center | 6 || {{fb|TOG}} || align=center | 2–0 || align=center | 4–1 || Kufuzu kwa [[2019 Africa Cup of Nations]] || align=center | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/46255664 |title=Afcon 2019: Mahrez brace helps Algeria qualify for Nations Cup |website=BBC Sport |date=18 Novemba 2018 |access-date=31 Julai 2021}}</ref> |- !scope=row style=text-align:center|2 | 27 Septemba 2022 || [[Uwanja wa Olimpiki (Oran)|Uwanja wa Olimpiki]], [[Oram]], Algeria || align=center | 28 || {{fb|NGA}} || align=center | 2–1 || align=center | 2–1 || [[Kirafiki]] || align=center | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/match/_/gameId/652250 |title=Algeria vs. Nigeria - Football Match Summary |website=ESPN |date=27 Septemba 2022 |access-date=27 Septemba 2022}}</ref> |} ==Mafanikio== '''Paradou AC''' * [[Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 2]]: [[2016–17 Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 2|2016–17]] '''Nice''' * Mshindi wa pili wa [[Coupe de France]]: [[2021–22 Coupe de France|2021–22]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=7 Mei 2022 |title=Ludovic Blas penalty wins French Cup for Nantes |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/61366648 |access-date=11 Septemba 2022 |website=[[BBC Sport]] |lang=en}}</ref> '''Algeria''' * [[Africa Cup of Nations]]: [[2019 Africa Cup of Nations|2019]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/48959714 |title=Senegal 0–1 Algeria |website=BBC Sport |first=Gary |last=Rose |date=19 Julai 2019 |access-date=31 Julai 2021}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1996]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] iga43r3oiz6h199nk93scu7k3uj0l93 0 171625 1530136 1295665 2026-05-02T19:00:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530136 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zoubir Bachi''' (alizaliwa [[12 Januari]] [[1950]]) ni mchezaji wa [[kandanda]] wa Algeria aliyestaafu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/51382/Zoubir_Bachi.html|title = Zoubir Bachi (Player)}}</ref><ref>[http://sebbar.kazeo.com/ancienne-gloire/bachi-zoubir,a527374.html ZOUBIR BACHI (ANCIEN MILIEU OFFENSIF DU MCA DES ANNÉES 70), L’incontournable maître à jouer] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424155928/http://sebbar.kazeo.com/ancienne-gloire/bachi-zoubir,a527374.html |date=April 24, 2012 }}; Sebbar.kazeo.com.</ref>Zoubir Alitumia muda mwingi wa uchezaji wake na klabu ya nyumbani kwao ya MC Alger, ambayo aliisaidia kushinda mataji matatu ya kihistoria mwaka wa 1976 (Ligi ya Algeria, Kombe la Algeria na Klabu Bingwa Afrika), hata kufunga bao katika fainali ya Kombe la Afrika la 1976..<ref>[http://dzfootball.free.fr/EN/Joueurs/fiche/Bachi-Zoubir.html Zoubir Bachi]; DZFootball.free.fr.</ref> ==Heshima== * Alishinda taji la [[Taifa]] la Algeria mara tatu akiwa na MC Alger mnamo 1972, 1975 na 1976. * Alishinda Kombe la [[Algeria]] mara tatu akiwa na MC Alger mnamo 1975, 1976 na 1978. * Alishinda Kombe la Washindi wa Maghreb Cup mara mbili akiwa na MC Alger mnamo 1971 na 1974. * Alishinda [[Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika|Kombe]] la Klabu Bingwa Afrika mara moja akiwa na MC Alger mnamo 1976 ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1950]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] pxl3ba60v7u2u4cw3w5o1tr9o2hda58 0 171659 1529777 1459914 2026-05-02T12:17:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529777 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha:Youcef Belaïli - CAN2021.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Youcef Belaïli]] '''Mohamed Youcef Belaïli''' (alizaliwa [[14 Machi]] 1992) ni mwanasoka wa kulipwa kutoka [[Algeria]] ambaye anacheza kama [[winga]] wa kushoto wa timu ya taifa ya Algeria..<ref>[https://int.soccerway.com/players/youcef-belaili/156392/ Algeria – Y. Belaïli – Profile with news, career statistics and history]. Soccerway. Retrieved on 31 August 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.dzfoot.com/news-7896/en-olympique-stage-du-3-au-7-novembre EN Olympique : Stage du 3 au 7 novembre] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dzfoot.com/news-7896/en-olympique-stage-du-3-au-7-novembre |date=20120917091506 }}. Dzfoot.Com (30 November 2010). Retrieved on 31 August 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.dzfoot.com/news-7705/en-olympique-stage-a-alger-du-6-au-9-novembre/ EN Olympique: Stage ŕ Alger du 6 au 9 novembre] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dzfoot.com/news-7705/en-olympique-stage-a-alger-du-6-au-9-novembre/ |date=20120917091519 }}. Dzfoot.Com. Retrieved on 31 August 2013.</ref> ==Maisha Ya Awali== Belaïli alizaliwa tarehe 14 Machi 1992 huko Oran.<ref>[http://www.eldjoumhouria.dz/article.php?id=7375 يوسف بلايلي بلبل الحمراوة"إذا غادرت المولودية فسألعب في الخارج" يوسف بلايلي بلبل الحمراوة للجمهورية :] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eldjoumhouria.dz/article.php?id=7375 |date=20110719133757 }}.</ref> Eldjoumhouria.dz. Retrieved on 31 August 2013 Alianza kucheza na klabu ya RCG Oran na baadae kucheza na klabu ya MC Oran. ==Ushiriki Katika Klabu== '''Mwanzo Wa Mwezi Machi, Espérance de Tunis''' Youcef Belaïli alianza maisha yake ya soka akiwa na klabu ya RCG Oran, kisha akahamia timu ya akiba ya MC Oran, Belaïli msimu wao wa kwanza katika ligi ya Division 1 walikuwa na klabu kama CA Bordj Bou Arreridj, na mechi yao ya kwanza ilikuwa tarehe [[6 Machi]] 2010 dhidi ya klabu ya MC El Eulma kama mchezaji bora.Baada ya msimu mmoja pekee, Belaïli alirejea klabu ya MC Oran kwa misimu miwili. ==Ushiriki Kimataifa== '''Vijana''' Belaili aliitwa na Timu Ya Algeria U23 kushiriki katika Mashindano ya UNAF ya U-23 ya 2010. Mnamo [[13 Desemba|Desemba 13]], 2010, alifunga bao la kibinafsi [[dakika]] ya 54 dhidi ya [[Kamerun|Cameroon]] U23s. == Tuzo == '''Espérance de Tunis''' * Ligi Kuu ya Tunisia: 2011–12, 2013–14, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2024–25 * Kombe la Tunisia: 2024–25 * Super Cup ya Tunisia: 2018, 2024, 2025 * [[Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika]]: 2018, 2018–19 '''MC Alger''' * Ligi Kuu ya Algeria: 2023–24<ref>{{cite news|title=Ligue 1 : Le Mouloudia d'Alger champion 2023/2024|url=https://www.dzfoot.com/football-en-algerie/ligue-1-le-mouloudia-dalger-champion-2023-2024-259433.html|website=DZfoot|date=17 May 2024|access-date=18 May 2024}}</ref> '''Algeria chini ya umri wa miaka 23 (U23)''' * Mashindano ya UNAF U-23: 2010 '''Algeria''' * [[Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika]]: 2019 * Kombe la Kiarabu la FIFA: 2021<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Algeria beat Tunisia to win FIFA Arab Cup 2021|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2021/12/18/algeria-beat-tunisia-to-win-fifa-arab-cup-2021|access-date=18 December 2021|website=aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> '''Binafsi''' * Mchezaji Bora wa Vilabu Afrika (anayesalia barani): 2019<ref>{{cite news|title=Mane, Oshoala named African Footballers of 2019 at CAF Awards|url=https://www.cafonline.com/awards/news/mane-oshoala-named-african-footballers-of-2019-at-caf-awards|website=CAFOnline.com|publisher=CAF|date=7 January 2020|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref> * Shaba ya Kombe la Kiarabu la FIFA: 2021<ref>{{cite news|date=18 December 2021|title=Golden reward for Brahimi, Mbohli and Jaziri|website=FIFA.com|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/arabcup/arabcup2021/news/golden-reward-for-brahimi-mbohli-and-jaziri|access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref> * Kikosi cha Mashindano ya Kombe la Kiarabu la FIFA: 2021<ref>{{cite web|date=19 December 2021|title=تعرف على التشكيلة المثالية لبطولة كأس العرب 2021|url=https://www.mala3eb.com/Section_108/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A8-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%83%D8%A3%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8-2021_154477|access-date=23 May 2023|website=mala3eb.com|language=ar}}</ref> * Mchezaji Bora wa Algeria Barani Afrika: 2024<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cafonline.com/news/youcef-belaili-voted-best-algerian-player-on-the-african-continent/|title=Youcef Belaïli voted best Algerian player on the African continent|publisher=CAF Online|date=27 December 2024}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} ==Viungo Vya Nje== * [https://www.dzfoot.com/fiche-joueur?id=1979 Youcef Belaïli] katika DZFoot.com (kwa Kifaransa) {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 41f2w1zw6av2w4erus3v3d2ffbn93er 0 171684 1530009 1296435 2026-05-02T18:41:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530009 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zakaria El Azzouzi''' (زكريا العزوزي; alizaliwa 7 Mei 1996) ni mchezaji wa sokakutoka Uholanzi-Moroko anayecheza kama mshambuliaji katika klabu ya [[Al Kharaitiyat SC|Al Kharaitiyat]].<ref name="soccerway">{{Soccerway|zakaria-el-azzouzi/381093}}</ref> ==Kazi== El Azzouzi alizaliwa jijini [[Rotterdam]]. Ni mchezaji wa vijana wa [[AFC Ajax]]. Alianza kucheza mpira tarehe 21 Agosti 2015 akiichezea Jong Ajax dhidi ya [[NAC Breda]]. Alicheza mpira ila kwa kufungwa walipoteza 3-0.<ref name="soccerway2">{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/08/21/netherlands/eerste-divisie/nac-bv/jong-ajax/2039576/|title=NAC Breda vs. Jong Ajax - 21 August 2015 - Soccerway|publisher=soccerway.com|access-date=2015-08-22}}</ref> Tarehe 22 Januari 2016, El Azzouzi alipelekwa kwa mkopo kwenda [[FC Twente]] kwa msimu uliosalia<ref>[http://www.ad.nl/eredivisie/fc-twente-huurt-ajax-aanvaller-el-azzouzi~a8df42b4/ FC Twente huurt Ajax-aanvaller El Azzouzi] - AD {{in lang|nl}}</ref> na baadaye alihamia [[Sparta Rotterdam|Sparta]] kwa mkopo kwa msimu wa 2016-17.<ref>[http://www.vi.nl/nieuws/sparta-rotterdam-huurt-el-azzouzi-van-ajax.htm Sparta Rotterdam huurt El Azzouzi van Ajax] - Voetbal International {{in lang|nl}}</ref> Alipokuwa bila klabu baada ya mkataba wake na [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]] kuvunjwa mwezi Desemba 2018.<ref>[https://www.vi.nl/nieuws/ajax-en-el-azzouzi-per-direct-uit-elkaar-# Ajax en El Azzouzi per direct uit elkaar] (Kiholanzi). Voetbal International. 22 Desemba 2018.</ref> ==Kimataifa== El Azzouzi alizaliwa Uholanzi na wazazi wenye asili ya Moroko. Alicheza kwa niaba ya [[Timu ya taifa ya soka ya Moroko chini ya miaka 17|Moroko]] katika [[Mashindano ya vijana ya Afrika ya chini ya miaka 17 ya 2013]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.africatopsports.com/2013/04/07/can-u-17-la-liste-du-maroc/|title=CAN U 17 : La liste du Maroc|date=7 Aprili 2013}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uholanzi]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Moroko]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1996]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 2cota65vzjan452pxan0a7v0qwn9swc 0 171720 1530006 1348996 2026-05-02T18:40:41Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530006 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Zakaria Aboub 06-12-2009.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Zakaria Aboub]] '''Zakaria Aboub''' (Kiarabu: زكرياء عبوب) (alizaliwa 3 Juni 1980 huko [[Casablanca]]) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu wa Morocco anayecheza katika nafasi ya kiungo. ==Kazi ya Klabu== Alijiunga na [[FC Istres]] mwezi Januari 2006. ==Kazi ya Kimataifa== Aboub alicheza katika mechi za kimataifa za wachezaji chini ya umri wa miaka 23 wa Morocco katika [[Soka katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto 2000|Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya mwaka 2000]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|publisher=Sports-Reference.com|title=Zakaria Aboub Biography and Statistics|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ab/zakaria-aboub-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418030444/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ab/zakaria-aboub-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2020|access-date=15 February 2010}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== *{{NFT player|id=14589}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Moroko]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] de3jhcoio83t65scqxt6ox3kvc7plqe 0 171724 1530007 1348768 2026-05-02T18:40:51Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530007 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Aboukhlal.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Zakaria Aboukhlal]] '''Zakaria Aboukhlal''' ({{lang-ar|زكريا أبوخلال}}; alizaliwa 18 Februari 2000) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu mtaalamu ambaye anacheza kama mshambuliaji katika klabu ya [[Ligue 1]] ya Toulouse. Akiwa amezaliwa Uholanzi, anacheza katika timu ya taifa ya Morocco, baada ya hapo awali kuchezea Uholanzi katika ngazi mbalimbali za vijana. ==Mafanikio== '''Toulouse''' * [[Coupe de France]]: [[2022–23 Coupe de France|2022–23]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Mayen |first=Philippe |date=29 Aprili 2023 |title=Ô Toulouse... FC ! |trans-title=O Toulouse...FC!! |url=https://www.fff.fr/article/10181-o-toulouse-fc-.html |access-date=1 Mei 2023 |website=FFF - Fédération Française de Football |language=fr}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [https://www.vi.nl/spelers/zakaria-aboukhlal/carriere Takwimu za kazi] - Voetbal International * [https://www.onsoranje.nl/teams/185189/speler/2 Profaili ya Ons Oranje O19] * [https://www.onsoranje.nl/teams/185190/speler/2 Profaili ya Ons Oranje O18] * [https://www.onsoranje.nl/teams/184965/speler/2 Profaili ya Ons Oranje O17] {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uholanzi]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Moroko]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2000]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] nqk2tr4w635l2c7y2wmlguactyrwyzh 0 171794 1529793 1348833 2026-05-02T12:20:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529793 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:يوسف آيت بناصر.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Youssef Aït Bennasser]] '''Youssef Aït Bennasser''' (alizaliwa [[7 Julai]] [[1996]]) ni mchezaji wa soka, anayecheza kama kiungo klabuni Samsunspor. Akizaliwa Ufaransa, anawakilisha [[Moroko]] katika kiwango cha kimataifa.<ref name="soccerway">{{Soccerway|322795||accessdate=13 Juni 2023}}</ref> ==Kimataifa== Aït Bennasser alijiunga na Chama cha Soka cha Morocco. Alicheza mechi mbili katika Timu ya Taifa ya Soka ya Vijana ya Morocco mnamo mwaka 2013.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://mountakhab.net/www/modules/fiches_joueurs/fiche.php?id=231516|title=Fiche de|last=Bakkali|first=Achraf|website=Mountakhab.net|language=fr|access-date=6 Aprili 2018|accessdate=2023-06-13|archivedate=2016-04-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419212325/http://mountakhab.net/www/modules/fiches_joueurs/fiche.php?id=231516}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Moroko]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1996]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] tnjznjmww82rtzty32v3nsrwetjel6c 0 171901 1529794 1348994 2026-05-02T12:20:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 14 template(s) replaced. 1529794 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Youssef El-Arabi 2019.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Youssef El-Arabi]] '''Youssef El-Arabi''' (يوسف العربي; alizaliwa 3 Februari 1987) ni mchezaji wa soka anayecheza kama mshambuliaji (striker) kwenye klabu ya ligi kuu ya Ugiriki, Olympiacos, na timu ya taifa ya Moroko.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.maghress.com/fr/lionsdelatlas/1322 | title=Mahojiano ya Kipekee LDA: Youssef EL Arabi}}</ref> ==Heshima== '''Caen''' *Ligue 2: 2009–10 '''Al Hilal''' *Kombe la Mfalme wa Saudi: 2011–12 '''Al Duhail''' *Ligi ya Nyota ya Qatar: 2016–17, 2017–18 *Kombe la Emir wa Qatar: 2018, 2019 *Kombe la Qatar: 2018 *Kombe la Sheikh Jassim la Qatari: 2016; mshindi wa pili: 2018 '''Olympiacos''' *Super League ya Ugiriki: 2019–20, 2020–21, 2021–22 *[[Kombe la Soka la Ugiriki|Kombe la Ugiriki]]: [[Kombe la Soka la Ugiriki 2019–20|2019–20]]; mshindi wa pili: [[Kombe la Soka la Ugiriki 2020–21|2020–21]] '''Binafsi''' *[[Ligi ya Mabingwa ya AFC]] [[Opta Sports|OPTA]] Best XI: [[Ligi ya Mabingwa ya AFC 2018#Tuzo|2018]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Best ACL2018 XI announced!|url=https://www.the-afc.com/en/club/afc_champions_league/news/the_best_acl2018_xi_announced.html|access-date=2022-01-13|website=the-AFC|language=en}}</ref> *[[Mfungaji Bora wa Ligi ya Nyota ya Qatar|Bingwa wa Mabao Ligi ya Nyota ya Qatar]]: [[2016–17 Ligi ya Nyota ya Qatar#Takwimu|2016–17]], [[2017–18 Ligi ya Nyota ya Qatar#Takwimu|2017–18]] *Mchezaji Bora wa Mwezi wa Ligi ya Nyota ya Qatar: Oktoba 2017<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=October 2017 — Youssef El Arabi {{!}} QSL |url=https://www.qsl.qa/en/october-2017-youssef-el-arabi |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=www.qsl.qa}}</ref> *Mchezaji Bora wa Super League ya Ugiriki: [[Super League ya Ugiriki 2020–21#Tuzo za Mwaka|2020–21]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=newsroom|first=sport-fm|title=MVP της Super League ο Ελ Αραμπί!|url=https://www.sport-fm.gr/article/podosfairo/superleague1/MVP-tis-Super-League-o-el-arampi/4187785|access-date=2022-01-12|website=sport-fm.gr|language=el}}</ref> *[[Orodha ya wafungaji bora katika Super League ya Ugiriki kwa msimu#Kwa msimu|Bingwa wa Mabao Super League ya Ugiriki]]: [[2019–20 Super League ya Ugiriki#Takwimu za msimu|2019–20]], [[2020–21 Super League ya Ugiriki#Takwimu za msimu|2020–21]] *Mchezaji Bora wa Super League ya Ugiriki [[Mchezaji Bora wa Soka wa Ugiriki#Mchezaji Bora wa Kigeni|Mchezaji Bora wa Kigeni]]: [[Super League ya Ugiriki 2019–20#Tuzo za Mwaka|2019–20]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-02-15|title=Βραβεία ΠΣΑΠ: Πρώτος σκόρερ και κορυφαίος ξένος ο Ελ Αραμπί (vid)|url=https://www.to10.gr/podosfero/superleague/1389600/psap-protos-skorer-ke-koryfeos-xenos-o-el-arabi/|access-date=2022-01-12|website=to10.gr|language=el}}</ref> [[Super League ya Ugiriki 2020–21#Tuzo za Mwaka|2020–21]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-12-13|title=Βραβεία ΠΣΑΠΠ: Καλύτερος ξένος ποδοσφαιριστής ο Ελ Αραμπί|url=https://www.to10.gr/podosfero/superleague/1895735/vravia-psapp-kalyteros-xenos-podosferistis-o-el-arabi/|access-date=2022-01-12|website=to10.gr|language=el}}</ref> *[[Ligi ya Mabingwa ya Super League ya Ugiriki#Timu ya Mwaka|Timu ya Mwaka ya Super League Greece]]: [[2019–20 Super League Greece#Tuzo za Mwaka|2019–20]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Super League Interwetten: The Best XI of the 2019-20 season|url=https://www.sport24.gr/football/super-league-interwetten-i-kalyteri-endekada-tis-sezon-2019-20.9144792.html|access-date=2022-01-10|website=www.sport24.gr|language=el}}</ref> [[2020–21 Super League Greece#Tuzo za Mwaka|2020–21]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-12-16|title=The awards of the "40th Player's Celebration" (vids)|url=https://www.psapp.gr/nea/oi-vravefseis-tis-40is-giortis-tou-podosfairisti-vids|access-date=2022-01-10|website=ΠΣΑΠΠ {{!}} ΠΑΝΕΛΛΗΝΙΟΣ ΣΥΝΔΕΣΜΟΣ ΑΜΕΙΒΟΜΕΝΩΝ ΠΟΔΟΣΦΑΙΡΙΣΤΩΝ ΠΟΔΟΣΦΑΙΡΙΣΤΡΙΩΝ|language=el}}</ref> *Mchezaji Bora wa Mwezi wa Super League Greece: [[2019-20 Super League Greece#Tuzo za Wachezaji|Januari 2020]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-02-12|title=NIVEA MEN Mchezaji Bora wa Mwezi wa Januari ni El Arabi|url=https://www.slgr.gr/el/article/nivea-men-player-of-the-month-tou-ianouariou-o-el-arampi/|access-date=2022-01-12|website=Super League|language=el}}</ref> [[2020-21 Super League Greece#NIVEA MEN Mchezaji Bora wa Mwezi|Desemba 2020]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-01-11|title=NIVEA MEN Mchezaji Bora wa Mwezi wa Desemba ni Youssef El Arabi|url=https://www.slgr.gr/el/article/nivea-men-player-of-the-month-tou-dekembriou-o-giouseph-el-arampi/|access-date=2022-01-12|website=Super League|language=el}}</ref> [[2021–22 Super League Greece#Mchezaji Bora wa Mwezi|Machi 2021]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-12-08|title=Interwetten Mchezaji Bora wa Mwezi wa Novemba ni Youssef El Arabi|url=https://www.slgr.gr/el/article/interwetten-player-of-the-month-tou-noembriou-o-giouseph-el-arampi/|access-date=2022-01-12|website=Super League|language=el}}</ref>[[2021–22 Super League Greece#Mchezaji Bora wa Mwezi|Mei 2022]] *[[Olympiacos F.C.|Mchezaji Bora wa Mwaka wa Olympiacos]]: [[2019–20 Olympiacos F.C. season|2019–20]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-06-11|title=NIVEA MEN Mchezaji Bora wa Klabu wa Olympiacos ni El Arabi|url=https://www.slgr.gr/el/article/nivea-men-player-of-the-club-tou-olumpiakou-o-el-arampi/|access-date=2022-01-12|website=Super League|language=el}}</ref> [[2020–21 Olympiacos F.C. season|2020–21]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-06-23|title=NIVEA MEN Mchezaji Bora wa Klabu wa Olympiacos ni Youssef El Arabi|url=https://www.slgr.gr/el/article/nivea-men-player-of-the-club-tou-olumpiakou-o-giouseph-el-arampi/|access-date=2022-01-14|website=Super League|language=el}}</ref> [[2021–22 Olympiacos F.C. season|2021–22]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=TEAM |first=ΦΩΣ |title=Super League: Youssef El Arabi aliteuliwa MVP wa Olympiacos kwa msimu wa 2021-22 |url=https://www.fosonline.gr/podosfairo/superleague/article/192751/super-league-o-el-arampi-psifistike-mvp-toy-olympiakoy-gia-ti-sezon-2021-22 |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=Fosonline.gr |language=el}}</ref> '''Rekodi''' *[[Olympiacos F.C. in European football#Wafungaji bora katika mashindano ya UEFA|Wafungaji bora katika historia ya Olympiacos katika Mashindano ya Ulaya]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Youssef El Arabi alichukua nafasi ya juu kama mfungaji bora katika historia ya Ulaya ya Olympiacos|url=https://www.sport24.gr/football/olympiakos-o-arampi-egine-o-koryfaios-skorer-stin-eyropaiki-istoria-ton-erythroleykon.9412545.html|access-date=2022-01-14|website=www.sport24.gr|language=el}}</ref> *Amefunga mabao 18 katika Mashindano ya Ulaya na akawa mfungaji bora katika historia ya [[Morocco]] katika Kombe za Ulaya!<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gavros.gr/article/podosfairo/344484-egrapse-istoriko-rekor-me-thn-gkolara-o-el-arampi-photo-video | title=Youssef El Arabi amevunja rekodi ya kihistoria na bao lake! (Picha, video) }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Moroko]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1987]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] bcw1pst32sluwzvcgzo7n9iidnn7dhc 0 172032 1529702 1295728 2026-05-02T12:05:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529702 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michael Adeyinka Adedeji''' (alizaliwa [[Lagos]], [[24 Machi]] [[1985]]) ni mchezaji wa soka wa kimataifa kutoka Nigeria. Kwa sasa anacheza kwa klabu ya [[Shooting Stars F.C.]]. Mwaka 2010, alikwenda kwa mkopo kwa klabu ya [[Pyunik F.C.]] huko [[Yerevan]] na alicheza katika mechi za mchujo za Ligi ya Mabingwa wa UEFA dhidi ya mabingwa wa Serbia, [[FK Partizan Belgrade]]. Kwa sasa, Adedeji ni mchezaji muhimu katika klabu ya [[Shooting Stars F.C.]], akiwa kwa mkopo na kufanya msimu mzuri. == Sifa za Kimataifa == Adedeji alikuwa sehemu ya timu ya Nigeria iliyoshika nafasi ya pili katika [[Mashindano ya Vijana ya Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2005]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.futbol-mundial.org/website-flash.swf |title=FIFA Fédération Internationale de Football Association |accessdate=2023-06-15 |archivedate=2017-06-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615222739/http://futbol-mundial.org/website-flash.swf }}</ref><ref>{{FIFA player|230225}}</ref> Pia alicheza kwa timu ya B ya Nigeria katika [[Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika Magharibi 2011]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ghana Nigeria {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/1656/nigeria/2011/05/12/2483425/nigeria-2-1-ghana-ekigho-ehiosun-sends-super-eagles-into|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.goal.com}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references/> {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1985]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] roae8qqh1f59g6vysameta8a0b6wn9m 0 172330 1530054 1290942 2026-05-02T18:48:01Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 6 template(s) replaced. 1530054 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zeinab Mokalled''' (alizaliwa [[1936]] huko Jarjouh) ni mwanaharakati wa mazingira kutoka [[Lebanoni]]. Alipata cheti cha ualimu. Alifundisha katika Shule ya Al-Musaytbeh na Shule ya Umma ya Arabsalim.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=جابر |first=كامل |title=زينب مقلّد معلّمة عربصاليم الأولى |url=http://www.khiyam.com/news/article.php?articleID=3215 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=الخيام {{!}} khiyam.com |language=ar}}</ref> Alianzisha shirika lisilo la kiserikali la Nedaa Al-Ard ('wito wa Dunia'), ili kukusanya na kuchakata Taka, wakati serikali ya manispaa ilishindwa..<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=This 81 Year Old Woman With a PHD and An All Female Rubbish Collection Service Is An Inspiration |url=https://www.radionisaa.ps/en/article/418/This-81-Year-Old-Woman-With-a-PHD-and-An-All-Female-Rubbish-Collection-Service-Is-An-Inspiration |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=www.radionisaa.ps}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |date=2017-06-08 |title=The 81-year-old woman inspiring a nation to recycle |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-40191270 |access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |title=The women tackling Lebanon's rubbish problem |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/magazine-40194924 |access-date=2022-04-28}}</ref> Alipanga kutengeneza mboji kwa usaidizi kutoka kwa mradi wa ''"Environmentally Friendly Ideas"'' (''Mawazo Rafiki Kimazingira'') wa Mpango wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last1=بولكعيبات |first1=أحلام |last2=بولكعيبات |first2=إدريس |date=2021 |title=التربية الإعلامية:, من مشروع دفاع إلى مشروع تمكين |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.34174/0079-032-001-013 |journal=مجلة العلوم الإنسانية |pages=203 |doi=10.34174/0079-032-001-013|s2cid=244340911 }}</ref> Harakati yake ikawa mfano kwa Lebanoni.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Five leading environmentalists we are proud to have them in MENA |url=https://www.greenpeace.org/mena/en/five-leading-environmentalists-we-are-proud-to-have-them-in-mena/ |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=Greenpeace MENA |language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1936]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Lebanoni]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Lebanoni]] [[Jamii:Swahili climate voices]] jbs3v3fy980q9qv6jsjiazpge16wiv8 0 172723 1530132 1465884 2026-05-02T19:00:13Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530132 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zorica Mršević''' (alizaliwa [[7 Oktoba]] [[1954]]) ni [[profesa]], [[mwanasheria]], [[mtafiti]] na [[mwanaharakati]] wa haki za binadamu wa [[Serbia]]. Mršević Anafanya kazi katika uwanja wa haki za binadamu na ufeministi, katika ngazi za ndani na kimataifa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fepps.edu.rs/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4&Itemid=7|title=Fakultet za evopske pravno - političke studije|access-date=14 January 2015}}</ref> ==Kazi== Mršević Baada ya kuhitimu kutoka Shule ya [[Sheria]] ya Chuo Kikuu cha Belgrade mnamo [[1977]], alipata [[Shahada ya Awali|digrii]] ya LLM mnamo mwak [[1983]], ikifuatiwa na digrii ya [[PhD]] katika Sheria mnamo mwaka [[1986]] kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Belgrade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idn.org.rs/index203_en.html|title=Institut Drustvenih Nauka|access-date=14 January 2015|accessdate=2023-07-02|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035642/http://www.idn.org.rs/index203_en.html}}</ref> == Maktaba teule == === Vitabu === * {{cite book|title=Incest između mita i stvarnosti : kriminološka studija seksualnog zlostavljanja dece|last=Mršević|first=Zorica|publisher=Inštitut za kriminološka i sociološka istraživanja|year=1997|location=Belgrade, Serbia}} (muhtasari kwa Kiingereza) * {{cite book|title=Changamoto za mahakama huru|last=Mršević|first=Zorica|publisher=Wizara ya Sheria ya Jamhuri ya Serbia|year=1998|location=Belgrade, Serbia}} (muhtasari kwa Kiingereza) * {{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=w646GQAACAAJ}}|title=Kuelekea jamii ya kidemokrasia: mfumo wa uchaguzi wa uwiano (Towards democratic society: freedom of public assembly: quota election system)|last=Mršević|first=Zorica|publisher=Institut društvenih nauka|year=2007|isbn=978-86-7093-115-2}} * {{cite book|title=Kuelekea jamii ya kidemokrasia: familia za jinsia moja|last=Mršević|first=Zorica|publisher=Taasisi ya Utafiti wa Sayansi za Kijamii|year=2009|isbn=9788670931282|location=Belgrade, Serbia}} COBIS.SR-ID 168990476 * {{cite book|title=Kuelekea jamii ya kidemokrasia: usawa wa kijinsia|last=Mršević|first=Zorica|publisher=Taasisi ya Utafiti wa Sayansi za Kijamii|year=2010|isbn=9788670931381|location=Belgrade, Serbia}} COBISS.SR-ID 185571340 === Makala za jarida === * {{Rejea jarida |last1=Mršević |first1=Zorica |last2=Hughes |first2=Donna M. |author-link2=Donna M. Hughes |last3=Mladjenović |first3=Lepa |date=Novemba 1995 |title=Upinzani wa kifeministi nchini Serbia |url=https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/wms_facpubs/15 |journal=[[European Journal of Women's Studies]] |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=509–532 |doi=10.1177/135050689500200406}} * {{Rejea jarida |last1=Mršević |first1=Zorica |last2=Hughes |first2=Donna M. |author-link2=Donna M. Hughes |date=Aprili 1997 |title=Ukatili dhidi ya wanawake huko Belgrade, Serbia: Simu ya Msaada ya SOS 1990-1993 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_violence-against-women_1997-04_3_2/page/100 |journal=[[Violence Against Women (journal)|Violence Against Women]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=101–128 |doi=10.1177/1077801297003002002 |pmid=12294810}} ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [https://zoricamrsevic.in.rs/ Tovuti Rasmi] {{Wayback|url=https://zoricamrsevic.in.rs/ |date=20230702085605 }} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2023 Kilimanjaro]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1954]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Serbia]] [[Jamii:wanabiolojia wa Serbia]] 4memoilhi10y2tv0cga0wlwwvgp3t6m 0 172769 1529859 1455436 2026-05-02T12:30:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529859 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yvonne Boyer''' (amezaliwa [[25 Oktoba]] [[1953]]) ni [[wakili]] wa [[Kanada]] ambaye aliteuliwa kuingia katika Baraza la Seneti la Kanada tarehe [[25 Machi]] [[2018]], kama Seneta wa [[Ontario]] na [[Waziri Mkuu]] wa Kanada [[Justin Trudeau]]. Akiwa ni Métis, Boyer ndiye mtu wa kwanza kutoka jamii ya Wenyeji wa Kanada kuteuliwa kuwa Seneta kutoka Ontario.<ref name="global2">{{cite web|date=15 March 2018|title=Ontario Metis lawyer Yvonne Boyer named to Senate|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4085824/ontario-metis-lawyer-yvonne-boyer-senate/|access-date=20 May 2025|website=Global News}}</ref> Anaishi Merrickville, Ontario, karibu na [[Ottawa]].<ref name="cbc2">{{cite news|title=Yvonne Boyer is Ontario's first Indigenous senator|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/ontario-first-indigenou-senator-yvonne-boyer-1.4577578|access-date=March 19, 2018|work=CBC News|date=March 15, 2018}}</ref> Akiwa wakili na pia muuguzi wa zamani kwa zaidi ya miongo miwili akifanya kazi [[Alberta]] na [[Saskatchewan]], Boyer amekuwa mstari wa mbele kukosoa ukosefu wa usawa katika mfumo wa huduma za afya wa Kanada, hasa katika upatikanaji na huduma kwa watu wa Kiasili.<ref name="global2" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2022-09-21|title=Senator Yvonne Boyer - Future Pathways Fireside Chats|url=https://www.firesidechats.ca/video/senator-yvonne-boyer|access-date=2025-05-20|website=Fireside Chats|language=en}}</ref> Boyer ni mwanachama wa Taifa la Métis na ana asili ya kifamilia katika Taifa la Métis la [[Saskatchewan]] na Red River, [[Manitoba]].<ref name="cbc2" /> Mbali na kuwa wakili, wakati wa kuteuliwa kwake katika Baraza la Seneti alikuwa [[profesa]] katika kitivo cha sheria cha Chuo Kikuu cha Ottawa na naibu mkurugenzi katika Kituo cha Sheria ya Afya, Sera na Maadili cha chuo hicho.<ref name="global2" /> Pia amewahi kuwa mjumbe wa Tume ya [[Haki za binadamu|Haki za Binadamu]] ya Kanada, na amehudumu kama wakili wa ndani katika Chama cha Wanawake wa Asili wa Kanada, pamoja na mshauri mwandamizi wa sera na mshauri wa kisheria katika Shirika la Kitaifa la Afya ya Wenyeji.<ref name="cbc2" /> Kuteuliwa kwake katika Seneti kulipendekezwa na Bodi Huru ya Ushauri ya Uteuzi wa Maseneta.<ref name="cbc2" /> ==Shughuli== Mnamo [[Mei]] [[2022]] pamoja na maseneta wengine wawili Seneta Boyer alitoa ripoti akitaka kukaguliwa kwa hukumu za wanawake 12 wa kiasili, ikiwa ni pamoja na dada wa Quewezance, na kuachiliwa kwao.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sencanada.ca/media/joph5la2/en_report_injustices-and-miscarriages-of-justice-experienced-by-12-indigenous-women_may-16-2022.pdf|access-date=2022-06-17|date=|title=Injustices and miscarriages of justice experienced by 12 indigenous women: a case for group conviction review and exoneration by the Department of Justice via the Law Commission of Canada and/or the Miscarriages of Justice Commission|first1=Kim|last1=Pate|first2=Dawn|last2=Anderson|first3=Yvonne|last3=Boyer|accessdate=2023-07-02|archivedate=2023-04-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402192606/https://sencanada.ca/media/joph5la2/en_report_injustices-and-miscarriages-of-justice-experienced-by-12-indigenous-women_may-16-2022.pdf}}</ref> Mwezi [[Juni]] 2022, aliwasilisha Muswada S-250 katika Seneti, ili kufanya kitendo cha kumlazimisha au kumshawishi mtu kufanyiwa upasuaji wa kufunga kizazi kiwe kosa la jinai la kuadhibiwa kwa kifungo cha hadi miaka 14 jela. ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2023 Kilimanjaro]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1953]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Kanada]] ljuxg9kpid59lofod9dn3mk0fkrwtzz 0 173663 1529854 1296437 2026-05-02T12:29:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1529854 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yvette Healy''' ni [[Mmarekani]], [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira]] laini wa Marekani "''All-American"'' na [[Kocha|mkufunzi]] mkuu wa sasa wa [[Wisconsin]], [[asili]] yake ni [[Orland Park]], [[Illinois]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=1996-di-all-american-teams--4455 {{!}} awards-history {{!}} awards|url=https://nfca.org/awards/awards-history/1996-di-all-american-teams-4455|work=NFCA|accessdate=2023-07-30|language=en-gb|author=Christine Vogt}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=1998-di-all-american-teams--4428 {{!}} awards-history {{!}} awards|url=https://nfca.org/awards/awards-history/1998-di-all-american-teams-4428|work=NFCA|accessdate=2023-07-30|language=en-gb|author=Christine Vogt}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yvette Healy {{!}} Softball Coach|url=https://uwbadgers.com/sports/softball/roster/coaches/yvette-healy/156|work=Wisconsin Badgers|accessdate=2023-07-30|language=en}}</ref>Alicheza mpira laini wa [[Chuo Kikuu|Chuo kikuu]] cha [[DePaul]] kutoka [[1996]] hadi [[1999]] na alikuwa [[mshindi]] wa [[tuzo]] ya [[Ligi]] ya ''[[Summit, New Jersey|Summit]]'' mara nne. ==Tanbihi== <references /> [[Jamii:wachezaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 5zf18f5gnv27xo2xeuo2fuwu1r9xlw8 0 173679 1529825 1296492 2026-05-02T12:24:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529825 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yulia Raskina''' (Юлия Раскина; alizaliwa [[Minsk]], [[Belarus]], Aprili 9, 1982) ni mwanamichezo wa zamani wa [[gymnastics]] ya kupanga na mwalimu kutoka [[Belarus]]. Yeye ni mshindi wa medali ya fedha katika [[Olimpiki]] ya mwaka 2000, mshindi wa medali ya fedha ya Dunia kwa ujumla mwaka 1999, na mshindi mara mbili wa medali ya fedha ya [[Ulaya]] kwa ujumla (2000, 1999), pia alikuwa bingwa wa [[Grand Prix]] mwaka 1999. == Maisha binafsi == Raskina ni [[Myahudi|Myahud]]<nowiki/>i.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t0KzECrIQDQC&dq=%22Jews+and+the+Olympic+Games%22+yulia&pg=PA240|title=Jews and the Olympic Games: The Clash Between Sport and Politics : with a Complete Review of Jewish Olympic Medallists|last=Taylor|first=Paul|date=2004|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-903900-88-8|language=en}}</ref> Amezaliwa katika familia ya michezo. Mama yake alikuwa mwalimu wa michezo wa daraja la kimataifa wa [[USSR]] katika gymnastics ya sanaa. Baba yake pia alikuwa mwalimu wa michezo na mwalimu wa riadha. == Kazi == Raskina aliingia katika eneo la Kimataifa la RG katika Mashindano ya Dunia ya 1997 huko [[Berlin]] na alikuwa bingwa wa kitaifa mara tatu. Alishinda medali ya fedha katika Mashindano ya Dunia ya 1999 na alikuwa mshindi wa medali ya fedha ya [[Uropa]] mara mbili mnamo 1999 na 2000. Raskina alishinda medali ya dhahabu katika mpira wa 2000 huko [[Zaragoza|Zaragosa]]. Alionyesha taaluma yake ya hali ya juu kwa kushinda medali ya fedha katika pande zote katika Michezo ya [[Olimpiki]] ya Majira ya 2000 iliyofanyika [[Sydney, Australia|Sydney,Australia]], akiwa mbele ya Alina Kabayeva ambaye alikuwa mmoja wa wagombea wakuu wa medali ya dhahabu ya Olimpiki wakati huo, ambaye alishinda medali ya shaba. Alipoteza dhahabu kwa Yulia Barsakova kwa tofauti ya 0.084.Kama hulka yake usingekuwa nje ya mipaka kidogo ambayo ingesababisha kupunguzwa kwa alama 0.1 na kupata alama 4.9 kati ya 5.0 katika Ustadi, angeweza kushinda dhahabu. Raskina alijaribu kurudi kwa mafanikio hadi mwaka 2003 na hatimaye alihitimisha kazi yake. Kuanzia mwaka 2005 hadi 2006, Raskina alishiriki katika tamasha la [[Cirque du Solei]]<nowiki/>l la "[[Corleone|Corteo]]" pamoja na mwanamichezo wa zamani wa gymnastics ya kupanga kutoka Ukraine, Tamara Yerofeeva. Alishinda kipindi cha televisheni cha Belarusi kinachoitwa "Star Dances" akiwa na mshiriki wa densi mtaalamu, Denis Moryasin, na aliteuliwa kuwakilisha Belarusi kwenye Mashindano ya Kucheza Eurovision. Kwa sasa anafanya kazi kama kocha wa timu ya kitaifa ya Ujerumani katika gymnastics ya kupanga, akichangia kufanikiwa kwa mafanikio ya wanamichezo wa gymnastics ya kupanga wa Ujerumani katika mwaka wa 2022. === Wanafunzi maarufu ni pamoja na: === * Darja Varfolomeev - mshindi wa medali ya shaba mara mbili katika Ulaya mwaka 2022. * Margarita Kolosov ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{BD|1982|}} [[Jamii:wanamichezo wa Belarus]] 7smsk2hy60kwqx3zjgwo46rujdazb0i 0 174020 1529829 1348095 2026-05-02T12:25:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529829 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Larisa Savkina and Yuliya Safina 1980.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Yuliya Safina (kulia) mnamo 1980]] {{Infobox_Person | jina = Yuliya Safina | nchi = | majina_mengine = | picha = | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 1 Julai 1950 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi_yake = mchezaji wa mpira wa mkono | cheo =Mchezaji | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dini = | ndoa = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Yuliya Vasilyevna Safina''' (kwa [[Kirusi]]: Юлия Васильевна Сафина, alizaliwa 1 Julai 1950) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa mkono wa [[Urusi]] ambaye amestaafu. Alijishindia medali za dhahabu pamoja na timu ya Umoja wa [[Kisovyeti]] katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya mwaka 1980 na Mashindano ya Dunia ya mwaka 1982.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yuliya Safina Bio, Stats, and Results {{!}} Olympics at Sports-Reference.com|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/yuliya-safina-1.html|work=web.archive.org|date=2020-04-18|accessdate=2023-08-09|archivedate=2011-08-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812141653/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/yuliya-safina-1.html}}</ref><ref>[http://ihf.info/upload/PDF-Download/WomenWorldCh/hun82.pdf A – Indoor/en salle/Halle – 1982 – HUN. International Handball Federation (12 December 1982)] iliwekwa mnamo tarehe 09/08/2023</ref> {{BD|1950|}} [[Jamii:wachezaji wa Urusi]] qu22yefs92p9grxr947es13sl1blvzb 0 176174 1530250 1377276 2026-05-03T00:11:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530250 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Simon Ravn''' (amezaliwa [[25 Januari]] [[1974]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://amp.dascene.net/detail.php?view=4814&detail=interview |title=Amiga Music Preservation - 2001 interview with Simon Ravn / Melomaniac}}</ref> huko [[Kopenhagen]], [[Udeni]]) ni [[mtunzi]] wa [[muziki]] na filamu nchini [[Udeni]]. Mwishoni mwa mwaka 1980 na mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, aliandika muziki katika mtindo wa fail la MOD chini ya jina bandia "Melomaniac",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amp.dascene.net/detail.php?detail=modules&view=4814 |title=Amiga Music Preservation - Melomaniac - Modules |publisher=Amp.dascene.net |accessdate=2012-03-06}}</ref> na kutumbuiza muziki wake katika mchezo wa Amiga, Foundation. <ref name="exotica">{{cite web |url=http://www.exotica.org.uk/wiki/Simon_Ravn |title=Simon Ravn |publisher=ExoticA |date= |accessdate=2012-03-06 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="gamasutra">http://www.gamasutra.com/galleries/audio/simon_ravn/index.htm Gamasutra Game Audio Gallery feature on Simon Ravn</ref> ==Kazi == '''Michezo ya video * Aina Jenetiki (Amiga) * 1999 Foundation (Amiga) * 2004 CannonCruise * 2005 Gangland * 2006 Wakala Hugo 2 - RoboRumble * 2007 Lemoon Twist * 2008 Viking: Vita kwa Asgard * Dola ya 2009: Vita Jumla * 2010 Napoleon: Vita Jumla * 2019 Jumla ya Vita: Falme Tatu ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.epicsound.com/ Tovuti rasmi ya Simon Ravn] {{en}} ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1974]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] gkuv69npe8wxumw36nzdtfsd5peq02d 0 178390 1530145 1319265 2026-05-02T19:02:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530145 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zubir Amin''' ([[26 Julai]] [[1939]] – [[23 Desemba]] [[2021]]) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa [[Indonesia]]. Alihudumu kama balozi wa Indonesia nchini [[Madagaska]] kuanzia [[1979]] hadi [[1982]] na [[Uturuki]] kuanzia [[1982]] hadi [[1984]]. <ref>{{Rejea habari|last=|first=|date=27 February 2020|title=Zubir Amin, Diplomat Senior dari Padusunan Pariaman|url=https://www.lintassumbar.id/2020/02/zubir-amin-diplomat-senior-dari-padusunan.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606144634/https://www.lintassumbar.id/2020/02/zubir-amin-diplomat-senior-dari-padusunan.html|archivedate=6 June 2020|language=Indonesian|work=Lintas Sumbar|location=}}</ref> Amin alifariki tarehe [[23 Desemba]] [[2021]], akiwa na umri wa miaka 82. <ref>{{Rejea habari|last=Wardhani|first=Anita K.|date=23 December 2021|title=Kabar Duka, Ayah Nirina Zubir Meninggal Dunia, Sebelumnya Kondisinya Sempat Kritis|url=https://www.tribunnews.com/seleb/2021/12/23/kabar-duka-ayah-nirina-zubir-meninggal-dunia-sebelumnya-kondisinya-sempat-kritis?page=all|language=Indonesian|work=[[Tribun Network]]|location=}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1939]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Indonesia]] [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Indonesia]] 9bz9uetlvln71q6nt6k28l6uxnhrxpz 0 178631 1530064 1321402 2026-05-02T18:49:41Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1530064 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zerlina Maxwell''' (amezaliwa 16 Novemba 1981<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zerlina Maxwell talks new book, race and why she's encouraged by the Biden-Harris win|url=https://thegrio.com/2020/12/07/zerlina-maxwell-new-book-interview/|work=TheGrio|date=2020-12-08|accessdate=2024-02-10|language=en-US|author=DeMicia Inman}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=BIRTHDAY OF THE DAY: Zerlina Maxwell, host of ‘Zerlina’ on Peacock, MSNBC analyst and co-host of ‘Signal Boost Show’ on Sirius XM|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/11/16/playbook-birthday-zerlina-maxwell-436717|work=POLITICO|date=2020-11-16|accessdate=2024-02-10|language=en|author=POLITICO Staff}}</ref>) ni mtangazaji wa televisheni ya kebo, mchambuzi wa kisiasa, mtoa maoni, mzungumzaji, na mwandishi kutoka [[Marekani]]. Anaandika na kuzungumza kuhusu [[Utamaduni|tamaduni]], ukosefu wa usawa wa kijinsia, ridhaa ya kijinsia, [[ubaguzi wa rangi]], na mada kama hizo kwa mtazamo wa kiliberali.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Q&A: Zerlina Maxwell on rape culture and sexual assault|url=https://stanforddaily.com/2017/11/20/qa-zerlina-maxwell-on-rape-culture-and-sexual-assault/|date=2017-11-20|accessdate=2024-02-10|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Bliss, Mark (2017-02-16). [http://www.semissourian.com/story/2386778.html "Former Clinton aide: Trump campaign normalized racism, sexism"]. ''Southeast Missourian''.</ref> Anajielezea kama mnusurika wa [[unyanyasaji wa kijinsia]] na "[[mwanaharakati]] aliyenusurika".<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Citation|last=Galo|first=Sarah|title=Zerlina Maxwell: 'I’m making a pitch for more public male allies'|date=2015-02-23|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/feb/23/zerlina-maxwell-more-public-male-allies|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2024-02-10}}</ref> == Elimu == Maxwell ana shahada ya udaktari wa seria kutoka [[Rutgers Law School|Shule ya Sheria ya Rutgers]] na BA katika [[Mafungamano ya kimataifa|mahusiano ya kimataifa]] kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Tufts]].<ref>[https://www.ccis.edu/events/womenshistorymonth/archivedevents/2015-event-challenging-rape-culture.aspx "2015 Event - Challenging Rape Culture"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.ccis.edu/events/womenshistorymonth/archivedevents/2015-event-challenging-rape-culture.aspx |date=20200613022019 }}. ''Columbia College''.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wanawake]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1981]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]] fdjcciq3ihazkxmz2vrxrmzwjr0i4f4 0 179484 1530030 1324599 2026-05-02T18:44:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530030 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zaouli''' ni ngoma ya jadi ya watu wa Guro (wanaozungumza lugha ya Guro) ya katikati mwa [[Ivory Coast]]. Barakoa ya Zaouli, inayotumika katika ngoma, iliundwa katika miaka ya 1950, kwa mujibu wa ripoti iliyovutiwa na msichana aliyeitwa "Djela Lou Zaouli" (maana yake "Zaouli, binti wa Djela").<ref name="thekidshouldseethis.com">{{cite web|url=http://thekidshouldseethis.com/post/zaouli-de-manfla-the-zaouli-dance-of-the-ivory-coast-west-africa|title=Zaouli de Manfla: The Zaouli dance of the Ivory Coast, West Africa - The Kid Should See This|website=thekidshouldseethis.com|date=3 November 2014 }}</ref> Hata hivyo, hadithi kuhusu asili ya barakoa ya pekee zinatofautiana, na kila barakoa inaweza kuwa na historia yake ya alama za ishara.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bibata-arts-africains.com/en/african-mask/97-guro-zaouli-mask-of-ivory-coast.html|title=Guro Zaouli Mask of Ivory Coast|access-date=July 21, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208193737/http://www.bibata-arts-africains.com/en/african-mask/97-guro-zaouli-mask-of-ivory-coast.html|archive-date=December 8, 2015|accessdate=2024-03-21|archivedate=2015-12-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208193737/http://www.bibata-arts-africains.com/en/african-mask/97-guro-zaouli-mask-of-ivory-coast.html}}</ref> Ilisajiliwa mwaka 2017 kwenye Orodha ya Uwakilishi wa Urithi wa Utamaduni usioweza kuonekana wa Binadamu na [[UNESCO]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/zaouli-popular-music-and-dance-of-the-guro-communities-in-cte-divoire-01255|title= Zaouli, popular music and dance of the Guro communities in Côte d'Ivoire}}</ref> Kila kijiji cha Guro kina mchezaji wa Zaouli wa eneo (kila mara mwanamume), akifanya wakati wa mazishi na sherehe. Ngoma hiyo inaaminiwa kuongeza uzalishaji wa kijiji inapofanyika na inaonekana kama chombo cha umoja kwa jamii ya Guro, na kwa upana wa nchi nzima. ==Katika utamaduni maarufu== Msanii wa rapa kutoka Uingereza-Sri Lanka M.I.A. alijumuisha kipande cha mchezaji wa Zaouli katika video yake ya muziki wa wimbo wa "Swords&Warriors", uliotolewa mwaka 2015. Video maarufu inayojumuisha wimbo "Bungee Jump" wa wasanii wa muziki wa elektroniki Captain Hook & Astrix hutumia picha za wachezaji wa Zaouli. Mwaka wa 2022, kundi la wasichana la K-pop lilitoa video ya muziki wa wimbo wao "Rica Rica", ikiwa na michezo ya kuchorea ambayo ina msukumo mkubwa kutoka katika ngoma ya Zaouli. Baadhi ya watumiaji wa mitandao waliikosoa kwa matumizi hayo kama yasiyofaa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url= https://meaww.com/rica-rica-nature-kpop-choreography-cultural-appropriation-indian-bindi-african-tribal-dance-zaouli|title= 'Rica Rica': NATURE trends for 'downgraded' performance after cultural appropriation|date=2022-01-29|work= MEAWW}}</ref> Video fupi za ngoma za jadi za Zaouli pia zimekuwa zikisambaa kwenye intaneti, sauti ya nyimbo ambayo imebadilishwa na rythms za haraka, zinazoonekana kufaa za muziki wa "psytrance". ==Marejeo== <references /> {{Mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Utamaduni wa Kodivaa]] [[Jamii:muziki wa Afrika]] cmx1nycdb719440ebq16cckrlln8ifn 0 179656 1530082 1325305 2026-05-02T18:52:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530082 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zina Hidouri''' ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa zamani nchini [[Tunisia]]. Hidouri alicheza kama [[mshambuliaji]] na amewahi kuwa nahodha wa [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[wanawake]] ya Tunisia.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.maghress.com/fr/lopinion/23397|website=Maghress|title=Football féminin : Eliminatoires - Championnat d'Afrique « aller » (Guinée Equatoriale 2012)|language=fr|date=16 January 2012|accessdate=9 August 2021}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa kike]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Tunisia]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Tunisia]] 595stnqvvy400gsy8wt31snczrysrlq 0 179760 1530310 1527589 2026-05-03T05:38:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530310 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tunu Pinda''' ni [[Harakati|mwanaharakati]] wa [[Tanzania]] ambaye amehusika katika kukuza [[usawa wa kijinsia]] katika sekta mbalimbali za [[maendeleo]], hasa ya [[uchumi]] wa kilimo, nchini [[Tanzania]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Tunu Pinda Foundation – Non-Governmental Organization to Train and Equip |url=https://tunupindafoundation.org/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818163626/https://tunupindafoundation.org/ |url-status=dead }}{{Rejea tovuti |date=2023-03-09 |title=Mama Tunu Pinda awataka wanawake Songwe kupinga ukatili |url=https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/kitaifa/mama-tunu-pinda-awataka-wanawake-songwe-kupinga-ukatili-4152530 |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=Mwananchi |language=en }}</ref> == Uanaharakati == Pinda amesisitiza umuhimu wa kanuni na [[sheria]] za kulinda watumiaji na kuboresha uwezo wa [[Tanzania]] kuuza bidhaa zake sokoni kimataifa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-04-03|title=Improve product packaging to attract buyers, producers told|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/improve-product-packaging-to-attract-buyers-producers-told-2499762|access-date=2023-08-18|website=The Citizen|language=en}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka [[2014]], Pinda alihutubia katika Mkutano wa Dunia wa ''Universal Peace Federation'' uliofanyika Seoul, [[Korea Kusini]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=T. Pinda: Address to World Summit 2014|url=https://www.upf.org/resources/speeches-and-articles/6023-t-pinda-speech-at-world-summit-2014|access-date=2023-08-18|website=Universal Peace Federation}}</ref> Mnamo Machi [[2024]], Pinda alianza Tunu Pinda Foundation, shirika lisilo la kiserikali lililojikita katika kuwawezesha wanawake, vijana, na watu wenye ulemavu nchini Tanzania.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=SERIKALI IMESHAFANYA MAMBO MAKUBWA KUTUWEZESHA KUINUKA-RC SENYAMULE|url=https://dodoma.go.tz/new/serikali-imeshafanya-mambo-makubwa-kutuwezesha-kuinuka-rc-senyamule|access-date=2025-07-07|website=dodoma.go.tz|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Pia ni mke wa waziri mkuu wa zamani wa Tanzania, [[Mizengo Pinda]], ambaye aliwahi kushika wadhifa huo kutoka 2008 hadi [[2015]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-03-11|title=Tunu: Pinda kutajwa urais kulinishtua|url=https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/kitaifa/tunu-pinda-kutajwa-urais-kulinishtua-2772530|access-date=2023-08-18|website=Mwananchi|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mama Tunu Pinda ajeruhiwa katika ajali iliyomhusisha Bodaboda, mmoja afariki|url=https://dar24.com/mama-tunu-pinda-ajeruhiwa-katika-ajali-iliyomhusisha-bodaboda-mmoja-afariki/|access-date=2023-08-18|website=Dar24|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818163649/https://dar24.com/mama-tunu-pinda-ajeruhiwa-katika-ajali-iliyomhusisha-bodaboda-mmoja-afariki/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Waziri Simbachawene ampongeza mama Tunu Pinda|url=https://www.diramakini.co.tz/2022/11/waziri-simbachawene-ampongeza-mama-tunu.html|access-date=2023-08-18|website=Diramakini|language=en}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-wanasiasa-Tanzania}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii: Wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii: WikiGap JWK 2026]] k5qpyxw9knm2g67gi6qyni281923xmm 0 179798 1529812 1325839 2026-05-02T12:23:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 12 template(s) replaced. 1529812 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yugantar Film Collective''' ni kikundi cha [[filamu]] cha [[kifeministi]] nchini [[India]] kati ya miaka 1980 na 1983. == Historia == Kikundi cha filamu kilianzishwa mjini [[Bangalore]] mwaka 1980 na marafiki na wazalishaji wa filamu Deepa Dhanraj, Abha Bhaiya, Navroze Contractor, na Meera Rao. Ilikuwa ni kikundi cha kwanza cha filamu cha kifeministi nchini India.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Arsenal: Of Strikes, Visions and Friendships – The Yugantar Film Collective|url=https://www.arsenal-berlin.de/en/berlinale-forum/archive/program-archive/2019/program-forum-expanded/forum-expanded-think-film-no-7/of-strikes-visions-and-friendships-the-yugantar-film-collective.html|website=Arsenal – Institut für Film und Videokunst e.V.|language=en-UK|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Rejea tovuti|last=Curated|first=Something|date=2020-11-03|title=Yugantar — Reflecting On Bangalore's Radical Feminist Film Collective Of The 80s|url=https://somethingcurated.com/2020/11/03/yugantar-reflecting-on-bangalores-radical-feminist-film-collective-of-the-80s/|access-date=2024-03-28|website=Something Curated|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Kazi == Kati ya mwaka 1980 na 1983, wakati wa mabadiliko ya kisiasa ya msingi nchini India, Yugantar iliunda filamu nne za kipekee pamoja na vikundi vya wanawake wa asili au vilivyotokea kufuatia huko India nzima.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Kishore|first=Shweta|title=Transcending testimony: an interview with filmmaker Deepa Dhanraj|url=http://theconversation.com/transcending-testimony-an-interview-with-filmmaker-deepa-dhanraj-29763|access-date=17 May 2020|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Wolf|first=Nicole|date=1 September 2018|title=Is this just a story? Friendships and fictions for speculative alliances. The Yugantar film collective (1980–83)|url=https://research.gold.ac.uk/id/eprint/23484/1/MIRAJ%207.2_art_Wolf_final%20accepted%20version.pdf|journal=The Moving Image Review & Art Journal (MIRAJ)|volume=7|issue=2|pages=252–266|doi=10.1386/miraj.7.2.252_1|issn=2045-6298}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Rejea tovuti|last=Victorino|first=Sofia|date=March 19, 2023|title=Yugantar: As Women See It+Maid Servant+Tobacco Embers+Is This Just a Story?|url=https://www.batalhacentrodecinema.pt/en/editorial/fs-yugantar-sofia-victorino/|access-date=2024-03-28|website=www.batalhacentrodecinema.pt|language=en}}</ref> Filamu hizo zilipigwa kwa kutumia filamu ya 16mm na zilijumuisha vipande vya nyaraka, vipande vya uigizaji wa kubuni, na maonyesho upya. Molkarin (Maid Servant) ilifuatilia kikundi cha wafanyakazi wa ndani katika mji wa Pune. Mahojiano na wafanyakazi yalionyesha mazingira ya kazi yenye dhuluma, hali mbaya za kufanyia kazi, na unyanyasaji wa kila siku. Mamia ya wafanyakazi wa ndani walikusanyika pamoja ili kupigania haki zao - kwanza, kwa mgomo uliopita katika miji kadhaa, kisha kwa mikutano kadhaa ambayo ilizalisha tamko la kusimamia hali za kufanyia kazi. Filamu fupi ya kikundi, Tambaku Chaakila Oob Ali (Tobacco Ember), ilianzishwa kwa ushirikiano na wafanyakazi katika kiwanda cha tumbaku huko Nipani, ikidhihirisha harakati kubwa sana ya ajira isiyosimamiwa katika India ya miaka ya 1980. Yugantar ilifuatilia wafanyakazi kwa miezi minne, ikidokumenti mazoea yao, ikikusanya habari za hali za kufanyia kazi (ikiwa ni pamoja na adhabu kali na mabavu ya mamlaka), na hatimaye, ikionyesha mikutano ya mkakati iliyoundwa kudai haki.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Batalha Centro de Cinema|url=https://www.batalhacentrodecinema.pt/en/filme/01-maid-servant/|access-date=2024-03-28|website=www.batalhacentrodecinema.pt|language=en}}</ref> Kwa Idhi Katha Matramena (Is This Just a Story?), Yugantar ilishirikiana na Sri Shakhti Sanghatana, kikundi cha utafiti wa kifeministi na harakati kilichoko Hyderabad, kuandika mchezo wa kuigiza unaofafanua unyanyasaji wa nyumbani na unyogovu. Filamu hiyo ilichukua fikra za kijamii za India juu ya nyumba kama mahali pa upendo na mapenzi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Batalha Centro de Cinema|url=https://www.batalhacentrodecinema.pt/en/filme/03-is-this-just-a-story/|access-date=2024-03-28|website=www.batalhacentrodecinema.pt|language=en}}</ref> Kikundi kilishirikiana na wanachama wa harakati ya Chipko, harakati ya uhifadhi wa misitu ya India ya miaka ya 1970, kwa filamu yao ya Sudesha (As Women See It).<ref name=":22">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Arsenal: Of Strikes, Visions and Friendships – The Yugantar Film Collective|url=https://www.arsenal-berlin.de/en/berlinale-forum/archive/program-archive/2019/program-forum-expanded/forum-expanded-think-film-no-7/of-strikes-visions-and-friendships-the-yugantar-film-collective.html|website=Arsenal – Institut für Film und Videokunst e.V.|language=en-UK|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> Filamu inatokeza hisia za Sudesha, mwanamke anayeishi Himalaya, kwa kuwasili kwa wafanyabiashara wa mbao. Sudesha anaweka wanawake katika eneo lake kupinga wale wanaofanya uharibifu wa misitu na jukumu la jadi la mwanamke katika jamii ya India.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Batalha Centro de Cinema|url=https://www.batalhacentrodecinema.pt/en/program/conversa-com-deepa-dhanraj-exibicao-de-as-women-see-it/|access-date=2024-03-28|website=www.batalhacentrodecinema.pt|language=en}}</ref> Mwaka wa 1991, mwanzilishi wa Yugantar, Deepa Dhanraj, aliongoza filamu ya Something Like a War, uchunguzi wa mpango wa uzazi wa familia ya India.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Something Like a War|url=https://www.wmm.com/catalog/film/something-like-a-war|access-date=2024-03-28|website=www.wmm.com|language=en-US}}</ref> == Utambuzi == Mwaka wa 2019, mkusanyiko wa filamu za Yugantar ulionyeshwa katika [[Berlinale]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Idhi Katha Matramena {{!}} Is This Just a Story?|url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2019/02_programm_2019/02_filmdatenblatt_2019_201901969.html#tab=filmStills|website=www.berlinale.de|language=en|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> sehemu ya [[Forum Expanded]]. Filamu hizo zilirejeshwa kwa dijiti na kuhifadhiwa na Taasisi ya Arsenal ya Sanaa za Filamu na Video huko Berlin. Mwaka wa 2023, Batalha Centro de Cinema huko Porto, Ureno, iliandaa maonyesho ya filamu fupi za kikundi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Batalha Centro de Cinema|url=https://www.batalhacentrodecinema.pt/en/program/curtas-de-yugantar-film-collective/|access-date=2024-03-28|website=www.batalhacentrodecinema.pt|language=en}}</ref> == Filamu == * 1981 ''Molkarin'' (''Maid Servant''); 25 min. * 1982 ''Tambaku Chaakila Oob Ali'' (''Tobacco Ember''); 25 min. * 1983 ''Idhi Katha Matramena'' (''Is This Just a Story?''); 25 min. * 1983 ''Sudesha (As Women See It''); 30 min. * 1991 ''Something Like a War'' by Deepa Dhanraj; 63min. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:Filamu za 1980]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa India]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uhindi]] fpeq9wpkun8mi1qfrhyyuu525irytpk 0 179867 1530069 1326190 2026-05-02T18:50:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1530069 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zhang Weili''' (Kichina: 张伟丽; pinyin: Zhāng Wěilì; amezaliwa Agosti 13, 1989) ni [[Sanaa ya mapigano|msanii]] wa kijeshi mchanganyiko wa Kichina. Kwa sasa anashiriki katika kitengo cha wanawake cha Uzani wa [[Strawweight]] cha Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), ambapo yeye ndiye [[Bingwa]] wa UFC wa UFC wa Uzani wa Strawweight mara mbili. Akiwa mtaalamu mshindani tangu 2013, Zhang hapo awali alishindania Kunlun Fight (KLF), ambapo alikuwa [[Bingwa]] wa Uzani wa Strawweight wa KLF wa [[Mwanamke|Wanawake]]. Kufikia Septemba 5, 2023, yuko nafasi ya pili (2) katika viwango vya UFC vya pauni kwa pauni.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Official Home of Ultimate Fighting Championship {{!}} UFC.com|url=https://www.ufc.com/|work=www.ufc.com|accessdate=2024-03-31}}</ref> == Ubia mwingine == Mnamo Mei 2020, ilitangazwa kuwa Zhang alikua balozi wa chapa ya vipodozi vya Estée Lauder nchini [[Uchina Bara|Uchina]], na alichaguliwa kama mshiriki wa laini yao mpya ya urembo ya Double Wear. <ref>"Kutoka kwa wapiganaji wa MMA hadi washindi wa medali za dhahabu, urembo unakumbatia wanariadha hodari wa kike". 13 Julai 2020.</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Sun|first=Qianhui|last2=Tang|first2=Jinghan|last3=Zhang|first3=Zheshu|date=2021-12-26|title=The Analysis of Estee Lauder Group's Dominant Position Factors|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v16i.269|journal=BCP Business &amp; Management|volume=16|pages=82–89|doi=10.54691/bcpbm.v16i.269|issn=2692-6156}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Momanyi|first=Clara|title=MIAKA HAMSINI YA UJENZI WA TASWIRA YA MWANAMKE KATIKA USHAIRI WA KISWAHILI NCHINI KENYA|date=2014-05-08|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvgc60vs.8|work=Miaka Hamsini ya Kiswahili Nchini Kenya|pages=3–15|publisher=Twaweza Communications|access-date=2024-03-31}}</ref> Katika mwaka huo huo, alionekana katika tangazo la kibiashara la Audi.<ref>{{Citation|title=Kutathmini mahitaji na uwezo wa usimamizi wa rasilimali|date=2022-09-29|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/9789216040796c009|work=Usimamizi wa Rasilimali za Miundombinu kwa Maendeleo Endelevu|pages=83–122|publisher=United Nations|isbn=978-92-1-604079-6|access-date=2024-03-31}}</ref> Mnamo 2021, aliteuliwa kuwa [[balozi]] wa kimataifa wa [[kampuni]] ya teknolojia ya urejeshi ya [[Hyperice]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Taking Names|date=2021-12-08|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv218m64n.8|work=Rising Star|pages=81–118|publisher=University of Arkansas Press|access-date=2024-03-31}}</ref> Pia alikuwa na mikataba ya kuidhinishwa na chapa za nguo Under Armor and Heilan Home, kampuni ya e-commerce ya JingDong na kampuni ya vileo ya Wusu Beer. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Maithya|first=Jane Kanini|last2=Wendo|first2=Prof. Nabea|last3=Onyango|first3=Prof. James Ogola|date=2022-07-27|title=Mbinu za Lugha Zinazotumiwa katika Matangazo ya Biashara ya Kampuni ya Safaricom.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.51317/eajk.v2i1.104|journal=Eastern Africa Journal of Kiswahili (EAJK)|volume=2|issue=1|doi=10.51317/eajk.v2i1.104|issn=2958-1036}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Kukusanya na kutumia data sahihi kwa usimamizi madhubuti wa rasilimali|date=2022-09-29|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/9789216040796c011|work=Usimamizi wa Rasilimali za Miundombinu kwa Maendeleo Endelevu|pages=157–201|publisher=United Nations|isbn=978-92-1-604079-6|access-date=2024-03-31}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{BD|1989|}} [[Jamii:wanamichezo wa China]] bae0gylb205zm7hy8nghiclw6qodgac 0 180374 1530060 1329737 2026-05-02T18:49:01Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530060 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Soraya Mahlangu''' (alizaliwa mwaka 1984) ni malkia kutoka [[Eswatini]] na mke wa kumi wa Mfalme Mswati III. Mwaka 2002, akiwa na umri wa miaka kumi na nane, alitekwa na wanaume wawili wa mfalme na kuchukuliwa hadi Kijiji cha Kifalme cha Ludzidzini ili kukubali majukumu ya kifalme na kujiandaa kuwa mke wa kifalme wa baadaye. Kutekwa kwake kulileta kesi mahakamani na kusababisha skendo ya kimataifa, ambapo vyama mbalimbali vya wafanyakazi, mashirika, na watu mashuhuri, ikiwa ni pamoja na Amnesty International, walilaani matendo ya mfalme na familia yake ya kifalme. Rasmi, alioa mfalme mwaka 2010, akichukua cheo cha kifalme cha Inkhosikati LaMahlangu.<ref name="guardian2">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/14/gender.uk|title=The king and I|first=Janet|last=Heard|date=April 14, 2003|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=August 8, 2023|archive-date=July 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730054546/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/14/gender.uk|url-status=live}}</ref> == Marejeio == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Eswatini]] <references />{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} epq3xxzsq6m9nw2mz3enjeup6hh9nee 0 180482 1529988 1330659 2026-05-02T18:38:01Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 11 template(s) replaced. 1529988 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zahia Mentouri-Chentouf''' (Kiarabu: زهية منتوري, aliyeandikwa kwa romanized: Zahiyya Mantūrī; [[1947]] - [[12 Julai]] [[2022]]) alikuwa daktari wa Algeria na afisa wa serikali ambaye aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa Afya na Masuala ya Kijamii wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]] mnamo 1992. ==Maisha ya zamani== Mentouri alizaliwa mnamo 1947 huko Algeria ya Ufaransa. Mnamo 1952, wazazi wake walihamia Ufaransa pamoja na kaka na dada yake, lakini Mentouri aliachwa huko [[Constantine]] chini ya uangalizi wa shangazi na mjomba wake.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Dekker |first=Angela |date=2 Machi 2022 |title=The Sorrow of Algeria |url=https://www.groene.nl/artikel/het-verdriet-van-algerije |access-date=14 Julai 2022 |website=[[De Groene Amsterdammer]] |language=nl}}</ref> Baadhi ya familia ya Mentouri walipigana na majeshi ya Ufaransa wakati wa Vita vya Uhuru wa Algeria; mjomba na binamu wawili waliuawa na vikosi vya Ufaransa. Wakati akikua, marafiki wengi wa Mentouri walikuwa Pied-Noirs, watu wa kabila la Wafaransa ambao walizaliwa Algeria. Lugha yake kuu ilikuwa Kifaransa, na hakuwa na ujuzi mdogo wa Kiarabu.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Dekker |first=Angela |date=2 Machi 2022 |title=The Sorrow of Algeria |url=https://www.groene.nl/artikel/het-verdriet-van-algerije |access-date=14 Julai 2022 |website=[[De Groene Amsterdammer]] |language=nl}}</ref> ==Kazi== Kufuatia uhuru wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]] mwaka 1962, Mentouri alikuwa na matumaini kuhusu mustakabali wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]] kama taifa la kisoshalisti, akisomea udaktari na kujitolea katika huduma za afya katika sehemu za mashambani za [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Pia alianzisha vyumba vya wagonjwa mahututi vya watoto katika miji kadhaa ya Algeria. Mentouri baadaye aliteuliwa kuwa mkuu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Annaba, ambapo alianzisha shule ya udaktari. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Dekker |first=Angela |date=2 Machi 2022 |title=The Sorrow of Algeria |url=https://www.groene.nl/artikel/het-verdriet-van-algerije |access-date=14 Julai 2022 |website=[[De Groene Amsterdammer]] |language=nl}}</ref> Tarehe 22 Februari 1992, Mentouri aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa Afya na Masuala ya Kijamii katika serikali ya Waziri Mkuu Sid Ahmed Ghozali. Wakati wake kama waziri, Mentouri alisaidia kutunga sheria mpya ambayo ingeteua afya ya umma kama kipaumbele cha kitaifa. <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti |date=12 Julai 2022 |title=Former Health Minister Zahia Mentouri dies |url=https://lapatrienews.dz/deces-de-lancienne-ministre-de-la-sante-zahia-mentouri/ |access-date=14 Julai 2022 |website=La Patrie News |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Hata hivyo, wakati wa Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Algeria, Rais Mohamed Boudiaf aliuawa tarehe 29 Juni 1992; kama matokeo, serikali ya Ghozali ilivunjwa, na Mentouri alijiuzulu kama waziri wa afya tarehe 19 Julai 1992, kabla ya kukamilisha azma yake ya kuanzisha huduma ya afya bila malipo nchini Algeria. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Dekker |first=Angela |date=2 Machi 2022 |title=The Sorrow of Algeria |url=https://www.groene.nl/artikel/het-verdriet-van-algerije |access-date=14 Julai 2022 |website=[[De Groene Amsterdammer]] |language=nl}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti |date=12 Julai 2022 |title=Former Health Minister Zahia Mentouri dies |url=https://lapatrienews.dz/deces-de-lancienne-ministre-de-la-sante-zahia-mentouri/ |access-date=14 Julai 2022 |website=La Patrie News |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Baada ya Mentouri kukataa kuanzisha chuo kikuu cha Kiislamu, alianza kupokea vitisho vya kuuawa, na kumlazimisha kukimbia kutoka Algiers; baadaye alibadilisha jina lake na kuishi katika mji mdogo, ambako alifanya kazi katika hospitali ya eneo hilo. Wakati fulani katika miaka ya 1990, msichana mwenye umri wa miaka 7 ambaye koo lake lilikatwa aliletwa katika chumba cha wagonjwa mahututi cha Mentouri; familia yake ilikuwa imeuawa na wanamgambo wa Islamic Salvation Front, lakini alinusurika. Baada ya kukaa kwa miezi 8 katika ICU ya Mentouri, alichukuliwa na Mentouri na mumewe..<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Dekker |first=Angela |date=2 Machi 2022 |title=The Sorrow of Algeria |url=https://www.groene.nl/artikel/het-verdriet-van-algerije |access-date=14 Julai 2022 |website=[[De Groene Amsterdammer]] |language=nl}}</ref> Baada ya kumalizika kwa vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe, Mentouri alihamia Oran, ambako alikua profesa wa ganzi na ufufuo katika Chuo Kikuu cha Oran.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Khittouche |first=Oussama |date=12 Julai 2022 |title=Death of former health minister Zahia Mentouri |url=https://lalgerieaujourdhui.dz/deces-de-lancienne-ministre-de-la-sante-zahia-mentouri/ |access-date=14 Julai 2022 |website=L'Algérie Aujourd'hui |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Mentouri pia alikuwa mtafiti wa Shirika la Kitaifa la Maendeleo ya Utafiti wa Afya, aliandaa Mkutano wa Afrika wa Utafiti wa Afya, na aliwahi kuwa mkurugenzi wa Shirika la Mada ya Utafiti na Sayansi ya Afya. Mentouri anasifika kwa "kuwafunza madaktari wa ganzi wa watoto wote magharibi mwa nchi".<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last= |date=12 Julai 2022 |title=Death of Professor Zahia Mentouri-Chentouf : A medical luminary bows out |url=https://esseha.dz/deces-du-pr-zahia-mentouri-chentouf-une-sommite-de-la-medecine-tire-sa-reverence/ |access-date=14 Julai 2022 |website=Esseha |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Mentouri alifariki tarehe 12 Julai 2022. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Mahfoof |first=Nisreen |date=12 Julai 2022 |title=Former Minister of Health Mentouri Zahia passes away |url=https://www.ennaharonline.com/وزيرة-الصحة-السابقة-منتوري-زهية-في-ذمة/ |access-date=14 Julai 2022 |website=[[Ennahar TV]] |language=ar-DZ}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=12 Julai 2022 |title=Former Minister of Health Mentouri Zahia passes away |url=https://www.elbilad.net/national/وزيرة-الصحة-السابقة-منتوري-زهية-في-ذمة-الله-106283 |access-date=14 Julai 2022 |website=[[El Bilad TV]] |language=ar}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} t69rrwnxd260tundlcjlny5qyotqob5 0 180495 1529684 1378559 2026-05-02T12:02:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529684 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ọmọ́yẹni 'Yeni' Aníkúlápó Kútì''' (anajulikana kama YK, alizaliwa tarehe [[24 Mei]] [[1961]], [[England]], [[Ufalme]] wa Muungano) ni [[mwanamitindo]], [[mwimbaji]] na mwamuzi wa Kiingereza mwenye asili ya Nigeria na mzao wa familia ya Ransome-Kuti.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/05/at-50-no-one-wants-to-marry-me-yeni-kuti/|title=At 50, No one wants to marry me – Yeni Kuti|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard Newspaper]]|last=Amadi|first=Ogbonna|date=28 May 2011|access-date=24 October 2015}}</ref> Bibi yake alikuwa [[mwanaharakati]] wa [[haki za wanawake]] nchini Nigeria, Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Spencer|first=Neil|date=2010-10-30|title=Fela Kuti remembered: 'He was a tornado of a man, but he loved humanity'|url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/oct/31/fela-kuti-musical-neil-spencer|access-date=2020-06-09|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Anikulapo-Kuti aliibuka na wazo la Felabration, tamasha la muziki lililokusudiwa kusherehekea maisha na mchango wa marehemu baba yake Fela Kuti kwa jamii ya Nigeria.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.punchng.com/feature/saturday-people/fela-almost-spanked-me-for-snatching-igbo-from-him-yeni/|title=Fela almost spanked me for snatching igbo from him –Yeni|work=[[The Punch]]|last=Ben-Nwankwo|first=Nonye|date=9 February 2013|access-date=24 October 2015|archive-date=28 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028172314/http://www.punchng.com/feature/saturday-people/fela-almost-spanked-me-for-snatching-igbo-from-him-yeni/|url-status=dead|accessdate=2024-04-17|archivedate=2014-10-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028172314/http://www.punchng.com/feature/saturday-people/fela-almost-spanked-me-for-snatching-igbo-from-him-yeni/}}</ref> Amezaliwa nchini England, Anikulapo-Kuti ni mtoto wa kwanza wa mwanzilishi wa afrobeat Fela Kuti na mama Mwingereza. Alipomaliza elimu yake ya msingi na sekondari nchini Nigeria baada ya kuondoka Uingereza akiwa na umri wa miaka miwili. Ana diploma katika uandishi wa habari baada ya kuhitimu kutoka Taasisi ya Uandishi wa Habari ya Nigeria. Mwaka 1986, alijiunga na bendi ya Femi kama mwimbaji na mwamuzi baada ya kuacha kazi yake kama mbuni wa mitindo. Kwa sasa anatumika kama msimamizi mwenza wa New Afrika Shrine pamoja na kaka yake Femi Kuti.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sunnewsonline.com/new/yeni-kutis-confessionday-escaped-rape/|title=Yeni Kuti's confession:Day I escaped rape|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun News]]|last=Bakare|first=Nike|date=17 May 2014|access-date=24 October 2015|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030708/http://sunnewsonline.com/new/yeni-kutis-confessionday-escaped-rape/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Nigeria]] <references />{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} t8zrj88o3fq597fio5sgk1c7hqk7s4g 0 180656 1530067 1331577 2026-05-02T18:50:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1530067 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Zecira Musovic (21779847281) (cropped 2).jpg|thumb|337x337px|Musovic mnamo [[2015]]]] '''Zećira Mušović''' (alizaliwa [[26 Mei]] [[1996]])<ref>https://fdp.fifa.org/assetspublic/ce93/pdf/SquadLists-English.pdf</ref> ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Uswidi]] ambaye anacheza kama [[golikipa]] wa klabu ya [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] ya Ligi Kuu Uingereza ya Wanawake (WSL)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zecira lämnar för mästarlaget|url=https://www.hd.se/2012-10-12/zecira-lamnar-for-mastarlaget/|work=HD|date=2012-10-12|accessdate=2024-04-21|language=sv}}</ref> na [[timu ya taifa]] ya Uswidi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Musovic: ”Karriären var ett skämt”|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/GpRj4|work=www.aftonbladet.se|date=2017-09-16|accessdate=2024-04-21|language=sv}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gerhardssons VM-trupp presenterad|url=https://www.svenskfotboll.se/nyheter/landslag/2019/5/dam-vm-trupp/|work=www.svenskfotboll.se|date=2019-05-16|accessdate=2024-04-21|language=sv}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uswidi]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uswidi]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1996]] iu1wbwo7e59o1c1zbm8s7upcx6o0022 0 180719 1530061 1458297 2026-05-02T18:49:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1530061 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zenab Issa Oki Soumaïne''' (aliyezaliwa 30 Agosti 1986) ni rubani na mwanamke wa kwanza kutoka [[Chad]] kuwa nahodha wa ndege. == Maisha == Oki alihitimu na kupata stashahada ya baccalaureate mwaka 2003, na mwaka 2005 akaanza masomo yake huko Sabangali kwa shahada ya fedha.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.interafriquenews.com/zenab-issa-oki-soumaine-premiere-commandante-de-bord-tchadienne/|title=Zenab Issa Oki Soumaïne, la première commandante de bord tchadienne|last=InterAfrique|date=2017-05-17|website=InterAfrique/Rebranding Africa Media|language=fr-FR|access-date=2020-03-03|archive-date=2017-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103143441/http://www.interafriquenews.com/zenab-issa-oki-soumaine-premiere-commandante-de-bord-tchadienne/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Baadaye, aliamua kuingia katika taaluma ya angani na leseni yake ya kwanza ya rubani alipewa huko [[Miami]] kwa ndege ya Hawker 900XPI.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.africatopsuccess.com/zenab-issa-oki-soumaine-1ere-femme-commandante-de-bord-au-tchad/|title=Zenab Issa Oki Soumaïne, 1ère femme commandante de bord au Tchad|last=|first=|date=2020-02-14|website=Africa Top Success|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-03-03}}</ref> Tarehe 3 Mei 2017, Oki alipandishwa cheo kuwa nahodha, hivyo kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kutoka Chad kuwa nahodha wa ndege.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.presidence.td/prd/fr-nws-385-AVIATION_CIVILE_UNE_PREMIERE_AU_TCHAD_.html|title=Site Officiel de la Présidence de la République du Tchad {{!}} AVIATION CIVILE : UNE PREMIERE AU TCHAD !|website=www.presidence.td|access-date=2020-03-03|archive-date=2019-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117233304/http://www.presidence.td/prd/fr-nws-385-AVIATION_CIVILE_UNE_PREMIERE_AU_TCHAD_.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Aliendelea na masomo katika Chuo cha Marubani cha [[Ethiopia]] na alimaliza masaa 1500 ya kuruka kabla ya kuhitimu.<ref name=":0" /> Katika sherehe ya kuhitimu kwake, Mke wa Rais wa Chad, ''Hinda Deby Itno'' aliwaomba waliohudhuria kuinuka na kumshangilia Oki.<ref name=":0" /> Sherehe ilifanyika katika hoteli ya Hilton huko [[N'Djamena]].<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://tchadinfos.com/iyalat/iyalat-zenab-issa-oki-soumaine-1ere-femme-tchadienne-commandante-de-bord/|title=Zenab Issa Oki Soumaine, 1ere femme tchadienne commandante de bord|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513120443/https://tchadinfos.com/iyalat/iyalat-zenab-issa-oki-soumaine-1ere-femme-tchadienne-commandante-de-bord/|archive-date=2021-05-13|access-date=|url-status=dead}}</ref> Oki alifanya kazi katika shirika la ndege la Burkina kabla ya kujiunga na floti ya anga ya rais huko Chad.<ref name=":0" /> Mwaka 2019, aliajiriwa na rais wa Chad kama rubani. Mafanikio yake yanachukuliwa kama mfano kwa wanawake vijana wengine kutoka Chad.<ref name=":1" /> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1986]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Chad]] bm5yn4wfexklr4r0sk3bw92mtq5rl8n 0 180761 1529953 1332330 2026-05-02T17:36:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529953 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rita Williams''' (alizaliwa Januari 14, 1976)<ref name="wnba3">{{cite web|url=http://www.wnba.com/playerfile/rita_williams/index.html|title=WNBA.com: Rita Williams Playerfile|publisher=wnba.com|accessdate=2015-02-16|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210031308/http://www.wnba.com/playerfile/rita_williams/index.html|archivedate=2015-02-10}}</ref> ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] wa kulipwa katika Chama cha Kikapu cha Taifa cha Wanawake (WNBA). Alikuwa chaguo la 13 katika drafti ya WNBA ya mwaka 1998, akichaguliwa na [[Washington Mystics]].<ref name="wnba">{{cite web|url=http://www.wnba.com/history/alltime_draft_list.html|title=WNBA.com: All-Time WNBA Draft List|publisher=wnba.com|accessdate=2015-02-14}}</ref>Alihudhuria Mitchell College,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/112545545/former-players-bask-in-afterglow/|title=Former players bask in afterglow|quote="UConn's final scholarship may go to guard Rita Williams, who is at Mitchell College in New London."|first=Bruce|last=Berlet|work=[[Hartford Courant]]|department=Sports|page=C7|date=January 23, 1995|accessdate=November 4, 2022|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>na alicheza mpira wa kikapu wa chuo kikuu kwa Chuo Kikuu cha Connecticut.<ref name="neighbornewspapers">{{cite web|url=http://neighbornewspapers.com/view/full_story/24490697/article-Former-WNBA-players-lead-Galloway-girls--basketball|title=Neighbor Newspapers - Former WNBA players lead Galloway girls basketball|publisher=neighbornewspapers.com|accessdate=2015-02-14|archive-date=2015-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214045207/http://neighbornewspapers.com/view/full_story/24490697/article-Former-WNBA-players-lead-Galloway-girls--basketball|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kazi ya WNBA == Katika msimu wa WNBA wa 2000, Williams alikuwa na wastani wa tatu wa wizi kwa kila mchezo (2.38). Katika msimu wa WNBA wa 2001, Williams alikuwa Mchezaji wa Kikapu wa All-Star wa kwanza katika historia ya Indiana Fever. == Takwimu za kazi == === WNBA === ==== Msimu wa kawaida ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ !Mwaka !Tm !G !GS !MP !FG !FGA !FG% !3P !3PA !3P% !2P !2PA !2P% !FT !FTA !FT% !ORB !DRB !TRB !AST !STL !BLK !TOV !PF !PTS |- |1998 |WAS |30 |18 |23.7 |1.4 |4.2 |.323 |0.4 |1.8 |.218 |1.0 |2.4 |.403 |1.3 |2.0 |.633 |0.4 |1.8 |2.3 |2.3 |2.1 |0.1 |2.3 |1.7 |4.4 |- |1999 |WAS |31 |0 |10.1 |1.0 |2.0 |.500 |0.6 |1.1 |.559 |0.4 |0.9 |.429 |0.7 |1.2 |.639 |0.2 |1.0 |1.2 |1.0 |0.7 |0.0 |0.8 |1.3 |3.4 |- |2000 |IND |32 |29 |31.7 |3.5 |8.6 |.409 |1.5 |4.1 |.374 |2.0 |4.5 |.441 |2.5 |3.4 |.731 |0.7 |2.3 |3.0 |3.2 |2.4 |0.1 |2.2 |2.2 |11.0 |- |2001 |IND |32 |29 |32.6 |3.6 |9.2 |.392 |1.3 |3.4 |.376 |2.3 |5.8 |.402 |3.4 |4.1 |.838 |0.8 |2.5 |3.3 |3.6 |2.3 |0.3 |3.1 |2.2 |11.9 |- |2002 |TOT |29 |1 |19.6 |1.5 |5.0 |.301 |0.7 |2.5 |.260 |0.9 |2.5 |.342 |1.1 |1.5 |.727 |0.3 |1.1 |1.5 |1.7 |1.1 |0.1 |1.3 |1.6 |4.8 |- |2002 |IND |20 |1 |24.2 |2.0 |6.8 |.289 |0.9 |3.4 |.254 |1.1 |3.4 |.324 |1.3 |1.7 |.735 |0.5 |1.4 |1.9 |2.2 |1.1 |0.1 |1.5 |1.7 |6.0 |- |2002 |HOU |9 |0 |9.4 |0.6 |1.2 |.455 |0.2 |0.7 |.333 |0.3 |0.6 |.600 |0.8 |1.1 |.700 |0.0 |0.7 |0.7 |0.8 |1.2 |0.0 |1.1 |1.2 |2.1 |- |2003 |SEA |32 |0 |11.9 |0.9 |2.3 |.373 |0.3 |1.3 |.256 |0.5 |1.0 |.531 |0.3 |0.5 |.733 |0.1 |0.6 |0.7 |1.3 |0.4 |0.0 |0.8 |1.1 |2.4<ref name="basketball-reference">{{cite web|url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/wnba/players/w/williri01w.html|title=Rita Williams WNBA Stats &#124; Basketball-Reference.com|publisher=basketball-reference.com|accessdate=2015-02-14}}</ref> |- |} == Maisha binafsi == Williams alipata shahada katika sosholojia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Connecticut.<ref name="wnba2">{{cite web|url=http://www.wnba.com/playerfile/rita_williams/bio.html|title=WNBA.com: Rita Williams Playerfile|publisher=wnba.com|accessdate=2015-02-14|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409211324/http://www.wnba.com/playerfile/rita_williams/bio.html|archivedate=2011-04-09}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Namibia]] 1bapx564c4hm75ch4v6oz3zkcqvq1v3 0 180923 1529813 1348017 2026-05-02T12:23:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1529813 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Yui Hasegawa 20240228tokyo.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Yui Hasegawa]] '''Yui Hasegawa''' (alizaliwa [[29 Januari]] [[1997]]) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] nchini [[Japani]] ambae anacheza kama [[Kiungo (michezo)|kiungo]] wa timu ya taifa ya Japani pamoja na klabu ya Manchester City inayoshiriki ligi ya [[Mwanamke|Wanawake]] ya Super League. Alizaliwa huko [[Sendai, Miyagi|Sendai]], Mkoa wa Miyagi na kukulia Toda, Saitama. Hasegawa alicheza mpira na timu ya vijana ya Tokyo Verdy Beleza kabla ya kuanza kucheza na timu kubwa mnamo mwaka [[2013]]. Mwaka 2021 Hasegawa alijiunga na AC Milan kabla ya kuhamia West Ham United mwishoni mwa msimu wa [[2020]]-21 wa ligi ya Serie A. Alijiunga na Manchester City katika majira ya joto mwaka 2022 baada ya kucheza msimu mmoja na timu ya West Ham United. <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Sendai, Mkoa wa Miyagi |url=https://sports.ms-ad-hd.com/ja/interview/yui_hasegawa.html |website=Yui Hasegawa |4= |accessdate=2024-04-27 |archive-date=2024-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222085350/https://sports.ms-ad-hd.com/ja/interview/yui_hasegawa.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Meguro Nihon University Junior |url=https://sports.yahoo.co.jp/column/detail/201901240002-spnavi |website=Yui Hasegawa}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=She attended high school at Meguro Nihon University Junior High and High School |url=https://olympics.com/ja/news/長谷川唯-新生なてしこの象徴的な存在-多彩なテクニックて攻撃の軸に }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Japani]] [[Jamii:wanawake wa Japani]] 7pw04bb8trzsbtbuwrxsvy8dl14npcv 0 180993 1529833 1348014 2026-05-02T12:26:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529833 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Yuri Kawamura FIFA Women's World Cup CMR vs JPN June 12th, 2015.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Yuri Kawamura]] '''Yuri Kawamura''' (alizaliwa [[17 Mei]] [[1989]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] nchini [[Japani]] ambae alicheza kama [[beki]] kwenye timu ya taifa ya [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] ya japani. Yuri Kwasasa ni kocha msaidizi wa timu ya taifa ya Japan.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.excellesports.com/news/nc-courage-defender-yuri-kawamura-injury/|title=NC Courage defender Yuri Kawamura suffers ACL and meniscus tear|publisher=Excelle Sports|first=Celia|last=Balf|accessdate=2024-04-27|archive-date=2018-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622220349/http://www.excellesports.com/news/nc-courage-defender-yuri-kawamura-injury/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nwslsoccer.com/players/yuri-kawamura#gamelog|title=YURI KAWAMURA|accessdate=2024-04-27|archive-date=2020-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922043937/https://www.nwslsoccer.com/players/yuri-kawamura#gamelog|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/prileyfury4life/status/1024796035489701888|title=@prileyfury4life}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Japani]] [[Jamii:wanawake wa Japani]] djwd2oktstme1u0v9mjfrm8ohx16niz 0 181066 1529818 1333334 2026-05-02T12:24:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529818 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yuka Nicole Momiki''' (alizaliwa [[9 Aprili]] [[1996]]) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Japani]] ambaye anacheza kama [[mshambuliaji]] katika klabu ya Leicester City inayoshiriki Ligi Kuu ya Wanawake (WSL)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=LCFC Women Sign Japan International Yuka Momiki|url=https://www.lcfc.com/news/3848949|work=www.lcfc.com|accessdate=2024-04-27|language=en}}</ref> na [[timu ya taifa]] ya Japani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=FIFA Tournaments - Players & Coaches - Yuka MOMIKI|url=http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=358076/index.html|work=web.archive.org|date=2015-10-12|accessdate=2024-04-27|archive-date=2015-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012131134/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=358076/index.html|dead-url=}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Japani]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa kike]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Japani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1996]] 44vvqv3umbp3qv9r7eep56ce5w85e1o 0 181080 1529831 1333000 2026-05-02T12:25:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529831 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yuna Matsubara''' (alizaliwa [[24 Januari]] [[2000]]) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] nchini [[Japani]] ambae anacheza kama [[beki]] wa klabu ya INAC Kobe Leonessa inayoshiriki ligi ya [[Wanawake|wanawake]] ya WE League.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.sanfrecce.co.jp/clubs/8434/regina_player?club=225|title = Yuna Matsubara}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://weleague.jp/files/2021/match_pdf/2021091211.pdf|website=weleague.jp|title=Scoresheet}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2000]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Japani]] [[Jamii:wanawake wa Japani]] lmjqvv3fohtl0dbs2bofyprkhw4rf8j 0 181131 1529817 1481951 2026-05-02T12:23:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529817 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:宮崎由加.png|thumbnail|right|200px|Yuka Miyazaki]] '''Yuka Miyazaki''' (alizaliwa [[13 Oktoba]] [[1983]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] nchini [[Japani]]. Yuka aliwahi kuchezea timu ya taifa ya [[wanawake]] ya Japani.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151121125635/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=190312/index.html FIFA]</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.tokidokinikki.net/daihyo/nadeshikojapan8/ |title=List of match |accessdate=2024-04-27 |archive-date=2019-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323060854/http://www.tokidokinikki.net/daihyo/nadeshikojapan8/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Japani]] [[Jamii:wanawake wa Japani]] pnu9u3tus1mcyxz5mtq1ozf1jtr94gx 0 181142 1529819 1334788 2026-05-02T12:24:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529819 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yuka Nicole Momoiki''' (alizaliwa [[9 Aprili]] [[1996]]) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] nchini [[Japani]] ambae anacheza kama mshambuliaji wa timu ya taifa ya Japani pamoja na klabu ya [[Mwanamke|Wanawake]] ya Leicester City. Yuka alizaliwa nchini Marekani.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.olreign.com/news/2020/8/14/ol-reign-announces-additional-roster-and-staff-changes |title=OL Reign Announces Additional Roster And Staff Changes |work=[[OL Reign]] |date=14 August 2020 |accessdate=2024-04-27 |archivedate=2023-11-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107104425/https://www.olreign.com/news/2020/8/14/ol-reign-announces-additional-roster-and-staff-changes }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=LCFC Women Sign Japan International Yuka Momiki |url=https://www.lcfc.com/news/3848949 |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=www.lcfc.com }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1996]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Japani]] [[Jamii:wanawake wa Japani]] 1i1qgmd6m1eklz7gkscpx6x6s8tmde9 0 181252 1529940 1524295 2026-05-02T16:58:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529940 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rene van der Merwe''' (amezaliwa 15 Juni 1986) ni mwanamke kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] anayejihusisha na mbio za kuruka juu. Alikuwa mshindi wa [[medali]] ya [[dhahabu]] katika Mashindano ya Riadha ya Afrika ya 2006, akiongeza mafanikio ya nchi yake katika tukio hilo kutoka kwa Hestrie Cloete.<ref>https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/south-africans-steal-the-show-african-champ-1</ref> Baadaye, alishiriki kwa niaba ya Afrika katika Kombe la Dunia la IAAF la 2006. Mwaka uliofuata, alimaliza nafasi ya nne katika Michezo ya Afrika yote ya 2007.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Jeux africains 2007/ 2007 All africa Games|url=https://www.africathle.com/perso/events/ALGER_2007/ALG_results.html|work=www.africathle.com|accessdate=2024-04-29}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Pia aliwakilisha nchi yake katika Michezo ya Majira ya Joto ya Universiade ya 2009, ambapo alivunja rekodi yake binafsi.<ref>https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/south-africa/rene-van-der-merwe-206240</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1986]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]] kocn2xmaaebm3rx9t7ghjg8eitj0bs2 0 181327 1529731 1348018 2026-05-02T12:09:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529731 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Yōko Tanaka 2012 (cropped).JPG|thumbnail|right|200px|Yoko Tanaka]] '''Yoko Tanaka''' (alizaliwa [[Julai 30]] [[1993]]) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] nchini [[Japani]] ambae alicheza kama kiungo wa klabu ya Incheon Hyundai Steel Red Angels WFC inayoshiriki ligi ya WK. Yoko ni mchezaji wa zamani wa timu ya taifa ya Japani. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://stellakanagawa.nojima.co.jp/cn26/pg1257961.html |title=Nojima Stella Kanagawa Sagamihara |accessdate=2024-04-30 |archive-date=2021-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129174852/https://stellakanagawa.nojima.co.jp/cn26/pg1257961.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> <ref>List of match in [http://www.jfa.jp/nadeshikojapan/schedule_result/2013.html 2013] at Japan Football Association</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1993]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Japani]] [[Jamii:wanawake wa Japani]] cndz148drj2kr7olk0bphq5o3z63e31 0 181607 1529804 1491761 2026-05-02T12:21:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1529804 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Youyou Kisita Milandu''', ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Amekuwa mwanachama wa [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[wanawake]] ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. == Kazi ya klabu == Kisita amecheza kwa Progresso huko Angola.<ref>https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200607210280.html</ref> == Kazi ya kimataifa == Kisita alikuwa mchezaji wa timu ya taifa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo kwenye ngazi ya wakubwa wakati wa [[Mashindano]] ya Wanawake ya [[Afrika]] mwaka 2006.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=FIFA.com|url=http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=521/edition=247808/matches/match=55518/report.html|work=web.archive.org|date=2012-06-08|accessdate=2024-05-05|archive-date=2012-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608050755/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=521/edition=247808/matches/match=55518/report.html|dead-url=}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=FIFA.com|url=http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=521/edition=247808/matches/match=55516/report.html|work=web.archive.org|date=2008-12-02|accessdate=2024-05-05|archive-date=2008-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202033309/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=521/edition=247808/matches/match=55516/report.html|dead-url=}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=FIFA.com|url=http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=521/edition=247808/matches/match=55514/report.html|work=web.archive.org|date=2012-07-24|accessdate=2024-05-05|archive-date=2012-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724143608/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=521/edition=247808/matches/match=55514/report.html|dead-url=}}</ref> '''Malengo ya kimataifa''' Matokeo na alama zinaorodhesha idadi ya magoli ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo kwanza. {| class="wikitable" !No. !Tarehe !Ukumbi !Mpinzani !Alama !Matokeo !Mashindano !Ref. |- |1 |29 October 2006 |[[Ughelli Township Stadium]], [[Ughelli]], Nigeria |[[Kamerun]] |1-1 |1-1 |[[2006 African Women's Championship]] | |} == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] hwaacelylict1v2lya7h1tr359xd31j 0 182014 1530073 1337205 2026-05-02T18:51:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530073 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-tables.jpg|thumb|Ziji ya [[Timbuktu]]]] [[Faili:Corpus Christ College MS 283 (1).png|thumb|Ziji ya [[Khwarizmi]]]] '''Ziji''' (kutoka [[Kiajemi]]: زيج, ''zīj'') katika [[elimuanga]] ni [[kitabu]] chenye [[Jedwali|majedwali]] yatoayo mwendo wa [[gimba la angani]] (hasa [[nyota]] au [[sayari]]); yaani mahali na [[kasimwelekeo]] yake katika [[muda]] fulani.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Dictionary of Literary Swahili|last=Knappert|first=Jan|last2=van Kessel|first2=Leo|year=2010|isbn=978-0-7734-3768-5|editor-last=Wijsen|editor-first=Frans|page=671|editor-last2=Tullemans|editor-first2=Harrie}}</ref> Ziji zikiwa muhimu sana kwa [[usafiri]] [[Bahari|baharini]], [[Kikokotozi|kuzikokotoa]] kulikuwa mojawapo kati ya matumizi ya kwanza ya [[tarakilishi]] za mitambo. Siku hizi, ziji hutolewa [[Elektroniki|kielektroniki]] na hutumika kwa [[usafiri wa anga-nje]]. == Ziji ya kisasa == Ziji ya kisasa, badala ya kitabu kama zile za zamani, ni [[maunzilaini]] yaletayo mahali pa sayari, [[miezi]], [[Kisayari|visayari]], au [[nyotamkia]], wakati wowote unaotakiwa na mtumiaji. Baada ya kuanzishwa kwa tarakilishi za [[umeme]] [[miaka ya 1950]], ikawezekana kutumia [[Ukamilishaji (hisabati)|ukamilishaji]] wa [[namba]] ili kuhesabu ziji. Mfano bora ni [[Ziji ya Maendeleo ya Maabara ya Nguvu wa Jeti]]. Ziji zilizo sahihi kuliko zile za zamani zimeendelezwa, zinazojulikana kama ziji [[Uchanganuzi|changanuzi]] ambazo hutumia [[upanuzi wa mfululizo]] ili kukokotoa [[majiranukta]] na njia. Hiyo imeanza kuwezekana kwa sababu ya ubuni wa tarakilishi ziwezazo kuhesabu makumielfu ya vipengele katika upanuzi. Ephemeride Lunaire Parisienne na VSOP ni mifano.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Simon|first=J. -L.|last2=Francou|first2=G.|last3=Fienga|first3=A.|last4=Manche|first4=H.|date=2013|title=New analytical planetary theories VSOP2013 and TOP2013|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013A&A...557A..49S|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|language=en|volume=557|pages=A49|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201321843|issn=0004-6361}}</ref> Ziji za [[Mfumo wa Jua]] ni muhimu kwa uongozaji wa [[vyombo vya angani]] na kwa aina mbalimbali za uchunguzi wa sayari, miezi, nyota, na [[majarra]]. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == *[http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?horizons Ziji ya mtandaoni ya JPL HORIZONS] {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Umakanika wa anga]] 3n02yyhabrv47rcu968cjd9xtyn1j7v 0 182826 1529797 1509222 2026-05-02T12:20:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529797 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Youssouf Fofana (footballer, born 1999) (cropped).jpg|thumb|337x337px|Fofana mnamo [[2019]]]] '''Youssouf Fofana''' (alizaliwa [[10 Januari]] [[1999]])<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Youssouf Fofana|url=https://www.asmonaco.com/en/joueurs/youssouf-fofana/|work=AS Monaco|accessdate=2024-06-16|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030143706/https://www.asmonaco.com/en/joueurs/youssouf-fofana/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Ufaransa]], ambaye anacheza kama [[kiungo]] katika klabu ya [[AS Monaco]] na [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[Ufaransa]]. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1999]] 3smfo2oc9uw4t00pgcuzvtxaco0u1p6 0 183362 1530091 1341391 2026-05-02T18:53:41Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530091 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zipporah Jepchirchir Kittony''' (alizaliwa 1943), anayejulikana zaidi kama Zipporah Kittony, ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa zamani wa [[Kenya]] na [[Harakati|mwanaharakati]] wa haki za wanawake na watoto. Alihudumu kama Mbunge aliyeteuliwa kati ya 1988 na 2007 na kama Seneta aliyeteuliwa na [[KANU]] kati ya 2013 na 2018. Pia aliwahi kuwa Mwenyekiti wa Shirika la Maendeleo ya Wanawake (MYWO) kuanzia 1996 hadi 2006.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/achieving-woman/article/2001256622/http//www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/achieving-woman/article/2001256622/zipporah-kittonyher-dedicated-service-to-women-and-youth|title=Zipporah Kittony:Her dedicated service to women and youth|first=Lonah|last=Kibet|website=Evewoman Magazine}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1943]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Kenya]] <references />{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa-Kenya}} jm7w5zfc7bkt5s3ompyngwum9lralfy 0 183468 1530175 1456460 2026-05-02T19:07:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530175 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saasisha Elinikyo Mafuwe''' ( [[10 Oktoba]] [[1982]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] na mtumishi wa serikali kutoka [[Tanzania]] na mwanachama wa [[Chama cha Mapinduzi|chama cha mapinduzi]] na mbunge wa wa jimbo la [[Hai]] [[mkoani Kilimanjaro]] tangu [[2020]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.go.tz/administrations/648|title=Tanzania Nation Assembly Member profile|accessdate=14 April 2023|archive-date=2024-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211135528/https://www.parliament.go.tz/administrations/648|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|date=12 September 2020|url=https://mtanzania.co.tz/watia-nia-jimbo-la-hai-wamuunga-mkono-saashisha-mafuwe/|title=Mafuwe aungwa mkono wanachama jimbo la Hai|language=sw|access-date=1 June 2023|archive-date=2024-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211133004/https://mtanzania.co.tz/watia-nia-jimbo-la-hai-wamuunga-mkono-saashisha-mafuwe/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalpublishers.co.tz/hai-mbowe-aangushwa-katika-ubunge-na-saashisha-mafuwe-wa-ccm/|title= Mbowe aangushwa ubunge jimbo la Hai|date= 29 October 2020|language=sw |access-date=1 June 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haidc.go.tz/new/maili-sita-yatwaa-ubingwa-saashisha-cup-2023|title=Maili-Sita Mshindi wa Saasisha Cup jimbo la Hai|language=sw|access-date=1 June 2023}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa-Tanzania}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1982]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:Wiki4HumanRights 2024]] [[jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha]] [[jamii:wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] chv11g99bgl4fnznpc8715ep7au97k5 0 183612 1530165 1342010 2026-05-02T19:05:43Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530165 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chasi.jpg|thumb|'''Zvaringeni Samuel Chasi''']] '''Zvaringeni Samuel Chasi''' ([[9 Januari]] [[1988]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=A Journey of Service, Faith, Entrepreneurship, and Philanthropy: The Life of Zvaringeni Samuel Chasi |url=https://zvaringenisamuelchasi.blogspot.com/2024/03/a-journey-of-service-and-faith-life-of.html |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=zvaringenisamuelchasi.blogspot.com}}</ref>) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Zimbabwe]], rais wa upinzani aliye madarakani na kamanda mkuu wa chama cha kizalendo cha wananchi. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Zimbabwe Opposition Writes To UN Explaining Decision To Boycott August 2023 Elections |url=https://www.pindula.co.zw/2023/06/27/zimbabwe-opposition-writes-to-un-explaining-decision-to-boycott-august-2023-elections/ |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=Pindula |language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1988]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:Wiki4HumanRights 2024]] [[jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha]] [[jamii:wanasiasa wa Zimbabwe]] [[jamii:Mashindano ya uandishi wa makala za haki za binadamu]] [[jamii:Wanaharakati wa Zimbabwe]] h29uqs8rl2sbla5n3l1ck5bxnwkeq0y 0 183702 1530281 1526656 2026-05-03T03:04:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530281 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tamasha la Dumba''' ni tamasha la kila mwaka linaloadhimishwa na machifu na watu wa Wa katika Mkoa wa Upper West wa [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Mahama|first=John Dramani|title=2019 Dumba Festival- Wala Traditional Area.|date=2019-11-14|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/fhcommsbureau/49067687498/|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Dumba Festival: Wa Naa To Launch Education Endowment Fund At 2019|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/961024/dumba-festival-wa-naa-to-launch-education-endowme.html|access-date=2020-08-27|website=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-11-15|title=Photos: Mahama joins 2019 Damba Festival celebration|url=https://www.theghanareport.com/photos-mahama-joins-wala-traditional-area-for-2019-damba-festival/|access-date=2020-08-27|website=The Ghana Report|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=17 April 2006|title=Wa-Naa calls for unity in Wala Traditional Area|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Wa-Naa-calls-for-unity-in-Wala-Traditional-Area-102757|access-date=2020-08-27|website=ghanaweb.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Upper West – GWCL - Welcome|language=en-US|work=GWCL - Welcome|url=https://gwcl.com.gh/upper-west/|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> Kawaida huadhimishwa katika mwezi wa Septemba au Oktoba.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=At the peak of Dumba Festival|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/features/features/at-the-peak-of-dumba-festival.html|access-date=2020-08-27|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{Mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Matamasha nchini Ghana]] p3ru1mw8q62nniogrvgplmmgt9jbfzd 0 183733 1530011 1342175 2026-05-02T18:41:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530011 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zakaria "Zaki" Hannache''' (kwa Kiarabu: زكي حنّاش; amezaliwa [[1987]]) ni [[mwanaharakati]] wa haki za binadamu wa [[Algeria]] ambaye alipata umaarufu mwaka wa 2019 kutokana na uandikaji wake wa ukiukwaji wa haki za binadamu uliofanywa na serikali ya Algeria dhidi ya wanachama wa vuguvugu la Hirak. Mnamo 2022, baada ya kushtakiwa kwa makosa mengi ikiwa ni pamoja na kudhoofisha usalama wa serikali, Hannache alitafuta hifadhi nchini [[Tunisia]], kabla ya kuishi [[Canada]] mwaka 2023, ambako anaendelea na harakati zake uhamishoni.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea habari |date=21 February 2022 |title=Algérie: avec l'arrestation de Zaki Hannache, la répression franchit un nouveau cap |trans-title=Algeria: with the arrest of Zaki Hannache, repression reaches a new milestone |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1316213/politique/algerie-avec-larrestation-de-zaki-hannache-la-repression-franchit-un-nouveau-cap/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308052854/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1316213/politique/algerie-avec-larrestation-de-zaki-hannache-la-repression-franchit-un-nouveau-cap/ |archive-date=8 March 2024 |access-date=24 March 2024 |work=[[Jeune Afrique]] |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti |date=6 December 2022 |title=Algerian human rights defender Zaki Hannache no longer at risk of forcible return from Tunisia |url=https://menarights.org/en/case/zakaria-zaki-hannache |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210014446/http://menarights.org/en/case/zakaria-zaki-hannache |archive-date=10 December 2023 |access-date=24 March 2024 |website=MENA Rights Group |language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1987]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:Wiki4HumanRights 2024]] [[jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha]] [[jamii:Mashindano ya uandishi wa makala za haki za binadamu]] [[jamii:Wanaharakati wa Algeria]] lmeo5c8wqcmp907mej46qcnslodvhwm 0 183815 1530356 1509194 2026-05-03T09:37:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530356 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Violet Banda''' ([[1991]]/[[1992]]) ni ripota na [[mwanaharakati]] wa haki za watoto kutoka [[Malawi]]. Kupitia maonyesho yake ya kila wiki ya [[redio]], amevuta hisia za umma na serikali ya Malawi kwa matatizo yanayoathiri watoto katika nchi yake, ikiwa ni pamoja na unyanyasaji, ubakaji, ndoa za kulazimishwa, na ubaguzi kutokana na ugonjwa wa [[UKIMWI]].<ref name="speakjhr.com">{{cite web|url=http://speakjhr.com/2012/03/radio-waves-inspire-change-in-malawi/|title=Radio waves inspire change in Malawi - Speak Magazine|publisher=|accessdate=2024-07-02|archive-date=2017-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116034207/http://speakjhr.com/2012/03/radio-waves-inspire-change-in-malawi/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Stephens|first1=Jennifer|title=The Forgotten Generation: Young People Born with HIV in Malawi|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/forgotten-generation-young-people-born-hiv-malawi|publisher=Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref> Banda alizaliwa akiwa na [[Virusi vya UKIMWI|VVU]] (HIV). Wazazi wake wote wawili walikuwa na virusi hivyo na walifariki kutokana navyo.<ref>[[https://oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/violet-banda](https://oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/violet-banda){{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Violet Banda]</ref> Mama yake alifariki Banda akiwa na umri wa miaka mitatu. Aligundua kuwa yeye mwenyewe alikuwa na VVU akiwa na miaka 14.<ref>[[https://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/forgotten-generation-young-people-born-hiv-malawi](https://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/forgotten-generation-young-people-born-hiv-malawi){{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} The Forgotten Generation: Young People Born with HIV in Malawi]</ref> "When I found out I was positive, I was in primary school," Banda has said. "Whenever I would tell people about my status it happened that I lost all my friends. Some didn't want to be near me or touch me. They just ran away." Hali hii ilimfanya apate ugumu katika masomo yake shuleni.<ref>{{cite web|title=Speaker: Violet Banda|url=[https://oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/violet-banda|publisher=Oslo](https://oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/violet-banda|publisher=Oslo) Freedom Forum|accessdate=20 November 2016}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali== Banda alizaliwa akiwa na VVU (HIV). Wazazi wake wote wawili walikuwa na virusi hivyo na walifariki kutokana navyo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Violet Banda|url=https://oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/violet-banda|publisher=Oslo Freedom Forum|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref> Mama yake alifariki Banda akiwa na umri wa miaka mitatu. Aligundua kuwa yeye mwenyewe alikuwa na VVU akiwa na miaka 14.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Forgotten Generation: Young People Born with HIV in Malawi|url=https://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/forgotten-generation-young-people-born-hiv-malawi|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref> "When I found out I was positive, I was in primary school," Banda has said. "Whenever I would tell people about my status, I lost all my friends. Some didn't want to be near me or touch me. They just ran away." Hali hii ilimfanya apate ugumu katika masomo yake shuleni.<ref>{{cite web|title=Violet Banda|url=https://oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/violet-banda|publisher=Oslo Freedom Forum|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref> ==Uanaharakati== Banda alizungumza kwa mara ya kwanza wazi kuhusu maambukizi yake katika mahojiano ya mwaka 2006 kwenye Radio Timveni, kipindi cha kila wiki cha nusu saa nchini Malawi kilichojikita katika masuala ya watoto. Phillip Kamwendo, meneja wa programu wa Timveni, amesema kwamba bibi yake Banda hakuweza kukubali hali ya VVU ya Banda mpaka aliposhiriki kwenye kipindi cha redio. Banda alipotoa hadithi yake akiwa na umri wa miaka 14, bibi yake alibadilisha mtazamo wake kuhusu mjukuu wake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uroplannorge.blogg.no/1304941181_violet_bryter_stillhe.html|title=Violet bryter stillheten i Malawi|archive-date=2016-11-22|accessdate=20 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122155938/http://uroplannorge.blogg.no/1304941181_violet_bryter_stillhe.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> "Banda personifies the power of radio in Malawi," stated Speak Magazine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Radio waves inspire change in Malawi|url=http://speakjhr.com/2012/03/radio-waves-inspire-change-in-malawi/|archive-date=2017-11-16|accessdate=20 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116034207/http://speakjhr.com/2012/03/radio-waves-inspire-change-in-malawi/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Tangu alipoanza kuzungumza wazi kuhusu maambukizi yake, Banda amesisitiza umuhimu wa elimu kuhusu VVU kama njia ya kuzuia maambukizi mapya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sex workers abuse hospital resources in Chitipa|url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/sex-workers-abuse-hospital-resources-chitipa/|publisher=Nyasa Times|date=Machi 2017|accessdate=16 Machi 2017}}</ref> Baada ya mahojiano hayo, aliajiriwa kama mwandishi wa habari kijana katika Radio Timveni. Kazi yake ni kuchunguza ukatili dhidi ya watoto na kuwahoji kuhusu ubakaji, unyanyasaji, na ndoa za kulazimishwa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malawi to have first child-run TV station, Timveni|url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi-to-have-first-child-run-tv-station-timveni/|date=27 Julai 2012|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref> Radio Timveni ilianzishwa na Plan Malawi na tangu mwaka 2011 imekuwa ikiendeshwa kwa kujitegemea kwa ufadhili wa Plan Malawi na Plan Sweden.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malawi to have first child-run TV station, Timveni|url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi-to-have-first-child-run-tv-station-timveni/|date=27 Julai 2012|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref> Banda alizungumza katika Oslo Freedom Forum mwezi Mei 2011. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 19, alikuwa mzungumzaji mwenye umri mdogo zaidi katika historia ya kongamano hilo. Katika hotuba yake "Giving Voice to Malawi's Youth," alizungumzia changamoto zinazowakabili watoto Malawi, ikiwemo ubakaji, unyanyasaji wa walimu, na ndoa za kulazimishwa. Alitaja pia visa vya watoto waliopata maambukizi ya VVU kutokana na ukatili wa kijinsia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Oslo Freedom Forum: Violet Banda|url=https://oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/violet-banda|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref> Mwezi Julai 2014, alizungumza katika Mkutano wa 20 wa Kimataifa wa UKIMWI (International AIDS Conference) mjini Melbourne, Australia. Alisisitiza umuhimu wa kupinga unyanyapaa na kuboresha maisha ya watu wanaoishi na VVU duniani kote.<ref>{{cite web|title=Violet Banda Closing Session Speech|url=http://www.aids2014.org/webcontent/file/AIDS2014_closing_address_Violet_Banda.pdf|archive-date=23 October 2015|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1991]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:Wiki4HumanRights 2024]] [[jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha]] [[jamii:wanaharakati wa Malawi]] 7zpcf4zc8cdu2ilhpbeonjz666vflfg 0 183832 1529697 1342872 2026-05-02T12:04:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529697 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yevhen Volodymyrovych Zhylin''' ([[6 Januari]] [[1976]] – [[19 Septemba]] [[2016]]) alikuwa Mseparatisti wa Kirusi nchini [[Ukraini|Ukraine]] kutoka Kharkiv anayejulikana kwa kujihusisha na uongozi wa Titushky wakati wa Euromaidan na jaribio lake la kuunda "Jamhuri ya Watu wa Kharkiv" ambapo alijitangaza kuwa "Rais." Zhylin aliuawa nchini [[Urusi]] mnamo mwaka 2016.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Leader of Ukrainian separatist organization shot dead in Moscow - Sep. 20, 2016|url=https://archive.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/leader-of-ukrainian-separatist-organization-shot-dead-in-moscow-423328.html|work=Kyiv Post|date=2016-09-20|accessdate=2024-07-02|author=Bermet Talant}}</ref> [[Faili:Flag_of_the_Kharkov_People's_Republic.svg|right|thumb|Bendera iliyopendekezwa ya Jamhuri ya Watu wa Kharkiv, inayopeperushwa na Wanaharakati wa Urusi wakati wa hafla za Aprili 7]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Ukraine]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2016]] eykjrle5wn588kbowp9cn12muy29gfj 0 184013 1529846 1509224 2026-05-02T12:28:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529846 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yusuph Said Salim Bakhresa''' ni mtoto wa mfanyabiashara na mwanaviwanda maarufu kutoka [[Tanzania]], [[Said Salim Bakhresa]]. Yusuph Said Salim Bakhresa ni Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa [[Azam Media Limited]]. Pia, anashiriki kikamilifu katika shughuli za kila siku za Bakhresa Food Products Ltd.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://bakhresa.com/board-of-directors/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2024-07-08 |archive-date=2024-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623085320/https://bakhresa.com/board-of-directors/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>https://tanzania.mom-gmr.org/en/owners/individual-owners/detail/owner//the-bakhresa-family-1/</ref> Alizaliwa tarehe 6 mwezi wa 5 ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Tanzania]] 29cab4lsl4qr8l5nodkue8wor097gak 0 184396 1530246 1525737 2026-05-02T23:32:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530246 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shule ya Sekondari ya Rainbow''' ni shule ya binafsi, <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Parents feel the pinch as private school fees soar – YourBotswana|url=https://yourbotswana.com/2018/03/11/parents-feel-the-pinch-as-private-school-fees-soar/|date=2023-04-25|accessdate=2024-07-16|language=en-GB|author=ORATILE says}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ya elimu, ya [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali iliyoko katika mji wa [[Gaborone]], [[Botswana]]. Ilifunguliwa mwaka wa [[1998]]. Shule hii inajumuisha [[shule ya msingi]], <ref name=":0" /> shule ya maandalizi (ya kati), na shule ya sekondari nagzi ya juu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rainbow English Medium Secondary School|url=https://directory.justlanded.com/en/Education_International-schools/Rainbow-English-Medium-Secondary-School-Gaborone|work=Just Landed|accessdate=2024-07-16|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Shule]] [[Jamii:Elimu]] [[Jamii:Elimu Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] lcjccf8n6c1pauccengkrsg5fnb99vs 0 184822 1530012 1445544 2026-05-02T18:41:41Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1530012 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zakiatou Djamo''' (amezaliwa mnamo mwaka [[1958]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka nchini [[Kamerun]]. Aliwahi kushikilia nafasi ya mkaguzi wa hazina katika [[serikali]]. Mnamo [[Aprili]] [[2018]], alichaguliwa kuwa seneta katika Bunge la Kamerun<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Extrême-Nord : Un savant dosage sociologique {{!}} RDPC/CPDM |url=http://senatoriales.rdpcpdm.cm/en/node/107 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=senatoriales.rdpcpdm.cm}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida|language=fr|author1=Martin Belinga Eboutou|title=Bulletin mensuel Bilingue d'informations N°11 mai 2013|periodical=journal|date=2018|url=https://cameroonhighcommission.co.uk/dev/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Les_temps_des_realisations_vol11.pdf|format=pdf|pages=7|access-date=2024-07-28|archive-date=2021-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123030704/https://cameroonhighcommission.co.uk/dev/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Les_temps_des_realisations_vol11.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=2023-01-07 |date=2018-04-13 |first=Elvis |language=fr-FR |last=Mbimba |title=Liste complète des sénateurs de la législature 2018-2023 |url=https://www.crtv.cm/2018/04/liste-des-complete-des-senateurs-de-la-legislature/ |website=Cameroon Radio Television |archive-date=2023-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107142554/https://www.crtv.cm/2018/04/liste-des-complete-des-senateurs-de-la-legislature/ |url-status=dead }}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>. == Wasifu == === Maisha ya Awali === Zakiatou Djamo alizaliwa mwaka 1958 katika eneo la Doumrou lililoko kwenye idara ya Mayo-Kani ([[Kaélé]]), katika Kanda ya Kaskazini ya [[Kamerun]]. Pia anatoka katika kabila la Moundang.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Extrême-Nord : Un savant dosage sociologique {{!}} RDPC/CPDM |url=http://senatoriales.rdpcpdm.cm/en/node/107 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=senatoriales.rdpcpdm.cm}}</ref> Wakati wa uchaguzi wa tarehe [[25 Machi]] [[2018]], alichaguliwa kuwa [[seneta]] kwa kipindi cha miaka mitano.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|language=fr|author1=Martin Belinga Eboutou|title=Bulletin mensuel Bilingue d'informations N°11 mai 2013|periodical=journal|date=2018|url=https://cameroonhighcommission.co.uk/dev/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Les_temps_des_realisations_vol11.pdf|format=pdf|pages=7|archive-date=2021-11-23|access-date=2024-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123030704/https://cameroonhighcommission.co.uk/dev/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Les_temps_des_realisations_vol11.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=2023-01-07 |date=2018-04-13 |first=Elvis |language=fr-FR |last=Mbimba |title=Liste complète des sénateurs de la législature 2018-2023 |url=https://www.crtv.cm/2018/04/liste-des-complete-des-senateurs-de-la-legislature/ |website=Cameroon Radio Television |archive-date=2023-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107142554/https://www.crtv.cm/2018/04/liste-des-complete-des-senateurs-de-la-legislature/ |url-status=dead }}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii: Kamerun]] [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1958]] [[Jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] guwdhq7od38i95jjzsu3j60clprjcpn 0 184852 1530341 1527873 2026-05-03T08:48:13Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1530341 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:DeLasalle Leger.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Mchoro]] rasmi wa Yohane Baptista de La Salle, ilivyochorwa na [[Pierre Leger]].]] [[File:Église Saint-Jean-Baptiste-de-la-Salle (Paris) 15.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Sanamu]] yake katika [[kanisa]] la Jean-Baptiste de La Salle, [[Paris]].]] [[File:John baptist de la salle-relics.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Masalia]] yake katika [[makao makuu]] ya shirika mjini [[Roma]], [[Italia]].]] '''Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo''' (kwa [[Kilatini]]: ''Institutum fratrum scholarum christianarum''; kwa [[Kifaransa]]: ''Frères des écoles chrétiennes''; [[kifupi]]: '''F.S.C.'''<ref name="Ap">''Ann. pont. 2007'', p. 1498.</ref>) ni [[shirika]] lililoanzishwa kwa tabu nyingi na [[Upadri|padri]] [[Yohane Baptista de La Salle]] ([[1651]]-[[1719]]) kwa ajili ya [[malezi]] ya kiutu na ya [[Ukristo|Kikristo]] ya [[Ujana|vijana]], hasa [[fukara]], huko [[Reims]] ([[Ufaransa]]) [[mwaka]] [[1680]]. De La Salle aliingia kazi ya [[malezi]] taratibu, bila ya kukusudia, kadiri ya matukio na watu aliokutana nao. [[Juhudi]] zake za kuanzisha shirika la ma[[bradha]] tu kwa ajili ya kuendesha [[shule]] zilipata upinzani mkubwa kwa sababu ulikuwa mpango mpya. Pia mbinu zake zilikuwa hazijazoeleka, kama vile kutumia [[lugha]] ya kawaida na kutodai [[ada]] yoyote. Hata hivyo alifaulu kuanzisha mtandao wa shule nchini Ufaransa. Mnamo Desemba 2023 [[Mtawa|watawa]] wa shirika hilo walikuwa 2,883 katika nchi 78, wakiongoza vituo vya elimu 1,154 vyenye [[Mwanafunzi|wanafunzi]] 1,160,328. ==Waliotangazwa [[Mtakatifu|watakatifu]]== * Yohane Baptista de La Salle * [[Aniseto Adolfo]] * [[Augusto Andrea]] * [[Benildo Romancon]] * [[Benito wa Yesu]] * [[Benjamini Juliani]] * [[Juliani Alfredo]] * [[Marchano Yosefu]] * [[Mikaeli Febres]] * [[Musiani Maria]] * [[Sirili Bertràn]] * [[Solomoni Leclercq]] * [[Viktoriano Pio]] * [[Yakobo Hilari Barbal]] == Tanbihi == {{Reflist}} == Marejeo == * ''Annuario pontificio per l'anno 2007'', [[Libreria editrice vaticana]], [[Città del Vaticano]] 2007. {{ISBN|978-88-209-7908-9}}. * ''Bibliotheca Sanctorum'' (12 voll.), Istituto Giovanni XXIII nella Pontificia Università Lateranense, [[Roma]] 1961-1969. * Mario Escobar (cur.), ''Ordini e congregazioni religiose'' (2 voll.), [[Società Editrice Internazionale|SEI]], [[Torino]] 1951-1953. * Guerrino Pelliccia e Giancarlo Rocca (curr.), ''Dizionario degli istituti di perfezione'' (10 voll.), Edizioni paoline, [[Milano]] 1974-2003. * Giancarlo Rocca (cur.), ''La sostanza dell'effimero. Gli abiti degli ordini religiosi in Occidente'', Edizioni paoline, [[Roma]] 2000. *Maurice Hermans, ''La Casa Generalizia dei Fratelli delle Scuole Cristiane: 50 anni di storia, 1987.'' *Georges Rigault, ''History of the Institute'': ''The institute in Europe and in mission countries,'' Paris, Librairie Plon, 1951. ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|De La Salle Brothers}} * http://www.lasalle.org [[Tovuti]] rasmi {{mbegu-katoliki}} [[Jamii:mashirika ya kitawa]] [[Jamii:Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo| ]] awz7zt2q9l4razxwzoybx2xg1oi9mk3 0 184946 1529673 1346105 2026-05-02T12:00:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529673 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Yg2019.jpg|thumb|'''Yehuda Gruenfeld''']] '''Yehuda Gruenfeld''' (Kiebrania: יהודה גרינפלד; amezaliwa [[18 Februari]] [[1956]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[chess]] nchini [[Israeli]], ambaye anashikilia taji kubwa katika mchezo huu la mwalimu mkuu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.teleschach.de/schachtage/dtmd1984.htm |title=Dortmunder Schachtage 1984 |access-date=2012-05-17 |archive-date=2012-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405055617/http://www.teleschach.de/schachtage/dtmd1984.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1656]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wiki4Inclusion Campaign in Tanzania]] ipnrecbj2z8fhxij9zzb143jdjc0yfz 0 185414 1529803 1350579 2026-05-02T12:21:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529803 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Youth Leadership Camp''' ([[kifupi]]: '''YLC''') ni programu ya [[uongozi]] inayofanyika kila mwaka ndani ya wiki nne kwa wanafunzi wa [[Elimu ya sekondari|sekondari]] ambayo imekuwa ikiendesha shughuli zake [[Marekani]] kama shirika lisilo na faida tangu mwaka 1960.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Staff|date=2017-04-22|title=NAD Youth Leadership Camp For Deaf/HH|url=https://www.canyon-news.com/nad-youth-leadership-camp-deafhh/66895|access-date=2021-08-31|website=Canyon News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Historia == Kuanzia Julai 27 hadi Agosti 23, 1969, kambi ya kwanza ilifanyika Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. Wanafunzi sitini na wanne wa mwaka wa kwanza na wa pili wa shule ya upili walihudhuria.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Staff|date=2017-04-22|title=NAD Youth Leadership Camp for Deaf and H/H|url=https://www.thesfnews.com/nad-youth-leadership-camp-deaf-hh/37590|access-date=2021-08-31|website=San Francisco News|language=en-US}}</ref> Kuanzia mwaka 2005 hadi sasa, kambi imekuwa katika Kambi ya Taloali huko Stayton, Oregon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://taloali.org/|title=PowWeb|website=taloali.org}}</ref> Kambi ya Taloali imethibitishwa na Chama cha Kambi cha Marekani na inahusishwa na Klabu ya Lions katika majimbo ya Oregon na Washington. ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:elimu ya Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wiki4Inclusion Campaign in Tanzania]] dzwdk264z8r8nrj6l6b6wokl5ulg3tr 0 186360 1529704 1447020 2026-05-02T12:05:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529704 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yinka Shonibare''' (amezaliwa [[9 Agosti]] [[1962]]) ni msanii wa [[Uingereza]] anayeishi Uingereza. Kazi yake inachunguza utambulisho wa kitamaduni, ukoloni na baada ya ukoloni ndani ya muktadha wa kisasa wa utandawazi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Shonibare, Yinka, (born 9 Aug. 1962), visual artist, since 1991|url=https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-251465|access-date=9 August 2021|website=WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO|year=2010|language=en|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U251465|isbn=978-0-19-954088-4}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == [[File:Wind Sculpture by Yinka Shonibare.JPG|thumb|''Wind Sculpture'' (London, 2014)]] Yinka Shonibare alizaliwa [[London]], [[Uingereza]] mnamo 9 Agosti 1962, akiwa mwana wa Olatunji Shonibare na Laide Shonibare.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Shonibare, Yinka, (born 9 Aug. 1962), visual artist, since 1991|url=https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-251465|access-date=9 August 2021|website=Who's Who & Who Was Who O|year=2010|language=en|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U251465|isbn=978-0-19-954088-4}}</ref><ref name="Greenstreet2011"/> Alipokuwa na umri wa miaka mitatu, familia yake ilihamia [[Lagos]], [[Nigeria]], ambapo baba yake aliendesha mazoezi ya sheria. Alipofikia umri wa miaka 17, Shonibare alirudi Uingereza kufanya masomo ya A-levels katika shule ya ''Redrice School''.<ref name="Biography">{{cite web|url=http://www.yinkashonibarembe.com/biography/|title=Biography|website=Yinka Shonibare, MBE (RA)}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/7739981/Fourth-Plinth-Yinka-Shonibare-interview.html |author=Gayford, Martin|location=London |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |title=Fourth Plinth: Yinka Shonibare interview | date=19 May 2010}}</ref> Alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 18, alipatwa na ugonjwa wa ''transverse myelitis'', maambukizi ya [[uti wa mgongo]], jambo ambalo lilisababisha [[ulemavu]] wa mwili wa kudumu ambapo upande mmoja wa mwili wake ulikuwa umepooza.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.disabilityartsonline.org.uk/yinka-shonibare_review%20Disability%20Arts%20Online |title=a unique journal for discussion of arts and culture |publisher=disability arts online |access-date=20 July 2012 |archive-date=29 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029074215/http://www.disabilityartsonline.org.uk/yinka-shonibare_review%20Disability%20Arts%20Online |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/05/art-iculating-yinka-shonibare%E2%80%99s-hope-in-hopelessness/ |title=Art-iculating Yinka Shonibare's hope in hopelessness |author=Alakam, Japhet|work=Vanguard|location= Nigeria |date=1 May 2011 |access-date=20 July 2012}}</ref> Shonibare alisomea [[Sanaa]] ya [[Picha]] (Fine Art) kwanza katika shule ya ''Byam Shaw School of Art'' (sasa sehemu ya Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design) na baadaye katika chuo kikuu cha ''Goldsmiths, University of London'', ambapo alipata shahada ya MFA, akihitimu kama sehemu ya kizazi cha ''Young British Artists''. Baada ya masomo yake, Shonibare alifanya kazi kama afisa wa maendeleo ya sanaa katika sanaa za ''Shape Arts'', shirika linalowezesha upatikanaji wa sanaa kwa watu wenye ulemavu.<ref name="Greenstreet2011">{{cite news|first=Rosanna|last=Greenstreet|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2011/apr/30/yinka-shonibare-artist-interview|title=Q&A : Yinka Shonibare |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|date=30 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="ancouk">{{cite web|last=Wilson |first=Lucy |url=http://www.a-n.co.uk/artists_talking/artists_stories/single/63550 |title=Yinka Shonibare | Artists' stories | Artists talking |work=a-n |date=10 January 2003 |access-date=20 July 2012}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:wasanii wa Uingereza]] [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1962]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] 8def2vdrp518wujrf8bn2yuhfapkqao 0 186629 1529766 1353208 2026-05-02T12:15:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529766 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yoshihiro Horigome''' (堀籠 佳宏, ''Horigome Yoshihiro'',alizaliwa [[2 Januari]] [[1981]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] mstaafu nchini [[Japani]] ambaye alibobea katika mbio za mita 400.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.fisu.net/medias/fichiers/725.pdf |title=Athletics at the 2003 Summer Universiade, official results |accessdate=2024-09-24 |archive-date=2018-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916184804/http://www.fisu.net/medias/fichiers/725.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wakati wake bora zaidi wa kibinafsi ni sekunde 45.77, iliyofikiwa mnamo [[Septemba]] [[2006]] huko [[Yokohama]]. == Marejeo == <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Japani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1981]] 44m6xaecvfb5yw5lfel1pli0cqxmjgl 0 187993 1529703 1447018 2026-05-02T12:05:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 5 template(s) replaced. 1529703 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olayinka Joel Ayefele''' ni mtayarishaji wa [[muziki]] kutoka [[Nigeria]], mwimbaji wa [[nyimbo za Kiinjili]], mtangazaji wa redio na mwanzilishi wa mtandao wa Fresh na Blast FM, vituo vya redio kote kusini-magharibi mwa Nigeria. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-08-27|title=Nigeria's Fresh FM radio station partially demolished following critical reporting|url=https://cpj.org/2018/08/nigerias-fresh-fm-radio-station-partially-demolish/|access-date=2021-03-13|website=Committee to Protect Journalists|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Yinka Ayefele's travails|url=http://www.punchng.com/spice/society/yinka-ayefeles-travails/|access-date=11 February 2015|work=The Punch – Nigeria's Most Widely Read Newspaper|archive-date=2015-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211141504/http://www.punchng.com/spice/society/yinka-ayefeles-travails/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Yinka Ayefele celebrates|url=http://www.punchng.com/spice/society/yinka-ayefele-celebrates/|access-date=11 February 2015|work=The Punch – Nigeria's Most Widely Read Newspaper|archive-date=2015-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211141116/http://www.punchng.com/spice/society/yinka-ayefele-celebrates/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kituo cha redio == '''Yinka Ayefele''' ndiye mmiliki wa mtandao wa vituo vya [[redio]] katika kusini-magharibi mwa Nigeria vinavyojulikana kama Fresh FM. Tawi la Ibadan la mtandao huu lilianzishwa mwaka [[2015]] na kupewa leseni na National Broadcasting Commission mnamo tarehe [[30 Aprili]] 2015.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Sanusi|first=Sola|date=2015-07-25|title=Yinka Ayefele Gets A Fresh Start, Read How|url=https://www.legit.ng/498451-yinka-ayefele-gets-fresh-start.html|access-date=2021-10-10|website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en}}</ref> Matawi mengine ya vituo vya redio vya Ayefele yameanzishwa katika mji wa [[Abeokuta]], [[Ado Ekiti]], [[Akure]], Osogbo na [[Lagos]] kwa nyakati tofauti tangu wakati huo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=People |first=City |date=2022-07-07 |title=AYEFELE'S FRESH FM BEGINS TRANSMISSION IN LAGOS |url=https://www.citypeopleonline.com/ayefeles-fresh-fm-begins-transmission-in-lagos/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=City People Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:AYEFELE MUSIC HOUSE, Challenge Ibadan 3.jpg|thumb|Nyumba ya Muziki ya Ayefele, Challenge Ibadan]] Nyumba ya Muziki ya Ayefele, ambayo pia ilikuwa na kituo cha redio cha Fresh FM na studio, ilifutwa mnamo [[19 Agosti]] [[2018]]<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.fellowpress.com/entertainment/54961/what-commissioner-said-about-yinka-ayefele-buildings-demolition/|title=What commissioner said about Yinka Ayefele building's demolition - Fellow Press|last=Press|first=Fellow|date=2018-08-20|work=Fellow Press|access-date=2018-08-20|language=en-US|archive-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820105855/https://www.fellowpress.com/entertainment/54961/what-commissioner-said-about-yinka-ayefele-buildings-demolition/|url-status=dead}} </ref> na Serikali ya [[Jimbo la Oyo]]. Sababu iliyotolewa na serikali kwa uharibifu huu ni kwamba eneo la mali hiyo halikuzingatia masharti yaliyowekwa na mamlaka ya upangaji wa miji. Tukio hili lilisababisha hasira kutoka kwa mashabiki na wanaompongeza.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.fellowpress.com/entertainment/54968/fans-kick-as-oyo-govt-demolishes-ayefeles-radio-station/|title=Fans kick as Oyo Govt demolishes Ayefele's radio station - Fellow Press|last=Press|first=Fellow|date=2018-08-20|work=Fellow Press|access-date=2018-08-20|language=en-US|archive-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820105747/https://www.fellowpress.com/entertainment/54968/fans-kick-as-oyo-govt-demolishes-ayefeles-radio-station/|url-status=dead}} </ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Nigeria]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] ml0yhu3qyz83xhqlqchanyvtsouzwrm 0 188037 1530110 1481958 2026-05-02T18:56:43Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 16 template(s) replaced. 1530110 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Omoniyi Temidayo Raphael''' (anajulikana kama '''Zlatan Ibile''', amezaliwa [[19 Desemba]] [[1994]]) ni rapa na mwimbaji kutoka [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Rejea habari|date=21 January 2021|title=Joy as ijurin Ekiti opens a community library|work=Tribune|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/joy-as-ijurin-ekiti-opens-community-library/|access-date=10 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Zlatan Ibile - Biography |url=https://streetott.com.ng/artists/zlatan/ |website=Streetot |access-date=7 December 2019 |archive-date=6 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006131147/https://streetott.com.ng/artists/zlatan/ |url-status=dead }}.</ref> ==Maisha ya awali na kazi== Omoniyi Temidayo Raphael alizaliwa na kukulia [[Ikorodu]], [[Jimbo la Lagos]], ingawa asili ya kifamilia yake ni kutoka Ijurin, [[Jimbo la Ekiti]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2021-01-24 |title=Zlatan Ibile: The new ad-lib star The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/zlatan-ibile-the-new-ad-lib-star/ |access-date=2022-08-31 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=A |first=Olumide |date=2021-09-15 |title=Zlatan Ibile biography: house, net worth, wife, songs |url=https://www.kemifilani.ng/breaking-news/zlatan-ibile-biography-house-net-worth-wife-songs |access-date=2022-08-31 |website=Kemi Filani News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mwaka [[2011]], alipata diploma ya kitaifa katika usimamizi wa biashara kutoka Chuo cha Ufundi cha Moshood Abiola.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://punchng.com/i-regret-helping-segun-wire-zlatan-ibile/|title=I regret helping Segun Wire – Zlatan Ibile|website=Punch Newspapers|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.36ng.ng/2018/11/30/facts-you-dont-know-about-zanku-dance/|title=Facts You Don't Know About "Zanku Dance" Popularized By Zlatan Ibile {{!}} 36NG|last=Oladimeji|date=2018-11-29|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref> Baada ya kumaliza shule ya sekondari, Raphael aliamua kuendeleza taaluma ya [[muziki]].<ref name="auto">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/I-am-not-signed-to-Davido-s-record-label-Zlatan-Ibile-637622|title=I am not signed to Davido's record label – Zlatan Ibile|website=Ghanaweb.com|language=en|access-date=2019-04-12}}</ref> Akiwa na umri wa miaka 19, alishinda mashindano ya muziki ya mwaka [[2014]] yaliyofahamika kama ''One Mic Campus Tour'', yaliyodhaminiwa na [[Airtel Tanzania|Airtel]], yaliyofanyika [[Abeokuta]], [[Jimbo la Ogun]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/19-year-old-student-wins-airtel-one-mic-talent-show/|title=19-year-old student wins Airtel One Mic Talent show|date=2014-06-02|website=The Nation Nigeria|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref> Umaarufu wake ulianza kupanda mwaka [[2017]] baada ya kutoa wimbo ''My Body'' aliomshirikisha [[Olamide]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://punchng.com/i-regret-helping-segun-wire-zlatan-ibile/|title=I regret helping Segun Wire – Zlatan Ibile|website=Punch Newspapers|access-date=2019-04-12}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> Mwaka 2018, Lawrence Irabor, mwenyekiti mwenza wa Alleluyah Boiz Entertainment, alimsaini Zlatan kwenye lebo hiyo baada ya kusikia wimbo huo. Zlatan alipata umaarufu mkubwa zaidi kupitia ushirikiano wake na [[Chinko Ekun]] na [[Lil Kesh]] katika kibao cha mwaka [[2018]] ''Able God''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://guardian.ng/features/zlatan-ibile-is-the-streets-latest-pop-culture/|website=guardian.ng|access-date=2019-04-12|title=Zlatan Ibile is the Street's Latest Pop Culture|date=2019-01-25}}</ref> Baadaye, alitoa wimbo wa ''Zanku'', uliokuwa na mtindo wa dansi maarufu uliobeba jina hilo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.legit.ng/1214308-rising-star-zlatan-releases-anticipated-video-zanku-legwork.html|title=Rising star Zlatan releases much-anticipated video Zanku (Legwork)|last=Owolawi|first=Taiwo|date=2019-01-09|website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en|access-date=2019-04-12}}</ref> Mwishoni mwa mwaka 2018, alitoa wimbo ''Osanle'' aliomshirikisha [[Davido]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://tooxclusive.com/download-mp3/zlatan-ibile-osanle-ft-davido-new-song/|title=Zlatan Ibile – "Osanle" ft. Davido |date=2018-11-12|website=tooXclusive|access-date=2019-04-12|archive-date=2019-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412110810/https://tooxclusive.com/download-mp3/zlatan-ibile-osanle-ft-davido-new-song/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mapema mwaka [[2019]], alitoa wimbo wa ''Glory'' kabla ya kushirikishwa katika kibao cha [[Burna Boy]] ''Killin Dem'', kilichokuwa sehemu ya albamu yake ya nne ''African Giant''. Baada ya hapo, alishirikishwa pia katika nyimbo za [[Lil Kesh]] ''Flenjo'' na [[Naira Marley]] ''Am I a Yahoo Boy''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://afriget.com/ceeza-milli-ft-zlatan-flenjo/|title=Flenjo: the new song he was featured by Ceeza Milli|date=2019-06-21|access-date=2019-06-24|archive-date=2019-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624225106/https://afriget.com/ceeza-milli-ft-zlatan-flenjo/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mnamo [[26 Julai]] 2019, Zlatan alisaini mkataba wa udhamini na [[Coca-Cola]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.36ng.ng/2019/09/26/zlatan-becomes-coca-colas-brand-ambassador/|title=Zlatan Ibile Becomes Coca Cola's Brand Ambassador « 36ng|last=Oladimeji|date=2019-09-26|website=36ng|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref> === 2020–sasa: Zanku Records na maandamano ya EndSARS === Tarehe [[1 Januari]] [[2020]], Raphael alitumia ukurasa wake wa [[Instagram]] kutangaza kuzindua lebo yake ya muziki ''Zanku Records'' bila kutaja wasanii wowote.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/zanku-records-zlatan-ibile-launches-own-music-label/|title='Zanku Records' — Zlatan Ibile launches own music label|last=Remigius|first=Chibuike|date=2020-01-02|website=lifestyle.thecable.ng|language=en|access-date=2020-08-10}}</ref> Kufikia tarehe [[25 Februari]], alisherehekea siku yake ya kuzaliwa kwa kutangaza majina ya wasanii aliowasaini. Aliorodhesha wasanii watatu: Papisnoop, Oberz na Jamopyper. Pia alitangaza kumsajili rasmi mpiga picha wa video Visionary Pictures, meneja wake Manager Jiggy, mtayarishaji wa muziki Rexxie na mshauri wa PR Biesloaded. Tangazo hili liliambatana na picha ya pamoja kupitia ukurasa wake wa Instagram.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/zlatan-launches-his-record-label-zanku-records-and-promotes-his-new-act-oberz/bwn63fl|title=Zlatan launches his record label, ZANKU Records and promotes his new act, Oberz|last=Alake|first=Motolani|date=2020-02-12|website=pulse.ng|language=en|access-date=2020-08-10}}</ref> Mnamo [[Oktoba]] [[2020]], wakati wa maandamano ya ''EndSARS'', Zlatan alitoa wimbo ''Soro Soke'' kuonyesha masikitiko yake kuhusu mauaji ya vijana wasio na hatia katika tukio la Upigaji risasi wa Lekki 2020.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-10-22|title=Zlatan - "Soro Soke" « tooXclusive|url=https://tooxclusive.com/zlatan-soro-soke/|access-date=2021-01-22|website=Tooxclusive.com|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218044422/https://tooxclusive.com/zlatan-soro-soke/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Nigeria]] [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1994]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] 1tm109p7so0zamzar8dfnhniglvyd8l 0 188107 1530375 1529140 2026-05-03T10:22:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530375 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Waje for NdaniTV Xmas 2018.png|thumb|Picha ya Waje]] '''Aituaje Aina Vivian Ebele Iruobe''' (anajulikana kitaaluma kama '''Waje''', kifupi cha "Words Aren't Just Enough"; amezaliwa [[1 Septemba]] [[1981]]) ni mwimbaji kutoka [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2022-10-08 |title=Waje's Transitioning to Gospel Music is Not a Trend |url=https://www.afrocritik.com/a-conversation-with-nigerian-soul-diva-waje/ |access-date=2024-03-25 |language=en}}</ref> Alianza kutambulika baada ya kushirikishwa kwenye toleo jipya la wimbo wa [[P-Square]] “Omoge Mi”.<ref>{{Citation |title=P-Square - Omoge Mi [Official Video] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z3ClHP-Yzg4 |access-date=2023-11-07 |language=en}}</ref> Waje pia alishirikishwa kwenye wimbo maarufu wa kundi hilo wa mwaka [[2008]] ulioitwa “Do Me”. Aidha, alicheza [[sauti]] kwenye wimbo wa Banky W “Thief My Kele” na [[M.I Abaga|M.I]] “One Naira”.<ref name="wadup">{{cite web|url=http://wadup.com.ng/meet-the-most-female-bankable-musicians-of-2014/|title=Meet the Most Female Bankable Musicians of 2014|access-date=2015-01-29|archive-date=2018-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628011132/http://wadup.com.ng/meet-the-most-female-bankable-musicians-of-2014/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Inyang |first=Ifreke |date=2012-12-14 |title="I'm starting my lingerie line soon and I'll be modelling them" - Waje |url=https://dailypost.ng/2012/12/14/im-starting-lingerie-line-soon-ill-modelling-them-waje/ |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> Mwaka [[2016]], Waje alikuwa mmoja wa majaji wanne kwenye msimu wa kwanza wa ''The Voice Nigeria''. Mwaka [[2018]], alionekana kwenye msimu wa mwisho wa tamthilia ya Africa Magic ''Battleground''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Battleground season 2 |url=https://m-net.dstv.com/show/zuba/season/3/battleground-season-2/news |website=M-Net |access-date=2022-01-27 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2016-07-17 |title=Waje accentuates her Curves in All Black for "The Voice Nigeria" Tonight |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/07/waje-accentuates-her-curves-in-all-black-for-the-voice-nigeria-tonight/ |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Waje alizaliwa tarehe 1 Septemba 1981 mjini [[Akure|Akure, Jimbo la Ondo]], Nigeria. Pia ndiye mzaliwa wa kwanza katika familia yake. Alikulia mjini [[Benin City]] baada ya wazazi wake kuhamia huko. Wazazi wake walitalakiana akiwa bado mdogo, jambo lililomletea changamoto katika maisha yake ya utotoni.<ref name=vanguardngr>{{cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/05/regret-my-past-no-way-waje/#sthash.UYbxXOZd.dpuf|title=Regret my past? No way – Waje|access-date=2015-01-29|date=2013-05-03|website=Vanguard}}</ref> Alipata ujauzito wakati akifanya mitihani ya mwisho ya cheti cha sekondari. Hakumwambia mama yake hadi alipokuwa mjamzito wa miezi mitano. Kwa sababu ya ujauzito nje ya ndoa, alisimamishwa kwa muda kuimba kwenye kwaya ya kanisa lao.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://punchng.com/church-banned-me-from-choir-after-i-got-pregnant-waje/|title=Church banned me from choir after I got pregnant –Waje|date=2020-08-15|website=The Punch|access-date=2024-06-15}}</ref> Alikuwa akiimba [[nyimbo za Kiinjili]] ambazo zilimfurahisha Askofu Mkuu [[Benson Idahosa]], ambaye alimsaidia wakati wote wa masomo yake ya sekondari.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.modernghana.com/moviep/6560/1/pagenum2/bishop-idahosa-took-care-of-me-during-secondary-sc.html|title=Bishop Idahosa Took Care Of Me During Secondary School–Waje|website=Modern Ghana|access-date=2010-03-23}}</ref> Baadaye, Waje alihamia Nsukka kusoma katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Nigeria, Nsukka]], ambako alipata shahada ya Kazi ya Jami]. Ili kuboresha kipaji chake cha kuimba, alisikiliza wanamuziki kama [[Whitney Houston]] na [[Aretha Franklin]].<ref name=fadoflow>{{cite web|url=http://www.fadoflow.com/the-different-faces-of-waje-which-do-you-prefer/|access-date=2015-01-29|title=The different faces of Waje – Which do you prefer?|archive-date=2016-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117143751/http://www.fadoflow.com/the-different-faces-of-waje-which-do-you-prefer/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1981|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Nigeria]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] iil4gwwr3i5h86bss3ebnw1ocn8r0pu 0 189316 1530201 1359688 2026-05-02T19:11:13Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530201 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Štefan Balošák''' (alizaliwa Martin, [[23 Novemba]] [[1972]]) ni mwanariadha wa zamani kutoka [[Slovakia]] aliyebobea katika mbio za mita 400. Aliiwakilisha nchi yake kwenye Michezo ya [[Olimpiki]] ya Majira ya 1996 na 2000, pamoja na Mashindano ya Dunia ya 1997.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=McCarthy|first=Claudine|date=2024-10|title=Advisory Board members discuss all things NIL|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/catl.31370|journal=College Athletics and the Law|volume=21|issue=7|pages=1–5|doi=10.1002/catl.31370|issn=1552-8774}}</ref> Rekodi zake binafsi katika mbio hizo ni sekunde 45.32 nje (Atlanta 1996) na sekunde 47.06 ndani (Budapest 1997). Matokeo ya kwanza bado ni rekodi ya kitaifa. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1972]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wanariadha wa Slovakia]] i3f1qwfs40t5zp2zwfqjugm7ferzpcp 0 189753 1530345 1360736 2026-05-03T08:51:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530345 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:VernoncoreaofRadioCeylon.jpeg#file|link=Faili:VernoncoreaofRadioCeylon.jpeg|thumb|120x120px|Mtangazaji wa upainia, Vernon Corea (kushoto) katika Radio Ceylon, Colombo mwaka wa 1958.]] '''Vernon Corea''' ([[11 Septemba]] [[1927]] – [[23 Septemba]] [[2002]]) alikuwa [[mtangazaji]] wa [[redio]] aliyeongoza na aliyejitolea kwa miaka 45 katika huduma ya utangazaji wa umma nchini [[Sri Lanka]] na [[Uingereza]]. Alijiunga na Radio Ceylon, kituo cha redio cha zamani zaidi Kusini mwa [[Asia]], mwaka 1956 na baadaye akaendelea katika Shirika la Utangazaji la Sri Lanka. Wakati wa kazi yake, aliendesha baadhi ya vipindi vya redio vilivyopendwa sana Kusini mwa Asia, ikiwa ni pamoja na The Maliban Show, Dial-a-Disc, Holiday Choice, Two For the Money, Take It Or Leave It, Saturday Stars, To Each His Own, Kiddies Corner, na Old Folks at Home.<ref name="Saturday Stars">{{cite web|title=Vernon Corea by Neville Jayaweera, (former Director-General, SLBC)|url=http://www.vernoncorea.com/|access-date=4 September 2008}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1927]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2002]] [[Jamii:watu wa Sri Lanka]] [[Jamii:watu wa Uingereza]] 20ttzi8iixsgdfk2d2rfbkmob7uno44 0 190167 1530040 1362323 2026-05-02T18:45:51Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1530040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox|drug_name=|INN=|image=Zavegepant.svg|width=|alt=|caption=|type=<!-- empty --> <!-- Names -->|pronounce=|tradename=Zavzpret|synonyms=BHV-3500|IUPAC_name=N-[(2R)-3-(7-methyl-1H-indazol-5-yl)-1-[4-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]-4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)piperidine-1-carboxamide <!-- Clinical data -->|class=[[Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist]]<ref name=PI2023/>|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_AU_comment=|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=[[Nasal administration|Kwa pua]]|onset=|duration_of_action=|Drugs.com={{Drugs.com|monograph|zavegepant}}|MedlinePlus=<!-- Legal data -->|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled -->|legal_AU_comment=|legal_BR=<!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F -->|legal_BR_comment=|legal_CA=<!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_CA_comment=|legal_DE=<!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled -->|legal_DE_comment=|legal_EU=|legal_EU_comment=|legal_NZ=<!-- Class A, B, C -->|legal_NZ_comment=|legal_UN=<!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV -->|legal_UN_comment=|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C -->|legal_UK_comment=|legal_US=Rx-peke yake|legal_US_comment=<ref name=PI2023/>|legal_status=<!-- For countries not listed above -->|DailyMedID=Zavegepant|licence_US=<!-- FDA may use generic or brand name (generic name preferred) -->|licence_CA=<!-- Health Canada may use generic or brand name (generic name preferred) -->|licence_EU=<!-- EMA uses INN (or special INN_EMA) --> <!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|metabolites=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=<!-- Chemical and physical data -->|C=36|H=46|N=8|O=3|SMILES=CC1=CC(=CC2=C1NN=C2)CC(C(=O)N3CCN(CC3)C4CCN(CC4)C)NC(=O)N5CCC(CC5)C6=CC7=CC=CC=C7NC6=O|StdInChI=1S/C36H46N8O3/c1-24-19-25(20-28-23-37-40-33(24)28)21-32(35(46)43-17-15-42(16-18-43)29-9-11-41(2)12-10-29)39-36(47)44-13-7-26(8-14-44)30-22-27-5-3-4-6-31(27)38-34(30)45/h3-6,19-20,22-23,26,29,32H,7-18,21H2,1-2H3,(H,37,40)(H,38,45)(H,39,47)/t32-/m1/s1|StdInChI_comment=|StdInChIKey=JJVAPHYEOZSKJZ-JGCGQSQUSA-N|StdInChIKey2=VQDUWCSSPSOSNA-RYWNGCACSA-N|density=|density_notes=|melting_point=|melting_high=|melting_notes=|boiling_point=|boiling_notes=|solubility=|sol_units=|specific_rotation=|index2_label=as HCl}} '''Zavegepant''', inayouzwa kwa jina la chapa '''Zavzpret''', ni dawa inayotumika kutibu, si kuzuia, maumivu ya kichwa ya [[kipandauso]]. Dawa hii inanyunyizwa ndani ya pua.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf|title=ZAVZPRET™ (zavegepant) nasal spray|accessdate=2023-03-13|archivedate=2023-03-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311071545/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf}}</ref> Madhara yake ya kawaida ni pamoja na mabadiliko ya ladha, kichefuchefu, maumivu ya pua na kutapika.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf|title=ZAVZPRET™ (zavegepant) nasal spray|accessdate=2023-03-13|archivedate=2023-03-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311071545/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf "ZAVZPRET™ (zavegepant) nasal spray"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311071545/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2023-03-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> Madhara yake mengine ni pamoja na [[Mzio|athari za mzio]].<ref name="PI2023" /> Haipendekezi kuitumia kwa watu walio na shida kubwa ya ini au figo.<ref name="PI2023" /> Usalama wa matumizi yake katika ujauzito hauko wazi.<ref name="PI2023" /> Dawa hii ni kipinzani cha kipokezi cha peptidi kinachohusiana na jeni.<ref name="PI2023" /> Zavegepant iliidhinishwa kwa ajili ya matumizi ya kimatibabu nchini Marekani mwaka wa 2023<ref name="PI2023">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf|title=ZAVZPRET™ (zavegepant) nasal spray|accessdate=2023-03-13|archivedate=2023-03-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311071545/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf "ZAVZPRET™ (zavegepant) nasal spray"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311071545/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2023-03-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> na ilitarajiwa kupatikana kibiashara mnamo Julai mwaka wa 2023 na kuuzwa bei sawa na dawa zingine katika kundi lake.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=MSc|first=Nadia Stec|title=Zavzpret (Zavegepant) Migraine Nasal Spray from Pfizer Gets FDA Nod|url=https://xtalks.com/zavzpret-zavegepant-migraine-nasal-spray-from-pfizer-gets-fda-nod-3402/#:~:text=Zavzpret%20will%20be%20available%20in,year%20or%20%24575%20per%20month.|work=Xtalks|accessdate=25 May 2023|date=14 March 2023|archivedate=15 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315160326/https://xtalks.com/zavzpret-zavegepant-migraine-nasal-spray-from-pfizer-gets-fda-nod-3402/#:~:text=Zavzpret%20will%20be%20available%20in,year%20or%20%24575%20per%20month.}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> [[Category:Madawa]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 95ql4p28cion6gfgg76t8984zkoo7w4 0 190312 1530188 1365459 2026-05-02T19:09:03Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530188 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Émilien Amaury''' ([[5 Machi]] [[1909]] – [[2 Januari]] [[1977]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] maarufu wa [[uchapishaji]] kutoka [[Ufaransa]] ambaye kampuni yake sasa inaandaa mashindano ya [[Tour de France]].<ref name="Quid">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.quid.fr/2007/Information/Principaux_Groupes_De_Journaux/1 |title=Quid France, Principaux_Groupes_De_Journaux |accessdate=2024-11-12 |archive-date=2009-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629111508/http://www.quid.fr/2007/Information/Principaux_Groupes_De_Journaux/1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1909]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1977]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Ufaransa]] r05c6k5bx94ihgzub4bryx3vs5xvcew 0 190627 1529765 1437067 2026-05-02T12:15:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529765 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Yoshihide Kiryū Rio 2016.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Yoshihide Kiryū]] '''Yoshihide Kiryū''' (桐生 祥秀, ''Kiryū Yoshihide'', alizaliwa [[Hikone]], Mkoa wa [[Shiga]], [[15 Desemba]] [[1995]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa [[Japani]] ambaye alibobea katika mbio za mita 100. Kiryū alicheza mpira wa miguu akiwa katika shule ya msingi na alipendezwa na mchezo wa mbio na uwanja katika shule ya upili ya junior, kaka yake aliposhiriki katika mchezo huo. Mwaka [[2011]], alishinda taji la kitaifa la vijana chini ya miaka 16 katika mita 100 katika Tamasha la Kitaifa la Michezo la Japani, kwa muda wa sekunde 10.58.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130705120500/http://www.tilastopaja.org/db/atm.php?ID=133239&Season=2011&Odd=0 Yoshihide Kiryu]. Tilastopaja. Retrieved on 30 April 2013.</ref> Mwaka uliofuata, Kiryū alikimbia katika kitengo cha vijana chini ya umri wa miaka 18 kwenye shindano lile lile na kuvunja mbio za vijana bora zaidi duniani kwa mbio za mita 100 kwa kuboresha rekodi ya Tamunosiki Atorudibo ya sekunde 10.23 kwa mia mbili ya sekunde tarehe [[5 Oktoba]] [[2012]]. Chini ya mwezi mmoja baadaye. , tarehe [[3 Novemba]] 2012, Kiryū alipunguza rekodi yake hadi sekunde 10.19.<ref>[http://www.eurosport.fr/athletisme/yoshihide-kiryu-le-nouvel-usain-bolt_sto3484987/story.shtml Yoshihide Kiryu, le nouvel Usain Bolt?] </ref> Mnamo tarehe [[29 Aprili]] [[2013]], Kiryū (bado ni mwanafunzi katika Shule ya Upili ya Rakunan huko [[Tō-ji]]) <ref>Larner, Brett (29 April 2013). [http://japanrunningnews.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/high-school-senior-kiryu-1001-for-all.html High School Senior Kiryu World-Leading 10.01 to Tie 100 m Jr. WR, All-Time Japanese #2]. Japan Running News. Retrieved on 2013-04-30.</ref> alikimbia kwenye mkutano wa Oda Memorial na kufunga rekodi ya chini ya Dunia ya sekunde 10.01 iliyoshikiliwa na Darrel Brown na Jeffery Demps. IAAF hatimaye ilikataa kujumuishwa kwa wakati kama rekodi rasmi kwa sababu ya utumizi wa vifaa vya kupima kasi ya upepo ambavyo havijaidhinishwa kwenye njia.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=June 15, 2013 |title=IAAF denies Kiryu share of junior world record |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2013/06/15/more-sports/track-field/iaaf-denies-kiryu-share-of-junior-world-record/ |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=Japan Times}}</ref> Katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[2016]], Kiryū alishinda medali ya fedha katika mbio za kupokezana za mita 4 × 100.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2016/08/20/olympics/summer-olympics/bolt-completes-triple-triple-jamaicas-gold-4x100-relay-japan-makes-history-taking-silver/|title=Bolt completes triple-triple with Jamaica's gold in 4×100 relay; Japan makes history by taking silver|last=Mckirdy|first=Andrew|date=20 August 2016|newspaper=The Japan Times Online|language=en-US|issn=0447-5763|access-date=20 August 2016|accessdate=2024-11-15|archivedate=2016-08-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820031435/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2016/08/20/olympics/summer-olympics/bolt-completes-triple-triple-jamaicas-gold-4x100-relay-japan-makes-history-taking-silver/}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Japani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1995]] rcoj0tmly3el5nfmikyzaoopzvwqs79 0 190759 1529956 1524460 2026-05-02T17:41:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529956 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert David Aristodemo''' (alizaliwa Mei 20, 1977) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa soka kutoka [[Kanada]] ambaye alicheza kama kiungo. Yeye ni kocha mkuu wa timu ya wasichana ya Montverde Academy, Orlando Kicks FC ya United Women's Soccer na kocha msaidizi wa Florida Tropics SC katika ligi ya Major Arena Soccer . Aristodemo alicheza soka la ndani kwa Baltimore Blast kutoka mwaka 2006 hadi mwaka 2011, kabla ya kutangaza kustaafu kwake kabla ya msimu wa 2011–2012.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://misl.uslsoccer.com/home/549244.html |title=Blast Legends Hang Up Boots |accessdate=2024-11-16 |archive-date=2012-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415104907/http://misl.uslsoccer.com/home/549244.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.fltropics.com/news/veteran-midfielder-robbie-aristodemo-to-join-tropi Veteran Midfielder Robbie Aristodemo to Join Tropics]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1977|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] 1jk4iziuog590lkwa6rvcal5pnum6km 0 190843 1529955 1524454 2026-05-02T17:40:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529955 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert "Rob" Baarts''' (alizaliwa Februari 19, 1969) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa soka wa [[Kanada]] aliyecheza kama mshambuliaji. Hivi sasa ni kocha mkuu wa timu ya soka ya wanawake ya Chuo Kikuu cha New Mexico State.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://a-leaguearchive.tripod.com/1989/1989wsl.htm|title=WSA 1989 Season|accessdate=2024-11-18|archive-date=2011-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717102423/http://a-leaguearchive.tripod.com/1989/1989wsl.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>''Sports briefs'' Deseret News, The (Salt Lake City, UT) - Thursday, May 18, 2000</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.soccercityusa.com/timbers/news052501.htm|title=Timbers sign Yale goalkeeper Dan Moss}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1969|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] e30jikv0nnvl7xsj24v9zw7i5awdhjl 0 190851 1530008 1461583 2026-05-02T18:41:01Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530008 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zakaria Bahous''' (alizaliwa Mei 8, 2001) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu wa [[Kanada]] anayechukua nafasi ya kiungo katika timu ya Pacific FC kwenye ligi ya Canadian Premier.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.facebook.com/SoccerQuebec/posts/3572430902881698|title=Nos Québécois en CPL|language=fr|trans-title=Our Quebecers in the CPL|date=January 27, 2022|work=[[Soccer Quebec]]|publisher=Facebook}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://heromag.net/atletico-ottawa-recruits-ccaa-standout-zakaria-bahous-atletico-ottawa|title=Atlético Ottawa recruits CCAA standout Zakaria Bahous – Atlético Ottawa|date=January 26, 2022|work=Heromag|accessdate=2024-11-18|archive-date=2024-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225093022/https://heromag.net/atletico-ottawa-recruits-ccaa-standout-zakaria-bahous-atletico-ottawa|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|2001|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] nfo1ipowzbm1m0ci053nkejcwumdbok 0 191169 1530203 1365938 2026-05-02T19:11:33Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530203 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Željko Bilecki''' ([[28 Aprili]] [[1950]] – [[26 Aprili]] [[2023]]) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa [[Kanada]] ambaye alicheza kama [[Golikipa|kipa]].<ref>{{Rejea habari|last=Waring|first=Ed|date=September 1, 1969|title=Croatia off as Hamilton wins tourney|page=23|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|last=Waring|first=Ed|date=July 30, 1970|title=Brazilian rookie now NSL's Pele|page=35|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1950]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2023]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] s4lq3o5ubtk6e43xtdwgl07eda4kijj 0 191320 1530287 1527078 2026-05-03T04:04:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530287 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Saint Thibaut offrant à Saint Louis et Marguerite de Provence un lys à onze branches - Le Petit Trianon.jpg |thumb|Mt. Theobadi akitoa [[zawadi]] ya [[Ua|maua]] kwa Mt. [[Ludoviko IX]] na [[mke]] wake.]] '''Theobadi wa Marly, [[Citeaux|O.Cist.]]''' (pia: '''Theobald, Thibaut, Thibault, Thiébaut'''; [[Marly-la-Ville]], leo nchini [[Ufaransa]], [[1200]] hivi - [[Vaux-de-Cernais]], [[8 Desemba]] [[1247]]<ref name="Yveline">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Rouet |first=Christian |date=2021-11-18 |title=L'abbaye des Vaux-de-Cernay |url=https://yveline.org/labbaye-des-vaux-de-cernay |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=Pays d'Yveline |language=fr}}.</ref><ref name="sorbonne">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Thibaud, abbé des Vaux-de-Cernay en 1235, mort le 7 décembre 1247 |url=http://elec.enc.sorbonne.fr/cartulaires/Port-Royal/0233 |website=Port-Royal, Cartulaire, École des chartes |language=fr }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ) alikuwa [[kabaila]] aliyejiunga na [[monasteri]] ya [[Wasitoo]], halafu [[mwaka]] [[1235]] akawa [[abati]] wake hadi [[kifo]] chake<ref name="newadvent">{{Rejea kitabu |last=Obrecht |first=Edmond |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15316a.htm |title=Vaux-de-Cernay |date=1912 |publisher=Robert Appleton Company |series=The Catholic Encyclopedia |volume=15 |location=New York}}</ref><ref name="medfrance">{{Rejea kitabu |last1=Henneman |first1=John Jr. Bell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4qFY1jpF2JAC&pg=PA946 |title=Medieval France: An Encyclopedia |last2=Earp |first2=Lawrence |last3=Kibler |first3=William W. |last4=Zinn |first4=Grover A. |date=24 July 1995 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-203-34487-3 |page=946}}</ref> akitumikia [[Mmonaki|wamonaki]] wake kwa kutoa mwenyewe [[huduma]] duni zaidi <ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/93611</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Heshima]] hiyo ilithibitishwa na [[Papa Klementi XI]] [[tarehe]] [[29 Septemba]] [[1710]] <ref name="zisterzienserlexikon">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Thibaud de Marly |url=http://www.zisterzienserlexikon.de/wiki/Thibaud_de_Marly |website=Biographia Cisterciensis |language=de}}</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[8 Desemba]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://missel.free.fr/Sanctoral/07/08.php Biography] {{fr}} * [https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/100968929.html Biography] {{de}} * [https://www.saint-louis-des-francais.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=542:le-saint-de-la-semaine-saint-thibaut-de-marly&catid=8&Itemid=109&lang=fr Le saint de la semaine: Saint Thibaut de Marly] {{Wayback|url=https://www.saint-louis-des-francais.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=542:le-saint-de-la-semaine-saint-thibaut-de-marly&catid=8&Itemid=109&lang=fr |date=20241212183455 }} {{fr}} * [http://catholica.cz/?id=5936 sv. Teobald de Marliaco] {{cs}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|1200|1247}} [[Jamii:Wamonaki]] [[Jamii:Wabenedikto]] [[Jamii:Wasitoo]] [[Jamii:mapadri]] [[Jamii:watakatifu wa Ufaransa]] p7c2ewce7hchd7tnuf65mmmrpjrovus 0 191773 1529707 1367984 2026-05-02T12:05:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529707 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yoana Peralta Fernández''' (alizaliwa [[Kanada]], [[1999]]) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa [[wanawake]] anayewakilisha timu ya Vaughan Azzurri katika ligi ya wanawake Ontario. Anaiwakilisha [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[wanawake]] ya [[Jamhuri ya Dominika]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://yorkulions.ca/news/2017/8/24/2017-womens-soccer-season-preview.aspx|title=2017 women's soccer season preview|date=August 24, 2017|work=[[York Lions]]}}</ref><ref name=york>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://yorkulions.ca/sports/womens-soccer/roster/yoana-peralta/6310|title=Yoana Peralta York Lions profile|work=[[York Lions]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.senecasting.ca/sports/wsoc/2021-22/bios/peralta_yoana_gwaf|title=Yoana Peralta Seneca profile|work=[[Seneca College]]}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1999|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wanawake wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Jamhuri ya Dominikana]] 4k0came3il5ka5dqs8xyovtm7pp0h70 0 192231 1529899 1523691 2026-05-02T14:08:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529899 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Pilar Khoury 2020 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Khoury akiwa na AS Saint-Étienne (wanawake)|Saint-Étienne mwaka 2020.]] '''Pilar Tony Khoury''' (alizaliwa [[25 Agosti]], [[1994]]) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu wa kitaalamu ambaye anacheza kama [[mshambuliaji]] kwa klabu ya Première katika timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya [[Lebanon]].<ref name="interview">{{Rejea tovuti |date=18 November 2021 |title=Interview with Pilar Khoury |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFZ_SHxGjw4 |access-date=18 November 2021 |website=FA Lebanon |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref name="prospect">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Baradhi |first=Maria |date=14 November 2020 |title=A.S. Saint Etienne's Pilar Khoury: A National Team Prospect |url=https://www.falebanon.com/a-s-saint-etiennes-pilar-khoury-a-national-team-prospect/ |access-date=12 February 2021 |website=FA Lebanon |archive-date=2021-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305110527/https://www.falebanon.com/a-s-saint-etiennes-pilar-khoury-a-national-team-prospect/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1994|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wanawake wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Lebanoni]] h6tckmou9pulj37a4w7bgk3cv3l9u9g 0 192427 1530114 1369402 2026-05-02T18:57:13Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530114 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:USC Trojans vs Utah - MCH 6675 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Burns akichezea USC Trojans women's soccer mwaka 2021.]] '''Zoe Mackenzie Chabot Burns''' (amezaliwa [[5 Januari]], [[2002]]) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa anayekipiga kama [[beki]] katika timu ya Utah Royals katika Ligi ya Kitaifa ya Soka ya Wanawake (NWSL).<ref name=usc>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://usctrojans.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/zoe-burns/12916|title=Zoe Burns USC Torjans profile|work=[[USC Trojans]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://usctrojans.com/news/2021/4/30/usc-womens-soccer-loses-heartbreaker-to-ole-miss-on-pk-s.aspx|title=USC Women's Soccer Loses Heartbreaker to Ole Miss on PKs|work=[[USC Trojans]]|date=April 30, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://usctrojans.com/news/2021/11/12/bethune-hocking-mcalpine-highlight-host-of-all-pac-12-honors-for-usc-womens-soccer|title=Croix Bethune, Penelope Hocking, Keidane McAlpine Highlight All-Pac-12 Honors For USC Women's Soccer|date=November 12, 2021|work=[[USC Trojans]]}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|2002|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wanawake wa Kanada]] 8dcletdsypqrtqsmys5gucf6uch8w9p 0 192443 1530183 1376888 2026-05-02T19:08:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1530183 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha:Bishop_Emile_Marie_Luc_Alphonse_Barillon.png|thumb|Émile Barillon]] '''Émile Marie Luc Alphonse Barillon''' [[Misheni za Paris|M.E.P.]] ([[18 Oktoba]] [[1860]] – [[27 Julai]] [[1935]]) alikuwa [[mmisionari]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] kutoka [[Ufaransa]] aliyehudumu kama [[Askofu]] wa Malacca-Singapore kuanzia 1904 hadi 1933.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Barillon Émile Marie Luc Alphonse|url=https://dcbasia.org/biography/barillon-emile-marie-luc-alphonse|website=Dictionary of Christian Biography in Asia}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Bishop Émile Marie Luc Alphonse Barillon [Catholic-Hierarchy]|url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bbarrilon.html|access-date=2024-06-22|website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Rejea habari|date=26 May 1904|title=The New Bishop of Malacca|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/singfreepresswk19040526-1.2.85|work=The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser|pages=330}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1860]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1935]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Wamisionari]] ruysqfvak3kuzgpv07qsq95d39brw3t 0 192650 1529740 1370059 2026-05-02T12:11:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529740 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Yolanda_vu_veianen.jpg|thumb|Yolanda vu veianen]] '''Yolanda wa Vianden''' (au Yolande, Iolanda), [[O.P.]] ([[1231]] – [[1283]]) alikuwa binti mdogo wa Count Henry I wa Vianden na Margaret, Marchioness wa Namur. Alijiunga na [[monasteri]] ya [[Wadominiko]] ya Marienthal, [[Luxemburg|Luxembourg]], kinyume na matakwa ya wazazi wake alipokuwa mdogo. Baadaye alikuwa mkuu wa monasteri hiyo na hadi sasa habari zake zinasimuliwa.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/212739110|title=The life of Yolanda of Vianden ; The life of Margaret of Luxembourg ; Genealogy of the Ancient Counts of Vianden: Antwerp, 1674 = Das Leben der Yolanda von Vianden ; Das Leben der Margarete von Luxemburg ; Genealogie der ehemaligen Grafen von Vianden : Antwerpen, 1674|last1=Wiltheim|first1=Alexander|last2=Berg|first2=Guy|last3=Newton|first3=Gerald|date=2007|publisher=Institut Grand-Ducal, Section de Linguistique, d'Ethnologie et d'Onomastique|isbn=9782919910243|location=Luxembourg|oclc=212739110}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1231]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1283]] [[Jamii:mabikira]] [[Jamii:Wadominiko]] [[Jamii:watu wa Luxemburg]] jcmskqlch2pc1t7n6ny259in5igrpg0 0 192938 1530004 1370739 2026-05-02T18:40:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530004 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zachary Drake''' (alizaliwa Septemba 2, [[1991]]) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Kanada]] ambaye anachezea klabu ya Alliance United FC ya Ligi ya kwanza ya [[Ontario]]. Anacheza kama mlinzi wa pembeni au kiungo wa kujilinda.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.pressreader.com/canada/ottawa-citizen/20080127/282312495752733|title=Young soccer stars get opportunity of lifetime|date=January 27, 2018|work=[[Ottawa Citizen]]|first=Richard|last=Starnes}}</ref><ref name=journey>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.zakdrakecoaching.com/blogs--vlogs-all/archives/02-2016|work=Zak Drake Coaching|first=Zachary|last=Drake|title=My Journey Summary|date=February 17, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wendycotie.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/2010furymediaguide.pdf|title=2010 Ottawa Fury Media Guide|work=[[Ottawa Fury SC]]}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1991|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] ead989e1mwtjq22co6wlozg8cc6aha0 0 193065 1529983 1441555 2026-05-02T18:37:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529983 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Zachary Fernandez.jpg|thumb|Fernandez akiwa na HFX Wanderers FC]] '''Zachary Tognon Fernandez''' (amezaliwa Septemba 24, [[2001]]) ni mchezaji wa soka wa kulipwa wa [[Kanada]] ambaye anacheza kama beki wa kulia wa klabu ya HFX Wanderers katika Ligi Kuu ya Kanada.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://unravelhalifax.ca/shooting-star/|title=Shooting star: New to the Wanderers, Zachary Fernandez is drawing attention for his skilled play|date=June 7, 2022|first=Ameeta|last=Vohra|work=Unravel Halifax|accessdate=2024-12-07|archive-date=2024-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217125008/https://unravelhalifax.ca/shooting-star/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2020/01/18/on-veut-evaluer-les-jeunes|title=On veut évaluer les jeunes|trans-title=We want to assess young people|language=fr|date=January 18, 2020|first=Dave|last=Lévesque|work=[[Le Journal de Montréal]]}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.rds.ca/soccer/impact/mls-le-cf-montreal-commencera-son-camp-d-entrainement-lundi-1.10841179|title=Le CF Montréal commencera son camp lundi|date=February 26, 2021|language=fr|trans-title=CF Montreal will start their camp on Monday|work=[[Réseau des sports|RDS]]}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|2001|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] 7xna5kc3r5ybizxgbf8m6u0nav3frwj 0 193370 1530189 1371954 2026-05-02T19:09:13Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530189 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Éric Lapointe 2012.jpg|thumb|Lapointe mwaka 2012]] '''Éric Lapointe''' ( alizaliwa [[28 Septemba]] [[1969]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Kifaransa]] na mpiga gitaa wa bendi yake ''eponymous'' kutoka [[Kanada]]. Bendi yake inajulikana kwa mtindo wa muziki wa ''heavy metal'' unaojumuisha vipengele vya punk rock, grunge, [[pop]], na [[hard rock]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Desmeules |first=François |date=2006-04-27 |title=Éric Lapointe : Veilleur de nuit |url=https://voir.ca/musique/2006/04/27/eric-lapointe-veilleur-de-nuit/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Voir.ca |language=fr-CA}}</ref><ref>[http://www.cria.ca/gold/1206_g.php Gold & Platinum Certification – December 2006]. Retrieved 25 July 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cria.ca/gold/1202_g.php |title=Gold & Platinum Certification – December 2002 |publisher=[[Canadian Recording Industry Association]] |access-date=20 August 2010 }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1969|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] df4u8n9wv6whmqx7zohsldh7s60ormo 0 193373 1529895 1371776 2026-05-02T14:00:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529895 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pierre Lalonde''' (Amezaliwa [[20 Januari]], [[1941]] – Amefariki [[21 Juni]], [[2016]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] na mtangazaji wa televisheni kutoka [[Kanada]], ambaye wakati mwingine alijulikana kama '''Peter Martin''' nchini [[Marekani]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Plouffe|first1=Hélène|title=Pierre Lalonde|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/pierre-lalonde-emc/|website=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]|date=October 31, 2007|accessdate=October 9, 2013}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Peter Martin Show|url=http://ctva.biz/Music/US/PeterMartinShow.htm|website=The Classic TV Archive}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|last1=Ha|first1=Tu Thanh|title=Quebec crooner Pierre Lalonde was a Sixties heartthrob|url=https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/arts/music/quebec-crooner-pierre-lalonde-hosted-rival-tv-shows/article30565424/|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=June 22, 2016}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1941|2016}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] etbtvgi9jepb45tcjvy4lvyjjyzoe1v 0 193867 1529886 1372742 2026-05-02T13:21:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529886 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peter Pringle''' (alizaliwa [[7 Septemba]], [[1945]]) ni mchezaji [[muziki]] na mtu maarufu wa televisheni kutoka [[Kanada]].<ref name=canenc>[http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/peter-pringle-emc/ "Peter Pringle"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/peter-pringle-emc/ |date=20220119173945 }}. [[The Canadian Encyclopedia]].</ref><ref>[https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/halifax-ns/david-murray-10424825 "David Carson MURRAY: OCTOBER 23, 1938 – OCTOBER 28, 2021"]. ''[[Dignity Memorial]]''.</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1945|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] 6ljczor9s9ucw0928az8x54ks146wci 0 194411 1529911 1374109 2026-05-02T15:15:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529911 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Harlan Smith''' (alizaliwa Central Butte, [[Saskatchewan]], [[6 Novemba]] [[1939]]) ni [[mwimbaji]], mtayarishaji wa rekodi, na mtendaji wa lebo ya rekodi wa [[Kanada]].<ref name=canenc>[http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/r-harlan-smith-emc/ R. Harlan Smith] {{Wayback|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/r-harlan-smith-emc/ |date=20190105021629 }} at [[The Canadian Encyclopedia]].</ref><ref>"Juno nominationsare announced". ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', January 7, 1981.</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1939|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] eybpnkcm8s2my8a5cs7s028chhhcg7x 0 194416 1529790 1413307 2026-05-02T12:19:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529790 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Youssef El Kalay''' (alizaliwa [[Machi 1]], [[1981]]) ni mkimbiaji wa masafa marefu kutoka [[Ureno]] ambaye anawakilisha nchi hiyo katika mashindano ya riadha.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.record.xl.pt/Modalidades/Atletismo/interior.aspx?content_id=912565 |title=Youssef el Kalai no Benfica |accessdate=2024-12-11 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150438/http://www.record.xl.pt/Modalidades/Atletismo/interior.aspx?content_id=912565 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1981]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Ureno]] 6kysjte7gl52bu2k60goclnxs9w0v11 0 194652 1530191 1375031 2026-05-02T19:09:33Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1530191 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Étienne Drapeau''' (alizaliwa [[10 Januari]] [[1978]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa hockey ya barafu kutoka [[Kanada]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.tvanouvelles.ca/2019/08/31/je-suis-arrive-la-bas-et-je-suis-tombe-en-amour-avec-lendroit---etienne-drapeau|title = "Je suis arrivé là-bas et je suis tombé en amour avec l'endroit" - Étienne Drapeau| date=August 31, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.journaldequebec.com/2019/02/22/un-premier-single-en-republique-dominicaine-pour-etienne-drapeau|title = Un premier single en République dominicaine pour Étienne Drapeau| date=February 22, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.les2rives.com/etienne-drapeau-se-decouvre-une-nouvelle-passion-pour-la-musique-latine/|title = Étienne Drapeau se découvre une nouvelle passion pour la musique latine}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1978|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Kanada]] 3b99a2ty76qv3ajru9l8cvt058sqbpt 0 194887 1529844 1375226 2026-05-02T12:27:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529844 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yusuke Kawagishi''' (川岸 祐輔, Kawagishi Yūsuke, alizaliwa Maebashi, [[26 Mei]] [[1992]]) ni mchezaji wa soka kutoka [[Japani]] ambaye anachezea klabu ya Thespakusatsu Gunma.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.jleague.jp/club/kusatsu/player/detail/1500457/|title=川岸 祐輔：ザスパクサツ群馬：Ｊリーグ.jp|access-date=3 September 2016|archive-date=27 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627144244/https://www.jleague.jp/club/kusatsu/player/detail/1500457/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Japani]] q4o5705h5y1ix65dezg0k4tsgk7hasn 0 194901 1529814 1375233 2026-05-02T12:23:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529814 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yuji Kamimura''' (上村 祐司, Kamimura Yuji, alizaliwa [[16 Machi]] [[1976]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa soka kutoka [[Japani]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=J. League Data Site|url=https://data.j-league.or.jp/SFIX04/?player_id=1973|work=data.j-league.or.jp|accessdate=2024-12-12}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Japani]] 5byghk7c6h54oobrotupxzzo8ueue7c 0 194941 1530184 1375255 2026-05-02T19:08:33Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1530184 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Émile Bilodeau''' (amezaliwa [[Longueuil]], [[Quebec]], [[28 Juni]], [[1996]])<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Révélations 2020-2021|url=https://www.icimusique.ca/revelations/2020-2021|access-date=2021-03-15|website=ICI Musique|language=fr}}</ref> ni [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa [[nyimbo]] wa [[Kanada]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=ICI Radio-Canada Première {{!}} Balados, livres audio|url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/premiere/emissions/les-grands-entretiens/segments/entrevue/135679/emile-bilodeau-rites-de-passage-grandeur-mature-revelations-radio-canada-musique|access-date=2021-03-15|website=Radio-Canada|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=ICI Radio-Canada Première {{!}} Balados, livres audio|url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/premiere/emissions/les-grands-entretiens/segments/entrevue/135679/emile-bilodeau-rites-de-passage-grandeur-mature-revelations-radio-canada-musique|access-date=2021-03-15|website=Radio-Canada|language=fr}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1996|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] 5viqynbxut9yo373vwmb98mhsu4sczk 0 195131 1529848 1375399 2026-05-02T12:28:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529848 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yutaka Azuma''' (東 泰, Azuma Yutaka, alizaliwa [[21 Septemba]] [[1967]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu na kocha kutoka [[Japani]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=J. League Data Site|url=https://data.j-league.or.jp/SFIX07/?staff_id=2584|work=data.j-league.or.jp|accessdate=2024-12-12}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1967]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Japani]] s7w14bsc7k97awgfdlympi5qvkighgv 0 195261 1529820 1375931 2026-05-02T12:24:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529820 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yuki Amano''' (天野 悠貴, Amano Yūki, alizaliwa [[17 Aprili]] [[2000]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Japani]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=J. League Data Site|url=https://data.j-league.or.jp/SFIX04/?player_id=29430|work=data.j-league.or.jp|accessdate=2024-12-12}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2000]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Japani]] 5bsnq557k22g8tttvppld548zqxqqiu 0 195909 1529865 1491352 2026-05-02T12:31:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529865 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yvonne Tsikata''' ni [[mtaalamu]] wa [[uchumi]] kutoka nchini [[Ghana]]. Kwa sasa anahudumu kama [[Makamu wa rais|Makamu wa Rais]] na [[Katibu mkuu|Katibu Mkuu]] wa [[Benki ya Dunia]]. Awali alihudumu kama mkuu wa watumishi na [[Mkurugenzi]] wa Ofisi ya Rais wa [[shirika]] la [[Benki ya Dunia]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/08/02/wb-imf-officials-pray-for-smooth-event-in-bali.html|title=World Bank, IMF officials pray for smooth event in Bali|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en|access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref> Yvonne pia alikuwa mkurugenzi wa sekta ya Upunguzaji wa [[Umaskini]] na Idara ya Usimamizi wa Uchumi katika Kanda ya [[Ulaya]] na [[Asia ya Kati]]. == Maisha ya awali na Elimu == Tsikata alipata [[elimu ya sekondari]] katika Wesley Girls' High School. Ana [[Shahada ya Awali|shahada ya kwanza]] kutoka Bryn Mawr College huko [[Pennsylvania]], Marekani. Alipata shahada ya [[uzamili]] katika Uchumi kutoka New York University. == Kazi == Yvonne alianza kazi yake kama mhadhiri wa nadharia ya fedha na nadharia ya uchumi mkuu (macroeconomic theory) katika New York University. Alifanya kazi pia katika [[OECD|Shirika la Ushirikiano wa Kiuchumi na Maendeleo]] (OECD) mjini Paris na katika Chuo Kikuu cha Umoja wa Mataifa, hususan katika World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER) mjini Helsinki.<ref>Yvonne Tsikata: First shock of second wave of crisis not to affect Armenia". ''armenpress.am''. 18 October 2011.</ref> Yvonne alijiunga na [[World Bank Group]] mwaka [[1991]]. Kabla ya kujiunga na ofisi ya Rais wa Benki ya Dunia mnamo [[Septemba]] [[2013]], Tsikata alikuwa Mkurugenzi wa Sera za Kiuchumi katika kanda ya Ulaya na Asia ya Kati.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yvonne Tsikata, Intl Bank Reconstruction & Dev: Profile and Biography - Bloomberg Markets|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/20488468|access-date=2020-11-14|website=Bloomberg.com}} </ref> Aliwahi pia kuhudumu kama Mkurugenzi wa Nchi kwa eneo la Karibiani katika kanda ya Amerika ya Kusini.<ref>Norway $$ can't be released until steering committee says so – World Bank". ''Stabroek News''. 10 December 2010. </ref><ref>World Bank funds Dominican Republic's energy project". ''Devex''. 20 May 2008.</ref> Alitembelea [[Haiti]] kwa niaba ya Benki ya Dunia baada ya tetemeko la ardhi lililoikumba nchi hiyo. Mnamo mwaka [[1998]] na [[2001]], akiwa katika likizo ya kazi kutoka [[World Bank Group]], alihudumu kama mtafiti mwandamizi katika Economic and Social Research Foundation (ESRF) jijini Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; kama mshauri wa Shirika la Ushirikiano wa Kiuchumi na Maendeleo (OECD) mjini Paris; na katika World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER) ya United Nations University huko [[Helsinki]].<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Yvonne-M-Tsikata-9397536</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{WAST KRM}} [[Jamii:wanauchumi wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ghana]] l3mn79rc3ma52e3lajc969ohdntt7nl 0 196150 1530294 1527184 2026-05-03T04:37:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530294 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tim Hunter''' (alizaliwa Machi 3, [[1954]]) ni mchezaji wa soka wa zamani kutoka [[Kanada]] na [[Marekani]] ambaye alicheza kwa kitaalamu katika Ligi ya Soka ya Kaskazini mwa Amerika.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.staplessoccer.com/50thcelebration.htm |title=Staples High School: 50th Celebration |accessdate=2025-01-06 |archive-date=2012-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825165110/http://www.staplessoccer.com/50thcelebration.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.uconnhuskies.com/datadump/MSoccer/2006/Media%20Guide/pp63-82.Records.pdf |title=UConn Media Guide |accessdate=2025-01-06 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202130/http://www.uconnhuskies.com/datadump/MSoccer/2006/Media%20Guide/pp63-82.Records.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesp/panam75det.html|title=Pan-American Games 1975 (Mexico) - Match Details|date= |website=[[RSSSF]]|accessdate=2020-04-26}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1954|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Marekani]] tvy6u19zi0mxwc5vuc0jbsue0t0gqbj 1530380 1530294 2026-05-03T10:33:20Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530380 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tim Hunter''' (alizaliwa Machi 3, [[1954]]) ni mchezaji wa soka wa zamani kutoka [[Kanada]] na [[Marekani]] ambaye alicheza kwa kitaalamu katika Ligi ya Soka ya Kaskazini mwa Amerika.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.staplessoccer.com/50thcelebration.htm |title=Staples High School: 50th Celebration |accessdate=2025-01-06 |archive-date=2012-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825165110/http://www.staplessoccer.com/50thcelebration.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.uconnhuskies.com/datadump/MSoccer/2006/Media%20Guide/pp63-82.Records.pdf |title=UConn Media Guide |accessdate=2025-01-06 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202130/http://www.uconnhuskies.com/datadump/MSoccer/2006/Media%20Guide/pp63-82.Records.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesp/panam75det.html|title=Pan-American Games 1975 (Mexico) - Match Details|date= |website=[[RSSSF]]|accessdate=2020-04-26}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1954|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Marekani]] 2vh25gxzc0ko0k9brfp7hcj6c1zejkr 0 196456 1530186 1398771 2026-05-02T19:08:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 5 template(s) replaced. 1530186 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Émilie Flore Faignond''' (alizaliwa [[Kinshasa]] mnamo Juni 17, 1948 kwa baba [[Ufaransa|Mfaransa]] - Kongo [[Brazzaville]] na mama Mbelgiji - [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Kongo]] [[Kinshasa]]) ni mwandishi wa Ubelgiji-Kongo <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Émilie Flore FaignondPoète et Écrivain|url=https://www.mediacongo.net/publireportage-reportage-6442_emilie_flore_faignond_br_i_poete_et_ecrivain_i.html|accessdate=2023-06-19}}</ref>, mlinzi wa tuzo ya fasihi ambayo ina jina lake. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Littérature - Prix Émilie-Flore Faigond 2024 : le dépôt de candidatures ouvert jusqu’au 31 décembre prochain|url=https://actualite.cd/2023/03/15/litterature-prix-emilie-flore-faigond-2024-le-depot-de-candidatures-ouvert-jusquau-31|date=2023-03-15|accessdate=2023-06-19}}</ref> . == Wasifu == Mwandishi na mshairi, Émilie Flore Faignond, aliyepewa jina la utani "Lady of the Four Bendera", aliyezaliwa Kinshasa mwaka 1948, alitumia utoto wake na ujana wake kwenye kingo zote za [[Kongo (mto)|Mto Kongo]] ( [[Kinshasa]] na [[Brazzaville]] ) na sehemu kubwa ya maisha yake mtu mzima huko [[Kinshasa]] kabla ya kuhamia [[Ubelgiji]]. == Kazi == * ''Meanders'' * ''Kimbunga'' ( ISBN 978-2-7543-0642-3 ) * ''Miji, mseto wa benki'' * ''Ili mpate kukumbuka'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=AFIN QUE TU TE SOUVIENNES|url=https://www.paulo-ramand-editions.fr/Catalogue-livres.b/s373124p/AFIN-QUE-TU-TE-SOUVIENNES|accessdate=2023-06-19|archive-date=2023-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619210632/https://www.paulo-ramand-editions.fr/Catalogue-livres.b/s373124p/AFIN-QUE-TU-TE-SOUVIENNES|url-status=dead}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=AMINA Emilie Flore Faignond 2014|url=https://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/AMINAfaignond14.html|accessdate=2023-06-19}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Alphonse Mbuyamba Kankolongo|year=1999|title=Compte rendu de [FAIGNOND Emilie Flore, Afin que tu te souviennes, Imprimerie Saint Paul, Kinshasa, 1996, 493 p.]|url=https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/ela/1999-n7-ela03268/1042109ar.pdf|journal=Études des littératures africaines|publisher=Association pour l'étude des littératures africaines|volume=7}}</ref> * ''Nyota Ndogo Inayopenda Jua na Mti wenye Matunda ya Dhahabu'' ( ISBN 978-2-7543-0406-1 ) * ''Usiku huo wakati ufuo wangu ulichomwa moto'' * ''Sauti ya Kongo'' * Ahadi katika Kivuli cha Magnolia. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:waandishi wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] kekjq2oxtm0f3vg12t33f08h7d2fjkz 0 197021 1530197 1384856 2026-05-02T19:10:33Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530197 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Øyvind Vågnes'' ([[4 Agosti]] [[1972]] – [[7 Januari]] [[2025]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa riwaya, mhariri wa jarida, na mtafiti kutoka [[Norwei|Norway]]. .<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Professor Øyvind Vågnes (1972-2025)|url=https://www.uib.no/infomedia/175098/professor-øyvind-vågnes-1972-2025|date=8 January 2025|access-date=8 January 2025|language=no}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1972]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Norwei]] h8eccegzwkf47i8zitw60llg5eaa123 0 197175 1530031 1389057 2026-05-02T18:44:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530031 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alfredo Peter "Alfie" Zappacosta'''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ascap.com/ace/search.cfm?requesttimeout=300&mode=results&searchstr=1515010&search_in=c&search_type=exact&search_det=t,s,w,p,b,v&results_pp=20&start=1|title=Zappacosta's entry on the ASCAP database|publisher=The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers|access-date=September 18, 2008|archive-date=February 16, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216171319/http://www.ascap.com/ace/search.cfm?requesttimeout=300&mode=results&searchstr=1515010&search_in=c&search_type=exact&search_det=t,s,w,p,b,v&results_pp=20&start=1|url-status=dead}}</ref>(, pia anajulikana kwa jina lake la ukoo pekee, alizaliwa [[Italia]], [[5 Julai]] [[1953]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Kanada]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Artist Summary|url=http://junoawards.ca/awards/artist-summary/?artist_name=zappacosta&submit=Search|website=junoawards.ca|publisher=The Juno Awards|access-date=November 30, 2014|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055057/http://junoawards.ca/awards/artist-summary/?artist_name=zappacosta&submit=Search|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1953|}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Kanada]] c68ovtyvxp4oiq2t4dl8fo9za7ll0ip 0 197211 1530271 1526269 2026-05-03T02:07:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530271 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stéphane Venne''' ([[Verdun, Quebec|Verdun]], [[Quebec]], [[2 Julai]] [[1941]] - [[Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec|Saint-Hyacinthe]], [[17 Januari]] [[2025]]) alikuwa [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Kifaransa]] nchini [[Kanada]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.socan.ca/about/awards/2011-socan-awards|title=2011 SOCAN AWARDS {{!}} SOCAN|website=www.socan.ca|language=en|access-date=2018-03-26|archive-date=2018-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326204014/http://www.socan.ca/about/awards/2011-socan-awards|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/stephane-venne-emc/ Biography in the Encyclopedia of Music in Canada - Stéphane Venne. Article by Anne-Marie Grégoire]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.qim.com/artistes/biographie.asp?artistid=12 |title=Quebec Info Musique – Stéphane Venne |accessdate=2025-01-13 |archive-date=2022-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206061552/http://www.qim.com/artistes/biographie.asp?artistid=12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1941|2025}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Kanada]] 7bckxyomovh9kmvisd331uwwhgq15qw 0 197350 1530194 1385760 2026-05-02T19:10:03Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530194 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Óscar Andrés Rodríguez Maradiaga''', S.D.B. (amezaliwa [[29 Desemba]] [[1942]]) ni [[askofu]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] kutoka Honduras ambaye alihudumu kama [[Askofu mkuu|Askofu Mkuu]] wa Tegucigalpa kutoka 1993 hadi 2023. Alikuwa rais wa Caritas Internationalis na alihudumu kama rais wa Baraza la Maaskofu wa [[Amerika]] ya Kusini (CELAM) kutoka 1995 hadi 1999.<ref name="Caritas Internationalis President">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.caritas.org/about/structure/president_1.html|title=Caritas Internationalis President|access-date=9 December 2009|archive-date=22 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122094043/http://www.caritas.org/about/structure/president_1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1942]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Makardinali]] 33ccl33u1xifcljyrabn1tngcf6byj3 0 197376 1529976 1385786 2026-05-02T18:36:01Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529976 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zachery Louis McGraw''' (alizaliwa Juni 8, [[1997]]) ni mchezaji wa kitaalamu wa mpira wa miguu anayecheza kama mchezaji wa ulinzi kwa timu ya Portland Timbers inayoshiriki Ligi kuu ya Soka. Alizaliwa nchini [[Marekani]], anaiwakilisha timu ya taifa ya [[Kanada]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://goarmywestpoint.com/sports/mens-soccer/roster/zac-mcgraw/14819|title=Zac McGraw - 2019 - Men's Soccer|website=Army West Point}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.timbers.com/news/timbers-select-two-players-final-two-rounds-2020-mls-superdraft|title=Timbers select two players in final two rounds of 2020 MLS SuperDraft|first=Portland|last=Timbers|website=Portland Timbers}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1997|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] lcu7qeuah01o8abjlsvonk592movs32 0 197433 1530204 1428191 2026-05-02T19:11:43Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530204 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ʻAbdu'l-Bahá'''<ref>Herufi la kwanza kama apostrofi katika "ʻAbdu'l-Bahá" ni [[ayin]], ambalo kwa Kiajemi hutamkwa kama sauti inayoshikilia koo kama vile katika Kiingereza "uh-oh!". Herufi ya pili ni apostrofi halisi, inayotumika kuonyesha kubanwa kwa vokali, na haitamkwi. (Mfano, ʻAbd-u-al-Baháʼ > "ʻAbdu'l-Bahá" au "ʻAbdul-Bahá".)</ref> (23 Mei 1844 – 28 Novemba 1921), jina alilopewa alipozaliwa lilikuwa ni '''ʻAbbás.''' Yeye alikuwa mtoto wa kwanza wa [[Baháʼu'lláh]]''',''' mwanzilishi wa Dini ya Kibahá’í ambaye alimteua kuwa mrithi wake na kiongozi wa [[Baha'i|Imani ya Baháʼí]] kuanzia 1892 hadi 1921.{{sfn|Iranica|1989}} ʻAbdu'l-Bahá baadaye alitajwa kama mmoja wa watu watatu '''''"'''''wakuu wa Imani'''''"''''' wa dini hiyo, pamoja na Baháʼu'lláh na [[Báb]], na maandiko yake na mazungumzo ya kuaminika yanachukuliwa kama vyanzo vya fasihi takatifu ya Kibaháʼí.{{sfn|Smith|2000|pp=14–20}} Alizaliwa katika [[Tehran]] katika familia mashuhuri. Akiwa na umri wa miaka minane baba yake alifungwa wakati wa ukandamizaji wa serikali dhidi ya Imani ya Kibábí na mali za familia ziliporwa, zikiwaacha katika umaskini wa chini. Baba yake alifukuzwa kutoka nchi yao ya Irani, na familia ikaweka makazi yao mjini [[Baghdad]] huko [[Iraq]], ambako walikaa kwa miaka kumi. Baadaye waliitwa na serikali ya Ufalme wa Ottoman kwenda [[Istanbul]] kabla ya kuingia katika kipindi kingine cha kifungo huko [[Edirne]] na hatimaye kwenye jiji la gereza la ʻAkká (Acre). ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alibaki mfungwa hapo hadi Young Turk Revolution yaliyopelekea aachiliwe huru mwaka wa 1908 akiwa na umri wa miaka 64. Kisha alifanya safari kadhaa za kuelekea Magharibi ili kueneza ujumbe wa Imani ya Kibaháʼí zaidi ya mizizi yake ya Mashariki ya Kati, lakini kuanza kwa Vita vya Kwanza ya Dunia kulimfanya akae zaidi [[Haifa]] kutoka 1914 hadi 1918. Vita vilibadilisha mamlaka ya Ottoman iliyokuwa na uadui wa wazi kuwa Mamlaka (Mandate) ya Uingereza juu ya Palestina, wakati huo aliteuliwa kuwa Kamanda wa Heshima wa Ufalme wa Uingereza (Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire) kwa msaada wake katika kuzuia njaa kufuatia vita. Mnamo mwaka wa 1892, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá aliteuliwa katika wosia wa baba yake kuwa mrithi wake na kiongozi wa Imani ya Kibaha'i. Nyaraka zake Mpango Mtakatifu zilisaidia kuchochea ubaháʼí huko Amerika ya Kaskazini katika kueneza mafundisho ya Kibaháʼí kwenye maeneo mapya, na Wosia na Agano lake liliweka msingi wa utaratibu wa kiutawala wa Kibaháʼí wa sasa. Maandishi, sala na barua nyingi zake bado zipo, na mazungumzo yake na wabaháʼí wa Magharibi yanasisitiza ukuaji wa dini hiyo kufikia mwisho wa miaka ya 1890. Jina alilopewa ʻAbdu'l-Bahá lilikuwa ʻAbbás. Kutegemea na muktadha, angeitwa ama Mírzá ʻAbbás (Kiajemi) au ʻAbbás Effendi (Kituruki), zote mbili sawa na cheo cha Kiingereza Sir ʻAbbás. Wakati mwingi alipokuwa mkuu wa Dini ya Kibaha'i, alitumia na alipendelea jina la ʻAbdu'l-Bahá ("mtumishi wa Bahá", rejea kwa baba yake). Anatajwa mara kwa mara katika maandiko ya Kibaha'i kama "Bwana". == Maisha ya awali == ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alizaliwa mjini [[Tehran]], Uajemi (sasa Iran) tarehe 23 Mei 1844 (5 Jamadiyu'l-Avval, 1260 AH),<ref name="Qazvini">{{cite web|url=http://bahai-library.com/qazvini_abdulbaha_prominent_iranians|title=ʻAbdu'l-Bahá Meeting with Two Prominent Iranians|access-date=5 September 2007|author=Muhammad Qazvini|year=1949}}</ref> mtoto wa kwanza wa [[Baháʼu'lláh]] na Navváb. Alizaliwa usiku ule ule ambao [[Báb]] alitangaza utume wake.{{sfn|Esslemont|1980}} Alipatiwa jina ʻAbbás wakati wa kuzaliwa,{{sfn|Smith|2000|pp=14–20}} aliitwa kwa jina la babu yake Mírzá ʻAbbás Núrí, mwanasiasa maarufu na mwenye nguvu.<ref name="Harvnb|Kazemzadeh|2009">{{Harvnb|Kazemzadeh|2009|}}</ref> Miaka ya awali ya ʻAbdu'l-Bahá ilichangiwa na majukumu makubwa ya baba yake ndani ya jamii ya Kibaabí. Akiwa mtoto, alikumbuka kwa furaha mikutano na Táhirih mbábí, akieleza jinsi ambavyo angemuweka kwenye goti lake, kumpapasa, na kushiriki mazungumzo ya kugusa, na kumuwacha na kumbukumbu ya kudumu.<ref>{{Harvnb|Blomfield|1975|p=21}}</ref> Utoto wake ulitawaliwa na furaha na nyakati zisizo na wasiwasi. Makazi ya familia hiyo mjini Tehran na mashambani yalikuwa si tu ya starehe bali pia yaliyopambwa vizuri.<ref name="Blomfield 1975 40">{{Harvnb|Blomfield|1975|p=40}}</ref> Pamoja na ndugu zake – dada, Bahíyyih, na kaak, Mihdí – alifurahia maisha ya neema, furaha, na starehe.<ref name="Harvnb|Kazemzadeh|2009" /> ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alipenda kucheza bustanini na ndugu yake mdogo wa kike, iliyokuza uhusiano wa karibu kati yao.<ref name="Blomfield 1975 40" /> Katika kipindi cha malezi yake, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá aliona jinsi wazazi wake walivyojitolea kwa shughuli mbalimbali za hisani, ikiwa ni pamoja na kubadili sehemu ya nyumba yao kuwa wodi ya hospitali kwa wanawake na watoto.<ref>{{Harvnb|Blomfield|1975|p=39}}</ref> Kwa sababu ya maisha yaliyojaa uhamisho na kifungo, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alikuwa na fursa chache za kupata elimu rasmi. Katika ujana wake, ilikuwa kawaida kwa watoto wa familia za kifalme, akiwemo ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, kutohudhuria shule za kawaida. Badala yake, wanafamilia wa kifalme kwa kawaida walipata elimu fupi nyumbani, wakijikita kwenye masomo kama vile maandiko, hotuba, hati za maandishi na hesabu za msingi, huku msisitizo ukiwa kujiandaa kwa maisha ndani ya mabaraza ya kifalme. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alitumia kipindi kifupi tu katika shule ya maandalizi ya jadi akiwa na umri wa miaka saba kwa muda wa mwaka mmoja.<ref>{{Harvnb|Taherzadeh|2000|p=105}}</ref> Badala yake, mama yake na mjomba wake walichukua jukumu la elimu yake ya awali, lakini chanzo kikuu cha elimu yake kilikuwa baba yake.<ref>Blomfield, p.68</ref>{{sfn|Hogenson|2010|p=40}} Mwaka 1890 Edward Granville Browne alimuelezea ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, akisema kwamba "mtu mwingine ambaye ni mfasaha zaidi katika hotuba, tayari zaidi kwa hoja, hodari zaidi wa mifano, anayejua zaidi vitabu vitakatifu vya Wayahudi, Wakristo, na Waislamu...angeweza kupatikana kwa shida..."{{sfn|Browne|1891|p=xxxvi}} Kulingana na maelezo ya wakati huo, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alikuwa mtoto mwenye ufasaha na mvuto.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/nz/DB/|title=The Dawn-Breakers: Nabíl's Narrative|last=Zarandi|first=Nabil|date=1932|publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust|isbn=0-900125-22-5|edition=Hardcover|location=Wilmette, Illinois, USA|translator=Shoghi Effendi|author-link=Nabíl-i-Aʻzam|orig-year=1890}} - toleo kamili, lenye vielelezo, maelezo ya chini kwa Kiingereza na Kifaransa, utangulizi kamili na viambatisho.</ref> Katika umri wa miaka saba, alikabiliwa na changamoto kubwa ya afya alipopatwa na kifua kikuu, na ilifikiriwa kuwa hatima yake ingekuwa ni kifo.{{sfn|Hogenson|2010|p=81}} Ingawa ugonjwa huo ulipungua,{{sfn|Balyuzi|2001|p=12}} hii ilionyesha mwanzo wa mapambano ya maisha marefu na milipuko ya maradhi mbalimbali yaliyokuwa yakiendelea katika maisha yake yote.{{sfn|Hogenson|2010|p=82}} Tukio moja lililomwathiri sana ʻAbdu'l-Bahá wakati wa utoto wake lilikuwa ni kufungwa kwa baba yake wakati ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alipokuwa na umri wa miaka minane; hali hii ilisababisha kupungua kwa hali ya kiuchumi ya familia, na kumfanya kuwa maskini na kumuweka wazi kwa uhasama kutoka kwa watoto wengine mitaani. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alifuatana na mama yake kumtembelea [[Baháʼu'lláh]] ambaye wakati huo alikuwa ametupwa katika gereza maarufu la chini kwa chini la Síyáh-Chál. Alielezea jinsi "niliona sehemu ya giza, yenye mteremko. Tuliingia kwenye mlango mdogo, mwembamba, na kushuka ngazi mbili, lakini zaidi ya hizo hapakuwa na kitu kilichoonekana. Katikati ya ngazi, ghafla tukasikia sauti yake [ya Baháʼu'lláh]: 'Msimpeleke humu ndani', na hivyo wakanipeleka nyuma". == Baghdad == Baháʼu'lláh hatimaye aliachiliwa kutoka gerezani, lakini akaamriwa kuhamishwa, na ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, wakati huo akiwa na umri wa miaka minane, akamfuata baba yake katika safari kuelekea [[Baghdad]] wakati wa majira ya baridi (Januari hadi Aprili)<ref name="Winter'sChron">[http://bahai-library.com/winters_chronology_babi_persecutions Chronology of persecutions of Babis and Baha'is] compiled by Jonah Winters</ref> ya mwaka 1853.{{sfn|Balyuzi|2001|p=12}} Wakati wa safari hiyo ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alipata madhara ya baridi kali. Baada ya mwaka mmoja wa shida Baháʼu'lláh alijitenga mwenyewe badala ya kuendelea kukabiliana na mzozo na Mirza Yahya na kujificha kwa siri katika milima ya Sulaymaniyah mnamo Aprili 1854 mwezi mmoja kabla ya siku ya kuzaliwa ya kumi ya ʻAbdu'l-Bahá.<ref name="Winter'sChron" /> Uchungu wa pamoja ulisababisha ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, mama yake Ásíyih Khánum, na dada yake Bahíyyih Khánum kuwa wenzi wa kudumu.<ref>{{Harvnb|Blomfield|1975|p=54}}</ref> ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alikuwa karibu sana na wote wawili, na mama yake alishiriki kikamilifu katika elimu na malezi yake.<ref name="Blomfield 1975 69">{{Harvnb|Blomfield|1975|p=69}}</ref> Wakati baba yake alipokosekana kwa miaka miwili ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alichukua jukumu la kusimamia masuala ya familia,<ref>[http://www.peyman.info/cl/Baha'i/Others/ROB/V2/p388-396Ch18.html The Revelation of Baháʼu'lláh, volume two], page 391</ref> kabla ya kutimiza umri wa balehe (miaka 14 katika jamii ya Mashariki ya Kati)<ref>[http://www.unrisd.org/unrisd/website/document.nsf/8b18431d756b708580256b6400399775/2e975aca2a81aa54c12576580028735c/$FILE/WebIran.pdf Can women act as agents of a democratization of theocracy in Iran?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401161613/http://www.unrisd.org/unrisd/website/document.nsf/8b18431d756b708580256b6400399775/2e975aca2a81aa54c12576580028735c/$FILE/WebIran.pdf|date=1 April 2021}} by [[Homa Hoodfar]], Shadi Sadr, page 9</ref> na alijulikana kujihusisha na kusoma, na, katika wakati ambao maandiko yaliyonakiliwa kwa mkono yalikuwa njia kuu ya kuchapisha, alikuwa pia akijishughulisha na kunakili maandiko ya [[Báb]].{{sfn|Balyuzi|2001|p=14}} ʻAbdu'l-Bahá pia alipendezwa na sanaa ya kupanda farasi na, alivyokua, akawa mpanda farasi maarufu.<ref name="lotoae">{{Harvnb|Phelps|1912|pp=27–55}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 1856, habari za mfuasi wa kidini aliyefanya majadiliano na viongozi wa kisúfí wa eneo hilo zilifika kwa familia na marafiki, zikiongeza matumaini kwamba huenda alikuwa Bahá’u’lláh. Mara moja, wanafamilia na marafiki walikwenda kumtafuta dervish huyo aliyekuwa vigumu kumuona - na mnamo Machi<ref name="Winter'sChron" /> walimrudisha Baháʼu'lláh mjini Baghdad.<ref name="Smith17">{{Harvnb|Smith|2008|p=17}}</ref> Alipomuona baba yake, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alianguka magotini na kulia kwa sauti "Kwanini ulituacha?", na hili lilifuatwa na mama yake na dada yake walipofanya vivyo hivyo.<ref name="lotoae" />{{sfn|Balyuzi|2001|p=15}} ʻAbdu'l-Bahá mara moja alikua katibu na mlinzi wa baba yake.{{sfn|Esslemont|1980}} Wakati wa kukaa mjini hapo, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alikua kutoka mtoto hadi kuwa kijana aliyekomaa. Alifahamika kama kijana mwenye "muonekano mzuri sana",<ref name="lotoae" /> na alikumbukwa kwa ukarimu wake.{{sfn|Esslemont|1980}} Baada ya kuvuka umri wa balehe, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alikuwa akionekana mara kwa mara katika misikiti ya Baghdad akijadili masuala ya kidini na maandiko kama kijana. Akiwa Baghdad, kwa ombi la baba yake, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá aliandika maoni kuhusu desturi ya Kiislamu ya "Nilikuwa Hazina Iliyofichwa" kwa kiongozi wa kisúfí aliyeitwa ʻAlí Shawkat Páshá.{{sfn|Esslemont|1980}}<ref name="iwaht">{{cite web|last=ʻAbdu'l-Bahá|title=ʻAbdu'l-Baha's Commentary on The Islamic Tradition: "I Was a Hidden Treasure ..."|url=http://bahai-library.com/abdulbaha_kuntu_kanzan_makhfiyyan|publisher=Baha'i Studies Bulletin 3:4 (Dec. 1985), 4–35|access-date=20 December 2009}}</ref> ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alikuwa na umri wa miaka kumi na tano au kumi na sita na ʻAlí Shawkat Páshá aliliona andiko lenye maneno zaidi ya 11,000 kama kazi ya ajabu kwa mtu wa umri wake.{{sfn|Esslemont|1980}} Mnamo mwaka wa 1863, katika kile kilichokuja kujulikana kama Bustani ya Ridván, baba yake Baháʼu'lláh alitangaza kwa wenzake wachache kwamba yeye ni Mdhihirishaji wa Mungu na Yeye Ambaye Mungu Atamdhihirisha ambaye kuja kwake kulitabiriwa na [[Báb]]. Katika siku ya nane kati ya siku kumi na mbili, inaaminika ʻAbdu'l-Bahá ndiye mtu wa kwanza ambaye Baháʼu'lláh alifichulia madai yake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paintdrawer.co.uk/david/folders/Spirituality/001=Bahai/Ridvan.pdf|title=Declaration of Baha'u'llah}}</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/bahai/holydays/ridvan.shtml The history and significance of the Baháʼí festival of Ridván] BBC</ref> == Istanbul/Adrianople == [[Faili:Brothers1868.jpg|right|thumb|ʻAbdu'l-Bahá (kulia) na kaka yake [[Mírzá Mihdí]]]] Mnamo 1863, Baháʼu'lláh aliitwa [[Istanbul]], na hivyo familia yake, akiwemo ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, aliyekuwa na umri wa miaka kumi na nane, waliandamana naye kwenye safari yake ya siku 110.{{sfn|Balyuzi|2001|p=17}} Safari ya kuelekea Constantinople ilikuwa tena safari ya kuchosha,<ref name="lotoae" /> na ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alisaidia kuwalisha wahamishwa.{{sfn|Kazemzadeh|2009}} Hapa ndipo nafasi yake ilipokuwa maarufu zaidi miongoni mwa Wabaháʼí.{{sfn|Smith|2000|pp=14–20}} Hii ilidhihirika zaidi kupitia waraka wa Tawi wa [[Baháʼu'lláh]] ambamo alimpongeza mara kwa mara mwanaye kwa umuhimu na nafasi yake.<ref name="totb">{{cite web|title=Tablet of the Branch|url=http://bahai-library.com/bahaullah_surih_ghusn|publisher=Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust|access-date=5 July 2008}}</ref> Bahá’u’lláh na familia yake hawakukawia kuhamishwa tena hadi [[Edirne|Adrianople]],{{sfn|Smith|2000|pp=14–20}} na kwenye safari hii ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alipatwa tena na madhara ya baridi kali kwenye ngozi.<ref name="lotoae" /> Huko Adrianople ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alijulikana kama mfariji pekee wa familia yake – hasa kwa mama yake.<ref name="lotoae" /> Katika hatua hii, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alijulikana na Wabaháʼí kama "Bwana", na kwa wasio Wabaháʼí kama ʻAbbás Effendi ("Effendi" inamaanisha "Bwana"). Ilikuwa mjini Adrianople ambapo Baháʼu'lláh alimtaja mwanawe kama "Siri ya Mungu".<ref name="lotoae" /> Cheo cha "Siri ya Mungu" kinaashiria, kulingana na Wabaháʼí, kwamba ʻAbdu'l-Bahá siyo Mdhihirishaji wa Mungu bali kwamba katika "utu wa ʻAbdu'l-Bahá tabia ambazo ni kinyume na asili ya kibinadamu na maarifa na ukamilifu usio wa kibinadamu zimechanganywa na kupatanishwa kabisa".<ref name="tcob">{{cite web|title=Agano la Baháʼu'lláh|url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/WOB/wob-39.html.utf8?query=completely&action=highlight#gr8|publisher=US Baháʼí Publishing Trust|access-date=5 July 2008}}</ref><ref name="bwo">{{cite web|title=Mpango wa Dunia wa Baháʼu'lláh|url=http://bahai-library.com/abdulbaha_kuntu_kanzan_makhfiyyan|publisher=Baha'i Studies Bulletin 3:4 (Dec. 1985), 4–35|access-date=20 December 2009}}</ref> Baháʼu'lláh alimpa mwanawe majina mengine mengi kama ''G͟husn-i-Aʻzam'' (maana yake "Tawi Kuu Zaidi" au "Tawi Kuu") "Tawi la Utakatifu", "Kitovu cha Agano" na kipenzi cha jicho lake.{{sfn|Smith|2000|pp=14–20}} Alipogundua kuhusu uhamisho mwingine wa Bahá’u’lláh, safari hii kwenda Palestina, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá ("Bwana") alipatwa na uchungu akiisikia habari kwamba yeye na familia yake watahamishwa tofauti na [[Baháʼu'lláh]]. Ilikuwa, kulingana na Wabaháʼí, kupitia maombezi yake kwamba wazo hilo lilibadilishwa na familia yote ikaruhusiwa kuhama pamoja.<ref name="lotoae" /> == ʻAkká == [[Faili:AkkaPrison.jpg|right|thumb|Gereza huko ʻAkká ambapo Baháʼu'lláh na familia yake waliishi]] Akiwa na umri wa miaka 24, ilikuwa wazi kuwa ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alikuwa msimamizi mkuu kwa baba yake na mshiriki mashuhuri wa jamii ya Kibaháʼí. Mnamo 1868, Baháʼu'lláh na familia yake walifukuzwa kwenda katika koloni la wafungwa la ʻAkká, Palestina, ambapo ilitarajiwa kwamba familia ingeangamia. Kufika ʻAkká kuliisikitisha familia na walihamishwa walipokutana na wakazi wa eneo hilo wenye uhasama. Walipoambiwa kwamba wanawake walipaswa kukaa juu ya mabega ya wanaume kufika ufukweni, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alitafuta viti vya kuwabebea wanawake kwenda nchi kavu. Dada yake na baba yake waliugua sana. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá aliweza kupata dawa ya usingizi na kuwahudumia wagonjwa. Wabahá’í walifungwa chini ya masharti mabaya katika kundi la seli zilizofunikwa na kinyesi na uchafu. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá mwenyewe aliugua sana ugonjwa wa kuhara damu, na askari mmoja mwenye huruma aliruhusu daktari kumtibu. Wakazi waliwatenga, askari waliwatenda vibaya, na tabia ya Siyyid Muhammad-i-Isfahani (aliyetoka Azali) ilifanya mambo kuwa mabaya zaidi. Morali ilizidi kushuka baada ya kifo kwa ajali mbaya cha kaka mdogo wa ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, Mírzá Mihdí, akiwa na umri wa miaka 22. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá aliomboleza kwa kuweka lindo usiku kucha karibu na mwili wa kaka yake. === Baadaye katika ʻAkká === Hatimaye, alichukua jukumu la mahusiano kati ya jamii ndogo ya wahamiaji wa [[Baha'i|Kibaháʼí]] na dunia ya nje. Kupitia mwingiliano wake na watu wa ʻAkká (Acre), walitambua kutokua na hatia kwa Wabaháʼí, na hivyo masharti ya kifungo yalifanywa kuwa mepesi.{{sfn|Balyuzi|2001|pp=33–43}} Miezi minne baada ya kifo cha Mihdí familia ilihamia kutoka gerezani hadi kwenye Nyumba ya ʻAbbúd.{{sfn|Balyuzi|2001|p=33}} Taratibu heshima ya wakazi wa eneo hilo kwa Wabaháʼí iliongezeka, na hasa, kwa ʻAbdu'l-Bahá ambaye baada ya muda mfupi alikua maarufu sana katika koloni la gereza. Myron Henry Phelps wakili tajiri kutoka New York alieleza jinsi "umati wa watu...Wasyria, Waarabu, Waethiopia, na wengine wengi",<ref>{{harvnb|Phelps|1912|p=3}}</ref> wote walisubiri kuzungumza na kumpokea ʻAbdu'l-Bahá.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2000|p=4}}</ref> Kadri muda ulivyopita ʻAbdu'l-Bahá aliweza kukodisha makazi mbadala kwa ajili ya familia, na hatimaye familia ilihamia kwenye Jumba la Bahjí takriban mwaka 1879 wakati mlipuko wa maradhi ulipowafanya wakazi wake kukimbia. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alifanya jitihada ya kuandika historia ya dini ya Kibábí kupitia uchapishaji wa A Traveller's Narrative (Simulizi za Msafiri) (Makála-i-Shakhsí Sayyáh) mwaka 1886,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.h-net.org/~bahai/diglib/books/A-E/B/browne/tn/tnfrnt.htm|title=A Traveller's Narrative, (Makála-i-Shakhsí Sayyáh)}}</ref> baadaye ilitafsiriwa na kuchapishwa kwa tafsiri mwaka 1891 kupitia Chuo Kikuu cha Cambridge kupitia wakala wa Edward Granville Browne. === Ndoa na maisha ya familia === Wakati ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alipokuwa kijana, uvumi ulikuwa mwingi miongoni mwa Wabaháʼí kuhusu ni nani angekuwa mke wake.{{sfn|Esslemont|1980}}{{sfn|Hogenson|2010|p=87}} Wasichana kadhaa walionekana kama wenzi wa ndoa lakini ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alionekana kutopenda ndoa.{{sfn|Esslemont|1980}} Mnamo Machi 8, 1873, kwa kusisitizwa na baba yake,<ref name="Harvnb|Kazemzadeh|2009" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Ma'ani|2008|p=112}}</ref> ʻAbdu'l-Bahá mwenye umri wa miaka ishirini na nane alimuoa Fátimih Nahrí kutoka Isfahán (1847–1938) mwanamke mwenye umri wa miaka ishirini na tano kutoka familia ya tabaka la juu la mji huo.<ref name="Smith2000-p255">{{Harvnb|Smith|2000|p=255}}</ref> Baba yake alikuwa Mírzá Muḥammad ʻAlí Nahrí kutoka [[Isfahan]], Mbaháʼí mashuhuri mwenye uhusiano wa kifahari. {{sfn|Esslemont|1980}}{{sfn|Hogenson|2010|p=87}} Fátimih aliletwa kutoka [[Uajemi]] hadi ʻAkká baada ya [[Baháʼu'lláh]] na mke wake Navváb kuelezea nia kwamba aolewe na ʻAbdu'l-Bahá.{{sfn|Esslemont|1980}}<ref name="Smith2000-p255" /><ref name="ltoae">{{Harvnb|Phelps|1912|pp=85–94}}</ref> Baada ya safari yenye uchovu kutoka Isfahán hadi Akka hatimaye alifika akiwa ameandamana na kaka yake mnamo 1872.{{sfn|Esslemont|1980}}<ref name="ltoae" /> Wanandoa hao wachanga walikuwa wamechumbiana kwa takriban miezi mitano kabla ya ndoa yenyewe kuanza. Wakati huo, Fátimih aliishi katika nyumba ya baba yake mdogo wa ʻAbdu'l-Bahá Mírzá Músá. Kulingana na kumbukumbu zake za baadaye, Fátimih alivutiwa na ʻAbdu'l-Bahá mara baada ya kumuona. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá mwenyewe alikuwa ameonyesha dalili ndogo za kutaka ndoa hadi alipokutana na Fátimih;<ref name="ltoae" /> ambaye alipewa jina la Munírih na [[Baháʼu'lláh]].<ref name="Harvnb|Kazemzadeh|2009" /> Munírih ni jina linalomaanisha "Mwangaza".<ref name="aittbf">{{harvnb|Smith|2008|p=35}}</ref> Ndoa hiyo ilizaa watoto tisa. Mtoto wa kwanza alikuwa mwana Mihdí Effendi aliyefariki akiwa na umri wa miaka takriban 3. Alifuatwa na Ḍíyáʼíyyih K͟hánum, Fuʼádíyyih K͟hánum (aliyefariki akiwa mdogo sana), Rúhangíz Khánum (alifariki 1893), Túbá Khánum, Husayn Effendi (alifariki 1887 akiwa na miaka 5), Túbá K͟hánum, Rúhá K͟hánum, na Munnavar K͟hánum. Kifo cha watoto wake kilimsababishia ʻAbdu'l-Bahá huzuni kubwa – hasa kifo cha mwanawe Husayn Effendi kilikuja wakati mgumu kufuatia kifo cha mama yake na baba yake mdogo.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ma'ani|2008|p=323}}</ref> Watoto walioishi (wote mabinti) walikuwa; Ḍíyáʼíyyih K͟hánum (mama wa [[Shoghi Effendi]]) (alifariki 1951) Túbá K͟hánum (1880–1959), Rúḥá K͟hánum na Munavvar K͟hánum (alifariki 1971).{{sfn|Esslemont|1980}} [[Baháʼu'lláh]] alitaka Wabaháʼí wafuate mfano wa ʻAbdu'l-Bahá na polepole waachane na ndoa ya wake wengi.<ref name="ltoae" /><ref name="aittbf" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Ma'ani|2008|p=360}}</ref> Ndoa ya ʻAbdu'l-Bahá na mwanamke mmoja na chaguo lake la kubaki na mke mmoja,<ref name="ltoae" /> kutokana na ushauri wa baba yake na matakwa yake mwenyewe,<ref name="ltoae" /><ref name="aittbf" /> ilihalalisha desturi ya kuwa na mke mmoja<ref name="aittbf" /> kwa watu ambao hapo awali walikuwa wakichukulia ndoa ya wake wengi kama njia sahihi ya maisha.<ref name="ltoae" /><ref name="aittbf" /> == Miaka ya mwanzo ya huduma yake == Baada ya Baháʼu'lláh kufariki tarehe 29 Mei 1892, Kitabu cha Agano cha Baháʼu'lláh (wosia wake) kilimtaja ʻAbdu'l-Bahá kama Kituo cha Agano, mrithi na mfasiri wa maandiko ya Baháʼu'lláh.{{sfn|Taherzadeh|2000|p=256}}{{sfn|Iranica|1989}} Bahá'u'lláh anamtaja mrithi wake kwa aya zifuatazo: <blockquote>Mapenzi ya Mwaka wa Kisheria ni haya: Ni lazima juu ya Aghsán, Afnán na Jamaa Zangu kugeuza, kila mmoja wao, nyuso zao kuelekea Tawi Kuu Zaidi. Fikiria yale ambayo Tumefunua katika Kitabu Chetu Kitakatifu Zaidi: 'Wakati bahari ya uwepo Wangu imepungua na Kitabu cha Ufunuo Wangu kimemalizika, geuzieni nyuso zenu kwake Yule ambaye Mungu amekusudia, Aliyechipuka kutoka kwenye Mizizi hii ya Kale.' Lengo la aya hii takatifu si jingine isipokuwa Tawi Kuu Zaidi [ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]. Hivyo Tumewafunulia kwa neema Mapenzi Yetu yenye nguvu, na kwa hakika Mimi ni Mwenye Neema, Mwenye Nguvu Zote. Kwa hakika Mungu ameagiza daraja la Tawi Kubwa Zaidi Muḥammad ʻAlí kuwa chini ya lile la Tawi Kuu Zaidi [ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]. Yeye kwa kweli ni Mwamuzi, Mwenye Hekima Zote. Tumemchagua 'Mkubwa' baada ya 'Yule Mkuu Zaidi', kama alivyoamuru Yeye Ambaye ni Mjuzi, Mwenye Habari Zote. — Baháʼu'lláh (1873–1892)</blockquote>Katika wasia wa Baháʼu'lláh, kaka wa kambo wa ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, Muhammad ʻAlí, alitajwa kwa jina akiwa kuwa yuko chini ya ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. Muhammad ʻAlí alijawa na wivu dhidi ya ‘Abdu’l-Bahá na akaanza kujiimarisha kama kiongozi mbadala kwa msaada wa ndugu zake Badi’u'llah na Ḍíyáʼu'llah. Alianza kuwasiliana na Wabaháʼí nchini Iran, awali kwa siri, akitia shaka akilini mwa wengine juu ya ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. Wakati Wabahá’í wengi walimfuata ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, wachache walimfuata Muhammad ʻAlí wakiwemo Wabahá’í maarufu kama Mirza Javad na Ibrahim George Kheiralla, mmishonari wa kwanza wa Kibahá’í huko Amerika. Muhammad ʻAlí na Mirza Javad walianza kumshutumu waziwazi ʻAbdu'l-Bahá kwa kuchukua mamlaka mengi mno, wakidokeza kwamba aliamini yeye mwenyewe kuwa Mdhihirishaji wa Mungu, sawa kwa hadhi na Baháʼu'lláh.<ref>{{harvnb|Browne|1918|p=77}}</ref> Ni wakati huu ambapo ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, kukabiliana na tuhuma zilizokuwa zinatolewa dhidi yake, alieleza katika maandiko kwa Magharibi kwamba alifaa kujulikana kama "ʻAbdu'l-Bahá," kifungu cha Kiarabu kinachomaanisha Mtumishi wa Bahá, ili kuweka wazi kuwa yeye hakuwa Mdhihirishaji wa Mungu, na kwamba cheo chake kilikuwa tu cha utumishi.{{sfn|Balyuzi|2001|p=60}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/TAB/tab-473.html.utf8?query=my%7Cname%7Cabdul&action=highlight#gr5|title=Tablets of Abdul-Baha Abbas|author=Abdul-Baha}}</ref> ʻAbdu'l-Bahá aliacha Wosia na Agano lililoanzisha mfumo wa usimamizi wa Imani ya Kibaháʼí, taasisi mbili za juu zaidi ikiwa ni Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwenguni, na Ulinzi, ambapo alimteua mjukuu wake [[Shoghi Effendi]] kama Mlinzi.{{sfn|Iranica|1989}} Isipokuwa ʻAbdu'l-Bahá na Shoghi Effendi, Muhammad ʻAlí aliungwa mkono na ndugu wa kiume wa Baháʼu'lláh wote waliobaki, ikiwemo baba yake Shoghi Effendi, Mírzá Hádí Shírází.{{sfn|Smith|2000|pp=[https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/169 169–170]}} Hata hivyo, kwa ujumla Wabahá’í walipata athari ndogo sana kutoka kwenye propaganda za Muhammad ʻAlí na washirika wake; katika eneo la ʻAkká, wafuasi wa Muhammad ʻAlí walikuwa yapata familia sita hivi, hawakuwa na shughuli za kawaida za kidini,<ref name="WarburgStudies">{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://signaturebooks.com/?p=1164|title=Baháʼí: Studies in Contemporary Religion|last=Warburg|first=Margit|publisher=Signature Books|year=2003|isbn=1-56085-169-4|page=64|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202111901/http://signaturebooks.com/?p=1164|archive-date=2 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> na walikuwa karibu kabisa wamejiingiza katika jamii ya Kiislamu.<ref name="maceoin3">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Bahai and Babi Schisms|encyclopedia=Iranica|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bahaism-iii|first=Denis|last=MacEoin|author-link=Denis MacEoin|quote=In Palestine, the followers of Moḥammad-ʿAlī continued as a small group of families opposed to the Bahai leadership in Haifa; they have now been almost wholly re-assimilated into Muslim society.}}</ref> Dini za zamani zilipitia mgawanyiko na upotofu wa mafundisho baada ya kufa kwa manabii wao waasisi. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá hata hivyo aliweza kuhifadhi umoja na uadilifu wa mafundisho ya Dini ya Kibaháʼí, hata mbele ya vitisho vikubwa kutoka kwa upinzani wa kaka yake wa kambo. Mafanikio yake yanajulikana hasa ikizingatiwa kwamba hata katikati ya mashambulizi haya uongozi wake ulisababisha upanuzi mkubwa wa jamii ya Kibaháʼí zaidi ya mizizi yake ya awali ya kitamaduni na kijiografia. === Mahujaji wa kwanza wa Magharibi === [[Faili:Western_Pilgrims_early_1901-1.jpg|right|thumb|Mahujaji wa kwanza wa Kibaháʼí wa Magharibi. Waliosimama kushoto kwenda kulia: Charles Mason Remey, Sigurd Russell, Edward Getsinger na Laura Clifford Barney; Waliokaa kushoto kwenda kulia: Ethel Jenner Rosenberg, Madam Jackson, [[Shoghi Effendi]], Helen Ellis Cole, Lua Getsinger, Emogene Hoagg]] Mwisho wa mwaka wa 1898, mahujaji wa Magharibi walianza kusafiri kwenda Akka kwa hija kumtembelea ʻAbdu'l-Bahá; kundi hili la mahujaji, akiwemo Phoebe Hearst, lilikuwa la mara ya kwanza kwa Wabaháʼí waliokuzwa Magharibi kufika kwa ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. Kundi la kwanza lilifika mwaka wa 1898 na kutoka mwishoni mwa 1898 hadi mwanzoni mwa 1899 Wabaháʼí wa Magharibi walitembelea ʻAbdu'l-Bahá kwa nyakati tofauti. Kundi lilikuwa kwa kiasi kikubwa lina wanawake vijana kutoka jamii ya juu ya Marekani walio katika miaka ya 20. Kundi hili la watu wa Magharibi lilileta shaka kwa mamlaka, na kwa hiyo kifungo cha ʻAbdu'l-Bahá kilizidi kuimarishwa. Katika muongo uliofuata ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alikuwa katika mawasiliano ya mara kwa mara na Wabaháʼí kote ulimwenguni, akiwaongoza kufundisha dini; kundi lilihusisha Susan Moody, Lua Getsinger, Laura Clifford Barney, Herbert Hopper na May Ellis Bolles huko Paris (wote Wamarekani); Muingereza Thomas Breakwell; na Mfaransa Hippolyte Dreyfus. Laura Clifford Barney ndiye aliyekusanya kitabu Some Answered Questions (Maswali Yaliyojibiwa) kwa kuuliza maswali kwa ʻAbdu'l-Bahá kwa miaka mingi na ziara nyingi mjini Haifa. === Kipindi cha Utumishi, 1901–1912 === Katika miaka ya mwisho ya karne ya 19, wakati ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alipokuwa rasmi bado kama mfungwa na kufungwa ʻAkka, aliratibu uhamisho wa mabaki ya mwili wa [[Báb]] kutoka Iran kwenda Palestina. Kisha alipanga ununuzi wa ardhi kwenye [[Mlima Karmeli]] ambayo Baháʼu'lláh alikuwa ameagiza itumike kumzika Báb, na akaandaa ujenzi wa Jengo la Báb. Mchakato huu ulidumu kwa miaka mingine 10.{{sfn|Balyuzi|2001|pp=90–93}} Pamoja na ongezeko la mahujaji waliomtembelea ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, Muhammad ʻAlí alishirikiana na mamlaka za Ottoman kuanzisha upya masharti magumu zaidi juu ya kifungo cha ʻAbdu'l-Bahá mnamo Agosti 1901.{{sfn|Iranica|1989}}{{sfn|Balyuzi|2001|pp=94–95}} Hata hivyo, kufikia 1902, kutokana na msaada wa Gavana wa ʻAkka, hali ilikuwa imepungua sana; wakati mahujaji waliweza tena kumtembelea ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, bado alikuwa amefungwa ndani ya jiji.{{sfn|Balyuzi|2001|pp=94–95}} Mnamo Februari 1903, wafuasi wawili wa Muhammad ʻAlí, wakiwemo Badiʻu'llah na Siyyid ʻAliy-i-Afnan, walitengana na Muhammad ʻAli na kuandika vitabu na barua zilizotoa maelezo juu ya njama za Muhammad ʻAli na kubaini kwamba kile kilichokuwa kikienea kuhusu ʻAbdu'l-Bahá kilikuwa ni uzushi.{{sfn|Balyuzi|2001|p=102}}<ref>{{harvnb|Afroukhteh|2003|p=166}}</ref> Kuanzia 1902 hadi 1904, hata wakati ‘Abdu’l-Bahá alipoongoza ujenzi wa Kaburi la Báb, alianzisha utekelezaji wa miradi miwili ya ziada; urejeshaji wa Nyumba ya Báb huko [[Shiraz|Shiraz, Iran]] na ujenzi wa Hekalu la Wabaháʼí la kwanza huko [[Ashgabat]], Turkmenistan.{{sfn|Balyuzi|2001|p=107}} ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alimwomba Aqa Mirza Aqa kuratibu urejeshaji wa nyumba ya Báb hadi hali yake wakati wa tangazo la Báb kwa Mulla Husayn mwaka 1844;{{sfn|Balyuzi|2001|p=107}} pia aliamkabidhi kazi ya Hekalu kwa Vakil-u'd-Dawlih.{{sfn|Balyuzi|2001|p=109}} Katika nafasi yake kama kiongozi wa Dini ya Kibahá'í, ‘Abdu’l-Bahá angeliwasiliana mara kwa mara na viongozi wa mawazo kutoa maoni na mwongozo kulingana na mafundisho ya Kibahá'í, na kutetea jamii ya Kibahá'í. Katika kipindi hiki, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá aliwasiliana na idadi ya Young Turk, waliotaka kufanya mageuzi wakati wa utawala wa Sultan Abdul Hamid II, wakiwemo Namık Kemal, Ziya Pasha na Midhat Pasha.<ref>{{cite book|title=Late Ottoman Palestine: The Period of Young Turk Rule|last=Alkan|first=Necati|date=2011|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1848856318|editor1-last=Ben-Bassat|editor1-first=Yuval|page=262|chapter=The Young Turks and the Baháʼís in Palestine|editor2-last=Ginio|editor2-first=Eyal|chapter-url=http://bahai-library.com/alkan_young_turks_palestine}}</ref> Aliweka mkazo kuwa Wabahá’í "wanatafuta uhuru na wanapenda uhuru, wanatumaini usawa, ni wenye nia njema kwa ubinadamu na wako tayari kutoa maisha yao kuunganisha ubinadamu" lakini kwa mtazamo mpana zaidi kuliko Young Turk. Abdullah Cevdet, mmoja wa waanzilishi wa Committee of Union and Progress ambaye alichukulia Dini ya Kibahá'í kama hatua ya katikati ya Uislamu na hatimaye kuachana na imani ya dini, angeenda mahakamani kwa utetezi wa Wabahá'í katika jarida aliloanzisha.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fU7azFR3AqcC&pg=PA202|title=The Young Turks in Opposition|last=Hanioğlu|first=M. Şükrü|date=1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195091151|page=202|author-link=M. Şükrü Hanioğlu}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Polat|first=Ayşe|year=2015|title=A Conflict on Bahaʼism and Islam in 1922: Abdullah Cevdet and State Religious Agencies|url=http://insanvetoplum.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Ays%CC%A7e-Polat.pdf|journal=Insan & Toplum|volume=5|issue=10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001173158/http://insanvetoplum.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Ays%CC%A7e-Polat.pdf|archive-date=1 October 2016|access-date=27 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> ‛Abdu'l-Bahá pia alikuwa na mawasiliano na viongozi wa kijeshi, wakiwemo watu kama Bursalı Mehmet Tahir Bey na Hasan Bedreddin. Wa pili, ambaye katika kipindi cha awali alihusika katika kuondolewa madarakani kwa Sultani Abdülaziz mwaka 1876, anafahamika sana kama Bedri Paşa au Bedri Pasha na katika vyanzo vya Kiajemi vya Kibaháʼí anarejelewa kama Bedri Bey (Badri Beg). Inawezekana alifahamiana na ‘Abdu’l-Baha kipindi cha mwaka 1898 alipokuwa akihudumu katika utawala wa Ottoman huko Akká. Vyanzo vya Kiajemi vinamtaja kuwa alikua Mbaháʼí na ndiye aliyetafsiri kazi za ‛Abdu'l-Baha katika lugha ya Kifaransa.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=Late Ottoman Palestine: The Period of Young Turk Rule|last=Alkan|first=Necati|date=2011|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1848856318|editor1-last=Ben-Bassat|editor1-first=Yuval|page=266|chapter=The Young Turks and the Baháʼís in Palestine|editor2-last=Ginio|editor2-first=Eyal|chapter-url=http://bahai-library.com/alkan_young_turks_palestine}}</ref> ‘Abdu’l-Bahá aliendelea kuwasiliana naye kwa miaka kadhaa alipokuwa gavana wa Albania.<ref name=":0" /> ʻAbdu'l-Bahá pia alikutana na Muhammad Abduh, mmoja wa watu muhimu wa Usasa wa Kiislamu na harakati ya Salafi, huko Beirut, wakati ambapo wanaume hawa wawili walikuwa na malengo yanayofanana ya mageuzi ya kidini.<ref>{{cite book|title=Islam and the Baháʼí Faith: A Comparative Study of Muhammad ʻAbduh and ʻAbdul-Baha ʻAbbas|last=Scharbrodt|first=Oliver|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780203928578}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Cole|first=Juan R.I.|author-link=Juan Cole|year=1983|title=Rashid Rida on the Bahai Faith: A Utilitarian Theory of the Spread of Religions|url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jrcole/bahai/2000/rida.htm|journal=Arab Studies Quarterly|volume=5|issue=2|page=278}}</ref> Rashid Rida anadai kuwa wakati wa ziara zake Beirut, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá angelihudhuria vikao vya masomo vya Abduh.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cole|first=Juan R.I.|author-link=Juan Cole|date=1981|title=Muhammad ʻAbduh and Rashid Rida: A Dialogue on the Baha'i Faith|url=http://www.h-net.org/~bahai/diglib/articles/A-E/cole/abduh/abduh.htm|journal=World Order|volume=15|issue=3|page=11}}</ref> Kuhusu mikutano ya ʻAbdu'l-Bahá na Muhammad ʻAbduh, Shoghi Effendi anadai kuwa "Mahojiano yake kadhaa na Shaykh Muhammad ʻAbduh anayejulikana sana yalinufaisha sana hadhi inayokua ya jamii hiyo na kueneza umaarufu wa mwanachama wake mashuhuri zaidi."{{sfn|Effendi|1944|p=[http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/GPB/gpb-12.html#pg193 193]}} Kwa sababu ya tuhuma za Muhammad ʻAli dhidi yake, Tume ya Uchunguzi ilimuhoji ʻAbdu'l-Bahá mnamo 1905, na karibu kusababisha uhamisho hadi Fezzan.<ref>{{cite book|title=Late Ottoman Palestine: The Period of Young Turk Rule|last=Alkan|first=Necati|date=2011|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1848856318|editor1-last=Ben-Bassat|editor1-first=Yuval|page=263|chapter=The Young Turks and the Baháʼís in Palestine|editor2-last=Ginio|editor2-first=Eyal|chapter-url=http://bahai-library.com/alkan_young_turks_palestine}}</ref>{{sfn|Balyuzi|2001|pp=111–113}}<ref>{{harvnb|Momen|1981|pp=320–323}}</ref> Kwa kujibu, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá aliandika barua kwa sultani akilalamika kwamba wafuasi wake hujiepusha na kushiriki katika siasa za vyama na kwamba ''tariqa'' yake imewaongoza Wamarekani wengi kwa Uislamu.<ref>{{cite book|title=Late Ottoman Palestine: The Period of Young Turk Rule|last=Alkan|first=Necati|date=2011|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1848856318|editor1-last=Ben-Bassat|editor1-first=Yuval|page=264|chapter=The Young Turks and the Baháʼís in Palestine|editor2-last=Ginio|editor2-first=Eyal|chapter-url=http://bahai-library.com/alkan_young_turks_palestine}}</ref> Miaka michache iliyofuata huko ʻAkka, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alikuwa na uhuru kiasi kutokana na shinikizo na mahujaji waliweza kuja na kumtembelea. Kufikia mwaka wa 1909, kaburi la Jengo la Báb lilikuwa limekamilika.{{sfn|Balyuzi|2001|p=109}} == Safari kuelekea Magharibi == [[Faili:Abdulbaha2.jpg|thumb|ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, wakati wa safari yake nchini Marekani]] Mapinduzi ya Vijana wa Kituruki ya mwaka 1908 yaliwaachilia huru wafungwa wote wa kisiasa na kidini katika Milki ya Ottoman, na ʻAbdu'l-Bahá aliachiliwa kutoka kifungoni. Kitendo chake cha kwanza baada ya kuachiliwa kilikuwa kutembelea Kaburi Takatifu la Baháʼu'lláh huko Bahji.{{sfn|Balyuzi|2001|p=131}} Wakati ʻAbdu'l-Bahá akiendelea kuishi ʻAkka mara baada ya mapinduzi, aliweza kuhamia na kuishi huko [[Haifa]] karibu na Kaburi Takatifu la Báb.{{sfn|Balyuzi|2001|p=131}} Mnamo mwaka wa 1910, akiwa na uhuru wa kuondoka nchini, alienda kwenye safari ya miaka mitatu kuelekea Misri, Ulaya, na Amerika ya Kaskazini, akieneza ujumbe wa Kibaháʼí.{{sfn|Iranica|1989}} Kuanzia Agosti hadi Desemba 1911, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alitembelea miji ya Ulaya, ikiwemo London, Bristol, na Paris. Kusudi la safari hizi lilikuwa ni kusaidia jamii za Kibaháʼí za magharibi na kueneza zaidi mafundisho ya baba yake.{{sfn|Balyuzi|2001|pp=159–397}} Katika mwaka uliofuata, alifanya safari ya kina zaidi kwa Marekani na Kanada ili kusambaza tena mafundisho ya baba yake. Aliwasili katika Jiji la New York tarehe 11 Aprili 1912, baada ya kukataa ofa ya kusafiri kwenye RMS ''Titanic'', akiwaambia waumini wa Kibaháʼí, badala yake, "Toeni hii kwa misaada ya hisani."<ref name="Lacroix">{{cite book|url=http://bahai-library.com/hopson_abdulbaha_new_york|title=ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in New York- The City of the Covenant|last=Lacroix-Hopson|first=Eliane|author2=ʻAbdu'l-Bahá|publisher=NewVistaDesign|year=1987|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216001528/http://bahai-library.com/hopson_abdulbaha_new_york|archive-date=16 December 2013}}</ref> Badala yake alisafiri kwa chombo chenye mwendo wa polepole, RMS ''Cedric'', na akasema alipendelea safari ndefu ya baharini kama sababu.{{sfn|Balyuzi|2001|p=171}} Baada ya kusikia juu ya kuzama kwa Titanic tarehe 16 Aprili alinukuliwa akisema "Niliombwa kusafiri Titanic, lakini moyo wangu haukunisukuma kufanya hivyo."<ref name="Lacroix" /> Wakati alitumia muda wake mwingi katika New York, alitembelea Chicago, [[Cleveland]], [[Pittsburgh]], Washington, D.C., Boston na [[Philadelphia]]. Mwezi Agosti wa mwaka huohuo alianza safari ya kina zaidi kwa maeneo ikiwa ni pamoja na [[New Hampshire]], shule ya Green Acre huko [[Maine]], na [[Montreal]] (ziara yake pekee Kanada). Kisha alisafiri kuelekea magharibi hadi [[Minneapolis]], Minnesota; San Francisco; [[Stanford University|Stanford]]; na [[Los Angeles]], California kabla ya kurudi mashariki mwishoni mwa Oktoba. Tarehe 5 Desemba 1912 aliondoka kurudi Ulaya.{{sfn|Balyuzi|2001|pp=159–397}} Wakati wa ziara yake Amerika Kaskazini alitembelea misheni nyingi, makanisa, na vikundi, pamoja na kuwa na mikutano mingi katika nyumba za Wabaháʼí, na kutoa mikutano ya kibinafsi isiyo na idadi na mamia ya watu.<ref name="Gallagher196">{{Harvnb|Gallagher|Ashcraft|2006|p=196}}</ref> Wakati wa hotuba zake alitangaza kanuni za Kibaháʼí kama vile umoja wa Mungu, umoja wa dini, umoja wa wanadamu, usawa wa wanawake na wanaume, amani ya dunia na haki ya kiuchumi.<ref name="Gallagher196" /> Pia alisisitiza kuwa mikutano yake yote ifunguliwe kwa watu wa jamii zote.<ref name="Gallagher196" /> Ziara na mazungumzo yake vilikuwa mada ya mamia ya makala za magazetini.<ref name="Gallagher196" /> Katika gazeti la Boston waandishi wa habari walimuuliza ʻAbdu'l-Bahá kwa nini alikuja Amerika, naye akasema kwamba alikuja kushiriki katika mikutano ya amani na kwamba kutoa tu jumbe za tahadhari hakutoshi.{{sfn|Balyuzi|2001|p=232}} Ziara ya ʻAbdu'l-Bahá huko Montreal ilipata umaarufu mkubwa kwenye magazeti; usiku wa kuwasili kwake mhariri wa ''Montreal Daily Star'' alikutana naye na gazeti hilo pamoja na ''The Montreal Gazette'', ''Montreal Standard'', Le Devoir na La Presse miongoni mwa mengine waliripoti kuhusu shughuli za ʻAbdu'l-Bahá.<ref name="vanderHoonaard56">{{Harvnb|Van den Hoonaard|1996|pp=56–58}}</ref>{{sfn|Balyuzi|2001|p=256}} Baadhi ya vichwa vya habari katika magazeti hayo vilikuwa "Mwalimu wa Kiajemi Kuhubiri Amani", "Ubaguzi wa Rangi ni Mbaya, Anasema Mwanafalsafa wa Mashariki, Mgogoro na Vita Vinasababishwa na Ubaguzi wa Kidini na Kitaifa", na "Mtume wa Amani Anakutana na Wanaharakati, Mfumo Mpya wa Abdul Baha kwa Ugawaji wa Utajiri wa Ziada."{{sfn|Balyuzi|2001|p=256}} ''Montreal Standard'', ambalo lilisambazwa kote Kanada, lilipata mvuto mkubwa kiasi cha kuchapisha makala hizo tena wiki moja baadaye; Gazette ilichapisha makala sita na gazeti kubwa la lugha ya Kifaransa huko Montreal lilichapisha makala mbili kumhusu. <ref name="vanderHoonaard56" /> Ziara yake ya mwaka 1912 huko Montreal pia ilimhamasisha mchekeshaji Stephen Leacock kumwiga katika kitabu chake kilichouzwa zaidi cha mwaka 1914 ''Arcadian Adventures with the Idle Rich''.<ref>Wagner, Ralph D. [http://bahai-library.com/leacock_yahi_bahi_society Yahi-Bahi Society of Mrs. Resselyer-Brown, The]. Imetolewa tarehe 19 Mei 2008</ref> Huko Chicago gazeti moja lilikuwa na kichwa cha habari "Mtukufu Anatupa Ziara, Sio Pius X bali A. Baha,"{{sfn|Balyuzi|2001|p=256}} na ziara ya ʻAbdu'l-Bahá huko California iliripotiwa katika ''Palo Altan''.{{sfn|Balyuzi|2001|p=313}} Akiwa Ulaya, alitembelea London, Edinburgh, Paris (ambako alikaa kwa miezi miwili), [[Stuttgart]], [[Budapest]], na [[Vienna]]. Hatimaye, mnamo 12 Juni 1913, alirudi Misri, ambako alikaa kwa miezi sita kabla ya kurudi [[Haifa]].{{sfn|Balyuzi|2001|pp=159–397}} Mnamo tarehe 23 Februari 1914, katika kipindi kilichoelekea Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alimkaribisha Baron Edmond James de Rothschild, mwanachama wa familia ya benki ya Rothschild ambaye alikuwa mtetezi na mfadhili mkuu wa harakati ya Kizayuni, wakati wa mojawapo ya safari zake za awali kwenda Palestina.<ref>{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=February 23, 1914|url=https://bahai.works/Star_of_the_West/Volume_9/Issue_10#pg107|newspaper=Star of the West|page=107|volume=9|issue=10|date=8 September 1918|access-date=4 December 2016}}</ref> == Miaka ya Mwisho (1914–1921) == [[Faili:AAbdul-baha_late_life.jpg|thumb|ʻAbdu'l-Bahá kwenye Mlima Karmeli na mahujaji mwaka wa 1919]] Wakati wa [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]] (1914–1918) ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alikaa Palestina na hakuweza kusafiri. Aliliendelea kufanya mawasiliano machache, ambayo yalijumuisha ''Nyaraka za Mpango Mtakatifu'', mkusanyiko wa barua kumi na nne zilizohusu Wabahá'í wa Amerika Kaskazini, ambazo baadaye zilielezwa kama moja ya "nyaraka" tatu za Dini ya Kibahá'í. Barua hizo zinaweka kwa Wabahá'í wa Amerika Kaskazini jukumu la uongozi katika kueneza dini hiyo kote ulimwenguni. Haifa ilikuwa chini ya tishio halisi la bombardio la Muungano, hadi ʻAbdu'l-Bahá na Wabaháʼí wengine wakarejea kwa muda kwenye vilima vya mashariki mwa ʻAkka.{{sfn|Effendi|1944|p=304}} ʻAbdu'l-Bahá pia alikuwa chini ya vitisho kutoka kwa Cemal Paşa, kiongozi wa kijeshi wa Ottoman ambaye wakati mmoja alionyesha nia yake ya kumsulubisha na kuharibu mali za Wabaháʼí nchini Palestina.{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=18}} Shambulio la haraka la Megiddo offensive la Jenerali Allenby wa Uingereza lilifagia mbali majeshi ya Kituruki nchini Palestina kabla ya madhara kufanyika kwa Wabaháʼí, na vita vilimalizika chini ya miezi miwili baadaye. === Kipindi baada ya vita === [[Faili:‘Abdu’l-Bahá_portrait.jpg|left|thumb|ʻAbdu'l-Bahá uzee]] Hitimisho la [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]] lilisababisha mamlaka za Kituruki zilizokuwa na uhasama wa waziwazi kubadilishwa na Mamlaka ya Uingereza (Mandate ya Uingereza) iliyokuwa rafiki zaidi, ikiruhusu upya mawasiliano, mahujaji, na maendeleo ya mali za Kituo cha Dunia cha Wabaháʼí.{{sfn|Balyuzi|2001|pp=400–431}} Ni katika uamsho huu wa shughuli ambapo Imani ya Kibaháʼí iliona upanuzi na uimarishaji katika maeneo kama Misri, Caucasus, Iran, Turkmenistan, Amerika ya Kaskazini na Asia Kusini chini ya uongozi wa ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. Mwisho wa vita ulileta maendeleo kadhaa ya kisiasa ambayo ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alitoa maoni yake. Jumuia ya Mataifa iliundwa Januari 1920, ikikazia kwa mara ya kwanza kwa usalama wa pamoja kupitia shirika la kimataifa. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alikuwa ameandika mwaka 1875 kuhusu haja ya kuanzisha "Muungano wa Mataifa ya Dunia", na alisifu jaribio kupitia Jumuia ya Mataifa kama hatua muhimu kuelekea lengo hilo. Pia alisema kwamba "haiwezi kuleta Amani ya Ulimwengu" kwa sababu haikuakisi mataifa yote na ilikuwa na nguvu ndogo tu juu ya nchi wanachama wake. Wakati huohuo, Mamlaka ya Ukoloni wa Uingereza iliunga mkono uhamiaji wa Wayahudi kwenda Palestina. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alitaja uhamiaji huo kama utimilifu wa unabii, na alihimiza Wayahudi kuendeleza ardhi na "kuinua nchi kwa manufaa ya wote wanaoishi humo... Hawapaswi kufanya kazi ya kuwabagua Wayahudi na Wapalestina wengine." [[Faili:Abdulbaha_knighting.jpg|thumb|ʻAbdu'l-Bahá katika sherehe yake ya kuvikwa Kamanda wa Heshima wa Ufalme wa Uingereza, Aprili 1920]] Vita pia iliacha eneo hilo katika njaa. Mnamo 1901, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alinunua takriban ekari 1704 za pori karibu na mto Jordan na kufikia 1907 Wabaháʼí wengi kutoka Iran walikuwa wameanza kulima kwa ushirikiano kwenye ardhi hiyo. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alipokea kati ya 20 na 33% ya mazao yao (au sawa ya pesa taslimu), ambayo yalitumwa hadi Haifa. Vita vikiwa bado vinaendelea mnamo 1917, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alipokea kiasi kikubwa cha ngano kutoka kwa mazao, na pia alinunua ngano nyingine iliyopatikana na kuisafirisha kurudi Haifa. Ngano ilifika muda mfupi baada ya Waingereza kushinda Palestina, na kwa hivyo ilisambazwa sana ili kupunguza njaa. Kwa huduma hii ya kuzuia njaa katika Kaskazini mwa Palestina alipata heshima ya Kamanda wa Heshima wa Ufalme wa Uingereza (Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire) katika sherehe iliyofanywa kwa heshima yake katika nyumba ya Gavana wa Uingereza tarehe 27 Aprili 1920. Alitembelewa baadaye na Jenerali Allenby, Mfalme Faisal (baadaye Mfalme wa Iraq), Herbert Samuel (Kamishna Mkuu wa Palestina), na Ronald Storrs (Gavana wa Jeshi wa Yerusalemu). === Kifo na mazishi === [[Faili:Abdul_Baha_Abbas_Funeral.jpg|thumb|Mazishi ya ʻAbdu'l-Bahá huko [[Haifa]], Mamlaka ya Uingereza-Palestina]] ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alifariki Jumatatu, 28 Novemba 1921, muda mfupi baada ya saa 1:15&nbsp;asubuhi (27 ya Rabi' al-awwal, 1340 BH). Kisha Katibu wa Kikoloni [[Winston Churchill]] aliwasiliana kwa simu na Kamishna Mkuu wa Palestina, "fikisha kwa Jamii ya Wabaháʼí, kwa niaba ya Serikali ya Ukuu Wake Mfalme, salamu za pole na rambirambi zao." Ujumbe kama huo ulitoka kwa Viscount Allenby, [[Baraza la Mawaziri]] la Iraq, na wengine. Katika mazishi yake, ambayo yalifanyika siku iliyofuata, Esslemont anabainisha: <blockquote>... mazishi ambayo mfano wake Haifa, wala Palestina yenyewe, hakika haijawahi kuona... kiasi ambacho hisia zilikuwa nzito hivyo kuwaleta pamoja maelfu ya waombolezaji, wawakilishi wa dini nyingi, jamii na lugha.<ref>{{harvnb|Esslemont|1980|p=77}}, ikimnukuu 'The Passing of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá", na Lady Blomfield na Shoghi Effendi, uk. 11, 12.</ref></blockquote>Miongoni mwa hotuba zilizotolewa katika mazishi, [[Shoghi Effendi]] anarekodi Stewart Symes (Gavana wa Wilaya ya Kaskazini ya Palestina) akitoa heshima ifuatayo: <blockquote>Wengi wetu hapa tuna, nadhani, picha ya wazi ya Mheshimiwa ʻAbdu'l‑Bahá ʻAbbás, ya umbo Lake lenye heshima akitembea kwa fikra katika mitaa yetu, ya namna Yake ya heshima na neema, ya wema Wake, ya upendo Wake kwa watoto wadogo na maua, ya ukarimu Wake na kujali kwa maskini na wanaoteseka. Alikuwa mpole sana, na asiye na makuu, kwamba mbele Yake mtu karibu alisahau kwamba Alikuwa pia mwalimu mkuu, na kwamba maandishi Yake na mazungumzo Yake yamekuwa faraja na msukumo kwa mamia na maelfu ya watu Mashariki na Magharibi.{{sfn|Effendi|1944|pp=313–314}}</blockquote>Alizikwa katika chumba cha mbele cha Kaburi Takatifu la Báb kwenye [[Mlima Karmeli]]. Kuzikwa kwake huko kunakusudiwa kuwa kwa muda mfupi, hadi kaburi lake mwenyewe litakapojengwa karibu na Bustani ya Riḍván, linayojulikana kama Kaburi Takatifu la ʻAbdu'l-Bahá.<ref>{{cite web|author=The Universal House of Justice|url=https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/20190420_001/1#744198387|title=Riḍván 2019 – To the Bahá'ís of the World}}</ref> === Urithi === ʻAbdu'l-Bahá aliacha ''Wosia na Agano'' ambalo awali liliandikwa kati ya 1901 na 1908 na lililenga Shoghi Effendi, ambaye wakati huo alikuwa na umri wa miaka 4-11 tu. Wosia huo unamteua [[Shoghi Effendi]] kama wa kwanza katika mstari wa Walinzi wa dini, nafasi ya kiongozi wa kurithi inayoweza kutoa tafsiri za mamlaka za maandiko. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá aliwaagiza Wabaháʼí wote kumgeukia na kumtii, na akamhakikishia ulinzi na mwongozo wa kimungu. Wosia huo pia ulitoa urejesho rasmi wa mafundisho yake, kama vile maagizo ya kufundisha, kuonyesha sifa za kiroho, kushirikiana na watu wote, na kuwaepuka Wavunja Agano. Majukumu mengi ya Nyumba ya Haki ya Ulimwengu na Mikono wa Hoja ya Mungu pia yalifafanuliwa.{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=356-357}}{{sfn|Iranica|1989}} Shoghi Effendi baadaye alielezea hati hiyo kama moja ya "nyaraka" tatu za Imani ya Baháʼí. Uhalali na masharti ya wosia yalipokelewa karibu na Wabaháʼí kote ulimwenguni, isipokuwa Ruth White na Wamarekani wachache wengine ambao walijaribu kupinga uongozi wa Shoghi Effendi. Katika makala za ''The Baháʼí World'' zilizochapishwa mwaka 1930 na 1933, Shoghi Effendi alitaja Wabahá’í kumi na tisa kama wanafunzi wa ʻAbdu'l-Bahá na watangazaji wa Agano, ikiwa ni pamoja na Thornton Chase, Hippolyte Dreyfus-Barney, John Esslemont, Lua Getsinger, na Robert Turner.<ref>''The Baháʼí World, vol. 3: 1928–30''. New York: Baháʼí Publishing Committee, 1930. uk. 84–85.</ref><ref>''The Baháʼí World, vol. 4''. New York: Baháʼí Publishing Committee, 1933. uk. 118–19.</ref>{{sfn|Smith|2000|loc=uk. 122, ''Disciples of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá''}} Hakuna taarifa zingine kuhusu wao zilizopatikana katika maandishi ya Shoghi Effendi.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Troxel|first=Duane K.|encyclopedia=Baháʼí Encyclopedia Project|title=Augur, George Jacob (1853–1927)|year=2009|publisher=National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States|location=Evanston, IL|url=http://www.bahai-encyclopedia-project.org/index.php?view=article&catid=37%3Abiography&id=170%3Aaugur-george-jacob&option=com_content&Itemid=74}}</ref> Wakati wa maisha yake kulikuwa na utata miongoni mwa Wabaháʼí kuhusu cheo chake kuhusiana na Baháʼu'lláh, na baadaye kwa Shoghi Effendi. Baadhi ya magazeti ya Marekani yaliripoti kimakosa kwamba alikuwa nabii wa Kibaháʼí au kurudi kwa Kristo. Shoghi Effendi baadaye aliweka sawa urithi wake kama wa mwisho kati ya "Wakuu wa Imani" watatu wa Dini ya Kibaháʼí na "Mfano kamili" wa mafundisho, pia akisisitiza kwamba kumweka katika kiwango sawa na Baháʼu'lláh au Yesu ni uzushi. Shoghi Effendi pia aliandika kwamba wakati wa kipindi cha miaka 1000 kilichotarajiwa cha Kibaháʼí hakutakuwa na yeyote aliye sawa na ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. == Muonekano na haiba == [[Faili:Abbaseffendi1868.jpg|right|thumb|ʻAbdu'l-Bahá mwaka 1868]] ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alielezewa kuwa mwenye mvuto,{{sfn|Hogenson|2010|p=40}} na alifanana sana na mama yake. Akiwa mtu mzima alifikia urefu wa wastani lakini alionekana kuwa mrefu zaidi.{{sfn|Day|2017}} Alikuwa na nywele nyeusi zilizoshuka hadi mabega, macho ya rangi ya kijivu, ngozi nyepesi na pua yenye umbo la kipekee.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gail|Khan|1987|pp=225, 281}}</ref> Mwaka 1890, Mtaalamu wa Mashariki Edward Granville Browne alikutana naye na akaandika:<blockquote>Si mara nyingi nimeona mtu ambaye mwonekano wake ulivyonivutia zaidi. Mtu mrefu mwenye mwili wenye nguvu akiwa amesimama wima kama mshale, akiwa na kilemba cheupe na mavazi meupe, na nywele ndefu nyeusi zinazofika karibu na mabega, paji la uso pana lenye nguvu linaloashiria akili kubwa iliyochanganyika na dhamira isiyotetereka, macho makali kama ya mwewe, na uso wenye alama kali lakini za kupendeza – huo ulikuwa mwonekano wangu wa kwanza wa 'Abbás Efendí, "bwana".{{sfn|Browne|1891|loc=Ona "Utangulizi" na "Maelezo" ya Browne, haswa "Maelezo W"}}</blockquote>Baada ya kifo cha Bahá’u’lláh, kuzeeka kwa ʻAbdu'l-Bahá kulianza kuwa kwa dhahiri. Kufikia mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1890 nywele zake zilikuwa zimegeuka nyeupe kama theluji na mistari mirefu iliwekwa usoni pake.<ref>{{cite book|title=Visiting 'Abdu'l-Baha – Volume I: The West Discovers the Master, 1897–1911|last1=Redman|first1=Earl|publisher=George Ronald|year=2019|isbn=978-0-85398-617-1}}</ref> Alipokuwa kijana alikuwa na nguvu na alifurahia upigaji mishale, kupanda farasi na kuogelea.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journey To A Mountain: The Story of the Shrine of the Báb: Volume 1 1850-1921|last1=Day|first1=Michael|date=2017|publisher=George Ronald|isbn=978-0853986034}}</ref> Hata baadaye katika maisha yake ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alibaki mwenye shughuli akiendelea na matembezi marefu huko Haifa na Akka. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alikuwa na umuhimu mkubwa kwa Wabahá'í wakati wa maisha yake, na anaendelea kuiathiri jamii ya Wabahá'í hadi leo.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Universal House of Justice|title=ON THE OCCASION OF THE CENTENARY COMMEMORATION OF THE ASCENSION OF 'ABDU'L-BAHÁ|url=https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/20211127_001/1#422353082|website=bahai.org|access-date=16 April 2022}}</ref> Wabahá'í wanamuona ‘Abdu’l-Bahá kama mfano kamili wa mafundisho ya baba yake na hivyo wanajitahidi kumuiga. Hadithi juu yake hutumiwa mara kwa mara ili kuonyesha hoja maalum kuhusu maadili na mahusiano ya kibinafsi. Alikumbukwa kwa mvuto wake, huruma,{{sfn|Hogenson|2010|}} upendo kwa watu na nguvu katika kukabiliana na mateso. John Esslemont alitafakari kuwa "[‘Abdu’l-Bahá] alionyesha kwamba bado inawezekana, katikati ya vurumai na haraka ya maisha ya kisasa, katikati ya kujipenda na mapambano kwa ajili ya ustawi wa kimwili ambayo yanaenea kila mahali, kuishi maisha ya kujitolea kabisa kwa Mungu na huduma kwa wenzake."{{sfn|Esslemont|1980}} Hata maadui wakali wa Dini ya Kibaha'i mara nyingine waliguswa walipokutana naye. Mírzá 'Abdu'l-Muḥammad Írání Mu'addibu's-Sulṭán, Muirani, na Shaykh 'Alí Yúsuf, Mwarabu, wote walikuwa wahariri wa magazeti nchini Misri waliokuwa wamechapisha mashambulizi makali dhidi ya Dini ya Kibaha'i kwenye magazeti yao. Walimtembelea 'Abdu’l-Bahá alipokuwa Misri na mtazamo wao ukabadilika. Vivyo hivyo, mchungaji Mkristo, Rev. J.T. Bixby, ambaye alikuwa mwandishi wa makala yenye uhasama dhidi ya Dini ya Kibaha'i nchini Marekani, alihisi kulazimika kushuhudia sifa za kibinafsi za Abdu'l-Bahá. Athari ya ‘Abdu’l-Bahá kwa wale ambao tayari walikuwa wamejitolea kwa Dini ya Kibaha’i ilikuwa kubwa zaidi. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá alijulikana sana kwa kukutana kwake na maskini na wagonjwa mahututi. Ukarimu wake ulisababisha familia yake mwenyewe kulalamika kwamba walibaki bila chochote. Alikuwa na hisia kali kwa hisia za watu, na baadaye alionesha tamaa yake ya kuwa mtu anayependwa na Wabahá’í akisema “Mimi ni baba yenu... na lazima mfurahe na kusherehekea, kwa maana nawapenda mno.” Kulingana na akaunti za kihistoria, alikuwa na ucheshi mzuri na alikuwa mchangamfu na asiye rasmi. Alikuwa wazi kuhusu masaibu ya kibinafsi kama vile kupoteza watoto wake na mateso aliyoyapitia akiwa mfungwa, jambo lililoongeza umaarufu wake. ‘Abdu’l-Bahá aliongoza masuala ya jamii ya Wabahá’í kwa uangalifu. Alikuwa na mwelekeo wa kuruhusu maoni binafsi mbalimbali ya mafundisho ya Wabahá’í mradi tu hayapingani waziwazi na kanuni za msingi. Hata hivyo, aliwafukuza wanachama wa dini waliokuwa wakionekana kwake kama wanapinga uongozi wake na kwa makusudi kusababisha mgawanyiko katika jamii. Milipuko ya mateso dhidi ya Wabahá’í ilimwathiri sana. Aliwaandikia binafsi familia za wale waliouawa. == Kazi == Idadi ya jumla ya barua ambazo ʻAbdu'l-Bahá aliandika ni zaidi ya 27,000 ambapo ni sehemu ndogo tu ambazo zimetafsiriwa kwa Kiingereza.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bahai-library.com/uhj_numbers_sacred_writings|title=Numbers and Classifications of Sacred Writings texts|author=((Universal House of Justice))|date=September 2002|access-date=20 March 2007}}</ref> Kazi zake zinagawanyika katika makundi mawili ikiwa ni pamoja na kwanza maandishi yake ya moja kwa moja na pili mihadhara na hotuba zake kama zilivyorekodiwa na wengine.{{sfn|Iranica|1989}} Kundi la kwanza linajumuisha ''The Secret of Divine Civilization'' iliyoandikwa kabla ya 1875, ''A Traveller's Narrative'' iliyoandikwa takriban 1886, Resāla-ye sīāsīya au ''Hotuba juu ya Sanaa ya Utawala'' iliyoandikwa mwaka 1893, ''Memorials of the Faithful'', na idadi kubwa ya barua zilizoandikwa kwa watu mbalimbali;{{sfn|Iranica|1989}} ikiwa ni pamoja na wasomi mbalimbali wa Magharibi kama vile Auguste Forel ambayo imetafsiriwa na kuchapishwa kama ''Barua kwa Auguste-Henri Forel''. ''The Secret of Divine Civilization'' na ''The Sermon on the Art of Governance'' zilienezwa sana bila kutajwa mwandishi. Kundi la pili linajumuisha ''Some Answered Questions'', ambayo ni tafsiri ya Kiingereza ya mfululizo wa mazungumzo ya meza na Laura Barney, na ''Paris Talks'', ''ʻAbdu'l-Baha in London'' na ''Promulgation of Universal Peace'' ambayo kwa mtiririko ni hotuba zilizotolewa na ʻAbdu'l-Bahá huko Paris, London na Marekani.{{sfn|Iranica|1989}} Sehemu kubwa ya vitabu, maandishi na hotuba za ʻAbdu'l-Bahá bado hazijatafsiriwa kwa Kiswahili. Ifuatayo ni orodha ya baadhi ya vitabu, maandishi, na hotuba nyingi za ʻAbdu'l-Bahá: * ''Misingi ya Umoja wa Dunia'' * ''[https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/abdul-baha/light-of-the-world Mwanga wa Dunia: Maandishi Yaliyoteuliwa ya ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]''. * ''Kumbukumbu za Waaminifu'' * ''Hotuba za Paris'' * ''Siri ya Ustaarabu wa Kiungu'' * ''Baadhi ya Maswali Yaliopewa Majibu'' * ''Maandishi ya Mpango wa Kiungu'' * ''Maandishi kwa Dkt. Forel'' * ''Maandishi kwa Hague'' * ''Wosia na Agano la ʻAbdu'l-Bahá'' * ''Kutangaza Amani ya Ulimwengu'' * ''Chaguo kutoka kwa Maandishi ya ʻAbdu'l-Bahá'' * ''Falsafa ya Kiungu'' * Risala kuhusu Siasa / Mahubiri juu ya Sanaa ya Utawala<ref>[http://www.h-net.org/~bahai/trans/vol7/govern.htm ''Tafsiri za Maandishi ya Shaykhi, Babi na Baha'i''] Juz. 7, hapana. 1 (Machi 2003)</ref> == Usomaji zaidi == * {{cite web|last=Momen|first=Moojan|author-link=|title=Agano na Wavunjaji wa Agano|publisher=bahai-library.com|year=2003|url=http://bahai-library.com/momen_encyclopedia_covenant|access-date=13 Oktoba 2016}} == Tanbihi == {{reflist|30em}} == Marejeo == * {{citation|last=Afroukhteh|first=Youness|title=Kumbukumbu za Miaka Tisa katika 'Akká|year=2003|orig-year=1952|location=Oxford, UK|publisher=George Ronald|isbn=0-85398-477-8}} * {{cite book|url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/TB/|title=Vibao vya Baháʼu'lláh Vilivyofunuliwa Baada ya Kitáb-i-Aqdas|last=Baháʼu'lláh|publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust|year=1873–1892|isbn=0-87743-174-4|location=Wilmette, Illinois, USA|publication-date=1994|chapter=Kitáb-i-ʻAhd|author-link=Baháʼu'lláh|chapter-url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/TB/tb-16.html}} * {{citation|last=Balyuzi|first=H.M.|title=ʻAbdu'l-Bahá: Kituo cha Agano la Baháʼu'lláh|url=https://archive.org/details/abdulbahacentreo0000baly|year=2001|edition=Paperback|place=Oxford, UK|publisher=George Ronald|isbn=0-85398-043-8|author-link=Hasan M. Balyuzi|url-access=registration}} {{cite encyclopedia|last1=Bausani|first1=Alessandro|author1-link=Alessandro Bausani|last2=MacEoin|first2=Denis|author2-link=Denis MacEoin|title=ʿAbd-al-Bahāʾ|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/abd-al-baha|volume=I/1|pages=102–104|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|publisher=Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia|location=New York City|date=14 Julai 2011|orig-year=15 Desemba 1982|doi=10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_4280|doi-access=free|issn=2330-4804|access-date=25 Oktoba 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116231933/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/abd-al-baha|archive-date=16 Novemba 2012|url-status=live|ref={{sfnref|Iranica|1989}}}} * {{citation|last=Blomfield|first=Lady|title=Njia Iliyoteuliwa|url=http://bahai-library.com/blomfield_chosen_highway|year=1975|orig-year=1956|location=London, UK|publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust|isbn=0-87743-015-2|author-link=Lady Blomfield}} * {{citation|title=Hadithi ya Msafiri: Imeandikwa kuonyesha tukio la Bab|url=http://www.h-net.org/~bahai/diglib/books/A-E/B/browne/tn/hometn.htm|year=1891|editor-last=Browne|editor-first=E.G.|location=Cambridge, UK|publisher=Cambridge University Press}} * {{citation|last=Browne|first=E.G.|title=Vifaa vya Uchunguzi wa Dini ya Bábí|url=http://www.h-net.org/~bahai/diglib/books/A-E/B/browne/material/msbrtoc.htm|year=1918|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|author-link=E.G. Browne}} * {{cite book|url=http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/shoghi-effendi/world-order-bahaullah/|title=Mpango wa Dunia wa Baháʼu'lláh|last=Effendi|first=Shoghi|date=1938|publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust|isbn=0-87743-231-7|location=Wilmette, Illinois, USA|author-link=Shoghi Effendi}} * {{citation|last=Effendi|first=Shoghi|title=Mungu Apita|url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/GPB/|year=1944|location=Wilmette, Illinois, USA|publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust|isbn=0-87743-020-9|author-link=Shoghi Effendi}} * {{citation|last1=Esslemont|first1=J.E.|title=Baháʼu'lláh na Enzi Mpya|url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/je/BNE/|year=1980|edition=5th|location=Wilmette, Illinois, USA|publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust|isbn=0-87743-160-4|author-link=John Esslemont}} * {{citation|last1=Foltz|first1=Richard|title=Dini za Iran: Kuanzia Kabla ya Historia hadi Sasa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZRGAQAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Oneworld Publications|isbn=978-1-85168-336-9|author-link=Richard Foltz}} * {{citation|last1=Gallagher|first1=Eugene V.|title=Dini Mpya na Mbadala Amerika|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZiScvbS6-cC|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0-275-98712-4|last2=Ashcraft|first2=W. Michael}} * {{citation|last1=Hogenson|first1=Kathryn J.|title=Kuangazia Mbingu za Magharibi: Safari ya Mahujaji wa Hearst & Kuanzishwa kwa Imani ya Baha'i Magharibi|year=2010|publisher=George Ronald|isbn=978-0-85398-543-3}} * {{Citation|last=Kazemzadeh|first=Firuz|title=ʻAbdu'l-Bahá ʻAbbás (1844–1921)|url=http://www.bahai-encyclopedia-project.org/index.php?view=article&catid=36%3Aadministrationinstitutions&id=81%3Aabdul-baha-abbas-1844-1921&option=com_content&Itemid=74|encyclopedia=Mradi wa Encyclopedia ya Baháʼí|year=2009|location=Evanston, IL|publisher=National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States|author-link=Firuz Kazemzadeh}} * {{citation|last=Ma'ani|first=Baharieh Rouhani|title=Mashina ya Miti Miwili ya Kimungu|year=2008|location=Oxford, UK|publisher=George Ronald|isbn=978-0-85398-533-4}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NBINAAAAIAAJ|title=Viito vya Kumbukumbu|last1=Gail|first1=Marzieh|last2=Khan|first2=Ali-Kuli|date=31 Desemba 1987|publisher=G. Ronald|isbn=978-0-85398-259-3}} * {{Rejea tovuti|last=McGlinn|first=Sen|title=Daraja la Ushujaa wa Uingereza la ʻAbdu'l-Bahá|work=Blogu ya Sen McGlinn|date=22 Aprili 2011|url=http://senmcglinn.wordpress.com/2011/04/22/abdul-baha-british-knighthood/}} * {{citation|title=Dini za Bábí na Baháʼí, 1844–1944 – Baadhi ya Akaunti za Magharibi za Kisasa|year=1981|editor-last=Momen|editor-first=Moojan|location=Oxford, UK|publisher=George Ronald|isbn=0-85398-102-7|editor-link=Moojan Momen}} * {{citation|last=Phelps|first=Myron Henry|title=Maisha na Mafundisho ya ʻAbbas Effendi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WVrQ1gfZPfgC|year=1912|location=New York|publisher=Putnam|isbn=978-1-890688-15-8}} * {{cite journal|last=Poostchi|first=Iraj|date=1 Aprili 2010|title=Adasiyyah: Utafiti wa Kilimo na Maendeleo ya Vijijini|url=https://www.intellectbooks.co.uk/journals/view-Article,id=9368/|journal=Baháʼí Studies Review|volume=16|pages=61–105|doi=10.1386/bsr.16.61/7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122235049/https://www.intellectbooks.co.uk/journals/view-Article,id=9368/|archive-date=22 Januari 2018|access-date=22 Januari 2018|number=1|url-status=dead}} * {{Citation|last=Smith|first=Peter|title=Ensaiklopidia Fupi ya Imani ya Baháʼí|url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit|year=2000|location=Oxford|publisher=Oneworld Publications|isbn=1-85168-184-1|author-link=Peter Smith (historian)|url-access=registration}} * {{citation|last=Smith|first=Peter|title=Utangulizi kwa Imani ya Baha'i|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7zdDFTzNr0C|year=2008|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-86251-6|author-link=Peter Smith (historian)}} * {{cite book|title=Mtoto wa Agano|last=Taherzadeh|first=Adib|publisher=George Ronald|year=2000|isbn=0-85398-439-5|location=Oxford, UK|author-link=Adib Taherzadeh}} * {{citation|last=Van den Hoonaard|first=Willy Carl|title=Asili za Jamii ya Baháʼí ya Kanada, 1898–1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=znXIbkNA1nQC|year=1996|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press|isbn=0-88920-272-9}} == Usomaji zaidi == * Lincoln, Joshua (2023). ''Abdu'l-Bahā 'Abbās - Kiongozi wa Imani ya Kibahā'ī; Maisha katika Muktadha wa Kijamii na Kieneo. Idra Publishing.'' * {{citation|last=Zarqáni|first=Mírzá Mahmúd-i-|title=Mahmúd's Diary: Chronicling ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's Journey to America|url=http://bahai-library.com/zarqani_mahmuds_diary|year=1998|orig-year=1913|location=Oxford, UK|publisher=George Ronald|isbn=0-85398-418-2|ref=none}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/abdul-baha Maandishi na Hotuba za ‘Abdu’l‑Bahá] kwenye Bahai.org * [https://www.bahai.org/exemplar Bahai org: Mfano], filamu ya maandishi (2021) * [https://theutteranceproject.com/the-extraordinary-life-of-abdul-baha Maisha ya Ajabu ya 'Abdu'l-Bahá], na Mradi wa Usemi {{Wikisource author}} {{BD|1844|1921}} [[Jamii:watu wa Uajemi]] [[Jamii:Baha'i|A]] g5hpbjmekwe9ie8hcvd4if9smkqw7yh 0 197457 1530131 1465144 2026-05-02T19:00:03Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530131 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zora Palová''' ([[22 Desemba]] [[1947]] – [[11 Januari]] [[2025]]) alikuwa [[msanii]] wa vioo kutoka [[Slovakia]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zora Palová (2008) {{!}} Corning Museum of Glass|url=https://www.cmog.org/collection/rakow-commission/zora-palova|access-date=2020-10-23|website=www.cmog.org|archive-date=2020-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025093830/https://cmog.org/collection/rakow-commission/zora-palova|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Umelkyňa, sochárka a pedagogička Zora Palová zomrela vo veku 77 rokov|url=https://dennikn.sk/minuta/4403688/|access-date=14 January 2025|publisher=Denník|date=13 January 2025}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] [[Jamii:Wasanifu]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Slovakia]] 9upsheho7poga5j9p95zc8jrro60rfe 0 197462 1530010 1461735 2026-05-02T18:41:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530010 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Zenit-Odd (1).jpg|thumb|Messoudi mwaka 2017]] '''Zakaria Messoudi''' (alizaliwa Oktoba 30, [[1993]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa soka ambaye alicheza kama kiungo. Alizaliwa [[Moroko]], aliwakilisha [[Kanada]] katika ngazi ya vijana kimataifa.<ref name=ImpactProfile>{{cite web|title=Zakaria Messoudi|url=http://www.impactmontreal.com/en/players/zakaria-messoudi|work=Montreal Impact|access-date=April 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |date= |title=2012 Montreal Impact Academy roster |url=http://canadiansoccerleague.com:80/teams/montreal.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604080859/http://canadiansoccerleague.com:80/teams/montreal.asp |archive-date=4 June 2012 |access-date=19 July 2018 |website=canadiansoccerleague.ca}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1993|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Moroko]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] l03vik2ys13i19a56p1kcssgqz9mk0f 0 197535 1529878 1523434 2026-05-02T12:52:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529878 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pauline Julien''' (amezaliwa [[23 Machi]], [[1928]] - amefariki [[1 Oktoba]], [[1998]]), aliyetajwa kwa jina la "La Renarde",<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ledevoir.com/culture/musique/529951/la-renarde-sur-les-traces-de-pauline-julien-re-payser-les-depayses|title=La Renarde, sur les traces de Pauline Julien»: Repayser les dépaysés|date=9 June 2018 }}</ref>alikuwa [[mwimbaji]], [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]], [[mwigizaji]], mhamasishaji wa [[Feminism|ukombozi wa wanawake]] na mfuasi wa uhuru wa Quebec.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://linitiative.ca/la-renarde-sur-les-traces-de-pauline-julien-au-thtre-outremont-le-21-fvrier/|title=LA RENARDE, SUR LES TRACES DE PAULINE JULIEN / Au Théâtre Outremont le 21 février – l'Initiative|date=3 February 2019 }}</ref> <ref>[https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/pauline-julien/ "Pauline Julien"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/pauline-julien/ |date=20200812212219 }}. ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''.</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1928|1998}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] ib9fo5dhqx1yiqbzmjr6anidrb496zj 0 197608 1530352 1418036 2026-05-03T09:02:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530352 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Victor Montagliani''' (Alizaliwa Septemba 12, [[1965]]) ni mfanyabiashara wa [[Kanada]], mtendaji wa soka na rais wa CONCACAF. Pia ni makamu wa rais wa Baraza la [[FIFA]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbus to seek society status|url=http://www.whitecapsfc.com/post/2009/07/04/columbus-seek-society-status-burnaby-now|publisher=Whitecaps.com (via Burnaby Now)|access-date=March 25, 2016|date=July 4, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insurancewest.ca/pdffiles/IW_Winter03_41-48.pdf|title=Insurance West|date=Winter 2003|accessdate=2025-01-16|archive-date=2025-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116082221/http://www.insurancewest.ca/pdffiles/IW_Winter03_41-48.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.6717000.com/blog/2005/10/waterfront-soccer-stadium-set-to-go-says-lenarduzzi/|title=Waterfront Soccer Stadium set to go says Lenarduzzi|work=Les Twarog Vancouver Real Estate and Condo Blog|date=October 2005|accessdate=2025-01-16|archive-date=2019-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106204606/http://www.6717000.com/blog/2005/10/waterfront-soccer-stadium-set-to-go-says-lenarduzzi/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1965|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] m6c13al16h2h9g8eze2azfxfdbje6h7 0 197628 1530261 1526053 2026-05-03T01:11:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530261 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sony Xperia 5 IV''' ni [[simu]] mahiri ya [[Android]] iliyotengenezwa na [[Sony]]. Sehemu ya mfululizo wa Sony wa Xperia, simu ilitangazwa mnamo tarehe [[1 Septemba]], mwaka [[2022]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sony.com/electronics/support/mobile-phones-tablets-mobile-phones/xperia-5-iv-128gb/specifications |title=Specifications}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://electronics.sony.com/mobile/smartphone/all/p/xqcq62g-gc|title=Sony Compact design with 4K HDR 120fps video recording {{!}} Xperia 5 IV|website=Sony US}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gsmarena.com/sony_xperia_5_iv-11838.php|title=Sony Xperia 5 IV - Full phone specifications|website=GSMArena}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/9/1/23331266/sony-xperia-5-mark-iv-price-cameras-screen-specs|title=The Sony Xperia 5 IV puts powerful features in all three rear cameras|website=[[The Verge]]|last=Johnson|first=Allison|date=1 September 2022|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.androidauthority.com/sony-announces-xperia-5-iv-3202111/|title=Sony announces the Xperia 5 IV: A little less phone for a lot less cash|website=Android Authority|last=McNeal|first=Ryan|date=1 September 2022|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref>. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-teknolojia}} [[Jamii:Teknolojia]] 9fmn3r9n92sf47ifpo4i2cb5nis2etm 0 197629 1530047 1387278 2026-05-02T18:47:01Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530047 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zbyněk Berka wa Dubá''' ([[1551]] – [[6 Machi]] [[1606]]) alikuwa kiongozi wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]], [[kardinali]], na [[Askofu mkuu|Askofu Mkuu]] wa kumi wa [[Prague]]. Alikuwa mwanachama wa familia ya Berka wa Dubá na mkuu wa shirika la kidini la Knights of the Cross with the Red Star.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Archbishop Zbynék Berka z Dubé a Liepé [Catholic-Hierarchy]|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bberka.html|access-date=2021-06-04|website=catholic-hierarchy.org}}</ref> [[Faili:Berka_z_Dube.jpg|thumb|150x150px|Zbyněk Berka wa Dubá]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1551]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1606]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Makardinali]] [[Jamii:watu wa Ucheki]] q022r2lwncxu4knc2si7p958ckqgf1r 0 198030 1529830 1388350 2026-05-02T12:25:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529830 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yumrutaş''' (kwa Kikurdi: Qûça Guran) ni kitongoji kilichopo katika manispaa na wilaya ya [[Kızıltepe]], mkoa wa [[Mardin]], nchini [[Uturuki]]. Kijiji hiki kinakaliwa na [[Wakurdi]] wa kabila la ''Xalecan'' na kilikuwa na idadi ya wakazi 85 mwaka [[2021]]. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=31 ARALIK 2021 TARİHLİ ADRESE DAYALI NÜFUS KAYIT SİSTEMİ (ADNKS) SONUÇLARI|url=https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/favori_raporlar.xlsx|access-date=16 December 2022|website=TÜİK|language=tr|format=XLS}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Turabidin'den Berriye'ye. Aşiretler - Dinler - Diller - Kültürler|last=Tan|first=Altan|year=2018|isbn=9789944360944|pages=317|language=tr}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-jio}} [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Uturuki]] po4llesukytbqygx5cgsfkhbieu6ioi 0 198330 1530178 1486205 2026-05-02T19:07:33Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530178 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Édouard Gagnon''', PSS, OC ([[15 Januari]] [[1918]] – [[25 Agosti]] [[2007]]) alikuwa [[Kardinali]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] kutoka [[Kanada]] na Rais wa Baraza la Kipapa la Familia kwa miaka 16, kuanzia 1974 hadi 1990. Aliteuliwa kuwa kardinali tarehe 25 Mei 1985.<ref name="kofc2">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.kofc.org/un/en/news/releases/detail/gagnon_en.html |title="Knights Mourn Death of Cardinal Edouard Gagnon", Knights of Columbus, 27 August 2007 |accessdate=2025-01-22 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013051/http://www.kofc.org/un/en/news/releases/detail/gagnon_en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1918]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2007]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Makardinali]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] ao3rc794by7qd41lkiy6ul9mukv50as 0 198631 1530200 1449624 2026-05-02T19:11:03Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1530200 wikitext text/x-wiki '''M. İrşadi Aksun''' (alizaliwa [[5 Aprili]] [[1957]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://home.ku.edu.tr/~iaksun/html/docs/cv_aksun.pdf |title=CV |accessdate=2025-08-16 |archive-date=2020-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002210811/http://home.ku.edu.tr/~iaksun/html/docs/cv_aksun.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>) ni profesa wa [[Kituruki]] katika fani ya [[uhandisi]] wa [[umeme]] na [[elektroniki]] na ni mhudumu wa Chuo cha [[Uhandisi]] katika Chuo Kikuu cha Koç. Alipata shahada ya kwanza na ya uzamili kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha [[Mashariki ya Kati]] na shahada yake ya [[Ph.D.|Ph.D]]. kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha [[Illinois]] mnamo [[1990]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://portal.ku.edu.tr/~iaksun/index_files/page0001.htm |title=Biography |accessdate=2025-01-23 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172112/http://portal.ku.edu.tr/~iaksun/index_files/page0001.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Alirudi nchini [[Uturuki]] mnamo [[1992]] na kuanza kazi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Bilkent. Baadaye, mnamo [[2001]], alihamishiwa Chuo Kikuu cha Koç kama profesa wa uhandisi na akateuliwa kuwa mhudumu wa Chuo cha Uhandisi mnamo [[2004]]. Aksun amepata tuzo ya Baraza la Utafiti wa Kisayansi na Kiteknolojia la Uturuki (TÜBİTAK) kwa mradi wake wa mizunguko ya elektroniki yenye tabaka nyingi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/home.do?sid=258&pid=0&cid=5394 |title=Tübitak |accessdate=2025-08-16 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002440/http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/home.do?sid=258&pid=0&cid=5394 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=228265 Radikal-çevrimiçi / Türkiye / 'Türk bilimci' mucitlere referans oldu]</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Ulaya]] [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1957]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] h3cmksc7sdqsofvh84236ocngfgkudg 0 198766 1530037 1445543 2026-05-02T18:45:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530037 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:SWScan00003.jpg|thumb|Zareh Baronian]] '''Archimandrite Zareh Baronian''' ([[2 Oktoba]], [[1941]] huko Bucharest, [[Romania|Rumania]] - [[13 Aprili]] [[2017]]) alikuwa mwanatheolojia na Abate wa Kiarmenia-Kiromania. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|last=Uebersberger|first=Hans |author2=Osteuropa-Institut München|title=JBfGOE|publisher=F. Steiner Verlag|date=1981|volume=29|pages=142|language=German}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.araratonline.com/a-trecut-la-domnul-ipc-arhimandrit-dr-zareh-baronian/ |title=A trecut la Domnul IPC Arhimandrit Dr. Zareh Baronian |date=13 April 2017 |website=AraratOnline.com |language=ro |accessdate=2025-01-24 |archive-date=2017-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528002019/http://www.araratonline.com/a-trecut-la-domnul-ipc-arhimandrit-dr-zareh-baronian/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Wasifu == Zareh Baronian alizaliwa mnamo 2 Oktoba 1941 mjini [[Bucharest]], katika familia ya wasomi, na alibatizwa kwa jina la Hagop. Baba yake, mshairi ''Zareh Bâlbul'' (jina la kifasihi), alikuwa mwalimu katika Shule ya Kiamenia mjini Bucharest, na mama yake, Haiguhi, alikuwa mwalimu wa lugha ya Kiamenia na [[Kijerumani]] katika shule ya msingi. Babu yake kwa upande wa mama, ''Nerses Keropian'', alikuwa protopope wa Kanisa la Kiamenia mjini Bucharest, na wajomba zake wote kwa upande wa mama na baba pia walikuwa makasisi. Baada ya kuhitimu kutoka Shule ya Msingi ya Kiamenia huko Bucharest, kwa msaada wa Wizara ya Elimu na kwa ombi la uongozi wa shule hiyo, alihudhuria Shule ya Upili ya Kipedagogia mjini [[Yerevan]] (Armenia) kuanzia mwaka [[1955]]. Baada ya masomo yake, alianza kazi kama mwalimu katika Shule ya Kiamenia mjini Bucharest kuanzia mwaka [[1959]] hadi [[1961]]. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Ulaya]] [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1941]] [[jamii:waliofariki 2017]] [[jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] 5njah18uf4xh5tgbjpaowpnkzt66v9a 0 199398 1529978 1394327 2026-05-02T18:36:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529978 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:SANGUIS-Brvgensis_MGR_Zacchaeus_Okoth.jpg|thumb|Maandamano ya Damu Takatifu, Mg. Zackeus Okoth mwaka wa 2009 (kulia)]] '''Zacchaeus Okoth''' (alizaliwa [[5 Julai]] [[1942]]) ni [[Askofu mkuu|Askofu Mkuu]] Mstaafu wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] wa [[Jimbo Kuu la Kisumu]], [[Kenya]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Mbenywe|first=Mactilda|title=End of era as Archbishop Zacchaeus Okoth retires after 5 decades|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/nyanza/article/2001308673/end-of-era-as-clergyman-retires-after-5-decades|access-date=2021-10-27|website=The Standard|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1942]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Kenya]] swuqyi64prvowdl1kekqedz7z13vmmz 0 199456 1529851 1393249 2026-05-02T12:29:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529851 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yves Marie Monot,''' [[C.S.Sp.]] (alizaliwa Pont-l'Abbé, [[Ufaransa]], [[29 Mei]] [[1944]]) ni askofu mstaafu wa Jimbo Katoliki la Ouesso katika [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]. Alijiunga na Shirika la Roho Mtakatifu (Spiritans) tarehe 8 Septemba 1963 na kupadrishwa tarehe 9 Julai 1972. Baada ya upadrisho wake, aliendelea na masomo ya sayansi na theolojia katika Institut Catholique de Paris. Baada ya Askofu Hervé Itoua kujiuzulu tarehe 22 Aprili 2006, Monot aliteuliwa kuwa msimamizi wa kitume wa Jimbo la Ouesso. Alihudumu katika nafasi hiyo hadi alipoteuliwa kuwa askofu wa Ouesso tarehe 14 Juni 2008. Alipata daraja la uaskofu tarehe 7 Septemba 2008 kupitia kuwekwa wakfu na Kardinali [[Ivan Dias]].<ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Rép. du Congo: Mgr Yves Marie Monot nouvel évêque de Ouesso|newspaper=Catholique.org|date=16 June 2008|url=http://news.catholique.org/19956-rep-du-congo-mgr-yves-marie-monot-nouvel|access-date=27 December 2010|language=fr}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1944]] [[Jamii:Waspiritani]] [[Jamii:wamisionari]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ufaransa]] dtg8z6eg4vysfu0lchi78gvqjty4r1h 0 200730 1530177 1397006 2026-05-02T19:07:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530177 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Éamonn Oliver Walsh''' (alizaliwa [[1 Septemba]] [[1944]]) ni askofu mstaafu wa Kanisa Katoliki kutoka Ireland. Alihudumu kama askofu msaidizi wa Dublin kuanzia 1990 hadi 2019.<ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|last=Mac Donald|first=Sarah|date=2019-10-01|title=Pope Francis accepts Bishop Eamonn Walsh's resignation|url=https://www.catholicireland.net/pope-francis-accepts-bishop-eamonn-walshs-resignation/|access-date=2023-03-22|website=CatholicIreland.net|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1944]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ireland]] m41bkin2y7fvrocwk18uc1y8nqam3lz 0 200754 1529837 1447141 2026-05-02T12:26:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529837 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yury Sergeyevich Karabasov''' ({{lang-ru|Юрий Сергеевич Карабасов}}; alizaliwa tarehe [[Juni 12]] [[1939]] – [[Desemba 7]] [[2021]]) alikuwa profesa na mwanasiasa wa [[Urusi]].<ref>{{cite news |date=8 December 2021|title=Ушел из жизни Юрий Сергеевич Карабасов|url=https://moscow.er.ru/activity/news/ushel-iz-zhizni-yurij-sergeevich-karabasov|language=Russian|work=[[United Russia]]|access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref> Akiwa mwanachama wa Taifa la [[Russia]], alihudumu katika jimbo la Duma kuanzia [[2007]] hadi [[2011]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vybory.izbirkom.ru/region/region/izbirkom?action=show&root=1&tvd=100100021960186&vrn=100100021960181&region=0&global=1&sub_region=0&prver=0&pronetvd=null&vibid=100100021960181&type=220|title=Выборы депутатов Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации пятого созыва|work=Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation|language=Russian|access-date=2021-12-09|archive-date=2007-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205091639/http://www.vybory.izbirkom.ru/region/region/izbirkom?action=show&root=1&tvd=100100021960186&vrn=100100021960181&region=0&global=1&sub_region=0&prver=0&pronetvd=null&vibid=100100021960181&type=220|url-status=dead}}</ref> Karabasov alikuwa Rektor wa Chuo Kikuu cha Taifa cha Sayansi na Teknolojia "MISiS" kuanzia mwaka [[1992]] hadi [[2007]]. Pia alikuwa Daktari wa Sayansi za Kiufundi na profesa. Kuanzia Aprili 2007 hadi [[25 Aprili]] [[2017]], alihudumu kama Rais wa MISiS.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Президент МИСиС Юрий Сергеевич Карабасов |url=http://www.misis.ru/ru/1047 |website=МИСиС |access-date=2025-08-08 |archive-date=2012-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531164358/http://www.misis.ru/ru/1047 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Urusi]] [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1939]] [[jamii:waliofariki 2021]] [[jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] 37by70nrsx4tduqqe5qtmuf147mxv8i 0 201028 1530033 1398598 2026-05-02T18:44:41Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1530033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Zara Alvarez |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|df=yes|1981|3|25}} |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|2020|8|17|1981|3|25|df=y}} |mahala_alipofia = Bacolod, Ufilipino |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = Mtetezi wa kijamii, mtetezi wa haki za binadamu, mwelekezi, msaidizi wa kisheria |kazi_yake = Mtetezi wa kijamii, mtetezi wa haki za binadamu, mwelekezi, msaidizi wa kisheria |nchi = }} '''Zara Alvarez''' ([[25 Machi]] [[1981]] – [[17 Agosti]] [[2020]]) alikuwa mtetezi wa [[haki]] za [[binadamu]] kutoka [[Ufilipino]], mwelekezi, msaidizi wa kisheria, na mtetezi maarufu wa kijamii ambaye alifanya kampeni hasa dhidi ya ukiukwaji wa haki za binadamu wakati wa utawala wa Rodrigo Duterte. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Human rights leader killed in Philippine ‘war against dissent’|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/8/19/human-rights-leader-killed-in-philippine-war-against-dissent|work=Al Jazeera|accessdate=2025-02-10|language=en|author=Ted Regencia}}</ref>Alijulikana sana kwa kampeni yake ya kuzuia ukiukwaji wa haki za binadamu nchini Ufilipino, jambo ambalo lilikuwa suala la wasiwasi wakati wa urais wa Rodrigo Duterte.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=“Incidents must be investigated” {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation|url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/why-philippines-jane-and-joe-doe-laws-must-be-abolished|work=www.dandc.eu|date=2014-08-11|accessdate=2025-02-10|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Negros-based activist killed in Bacolod – rights group Karapatan|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1323087/negros-based-activist-killed-in-bacolod-rights-group-says|work=INQUIRER.net|date=2020-08-17|accessdate=2025-02-10|language=en|author=Gabriel Pabico Lalu}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Haki za binadamu]] fdlhcm1j7xzfuci9e2a3rsxfc5qg9qz 0 201070 1529805 1466781 2026-05-02T12:22:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529805 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yrjö Kukkapuro''' ([[6 Aprili]] [[1933]] – [[8 Februari]] [[2025]]) alikuwa mbunifu wa mambo ya ndani na mbunifu wa samani kutoka [[Ufini]].<ref name="yle">{{cite news|title="Niin kauan kuin pystyssä pysyn ja järki toimii, niin enköhän mä työskentele", sanoo Yrjö Kukkapuro, 87 vuotta|trans-title="As long as I can stand up and my mind functions, I guess I'll continue working" says Yrjö Kukkapuro, 87|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11474517|publisher=Yle|date=9 August 2020|language=fi}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|last=|first=|date=2025-02-10|title=Yrjö Kukkapuro, renowned Finnish chair designer, dies aged 91|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2025/feb/10/yrjo-kukkapuro-renowned-finnish-chair-designer-dies-aged-91|access-date=2025-02-10|work=[[The Guardian]]|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Designer Yrjö Kukkapuro for Apartamento Magazine #9|url=https://the189.com/design/designer-yrjo-kukkapuro-for-apartamento-magazine-9/|website=The189.com|publisher=OEN|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=2025-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217094121/https://the189.com/design/designer-yrjo-kukkapuro-for-apartamento-magazine-9/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=syHXDwAAQBAJ&q=Yrj%C3%B6+Kukkapuro&pg=PA103|title=Plain Simple Useful: The Essence of Conran Style|last1=Conran|first1=Terence|date=11 June 2020|publisher=Hachette UK|isbn=9781840918175|edition=Updated|page=103|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Inside the Country Estate of Britain's Doyen of Design|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2019/05/sir-terence-conran-retail-design-and-decor|access-date=9 August 2020|publisher=Vanity Fair|date=2 May 2019}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1933]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Ufini]] nzviqhed4p6qfca6jafuqxfdsr41evv 0 201287 1529739 1486914 2026-05-02T12:11:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1529739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Yolanda Ortiz |picha = Retrato de Yolanda Ortiz en 2017 - gafotos.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = Ortiz akiwa nyumbani |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 1923 au 1924 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Tucumán, Argentina |tarehe_ya_kufariki = 22 June 2019 |mahala_alipofia = Buenos Aires, Argentina |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = Mwanakemia na Mwanamazingira |nchi = }} '''Yolanda Ortiz''' ([[1923]] au [[1924]], Tucumán – [[22 Juni]] [[2019]], Buenos Aires) alikuwa [[daktari]] wa kemia kutoka Argentina. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Página/12 :: Dialogos :: “Los temas ambientales son ante todo cuestiones económicas”|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/dialogos/21-227579-2013-08-26.html|work=www.pagina12.com.ar|accessdate=2025-02-12|language=es}}</ref>Alikuwa Katibu wa Kwanza wa Rasilimali Asili na [[Mazingira]] ya Binadamu wa Argentina, akiteuliwa na rais wa wakati huo, Juan Perón, mwaka 1973. Alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kushika nafasi hiyo katika Amerika ya Kusini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Página/12 :: Dialogos :: Entre la química y la política|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/dialogos/subnotas/227579-64753-2013-08-26.html|work=www.pagina12.com.ar|accessdate=2025-02-12}}</ref> Pia alikuwa mshauri wa Wizara ya [[Mazingira]] na [[Maendeleo]] Endelevu ya Taifa na Baraza la Shirikisho la Mazingira (COFEMA). Mwaka [[2020]], Argentina ilipitisha Sheria ya Yolanda (Yolanda's Law), inayowataka maafisa wa [[umma]] kupokea mafunzo ya kina kuhusu masuala ya mazingira na mabadiliko ya [[tabianchi]]. Sheria hii ilipewa jina hilo kama heshima kwa Yolanda Ortiz, kutokana na mchango wake mkubwa katika masuala ya mazingira nchini [[Argentina]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Falleció Yolanda Ortíz, la primera autoridad ambiental al crearse la Secretaria de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente Humano de la Argentina y también la primera mujer en ejercer ese cargo en Latinoamérica - Argentina Forestal|url=https://www.argentinaforestal.com/2019/06/24/fallecio-yolanda-ortiz-la-primera-autoridad-ambiental-al-crearse-la-secretaria-de-recursos-naturales-y-ambiente-humano-de-la-argentina-y-tambien-la-primera-mujer-en-ejercer-ese-cargo-en-latinoamerica/|date=2019-06-24|accessdate=2025-02-12|language=es}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1923|2019}} [[Jamii:wanawake wa Argentina]] [[Jamii:wanakemia wa Argentina]] 8tivye4p8a7qy07lut7tdcnrpyafxpy 0 201346 1530373 1528936 2026-05-03T09:56:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530373 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Estacion_de_números_HM01.ogg|thumb|Kituo cha nambari za Cuba HM01]] [[Faili:Gong_numbers_station.ogg|thumb|Rekodi ya kituo cha nambari cha The Gong, kinachoendeshwa na Jeshi la Wananchi wa Kitaifa la Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Ujerumani, kutoka 1988.]] A '''numbers station''' ni kituo cha [[redio]] cha shortwave kilichojulikana kwa matangazo ya nambari zilizopangwa, ambazo inadhaniwa kuwa zinawalenga maafisa wa ujasusi wanaofanya kazi katika nchi za kigeni. Vituo vingi vilivyogundulika hutumia [[teknolojia]] ya [[sauti]] kutamka nambari, ingawa mbinu za kidijitali kama vile phase-shift keying na frequency-shift keying, pamoja na matangazo ya Morse code, pia ni za kawaida. Vituo vingi vina ratiba maalum, au mifumo ya ratiba; hata hivyo, vingine vinavyoonekana kutokuwa na muundo unaoweza kutambulika na hutangaza kwa nyakati zisizo na mpangilio. Vituo vinaweza kuwa na masafa maalum katika bendi ya masafa ya juu (high-frequency band).<ref name="Number stations basic">{{cite web|url=http://priyom.org/number-stations|title=Number stations|website=Priyom}}</ref> Vituo vya nambari vimeripotiwa tangu angalau mwanzo wa Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia na bado vinatumika leo. Miongoni mwa wapenzi wa redio za amateur, kuna hamu ya kufuatilia na kupanga vituo vya nambari, na vingi vikipewa majina yanayowakilisha tabia zao au asili zao.<ref name="E03 › Priyom.org">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://priyom.org/number-stations/english/e03|title=E03|website=Priyom.org|language=en|access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.numbers-stations.com/E03|title=E03 The LincolnShire Poacher|access-date=6 September 2014}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|last=Gorvett|first=Zaria|title=The ghostly radio station that no one claims to run|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170801-the-ghostly-radio-station-that-no-one-claims-to-run|date=15 July 2020|access-date=2021-07-12|website=BBC Future|language=en}}</ref> [[Faili:Sprach-Morse-Generator.jpg|thumb|Jenereta ya Speech/Morse (pichani hapa) ni mashine ambayo imekuwa ikitumika kwa vituo vingi vya nambari vinavyojulikana.]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-teknolojia}} 7xjngi4wr99cvfuopbkz599blw52xpz 0 201548 1529980 1405117 2026-05-02T18:36:41Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529980 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Zach V (cropped).jpg|thumb|Zach Verhoven]] '''Zachary Thomas Verhoven''' (alizaliwa Agosti 17, [[1998]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Kanada]] anayecheza kama kiungo.<ref name=caps>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205015254/http://www.whitecapsfc.com:80/youth/eliteteams/residency/zachary-verhoven|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 5, 2012|url=http://www.whitecapsfc.com:80/youth/eliteteams/residency/zachary-verhoven|title=Zachary Verhoven Whitecaps profile|work=[[Vancouver Whitecaps FC]]}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://canpl.ca/article/i-always-want-more-pacifics-zach-verhoven-seizing-the-spotlight|title=‘I always want more’: Pacific’s Zach Verhoven seizing spotlight|date=August 18, 2019|first=Martin|last=Bauman|work=[[Canadian Premier League]]}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.capitalcitysupporters.com/post/signing-of-the-versatile-verhoven-bolsters-atl%C3%A9tico-ottawa-s-options|title=Signing of the versatile Verhoven bolsters Atlético Ottawa’s options|date=April 14, 2021|work=Capital City Supporters|first=Thomas|last=Stocking|accessdate=2025-02-15|archive-date=2023-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004223305/https://www.capitalcitysupporters.com/post/signing-of-the-versatile-verhoven-bolsters-atl%C3%A9tico-ottawa-s-options|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1998|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] q5fjda42ripgahwb4vf4gmoup6pr5ok 0 201871 1530058 1437668 2026-05-02T18:48:41Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530058 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zella Lehr''' (alizaliwa [[14 Machi]], [[1951]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] na mchekeshaji wa [[Marekani]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.cheatsheet.com/entertainment/the-two-doors-down-version-that-beat-dolly-partons-recording-to-the-top-of-the-charts.html/"|title = The 'Two Doors Down' Version That Beat Dolly Parton's Recording to the Top of the Charts|date = 23 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Zella Lehr |url=https://rolandnote.com/people/timeline/Zella+Lehr |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=www.rolandnote.com |archive-date=2024-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906205834/https://rolandnote.com/people/timeline/Zella+Lehr |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1951|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] fx4xlhly8ugb2n5leeg7l4ukjn2kgf8 0 201902 1530227 1525325 2026-05-02T21:27:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530227 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sean Young''' (alizaliwa Aprili 20, [[2001]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa kitaalamu wa [[Kanada]] anayecheza kama kiungo kwa timu ya Pacific FC katika Ligi kuu ya Kanada.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://pacificfc.canpl.ca/article/pacific-fc-rookie-sean-young-proud-to-carry-the-flag-for-vancouver-island|title=Pacific FC rookie Sean Young proud to carry the flag for Vancouver Island|date=August 7, 2020|first=Charlie|last=O'Connor-Clarke|work=[[Pacific FC]]}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.cheknews.ca/chek-upside-victoria-teen-achieves-soccer-dream-with-pacific-fc-686827/|title=CHEK Upside: Victoria teen achieves soccer dream with Pacific FC|date=July 25, 2020|work=Chek News|first=Kevin|last=Charach}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vancouverislandfreedaily.com/sports/pacific-fc-signs-homegrown-soccer-product/|title=Pacific FC signs homegrown soccer product|first=Aaron|last=Guillen|date=August 4, 2020|work=Vancouver Island Free Daily}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highlandersfc.ca/news/sean-young-signs-1st-professional-contract|title=Sean Young signs 1st professional contract|date=July 27, 2020|work=[[Victoria Highlanders FC]]}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|2001|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] swittide0kz60oiau8bhn3396cxk02i 0 201977 1530254 1401969 2026-05-03T00:49:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530254 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Skylar Laine''' (alizaliwa '''Skylar Laine Harden''' [[1 Februari]], [[1994]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] kutoka [[Marekani]] kutoka [[Brandon]], [[Mississippi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fox40tv.com/news/local/story/Brandon-Teen-in-Idol-Semi-finals/9_95OFM5tEqzZCPpS3YHSg.cspx |title=Brandon Teen in Idol Semi-finals |date=February 24, 2012 |accessdate=March 9, 2012 |archive-date=2020-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329075446/http://www.fox40tv.com/news/local/story/Brandon-Teen-in-Idol-Semi-finals/9_95OFM5tEqzZCPpS3YHSg.cspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accesshollywood.com/american-idol/american-idol-top-13-revealed_articletab_61458 |title = American Idol – Access Hollywood |date= |accessdate=March 2, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skylarlaine.com/bio/.|title=Hey, y'all, it's Skylar!|date=October 30, 2023 |accessdate=October 30, 2023}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1994|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] iv27mykgs55fy1awsqicazj0ntuj752 0 202019 1530195 1406585 2026-05-02T19:10:13Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530195 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha:Oscar Valdez 1979.jpg|thumb|'Rubén Óscar Valdez Ferrero]] '''Rubén Óscar Valdez Ferrero''' ([[25 Juni]] [[1946]] – [[16 Februari]] [[2025]]) alikuwa kocha na [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kulipwa, alikuwa mshambuliaji. Alizaliwa [[Argentina]], lakini alicheza sehemu kubwa ya kazi yake katika klabu ya Valencia C.F. nchini [[Uhispania|Hispania]] na pia aliwakilisha timu ya taifa ya Hispania. <ref name="profile">[http://futbol.sportec.es/seleccion/ficha_jugador.asp?j=646&n=valdez/oscar/ruben/valdez/ferrero Profile] {{Wayback|url=http://futbol.sportec.es/seleccion/ficha_jugador.asp?j=646&n=valdez/oscar/ruben/valdez/ferrero |date=20120510122053 }} at Fútbol en La Red {{in lang|es}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Fallece el exjugador del Valencia Óscar Rubén Valdez|url=https://plazadeportiva.valenciaplaza.com/plazadeportiva/valenciacf/fallece-el-exjugador-del-valencia-oscar-ruben-valdez|access-date=2025-02-16|website=Plaza Deportiva|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Marzal|first1=Miguel|title=Muere el exjugador del Valencia Óscar Rubén Valdez|url=https://www.levante-emv.com/valencia-cf/2025/02/16/muere-oscar-ruben-valdez-muere-jugador-valencia-extremo-zurdo-114351797.html|website=[[Levante-EMV]]|access-date=16 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216103613/https://www.levante-emv.com/valencia-cf/2025/02/16/muere-oscar-ruben-valdez-muere-jugador-valencia-extremo-zurdo-114351797.html|archive-date=16 February 2025|language=Spanish|date=16 February 2025}}</ref> == Marejeo == <nowiki>{{eflist}}</nowiki> [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1946]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Hispania]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Argentina]] <references />{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} cnhzw1iq4oos17ndykc8tidhywxqb4s 0 202881 1529861 1404397 2026-05-02T12:30:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529861 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha:Yvonne Curtet-Chabot 1948 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Yvonne Alice Curtet]] '''Yvonne Alice Curtet''' ([[28 Mei]] [[1920]] – [[21 Februari]] [[2025]]) alikuwa [[mwanariadha]] kutoka [[Ufaransa]], ambaye alijulikana kwa ufanisi wake katika kuruka mrefu. Alizaliwa Cannes.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://trackfield.brinkster.net/RecProgression.asp?RecCode=OR&EventCode=WF3&P=F|title=Olympic long jump record progression - women|website=trackfield.brinkster.net|access-date=7 December 2015}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200417183829/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/yvonne-chabot-curtet-1.html Yvonne Curtet]. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2016-03-13.</ref><ref>Villaseñor, Miguel (2012). [http://www.rfea.es/aeea/rumbo_helsinki2012/capitulos/capitulo_22_miscelanea_Europeos.pdf European Championships Miscellaneous] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016154644/http://www.rfea.es/aeea/rumbo_helsinki2012/capitulos/capitulo_22_miscelanea_Europeos.pdf|date=2012-10-16}}. RFEA. Retrieved on 2016-03-13.</ref><ref name="OLO">{{cite web|author=Tchir, Paul.|url=https://acsweb.ucsd.edu/~ptchir/|title=List of the Oldest Living Olympians (aged 90+)|publisher=acsweb.ucsd.edu|date=30 January 2023|access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The secrets to a long and healthy life from former world’s oldest Olympian Felix Sienra|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/oldest-olympian-felix-sienra-revealed-secrets-long-life|last=Binner|first=Andrew|publisher=Olympics.com|date=February 23, 2023|access-date=September 24, 2024}}</ref> == Maisha na Kazi == Curtet alikamata nambari nane katika kuruka mrefu wakati wa Olympics ya London ya [[1948]], kwa kuruka umbali wa 5.35 m. Katika mchakato wa kufuzu kwa fainali, aliweka rekodi ya kwanza ya [[Michezo ya Olimpiki|Olimpiki]] kwa wanawake kwa kuruka umbali wa 5.64 m. Alishindana pia katika Mashindano ya [[Ulaya]] ya Riadha ya [[1950]] na alimaliza nambari ya nne katika mashindano hayo. Mzunguko wake wa pili wa Olimpiki ulimalizika kwa kumaliza nambari ya 23 katika Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya [[1952]]. == Marejeo == <nowiki>{{eflist}}</nowiki> [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1920]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Ufaransa]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} 75o2cyfedm219pvx8vvg6aggxovgzeh 0 203159 1529898 1404911 2026-05-02T14:06:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529898 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pieter Gerardus van Katwijk''' ([[27 Februari]] [[1950]] – [[24 Februari]] [[2025]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Baisikeli|baiskeli]] kutoka [[Uholanzi]] ambaye alifanya kazi kuanzia mwaka [[1969]] hadi [[1983]]. Aliushiriki katika [[Olimpiki]] ya Majira ya Kiangazi ya mwaka [[1972]] na alimaliza katika nafasi ya kumi na moja katika mbio za barabarani. Alishinda mashindano maarufu kama Milk Race ([[1973]]) na Acht van Chaam ([[1974]]), na pia alishinda hatua kadhaa za mashindano ya Olympia's Tour ([[1970]], [[1971]], [[1972]]), Tour de Suisse ([[1976]]), Tour of Belgium (1976), Ronde van Nederland ([[1977]]) na Tour de Luxembourg (1977). <ref>[https://www.ed.nl/den-bosch/oud-wielerprof-piet-van-katwijk-overleden-hij-was-een-karaktermens-op-de-fiets~a334e2e8/ Oud-wielerprof Piet van Katwijk overleden: 'Hij was een karaktermens op de fiets'] {{in lang|nl}}</ref><ref name="r1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418112051/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/va/piet-van-katwijk-1.html Piet van Katwijk]. sports-reference.com</ref> <ref name="r2">[http://www.cyclingarchives.com/coureurfiche.php?coureurid=7761 Piet van Katwijk] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cyclingarchives.com/coureurfiche.php?coureurid=7761 |date=20250126044800 }}. cyclingarchives.com</ref> == Marejeo == <nowiki>{{eflist}}</nowiki> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1950]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Uholanzi]] 5j4iavhrul53mtc9ocykc5crrhms0cb 0 203447 1530057 1405440 2026-05-02T18:48:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1530057 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zella Day Kerr''' (alizaliwa [[13 Machi]], [[1995]]) ni [[mwimbaji]], [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] na [[mwanamuziki]] kutoka [[Marekani]].<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.laweekly.com/music/indie-pop-songstress-zella-day-comes-from-a-long-line-of-hardcore-bitches-5627822|title=Indie-Pop Songstress Zella Day Comes From a Long Line of Hardcore Bitches|last=Thomas-Hansard|first=Artemis|date=June 2, 2015|newspaper=[[L.A. Weekly]]|access-date=August 2, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://read.tidal.com/article/zella-day-im-not-entitled-to-anything|title=Zella Day: "I'm Not Entitled to Anything"|website=Read.tidal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.laweekly.com/indie-pop-songstress-zella-day-comes-from-a-long-line-of-hardcore-bitches/|title=Indie-Pop Songstress Zella Day Comes From a Long Line of Hardcore Bitches|first=Artemis|last=Thomas-Hansard|date=June 2, 2015|newspaper=[[L.A. Weekly]]}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1995|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] gbva7hpba487oulbhzsh4hb64szpxhl 0 204396 1530130 1465908 2026-05-02T18:59:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 7 template(s) replaced. 1530130 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zora Neale Hurston''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[7 Januari]] [[1891]] – [[28 Januari]] [[1960]]) alikuwa mwandishi wa Kimarekani, mwanthropolojia, mtaalamu wa [[ngano]], na mtengenezaji wa [[filamu]] za hali halisi. Aliwasilisha mapambano ya rangi katika Kusini mwa [[Marekani]] mwanzoni mwa karne ya [[20]] na alichapisha utafiti kuhusu Hoodoo na Vodou ya Karibiani. Maarufu zaidi kati ya riwaya zake nne ni Their Eyes Were Watching God, iliyochapishwa mwaka 1937. Pia aliandika hadithi fupi zaidi ya 50, tamthilia, tawasifu, ethnografia, na [[insha]] nyingi.<ref name="autogenerated17">{{cite book |last=Boyd |first=Valerie |title=Wrapped in Rainbows: The Life of Zora Neale Hurston |year=2003 |publisher=Scribner |location=New York |isbn=978-0-684-84230-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/wrappedinrainbow00boyd |url-access=limited }}</ref> Hurston alizaliwa Notasulga, Alabama, na kuhamia Eatonville, Florida, pamoja na familia yake mwaka [[1894]]. Baadaye alitumia Eatonville kama mazingira ya hadithi zake nyingi. Katika kazi yake ya awali, Hurston alifanya utafiti wa anthropolojia na ethnografia kama msomi katika Chuo cha Barnard na Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia. Alikuwa na shauku katika ngano za Kiafrika-Amerika na Karibiani, na jinsi hizi zilivyochangia utambulisho wa jamii.<ref name="hurston5">{{Rejea kitabu|last=Hurston|first=Lucy Anne|title=Speak, so you can speak again : the life of Zora Neale Hurston|year=2004|isbn=0-385-49375-4|edition=First |publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] |location=New York}}</ref> Pia aliandika kuhusu masuala ya sasa katika jamii ya watu weusi na akawa mtu wa kati wa Renaissance ya Harlem. Satire zake fupi, zikichukua kutoka kwa uzoefu wa Kiafrika-Amerika na mgawanyiko wa rangi, zilichapishwa katika antholojia kama vile The New Negro na Fire!! Baada ya kurudi Florida, Hurston aliandika na kuchapisha antholojia yake ya fasihi kuhusu ngano za Kiafrika-Amerika huko Kaskazini mwa Florida, Mules and Men ([[1935]]), na riwaya zake tatu za kwanza: Jonah's Gourd Vine (1934); Their Eyes Were Watching God ([[1937]]); na Moses, Man of the Mountain (1939). Pia ilichapishwa wakati huu ilikuwa Tell My Horse: Voodoo and Life in Haiti and Jamaica (1938), ikiandika utafiti wake kuhusu mila huko Jamaica na Haiti.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Trefzer|first=Annette|date=2000|title=Possessing the Self: Caribbean Identities in Zora Neale Hurston's Tell My Horse|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-american-review_summer-2000_34_2/page/298|journal=African American Review|volume=34|issue=2|pages=299–312|doi=10.2307/2901255|jstor=2901255}}</ref> Kazi za Hurston zilihusu uzoefu wa Kiafrika-[[Amerika]] na mapambano yake kama [[mwanamke]] wa Kiafrika-Amerika. Riwaya zake hazikutambuliwa sana na [[ulimwengu]] wa fasihi kwa miongo kadhaa. Mwaka 1975, miaka kumi na tano baada ya [[kifo]] cha Hurston, shauku katika kazi yake ilifufuliwa baada ya mwandishi Alice Walker kuchapisha makala, "In Search of Zora Neale Hurston" (baadaye ikaitwa tena "Looking for Zora"), katika jarida la Ms. Mwaka [[2001]], hati ya Hurston Every Tongue Got to Confess, mkusanyiko wa [[ngano]] zilizokusanywa katika miaka ya [[1920]], ilichapishwa baada ya kugunduliwa katika hifadhi za Smithsonian. Kitabu chake cha ukweli Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo" ([[2018]]), kuhusu maisha ya Cudjoe Lewis (Kossola), mmoja wa waliobaki wa mwisho wa watumwa waliyoletwa Marekani kwa njia isiyo halali mwaka [[1860]], pia kilichapishwa baada ya [[kifo]] chake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://social.rollins.edu/wpsites/mosaic-hurston/2011/07/12/the-upbringing-and-education-of-zora-neale-hurston/|title=The Upbringing and Education of Zora Neale Hurston|website=social.rollins.edu|language=en|access-date=June 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925043547/http://social.rollins.edu/wpsites/mosaic-hurston/2011/07/12/the-upbringing-and-education-of-zora-neale-hurston/ |last1=Flynn |first1=Elisabeth |last2=Deasy |first2=Caitlin |last3=Ruah |first3=Rachel |archive-date=September 25, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Wasifu == Zora Neale Hurston alizaliwa mwaka [[1891]], akiwa wa tano kati ya watoto wanane wa John Hurston na Lucy Ann Hurston (née Potts). Wazazi wote wa babu na nyanya zake walikuwa wamezaliwa katika utumwa. Baba yake alikuwa mhubiri wa Kibaptisti na mkulima wa pamoja, ambaye baadaye alikua seremala, na mama yake alikuwa mwalimu wa shule. Alizaliwa Notasulga, Alabama, tarehe 7 Januari 1891. Hili lilikuwa mji wa [[baba]] yake na babu yake wa upande wa baba alikuwa mhubiri wa kanisa la Kibaptisti. Alipokuwa na miaka [[mitatu]], [[familia]] yake ilihamia Eatonville, [[Florida]]. Mnamo [[1887]], ilikuwa moja ya miji ya kwanza ya watu weusi pekee iliyosajiliwa nchini Marekani. Hurston alisema kwamba Eatonville ilikuwa "nyumbani" kwake, kwani alikuwa mdogo sana alipohamia huko. Wakati mwingine alidai kuwa ni mahali pa kuzaliwa kwake. Miaka michache baadaye mwaka 1897, baba yake alichaguliwa kuwa meya wa mji huo. Mnamo [[1902]] aliitwa kuhudumu kama mhubiri wa [[kanisa]] lake kubwa zaidi, Macedonia Missionary Baptist.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Newly-Complicated-Zora/125753|title=The Newly Complicated Zora Neale Hurston|last1=Carpio|first1=Glenda R.|date=January 2, 2011|work=The Chronicle of Higher Education|access-date=June 21, 2017|last2=Sollors|first2=Werner|language=en|issn=0009-5982|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626131647/http://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Newly-Complicated-Zora/125753/|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Mnamo [[1901]], walimu wengine wa [[shule]] za [[kaskazini]] walitembelea Eatonville na walimpa Hurston vitabu kadhaa ambavyo vilifungua akili yake kwa fasihi. Baadaye alielezea uamsho huu wa kibinafsi wa kifasihi kama aina ya "kuzaliwa".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Black History Profiles – Zora Neale Hurston|url=https://themadisontimes.themadent.com/article/from-the-harlem-renaissance-to-the-black-arts-movement-writers-who-changed-the-world/|last=Rae|first=Brianna|date=2016-02-19|website=The Madison Times|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-10|archive-date=March 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308172016/https://themadisontimes.themadent.com/article/from-the-harlem-renaissance-to-the-black-arts-movement-writers-who-changed-the-world/|url-status=live}}</ref> Akiwa mtu mzima, Hurston mara nyingi alitumia Eatonville kama [[mazingira]] katika hadithi zake ilikuwa mahali ambapo [[Wamarekani]] wa Kiafrika wangeweza kuishi kama walivyotaka, bila kutegemea jamii ya [[wazungu]]. Hurston alikulia Eatonville na alielezea uzoefu huo katika insha yake ya 1928, "How It Feels To Be Colored Me". Eatonville sasa inashikilia "''Tamasha la Zora''!" la kila mwaka kwa heshima yake.<ref name="monica-miller">{{cite web|last1=Miller|first1=Monica|title=Archaeology of a Classic|url=http://barnard.edu/news/archaeology-classic-celebrating-zora-neale-hurston-28|website=News & Events|publisher=Barnard College|access-date=June 14, 2014|date=December 17, 2012|archive-date=July 15, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715001314/http://barnard.edu/news/archaeology-classic-celebrating-zora-neale-hurston-28|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Sarkar |first=Sohel |date=2021-01-07 |title=9 Fascinating Facts About Zora Neale Hurston |url=https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/639490/zora-neale-hurston-author-facts |website=Mental Floss |access-date=June 6, 2022 |archive-date=October 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015200913/https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/639490/zora-neale-hurston-author-facts |url-status=live }}</ref> Mama yake Hurston alikufa mwaka [[1904]]. Baba yake alimuoa Mattie Moge mwaka [[1905]]. Hili lilichukuliwa kuwa la kashfa, kwani ilisemekana kwamba alikuwa na uhusiano wa kimapenzi na Moge kabla ya kifo cha mke wake wa kwanza. [[Baba]] yake Hurston na mama yake wa kambo walimpeleka katika shule ya bweni ya Kibaptisti huko [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]], [[Florida]], lakini alifukuzwa baada ya [[wazazi]] wake kuacha kulipa karo yake.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/29/us/29florida.html |last=Cave |first=Damien |title=In a Town Apart, the Pride and Trials of Black Life|date=September 28, 2008|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=August 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802014556/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/29/us/29florida.html|archive-date=August 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="zfh">{{cite web |title=Zora! Festival Homepage |url=http://www.zorafestival.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426193152/https://zorafestival.org/ |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=June 21, 2017 |website=Zora! Festival |language=en}}</ref><ref name="chdr">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://chdr.cah.ucf.edu/hurstonarchive/?p=chronology|title=Chronology of Hurston's Life|website=University of Central Florida|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802011229/https://chdr.cah.ucf.edu/hurstonarchive/?p=chronology|archive-date=August 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Zora Neale Hurston">[http://www.zoranealehurston.com/biography.html About Zora Neale Hurston] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416185654/http://www.zoranealehurston.com/biography.html |date=April 16, 2009 }}, Zora Neale Hurston official website, maintained by the Zora Neale Hurston Estate and HarperCollins.</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://baltimoreauthors.ubalt.edu/writers/zorahurston.htm|title=Zora Neale Hurston|website=The Baltimore Literary Heritage Project|access-date=August 21, 2019|archive-date=May 14, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514050306/http://baltimoreauthors.ubalt.edu/writers/zorahurston.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Uungwaji mkono na ufadhili == Wakati misaada ya ufadhili kutoka taasisi ilipoisha katika kipindi cha Unyogovu Mkuu, Hurston na rafiki yake Langston Hughes wote walitegemea ufadhili wa mpenzi wa fasihi ''Charlotte Osgood Mason'', mweupe na mlezi wa fasihi.<ref name="taylor" /><ref name="manuel" /><ref name="horner">Horner, Shirley. [https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/16/nyregion/about-books.html "Kuhusu Vitabu"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112033401/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/16/nyregion/about-books.html|date=November 12, 2016}}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', Februari 16, 1986. Imepatikana Machi 5, 2011. "Kwa miaka mingi, Hughes alifurahia ufadhili wa 'bibi mweupe mzee aliye hifadhiwa vyema mwenye mali na ushawishi mkubwa', Charlotte Mason..." na "Dkt. [David Levering] Lewis alisema kuwa utafiti wake 'unaonyesha kwamba, shukrani kwa ukarimu wa Bi. Mason, Hughes aliishi mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1930 katika nyumba ya familia moja huko Westfield, ambapo jirani yake alikuwa miongoni mwa waelimika wa Harlem, Zora Neale Hurston.'"</ref> Katika miaka ya [[1930]], Hurston aliishi [[Westfield, New Jersey]], mji mdogo karibu na New York, ambapo rafiki yake Hughes alikuwa miongoni mwa majirani wake.<ref name="taylor" /><ref name="manuel" /><ref name="horner" /> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1891]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1960]] [[Jamii:Wamarekani Weusi]] [[Jamii:waandishi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] cd4wa80fw8xwzzk2idy1qmx6l8wjvbg 0 204411 1529747 1457063 2026-05-02T12:12:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1529747 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yoni''' (Sanskrit: योनि, IAST: yoni) ni taswira ya kimaadili au ya kisanii ya [[mungu]] wa Kihindu Shakti. Mara nyingi huonyeshwa pamoja na [[linga]] – kipengele cha kiume cha yoni. Kwa pamoja, huchukuliwa kama alama ya muunganiko wa mikrokosmosi na makrokosmosi, mzunguko wa milele wa uumbaji na urejesho, na mshikamano wa kike na kiume unaoendeleza upya uhai. Katika imani za Kaula, Tantra, Shaktism na Shaivism, yoni huchukuliwa kama mlango wa kimaumbile wa kuzaliwa kwa viumbe vyote.<ref name="dasgupta107">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bHytBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA107|title=Cultural Encyclopedia of the Penis|last=Dasgupta|first=Rohit|date=26 September 2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7591-2314-4|editor-last=Kimmel|editor-first=Michael|page=107|editor2-last=Christine Milrod|editor3-last=Amanda Kennedy}}</ref><ref name="britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Yoni (Hinduism)|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]|location=[[Edinburgh]]|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/yoni|access-date=22 May 2021|date=24 December 2014|author-link=Wendy Doniger|last2=Stefon|first2=Matt|author1-last=Doniger|author1-first=Wendy|orig-date=20 July 1998}}</ref> Yoni ni neno la Kisanskrit lenye maana ya moja kwa moja “tumbo la uzazi,” “chanzo,” au viungo vya uzazi vya kike. Katika matumizi yake, linaweza kumaanisha [[uke]], vulva, au [[uterasi]], na pia kwa upana zaidi hutumika kumaanisha “chanzo, asili, au makao” ya kitu chochote. Kwa mfano, maandiko ya Vedanta kama ''Brahma Sutras'' hueleza Brahman kama “yoni ya ulimwengu.” Muunganiko wa yoni na linga hupatikana katika mabaki ya mahekalu ya [[Shiva]] na maeneo ya kale ya bara dogo la India na Asia ya Kusini-Mashariki, pamoja na sanamu kama Lajja Gauri. == Etimolojia na maana == Katika ''Rigveda'' na maandiko mengine ya Vedic, yoni hutajwa kuhusiana na viungo vya kike vya kuumba, kurejesha na kuzalisha maisha, lakini pia huchukua maana ya “chanzo, asili, chemchemi, tumbo, kiota, makao, au shimo la moto.” Tafsiri zingine za kifasihi hujumuisha “kabila, familia, alama ya uzazi, nafaka au mbegu.” Hivyo basi, yoni ni alama ya kiroho na ishara katika Uhindu kwa asili na nguvu za kike za uhai na uendelevu. ''Brahma Sutras'' inamtaja Brahman kama “yoni ya ulimwengu,” ambapo Adi Shankara anaifafanua kama chanzo cha kimaada na kiroho cha uumbaji. Kwa mujibu wa Constance Jones na James D. Ryan, yoni inawakilisha kanuni ya kike katika viumbe vyote, ikiwemo “mizunguko ya msimu na mimea ya dunia,” na hivyo ni alama ya umuhimu wa ulimwengu. Katika Shaktism, Shaivism, pamoja na mafundisho ya Kaula na Tantra, yoni huonekana kama mlango wa uzazi wa ulimwengu wote. Pamoja na lingam, ni alama ya prakriti, uumbaji wa mzunguko wa maisha na kifo. Mtaalamu Corinne Dempsey anaeleza kuwa yoni ni “umbo lisilo na taswira” la mungu katika Uhindu, linaloashiria kanuni ya kike ya Shakti.<ref name="Lopez1995">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://archive.org/details/religionsofindia00dona|title=Religions of India in Practice|last=Lopez|first=Donald S.|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1995|isbn=978-0-691-04324-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/religionsofindia00dona/page/304 304]–307|url-access=registration}}</ref> Msingi ambao linga-yoni huwekwa huitwa ''pitha'', ingawa katika maandiko mengine kama ''Nisvasa tattva samhita'' na ''Mohacudottara'', neno ''pitha'' huashiria msingi kwa ujumla pamoja na yoni. == Historia == Heshima kwa yoni inaaminika kuwa ya kabla ya Vedic. Mabaki ya sanamu yaliyopatikana katika bonde la Zhob, yanayokadiriwa kufikia mwaka 4000 KK, yanaonyesha taswira za matiti na yoni, ambazo huenda zilikuwa alama za uzazi kabla ya kubadilishwa na kupata maana ya kiroho. Mtaalamu David Lemming anahoji kuwa ibada ya yoni inarudi katika kipindi cha kabla ya Vedic, kuanzia karibu 4000 KK hadi 1000 KK. [[Faili:Vulva-handsign-Yoni-mudra.svg|thumb|''Yoni mudra'' inayotumika katika mazoezi ya [[yoga]].]] Kwa karne nyingi, yoni imeheshimiwa kama alama ya kiungu, ikidhaniwa kuwa moja ya alama za kiroho kongwe siyo tu India, bali pia katika tamaduni nyingi za kale. Ingawa baadhi ya jamii za Magharibi zilizo na misimamo ya kimaadili ya Kikristo ziliiona mada ya viungo vya kike kwa aibu, tamaduni za bara dogo la India na sehemu nyingine za kale ziliiona yoni kama ukweli wa asili wa kifalsafa na kosmolojia, ishara ya nguvu za kike zinazohusiana kwa undani na mizunguko ya mwezi, dunia na maisha.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last1=Rupapara|first1=Amit|last2=Donga|first2=Shilpa|last3=Harisha|first3=CR|last4=Shukla|first4=Vinay|year=2014|title=A preliminary physicochemical evaluation of Darvyadi Yoni Varti: A compound Ayurvedic formulation|journal=AYU|volume=35|issue=4|pages=467–470|doi=10.4103/0974-8520.159048|pmc=4492037|pmid=26195915|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Faili:Jatalinga_sur_cuve_à_ablution_(musée_Guimet)_(5153565239).jpg|thumb|''Jatalinga'' likiwa na yoni.]] == Tazama pia == * Yoni mudra == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] 4qnwszmkay23se0owacikowdrrz91oo 0 205018 1529736 1408704 2026-05-02T12:10:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1529736 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yolanda Bejarano''' ni mratibu wa umoja wa wafanyakazi kutoka [[Marekani]] na anahudumu kama mwenyekiti wa Arizona Democratic Party tangu mwaka 2023.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Garcia |first=Gilbert |date=December 25, 1997 |title=Double Threat |url=https://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/music/double-threat-6422562 |access-date=November 22, 2023 |website=Phoenix New Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Rejea habari |last=Barchenger |first=Stacey |date=January 29, 2023 |title=Arizona Democrats elect Bejarano as party chair |pages=A11 |work=Arizona Republic |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/arizona-republic-arizona-democrats-elect/122568651/ |access-date=November 22, 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Cano-Murillo |first=Kathy |date=April 15, 1999 |title=Cute like a knife: Chula hones punk spunk |pages=300 |work=Arizona Republic |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/arizona-republic-cute-like-a-knife-chul/135606433/ |access-date=November 22, 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1970|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 22gi7kngeeby7iqlmo4brlhia6l4e42 0 205192 1529914 1523955 2026-05-02T15:32:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Rachel Lark''' ni [[mtunzi]], [[mwimbaji]] wa ala nyingi na nyimbo za kitamaduni anayeishi [[New York City]] na Bay Area. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Sterdan|first=Darryl|date=2020-09-17|title=Indie Roundup {{!}} 41 Tracks To Get You Ready For Friday|url=https://tinnitist.com/2020/09/17/indie-roundup-41-tracks-to-get-you-ready-for-friday/|access-date=2021-09-17|website=Tinnitist|language=en-CA}}</ref> Akiwa anajulikana kwa nyimbo zake zenye kuchochea ngono na uanaharakati, amekuwa akishirikishwa mara kwa mara kwenye Savage Love pamoja na Dan Savage. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2017-11-08|title=A feminist songwriter explained equality in a way 'even our president can understand.'|url=https://www.upworthy.com/a-feminist-songwriter-explained-equality-in-a-way-even-our-president-can-understand|access-date=2021-09-17|website=Upworthy|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|title=First Out: New Music From Carlie Hanson, Shamir, Chaz Cardigan & More|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/9454960/first-out-carlie-hanson-shamir-chaz-cardigan|access-date=2021-09-17|magazine=Billboard|language=en}}</ref> Rachel pia ni mwandishi wa muziki wa maonyesho, michezo ya skrini, na TV. == Kazi == Mnamo [[2014]], Lark alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza, ''Lark After Dark'', ikifuatiwa na video yake ya kwanza ya muziki, ''"Warm, Bloody and Tender"'', ambayo alifadhili kupitia kampeni ya Kickstarter na kujitayarisha mwenyewe. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last1=Jul 1|first1=Dan Savage •|last2=Pm|first2=2014 at 4:30|title=Rachel Lark's "Warm, Bloody, and Tender"|url=http://slog.thestranger.com/slog/archives/2014/07/01/rachel-larks-warm-bloody-and-tender|access-date=2021-09-17|website=The Stranger|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> "Warm, Bloody, and Tender" huangazia maonyesho ya kuja kutoka kwa mwandishi na mwanaharakati Dan Savage na wanaharakati wa eneo la San Francisco wanaopenda ngono Jamie DeWolf, Polly Superstar, Dixie De La Tour, Dada Flora Goodthyme, Wonder Dave, Laika Fox, na Paige Goedkoop.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2015-08-27|title=SF Singer/Songwriter Rachel Lark Talks About Her New Video About Period Sex: SFist|url=https://sfist.com/2015/08/27/rachel_lark_warm_bloody_and_tender/|access-date=2021-09-17|website=SFist - San Francisco News, Restaurants, Events, & Sports|language=en|archive-date=2021-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917202526/https://sfist.com/2015/08/27/rachel_lark_warm_bloody_and_tender/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Muda mfupi baadaye, Lark alianza kuzuru [[Marekani]] na [[Ulaya]] mara kwa mara, akicheza tamasha, vilabu vya vichekesho na vyuo vikuu na kujenga dhehebu kali linalofuata miongoni mwa jamii nyingi, zenye mtazamo chanya za ngono na za watu wa kifahari, pamoja na wasomi na mashabiki wa podikasti. Wakati wa janga la COVID, wakati utayarishaji wa muziki wake wa asili, ''Coming Soon'', ukiwa umesitishwa, Lark alileta waigizaji na wanamuziki pamoja ili kuunda albamu ya dhana kulingana na kipindi. Inakuja Hivi Karibuni: ''The Pandemic Sessions'' ilitolewa [[Mei]] [[2021]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Leiber|first=Sarah Jae|title=Rachel Lark Releases 'Coming Soon: The Pandemic Sessions' on May 14|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Rachel-Lark-Releases-Coming-Soon-The-Pandemic-Sessions-on-May-14-20210505|access-date=2021-09-17|website=BroadwayWorld.com|language=en}}</ref> Rachel Lark ndiye muundaji na mtunzi wa "Coming Soon: A New Rock Musical" kuhusu safari ya mwanamke kuacha kughushi orgasms yake. Onyesho hili liliuzwa kwa kasi katika Z Space huko [[San Francisco]] mnamo [[2022]]. Ukaguzi katika San Francisco Chronicle uliisifu kama "muziki wa ngono kwa wote waliozuiliwa na maveterani wa kink". <ref>https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/theater/review-z-spaces-coming-soon-is-the-sex-musical-for-both-inhibited-normies-and-kink-veterans</ref> == Maisha ya kibinafsi == Wazazi wa Lark Louise Antony na Joseph Levine wote ni wanafalsafa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Massachusetts Amherst. Lark pia anajulikana kwa uharakati na kazi yake ya utetezi katika haki za wanawake na [[ufeministi]] chanya kijinsia.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2016-02-13|title=Video: Feminist Bachelor Auction Kicks Off Valentine's Weekend: SFist|url=https://sfist.com/2016/02/13/feminist_bachelor_auction_planned_parenthood/|access-date=2021-09-17|website=SFist - San Francisco News, Restaurants, Events, & Sports|language=en|archive-date=2021-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917202526/https://sfist.com/2016/02/13/feminist_bachelor_auction_planned_parenthood/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Feminists to Auction Off Bachelors for Planned Parenthood|url=https://brokeassstuart.com/2016/02/11/feminist-bachelor-auction-benefit-for-planned-parenthood-in-sf-on-valentines-weekend/|access-date=2021-09-17|website=Broke-Ass Stuart's Website|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917202526/https://brokeassstuart.com/2016/02/11/feminist-bachelor-auction-benefit-for-planned-parenthood-in-sf-on-valentines-weekend/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2017, alianza kusafiri kwenda Tijuana kutafsiri na kuwatetea wanaotafuta hifadhi mpakani, na akafanya kazi kulinganisha wanaotafuta hifadhi na wafadhili wa U.S. ili kuwatoa katika kizuizi cha ICE. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Leiber|first=Sarah Jae|title=Rachel Lark Releases 'Coming Soon: The Pandemic Sessions' on May 14|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Rachel-Lark-Releases-Coming-Soon-The-Pandemic-Sessions-on-May-14-20210505|access-date=2021-09-17|website=BroadwayWorld.com|language=en}}</ref> == Diskografia == '''Albamu za studio''' * I Wouldn't Worry EP (2013)<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=I Wouldn't Worry, by Rachel Lark|url=https://rachellark.bandcamp.com/album/i-wouldnt-worry|access-date=2021-09-17|website=Rachel Lark}}</ref> * Lark After Dark LP (2014)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lark After Dark, by Rachel Lark|url=https://rachellark.bandcamp.com/album/lark-after-dark|access-date=2021-09-17|website=Rachel Lark}}</ref> * Hung for the Holidays LP (2014)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hung For The Holidays, by Rachel Lark|url=https://rachellark.bandcamp.com/album/hung-for-the-holidays|access-date=2021-09-17|website=Rachel Lark}}</ref> * Vagenius LP (2015)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Vagenius, by Rachel Lark|url=https://rachellark.bandcamp.com/album/vagenius|access-date=2021-09-17|website=Rachel Lark}}</ref> * They've Done Studies LP (2017)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=They've Done Studies, by Rachel Lark|url=https://rachellark.bandcamp.com/album/theyve-done-studies|access-date=2021-09-17|website=Rachel Lark}}</ref> * Sex & Balances EP (2020)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sex and Balances, by Rachel Lark|url=https://rachellark.bandcamp.com/album/sex-and-balances|access-date=2021-09-17|website=Rachel Lark}}</ref> * Coming Soon EP (2022)<ref>https://rachellark.bandcamp.com/album/coming-soon-a-new-rock-musical</ref> * Live at the Independent LP (2023)<ref>https://rachellark.bandcamp.com/album/live-at-the-independent * ''Live at the Independent</ref> * Warm By The Dumpster Fire LP (2023)<ref>https://rachellark.bandcamp.com/album/warm-by-the-dumpster-fire</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanafeministi]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] ic0ua79q2epl9jb6x12klseyiyozqni 0 205281 1529767 1457058 2026-05-02T12:15:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1529767 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yoshiko Noguchi''' (amezaliwa [[7 Julai]] [[1949]], [[Osaka]]) ni mtafiti maarufu wa hadithi za [[Ndugu Grimm]] nchini [[Japani]]. Yeye ni profesa wa fasihi linganishi ya Kijerumani, masomo ya kitamaduni, fasihi ya watoto, masimulizi ya jadi, na masomo ya kijinsia. Kwa sasa ni profesa katika kitengo cha fasihi ya watoto, shule ya wahitimu ya Barua, [[Chuo Kikuu cha Wanawake cha Baika]], na profesa mstaafu wa [[Chuo Kikuu cha Wanawake cha Mukogawa]]. Jina lake la awali ni Hiiragi (柊木). Noguchi anajulikana kwa mbinu yake ya pekee ya kuchunguza jinsi hadithi za Grimm zilivyopokelewa nchini Japani na Uingereza kupitia mitazamo mbalimbali ya kielimu.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Fabula, Nr.56, 1/2|year=2015|pages=67–78}}</ref> Mnamo [[2019]], alitatua kitendawili cha kihistoria kuhusu mwingiliano wa kitamaduni kati ya Kijerumani na Kijapani kwa kufanikiwa kuwatambua Wajapani watatu waliomtembelea Jacob Grimm mjini [[Berlin]] mwaka [[1862]].<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Jahrbuch der Brüder Grimm-Gesellschaft|publisher=Kassel|year=2019|pages=146–162}}</ref> == Elimu == Noguchi alipata shahada ya kwanza (B.A.) katika fasihi ya Kijerumani mwaka [[1972]] kutoka Kitivo cha Barua, Idara ya Masomo ya Kijerumani, [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kwansei Gakuin]]. Aliendelea na shahada ya uzamili (M.A.) katika fani hiyo hiyo mwaka [[1974]]. Baadaye, kupitia udhamini wa ''Rotary International Foundation'', alisoma [[ethnolojia]] ya Ulaya chini ya Profesa Ingeborg Weber-Kellermann katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Philipps cha Marburg]] nchini [[Ujerumani]]. Mnamo [[1977]], alipata shahada yake ya uzamivu (PhD) katika ethnolojia ya Ulaya. Tasnifu yake ilihusu "Mapokezi ya Hadithi za Grimm nchini Japani". == Kazi == Kuanzia mwaka [[1983]], Noguchi alihudumu kama mhadhiri wa muda wote katika Chuo Kikuu cha Wanawake cha Mukogawa, akawa profesa mshiriki mwaka [[1990]], na profesa kamili mwaka [[1998]]. Alistaafu rasmi mwaka [[2016]], lakini tangu [[2017]] ameendelea kufundisha katika Shule ya Wahitimu ya Barua, Chuo Kikuu cha Wanawake cha Baika.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yoshiko Noguchi - My portal - researchmap|url=https://researchmap.jp/grimm794?lang=en|access-date=2021-07-17|website=researchmap.jp}}</ref> Noguchi ni mwanachama wa mashirika mbalimbali ya kitaaluma, yakiwemo: * Jumuiya ya Kimataifa ya Utafiti wa Masimulizi ya Watu, * Brüder Grimm-Gesellschaft (Jumuiya ya Ndugu Grimm), * Jumuiya ya Fasihi ya Kijerumani ya Japani, * Jumuiya ya Masomo ya Jinsia ya Japani, * Jumuiya ya Fasihi ya Watoto ya Japani, * na Jumuiya ya Masomo ya Folktale ya Japani. Tangu [[2012]], amekuwa mshauri wa kitaaluma (''Wissenschaftlicher Rat'') wa Brüder Grimm-Gesellschaft mjini Kassel. Pia aliwahi kuwa rais wa Japan Society for Gender Studies ([[2017]]–[[2019]]) na Study Circle of Grimm and German Folktales. Mbali na kufundisha, Noguchi aliwahi kuwa jaji wa ''Grants-in-Aid'' za Utafiti wa Kisayansi za [[Japan Society for the Promotion of Science]]. Utafiti wake unahusisha lugha tatu: Kijapani, Kijerumani na Kiingereza. Kazi zake zimeangazia upya hadithi kama ''Cinderella'' na ''Snow White'' kupitia mtazamo wa kijinsia, zikivunja mitazamo ya jadi na kutoa tafsiri mpya za kihistoria na kijamii. Aidha, amelinganisha taswira za wachawi katika hadithi za Grimm na kesi halisi za uchawi zilizotokea Ulaya. == Vitabu == === Mwandiko binafsi === * ''Metaphors in Grimm's Fairy Tales'', Keiso-shobo, 2016. * ''Let's Enjoy Academic Theses'', Mukogawa-Woman-Uni, 2012. * ''Grimms' Fairy Tales and Witches: Historical Aspects of Witch-Hunting and Gender'', Keiso-shobo, 2002. * ''Grimms' Fairy Tales: Their Dreams and Realities'', Keiso-shobo, 1994. === Mkusanyiko na makala === * ''Jahrbuch der Brüder Grimm-Gesellschaft'', 2009–2020, XIX–XX, Kassel, 2019. * ''Grimm's Fairy Tales as Cultural Phenomena'', Bensei-shuppan, 2017. * ''A Door to the World of the Brothers Grimm'', Bensei-shuppan, 2015. * "Images of Father and Mother in 'the German Legends' of the Brothers Grimm," katika ''Japan Society of Gender Studies'' (17), Agosti 2014, uk. 13–24. * ''Grimms and Folklore: A Horizon from Ost- and Westfolktales' Research'', Aso-shuppan, 2013. * ''Let's Study German with Witches'', Sanshu-sha, 2008. * ''The Comprehensive List of Children Literature Translated into Japanese'', Nada Shuppan Center/Daikuh-sha, 2005. * ''Handbook of World Fairy Tales'', Sanseido, 2004. * ''Daß gepflegt werde der feste Buchstab'', Trier (WVT), 2001. * ''History Records of German Women'', Sanshu-sha, 2001. * ''Bibliography of Japanese Translations of Grimm's Fairy Tales'', Nada Shuppan Center, 2001. * ''Lexicon of Children's Literature in Japan'', Juzuu la 2, Dai-nippon-tosho, 1993. * ''Lexicon of World History'', Juzuu la 6, Kyoiku Shuppan Center, 1985. * ''Europäische Ethnologie in der beruflichen Praxis'' (European Ethnology in Professional Practice), Bonn (Habelt), 1983. * ''Brüder Grimm Gedenken'' (Brothers Grimm Commemoration), Juzuu la 3, Marburg/L (Elwert), 1981. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1949]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Japani]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] 8282vuj50qryxgqvfy7qlydrql44i9x 0 205392 1530185 1410945 2026-05-02T19:08:43Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530185 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Émilie Cariou''' ({{IPA|fr|emili kaʁju}} ; alizaliwa 14 Oktoba 1971) ni mwanasiasa wa Ufaransa ambaye aliwahi kuwa mjumbe wa Bunge la Kitaifa la Ufaransa kwa eneo bunge la 2 la Meuse kutoka 2017 hadi 2022 . <ref name="ElecResult">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/legislatives-2017/055/05502.html|title=Elections législatives 2017|accessdate=19 June 2017|work=Ministry of the Interior|language=French}}</ref> Alichaguliwa kuwa mwanachama wa La République En Marche! , lakini alihama chama mnamo Mei 2020, alikuwa mmoja wa wanachama 17 wa awali ambao waliunda kikundi cha muda mfupi cha Ecology Democracy Solidarity. Baadaye mnamo 2020, alijiunga na baadhi ya wabunge hawa katika kuanzisha The New Democrats . <ref name="Paillou">{{Rejea tovuti|first=Sarah|author=Paillou|title=INFO JDD. "#NousDemain" : le nouveau parti des ex-macronistes, emmenés par Aurélien Taché|url=https://www.lejdd.fr/Politique/info-jdd-nous-demain-le-nouveau-parti-des-ex-macronistes-emmenes-par-aurelien-tache-3977717|date=27 June 2020|work={{ill|Le Journal du dimanche|fr}}|accessdate=15 April 2021|language=fr}}</ref> == Kazi ya Awali == Cariou alitumia sehemu kubwa ya kazi yake katika Wizara ya Uchumi na Fedha, inayojulikana kama Bercy. Huko Bercy, alishiriki katika shughuli za ukaguzi wa kodi za makampuni makubwa ya viwanda na benki za Ufaransa, akiwa katika Idara ya Kitaifa na Kimataifa ya Ukaguzi (DVNI), kabla ya kujiunga na Idara ya Sheria ya Ushuru. Mwaka wa 2011, Cariou alijiunga na kampeni ya Arnaud Montebourg kwa ajili ya uchaguzi wa mwanzo wa Chama cha Kisoshalisti (primaries) kabla ya uchaguzi wa rais wa mwaka 2012, akimshauri kuhusu sera za ushuru. Baada ya uchaguzi wa 2012, Cariou alijiunga na baraza la mawaziri la Fleur Pellerin, ambaye wakati huo alikuwa Waziri Msaidizi anayeshughulikia Biashara Ndogo na Za Kati, Ubunifu, na Uchumi wa Kidijitali katika serikali ya Waziri Mkuu Manuel Valls. Katika nafasi hiyo, alimshauri waziri huyo kuhusu ushuru wa makampuni makubwa ya teknolojia (Big Tech). Muda mfupi baadaye, Cariou alimfuata Fleur Pellerin hadi Wizara ya Utamaduni na Mawasiliano, ambako alikuwa mwenye dhamana ya masuala ya hakimiliki ndani ya Umoja wa Ulaya. Aliendelea kushika nafasi hiyo hata wakati Audrey Azoulay alipoteuliwa kuwa Waziri, akiwa na majukumu yaliyopanuliwa kuhusu ushirikiano wa kimataifa wa Ufaransa. Mnamo Mei 2014, Cariou aliteuliwa kuwa msaidizi wa mkurugenzi anayeshughulikia bajeti na ufadhili katika Kituo cha Kitaifa cha Sinema na Picha Mjongeo (CNC). ==Kazi za Kisiasa== Bungeni, Cariou alihudumu kama mjumbe wa Kamati ya Fedha.<ref>[http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/deputes/fiche/OMC_PA720298 Émilie Cariou] [[Bunge la Kitaifa (Ufaransa)|Bunge la Kitaifa la Ufaransa]].</ref> Mwaka wa 2019, alimfuata [[Bénédicte Peyrol]] na kuchukua nafasi yake kama mratibu wa kikundi chake cha bunge katika kamati hiyo.<ref>Guillaume Guichard (7 Oktoba 2019), [https://www.lefigaro.fr/conjoncture/emilie-cariou-une-fiscaliste-pointue-pour-cornaquer-la-majorite-20191007 Émilie Cariou, mtaalamu wa ushuru kwa uongozi wa wengi] ''[[Le Figaro]]''.</ref> Mbali na majukumu yake katika kamati, alikuwa pia mjumbe wa [[Ofisi ya Bunge ya Tathmini ya Chaguzi za Kisayansi na Kiteknolojia]] (OPECST).<ref>[http://www.senat.fr/opecst/composition.html Ofisi ya Bunge ya Tathmini ya Chaguzi za Kisayansi na Kiteknolojia (OPECST)] [[Seneti ya Ufaransa]].</ref> Mwaka wa 2018, Cariou alihudumu kama mtaarifu wa bunge kuhusu mageuzi ya taratibu za kufungua mashtaka dhidi ya [[uhalifu wa ushuru|makosa ya ushuru]].<ref>Lilian Alemagna (28 Machi 2018), [https://www.liberation.fr/france/2018/03/28/fraude-fiscale-un-vrai-manque-de-comprehension-entre-bercy-et-la-justice_1639514 Uhalifu wa ushuru: «Kukosekana kwa uelewano kati ya Bercy na mfumo wa haki»] ''[[Libération]]''.</ref> Mnamo Julai 2019, Cariou alitangaza uanachama wake kwa ajili ya kumfuata [[Carole Bureau-Bonnard]] kama makamu wa rais wa Bunge la Kitaifa;<ref>Clément Pétreault (12 Julai 2019), [https://www.lepoint.fr/politique/l-assemblee-nationale-et-le-bal-des-ambitieux-12-07-2019-2324205_20.php Bunge la Kitaifa na dansi la watu wenye matarajio makubwa] ''[[Le Point]]''.</ref> katika kura ya ndani, alishindwa na [[Laëtitia Saint-Paul]].<ref>Laure Equy (24 Julai 2019), [https://www.liberation.fr/france/2019/07/24/elections-lrem-a-l-assemblee-la-super-prime-au-sortant_1741825 Uchaguzi wa LREM Bungeni: faida kubwa kwa mwenye kushika nafasi] ''[[Libération]]''.</ref> Mnamo Mei 2020, Cariou alijiunga na wabunge saba waliotoka kwenye kikundi cha LREM na kujiunga na kikundi kipya cha [[Ekolojia Demokrasia Umoja|Ekolojia, Demokrasia, Umoja]] (EDS), hivyo kumfanya rais kupoteza wingi kamili na kuongeza shinikizo kwa sera za kisoshalisti.<ref>{{cite news|first=Victor|last=Mallet|date=19 Mei 2020|url=https://www.ft.com/content/14ed55d8-950a-4069-940b-b1231b49f2c6|title=Chama cha Emmanuel Macron kinapoteza wingi bungeni|work=Financial Times}}.</ref> Kufikia Juni, yeye na wabunge wengine watano walitangaza kuanzishwa kwa #Nous Demain, harakati ya kisiasa ya "kibinadamu, ekolojia na ufeministi".<ref>[https://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/le-depute-aurelien-tache-et-d-autres-ex-marcheurs-creent-leur-mouvement-politique-20200628 Mbunge Aurélien Taché na wengine walioacha LREM wanaunda harakati yao ya kisiasa] ''[[Le Figaro]]'', 28 Juni 2020.</ref> Baadaye mwaka huohuo, alijiunga na baadhi ya wabunge hao katika kuanzisha ''The New Democrats''.<ref name="Paillou" /> ==Maoni ya Kisiasa== Mwishoni mwa 2017, Cariou alikuwa miongoni mwa wale waliopigania, kwa kuzingatia kufutwa kwa [[ushuru wa mali]] (ISF), kuongezeka kwa ushuru wa "ishara za mali za nje" (meli, vitu vya thamani, magari ya michezo).<ref>Manon Rescan na Audrey Tonnelier (23 Mei 2018), [https://www.lemonde.fr/la-republique-en-marche/article/2018/05/23/emilie-cariou-fiscaliste-de-gauche-de-la-majorite-lrm_5303271_5126036.html Jamhuri inayosonga mbele: Emilie Cariou, mtaalamu wa ushuru wa kushoto wa wingi wa LRM] ''[[Le Monde]]''.</ref> Mnamo Julai 2019, Cariou alipiga kura kwa kupendelea kuidhinishwa kwa Ufaransa kwa [[Mkataba wa Kiuchumi na Biashara]] (CETA) wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na [[Kanada]].<ref>Maxime Vaudano (24 Julai 2019), [https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2019/07/24/ceta-qui-a-vote-quoi-parmi-les-deputes_5493039_4355770.html CETA: nani alipiga kura gani kati ya wabunge] ''[[Le Monde]]''.</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1971]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] 17fa7jvek2hwaklkfmlgekk968tx69l 0 205431 1530055 1411576 2026-05-02T18:48:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1530055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = Zeinabou Mindaoudou Souley (sq cropped).jpg | caption = Souley in 2019 | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1964}} | birth_place = | known_for = Nuclear non-proliferation oversight | education = [[University of Setif 1|University of Setif]]<br>[[Limoges University]]<br>[[Sorbonne Paris North University|University of Paris13]] | employer = [[Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization]] | occupation = | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | relatives = | signature = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Zeinabou Mindaoudou Souley''' (alizaliwa 1964) ni [[Fizikia|mwanafizikia]] wa [[Niger]]. Yeye huongoza shirika linalokusanya data muhimu ili kuthibitisha kama kumefanywa majaribio ya mlipuko wa nyuklia kama sehemu ya uangalizi wa kuzuia kuenea kwa nyuklia kwa Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization huko Vienna. ==Maisha== Souley alipata shahada yake ya kwanza katika Chuo Kikuu cha Setif nchini Algeria. Alisoma kwa shahada ya uzamili katika mawasiliano ya optiki na microwave katika Chuo Kikuu cha Limoges na alipata udaktari wake wa fizikia ya kutumika kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Paris13.<ref name=mission>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Zeinabou Mindaoudou Souley, Kituo cha Data cha Kimataifa |url=https://www.ctbto.org/our-mission/the-organization/the-provisional-technical-secretariat/cv-zeinabou-mindaoudou |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=Comprehensive Nuclear-Test Ban Treaty Organization}}</ref> Mwaka wa 2011, alianza miongo miwili ya kufundisha katika Chuo Kikuu cha Abdou Moumouni huko Niamey. Mwaka wa 2014, akawa mwenyekiti wa Mamlaka ya Juu ya Nishati ya Atomia ya Niger. Shirika lake lilifanya kazi vituo vilivyogundua majaribio ya mlipuko wa nyuklia nchini Niger.<ref name=mission/> Niger iliunda mamlaka yake ya udhibiti wa nyuklia na kupitisha sheria kamili ya nyuklia.<ref name=iaeareport/> Mwaka wa 2018, alihusika katika hafla za Wanawake na Sayansi nchini Niger ambapo tuzo zilitolewa. Waliohudhuria ni mke wa kwanza Hadjia Aïssata Issoufou Mahamadou, Kadi Alzouma na Djamila Ferdjani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=Desemba 2018 |title=Siku ya Wanawake na Sayansi |url=https://www.afriscitech.com/fr/education/semaine-africaine-des-sciences/niger/558-journee-femmes-et-sciences |access-date=Aprili 13, 2024 |website=AfriSciTech |archive-date=2023-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207223549/https://www.afriscitech.com/fr/education/semaine-africaine-des-sciences/niger/558-journee-femmes-et-sciences |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mwaka wa 2018, ilitambulika kuwa Niger ilikuwa katika hatua za mwanzo za kuanza mpango wa nishati ya nyuklia, lakini kwa mwaliko wa serikali, Shirika la Kimataifa la Nishati ya Atomia lilitoa ripoti ikitathmini maendeleo ya Niger dhidi ya masuala 19 kwa Waziri wa Nishati [[Amina Moumouni]]. Souley alikuwepo kama Mwenyekiti wa Mamlaka ya Juu ya Nishati ya Atomia ya Niger.<ref name=iaeareport>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2018-07-17 |title=IAEA Inatoa Ripoti juu ya Maendeleo ya Miundombinu ya Nishati ya Nyuklia kwa Niger |url=https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/iaea-delivers-report-on-nuclear-power-infrastructure-development-to-niger |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=www.iaea.org |language=en}}</ref> Aliondoka Mamlaka ya Juu ya Nishati ya Atomia ya Niger mwaka wa 2021 na mnamo Machi 2021 akawa Mkurugenzi wa Kituo cha Data cha Kimataifa katika Shirika la Mkataba wa Kukataza Majaribio ya Nyuklia huko Vienna.<ref name="mission" /> Mwaka wa 2022, alitembelea mashirika ya wataalam wa Amerika. Alikwenda Germantown huko Maryland kuona kampuni inayotoa mtandao wa data kabla ya kutembelea kampuni huko Chantilly, Virginia ambayo inaendesha vituo kumi na moja vya ufuatiliaji vinavyotumia vichunguzi kadhaa vya nyongeza ikiwa ni pamoja na seismic na kugundua radionuclides.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Mkurugenzi wa Data wa Tume ya Maandalizi ya Shirika la Mkataba wa Kukataza Majaribio ya Nyuklia hukutana na wataalam wa Marekani |url=https://www.energy.gov/nnsa/articles/data-chief-preparatory-commission-comprehensive-nuclear-test-ban-treaty-organization |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasayansi}} {{BD|1964|}} [[Jamii:Wanafizikia wa Niger]] g5cazzz93ppwhyerkutrsqtn3d9n1ux 0 205486 1529791 1457056 2026-05-02T12:19:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529791 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yousra''' (/ˈjɔːsrə/ YAWS-rə; Kiarabu: يسرا, IPA: [ˈjosɾɑ]; alizaliwa Sivin Nesim, matamshi ya [[Kimisri]]: [siˈveːn neˈsiːm]) ni [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Misri]]. Anachukuliwa kama ikoni ya kifahari Mashariki ya Kati na sauti yenye ushawishi mkubwa katika eneo hilo.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lahazat-harega.com/yousra.html| title= The proper way of writing Yousra in English}}</ref> Yousra amecheza kama mhusika mkuu katika zaidi ya filamu 80, mfululizo wa tamthilia 20 na maonyesho 3 ya jukwaani. Alionekana kwa mara ya kwanza katika filamu ya [[1980]] iitwayo ''Athkiya' Laken Aghbiya'' (Wajanja lakini Wajinga). Baada ya hapo aliigiza wahusika mbalimbali – mkali, mtulivu, mnyenyekevu au mjanja. Yousra alishiriki katika vichekesho, drama na filamu za burudani. Miongoni mwa kazi za mapema ni ''Kasr Fi El Hawaa'' (Jumba Angani) ya Abdel Halim Nasr mwaka 1980, ''Fatah Tabhath Ann Alhob'' (Msichana Anayetafuta Upendo) ya Nader Galal mwaka 1977, ''Alf Bossa Wa Bossa'' (Mabusu Elfu na Moja) ya Mohamed Abdel Aziz mwaka 1977, na ''Ebtessama Waheda Takfi'' (Tabasamu Moja Linatosha) ya Mohamed Bassiyouni mwaka [[1978]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://elcinema.com/en/person/1045552/ |title=Yousra |website=elcinema.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125210404/http://www.enigma-mag.com/interview_archives/?p=229|url=http://www.enigma-mag.com/interview_archives/?p=229|date=January 2003|work=Enigma Magazine|author=Laila Marei|archive-date=January 25, 2014|title=Yousra}}</ref> Baadaye aliigiza filamu kadhaa zilizofanikiwa pamoja na Adel Emam, ikiwemo ''Shabab Yarkoss Fawk Alnar'' (Vijana Wanaocheza Moto) ya Yehiya Al Alamy mwaka [[1978]], ''Al Ensan Yaeesh Mara Waheda'' (Mtu Anaishi Mara Moja Tu) ya Simone Saleh mwaka [[1981]], ''Ala Bab Al Wazeer'' (Kwenye Lango la Waziri) ya Mohamed Abdel Aziz mwaka [[1982]], ''Al Avocato'' (Mwanasheria) ya Raafat Al Mihi mwaka [[1984]], na ''Al Ins Wa Algen'' ya Mohamed Radi mwaka [[1985]]. Ushirikiano wa Yousra na Adel Emam ulizaa filamu zilizojulikana kwa vichekesho na ujumbe wa kijamii. Walicheza tena pamoja katika ''Al Mansi'' (Aliyesahaulika), ''Al Irhab Wal Kabab'' (Ugaidi na Kababu), na ''Toyour Al Zalam'' (Ndege wa Giza), ambako vichekesho vilitumika kuwasilisha masuala ya kisiasa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/yousra-positivity-opens-doors-1.699274|title=Yousra: Positivity opens doors|website=gulfnews.com|date=21 October 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2006/film/markets-festivals/the-yacoubian-building-1200518544/|title=The Yacoubian Building|website=Variety|date=February 12, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.albawaba.com/slideshow/yousra-saba-mubarak-ooze-classic-glamour-harpers-bazaar-arabia-photo-session-1305990|title=Yousra & Saba Mubarak Ooze Classic Glamour for Harper's Bazaar Arabia Photo Session|access-date=September 18, 2019}}</ref> == Taaluma == Moja ya hatua muhimu katika kazi ya Yousra ilikuwa kushirikiana na mwongozaji maarufu wa Kimisri Youssef Chahine. Aliigiza katika filamu zake kama ''Hadduta Masreya'' (Hadithi ya Kimisri) mwaka [[1982]], ''Iskanderiya Kaman we Kaman'' (Alexandria Tena na Tena) mwaka [[1990]], na ''Al Mohager'' (Mhamiaji) mwaka [[1994]]. Yousra alieleza kuvutiwa kwake na Chahine akisema: "Youssef Chahine aliniacha na alama kubwa binafsi na kitaaluma. Yeye ni shule kwa yeyote anayefanya kazi naye."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film/streaming-first-release-of-yousra-and-asser-yassin-s-new-film-saheb-al-maqam-is-historic-moment-for-arab-cinema-1.1056737 |title=Streaming-first release of Yousra and Asser Yassin's new film 'Saheb Al Maqam' is 'historic moment' for Arab cinema |website=The National News |date=July 30, 2020}}</ref> Yousra pia amecheza tamthilia kadhaa za televisheni zilizopata umaarufu wakati wa Ramadhani, ikiwemo ''Ahlam Adiya'' (Ndoto za Kawaida) mwaka [[2005]], ambapo aliigiza kama mwanamke mjanja na mtapeli. Gazeti la Al-Ahram toleo la Kiingereza liliita hilo "mabadiliko makubwa kutoka kwenye taswira ya kawaida ya nyota huyo katika mfululizo wa Ramadhani, ambao mara nyingi umekuwa ukihusiana na mapenzi na unyenyekevu."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/egypt/.premium-for-almost-50-years-egyptian-star-yousra-keeps-reinventing-herself-1.8661991 |title=For Almost 50 Years, Egyptian Star Yousra Keeps Reinventing Herself |website=Haaretz |date=10 March 2020 }}</ref> Mwaka [[2006]], alicheza katika ''The Yacoubian Building'', filamu iliyotokana na riwaya maarufu na iliyojulikana kuwa na bajeti kubwa zaidi katika historia ya sinema ya Kimisri wakati huo. Katika filamu hiyo, akihusisha mhusika wa mburudishaji kwenye mgahawa, Yousra aliimba ''La Vie en rose'' na kulingana na Variety, "aliweza kwa urahisi kuamsha hisia za kumbukumbu za zamani." Mbali na uigizaji, Yousra alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza ya muziki mwaka [[2002]]. Alishiriki kwenye wimbo maarufu wa Abu ''3 Daqat'' mwaka 2017. Mwaka [[2018]], aliigiza katika ''Ladayna Akwalon Okhra'' (Tuna Maoni Mengine). Mwaka [[2019]], Yousra na Saba Mubarak walishiriki katika picha za jarida la Harper's Bazaar Arabia wakiwa wamevaa mavazi ya kifahari ya jioni. Mwaka [[2020]], aliigiza katika ''Saheb Al Maqam'', filamu yake ya kwanza baada ya takriban miaka minane. == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]] [[Jamii:waigizaji filamu wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] 6g8emo8a4uf4vm2wya9xwy06u8d9353 0 205551 1530087 1455970 2026-05-02T18:53:01Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 24 template(s) replaced. 1530087 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Zing Tsjeng EIBF 2025 02.jpg|thumb|Tsjeng katika Tamasha la Kimataifa la Vitabu la [[2025]] la [[Edinburgh]]]] '''Zing Tsjeng''' (alizaliwa [[25 Septemba]] [[1988]]) ni [[mwandishi]] wa habari kutoka [[Singapore]], mwandishi wa vitabu vya uhalisia, na mtangazaji wa podikasti anayeishi [[London]]. Hapo awali alikuwa mhariri mkuu wa Vice UK na Vice.com.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Tobitt |first=Charlotte |date=2023-01-17 |title=New Vice editor Zing Tsjeng on reaching Gen Z and weathering downturn |url=https://pressgazette.co.uk/publishers/digital-journalism/vice-editor-zing-tsjeng/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |work=[[Press Gazette]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Alianzisha Broadly kwa mtandao huo mnamo 2014.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|url=https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-masterclasses/2019/nov/21/the-new-rules-of-womens-media-an-evening-class-with-vice-uks-executive-editor-zing-tsjeng-journalism-media-course|title=The new rules of writing for women: An evening class with VICE UK's executive editor|journal=The Guardian|date=21 March 2019|accessdate=11 October 2021}}</ref> Tsjeng alichapisha mfululizo wake wa vitabu vinne, ''"Forgotten Women"'' (Wanawake Waliopotea), akielezea wanawake wa kihistoria waliopuuzwa katika nyanja mbalimbali, mnamo [[2018]] chini ya Octopus Publishing.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/7x7y5g/zing-tseng-is-telling-us-about-the-women-that-history-forgot|title=zing tsjeng is telling us about the women that history forgot|journal=I-D|first=Georgie|last=Wright|date=9 March 2018|accessdate=11 October 2021|archive-date=2021-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019041727/https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/7x7y5g/zing-tseng-is-telling-us-about-the-women-that-history-forgot|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://yourdaye.com/vitals/cultural-musings/in-conversation-with-zing-tsjeng|title=In Conversation With... Zing Tsjeng|website=Daye|first=Sonder|last=Tell|date=23 October 2019|accessdate=11 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida|url=https://www.foldmagazine.com/zing-tsjengs-forgotten-women|title=Zing Tsjeng's Forgotten Women|journal=Fold Magazine|accessdate=11 October 2021|archive-date=11 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011090009/https://www.foldmagazine.com/zing-tsjengs-forgotten-women|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mbali na Vice, Tsjeng amechangia katika machapisho kama vile ''British Vogue'', ''The Guardian'', ''Dazed'', ''Refinery29'', AnOther, ''Harper's Bazaar UK'', na ''Time Out London''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://muckrack.com/zing-tsjeng/articles|title=Articles by Zing Tsjeng|website=Muckrack|accessdate=11 October 2021}}</ref> Yeye ni mwanzilishi wa kampeni ya kupinga unyanyasaji ya ''"Unfollow Me"'' (Usinifuate).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://pampamlondon.com/blogs/news/feature-in-conversation-with-editor-and-author-zing-tsjeng|title=feature: In conversation with editor and author, Zing Tsjeng|website=Pam Pam|date=20 March 2019|accessdate=11 October 2021}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Tsjeng alizaliwa nchini Singapore. Alihamia London akiwa na umri wa miaka 16.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|url=https://www.whowhatwear.com/zing-tsjeng-style/slide2|title=I Moved to London Over a Decade Ago—This Is How It Changed My Style|journal=Who What Wear|first=Zing|last=Tsjeng|date=28 February 2021|accessdate=11 October 2021}}</ref> Awali alijiunga na Chuo cha Wanawake cha Cheltenham Ladies', baadaye alihitimu na Shahada ya Sanaa katika Sayansi za Kijamii na Kisiasa kutoka Chuo cha Emmanuel, Cambridge mnamo 2010. Alipata shauku ya uandishi wa habari kupitia gazeti la wanafunzi la Cambridge na akafanya mafunzo ya vitendo katika The Guardian na Diva, baadaye akawa mhariri katika gazeti hilo la mwisho. Aliendelea kuhitimu na Shahada ya Uzamili katika Uandishi wa Habari wa Magazeti kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha City, [[London]] mwaka [[2012]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.aceandtate.com/us/journal/portraits/zing-tsjeng-journalist|title=Zing Tsjeng: Journalist, author and role model|website=Ace & Tate|first=Isabel|last=van Zeller|date=21 November 2019|accessdate=11 October 2021|archive-date=11 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011085957/https://www.aceandtate.com/us/journal/portraits/zing-tsjeng-journalist|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.readinginheels.com/meet-zing-tsjeng|title=Meet Zing Tsjeng|website=Reading in Heels|date=26 January 2019|accessdate=11 October 2021}}</ref> == Utangazaji == '''Kazi za Uwasilishaji''' * Empires of Dirt video series for VICE World News<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Empires of Dirt |url=https://www.vice.com/en/topic/empires-of-dirt |access-date=1 November 2022 |website=www.vice.com |date=4 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> * My First Time sex and dating podcast for VICE<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Orgies, Fetishes, and Porn: 9 of the Best First-Time Sex Stories |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/vba8g4/my-first-time-sex-podcast-best-of |access-date=1 November 2022 |website=www.vice.com |date=26 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref> * United Zingdom for BBC Sounds<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=BBC Sounds - United Zingdom - Downloads |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0863v08/episodes/downloads |access-date=1 November 2022 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Obsessed with Killing Eve for BBC Sounds and BBC Three<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=BBC Sounds - Obsessed With..., Killing Eve |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p07bwr1g |access-date=1 November 2022 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Obsessed with… Killing Eve |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episodes/m0015910/obsessed-with-killing-eve |language=en-GB |access-date=1 November 2022}}</ref> * Good Bad Billionaire for BBC Sounds<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=BBC Sounds - Good Bad Billionaire|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/brand/p0g7xj36}}</ref> == Maisha Binafsi == Tsjeng ana sifa ya kuomba uraia wa [[Uingereza]]. Singapore, nchi yake ya kuzaliwa, kwa sasa hairuhusu au kutambua uraia pacha, mada ambayo Tsjeng anaizungumzia katika podikasti yake ya ''BBC Sounds "United Zingdom"''.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Shadijanova |first=Diyora |date=19 March 2020 |title=United Zingdom is the podcast that asks if British identity is worth severing ties with your home country |url=https://gal-dem.com/united-zingdom-is-the-podcast-that-asks-if-british-identity-is-worth-severing-ties-with-your-home-country/ |journal=Gal-dem |accessdate=11 October 2021 |archive-date=2024-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522061100/https://gal-dem.com/united-zingdom-is-the-podcast-that-asks-if-british-identity-is-worth-severing-ties-with-your-home-country/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Tsjeng |first=Zing |date=27 May 2020 |title=United Zingdom: the podcast deciphering what it means to be British |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/united-zingdom-zing-tsjeng-podcast-a4452296.html |journal=Evening Standard |accessdate=11 October 2021}}</ref> Yeye ni mwenye mwelekeo wa jinsia mbili,<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p086z1qf United Zingdom episode 3] playback 15:09 “So, I'm a bisexual”</ref> na alikuwa ameolewa na mpenzi wake wa muda mrefu Daniel Johnson kwa zaidi ya miaka 10. Mnamo [[2024]], walitengana. Tsjeng ni mmiliki mwenza, na mume wake, wa mbwa anayeitwa Judy, mchanganyiko wa kokoni spaniel, ambaye alionekana kwenye jalada la jarida la Time Out London pamoja na nyota wa UK Drag Race Bimini Bom-Boulash mnamo [[2021]].<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |url=https://www.audible.com/ |title=Audible.com {{!}} Try Audible Free Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Leaver |first=Kate |date=26 October 2021 |title=What I found out interviewing celebrities about their dogs |url=https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/life-and-relationships/what-i-learned-making-a-podcast-about-famous-people-s-dogs-20211026-p5935w.html |access-date=1 November 2022 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> Mnamo [[Machi]] [[2023]], Tsjeng alionekana kama mmoja wa wageni kwenye kipindi cha BBC Question Time na mnamo [[Juni]] na [[Novemba]] mwaka huo huo, alionekana kwenye kipindi cha ''Have I Got News For You''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=BBC Question Time |url=https://twitter.com/bbcquestiontime/status/1638638472218177536?s=20 |access-date=24 March 2023 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://ca.news.yahoo.com/got-jokes-recording-friday-johnson-203455703.html| title=Have I Got News For You jokes about recording on Friday after Johnson quits| date=9 June 2023| first=Mike| last=Bedigan| archive-date=12 June 2023| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612125459/https://ca.news.yahoo.com/got-jokes-recording-friday-johnson-203455703.html| access-date=12 June 2023}}</ref> == Tuzo na Utambuzi == * Named one of London's most influential people in the Evening Standard Progress List 1000<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Curtis Brown |url=https://curtisbrown.co.uk/client/zing-tsjeng |access-date=5 November 2022 |website=curtisbrown.co.uk}}</ref> * An LGBTQ trailblazer in Attitude magazine's Attitude 101 list<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Curtis Brown |url=https://curtisbrown.co.uk/client/zing-tsjeng |access-date=5 November 2022 |website=curtisbrown.co.uk}}</ref> * Highly commended in the British Journalism Awards 2020 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=RSVP to Big Ideas: Zing Tsjeng, Editor-in-Chief of Vice UK, organised by Whitechapel Gallery. |url=https://the-dots.com/events/big-ideas-zing-tsjeng-editor-in-chief-of-vice-uk-9672 |access-date=5 November 2022 |website=The Dots |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105173201/https://the-dots.com/events/big-ideas-zing-tsjeng-editor-in-chief-of-vice-uk-9672 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bibliografia == '''Wanawake Waliosahaulika (Forgotten Women) (2018)''' * Wanawake Waliosahaulika: Wanasayansi (Forgotten Women: The Scientists) * Wanawake Waliosahaulika: Viongozi (Forgotten Women: The Leaders) * Wanawake Waliosahaulika: Waandishi (Forgotten Women: The Writers) '''Insha''' * Ndani ya Bustani: Insha Kuhusu Asili na Ukuzaji (In the Garden: Essays on Nature and Growing) (2021)<ref>{{Rejea jarida |date=23 March 2021 |title=Read an Essay on Nature and Growing by Zing Tsjeng |url=https://www.anothermag.com/design-living/13196/read-an-essay-on-nature-and-growing-by-zing-tsjeng-in-the-garden-book |journal=AnOther |accessdate=11 October 2021}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1988]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Singapuri]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Singapuri]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] jlrpsit1pa9m9rx4oa7ze9kjvn3bdk8 0 205581 1529751 1457061 2026-05-02T12:13:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 8 template(s) replaced. 1529751 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yosano Shō''' (jina la kuzaliwa '''Hō Shō''', [[7 Desemba]] [[1878]] – [[29 Mei]] [[1942]]), anayejulikana zaidi kwa jina lake la [[kalamu]] '''Yosano Akiko''', alikuwa [[mwandishi]], [[mshairi]], feministi, mpiganiaji wa amani na mwanamageuzi wa kijamii kutoka [[Japani]]. Aliishi mwishoni mwa enzi ya [[Meiji]], pamoja na enzi za [[Taishō]] na mapema katika enzi ya Shōwa.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Embracing the Firebird: Yosano Akiko and the Birth of the Female Voice in Modern Japanese Poetry|url=https://archive.org/details/embracingfirebir0000beic|url-access=registration|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|date=2002-01-01|isbn=9780824823474|language=en|first=Janine|last=Beichman}}</ref> Yosano anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa washairi wa kike mashuhuri zaidi wa Japani ya kisasa, ambaye kazi zake mara nyingi zilivutia mijadala na mabishano makubwa.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=River of Stars: Selected Poems of Yosano Akiko|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQeHAgAAQBAJ|publisher=Shambhala Publications|date=2014-01-07|isbn=9780834829336|language=en|first=Yosano|last=Akiko}}</ref> == Maisha ya mapema == Yosano alizaliwa kama '''Hō Shō'''<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last=Henshall |first=Kenneth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmYYAgAAQBAJ |title=Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945 |date=2013-11-07 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810878723 |page=481 |language=en}}</ref> katika familia ya wafanyabiashara wenye mafanikio mjini Sakai, karibu na [[Osaka]]. Tangu akiwa na miaka 11, alihusika moja kwa moja katika biashara ya familia yao iliyotengeneza na kuuza ''yōkan'', aina ya keki tamu ya Kijapani. Alipokuwa mtoto, alionesha mapenzi makubwa kwa fasihi na alijifunza kwa kujisomea vitabu vingi kutoka maktaba ya baba yake. Wakati akiwa shule ya upili, alianza kusoma jarida la ushairi ''Myōjō'' ("Nyota Angavu"), na hatimaye akawa mchangiaji mashuhuri wa jarida hilo. Mhariri wa ''Myōjō'', Tekkan Yosano, ambaye baadaye alimwoa, ndiye aliyemtambulisha kwa ushairi wa [[tanka]] kupitia mihadhara na warsha zake huko Osaka na Sakai.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Encyclopedia of World Poetry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZxbAgAAQBAJ|publisher=Infobase Learning|date=2015-04-22|isbn=9781438140728|language=en|first=R. Victoria|last=Arana}}</ref> Katika ujana wake, Yosano alilelewa katika mazingira yenye vizuizi vikubwa kijamii: hakuruhusiwa kutoka peke yake wala kuhusiana na jinsia tofauti, hali iliyomfanya ahisi maisha yake ya awali yalikuwa ya giza na yasiyo na haki. Baadaye aliandika kuwa: *"Nilitambua kwa mara ya kwanza jinsi utoto wangu ulivyokuwa wa dhuluma, wenye giza na uliokosa uhuru."*<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Larson |first=Phyllis Hyland |date=1991 |title=Yosano Akiko and the Re-Creation of the Female Self: An Autogynography |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/488908 |journal=The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=11–26 |doi=10.2307/488908 |jstor=488908}}</ref> Tekkan Yosano, ambaye awali alikuwa ameoa, aliachana na mkewe ili kuishi na Akiko mwaka mmoja baada ya kukutana naye. Wawili hao walianza maisha mapya pamoja mjini Tokyo, na walifunga ndoa mwaka [[1901]], wakati Akiko akiwa na umri wa miaka 23. Walijaliwa watoto 13, ambapo 11 waliishi hadi utu uzima. Hata hivyo, Tekkan aliendelea na mahusiano nje ya ndoa, hata na mke wake wa zamani.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |date=2008-05-01 |title=The Facts on File Companion to World Poetry: 1900 to the Present}}</ref> == ''Midaregami'' == Mnamo [[1901]], Yosano alichapisha diwani yake ya kwanza ya mashairi ya [[tanka]] iliyoitwa ''Midaregami'' ("Nywele Zilizochanganyika"), yenye mashairi takribani 400. Kazi hii ilileta mshtuko mkubwa katika ulimwengu wa fasihi ya Japani kwa ujasiri wake na kwa kwenda kinyume na mitazamo ya kijamii ya wakati huo.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Tangled Hair: Selected Tanka from Midaregami|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=apk2ddCly1kC|publisher=Cheng & Tsui|date=2002-01-01|isbn=9780887273735|language=en|first=Akiko|last=Yosano}}</ref> == Maisha ya mshairi == Katika maisha yake ya uandishi, Yosano alitoa zaidi ya makusanyo 20 ya mashairi ya ''tanka'', ikiwa ni pamoja na ''Koigoromo'' ("Vazi la Upendo") na ''Maihime'' ("Mchezaji wa Ngoma"). Ingawa Tekkan pia alikuwa mshairi, kazi za Akiko ndizo zilizopata umaarufu mkubwa. Yosano alikuwa mwandishi mwenye tija isiyo ya kawaida: aliweza kuandika zaidi ya mashairi 50 katika kikao kimoja. Kwa jumla, anakadiriwa kuandika kati ya mashairi 20,000 hadi 50,000 katika maisha yake. Pia alichapisha vitabu 11 vya maandishi ya kifasihi, ingawa vingi kati yake havikupokelewa vizuri na wakosoaji.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Larson |first=Phyllis |date=April 1991 |title=Yosano Akiko and the Re-Creation of the Female Self: An Autogynography |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/488908 |journal=The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=12|doi=10.2307/488908 |jstor=488908 }}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> == Viungo vya nje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061001135417/http://www.city.kamakura.kanagawa.jp/bunka/bunjinroku/yosano_e.htm Wasanii wa Fasihi wa Kamakura] * [http://www.aozora.gr.jp/index_pages/person885.html#sakuhin_list_1 Kazi za Akiko] katika [[Aozora Bunko]] * [https://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/datas/347 Yosano Akiko – Maktaba ya Kitaifa ya Japani] == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1878|1942}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Japani]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] 0y9v5i69jjwvxnar33mtowd0vwkzvhv 0 206235 1530139 1419114 2026-05-02T19:01:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1530139 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zoë Robins''' (alizaliwa Lower Hutt, Wellington, [[Nyuzilandi]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Time for the Big Time|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv4g1qf1.11|work=It's About Time|pages=57–70|publisher=University of Arkansas Press|access-date=2025-04-26}}</ref>, [[1993]]) ni mwigizaji kutoka [[Nyuzilandi]]. Aliigiza kama Hayley Foster katika tamthilia ya ''Power Rangers: Ninja Steel'' na Nynaeve al'Meara katika tamthilia ya ''The Wheel of Time''. == Kazi == Zoë Robins alianza kuigiza akiwa na umri wa miaka 12 kwa kucheza kwenye kipindi cha tamthilia ya ''The New Tomorrow'' (2005)<ref>{{Citation|title=Time for the Big Time|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv4g1qf1.11|work=It's About Time|pages=57–70|publisher=University of Arkansas Press|access-date=2025-04-26}}</ref>. Alihudhuria mafunzo ya uigizaji huko [[Auckland]]<ref>{{Citation|last=Scham|first=Sandra Arnold|title=“Time's Wheel Runs Back”|date=2009-03-27|url=https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822392422-008|work=Cosmopolitan Archaeologies|pages=166–183|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-9242-2|access-date=2025-04-26}}</ref>. Na kazi yake ya uigizaji ya kwanza akiwa kama White ranger katika tamthilia ya Power Rangers Ninja Steel. Mnamo Agosti [[2019]] alivaa uhusika wa kama Nynaeve al'Meara katika tamthilia iitwayo The Wheel of Time<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Gann|first=Kyle|date=2017-04-20|title=Who Could Speak If Every Word Had Meaning?|url=https://doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252035494.003.0006|journal=University of Illinois Press|doi=10.5406/illinois/9780252035494.003.0006}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida|date=2020-03-18|title=Podcast: Rosamund Pike in Radioactive, and the resurgence of Russian science|url=https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-00810-1|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00810-1|issn=0028-0836}}</ref>. == Maisha binafsi == Zoë Robins ana mtoto mmoja wa kiume<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Robins|first=Jamie|date=2022-10-01|title=Interview with Jamie Robins|url=https://doi.org/10.1353/obs.2022.0008|journal=Observational Studies|volume=8|issue=2|pages=37–76|doi=10.1353/obs.2022.0008|issn=2767-3324}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1993}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa New Zealand]] 3p9asda1mwck4zwo4f2ewp841laevwb 0 206245 1529884 1422370 2026-05-02T13:16:17Z Muddyb 379 1529884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Filamu 2 | jina = The Mechanic | picha = The Mechanic (1972 movie poster).jpg | ukuwa_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = Posta ya filamu ya "The Mechanic" (1972). | mwongozaji = Michael Winner | mtayarishaji = Irwin Winkler | mtunzi = Lewis John Carlino | mwadithiaji = | nyota = [[Charles Bronson]]<br>[[Jan-Michael Vincent]]<br>[[Keenan Wynn]] | muziki = Jerry Fielding | sinematografi = Arthur J. Ornitz | mhariri = John Howard | msambazaji = United Artists | imetolewa = 1972 | muda = 98 dakika | nchi = Marekani | lugha = Kiingereza | bajeti = $3,000,000 | mapato = $21,000,000 | imetanguliwa_na = | ikafuatiwa_na = [[The Mechanic (filamu ya 2011)|The Mechanic 2011]] }} '''The Mechanic''' ni [[filamu ya mapigano]] na kusisimua ya mwaka 1972 kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Iliongozwa na [[Michael Winner]] na kutungwa na Lewis John Carlino. Filamu hii inamshirikisha [[Charles Bronson]] katika ushirikiano wake wa pili na Winner, pamoja na [[Jan-Michael Vincent]] kama wahusika wakuu. Waigizaji wasaidizi ni pamoja na Keenan Wynn, Jill Ireland, na Frank de Kova. Hadithi inamfuata Arthur Bishop (Bronson), muaaji wa kulipwa mwenye ustadi mkubwa, anayemchukua chini ya uangalizi wake Steve McKenna (Vincent), ambaye ni mtoto mwenye tamaa na ukatili wa Harry McKenna (Wynn), kiongozi wa zamani wa shirika la kijasusi analofanyia kazi Bishop. Filamu hii inajulikana kwa sehemu yake ya mwanzo, ambayo haina mazungumzo kwa dakika 16 za kwanza, huku mhusika wa Bronson akijitayarisha kumuua shabaha yake. Jina la filamu linarejelea neno la mafumbo linalotumiwa kwa muaaji wa kulipwa. Filamu ilipopigwa kwa mara ya kwanza, ilipata maoni mchanganyiko kutoka kwa wakosoaji, lakini ilisifiwa kwa sehemu zake za mapigano, uigizaji, na picha zake za filamu, ingawa uongozaji wa Winner na namna hadithi ilivyosimuliwa vilikosolewa. Toleo [[The Mechanic (filamu ya 2011)|jipya la jina hilo hilo]] lilitolewa mwaka 2011, ambalo pia lilipokelewa kwa maoni yaliyogawanyika. ==Muhtasari wa hadithi== Arthur Bishop ni muuaji wa kulipwa mwenye ujuzi wa hali ya juu, anayejulikana kama "mechanic", anayefanya kazi pekee kwa shirika la kimataifa la uhalifu lenye sheria kali sana. Kazi yake inampa maisha ya kifahari—hupenda kusikiliza muziki wa klassiki, ana mkusanyiko wa sanaa, na ni mtaalam wa mivinyo bora. Hata hivyo, analazimika kuishi peke yake—hawezi kuonyesha hisia au kuwaamini watu. Bishop yuko chini ya shinikizo la kihisia kiasi kwamba amepewa dawa za kutuliza msongo wa mawazo. Siku moja, anaanguka na kupoteza fahamu kutokana na mfadhaiko na wasiwasi, na kulazwa kwa muda mfupi hospitalini. Baadaye, Bishop hulipa msichana wa starehe ili kumfanya aonekane ana uhusiano wa kimapenzi, ikiwa ni pamoja na kuandika barua za mapenzi za bandia. Bishop anapewa kazi ya kumuua mmoja wa viongozi wa shirika hilo, "Big Harry" McKenna. Anamshambulia kwa risasi huku akimfanya aamini kuwa kuna mfyatuaji risasi wa siri. Harry, ambaye Bishop anajua ana tatizo la moyo, anakimbia juu ya kilima kikiwa na mteremko mkali, jambo linalosababisha mshtuko wa moyo. Bishop anamkamilisha kwa kumpiga na kumkaba hadi kufa. Katika mazishi ya Big Harry, Bishop anakutana na mtoto wa Harry mwenye tabia ya ubinafsi, ukatili, na tamaa ya madaraka, aitwaye Steve. Steve anavutiwa na Bishop na anatafuta kujua zaidi kumhusu. Bishop pia anavutiwa naye. Baada ya muda, na kutokana na msukumo kutoka kwa Steve, Bishop hatimaye anamweleza kazi yake ya muaaji wa kulipwa. Anamweleza Steve kila kitu anachojua na kumpa funzo la kipekee. Katika mafunzo yake, Bishop anamfundisha Steve kuwa "kila mtu ana udhaifu, na ukishagundua udhaifu wake, ni rahisi kumuua". Hata hivyo, Bishop hakupata ruhusa kutoka kwa wakuu wake kabla ya kumpa Steve mafunzo hayo. Kufuatia mauaji yaliyofanyika kwa fujo na Bishop pamoja na Steve, shirika linampa Bishop onyo kali, likisema kuwa chaguo lake la kumhusisha Steve limeonekana kuwa la ubinafsi. Shirika linampa Bishop misheni ya dharura, safari hii nchini Italia. Bishop bado anamshirikisha Steve katika mpango mpya, lakini kabla hawajaondoka, Bishop anapata jalada lenye taarifa zake miongoni mwa vitu vya Steve. Jalada hilo linafanana kabisa na majalada anayopokea kutoka kwa shirika. Hata hivyo, Bishop anampa Steve ruhusa kwenda naye Italia. Italia, Bishop na Steve wanaelekea kwenye boti ambapo shabaha yao inapaswa kuwepo, lakini ni mtego, na wao ndio walengwa wa mauaji. Wanavamiwa, lakini wanafanikiwa kuwaua maadui wao wote. Walipokuwa wakipakia mizigo yao hotelini, Steve anashiriki chupa ya divai na Bishop, huku akiweka sumu ya brucine kwenye glasi ya Bishop. Bishop anapogundua kuwa amepewa sumu, Steve anamdhihaki, akisema "Ulisema kila mtu ana sehemu dhaifu. Yako ni kwamba huwezi kuhimili ukiwa pekee yako". Bishop anapomuuliza Steve ikiwa ni kwa sababu Bishop alimwua baba yake, Steve anajibu hakujua kama baba yake aliuawa. Steve anafichua kwamba hakufuata maagizo ya kumuua Bishop, bali ni muuaji wa kujitegemea aliyesema "Nitachagua mlengwa wangu mwenyewe, nimpige pale ninapotaka". Steve anarudi nyumbani kwa Bishop kuchukua gari lake, Ford Mustang. Anapoingia ndani ya gari tayari kuliwasha, anaona karatasi iliyobandikwa kwenye kioo cha nyuma, ikisomeka: "Steve, ikiwa unasoma hii, basi sikufanikiwa kurudi. Pia inamaanisha kuwa umevunja uzi unaodhibiti mlipuko wa sekunde 13. Mwisho wa mchezo. Boom! Umeuawa." Steve anapojaribu kufungua mlango kwa haraka, gari linapasuka na kumuua. ==Waigizaji== *[[Charles Bronson]] kama Arthur Bishop *[[Jan-Michael Vincent]] kama Steve McKenna *[[Keenan Wynn]] kama Harry McKenna *[[Jill Ireland]] kama Msichana *[[Linda Ridgeway]] kama Louise *[[Frank de Kova]] kama Mwanamume *[[Takayuki Kubota]] kama Yamoto *[[Patrick O'Moore]] kama Mzee *[[Enzo Fiermonte]] kama Mlengwa *[[Celeste Yarnall]] kama Mpenzi wa Mlengwa ==Marejeo== *{{cite book|title= The screenwriter looks at the screenwriter|url= https://archive.org/details/screenwriterlook00frou|last=Froug|first= William|year=1991 |publisher=Silman-James press }} *Russo, Vito (1987). ''The Celluloid Closet: Homosexuality in the Movies'' (rev. ed). New York: Harper & Row. {{ISBN|0-06-096132-5}}. *Stevens, Brad (2003). ''Monte Hellman: His Life and Films''. McFarland. {{ISBN|0-7864-1434-0}}. ==Viungo vya nje== *{{IMDb title|0068931|The Mechanic (1972)}} *{{Rotten Tomatoes|1013632-mechanic}} {{The Mechanic}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mechanic, The}} [[Category:Filamu za 1972]] [[Category:Filamu za The Mechanic]] 0tik30uzxetxsylz0pew8w1nnq7jg7m 0 206249 1530160 1495115 2026-05-02T19:04:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1530160 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zurab Konstantinovich Tsereteli''' (kwa Kirusi: Зураб Константинович Церетели; Januari 4, 1934 - Aprili 22, 2025) alikuwa mchoraji wa [[Georgia]]-[[Urusi]], mchongaji sanamu, na mbunifu anayejulikana kwa makaburi yake makubwa. Tsereteli aliwahi kuwa Rais wa Chuo cha Sanaa cha Urusi kutoka 1997 hadi kifo chake. == Maisha == Zurab Konstantinovich Tsereteli alizaliwa [[Tbilisi]] Januari 4, 1934. Tsereteli alisoma katika Chuo cha Sanaa cha Jimbo la Tbilisi, na kuhitimu mwaka wa 1958. Katika mwaka huo huo, alimwoa Inessa Andronikashvili, binti wa kifalme kutoka katika familia yenye hadhi ya Georgia ambaye alidai kuwa mrithi wa asili ya Andronikamnomper wa Andronikashvili. Mnamo 1964, alifanya safari yake ya kwanza nje ya nchi kwenda [[Ufaransa]]. Alikaa [[Paris]] kwa miezi mitatu, wakati huo alimtembelea [[Pablo Picasso]] katika studio yake. Uzoefu huu uliunda pato lake la ubunifu la baadaye. Katika hatua ya baadaye, pia alifahamiana na [[Marc Chagall]] na wasanii wengine wa Impressionist na Post-Impressionist, ambao ushawishi wao wa tabia unaweza pia kuonekana katika kazi ya msanii. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/russian-artist-zurab-tseretelis-work-comes-to-london/|title=Russian artist Zurab Tsereteli's work comes to London's Saatchi Gallery|date=30 January 2019|website=Architectural Digest India|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> Baada ya kurudi katika nchi yake, Tsereteli alikua mbuni mkuu wa hoteli za Soviet kwenye [[Bahari Nyeusi]], kama vile Pitsunda (1967) na Adler (1972). Mnamo 1980, Tsereteli aliteuliwa kuwa mbuni mkuu wa Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya XXII huko Moscow. Katika miaka ya 1990, Tsereteli alifanya kazi katika ujenzi wa Kanisa Kuu la Kristo Mwokozi, Mraba wa Manezhnaya, na kusimamisha sanamu ya urefu wa 98m ya Peter the Great. ''Kuzaliwa kwa Mtu Mpya'' ilizinduliwa huko Seville, Uhispania mnamo 1995, kama sherehe ya uvumbuzi wa Uropa wa Ulimwengu Mpya na Christopher Columbus. Mwaka uliofuata, mwaka wa 1996, Marbella pia alipokea sanamu, yenye kichwa ''Ushindi''. Mnamo Machi 2016, aliteuliwa kuwa [[Balozi wa Nia Njema wa UNESCO]]. <ref>{{Njoo tovuti |title=Zurab TSERETELI |url=https://en.unesco.org/goodwill-ambassadors/zurab-tsereteli |access-date=12 Septemba 2023 |website=UNESCO}}</ref> Mnamo 1997, Tsereteli alichaguliwa kuwa Rais wa Chuo cha Sanaa cha Urusi. Alianzisha Jumba la Makumbusho la Sanaa la Kisasa la Moscow mnamo 1995, na kuwa jumba la kumbukumbu la kwanza la serikali nchini lililojitolea kabisa kwa sanaa ya kisasa na ya kisasa. Mnamo 2006, Tsereteli alizindua mnara wake ''To the Struggle Against World Terrorism'', au ''Tear of Grief'', huko Bayonne, New Jersey. Ilitolewa kwa Marekani kama zawadi rasmi na Urusi baada ya mashambulizi ya 9/11 ili kuonyesha uungwaji mkono na mshikamano na watu wa Marekani. Mnamo 2005, "Holocaust" ilitolewa na Urusi kwa Israeli na kufunguliwa huko Yerusalemu. Baadhi ya kazi zake zingine ni pamoja na: sanamu ya Nikolai Gogol katika Villa Borghese huko Roma (2002), Honoré de Balzac huko Agde (2003), Marina Tsvetaeva huko Saint-Gilles-Croix-de-Vie (2012), ''Mababa waanzilishi wa Jumuiya ya Ulaya'', Kanisa kuu linaloangalia Seine. Tsereteli alianzisha Makumbusho ya Sanaa ya Kisasa huko Tbilisi, Georgia mnamo 2012. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Oscharov|first=Roman|date=25 Jun 2015|title=Zurab Tsereteli: Artistik lesen|url=https://www.ft.com/content/d864e8ae-1408-11e5-9bc5-00144feabdc0|access-date=19 Julai 2020|website=Financial Times|language=ms-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zurab Tserhanete art-agenda|url=https://www.art-agenda.com/announcements/246929/zurab-tseretelilarger-than-life|access-date=19 Julai 2020|website=www.art-agenda.com|language=ms|archive-date=2020-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720010430/https://www.art-agenda.com/announcements/246929/zurab-tseretelilarger-than-life|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mnamo Desemba 6, 2020, Tsereteli alipewa agizo la juu zaidi la Serbia kwa mchango wake katika mapambo ya ndani ya Kanisa la Saint Sava huko Belgrade, ambalo Chuo cha Urusi kilikuwa mkandarasi mkuu. <ref>RAH, 2020 [https://rah.ru/exhibitions/detail.php?ID=56463 ​​​ПРАЕЗЗНИИД З.К.ЦЕРЕТЕЛИ ВРUCHEЕН ОРДЕН СЕРБСКОГО ЗНАМЕПИ ЗНАМЕПИ I</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.911monument.com The official site of ''To the Struggle Against World Terrorism'' monument by Zurab Tsereteli] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040603133900/http://www.coldwar.org/museum/art_work_by_surab_tsereteli.html Artwork by Zurab Tsereteli at The Cold War Museum] * [http://www.blueofthesky.com/publicart/works/goodandevil.htm Good Defeats Evil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019145600/http://www.blueofthesky.com/publicart/works/goodandevil.htm |date=19 October 2021 }} at the New York Public Art Curriculum * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101112192707/http://see-you-in-moscow.com/blog/the_monument_to_peter_the_first_from_above/2010-11-08-126%7CThe Monument to Peter the First from Inside and Above, including Pictures] {{DEFAULTSORT:Tsereteli, Zurab}} {{BD|1934|2025}} [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Georgia]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Urusi]] o57ivm0pb9flydzmqd60syqpq7wh0x6 0 206436 1529845 1459492 2026-05-02T12:28:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 9 template(s) replaced. 1529845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |jina = Yusuph Kileo |majina mengine = |picha= Mr Yusuph Kileo.jpg|thumb|Yusuph Kileo akitoa Mwanga wa Uelewa wa Cyber Threat Intelligence (Ujuzi wa Tishio la Mtandao), katika Mkutano wa Nne wa Cyber Security Forum [[2025]] nchini [[Tanzania]].]] |caption = Yusuph Kileo akitoa Mwanga wa Uelewa wa Cyber Threat Intelligence (Ujuzi wa Tishio la Mtandao), katika Mkutano wa Nne wa Cyber Security Forum [[2025]] nchini [[Tanzania]].]] |mahali pa kuzaliwa = Washington, D.C. <small>[[Marekani]]</small> |tarehe ya kuzaliwa = 7 Septemba 1989 |utaifa = [[Tanzania|Mtanzania]] |kazi yake = Mtaalamu wa Usalama wa Mtandao na Uchunguzi wa Kidijitali (Cyber Security and Forensics) |miaka ya kazi = 2009-hadi sasa |mwenza = | mhitimu = [[Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology]]<br>Chuo Kikuu cha Staffordshire<br>Chuo Kikuu cha Mashariki ya Mediterania (Eastern Mediterranean University - EMU) | wavuti = http://ykileo.blogspot.com/ }} '''Yusuph Kileo''' (amezaliwa Septemba 7, 1989) ni mtaalamu wa [[Usalama wa mtandao]] na Uchunguzi wa makosa ya kidijiti (Digital Forensics). Kileo amekua katika tasnia ya usalama mtandao kwa muda mrefu na kua chachu ya kuimarisha sekata hii ya usalama mtandao katika maeneo mengi. Huongoza na kuratibu mijadala mbalimbali kuhusu elimu ya usalama , hatari na uhalifu wa mitandaoni, pamoja na kutoa maoni kwenye vyombo vya habari, runinga, redio, magazeti na katika mitandao ya kijamii<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Vijana, Wanafunzi na Hatari ya Kufanyiwa Uhalifu Mtandaoni|url=https://blog.maelezo.go.tz/post/vijana-wanafunzi-na-hatari-ya-kufanyiwa-uhalifu-mtandaoni|work=blog.maelezo.go.tz|accessdate=2025-05-14|language=sw}}</ref>. Juhudi zake zinaenea katika uhamasishaji wa usalama kwa watumiaji mitandao hususan katika kampeni ya Ulinzi wa Mtoto Mtandaoni ya nchini [[Tanzania]] aliyoiasisi na kuzindua rasmi mwaka [[2024]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mikakati kudhibiti athari za mitandao kwa watoto yaja – HabariLeo|url=https://habarileo.co.tz/mikakati-kudhibiti-athari-za-mitandao-kwa-watoto-yaja/|date=2023-05-01|accessdate=2025-05-14|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=MoCDGWSG {{!}} RAS MOROGORO AHIMIZA USHIRIKIANO KWA WATENDAJI WA SERIKALI KATIKA USALAMA WA MTOTO MTANDAONI.|url=https://www.jamii.go.tz/news/ras-morogoro-ahimiza-ushirikiano-kwa-watendaji-wa-serikali-katika-usalama-wa-mtoto-mtandaoni-2|work=www.jamii.go.tz|accessdate=2025-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Guardians at the digital gate: Safeguarding children in the age of mobile technology {{!}} The Guardian|url=https://www.ippmedia.com/the-guardian/features/read/guardians-at-the-digital-gate-safeguarding-children-in-the-age-of-mobile-technology-2025-03-17-152949|work=www.ippmedia.com|accessdate=2025-05-14}}</ref>. == Elimu == Alisoma [[chuo]] cha [[teknolojia]] cha [[Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology]] (DIT) na baadaye alijiunga katika Idara ya Uhandisi akibobea katika ufundi wa kompyuta. Mnamo mwaka 2009 mpaka 2012 alisoma Sayansi ya Kompyuta katika Chuo Kikuu cha Staffordshire, [[Uingereza]], ambako alipata Shahada ya Sayansi katika Usalama wa Kompyuta, huku mradi wake wa mwisho ulikua umebebwa na kichwa cha habari "''Mfumo Mahiri wa Udhibiti wa Ufikiaji (Intelligent Access Control System).”''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yusuph Kileo's Speaker Profile|url=https://sessionize.com/yusuph-kileo/|work=sessionize.com|accessdate=2025-05-13|language=en}}</ref> Mwaka 2015 alipata Shahada ya Umahiri katika Teknolojia ya Habari kutoka Chuo kikuu cha Eastern Mediterranean, akiwa amejikita katika Usimamizi wa Miradi na Hatari katika Teknolojia ya Habari. == Kazi == Yusuph alikuza ujuzi wake wa [[Teknolojia ya habari|Teknolojia ya Habari]] alipofanya kazi na Brand East Africa mwaka 2006. Kisha, mnamoi mwaka [[2008]] alijiunga na Kampuni ya Simu ya Tanzania ([[TTCL]]), ambapo alianza kupendezwa na nyanja ya usalama wa mtandao. Mwaka wa [[2010]], alijiunga na idara ya IT ya Deloitte. Mwaka wa [[2012]], alishiriki kama mtaalamu wa Usalama wa Mtandao na Uchunguzi wa Kimtandao kwa Idara ya Uchunguzi wa Makosa ya Jinai ya Polisi, chini ya Ofisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kisasa (Forensics Bureau). Huko, alifanya mafunzo na kutoa maelezo kuhusu changamoto za usalama wa mtandao nchini [[Tanzania]]. Kama mwanasayansi wa Teknolojia ya Habari, anazingatia utatuzi wa matatizo, usanikishaji, uchunguzi, na ufumbuzi wa kiufundi<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Africa's critical infrastructure vulnerable to attack|url=https://www.itweb.co.za/article/africas-critical-infrastructure-vulnerable-to-attack/5rW1xLv5eXNvRk6m|work=ITWeb|date=2015-05-14|accessdate=2025-05-14|language=en|author=Staff Writer}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yusuph Kileo News {{!}} ITWeb Africa|url=https://itweb.africa/terms/nWJadMb8VmjvbjO1|work=itweb.africa|accessdate=2025-05-14}}</ref>. Pia, amefanya kazi kama mtangazaji wa redio (Uhuru FM) na mkufunzi katika mashirika ya BTG US na [[Tanzania]] kwa ujumla. == Tuzo == Yusuph Kileo amepokea tuzo na kutambuliwa kwa mchango wake katika nyanja ya Usalama wa mtandao, Uchunguzi wa Kimtandao, na Utawala wa Mtandao (Internet Governance). Hapa kuna baadhi ya tuzo alizotunukiwa: #''Tuzo ya U-EDGE (Outstanding Achievement Award)'' Alitunukiwa kwa Uongozi na Utaalamu katika masuala ya teknolojia na usalama wa mtandao. Hii aliipata baada ya alipomaliza masomo yake ya Shahada ya Kwanza katika Usalama wa Kompyuta kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Staffordshire''',''' Uingereza. #''Tuzo za Utambuzi kutoka Serikali ya Tanzania'' Alitunukiwa tuzo hii na Serikali ya Tanzania baada ya mchango wake katika Idara ya Uchunguzi wa makosa ya Jinai akiwa kama mtaalamu wa Uchunguzi wa uhalifu wa mitandaoni ( Cybercrime ). Alitoa mafunzo na mbinu za kisasa za kukabiliana na uhalifu wa kidijitali nchini Tanzania. # ''Utambuzi katika ICANN na AfICTA''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Finance Committee|url=https://www.icannbc.org/finance|work=www.icannbc.org|accessdate=2025-05-14}}</ref> Alitunukiwa tuzo hii akiwa kama Mwanabodi wa AfICTA na Mwakilishi wa ICANN, amepewa heshima kwa kushiriki katika mijadala ya kimataifa kuhusu usalama wa mtandao na utawala wa internet. Ambapo alitoa mchango katika DNS Abuse Working Group na kamati za kifedha za ICANN<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yusuph Kileo|url=https://aficta.africa/steering-commitee/361-yusuph-kileo|work=AfICTA|date=2016-10-20|accessdate=2025-05-13|language=en-gb|author=AfICTA}}</ref><ref>https://www.bizconst.org/assets/docs/newsletters/2022_ICANN73-BC-NEWSLETTER.pdf</ref>. # ''Tuzo za Mafunzo na Ushiriki wa Jamii'' Alitunukiwa tuzo hii kwa kutoa mafunzo kwa wanafunzi, maafisa wa serikali, na wataalamu wa Teknolojia ya Habari katika mikutano ya kitaifa na kimataifa <ref>{{Citation|title=Yusuph Kileo akwaa tuzo ya TEHAMA|url=https://www.bbc.com/swahili/habari-38151201|work=BBC News Swahili|language=sw|access-date=2025-05-13}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-Mtanzania}} [[Jamii:wanaume wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] csxudr7ubv5u1ggat9ijelnujh4251s 0 206620 1529903 1437016 2026-05-02T14:30:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529903 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Poodle, cropped.JPG|duara|240px|thumb|Poodle wa ukubwa wa kawaida (Standard Poodle)]] [[Picha:Poodle.jpg|240px]] '''Poodle''' ni aina ya mbwa wa kufugwa maarufu duniani kwa akili, ufanisi wa mafunzo, na mwonekano mzuri wa manyoya yake. Asili ya jina "Poodle" inatokana na neno la Kijerumani ''Pudel'' linalomaanisha "kuogelea", jambo linaloashiria historia ya mbwa huyu kama msaidizi wa kuwinda majini. Ingawa mara nyingi huhusishwa na [[Ufaransa]], ambapo anaitwa ''Caniche'', Poodle anaaminiwa kuwa na asili kutoka [[Ujerumani]]. Poodle ni mmoja wa mbwa werevu zaidi, akiwa nafasi ya pili baada ya [[Border Collie]] katika kiwango cha uelewa na utiifu. Ana uwezo mkubwa wa kujifunza amri mpya na kuitekeleza kwa ufanisi, jambo linalomfanya kuwa maarufu katika maonyesho ya mbwa, michezo ya wanyama, na hata kazi kama mbwa wa tiba au huduma za kibinadamu. Kuna aina kuu tatu za Poodle zinazotambulika rasmi: * '''Standard Poodle''' – wa ukubwa wa kawaida, ambaye alitumika awali katika uwindaji wa maji * '''Miniature Poodle''' – mdogo kiasi, anayefaa kwa maisha ya ndani * '''Toy Poodle''' – mdogo kabisa, anayefugwa hasa kama mnyama wa mapenzi Mbwa hawa wana manyoya yenye mvuto yanayopendelewa kwa mitindo mbalimbali ya ususi. Nywele zao si za kuanguka kwa wingi kama mbwa wengine, na hivyo huwafaa watu wenye mzio wa manyoya. Hata hivyo, wanahitaji utunzaji wa mara kwa mara ikiwa ni pamoja na kusafishwa, kuchanwa na kukatwa kwa mitindo maalum. Poodle ni mbwa mwenye uchangamfu, anayependa kucheza, kuambatana na familia, na mara nyingi huonesha tabia ya kuvutia sana kwa watoto na wanyama wengine. Kwa sababu ya akili yake ya juu, huweza kuchoshwa haraka ikiwa hatapewa shughuli za akili au mazoezi ya kimwili. Pamoja na sifa nyingi nzuri, Poodle anaweza kuwa na matatizo ya kiafya kama vile matatizo ya macho, maungio ya nyonga (hip dysplasia), na matatizo ya ngozi. Wafugaji bora hufanya uchunguzi wa kiafya kabla ya kuzalisha ili kupunguza hatari hizi. ==Marejeo== * [https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/poodle/ American Kennel Club – Poodle]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://www.britannica.com/animal/poodle-dog-breed Encyclopedia Britannica – Poodle] * Coren, S. (2006). *The Intelligence of Dogs*. Free Press. ==Viungo vya nje== * [https://www.ukcdogs.com/poodle United Kennel Club – Poodle] * [https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/dog-breeds/poodle VCA Animal Hospitals – Poodle] * [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/poodle Wiktionary – Etymology of “Poodle”] [[Jamii:Mbwa na jamaa]] kbulz252ozr54zia3a0cfg1fiihifa0 0 206911 1529891 1523593 2026-05-02T13:33:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529891 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:2024_How_Women_on_the_Front_Lines_Forge_Peace_-_4.jpg|thumb| Petronille Vaweka mnamo 2024]] '''Petronille Vaweka''' (alizaliwa mwaka 1948 <ref name="usippet">{{Rejea tovuti|title=2023 Women Building Peace Award Recipient: Pétronille Vaweka|url=https://www.usip.org/2023-women-building-peace-award-recipient-petronille-vaweka|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125143639/https://www.usip.org/2023-women-building-peace-award-recipient-petronille-vaweka|archivedate=January 25, 2024|accessdate=2024-12-02|work=United States Institute of Peace|language=en}}</ref>) ni mwanaharakati wa shirika lisilo la kiserikali anayejihusisha na masuala ya kibinadamu. Aliongoza Bunge la Mpito la Utawala wa Mpito wa Ituri, wakati ambapo Ituri ilikuwa inabadilika kutoka kuwa wilaya ya Mkoa wa Orientale hadi kuwa mkoa wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Mnamo mwaka 2023, alishinda tuzo ya "Women Building Peace Award. == Maisha == Vaweka alilelewa katika kijiji kidogo karibu na Ziwa Albert ambako biashara ya baba yake ilikuwa uvuvi. Alipata utoto usio na wasiwasi na akaenda shule ya Sisters of Mary Ingelmunster mjini Bunia, ambayo ni mji mkuu wa mkoa wa Ituri . <ref name="usippet" /> Alizaa watoto wake sita na pia alikuwa na wajukuu wengi, lakini pia alilea watoto wengine zaidi. Alikubali kulea watoto takriban thelathini, na baadhi ya watoto aliowalea walikuwa watoto askari katika vurugu zilizokuwa za kawaida katika nchi yake. Alikuwa mwenyekiti wa muda wa Bunge la Mpito la Utawala wa Mpito wa Ituri, wakati Ituri ilikuwa ikibadilika kutoka hadhi ya wilaya ya Mkoa wa Orientale kuwa mkoa wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">nukuu inahitajika</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Alifanya kazi na Tume ya Kutuliza Ituri mwaka 2003, ambayo ilisaidia kuanzisha bunge hilo. Zaidi ya hayo, alichaguliwa kuwa mwakilishi wa Ituri katika Bunge la Taifa . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">nukuu inahitajika</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Hapo awali, Vaweka alikuwa mkuu wa Taasisi ya Amani Endelevu (Fondation Paix Durable). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">nukuu inahitajika</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Mwaka 2024, alikuwa miongoni mwa wagombea wanne katika Taasisi ya Amani ya Marekani (United States Institute of Peace - USIP) huko Washington DC kwa tuzo ya Women Building Peace Awards. Wengine watatu walikuwa Hamisa Zaja kutoka Kenya, Dk Marie-Marcelle Deschamps kutoka Haiti, na Abir Haj Ibrahim kutoka Syria. <ref name="usip24">{{Rejea tovuti|title=How the World Can Better Support Women Peacebuilders|url=https://www.usip.org/blog/2024/05/how-world-can-better-support-women-peacebuilders|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521235553/https://www.usip.org/blog/2024/05/how-world-can-better-support-women-peacebuilders|archivedate=May 21, 2024|accessdate=2024-12-02|work=United States Institute of Peace|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="ktimes">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Abala|first=William|date=2024-03-06|title=Hamisa Zaja Bags 2024 Women Building Peace Award|url=https://thekenyatimes.com/latest-kenya-times-news/kenyan-activist-bags-2024-international-women-building-peace-award/|accessdate=2024-12-02|language=en}}</ref> Mnamo 2024 Pétronille Vaweka alikua Mshindi wa Tuzo ya Amani ya Wanawake wa 2023. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Previous Women Building Peace Award Laureates and Finalists|url=https://www.usip.org/previous-women-building-peace-award-laureates-and-finalists|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241119080224/https://www.usip.org/previous-women-building-peace-award-laureates-and-finalists|archivedate=November 19, 2024|accessdate=2024-12-02|work=United States Institute of Peace|language=en}}</ref> Mafanikio yake yamepongezwa na Umoja wa Mataifa na uso wake uliwekwa kwenye kampeni ya Umoja wa Mataifa iitwayo "Amani Huanza Naye," nje ya makao makuu ya Uingereza huko New York mwaka 2023. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Action for Peacekeeping: "I try to awaken humanity in every person" says Pétronille Vaweka|url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/action-peacekeeping-i-try-to-awaken-humanity-every-person-says-petronille-vaweka|accessdate=2024-12-02|work=United Nations Peacekeeping|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:waliozaliwa 1948]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] dd76aa6ywhuafdvx444jm7eni5kpqqk 0 207643 1530182 1479727 2026-05-02T19:08:13Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530182 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Émeraude Mawanda (cropped).jpg|thumb|Émeraude Mawanda (cropped)|alt=File:Émeraude Mawanda (cropped).jpg]] '''Émeraude Muyenga Mawanda''' (amezaliwa 25 Machi 1998) ni mwanasoka wa Kongo ambaye anacheza kama [[beki]] wa [[TP Mazembe]] na timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://leopardsactu.com/%EF%BB%BFeliminatoires-tokyo-2020-les-leopards-dames-sacclimatent-a-dar-es-salam/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2025-06-13 |archive-date=2023-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308155624/https://leopardsactu.com/%EF%BB%BFeliminatoires-tokyo-2020-les-leopards-dames-sacclimatent-a-dar-es-salam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. == Kazi == Émeraude Mawanda anachezea FCF Shambulio lisilo na FCF TP Mazembe, alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza kwa wakubwa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Machi 25, 2021 katika ushindi wa 4-0 wa nyumbani dhidi ya Congo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://tpmazembe.fr/coupe-du-congo-feminine-mazembe-lamine-vclub-par-19-0/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2025-06-13 |archive-date=2025-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625214106/https://tpmazembe.fr/coupe-du-congo-feminine-mazembe-lamine-vclub-par-19-0/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{BD|1998|}} [[Jamii:wachezaji mpira wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] lk0428hd4982cqvqou7mrxryiis4cb1 0 208220 1530288 1435573 2026-05-03T04:12:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530288 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Théodora''' (jina kamili: '''Lili Théodora Mbangayo Mujinga''', anajulikana pia kwa jina la utani ''Boss Lady'', <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=« BAD BOY LOVESTORY » de Théodora : la « boss lady » dont on avait besoin|url=https://www.letelegramme.fr/culture-loisirs/bad-boy-lovestory-de-theodora-la-boss-lady-dont-on-avait-besoin-6800042.php|date=2025-04-16|accessdate=2025-05-04}}</ref>,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Juliette Le|last=Grand|title=Ludivine Sagnier & Theodora : la rencontre de deux boss ladies dans Clique|url=https://www.clique.tv/ludivine-sagnier-theodora-la-rencontre-de-deux-boss-ladies-dans-clique/|date=2024-11-28|accessdate=2025-05-04}}</ref>, alizaliwa [[Luzern]], [[Uswisi]], 23 Oktoba 2003) ni mwimbaji na rapa mwenye uraia wa [[Ufaransa]] na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Alijulikana mwaka wa 2024 na wimbo ''wa Kikongole chini ya BBL'' ambao ni wimbo wa kwanza wa bouyon kuthibitishwa kuwa wimbo wa dhahabu nchini Ufaransa, na vile vile wa kwanza wa msanii asiye wa Karibea . == Wasifu == === Vijana na elimu === Theodora alizaliwa Uswizi <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Qui est la chanteuse derrière la musique « Kongolese sous BBL » ?|url=https://www.20minutes.fr/arts-stars/people/4130257-20241225-theodora-artiste-derriere-musique-virale-tiktok-kongolese-sous-bbl|date=2024-12-25|accessdate=2024-12-31}}</ref>;<ref name="Theodora : rencontre avec l'interprète de Kongolese sous BBL">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|author=Jimmy Boursicot|title=BBL, politique, hyperféminité... Qui est Theodora, tête d'affiche des prochaines Nuits Carrées?|url=https://www.nicematin.com/concerts/bbl-politique-hyperfeminite-qui-est-theodora-tete-d-affiche-des-prochaines-nuits-carrees-966984|date=2025-01-17|accessdate=2025-01-24}}</ref>, katika familia ya wahamiaji wa Kongo ambao wazazi wao walikuwa wapinzani wa kisiasa waliolazimishwa kuondoka nchini mwao. Alihama mara kadhaa, kati ya [[Ugiriki]], [[Kongo ya Kibelgiji|Kongo]], [[Réunion|Kisiwa cha Reunion]], kisha kwenda [[Bordeaux]] na [[Rennes]] <ref name=":1" /> . Baba yake alihitimu [[Tabibu|udaktari]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 43 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Théodora : "Depuis que j'ai découvert 'Umbrella', j'ai été éperdument amoureuse de Rihanna"|url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/podcasts/l-interview-de-9h20/l-itw-de-9h20-du-lundi-02-juin-2025-3878026|date=2025-06-02|accessdate=2025-06-05}}</ref> . Hatimaye ilikaa katika mji mkuu wa Ufaransa, ikipitia [[Seine-et-Marne]], Groslay, Saint-Jean-d'Angély, [[Rennes]], kabla ya kufika [[Seine-Saint-Denis]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Theodora - Universal Music France|url=https://universalmusic.fr/artistes/35935382777|accessdate=2024-12-05}}</ref>, <ref name="Theodora, jeune rappeuse : Je suis un produit même de la mixité">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Theodora, jeune rappeuse : "Je suis un produit même de la mixité"|url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/podcasts/nouvelles-tetes/nouvelles-tetes-du-jeudi-04-juillet-2024-9336225|date=2024-07-04|accessdate=2024-12-05}}</ref> ,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=La rappeuse Theodora sort Bad Boy Lovestory, sa 1ère mixtape long format|url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/podcasts/dans-la-playlist-de-france-inter/dans-la-playlist-du-mardi-12-novembre-2024-7067612|date=2024-11-12|accessdate=2024-12-05}}</ref>,<ref name="Theodora, Djé Balèti, Adé, Vapa... la playlist du cahier musique de «Libération»">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|first=Brice|last=Bossavie|title=Theodora, Djé Balèti, Adé, Vapa... la playlist du cahier musique de «Libération»|url=https://www.liberation.fr/culture/musique/theodora-dje-baleti-ade-vapa-la-playlist-du-cahier-musique-de-liberation-20241116_5GD3RUNJ7FCDLP5RXCADD72CYA/|accessdate=2024-12-05}}</ref> . Hapo awali alivutiwa na [[siasa]], aliingia darasa la maandalizi la ENS D1, na kuwa mshiriki wa baraza la vijana la mkoa wa Brittany, ambalo alikua " Mwenyekiti wa Kamati ya Utamaduni » <ref name="Theodora : rencontre avec l'interprète de Kongolese sous BBL"/> . === Mwanzo === Ingawa alichukua hatua zake za kwanza katika tasnia kupitia [[dansi]] <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Les meilleures punchlines de Théodora sur Bad Boy LoveStory|url=https://www.rapcity.fr/les-meilleures-punchlines-de-theodora-sur-bad-boy-lovestory/|date=2024-11-07|accessdate=2024-12-05}}</ref>, tungo zake za kwanza ziliibuka kutokana na ushirikiano wake na kaka yake Jeez Suave, alipoanza muundo wa midundo na kumtaka aimbe <ref name="Adé et Théodora">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Adé et Théodora|url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/podcasts/cote-club/cote-club-du-jeudi-28-novembre-2024-8755347|date=2024-11-28|accessdate=2024-12-05}}</ref> . Mnamo 2023, mwimbaji aliiambia Vogue France kwamba ni kupitia baba yake kwamba alikuja kwenye muziki.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Lolita|last=Mang|title=Qui est Theodora, la chanteuse qui bouscule les codes de la pop française ?|url=https://www.vogue.fr/article/qui-est-theodora-chanteuse-musique-kongolese-sous-bbl|date=2025-01-27|accessdate=2025-05-15}}</ref> . === Kazi === Muziki wake, pamoja na mtindo wake wa eclectic <ref name="Theodora, Djé Balèti, Adé, Vapa... la playlist du cahier musique de «Libération»"/>, unalishwa na athari nyingi za kitamaduni na za muziki zilizokutana kupitia mazingira yake ya familia ya kusafiri <ref name="Theodora, jeune rappeuse : Je suis un produit même de la mixité"/>, <ref name="Adé et Théodora"/> . Urembo wake unaonyeshwa na hyperfemininity isiyozuiliwa na ya uthubutu. Chini ya mwonekano usiojali, maandishi yake, yenye marejeleo mengi ya utamaduni wa pop, yanashughulikia mada za kijamii, kama vile utambulisho wa mwanamke mweusi, pamoja na mada za kibinafsi zaidi kama vile afya ya akili, unyanyasaji wa kijinsia au majaribio ya kujiua <ref name="Adé et Théodora" />,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Anouk Ait Ouadda|title=Mais qui est Théodora, l'artiste derrière le son viral "Kongolese sous BBL" ?|url=https://www.nova.fr/news/mais-qui-est-theodora-lartiste-derriere-le-son-viral-kongolese-sous-bbl-276814-27-11-2024/|date=2024-11-27|accessdate=2024-12-07}}</ref> . Mnamo 2024, alipata mafanikio makubwa na jina la ''Kongolese chini ya BBL'', katika mtindo wa Antillean bouyon, ambao ulienea sana, hasa kwenye [[TikTok]], na kuingia katika cheo cha SNEP <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Johanna Bouquet|title=Théodora : "Kongolese sous BBL peut être l'hymne de Tanaland"|url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/theodora-kongolese-sous-bbl-peut-etre-l-hymne-de-tanaland-11462317|date=2024-11-14|accessdate=2024-12-05}}.</ref>, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=THEODORA - DECADANSE - Nantes, 44000 - Sortir à Nantes|url=https://www.leparisien.fr/etudiant/sortir/nantes/eve-theodora-decadanse-nantes/|accessdate=2024-12-05}}.</ref> . Kaka yake mkubwa <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=THEODORA + JEUNE LION - L'ECHONOVA - St Ave, 56890 - Sortir à St Ave|url=https://www.leparisien.fr/etudiant/sortir/rennes/eve-theodora-jeune-lion-l-echonova/|accessdate=2025-01-10|archive-date=2025-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110161254/https://www.leparisien.fr/etudiant/sortir/rennes/eve-theodora-jeune-lion-l-echonova/|url-status=dead}}.</ref>, anayejulikana kwa jina la bandia Jeez Suave, anatunga nyimbo zake kadhaa zikiwemo ''za Kikongole chini ya BBL'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=THEODORA - Quartiers d'été|url=https://www.le4bis-ij.com/qe2023/theodora/|date=2023-06-15|accessdate=2025-01-10}}</ref>,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Qui est Theodora, musicienne franco-congolaise et superstar de demain ?|url=https://www.lesinrocks.com/musique/theodora-taillee-pour-le-succes-grace-a-sa-musique-a-la-modernite-creolisee-648312-08-01-2025/|accessdate=2025-01-10}}.</ref> . Yeye ndiye [[mtunzi]] wake, mtayarishaji na meneja. Alishiriki katika sherehe ya Flames mnamo Mei 14, 2025, ambapo alipokea Flame for Female Revelation of the Year, kombe ambalo alijitolea kwa "wasichana wote weusi wa ajabu" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Theodora "boss lady" des Flammes, un président flou, nouvelle tentative de crypto-enlèvement : ça dit quoi ce 14 mai ?|url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinfo/podcasts/ca-dit-quoi/theodora-boss-lady-des-flammes-un-president-flou-nouvelle-tentative-de-crypto-enlevement-ca-dit-quoi-ce-14-mai-5355835|date=2025-05-14|accessdate=2025-06-20}}</ref> . Mnamo {{Date|juin 2025}}, iliuzwa kwa chini ya kwa tarehe tatu zilizopangwa Machi na {{Date|avril 2026}} katika Zénith huko Paris, yaani kwa tarehe, kwa jumla ya <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Après avoir sold-out deux dates au Zénith de Paris, Théodora annonce une troisième date !|url=https://generations.fr/news/musique/79924/apres-avoir-sold-out-deux-dates-au-zenith-de-paris-theodora-annonce-une-troisieme-date|date=2025-06-12|accessdate=2025-06-12}}.</ref>,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|first=Lisa|last=Muratore|title=Theodora annonce trois concerts à Paris|url=https://leclaireur.fnac.com/article/602458-theodora-en-concert-a-paris-ou-et-quand-trouver-des-billets/|date=2025-06-12|accessdate=2025-06-12}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref>. == Diskografia == === EP === * 2021 : ''Neptune'' * 2023 : ''Lili aux Paradis Artificiels'' * 2023 :''Lili aux Paradis Artificiels : Juzuu 2'' ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|2003|}} [[Jamii:waimbaji wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:waimbaji wa Ufaransa]] bunsm7jyfdym4fsxilfnvyu8punuw0q 0 208335 1530016 1434255 2026-05-02T18:42:01Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530016 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Sudan]], [[jimbo]] la [[Darfur ya Kati]]. Mwaka 2009 ulikuwa na wakazi 27,258 <ref name="City population">{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://citypopulation.de/en/sudan|title=City Population in Sudan | access-date=6 September 2023}}</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Sudan]] ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-jio-Sudan}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Sudan]] [[Jamii:Darfur ya Kati]] lm6e07egf24oagfi8zk6gix0hisj8yj 0 208481 1530119 1466858 2026-05-02T18:58:03Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530119 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Zohran Mamdani 05.25.25 (b).jpg|thumb|Zohran Mamdani (2025)]] '''Zohran Kwame Mamdani''' (alizaliwa [[Kampala]], [[Uganda]], [[18 Oktoba]] [[1991]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Marekani]] ambaye amehudumu kama mjumbe wa [[Bunge]] la Jimbo la [[Jiji la New York|New York]] kutoka eneo la wilaya 36 la Jimbo la New York, lililoko [[Queens]], tangu [[2021]]. Mwanachama wa [[chama cha Democrat]] na wasoshalisti wa Democrats wa Marekani, ndiye aliyechaguliwa kuwa meya wa jiji la New York katika uchaguzi wa mwaka [[2025]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Bernie Sanders endorses Zohran Mamdani for NYC mayor|url=https://abc7ny.com/post/new-york-city-mayoral-race-zohran-mamdani-gets-endorsement-bernie-sanders/16772157/|work=ABC7 New York|date=2025-06-17|accessdate=2025-06-27|language=en}}</ref> Mtoto wa msomi Mahmood Mamdani na msanii wa [[filamu]] Mira Nair, Mamdani alizaliwa nchini [[Uganda]] na aliishi [[Afrika Kusini]] kwa muda mfupi. Alihamia Marekani alipokuwa na umri wa miaka saba na kuishi katika jiji la New York. Baada ya kuhitimu kutoka Shule ya upili ya sayansi ya Bronx, Mamdani alipata [[Shahada ya Awali|shahada yake ya awali]] katika masomo ya Africana kutoka Chuo cha Bowdoin. Alifanya kazi kama mshauri wa masuala ya makazi, lakini pia na kufanya kazi na [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Muziki wa hip hop|hip-hop]] kabla ya kuingia kwenye [[siasa]]. Alichaguliwa kwa mara ya kwanza katika Bunge la Jimbo la New York mnamo [[2020]], baada ya kumshinda rais aliyemaliza muda wake kwa mihula minne Aravella Simotas, na tangu wakati huo amechaguliwa tena bila upinzani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Magic Realism of Zohran Mamdani|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2025/06/zohran-mamdani-mayoral-candidate-nyc/683215/|work=The Atlantic|date=2025-06-18|accessdate=2025-06-27|language=en|author=Michael Powell}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{BD|1991|}} [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Uganda]] 02j6ano3kffm99wvkodmjuzkl9li3s8 4 208508 1529906 1529087 2026-05-02T14:41:30Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1529906 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-05-02) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 5 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 7 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 57 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 33 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-05-02)<br /> |- | colspan="2" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.23 |- | [[Kenya]] | 8.99 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 8.80 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 |- | colspan="2" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 |- | [[Marekani]] | 7.45 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 |- | [[Senegal]] | 7.20 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.10 |- | colspan="2" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 6.47 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 6.39 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.19 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 |- | [[Somalia]] | 5.79 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 5.63 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.18 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.14 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 4.79 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 |- | [[Hispania]] | 4.65 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 4.14 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 |- | colspan="2" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.01 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.88 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 |- | [[Zambia]] | 2.79 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 |- | [[Ureno]] | 2.76 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 2.70 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.65 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.49 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.43 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 |- | colspan="2" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 |- | [[Liberia]] | 1.91 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 1.83 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 1.77 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 |- | [[Guinea]] | 1.67 |- | [[Guinea Bisau]] | 1.67 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 |- | [[San Marino]] | 1.60 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 1.53 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 |- | [[Guam]] | 1.40 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku 90) || 797 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 32266 || ↑ +20.0% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 4.6 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 187.6 || — |} ===Makala 5 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3276 || ↑ +6.1% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1255 || ↓ -15.8% |- | 3 || [[Irani]] || 1055 || ↓ -55.0% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 836 || ↑ +34.2% |- | 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 631 || ↑ +6.4% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 90) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 360 || 45.2% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 331 || 41.5% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 59 || 7.4% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 38 || 4.8% |- | 5 || [[User:~2026-20935-45|~2026-20935-45]] || 1 || 0.1% |- | 6 || [[User:|User:]] || 1 || 0.1% |- | 7 || [[User:Magnefl|Magnefl]] || 1 || 0.1% |- | 8 || [[User:NDG|NDG]] || 1 || 0.1% |- | 9 || [[User:Cromenio|Cromenio]] || 1 || 0.1% |- | 10 || [[User:Ziv|Ziv]] || 1 || 0.1% |- |} 365707wt1ye3c5sc5cj1zihql4o1d1z 1529907 1529906 2026-05-02T14:41:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with new scoring rules 1529907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-05-02) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 5 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 7 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 57 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 33 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-05-02)<br /> |- | colspan="2" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.23 |- | [[Kenya]] | 8.99 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 8.80 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 |- | colspan="2" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 |- | [[Marekani]] | 7.45 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 |- | [[Senegal]] | 7.20 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.10 |- | colspan="2" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 6.47 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 6.39 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.19 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 |- | [[Somalia]] | 5.79 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 5.63 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.18 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.14 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 4.79 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 |- | [[Hispania]] | 4.65 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 4.14 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 |- | colspan="2" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.01 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.88 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 |- | [[Zambia]] | 2.79 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 |- | [[Ureno]] | 2.76 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 2.70 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.65 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.49 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.43 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 |- | colspan="2" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 |- | [[Liberia]] | 1.91 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 1.83 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 1.77 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 |- | [[Guinea]] | 1.67 |- | [[Guinea Bisau]] | 1.67 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 |- | [[San Marino]] | 1.60 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 1.53 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 |- | [[Guam]] | 1.40 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku 90) || 797 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 32266 || ↑ +20.0% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 4.6 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 187.6 || — |} ===Makala 5 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3276 || ↑ +6.1% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1255 || ↓ -15.8% |- | 3 || [[Irani]] || 1055 || ↓ -55.0% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 836 || ↑ +34.2% |- | 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 631 || ↑ +6.4% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 90) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 360 || 45.2% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 331 || 41.5% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 59 || 7.4% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 38 || 4.8% |- | 5 || [[User:~2026-20935-45|~2026-20935-45]] || 1 || 0.1% |- | 6 || [[User:|User:]] || 1 || 0.1% |- | 7 || [[User:Magnefl|Magnefl]] || 1 || 0.1% |- | 8 || [[User:NDG|NDG]] || 1 || 0.1% |- | 9 || [[User:Cromenio|Cromenio]] || 1 || 0.1% |- | 10 || [[User:Ziv|Ziv]] || 1 || 0.1% |- |} 808q5mf2f93ao6953i5rtj3xmjf97vk 1530212 1529907 2026-05-02T20:04:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1530212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-05-02) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 5 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 7 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 57 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 33 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-05-02)<br /> |- | colspan="2" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.23 |- | [[Kenya]] | 8.99 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 8.80 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 |- | colspan="2" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 |- | [[Marekani]] | 7.45 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 |- | [[Senegal]] | 7.20 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.10 |- | colspan="2" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 6.47 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 6.39 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.19 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 |- | [[Somalia]] | 5.79 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 5.63 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.18 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.14 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 4.79 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 |- | [[Hispania]] | 4.65 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 4.14 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 |- | colspan="2" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.01 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.88 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 |- | [[Zambia]] | 2.79 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 |- | [[Ureno]] | 2.76 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 2.70 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.65 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.49 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.43 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 |- | colspan="2" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 |- | [[Liberia]] | 1.91 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 1.83 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 1.77 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 |- | [[Guinea]] | 1.67 |- | [[Guinea Bisau]] | 1.67 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 |- | [[San Marino]] | 1.60 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 1.53 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 |- | [[Guam]] | 1.40 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku 90) || 797 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 31244 || ↑ +19.4% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 4.6 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 181.7 || — |} ===Makala 5 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3276 || ↑ +6.1% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1255 || ↓ -15.8% |- | 3 || [[Irani]] || 1055 || ↓ -55.0% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 836 || ↑ +34.2% |- | 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 631 || ↑ +6.4% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 90) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 360 || 45.2% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 331 || 41.5% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 59 || 7.4% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 38 || 4.8% |- | 5 || [[User:~2026-20935-45|~2026-20935-45]] || 1 || 0.1% |- | 6 || [[User:|User:]] || 1 || 0.1% |- | 7 || [[User:Magnefl|Magnefl]] || 1 || 0.1% |- | 8 || [[User:NDG|NDG]] || 1 || 0.1% |- | 9 || [[User:Cromenio|Cromenio]] || 1 || 0.1% |- | 10 || [[User:Ziv|Ziv]] || 1 || 0.1% |- |} idk7mk7c6i6swkhckdvvoqpiyu1sphf 1530213 1530212 2026-05-02T20:06:32Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with new scoring rules 1530213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-05-02) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 5 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 7 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 57 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 33 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-05-02)<br /> |- | colspan="2" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.23 |- | [[Kenya]] | 8.99 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 8.80 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 |- | colspan="2" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 |- | [[Marekani]] | 7.45 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 |- | [[Senegal]] | 7.20 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.10 |- | colspan="2" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 6.47 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 6.39 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.19 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 |- | [[Somalia]] | 5.79 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 5.63 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.18 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.14 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 4.79 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 |- | [[Hispania]] | 4.65 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 4.14 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 |- | colspan="2" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.01 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.88 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 |- | [[Zambia]] | 2.79 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 |- | [[Ureno]] | 2.76 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 2.70 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.65 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.49 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.43 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 |- | colspan="2" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 |- | [[Liberia]] | 1.91 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 1.83 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 1.77 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 |- | [[Guinea]] | 1.67 |- | [[Guinea Bisau]] | 1.67 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 |- | [[San Marino]] | 1.60 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 1.53 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 |- | [[Guam]] | 1.40 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku 90) || 797 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 31244 || ↑ +19.4% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 4.6 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 181.7 || — |} ===Makala 5 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3276 || ↑ +6.1% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1255 || ↓ -15.8% |- | 3 || [[Irani]] || 1055 || ↓ -55.0% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 836 || ↑ +34.2% |- | 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 631 || ↑ +6.4% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 90) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 360 || 45.2% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 331 || 41.5% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 59 || 7.4% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 38 || 4.8% |- | 5 || [[User:~2026-20935-45|~2026-20935-45]] || 1 || 0.1% |- | 6 || [[User:|User:]] || 1 || 0.1% |- | 7 || [[User:Magnefl|Magnefl]] || 1 || 0.1% |- | 8 || [[User:NDG|NDG]] || 1 || 0.1% |- | 9 || [[User:Cromenio|Cromenio]] || 1 || 0.1% |- | 10 || [[User:Ziv|Ziv]] || 1 || 0.1% |- |} 8c0ikr1bu2xx2ahmpkdfc6edtywqt1y 1530320 1530213 2026-05-03T07:31:49Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1530320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-05-02) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 5 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 7 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 57 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 73 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 33 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-05-02)<br /> |- | colspan="2" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.23 |- | [[Kenya]] | 8.99 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 8.80 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 |- | colspan="2" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 |- | [[Marekani]] | 7.45 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 |- | [[Senegal]] | 7.20 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.10 |- | colspan="2" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 6.47 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 6.39 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.19 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 |- | [[Somalia]] | 5.79 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 5.63 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.18 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.14 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 4.79 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 |- | [[Hispania]] | 4.65 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 4.14 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 |- | colspan="2" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.01 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.88 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 |- | [[Zambia]] | 2.79 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 |- | [[Ureno]] | 2.76 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 2.70 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.65 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.49 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.43 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 |- | colspan="2" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 |- | [[Liberia]] | 1.91 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 1.83 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 1.77 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 |- | [[Guinea]] | 1.67 |- | [[Guinea Bisau]] | 1.67 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 |- | [[San Marino]] | 1.60 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 1.53 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 |- | [[Guam]] | 1.40 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku 90) || 802 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 25668 || ↑ +17.2% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 4.7 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 149.2 || — |} ===Makala 5 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3299 || ↑ +7.5% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1267 || ↓ -12.3% |- | 3 || [[Irani]] || 1005 || ↓ -54.3% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 842 || ↑ +39.6% |- | 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 629 || ↑ +5.9% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 90) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 360 || 44.9% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 334 || 41.6% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 59 || 7.4% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 40 || 5.0% |- | 5 || [[User:~2026-20935-45|~2026-20935-45]] || 1 || 0.1% |- | 6 || [[User:|User:]] || 1 || 0.1% |- | 7 || [[User:Magnefl|Magnefl]] || 1 || 0.1% |- | 8 || [[User:NDG|NDG]] || 1 || 0.1% |- | 9 || [[User:Cromenio|Cromenio]] || 1 || 0.1% |- | 10 || [[User:Ziv|Ziv]] || 1 || 0.1% |- |} du8eze76tesvppdkib1437uxqyixph9 1530321 1530320 2026-05-03T07:33:18Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with new scoring rules 1530321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-05-03) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 5 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 7 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 57 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 32 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-05-03)<br /> |- | colspan="2" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.23 |- | [[Kenya]] | 8.99 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 8.80 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 |- | colspan="2" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 |- | [[Marekani]] | 7.45 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 |- | [[Senegal]] | 7.20 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.10 |- | colspan="2" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 6.47 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 6.39 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.19 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 |- | [[Somalia]] | 5.79 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 5.63 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.18 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.14 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 4.79 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 |- | [[Hispania]] | 4.65 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 4.14 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 |- | colspan="2" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.01 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.88 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 |- | [[Zambia]] | 2.79 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 |- | [[Ureno]] | 2.76 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 2.70 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.49 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.43 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 |- | colspan="2" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 |- | [[Liberia]] | 1.91 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 1.77 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 |- | [[Guinea]] | 1.67 |- | [[Guinea Bisau]] | 1.67 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 |- | [[San Marino]] | 1.60 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 1.53 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 |- | [[Guam]] | 1.40 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku 90) || 802 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 25668 || ↑ +17.2% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 4.7 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 149.2 || — |} ===Makala 5 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3299 || ↑ +7.5% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1267 || ↓ -12.3% |- | 3 || [[Irani]] || 1005 || ↓ -54.3% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 842 || ↑ +39.6% |- | 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 629 || ↑ +5.9% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 90) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 360 || 44.9% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 334 || 41.6% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 59 || 7.4% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 40 || 5.0% |- | 5 || [[User:~2026-20935-45|~2026-20935-45]] || 1 || 0.1% |- | 6 || [[User:|User:]] || 1 || 0.1% |- | 7 || [[User:Magnefl|Magnefl]] || 1 || 0.1% |- | 8 || [[User:NDG|NDG]] || 1 || 0.1% |- | 9 || [[User:Cromenio|Cromenio]] || 1 || 0.1% |- | 10 || [[User:Ziv|Ziv]] || 1 || 0.1% |- |} 3ekf3zq8jq8aeuim31va66mgq1pcza4 0 209107 1529692 1438755 2026-05-02T12:03:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 10 template(s) replaced. 1529692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Yesu Kristo}} '''Yesu na matabiri ya Agano la Kale''' ni mada muhimu katika [[imani]] na mahubiri ya [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] toka mwanzo. Kwao matabiri mengi yaliyomo katika [[Kitabu|vitabu]] vya [[Agano la Kale]] kuhusu [[Masiya]] ajaye yametimia katika [[maisha]] ya [[Yesu]], na ni [[ushahidi]] wa kwamba ndiye Masiya, kinyume cha mtazamo wa [[Wayahudi]] waliomfanya [[Msalaba wa Yesu| asulubiwe]]. Baadhi ya matabiri hayo ni kama ifuatavyo: {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" |- valign="top" ! Unabii !! Tukio !! Utimiaji |- valign="top" | [[Mwanzo (Biblia)|Mwa]] 49:10<br /> [[Kitabu cha Zaburi|Zab]] 132:11; [[Kitabu cha Isaya|Isa]] 9:7<br /> [[Kitabu cha Mika|Mik]] 5:2<br /> Isa 7:14<br /> [[Kitabu cha Hosea|Hos]] 11:1<br /> Isa 61:1-2<br /> Isa 53:4<br /> Zab 69:9<br /> Isa 53:1<br /> [[Kitabu cha Zekaria|Zek]] 9:9; Zab 118:26<br /> Isa 28:16; Zab 118:22-23<br /> Zab 41:9; 109:8<br /> Zek 11:12<br /> Isa 53:8<br /> Isa 53:7<br /> Zab 69:4<br /> Isa 50:6; Mik 5:1<br /> Zab 22:18<br /> Isa 53:12<br /> Zab 69:21<br /> Zab 22:1<br /> Zab 34:20; [[Kutoka (Biblia)|Kut]] 12:46<br /> Isa 53:5; Zek 12:10<br /> Isa 53:5,8,11,12<br /> <br /> Isa 53:9<br /> [[Kitabu cha Yona|Yon]] 1:17; 2:10<br /> | Kuzaliwa katika [[kabila la Yuda]]<br /> Kutoka [[familia]] ya [[Daudi (Biblia)|Daudi]] bin [[Yese]]<br /> Kuzaliwa [[Bethlehemu]]<br /> Kuzaliwa na [[bikira]]<br /> Kuitwa kutoka [[Misri]]<br /> Kupewa [[utume]]<br /> Kujitwalia [[maumivu]] yetu<br /> Kuwa na [[ari]] kwa [[hekalu|nyum]] y[[Mungu]]<br /> Kutosadikiwa<br /> Kushangiliwa kama [[mfalme]]<br /> Kukataliwa lakini kuwekwa awe [[jiwe]] kuu<br /> Kusalitiwa na [[rafiki]]<br /> Kuuzwa kwa vipande 30 vya [[fedha]]<br /> Kujaribiwa na kuhukumiwa<br /> Kujinyamazia [[hukumu|hukumuni]]<br /> Kuchukiwa bila sababu<br /> Kupigwa na kutemewa [[mate]]<br /> Kura kupigwa kwa [[mavazi]] yake<br /> Kuhesabiwa kati ya wakosefu<br /> Kupewa [[siki]] na [[nyongo]]<br /> Kujisikia kama kuachwa na [[Mungu]]<br /> Kutovunjwa [[Mfupa|mifupa]]<br /> Kutobolewa<br /> Kufa kama [[sadaka]] kufidia [[dhambi]] za [[Binadamu|watu]]<br /> Kuzikwa pamoja na [[Utajiri|matajiri]]<br /> Kubaki [[kaburi|kaburini]] [[siku]] tatu, halafu kufufuka. | [[Injili ya Mathayo|Math]] 1:2-16; [[Injili ya Luka|Lk]] 3:23-33<br /> Math 1:1,6-16; 9:27; [[Matendo ya Mitume|Mdo]] 13:22-23<br /> Lk 2:4-11; [[Injili ya Yohane|Yoh]] 7:42<br /> Math 1:18-23; Lk 1:30-35<br /> Math 2:15<br /> Lk 4:18-21<br /> Math 8:16-17<br /> Math 21:12-13; Yoh 2:13-17<br /> Yoh 12:37-38; [[Waraka kwa Waroma|Rom]] 10:11,16<br /> Math 21:1-9; [[Injili ya Marko|Mk]] 11:7-11<br /> Math 21:42,45-46; Mdo 3:14; 4:11; [[Waraka wa kwanza wa Petro|1Pet]] 2:7<br /> Math 26:47-50; Yoh 13:18,26-30<br /> Math 26:15; 27:3-10; Mk 14:10-11<br /> Math 26:57-68; 27:1-2,11-26<br /> Math 27:12-14; Mk 14:61; 15:4-5<br /> Lk 23:13-25; Yoh 15:24-25<br /> Math 26:67; 27:26,30; Yoh 19:3<br /> Math 27:35; Yoh 19:23-24<br /> Math 26:55-56; 56:27,38; Lk 22:37<br /> Math 27:34,48; Mk 15:23,36<br /> Math 27:46; Mk 15:34<br /> Yoh 19:33,36<br /> Math 27:49; Yoh 19:34,37; [[Ufunuo wa Yohane|Ufu]] 1:7<br /> Math 20:28; Yoh 1:29; Rom 3:24; 4:25<br /> <br /> Math 27:57-60; Yoh 19:38-42<br /> Math 12:39-40; 16:21; 17:23; 27:64. |- valign="top" |} ==Marejeo== {{Refbegin|30em}} *{{Rejea kitabu | last = Adams | first = Samuel V. | title = The Reality of God and Historical Method: Apocalyptic Theology in Conversation with N. T. Wright | publisher = InterVarsity Press | year = 2015 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1zEqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA208 | isbn = 9780830899500 }} *{{Rejea kitabu | last = Barker | first = Margaret | chapter = Isaiah | editor1-last = Dunn | editor1-first = James D.G. |editor2-last = Rogerson |editor2-first = John | title = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible | publisher = Eerdmans | year = 2001 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=margaret+barker+Isaiah&pg=PA489 | isbn = 9780802837110 }} *{{Rejea kitabu | last = Blomberg | first = Craig L. | chapter = Matthew | editor1-last = Beale | editor1-first = G. K. |editor2-last = Carson |editor2-first = D. A. | title = Commentary on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament | publisher = Baker Academic | year = 2007 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=e69R5GYemBgC | isbn = 9780801026935 }} *{{Rejea kitabu | last = Miller | first = Robert J. | title = Helping Jesus Fulfill Prophecy | publisher = Wipf and Stock | year = 2015 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mPdOCwAAQBAJ | isbn = 9781498228961 }} *{{cite book | last = Childs | first = Brevard S | title = Isaiah | publisher = Westminster John Knox Press | year = 2001 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yTxixTkYagoC&q=Childs,+Brevard+S.++Isaiah | isbn = 9780664221430 }} *{{Rejea kitabu | last = Coogan | first = Michael D. | chapter = Isaiah | editor1-last = Coogan | editor1-first = Michael D. |editor2-last = Brettler |editor2-first = Mark Zvi |editor3-last = Newsom |editor3-first = Carol Ann | title = New Oxford Annotated Bible | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2007 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Nc-i_pQsiW8C&q=The+New+Oxford+Annotated+Bible | isbn = 9780195288803 }} *{{cite book | last = Ehrman | first = Bart D. | title = Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1999 | url = https://archive.org/details/jesusapocalyptic00ehrm | url-access = registration | quote = Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium. | isbn = 9780199839438 }} * {{Citation |last=Farmer|first= Ron|chapter= Messiah/Christ|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&pg=PA570 | editor1-first = Watson E | editor1-last = Mills | editor2-first = Roger Aubrey | editor2-last = Bullard|title=Mercer dictionary of the Bible|publisher= Mercer University Press|year=1991|isbn= 978-0-86554-373-7}} * {{Citation |last=Juel|first=Donald|author-link=Donald Juel|chapter=Christ|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&q=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible | editor-first =David Noel | editor-last = Freedman|title= Dictionary of the Bible | publisher = William B Eerdmans |year=2000|isbn= 978-90-5356-503-2}} *{{cite book | last = Rhodes | first = Ron | title = The Complete Guide to Bible Translations | publisher = Harvest House Publishers | year = 2009 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NfI6sgyzq4YC&q=translation+of+almah+in+christian+bibles&pg=PA81 | isbn = 9780736931366 }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last1 = Kimball |first1 = Charles |title = Jesus' Exposition of the Old Testament in Luke's Gospel |publisher = Bloomsbury |year = 1994 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Zc_eBAAAQBAJ |isbn = 9780567319081 }} *{{cite book | last = Law | first = David R. | title = The Historical-Critical Method: A Guide for the Perplexed | publisher = A&C | year = 2012 | isbn = 9780567400123 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vdZshKnGRCMC&pg=PA22 }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last1 = Moyise |first1 = Steve |title = Jesus and Scripture: Studying the New Testament Use of the Old Testament |publisher = Baker Books |year = 2011 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=C9PRrvnVdzcC |isbn = 9781441237491 }} *{{Rejea kitabu | last = Saldarini | first = Anthony J. | chapter = Matthew | editor1-last = Dunn | editor1-first = James D.G. |editor2-last = Rogerson |editor2-first = John | title = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible | publisher = Eerdmans | year = 2001 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=Matthew+Anthony+J+Saldarini+Introduction&pg=PA1000 | isbn = 9780802837110 }} *{{cite book | last = Sweeney | first = Marvin A | title = Isaiah 1–39: With an Introduction to Prophetic Literature | publisher = Eerdmans | year = 1996 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BdSzj9-SZv0C&pg=PR3 | isbn = 9780802841001 }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last1 = Valantasis |first1 = Richard |last2 = Bleyle |first2 = Douglas K. |last3 = Haugh |first3 = Dennis C. |title = The Gospels and Christian Life in History and Practice |publisher = Rowman & Littlefield |year = 2009 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_rFr9bGY5s4C |isbn = 9780742570696 }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last = Yu Chui Siang Lau |first = Theresa |chapter = The Gospels and the Old Testament |editor1-last = Harding |editor1-first = Mark |editor2-last = Nobbs |editor2-first = Alanna |title = The Content and the Setting of the Gospel Tradition |publisher = Eerdmans |year = 2010 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UNIelnuGATgC |isbn = 9780802833181 }} * Herbert Lockyer ''All the Messianic Prophecies of the Bible'' Zondervan 1988 {{ISBN|0-310-28091-5}} * Nelson Reference Guides ''Find It Fast Messianic Prophecies Fulfilled In Jesus Christ'' Nelson Reference 2001 {{ISBN|0-7852-4754-8}} * Charles A. Briggs ''Messianic Prophecy: The Prediction of the Fulfilment of Redemption Through the Messiah'' Wipf & Stock Publishers 2005 {{ISBN|1-59752-292-9}} * Edward Riehm ''Messianic Prophecy: Its Origins, Historical Growth and Relation to New Testament Fulfillment'' Kessinger Publishing 2006 {{ISBN|1-4254-8411-5}} * Aaron Kligerman ''Old Testament Messianic Prophecy'' Zondervan 1957 ASIN B000GSNPMQ * [[Michael F. Bird]], ''Are You the One Who Is to Come?'' Baker Academic 2008. {{Refend}} {{mbegu-Biblia}} [[Jamii:Biblia]] [[Jamii:Yesu Kristo]] q5gk8t8km57drel5ji03bvow62wot0v 0 209212 1529732 1439011 2026-05-02T12:09:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la mji|jina_rasmi=Yola "Yola-Jimeta"|picha_ya_ramani=Nigeria location map.svg|maelezo_ya_picha=Mahali ilipo nchini Nigeria {{coord|9|13|48|N|12|27|36|E|display=inline,title}} |nchi=[[Nigeria]] {{flagicon|Nigeria}}|jimbo=[[Jimbo la Adamawa]] |eneo_jumla_km2=118 km2 (46 sq mi)|idadi_ya_watu=392,854|msongamano=3,300/km2 (8,600/sq mi)|eneo_la_saa=GMT+1}} '''Yola''', inayomaanisha ‘Uwanda Mkubwa’ au ‘Ardhi Kubwa ya Tambarare’, ni [[mji mkuu]] na kituo cha kiutawala cha [[Jimbo la Adamawa]], [[Nigeria]]. Uko kandokando ya [[Mto Benue]], na una wakazi zaidi ya 336,648 (kufikia mwaka 2010).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=hometown.ng|url=https://hometown.ng/listing-item/yola/|work=hometown.ng|accessdate=2025-07-21}}</ref> Yola imegawanyika katika sehemu mbili. Kuna mji wa zamani wa Yola ambako Lamido wa Adamawa anaishi, ambao ni mji wa jadi, na mji mpya wa [[Jimeta]] (takriban kilomita 5 au maili 3 kaskazini-magharibi) ambao ndio kitovu cha utawala na biashara. Kaskazini kuna Milima ya Mandara na kusini kuna Milima ya Shebshi pamoja na Mlima Dimlang (Vogel Peak). Yola pia ni lango la kufikia Hifadhi ya Asili ya Gashaka Gumpti, mojawapo ya mbuga kubwa zaidi za taifa nchini Nigeria, hifadhi ya msitu wa milimani wa Ngel Nyaki, Uwanda wa Mambilla, mahali pa Sukur, ambayo ndiyo mandhari ya kwanza ya kitamaduni barani Afrika kuingizwa katika Orodha ya [[Urithi wa Dunia]] ya [[UNESCO]],<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18iV522zLj0C&pg=PA43|title=The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community|last=Brown|first=Jessica|last2=Mitchell|first2=Nora J.|last3=Beresford|first3=Michael|date=2005|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-8317-0797-6|language=en}}</ref> Maporomoko ya Maji ya Yadin, Bwawa la Kiri katika [[Mto Gongola]], Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Benue iliyoko karibu na [[Kamerun]], [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Waza]], na mji wa [[Garoua]] ulioko Kamerun, unaopatikana ng'ambo ya mpaka katika Mto Benue. == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:Miji ya Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Jimbo la Adamawa]] d4t905mlwpiztqnfr1721zstynqhrhp 0 211233 1530048 1442447 2026-05-02T18:47:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530048 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zdenko Roter''' ([[12 Agosti]] [[1926]] – [[2 Agosti]] [[2025]]) alikuwa [[Elimujamii|mwanasosholojia]] kutoka [[Slovenia]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ustanovili Forum 21 {{!}} 24ur.com|url=https://www.24ur.com/novice/slovenija/ustanovili-forum-21.html|access-date=2025-08-02|website=www.24ur.com|language=sl}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Age_of_Global_Dialogue/uiF8DQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Zdenko+Roter&pg=PA308&printsec=frontcover|title=The Age of Global Dialogue|last=Swidler|first=Leonard J.|date=2016-11-08|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=978-1-4982-0867-3|language=en}}</ref> == Wasifu == Roter alizaliwa tarehe 12 Agosti 1926 mjini [[Ljubljana]]. Kabla hajatimiza miaka 16, alijiunga na wapiganaji wa upinzani (Partisans) mwaka [[1942]]. Kabla ya hapo, alishiriki kama mshirika katika shughuli mbalimbali za Harakati ya Ukombozi (Liberation Front). Mnamo mwaka [[2004]], alishiriki kuanza kwa chama cha kisiasa kiitwacho ''Forum 21''.Katika kumbukumbu zake binafsi ziitwazo ''Fallen Masks'', alielezea safari yake ya maisha kuanzia siku za upinzani hadi nafasi yake ya ushawishi wa kisiasa baada ya uhuru wa Slovenia. Alikuwa mshauri wa Rais ''Milan Kučan'', na kulingana na maelezo yake mwenyewe, aliathiri uamuzi wa Danilo Türk kugombea urais katika uchaguzi wa mwaka [[2007]]. Mnamo mwaka [[2002]], alipokea Nishani ya Heshima ya Dhahabu ya Uhuru ya Jamhuri ya Slovenia == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1928]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]] [[Jamii:wanasosholojia wa Slovenia]] ia2m46m41mr7yduqxllbva9nogysm6n 0 211253 1529801 1461581 2026-05-02T12:21:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529801 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:YouthTech.png|thumb|Picha ya Website ya YouthTech]] '''YouthTech Tanzania''' ni shirika lisilo la kiserikali lililoko [[Arusha]], [[Tanzania]], linalolenga kuongeza ufahamu na ujuzi wa [[teknolojia]] kwa [[vijana]], hasa [[wanawake]] na [[wasichana]]. Shirika hili linafanya kazi kutoa mafunzo katika maeneo mbalimabli kama elimu ya [[Teknolojia ya habari na mawasiliano|ICT]], usalama mtandaoni (cybersecurity), maendeleo ya programu za simu, na matumizi ya akili bandia (AI).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://youthtech.or.tz/ |title=YouthTech Tanzania |accessdate=2025-08-03 |archive-date=2025-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250803030420/https://youthtech.or.tz/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sekta za Kazi == YouthTech inaendesha miradi katika maeneo muhimu yafuatayo:​ * Kuendeleza elimu ya ICT kwa vijana na [[jamii]] kwa ujumla. * Kuhamasisha mafunzo ya usalama ya mtandaoni. * Kukuza ufahamu na ushiriki katika shughuli za [[Akili mnemba]] ndani ya jamii. == Matokeo na Athari == Shirika limefikia vijana mbalimbali kupitia warsha, [[semina]], na mafundisho yanayolenga kukuza teknolojia, ubunifu na uelewa juu ya njia za kutumia AI kutatua changamoto za kijamii kama [[afya]], [[elimu]] na [[kilimo]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-elimu}} [[Jamii:Elimu ya Tanzania]] 2ch9i3z80y993jalyercrtuq3nha2de 0 211553 1530198 1445945 2026-05-02T19:10:43Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1530198 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ümit Aktan''' ([[21 Januari]] [[1949]] – [[7 Agosti]] [[2025]]) alikuwa [[mtangazaji]] wa michezo, [[mwandishi wa habari]] na mwandishi wa vitabu kutoka nchini [[Uturuki]].<ref name="auto">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ümit Aktan kimdir?|url=https://www.biyografiler.com/kimdir/umit-aktan|access-date=2025-08-07|website=www.biyografiler.com|language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Galatasaray_Gol_At%C4%B1nca_Sevin%C3%A7ten_Sesi/07CAEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%C3%9Cmit+Aktan&pg=PA21&printsec=frontcover|title=Galatasaray Gol Atınca Sevinçten Sesi Kısılan Fenerbahçeli Çocuk|last=Karadeniz|first=Ali Cem|date=2022-08-11|publisher=Ali Cem Karadeniz|language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ümit Aktan'ı kaybettik|url=https://www.galatasaray.org/haber/galatasaray-haberleri/camiadan-haberler/umit-aktani-kaybettik/58265|url-status=live}}</ref> == Maisha na Kazi == Aktan alizaliwa mjini [[Nazilli]], [[Aydın]] mnamo 21 Januari 1949. Alianza kucheza [[mpira wa miguu]] akiwa katika shule ya sekondari na kujiunga na kikosi cha vijana cha Galatasaray. Hata hivyo, alilazimika kuacha [[soka]] kutokana na jeraha baya alilopata akiwa hapo. Mnamo [[1972]], alianza kazi kama [[Mtangazaji|mtangazaji wa michezo]] katika kituo cha TRT, huku pia akiendesha vipindi mbalimbali vya michezo katika kipindi hicho. Mwaka [[1975]], alijiunga na Chama cha Waandishi wa Michezo wa Uturuki na kufanya kazi katika idara ya michezo ya gazeti la ''Son Havadis''. Alishiriki katika kuanzisha kituo cha TGRT, na baadaye akaendesha vipindi vya michezo na mashindano katika kituo hicho. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1949]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] [[Jamii:Watangazaji wa Uturuki]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uturuki]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa habari]] s60gdi1svc4ca0tjej6ab3wxa6euic4 0 212118 1529868 1448762 2026-05-02T12:31:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529868 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ZBC TV''' ([[kifupi]] cha '''Zanzibar Broadcasting Corporation'''; zamani iliitwa [[Television Zanzibar]] (TVZ)) ni kituo cha televisheni cha Tume ya Utangazaji Zanzibar huko [[Zanzibar]], [[Tanzania]]. Ilikuwa kituo cha kwanza cha televisheni [[Kusini kwa Sahara]]. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=7h1DAQAAIAAJ&q=Zanzibar+&redir_esc=y|title=Mass Media, Towards the Millennium: The South African Handbook of Mass Communication|last=Beer|first=Arrie De|date=1998|publisher=J.L. van Schaik|isbn=978-0-627-02324-8|language=en}}</ref> Ni kituo cha utangazaji kinachomilikiwa na serikali ambacho huzalisha na kusambaza [[programu]] zinazolenga maendeleo. == Historia == TVZ ilipitishwa mwaka 1972 na rais wa kwanza wa Zanzibar, [[Abedi Amani Karume|Sheikh Abeid Amani Karume]], kwa kutumia mfumo wa PAL, na matangazo kwa [[Kiswahili]] na [[Kiingereza]]. Rais wa Pili wa Zanzibar Sheikh Aboud Jumbe Mwinyi alizindua TVZ tarehe 12 Januari 1974 ikiwa ni moja ya matukio muhimu katika kuadhimisha miaka 10 ya [[Mapinduzi ya Zanzibar]]. Ilitangaza zaidi ya saa mbili kwa siku (7pm hadi 9:15pm) kwenye UHF chaneli 21. Inabeba programu za ndani na kimataifa. Kituo kipo jengo la Karume House. Jengo hilo lilifanyiwa ukarabati mwaka wa 1972 wakati lilipogeuzwa kuwa studio ya TV na lilikusudiwa kuwa la muda. Kwa sababu ya matatizo ya kifedha serikali haikuweza kuweka muundo mwingine wa studio ya TV hadi sasa. Kufikia 1994, TVZ ilitumia kidogo kununua programu za kigeni. == Dhamira == Dhamira ya Televisheni ya Zanzibar ni habari, elimu na burudani kwa umma kwa kuzingatia maslahi yao. Tangu kuanzishwa kwake kauli mbiu ya Televisheni  ya Zanzibar imebaki kuwa "ELIMU KWA TELEVISHENI" ("Elimu kwa njia ya Televisheni"), wazo ambalo lilitokana na Sheikh Abeid Aman Karume. == Upatikanaji == TVZ inashughulikia visiwa vyote vya [[Unguja]] na [[Pemba (kisiwa)|Pemba]] na mawimbi yake yanafika [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanga (mji)|Tanga]], [[Bagamoyo (mji)|Bagamoyo]] na ukanda wa pwani ya [[Tanzania]] bara hadi [[Mombasa]] nchini [[Kenya]]. Licha ya kuwa kituo cha kwanza cha TV  barani [[Afrika]], kituo hicho hakijawahi kurusha matangazo yake kwa njia ya [[satelaiti]] tofauti na vituo vingine vya televisheni nchini [[Tanzania]], kumaanisha kwamba haipatikani kwa wingi kimataifa. Nafasi ya utekelezaji wa shughuli za TV kwa muda mrefu imekuwa haitoshi na sasa imekuwa mbaya zaidi kwani nafasi za uzalishaji, chumba cha habari, nafasi ya utayarishaji wa programu na zingine hazikidhi mahitaji ya studio ya kisasa ya TV. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Vyombo vya habari]] [[Jamii:Zanzibar]] apqcyyzcxozf08cqctxa5c5jxj2hf3a 0 212251 1530035 1456675 2026-05-02T18:45:01Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 7 template(s) replaced. 1530035 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zara Yakubu''' ([[1399]] – 26 Agosti [[1468]]) alikuwa [[Negus Negesti]] wa [[Ethiopia]] kwa zaidi ya miaka 34 hadi [[kifo]] chake kwa [[jina rasmi]] Konstantino I. Ndiye [[Kiongozi|mtawala]] bora wa nchi hiyo tangu wakati wa [[Ezana]] hadi [[Menelik II.|Menelik II]]. ==Marejeo== {{refbegin|35em}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=The Abyssinians |last=Buxon |first=David |year=1970 |publisher=Praeger |location=New York |pages=48ff}} *{{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of Eritrea |last1=Connel |first1=Dan |last2=Killion |first2=Tom |year=2011 |publisher=The Scarecrow |isbn=978-081085952-4}} *{{cite thesis |type=Ph.D. thesis |title=The Oromo of Ethiopia, 1500–1850: with special emphasis on the Gibe region |last=Hassen |first=Mohammed |year=1983 |publisher=University of London |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29226/1/10731321.pdf |page=22 |access-date=25 March 2020 |archive-date=13 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213003344/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29226/1/10731321.pdf |url-status=live}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=Layers of Time, A History of Ethiopia |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |year=2000 |publisher=Palgrave |location=New York |page=68 |isbn=1-85065-522-7}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=The Ethiopians: A History |last=Pankhurst |first=Richard |year=2001 |publisher=Blackwell |location=Oxford |page=85}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles |last=Pankhurst |first=Richard K. P. |year=1967 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Addis Ababa |page=32}} *{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Zare'a Ya'eqob, c. 1399 to 1468, Orthodox, Ethiopia |last=Selassie |first=Tsehai Berhane |encyclopedia=The Encyclopaedia Africana Dictionary of African Biography |editor-last=Ofosu-Appiah |editor-first=L. H. |publisher=Reference Publications |location=New York |via=Dictionary of African Christian Biography |url=http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/zarea_yaeqob.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806234930/http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/zarea_yaeqob.html |date=1977 |archive-date=6 August 2016}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=The Realm of Prester John |edition=paperback |last=Silverberg |first=Robert |year=1996 |author-link=Robert Silverberg |publisher=[[Ohio University Press]] |page=189 |isbn=1-84212-409-9}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=Church and State in Ethiopia |url=https://archive.org/details/churchstateineth0000tadd |last=Tamrat |first=Taddesse |year=1972 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |page=[https://archive.org/details/churchstateineth0000tadd/page/222 222] |isbn=0-19-821671-8 |ref={{harvid|Taddesse Tamrat|1972}}}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=The Ethiopians: An Introduction to the Country and People |edition=second |last=Ullendorff |first=Edward |orig-year=1960 |year=1965 |author-link=Edward Ullendorff |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |page=69 |oclc=174435 |isbn=}} {{refend}} ==Marejeo mengine== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |chapter=Crusading threats? Ethiopian-Egyptian relations in the 1440s |last=Krebs |first=Verena |year=2019 |title=Croisades en Afriqe |publisher=Presses universitaires du Midi |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/39048155 |pages=245–274 |isbn=978-281070557-3 |ref=none |access-date=12 May 2019 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308201752/https://www.academia.edu/39048155 |url-status=live}} {{refend}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://tezeta.org/16/the-chronicle-of-the-emperor-zara-yaqob-1434-1468 ''The Chronicle of the Emperor Zara Yaqob'', translated by Richard Pankhurst] [https://web.archive.org/web/20060224211057/http://tezeta.org/16/the-chronicle-of-the-emperor-zara-yaqob-1434-1468 Archive.org mirror] {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1399|1468}} [[Jamii:mashemasi]] [[Jamii:wafalme wa Ethiopia]] 6g4xjekp35glziscpuz3kuqzx65dekh 0 212304 1529677 1486168 2026-05-02T12:01:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529677 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yellow Banana''' ni [[filamu]] ya [[mwaka]] 2008 kutoka [[Tanzania]] iliyoongozwa na [[Vincent Kigosi]] ikiwa imebeba jumbe za [[maisha]] katika [[Taswira katika fasihi|taswira]] ya picha ikieleza maisha ni kama ndizi iliyoiva, rangi yake huvutia sana, usipoila kwa wakati wake, hutaila tena kwa kuwa itakuwa imeoza. Na hata rangi yake haitavutia tena…. maisha yangu hayana [[furaha]] kwa kuwa sikuyatumia vizuri kwa wakati wake.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yellow Banana — Bongo Movie {{!}} Tanzania|url=https://www.bongocinema.com/movies/view/yellow-banana|work=www.bongocinema.com|accessdate=2025-08-24|archive-date=2025-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250914205328/https://www.bongocinema.com/movies/view/yellow-banana|url-status=dead}}</ref> Filamu hii iliongozwa na [[Vincent Kigosi]] na kuandikwa kwa pamoja na Vincent Kigosi na [[Ally Yakuti]] . == Washiriki == * [[Omary Abdallah]] * [[Blandina Changula|Blandina Chagula]] * [[Aunt Ezekiel|Aunty Ezekiel]] * [[Happy John]]<ref>{{Citation|last=Kigosi|first=Vincent|title=Yellow Banana|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt30309969/?ref_=ls_t_37|others=Omary Abdallah, Jaji Ally, Blandina Chagula|publisher=Game 1st Quality|access-date=2025-08-24}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:ACWP + film in Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Filamu za Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Filamu za 2008]] dxac11v35yt84ge30ojr8l079buq2pw 0 213748 1529711 1453029 2026-05-02T12:06:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529711 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yohane Akida''' (alifariki [[319]]) alikuwa [[askari]] wa [[Israeli]] ambaye alipofariki mapema, [[mama]] yake, [[Kleopatra wa Mlima Tabori]]<ref name=oca>[https://oca.org/saints/lives/2014/10/19/103001-blessed-cleopatra-with-her-son-in-egypt "Blessed Cleopatra with her son in Egypt", Orthodox Church in America]</ref>, aligawa [[Mali (uchumi)|mali]] zake kwa [[Umaskini|fukara]] akajitoa kumtumikia [[Mungu]] kwa kusali na kufunga. Pamoja naye anaheshimiwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki|Wakatoliki]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=2681|title=St. Cleopatra - Saints & Angels}}</ref>, [[Waorthodoksi]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.stlukeorthodox.com/html/saints/october/19th.cfm|title=Saint Luke Orthodox Church - Saints - Saints by Day - January - 1st|access-date=20 November 2008|archive-date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220142218/http://www.stlukeorthodox.com/html/saints/october/19th.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref> na [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] tangu kale kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yao huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[19 Oktoba]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] == Tanbihi == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:waliofariki 319]] [[Jamii:watakatifu wa Israeli]] ld7z4ie4iypscpnb7rbkmu44qct85fg 0 213861 1530133 1453483 2026-05-02T19:00:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530133 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Zosimas_and_Mary_of_Egypt_(Greece,_17_c.).jpg|thumb|[[Picha takatifu]] ya Mt. Zosimo na Mt. Maria wa Misri.]] '''Zosimo wa Palestina''' ([[460]] hivi - [[560]] hivi) alikuwa [[mmonaki]] wa [[Palestina]] kwa muda wa miaka 90 hivi. Habari zote tulizonazo juu yake zimetokana na [[maandishi]] ya [[Sofroni wa Yerusalemu]] kuhusu [[Maria wa Misri]]<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|last=Holweck|first=Frederick George|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LP4UAAAAQAAJ&dq=Zosimas+of+Palestine&pg=PA1051|title=A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints: With a General Introduction on Hagiology|date=1924|publisher=B. Herder Book Company|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=56_JUWHxdYcC&q=zosimas+of+palestine |title=The Library of the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society |date=1897 |publisher=Committee for the Palestine Exploration Fund : Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society |isbn= |language=en}}</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]]<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/98316</ref>, [[Waorthodoksi]] na [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[4 Aprili]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] *[[Mababu wa jangwani]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo kwa Kiswahili== *S.J.RUPYA, Makahaba wa jangwani, BPNP 1996, isbn 9976634765. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=100988 St. Zosimus] brief [[Synaxarion]] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20101230181728/http://monachos.net/content/patristics/patristictexts/182-life-of-mary Sophronios of Jerusalem, Life of St Mary of Egypt] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071005153350/http://www.monachos.net/library/Image:Mary_receives_communion.jpg Icon of St. Zosimas] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 460]] [[Category:Waliofariki 560]] [[Category:Wamonaki]] [[Jamii:Mababu wa jangwani]] [[Jamii:Mapadri]] [[Jamii:watakatifu wa Palestina]] bt2sdedldau6y95g7m9xvx6kh1djl40 0 214352 1530052 1456859 2026-05-02T18:47:51Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1530052 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zeinab Mohammed-Khair Badawi''' (alizaliwa [[3 Oktoba]], [[1959]])<ref name=":0">{{Rejea kitabu |last=Sleeman |first=Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J8xDWDqOkEC&dq=zeinab+badawi+david+crook&pg=PA35 |title=The International Who's Who of Women 2002 |date=2001 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-1-85743-122-3 |language=en}}</ref> ni [[Sudan|Msudan]] - [[Mwingereza]] [[mwandishi wa habari]] wa [[televisheni]] na [[redio]], [[mwalimu]], [[mwanaharakati]] wa kiraia, na mwandishi. Alikuwa katika Orodha ya waandishi wa [[habari]] na watangazaji wa ITV wa kwanza wa ''ITV Morning News'' (baadaye ikajulikana kama ''ITV News at 5:30''),<ref>[http://ukinportugal.fco.gov.uk/en/visit-uk/london-2012-olympics/see-britain/23166597 British Embassy Lisbon: Zeinab Badawi.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525121437/http://ukinportugal.fco.gov.uk/en/visit-uk/london-2012-olympics/see-britain/23166597 |date=25 May 2011 }}</ref> na aliwahi kutangaza pamoja na Jon Snow katika ''Channel 4 News (Britain)'' kuanzia 1989 hadi 1998 kabla ya kujiunga na [[BBC News]]. Badawi alikuwa mtangazaji wa ''World News Today'' iliyokuwa ikirushwa hewani kupitia BBC Four na BBC World News, na pia ''Reporters (BBC News programme)'', kipindi cha kila wiki chenye kuonyesha taarifa kutoka BBC.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/world_news_today/about/default.stm "About World News Today with Zeinab Badawi"], BBC, 26 February 2010.</ref> Mnamo 2021, Badawi aliteuliwa kuwa rais wa Chuo Kikuu cha SOAS University of [[London]].<ref name="President of SOAS">{{cite web|url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/news/newsitem155283.html|title=Zeinab Badawi appointed as President of SOAS|date=5 October 2021 |publisher=SOAS University of London}}</ref> Badawi ni mshiriki wa bodi kadhaa za kiraia na alichapisha [[kitabu]] chake cha kwanza, ''Historia ya Kiafrika ya Afrika'', mnamo 2024. ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Badawi alizaliwa tarehe 3 Oktoba 1959 huko [[Khartoum]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=BBC World Service – World Agenda – Zeinab Badawi's return to Sudan homeland |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/worldagenda/2010/09/100910_worldagenda_zeinab_badawi.shtml |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=bbc.co.uk}}</ref> katika familia ya asili ya [[Kiarabu]] na Kihabeshi. "Nilizaliwa katika familia inayozungumza Kiarabu kaskazini mwa Sudan. Jaribio rahisi la DNA... lilionyesha kuwa karibu asilimia 50 ya DNA ya familia yangu ni ya Kiarabu, kutoka Rasi ya Uarabuni na Afrika Kaskazini, na nusu nyingine ni ya Afrika Mashariki." Babu yake mkubwa, Babikr Bedri, alipigana dhidi ya vikosi vya [[Uingereza]] vya Kitchener kwenye Vita vya Omdurman mnamo 1898 na alianzisha elimu ya wanawake nchini Sudan. Baba yake Badawi, Mohammed-Khair El Badawi, alikuwa mhariri wa [[gazeti]] nchini Sudan aliyejitoa kwenye mageuzi ya kijamii ambaye, familia ilipohamia Uingereza, alijiunga na Idhaa ya Kiarabu ya BBC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/study/blog/international-womens-day-25-soas-alumni-be-inspired|title=International Women's Day: 25 SOAS alumni to be inspired by|website=SOAS University of London|date=8 March 2023|access-date=19 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Women at Oxford">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Zeinab Badawi |url=https://www.firstwomenatoxford.ox.ac.uk/zeinab-badawi |website=Education & Activism: Women at Oxford |publisher=University of Oxford|access-date=9 July 2023}}</ref> Akiwa amekulia katika familia inayozungumza Kiarabu, Badawi anazungumza kwa ufasaha Kiarabu na Kiingereza. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1961|}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Sudan]] g9cwnxlwuh8rbfa1rlle4roawz328v7 0 214621 1530084 1459551 2026-05-02T18:52:41Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530084 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zinash Tayachew''' (amezaliwa [[Gondar]], [[25 Januari]] [[1978]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]], mfadhili na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[nyimbo za Kiinjili]] kutoka [[Ethiopia]]. Pia ni [[mke]] wa [[Abiy Ahmed]], [[Waziri Mkuu]] wa nne wa Ethiopia.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=First Lady|url=https://pmo.gov.et/first_lady/|access-date=12 Mei 2020|website=Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Shirikisho la Ethiopia - Ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu}}</ref> Zinash ni [[Ukristo|Mkristo]] wa [[Uprotestanti]] mwenye bidii, na hutumika [[kanisa|kanisani]] kwake kama mwimbaji wa nyimbo za Kiinjili.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maren (ማረን) — Wimbo Mpya wa Mke wa Waziri Mkuu wa Ethiopia H.E Zinash Tayachew|url=https://www.habeshatimes.com/maren-%E1%88%9B%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%95-new-song-by-ethiopian-first-lady-h-e-zinash-tayachew/|accessdate=2025-09-25|archive-date=2024-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202163016/https://www.habeshatimes.com/maren-%E1%88%9B%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%95-new-song-by-ethiopian-first-lady-h-e-zinash-tayachew/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Maisha na Kazi == Baada ya kuhitimu kutoka Shule ya Sekondari ya Fasiledes huko Gondar, Zinash alijiunga na [[jeshi]], ambako alikutana na mume wake wa baadaye, Abiy Ahmed Ali, ambaye sasa ndiye Waziri Mkuu wa Ethiopia. Kabla ya nafasi yake kama Mke wa Waziri Mkuu, Zinash Tayachew aliishi na binti zao watatu huko Denver, [[Colorado]]. Zinash na Abiy wana mabinti watatu: Deborah, Rakeb na Amen. Pia wanalea mtoto wa kiume wa kuasili mwenye umri wa miaka mitano, aitwaye Million Abiy, tangu [[Agosti]] [[2018]]. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1978]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:waimbaji wa Ethiopia]] 2bsktj8tadk5wlgdbeo9qthvllqr7wf 0 214676 1530117 1457911 2026-05-02T18:57:43Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530117 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zohra Drif Bitat''' (alizaliwa [[28 Desemba]], [[1934]])<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_axJ96lk2QC&pg=PA108|title=Mujer y desarrollo|last=Domingo|first=Concepción|date=2005|publisher=Universitat de València|isbn=9788437062549|language=es|access-date=6 December 2021|archive-date=23 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123223235/https://books.google.com/books?id=w_axJ96lk2QC&pg=PA108|url-status=live}}</ref> ni [[mwanasheria]] aliyetoka kustaafu wa Algeria, moudjahid (mpiganaji wa Vita vya Uhuru vya Algeria), na makamu wa rais wa Baraza la [[Taifa]], nyumba ya juu ya [[Bunge]] la [[Algeria]]. Drif alizaliwa katika Tissemselt, [[Algeria]], sehemu ya mkoa wa Tiaret, ambapo babu yake alikuwa [[imam]] na baba yake alikuwa mwanasheria na hakimu huko Tiaret. Anajulikana sana kwa shughuli zake kwa niaba ya National Liberation Front (FLN) wakati wa Vita vya [[Uhuru]] vya Algeria. Drif alikuwa ameolewa na Rabah Bitat, mmoja wa viongozi wa FLN na rais wa Bunge la Taifa. Nchini Algeria, anachukuliwa kuwa shujaa wa Vita vya Uhuru vya Algeria dhidi ya ukoloni wa Kifaransa. Alikuwa sehemu ya mtandao wa mabomu wa FLN na wakati wa Vita vya Uhuru vya Algeria, alifanya kazi pamoja na Ali La Pointe, Hassiba Ben Bouali, na Saadi Yacef, kiongozi wa Eneo Huru la Algiers]. Kipindi chake katika vita kinajulikana zaidi kutokana na mlipuko wa Milk Bar Café mwaka 1956. ==Maisha ya awali== Drif alizaliwa katika familia ya Kialgeria yenye hadhi ya juu na iliyo ya kiasili na alilelewa mashambani. Alikulia katika Tissemsilt Province. Baba yake alikuwa mwanasheria aliyefanikwa na kufikia cheo cha qadi. Alisoma katika shule ya upili ya heshima, Lycée Fromentin, huko [[Algiers]], na baadaye alisoma sheria katika University of Algiers kuanzia mwaka 1954. Ndani ya Lycée Fromentin ndipo alipopata rafiki yake wa karibu, na baadaye mwanachama wa FLN, Samia Lakhdari. Hata hivyo, kuongezeka kwa ushiriki wake katika Front de Libération Nationale (Algeria) kulileta athari kwa alama zake na alilazimika kusitisha masomo yake kwa muda. Drif alikuza mitazamo ya kisasa ya wanawake na dhidi ya ukoloni. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1934|}} [[Jamii:Mwanasheria wa Algeria]] jz55yf62yw12kb24m7lmxxj8zxp0dnm 0 215590 1529789 1461294 2026-05-02T12:19:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529789 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Yusuf Borahil Almsmare.jpg|thumb|[[Kiongozi]] wa [[Jeshi|Kijeshi]] wa Kikabila cha Senussi Ofisini [[16 Septemba]] - [[19 Desemba]] [[1931]]]] '''Yousaf Borahil al-Mismari''' (karibu [[1886]] – [[19 Desemba]] [[1931]]) alikuwa [[mwanaharakati]] wa [[Libya]] aliyepigania [[uhuru]] dhidi ya [[ukoloni]] wa [[Italia]]. Baada ya kifo cha Omar Al-Mokhtar, aliteuliwa kuwa makamu kiongozi wa [[Jihad]] ya Libya, akiendelea kuongoza mapambano dhidi ya wakoloni.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Libya: A Modern History|last=Wright|first=John|publisher=Croom Helm|year=1983|location=Kent, England|pages=35}}</ref> Al-Mismari aliuawa wakati wa mapambano na nguvu za usalama za Italia nchini Libya akiwa na umri wa miaka 45. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1886]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1931]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Libya]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Libya]] qrlrw8g0wdxj6quc3d3yvvcla34yt4g 0 215686 1529936 1520432 2026-05-02T16:45:09Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260502sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1529936 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Investiturewoodcut.png|thumb|[[Mfalme]] wa [[Enzi ya kati|karne za kati]] akisimika askofu kwa kumkabidhi [[Kifaa|vifaa]] vya [[cheo]] chake, [[kazi]] ya Philip Van Ness Myers, [[1905]].]] '''Mgogoro wa Usimikaji''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''Investiture Controversy'' or ''Contest'') ulikuwa mgongano wa [[mamlaka|kimamlaka]] wa miaka 50 ([[1076]]-[[1122]]) kati ya [[Kiongozi|viongozi]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na wa [[Dola Takatifu la Kiroma]] kuhusu nani awe na [[haki]] ya kuchagua na kusimika [[Askofu|maaskofu]], [[abati|maabati]] na hata [[Papa|Mapapa]]. Wahusika wakuu walikuwa [[Papa Gregori VII]] na [[Heinrich IV wa Ujerumani|Henri IV wa Ujerumani]]. Katikati, miaka [[1103]]-[[1107]] mgongano kama huo ulitokea pia kati ya [[Papa Paskali II]] na mfalme [[Henri I wa Uingereza]]. Hatimaye ilikubalika kwamba uteuzi ufanywe na [[Kanisa]], ila askofu atapaswa kula [[kiapo]] cha [[uaminifu]] kwa mfalme. ==Upande wa Papa== Gregori VII, baada ya kuishi kama [[mmonaki]] wa [[Wabenedikto|Kibenedikto]] na kuchangia sana [[urekebisho]] wa Kanisa kama [[kardinali]] na [[balozi wa Papa]], alipochaguliwa mwenyewe kuwa Papa alipigania kwa [[nguvu]] zote [[utakatifu]] wa [[Kuhani|ukuhani]] na [[uhuru]] wa Kanisa Katoliki dhidi ya mamlaka ya [[serikali]], akifungua njia kwa Mapapa waliofuata. Ni kwamba wakati huohuo Henri IV aliwahi kumsimika askofu mmoja nchini [[Ujerumani]] kufuatana na [[desturi]] ya huko. Kumbe Papa aliona haki yake ya kuteua maaskofu imeingiliwa, hivyo akatafuta na kupata tamko la wakubwa wa Kanisa huko [[Italia]], kuwa washauri wa mfalme watengwe na Kanisa. Mfalme alikasirika akaita maaskofu wa Ujerumani waliamua Papa huyo asiwe Papa tena. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/henry4-to-g7a.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-10-22 |archivedate=2014-11-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112003454/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/henry4-to-g7a.html }}</ref> Wakati Gregori VII aliposikia hayo alimtenga Heinrich IV na Kanisa, alitangaza kuwa hakuwa mfalme tena akafuta viapo ambavyo watu walikuwa wamemwapia mfalme. Kutengwa kwa mfalme kulisababisha [[hisia]] kali huko Ujerumani na Italia. [[Baba]] wa mfalme, [[Heinrich III wa Ujerumani|Henri III]] aliwahi kuwaondoa [[madaraka|madarakani]] Mapapa watatu, lakini wakati Heinrich IV alipojaribu kuiga mfano huo, hakuungwa mkono na watu. Hali ikawa mbaya sana kwa mfalme. Papa alipiga marufuku askofu au [[Upadri|padre]] yeyote kumruhusu katika [[ibada]] au kumhudumia kwa namna yoyote. Ilibainika kuwa ilibidi apate [[msamaha]] kutoka kwa Papa. Mwanzoni alijaribu kufanya hivyo kwa kutuma [[balozi]]. Baada ya Papa kumkataa balozi huyo, mfalme alikwenda Italia mwenyewe. [[File:Hugo-v-cluny_heinrich-iv_mathilde-v-tuszien_cod-vat-lat-4922_1115ad.jpg|thumb|Henri IV akiwaomba [[Hugo wa Cluny]] na [[Matilde wa Canossa]] kumtetea kwa Papa.]] Alimkuta Papa huko Canossa akapiga [[goti|magoti]] mbele ya [[ngome]] Papa alipokuwa amepata ulinzi akaomba msamaha. Kwa kuonyesha [[unyenyekevu]] vile alimfanya Papa kumsamehe na kumrudisha katika [[jumuiya]] ya Kanisa. Wakubwa huko Ujerumani waliwahi kutumia nafasi ya kutengwa kwa mfalme kanisani ili kumtangaza mfalme mpinzani. Papa aliamua kumuunga mkono huyo mfalme wa upinzani akamtenga Heinrich upya mwaka [[1080]]. Lakini baada ya miezi michache yule mfalme mpinzani alifariki [[dunia]], hivyo Henri IV alianza kupigania upya kuwa mfalme. Mnamo [[1081]] alianzisha [[vita]] dhidi ya Papa Gregori VII nchini Italia. Aliitisha mkutano wa maaskofu waliomwunga mkono na mkutano huo ulitangaza kufukuzwa kwa Papa Gregori wakamchagua [[Antipapa]]. [[Jeshi]] la mfalme Heinrich liliingia [[Roma]] mnamo mwaka [[1084]], kumtangaza papa mpya aliyeweka [[taji]] la ukaizari penye [[kichwa]] cha mfalme. Hatimaye mfalme alipaswa kuondoka Roma tena, ila Papa Gregori aliaga dunia uhamishoni [[Salerno]] <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/27400</ref>. == Upande wa mfalme == Henri IV alikuwa mfalme wa tatu wa [[nasaba ya Wasali]] waliotawala Ujerumani kutoka mwaka [[1024]] hadi [[1125]]. Wafalme hao wa Ujerumani katika [[karne ya 11]] walitawala pia [[Italia]]. Vilevile waliweza kupokea [[cheo]] cha Kaizari wa Dola Takatifu la Roma. Cheo hicho kilitolewa na Papa, hivyo mfalme Mjerumani alipaswa kufanya [[safari]] ya kwenda Roma. Wafalme hao waliamini kwamba cheo cha Kaizari kiliwafanya kuwa wakuu wa [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wote na pia kusimamia [[uchaguzi]] wa Papa mpya. [[Imani]] hiyo iliwaingiza mara kwa mara katika fitina za ndani za Italia, maana Roma yenyewe ilikuwa mikononi mwa makundi ya [[Ukabaila|makabaila]] waliotumia ushawishi wao kupelekea wagombea kwa nafasi ya Papa mbele. Matokeo ya fitina zao yalikuwa uchaguzi wa Mapapa tofauti kwa wakati mmoja; mwaka [[1045]] uliona Mapapa watatu: [[Papa Benedikto IX|Benedikto IX]], [[Papa Silvester III|Silvester III]] na [[Papa Gregori VI]]. Ili kumaliza mgawanyiko, mfalme Henri III alivuka [[milima] ya [[Alpi]] kwenda Italia akaitia [[sinodi]] ya kanisa huko [[Sutri]] mnamo 20 Desemba 1046. Sinodi iliwandoa mapapa wote watatu na kumchagua askofu Mjerumani, Suidger wa Bamberg, ambaye alichukua jina la kipapa [[Papa Klementi II|Klementi II]]. Heinrich IV alirithi imani ya baba yake kuwa mfalme aliyebarikiwa kwa [[mafuta]] matakatifu ni [[mlinzi]] wa Kanisa lote, ilhali Mapapa waliona umuhimu kutetea [[madaraka]] yao juu ya Kanisa lote. Ugomvi ulikuwa wa lazima katika suala la kuteua na kusimika maaskofu waliokuwa pia [[Ofisa|maafisa]] wa utawala katika ufalme. Wafalme walitaka kuteua maaskofu waliosimama upande wao, ilhali Mapapa walisisitiza askofu kuwa cheo cha kidini, kwa hiyo walidai haki ya kuwateua na kuwasimika. Wakati Heinrich III alipokufa ghafla mnamo [[1056]], Heinrich IV alikuwa na [[umri]] wa miaka sita tu akatangazwa kuwa mfalme bila shida. Mama yake, [[malkia]] Agnes, alishika utawala kwa niaba yake na [[Papa Viktor II]] aliyekuwa Mjerumani aliteuliwa kama mshauri wake. Alipotimiza umri wa miaka 15, Henri alihesabika kuwa [[Watu wazima|mtu mzima]]. Aliona wakati alipokuwa mfalme mtoto, wakubwa wengine walinyanganya mali ya kifalme, hivyo alijitahidi kutawala tena yale yote yaliyowahi kuwa mali ya baba yake. Hatua alizochukua, zilisababisha upinzani kutoka kwa [[Kabila|makabila]] mbalimbali katika Ujerumani, hasa wa [[Wasaksoni]]. Katika vita vya ndani baina ya miaka 1073 hadi 1075 aliwashinda Wasaksoni. Hatimaye alijikuta katika mapambano na Papa Gregori VII. [[Papa]] huyo alichaguliwa mnamo [[1073]]. Kutokana na ugomvi wake na Kanisa mfalme alidhoofishwa na wapinzani wake katika Ujerumani na Italia walimshambulia mara kwa mara, na makundi ya maaskofu yalikutana na kutangaza tena na tena kuwa mfalme si [[Ukristo|Mkristo]] halali anayetengwa katika Kanisa, Hata hivyo, sehemu kubwa ya maaskofu wa Ujerumani walisimama upande wake wakamtetea. Mwishoni mtoto wake aliasi na kumlazimisha Henri IV kujiuzulu. Mwanawe alipanda kiti cha kifalme kwenye mwaka 1104 kwa [[jina]] la [[Heinrich V wa Ujerumani|Henri V]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} ==Vyanzo== ===Vikuu=== {{Refbegin|35em|indent=yes}} * {{cite book |author=Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor |author-link=Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor |year=1076 |chapter=Henry IV.'s Answer to Gregory VII., Jan. 24, 1076 |editor-last=Henderson |editor-first=Ernest F. |title=Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/selecthistorical00hendiala |translator-last=Henderson |translator-first=Ernest F. |location=London |publisher=George Bell and Sons |publication-date=1903 |pages=372–373 |access-date=13 October 2017 |ref={{sfnref|Henry IV|1076}} }} * {{cite book |author=Pope Gregory VII |author-link=Pope Gregory VII |year=1076 |chapter=First Deposition and Banning of Henry IV. by Gregory VII., February 22, 1076 |editor-last=Henderson |editor-first=Ernest F. |title=Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/selecthistorical00hendiala |translator-last=Henderson |translator-first=Ernest F. |location=London |publisher=George Bell and Sons |publication-date=1903 |pages=376–377 |access-date=13 October 2017 }} *{{cite book |last1=Kohn |first1=George Childs |title=Dictionary of Wars |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofwars0000kohn |date=1999 |publisher=Facts On File, Inc. |location=New York |isbn=0-8160-3928-3 |edition=Revised }} *{{cite book |last1=Robinson |first1=I.S. |title=Henry IV of Germany 1056-1106 |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0521545900 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QP8fNo5UNIYC |access-date=18 March 2020 }} * {{cite book |year=2010 |chapter=The Investiture Controversy |editor-last=Slocum |editor-first=Kenneth |title=Sources in Medieval Culture and History |location=Boston |publisher=Prentice Hall |pages=170–175 |isbn=978-0-13-615726-7 }} * Bettenson, Henry, and Chris Maunder, eds. (2011). ''Documents of the Christian Church''. Oxford University Press. {{Refend}} * Slocum, Kenneth, ed. (2010). ''Sources in Medieval Culture and History''. pp.&nbsp;170–175. ===Vingine=== {{Refbegin|35em|indent=yes}} * {{cite book |last=Blumenthal |first=Uta-Renate |year=1988 |title=The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.9783/9780812200164/html |isbn=978-0-8122-8112-5 |doi=10.9783/9780812200164 }} *{{cite journal |last=Browne |first=P.&nbsp;W. |year=1922 |title=The Pactum Callixtinum: an innovation in Papal diplomacy |journal=The Catholic Historical Review |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=180–190 |jstor=25011853 }} * {{cite book |last=Cantor |first=Norman F. |author-link=Norman Cantor |year=1958 |title=Church, Kingship, and Lay Investiture in England, 1089–1135 |url=https://archive.org/details/churchkingshipla0000cant |publisher=Princeton University Press }} * {{cite book |last=Cantor |first=Norman F. |author-link=Norman Cantor |year=1993 |title=The Civilization of the Middle Ages |url=https://archive.org/details/civilizationofmi0000cant_y5v2 |publisher=HarperCollins <!--pp. 265–76, 284–88--> }} * {{cite book |last=Cantor |first=Norman F. |year=1969 |title=Medieval History: The Life and Death of a Civilization |url=https://archive.org/details/medievalhistoryl00cant |url-access=registration |publisher=Macmilllan |isbn=9780023190704 }} * {{cite book |last=Cowdrey |first=H. E. J. |author-link=Herbert Edward John Cowdrey |year=1998 |title=Pope Gregory VII, 1073–1085 |publisher=Oxford University Press }} *{{cite book |last=Dahmus |first=Joseph |year=1969 |title=The Middle Ages, A Popular History |publisher=Doubleday and Company |location=Garden City, NY }} *{{cite book |last=Davis |first=R. H. C. |year=1966 |title=A History of Medieval Europe: From Constantine to Saint Louis |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_W8-BLU-503 |publisher=Longmans }} *{{cite book |last=Fawtier |first=Robert |year=1964 |title=The Capetian Kings of France: Monarch and Nation 987–1328 |url=https://archive.org/details/capetiankingsoff0000unse/page/n3/mode/2up |url-access=registration |translator=Lionel Butter and R. J. Adam |location=London |publisher=Macmillan }} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Floto |year=1891 |title=Gregory VII |editor-last=Schaff |editor-first=Philip |editor-link=Philip Schaff |encyclopedia=Religious Encyclopedia: or Dictionary of Biblical, Historical, Doctrinal, and Practical Theology |url=https://archive.org/details/religiousencyclo02herz |volume=2 |edition=3rd |location=New York |publisher=Funk & Wagnalls Company |pages=910–912 |access-date=13 October 2017 }} * {{cite book |last=Fuhrmann |first=Horst |year=1986 |title=Germany in the High Middle Ages c. 1050–1200 |url=https://archive.org/details/germanyinhighmid0000fuhr |translator-last=Reuter |translator-first=Timothy |translator-link=Timothy Reuter |location=Cambridge, England |publisher=Cambridge University Press |publication-date=2001 |isbn=978-0-521-31980-5 }} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Hearder |editor1-first=H. |editor2-last=Waley |editor2-first=D. P. |year=1963 |title=A Short History of Italy: From Classical Times to the Present Day |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_UH-619-473 }} * {{cite book |last=Jolly |first=Karen Louise |year=1997 |title=Tradition & Diversity: Christianity in a World Context to 1500 |url=https://archive.org/details/traditiondiversi0000joll |publisher=ME Sharpe }} *{{cite journal |last=Joranson |first=Einar |year=1948 |title=The inception of the career of the Normans in Italy – legend and history |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_speculum_1948-07_23_3/page/n5 |journal=[[Speculum (journal)|Speculum]] |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=353–396 |jstor=2848427 |doi=10.2307/2848427|s2cid=162331593 }} *{{cite book |last=Jordan |first=William Chester |year=2003 |title=Europe in the High Middle Ages |url=https://archive.org/details/europeinhighmidd00jord |url-access=registration |series=Penguin History of Europe |publisher=Viking |isbn=9780670032020 }} *{{cite book |last=Le Goff |first=Jacques |year=1964 |title=Medieval Civilization 400–1500 }} * {{cite Catholic Encyclopedia |last=Löffler |first=Klemens |wstitle=Conflict of Investitures |volume=8 |pages=84–89 |noicon=yes }} * {{cite book |last=McCarthy |first=T. J. H. |year=2014 |title=Chronicles of the Investiture Contest: Frutolf of Michelsberg and His Continuators |location=Manchester |publisher=Manchester Medieval Sources |isbn=978-0-7190-8470-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/chroniclesofinve00unse }} * {{cite book |last=Metz |first=René |year=1960 |title=What Is Canon Law? |series=[[Twentieth Century Encyclopedia of Catholicism|The Twentieth Century Encyclopedia of Catholicism]] |volume=80 |translator-last=Derrick |translator-first=Michael |location=New York |publisher=Hawthorn Books }} * {{cite book |year=1971 |editor-last=Morrison |editor-first=Karl F. |editor-link=Karl F. Morrison |title=The Investiture Controversy: Issues, Ideas, and Results |url=https://archive.org/details/investiturecontr00morr |publisher=Holt McDougal }} *{{cite journal |last=de Mesquita |first=Bruce Bueno |year=2000 |title=Popes, kings, and endogenous institutions: the Concordat of Worms and the origins of sovereignty |journal=International Studies Review |volume=2 |issue=2: Continuity and Change in the Westphalian Order |pages=93–118 |doi=10.1111/1521-9488.00206 |jstor=3186429 }} *{{cite book |last=Reynolds |first=Susan |year=1994 |title=Fiefs and Vassals, The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted |publisher=Oxford University Press }} * {{cite book |last=Rubenstein |first=Jay |author-link=Jay Rubenstein |year=2011 |title=Armies of Heaven: The First Crusade and the Quest for Apocalypse |url=https://archive.org/details/armiesofheavenfi00jayr |location=New York |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-01929-8 }} *{{cite book |last=Strayer |first=Joseph R. |year=1959 |title=The Middle Ages, 395–1500 |url=https://archive.org/details/middleages3951500000stra |edition=4th |publisher=Appleton-Century-Crofts }} *{{cite book |last=Stroll |first=Mary |year=2004 |title=Calixtus II (1119–1124): A Pope Born to Rule |publisher=Brill }} * {{cite book |last=Tellenbach |first=Gerd |author-link=Gerd Tellenbach |year=1993 |title=The Western Church from the Tenth to the Early Twelfth Century |publisher=Cambridge University Press }} * {{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=James Westfall |author1-link=James Westfall Thompson |last2=Johnson |first2=Edgar Nathaniel |year=1937 |title=An Introduction to Medieval Europe, 300–1500|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.157348 <!-- pp. 380–90 --> }} *{{cite book |last=Thorndike |first=Lynn |year=1956 |title=The History of Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmedieva00thor_2 |edition=3rd |publisher=Houghton Mifflin }} *{{cite journal |last=Zanichelli |first=Giusi |year=2006 |title=Una donna al potere |journal=Alumina |url=https://www.scrinium.org/it-it/Rassegna-Stampa |volume=15 |pages=47–51 |archive-date=2025-08-21 |access-date=2025-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821112517/https://www.scrinium.org/it-it/Rassegna-Stampa |url-status=dead }} {{Refend}} ==Marejeo mengine== ===Muhimu zaidi=== {{Refbegin|35em|indent=yes}} * {{cite book |year=2007 |chapter=Selected Sources: Empire and Papacy |chapter-url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1l.asp |editor-last=Halsall |editor-first=Paul |title=Internet Medieval Sourcebook |location=New York |publisher=Fordham University |access-date=13 October 2017 }} * {{cite book |year=1122 |chapter=Concordat of Worms, Sept. 23, 1122 |editor-last=Henderson |editor-first=Ernest F. |title=Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/selecthistorical00hendiala |translator-last=Henderson |translator-first=Ernest F. |location=London |publisher=George Bell and Sons |publication-date=1903 |pages=408–409 |access-date=13 October 2017 }} * {{cite book |author=Pope Gregory VII |author-link=Pope Gregory VII |year=1078 |chapter=Decree of Nov. 19th, 1078, Forbidding Lay Investiture |editor-last=Henderson |editor-first=Ernest F. |title=Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/selecthistorical00hendiala |translator-last=Henderson |translator-first=Ernest F. |location=London |publisher=George Bell and Sons |publication-date=1903 |page=365 |access-date=13 October 2017 }} * {{cite book |author=Pope Gregory VII |author-link=Pope Gregory VII |author-mask={{long dash}} |year=1080 |chapter=Second Banning and Dethronement of Henry IV., through Gregory VII., March 7th, 1080 |editor-last=Henderson |editor-first=Ernest F. |title=Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/selecthistorical00hendiala |translator-last=Henderson |translator-first=Ernest F. |location=London |publisher=George Bell and Sons |publication-date=1903 |pages=388–391 |access-date=13 October 2017 }} * {{cite book |author=Pope Gregory VII |author-link=Pope Gregory VII |author-mask={{long dash}} |year=1903 |chapter=The Dictate of the Pope |editor-last=Henderson |editor-first=Ernest F. |title=Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/selecthistorical00hendiala |translator-last=Henderson |translator-first=Ernest F. |location=London |publisher=George Bell and Sons |publication-date=1903 |pages=366–367 |access-date=13 October 2017 }} {{Refend}} ===Mengine=== {{Refbegin|35em|indent=yes}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Blumenthal |first=Uta-Renate |year=2016 |title=Investiture Controversy |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Investiture-Controversy |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=13 October 2017 }} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=2007 |title=Investiture |url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/in/investit.html |encyclopedia=[[Columbia Encyclopedia|The Columbia Encyclopedia]] |edition=6th |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221005510/http://www.bartleby.com/65/in/investit.html |archive-date=21 February 2009 |access-date=13 October 2017 }} * {{cite web |last=Nelson |first=Lynn H. |title=The Owl, the Cat, and the Investiture Controversy |url=http://the-orb.net/textbooks/nelson/investiture.html |work=Lectures for a Medieval Survey |publisher=On-line Reference Book for Medieval Studies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215144418/http://the-orb.net/textbooks/nelson/investiture.html |archive-date=15 February 2015 |access-date=13 October 2017 }} * {{cite book |last=Schroeder |first=H. J. |year=1937 |chapter=The Ninth General Council (1123) |title=Disciplinary Decrees of the General Councils: Text, Translation, and Commentary |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/DisciplinaryCouncils |location=St. Louis, Missouri |publisher=B. Herder Book Co. |pages=177–194 |access-date=13 October 2017 }} * {{cite Catholic Encyclopedia |last=Van Hove |first=Alphonse |wstitle=Canonical Investiture |volume=8 |page=84 |noicon=yes }} {{Refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0184v2j "The Concordat of Worms"], ''[[In Our Time (radio series)|In Our Time]]'', [[BBC Radio 4]] {{mbegu-historia}} [[Jamii:Historia ya Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Kanisa]] ov773ocipcu2eq192l27wk33lu66xgf 0 216230 1529755 1463997 2026-05-02T12:13:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529755 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:José_Gregorio_Hernández.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Picha]] halisi ya Mt. Yosefu Gregori.]] '''Yosefu Gregori Hernandez''' (Isnotu, [[Trujillo]], [[26 Oktoba]] [[1864]] - [[Caracas]], [[29 Juni]] [[1919]]) alikuwa [[daktari]] nchini [[Venezuela]] aliyepata umaarufu kwa maisha yake ya [[imani]] kama [[Ukristo|Mkristo]] wa [[Utawa wa Tatu wa Mt. Fransisko]] na kwa [[upendo]] wake kwa watu [[Umaskini|fukara]]<ref name="Fern">Fernández Juárez, Gerardo (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=DE6pY4e5VNAC&dq=Jos%C3%A9+Gregorio+Hern%C3%A1ndez&pg=PA216 ''Salud e interculturalidad en América Latina: perspectivas antropológicas'']. Editorial Abya Yala. {{ISBN|9978-22-463-7}} {{es}}</ref>. [[Papa Fransisko]] alimtangaza [[mwenye heri]] [[tarehe]] [[30 Aprili]] [[2021]], halafu [[Papa Leo XIV]] alimtangaza [[mtakatifu]] tarehe [[19 Oktoba]] [[2025]] pamoja na [[raia]] mwenzake [[Karmen Elena Rendiles]], wakiwa wa kwanza kutoka nchi ya Venezuela <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/267259/pope-leo-xiv-canonizes-7-new-saints-including-first-from-venezuela-and-papua-new-guinea |title=Pope Leo XIV canonizes 7 new saints, including first from Venezuela and Papua New Guinea |website=[[Catholic News Agency]]|access-date=2025-10-19 |date=2025-10-19 }}</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa tarehe ya kuzaliwa kwake. ==Maandishi yake== * 1893 - ''Sobre el número de glóbulos rojos''. Gaceta Médica de [[Caracas]]. * 1894 - ''Sobre angina de pecho de naturaleza paludosa''. Gaceta Médica de Caracas. * 1910 - ''Lecciones de bacteriología''. Gaceta Médica de Caracas. * 1910 - ''Lesiones anatomo–patológicas de la pulmonía simple o crupal''. Gaceta Médica de Caracas. * 1910 - ''De la nefritis a la fiebre amarilla''. Gaceta Médica de Caracas. * 1913 - ''Renuncia ante la Academia Nacional de Medicina''. Gaceta Médica de Caracas. * 1918 - ''Nota preliminar acerca del tratamiento de la tuberculosis por el aceite de Chaulmoogra''. Gaceta Médica de Caracas. * 1922 - ''Elementos de bacteriología''. 2.ª edición: Caracas. El Cojo. * 1959 - ''Elementos de filosofía''. 3.ª edición: Caracas. Bibliográfica Venezolana. * 1968 - ''Obras completas''. Caracas. Universidad Central de Venezuela. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.tiwy.com/pais/venezuela/jose_gregorio_hernandez/eng.phtml José Gregorio Hernández Biography] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1864]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1919]] [[Category:Matabibu]] [[Jamii:Wafransisko]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Venezuela]] fznrpyydvd1xmxlsdvtscs6ai7usckg 0 216233 1529889 1523584 2026-05-02T13:29:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529889 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Petro To Rot''' ([[New Pomerania]], leo nchini [[Papua Guinea Mpya]], [[5 Machi]] [[1912]] – [[Rakunai]], Papua Guinea Mpya, [[7 Julai]] [[1945]]), alikuwa [[baba]] wa [[familia]] na [[katekista]] ambaye wakati wa [[Vita Kuu vya Pili vya Dunia|vita vya pili vya dunia]] alikabidhiwa [[usimamizi]] wa [[parokia]] kutokana na [[Mmisionari|wamisionari]] kufungwa na [[Japani|Wajapani]] wavamizi<ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/90920</ref> Katika [[Wajibu|uwajibikaji]] wake alipinga [[shujaa|kishujaa]] sera zao <ref name=CV>{{cite web|url=http://www.clairval.com/lettres/en/2009/02/18/2180209.htm|title=Spiritual Newsletter|publisher=[[Abbey of Saint-Joseph de Clairval]]|date=18 February 2009|accessdate=5 April 2017|archive-date=2019-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226170844/http://clairval.com/lettres/en/2009/02/18/2180209.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=TD>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedefender.org/Peter%20ToRot.html|title=Peter ToRot|date=|publisher=The Defender|accessdate=5 April 2017|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235103/http://www.thedefender.org/Peter%20ToRot.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> hadi akauawa nao. [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] alimtangaza [[mfiadini]] [[mwenye heri]] [[tarehe]] [[17 Januari]] [[1995]]<ref name="SQPN">{{cite web |date=12 November 2016 |title=Blessed Peter To Rot |url=http://catholicsaints.info/blessed-peter-to-rot/ |accessdate=5 April 2017 |publisher=Saints SQPN}}</ref>, halafu [[Papa Leo XIV]] akamtangaza [[mtakatifu]] tarehe [[19 Oktoba]] [[2025]], wa kwanza kutoka nchi hiyo <ref>{{cite web |date=March 31, 2025 |title=Peter To Rot, the first saint of Papua New Guinea |work=AsiaNews |url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Peter-To-Rot%2C-the-first-saint-of-Papua-New-Guinea-62796.html |access-date=31 Mar 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/267259/pope-leo-xiv-canonizes-7-new-saints-including-first-from-venezuela-and-papua-new-guinea |title=Pope Leo XIV canonizes 7 new saints, including first from Venezuela and Papua New Guinea |website=[[Catholic News Agency]]|access-date=2025-10-19 |date=2025-10-19 }}</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yao huadhimishwa tarehe ya [[kifodini]] chake <ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [https://lci-goroka.com/blessed-peter-to-rot/ Books, pictures and videos of Peter To Rot- Liturgical Catechetical Institute] * [http://newsaints.faithweb.com/year/1945.htm Hagiography Circle] * [http://catholicsaints.info/blessed-peter-to-rot/ Saints SQPN] * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120429160122/http://www.voiceoftorot.com/en/ Voice of Peter To Rot]}} * [http://ourfaithinaction.net/2009/peter-to-rot/ Our Faith in Action] * [https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resource/55604/blessed-peter-to-rot Catholic News Agency] * [https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/30089/papuans-in-australia-celebrate-feast-of-bl-peter-to-rot Catholic News Agency (2)] * [http://www.loyolapress.com/our-catholic-faith/saints/saints-stories-for-all-ages/blessed-peter-to-rot Loyola Press]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://melbournecatholic.org.au/Archive/Kairos/blessed-peter-to-rot Melbourne Catholic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406021515/http://melbournecatholic.org.au/Archive/Kairos/blessed-peter-to-rot |date=2017-04-06 }} * [http://saintsresource.com/peter-to-rot/ Saints Resource] {{Wayback|url=http://saintsresource.com/peter-to-rot/ |date=20250813193152 }} * [https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/to-rot-peter-11873 Australian Dictionary of Biography] * [http://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/peter-rot-bl Encyclopedia.com] * [http://www.kateriirondequoit.org/resources/saints-alive/pacian-pulcheria/bl-peter-to-rot-martyr/ Saint Kateri Parish] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406022403/http://www.kateriirondequoit.org/resources/saints-alive/pacian-pulcheria/bl-peter-to-rot-martyr/ |date=2017-04-06 }} * [http://aleteia.org/2014/09/09/blessed-peter-to-rot-the-martyr-who-died-to-defend-marriage/ Aleteia] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1912]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1945]] [[Category:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Papua Guinea Mpya]] ezd4b9usnndm62lu5zzp6kpwyidhrkb 0 216468 1530122 1465140 2026-05-02T18:58:33Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Zoleka Zobuhle Mandela|tarehe ya kuzaliwa={{birth date|1980|4|9|df=y}}|image=Zoleka Mandela 2.jpg|tarehe ya kufa={{death date and age|2023|9|25|1980|4|9|df=y}}}} '''Zoleka Zobuhle Mandela''' (9 Aprili 1980 – 25 Septemba 2023)<ref>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/nelson-mandela/10513991/Zindzi-Mandela-interview-the-father-I-knew.html</ref> alikuwa mwandishi na mwanaharakati kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]], na mjukuu wa [[Nelson Mandela]]. Aliandika kuhusu utegemezi wake wa [[ngono]], pombe na dawa za kulevya, kifo cha binti yake, na mapambano yake binafsi dhidi ya [[saratani]] ya matiti, ambayo hatimaye ilisababisha [[kifo]] chake mwaka 2023. Yeye ndiye [[mwandishi]] wa kitabu ''When Hope Whispers'' ambacho alikichapisha mwaka 2013.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://jacana.bookslive.co.za/blog/2013/11/26/zoleka-mandelas-when-hope-whispers-launched-with-shado-twala-at-the-book-lounge/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2025-10-25 |archive-date=2023-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117141102/http://jacana.bookslive.co.za/blog/2013/11/26/zoleka-mandelas-when-hope-whispers-launched-with-shado-twala-at-the-book-lounge/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-38170022</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]] [[Jamii:waliofariki 2023]] ke8srn10g3ec4fkubx2cjcn2tponh69 0 216496 1529866 1465034 2026-05-02T12:31:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Yvonne Vera|picha=Yvonne Vera, Zimbabwean author.jpg|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=19/9/1964|tarehe ya kufa=7/4/2005|mahali alipofia=Toronto, Canada|kazi yake=mwandishi|utaifa=Zimbabwe}} '''Yvonne Vera''' (19 Septemba [[1964]] – 7 Aprili [[2005]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] kutoka [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Habila|first=Helon|title=Yvonne Vera|date=2005-04-27|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/apr/27/guardianobituaries.books|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2025-10-25}}</ref> [[Kitabu]] chake cha kwanza kilichochapishwa kilikuwa mkusanyo wa hadithi fupi kiitwacho ''Why Don't You Carve Other Animals'' (1992), kilichofuatiwa na riwaya tano: ''Nehanda'' (1993), ''Without a Name'' (1994), ''Under the Tongue'' (1996), ''Butterfly Burning'' (1998), na ''The Stone Virgins'' (2002). Kulingana na Kituo cha Utafiti wa Masomo ya Kiafrika katika Chuo Kikuu cha Leiden, “riwaya zake zinajulikana kwa matumizi ya lugha ya kishairi, mada ngumu, na wahusika wanawake wenye nguvu, na zimejikita kwa kina katika historia yenye changamoto ya Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yvonne Vera {{!}} African Studies Centre Leiden|url=https://ascleiden.nl/content/library-weekly/yvonne-vera|work=ascleiden.nl|accessdate=2025-10-25}}</ref>” Kwa sababu hizi, kazi zake zimekuwa zikisomwa na kuthaminiwa sana na watafiti wa fasihi ya Kiafrika ya baada ya ukoloni.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=African literature - Oral Traditions, Modern Writers {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/African-literature/The-influence-of-oral-traditions-on-modern-writers|work=www.britannica.com|accessdate=2025-10-25|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Zimbabwe]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2005]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Zimbabwe]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] bil2d8tdhtvnflza6ozayt3attgy2at 0 216514 1529993 1464975 2026-05-02T18:38:41Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529993 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zahra Dardouri''' (alizaliwa Boumaza [[6 Februari]] [[1955]] huko [[Batna, Algeria|Batna]]) ni [[mwalimu]], [[mwanasiasa]] na waziri wa [[Aljeria]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=UN praises Algeria for appointing seven female ministers - Region - World |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/100803/World/Region/UN-praises-Algeria-for-appointing-seven-female-min.aspx |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=Ahram Online}}</ref> == Kazi == Zohra Dardouri, Mwaka [[2014]] aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa Posta na Mawasiliano na Rais [[Bouteflika]] pamoja na mawaziri wanawake wengine sita. Alijikita katika kutekeleza teknolojia za habari na mawasiliano katika maeneo ya mbali ya [[Aljeria|Algeria]] na kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa mtandao wa intaneti wa haraka na imara kote nchini. Tarehe [[14]] [[Mei]] [[2015]], aliondoka serikalini baada ya mabadiliko ya baraza la mawaziri == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1995]] qzcifz9eq4a0f5enaoqjjy69156iv94 0 216807 1529750 1466408 2026-05-02T12:12:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1529750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |jina = Yoon Seo-ah |majina mengine = Seo Ji-wan wa ''[[Nevertheless (TV series)|Nevertheless]]'' na Seo Gil-geum wa "[[Bon Appétit, Your Majesty]]" |picha= |maelezo = Yoon Seo-ah akiwa kwenye maandalizi wa Tamthilia ya [[Bon Appétit, Your Majesty]] mwaka 2025 |mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Korea Kusini]] |tarehe ya kuzaliwa = 30 Septemba 2000 |utaifa = [[Korea Kusini]] |kazi yake = mwigizaji }} '''Im Sun-woo''' ([[Korea Kusini|Kikorea]]: 임선우; alizaliwa [[30 Septemba|Septemba 30]], [[2000]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=10 Things You Need to Know About "Nevertheless" Actress Yoon Seo Ah|url=https://www.preview.ph/culture/yoon-seo-ah-bio-a00268-20210817|work=Preview.ph|accessdate=2025-11-03|language=en|author=Jam Nitura-Published Aug 17, 2021}}</ref>) ni maarufu kwa jina la kisanii la Yoon Seo-ah ([[Korea Kusini|Kikorea]]: 윤서아) ni mwigizaji kutoka nchi ya [[Korea Kusini]]. Alipata umaarufu baada ya kuigiza kama Seo Ji-wan katika tamthilia ya [[Nevertheless]] iliyoonyeshwa [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sol and Ji-Wan Ending Up Together Is the Only Endgame We Care About in "Nevertheless"|url=https://www.preview.ph/culture/sol-and-ji-wan-from-nevertheless-a2121-20210809-lfrm|work=Preview.ph|accessdate=2025-11-03|language=en|author=Ina Valdez-Published Aug 9, 2021}}</ref> == Kazi == Kipindi akiwa anasoma Shule ya Sekondari, Yoon alijiunga na klabu inayojihusisha na utayarishaji wa filamu fupi fupi<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=10 Things You Need to Know About "Nevertheless" Actress Yoon Seo Ah|url=https://www.preview.ph/culture/yoon-seo-ah-bio-a00268-20210817|work=Preview.ph|accessdate=2025-11-03|language=en|author=Jam Nitura-Published Aug 17, 2021}}</ref>. Yoon alianza kazi yake ya uigizaji mnamo mwaka [[2018]] kupitia tamthilia iliyoitwa Bad Papa, na baadae aliigiza katika tamthilia nyingine iliyoitwa Love Revolution. Katika Tamthilia ya [[Nevertheless]], Yoon aliigiza kama Seo Ji-wan, rafiki mkubwa wa Yoon Sol (iliyochozwa na Lee Ho-jung). Kupitia nafasi hiyo iliimpa umaarufu mkubwa. == Orodha ya Filamu na Tamthilia == === Tamthilia === {| class="wikitable" !Mwaka !Title !Role !Notes |- |2018 |''[[Bad Papa]]'' |Wang Hye-ji | rowspan="3" | Mhusika Mdogo |- |2019 |''[[Nokdu Flower|The Nokdu Flower]]'' |Gisaeng |- |2020 |''[[True Beauty (South Korean TV series)|True Beauty]]'' |Teen Lim Hee-kyung |- |2021 |''[[Nevertheless (TV series)|Nevertheless]]'' |Seo Ji-wan | |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |''[[Bloody Heart]]'' |Ddong-geum | |- |''[[Today's Webtoon]]'' |On Noo-ri | |- |2023 |''[[Kokdu: Season of Deity]]'' |Eun Ji |Mhusika Mdogo |- |2024 |''[[The Tale of Lady Ok]]'' |Baek Yi | |- |2025 |''[[Bon Appetit, Your Majesty]]'' |Gil-geum | |} == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2000]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za waigizaji filamu]] kvr0hhz1e3e3g10tpyflox340afl9ow 0 216901 1530155 1466876 2026-05-02T19:04:03Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530155 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nwazuluwa Onuekwuke "Zulu" Sofola''' ([[22 Juni]] [[1935]] – [[5 Septemba]] [[1995]])<ref name=Biography>[http://zulusofola.com/zulu-sofola-biography/ Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330094937/http://zulusofola.com/zulu-sofola-biography/ |date=30 March 2013 }}, ′Zulu Sofola official website.</ref> alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa kwanza wa kike wa michezo ya kuigiza kuchapishwa nchini [[Nigeria]].<ref>[http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/literari/2005/dec/11/literari-11-12-2005-001.htm "Nigeria's female writers have arrived"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070525053359/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/literari/2005/dec/11/literari-11-12-2005-001.htm |date=25 May 2007 }}, ''Sun'' newspaper (Nigeria), 11 December 2005.</ref> Sofola pia alikuwa [[mwalimu]] wa chuo kikuu na alikuwa [[Profesa]] wa kwanza wa kike wa Sanaa za Tamthilia barani [[Afrika]]. ==Wasifu== Nwazuluwa Onuekwuke Sofola<ref>Ifeanyi Iyegbu, [https://web.archive.org/web/20171230114739/http://www.issele-uku.org/zulu.htm "Nwazuluwa Onuekwuke Sofola"], Issele-Uku Association of North America.</ref> alizaliwa katika jimbo la zamani la Bendel State kwa Nwaugbade Okwumabua na Mkuu Ogana Okwumabua, ambao walikuwa Igbo people|Waisibo kutoka Issele-Uku, Aniocha North Local Government Area, sasa [[Delta State]] katika eneo la kusini-mashariki mwa [[Nigeria]]. Alisoma katika Shule ya Msingi ya Serikali ya Shirikisho huko Asaba na Shule ya Upili ya Wasichana ya Baptist huko Agbor, zote ziko Delta State. Kwa sababu ya utendaji wake wa kipekee shuleni, alipewa ufadhili wa masomo ili kumaliza elimu yake ya shule ya upili huko [[Nashville, Tennessee]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=23 September 2014|title=Zulu Sofola|url=https://zodml.org/discover-nigeria/people/zulu-sofola|access-date=23 January 2021|website=ZODML|language=en|archive-date=11 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511084032/https://zodml.org/discover-nigeria/people/zulu-sofola|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Kazi== Michezo yake ya kuigiza "inatofautiana kutoka kwenye maafa ya kihistoria hadi vichekesho vya nyumbani na hutumia mazingira ya kitamaduni na ya kisasa ya [[Africa|Afrika]]".<ref>[[Margaret Busby]], ''[[Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent]]'', London: Jonathan Cape, 1992, p. 450.</ref> Anatumia "vipengele vya [[uchawi]], hadithi na [[sherehe]] kuchambua migongano kati ya utamaduni na uboreshaji ambapo ubingwa wa kiume unaendelea kuwepo."<ref name=Banham>"Sofola, Zulu", in Martin Banham, Errol Hill & George Woodyard (eds), ''The Cambridge Guide to African & Caribbean Theatre'', Cambridge University Press, 1994; p. 82.</ref> Alizingatiwa kuwa mmoja wa [[wanawake]] mashuhuri zaidi katika fasihi ya Nigeria.<ref>[http://people.africadatabase.org/en/profile/16100.html Africa Database] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017224908/http://people.africadatabase.org/en/profile/16100.html |date=17 October 2006 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1935|1995}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] kbmndz3fneqngkaxtdga3gxfvyiwjg6 0 216913 1530135 1466895 2026-05-02T19:00:43Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1530135 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zoubida Assoul''' (alizaliwa [[Tébessa]], [[15 Mei]] [[1956]]) ni [[mwanasheria]] na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Algeria]]. Yeye ni rais wa sasa wa chama cha Union for Change and Progress.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2021-01-09 |title=Acquittement des quatre, hirak : entretien avec Me Zoubida Assoul |url=https://www.tsa-algerie.com/entretien-zoubida-assoul-ce-nest-pas-la-bonne-demarche/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=TSA |language=fr}}</ref> Assoul anajulikana kwa mchango wake katika kutetea mageuzi ya kidemokrasia na haki za binadamu nchini Algeria. Mnamo mwaka 2024, alitangaza kugombea katika uchaguzi wa urais wa Algeria wa 2024.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2024-03-02 |title=Présidentielles 2024 en Algérie : Zoubida Assoul annonce sa candidature |url=https://www.tsa-algerie.com/election-presidentielle-en-algerie-zoubida-assoul-premiere-candidate-declaree/ |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=TSA |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |date=2024-03-21 |title=En Algérie, l'opposition tente d'entretenir l'idée du «Hirak» - Le Temps |url=https://www.letemps.ch/monde/afrique/en-algerie-l-opposition-tente-d-entretenir-l-idee-du-hirak |access-date=2024-05-03 |language=fr |issn=1423-3967}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Baba yake, Assoul Tebessi,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Atalayar |date=2024-03-02 |title=Algeria, lawyer Zoubida Assoul, first candidate for the December 2024 presidential election |url=https://www.atalayar.com/en/articulo/politics/algeria-lawyer-zoubida-assoul-first-candidate-for-the-december-2024-presidential-election/20240302200028197446.html |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=Atalayar |language=en}}</ref> alikuwa mwanachuo wa dini. == Elimu na taaluma == Mnamo mwaka 1976, Assoul alimaliza masomo yake ya sekondari na kupata cheti cha *baccalaureate* katika mchepuo wa fasihi huko [[Khenchela]]. Aliazimia kufuata taaluma ya [[sheria]] na akaandikishwa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Constantine 1. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1956|}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Algeria]] nm1zlpf1bthhclxe0dbrd1ex1evvggx 0 217003 1529984 1489559 2026-05-02T18:37:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2|Jina=Josephine Nakyoonyi|mahali pa kuzaliwa=[[Busega]]|Aina ya muziki=R&B, Afrobiti, na raga|Miaka ya kazi=2023 mpaka sasa|Kazi yake=Mwanamuziki}} '''Josephine Nakyoonyi''' anayejulikana kitaalamu kama Zafaran, ni [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa [[Wimbo|nyimbo]] kutoka [[Uganda]]. Amesainiwa chini ya lebo ya muziki ya Swangz Avenue. Ni mwimbaji wa aina za muziki wa [[R&B]], Afrobeat, Dancehall, na Raga.<ref>https://www.ugmuziki.com/artists/zafaran</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.mp3jaja.com/profile.php?name=Zafaran&id=6686 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2025-11-08 |archive-date=2025-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802182547/https://www.mp3jaja.com/profile.php?name=Zafaran&id=6686 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/entertainment/a-year-on-has-zafaran-met-expectations--4232018</ref> == Historia na elimu == Zafaran alizaliwa Busega kwa wazazi Catherine Kalinda na marehemu Hajji Isaac Kayiira Makumbi. Yeye ni mtoto wa mwisho kati ya watoto saba wa mama yake. Alikulia Namasuba, kando ya barabara ya Entebbe, baada ya kifo cha baba yake. Zafaran alisoma shule ya msingi katika shule ya msingi ya Lufuuka Islamic na Our Lady of Mount Carmel. Alimaliza elimu yake ya sekondari katika shule ya sekondari ya Lubiri , na St. Peter's Secondary School Nsambya kwa sekondari ya juu. Baadaye aliendelea na masomo yake katika Chuo kikuu cha Makerere katika shule ya biashara na kupata shahada ya usambazaji na usafirishaji, lakini aliacha kutokana na changamoto za kifedha.<ref>https://observer.ug/lifestyle-entertainment/swangz-fourth-signing-zafaran-is-a-church-girl/</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Uganda]] 0bsdwnorzmwpl2iux4oruu6qbp2jrzk 0 217667 1530116 1471077 2026-05-02T18:57:33Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530116 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zohra Bensemra''' (amezaliwa [[Algiers]], [[Oktoba]] [[1968]]) ni [[mpiga picha]] kutoka [[Algeria]] anayefanya kazi katika maeneo ya [[Mashariki ya Kati]], [[Afrika]] na [[Asia]]. Kwa sasa anaishi barani Afrika. ==Wasifu== Zohra Bensemra alizaliwa huko Algeria mnamo Oktoba 1968. Alikuwa akimuona kaka yake mkubwa akipiga picha za kujifurahisha. Akiwa na umri wa takriban miaka sita, alianza kumuiga na kuchukua kamera zake kila alipokuwa hayupo nyumbani. Siku moja kaka yake aligundua alichokuwa akifanya na akamkemea, lakini baadaye alimnunulia kamera ndogo yake mwenyewe na hapo akaanza kupiga picha za wanafunzi wenzake shuleni.<ref name=":0" /> Bensemra amefanya kazi kama mwandishi wa picha za habari tangu mwaka 1990. Alisema katika wasifu wake kwamba alijisikia kwanza kama mpiga picha mnamo 1995 mara ya kwanza kuona miili ya wafu maishani mwake. Kulikuwa na shambulio la bomu lililotegwa kwenye gari katikati ya mji mkuu wa Algeria, karibu na kituo cha polisi na mahali pa kazi pake. Kitu cha kwanza alichokiona kilikuwa mwili wa mwanamke aliyeungua. Kesho yake aliamka na kuhisi mwito wa kuwa mpiga picha halisi. Anaamini kabisa kwamba ili kufanikiwa, haswa katika kazi kama uandishi wa picha za habari, ni lazima mtu ajifunze kukubali changamoto zinazoambatana nayo.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti | title = Zohra Bensemra | work = Reuters | url = https://widerimage.reuters.com/photographer/zohra-bensemra | access-date = 26 June 2016}}</ref> Kwanza alifanya kazi kwa Reuters kama mwandishi wa kujitegemea wakati wa Vita vya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe vya Algeria mwaka 1997. Mwaka 2000, aliripoti mgogoro kati ya Waalbania na Waserbia huko [[Macedonia]]. Alipelekwa [[Iraq]] mwaka 2003. Wakati akifanya kazi Najaf, akawa mpiga picha wa kudumu wa Reuters. Aliripoti kura ya maoni ya uhuru wa [[Sudan Kusini]] mwaka 2011, Mapinduzi ya [[Tunisia]], Vita vya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe vya [[Libya]] mwaka 2011 na vita vya [[Mosul]] mwaka 2017.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120210150112/http://blogs.reuters.com/fullfocus/2012/02/06/photographer-notebook-zohra-bensemra/#a=1 "Photographer notebook: Zohra Bensemra"], Reuters Full Focus. Retrieved 9 April 2013.</ref> Alikuwa akifanya kazi kama Mpiga Picha Mkuu wa Reuters nchini [[Pakistan]] (2012–2015) na kwa sasa anaishi barani Afrika akiwa Mpiga Picha Mkuu wa Reuters kwa [[Afrika Magharibi]]. Bensemra alisema kuwa Mapinduzi ya Tunisia ndiyo kazi iliyomweka alama kubwa zaidi kwake kwa sababu hakuwahi kufikiria kuwa siku ingekuja Watu wa Tunisia wangepinga kiongozi wao, kutokana na jinsi serikali ilivyokuwa inasimamiwa kwa ukali. Alifika Tunis tarehe 14 Januari 2011, wakati kikundi kikubwa cha watu kilikusanyika nje ya wizara ya mambo ya ndani wakidai kujiuzulu kwa Rais [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]].<ref name=":0" /> Mnamo mwaka 2011, picha za Bensemra zilionyeshwa katika jengo la benki ya Deutsche huko [[Frankfurt]], [[Ujerumani]]. Mkuu wa Sanaa wa benki hiyo Friedhelm Hütte alisema "Bensemra ni msanii muhimu kwetu kwa sababu anajua jinsi ya kuvuka mipaka ya akili ili kuacha alama ya kudumu na yenye maana. Ana uwezo mkubwa wa kuonyesha msongo na matatizo yaliyomo nyuma ya pazia katika migogoro ya wakati huo."<ref>[http://blog.thomsonreuters.com/index.php/meet-zohra-bensemra-reuters-pictures-are-a-work-of-art/ "Meet Zohra Bensemra: Reuters pictures are a work of art"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518181944/http://blog.thomsonreuters.com/index.php/meet-zohra-bensemra-reuters-pictures-are-a-work-of-art/ |date=2011-05-18 }}, Thomson Reuters, 15 April 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2013.</ref> Mnamo mwaka 2012, alitembelea na kupiga picha huko [[Syria]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | title = My Journey into Syria | last1 = Bensemra | first1 = Zohra | work = Reuters | url = http://blogs.reuters.com/photographers-blog/2012/03/14/my-journey-into-syrias-nightmare/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120317193417/http://blogs.reuters.com/photographers-blog/2012/03/14/my-journey-into-syrias-nightmare/ | url-status = dead | archive-date = 17 March 2012 | access-date = 26 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="guardian-fidler">{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/dec/21/agency-photographer-of-the-year-2017-zohra-bensemra | date = 21 December 2017 | access-date = 21 December 2017 | first = Matt | last = Fidler | newspaper = [[The Guardian]] | location = London | title = From the agencies: Photographer of the year 2017: Zohra Bensemra }}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1968|}} [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Algeria]] dfr0kwupthqva74gb3i1km6lt1hogvx 0 218113 1529987 1477978 2026-05-02T18:37:51Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Zahia Dehar|picha=Zahia Dehar 2016.jpg|ukubwa wa picha=300px|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=Ghriss, Algeria|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=25 February 1992|nchi=Aljeria|kazi_yake=Mwanamitindo, mwigizaji, mbunifu wa mitindo na nguo za ndani}} '''Zahia Dehar''' (Kiarabu: زاهية ديهار, alizaliwa Ghriss, Algeria, [[25 Februari]] [[1992]]<ref name=":0" />) ni [[mwanamitindo]], [[mwigizaji]], mbunifu wa [[mitindo]] na wa nguo za ndani. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuhusishwa katika kashfa za ngono zilizowapata [[Mchezaji|wachezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wakati ambapo alikuwa akifanya kazi za ngono akiwa na [[umri]] mdogo [[Aljeria|Algeria]] na [[Ufaransa]].<ref>https://www.france24.com/en/20111119-football-ribery-prostitute-minor-case-benzema-france-paris-justice</ref><ref name=":0">https://www.newsweek.com/frances-courtesan-couture-zahia-dehar-62849</ref><ref>https://www.leparisien.fr/laparisienne/people/zahia-explique-pourquoi-elle-a-commence-a-se-prostituer-a-16-ans-21-11-2017-7405950.php</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Zahia Dehar alihamia [[Champigny-sur-Marne]], [[Ufaransa]] pamoja na [[mama]] yake na mdogo wake akiwa na umri wa miaka 10. Aliingia katika [[biashara]] ya ngono akiwa na umri wa miaka kumi na sita<ref name=":0" />, na alipata [[mafanikio]] katika huduma za kiwango cha juu, akipata hadi [[Euro|€]]20,000 kwa mwezi kwa ada ya €1,000 au €2,000 kwa kila mara.<ref><nowiki>https://www.lemonde.fr/sport/article/2010/04/21/affaire-ribery-ce-qu-a-dit-zahia-d-a-la-police_1340510_3242.html</nowiki></ref> [[Baba]] yake, Hacène Dehar, bado anaishi Algeria. Amevunja aina yoyote ya mawasiliano na binti yake tangu madai kuhusu shughuli hizo za ngono yalipojitokeza.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://vsd.fr/contenu-editorial/l-actualite/les-indiscrets/1712-zahia-la-vraie-histoire-d-une-gamine-de-banlieue |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2025-12-11 |archive-date=2015-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525022805/http://www.vsd.fr/contenu-editorial/l-actualite/les-indiscrets/1712-zahia-la-vraie-histoire-d-une-gamine-de-banlieue |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kashfa ya ngono == Mnamo [[Mei]] [[2008]], [[Karim Benzema]] alishtakiwa kwa kumpa Zahia Dehar €500 kwa huduma za ngono katika hoteli moja huko [[Paris]]. Wakati huo, Benzema alikuwa na umri wa miaka 20. Alikana madai hayo na akakana kwamba aliwahi kukutana na Zahia Dehar. Baadaye aliachiwa huru na wakili wake Sylvain Cormier, alieleza kuwa kesi hiyo haikuathiri maisha yake ya kitaaluma ya mpira wa miguu. Franck Ribéry alikiri kuwa na uhusiano wa kimapenzi na Zahia Dehar lakini alikana kuwa alimlipa €700. Pia alisema kuwa hakujua umri wake wakati huo. <ref>https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/feb/13/france-international-suspicion-underage-prostitute</ref>Umri wa ridhaa nchini Ufaransa ni miaka 16, lakini wakati huo biashara ya ngono ilikuwa halali tu ikiwa mhusika alikuwa na umri wa zaidi ya miaka 18. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]] [[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Algeria]] lq0bqcvso6ky0ilvxzum43cmry7lz37 0 218212 1530229 1525341 2026-05-02T21:38:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530229 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Seghosen''' ni aina ya [[kitambaa]] cha jadi kilichofumwa cha [[Wayoruba]] kutoka [[Owo]], katika [[Jimbo la Ondo]].<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Onibode |first=Babatunde |last2=Poynor |first2=Robin |title=The Cloth That Eats Money: Ṣeghoṣen as a Symbol of Prestige |url=https://www.academia.edu/105997501/The_Cloth_That_Eats_Money_%E1%B9%A2egho%E1%B9%A3en_as_a_Symbol_of_Prestige |journal=African Arts |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=20 |issn=0001-9933}}</ref> Seghosen hutambulika kwa miundo yake ya michoro na kawaida huwa ya rangi ya machungwa na nyekundu na wakati mwingine kijani. Ina rangi ang’avu na michoro tata. Ni kitambaa kinachothaminika sana katika Ufalme wa Owo na ndicho kitambaa cha jadi cha gharama kubwa zaidi kinachotengenezwa Owo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2023-01-10 |title=The BEST Things to do in Ondo, A GUIDE {{!}} ZeeGoes |url=https://www.zeegoes.com/the-best-things-to-do-in-ondo-a-guide/ |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=www.zeegoes.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622212910/https://www.zeegoes.com/the-best-things-to-do-in-ondo-a-guide/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Imoniche |first=Eboreime James |date=2018-12-06 |title=Seghosen in continuity and change: The pride of Owo kingdom in Yoruba land, Nigeria |url=https://www.ijariit.com/manuscript/seghosen-in-continuity-and-change-the-pride-of-owo-kingdom-in-yoruba-land-nigeria/ |journal=International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in Technology |language=en-US |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=534–536 |issn=2454-132X}}</ref> Kitambaa cha Seghosen mara nyingi hutumika kutengeneza mavazi mbalimbali ya jadi ya KiYoruba na vifaa vya mapambo. Uimara na uzuri wa kitambaa hiki huufanya kuwa chaguo maarufu kwa hafla maalum kama harusi, sherehe, mikutano, wanasiasa wakubwa na matukio mengine muhimu ya kitamaduni. Mbinu za ufumaji zinazotumika kutengeneza kitambaa cha Seghosen zimepitishwa kutoka kizazi hadi kizazi.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Onibode |first=Babatunde |last2=Poynor |first2=Robin |date=2023-09-01 |title=The Cloth That Eats Money: Ṣeghoṣen as a Symbol of Prestige |url=https://direct.mit.edu/afar/article/56/3/20/117009/The-Cloth-That-Eats-Money-egho-en-as-a-Symbol-of |journal=African Arts |language=en |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=20–33 |doi=10.1162/afar_a_00718 |issn=0001-9933}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Onibode |first=Babatunde |last2=Poynor |first2=Robin |title=The Cloth That Eats Money: Ṣeghoṣen as a Symbol of Prestige |url=https://www.academia.edu/105997501/The_Cloth_That_Eats_Money_%E1%B9%A2egho%E1%B9%A3en_as_a_Symbol_of_Prestige?uc-sb-sw=30850394 |journal=African Arts |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=20 |issn=0001-9933}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{Mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Sanaa ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:nguo]] [[Jamii:jimbo la Ondo]] 7jp3lurk5nn1m8778kadva48boaks2h 0 218478 1529671 1474438 2026-05-02T12:00:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529671 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Koningin_Atalja_laat_de_koningskinderen_doden_Geschiedenis_van_Joas_en_koningin_Atalja_(serietitel),_RP-P-1890-A-15408.jpg|thumb|Yehosheba akimuokoa mtoto Yehoashi (kushoto) kadiri ya Harmen Jansz Muller, 1565–1569 hivi.]] '''Yehosheba''' (kwa [[Kiebrania]]: יְהוֹשֶׁ֫בַע, ''Yəhōšeḇa‘'', "[[YHWH]] ni kiapo"<ref>[http://strongsnumbers.com/hebrew/3089.htm "Strong Numbers - 3089. Yehosheba"]. ''strongnumbers.com/hebrew/''. Retrieved 03-19-11</ref>; aliishi [[karne ya 9 KK]]) alikuwa [[binti]] wa [[mfalme]] [[Yehoramu wa Yuda|Yehoramu]] na [[dada]] wa [[mwandamizi]] wake [[Ahazia wa Yuda|Ahazia]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Hammer |first=Jill |date=2022-11-30 |title=The Problem of Jehosheba: Reading One Biblical Character in Two Different Feminist Ways by Jill Hammer |url=https://feminismandreligion.com/2022/11/30/the-problem-of-jehosheba-reading-one-biblical-character-in-two-different-feminist-ways-by-jill-hammer/ |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=Feminism and Religion |language=en}}</ref>. Huyo alipofariki [[dunia]] kwa kuuawa bado [[Ujana|kijana]], [[mama]] yake, [[Atalia]] [[binti]] [[Ahabu]], aliteka [[madaraka]] kwa kuua [[Mtoto|watoto]] wa Ahazia na kuendeleza sera za [[ufalme wa Israeli]] dhidi ya [[Mungu]] pekee, [[YHWH]]. Hata hivyo, Yehosheba alifaulu kumuokoa [[mtoto]] wa [[mwaka]] mmoja, [[Yehoashi wa Yuda|Yehoashi]], akamlea kwa [[siri]] [[Hekalu la Yerusalemu|hekaluni]] akishirikiana na [[mume|mumewe]], [[kuhani]] [[Yehoyada]], hata akaweza kumtawaza katika [[kiti cha enzi]] cha [[babu]] yao [[Daudi (Biblia)|Daudi]]<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|last=Laffey|first=Alice L|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MInpuwR-eEUC&q=jehosheba+old+testament&pg=PA139|title=An Introduction to the Old Testament: A Feminist Perspective|page=139|publisher=Fortress Press|year=1998 |isbn=978-0800620783}}</ref> . Habari zake zinapatikana hasa katika [[Kitabu cha Pili cha Wafalme]] 11 na [[Mambo ya Nyakati II|Kitabu cha Pili cha Mambo ya Nyakati]] 22-23. ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu-Biblia}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa karne ya 9 KK]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Biblia|Y]] gpzkw5f45m1cvp3lmg8trd46m8jdvds 0 218479 1529672 1474437 2026-05-02T12:00:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529672 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Jehoiada.jpg|thumb|Yehoyada alivyochorwa.]] '''Yehoyada''' (kwa [[Kiebrania]]: יְהוֹיָדָע, Yəhōyāḏā‘, "[[YHWH]] anajua"; aliishi [[karne ya 9 KK]]) alikuwa [[kuhani]] wa [[hekalu la Yerusalemu]] na [[mume]] wa [[Yehosheba]], [[binti]] wa [[mfalme]] [[Yehoramu wa Yuda|Yehoramu]] na [[dada]] wa [[mwandamizi]] wake [[Ahazia wa Yuda|Ahazia]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Hammer |first=Jill |date=2022-11-30 |title=The Problem of Jehosheba: Reading One Biblical Character in Two Different Feminist Ways by Jill Hammer |url=https://feminismandreligion.com/2022/11/30/the-problem-of-jehosheba-reading-one-biblical-character-in-two-different-feminist-ways-by-jill-hammer/ |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=Feminism and Religion |language=en}}</ref>. Huyo alipofariki [[dunia]] kwa kuuawa bado [[Ujana|kijana]], [[mama]] yake, [[Atalia]] [[binti]] [[Ahabu]], aliteka [[madaraka]] kwa kuua [[Mtoto|watoto]] wa Ahazia na kuendeleza sera za [[ufalme wa Israeli]] dhidi ya [[Mungu]] pekee, [[YHWH]]. Hata hivyo, Yehosheba alifaulu kumuokoa [[mtoto]] wa [[mwaka]] mmoja, [[Yehoashi wa Yuda|Yehoashi]], akamlea kwa [[siri]] hekaluni akishirikiana na Yehoyada, hata wakaweza kumtawaza katika [[kiti cha enzi]] cha [[babu]] yao [[Daudi (Biblia)|Daudi]]<ref>Barnes, W. E. (1899),[https://biblehub.com/commentaries/cambridge/2_chronicles/23.htm Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges] on 2 Chronicles 23</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|last=Laffey|first=Alice L|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MInpuwR-eEUC&q=jehosheba+old+testament&pg=PA139|title=An Introduction to the Old Testament: A Feminist Perspective|page=139|publisher=Fortress Press|year=1998 |isbn=978-0800620783}}</ref>. Baadaye Yeyohada alijitahidi sana kurudisha [[Israeli]] kwa Mungu wake pekee. Habari zake zinapatikana hasa katika [[Kitabu cha Pili cha Wafalme]] 11 na [[Mambo ya Nyakati II|Kitabu cha Pili cha Mambo ya Nyakati]] 22-24. ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== * Bench, Clayton H. ''The Coup of Jehoiada and the Fall of Athaliah: The Discourses and Textual Production of 2 Kings 11''. Piscataway: Gorgias Press, 2016. {{mbegu-mtu-Biblia}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa karne ya 9 KK]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Biblia|Y]] 4etph2v13328bk9k29sckclu2s7m97f 0 218774 1529683 1480232 2026-05-02T12:02:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1529683 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yemoh Ike''' (alizaliwa [[5 Novemba]] [[1986]]) ni raia wa [[Ghana]], mtayarishaji wa filamu, meneja wa vipaji na mmoja wa waanzilishi wa A.K.A Entertainment, kampuni ya utengenezaji [[filamu]] yenye makao yake Ghana.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |author=News Desk |title=Ghana To Participate At The European Audio-Visual Entrepreneurs - Eave 2023 {{!}} News Ghana |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/ghana-to-participate-at-the-european-audio-visual-entrepreneurs-eave-2023/ |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=newsghana.com.gh |date=11 January 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Articles by Yemoh Ike's Profile {{!}} Modern Ghana Journalist {{!}} Muck Rack |url=https://muckrack.com/yemoh-ike/articles |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=muckrack.com |language=en}}</ref> ==Wasifu== Alitayarisha Tsutsuɛ, filamu ya kwanza kutoka kusini mwa jangwa la Sahara na kuteuliwa katika Tamasha la 75 la Filamu la Cannes mwaka 2022. Wakati akiwa shuleni, mbali na nyumbani, alitoroka kidogo kutoka kwenye kampasi kwenda kwenye majaribio machache ya kucheza filamu na hatimaye alipata nafasi ya kucheza sehemu fulani. Uwezo wake wa kimungu wa kupanga na kuratibu ulisaidia uzalishaji siku ya kupiga picha. Kwa mafanikio, mtayarishaji alimshawishi kusaidia uzalishaji kama mratibu. Hamu ya kuwa nyota wa filamu polepole iligeuka kuwa upepo angani huku kijana huyo hatimaye akipata utulivu nyuma ya kamera.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2022-12-08 |title=Ghana-French Film Vagabonds Wins $100,000 Prize Award In Saudi Arabia |url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/ghana-french-film-vagabonds-wins-100000-prize-award-in-saudi-arabia/ |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=DailyGuide Network |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1986|}} [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Ghana]] luljygsgwelxo4sghnm3xcunc8q0qvn 0 219258 1529757 1477771 2026-05-02T12:14:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529757 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yosefu II wa Konstantinopoli''' ([[Kigiriki]]: Ἰωσήφ; [[1360]] – [[10 Juni]] [[1439]]) alikuwa [[Patriarki]] Mkuu wa [[Konstantinopoli]] kutoka mwaka [[1416]] hadi 1439.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea kitabu |last=Magoulias |first=Harry J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rPkcAAAAYAAJ |title=Decline and Fall of Byzantium to the Ottoman Turks, by Doukas - An Annotated Translation of Historia Turco-Byzantina |date=1975 |publisher=[[Wayne State University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8143-1540-8 |page=299 n. 201 |language=en |quote=Joseph II, patriarch of Constantinople (1416–1439), was born in 1360 in Bulgaria, perhaps the illegitimate son of the future Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria and a Greek mother. He became patriarch of Constantinople on 21 May 1416 after serving as Metropolis of Ephesus. Thus he was almost eighty years old when he died}}.</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1360]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1439]] [[Jamii:maaskofu]] [[Jamii:watu wa Bulgaria]] [[Jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] a73la26mjlodprvxhhxjzcqfbo7omsu 0 219264 1529667 1477773 2026-05-02T11:59:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529667 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yağız Can Konyalı''' (alizaliwa [[20 Septemba]] [[1991]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Uturuki]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuigiza kama Rahmet Elibol katika kipindi cha [[televisheni]] cha ''Bizim Hikaye''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.sozcu.com.tr/hayatim/magazin-haberleri/yagiz-can-konyali-kimdir-yagiz-can-konyali-nereli-ve-kac-yasinda-szcu3/ |title=Yağız Can Konyalı kimdir? Yağız Can Konyalı nereli ve kaç yaşında? |website=www.sozcu.com.tr}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kampus/yagiz-can-konyali-tiyatro-olumle-dans-gibi-41086336 |title=Yağız Can Konyalı: Tiyatro ölümle dans gibi |website=www.hurriyet.com.tr}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1991]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Uturuki]] 3naq7aa05c90ird8yupxeowgywqs3tf 0 219451 1529887 1523553 2026-05-02T13:24:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529887 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peter Kofi Sedufia''' ni mtengenezaji wa filamu na [[mtayarishaji wa filamu]] kutoka [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Africiné - Peter Sedufia|url=http://africine.org/personne/peter-sedufia/47346|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Africiné|language=fr|archive-date=2021-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121190034/http://africine.org/personne/peter-sedufia/47346|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sedufia, Peter {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc.|url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/peter-sedufia/|access-date=2021-11-21|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa mwaka usiojulikana]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watayarishaji filamu wa Ghana]] omcfmujb6vtt1lzsjjfr6vc562wep9y 0 219511 1530234 1525432 2026-05-02T22:11:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530234 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Seth Kwame Boateng''' ni [[mwandishi wa habari]] wa Ghana, alijulikana kwa kazi yake ya uandishi wa habari yenye matokeo, kama ilivyotambuliwa na [[WHO]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2022-02-28 |title=2 journalists from the Multimedia Group win WHO's Road Safety Reporting Contest – MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/2-journalists-from-the-multimedia-group-win-whos-road-safety-reporting-contest/ |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Idara ya Jimbo la [[Marekani]], <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=4 Results Are Tagged With "Ghana" {{!}} International Exchange Alumni |url=https://alumni.state.gov/taxonomy/term/131 |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=alumni.state.gov}}</ref> Kituo cha Kimataifa cha Waandishi wa Habari (ICFJ), <ref name=":7">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Journalists from Six Countries Honored for Outstanding Health Reporting |url=https://www.icfj.org/news/journalists-six-countries-honored-outstanding-health-reporting |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=International Center for Journalists |language=en}}</ref> na [[Wakfu]] wa Vyombo vya Habari kwa [[Afrika ya Magharibi|Afrika Magharibi]].<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Seth Kwame Boateng – User Profile |url=https://agln.aspeninstitute.org/profile/5621 |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=AGLN – Aspen Global Leadership Network |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Agyeman |first=Adwoa |date=2019-12-16 |title=JoyNews' Seth Kwame Boateng grabs 3rd Master's degree from University of Leeds |url=https://www.adomonline.com/joynews-seth-kwame-boateng-grabs-3rd-masters-degree-from-university-of-leeds/ |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=Adomonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=info@theghanareport.com |first=Aba Asamoah / |date=2021-10-22 |title=How can 3,213 lawyers serve a country of over 30 million? – Yoni Kulendi wonders |url=https://www.theghanareport.com/how-can-3213-lawyers-serve-a-country-of-over-30-million-yoni-kulendi-wonders/ |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=The Ghana Report |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Seth Kwame Boateng |url=https://www.mfwa.org/wameca/winners/seth-kwame-boateng-2/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=WAMECA – Media Foundation For West Africa |language=en-GB |archive-date=2024-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113192131/https://www.mfwa.org/wameca/winners/seth-kwame-boateng-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 2015, aliibuka kama Mwanahabari Bora wa Mwaka wa GJA. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Desk |first=Publishing |date=2015-08-15 |title=Seth Kwame Boateng is Journalist of the year; TV3's Wendy Laryea wins 2 awards {{!}} 3News |url=https://3news.com/news/seth-kwame-boateng-is-journalist-of-the-year-tv3s-wendy-laryea-wins-2-awards/ |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=3news.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa mwaka usiojulikana]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ghana]] ciln5pqacyt191hf9k261q7z79tlo67 0 219526 1530118 1478425 2026-05-02T18:57:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1530118 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zohra Opoku''' (alizaliwa [[1976]]) <ref name=":0" /> ni [[msanii]] wa nguo na mpiga picha wa [[Ghana]] mzaliwa wa [[Ujerumani]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=PLATFORM 33: Zohra Opoku, Self-Portraits |url=https://thetrustees.org/exhibit/platform-33-zohra-opoku-self-portraits/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=The Trustees of Reservations |language=en}}</ref> Alitumia mifumo ya nguo kujulisha picha zake zilizopigwa picha.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |date=February 28, 2017 |title=20 Artists to Watch at The Armory Show |url=https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-20-artists-watch-armory |accessdate= |work=Artsy |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Alizaliwa Altdöbern, Ujerumani, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=December 13, 2016 |title=17 Emerging Artists to Watch in 2017 |url=https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-17-emerging-artists-to-watch-in-2017 |accessdate= |work=Artsy |df=mdy-all}}</ref> na anaishi Accra. Alijulikana kwa usanifu wake, maonyesho, miundo ya nguo, picha na video. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ghana]] k5v7qy7h3tjpg8cgpr5r8zoh0vjorwh 0 219889 1530279 1500311 2026-05-03T02:58:23Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530279 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Taka za sokoni katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo''' unarejelea takataka zote zinazozalishwa katika soko la umma na la binafsi, zikiwa ni pamoja na taka za kikaboni, plastiki, karatasi, vifungashio na takataka nyinginezo. Uchafu huo unaleta changamoto kubwa ya kimazingira na kiafya katika maeneo ya mijini ya Kongo kutokana na ukosefu wa mifumo bora ya usimamizi, ukusanyaji na matibabu<ref name=":0">"Goma: le Conseil de la Jeunesse alerte sur la problématique d'évacuation des déchets dans les marchés publics", [https://laprunellerdc.cd/goma-le-conseil-de-la-jeunesse-alerte-sur-la-problematique-devacuation-des-dechets-dans-les-marches-publics/, La Prunelle RDC, 2022-05-03, consulté en 2026-01-04]</ref><ref name=":1">"GESTION DES IMMONDICES DANS LES MARCHÉS MUNICIPAUX DE LA VILLE DE KISANGANI. « CAS DES MARCHÉS MUNICIPAUX DES COMMUNES TSHOPO, MAKISO ET MANGOBO", IJRDO - Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, [https://ijrdo.org/index.php/sshr/article/view/5789 consulté en 2026-01-04]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Asili ya Taka == Katika masoko ya Kongo, sehemu kubwa ya taka ni ya kikaboni, inayotokana na uuzaji wa bidhaa zinazoharibika kama vile matunda, mboga mboga, nyama na samaki. Utafiti uliofanywa katika soko la Mfidi mjini Kinshasa ulionyesha kuwa sehemu za kikaboni ziliwakilisha karibu 59.5% ya taka zote zinazozalishwa, ikifuatiwa na kadibodi, plastiki, na metali<ref name=":3">"Récupération durable des déchets organiques urbains : étude de cas sur le compostage des déchets du marché Mfidi à Kinshasa, République démocratique du Congo", [https://journalajee.com/index.php/AJEE/article/view/480?, 2023, consulté le 04 janvier 2026</ref>. == Matatizo ya Usimamizi == Udhibiti wa taka katika masoko bado hautoshi kwa kiasi kikubwa nchini DRC. Katika masoko mengi ya manispaa, kama yale ya Kisangani, kukosekana kwa sera thabiti ya usafi wa mazingira, utenganishaji wa taka zinazoweza kuoza na zisizoweza kuharibika, na vifaa vinavyofaa vya kukusanya huwaweka wafanyabiashara na watumiaji kwenye hatari za kimazingira na kiafya<ref name=":1" />. Katika jiji la Goma, mashirika ya ndani yameibua wasiwasi kuhusu utupaji taka usiotosheleza katika masoko kadhaa ya umma, na hivyo kuongeza tishio la magonjwa yanayotokana na maji na hatari nyingine za afya ya umma.<ref name=":0" /> Katika jimbo la Kongo-Kati, wachuuzi katika soko la Damar huko Matadi wamekosolewa kwa usimamizi mbaya wa taka, na hivyo kuchangia mlundikano wa taka barabarani na katika vijia vya soko. == Masuala ya Afya na Mazingira == Ukosefu wa mfumo madhubuti wa utupaji taka katika masoko huendeleza mrundikano wa takataka, ambayo huvutia wadudu, hutoa harufu mbaya, na inaweza kuchafua maji na udongo unaozunguka. Hali hizi zinahusishwa na ongezeko la hatari ya magonjwa, hasa magonjwa yanayoenezwa na maji na yale yanayoenezwa na wadudu.<ref name=":0" /> == Juhudi za Mitaa na Majibu == Baadhi ya tafiti na mipango imegundua suluhu endelevu kama vile kutengeneza takataka za kikaboni ili kuboresha rutuba ya udongo, hasa katika maeneo makubwa ya mijini kama Kinshasa. Mbinu hizi ni sehemu ya mkakati jumuishi wa usimamizi wa taka ngumu.<ref name=":3" /> == Changamoto za Kitaasisi == Masoko ya Kongo yanakabiliwa na kushindwa kwa kitaasisi kuhusu usimamizi wa taka. Katika miji kama Butembo, taka hurundikana katika masoko yasiyo rasmi kutokana na kukosekana kwa huduma maalum za usafi wa mazingira, na hivyo kuonyesha ukosefu wa miundombinu na uratibu kati ya mamlaka za mitaa na wafanyabiashara<ref>"RDC-Butembo : des marchés publics à l’épreuve écologique, entre urgence sanitaire et défaillance institutionnelle", [https://www.reji-rdc.org/2024/07/21/382/, REJI-RDC, 2024-07-21, consulté en 2026-01-04]</ref>. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Mazingira katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Makala yasiyo na viungo vya ndani]] 9zkr9yu5benj503mpizlcb1fg1beq65 0 220077 1530251 1525875 2026-05-03T00:14:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530251 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Simone Dede Ayivi''' (alizaliwa mwaka [[1982]]) ni mkurugenzi wa maigizo, [[mwigizaji]] na dramaturjia wa [[Kijerumani]] anayeishi mjini [[Berlin]], Ujerumani. Kazi zake hucheza na mitazamo iliyozoeleka ya uelewa kwa kuvunja na kuweka upya dhana potofu (stereotypes) katika muktadha mpya.<ref name="auto">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.zebrabutter.net/interviewreihe-davon-leben-interview-mit-simone-dede-ayivi-theatermacherin.html|title=Interviewreihe "Davon leben": Interview mit Simone Dede Ayivi (Theatermacherin)|last=Spieß|first=Martin|date=2017-01-20|website=Zebrabutter|language=de-DE|access-date=2020-03-31}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kwa kawaida, kazi zake hufasiriwa kwa kuzingatia wasifu wake binafsi kama Mjerumani mwenye asili ya Kiafrika (Afro-German), na pia kupitia mitazamo ya uondoaji wa urithi wa ukoloni (decolonization) na ufeministi wa Kiafrika (afro-feminism).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.mousonturm.de/en/events/queens/|title=Künstlerhaus Mousonturm - Simone Dede Ayivi (Berlin) QUEENS|website=www.mousonturm.de|language=en|access-date=2020-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.mousonturm.de/en/events/first-black-woman-in-space/|title=Künstlerhaus Mousonturm - Simone Dede Ayivi (Berlin) First Black Woman in Space|website=www.mousonturm.de|language=en|access-date=2020-03-27}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1982]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ujerumani]] 3xo6ydt6gmlf1dfx35qdi47pla9mws4 0 220107 1529788 1480378 2026-05-02T12:19:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1529788 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Your Day Will Come''' (Kiarabu: لك يوم يا ظالم, Lak Yawm Ya Zalem; wakati mwingine hujulikana kwa Kiingereza kama Your Day Is Coming) ni filamu ya zamani ya kusisimua ya uhalifu kutoka Misri iliyotolewa mwaka [[1951]], iliyoongozwa na Salah Abouseif. Iliigiza waigizaji Faten Hamama, Mahmoud el-Meliguy, Mohammed Tawfik na Mohsen Sarhan, na ilichaguliwa kuwa miongoni mwa filamu 150 bora zaidi za uzalishaji wa filamu za Misri mwaka [[1996]], katika maadhimisho ya miaka mia moja ya Sinema ya Misri.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Elnaccash |first=Ataa |date=1968 |title=Egyptian Cinema: A Historical Outline |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3334315 |journal=African Arts |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=52–71 |doi=10.2307/3334315 |issn=0001-9933|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Filamu hiyo pia iliwasilishwa katika Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la Berlin.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=[AFLAM] Ton Jour viendra |url=https://www.mucem.org/programme/aflam-ton-jour-viendra |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Mucem — Musée des civilisations et de la Méditerranée |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Abdi |first=Nidam |title=Salah Abou Seif, mort d'un homme de la rue.Grand maître du réalisme arabe, le réalisateur égyptien s'est éteint samedi à 81 ans. |url=https://www.liberation.fr/culture/1996/06/25/salah-abou-seif-mort-d-un-homme-de-la-ruegrand-maitre-du-realisme-arabe-le-realisateur-egyptien-s-es_173519/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Libération |language=fr}}</ref> Filamu hii imechochewa na riwaya ya Thérèse Raquin ya Émile Zola. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:Filamu za 1951]] [[Jamii:filamu za Misri]] c54v9hjc2y2jd6kokperdsescta259h 0 220241 1529669 1480602 2026-05-02T11:59:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|kazi yake=Mchoro wa ukutani wa Nukta ya Muunganiko|majina mengine=Yeggy|name=Yegizaw Michael}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} <references /> '''Yegizaw Michael''', anayejulikana pia kama ''Yeggy'', ni [[msanii]] wa [[Eritrea]] anayeishi nchini [[Marekani]]. Ameonyesha [[kazi]] zake za [[sanaa]] nchini [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Austria]], Eritrea, na Marekani<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=A Life in Color: The Artistic Journey of Yegizaw Michael {{!}} Delina Yemane Dawit {{!}} Essay|url=https://brittlepaper.com/2024/03/a-life-in-color-the-artistic-journey-of-yegizaw-michael-delina-yemane-dawit-essay/|work=Brittle Paper|date=2024-03-22|accessdate=2026-01-11|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Eritrea]] svm16cuez7fra33hjt2t04i0hty1d58 0 220399 1530056 1481017 2026-05-02T18:48:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1530056 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dieynaba Sidibé''' (maarufu kama ''Zeinixx''; alizaliwa [[2 Julai]] [[1990]]) ni [[mshairi]] wa slam, [[msanii]] wa grafiti na mwanaharakati wa [[Senegal]]. <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/breaking-down-walls-by-painting-them-senegals-firs/|title=Breaking down walls by painting them: Senegal's first lady of graffiti, Dieynaba Sidibe|website=Global Citizen|language=en|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DieynabaZeinixxSidibe.aspx|title=OHCHR {{!}} Dieynaba "Zeinixx" Sidibé|website=www.ohchr.org|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://africultures.com/personnes/|title=Personnes|website=Africultures|language=fr-FR|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1990]] [[Jamii:wasanii wa Senegal]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Senegal]] oiies65t9jo0r9ly32yit4hifqdclk4 0 220401 1529787 1481019 2026-05-02T12:19:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529787 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Younousse Sèye''' (alizaliwa [[1940]]) ni [[msanii]], [[mshairi]], na [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Senegal]]. Anachukuliwa kuwa [[Uchoraji|mchoraji]] mwanamke wa kwanza wa Senegal, alijulikana zaidi kwa kazi zake za mchanganyiko wa midia zilizojumuisha maganda ya ng'ombe.<ref name="worldcat">{{Rejea kitabu|last=Harney|first=Elisabeth|title=Dictionary of African biography|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong, Henry Louis, Jr. Gates|isbn=978-0-19-985725-8|location=Oxford|chapter=Seye, Younouss|oclc=767838646}}</ref><ref name="thirdtext">{{Rejea jarida|last=Deliss|first=Clementine|date=June 1993|title=The Dakar Biennale 92: Where internationalism falls apart|journal=Third Text|language=en|volume=7|issue=23|pages=136–141|doi=10.1080/09528829308576427|issn=0952-8822|doi-access=free}}</ref> Akiwa hana mafunzo rasmi katika sanaa ya taswira au uigizaji, alipata mafanikio katika tasnia ya sanaa ya [[Dakar]] baada ya uhuru na alionekana katika filamu kadhaa kuu za mkurugenzi wa Senegal [[Ousmane Sembène]]. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1940]] [[Jamii:wasanii wa Senegal]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Senegal]] hnx7zlkgtg9c705tkzsp2b8kjjfa9i2 0 220410 1530226 1525314 2026-05-02T21:21:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530226 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sea Diallo''' ([[26 Julai]] [[1958]] - [[2 Februari]] [[2025]]) alikuwa [[msanii]] wa [[Senegal]]. Alifanya mazoezi mengi ya sanaa, kutia ndani [[uchoraji]], uchoraji wa vioo wa kinyume, kauri, [[uchongaji]], upigaji picha, nakshi, na [[ushairi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://africine.org/personne/sea-diallo/32611|title=Séa Diallo|work=Africiné|language=French}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Pamoja na Serigne Ndiaye{{fr}} na [[Anta Germaine Gaye]], Diallo alikuwa sehemu ya kizazi cha pili cha harakati za sanaa za Shule ya [[Dakar]].<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |date=2007|title=Trajectoires : art contemporain du Sénégal : collection Bassam Chaïtou|url= |trans-title= |language=French|location=Dakar|publisher=Théodore Monod African Art Museum|page=164|isbn= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last=Harney |first=Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQkeAXWxtHwC&pg=PA184 |title=In Senghor's Shadow: Art, Politics, and the Avant-Garde in Senegal, 1960–1995 |date=2004-11-23 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-3395-1 |pages=184 |language=en}}</ref> Alikuwa mkazi wa Village des Arts de Dakar {{fr}}. Diallo alifariki mjini Dakar tarehe 2 Februari 2025, akiwa na umri wa miaka 66.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=3 February 2025|title=Sea Diallo s'en est allé|url=https://www.seneplus.com/culture/carne-noir-artiste-sea-diallo-sen-est-alle|trans-title= |work=SenePlus|language=French|location= |publisher= |access-date=6 February 2025}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Senegal]] i7f78p80h56h0jw7i63675fz2ycqqgf 0 220587 1530138 1493455 2026-05-02T19:01:13Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1530138 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zoulikha Oudai''' au '''Lalla Zoulikha Oudai'''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wayback Machine|url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lnr/260195|work=www.djazairess.com|accessdate=2026-01-19}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=From militants to student activists: The women who fought for Algeria|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/algeria-women-militants-independence-activists|work=Middle East Eye|accessdate=2026-01-19|language=en}}</ref> (1911 - 1957) alikuwa mwanamke wa Chenouas kutoka Algeria ambaye alifariki wakati wa Vita vya Uhuru wa [[Algeria]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Femmes algériennes sans visages !: Toute l'actualité sur liberte-algerie.com|url=https://www.liberte-algerie.com/chronique/femmes-algeriennes-sans-visages-402|work=http://www.liberte-algerie.com/|accessdate=2026-01-19|language=fr|author=liberte-algerie.com|archive-date=2021-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525084304/https://www.liberte-algerie.com/chronique/femmes-algeriennes-sans-visages-402|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Taarifa ya Maisha == Zoulikha Oudai alizaliwa Mei 7, 1911 huko Hadjout, na alikulia Cherchell. Alikuwa na watoto watano; baada ya mumewe na mmoja wa wanawe kuuwawa na majeshi ya Kifaransa, alijitolea kwa sababu ya uhuru na kujiunga na Front ya Ukombozi wa [[Taifa]] (Algeria) kama kiongozi wa kikanda wa Cherchell. Kisha aliingia kwa siri na kuwa mpelelezi maarufu wa Front. Alikamatwa na majeshi ya Kifaransa mnamo [[1957]] na kuuwawa baada ya siku 10 za mateso yasiyo na matokeo. Mwili wake haukurejeshwa hadi 1984; sasa amezikwa katika makaburi ya mashahidi huko Menaceur.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=From militants to student activists: The women who fought for Algeria|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/algeria-women-militants-independence-activists|work=Middle East Eye|accessdate=2026-01-19|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1911]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1957]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Algeria]] jxr25tz9e2ee4aop8nwil5fulh5890z 0 220659 1530112 1488068 2026-05-02T18:56:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1530112 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zoalize Jansen van Rensburg''' (alizaliwa [[28 Oktoba|28 Oktoba,]] [[2005]]) ni mshindi wa [[mashindano]] ya [[urembo]] kutoka nchini [[Afrika Kusini]], ambaye alitunukiwa [[taji]] la ''Miss World South Africa 2024''. Alimwakilisha Afrika Kusini katika mashindano ya ''Miss World'' yaliyofanyika nchini [[Poland]], ingawa hakufanikiwa kuingia miongoni mwa washindi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2024-10-17|title=5 Minutes with Miss World SA Zoalize Van Rensburg|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2024-10-17-5-minutes-with-miss-world-sa-zoalize-van-rensburg/|access-date=2025-11-02|website=TimesLIVE|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=PressReader.com - Digital Newspaper & Magazine Subscriptions|url=https://www.pressreader.com/zimbabwe/the-herald-zimbabwe/20241012/281917368528277|access-date=2025-11-02|website=www.pressreader.com}}</ref> Zoalize ni mshiriki mdogo zaidi kuwahi kushinda taji hilo. Katika mashindano haya, alishinda changamoto ya Best Designer Dress. Zaidi, awali alikuwa 1st Runner-up katika shindano la Miss World South Africa 2023.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2024-10-17|title=5 Minutes with Miss World SA Zoalize Van Rensburg|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2024-10-17-5-minutes-with-miss-world-sa-zoalize-van-rensburg/|access-date=2025-11-02|website=TimesLIVE|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2024-10-17|title=5 Minutes with Miss World SA Zoalize Van Rensburg|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2024-10-17-5-minutes-with-miss-world-sa-zoalize-van-rensburg/|access-date=2025-11-02|website=TimesLIVE|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2005]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] b6srojepy0mvz8pnfvz1qymy8xq1pil 0 220851 1530275 1526426 2026-05-03T02:26:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530275 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Susagna Arasanz i Serra''' (alizaliwa [[1960]]/1961 – [[14 Oktoba]] [[2021]]) alikuwa mchumi na [[mwanasiasa]] wa Andorra. Alikuwa Waziri wa Fedha wa [[Andorra]] kuanzia 1994 hadi 2000, na aliingia kwenye historia kama mwanamke wa kwanza kushika wadhifa huo, chini ya uwaziri mkuu wa Marc Forné.<ref name="SER">{{Rejea jarida |last=Fuentes Pérez |first=Marisol |date=14 October 2021 |title=Mor l'exministra Susagna Arasanz |url=https://cadenaser.com/emisora/2021/10/14/radio_ser_principat_d_andorra/1634207410_119171.html |journal=[[Cadena SER]] |language=Catalan |archive-date=2021-10-25 |access-date=2026-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025190838/https://cadenaser.com/emisora/2021/10/14/radio_ser_principat_d_andorra/1634207410_119171.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tarehe 22 Desemba 1994, Marc Forné alimchagua kuwa Waziri wa Fedha mpya, akimrithi Josep Casal Casa. Katika uchaguzi wa bunge wa 1997, Arasanz alichaguliwa kuwa mjumbe wa Baraza Kuu la Andorra (General Council). Mnamo 1 Aprili 1997, aliteuliwa tena kuwa Waziri wa Fedha, lakini alijiuzulu kama mbunge wiki mbili baadaye ili kuendelea na majukumu ya uwaziri. Alikuwa mwanachama wa Liberal Party of Andorra.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |date=22 December 1994 |title=Decret de 22-12-94 pel qual es nomena el Sr. Manel Mas Ribó, Ministre de Relacions Exteriors, el Sr. Joan Tomàs Roca, Ministre d'Economia. (Agricultura, Comerç i Indústria), la Sra. Susagna Arasanz Serra, Ministra de Finances, el Sr. Pere Canturri Montanya, Ministre d'Afers Socials i Cultura, i la Sra. Carme Sala Sansa, Ministra d'Educació, Joventut i Esports. |url=https://www.bopa.ad/bopa/006076/Pagines/59C2.aspx |journal=[[Official Bulletin of the Principality of Andorra]] |language=Catalan}}</ref> Mnamo 15 Machi 2000, Susagna Arasanz alijiuzulu wadhifa wa Waziri wa Fedha, akihitimisha kipindi chake serikalini. Baadaye, kuanzia Januari 2020, aliteuliwa na serikali ya Andorra kuwa mjumbe wa Bodi ya Wakurugenzi ya Mfuko wa Hifadhi ya Jamii wa Andorra (CASS), akichangia uzoefu wake wa kiuchumi na sera za kijamii. Susagna Arasanz alifariki dunia tarehe 14 Oktoba 2021, akiwa na umri wa miaka 60, baada ya kuugua saratani.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |date=15 March 2000 |title=Decret de 15-3-2000 pel qual s'admet la renúncia presentada per la Sra Susagna Arasanz Serra i, per consegüent, se la relleva del càrrec de ministra de Finances. |url=https://www.bopa.ad/bopa/012014/Pagines/1C4AA.aspx |journal=Official Bulletin of the Principality of Andorra}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]] ecwbgyty3yqdzyn966i4867min7bh7m 0 220898 1529986 1482605 2026-05-02T18:37:41Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1529986 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zahia Benarous''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[10 Juni]] [[1958]]) ni [[mwanahabari]] na [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Alikuwa mtangazaji wa taarifa za habari za saa 2 usiku za Public Establishment of Television, alichaguliwa kama Mbunge wa Bunge la Algeria mwaka 1997 na baadaye aliteuliwa kuwa seneta katika baraza la juu la Seneti la Algeria kwa vipindi viwili. == Maisha na Elimu == Benarous alizaliwa tarehe 10 Juni 1958 mjini M'Sila, Algeria. Alisoma katika Shule ya Msingi ya Jugurtha na Shule ya Kati ya Omar Rasem huko Algiers. Kisha alisoma digrii ya shahada ya jamii katika Chuo Kikuu cha Algiers 1. Benarous alifanya kazi kama mtangazaji wa runinga katika taarifa za habari za saa 2 usiku za Public Establishment of Television tangu mwaka 1988,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Les femmes algériennes qui ont imposé leur présence dans les médias|url=https://dia-algerie.com/femmes-algeriennes-ont-impose-presence-medias/|work=DIA|date=2017-03-12|accessdate=2026-01-23|language=fr-FR|author=admin}}</ref> na alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kutangaza kwa lugha ya Kiarabu. Mnamo mwaka 2017, Benarous alipendekeza kuwa kiongozi wa Libya, Muammar al-Qaddafi, alimtaka kuwa mke mwaka 1995 baada ya kumuona kwenye runinga, ingawa hawakuwahi kukutana. Benarous alichaguliwa kuwa Mbunge wa Bunge la Algeria mwaka 1997 kama mwanachama wa chama cha katikati-mya Democratic National Rally (NDA). Aliteuliwa kuwa Katibu wa Jimbo wa Utamaduni katika [[serikali]] ya pili ya Ahmed Ouyahia mwezi Juni 1997. Alitumikia hadi mwaka 1999, kisha aliteuliwa kuwa seneta katika baraza la juu la Seneti la Algeria (inajulikana kama Conseil de la Nation) na Rais Abdelaziz Bouteflika.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Algerian MP: Qaddafi wanted to marry me in 90s|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/variety/2017/01/09/Algerian-MP-reveals-Qaddafi-proposed-to-her-in-the-90s|work=Al Arabiya English|date=2017-01-09|accessdate=2026-01-23|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gaddafi wanted to marry me in 90s: Algerian MP {{!}} The Daily Star|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/world/gaddafi-wanted-marry-me-90s-algerian-mp-1342762|work=www.thedailystar.net|accessdate=2026-01-23|language=en}}</ref> Mwaka 2006, Benarous alichaguliwa kwenye Kamati ya Umoja wa Bunge wa Kimataifa (IPU) juu ya Haki za Wanachama wa Bunge. Mwaka 2021, Mamlaka ya Uchaguzi Huru ya Kitaifa (ANIE) ya Algeria iliashiria kwamba ombi la Benarous la kuwa mgombea wa chama cha El Houkm Errached (Utawala Wenye Hekima) lilikataa kutokana na sheria mpya ya uchaguzi (Kifungu cha 200) inayozuia wagombea ambao tayari wametumikia vipindi viwili vya [[bunge]], bila kujali kama ni vya mfululizo au si vya mfululizo. == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Algeria]] nvesqzohh9b2954x9rno47fybqn5bqa 0 221001 1529741 1496488 2026-05-02T12:11:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1529741 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yolande Viviane Compaoré''' (alifariki tarehe [[10 Januari]] [[2026]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Burkina Faso]]. Kama mjumbe wa Congress for Democracy and Progress, aliwahi kutumikia katika [[Bunge]] la Burkina Faso <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Que savons-nous de l'assassinat de Viviane Yolande Compaoré, ancienne ministre du Burkina Faso ?|url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/cvg1nlk0dm1o|work=BBC News Afrique|date=2026-01-14|accessdate=2026-01-24|language=fr}}</ref>na kama gavana wa Mkoa wa Nord.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Burkina : Viviane Yolande Compaoré, ex-ministre retrouvée sans vie à son domicile|url=https://lanouvelletribune.info/2026/01/burkina-une-ex-ministre-retrouvee-sans-vie-a-son-domicile/|work=La Nouvelle Tribune|date=2026-01-13|accessdate=2026-01-24|language=fr-FR|author=Cédric Amoussou}}</ref> Wakati wa utawala wa [[Rais]] Blaise Compaoré, alihudumu kama Waziri wa Usafiri na Utalii wa Burkina Faso na kama Waziri wa Ujumuishaji wa Kikanda wa Burkina Faso mwishoni mwa miaka ya [[1990]]. Compaoré alifariki tarehe 10 Januari [[2026]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Assassinat de l’ex-ministre Yolande Viviane Compaoré au Burkina Faso : les autorités annoncent ouvrir une enquête|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1756138/politique/assassinat-de-lex-ministre-yolande-viviane-compaore-au-burkina-faso-les-autorites-annoncent-ouvrir-une-enquete/|work=JeuneAfrique.com|accessdate=2026-01-24|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2026]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Burkina Faso]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Burkina Faso]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za watu]] pli3p2cgfucmi1orbhvx62uxnmk8pe6 0 221150 1529858 1503079 2026-05-02T12:30:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1529858 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yvonne Libona Bonzi-Coulibaly''' ni [[daktari]] wa kwanza wa kike katika [[kemia]] nchini [[Burkina Faso]], [[profesa]] kamili katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ouagadougou]], <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Le prix Prix Kwamé Nkrumah 2013 revient au Pr Bonzi/Coulibaly Libona Yvonne|url=https://burkina24.com/2013/12/18/le-prix-prix-kwame-nkrumah-2013-revient-au-pr-bonzicoulibaly-libona-yvonne/|work=Burkina24.com – Actualité du Burkina Faso 24h/24|date=2013-12-18|accessdate=2026-01-25|language=fr-FR|author=Abdou ZOURE}}</ref>mwanachama wa Academy of Sciences ya Burkina Faso, [[Mkurugenzi]] Mkuu wa Taasisi ya Sayansi za Burkina Faso, na mshindi wa [[Tuzo]] ya Kwame Nkrumah kutoka [[Umoja wa Afrika|Umoja wa Afrika.]] == Wasifu == Baada ya kupata "baccalauréat série D" mwaka [[1978]], aliingia katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Félix Houphouët-Boigny mjini Abidjan kusoma kemia-biolojia-jiolojia. Bonzi-Coulibaly alipata digrii ya daktari katika Chuo Kikuu cha Strasbourg-I katika kemia ya kikorgani kutoka kwa Guy Ourisson. Kuanzia mwaka [[2008]] hadi 2013, alikuwa [[mkurugenzi]] wa utafiti katika Chuo Kikuu cha Ouagadougou, ambapo amekuwa profesa-mtafiti tangu mwaka 2002. Yeye ni mwanachama wa Academy of Sciences ya Burkina Faso. Kuanzia mwaka 2018, amekuwa Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa Taasisi ya Sayansi za Burkina Faso ambayo ilianzishwa mwaka 2004.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Enseignement supérieur : L’Institut des sciences célèbre ses 15 ans d’existence - leFaso.net|url=https://lefaso.net/spip.php?article92453|work=lefaso.net|accessdate=2026-01-25|language=fr}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 2020, katika ushirikiano na ushirikiano wa kitaaluma na kisayansi wa taasisi za elimu ya juu za Shirikisho la Wallonia-Brussels, alianza kufanya [[kazi]] na Pascal Gerbaux katika [[kilimo]] hai na [[bustani]] za soko ili kubadilisha ingizo za synthetiki na bio-ingizo. == Tuzo == 2013: Tuzo ya Kwame Nkrumah ya Umoja wa Afrika.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Portrait : Yvonne Bonzi, une référence dans le domaine scientifique au Burkina|url=https://netafrique.net/portrait-yvonne-bonzi-une-reference-dans-le-domaine-scientifique-au-burkina/|work=NetAfrique.net|date=2014-03-13|accessdate=2026-01-25|language=fr-FR|author=admin}}</ref> == Machapisho == [https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/rseau/2016-v29-n3-rseau02941/1038927ar/ Uondoaji wa COD kwenye maji machafu kwa mkaa uliowashwa kutoka kwenye maganda ya mchele], Yacouba Sanou, Samuel Pare, Gnon Baba, Nyonuwosro Kwamivi Segbeaya et Libona Yvonne Bonzi-Coulibaly, Revue des sciences de l'eau / Journal of Water Science, Vol. 29, Nambari 3, uk. 265–277, 2016, issn: 0992-7158, issn2: 1718-8598, doi: 10.7202/1038927ar. == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Burkina Faso]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wanasayansi wa Burkina Faso]] i8r7k03odf4mttjiou7g6pxdrz2eqbw 0 221158 1529853 1503062 2026-05-02T12:29:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1529853 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yvette Duval''' ([[24 Aprili]] [[1931]] – [[8 Novemba]] [[2006]]) alikuwa [[mwanahistoria]], msomi, na [[mwandishi]] mashuhuri aliyebobea katika historia ya [[Afrika Kaskazini]] wakati wa kipindi cha kale (Antiquity)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yvette Duval (1931-2006)|url=https://data.bnf.fr/fr/ark:/12148/cb11901473d|work=data.bnf.fr|accessdate=2026-01-25|language=fr}}</ref>. Anajulikana sana kwa utafiti wake wa kina kuhusu mwanzo wa [[ukristo]] katika eneo la [[Maghrib]] na jinsi jamii za wenyeji zilivyoishi chini ya utawala wa [[Dola la Roma]]<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7283-0021-6|title=Loca sanctorum Africae: le culte des martyrs en Afrique du IVe au VIIe siècle|last=Duval|first=Yvette|date=1982|publisher=Ecole française de Rome|isbn=978-2-7283-0021-1|series=Collection de l'Ecole française de Rome|location=Roma}}</ref>. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Yvette alizaliwa mjini [[Tunis]], [[Tunisia]], wakati huo ikiwa chini ya [[ukoloni]] wa Ufaransa. Alikulia katika mazingira yaliyomzunguka na mabaki ya kihistoria ya [[Karthago]], jambo lililochochea mapenzi yake kwa historia. Aliruhusiwa kusoma katika Chuo cha Wahitimu wa Vichy licha ya sheria za ubaguzi wa Vichy kutokana na rekodi yake nzuri ya kitaaluma. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Mondrian |first=Françoise |year=2006 |title=In memoriam |url=https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/pdf/10.5555/J.AT.6.75780504040508050386030802070301 |journal=Antiquité tardive |volume=14 |pages=7–14}}</ref> Baada ya kumaliza masomo yake huko [[Rabat]], alihamia [[Paris]] ambapo alisoma kwanza katika [[Lycée Fénelon, Paris|Lycée Fénelon]] na kisha katika [[École normale supérieure de jeunes filles]] <ref name=":0" /> Alihitimu masomo yake ya juu nchini [[Ufaransa]] na kupata uprofesa katika chuo kikuu. == Kazi na utafiti == Duval alitumia maisha yake mengi kuchunguza maandishi ya kale (epigraphy) na [[akiolojia]]. Kazi yake ilisaidia kuunganisha historia ya [[Moroko]], [[Algeria]], na Tunisia na ulimwengu wa [[Mediteranea]]. Kazi zake muhimu ni pamoja na: * ''Loca sanctorum Africae'' (1982): Kazi kubwa iliyokusanya na kuchambua maeneo yote ya kidini na makaburi ya mashahidi wa Kikristo barani Afrika kaskazini. * ''Auprès des saints corps et âme'' (1988): Utafiti kuhusu desturi za mazishi na imani za kale. * ''L'Euphrate et l'Occident'' (1971): Kitabu kinachochunguza mahusiano ya kijiografia na kihistoria. == Tuzo na heshima == Mnamo 2000, alipokea ''[[Festschrift]]'' yenye jina ''Romanité et cité chrétienne permanences et mutations, intégration et exclusion du Ier au VIe siècle: mélanges en l'honneur d'Yvette Duval'' . <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Romanité et cité chrétienne permanences et mutations, intégration et exclusion du Ier au VIe siècle : mélanges en l'honneur d'Yvette Duval.|date=2000|publisher=De Boccard|isbn=2-7018-0136-2|editor-last=Françoise Prévôt|location=Paris|oclc=708551635}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Duval alifunga ndoa na mwanahistoria na mwanaakiolojia Mfaransa [[Noël Duval]] mnamo [[1954]]. <ref name="Fredouille">{{Rejea jarida |last=Fredouille |first=Jean-Claude |year=2007 |title=Yvette Duval (1931-2006) |journal=Revue d'études augustiniennes et patristiques |volume=53 |pages=i-ii |doi=10.1484/j.rea.5.100946 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Kifo == Alifariki dunia tarehe [[8 Novemba]] [[2006]] nchini Ufaransa, akiacha pengo kubwa katika taaluma ya historia ya kale ya [[Afrika]]<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Nsiri |first=Mohamed-Arbi |date=2023-07-20 |title=Yvette Duval and the Late Antique North Africa: It is Not Just Decline and Fall Anymore |url=https://e-revistas.uc3m.es/index.php/REVHISTO/article/view/7903 |journal=REVISTA DE HISTORIOGRAFÍA (RevHisto) |language=en |issue=38 |pages=241–274 |doi=10.20318/revhisto.2023.7903 |issn=2445-0057}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2006]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Moroko]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Tunisia]] eyxtcgifhmzzwvd651hpxqiskcs6nms 0 221400 1530079 1524780 2026-05-02T18:52:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530079 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha:PortraitRuthJebet3000mStpRio2016.jpg|thumb|Ruth Jebet]] '''Ruth Jebet''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[17 Novemba]] [[1996]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa mbio ndefu na mtaalamu wa [[Mita ya mraba|mita]] 3000 kuruka maji na vizuizi (steeplechase), mzaliwa wa [[Kenya]] anayewakilisha kimataifa taifa la [[Bahrain]]. Aliweka rekodi ya dunia katika matukio ya kuanzia mwaka 2016 hadi 2018 na kushinda medali ya dhahabu ya Olimpiki mwaka 2016 katika mbio za mita 3000 steeplechase.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Ruth JEBET {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/bahrain/ruth-jebet-14588310 |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> Mwezi desemba 2017, Ruth Jebet alisimamishwa kushiriki mashindano kwa miaka 4 (2018-2022) baada ya kupatikana na matumizi ya dawa ya EPO, inayotumika kuongeza uwezo wa kimichezo kinyume cha sheria za michezo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2020-03-04 |title=Olympic steeplechase champion Jebet banned for doping |url=https://apnews.com/article/-----a4f8cda33a1d8ccc530a96d328e6799a |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=AP News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kazi == Jebet alichukua fursa ya kuwakilisha Bahrain akiwa na umri wa miaka kumi na sita, akifanya uhamisho wa ustahiki wake mnamo Februari 2013. Mnamo Aprili mwaka huo, alishinda mbio za mita 3000 na mita 5000 katika mashindano ya shule za upili nchini Kenya.<ref>[http://www.tilastopaja.org/db/atw.php?ID=120457 Ruth Chebet]. Tilastopaja. Retrieved on 2013-12-28.</ref> Katika mashindano yake ya kwanza akiwania Bahrain, alishika nafasi ya pili katika mbio za mita 3000 kuruka viunzi nyuma ya mwanariadha wa Olimpiki kutoka Moroko Salima El Ouali Alami katika Mashindano ya Riadha ya Kiarabu ya 2013.<ref>[http://www.africathle.com/?q=en/content/18th-arab-championships-doha-qatar-21-24052013 18th Arab Championships, Doha (Qatar) 21-24/05/2013] {{Wayback|url=http://www.africathle.com/?q=en/content/18th-arab-championships-doha-qatar-21-24052013 |date=20191208021944 }}. Africa Athle (2013-05-21). Retrieved on 2013-10-07.</ref> Muda wake wa dakika 9:52.47 uliweka rekodi ya kitaifa ya Bahrain katika tukio hilo. Aliongeza mafanikio yake mwezi Julai katika Mashindano ya Riadha ya Asia ya 2013, ambapo alichukua uongozi tangu mwanzo wa mbio na kuudumisha hadi mwisho. Alimshinda bingwa aliyetarajiwa kabla ya mbio na mshindi wa Michezo ya Asia Sudha Singh kwa zaidi ya sekunde kumi na tano. Muda wake wa dakika 9:40.84 uliweka rekodi ya ubingwa.<ref>[http://en.omriyadat.com/videos/ruth-jebet-wins-3000m-steeplechase-women-eugene-diamond-league-2016 Ruth Jebet Wins 3000m Steeplechase Women - Eugene Diamond League] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212161541/http://en.omriyadat.com/videos/ruth-jebet-wins-3000m-steeplechase-women-eugene-diamond-league-2016 |date=2017-02-12 }}. Retrieved on 2016-09-10.</ref><ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/two-championship-records-while-chinas-hurdles Two championship records while China's hurdles legacy continues at the Asian Championships]. IAAF (2013-07-06). Retrieved on 2013-12-28.</ref> Mafanikio haya yalimweka kama mmoja wa wakimbiaji bora wa mita 3000 kuruka viunzi barani Asia mwaka huo.<ref>[http://en.omriyadat.com/videos/ruth-jebet-diamond-league Ruth Jebet Women's 3000m Steeplechase | Zurich Diamond League] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316160431/http://en.omriyadat.com/videos/ruth-jebet-diamond-league |date=2018-03-16 }}. Retrieved on 2016-09-10.</ref> Mwaka 2014, akiwa na umri wa miaka 17, alishinda Mashindano ya Dunia ya Vijana mbele ya wanariadha wawili kutoka Kenya. Mwezi huo huo katika mashindano ya Weltklasse Zürich, aliweka rekodi ya bara la Asia kwa muda wa dakika 9:20.55, akikosa kwa sekunde 0.13 pekee kuvunja rekodi ya dunia ya vijana. Katika Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya 2016, alikua mwanariadha wa kwanza kutoka Bahrain kushinda medali ya dhahabu ya Olimpiki, baada ya kushinda mbio za mita 3000 kuruka viunzi kwa wanawake kwa muda wa 8:59.75, na kuwa mwanariadha wa pili kwa kasi zaidi katika historia ya tukio hilo wakati huo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rio Olympics 2016: Bahrain's Ruth Jebet wins 3,000m steeplechase|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/36689477|website=BBC Sport|accessdate=15 August 2016|date=15 August 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://en.omriyadat.com/videos/ruth-jebet-new-world-record-3000m-steeplechase Ruth Jebet New World Record Women's 3000m Steeplechase | Paris Diamond League] {{Wayback|url=http://en.omriyadat.com/videos/ruth-jebet-new-world-record-3000m-steeplechase |date=20170212161847 }}. Retrieved on 2016-09-10.</ref> Katika mbio hizo, alimshinda Mkenya [[Hyvin Jepkemoi]], aliyeshinda medali ya fedha kwa muda wa 9:07.12, na Mmarekani Emma Coburn, aliyeshinda medali ya shaba kwa muda wa 9:07.63. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanariadha-kenya}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1996]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kenya]] lza4kt2x830dwatcau8y9t4fhl667q0 0 221420 1530192 1497983 2026-05-02T19:09:43Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1530192 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Éva Allice''' (kwa Kiarabu: إيفا أليس, alizaliwa [[2 Januari]] [[2002]]) ni mchezaji wa soka anayecheza katika nafasi ya beki. Alizaliwa nchini [[Ufaransa]], lakini anaiwakilisha timu ya taifa ya [[wanawake]] ya [[Moroko]] katika ngazi ya kimataifa. Allice amechezea klabu za Le Mans FC na Nantes nchini Ufaransa. Alifanya mechi yake ya kwanza ya kimataifa ya ngazi ya juu kwa timu ya taifa ya Morocco tarehe [[10 Juni]] [[2021]] katika ushindi wa kirafiki wa nyumbani wa mabao 3–0 dhidi ya [[Mali]].<ref name=FFF>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/9243-allice-eva/fiche.html|title=Éva Allice|website=French Football Federation|language=fr|accessdate=16 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.fcnantes.com/feminines/20202021/effectif_D2F.php|title=Effectif D2F|website=FC Nantes|language=fr|accessdate=16 June 2021|archive-date=1 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501205309/https://www.fcnantes.com/feminines/20202021/effectif_D2F.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kazi ya Klabu == Allice amechezea Le Mans FC na Nantes nchini Ufaransa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.fcnantes.com/articles/article2809.php?num=36550|title=A LA RENCONRE D'EVA ALLICE|date=28 Machi 2021|access-date=24 Septemba 2025|language=fr}}</ref> == Kazi ya Kimataifa == Allice alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza ya wakubwa kwa Morocco mnamo [[10 Juni]] [[2021]] katika ushindi wa nyumbani wa 3-0 dhidi ya [[Mali]]. == Tazama pia == * Orodha ya wachezaji wa kimataifa wa soka wa wanawake wa Morocco == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2002]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Moroko]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Moroko]] gekb8csykheisslmyw4dxavstzkpjft 0 221485 1529682 1499144 2026-05-02T12:01:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529682 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yemodish Bekele''' ([[1960]] - [[2025]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] aliyechapisha vitabu kumi na tatu, ikiwemo mashairi, [[hadithi]] fupi, na riwaya, na alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza wa [[Ethiopia]] kuchapisha mkusanyiko wake wa hadithi fupi. Yemedish pia alikuwa mwandishi wa habari za uhalifu, na alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kuwa mhariri mkuu wa ''Polis Ena Ermijaw'' ("Polisi na Safari za Baadaye"), gazeti la [[Polisi]] wa Shirikisho nchini Ethiopia.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ethionation.com/sites/biography/3558-yemodish-bekele.html|title=Yemodish Bekele|website=EthioScoop|access-date=25 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alikuwa mtetezi wa haki za wanawake na usawa, akitumia majukwaa yake ya televisheni na redio kuongeza sauti na masuala ya wanawake. Alikuwa Mwanzilishi na [[Mkurugenzi]] Mtendaji wa Women Can Do It na pia alihudumu kwenye bodi za mashirika kadhaa yanayojitolea kwa maendeleo ya wanawake. Alikuwa rais wa Chama cha Waandishi wa Wanawake wa [[Ethiopia]] na mwenyekiti wa bodi ya Mtandao wa Mashirika ya Wanawake wa Ethiopia. Alifanya kazi kwa bidii kukuza uwezeshaji na uwakilishi wa wanawake katika sekta zote za jamii. [[Faili:Yemodish Bekele 2.jpg|thumb|Yemodish Bekele akiwa pichani akiilakilisha Ethiopia.]] ==Wasifu== Yemodish alizaliwa mwaka 1960 katika eneo la Teklehaiymanot mjini [[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia, ambako alisoma elimu ya msingi katika shule ya Africa Andinet, na baadaye kuendelea na elimu ya sekondari katika Addis Ketema.<ref name=":0" /> Yemodish alikuwa mtoto wa pekee, na kama binti wa askari polisi alikulia akisoma magazeti na machapisho ya polisi.<ref name=":0" /> Mwaka [[1979]], akiwa na umri wa miaka 19, alishinda shindano lililodhaminiwa na Wizara ya [[Utamaduni]] na Michezo ya Ethiopia. Hali hii ilisababisha mashairi yake kumi na mawili kuchapishwa katika mkusanyo wenye michoro ulioitwa ‘Abyotawi Gitmoch’ (‘Mashairi ya Mapinduzi’). Moja ya mashairi hayo lilikuwa na kichwa cha ‘ke maget eske ketema’ (Kutoka nyumbani hadi mjini) na lilizungumzia mapambano ya wanawake.<ref name=":0" /> Mwaka [[1990]], akiwa na umri wa miaka 27, alichapisha kitabu chake cha kwanza cha hadithi fupi kilichoitwa ‘ye bakene gize’ (‘Muda Uliopotea’).<ref name=":0" /> Yemodish alifanya kazi kwa miaka ishirini na sita katika Polis Ena Ermijaw, gazeti la Polisi wa Shirikisho la Ethiopia. Alianza kama mwanafunzi wa mafunzo kwa vitendo (intern), kisha akapanda ngazi kuwa mwandishi wa habari na mwandishi wa habari za uhalifu, baadaye mhariri, na kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kufikia nafasi ya mhariri mkuu.<ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://bookmate.com/reader/DMtehm72|title=Pumpkin Seeds And Other Gifts|website=bookmate.com|access-date=25 October 2017}}</ref> Yemodish anajulikana kama msaidizi wa washairi wengi nchini Ethiopia, na hushiriki katika kuonesha kazi zake pamoja na za wengine katika matukio ya usomaji wa mashairi (poem-a-thons) mjini Addis Ababa.<ref name=":0" /> Baada ya kustaafu kutoka Polis Ena Ermijaw, Yemodish anaandika na kushiriki katika mashirika yanayojihusisha na haki za wanawake. Aliwahi kuwa Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa shirika la Women Can Do It, [[Rais]] wa Chama cha Waandishi Wanawake wa Ethiopia, na mwenyekiti wa bodi ya Mtandao wa Mashirika ya [[Mwanamke|Wanawake]] wa Ethiopia.<ref name=":0" /> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ethiopia]] fq9qri84j4dmpd75dn3rypvmp1xliyy 0 221760 1530233 1525422 2026-05-02T22:05:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530233 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Serikbolsyn Abdildaevich Abdildin''' (Kazakh: Серікболсын Әбділдаұлы Әбділдин; [[25 Novemba]] [[1937]] – [[31 Desemba]] [[2019]]) alikuwa mtaalamu wa uchumi na mwanasiasa kutoka Kazakhstan. Alihudumu kama Katibu Mkuu wa Chama cha Kikomunisti kuanzia mwaka [[1996]] hadi [[2010]], na alikuwa mwanachama wa Mazhilis (bunge la chini la Kazakhstan) kati ya mwaka [[1999]] na [[2004]]. Abdildin pia alikuwa mgombea wa urais katika uchaguzi wa mwaka [[1999]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2008-11-12|title=Серикболсын АБДИЛЬДИН, председатель Компартии Казахстана: Мы защищаем закон, а не буржуев|url=https://time.kz/news/archive/2008/11/12/7691|access-date=2021-08-02|website=Время|language=ru}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|last=Айсаров|first=Данияр|date=2020-01-01|title="Оппозиционер, которого невозможно купить". Каким мы запомним Серикболсына Абдильдина|url=https://informburo.kz/stati/oppozicioner-kotorogo-nevozmozhno-kupit-kakim-my-zapomnim-serikbolsyna-abdildina.html|access-date=2020-11-13|website=informburo.kz|language=ru}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Anatajwa mara nyingi kama "baba wa taifa" kwa mchango wake katika kuanzisha mfumo wa bunge na kuandaa katiba ya kwanza ya Kazakhstan wakati wa miaka ya mwanzo ya uhuru wa nchi hiyo. Kama mwanachama wa Chama cha Kikomunisti, Abdildin alikuwa mkosoaji makini wa demokrasia na aliitaka serikali kuanzisha mfumo wa vyama vingi na utawala wa sheria. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1937]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2019]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa]] knrptzy7o30yrofyyxwa1srtbe8xf4v 0 221875 1529942 1524342 2026-05-02T17:08:41Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529942 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ricardo Alonso''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[21 Machi]] [[1957]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa soka ambaye alianza kucheza katika nafasi ya mshambuliaji kabla ya kuhamia nafasi ya beki katika hatua za baadaye za taaluma yake.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://a-leaguearchive.tripod.com/1989/1989asl.htm|title=ASL 1989 Season}}</ref> Alonso alicheza misimu sita katika North American Soccer League (NASL), misimu minne katika Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL), angalau misimu mitatu katika American Indoor Soccer Association (AISA), msimu mmoja katika American Soccer League (ASL), na misimu miwili katika American Professional Soccer League (APSL).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://a-leaguearchive.tripod.com/1990/statsasl90.htm#Ft.L|title=ASL 1990 Season|accessdate=2026-02-02|archive-date=2011-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717102650/http://a-leaguearchive.tripod.com/1990/statsasl90.htm#Ft.L|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Argentina]] 6hundtuyjx5xlvm0k5poznjhthv7l7d 0 222067 1530050 1486828 2026-05-02T18:47:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530050 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zehira Houfani-Berfas''' (Kiarabu: زهيرة حوفاني برفاس; alizaliwa [[16 Septemba]] [[1952]]) ni [[mwandishi]] kutoka [[Algeria]] anayefanya [[kazi]] kwa [[lugha]] ya[[ Kifaransa]] na anaishi nchini [[Canada]]. Inaaminika kuwa huenda alikuwa[[ mwanamke]] wa kwanza kuchapisha [[riwaya]] ya upelelezi nchini Algeria. Zehira Houfani alizaliwa tarehe 16 Septemba 1952 huko M’Kira, Algeria.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zehira Houfani Berfas|url=https://www.babelio.com/auteur/-Zehira-Houfani-Berfas/251926|work=Babelio|accessdate=2026-02-04|language=fr}}</ref> Riwaya yake ya kwanza ilifahamika kwa jina la Les Pirates du désert yenye tafsiri : Maharamia wa Jangwa iliyochapishwa mwaka [[1986]]. [[Hadithi]] hiyo iliwekwa katika mji wa [[Tamanrasset]] kusini mwa Algeria na iliandikwa kwa mtindo wa [[waandishi]] maarufu wa riwaya za upelelezi kama Dashiell Hammett na Raymond Chandler. Wakati wa Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Algeria, aliacha kuandika riwaya za upelelezi. Mwaka [[1994]], alihamia kuishi nchini [[Canada]].Pia alifanya kazi kama [[mwanaharakati]] wa amani.Alitembelea [[Iraq]] kurekodi madhara na vifo vya raia wakati wa [[Vita vya Iraq]], na pia alidai rais wa Algeria, Abdelaziz Bouteflika, ajiuzulu. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwandishi}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1952]] [[jamii:waandishi wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Wikimalkia 2025-26 campaign in Tanzania]] 156evedpo01p2ufw2e5daqoejtc4g39 0 222157 1530078 1486961 2026-05-02T18:52:01Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530078 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zimani David Kadzamira''' (alizaliwa [[1 Julai]] [[1941]] jijini [[Harare]], Zimbabwe) ni msomi, mtumishi wa umma, na [[mwanadiplomasia]] wa Malawi. Kadzamira aikuwa Makamu Mkuu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Malawi hadi mwaka 2009. ==Maisha ya Awali na Elimu== Kadzamira alizaliwa Salisbury, [[Rhodesia ya Kusini|Rhodesia]] (sasa hivi ni Harare, Zimbabwe) mnamo Julai 1941. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.unima.mw/vc.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919232327/http://www.unima.mw/vc.htm |title=Vice Chancellor |publisher=University of Malawi |archivedate=19 September 2008}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1941]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:watu wa Zimbabwe]] o5bnc8j622fmt4v3euph6yt72cpvbu7 0 222310 1529998 1489561 2026-05-02T18:39:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529998 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Haja Zainab Hawa Bangura''' (alizaliwa [[18 Desemba]] [[1959]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] na mhamasishaji wa kijamii wa [[Sierra Leone]] ambaye amekuwa akihudumu kama Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa United Nations Office at Nairobi (UNON) tangu [[2018]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://unon.org/content/office-director-general|title=Office of the Director-General &#124; UNON|accessdate=2026-02-05|archive-date=2019-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304193015/https://unon.org/content/office-director-general|url-status=dead}}</ref> akiwa ameajiriwa na Katibu Mkuu wa [[United Nations]], [[António Guterres]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/personnel-appointments/2019-12-30/ms-zainab-hawa-bangura-of-sierra-leone-director-general-of-the-united-nations-office-nairobi-%28unon%29|title=Ms. Zainab Hawa Bangura of Sierra Leone - Director-General of the United Nations Office at Nairobi (UNON)|publisher=United Nations {{!}} Secretary-General|date=30 Desemba 2019}}</ref> Alihudumu kama mwakilishi maalumu wa pili wa Umoja wa Mataifa kuhusu ukosaji wa kijinsia wakati wa mizozo akiwa na cheo cha ''Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations'' kuanzia [[2012]] hadi [[2017]], akichukua nafasi baada ya mwakilishi wa kwanza, Margot Wallström. Mnamo 2017, alifuatiwa na Pramila Patten.<ref name=UN>[https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/sga1354.doc.htm "Secretary-General Appoints Zainab Hawa Bangura of Sierra Leone Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict"], UN.org, Secretary-General, SG/A/1354, BIO/4378, 22 Juni 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2017/sga1719.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General Appoints Pramila Patten of Mauritius Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases|website=www.un.org|language=en|access-date=24 Aprili 2017}}</ref><ref>[https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/about-us/about-the-office/ About the Office]</ref> ==Tanbii== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1959]] [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii: Wanasiasa wa Sierra Leone]] [[Jamii: Wanawake wa Sierra Leone]] [[Jamii: Siasa]] [[Jamii: WikiGap JWK 2026]] e9cypnnguoy3glrvm4x49nwvf51hd3n 0 222323 1530361 1528898 2026-05-03T09:47:22Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530361 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Virginia Khunguni''' ni [[mwanaharakati]] wa [[haki za wanawake]] kutoka [[Malawi]]. Yeye ni [[mwanzilishi]] na [[mkurugenzi]] wa shirika la [https://www.girl-arise.org/ Girls Arise for Change] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406041039/https://www.girl-arise.org/ |date=2025-04-06 }}, shirika linalolenga kuwawezesha wanawake ili kuhamasisha mabadiliko ya kijamii na kitamaduni. [[Shirika]] hilo limeongoza mipango ya kupambana na [[Ajira kwa watoto|ajira ya watoto]], [[ndoa za utotoni]] na unyanyasaji wa kingono. Khunguni ni mpokeaji wa tuzo ya [[Queen's Young Leader Award]] kwa kazi yake barani Afrika.<ref name="Queens 1">{{cite web |title=Virginia Khunguni {{!}} Queen's Young Leaders |url=https://www.queensyoungleaders.com/awardee/virginia-khunguni/ |publisher=Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust |access-date=2 November 2020 |language=en |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804135743/https://www.queensyoungleaders.com/awardee/virginia-khunguni/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="the queen honours malawi 2">{{cite news |last1=Chiumia |first1=Thom |title=The Queen honours Malawi young talent: Virginia Khunguni |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/queen-honours-malawi-young-talent-virginia-khunguni/ |access-date=2 November 2020 |work=www.nyasatimes.com |publisher=Malawi Nyasatimes}}</ref><ref name="malawis virginia khunguni 3">{{cite news |title=Malawi's Virginia Khunguni to receive special award from The Queen |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/malawis-virginia-khunguni-receive-special-award-queen/ |access-date=2 November 2020 |work=Nyasa Times}}</ref><ref name="lead random maravi">{{cite news |title=Her Majesty the Queen to honour young Malawian woman with Queen's Young Leaders Award |url=https://www.maravipost.com/her-majesty-the-queen-to-honour-young-malawian-woman-with-queens-young-leaders-award/? |access-date=2 November 2020 |work=www.maravipost.com |publisher=The Maravi Post}}</ref> Khunguni alihitimu shahada ya Mawasiliano ya Umma akijikita katika uandishi wa habari kutoka [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Chuo Kikuu cha Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref name="virginia the nation 4">{{cite news |last1=Twea |first1=Brenda |title=Virginia Khunguni: Founder Of Girls Arise For Change {{!}} The Nation Online {{!}} Malawi Daily Newspaper |url=https://www.mwnation.com/virginia-khunguni-founder-of-girls-arise-for-change/ |access-date=2 November 2020 |work=The Nation Online |publisher=Nation Publications Limited}}</ref> ==Maisha binafsi== Khunguni alizaliwa [[Carolina Kaskazini]], nchini [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni mtoto wa mwisho kati ya ndugu wawili wa kiume. Miaka michache baadaye, walihamia [[Blantyre|Blantyre, Malawi]]. Khunguni alipoteza wazazi wake na akalelewa na malezi ya babu na bibi zake.<ref name="virginia the nation 4" /> Akiwa anakua, Khunguni alitamani kuwa [[mtayarishaji]] wa [[muziki]], aliota kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza mtayarishaji wa muziki nchini [[Malawi]]. Khunguni alienda mara kwa mara studio kujifunza uzalishaji wa muziki na uhandisi wa sauti. Mtayarishaji mmoja alimbaka,ambapo baada ya tukio hilo,babu na bibi zake walijibu kwa kumtishia kumfukuza nyumbani ikiwa angehusika tena katika matukio ya unyanyasaji wa kingono. Bibi yake pia alimwonya aache sekta ya muziki kwa kuwa inajulikana kutawaliwa na wanaume. Kutokana na unyanyapaa unaohusishwa na waathiriwa wa ubakaji, Khunguni alibaki kimya, aliacha muziki na akaamua kusoma [[Uandishi wa habari]].<ref name="virginia the nation 4" /> Akiwa mwandishi wa habari, Khunguni alikutana na waathiriwa wengi wa kimya wa unyanyasaji wa kingono, akaamua kuanzisha kipindi cha redio cha "Girls Arise" ili kushughulikia suala hilo. Kipindi hicho kiliwajumuisha waathiriwa wa ukatili wa kijinsia, wataalamu wa haki za binadamu na afya walialikwa kutoa ushauri wao. Wanajamii pia walishiriki kujadili juhudi za kushughulikia tatizo hilo na kupunguza unyanyapaa unaohusiana nalo.<ref name="virginia the nation 4" /><ref name="women protest reu 7" /> Kipindi hicho cha redio kilipata mwitikio mkubwa kutoka kwa jamii, hata kulikuwa na taarifa kutoka kwa viongozi wanawake wa jamii. Khunguni aliamua kuwa kipindi cha redio pekee hakikutosha kumaliza ukatili wa kijinsia uliokithiri. Mwaka 2013, Khunguni alianzisha shirika la [https://www.girl-arise.org/ Girls Arise for Change] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406041039/https://www.girl-arise.org/ |date=2025-04-06 }}.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |title=The Queen Honours Malawi Young Talent Virginia Khunguni |url=https://www.girl-arise.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406041039/https://www.girl-arise.org/ |archive-date=6 April 2025 |access-date=9 July 2025 |website=Girl's Arise For Change |url-status=dead }}</ref> Linalenga kupinga mitazamo na kumaliza mila zinazokwamisha kuboreshwa kwa hadhi ya wanawake nchini Malawi. Shirika linahamasisha haki za wanawake vijana katika afya na elimu. Khunguni aliwasiliana na viongozi wa jamii kutoka wilaya mbalimbali na kuanzisha muundo wa msaada wa kijamii ili kupanua mpango huo.<ref name="virginia the nation 4" /><ref name="relief web 6">{{cite news |last1=Whelan |first1=Alan |title=Tackling violence against women in Malawi - Malawi |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/malawi/tackling-violence-against-women-malawi |access-date=2 November 2020 |work=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref><ref name="women protest reu 7">{{cite news |last1=McCool |first1=Alice |title=Women protest against sexual violence in Malawi |url=https://mobile.reuters.com/article/amp/idUSKBN20P30M |access-date=2 November 2020 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="usaid">{{cite news |title=Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment {{!}} Malawi |url=https://www.usaid.gov/gender-equality-and-womens-empowerment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224105948/http://usaid.gov/gender-equality-and-womens-empowerment |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 24, 2013 |access-date=2 November 2020 |work=[[USAID]] |date=15 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Girls Arise for Change<ref name=":0" /> imeokoa na kutoa msaada kwa wasichana waliokimbia ndoa za utotoni na wale waliolazimishwa kufanya ajira ya watoto au hata ukahaba. Shirika pia hutoa msaada wa kitabibu na kisaikolojia kwa waathiriwa wa ubakaji. Khunguni alishirikiana na mashirika ya afya kuanzisha kliniki tembezi katika maeneo ya mbali ili kuelimisha vijana na kutoa huduma za afya ya uzazi.<ref name="malawis virginia khunguni 3" /><ref name="Queens 1" /><ref name="virginia the nation 4" /><ref name="dol">{{cite web |title=Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor - Malawi {{!}} U.S. Department of Labor |url=https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/resources/reports/child-labor/malawi |website=www.dol.gov |access-date=2 November 2020}}</ref> Khunguni alijua kuwa umaskini ni sababu kubwa ya ndoa za utotoni na ajira ya watoto; alitambua kuwa wengi hawawezi kumudu elimu ya juu na hulazimika kukubali hali hizo. Hivyo,shirika hilo la Girls Arise for Change<ref name=":0" /> hutoa mafunzo ya ufundi stadi kwa wasichana. Shirika limeshirikiana na watu kutoka [[Nigeria]], [[Marekani]] na [[Kenya]] ili kuhakikisha bidhaa wanazotengeneza zinauzwa na waweze kujitegemea.<ref name="the countess 8" /><ref name="virginia the nation 4" /> Wamewafundisha wasichana katika [[nishati mbadala]], [[sanaa za upishi]], [[videography]] na [[ubunifu wa mavazi]]; Girls Arise for Change imewasaidia zaidi ya wanawake vijana 3,500.<ref name="virginia the nation 4" /><ref name="the countess 8">{{cite news |title=The Countess of Wessex meets Queen's Young Leaders in Malawi |url=https://www.royal.uk/countess-wessex-meets-queens-young-leaders-malawi |access-date=2 November 2020 |work=The Royal Family |publisher=The Royal Household |date=15 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="gilrs not brides">{{cite web |last1=Brides |first1=Girls Not |title=Malawi - Child Marriage Around The World. Girls Not Brides |url=https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/child-marriage/malawi/ |website=Girls Not Brides |access-date=2 November 2020 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Malawi]] [[Jamii:WikiGap JWK 2026]] dtg5765dup7809psieuxqhsme3dyilg 0 222349 1529982 1487546 2026-05-02T18:37:01Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mtu |rangi = |jina =Zacharie Tshimanga Wa Tshibangu |picha =Zacharie Tshimanga Wa Tshibangu 2.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = |jina la kuzaliwa = |alizaliwa = 4 Oktoba 1941, mjini Musefu |alikufa = 1945 |nchi = Kongo |kazi yake = mwanahistoria na mwandishi |ndoa = |wazazi = |watoto = |tovuti rasmi = }} '''Zacharie Tshimanga Wa Tshibangu'''([[1941]] - [[1985]]) alikuwa [[mwanahistoria]] na [[mwandishi]] kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Kongo]] (DRC) na mwasisi mwenza wa chama cha SOHIZA mnamo mwaka [[1974]]. ==Wasifu== Zacharie Tshimanga alizaliwa tarehe [[4 Oktoba]] [[1941]], mjini Musefu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.africamuseum.be/research/collections_libraries/human_sciences/libraries/contemporary_history/reference/1181/africa_museum|title=Catalogue of the Library of Independent Congo &#124; Royal Museum for Central Africa - Tervuren - Belgium|website=www.africamuseum.be|access-date=16 September 2019}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwandishi}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1941]] [[jamii:waliofariki 1985]] [[jamii:Waandishi wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] rjhtqguhpm5nkw0umrsqex7qspy92cb 0 222743 1530063 1499605 2026-05-02T18:49:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530063 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ergoge Tesfaye''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Ethiopia]] ambaye kwa sasa anahudumu kama Waziri wa [[Wanawake]], Watoto na Vijana tangu tarehe 6 Oktoba 2021. Kabla ya hapo, alihudumu kama Waziri wa Kazi na Maendeleo ya Ujuzi kuanzia mwaka 2018 hadi 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethiopianwomenunleashed.org/database/zeritu-kebede-woldegiorgis/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120064744/http://www.ethiopianwomenunleashed.org/database/zeritu-kebede-woldegiorgis/|work=Ethiopian Women Unleashed|date=11 October 2014|archive-date=20 November 2015|title=Zeritu Kebede Woldegiorgis}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Zeritu Kebede<ref name="Wasifu wa Zeritu kwenye Hawassa Mtandaoni">{{cite web|url=http://www.hawassaonline.com/biography_detail.php?id=19&type=Art|title=hawassaonline.com – hawassaonline Rasilimali na Taarifa.|website=www.hawassaonline.com|access-date=9 Julai 2015|archive-date=16 Novemba 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116035358/http://www.hawassaonline.com/biography_detail.php?id=19&type=Art|url-status=dead}}</ref> alizaliwa huko [[Addis Ababa]] mnamo 19 Februari 1984.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Aga|first=Mark T.|title=50 ya Muziki Bora wa Zamani na Mpya wa Kiamhariki: Nyimbo na Waimbaji — allaboutETHIO|url=https://allaboutethio.com/50-best-old-new-amharic-music-songs-singers.html|access-date=2021-12-13|website=allaboutethio.com|language=en}}</ref> Baba yake, Kebede Woldegiorgis, alikuwa mbunifu, na mama yake, Engida Mitiku, alikuwa mama wa nyumbani ambaye alikuwa mdogo kwa miaka thelathini kuliko mumewe. Zeritu alikulia katika eneo la Gulele kaskazini mwa Addis Ababa. Alilelewa kwa njia kali na kutengwa na watoto wengine katika ujirani.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethiopianwomenunleashed.org/database/zeritu-kebede-woldegiorgis/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120064744/http://www.ethiopianwomenunleashed.org/database/zeritu-kebede-woldegiorgis/|work=Wanawake wa Ethiopia Wamefunguliwa|date=11 Oktoba 2014|archive-date=20 Novemba 2015|title=Zeritu Kebede Woldegiorgis}}</ref> Hata hivyo, Zeritu alitumia muda wake mwingi wa kiangazi na babu na bibi yake mzazi, ambao walikuwa wakorofi sana na karibu sana na majirani zao. Huko, alipata fursa ya kukutana na kucheza na watoto kutoka familia zenye hadhi tofauti za kijamii. Akiwa msichana mdogo katika nyumba tulivu huko Gulele, Zeritu alisoma vitabu kwa wingi, alisikiliza hadithi za mashambani zilizopendekezwa na mfanyakazi wa nyumbani, alicheza na kutazama mpira wa miguu na kaka yake, na alitumia muda kwenye miti akiangalia ndege na ujirani uliokuwa nje ya uzio akitafuta burudani. Lakini muziki ndio uliomfurahisha na kumgusa zaidi. Alipitia mkusanyiko wa rekodi na kaseti za wazazi wake na kusikiliza chochote alichokiona kuwa cha kuvutia. Kutoka kwa wazazi wake kulikuwa na makusanyo ya baba yake yaliyopendwa zaidi, [[Nat King Cole]], Kassa Tessema, Mahmud Ahmed na wengine; na makusanyo ya wasanii wa mama yake kama Tom Jones, Muluken Melesse, na Donna Summer. Pia alikusanya kaseti, ambazo zilimtambulisha kwa wasanii kama [[Michael Jackson]], [[Whitney Houston]], [[Celine Dion]], Michael Bolton, Boyzone, [[Tracy Chapman]] na [[Bob Marley]]. Zeritu alihudhuria shule ya msingi ya Lazarist Catholic. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ethiopia]] 4ndgpmodf6boowj1xs4tokn71rnm27i 0 222750 1530179 1488785 2026-05-02T19:07:43Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530179 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Édouard Osoque Mendy''' (alizaliwa [[1 Machi]], [[1992]]) ni [[mwanasoka]] wa kulipwa aliyecheza kama [[mlinda mlango]] na pia [[kapteni]] wa kikosi cha klabu ya Saudi Pro Ligi Al-Ahli Saudi FC. Alizaliwa [[Ufaransa]], na anaichezea kimataifa timu ya taifa ya [[Senegal]]. Alianza kazi yake ya [[soka]] nchini Ufaransa, Mendy alicheza katika akademi ya Le Havre AC kabla ya kusaini mkataba wa kitaalamu na klabu ya daraja la tatu AS Cherbourg Football mwaka 2011. Mendy aliachiliwa mwaka 2014, na karibu kuacha soka, kabla ya kupata nafasi katika [[timu]] ya akiba ya Olympique de Marseille. Alijitengenezea nafasi ya kuanza mara kwa mara katika misimu iliyofuata akiwa na Reims na Stade Rennais FC. Mwaka 2020, Mendy alisaini na klabu ya Ligi Kuu ya Uingereza Chelsea F.C. kwa ada inayoripotiwa ya £22 milioni. Katika msimu wake wa kwanza, aliingia moja kwa moja kwenye kikosi cha kuanza, akawa mlinda mlango wa kwanza wa Kiafrika kucheza kwa timu ya wazee ya [[Chelsea]], na kushika mabao 16 bila kupigwa katika Premier League. Mendy pia alifanana na rekodi ya kushika mabao bila kupigwa katika msimu wa UEFA Champions League kwa mara tisa, na kushika bao moja zaidi bila kupigwa katika Fainali ya UEFA Champions League 2021 kusaidia Chelsea kushinda taji lao la pili. Alipata tuzo za Mlinda Mlango Bora wa [[Ulaya]] na Mlinda Mlango Bora wa FIFA mwaka 2021, akiwa mlinda mlango wa kwanza wa Kiafrika kushinda tuzo zote mbili. Aliendelea kuwa mlinda mlango wa chaguo la kwanza katika msimu wa 2021–22, kabla ya kupoteza nafasi yake katika 2022–23. Mwaka 2023, Mendy alisaini na klabu ya Saudi Pro League Al-Ahli kwa ada ya karibu £16 milioni. Mendy ana uwezo wa kucheza kwa Guinea-Bissau na Senegal kupitia asili yake, na kwa Ufaransa kupitia kuzaliwa. Awali alijiunga na Guinea-Bissau kwa heshima ya baba yake, lakini baadaye alibadilisha taifa na kujiunga na Senegal, ambapo alikua mlinda mlango wa chaguo la kwanza katika 2019 Africa Cup of Nations, akisaidia Senegal kuwa wa pili. Alisaidia taifa lake kushinda 2021 Africa Cup of Nations, na pia kuteuliwa kuwa mlinda mlango bora wa mashindano, akishika bao bila kupigwa katika 2021 Africa Cup of Nations final|fainali. Alishinda taji la pili la AFCON mwaka 2025 Africa Cup of Nations|2025<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/1869523 |title=2020/21 Premier League squads confirmed |publisher=Premier League |date=20 October 2020 |access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/_/id/238362/edouard-mendy |title=Édouard Mendy: Overview |publisher=ESPN |access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref>. ==Maisha ya awali== Édouard Osoque Mendy…<ref>{{Rejea habari|title=From being unemployed to joining Chelsea – Mendy's downs and ups|website=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/africa/54085178|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1992|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Senegal]] 7dwyzdj16baysz4qhuqyox3xcuupbav 0 222827 1530066 1488976 2026-05-02T18:50:01Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530066 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zeyneb Kandouci''' (kwa Kiarabu: زينب قندوسي; alizaliwa [[16 Machi]] [[1994]]) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu wa kulipwa kutoka Algeria anayekipiga katika nafasi ya beki. Anachezea klabu ya Phoenix inayoshiriki Ligi ya Kwanza ya Wanawake ya Saudi Arabia (Saudi Women's First Division League) na pia anaiwakilisha timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Algeria.<ref name="Early career">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://forum.kooora.com/f.aspx?t=39380521|title=لاعبة المنتخب الجزائري بكرة القدم زينب قندوسي تلقيت عدت صعوبات..لكن طموحاتي كبيرة|language=ar|trans-title=Algerian national football team player Zineb Kandouci: I faced several challenges... but my ambitions are high.|date=26 September 2024|website=forum.kooora.com|access-date=30 October 2024}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1994]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wachezaji mpira wa Algeria]] jb6itdd6rcx6d6fa71rfn5ock0ayzzg 0 223025 1529989 1499564 2026-05-02T18:38:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 6 template(s) replaced. 1529989 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zahia Rahmani''' (alizaliwa Algeria, [[1962]]) ni [[mwandishi]], mhifadhi wa sanaa, na [[mwanahistoria]] wa [[sanaa]] mwenye asili ya [[Kifaransa]] na [[Algeria|Kialjeria]].<ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=Who’s a Muslim?|date=2021-03-02|url=https://france-amerique.com/en/who-is-a-muslim/|work=France-Amérique|language=en-US|access-date=2026-02-11|archive-date=2021-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420140248/https://france-amerique.com/en/who-is-a-muslim/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Rahmani anatoka katika jamii ya [[Waberber]]. Alizungumza lugha ya Kabyle pekee hadi alipofikisha umri wa miaka mitano, kisha familia yake ilihamia Ufaransa mwaka [[1967]]. Baba yake Rahmani alikuwa Harki. Rahmani na [[familia]] yake waliishi kwa miezi sita katika kambi ya Saint-Maurice de l’Ardoise<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Saint-Maurice-l’Ardoise Harki Camp|url=https://pieds-noirs.stir.ac.uk/saint-maurice-lardoise/|date=2019-10-24|accessdate=2026-02-11|language=en-US}}</ref>, iliyokuwa kwa ajili ya Waharki waliorejeshwa na familia zao. Kwa msaada wa baadhi ya marafiki Wafaransa, familia ilihamia na kuishi [[Beauvais]]. Kaka yake mkubwa Rahmani alifariki mwaka [[1971]].<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zahia Rahmani|url=http://evene.lefigaro.fr/celebre/biographie/zahia-rahmani-16386.php|work=Evene.fr|date=1962-09-25|accessdate=2026-02-11|language=fr}}</ref> == Vitabu == Rahmani ni mwandishi wa trilojia ya riwaya zinazochunguza mada za kufukuzwa na kujitenga katika jamii.<ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Personnels scientifique de l'Institut national d'histoire de l'art|url=https://www.inha.fr/annuaire/personnel-scientifique/zahia-rahmani/|work=INHA - Institut national d'histoire de l'art|accessdate=2026-02-11|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Kitabu cha kwanza katika mfululizo huu ni ''Moze'' (2003), kinachozungumzia utambulisho wa Waharki na kujiua kwa baba yake mwaka [[1991]]. Kitabu chake cha mwaka 2005, ''Musulman, Roman'' (''Muislamu: Riwaya''),<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=“Muslim”: A Novel by Zahia Rahmani|url=https://worldliteraturetoday.org/2019/summer/muslim-novel-zahia-rahmani|work=World Literature Today|accessdate=2026-02-11|language=en}}</ref> ambacho ni cha nusu wasifu wake, kinachunguza mitazamo potofu kuhusu utambulisho wa Waislamu nchini Ufaransa pamoja na changamoto za uhamiaji. ''Muislamu: Riwaya'' kilishinda [[Tuzo]] ya Albertine <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Independent journalism cooperative Brick House has launched; Zahia Rahmani awarded the 2020 Albertine Prize|url=https://www.bookforum.com/papertrail/brick-house-independent-journalism-cooperative-has-launched-zahia-rahmani-has-won-the-2020-albertine-prize-24302|work=Bookforum|accessdate=2026-02-11|language=en}}</ref> mwaka [[2020]]. Kitabu cha mwisho katika trilojia hii ni kumbukumbu za maisha yake, ''France récit d’une enfance'' (''Ufaransa, simulizi la utoto'').<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Book Review: "France: Story of a Childhood" - A Timely Memoir of Liberation - The Arts Fuse|url=https://artsfuse.org/150646/fuse-book-review-france-story-of-a-childhood-a-memoir-of-liberation/|date=2016-09-28|accessdate=2026-02-11|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Waberberi]] gjm89hl0lqz7woyhvt0w79ugy6yg8a2 0 223183 1529745 1489958 2026-05-02T12:12:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529745 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yonas Beyene''' ni mwanakiolojia wa [[Ethiopia]], akijulikana kwa kazi zake kuhusu akiolojia ya zama za kale za mawe (Paleolithic) huko Konso na eneo la Middle Awash, Ethiopia. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last1=Beyene|first1=Yonas|last2=Katoh|first2=Shigehiro|last3=WoldeGabriel|first3=Giday|last4=Hart|first4=William K.|last5=Uto|first5=Kozo|last6=Sudo|first6=Masafumi|last7=Kondo|first7=Megumi|last8=Hyodo|first8=Masayuki|last9=Renne|first9=Paul R.|date=2013-01-29|title=The characteristics and chronology of the earliest Acheulean at Konso, Ethiopia|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=110|issue=5|pages=1584–1591|doi=10.1073/pnas.1221285110|issn=0027-8424|pmid=23359714|pmc=3562807|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://congresobuenaspracticaspm.blogspot.com/2015/02/interview-with-yonas-beyene.html|title=INTERVIEW WITH Yonas Beyene|website=INTERVIEW WITH Yonas Beyene|access-date=2017-11-16}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:watu wa Ethiopia]] ju6f63rvbr5miuccuvo5ni92m7fxyrr 0 223206 1529700 1490052 2026-05-02T12:04:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529700 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yimtubezinash Woldeamanuel Mulate''' ni [[daktari]] na mtaalamu wa vijidudu kutoka [[Ethiopia]] anayefanya utafiti kuhusu magonjwa ya kuambukiza, maambukizi yanayopatikana hospitalini, na usugu wa vimelea dhidi ya dawa. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yimtubezinash Woldeamanuel Mulate {{!}} College of Health Sciences|url=http://www.aau.edu.et/chs/academic-programs/school-of-medicine-and-tikur-anbessa-specialized-hospital/department-of-microbiology-parasitology-immunology-and-pathology/staff-of-dmip/yimtubezinash-woldeamanuel-mulate/|access-date=2020-07-26|website=www.aau.edu.et|archive-date=2020-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726200217/http://www.aau.edu.et/chs/academic-programs/school-of-medicine-and-tikur-anbessa-specialized-hospital/department-of-microbiology-parasitology-immunology-and-pathology/staff-of-dmip/yimtubezinash-woldeamanuel-mulate/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:watu wa Ethiopia]] fdgvo2rmcldnl37autvmmm0106c0e6t 0 223320 1529996 1499457 2026-05-02T18:39:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529996 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zaina Kapepula''' (amezaliwa [[14 Agosti]] [[1975]]) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa kikapu kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Alishiriki katika mashindano ya mpira wa kikapu kwa wanawake kwenye Michezo ya Olimpiki ya mwaka 1996.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zaina Kapepula Bio, Stats, and Results|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ka/zaina-kapepula-1.html|work=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com|accessdate=2026-02-13|language=en}}</ref> == Wasifu == Zaina Kapepula ni miongoni mwa wanamichezo wa kike waliowahi kuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha taifa cha mpira wa kikapu cha Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Ushiriki wake katika mashindano ya kimataifa ulimpa nafasi ya kuiwakilisha nchi yake katika jukwaa la juu la michezo duniani. == Kazi ya kimichezo == Katika taaluma yake ya mpira wa kikapu, Zaina Kapepula alikuwa sehemu ya kizazi cha wanamichezo wa kike wa Kongo waliolisaidia taifa lao kujitokeza katika mashindano ya kimataifa. Ushiriki wake katika timu ya taifa unaonyesha mchango wake katika maendeleo ya mpira wa kikapu wa wanawake katika nchi hiyo. == Ushiriki katika Olimpiki ya 1996 == Zaina Kapepula alishiriki katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Atlanta 1996, ambako alicheza katika mashindano ya mpira wa kikapu kwa wanawake. Ushiriki huo ulikuwa hatua muhimu kwa timu ya wanawake ya Kongo, kwa kuwa uliiwezesha nchi hiyo kuonekana katika moja ya majukwaa makubwa zaidi ya michezo duniani. Kupitia mashindano hayo, alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi kilichowakilisha taifa lake mbele ya ushindani wa kimataifa. == Umuhimu wake katika historia ya michezo ya wanawake == Zaina Kapepula anatambulika kama mmoja wa wanamichezo wanawake waliochangia historia ya ushiriki wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo katika mpira wa kikapu wa kimataifa. Jina lake linaendelea kubaki katika kumbukumbu za Olimpiki na katika historia ya mpira wa kikapu wa wanawake wa Kongo. == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1975]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] q2zoj1ynlyiazeb7c9637w6iiwsicvw 0 223322 1529674 1490486 2026-05-02T12:00:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529674 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yehvann Djibril Victor Diouf''' (amezaliwa [[16 Novemba]], [[1999]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kitaaluma anayekichezea klabu ya OGC Nice kama [[kipa]]. Alizaliwa [[Ufaransa]], lakini anachezea timu ya taifa ya Senegal. ==Kazi ya Klabu== Tarehe [[8 Septemba]], [[2016]], Diouf alikua mchezaji mdogo zaidi kuwahi kusaini mkataba wa kitaaluma na ES Troyes AC, akiwa na umri wa miaka 16 na siku 297.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Transferts-yehvann-diouf-troyes-rejoindra-reims-l-ete-prochain/973715|title=Transferts : Yehvann Diouf (Troyes) rejoindra Reims l'été prochain|website=L'ÉQUIPE}}</ref> ==Kazi ya Kimataifa== Alizaliwa Ufaransa, Diouf ana asili ya Senegal kupitia [[baba]] yake na ya [[Poland]] kupitia [[mama]] yake.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tomegah |first1=Rodolph |title=Yehvann Diouf: Ce jeune gardien d'origine sénégalaise que veut Chelsea |url=https://www.africatopsports.com/2016/04/12/yehvann-diouf-ce-jeune-gardien-dorigine-senegalaise-que-veut-chelsea/ |website=Africa Top Sports |access-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412222245/https://www.africatopsports.com/2016/04/12/yehvann-diouf-ce-jeune-gardien-dorigine-senegalaise-que-veut-chelsea/ |archive-date=12 April 2016 |language=fr-FR |date=12 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://emedia.sn/yehvann-diouf-un-renfort-de-poids-pour-les-lions/|title=Yehvann Diouf, un renfort de poids pour les Lions|date=13 March 2025 }}</ref> ==Heshima== '''Reims''' Mshindi wa pili katika Coupe de France: 2024–25 Coupe de France<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Guillemet |first=Hugo |date=24 May 2025 |title=Le PSG s'offre une 16e Coupe de France après une victoire facile en finale contre Reims |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Le-psg-s-offre-une-16e-coupe-de-france-apres-une-victoire-facile-en-finale-contre-reims/1564666 |access-date=24 May 2025 |website=[[L'Équipe]] |language=Fr}}</ref> Alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha France national under-19 football team katika 2018 UEFA European Under-19 Championship. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1999|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Senegal]] 57w6id7drigjtsbfs6ja29djq3rtolr 0 223358 1530333 1528723 2026-05-03T08:37:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530333 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vanessa Edith Karungi''' (alizaliwa [[8 Novemba]] [[1999]]) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Uganda]] anayecheza katika nafasi ya golikipa. Anachezea klabu ya FC Nordsjælland katika Ligi ya Wanawake ya Denmark (Danish A-Liga) na ni miongoni mwa wachezaji wanaoiwakilisha Uganda katika soka la wanawake kimataifa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.the-sportsnation.com/2021/08/26/players-in-diaspora-vanessa-karungi-impress-on-debut-for-boldklubben/|title=Players In Diaspora: Vanessa Karungi|publisher=the-sportsnation.com}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Karungi alihudhuria Shule ya Upili ya Olila nchini Uganda.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/soccer/karungi-s-time-to-shine-4373604|title=Karungi's time to shine|publisher=monitor.co.ug}}</ref> == Career == Karungi alitunukiwa Mwanakandanda Bora wa Kike wa Mwaka wa Chama cha Waandishi wa Habari za Michezo cha Uganda [[2017]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.the-sportsnation.com/2021/08/26/players-in-diaspora-vanessa-karungi-impress-on-debut-for-boldklubben/|title=Players In Diaspora: Vanessa Karungi|publisher=the-sportsnation.com}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Mtindo wa uchezaji == Karungi ameelezewa kama "maarufu kwa kuokoa [[penati]] zake kwa ustadi mkubwa".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/soccer/goalkeeper-karungi-returns-to-denmark-with-points-to-prove-3518402|title=Karungi anarudi Denmark na pointi za kuthibitisha|publisher=monitor.co.ug}}</ref> == Maisha ya kibinafsi == Karungi ana ndugu wawili.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://chimpreports.com/know-your-stars-karungi-the-female-goalkeeper-who-has-made-a-name-out-of-saving-penalties/|title=Wajue Nyota Wako: Karungi|publisher=chimpreports.com}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1999]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uganda]] ibb28g5dlrv1i5hfj126vkppcsipecm 0 223375 1530355 1528887 2026-05-03T09:33:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530355 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Violah Nambi Ssebunya''' (alizaliwa [[14 Julai]] [[1995]]) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu wa kulipwa kutoka [[Uganda]] anayeshiriki katika nafasi ya winga au mshambuliaji. Anaiwakilisha timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Uganda, akijulikana kwa uwezo wake wa kushambulia, kasi, na mchango wake katika kufunga mabao.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.smp.se/sport/nambi-vaxjos-vassaste-vapen-fortjanar-chansen-85dfb834/|title=Nambi – Växjös vassaste vapen: "Förtjänar chansen"|date=16 August 2020|publisher=smp.se|language=sv}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.minboll.se/article/avslojar-offensiva-sensationen-forlanger-med-vaxjo-dff/|title=Nambi: Offensiva sensationen förlänger med Växjö DFF|publisher=minboll.se|language=sv}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Nambi alihudhuria St. Mary's Kitende nchini Uganda.<ref name="the">https://www.the-sportsnation.com/2019/09/10/women-in-sports-meet-swedish-based-crested-cranes-star-nambi/%7Ctitle=Wanawake{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Katika Michezo: Kutana na Nyota wa Crested Cranes wa Uswidi Nambi|date=10 Septemba 2019|publisher=the-sportsnation.com|access-date=31 Januari 2024|archive-date=31 Januari 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131233920/https://www.the-sportsnation.com/2019/09/10/women-in-sports-meet-swedish-based-crested-cranes-star-stambi=urdef></ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title mörlig för für fürün: Växjö DFF|url=https://www.minboll.se/article/avslojar-offensiva-sensationen-forlanger-med-vaxjo-dff/|publisher=minboll.se|language=sv}}</ref> Alipata jeraha alipokuwa akiichezea klabu hiyo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotboll/a/X8rxJE/violah-nambi-om-skrackkadan-jag-trodde-min-karriar-var-over|title=Violah Nambi om skräckskadan: "Jag trodde min karriär över"|date=17 Mei 2021|publisher=aftonbladet.se|language=sv}}</ref> Baada ya hapo, Nambi aliichezea timu ya Austria FC Dornbirn 1913, ambapo alielezewa kama "alitarajiwa kuchangia kukuza akiwa na malengo madhubuti". Kisha alichezea timu ya Uswidi IFK Kalmar, ambako alionekana kuwa mmoja wa wachezaji muhimu zaidi wa klabu hiyo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.barometern.se/sport/nambi-blickar-framat-redo-for-stort-offensivt-ansvar-vet-att-mycket-hanger-pa-mig-01af39b3/|title=Nambi blickar Framåt – fanya upya kwa ajili ya mashambulizi ya dhoruba" mig"|date=24 Machi 2023|publisher=barometern.se|language=sv}}</ref> == Kazi ya kimataifa == Nambi ameonekana kutatizika kupatikana hata alipoitwa kwenye timu ya taifa ya kandanda ya wanawake ya Uganda. == Mtindo wa kucheza == Nambi anafanya kazi kama winga au mshambuliaji na anajulikana kwa kasi yake. == Maisha binafsi == Nambi amekuwa Mkristo. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1995]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uganda]] 1lh4ijfk1rst1hrr9137gkir8srdx6k 0 223386 1529954 1524443 2026-05-02T17:39:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529954 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ritah Kivumbi''' (alizaliwa [[21 Juni]] [[1995]]) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Uganda]] anayeshiriki katika nafasi ya mshambuliaji. Anachezea klabu ya Mallbackens IF nchini Sweden, akichangia katika mashambulizi ya timu kupitia uwezo wake wa kufunga mabao na kutoa nafasi kwa wachezaji wenzake.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.smp.se/sport/kivumbis-hysteriska-malform/|title=Kivumbis hysteriska målform|date=11 September 2016|publisher=smp.se}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hn.se/sport/nykomlingen-v%C3%A4xj%C3%B6-f%C3%B6rl%C3%A4nger-med-stj%C3%A4rnan-1.5348575|title=Ritah Kivumbi har varit en av Växjös viktigaste offensiva spelare|date=9 March 2018|publisher=hn.se}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.smp.se/sport/tv-kivumbis-blandade-kanslor-efter-malsuccen/|title=Kivumbis blandade känslor efter målsuccén|date=10 September 2016|publisher=smp.se}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.smp.se/sport/vaxjo-dffs-ritah-sankte-topplaget/|title=Ritah sänktetopplaget|date=7 August 2016|publisher=smp.se}}</ref> == Kazi ya klabu == Kabla ya msimu wa 2016, Kivumbi alisajiliwa na timu ya Uswidi Växjö DFF, ambako alionekana kuwa mmoja wa wachezaji muhimu zaidi wa klabu. Aliunda ushirikiano wa kushambulia na mshambuliaji wa Uswidi [[Anna Anvegård]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|Antig'tanna, Rivett'Antigård na Rivette Kitannna, Rivett'Antigård washambuliaji wawili wapendanao moto zaidi|url=https://www.smp.se/sport/superduon-fran-skilda-varldar-men-med-samma-mal/|date=12 Aprili 2017|publisher=smp.se}}</ref> Licha ya hayo, kulikuwa na sintofahamu ya awali kuhusu iwapo angeruhusiwa kuishi nchini Uswidi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.smp.se/sport/vaxjo-dffs-ritah-sankte-topplaget/|title=Ritah sänktetopplaget|date=7 Agosti 2016|publisher=smp.se}}</ref> Kabla ya msimu wa 2020, alisaini kwa upande wa Uswidi Mallbackens IF.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.the-sportsnation.com/2020/01/08/rita-kivumbi-swedish-based-star-targets-fresh-start-at-new-club/|title=Rita Kivumbi: Nyota wa Uswidi Analenga Mwanzo Mpya katika Klabu Mpya|work=Moja kwa moja kutoka uwanjani|date=8 Januari 2020|publisher=sportsnation.com|last1=Bagala|first1=Peace Diane}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.nwt.se/2021/12/13/ritah-kivumbi-klar-for-mallbackens-if-2021-077cd/|title=Fikiria kuna kifaa kingine|tarehe=13 Desemba 2021|publisher=nwt.se}}</ref> Amechukuliwa kama mmoja wa wachezaji muhimu zaidi wa klabu. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1995]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uganda]] d872gxdknzwbxkzx792en7m0jeqqgfr 0 223402 1530001 1496865 2026-05-02T18:39:51Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1530001 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zainah Nandede''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[15 Oktoba]] [[2003]]) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Uganda]] anayecheza katika nafasi ya mshambuliaji. Anachezea klabu ya Simba Queens katika Ligi Kuu ya Wanawake Tanzania na pia anaiwakilisha timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Uganda, inayojulikana kama Crested Cranes. Mwaka 2024, alitunukiwa tuzo ya Mchezaji Bora wa Wanawake wa FUFA, ikitambua mchango wake mkubwa na kiwango chake bora katika soka la wanawake.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Nkoma Head Teacher elected Mbale City Secondary Schools Sports Association Chairperson|url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/nkoma-head-teacher-elected-as-mbale-city-secondary-schools-sports-association-chairperson-|access-date=2025-06-10|website=Uganda Radionetwork|language=en}}</ref> == Kazi ya mpira wa miguu == Zainah Nandede alianza kazi yake ya mpira wa miguu mwaka wa [[2018]] katika klabu ya eneo hilo, Kataka She huko Mbale, jiji lililoko Mashariki mwa Uganda. Kabla ya kuondoka klabuni hapo mwaka wa 2021, alikuwa amefunga mabao 10, akatoa pasi sita za mabao katika mechi 17.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2022-04-16|title=Nandede anakumbatia ushindani katika Kampala Queens na zaidi|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/score/nandede-embraces-competition-at-kampala-queens-and-beyond-3784404|access-date=2025-06-10|website=Monitor|language=en}}</ref> Tangu 2019, Nandede amecheza katika timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya chini ya umri wa miaka 17, chini ya umri wa miaka 20 na timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya juu. Mnamo 2025 aliondoka Kampala Queens FC na kujiunga na [[Simba Queens]], bado ni mchezaji katika timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya soka ya ngazi ya juu Crested Cranes.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Marsha|first=Ahmed|date=2025-02-16|title=Zaina Nandede anakubali mabadiliko ya nafasi kwa klabu na nchi|url=https://www.fufa.co.ug/zaina-nandede-embraces-positional-shift-for-club-and-country/|access-date=2025-06-10|website=FUFA: Shirikisho la Vyama vya Soka vya Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2003]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uganda]] sx6fzjpw3at17nl48x49lne16m9e0xj 0 223415 1529687 1496853 2026-05-02T12:02:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529687 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yesmore Mutero''' ([[1979]] au [[1980]] – [[28 Machi]] [[2005]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Zimbabwe]] ambaye aliwahi kushiriki kama mshambuliaji. Alikuwa miongoni mwa wachezaji wa timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Zimbabwe, akichangia katika mashambulizi na maendeleo ya soka la wanawake nchini humo.<ref name="RSSSF">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/afr-women00.html|title=Africa - Women's Championship 2000|website=RSSSF|accessdate=7 February 2022}}</ref> == Kazi ya Kimataifa == Mutero aliichezea Zimbabwe katika ngazi ya juu wakati wa Mashindano ya Wanawake ya Afrika ya 2000.<ref name="RSSSF2">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/afr-women00.html|title=Africa - Mashindano ya Wanawake 2000|website=RSSSF|accessdate=7 Februari 2022}}</ref> === Magoli ya Kimataifa === ''Magoli na matokeo yanaorodhesha idadi ya mabao ya Zimbabwe kwanza'' {| class="wikitable" !Hapana. !Tarehe !Ukumbi !Mpinzani !Alama !Matokeo !Ushindani |- | style="text-align:center;" |1 |14 Novemba 2000 |Boksburg, Afrika Kusini | [[Réunion]] | style="text-align:center;" |'''2'''–1 | style="text-align:center;" |2–1 |Mashindano ya Wanawake wa Afrika ya 2000 |} == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1979]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2005]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Zimbabwe]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Zimbabwe]] h6uyiizwshnsu8r99vz2ip8246kts9n 0 223447 1530127 1490816 2026-05-02T18:59:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530127 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zoom Rockman''' (alizaliwa [[2000]]) ni [[mchoraji]] katuni kutoka [[Uingereza]], ambaye mkanda wake wa katuni Skanky Pigeon ulionekana kwa mara ya kwanza katika The Beano alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 12.<ref>{{cite news|title=Zoom Rockman spills the beans about David Cameron and the skanky pigeon: The 12-year-old who writes, illustrates and publishes comic the Zoom! has a growing fanbase, including one in Downing Street|author= Flood, Alison|work = [[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jun/18/zoom-rockman-david-cameron-comic|date = 18 June 2013|access-date = 17 December 2023}}</ref> Yeye ndiye msanii mdogo zaidi katika historia ya katuni .<ref>{{cite news|title='Political cartoons can be dangerous' Zoom Rockman's verdict on Martin Rowson's Guardian drawing|author= Bray, Elisa|work = [[The Jewish Chronicle]]|url=https://www.thejc.com/life-and-culture/political-cartoons-can-be-dangerous-zoom-rockmans-verdict-on-martin-rowsons-guardian-drawing-yw7blx30|date = 18 May 2013|access-date = 17 December 2023}}</ref>Rockman alikuwa mchoraji katuni katika jarida la kejeli na masuala ya sasa la Private Eye kuanzia [[2017]] hadi kujiuzulu kwake mwaka wa [[2023]].<ref name="Maher">{{Rejea habari |last=Maher |first=Bron |date=3 November 2023 |title=Private Eye cartoonist quits after silence from mag colleagues over Twitter threat |work=[[Press Gazette]] |url=https://pressgazette.co.uk/news/private-eye-cartoonist-quits-zoom-rockman-anti-semitism/ |access-date=19 December 2023}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2000]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Uingereza]] cldl2kzpyfmz9juj8ccdghqilv1izf6 0 223564 1529696 1491106 2026-05-02T12:04:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529696 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yetunde Mercy Olumide''' (alizaliwa [[21 Septemba]] [[1943]]) ni [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza kuwa Profesa Emeritus wa Tiba katika Chuo Kikuu cha Lagos, nchini Nigeria. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Nation |first=The |date=2013-02-13 |title=First woman emeritus professor |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/first-woman-emeritus-professor/ |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=The Nation Newspaper |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Firm honours Physician of the Year |url=https://dailytrust.com/firm-honours-physician-of-the-year/ |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1943]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:wanawake wa Nigeria]] j7on4zktrdz1opyg777y3j12zcd19bx 0 223602 1530349 1491519 2026-05-03T08:57:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530349 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vian Sora''' (alizaliwa [[1976]] huko [[Baghdad]], [[Iraki]]<ref name="nyam">{{cite web |url=http://www.nyartsmagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2418&Itemid=644 |title=Vian Sora |publisher=New York Arts Magazine |accessdate=13 March 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>) ni [[msanii]] wa [[Marekani]] kutoka Iraki. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Iraki]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Marekani]] qvrh84lkrld5a5la4l9jegrrql17m56 0 223789 1529726 1492007 2026-05-02T12:09:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529726 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Papa Malick Ba''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe [[11 Novemba]], [[1980]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa kulipwa wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Senegal]] ambaye alicheza kama kiungo wa ulinzi. Kwa sasa ana mkataba na Club Sportif Sfaxien kama mkurugenzi wa michezo.<ref>[http://www.kawarji.com/actu-37193-cs_sfaxien_imed_ben_younes_nouvel_adjoint_de_clausen.html CS Sfaxien: Imed Ben Younes ny assistent Clausen]‚ kawarji.com, 13 March 2017</ref> Kati ya mwaka 2006 na 2008 alicheza mechi 11 kwa timu ya taifa ya Senegal. ==Kazi== ===Miaka ya awali=== Ba alizaliwa [[Pikine]], Senegal. Alianza kucheza mpira wa miguu akiwa [[mtoto]] katika [[klabu]] ya mtaani ya AS Pikine, na kati ya mwaka 1995 na 1997 alicheza soka la vijana na Juventus Dakar. Alipopata fursa ya kucheza soka la kulipwa, aliikubali na kujiunga na klabu ya [[Tunisia]] ya Club Sportif Sfaxien mwaka 1997. Hakushiriki mechi yoyote hadi alipofikisha umri wa miaka 19, katika msimu wake wa tatu akiwa klabuni. Alianza kuingia kama mchezaji wa akiba, na aliwavuta mashabiki kwa kiwango chake kizuri. Kufikia msimu wake wa nne, alikuwa mchezaji wa kudumu wa kikosi cha kwanza na akawa kiungo mkuu wa ulinzi wa timu. Baadaye alikusanya mataji muhimu akiwa na klabu hiyo ya Tunisia, yakiwemo mara mbili Arab Club Champions Cup mwaka 2000 na 2004, Kombe la Ligi ya Tunisia mwaka 2003, Tunisian Cup mwaka 2004, na ubingwa wa ligi ya Tunisia mwaka 2005.<ref name="fcb-aktuell-2016-Papa Malick Ba">{{cite web | last = FC Basel 1893 | author-link = | date = 13 January 2016 | url = https://www.fcb.ch/aktuell/news/alle-news/2016/01/papa-malick-ba-jetzt-halbprofi-in-mulhouse/ | title = Papa Malick Ba, jetzt Halbprofi in Mulhouse | format = | publisher = FC Basel 1893 AG | language = de | trans-title = Papa Malick Ba, now semi-pro in Mulhouse | access-date = 2022-11-16 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ===Kimataifa=== Alikuwa mchezaji wa kimataifa wa timu ya taifa ya Senegal na alishiriki katika Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 2008. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1980|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Senegal]] 23coij6nncppyltnzh927micrsxaeox 0 223807 1530121 1509858 2026-05-02T18:58:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530121 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zolana João''' ni Meneja wa [[Uhandisi]] wa Programu wa [[Angola]], [[mwanasayansi]] wa anga za juu, mhandisi, na Meneja Mkuu wa kwanza wa Ofisi ya Kitaifa ya Usimamizi wa Programu ya Anga za Juu ya Angola (GGPEN). <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Dr Zolana Joao |url=https://events.spaceinafrica.com/speaker/dr-zolana-joao/ |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=NewSpace Africa Conference 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:wanasayansi wa Angola]] 5wo088z55qogzfjzesg5nk16wp6xifl 0 223915 1529798 1492252 2026-05-02T12:20:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529798 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Youssouf Sabaly''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe [[5 Machi]], [[1993]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[soka]] anayekipiga kama beki wa kulia kwa klabu ya Qatar Stars League ya Al-Duhail. Alizaliwa [[Ufaransa]], lakini anawakilisha timu ya taifa Senegal katika ngazi ya kimataifa. == Kazi ya klabu == Sabaly alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza katika Ligue 1 akiwa na Thonon Évian F.C. katika mchezo wa ufunguzi wa msimu wa 2013–14 dhidi ya FC Sochaux-Montbéliard, akicheza dakika zote za mchezo, ambao ulimalizika kwa sare ya 1–1.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lfp.fr/joueur/sabaly-youssouf |title=La fiche de Youssouf Sabalay |publisher=Ligue de Football Professionel |access-date=22 November 2013 |language=fr}}</ref> Mnamo Agosti 2016, alikubaliana na nyongeza ya mkataba hadi mwaka 2020, kabla ya kujiunga na FC Girondins de Bordeaux kwa mkopo wa msimu mzima.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=7 June 2021|title=Youssouf Sabaly, new Real Betis player|url=https://en.realbetisbalompie.es/news/latest_news/youssouf-sabaly-new-real-betis-player-25963|access-date=8 June 2021|website=en.realbetisbalompie.es/}}</ref> Tarehe [[7 Juni]], [[2021]], Sabaly alisaini na klabu ya La Liga ya Real Betis kwa uhamisho wa bure, kuanza rasmi tarehe 1 Julai. == Kazi ya kimataifa == Sabaly alizaliwa Ufaransa kutoka kwa wazazi wa Senegal.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://africanfootball.com/news/729475/Former-French-juniors-Niang-Sabaly-called-up-by-Senegal|title=Former French juniors Niang & Sabaly called up by Senegal – 2018 FIFA World Cup Qualifiers – Africa – Senegal|website=African Football|access-date=31 October 2017}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1993|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Senegal]] 9xiobnncsvmoaebc64nmb7sivsql7tw 0 224047 1529786 1492520 2026-05-02T12:18:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529786 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Younousse Sankharé''' (alizaliwa [[10 Septemba]], [[1989]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa [[Senegal]] anayekuwa akicheza kama mlinzi katikati ya uwanjani kwa klabu ya Kifaransa ya Ligi ya Kitaifa 2 ya [[Ufaransa]]. Klabu ya Mpira wa Miguu 93 Bobigny-Bagnolet-Gagny. Alizaliwa Ufaransa, na hapo awali alikuwa mchezaji wa timu ya taifa ya Senegal. ==Kazi ya Klabu== Sankharé alikulia katika mji wa kaskazini mwa [[Paris]] katika eneo la Val-d'Oise na kujiunga na klabu yake ya hometown mnamo 2001 akifika Camp des Loges kama mchezaji wa vijana. Baada ya kutumia karibu miaka sita katika mfumo wa vijana wa klabu na reserves za Championnat de France amateur, Younousse alisaini mkataba wake wa kwanza wa kitaalamu mnamo Juni 2007, akikubaliana na mkataba wa miaka mitatu. Younousse alishiriki katika kipindi cha kabla ya msimu wa klabu, akipata nafasi ya kuonekana katika toleo la 2007 la Emirates Cup ambapo Paris Saint-Germain ilimalizia nafasi ya pili. Alifanya debi yake ya ligi mnamo [[6 Oktoba]], [[2007]] katika mechi dhidi ya Stade Rennais F.C. akicheza kama mchezaji wa nyongeza katika kipigo cha 3–1.<ref>[http://www.lfp.fr/ligue1/feuilleMatch.asp?saison=2007/2008&code_evt=D1&code_jr_tr=J10&num_ordre=8 PSG v. Rennes Match Report] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506090413/http://www.lfp.fr/ligue1/feuilleMatch.asp?saison=2007%2F2008&code_evt=D1&num_ordre=8&code_jr_tr=J10 |date=6 May 2009 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.lfp.fr/ligue1/feuilleMatch.asp?saison=2007/2008&code_evt=D1&code_jr_tr=J11&num_ordre=10 Valenciennes v. PSG Match Report] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524204528/http://www.lfp.fr/ligue1/feuilleMatch.asp?saison=2007%2F2008&code_evt=D1&num_ordre=10&code_jr_tr=J11 |date=24 May 2009 }}</ref> Kwa Les Girondins, alikaa kwa misimu mitatu akicheza michezo 67 na kufunga mabao 12, ambapo msimu wake wa pili katika timu ndio uliokuwa kilele cha taaluma yake, akiwa na ufanisi mkubwa zaidi wa kufunga mabao akiwa amefunga 7 katika michezo 29 ya Ligue 1 Conforama. Hatimaye, aliacha Bordeaux mnamo [[20 Novemba]], [[2019]] baada ya timu kumaliza mkataba wake. Mnamo 21 Juni, na baada ya kuwa bila klabu kwa miezi sita, Sankharé alijiunga na mabingwa wa Bulgarian Group A, CSKA Sofia. Kwa Armeytsite alicheza michezo 12 ya ligi akifunga mabao 3, na pia alianza katika michezo yote 10 ya kampeni ya [[Ulaya]] ya timu yake, akiwa mmoja wa wachezaji muhimu.<ref>{{cite press release|publisher=[[Giresunspor]]|url=https://www.giresunspor.com.tr/haberDetay/bilgilendirme/290|title=BİLGİLENDİRME|date=15 February 2022|access-date=15 February 2022|language=tr}}</ref> ==Kazi ya Kimataifa== Mnamo Machi 2013, ilitangazwa kwamba Sankharé alikataa nafasi ya kucheza kwa Mauritania na angependa kuwakilisha Senegal kwenye viwango vya kimataifa.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/30397927|title = Sankhare opts to play for Senegal|work = BBC Sport}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1989|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Senegal]] 1z9jswa0kjj9n6r7n20mkfxptsf4gt0 0 224182 1529800 1495566 2026-05-02T12:21:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1529800 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Youssoupha Sanyang''' (alizaliwa [[31 Agosti]] [[2005]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Gambia]] anayekipiga kama [[winga]] kwa klabu ya Ligi Kuu ya Czech, SK Slavia Prague, na pia kwa Timu ya taifa ya Gambia. == Kazi ya klabu == Akitoka katika akademi za vijana za vilabu vya Senegal Cayor Foot na Teungueth FC, Sanyang alianza kucheza soka la wakubwa na Teungueth katika Ligue 1 ya Senegal mwaka 2023, akisaidia klabu hiyo kutwaa ubingwa katika msimu wake wa kwanza wa kucheza.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://africafoot.com/osters-if-officialise-le-transfert-de-youssoupha-sanyang/|title=Östers IF officialise le transfert de Youssoupha Sanyang|first=Jésé|last=Tahiana|date=30 November 2024}}</ref> Tarehe [[28 Agosti]], [[2024]], alijiunga kwa mkopo na Västerås SK Fotboll katika Allsvenskan kwa kipindi kilichosalia cha msimu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.totalsportsn.com/teungueth-fc-youssoupha-sanyang-prete-en-suede//|title=Teungueth Fc : Youssoupha Sanyang prêté en Suède - TotalSport}}</ref> Mnamo [[30 Novemba]], [[2024]], alihamia Östers IF kwa mkataba hadi mwaka 2028.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://africafoot.com/osters-if-officialise-le-transfert-de-youssoupha-sanyang/|title=Östers IF officialise le transfert de Youssoupha Sanyang|first=Jésé|last=Tahiana|date=30 November 2024}}</ref> Tarehe 6 Juni 2025, alihamia klabu ya Ligi Kuu ya Czech **SK Slavia Prague** kwa mkataba utakaodumu hadi mwaka 2030. == Kazi ya kimataifa == Sanyang alizaliwa nchini Gambia kwa wazazi wa Senegal na ana uraia pacha wa Gambia na Senegal. Aliitwa kwenye kikosi cha Senegal U20 kwa ajili ya Michezo ya Afrika 2023.Mnamo Juni 2025, alibadilisha uwakilishi na kuanza kuichezea Gambia, akaitwa kwenye Timu ya taifa ya [[Gambia]] kwa michezo ya kirafiki. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|2005|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Senegal]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gambia]] aeq65ab59jne161yv0thg66jzo15bls 0 224454 1529799 1493257 2026-05-02T12:21:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529799 wikitext text/x-wiki '''El Hadji Youssoupha Mbodji''' (aliyezaliwa [[9 Januari]], [[2004]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kitaalamu wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Senegal]] na [[Ufaransa]] ambaye anacheza kama beki wa kushoto kwa [[klabu]] ya Ligi ya Kwanza ya Czech SK Slavia Prague. ==Kazi ya klabu== Mbodji ni zao la akademi za vijana za vilabu vya Senegal PSG Academy Senegal, ASC Doolé, na ASC Aspa, kabla ya kuhamia klabu ya Ufaransa Thonon Evian Grand Genève FC ili kumalizia maendeleo yake.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://wiwsport.com/2025/08/20/mercato-apres-le-depart-del-hadji-malick-diouf-le-slavia-prague-soffre-youssoupha-mbodj/|title=Mercato : Après le départ d’El Hadji Malick Diouf, le Slavia Prague s’offre Youssoupha Mbodji &#124; Wiwsport|date=20 August 2025}}</ref> Mnamo Januari 2025, alihamia katika Ligi ya Kitaifa ya Soka ya Czech klabu FC Vysočina Jihlava ambako alitia saini mkataba wake wa kwanza wa kikazi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.idnes.cz/fotbal/prvni-liga/youssouph-mbodji-slavia.A250819_084528_fotbal_kazdt|title=Přestup Mbodjiho do Slavie? Nabídka přišla, potvrzuje šéf Jihlavy|first=Eva|last=Streichsbierová|date=19 August 2025|website=iDNES.cz}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|2004|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Senegal]] 5p1fwpyoviivgj7v2m6r5sqi511hvej 0 224603 1529867 1493449 2026-05-02T12:31:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529867 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Z.A. Nizami au Zilley Ahmed Nizami''' ([[31 Mei]] [[1931]] – [[7 Aprili]] [[2013]]) alikuwa mwanataaluma wa [[Pakistan]] na pia mwanzilishi wa Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi na Teknolojia cha Sir Syed (SSUET).<ref name=Dawn>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.dawn.com/2013/04/08/z-a-nizami-passes-away/|title=Z.A. Nizami passes away|date=8 April 2013|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)|access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1931]] [[jamii:waliofariki 2013]] [[jamii:watu wa Pakistan]] 17vnw5nyngddx92rn5ogcycrzld8t9y 0 224665 1529857 1498155 2026-05-02T12:30:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529857 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yvonne Bezara''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Madagaska]]. Akiwa mwanachama wa [[Bunge]] la Kitaifa la Madagaska, alichaguliwa kama mwanachama wa chama cha Tiako I Madagasikara katika uchaguzi wa bunge wa Madagaska wa [[2007]]. Anawakilisha jimbo la pili la [[Toamasina]]. Alikuwa msaidizi wa Pierrot Botozaza ambaye alikuwa ameteuliwa kuwa [[Waziri]] wa Uchukuzi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.assemblee-nationale.mg/fr/ficheindiv.php?id=13 |title=Profile on National Assembly site |accessdate=2026-02-24 |archive-date=2007-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811170320/http://www.assemblee-nationale.mg/fr/ficheindiv.php?id=13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Madagaska]] ascp3fdvlgitsx2fix1g4mfq44n6mew 0 224748 1529832 1493668 2026-05-02T12:25:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529832 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yung Yau''' ni Naibu Dekani wa Shule ya Masomo ya Uzamili na Profesa katika Shule ya Masomo ya Uzamili na Idara ya Sosholojia na Sera za Jamii katika Chuo Kikuu cha Lingnan. Kabla ya kujiunga na Chuo Kikuu cha Lingnan, alikuwa Profesa Mshiriki wa Masomo ya Makazi katika Idara ya Sera za Umma, Chuo Kikuu cha Jiji la [[Hong Kong]] (CityU).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yung YAU - CityU Scholars {{!}} A Research Hub of Excellence|url=https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/yung-yau(6a18bf38-e7f7-4236-a4f5-d438d5c31ef8).html|access-date=2020-12-29|website=scholars.cityu.edu.hk|language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:watu wa Hong Kong]] 8dfdi61oma4ojyi9pkdbnxfxd2uytjo 0 224839 1529701 1493831 2026-05-02T12:04:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529701 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ying Fuk-tsang''' ni [[mwanahistoria]] wa Kikristo, Profesa, Mhadhiri wa Ukristo wa Pommerenke, na alikuwa mkurugenzi wa Shule ya Teolojia ya Chuo cha Chung Chi, katika Chuo Kikuu cha Kichina cha [[Hong Kong]] (CUHK). <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2015-01-14|title=YING Fuk Tsang|url=https://www.theology.cuhk.edu.hk/en/academics/teaching-staff/ying-fuk-tsang|access-date=2020-12-04|website=Divinity School of Chung Chi College, CUHK|language=en|archive-date=2021-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205120903/https://www.theology.cuhk.edu.hk/en/academics/teaching-staff/ying-fuk-tsang|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:watu wa China]] e8qo626bphhspl9qs4dm517m9r8997q 0 224845 1530014 1493838 2026-05-02T18:41:51Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530014 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zaleha binti Kamarudin''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[26 Novemba]] [[1961]] huko Raub, Pahang, [[Malaysia]]) ni profesa wa sheria wa Malaysia,Jaji wa Mahakama ya Rufaa ya Sharia ya Terengganu tangu tarehe 16 Oktoba 2017, na alikuwa Reka wa Chuo Kikuu cha Kimataifa cha Kiislamu cha Malaysia (IIUM) kuanzia tarehe 2 Agosti 2011<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/education/2017/03/26/lawyer-turned-academic/|title=Lawyer turned academic - Education {{!}} The Star Online|newspaper=The Star|date=26 March 2017 |access-date=2018-08-02}}</ref> hadi 31 Julai 2018. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1961]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:watu wa Malaysia]] 47i4cubgzx83l7fdq62sgqa8j73vhks 0 225045 1530153 1494352 2026-05-02T19:03:43Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 7 template(s) replaced. 1530153 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zuleikha Hassan''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Kenya]]. Ni mwanachama wa Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) na ni Mwakilishi wa [[Wanawake]] wa Kaunti ya Kwale County pamoja na Mbunge katika National Assembly of Kenya. == Miaka ya awali na elimu == Hassan alisoma katika Coast Academy na Gaborone Junior Centre ambako alipata elimu ya O-Level. Aliendelea na masomo ya sekondari katika Legae Academy, Gaborone, [[Botswana]]. Ana shahada ya kwanza katika Maendeleo na Mabadiliko ya Kijamii kutoka University of Cape Town, [[South Africa]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Life/watch-mp-thrown-out-of-kenyan-parliament-after-bringing-her-5-month-old-to-work-20190808|title=WATCH: MP thrown out of Kenyan parliament after bringing her 5-month-old to work|date=2019-08-08|website=News24|language=en|access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/08/kenya-female-mp-removed-parliament-bringing-baby-190808064256861.html|title=Kenya: Female MP removed from parliament for bringing baby|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/kenyan-mp-kicked-out-of-parliament-for-bringing-her-baby/|title=This Kenyan MP Was Kicked Out of Parliament for Bringing Her Baby|date=2019-08-07|website=OkayAfrica|language=en|access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/08/kenyan-lawmaker-zuleikha-hassan-and-baby-ejected-from-parliament-session|title=Kenyan MP and baby ejected from parliament session|agency=Associated Press|date=2019-08-08|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-12-03|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/07/world/africa/kenya-parliament-baby.html|title=Lawmaker Kicked Out of Kenyan Parliament for Taking Baby to Work|last1=Mureithi|first1=Carlos|date=2019-08-07|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-12-03|last2=Specia|first2=Megan|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49266396|title=Kenyan MP with baby ordered to leave parliament|date=2019-08-07|access-date=2019-12-03|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://qz.com/africa/1686040/kenyas-parliament-kicked-out-female-mp-for-bringing-her-baby/|title=The entrenched patriarchy of Kenyan politics kicked out an MP for bringing her baby to parliament|last=Kimeria|first=Ciku|website=Quartz Africa|date=12 August 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa-Kenya}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Kenya]] 8l26k966de6cz0mu3suzj7rxe29z997 0 225048 1530262 1526056 2026-05-03T01:14:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530262 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sophia Abdi Noor''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Kenya]] anayehudumu kama [[Mbunge]] wa [[eneo bunge la Ijara]]. Yeye ndiye [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza kuchaguliwa kuwa Mbunge katika Bunge la 10 la [[Bunge la Kenya]] kutoka [[Kaskazini]] [[Mashariki]] mwa Kenya.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2020-10-03 |title=Sophia Abdi Noor - A name that has found a permanent space in Kenya’s political history book |url=https://www.amazonswatchmagazine.com/governance-in-heels/sophia-abdi-noor-a-name-that-has-found-a-permanent-space-in-kenyas-political-history-book/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=Amazons Watch Magazine |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Hon. Noor, Sophia Abdi {{!}} The Kenyan Parliament Website |url=http://www.parliament.go.ke/node/3416 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=www.parliament.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Meet & Greet with The Honorable Sophia Abdi Noor - 1st Women elected to Parliament in Northern Kenya (Somali descent) |url=https://metrostate.campuslabs.com/engage/event/5160095 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=metrostate.campuslabs.com |language=en}}</ref> Anapigania haki za walemavu na jamii zilizo pembezoni kupitia kampeni za Usawa wa Kijinsia na kazi za shirika lisilo la kiserikali la kimataifa lililojikita katika empowerment ya wanawake wa Kiislamu. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Ana Diploma katika Maendeleo ya Jamii na amekuwa mstari wa mbele kupinga desturi zilizoko nyuma katika jamii yake. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa-Kenya}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Kenya]] kgvlksw6ce23yz1xdodz46chmg108ua 0 225110 1530245 1525683 2026-05-02T23:21:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530245 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shirley Kyei''' (amezaliwa tarehe [[2 Februari]], [[1983]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Ghana]] na ndiye [[Mbunge]] wa kwanza [[mwanamke]] wa jimbo la Atwima-Nwabiagya South katika Mkoa wa Ashanti. Aligombea kwa tiketi ya New Patriotic Party (NPP) na kushinda kiti hicho katika uchaguzi mkuu wa Desemba 2024.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/members?mp=94206 |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=www.parliament.gh}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Kyei, Shirley |url=https://ghanamps.com/mp/kyei-shirley/ |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=Ghana MPS |language=en-US}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Kyei alizaliwa tarehe 2 Februari 1983 katika Nkawie, Mkoa wa Ashanti.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Quaye |first=Grace Tsotsoo |date=2024-02-01 |title=Here are the paltry 4% of women who won in the NPP primaries |url=https://www.theghanareport.com/here-are-the-paltry-4-of-women-who-won-in-the-npp-primaries/ |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=The Ghana Report |language=en |archive-date=2025-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315073808/https://www.theghanareport.com/here-are-the-paltry-4-of-women-who-won-in-the-npp-primaries/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1983|}} [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Ghana]] f9485wuf63m5ebo7wtuyzaxrk2s7ifr 0 225162 1529919 1523993 2026-05-02T15:50:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529919 wikitext text/x-wiki '''RagePAD''' ni kifaa cha ziada cha michezo ya video kilichoundwa kunyonya athari za mapigo ya mkono wakati wa uchezaji wa michezo ya video.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=MSN|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/gaming/gaming-platforms/valley-cottage-teen-turns-illness-into-innovation-with-ragepad/vi-AA1R5tVK?|access-date=2026-03-02|website=www.msn.com}}</ref> Kinalengwa kwa matumizi ya wachezaji wa michezo ya video na hutumika kama uso wa kugonga wakati wa hali za msongo au hasira, kwa lengo la kupunguza athari kwa meza na vifaa vya kielektroniki.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Press|first=EIN|date=2026-02-21|title=Teen Entrepreneur Maxim Harris’ RagePAD Sells Out After Viral TikTok Surge, Ships to 44 States & Donates $2,088 in 2025|url=http://news-journalonline.xpr-gannett.com/press-release/story/35449/teen-entrepreneur-maxim-harris-ragepad-sells-out-after-viral-tiktok-surge-ships-to-44-states-donates-2088-in-2025/|access-date=2026-03-02|website=Daytona Beach News-Journal|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Historia == RagePAD ilibuniwa na Maxim Harris, mjasiriamali wa [[Marekani]]. Wazo la kifaa lilianza kama mradi binafsi na baadaye kuendelezwa kuwa bidhaa inayopatikana kwa watumiaji.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=RagePAD Origin Story {{!}} Rage Quit {{!}} Game Rage Management|url=https://shop.ragepads.com/pages/rageorigin|access-date=2026-03-02|website=RagePADs|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Valley Cottage teen turns illness into innovation with ‘RagePAD'|url=https://westchester.news12.com/valley-cottage-teen-turns-illness-into-innovation-with-ragepad|access-date=2026-03-02|website=News 12 - Default}}</ref> Kifaa hiki kinajumuisha pedi ndogo iliyotengenezwa kwa nyenzo zinazoweza kunyonya mshtuko, na kimekusudiwa kuwekwa juu ya meza au sehemu nyingine tambarare.<ref name=":0" /> Kimeundwa kustahimili mapigo ya mara kwa mara ya mkono. Baadhi ya matoleo yake yana vipengele vya kielektroniki vinavyoanzisha utoaji wa sauti wakati uso wa pedi unapogongwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Herald|first=Port Clinton News|date=2026-02-20|title=Responsible AI Improves Healthcare Consent Comprehension for Multilingual Communities|url=http://portclintonnewsherald.xpr-gannett.com/press-release/story/34233/responsible-ai-improves-healthcare-consent-comprehension-for-multilingual-communities/|access-date=2026-03-02|website=News Herald|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tanbihi == {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:michezo ya kompyuta]] p7e2ywptyvpntk8cwvyzwudc96kg3sa 0 225180 1530045 1495125 2026-05-02T18:46:41Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 18 template(s) replaced. 1530045 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zazi Sadou''' ni mwanaharakati wa haki za wanawake kutoka Algeria. Wakati wa [[Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Algeria]], alihudumu kama [[msemaji]] wa harakati ya upinzani ya wanawake wa Algeria kuanzia 1993 hadi 2004 akiwa mwanzilishi wa muungano wa wanawake wa kidemokrasia wa Algeria, {{Lang|fr|Rassemblement Algérien des Femmes Démocrates}} (RAFD), mwanachama wa Kamati ya Kitaifa Dhidi ya Kusahau na Usaliti, na mwanachama mwanzilishi wa bunge la wanawake wa kidemokrasia wa Algeria, The Algerian Assembly of Democratic Women (AADW). == Wasifu == Sadou alianzisha muungano wa wanawake wa kidemokrasia wa Algeria, {{Lang|fr|Rassemblement Algérien des Femmes Démocrates}} (RAFD),<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-10-19|title=Zazi sadou : le combat féministe en Algérie|url=https://www.canalsud.net/spip.php?article3593|access-date=2026-01-09|website=Canal Sud|language=fr}}</ref> alikuwa mwanachama wa Kamati ya Kitaifa Dhidi ya Kusahau na Usaliti,<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/World_Press_Review/KuGFAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Zazi+Sadou&dq=Zazi+Sadou&printsec=frontcover|title=World Press Review|date=1999|publisher=Stanley Foundation|volume=46|pages=31|language=en}}</ref> na alikuwa mwanachama mwanzilishi wa bunge la wanawake wa kidemokrasia wa Algeria, The Algerian Assembly of Democratic Women (AADW).<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2005|title=Zazi Sadou|url=https://1000peacewomen.org/en/network/1000-peacewomen/zazi-sadou-33|access-date=2026-01-09|website=PeaceWomen Across the Globe|language=en}}</ref> Aliandaa maandamano ya wanawake nchini Algeria<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Khelifi|first=Ghania|date=2021-01-06|title=Feminism in Algeria: a brief overview|url=https://medfeminiswiya.net/2021/01/06/feminism-in-algeria-a-brief-overview/?lang=en|access-date=2026-01-09|website=Medfeminiswiya|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=1995-02-03|title=Zazi Sadou: un grand moment d'émotion|url=https://www.humanite.fr/-/-/zazi-sadou-un-grand-moment-demotion|access-date=2026-01-09|website=L'Humanité|language=fr-FR}}</ref> na aliandika kwa gazeti la Algeria ''[[El Watan]]''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Benoune|first=Karima|date=2018-07-06|title=“Our Ancestors Would Have Killed All These Women:” The Meanings of Jihadist Rape in 1990s Algeria|url=https://www.boundary2.org/2018/07/karima-benoune-our-ancestors-would-have-killed-all-these-women-the-meanings-of-jihadist-rape-in-1990s-algeria-english/|access-date=2026-01-09|website=b2o: boundary 2 online|language=en-US}}</ref> Alikabiliwa na vitisho vya kuuawa kutoka kwa wenye misimamo mikali kutokana na uanaharakati wake.<ref name=":0" /> Kama msemaji wa RAFD kuanzia 1993 hadi 2004,<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/A_Woman_s_World/pJ0_AAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Zazi+Sadou&dq=Zazi+Sadou&printsec=frontcover|title=A Woman's World: Beyond the Headlines|last=Lieshout|first=Mary Van|date=1996|publisher=Attic Press|isbn=978-0-85598-349-9|pages=18|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Your_Fatwa_Does_Not_Apply_Here/OSFvAAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Zazi+Sadou&pg=PA187&printsec=frontcover|title=Your Fatwa Does Not Apply Here: Untold Stories From The Fight Against Muslim Fundamentalism|last=Bennoune|first=Karima|date=2013-08-26|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-08158-9|pages=165, 187|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-04-25|title=Zazi Sadou: "Nuestro corazón palpita de nuevo"|url=https://ecuadortoday.media/2019/04/25/zazi-sadou-nuestro-corazon-palpita-de-nuevo/|access-date=2026-01-09|website=EcuadorToday|language=es}}</ref> Sadou alikusanya ushuhuda wa manusura wanawake wa ukatili uliotekelezwa na [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria|Kundi la Kiislamu lenye Silaha la Algeria]] wakati wa [[Algerian Civil War|Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Algeria]], ikiwa ni pamoja na utekaji nyara, [[Rape|ubakaji]] na mateso.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Gender_Conflict_and_Development_Case_stu/2kpixIsGFJcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Zazi+Sadou&dq=Zazi+Sadou&printsec=frontcover|title=Gender, Conflict and Development: Case studies: Cambodia; Rwanda; Kosovo; Algeria; Somalia; Guatemala and Eritrea|last=Byrne|first=Bridget|last2=Marcus|first2=Rachel|last3=Powers-Stevens|first3=Tanya|date=1996|publisher=Institute of Development Studies|isbn=978-1-85864-170-6|pages=86|language=en}}</ref> Kimataifa, aliwasilisha ushuhuda huo kwa vyombo vya habari vya dunia<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Rejea habari|last=Herbet|first=Bob|date=1997-11-09|title=In America; Algerian Terror|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/09/opinion/in-america-algerian-terror.html|access-date=2026-01-09|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Construction_of_Womanhood_in_Algeria/SsTxAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Zazi+Sadou&dq=Zazi+Sadou&printsec=frontcover|title=The Construction of Womanhood in Algeria: Moudjahidates, Aishah Radjul, Women as Others and Other Women|last=Kopola|first=Nelli|date=2001|publisher=[[Stockholm University]], Department of Political Science|isbn=978-91-7265-317-7|pages=182|language=en}}</ref> na kwa [[Mary Robinson]], aliyekuwa [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|Kamishna Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa Haki za Binadamu]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Carroll|first=Joe|title=Robinson says violence in Algeria is intolerable|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/robinson-says-violence-in-algeria-is-intolerable-1.119392|access-date=2026-01-09|website=[[The Irish Times]]|language=en}}</ref> na alihudhuria matukio pamoja na [[Michel Tubiana]], rais wa [[Human Rights League (France)|Ligi ya Haki za Binadamu ya Ufaransa]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2003-12-16|title=Des futurs plus humains, un enjeu fortement politique|url=https://www.humanite.fr/medias/assises-et-agoras-de-lhumanite/des-futurs-plus-humains-un-enjeu-fortement-politique|access-date=2026-01-09|website=L'Humanité|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ushuhuda uliokusanywa na Sadou pia ulitumika katika ''Shadow Report on Algeria'', uliowasilishwa kwa [[United Nations|Umoja wa Mataifa]] mbele ya [[Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women|Kamati ya Kuondoa Ubaguzi dhidi ya Wanawake]] (CEDAW) na [[International Women’s Human Rights Law Clinic]] pamoja na mtandao wa mshikamano wa [[Women Living Under Muslim Laws]] (WLUML) mwaka 1999.<ref>[http://www.wluml.org/sites/wluml.org/files/import/english/pubs/pdf/misc/shadow-report-algeria-eng.pdf Shadow Report on Algeria, To The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, Submitted by: International Women’s Human Rights Law Clinic and Women Living Under Muslim Laws January, 1999]. ''[[Women Living Under Muslim Laws]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032701/http://www.wluml.org/sites/wluml.org/files/import/english/pubs/pdf/misc/shadow-report-algeria-eng.pdf Archived] 2016-03-04 at the [[Wayback Machine]]. pp. 18-24.</ref> Mwaka 2000, RAFD ilianzisha tuzo ya "Women Resisters Against Fundamentalism and Oblivion Award" kwa wanawake wanaopinga [[Fundamentalism|msimamo mkali wa kidini]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2015-02-03|title=ALGERIA: When Women's Human Rights Defenders Face Political Non-state Actors|url=https://peacewomen.org/content/algeria-when-womens-human-rights-defenders-face-political-non-state-actors|access-date=2026-01-09|website=PeaceWomen|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Lalande |first=Aude |date=2006-01-08 |title=le refus |url=https://vacarme.org/article556.html |journal=Uproar |language=fr |volume=34 |pages=175–176 |access-date=2026-01-09}}</ref> == Tuzo == Mwaka 1997, Sadou alitunukiwa Tuzo ya Haki za Binadamu na shirika la Women, Law and Development International (WLDI).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=1997-10-23|title=Zazi Sadou: «Les clés de la solution sont chez nous»|url=https://www.humanite.fr/-/-/zazi-sadou-les-cles-de-la-solution-sont-chez-nous|access-date=2026-01-09|website=L'Humanité|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Mwaka 2005, Sadou alitajwa kama mmoja wa wanawake 1000 waliopendekezwa kwa [[Nobel Peace Prize|Tuzo ya Amani ya Nobel]] kupitia mpango wa [[PeaceWomen Across the Globe]] (PWAG).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Elles_font_bouger_l_Afrique/jlG3AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Zazi+Sadou&dq=Zazi+Sadou&printsec=frontcover|title=Elles font bouger l'Afrique|date=2005|publisher=Association française d'amitié et de solidarité avec les peuples d'Afrique, Éditions Tirésias|isbn=978-2-915293-22-7|pages=11|language=fr}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:WikiGap JWK 2026]] 0fl9x7wxesxs5iifxc2hm32lcc5ice3 0 225365 1530282 1500000 2026-05-03T03:11:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530282 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tanveer Jahan''' ([[Kiurdu]]: تنویر جہاں; alizaliwa 14 Aprili 1962) ni mtetezi na mkufunzi wa haki za binadamu wa Pakistani. Jahan amekuwa akihusishwa na sekta ya maendeleo ya kijamii nchini [[Pakistani]] kwa zaidi ya miaka 35. Anahudumu kama Mkurugenzi Mtendaji katika Tume ya Kidemokrasia ya Maendeleo ya Binadamu, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Reporter|first=The Newspaper's Staff|date=2019-09-14|title=Activists demand laws against corporal punishment|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1505037|accessdate=2020-12-06|work=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref> na kama Mratibu wa Kitaifa wa Mtandao wa Watetezi wa Haki za Binadamu wa Pakistan. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|author=|first=|date=16 October 2016|title=Civil society sets up network for protection of rights' activists|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/51822/civil-society-sets-up-network-for-protection-of-rights-activists/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=6 December 2020|work=Daily Times Newspaper|language=}}</ref> Amehudumu kama mjumbe katika Tume ya Kitaifa ya Hali ya Wanawake (NCSW). <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mamnoon for empowering women|url=https://nation.com.pk/20-Jun-2014/mamnoon-for-empowering-women|accessdate=2020-12-05|work=The Nation|date=20 June 2014|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Shahid|first=Jamal|date=2015-07-31|title=The immoral and reprehensible practice of torture must end|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1197526|accessdate=2020-12-06|work=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref> ==Maisha== Alizaliwa na kukulia Lahore, [[Pakistani]]. Alimaliza elimu yake ya awali katika Shule ya Upili ya Serikali na kupata shahada ya baada ya kuhitimu katika Falsafa kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Punjab.<ref>https://www.ncsw.gov.pk/previewpublication/65</ref> Aliolewa na mchambuzi na mwandishi wa safu Wajahat Masood. Wanandoa hao wana binti anayeitwa Kamini (Kamini ni neno la Kisanskriti na linalomaanisha mwanamke mrembo)<ref>https://www.google.com/search?q=kamini+meaning+in+hindi</ref> Alianza kushiriki katika harakati za haki za binadamu za kurejesha demokrasia na usawa wa kijinsia akiwa bado mwanafunzi.<ref>https://www.ncsw.gov.pk/previewpublication/58</ref> Mnamo 1995 alianza kufanya kazi na Tume ya Haki za Binadamu ya Pakistani<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210910071944/https://nnn.no/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Invitation-and-program-NHRF-seminar.pdf</ref> (shirika huru la haki za binadamu linalojihusisha na kutoa msaada kwa makundi ya kidini, kijinsia na makundi mengine ya wachache yasiyopewa umuhimu).<ref>http://hrcp-web.org/publication/book-genre/annual-reports/</ref> Kama mratibu wa programu ya haki za wanawake, alishiriki katika misheni za kutafuta ukweli na kutoa data inayotegemea ushahidi kuhusu ukiukwaji wa haki za wanawake kwa ripoti ya kila mwaka ya HRCP.<ref>https://www.kios.fi/wp-content/uploads/julkaisu-2009-semma-netti2.pdf</ref> Mnamo 2003, alianza kuhudumu kama Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Tume ya Kidemokrasia ya Maendeleo ya Binadamu, ambayo hushiriki katika mipango jumuishi katika elimu ya haki za binadamu, utafiti, na utetezi.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210126141537/https://dchd.org.pk/</ref> Aliandaa moduli za mafunzo kuhusu utatuzi na kuzuia migogoro, utetezi wa haki za binadamu, haki za watoto, haki za wanawake, na uraia hai. Alichangia katika kutoa mikataba na matamko ya haki za binadamu ya Umoja wa Mataifa kwa lugha ya Kiurdu ikiwa ni pamoja na; UDHR, ICCPR, ICESCR, CEDAW, CAT, CRC, Tamko la kanuni za uvumilivu, Kuondoa Uvumilivu na Ubaguzi na mengine mengi. Alianzisha kozi ya haki za binadamu kwa wanafunzi wa shule za upili<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/625295/childrens-literature-festival-textbooks-full-of-lies-and-conspiracy-theories</ref> ambayo ilisaidia kuwafahamisha watoto dhana za haki za binadamu, kutobaguliwa na usawa, uraia, na uvumilivu.<ref>https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/217407-Call-to-check-violenceagainst-domestic-workers</ref> Alifanya kazi ili kuleta ajenda ya haki za binadamu katika kazi ya maendeleo ya mashirika madogo ya kijamii, na ametoa mafunzo<ref>https://www.nhrf.no/assets/documents/Annual-Report-2012-web.pdf</ref> kwa maelfu ya wanasheria, waandishi wa habari, na wanaharakati<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1191439</ref> kuhusu mada kama vile; uchambuzi wa migogoro, utatuzi wa migogoro, mifumo ya tahadhari za mapema, haki za binadamu na ulinzi wa watetezi wa haki za binadamu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/563734-development-south-punjab |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2026-03-09 |archive-date=2021-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617002328/https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/563734-development-south-punjab |url-status=dead }}</ref> Alipinga ndoa za utotoni,<ref>https://www.dawn.com/news/1054449/legislation-against-child-marriage-sought</ref> adhabu ya viboko,<ref>https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/526190-call-to-enforce-laws-on-smacking</ref> biashara haramu ya watoto katika Mataifa ya Ghuba, unyanyasaji wa watoto,<ref>https://www.dawn.com/news/1382633</ref> mateso ya kifungoni,<ref>https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/47953-torture-in-custody-a-crime-against-humanity-speakers</ref> adhabu ya kifo, <ref>https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/584919-verdict-to-strengthen-rule-of-law</ref> msimamo mkali wa kidini, unyanyasaji wa kijinsia<ref>https://www.dawn.com/news/1086427</ref> na imekuwa ikishinikiza kuundwa kwa tume huru ya haki za watoto,<ref name=":1">http://tribune.com.pk/story/997790/childrens-rights-formulation-of-autonomous-commission-demanded</ref> ambayo ilianzishwa nchini Pakistani mnamo Aprili [[2020]]. Anatetea ujumuishaji wa haki za wanawake,<ref>https://www.dawn.com/news/1529724</ref> ushiriki mzuri wa wanawake katika siasa,<ref>https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/you/684818-let-them-play-their-cards</ref> haki sawa za wanawake na wanaume,<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/1027579/gender-equality-pakistani-women-lag-behind-men-in-every-field</ref> na inaunga mkono siku ya wanawake duniani.<ref>https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/626423-haya-march-to-counter-aurat-march-women-march-for-rights-world-over</ref><ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/671009/hear-me-roar-women-need-to-come-out-and-state-their-case-now-more-than-ever</ref> Alipokuwa mwanachama wa NCSW alishiriki katika mijadala ya jopo kuhusu haki za wachache wa kidini,<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/650141/minority-communities-constitutional-rights-cannot-be-denied</ref> <ref>https://nation.com.pk/25-Dec-2013/need-for-enforcing-minority-laws</ref> mijadala ya sera kuhusu [[sheria]] na sera zinazowaunga mkono wanawake, na ripoti na tafiti za utafiti kuhusu haki za wanawake.<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1046355</ref> Amejiunga na kampeni<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1167026</ref> na mitandao, na ameongoza baadhi yake, ikiwa ni pamoja na Harakati za Haki za Mtoto.<ref name=":1" /> Yeye ni mwanachama wa Kikundi Kazi cha Asasi za Kiraia kuhusu GSP+, kikundi cha utetezi kilichoanzishwa ili kufuatilia uzingatiaji wa Pakistani wa ahadi za kimataifa za haki za binadamu na kushirikiana na wadau, ikiwa ni pamoja na serikali za Umoja wa Ulaya, kuhusu mageuzi muhimu yanayohitajika ili kukidhi masharti ya GSP+. Pia ni mjumbe wa Kamati ya Pamoja ya Haki za Watu, jukwaa la mashirika ya haki za binadamu na watetezi wanaofanya kazi kote Pakistani kupinga ukiukwaji wa haki za binadamu.<ref>https://www.dawn.com/2012/04/13/a-few-stand-up-for-rinkle-kumaris-of-world/</ref> Alifanya kazi na mashirika ya kimataifa, na akaanza kufanya kazi kama Mwakilishi wa Nchi wa Lebo Step, Uswisi mnamo 2004. Alihudumu kama Mshauri katika Mfuko wa Haki za Binadamu wa [[Norwei|Norway]] kuanzia 2003 hadi 2014.<ref>https://nhrf.no/assets/documents/Annual-Report-2014-web.pdf</ref> Ametoa hotuba na mihadhara katika majukwaa ya kimataifa kuhusu mada kama vile haki za wanawake<ref>https://www.kios.fi/wp-content/uploads/julkaisu-2009-semma-netti2.pdf</ref> na haki za watetezi wa haki za binadamu.<ref>https://www.kios.fi/wp-content/uploads/KIOS-Seminar-Report-2015.pdf</ref> Alizindua kampeni dhidi ya unyanyasaji na mateso mwaka wa 2013<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1038852</ref> ambapo utafiti kuhusu mfumo wa haki za jinai wa Pakistani ulionyesha vikwazo vyake katika utoaji wa haki.<ref>http://beta.dawn.com/news/1020798/57pc-of-accused-tortured-during-investigation-study</ref> Alizindua pia kampeni ya kuwalinda watetezi wa haki za binadamu na mashirika yanayozingatia wanawake nchini Pakistani mwaka wa 2016,<ref>https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/168784-Women-rights-defenders-are-actual-agents-of-change</ref> ambapo tafiti mbili zilitathmini changamoto na vitisho vinavyowakabili.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/806094/govt-must-protect-rights-defenders</ref> Amehudumu kama Mratibu wa Kitaifa wa Mtandao wa Watetezi wa Haki za Binadamu wa Pakistan (PHRDN) tangu mwaka 2016,<ref name=":0" /> ambao unalenga kuboresha ujuzi wa watetezi wa haki za binadamu katika kuchanganua tathmini ya hatari na tathmini ya uwezo,<ref>{{Citation|last=DailyTimes.pk|title=Measures taken to ‘defend the defenders’ - Daily Times|date=2016-10-15|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/51953/measures-taken-to-defend-the-defenders/|work=Daily Times|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-10}}</ref> na kuwawezesha kukabiliana na hatari na vitisho kwa ajili ya ulinzi wao na mashirika yao,<ref>https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/457198-call-to-review-regulation-policy-for-ngos</ref> usalama,<ref>{{Citation|last=The Newspaper's Staff Reporter|title=Rights defenders network launched|date=2016-10-16|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1290319|work=Dawn|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-10}}</ref> na kutetea ulinzi<ref>https://www.dawn.com/news/1340003</ref> wa haki za watetezi wa haki za binadamu.<ref>https://www.dawn.com/news/1450663</ref> Mnamo 2018, pamoja na mashirika mengine, PHRDN ilishauriana na Tume ya Kitaifa ya Haki za Binadamu kuhusu uundaji wa miongozo ya sera kwa ajili ya ulinzi wa watetezi wa haki za binadamu nchini Pakistani.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/2048764/nchr-unveils-guidelines-protecting-rights-activists</ref> <ref>https://dailytimes.com.pk/459563/civil-society-lauds-nchr-policy-guidelines-on-protection-of-human-rights-defenders/</ref> Mnamo 2019, ilizindua utafiti<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210108120230/http://www.csjpak.org/pdf/Defining%20National%20Interest%20in%20Human%20Development%20-001.pdf</ref> unaotathmini athari za kiuchumi, kimaendeleo na kimahusiano za sera ya udhibiti wa mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali nchini Pakistani,<ref>https://fp.brecorder.com/2019/05/20190503469245/</ref> na alama za maslahi ya kitaifa katika sekta ya kijamii.<ref>https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/466224-sustainable-economy-linked-to-quality-of-civil-liberties</ref> ==Machapisho== Amechangia katika machapisho<ref>{{Citation|title=Our Publications|url=https://dchd.org.pk/our-publications/|work=DCHD|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-10|archive-date=2020-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027160143/https://dchd.org.pk/our-publications/|url-status=dead}}</ref> kadhaa kuhusu mada kama vile haki za binadamu na ujenzi wa amani. *Utetezi ni nini? *Kutumia Vyombo vya Habari kwa ajili ya utetezi wa haki za binadamu *Moduli ya mafunzo kuhusu uanaharakati wa haki za binadamu *Moduli ya mafunzo kuhusu Haki za Wanawake *Moduli ya mafunzo kuhusu Haki za Mtoto *Moduli ya mafunzo kuhusu Uhuru wa Kidini na Haki za Walio Wachache *Moduli ya mafunzo kuhusu ujuzi wa kushughulikia migogoro *Utafiti kuhusu Athari za maelewano katika kesi za mauaji<ref>https://dailytimes.com.pk/60169/in-pakistan-laws-fail-to-stop-honour-killing/</ref> ===Makala=== *Kulinda haki za mtoto (Kiurdu)<ref>https://www.humsub.com.pk/358799/tanveer-jahan-4/</ref> *Kipumuaji kilinipa uhai (Kiurdu)<ref>https://www.humsub.com.pk/307305/tanveer-jahan-3/</ref> *Mauaji ya Jallianwala Bagh (Kiurdu)<ref>https://www.humsub.com.pk/11981/tanveer-jahan-2/</ref> *Taarifa ya Bhagat Singh Mahakamani (Kiurdu)<ref>https://www.humsub.com.pk/9406/%d8%a8%da%be%da%af%d8%aa-%d8%b3%d9%86%da%af%da%be-%d9%86%db%92-%d8%b9%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa-%d9%85%db%8c%da%ba-%da%a9%db%8c%d8%a7-%da%a9%db%81%d8%a7%d8%9f/</ref> *Athari za ukatili kwa Wanawake<ref>https://www.humsub.com.pk/7556/tanveer-jahan/</ref> *Sauti pekee: Mwanaharakati wa haki za wanawake, Nighat Said Khan<ref>http://herald.dawn.com/news/1153358</ref> *Haki kwa wanawake: kidogo sana na polepole sana<ref>https://dailytimes.com.pk/110689/justice-for-women-too-little-and-too-slow/</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{BD|1962|}} [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Pakistan]] [[Jamii:WikiGap JWK 2026]] l1mrzczj08566of822d5pwbu5d4i3y6 1530378 1530282 2026-05-03T10:28:57Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530378 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tanveer Jahan''' ([[Kiurdu]]: تنویر جہاں; alizaliwa 14 Aprili 1962) ni mtetezi na mkufunzi wa haki za binadamu wa Pakistani. Jahan amekuwa akihusishwa na sekta ya maendeleo ya kijamii nchini [[Pakistani]] kwa zaidi ya miaka 35. Anahudumu kama Mkurugenzi Mtendaji katika Tume ya Kidemokrasia ya Maendeleo ya Binadamu, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Reporter|first=The Newspaper's Staff|date=2019-09-14|title=Activists demand laws against corporal punishment|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1505037|accessdate=2020-12-06|work=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref> na kama Mratibu wa Kitaifa wa Mtandao wa Watetezi wa Haki za Binadamu wa Pakistan. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|author=|first=|date=16 October 2016|title=Civil society sets up network for protection of rights' activists|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/51822/civil-society-sets-up-network-for-protection-of-rights-activists/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=6 December 2020|work=Daily Times Newspaper|language=}}</ref> Amehudumu kama mjumbe katika Tume ya Kitaifa ya Hali ya Wanawake (NCSW). <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mamnoon for empowering women|url=https://nation.com.pk/20-Jun-2014/mamnoon-for-empowering-women|accessdate=2020-12-05|work=The Nation|date=20 June 2014|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Shahid|first=Jamal|date=2015-07-31|title=The immoral and reprehensible practice of torture must end|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1197526|accessdate=2020-12-06|work=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref> ==Maisha== Alizaliwa na kukulia Lahore, [[Pakistani]]. Alimaliza elimu yake ya awali katika Shule ya Upili ya Serikali na kupata shahada ya baada ya kuhitimu katika Falsafa kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Punjab.<ref>https://www.ncsw.gov.pk/previewpublication/65</ref> Aliolewa na mchambuzi na mwandishi wa safu Wajahat Masood. Wanandoa hao wana binti anayeitwa Kamini (Kamini ni neno la Kisanskriti na linalomaanisha mwanamke mrembo)<ref>https://www.google.com/search?q=kamini+meaning+in+hindi</ref> Alianza kushiriki katika harakati za haki za binadamu za kurejesha demokrasia na usawa wa kijinsia akiwa bado mwanafunzi.<ref>https://www.ncsw.gov.pk/previewpublication/58</ref> Mnamo 1995 alianza kufanya kazi na Tume ya Haki za Binadamu ya Pakistani<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210910071944/https://nnn.no/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Invitation-and-program-NHRF-seminar.pdf</ref> (shirika huru la haki za binadamu linalojihusisha na kutoa msaada kwa makundi ya kidini, kijinsia na makundi mengine ya wachache yasiyopewa umuhimu).<ref>http://hrcp-web.org/publication/book-genre/annual-reports/</ref> Kama mratibu wa programu ya haki za wanawake, alishiriki katika misheni za kutafuta ukweli na kutoa data inayotegemea ushahidi kuhusu ukiukwaji wa haki za wanawake kwa ripoti ya kila mwaka ya HRCP.<ref>https://www.kios.fi/wp-content/uploads/julkaisu-2009-semma-netti2.pdf</ref> Mnamo 2003, alianza kuhudumu kama Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Tume ya Kidemokrasia ya Maendeleo ya Binadamu, ambayo hushiriki katika mipango jumuishi katika elimu ya haki za binadamu, utafiti, na utetezi.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210126141537/https://dchd.org.pk/</ref> Aliandaa moduli za mafunzo kuhusu utatuzi na kuzuia migogoro, utetezi wa haki za binadamu, haki za watoto, haki za wanawake, na uraia hai. Alichangia katika kutoa mikataba na matamko ya haki za binadamu ya Umoja wa Mataifa kwa lugha ya Kiurdu ikiwa ni pamoja na; UDHR, ICCPR, ICESCR, CEDAW, CAT, CRC, Tamko la kanuni za uvumilivu, Kuondoa Uvumilivu na Ubaguzi na mengine mengi. Alianzisha kozi ya haki za binadamu kwa wanafunzi wa shule za upili<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/625295/childrens-literature-festival-textbooks-full-of-lies-and-conspiracy-theories</ref> ambayo ilisaidia kuwafahamisha watoto dhana za haki za binadamu, kutobaguliwa na usawa, uraia, na uvumilivu.<ref>https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/217407-Call-to-check-violenceagainst-domestic-workers</ref> Alifanya kazi ili kuleta ajenda ya haki za binadamu katika kazi ya maendeleo ya mashirika madogo ya kijamii, na ametoa mafunzo<ref>https://www.nhrf.no/assets/documents/Annual-Report-2012-web.pdf</ref> kwa maelfu ya wanasheria, waandishi wa habari, na wanaharakati<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1191439</ref> kuhusu mada kama vile; uchambuzi wa migogoro, utatuzi wa migogoro, mifumo ya tahadhari za mapema, haki za binadamu na ulinzi wa watetezi wa haki za binadamu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/563734-development-south-punjab |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2026-03-09 |archive-date=2021-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617002328/https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/563734-development-south-punjab |url-status=dead }}</ref> Alipinga ndoa za utotoni,<ref>https://www.dawn.com/news/1054449/legislation-against-child-marriage-sought</ref> adhabu ya viboko,<ref>https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/526190-call-to-enforce-laws-on-smacking</ref> biashara haramu ya watoto katika Mataifa ya Ghuba, unyanyasaji wa watoto,<ref>https://www.dawn.com/news/1382633</ref> mateso ya kifungoni,<ref>https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/47953-torture-in-custody-a-crime-against-humanity-speakers</ref> adhabu ya kifo, <ref>https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/584919-verdict-to-strengthen-rule-of-law</ref> msimamo mkali wa kidini, unyanyasaji wa kijinsia<ref>https://www.dawn.com/news/1086427</ref> na imekuwa ikishinikiza kuundwa kwa tume huru ya haki za watoto,<ref name=":1">http://tribune.com.pk/story/997790/childrens-rights-formulation-of-autonomous-commission-demanded</ref> ambayo ilianzishwa nchini Pakistani mnamo Aprili [[2020]]. Anatetea ujumuishaji wa haki za wanawake,<ref>https://www.dawn.com/news/1529724</ref> ushiriki mzuri wa wanawake katika siasa,<ref>https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/you/684818-let-them-play-their-cards</ref> haki sawa za wanawake na wanaume,<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/1027579/gender-equality-pakistani-women-lag-behind-men-in-every-field</ref> na inaunga mkono siku ya wanawake duniani.<ref>https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/626423-haya-march-to-counter-aurat-march-women-march-for-rights-world-over</ref><ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/671009/hear-me-roar-women-need-to-come-out-and-state-their-case-now-more-than-ever</ref> Alipokuwa mwanachama wa NCSW alishiriki katika mijadala ya jopo kuhusu haki za wachache wa kidini,<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/650141/minority-communities-constitutional-rights-cannot-be-denied</ref> <ref>https://nation.com.pk/25-Dec-2013/need-for-enforcing-minority-laws</ref> mijadala ya sera kuhusu [[sheria]] na sera zinazowaunga mkono wanawake, na ripoti na tafiti za utafiti kuhusu haki za wanawake.<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1046355</ref> Amejiunga na kampeni<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1167026</ref> na mitandao, na ameongoza baadhi yake, ikiwa ni pamoja na Harakati za Haki za Mtoto.<ref name=":1" /> Yeye ni mwanachama wa Kikundi Kazi cha Asasi za Kiraia kuhusu GSP+, kikundi cha utetezi kilichoanzishwa ili kufuatilia uzingatiaji wa Pakistani wa ahadi za kimataifa za haki za binadamu na kushirikiana na wadau, ikiwa ni pamoja na serikali za Umoja wa Ulaya, kuhusu mageuzi muhimu yanayohitajika ili kukidhi masharti ya GSP+. Pia ni mjumbe wa Kamati ya Pamoja ya Haki za Watu, jukwaa la mashirika ya haki za binadamu na watetezi wanaofanya kazi kote Pakistani kupinga ukiukwaji wa haki za binadamu.<ref>https://www.dawn.com/2012/04/13/a-few-stand-up-for-rinkle-kumaris-of-world/</ref> Alifanya kazi na mashirika ya kimataifa, na akaanza kufanya kazi kama Mwakilishi wa Nchi wa Lebo Step, Uswisi mnamo 2004. Alihudumu kama Mshauri katika Mfuko wa Haki za Binadamu wa [[Norwei|Norway]] kuanzia 2003 hadi 2014.<ref>https://nhrf.no/assets/documents/Annual-Report-2014-web.pdf</ref> Ametoa hotuba na mihadhara katika majukwaa ya kimataifa kuhusu mada kama vile haki za wanawake<ref>https://www.kios.fi/wp-content/uploads/julkaisu-2009-semma-netti2.pdf</ref> na haki za watetezi wa haki za binadamu.<ref>https://www.kios.fi/wp-content/uploads/KIOS-Seminar-Report-2015.pdf</ref> Alizindua kampeni dhidi ya unyanyasaji na mateso mwaka wa 2013<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1038852</ref> ambapo utafiti kuhusu mfumo wa haki za jinai wa Pakistani ulionyesha vikwazo vyake katika utoaji wa haki.<ref>http://beta.dawn.com/news/1020798/57pc-of-accused-tortured-during-investigation-study</ref> Alizindua pia kampeni ya kuwalinda watetezi wa haki za binadamu na mashirika yanayozingatia wanawake nchini Pakistani mwaka wa 2016,<ref>https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/168784-Women-rights-defenders-are-actual-agents-of-change</ref> ambapo tafiti mbili zilitathmini changamoto na vitisho vinavyowakabili.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/806094/govt-must-protect-rights-defenders</ref> Amehudumu kama Mratibu wa Kitaifa wa Mtandao wa Watetezi wa Haki za Binadamu wa Pakistan (PHRDN) tangu mwaka 2016,<ref name=":0" /> ambao unalenga kuboresha ujuzi wa watetezi wa haki za binadamu katika kuchanganua tathmini ya hatari na tathmini ya uwezo,<ref>{{Citation|last=DailyTimes.pk|title=Measures taken to ‘defend the defenders’ - Daily Times|date=2016-10-15|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/51953/measures-taken-to-defend-the-defenders/|work=Daily Times|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-10}}</ref> na kuwawezesha kukabiliana na hatari na vitisho kwa ajili ya ulinzi wao na mashirika yao,<ref>https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/457198-call-to-review-regulation-policy-for-ngos</ref> usalama,<ref>{{Citation|last=The Newspaper's Staff Reporter|title=Rights defenders network launched|date=2016-10-16|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1290319|work=Dawn|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-10}}</ref> na kutetea ulinzi<ref>https://www.dawn.com/news/1340003</ref> wa haki za watetezi wa haki za binadamu.<ref>https://www.dawn.com/news/1450663</ref> Mnamo 2018, pamoja na mashirika mengine, PHRDN ilishauriana na Tume ya Kitaifa ya Haki za Binadamu kuhusu uundaji wa miongozo ya sera kwa ajili ya ulinzi wa watetezi wa haki za binadamu nchini Pakistani.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/2048764/nchr-unveils-guidelines-protecting-rights-activists</ref> <ref>https://dailytimes.com.pk/459563/civil-society-lauds-nchr-policy-guidelines-on-protection-of-human-rights-defenders/</ref> Mnamo 2019, ilizindua utafiti<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210108120230/http://www.csjpak.org/pdf/Defining%20National%20Interest%20in%20Human%20Development%20-001.pdf</ref> unaotathmini athari za kiuchumi, kimaendeleo na kimahusiano za sera ya udhibiti wa mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali nchini Pakistani,<ref>https://fp.brecorder.com/2019/05/20190503469245/</ref> na alama za maslahi ya kitaifa katika sekta ya kijamii.<ref>https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/466224-sustainable-economy-linked-to-quality-of-civil-liberties</ref> ==Machapisho== Amechangia katika machapisho<ref>{{Citation|title=Our Publications|url=https://dchd.org.pk/our-publications/|work=DCHD|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-10|archive-date=2020-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027160143/https://dchd.org.pk/our-publications/|url-status=dead}}</ref> kadhaa kuhusu mada kama vile haki za binadamu na ujenzi wa amani. *Utetezi ni nini? *Kutumia Vyombo vya Habari kwa ajili ya utetezi wa haki za binadamu *Moduli ya mafunzo kuhusu uanaharakati wa haki za binadamu *Moduli ya mafunzo kuhusu Haki za Wanawake *Moduli ya mafunzo kuhusu Haki za Mtoto *Moduli ya mafunzo kuhusu Uhuru wa Kidini na Haki za Walio Wachache *Moduli ya mafunzo kuhusu ujuzi wa kushughulikia migogoro *Utafiti kuhusu Athari za maelewano katika kesi za mauaji<ref>https://dailytimes.com.pk/60169/in-pakistan-laws-fail-to-stop-honour-killing/</ref> ===Makala=== *Kulinda haki za mtoto (Kiurdu)<ref>https://www.humsub.com.pk/358799/tanveer-jahan-4/</ref> *Kipumuaji kilinipa uhai (Kiurdu)<ref>https://www.humsub.com.pk/307305/tanveer-jahan-3/</ref> *Mauaji ya Jallianwala Bagh (Kiurdu)<ref>https://www.humsub.com.pk/11981/tanveer-jahan-2/</ref> *Taarifa ya Bhagat Singh Mahakamani (Kiurdu)<ref>https://www.humsub.com.pk/9406/%d8%a8%da%be%da%af%d8%aa-%d8%b3%d9%86%da%af%da%be-%d9%86%db%92-%d8%b9%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa-%d9%85%db%8c%da%ba-%da%a9%db%8c%d8%a7-%da%a9%db%81%d8%a7%d8%9f/</ref> *Athari za ukatili kwa Wanawake<ref>https://www.humsub.com.pk/7556/tanveer-jahan/</ref> *Sauti pekee: Mwanaharakati wa haki za wanawake, Nighat Said Khan<ref>http://herald.dawn.com/news/1153358</ref> *Haki kwa wanawake: kidogo sana na polepole sana<ref>https://dailytimes.com.pk/110689/justice-for-women-too-little-and-too-slow/</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{BD|1962|}} [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Pakistan]] [[Jamii:WikiGap JWK 2026]] gh1vya01phlgjkmpsgsze4nuumidwkx 0 225393 1530162 1495778 2026-05-02T19:05:13Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1530162 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zuwera Mohammed Ibrahimah''' (alizaliwa [[27 Julai]], [[1970]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Ghana]]. Yeye ni mwanachama wa Chama cha Kidemokrasia cha Kitaifa (Ghana). Ni [[Mbunge]] wa [[Salaga Kusini]] katika Eneo la Savannah la [[Ghana]]. Alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza katika eneo la [[Salaga]] kuchaguliwa kuwa mbunge katika jamhuri ya nne. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Zuwera Mohammed alizaliwa tarehe 27 Julai 1970 kwa waliyokuwa Kuntundawura, Alhaji Mohammed Zublilah Ibrahimah wa Kpembe, ambaye alikuwa mkuu wa zamani na rektara wa Tamale Polytechnic, sasa Chuo Kikuu cha Kiufundi cha Tamale na Adisah Nassamu Ibrahimah.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|last=Duodu Samuel, Alhassan Zakaria|date=2020-12-16|title=Hajia Zuwera, first woman MP-elect in Savanna Region|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/hajia-zuwera-first-woman-mp-elect-in-savanna-region.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-28|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=MP redeems campaign pledge in donating brand new motorcycles - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/mp-redeems-campaign-pledge-in-donating-brand-new-motorcycles/ |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=MyJoyOnline. |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-08-24|title=Hajia Zuwera Ibrahimah|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2019/08/ndcdecides-zuwera-ibrahimah-secures-ndc-ticket-in-salaga-south-primaries/hajia-zuwera-ibrahimah-2/|access-date=2020-12-28|website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-09-14|title=NDC Salaga South Candidate Vows To Unseat Minister|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/ndc-salaga-south-candidate-vows-to-unseat-minister/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=DailyGuide Network|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1970|}} [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Ghana]] 3azihlron16qb4n8555s3276w5nih1s 0 225464 1530023 1495940 2026-05-02T18:43:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530023 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zanetor Agyeman-Rawlings''' (alizaliwa [[1 Juni]], [[1978]]) ni [[Daktari wa tiba]], [[mwanasiasa]], [[mwanaharakati]] na mpigania kampeni wa [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Zanetor Agyeman Rawlings, Biography |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Zaetor-Agyeman-Rawlings-1763 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=GhanaWeb}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/members?mp=94036 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=www.parliament.gh}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1978|}} [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Ghana]] c0cue78ucxg6tpkr28ptck0zz34o17n 0 225525 1529855 1496053 2026-05-02T12:29:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529855 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yvette Ngwevilo Rekangalt''' ni [[mfanyabiashara]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/afrique/vie-publique_497292.html|title=Vie publique|last1=Gomez|first1=Virginie|last2=Yves-Laurent | first2=Ngoma|date=12 December 2002|website=L'Express|access-date=12 December 2002}}</ref> wa [[Gabon]], [[mwanasheria]] wa masuala ya ufilisi (msimamizi wa kisheria wa mali katika kesi za kufilisika) katika mahakama ya Libreville na pia ni kiongozi wa [[haki za binadamu]]. Alifanya kazi kwa takribani miaka 25 kama mwanasheria (jurist) katika sekta ya [[mafuta na gesi]], akijihusisha na masuala ya kisheria yanayohusu kampuni za nishati.Rekangalt pia amekuwa mwanachama wa Baraza la Kiuchumi, Kijamii na Kitamaduni la [[African Union]], akiwakilisha eneo la Afrika ya Kati kwa vipindi vitatu. Katika baraza hilo, aliwahi kuwa mwenyekiti wa Kamati ya Miundombinu na Nishati. Katika siasa, aligombea nafasi ya uongozi wakati wa uchaguzi wa Gabon wa mwaka 2009, lakini baada ya kutangazwa kwa matokeo alijiondoa katika uwanja wa [[siasa]].Hata hivyo, ameendelea kuwa mwenye shughuli nyingi katika biashara na shughuli za kijamii, pamoja na kuendeleza juhudi za kutetea haki za binadamu. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.infosplusgabon.com/article.php3?id_article=1631 |title=Origins of Madame Yvette Ngwevilo Rekangalt |publisher=InfoPlusGabon}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1956|}} [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Gabon]] 9gc5gd7hg4yp4q3kau201qu62fixqha 0 225787 1529912 1497768 2026-05-02T15:24:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529912 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rachel Coleman''' ni mzalishaji, [[mwimbaji]], [[mwandishi]] wa nyimbo, na [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. Pamoja na dada yake [[Emilie de Azevedo Brown]], aliunda mfululizo wa video wa [[Signing Time!]] kufundisha watoto lugha ya ishara ya Kimarekani zilizo onyeshwa kwenye televisheni ya umma. Anazalisha, anaelekeza, na kuigiza katika mfululizo huo, na kushughulikia mengi ya shughuli zake kama mwanzilishi mwenza wa [[Two Little Hands Productions]]..<ref name="Our Story">{{cite web|title=Our Story|url=http://www.signingtime.com/company/about-us/story/|website=signingtime.com|accessdate=24 April 2016|archive-date=2017-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910041134/http://www.signingtime.com/company/about-us/story/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Maisha == Rachel de Azevedo alizaliwa [[Van Nuys, California]], kwa Lex na Linda de Azevedo kama mtoto wa tano kati ya watoto tisa. Coleman na baba yake walishinda [[Tuzo ya Pearl]] mnamo 2007 kwa nyimbo walizofanya kwa watoto.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Evolution of Rachel Coleman|url=http://www.rachelcoleman.com/2008/10/09/the-evolution-of-rachel-coleman/|website=rachelcoleman.com|date=9 October 2008|accessdate=21 April 2016|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108071742/http://www.rachelcoleman.com/2008/10/09/the-evolution-of-rachel-coleman/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa filamu wa kike wa Marekani]] 1miwsjwt6ps4zrbk4hldq02406yswxj 0 225984 1529783 1498689 2026-05-02T12:18:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1529783 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Younes Taha El Idrissi''' (amezaliwa [[27 Novemba]] [[2002]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] anayocheza kama kiungo kwa klabu ya FC Groningen kwa mkopo kutoka FC Twente.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/younes-taha-el-idrissi/755774/|title= Y. TAHA|website=Soccerway}}</ref> Amezaliwa nchini [[Uholanzi]], lakini anaiwakilisha [[Moroko]] katika ngazi ya [[vijana]]. == Wasifu wa klabu == === PEC Zwolle === Taha alijiunga na PEC Zwolle katika majira ya kiangazi ya mwaka 2022 akitokea FC Volendam, akiwa hajaanza mchezo wowote wa kiwango cha wakubwa kwa Volendam. Alisaini mkataba wa miaka miwili na chaguo la kuongeza mwaka mmoja zaidi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| url=https://www.nhnieuws.nl/nieuws/305273/younes-taha-verlaat-volendam-voor-degradant-pec-zwolle|title=Younes Taha verlaat Volendam voor degradant PEC Zwolle | trans-title=Younes Taha leaves Volendam for relegated PEC Zwolle | date=June 18, 2022 |website=nhnieuws.nl}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2022/08/07/netherlands/eerste-divisie/bvo-fc-zwolle/bv-de-graafschap/3798129/|title=PEC Zwolle vs. De Graafschap - 7 August 2022 - Soccerway|website=uk.soccerway.com}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|2002|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Moroko]] kiokqfhzm8s5sworogdbfjmke07hwbh 0 225998 1529838 1498499 2026-05-02T12:26:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529838 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Youssef Enríquez Lekhedim''' (amezaliwa [[7 Oktoba]], [[2005]]), anayejulikana pia kama '''Yusi''', ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kitaalamu anayeshinda kama left-back kwa [[klabu]] ya Deportivo Alavés. Alizaliwa Madrid na anawakilisha [[Morocco]] national football team. == Kazi ya klabu == Alizaliwa katika familia yenye baba Mspani na mama Mmoroko, Enríquez alianza kazi yake ya mpira wa miguu na CD San Fernando de Henares, kabla ya kujiunga na Rayo Vallecano mnamo 2013. Baada ya miaka miwili Rayo Vallecano, alihamia ED Moratalaz kwa mwaka mmoja, kisha akaenda Getafe CF mnamo 2016. Mnamo 2017, Enríquez alijiunga na kitengo cha vijana cha Real Madrid CF.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Real Madrid CF {{!}} Site Officiel du Real Madrid CF |url=https://www.realmadrid.com/fr-FR/football/centre-de-formation/juvenil-a/youssef-enriquez-lekhedim |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Real Madrid CF {{!}} Site Officiel du Real Madrid CF |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Spain - Yusi - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/youssef-enriquez-lekhedim/822274/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=int.soccerway.com}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|2005|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Moroko]] 4rr5wlovkt8u9ooy2706azuryxvi13w 0 226006 1529795 1498507 2026-05-02T12:20:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529795 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Youssef Hamdaoui''' (amezaliwa [[20 Machi]], [[2008]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] anayecheza kama [[kiungo]] wa kati kwa klabu ya Belgian Pro League Royal Antwerp F.C.. Alizaliwa Ubelgiji, ni mchezaji wa kimataifa wa [[vijana]] wa Morocco. ==Kazi ya klabu== ===Antwerp=== Akiwa mchezaji wa vijana wa Royal Antwerp F.C. tangu alipokuwa mchezaji wa U8, Hamdaoui alisaini mkataba wake wa kwanza wa kitaaluma na klabu hiyo mnamo [[29 Mei]], [[2024]] hadi [[2027]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.espn.nl/voetbal/lineups/_/wedstrijdId/703860 |title=Antwerp 2-1 Club Brugge (2 feb., 2025) Opstellingen - ESPN (NL) |trans-title=Antwerp 2-1 Club Brugge (2 Feb., 2025) Lineups - ESPN (NL) |website=ESPN.nl |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |first=Tahiry |last=Rakotoaritiana |date=May 27, 2024 |url=https://africafoot.com/youssef-hamdaoui-va-prolonger-son-sejour-au-royal-antwerp/ |title=Youssef Hamdaoui va prolonger son séjour au Royal Antwerp |trans-title=Youssef Hamdaoui will extend his stay at Royal Antwerp. |website=AfricaFoot.com |language=fr}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|2008|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Moroko]] 1z3gbyfxusym7fm9e0b8r0oqhti8z2l 0 226074 1530034 1508115 2026-05-02T18:44:51Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530034 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zara Kay''' (alizaliwa [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanzania]], 1992) ni mwanaharakati wa haki za wanawake, mwenye makao yake makuu [[London]]. Yeye ndiye mwanzilishi wa Faithless Hijabi, shirika lisilo la faida la kimataifa linalolenga kuunga mkono haki za wanawake waliokulia kwenye dini ya Kiislamu, hasa wale wanaotaka kuhama Uislamu. == Wasifu == Kay alizaliwa na kukulia kwenye Uislamu wa Khoja [[Washia Ithna ashari|Twelver]] [[Washia|Shia]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Galloway|first=Anthony|date=2021-04-29|title=When Zara feared for her safety in Tanzania she thought the Australian high commission would help her|url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/when-zara-feared-for-her-safety-in-tanzania-she-thought-the-australian-high-commission-would-help-her-20210426-p57mjj.html|accessdate=2021-04-29|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en}}</ref> Nyumbani kwao walizungumza lugha za [[Kiingereza]], [[Kigujarati]], [[Kiswahili]], na [[Kikachchi|Kutchi]], lakini si [[Kiarabu]]. Mama yake alikuwa mtu wa Kenya na baba yake alikuwa Mtanzania. Wazazi wake walikuwa Waislamu wahafidhina na alikuwa na ndugu watano: dada wanne na kaka mmoja. Alianza kuvaa [[hijabu]] tangu akiwa na umri wa miaka minane, kwa sababu "alitaka kuwa msafi zaidi, nilitaka Mungu anipende zaidi." Kwa mtazamo wa nyuma, alisema "hiyo si chaguo. Hiyo ni kulazimisha." Akiwa na umri wa miaka kumi na nne, Kay alianza kuhoji dini yake, akitaka kujua ni kwa nini hangeweza kuwa rafiki na wasio Waislamu, kusikiliza muziki, kuacha hijabu yake na hakutaka kuolewa akiwa na miaka kumi na minane (kama baadhi ya marafiki zake). Baada ya kumaliza sekondari akiwa na umri wa miaka kumi na tano, alihamia [[Malaysia]] kusoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Sunway na kisha Chuo Kikuu cha Monash huko Bandar Sunway akiwa na umri wa miaka kumi na sita. Aliacha kuvaa hijabu akiwa na umri wa miaka kumi na minane.<ref name="Loomes" /> Baada ya takriban miaka 3½ ya kukaa nchini Malaysia, alipokuwa na umri wa miaka kumi na tisa, Kay alihamia Australia mwaka wa 2012 ili kuendelea na masomo yake katika chuo kikuu cha Australia huko [[Melbourne]].<ref name="Loomes">{{Rejea habari |last=Phoebe Loomes |date=17 January 2019 |title=Ex-Muslim activist says renouncing Islam more difficult for women, invited constant sexual harassment |work=[[news.com.au]] |publisher=News Corp Australia |url=https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/exmuslim-activist-says-renouncing-islam-more-difficult-for-women-invited-constant-sexual-harassment/news-story/0932d06933208f24e973a5e6d5d968d1 |access-date=12 March 2019}}</ref> Alimaliza shahada yake ya kwanza katika [[teknolojia ya habari]] na shahada yake ya uzamili katika mifumo ya habari za biashara akiwa na umri wa miaka ishirini na mmoja. Kay alipata kazi kama mhandisi wa kampuni ya IT huko Melbourne, na kisha akafanya kazi kama mhandisi wa usaidizi wa kiufundi Google huko [[Sydney]] hadi 2018. Mwaka huohuo alipata uraia wa Australia. Alihamia London mnamo 2019. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Dar es Salaam]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Australia]] 6tlng3o4m44o8wzhlbtmj1hht311udh 0 226368 1530235 1499495 2026-05-02T22:15:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530235 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shady Oukhadda''' (amezaliwa tarehe [[17 Januari]], [[1999]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[mpira wa miguu]] anayechukua nafasi ya [[kiungo]] katika klabu ya Casertana FC. Amezaliwa nchini [[Italia]] na amewahi kuiwakilisha [[Morocco]] national under-20 football team katika ngazi ya [[vijana]]. == Kazi ya klabu == Alifanya debuti yake katika Serie C kwa klabu ya Albissola 2010 tarehe [[19 Septemba]], [[2018]] katika mchezo dhidi ya Olbia Calcio 1905.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2018/09/19/italy/serie-c1/albissola/olbia-calcio/2918819/|title=Game Report by Soccerway|date=19 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|publisher=[[Robur Siena|Siena]]|url=https://robursiena.it/2019/07/18/shady-oukhadda-giocatore-della-robur-siena/|title=Shady Oukhadda nuovo giocatore della Robur Siena|date=18 July 2019|language=Italian}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1999|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Moroko]] 0akzrkjn7yj6qh6z7sqq74ysp9h2k8k 0 226437 1529781 1499708 2026-05-02T12:18:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1529781 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Younes Boudadi''' (amezaliwa tarehe [[23 Januari]], [[1996]]) ni mchezaji wa kulipwa wa [[mpira wa miguu]] anayechukua nafasi ya [[beka]] katika klabu ya Union Omaha inayoshiriki ligi ya USL League One. Amezaliwa [[Belgium]], na amewahi kuiwakilisha [[Morocco]] national under-20 football team katika ngazi ya [[vijana]]. == Kazi ya klabu == === Ngazi ya amatua === Boudadi alijiunga na Club Brugge KV akiwa na umri wa miaka 7 tu, na alicheza nao kwa zaidi ya miaka 13.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://gocreighton.com/sports/mens-soccer/roster/younes-boudadi/5320|title=Younes Boudadi - 2019 - Men's Soccer|website=Creighton University Athletics}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://bceagles.com/sports/mens-soccer/roster/younes-boudadi/9580|title=Younes Boudadi - Men's Soccer|website=Boston College Athletics}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://sportmagazine.knack.be/sport/voetbal-internationaal/belg-in-het-buitenland-younes-boudadi-23-mag-zich-bewijzen-bij-los-angeles-fc/article-normal-1555561.html|title=Belg in het buitenland: Younes Boudadi (23) mag zich bewijzen bij Los Angeles FC|first=Christian|last=Vandenabeele|date=January 21, 2020|website=Site-Sportmagazine-NL}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1996|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Moroko]] cv6hp8fiopofv5bm79sj763r7kn8o0f 0 226529 1529780 1500061 2026-05-02T12:17:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529780 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Younes Bnou Marzouk''' (alizaliwa [[2 Machi]], [[1996]]) ni mtaalamu wa [[mpira wa miguu]] ambaye anacheza kama [[mshambuliaji]] wa mbele kwa klabu ya Albania KF Erzeni|Erzeni. Alizaliwa [[Ufaransa]] akiwa na asili ya [[Moroko]], aliwakilisha mataifa yote mawili katika ngazi za kimataifa za [[vijana]].<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|last=Camedda|first=Paolo|date=31 July 2013|title=Generazione di Fenomeni – Younes Bnou Marzouk, il Lewandowski marocchino su cui scommette la Juventus|url=https://www.goal.com/it/news/2/serie-a/2013/07/31/4152858/generazione-di-fenomeni-younes-bnou-marzouk-il-lewandowski|access-date=25 December 2021|website=Goal.com|language=it}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1996|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Moroko]] mtxvln67itiqm0yhlbyc6zwumllnkyq 0 226617 1529796 1500822 2026-05-02T12:20:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529796 wikitext text/x-wiki Youssef Safri (alizaliwa tarehe [[3 Januari]], [[1977]]) ni [[kocha]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Moroko]] na mchezaji wa zamani wa kulipwa. == Kazi ya klabu == Safri alianza maisha yake ya soka katika ngazi ya vijana akiwa na klabu ya Rachad Bernoussi. Mwaka uliofuata, alipandishwa kwenye kikosi cha wakubwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://members.tripod.com/raja_casablanca/effectif_19992000.htm|title=EFFECTIF 1999|website=members.tripod.com|access-date=14 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/tigana-makes-clubrecord-ps7-5m-bid-for-marlet-9247752.html |title=Tigana makes club-record £7.5m bid for Marlet |date=22 August 2001 |last=Nixon |first=Alan |access-date=2 September 2025 |website=The Independent}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1977|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Moroko]] 13qu6ufaz91pwb7ltb5r0jd5r5v68wb 0 226665 1530242 1501037 2026-05-02T22:51:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | picha = | jina = Shauwn Mkhize | maelezo = | jina la kuzaliwa = <!-- tumia ikiwa ni tofauti na 'jina' --> | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1975|04|06|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/celebrity-news/local/watch-shauwn-mkhize-releases-video-in-celebration-of-her-birthday-f6e09fa0-b276-4de9-b04c-e46201828ca0 |title=WATCH: Shauwn Mkhize releases video in celebration of her birthday |work=iol.co.za |accessdate=12 Novemba 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citizen.co.za/entertainment/celebrity-news/watch-inside-mamkhizes-stylish-49th-birthday-celebration/ |title=WATCH: Inside MaMkhize's stylish 49th birthday celebration |work=citizen.co.za |accessdate=9 Aprili 2024}}</ref> | mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[KwaZulu-Natal]], Afrika Kusini | tarehe ya kifo = | mahali pa kifo = | majina mengine = {{Ubl|MaMkhize|Mam'Mkhize}} | elimu = Durban University of Technology | watoto = 2 | tovuti = }} '''Shauwn Mkhize''', anayejulikana pia kama '''Mam'Mkhize''', ni mfanyabiashara, mjasiriamali, mfadhili na mtu wa televisheni kutoka Afrika Kusini. Pia ni mtu maarufu wa kijamii. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Shauwn Mkhize alizaliwa na kukulia katika kijiji cha Umbumbulu huko KwaZulu-Natal chini ya uangalizi wa mama yake, Florence Mkhize, ambaye alikuwa mwanaharakati wa chama cha [[African National Congress|ANC]] na mpigania uhuru dhidi ya ubaguzi wa rangi.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2020-06-21-it-took-me-so-long-to-be-this-happy-shauwn-mkhize/|title=It took me so long to be this happy: Shauwn Mkhize|work=timeslive.co.za|accessdate=22 Juni 2021}}</ref> Alipata Diploma ya Uhasibu kutoka ML Sultan Technikon (sasa Durban University of Technology). == Kazi == Alianza kazi yake mwaka 1996 baada ya kuhitimu. Alifanya kazi katika idara za fedha katika kampuni mbalimbali kabla ya kuingia kwenye biashara zake binafsi. === Biashara === Alianzisha kampuni ya ujenzi iitwayo "Zikhulise Group", pamoja na biashara nyingine kama Zikhulise Maintenance and Transport, Zikhulise Auto Recoveries na Inyanga Trading. Pia aliwahi kumiliki klabu ya mpira wa miguu ya Afrika Kusini, Royal Eagles F.C.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.all4women.co.za/1926984/fashion-and-beauty/beauty-tips/5-things-you-need-to-know-about-sas-new-reality-star-shauwn-mkhize|title=5 Things you need to know about SA's new reality star Shauwn Mkhize|work=all4women.co.za|date=17 Januari 2020}}</ref> Mwaka [[2019]] alichukua umiliki wa klabu ya Royal AM F.C. ambayo baadaye ilikumbwa na matatizo ya kifedha na kisheria. Klabu hiyo ilifutwa kwenye ligi mwaka [[2025]] kutokana na matatizo ya kodi na ukiukwaji wa kanuni za ligi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/sport/soccer/psl/psls-bog-vote-overwhelmingly-in-favour-of-royal-am-expulsion-20250410|title=PSL yafukuza Royal AM kutoka ligi|work=News24}}</ref> Mamlaka ya Mapato ya Afrika Kusini (SARS) ilichukua na kuuza magari ya kifahari ili kulipa madeni ya kodi yaliyokuwa yakidaiwa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://witness.co.za/news/2025/07/17/pics-luxury-cars-linked-to-shauwn-mkhize-and-royal-am-fetch-r8-2m-at-auction/|title=Magari ya kifahari yauzwa kulipa madeni ya kodi|work=The Witness}}</ref> === Uhisani === Mkhize amefanya kazi za kijamii katika KwaZulu-Natal, akitoa misaada kama viatu na taulo za kike kwa shule za jamii maskini.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mzansimagic.dstv.com/show/kwa-mam-mkhize/five-reasons-why-mam-mkhize-is-goals/news|title=Kwa nini Mam'Mkhize ni mfano wa kuigwa|work=mzansimagic.dstv.com}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Amehusika pia katika kampeni dhidi ya ukatili wa kijinsia na maambukizi ya HIV/AIDS. Alitunukiwa tuzo ya Woman of the Year mwaka 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-star-south-africa-early-edition/20200928/281844351078027|title=Shauwn Mkhize apokea tuzo|work=The Star}}</ref> === Televisheni === Mwaka 2020 alizindua kipindi chake cha reality TV kiitwacho ''Kwa Mam’ Mkhize'' kwenye Mzansi Magic. Pia alionekana kwenye kipindi cha ''Uzalo'' mwaka [[2021]] kama mgeni wa heshima.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailysun.co.za/Celebs/shauwn-mkhize-joins-uzalo-20210301|title=Shauwn Mkhize ajiunga Uzalo|work=dailysun.co.za}}</ref> === Mitandao ya kijamii === Mwaka [[2020]] alianza kutumia mitandao ya kijamii na alipata zaidi ya wafuasi milioni 1 ndani ya miezi minane kwenye Instagram.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/celebrity-news/local/shauwn-mkhize-compares-the-feeling-of-reaching-1m-followers-to-1st-million-at-21-656cae76-e378-44a9-a5af-174e81ba1c71|title=Maoni ya kufikia wafuasi milioni 1|work=iol.co.za}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mkhize, Shauwn}} {{BD|1975|}} [[Category:Wajasiriamali wa Afrika Kusini]] j6glkvgipb5dv6we4quklrhum9brbrg 0 226867 1530228 1514043 2026-05-02T21:38:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530228 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sefi Atta''' (alizaliwa [[Lagos]], Nigeria, [[Januari 19]], [[1964]]) ni mwandishi wa riwaya, hadithi fupi, tamthilia na filamu kutoka [[Nigeria]] na [[Marekani]]. Vitabu vyake vimetafsiriwa kwenda lugha nyingi, tamthilia zake za redio zimetangazwa hadi huko na [[BBC]], na tamthilia zake za jukwaani zimechezwa kimataifa. Tuzo alizopokea ni pamoja na Tuzo ya Fasihi ya Wole Soyinka ya 2006 barani [[Afrika]] na [[Tuzo ya Noma|Tuzo ya Noma ya 2009 ya Uchapishaji barani Afrika]]. == Biografia == Atta alizaliwa kwenye familia ya watoto watano. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Ifeoma|date=2018-09-19|title=5 Female Revolutionary Writers From Nigeria Whose Books Are Widely Acclaimed|url=https://fabwoman.ng/nigerian-female-contemporary-authors-2018-fabwoman/|accessdate=2025-01-31|work=FabWoman|language=en-US}}</ref> Baba yake Abdul-Aziz Atta alikuwa Katibu wa [[Siasa ya Nigeria|Serikali ya Shirikisho]] na Mkuu wa Utumishi wa Umma hadi kifo chake mwaka wa 1972, na alilelewa na mama yake Iyabo Atta. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Atta, Sefi 1964- {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/atta-sefi-1964|accessdate=2022-05-25|work=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> Alihudhuria Chuo cha Malkia, Lagos, na Shule ya Millfield nchini [[Uingereza]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sefi Atta|url=https://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=12277|accessdate=2025-02-07|work=www.litencyc.com|language=en}}</ref> Mwaka wa 1985, alihitimu na shahada ya BA kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Birmingham . Alihitimu kama mhasibu aliyeidhinishwa nchini Uingereza na kama CPA nchini Marekani, ambapo alihamia mnamo 1994. Alipata shahada ya Uzamili katika uandishi wa ubunifu kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Antioch Los Angeles kwenye kipindi cha mwaka 2001. Ameolewa na Gboyega Ransome-Kuti, daktari wa wanadamu, kijana wa [[:en:Olikoye_Ransome-Kuti|Olikoye Ransome-Kuti]] na wamepata mtoto moja, anaeitwa Temi. == Kazi == Atta alihitimu kutoka programu ya uandishi wa ubunifu kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Antioch mahali panapoitwa Los Angeles. <ref>{{Citation|last=TOBAR|first=HÉCTOR|title=Americanismo|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt21kk1rh.19|pages=173–182|periodical=Latinx Writing Los Angeles|publisher=UNP - Nebraska|doi=10.2307/j.ctt21kk1rh.19|access-date=2025-02-07}}</ref> Hadithi zake fupi zimeonekana kwenye majarida ya fasihi kama vile ''The Los Angeles Review'', ''Mississippi Review'' na ''World Literature Today'' . <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/8255951-swallow|title=Swallow|last=Atta|first=Sefi|date=2010|publisher=Interlink Books|isbn=978-1-56656-833-3|location=Northampton, Mass|oclc=606053609}}</ref> Pia ameandika insha, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.africanwriter.com/one-or-the-other-by-sefi-atta/|title=One or the Other: An Essay by Sefi Atta|first=Sefi|author=Atta|work=AfricanWriter.com|date=9 May 2008|accessdate=1 April 2024}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> na makala zake kuhusu Lagos na Nigeria zimeonekana kwenye machapisho mbalimbali kama vile ''Time'' and ''Libération'' . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Szupernap|title=Sefi Atta az angol Wikipedián · Moly|url=https://moly.hu/alkotok/sefi-atta/wikipedia-angol|accessdate=2025-02-07|work=Moly|language=hu}}</ref> Vitabu vyake vimetafsiriwa kwenye lugha kadhaa ulimwenguni. Riwaya yake ya kwanza, ''Everything Good Will Come'', ilishinda Tuzo ya kwanza ya Wole Soyinka ya Fasihi barani Afrika mwaka wa 2006. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Writing Contemporary Nigeria: How Sefi Atta Illuminates African Culture and Tradition By Walter Collins|url=https://www.cambriapress.com/pub.cfm?bid=639|accessdate=2022-05-25|work=www.cambriapress.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.luminafoundationsoyinkaprize.com/previous-winners.html|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20131218003947/http://www.luminafoundationsoyinkaprize.com/previous-winners.html|archivedate=2013-12-18|title=The Prize {{!}} 2006 Winner|publisher=The Lumina Foundation|accessdate=1 April 2024}}</ref> Yeye ni mchangiaji mzuri wa mkusanyiko wa vitabu wa 2019 ''New Daughters of Africa'', uliohaririwa na [[Margaret Busby]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.luminafoundationsoyinkaprize.com/previous-winners.html|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20131218003947/http://www.luminafoundationsoyinkaprize.com/previous-winners.html|archivedate=2013-12-18|title=After seminal anthology, Busby celebrates New Daughters of Africa|first=Olatoun|author=Gabi-Williams|work=The Guardian|date=21 April 2019}}</ref> Kampuni ya uzalishaji ya Atta yenye makao yake makuu huko eneo la Lagos, Atta Girl, inaunga mkono Jali Kusoma, mpango aliouanzisha ili kupata fedha kwa ajili ya mashirika halali ya kutoa misaada kupitia usomaji wa vipindi. == Bibliografia == '''Riwaya''' * 2005: ''Kila Kitu Kizuri Kitakuja'', Marekani: Vitabu vya Interlink, . Uingereza: Matoleo Mingi, * 2010: ''Swallow'', Vitabu vya Interlink, * 2013: ''Tofauti Kidogo'', Vitabu vya Interlink, * 2019: ''Mkusanyaji wa Shanga'', Marekani: Vitabu vya Interlink, . Uingereza: Matoleo Mingi, * 2022: ''Wahamiaji Wabaya'', Vitabu vya Interlink, '''Makusanyo ya hadithi fupi''' * 2010: ''Habari kutoka Nyumbani'', Vitabu vya Interlink, * 2025: ''Asili'', Vitabu vya Interlink, '''Kitabu cha watoto''' * 2018: ''Malkia wa Tamthilia'', AAA Press, Nigeria, '''Riwaya ya Vijana Wazima''' * 2024: ''Msichana Asiye na Faida'', Vitabu vya Interlink, '''Mikusanyiko ya Cheza''' * 2019: ''Sefi Atta; Tamthilia Zilizochaguliwa'', Vitabu vya Interlink, '''Maonyesho ya kwanza ya mchezo wa jukwaani''' * 2005: ''The Engagement'', Kituo cha MUSON, Lagos * 2011: ''Gharama ya Maisha'', Tamasha la Urithi la Lagos * 2011: ''Hagel auf Zamfara'', Theatre Krefeld, Ujerumani * 2012: ''Sherehe ya Kutaja Majina'', Ulimwengu Mpya Nigeria, Ukumbi wa Maonyesho Royal Stratford East, London * 2012: ''Urithi wa Kawaida'', Tamasha la MUSON, Kituo cha MUSON, Lagos * 2014: ''Stand ya Mwisho'', Terra Kulture, Lagos * 2018: ''Ukarabati'', Tamasha la Jos la Ukumbi wa Maigizo * 2019: ''Barabara ya Kifo'', Tamasha la Jos la Ukumbi wa Maonyesho '''Maigizo ya Redioni''' * 2002: ''The Engagement'', BBC Radio * 2004: ''Muujiza wa Makinwa'', BBC Radio * 2007: ''Siku ya Bure'', BBC Radio '''Filamu''' * 2021: ''Swallow'', filamu asilia ya [[Netflix]] inayotokana na riwaya ya pili ya Sefi Atta, ''Swallow'', iliyoandikwa kwa ushirikiano na Atta na Kunle Afolayan, ilionyeshwa kwa mara ya kwanza mnamo Oktoba 1. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Otosirieze|date=2021-03-09|title=Sefi Atta's Novel, Swallow, Goes to Netflix|url=https://opencountrymag.com/sefi-attas-swallow-being-adapted-for-netflix-by-kunle-afolayan-with-niyola-as-lead/|accessdate=2026-03-05|work=Open Country Mag|language=en-US}}</ref> == Tuzo na utambuzi == * 2002: Tuzo ya Waandishi ya Macmillan kwa Afrika, orodha fupi * 2002: Utendaji wa BBC African, Tuzo ya 2 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Previous Judges|url=http://caineprize.com/previous-judges|work=The Caine Prize for African Writing|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref> * 2002: Shindano la Hadithi Fupi za Zoetrope, Tuzo la 3 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Atta, Sefi - Peter Hammer Verlag|url=https://www.peter-hammer-verlag.de/autoren-details/sefi_atta/|work=www.peter-hammer-verlag.de|accessdate=2020-05-26|archivedate=7 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807033822/https://www.peter-hammer-verlag.de/autoren-details/sefi_atta/}}</ref> * 2003: Tuzo ya Hadithi Fupi ya Red Hen Press, tuzo ya kwanza <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Writing Contemporary Nigeria: How Sefi Atta Illuminates African Culture and Tradition By Walter Collins|url=https://www.cambriapress.com/cambriapress.cfm?template=4&bid=639|work=www.cambriapress.com|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref> * 2003: Tuzo ya ''Glimmer Train'' 's Very Short Fiction, iliyofika fainali * 2004: Utendaji wa [[BBC]] African, Tuzo ya 2 * 2005: Tuzo ya Kimataifa ya PEN David TK Wong, Tuzo ya 1 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sefi Atta|url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/133292.Sefi_Atta|work=www.goodreads.com|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref> * 2006: Tuzo ya Caine ya Uandishi wa Kiafrika, orodha fupi * 2006: Tuzo ya Wole Soyinka ya Fasihi barani Afrika <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Authors|url=https://www.africanwriter.com/authors/|work=AfricanWriter.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-26|archivedate=15 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515101315/https://www.africanwriter.com/authors/}}</ref> * 2009: [[Tuzo ya Noma|Tuzo ya Noma kwa Uchapishaji barani Afrika]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sefi Atta, Author Info, Published Books, Bio, Photo, Video, and More|url=https://aalbc.com/authors/author.php?author_name=Sefi+Atta|work=AALBC.com, the African American Literature Book Club|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref> * 2009: Shindano la Sinema la Zoetrope la Marekani, lililofika robo fainali <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sefi Atta :: Plays|url=https://www.sefiatta.com/plays.html|accessdate=2026-03-05|work=www.sefiatta.com}}</ref> * 2019: Maabara ya WeScreenPlay Diverse Voices, iliyofika fainali <ref name=":0" /> * 2019: Shindano la Sinema la Zoetrope la Marekani, lililofika fainali <ref name=":0" /> * 2021: Mkutano wa Kitaifa wa Waandishi wa Michezo, uliofika nusu fainali <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sefi Atta|url=https://africabokutalent.org/directory/talent/sefi-atta/|accessdate=2026-03-06|work=Africa Boku Talent|language=en-US}}</ref> '''Mwandishi Mgeni''' * 2024: Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Jackson * 2006: Chuo Kikuu cha Kusini mwa Mississippi * 2008: Chuo Kikuu cha Northwestern * 2010: École Normale Supérieure de Lyon Atta alikuwa kwenye baraza la majaji kwa ajili ya Tuzo ya Kimataifa ya Neustadt ya 2010 ya Fasihi, na jaji kwa ajili ya Tuzo ya Caine ya 2019 ya Uandishi wa Kiafrika . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=ThisisLagos|date=2018-12-19|title=Sefi Atta, others to judge Caine Prize for African Writing 2019|url=https://thisislagos.ng/sefi-atta-others-to-judge-caine-prize-for-african-writing-2019/|accessdate=2026-03-06|work=This Is Lagos|language=en-US}}</ref> Utafiti muhimu wa kazi zake, ''Writing Contemporary Nigeria: Namna Sefi Atta anavyoelezea Utamaduni na Mila'', uliohaririwa na Profesa Walter P. Collins, III, ulichapishwa na Cambria Press mwaka 2015. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Writing Contemporary Nigeria: How Sefi Atta Illuminates African Culture and Tradition By Walter Collins|url=https://www.cambriapress.com/pub.cfm?bid=639|accessdate=2026-03-06|work=www.cambriapress.com}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.sefiatta.com/ Tovuti ya Sefi Atta] * [[Ike Anya]], [https://www.africanwriter.com/sefi-atta-something-good-comes-to-nigerian-literature/ "Sefi Atta: Kitu Kizuri Huja katika Fasihi ya Nigeria"]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Jarida la Mwandishi wa Kiafrika'' [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]] p3ayvdr07b88y9ls93fnxl1bjuev9ez 0 226895 1529941 1513167 2026-05-02T17:08:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260502sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1529941 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:GriotFête.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Griot wa Senegal, 1890]] [[File:Diffa Niger Griot DSC 0177.jpg|thumb|200px|Griot wa Wahausa anatumbuiza katika [[Diffa]], [[Niger]], akipiga komsa ([[Xalam]]).]] '''Griot''' ni mwanahistoria, msimulizi wa hadithi, mwimbaji wa sifa, mshairi, na/au mwanamuziki wa [[Afrika Magharibi]]. Magriot ni mabingwa wa kufikisha hadithi na historia kwa njia ya mdomo, jambo ambalo ni mapokeo ya Kiafrika.<ref name=":3">{{Rejea jarida |last=Henrich |first=Daniel J |date=2001-01-01 |title=The griot storyteller and modern media |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02500160108537921 |journal=Communicatio |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=24–27 |doi=10.1080/02500160108537921 |issn=0250-0167|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Badala ya kuandika vitabu vya historia, wanahistoria wa mdomo husimulia hadithi za kale walizozihifadhi kichwani. Wakati mwingine kuna familia za wanahistoria, na historia hizo za mdomo hupitishwa kutoka kizazi kimoja hadi kingine. Kusimulia hadithi kwa sauti huruhusu mzungumzaji kutumia mbinu za kishairi na kimuziki zinazoburudisha wasikilizaji. Hii imechangia historia nyingi za mdomo kunusurika kwa mamia ya miaka bila kuandikwa chini. Kupitia usimulizi wao, magriot huhifadhi na kupitisha maadili ya kabila au watu, kama vile Wasenegali. Watu wa Wolof nchini Senegal, ambao wengi wao hawawezi kusoma wala kuandika, hutegemea magriot ili kujifunza kuhusu utamaduni wao.<ref name=":3" /> Griot ni ghala la mapokeo ya mdomo na mara nyingi huonekana kama kiongozi kutokana na nafasi yake kama mshauri wa washiriki wa familia ya kifalme. Kutokana na kazi hizo mbili, wakati mwingine huitwa washairi wa ikulu. Pia hufanya kazi kama [[mediation|wasuluhishi]] katika migogoro. == Asili ya neno na istilahi == Neno hilo linaweza kuwa limetokana na uandishi wa [[French language|Kifaransa]] {{lang|fr|guiriot}} wa neno la [[Portuguese language|Kireno]] {{lang|pt|criado}}, ambalo ni neno la umoja wa kiume linalomaanisha 'mtumishi'. Magriot wanapatikana zaidi katika sehemu za kaskazini za Afrika Magharibi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Griot: Title given to a West African historian, storyteller, praise singer, poet and musician|url=https://originalpeople.org/griot-title-given-to-a-west-african-historian-storyteller-praise-singer-poet-and-musician/|last=Ho|first=Ro|date=2012-11-15|website=Originalpeople.org|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-27|archive-date=2017-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014030334/http://originalpeople.org/griot-title-given-to-a-west-african-historian-storyteller-praise-singer-poet-and-musician/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ingawa griot ana nafasi muhimu katika utamaduni wa Afrika, ni vigumu kubaini asili ya neno hilo; hivyo basi kuna aina mbalimbali za maneno ya griot katika lugha za Kiafrika. Magriot wanajulikana kwa majina kadhaa: {{lang|man|ߖߋ߬ߟߌ}} {{lang|man-Latn|jèli}}<ref>{{Cite dictionary|title=J-j|dictionary=Bambara/Dioula Dictionary|url=https://dictionary.ankataa.com/lexicon.php?letter=11|access-date=January 19, 2023|publisher=An ka taa|language=en}}</ref> katika maeneo ya kaskazini ya Mande, {{lang|man-Latn|jali}} katika maeneo ya kusini ya Mande, {{lang|wo|guewel}} kwa [[Kiwolofu]], {{lang|srr|paar}} au {{lang|srr|kevel}} au {{lang|srr|kewel}} au {{lang|srr|okawul}} kwa [[Kiserer-Sine|Kiserer]], {{lang|ff|gawlo}} {{lang|ff|𞤺𞤢𞤱𞤤𞤮}} kwa Kipulaar ([[Kifula|Kifulani]]), {{lang|mey-Latn|iggawen}} kwa Kihassaniya,<ref name=":2">{{Rejea jarida|last=Hale|first=Thomas A.|year=1997|title=From the Griot of Roots to the Roots of Griot: A New Look at the Origins of a Controversial African Term for Bard|url=http://journal.oraltradition.org/files/articles/12ii/2_Hale.pdf|journal=Oral Tradition|volume=12|issue=2|pages=249–278|access-date=2016-11-18|archive-date=2017-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202101752/http://journal.oraltradition.org/files/articles/12ii/2_Hale.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{lang|yo|arokin}} kwa [[Kiyoruba]],<ref name=":2" /> na {{lang|snk|diari}} au {{lang|snk|gesere}} kwa [[Kisoninke]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Gassire's Lute: A Reconstruction of Soninke Bardic Art |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_research-in-african-literatures_winter-1984_15_4/page/518 |first=Alta |last=Jablow |journal=[[Research in African Literatures]] |volume=15 |issue=4 |year=1984 |pages=519–29 |jstor=3819348 }}</ref> Baadhi ya maneno haya yanaweza kutokana na [[Arabic|Kiarabu]] {{lang|ar-Latn|qawl}}, 'kauli, tamko'.<ref name=":2" /> Neno la [[Kimandinka]] {{lang|man|ߖߋߟߌߦߊ}} {{lang|man-Latn|jeliya}} (linalomaanisha 'uwanamuziki') wakati mwingine hurejelea ujuzi wa magriot, likionyesha asili ya urithi ya tabaka hilo. {{lang|man-Latn|Jali}} linatokana na mzizi wa neno {{lang|man|ߖߊߟߌ}} {{lang|man-Latn|jali}} au {{lang|man-Latn|djali}} ('damu'). Hili pia ni jina linalopewa magriot katika maeneo yaliyokuwa ndani ya [[Milki ya Mali|Dola la Mali]]. Ingawa neno ''griot'' ni la kawaida zaidi kwa Kiingereza, baadhi ya watu, kama mshairi [[Bakari Sumano]], hupendelea neno ''jeli''. Leo, neno na tahajia ''djali'' mara nyingi hupendelewa, kama ilivyoandikwa na mshairi wa Marekani [[Amiri Baraka]]<ref>{{cite web| url=https://citylore.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/1999-PPG-Reflections-on-Oral-Traditions.pdf| title= Reflections on Oral Traditions: from Griot/Djali| first= Amiri| last=Baraka| date=1996| quote= Hivyo neno Griot, mshairi, mwanamuziki, mwanahistoria, msimulizi wa hadithi, linaanza kujulikana duniani kote. Ingawa ni la "Kifaransa" kama ishara iliyopitishwa, ndilo linalojulikana zaidi kwa Djali wa Afrika Magharibi (au Djeli, lakini Djeli ya, pia inamaanisha kitendo cha Djali).}}</ref> na mtengeneza filamu wa Kongo [[Balufu Bakupa-Kanyinda]].<ref>{{cite interview | interviewer-last=Niang | interviewer-first=Mamadou |first= Balufu |last=Bakupa-Kanyinda | title=Do not sleep with bitterness: Excerpt from an interview with Balufu Bakupa-Kanyinda | website=African Film Festival, Inc. | date=1 January 2003 | url=https://africanfilmny.org/articles/do-not-sleep-with-bitterness/ | access-date=22 August 2024|quote=MN: Kwa mafanikio kiasi, neno "djali" linachukua nafasi ya neno "griot", ambalo ni la Kifaransa. Lakini je, husemi kuwa neno "griot" kijadi hurejelea mlinzi wa historia?<br />BBK: Najisikia vizuri zaidi na neno "djali" kwa sababu lina maana ya uasi. Neno "djali" linaweza kurejelea ikulu, lakini pia ni sauti ya watu na ya zamani. Lakini nafikiri kuna tofauti kati ya, kwa upande mmoja, griot anayetukuza ikulu,... na mwimbaji anayevutiwa na historia na kumbukumbu. Leo unaweza kumlipa griot ili aimbe sifa zako; unaweza kumfanya aseme chochote unachotaka. Lakini huwezi kumlipa djali. }}</ref> == Jukumu == Kihistoria, Magriot huunda kundi maalumu la kitaalamu la kuoana wenyewe kwa wenyewe au tabaka,<ref>{{cite journal | last=Panzacchi | first=Cornelia | title=The Livelihoods of Traditional Griots in Modern Senegal | journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute | publisher=Cambridge University Press, International African Institute | volume=64 | issue=2 | year=1994 | issn=0001-9720 | jstor=1160979 | pages=190–210 | doi=10.2307/1160979 | s2cid=146707617 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1160979 | access-date=11 May 2023| url-access=subscription }}</ref> kumaanisha kwamba wengi wao huoa magriot wenzao tu, na kupitisha mapokeo ya usimulizi kupitia ukoo wa familia. Huko nyuma, familia ya magriot ingeambatana na familia ya wafalme au watawala, ambao walikuwa na hadhi ya juu kuliko magriot. Wafalme wote walikuwa na magriot, na magriot wote walikuwa na wafalme, na vijiji vingi pia vilikuwa na griot wao. Griot wa kijiji angesimulia hadithi za mada mbalimbali zikiwemo vizazi, vifo, ndoa, vita, uwindaji, mahusiano, na matukio mengine ya maisha.<ref>{{cite web | title=Storytelling traditions across the world: West Africa | website=All Good Tales | date=8 November 2018 | url=https://allgoodtales.com/storytelling-traditions-across-world-west-africa/ | access-date=11 May 2023}}</ref> Magriot wana jukumu kuu la kuweka hai hadithi za makabila na familia binafsi katika masumulizi ya mdomo, huku masimulizi yakisindikizwa na ala ya muziki. Wao ni sehemu muhimu ya matukio mengi ya Afrika Magharibi kama vile harusi, ambapo huimba na kuelezea historia ya familia ya bibi na bwana harusi. Pia ni jukumu lao kusuluhisha migogoro na kufanya kazi kama [[mediation|wasuluhishi]] katika kesi za migogoro. Heshima na kujuana na griot kulimaanisha kwamba wangeweza kuwakaribia pande zote mbili bila kushambuliwa, na kuanzisha mazungumzo ya amani kati ya pande zinazohasimiana.<ref name=peaceprints>{{cite web | title=Manny Ansar: A cultural Caravan for Peace| website=Peaceprints | url=https://www.peaceprints.ch/mannyansar-en | language=en | access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref> [[Francis Bebey]] anaandika kuhusu griot katika ''African Music, A People's Art'':<ref>Bebey, Francis (1969, 1975). ''African Music, A People's Art''. Brooklyn: Lawrence Hill Books.</ref>{{blockquote|Griot wa Afrika Magharibi ni msimulizi na msanii wa jadi, sawa na waimbaji wa hadithi wa Ulaya ya Kati. Griot anaifahamu jamii yake vizuri na hubeba kumbukumbu za historia na mapokeo ya watu wake. Ujuzi wake wa muziki na simulizi ni matokeo ya mafunzo marefu na kazi ngumu, mara nyingi chini ya mwalimu ambaye ni baba au mjomba. Ingawa mara nyingi watu hufikiria ni wanaume pekee, wanawake pia ni magriot na wana vipaji vya kushangaza kama waimbaji na wanamuziki.}} Kwa upendeleo huu wa kuwa msuluhishi asiyependelea upande wowote, magriot walikuwa na uhuru na matarajio ya kukosoa na kuwaongoza wale wenye hadhi ya juu ya kijamii. Mamlaka yao ya kitaalamu yaliwaruhusu kuzungumza kwa uaminifu hadharani, mara nyingi wakiwahutubia watu wa tabaka la juu, viongozi wa kisiasa, na familia tajiri. Kwa namna fulani, waliweza kuwa sauti ya waliotengwa na kwa vile jukumu lao katika mapokeo liliheshimiwa sana, ukosoaji wao haukupuuzwa. Katika vipindi vya awali, nguvu ya maneno ya "nyamakalw" (mafundi bingwa, wakiwemo magriot) iliaminika kuwa na nguvu ya kutosha kumpandisha mfadhili zaidi ya cheo chake au kudhoofisha nafasi ya kiongozi katika jamii.<ref name=":02">{{Rejea kitabu |last=Hale|first=Thomas A.|title=Griots and Griottes: Masters of Words and Music|url=https://archive.org/details/griotsgriottesma0000hale|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2007|isbn=9780253219619|pages=|chapter=Would You Want Your Daughter to Marry One?}}</ref> Magriot wamejifunza jinsi ya kutumia aina hii ya mawasiliano kama aina fulani ya ushawishi wa kijamii. Wanatambulika kwa matumizi yao ya kimkakati ya lugha katika mazingira ya kijamii na kisiasa. Aidha, magriot wenye ujuzi hupanga hotuba zao hivi kwamba maana nyingi zinaweza kufasiriwa kutoka kwa ujumbe uleule. Kitendo hiki kinajulikana kama heteroglossia<ref>'''Heteroglossia''': Ni hali ambapo lugha moja ina sauti na mitindo mingi tofauti kwa wakati mmoja. Kwa mfano, ndani ya jamii au maandishi, watu hutumia maneno na mitindo mbalimbali kulingana na nafasi, tabaka, au hali.</ref>, na ni aina ya utata unaodhibitiwa unaowaruhusu kuongeza ushawishi wao. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last=Hoffman|first=Barbara G.|title=Griots at War: Conflict, Conciliation, and Caste in Mande|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2001|isbn=9780253108937|pages=|chapter=A History of Fadenya: Interpretations of the Kita Griot War}}</ref> Uwezo wa kuongoza mitazamo inayokinzana kupitia hotuba unachukuliwa kama alama ya umahiri kwa magriot wa kiume na kike. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Utamaduni wa Gambia]] [[Jamii:Utamaduni wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Utamaduni wa Guinea]] [[Jamii:Utamaduni wa Ivory Coast]] [[Jamii:Utamaduni wa Mali]] [[Jamii:Utamaduni wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Utamaduni wa Senegal]] [[Jamii:Afrika ya Magharibi]] f2ks3cjqr1j832vsgsphxt95zauyhfc 0 226982 1530059 1502562 2026-05-02T18:48:51Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1530059 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zelna Saira Abader''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] anayehudumu katika Bunge la Afrika Kusini kama mbunge anayewakilisha [[Gauteng|jimbo la Gauteng]] kupitia chama cha uMkhonto weSizwe.<ref>{{Rejea habari|date=18 March 2025|title=MK Party Makes Several New Changes In Parliamentary Whippery|work=Salaamedia|url=https://www.suidkaapforum.com/News/Article/Politics/mk-party-makes-several-new-changes-in-parliamentary-whippery-202503181212|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620000251/https://www.suidkaapforum.com/News/Article/Politics/mk-party-makes-several-new-changes-in-parliamentary-whippery-202503181212|archive-date=20 June 2025|ref={{harvid|Suid-Kaap Forum|2025}}}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Zelna Saira Abader ni [[Mwislamu]], jambo linalomfanya kuwa mmoja wa wanawake wachache wa dini hiyo ndani ya Bunge la Afrika Kusini. Anafahamika kwa kujitolea kushirikiana na jamii mbalimbali, huku akizingatia misingi ya kidini na maadili ya kijamii katika kazi yake ya [[Siasa ya Afrika Kusini|kisiasa]].<ref>{{Rejea habari|last=Gerber|first=Jan|date=16 November 2024|title=MKP defends China's oppression of Uyghurs, aligns with Russian foreign policy|work=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|url=https://www.news24.com/politics/mkp-defends-chinas-oppression-of-uyghurs-aligns-with-russian-foreign-policy-20241116}}</ref> == Kazi == Katika uchaguzi mkuu wa [[2024]], Abader alichaguliwa kuingia bungeni kupitia orodha ya kikanda ya chama cha uMkhonto weSizwe kwa jimbo la Gauteng. Katika uchaguzi huo, chama hicho kilishika nafasi ya nne Gauteng, nyuma ya African National Congress (ANC), Democratic Alliance (DA) na Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF), na kufanikiwa kupata viti vitano katika Bunge la Afrika Kusini.<ref>{{Rejea habari|last=Jadwat|first=Zahid|date=8 August 2024|title='Where's the Zulu traditionalist?' asks MK's Abader|work=Salaamedia|url=https://salaamedia.com/2024/08/08/wheres-the-zulu-traditionalist-asks-mks-abader/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250619235342/https://salaamedia.com/2024/08/08/wheres-the-zulu-traditionalist-asks-mks-abader/|archive-date=19 June 2025}}</ref> Akiwa bungeni, Abader amehudumu katika Kamati ya Jalada ya Makazi ya Kibinadamu. Pia anatajwa kuwa mmoja wa wanawake wawili Waislamu ndani ya kundi la wabunge wa uMkhonto weSizwe. Mbali na hilo, amekuwa sehemu ya kamati ya chama hicho bungeni, na alimrithi Wesley Douglas katika Kundi la Amani na Usalama la uMkhonto weSizwe. == Misimamo ya kisiasa == Abader amekuwa akizungumzia kwa uwazi suala la mateso ya Wauyghur nchini China, na pia aliwahi kusema kuwa maelfu ya Wauyghur walijiunga na Dola la Kiislamu (ISIS). Pia amekuwa mkosoaji wa namna Waziri wa Makazi, Thembi Simelane, anavyoshughulikia masuala ya makazi, hususan miradi ya nyumba iliyokwama pamoja na madai ya ufisadi yanayohusishwa na sekta hiyo.<ref>{{Rejea habari|last=Manjeya|first=Yamkeleka|date=28 May 2025|title=R36 million vanished yet the same contractors remain – Simelane grilled over dodgy, incomplete housing projects|work=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/politics/r36-million-vanished-yet-the-same-contractors-remain-simelane-grilled-over-dodgy-incomplete-housing-projects-20250528-1075}}</ref> Kwa upande wa siasa za chama, Abader amesisitiza kuwa uMkhonto weSizwe si chama kinachowakilisha Wazulu pekee, bali ni chama kinachovutia watu kutoka asili na jamii mbalimbali. Kama mfano wa utofauti huo, alimtaja mkuu wa usalama wa Jacob Zuma aliyesoma Surat Al-Fatiha na Surat An-Nasr kutoka Qur’an katika mkutano wa chama uliofanyika Bela-Bela. Aidha, alieleza kuwa chama hicho pia kilipata kura nyingi katika jimbo la Gauteng, ambalo halina idadi kubwa ya Wazulu. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} [[Jamii: Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii: Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] kc49cyqsghk9qdmm8xwd5dmv83hubxw 0 227009 1529927 1506810 2026-05-02T16:24:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260502sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1529927 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi.jpg|thumb|429x429px|Taswira ya Rani Lakshmibai wa Jhansi]] '''Rani wa Jhansi''' (alizaliwa kama '''Manikarnika Tambe''', pia anajulikana kama '''Rani Lakshmibai'''; 1827–30, au 1835 – 18 Juni 1858) alikuwa mmoja wa viongozi wakuu wa [[Uasi wa India wa 1857]]. Alikuwa malkia wa dola la Jhansi kuanzia 1843 hadi 1853, na alichukua uongozi baada ya kuanza kwa mzozo ambapo alipigana vita kadhaa dhidi ya Waingereza. Maisha na matendo yake yanaenziwa nchini India ya sasa na bado ni alama muhimu ya uzalendo wa [[Uhindi|India]]. ==Maisha== Alizaliwa katika familia ya [[Wamamarathi|Kimarathi]] huko [[Varanasi]]. Manikarnika Tambe aliolewa na [[raja]] wa Jhansi, [[Gangadhar Rao]], akiwa mdogo na kuitwa jina la [[Rani]] Lakshmibai. Walipata mtoto mmoja wa kiume lakini alikufa akiwa mdogo. Wakati Gangadhar Rao akiwa karibu kufa mnamo 1853, alimchukua Damodar Rao, ambaye alikuwa ndugu yake mdogo, aliteuliwa kuwa mrithi wake. Hata hivyo, Shirika la British East India Company, ambalo wakati huo lilitawala sehemu kubwa ya India ikiwemo Jhansi, lilikataa kumtambua mrithi huyo na kuiteka Jhansi kwa kutumia sheria ya [[Doctrine of Lapse]] (sera ya [[Waingereza]] ya kunyakua majimbo ya kifalme pale ambapo mtawala hakuwa na mrithi wa kuzaliwa naye), huku wakipuuza malalamiko makali ya Rani kwa Gavana-Jenerali Lord Dalhousie. Mnamo Mei 1857, wanajeshi wa Kihindi waliokuwa Jhansi waliasi na kuwaua Waingereza wengi mjini humo; kuhusika kwa Rani katika matukio hayo bado kunajadiliwa. Alichukua uongozi wa Jhansi na kuunda jeshi ili kuzuia mashambulizi kutoka majimbo ya jirani. Ingawa hapo awali uhusiano wake na Waingereza ulikuwa wa wastani, waliamua kumchukulia kama adui: Meja Jenerali Hugh Rose alishambulia na kuiteka Jhansi mnamo Machi na Aprili 1858. Rani alitoroka akiwa juu ya farasi na kujiunga na viongozi wengine wa waasi huko [[Kalpi]], ambapo Rose aliwashinda mnamo 22 Mei. Waasi hao walikimbilia [[Gwalior Fort]], ambapo walipigana mara ya mwisho; Rani alifia hapo vitani. Baada ya uasi huo, jina na matendo ya Rani yalihusishwa sana na harakati za kizalendo nchini India. Hadithi zake, zilizochanganywa na [[imani za Kihindu]], zilipata umaarufu mkubwa. Alionekana kama shujaa mkuu wa harakati za uhuru wa India na bado anaheshimiwa hadi leo, ingawa jamii za [[Dalit]] huwa zinamtazama kwa mtazamo hasi. Rani Lakshmibai amechorwa sana kwenye sanaa, filamu, na vitabu, hasa katika shairi la mwaka 1930 "Jhansi Ki Rani" na riwaya ya Vrindavan Lal Verma ya mwaka 1946 ''Jhansi Ki Rani Lakshmibai''. ==Jisomee== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=David |first=Saul |author-link=Saul David |date=2003 |title=The Indian Mutiny: 1857 |url=https://archive.org/details/indianmutiny18570000davi |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-1410-0554-6}} * {{cite journal |last=Deshpande |first=Prachi |author-link=Prachi Deshpande |date=2008 |title=The Making of an Indian Nationalist Archive: Lakshmibai, Jhansi, and 1857 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-asian-studies_2008-08_67_3/page/854 |journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]] |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=855–879 |doi=10.1017/S0021911808001186}} * {{cite book |last=Jerinic |first=Maria |date=1997 |chapter=How We Lost the Empire: Retelling the Stories of the Rani of Jhansi and Queen Victoria |title=Remaking Queen Victoria |editor-last1=Homans |editor-first1=Margaret |editor-last2=Munich |editor-first2=Adrienne |location=Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=123–139 |isbn=978-0-5215-7379-5}} * {{cite book |last=Lebra |first=Joyce |author-link=Joyce Lebra |date=1986 |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/0e84ddff-e153-48ed-be1d-8dc21e374825/content |title=The Rani of Jhansi: A Study in Female Heroism in India |publisher=[[University of Hawai'i Press]] |location=[[Honolulu]] |format=PDF |isbn=978-0-8248-0984-3}} * {{cite book |last=Lebra |first=Joyce |author-link=Joyce Lebra |date=2008 |title=Women Against the Raj: The Rani of Jhansi Regiment |publisher=[[ISEAS Publishing]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-9-8123-0810-8}} * {{cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Rudrangshu |author-link=Rudrangshu Mukherjee |date=2021 |title=A Begum and a Rani: Hazrat Mahal and Lakshmibai in 1857 |publisher=[[Penguin Random House|Penguin Random House India]] |location=[[Gurugram]] |isbn=978-0-6700-9066-2}} * {{cite book |last=Narayan |first=Badri |date=2006 |author-link=Badri Narayan (writer) |title=Women Heroes and Dalit Assertion in North India: Culture, Identity and Politics |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8-1321-0280-9}} * {{cite book |last=Pender |first=Sebastian Raj |date=2022 |title=The 1857 Indian Uprising and the Politics of Commemoration |location=Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-0090-5227-6}} * {{cite book |last=Roy |first=Tapti |date=1994 |title=The Politics of a Popular Uprising: Bundelkhand in 1857 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0-1956-3612-3 }} * {{cite book |last=Roy |first=Tapti |date=2006 |title=Raj of the Rani |url=https://archive.org/details/rajofrani0000royt |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0-1430-6221-9}} * {{cite book |last=Sharpe |first=Jenny |author-link=Jenny Sharpe |date=1993 |title=Allegories of Empire: The Figure of Woman in the Colonial Text |url=https://archive.org/details/allegoriesofempi0000shar |location=[[Minneapolis]] |publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]] |isbn=978-0-8166-2059-3}} * {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Harleen |date=2014 |title=The Rani of Jhansi: Gender, History, and Fable in India |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-1-1073-3749-7}} * {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Harleen |date=2020 |chapter=India's Rebel Queen: Rani Lakshmi Bai and the 1857 Uprising |title=Women Warriors and National Heroes: Global Histories |editor-last1=Shubert |editor-first1=Adrian |editor-last2=Cothran |editor-first2=Boyd |editor-last3=Judge |editor-first3=Joan |editor-link3=Joan Judge |pages=23–38 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-3501-2113-3}} {{Refend}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{Commons category-inline|Rani Lakshmibai}} * {{wikiquote-inline}} {{BD|1835|1858}} [[Jamii:WikiGap JWK 2026]] [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Uhindi]] aclgw191ghkvqskpf7tn6qiflfxm9k6 0 227021 1529939 1502861 2026-05-02T16:54:10Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529939 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rena Chynoweth''' (alizaliwa mnamo 1958) ni mwanachama wa zamani wa kundi la kidini lenye msimamo mkali la ''Church of the First Born of the Lamb of God'', lililoongozwa na mume wake, '''Ervil LeBaron'''. Anajulikana zaidi kihistoria kwa kuhusika kwake katika mauaji ya kiongozi wa kidini mpinzani, [[Rulon C. Allred]], mnamo mwaka 1977. Tukio hili liliweka wazi ukatili uliokuwa ukiendelea ndani ya makundi ya mitala (polygamy) yenye msimamo mkali nchini [[Marekani]] na [[Mexico]].<ref name="latimes1988">{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-01-24-vw-25101-story.html|title=The 4th Wife: Rena Chynoweth’s Story of Murder and Redemption|last=Chynoweth|first=Rena|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=24 Januari 1988|access-date=7 Aprili 2026}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na kujiunga na LeBaron == Rena alizaliwa katika mfumo wa maisha ya mitala, na familia yake ilikuwa wafuasi wa Ervil LeBaron. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 16 pekee, Rena aliolewa na Ervil kama mke wake wa sita (baadaye Ervil alikuwa na wake zaidi ya 13). Ndani ya kundi hilo, Rena na wanachama wengine walipotoshwa vya kutosha, ambapo waliaminishwa kuwa Ervil alikuwa msemaji wa Mungu duniani na amri zake hazipaswi kupingwa.<ref name="nytimes1992">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/17/us/the-violent-legacy-of-a-polyga-mist-leader.html|title=The Violent Legacy of a Polygamist Leader|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=17 Mei 1992|access-date=7 Aprili 2026}}</ref> == Mauaji ya Rulon Allred (1977) == Ervil LeBaron alikuwa na ugomvi wa muda mrefu na Rulon Allred, kiongozi wa kundi lingine la mitala (Apostolic United Brethren), kwa sababu ya ushindani wa madaraka na tofauti za mafundisho. Ervil aliamuru kuuawa kwa Allred kwa kutumia fundisho la "utakasaji wa damu" (blood atonement). Mnamo tarehe 10 Mei 1977, Rena Chynoweth na Ramona Marston walitumwa kwenda katika ofisi ya Allred huko Murray, [[Utah]]. Wakiwa wamevalia mawigi ili kuficha utambulisho wao, Rena alimpiga risasi Allred mara kadhaa na kumuua mbele ya wagonjwa wake.<ref name="deseret2010">{{cite web|url=https://www.deseret.com/2010/5/10/20113886/killing-of-rulon-allred-recalled|title=Killing of Rulon Allred Recalled|website=Deseret News|date=10 Mei 2010|access-date=7 Aprili 2026}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Baada ya tukio hilo, Rena alikimbilia Mexico na kuishi maisha ya siri kwa miaka miwili. == Kesi na kuachiwa huru (1979) == Mnamo mwaka 1979, Rena alirejea Marekani na kufunguliwa mashtaka ya mauaji ya daraja la kwanza. Wakati wa kesi hiyo, Rena alikanusha kuhusika na mauaji hayo. Kwa kuwa hakukuwa na ushahidi wa kutosha wa kitaalamu (forensics) na mashahidi wakuu walikuwa na hofu ya kuuawa na kundi la LeBaron, mahakama ilimkuta Rena hana hatia (acquitted).<ref name="latimes1988" /> Hata hivyo, miaka mingi baadaye, Rena alikiri kuwa alidanganya mahakamani (perjury) ili aachiwe huru. == Kuungama na maisha ya baadaye == Baada ya kifo cha Ervil LeBaron gerezani mnamo 1981, Rena alianza kujitenga na itikadi za kundi hilo. Mnamo mwaka 1990, alichapisha kitabu chake cha wasifu, ''The Blood Covenant'', ambapo alikiri hadharani kwa mara ya kwanza kuwa yeye ndiye aliyefyatua risasi zilizomuua Allred. Alieleza kuwa alifanya hivyo kwa shinikizo na hofu, akiamini kuwa asipofanya hivyo angeuawa yeye au familia yake.<ref name="apnews1990">{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/767980598762512398471239871|title=Former Cult Member Confesses to 1977 Slaying|work=[[Associated Press]]|date=15 Septemba 1990|access-date=7 Aprili 2026}}</ref> Rena amekuwa akijitokeza kwenye vipindi mbalimbali vya televisheni (kama vile ''The Oprah Winfrey Show'') ili kutoa onyo kuhusu hatari ya makundi ya kidini yenye msimamo mkali (cults) na jinsi yanavyoweza kuwadhibiti wanawake na watoto. == Urithi == Kisa cha Rena Chynoweth kimeangaziwa katika filamu za makala (documentaries) kama vile: * ''Prophet of Evil: The Ervil LeBaron Story'' (1993) * ''Daughters of the Cult'' (2024), mfululizo unaochambua maisha ya watoto na wake wa Ervil LeBaron. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{BD|1958|}} [[Jamii:wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:WikiGap JWK 2026]] glpy2cx9fsiydyl5hdn6r2q28mmt6lt 0 227027 1530257 1502869 2026-05-03T01:00:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Sojourner Truth |picha = Sojourner Truth, 1870 (cropped, restored).jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = Sojourner Truth mnamo mwaka 1870. |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = mnamo 1797 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Swartekill, New York, Marekani |tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{Death date and age|1883|11|26|1797|1|1}} |mahala_alipofia = [[Battle Creek, Michigan]], Marekani |majina_mengine = Isabella Baumfree |anafahamika kwa = Harakati za kukomesha utumwa na haki za wanawake |kazi_yake = Mwanaharakati, mhubiri, mwandishi |nchi = [[Marekani]] |tovuti = }} '''Sojourner Truth''' (alizaliwa kama '''Isabella Baumfree''' mnamo 1797 – 26 Novemba 1883) alikuwa mwanaharakati wa haki za binadamu, mtetezi wa haki za wanawake, na mpigania kukomeshwa kwa utumwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa katika utumwa lakini alifanikiwa kutoroka na kuanza maisha ya uhuru mnamo mwaka 1826. Anakumbukwa kama mmoja wa wanawake weusi wenye ushawishi mkubwa zaidi katika historia ya Marekani kutokana na hotuba zake kali dhidi ya ukosefu wa usawa.<ref name="womens-history">{{cite web|url=https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/sojourner-truth|title=Sojourner Truth Biography|website=National Women's History Museum|access-date=7 Aprili 2026}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na utumwa == Isabella alizaliwa katika mji wa [[Swartekill]], [[Jiji la New York|New York.]] Alikuwa mmoja wa watoto kumi na wawili wa James na Elizabeth Baumfree. Katika maisha yake ya utumwa, aliuzwa mara kadhaa na kufanyiwa ukatili mkubwa. Mnamo mwaka 1826, baada ya mmiliki wake kukataa kumpa uhuru wake kama alivyoahidi, Isabella alitoroka akiwa na binti yake mdogo, Sophia. Baadaye, alifungua kesi mahakamani ili kumrudisha mwanawe wa kiume, Peter, ambaye alikuwa ameuza kinyume cha sheria. Alishinda kesi hiyo, ikiwa ni mara ya kwanza kwa mwanamke mweusi kushinda kesi dhidi ya mwanaume mweupe nchini Marekani.<ref name="britannica-truth">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sojourner-Truth|title=Sojourner Truth - American abolitionist|website=Britannica|access-date=7 Aprili 2026}}</ref> == Harakati na hotuba ya "Ain't I a Woman?" == Mnamo mwaka 1843, Isabella alibadilisha jina lake na kuitwa '''Sojourner Truth''' baada ya kuamini kuwa ameitwa na Mungu kuhubiri ukweli na kupinga uovu wa utumwa. Alianza kusafiri katika majimbo mbalimbali akitoa hotuba zenye nguvu. Tukio lake maarufu zaidi lilikuwa katika Mkutano wa Haki za Wanawake wa Ohio mnamo 1851, ambapo alitoa hotuba ya kihistoria inayojulikana kama '''"Ain't I a Woman?"''' (Je, mimi si mwanamke?). Katika hotuba hiyo, alichambua ubaguzi uliokuwepo ndani ya harakati za haki za wanawake ambazo mara nyingi ziliwaacha kando wanawake weusi.<ref name="sojourner-site">{{cite web|url=https://www.sojournertruth.org/Library/Speeches/AintIAWoman.htm|title=Sojourner Truth: Ain't I a Woman?|website=Sojourner Truth Institute|access-date=7 Aprili 2026}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kazi wakati wa Vita vya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe == Wakati wa [[Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe nchini Marekani|Vita vya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe vya Marekani]], Truth alisaidia kuajiri askari weusi kwa ajili ya Jeshi la Muungano (Union Army). Alifanya kazi katika kambi za wakimbizi na kusaidia watumwa wa zamani kupata ardhi na kuanza maisha mapya. Mnamo mwaka 1864, alialikwa katika Ikulu ya White House na kukutana na Rais [[Abraham Lincoln]].<ref name="history-truth">{{cite web|url=https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/sojourner-truth|title=Sojourner Truth Biography|website=History.com|access-date=7 Aprili 2026}}</ref> == Kifo na urithi == Sojourner Truth alifariki nyumbani kwake mjini Battle Creek, Michigan, mnamo 26 Novemba 1883. Licha ya kutojua kusoma wala kuandika, alisimulia maisha yake katika kitabu kiitwacho ''The Narrative of Sojourner Truth'' (1850) ambacho kilisaidia sana harakati za ukombozi. Leo hii, sanamu yake imewekwa katika jengo la Bunge la Marekani (U.S. Capitol), na anatajwa kama alama ya ujasiri na usawa duniani kote. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Marekani]] {{BD|1797|1883}} [[Jamii:WikiGap JWK 2026]] j9jdqgmuurtzcsgo8ywxxus2s7wdid3 0 227029 1529909 1502872 2026-05-02T14:57:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Priscilla Achapka |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Benue]], Nigeria |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = Uhifadhi wa mazingira na haki za wanawake |kazi_yake = Mwanaharakati wa mazingira |nchi = [[Nigeria]] |tovuti = }} '''Priscilla Achapka''' ni mwanaharakati wa mazingira kutoka nchini [[Nigeria]]. Priscilla ni mwanzilishi na mkurugenzi wa shirika la ''Women Environmental Programme'' (WEP), ambalo linajishughulisha na kutoa masuluhisho ya changamoto za kimazingira huku likiwawezesha wanawake kiuchumi na kijamii nchini Nigeria na barani Afrika kwa ujumla.<ref name="wecf-achakpa">{{cite web|url=https://www.wecf.org/priscilla-achakpa/|title=Priscilla Achakpa: Environmental Activist|website=WECF|access-date=7 Aprili 2026}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Achakpa alizaliwa katika [[Jimbo la Benue]], [[Nigeria]]. Aliolewa akiwa na umri mdogo sana na akapata watoto watatu kabla ya kufikisha umri wa miaka 20. Baada ya kifo cha mume wake, alikumbana na changamoto za kijamii ambazo zilimchochea kujiendeleza kimasomo ili kuweza kujitegemea. Alifanikiwa kupata shahada ya uzamili katika usimamizi wa biashara na baadaye shahada ya uzamivu (PhD) katika masuala ya mazingira.<ref name="vanguard-achakpa">{{cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/10/priscilla-achakpa-the-woman-who-turns-waste-to-wealth/|title=Priscilla Achakpa: The woman who turns waste to wealth|work=Vanguard Nigeria|date=2 Oktoba 2016|access-date=7 Aprili 2026}}</ref> == Kazi na harakati == Achakpa alianza harakati zake baada ya kuona jinsi uchafuzi wa mazingira na mabadiliko ya tabianchi yanavyowaathiri wanawake vijijini, hususan katika upatikanaji wa maji safi na nishati. * '''Women Environmental Programme (WEP):''' Kupitia shirika hili, ameweza kuwafundisha maelfu ya wanawake nchini Nigeria jinsi ya kutumia teknolojia rafiki kwa mazingira, kama vile majiko yanayotumia nishati kidogo na usimamizi wa taka. * '''Umoja wa Mataifa:''' Amekuwa mshiriki muhimu katika mikutano ya kimataifa ya mabadiliko ya tabianchi (COP) na amehudumu kama msemaji wa kundi la wanawake na jinsia katika mchakato wa Malengo ya Maendeleo Endelevu (SDGs) ya Umoja wa Mataifa.<ref name="un-env">{{cite web|url=https://www.unep.org/people/priscilla-achakpa|title=UN Environment: Priscilla Achakpa Profile|website=UNEP|access-date=7 Aprili 2026}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tuzo na utambuzi == Kutokana na mchango wake mkubwa katika kuhifadhi mazingira na kutetea haki za wanawake, Achakpa amepokea tuzo mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na: * Tuzo ya ''Eco-Hero'' kutoka nchini [[Ujerumani]]. * Kutajwa na jarida la ''Channels TV'' kama mmoja wa wanawake wenye ushawishi mkubwa nchini Nigeria katika masuala ya maendeleo endelevu. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1960|}} [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:WikiGap JWK 2026]] sfn8j6c64qpicyzurjy91vi7kd3c8x5 0 227035 1530359 1502705 2026-05-03T09:43:10Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Virginia Bolten |picha = Virginia Bolten.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = Virginia Bolten mnamo miaka ya 1900. |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = mnamo 1870 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[San Luis, Argentina]] |tarehe_ya_kufariki = 1960 |mahala_alipofia = [[Montevideo]], Uruguay |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = Uharakati wa anaki-ufeministi (Anarcho-feminism) |kazi_yake = Mwandishi, mhariri, mwanaharakati |nchi = [[Argentina]], [[Uruguay]] |tovuti = }} '''Virginia Bolten''' (1870 – 1960) alikuwa mwanaharakati wa mrengo wa anaki ([[uanakisti]]), msemaji shupavu, na mhariri wa gazeti kutoka nchini [[Argentina]]. Anajulikana kama mmoja wa waasisi wa harakati za wanawake nchini Argentina na [[Uruguay]], na alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kuongoza mgomo wa wafanyakazi nchini Argentina mnamo mwaka 1890.<ref name="bolten-bio">{{cite web|url=https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/b/bolten.htm|title=Virginia Bolten Biography|website=Biografias y Vidas|access-date=7 Aprili 2026}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na kazi == Virginia Bolten alizaliwa mjini San Luis, Argentina. Katika ujana wake, alihamia mji wa Rosario, ambako alianza kufanya kazi katika viwanda vya kutengeneza viatu na baadaye katika viwanda vya sukari. Huko ndiko alikoanza kujihusisha na harakati za kutetea haki za wafanyakazi, akipinga mazingira magumu ya kazi na unyonyaji dhidi ya wanawake.<ref name="history-bolten">{{cite news|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/suplementos/las12/13-3450-2007-06-08.html|title=La voz de la mujer|work=Página/12|date=8 Juni 2007|access-date=7 Aprili 2026}}</ref> == Gazeti la "La Voz de la Mujer" == Mnamo Januari 1896, Bolten alianzisha gazeti la kwanza la anaki-ufeministi duniani liitwalo ''La Voz de la Mujer'' (Sauti ya Mwanamke). Gazeti hili lilikuwa na kaulimbiu isemayo "Ni Dios, ni patrón, ni marido" (Hakuna Mungu, Hakuna Bosi, Hakuna Mume). * '''Madhumuni:''' Gazeti hilo lililenga kuwahimiza wanawake kupigana dhidi ya ukandamizaji wa mara tatu: ukandamizaji wa serikali (kama wafanyakazi), ukandamizaji wa kidini, na ukandamizaji wa wanaume ndani ya familia. * '''Changamoto:''' Gazeti hilo lilichapishwa kwa siri na kusambazwa kwa ugumu mkubwa kutokana na misimamo yake mikali ya kutaka usawa kamili wa kijinsia na kijamii.<ref name="anarchism-feminism">{{cite book|last=Molyneux|first=Maxine|title=No God, No Boss, No Husband: Anarchist Feminism in Nineteenth-Century Argentina|year=1986}}</ref> == Maisha nchini Uruguay na kifo == Kutokana na harakati zake za kisiasa, Bolten alifukuzwa nchini Argentina mnamo mwaka 1902 kupitia sheria ya makazi (Residency Law) iliyolenga kuwafukuza wanaharakati wa kigeni na wale wenye itikadi kali. Alihamia Montevideo, Uruguay, ambako aliendelea na harakati zake za kutetea haki za wanawake na wafanyakazi hadi kifo chake mnamo mwaka 1960. == Urithi == Virginia Bolten anatajwa kama alama ya ujasiri katika historia ya Amerika ya Kusini. Maisha yake yamehamasisha vitabu, makala, na hata filamu iitwayo ''Ni dios, ni patrón, ni marido'' (2010), inayoelezea maisha yake na mapambano yake ya kuanzisha gazeti la wanawake.<ref name="film-bolten">{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1531671/|title=No God, No Master, No Husband (Film)|website=IMDb|access-date=7 Aprili 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{BD|1870|1960}} [[Jamii:Wahariri wa Argentina]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Uruguay]] [[Jamii:WikiGap JWK 2026]] c5n5aifz3phe6d1k0f0eab3jds8znxv 0 227039 1530083 1502882 2026-05-02T18:52:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530083 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zina Saro-Wiwa''' (alizaliwa Port Harcourt, [[Nigeria]], [[1976]]) ni msanii wa video na mtayarishaji wa filamu anayefanya kazi Brooklyn, [[Marekani]]. Anafanya kazi za [[video]] za usakinishaji, filamu za nyaraka (documentaries), video za [[muziki]], na filamu za majaribio.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dabiri|first1=Emma|author-link=Emma Dabiri|title=Re-Imagining Gender in Nigeria|url=https://norient.com/stories/gender-in-nigeria|website=Norient.com|publisher=Norient|date=28 November 2017|access-date=6 July 2023}}</ref> Saro-Wiwa ni mtayarishaji wa filamu mwanzilishi wa harakati ya alt-Nollywood – harakati inayotumia mitindo ya hadithi, mtindo wa uwasilishaji na mionekano ya tasnia ya filamu ya [[Nollywood]] lakini kwa malengo ya kisiasa na changamoto za kijamii. Awali alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa [[habari]] wa [[BBC]], na mbinu yake ya kisanaa ilitokana na hamu yake ya kubadilisha mtazamo wa dunia kuhusu Afrika, akitumia filamu, sanaa, na chakula. Mbinu zake zinajumuisha mradi wa New West African Kitchen, ambapo Saro-Wiwa huibua upya vyakula vya [[Afrika ya Magharibi|Afrika Magharibi]], na kila karamu huambatana na maonyesho ya video za sanaa ya Kiafrika na mihadhara midogo. Mnamo 22 Machi 2011, Saro-Wiwa alitambuliwa kama moja ya viongozi 25 wakuu wa African Renaissance na gazeti la The Times. Mwaka 2017, makala iliyochapishwa na Norient ilionyesha kuwa matumizi ya Saro-Wiwa ya utengenezaji upya (dubbing) katika filamu za alt-Nollywood "hubadilisha mitindo ya hadithi, mtindo wa uwasilishaji, na mionekano ya sinema ya Nigeria".<ref>{{Rejea habari|date=2018-09-30|title=Noo, just like her father, Ken Saro-Wiwa|url=https://guardian.ng/art/noo-just-like-her-father-ken-saro-wiwa/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-08-09|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Zina Saro-Wiwa alizaliwa Port Harcourt, Nigeria, kwa wazazi Ken na Maria Saro-Wiwa. Baba yake marehemu, mwandishi na shairi Ken Saro-Wiwa, alijulikana kama mwanaharakati wa mazingira na haki za binadamu nchini Nigeria. Aliteswa kifo mnamo 1995 na utawala wa kijeshi Nigeria wakati Zina alikuwa na umri wa miaka 19. Alikulia Surrey na Sussex nchini [[Uingereza]], ambako mama yake Maria na watoto wanne waliishi. Alisoma katika shule binafsi ya wasichana, Roedean, huko Sussex, na baadaye Chuo Kikuu cha Bristol ambapo alisoma historia ya uchumi na kijamii.<ref name="Tlgrph">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/4192508/Ive-seen-a-different-face-of-Nigeria.html|title='I've seen a different face of Nigeria'|date=28 May 2004|work=The Daily Telegraph|author=Jessica Berens}}</ref> Dada yake wa mapacha ni mwandishi wa safari Noo Saro-Wiwa, mwandishi wa kitabu ''Looking For Transwonderland'' (kimechapishwa na Granta). Kaka yake mkubwa, Ken Wiwa, ni mwandishi wa kitabu cha kumbukumbu ''In The Shadow of a Saint'' (kimechapishwa na Random House/Vintage)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vimeo.com/25180965|title=Zina Saro-Wiwa on BBC show The Culture Show 2004–2008|date=16 June 2011|publisher=ZSW Studio/[[Vimeo]]|access-date=9 April 2013}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] fdno4byyerluq8f1urbygeumj5hf497 0 227047 1530157 1502762 2026-05-02T19:04:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1530157 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zulumoke Oyibo''' ni mtayarishaji wa [[filamu]], mkurugenzi, mkurugenzi wa vyombo vya [[habari]], na mwanzilishi mwenza wa Inkblot Productions, kampuni ya uzalishaji wa filamu na [[televisheni]] iliyoko [[Nigeria]]. Tangu mwaka 2015, ametayarisha na kuongoza uzalishaji wa filamu nyingi za [[Nollywood]] ambazo zimefanikiwa kibiashara na kupata sifa za kina. Mwaka 2024, alifanya debuti yake kama mkurugenzi kwa filamu ya ''The Betrayed'', ambayo ni filamu ya kutisha ya kisaikolojia. Oyibo alijumuishwa katika Ripoti ya Athari ya Wanawake ya Variety mwaka 2022.<ref>{{Rejea habari|date=2021-12-29|title=Inkblot Productions marks 10 years of upscaling Nollywood|url=https://guardian.ng/news/inkblot-productions-marks-10-years-of-upscaling-nollywood/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-12-14|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Oyibo alikuza shauku ya kusimulia hadithi na filamu akiwa mdogo. Alipata shahada ya sheria na baadaye kupewa hati ya uhamiaji wa sheria nchini Nigeria baada ya kumaliza masomo yake katika Shule ya Sheria ya Nigeria kati ya mwaka 2008 na 2009. Asili yake ya kisheria ilimpa ujuzi wa kimkakati na uchambuzi ambao baadaye ulisaidia mafanikio yake katika utayarishaji wa filamu na ujasiriamali wa burudani.<ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Zulumoke Oyibo, Kate Winslet, Mo Abudu, Others Recognised In Variety's Women's Impact Report 2022|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2022/03/11/zulumoke-oyibo-kate-winslet-mo-abudu-others-recognised-in-varietys-womens-impact-report-2022/|access-date=2022-12-14|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> == Kazi == Mwaka 2010, Oyibo aliunda Inkblot Productions pamoja na Chinaza Onuzo, Damola Ademola, na Omotayo Adeola. Kampuni hiyo ilikua haraka kuwa moja ya studio zenye ushawishi mkubwa katika Nollywood, ikijulikana kwa kutengeneza filamu za aina mbalimbali zinazovutia hadhira za ndani na kimataifa. Inkblot imetayarisha filamu zaidi ya 23 za kibiashara pamoja na miradi kadhaa ya televisheni, mingi ikiwa miongoni mwa filamu za Nigeria zenye mapato makubwa zaidi. Filamu maarufu ni pamoja na ''The Wedding Party'' (2016), ambayo wakati huo ilikuwa filamu ya Nollywood yenye mapato.<ref>{{Rejea habari|last=vanguard|date=2016-08-28|title=Nigeria’s The Wedding Party Premieres at 2016 Toronto Festival|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/08/nigerias-wedding-party-premieres-2016-toronto-festival/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-07-14|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Mwanzo wa mwongozo == Mwaka 2024, Oyibo alifanya debuti yake kama mkurugenzi kwa filamu ''The Betrayed'', filamu ya kutisha ya kisaikolojia inayochambua mada za siri, usaliti, na kukabiliana na hisia za ndani. Filamu hii inaangazia nyota za filamu kama Uche Montana, Gabriel Afolayan, Adunni Ade, Ibrahim Suleiman, Jemima Osunde, Vine Olugu, na Stephanie Zibili. Kupitia debuti hii, Oyibo alikua mwanzilishi wa tatu wa Inkblot kuongoza filamu ya vipindi vya urefu kamili, akifuata nyayo za Ademola na Onuzo katika kupanua michango yao ya ubunifu zaidi ya utayarishaji pekee. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wataalamu wa Nigeria]] m9l4o8t4gkiwzfh5qjhrux6in3i1065 0 227109 1530218 1525241 2026-05-02T20:52:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530218 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sarah Mukasa''' (amezaliwa Juni 1963) ni mwanaharakati wa masuala ya wanawake kutoka [[Uganda]], mfadhili, kiongozi wa haki za kijamii, na mzungumzaji kuhusu uongozi na usimamizi katika sekta ya mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali barani [[Afrika]] na [[Ulaya]]. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Mukasa alizaliwa nchini Uganda baada ya kupata uhuru.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2026-03-09 |title=Celebrating Women Who Lead: African feminists redefining power and possibility |url=https://africasolutionsmediahub.org/2026/03/09/celebrating-women-who-lead-african-feminists-redefining-power-and-possibility/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |language=en-US |website=Africa Solutions Media Hub}}</ref> Ana shahada ya kwanza ya Sanaa katika Biashara na Usimamizi kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha East London, pamoja na shahada ya uzamili ya Sayansi katika Usimamizi wa Mashirika Yasiyo ya Kiserikali (NGO) kutoka Shule ya Uchumi na Sayansi ya Siasa ya [[London]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Sarah Mukasa – CAPSI |url=https://www.capsi.wits.ac.za/team/sarah-mukasa/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2016-03-14 |title=Sarah Mukasa |url=http://www.africanfeministforum.com/sarah-mukasa/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=African Feminist Forum |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kazi ya kitaaluma == Alikuwa Mkurugenzi wa Idara ya Haki za Wanawake katika Open Society Africa hadi [[Januari]] [[2024]].<ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2024-08-16 |title=Sarah Mukasa |url=https://africanphilanthropyconference.com/awards_com_member/sarah-mukasa/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |language=en-GB |website=African Philanthropy Conference}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2023-03-08 |title=Sarah Mukasa on African philanthropy and why trust matters |url=https://www.civsourceafrica.com/news/2023/3/8/sarah-mukasa-on-african-philanthropy-and-why-trust-matters |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=CivSource-Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Akiwa katika taasisi hiyo, aliongoza maendeleo ya programu zinazoshughulikia haki za kijinsia kwa kuzingatia mwingiliano wa masuala ya rangi, kabila, umri, tabaka, ulemavu, mwelekeo wa kijinsia na utambulisho wa kijinsia.<ref name=":2" /> Pia alifanya kazi katika Open Society Initiative for Eastern Africa kama Naibu Mkurugenzi, ambapo aliunda mkakati wa kwanza wa haki za kijinsia na mfumo maalum wa ufadhili.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> Alifanya kazi kama Mkurugenzi wa Programu katika Shirika la Maendeleo ya Wanawake Afrika (African Women’s Development Fund) akiwa mjini [[Accra]], [[Ghana]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Sarah Mukasa |url=https://www.capsi.wits.ac.za/team/sarah-mukasa/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |language=en-GB |website=CAPSI}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2015-03-11 |title=Sarah Mukasa |url=https://awdf.org/director-of-programmes-sarah-mukasa/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=The African Women's Development Fund |language=en-GB}}</ref> Aidha, amefanya kazi na mashirika kama Ford Foundation, DANIDA, Concern Worldwide, ActionAid International pamoja na Tume ya Huduma za Mahakama ya Uganda kwa ngazi ya ushauri.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> Pia aliwahi kufanya kazi katika Akina Mama wa Afrika kama Meneja wa Programu kwa Afrika Mashariki.<ref name=":1" /> Alishiriki katika mkutano na waandishi wa habari mjini Kampala tarehe 23 [[Machi]] [[2026]] pamoja na wanaharakati wenzake kupinga madai ya serikali yaliyoyataja mashirika ya kiraia (CSOs) na mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali (NGOs) kuwa “magaidi” au mawakala wa maslahi ya kigeni.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Okello |first=Dickens H. |date=2026-03-23 |title=NGOs are not Terrorists – CSOs Condemn Gov’t Crackdown |url=https://chimpreports.com/ngos-are-not-terrorists-csos-condemn-govt-crackdown/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2026-03-23 |title=Uganda NGO Crackdown Sparks Outcry as New Funding Law Raises Alarm |url=https://panafricanvisions.com/2026/03/uganda-ngo-crackdown-sparks-outcry-as-new-funding-law-raises-alarm/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |language=en |website=Pan African Visions}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2026-03-24 |title=New Ugandan Law Triggers Outcry Over NGO Funding - fundsforNGOs News |url=https://news.fundsforngos.org/2026/03/24/new-ugandan-law-triggers-outcry-over-ngo-funding/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> Wanaharakati waliokuwepo, akiwemo Sarah Mukasa, Sarah Bireete, Andrew Karamagi, na Job Kiija, walipinga mapendekezo ya serikali ya kudhibiti ufadhili na usajili wa mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali wakieleza kuwa hatua hizo zitapunguza uhuru wa kiraia na kudhoofisha haki za kikatiba.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2026-03-23 |title=Civil society rejects govt's proposed NGO funding controls, cites threat to freedoms |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/civil-society-rejects-govt-s-proposed-ngo-funding-controls-cites-threat-to-freedoms-5400490 |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=CIVIL SOCIETY REJECTS GOVT’S PROPOSED NGO FUNDING CONTROLS, CITES THREAT TO FREEDOMS – Radio Pacis Official Website |url=https://www.radiopacis.org/civil-society-rejects-govts-proposed-ngofunding-controls-cites-threat-to-freedoms/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ushiriki wake katika Umoja wa Mataifa ulijumuisha uratibu wa mikakati ya utetezi kwa makundi ya wanawake kama African Women’s Caucus na Solidarity for African Women’s Rights, kampeni ya kuridhia na kutekeleza Itifaki ya Haki za Wanawake barani Afrika chini ya Mkataba wa Afrika wa Haki za Binadamu na Watu.<ref name=":5" /> Ni mwanachama wa Kikundi Kazi cha African Feminist Forum.<ref name=":5" /> Pia aliwahi kuwa mjumbe wa bodi ya Kituo cha Uhisani cha Afrika (Center for African Philanthropy).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Reporter |date=2025-06-24 |title=Women’s movement urged to embrace global solidarity for greater gains - 93.3 KFM |url=https://www.kfm.co.ug/womens-movement-urged-to-embrace-global-solidarity-for-greater-gains/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mukasa ni mratibu wa harakati za [[ufeministi]] barani Afrika.<ref name=":0" /> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} q914yg1q4m6rua4bcywwb0he3mjqwy0 0 227119 1530326 1502989 2026-05-03T08:27:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Valentina Bodrug-Lungu |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 1961 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Moldova]] |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = Ujenzi wa amani, usawa wa kijinsia na elimu nchini Moldova |kazi_yake = Msomi, Mwanaharakati, Mshauri wa Kimataifa |nchi = [[Moldova]] |tovuti = }} '''Valentina Bodrug-Lungu''' (alizaliwa 1961) ni msomi mwandamizi, mtaalamu wa masuala ya jinsia, na [[mwanaharakati]] wa haki za binadamu kutoka nchini [[Moldova]]. Ni mmoja wa waasisi wa masomo ya jinsia katika mfumo wa elimu ya juu nchini Moldova na amekuwa mstari wa mbele katika kutetea ushiriki wa wanawake katika michakato ya amani na uongozi wa kisiasa.<ref name="un-women">{{cite web|url=https://eca.unwomen.org/en/stories/feature-story/2021/05/gender-equality-is-not-only-about-women|title=Gender equality is not only about women|website=UN Women Europe and Central Asia|access-date=7 Aprili 2026}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Valentina alizaliwa na kukulia nchini Moldova wakati wa kipindi cha Umoja wa Kisovieti. Alisomea katika Chuo Kikuu cha Taifa cha Moldova ambapo alijikita katika masuala ya sayansi ya jamii na elimu. Baadaye alipata Shahada ya Uzamivu (PhD), akizingatia nafasi ya mwanamke katika jamii inayopita katika mabadiliko ya kisiasa na kiuchumi. == Kazi ya kitaaluma na kijamii == Kama Profesa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Taifa cha Moldova, Bodrug-Lungu amechangia kwa kiasi kikubwa katika kuunda mitaala inayozingatia usawa wa kijinsia. *Gender-Centru:Ni mwanzilishi na Rais wa shirika la "Gender-Centru" nchini Moldova, ambalo linajikita katika kufanya utafiti na kutoa mafunzo kuhusu haki za wanawake na kuzuia unyanyasaji wa nyumbani. *Ushauri wa Kimataifa:Amefanya kazi na mashirika makubwa kama UN Women, UNDP, na OSCE kama mtaalamu wa masuala ya jinsia katika kanda ya Ulaya Mashariki na Asia ya Kati. == Harakati na ujenzi wa amani == Valentina anafahamika kwa juhudi zake za kuingiza mtazamo wa kijinsia katika masuala ya usalama na amani, hasa akirejea Azimio la Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa namba 1325. *Ushawishi wa Sera:Amekuwa mshauri muhimu kwa serikali ya Moldova katika kuandaa Mipango ya Kitaifa ya Utekelezaji (NAPs) kuhusu usawa wa kijinsia. *Uwezeshaji:Kupitia programu mbalimbali, amewasaidia mamia ya wanawake kuingia katika uongozi wa ngazi za mitaa na kitaifa, akiamini kuwa amani ya kudumu haiwezi kupatikana bila ushiriki sawa wa wanawake.<ref name="osce">{{cite web|url=https://www.osce.org/mission-to-moldova/117342|title=Promoting women's participation in peace processes|website=OSCE|access-date=7 Aprili 2026}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Urithi na heshima == Bodrug-Lungu anachukuliwa kama "mama wa masomo ya jinsia" nchini Moldova. Kwa kazi yake ya miongo mitatu, amepokea tuzo mbalimbali za kiraia zinazotambua mchango wake katika kukuza demokrasia, haki za binadamu, na elimu jumuishi. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{BD|1961}} [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Moldova]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Moldova]] [[Jamii:Wataalamu wa jinsia]] [[Jamii:WikiGap JWK 2026]] fw4soz27o6lv9g94vsjsto5o93t9va2 0 227121 1530316 1527893 2026-05-03T06:58:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530316 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ummu Kalthum Muhammad Rabiu''' ni mjasiriamali wa kijamii na mwanaharakati wa kujenga amani kutoka [[Nigeria]]. Yeye ni mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Kalthum Foundation for Peace, shirika lisilo la kiserikali linalojihusisha na kupambana na itikadi kali za vurugu, kukuza elimu ya wasichana na kutoa huduma za afya katika maeneo ya pembezoni ya [[Jimbo la Borno]].<ref>{{Rejea habari |date=28 Oktoba 2025 |title=Literacy is a right but culture makes it powerful |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/07/literacy-is-a-right-but-culture-makes-it-powerful/amp/ |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |access-date=28 Oktoba 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=20 Oktoba 2020 |title=Kalthum Foundation NEC SOB Borno Youth Parliament to host peacebuilding summit in Maiduguri |url=https://ournigerianews.com/kalthum-foundation-necsob-borno-youth-parliament-to-host-peacebuilding-summit-in-maiduguri/ |access-date=20 Oktoba 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=15 Machi 2024 |title=Foundation begs abductors to free students, IDPs in spirit of Ramadan |url=https://nannews.ng/2024/03/15/foundation-begs-abductors-to-free-students-idps-in-spirit-of-ramadan/ |access-date=15 Machi 2024 |archive-date=2026-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260207195526/https://nannews.ng/2024/03/15/foundation-begs-abductors-to-free-students-idps-in-spirit-of-ramadan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Ummu Kalthum Muhammad Rabiu alizaliwa tarehe 22 Septemba [[1995]]. Alipoteza wazazi wake akiwa na umri mdogo—mama yake alipofariki akiwa na miaka mitatu na baba yake alipofariki akiwa na miaka saba. Alilelewa katika mazingira ya kawaida lakini yenye changamoto, hali iliyomjengea msukumo wa mapema wa kujihusisha na elimu na huduma kwa jamii. Alisoma elimu ya msingi na sekondari mjini Maiduguri. Baadaye alihitimu Stashahada ya Kazi za Jamii (Social Work) katika Ramat Polytechnic, Maiduguri, na kisha akapata Shahada ya Kazi za Jamii kutoka Aldersgate University nchini [[Ufilipino]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=21 Mei 2025 |title=Kalthum for Peace: The woman who turned pain into a mission of mercy |url=https://africanperceptions.org/en/2025/05/kalthum-for-peace-the-woman-who-turned-pain-into-a-mission-of-mercy/ |access-date=21 Mei 2025}}</ref> == Kazi na harakati == Mwaka [[2015]], kutokana na ongezeko la vurugu za itikadi kali kaskazini-mashariki mwa Nigeria, Rabiu alianzisha *Kalthum Campaign for Peace*, mpango wa kijamii uliolenga kukuza amani, kupinga vurugu na kuhimiza elimu ya wasichana pamoja na maridhiano ya jamii. Mnamo mwaka [[2017]], kampeni hiyo ilisajiliwa rasmi na kuwa Kalthum Foundation for Peace chini ya Tume ya Masuala ya Makampuni (Corporate Affairs Commission).<ref>{{Rejea habari |date=28 Oktoba 2019 |title=Foundation seeks stiffer penalty for gender-based violence perpetrators |url=https://dailytrust.com/foundation-seeks-stiffer-penalty-for-gender-based-violence-perpetrators/ |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]] |access-date=28 Oktoba 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=20 Januari 2020 |title=Kalthum Foundation for Peace marks International Women's Day, calls for greater inclusion in peacebuilding |url=https://ournigerianews.com/kalthum-foundation-for-peace-marks-international-womens-day-calls-for-greater-inclusion-in-peacebuilding/ |access-date=20 Januari 2020}}</ref> == Shughuli kuu == * Huduma za afya. Shirika linatoa huduma za afya ya msingi katika vijiji vya mbali visivyofikiwa kwa urahisi na huduma za serikali, mara nyingi kwa ushirikiano na mashirika ya kimataifa ya kibinadamu. * Elimu. Kutoa ufadhili wa masomo na kusaidia ujenzi wa shule kwa ajili ya wasichana katika Jimbo la Borno. * Ujenzi wa amani. Kuendesha programu za maridhiano ya jamii na kuelimisha vijana kuhusu kupinga itikadi kali za vurugu. * Msaada kwa wakimbizi wa ndani (IDPs). Kutoa msaada wa kijamii na kiuchumi kwa watu waliokimbia makazi yao kutokana na migogoro. == Mafanikio makubwa == Mnamo mwaka [[2016]], kupitia ushirikiano na mashirika ya kikanda yanayopinga ugaidi, Kalthum Campaign for Peace iliandaa mkutano mkubwa wa amani uliojulikana kama “Mega Rally for Peace” katika Ramat Square, Maiduguri. Tukio hilo lilihudhuriwa na viongozi wa serikali, jeshi, wanaharakati, wasanii na mashirika ya wanawake. Katika mkutano huo, Rabiu na wadau wengine walitoa wito kwa wapiganaji wa Boko Haram kujisalimisha kupitia njia za amani zinazojulikana kama Safe Haven Corridor.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=28 Oktoba 2025 |title=Infanticide: I disagree with Reuters, says KFP’s Ummu Kalthum |url=https://saharaweeklyng.com/infanticide-i-disagree-with-reuters-says-kfps-ummu-kalthum1/ |access-date=28 Oktoba 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ameelezwa katika baadhi ya vyombo vya habari kama mmoja wa vijana wanaoongoza juhudi za upatanishi wa migogoro katika eneo la Afrika Magharibi, kupitia kazi yake na mashirika ya serikali na usalama katika kuokoa watu waliotekwa nyara na makundi ya kigaidi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=28 Oktoba 2024 |title=Kalthum Foundation for Peace condemns killing of MSF staff in Gaza, calls for immediate ceasefire |url=https://ournigerianews.com/kalthum-foundation-for-peace-condemns-killing-of-msf-staff-in-gaza-calls-for-immediate-ceasefire/ |access-date=28 Oktoba 2024}}</ref> == Tuzo na utambuzi == Ummu Kalthum Muhammad Rabiu ametambuliwa kwa mchango wake katika kujenga amani, kuhimiza haki za wanawake na watoto, na kupambana na itikadi kali za vurugu. Kazi yake kupitia Kalthum Foundation for Peace imeangaziwa katika vyombo mbalimbali vya habari na majukwaa ya maendeleo kama mfano wa uongozi wa kijamii unaoongozwa na vijana wanawake. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=20 Juni 2025 |title=Kalthum Foundation of Peace leads youth engagement summit against violent extremism in Borno |url=https://africanperceptions.org/en/2025/06/kalthum-foundation-of-peace-leads-youth-engagement-summit-against-violent-extremism-in-borno/ |access-date=20 Juni 2025}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Rabiu anaishi Maiduguri, ambapo anaendelea kusimamia shughuli za kila siku za shirika lake. Pia anaendelea kutetea haki za wanawake na watoto, hasa wale walioathiriwa na migogoro na uasi katika kaskazini-mashariki mwa Nigeria.<ref>{{Rejea habari |date=28 Oktoba 2024 |title=Kalthum Foundation condemns killing of MSF staff in Gaza, urges ceasefire |url=https://blueprint.ng/kalthum-foundation-condemns-killing-of-msf-staff-in-gaza-urges-ceasefire/ |newspaper=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]] |access-date=12 Oktoba 2025}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} q6sml2k2aidstrl323mar0jlmx6or6a 0 227133 1529698 1509220 2026-05-02T12:04:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1529698 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yewande Adekoya''' (alizaliwa [[20 Januari]] [[1983]]) ni mwigizaji na mtayarishaji wa filamu kutoka [[Nigeria]]. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Yewande alizaliwa katika Jimbo la Lagos, lakini asili yake ni Ososa-Ijebu katika Jimbo la Ogun, kusini-magharibi mwa Nigeria. Alisoma katika shule ya awali na msingi ya Bright Star, kisha akaendelea na elimu ya sekondari katika Bright Star Comprehensive High School. Baadaye alipata shahada ya kwanza ya Sanaa (B.A) katika Mawasiliano ya Umma kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Babcock.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/18589/30/my-younger-sisters-are-all-married-and-left-me-at-.html|title=My Younger Sisters Are All Married And Left me At Home-Nollywoods Yewande Adekoya - nigeriafilms.com|work=nigeriafilms.com|access-date=20 February 2015|archive-date=20 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220050517/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/18589/30/my-younger-sisters-are-all-married-and-left-me-at-.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://sunnewsonline.com/new/?p=95114|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=Winners emerge at YMAA 2014|author=Our Reporter|access-date=20 February 2015|newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref> Yewande Adekoya aliwahi kuolewa na kupata watoto. Hata hivyo, mwezi Aprili 2022 alitangaza kuwa ndoa yake imevunjika, akieleza kuwa alikuwa akipitia ukatili wa kihisia kwa muda wa miaka 14.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/news2013/index.php/en/features2/item/23102-i-would-have-given-up-on-acting-yewande-adekoya.html|title=I would have given up on acting -Yewande Adekoya|work=tribune.com.ng|access-date=20 February 2015|archive-date=2015-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220112720/http://www.tribune.com.ng/news2013/index.php/en/features2/item/23102-i-would-have-given-up-on-acting-yewande-adekoya.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kazi == Yewande Adekoya alianza uigizaji mwaka 2002 kupitia kundi la Alphabash Music and Theatre Group. Mwaka 2006 aliandika na kutayarisha kazi yake ya kwanza iliyoitwa ''Life Secret''. Amezalisha, kuongoza na kuigiza katika filamu kadhaa za Nigeria, zikiwemo ''Omo Elemosho'' (2012), iliyowashirikisha Bimbo Oshin, Muyiwa Ademola na Yomi Fash-Lanso. Filamu hiyo ilipata uteuzi mara tano katika tuzo za 10th Africa Movie Academy Awards. Pia aliteuliwa kwa tuzo ya “Best New Actress” katika kipengele cha filamu za Kiyoruba kwenye City People Entertainment Awards 2014. Mwaka huo huo, uigizaji wake katika ''Kudi Klepto'' ulimpatia uteuzi wa “Best Actress in a Leading Role” kwenye Best of Nollywood Awards 2014.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/yewande-adekoya-people-told-me-that-i-could-never/182048/|title=Yewande Adekoya: People Told Me That I Could Never, Articles - THISDAY LIVE|access-date=20 February 2015|archive-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129020630/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/yewande-adekoya-people-told-me-that-i-could-never/182048/|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> Mwezi Desemba 2014, Adekoya alishinda tuzo ya “Most Promising Act” katika Yoruba Movie Academy Awards. Filamu yake ''Kurukuru'' ilimpatia tuzo ya “Best Actress” katika hafla ya ACIA mwaka 2016. Mwaka 2017, filamu yake ''Iyawo Adedigba'' ilishinda tuzo ya “Best Movie of the Year” katika City People Movie Awards 2017.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/full-list-winners-2017-city-people-movie-awards/|title=FULL LIST OF WINNERS AT THE 2017 CITY PEOPLE MOVIE AWARDS|date=October 18, 2017|access-date=2018-10-16}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] 17t8ao3ruofokiibxsku8w9gwxc6thr 0 227169 1530220 1503054 2026-05-02T20:58:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530220 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Satang Nabaneh''' ni msomi wa sheria kutoka [[Gambia]], mwanaharakati wa [[Ufeministi|kifeministi]], mtetezi wa haki za kijamii na mtaalamu wa haki za binadamu. Yeye ni Mkurugenzi wa Programu na Profesa wa Utafiti wa Sheria katika Kituo cha Haki za Binadamu cha chuo kikuu cha Dayton nchini [[Marekani]].<ref name="UDayton">{{cite web |title=Satang Nabaneh |url=https://udayton.edu/directory/artssciences/hrc/nabaneh-satang.php |website=University of Dayton |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref> Kazi yake inalenga katika sheria ya katiba, usawa wa kijinsia na haki za afya ya uzazi barani [[Afrika]]. Mwaka 2024, alitajwa miongoni mwa “Wasomi 10 wa Afrika wa Kufuatilia” na The Africa Report pamoja na Toyin Ajao, Naminata Diabate na Simukai Chigudu kwa mchango wake katika nadharia ya sheria ya kifeministi na sera za umma.<ref name="AfricaReport2024">{{cite web |title=10 African scholars to watch in 2024 |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/334013/10-african-scholars-to-watch-in-2024/ |website=The Africa Report |date=23 January 2024 |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref> ==Uchaguzi katika ACERWC== Mnamo Februari [[2026]], Nabaneh alichaguliwa kuwa mwanachama wa African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACERWC) kwa kipindi cha 2026–2031.<ref>{{cite web |title=AU Executive Council Elects Seven Members to the ACERWC |url=https://www.acerwc.africa/en/article/news/au-executive-council-elects-seven-members-acerwc |website=ACERWC |access-date=17 February 2026}}</ref> Aliteuliwa na Serikali ya Jamhuri ya Gambia na kupata kura 43 wakati wa Kikao cha 48 cha Baraza la Utendaji la African Union kilichofanyika Addis Ababa, [[Ethiopia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Gambia’s Dr. Satang Nabaneh Elected to ACERWC |url=https://mofa.gov.gm |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Gambia |access-date=17 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref> ==Elimu== Satang Nabaneh alizaliwa Gambia na kupata Shahada ya Sheria (LL.B.) kutoka chuo kikuu cha Gambia mwaka [[2012]].<ref name="NabanehEducation">{{cite web |title=Educational Background – Satang Nabaneh |url=https://satangnabaneh.com/education/ |website=Satang Nabaneh |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="VoelkerrechtsInterview2022">{{cite journal |last1=Nabaneh |first1=Satang |last2=Katsoni |first2=Spyridoula |title=Chatting with Satang Nabaneh |url=https://voelkerrechtsblog.org/chatting-with-satang-nabaneh/ |journal=Völkerrechtsblog |date=9 December 2022 |doi=10.17176/20221209-121442-0 |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref> Alikamilisha Shahada ya Uzamili (LL.M.) katika Haki za Binadamu na [[Demokrasia]] Afrika pamoja na Shahada ya Udaktari wa Sheria (LL.D.) katika chuo kikuu cha Pretoria, Afrika Kusini.<ref name="CHR">{{cite web |title=Dr Satang Nabaneh |url=https://www.chr.up.ac.za/news-wru/15-about/54-satang-nabaneh |website=Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria |date=8 February 2018 |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref> Pia ana shahada ya pili ya uzamivu (PhD) katika Sheria kutoka chuo kikuu cha Washington, Marekani. ==Kazi== Nabaneh ni msomi na mwalimu wa sheria anayejishughulisha na maeneo ya sheria ya haki za binadamu ya kimataifa, sheria linganishi ya katiba, nadharia ya sheria ya kifeministi na haki za afya ya uzazi.<ref name="VoelkerrechtsInterview2022" /> Amefanya kazi kama mtafiti wa baada ya udaktari katika Centre for Human Rights ya Pretoria na kwa sasa anafanya kazi katika chuo kikuu cha Dayton katika Kituo cha Haki za Binadamu na Shule ya Sheria.<ref name="UDayton" /> Yeye ni mwanzilishi wa Law Hub Gambia na mwanzilishi mwenza wa Think Young Women, shirika linalolenga kuwawezesha wanawake vijana.<ref name="PointTYW2023">{{cite news |title=Satang Nabaneh: A Gambian Legal Scholar Making Global Impact |url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/satang-nabaneh-a-gambian-legal-scholar-making-global-impact |work=The Point |date=February 2023 |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref> ==Utafiti na utetezi== Utafiti wa Nabaneh unachunguza uhusiano kati ya sheria, jinsia na afya katika mifumo ya kisheria ya Afrika.<ref name="VoelkerrechtsInterview2022" /> Ameandika kuhusu haki za afya ya uzazi, upinzani wa dhamiri katika huduma za utoaji mimba na athari za kijinsia katika mageuzi ya katiba.<ref name="TimeFGM2024">{{cite web |title=Gambia's Move to Repeal FGM Ban Risks Women's Rights Globally |url=https://time.com/6981349/gambia-africa-female-genital-mutilation-fgm-fgc/ |website=Time |date=23 May 2024 |access-date=24 October 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="CMIChildhood2025">{{cite web |title=A Childhood that shaped Activism: Satang Nabaneh |url=https://www.cmi.no/news/3508-a-childhood-that-shaped-activism-satang-nabaneh |website=Chr. Michelsen Institute |date=19 September 2025 |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref> Mwaka [[2024]] alitoa hotuba kuu kuhusu “Siasa za kijinsia katika mchakato wa kugeuka kwa utawala wa kiimla barani Afrika” katika Chuo Kikuu cha Bergen.<ref name="LawTransform2024">{{cite web |title=Gendered Politics of Autocratization in Africa |url=https://www.lawtransform.no/event/gendered-politics-of-autocratization-in-africa/ |website=LawTransform |date=March 2024 |access-date=24 October 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Katika mwaka huo huo, alinukuliwa akieleza kuwa kuondolewa kwa marufuku ya ukeketaji nchini Gambia kunaweza kudhoofisha juhudi za kulinda haki za wanawake barani Afrika.<ref name="TimeFGM2024" /> Amenukuliwa pia akisema kuwa utoto wake ulimjengea mapema wajibu kwa jamii, taifa lake na bara la Afrika.<ref name="CMIChildhood2025" /> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} bx0vo06tc0ydjjv7o7iyhy5r5wybx5n 0 227187 1529881 1513991 2026-05-02T13:05:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529881 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peggy Oti-Boateng''' ni mtaalamu wa biokemia kutoka nchini Ghana. Pia ni mkurugenzi mtendaji wa sasa katika Chuo cha Sayansi barani Afrika. Ndiye mkuu wa zamani wa Idara ya Sera ya Sayansi ya Kujenga Uwezo ya [[UNESCO]]. Pia alikuwa mkuu wa zamani wa Sekta ya Sayansi katika [[Jumuiya ya Maendeleo Kusini mwa Afrika]], na ni mkurugenzi wa Kituo cha Utafiti katika Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi na Teknolojia cha Kwame Nkrumah na mwenyekiti wa zamani wa Kamati ya Ushauri ya Programu ya BioInnovate barani Africa (PAC). <ref name="researchprofessionalnews">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2022-11-10|title=African Academy of Science appoints new executive director|url=https://www.researchprofessionalnews.com/rr-news-africa-pan-african-2022-11-aas-appoints-new-executive-director/|accessdate=2022-11-14|work=Research Professional News|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name="edu">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Dr. Peggy Oti-Boateng – AIMS Ghana|url=https://aims.edu.gh/person/dr-peggy-oti-boateng/|accessdate=2022-11-14|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114135721/https://aims.edu.gh/person/dr-peggy-oti-boateng/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="gender-summit">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Dr Peggy Oti-Boateng - Gender Summit|url=https://gender-summit.com/gs5-speakers/864-oti-boateng|accessdate=2022-11-14|work=gender-summit.com|archive-date=2022-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114135725/https://gender-summit.com/gs5-speakers/864-oti-boateng|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-04-10|title=Dr Peggy Oti-Boateng|url=https://bioinnovate-africa.org/dr-peggy-oti-boateng/|accessdate=2022-11-14|work=BioInnovate Africa|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="open-science-conference">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Speakers biography at open science conference|url=https://www.open-science-conference.eu/speaker/dr-peggy-oti-boateng/}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Elimu == Oti-Boateng alisoma Shahada yake ya Uzamili ya Sayansi katika biokemia kutoka katika Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi na Teknolojia cha Kwame Nkrumah Kumasi (Ghana) na pia alisoma Shahada yake ya Uzamivu (PhD) katika Sayansi na Teknolojia ya Chakula kutoka katika Chuo Kikuu cha Adelaide nchini [[Australia]] . <ref name="edu"/> == Kazi == Oti-Boateng alianza kazi yake kama mtafiti katika Kituo cha Ushauri kwa Teknolojia katika Chuo cha Uhandisi huko KNUST kuanzia mwaka 1985. Mnamo mwaka wa 1989, alikuawa Mshauri na Mkufunzi katika Idara ya Mafunzo na Ajira ya Australia Kusini huko Adelaide, Australia. Kati ya mwaka wa 2005 na mwaka wa 2010, alikuwa Mkurugenzi wa Kituo cha Utafiti katika Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi na Teknolojia cha Kwame Nkrumah na mnamo mwaka wa 2011, alijiunga na UNESCO kama Mtaalamu Mkuu wa Programu nchini [[Kenya]] . <ref name="edu"/> <ref name="gender-summit"/> Mnamo mwaka wa 2015, alihamishiwa ofisi ya kikanda huko [[Harare]], [[Zimbabwe]] ambapo akawa mkurugenzi wa Kitengo cha Sera ya Sayansi na Ujenzi wa Uwezo katika Sekta ya Sayansi Asilia. Mnamo mwaka wa 2022, akawa mkurugenzi mtendaji wa Chuo cha Sayansi cha barani Afrika. <ref name="researchprofessionalnews"/> <ref name="open-science-conference"/> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Dr Peggy Oti-Boateng, Director of Science Policy and Capacity Building, UNESCO on Promoting Science and Diversity within BAME|url=https://talks.ox.ac.uk/talks/id/01a1e548-fb11-452c-9a2e-9e443ce1d740/|accessdate=2022-11-14|work=talks.ox.ac.uk|language=en}}</ref> Alikuwa amechukua nafasi ya mtendaji wa chuo hicho baada ya kupita katika kipindi kigumu. Chuo hicho kilijua ya kuwa wafanyakazi wake na bajeti yake ilikuwa imeongezeka mpaka kufikia wafanyakazi 60 wakidhibiti dola milioni 250 zinazoungwa mkono na Wellcome na [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation|Wakfu wa Bill na Melinda Gates]] . Pia hakukubaliana kwa ndani kulisababisha kupotea kwa wafuasi wa kifedha wa chuo hicho. Yeye na baraza jipya linaloongoza ilibidi waanzishe upya nafasi ya chuo hicho. <ref name="nature">{{Rejea jarida |date=2024-03-19 |title=A fresh start for the African Academy of Sciences |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-00814-1 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=627 |issue=8004 |pages=465–465 |doi=10.1038/d41586-024-00814-1}}</ref> Baraza linaloongoza la chuo hicho lina watu kumi na watatu na kati yao Jane Catherine Ngila, Rajaâ Cherkaoui El Moursli na Lise Korsten (ambaye alikuwa Rais) pia ni wanawake. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The African Academy of Sciences (AAS)|url=https://aasciences.africa/governing-council|accessdate=2025-09-06|work=aasciences.africa|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanakemia wa Ghana]] jvugzrn2bmtdeuna4rzbikihhpnv1pk 0 227190 1530299 1509096 2026-05-03T04:55:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 4 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530299 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tolullah''' " '''Tolu''' " '''Oni''' (alizaliwa 1980) ni mtaalamu wa magonjwa kutoka nchini [[Nigeria]] katika Kitengo cha Epidemiolojia cha Baraza la Utafiti wa Kimatibabu katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Cambridge]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=All Fellows {{!}} The AAS|url=https://aasciences.africa/fellows-all?orderby=date&region=All&discipline=All&year=All&gender=All&name-starts-with=&type=All&page=2#profile|accessdate=2022-04-23|work=aasciences.africa}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Pia ni Mshiriki wa Jukwaa la NextEinstein <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Oni Tolullah {{!}} The AAS|url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/oni-tolullah|accessdate=2022-04-23|work=www.aasciences.africa}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> na Kiongozi wa Vijana katika Jukwaa la Uchumi Duniani . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tolu Oni – Global Gathering 2020|url=https://gg2020.nef.org/speaker/tolu-oni/|accessdate=2022-04-23|work=gg2020.nef.org}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Oni alizaliwa jijini Lagos . <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.aaas.org/news/africa-cultivates-innovation-boost-global-reach|title=Africa Cultivates Innovation to Boost Global Reach|work=American Association for the Advancement of Science|language=en|accessdate=2019-06-26}}</ref> Akiwa na umri wa miaka saba, Oni alisoma makala kuhusu upasuaji wa moyo na alitaka kuwa daktari wa upasuaji wa moyo kwa watoto . <ref name=":1">{{Rejea jarida |last=Watts |first=Geoff |date=2016-04-23 |title=Tolullah Oni: public health specialist with a global ambition |journal=The Lancet |volume=387 |issue=10029 |pages=1712 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30267-7 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=27116269 |s2cid=40471022}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Group |first=British Medical Journal Publishing |date=2019-02-20 |title=Tolu Oni: Working on Africa's health |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/364/bmj.l653 |journal=BMJ |language=en |volume=364 |pages=l653 |doi=10.1136/bmj.l653 |issn=0959-8138 |pmid=30787003 |s2cid=73476391 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Alisoma shule ya bweni. <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/population-health-sciences/alumni/profiles/tollulah|title=Tollulah Oni|author=UCL|date=2018-06-27|work=UCL Faculty of Population Health Sciences|language=en|accessdate=2019-06-26|archive-date=2022-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425173104/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/population-health-sciences/alumni/profiles/tollulah|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alipata mafunzo ya [[Tiba|udaktari]] katika afya ya kimataifa katika Chuo Kikuu cha jijini London, ambapo alisoma shahada ya kwanza mwaka wa 2001. <ref name=":2" /> Alikamilisha kazi za nyumbani nchini [[Ufalme wa Muungano|Uingereza]] na [[Australia]], na akapendezwa na akataka kujifunza kwa habari ya magonjwa yakuambukiza kama [[Virusi vya UKIMWI|VVU]] . <ref name=":1" /> Aliteuliwa kuwa rais wa Muungano wa Wanafunzi wa Madaktari. <ref name=":2" /> Oni alikuwa mwanafunzi wa udaktari katika Chuo cha Imperial London, ambapo alianza kusoma masomo ya afya. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2018-06-22-uct-gave-me-the-space-to-make-a-difference|title=UCT gave me the space to make a difference|work=www.news.uct.ac.za|language=en|accessdate=2019-06-26}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2016-05-11-tolullah-oni-promoting-science-and-research-to-develop-africa|title=Tolullah Oni: promoting science and research to develop Africa|work=www.news.uct.ac.za|language=en|accessdate=2019-06-26}}</ref> Alichunguza jinsi viashiria vya kijamii vilivyoathiri hali za kiafya, na akamaliza Shahada yake katika Uzamivu mwaka wa 2012. <ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://nef.org/fellow/tolu-oni/|title=Tolu Oni – Next Einstein Forum|date=May 2019|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-06-26}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Oni |first=Tolu |last2=Youngblood |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Boulle |first3=Andrew |last4=McGrath |first4=Nuala |last5=Wilkinson |first5=Robert J |last6=Levitt |first6=Naomi S |date=2015-01-17 |title=Patterns of HIV, TB, and non-communicable disease multi-morbidity in peri-urban South Africa- a cross sectional study |journal=BMC Infectious Diseases |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=20 |doi=10.1186/s12879-015-0750-1 |issn=1471-2334 |pmc=4300166 |pmid=25595711 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oni alipewa Tuzo ya Uchaguzi ya Wanafunzi wa Matibabu ya Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Medical Student, na kuhamia nchini Afrika Kusini . <ref name=":2" /> == Utafiti na kazi == Oni alifanya kazi nchini [[Afrika Kusini]], ambapo alianzisha mpango wa ''utafiti wa Mpango wa Utafiti wa Afya na Usawa wa Miji'' (RICHE) katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Cape Town]] mnamo mwaka wa 2007. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Dr Tolullah Oni|url=https://www.mrc-epid.cam.ac.uk/people/tolullah-oni/|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=MRC Epidemiology Unit|language=en-US}}</ref> RICHE inafanya kazi katika afya ya mjini, ikigundua fursa za kutekeleza sera za afya ya umma katika miji inayokua kwa haraka. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tolullah Oni: promoting science and research to develop Africa|url=http://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2016-05-11-tolullah-oni-promoting-science-and-research-to-develop-africa|accessdate=2022-04-23|work=www.news.uct.ac.za|language=en}}</ref> Alifanya kazi kama msajili katika Idara ya Afya ya Western Cape . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Department of Health and Wellness {{!}} Western Cape Government|url=https://www.westerncape.gov.za/dept/health|accessdate=2022-04-26|work=www.westerncape.gov.za}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Alifurahishwa na hatua zinazoweza kudhibiti maambukizi sugu na magonjwa yasiyoambukiza . <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |date=2018-05-01 |title=Real-world illness requires medical multitasking |journal=Nature |language=EN |volume=557 |issue=7703 |pages=5–6 |bibcode=2018Natur.557Q...5. |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-05028-w |pmid=29717257 |s2cid=256768263 |doi-access=}}</ref> Oni aliteuliwa kuwa mhadhiri mkuu katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Cape Town]] . <ref name=":3"/> Hapa, aliendelea kusoma shahada ya kwanza.Alisoma shahada ya kwanza ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Cape Town]] katika afya ya kimataifa, ambayo ilizinduliwa mnamo mwaka wa 2014. <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=London |first=Leslie |last2=Doyal |first2=Lesley |last3=Ajuwon |first3=Ademola |last4=Kaseje |first4=Margaret |last5=Adongo |first5=Philip |last6=Fonn |first6=Sharon |author-link6=Sharon Fonn |last7=Yudkin |first7=John S. |last8=Oni |first8=Tolu |date=2019-03-01 |title=Global public health starts at home: upstream approaches to global health training |journal=The Lancet Global Health |language=English |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=e301–e302 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30558-8 |hdl=1983/5ed590b2-8316-4a5e-be9a-824044423273 |issn=2214-109X |pmid=30784626 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Kozi iliyoundwa na Oni kozi moja ya kwanza kufundisha afya ya kimataifa kutoka kwa mtazamo wa Global South . <ref name=":1" /> Alihamia katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Cambridge]], ambapo alijiunga na Kitengo cha Epidemiolojia cha Baraza la Utafiti wa Kimatibabu kama mtafiti mwandamizi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.mrc-epid.cam.ac.uk/people/tolullah-oni/|title=Dr Tolullah Oni|work=MRC Epidemiology Unit|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-06-26}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.iph.cam.ac.uk/network/directory/tolullah-oni/|title=Tolullah Oni|work=Cambridge Institute of Public Health|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-06-26}}</ref> Hapa yeye ni mwanachama wa mtandao wa Kikundi na Mtandao wa Utafiti wa Lishe na Shughuli zinazohusu lishe Duniani (GDAR), ambao wanafanya ya kazi kuzuia magonjwa yasiyoambukiza katika [[Nchi inayoendelea|nchi zenye kipato cha chini]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.mrc-epid.cam.ac.uk/research/global-public-health/gdar/|title=The Global Diet and Activity Research Group and Network (GDAR)|work=MRC Epidemiology Unit|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-06-26|archive-date=2019-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626203001/http://www.mrc-epid.cam.ac.uk/research/global-public-health/gdar/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ushirikishwaji wa umma na sera == Oni amewasilisha katika [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] na Jukwaa la Uchumi Duniani . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/hlpf|title=High-level Political Forum .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform|work=sustainabledevelopment.un.org|accessdate=2019-06-26}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.weforum.org/events/world-economic-forum-annual-meeting-2018/|title=World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2018|work=World Economic Forum|accessdate=2019-06-26}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.who.int/airpollution/events/conference/speakers/en/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105125144/http://www.who.int/airpollution/events/conference/speakers/en/|archivedate=November 5, 2018|title=WHO {{!}} Conference speakers|work=WHO|accessdate=2019-06-26}}</ref> Oni ni bodi ya Future Earth na jukwaa la Chuo cha Sayansi cha Afrika kwa ajili ya utafiti huria. <ref name="AAS Open Research">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://aasopenresearch.org/|title=AAS Open Research|work=aasopenresearch.org|accessdate=2019-06-26}}</ref> Oni ni Mwanachama wa Chuo cha Sayansi cha Afrika, na alichaguliwa kuwa Mwanachama wa NextEinstein mnamo mwaka wa 2015 na Taasisi ya Utafiti wa Kina [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stellenbosch|ya Chuo Kikuu cha Stellenbosch]] mnamo mwaka wa 2017. <ref name=":3"/> <ref>{{Citation|last=Next Einstein Forum|title=NEF Fellows Spotlight Session: Tolu Oni|date=2016-03-18|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ImrmmpKITBw|access-date=2019-06-26}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://aasciences.ac.ke/fellow/oni-tolullah|title=Oni Tolullah {{!}} The AAS|work=aasciences.ac.ke|accessdate=2019-06-26}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://stias.ac.za/fellows-of-stias/fellows-2017/|title=Fellows 2017|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-06-26}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Alichaguliwa kuwa mmoja wa Wenyeviti katika wa Chuo cha Vijana cha Global mnamo mwaka wa 2018. <ref name=":0"/> Oni anahudumu katika bodi za wahariri za Jarida la Afya ya Mijini na Afya ya Sayari ya The Lancet . <ref name="AAS Open Research" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://link.springer.com/journal/11524|title=Journal of Urban Health - Springer|work=link.springer.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-06-26}}</ref> Ameandika kwa ajili ya The Conversation . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://theconversation.com/profiles/tolullah-oni-199995|title=Tolullah Oni|work=The Conversation|date=22 October 2015|language=en|accessdate=2019-06-26}}</ref> Oni anahudumu kama jaji katika kutoa Tuzo ya Sayansi ya Kuhamasisha Asili . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.nature.com/collections/jcpghfmqlz/judges|title=Judges {{!}} Nature Research Awards for Inspiring Science and Innovating Science|work=www.nature.com|accessdate=2019-06-26}}</ref> == Tuzo na heshima == * Mwaka wa 2013 Alichaguliwa katika Chuo cha Sayansi cha Vijana cha nchini Afrika Kusini <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.publichealth.uct.ac.za/news/south-african-young-academy-science|title=South African Young Academy of Science {{!}} School of Public Health and Family Medicine|work=www.publichealth.uct.ac.za|language=en|accessdate=2019-06-26}}</ref> * Programu ya Uongozi ya Madaktari Vijana ya mwaka wa 2014 kutoka kwa Jopo la Matibabu la Taaluma Mbalimbali <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-03-22|title=TOLU ONI IS ONE OUT OF THE 127 YOUNG GLOBAL LEADERS FOR THE CLASS OF 2019|url=https://flourishafrica.com/tolu-oni-is-one-out-of-the-127-young-global-leaders-for-the-class-of-2019/|accessdate=2022-04-23|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002103738/https://flourishafrica.com/tolu-oni-is-one-out-of-the-127-young-global-leaders-for-the-class-of-2019/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tolullah Oni: Young Nigerian with a global vision. - Free Online Library|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Tolullah+Oni:+Young+Nigerian+with+a+global+vision-a0526405955|accessdate=2022-04-23|work=www.thefreelibrary.com}}</ref> * Jukwaa la Uchumi Duniani la mwaka wa 2019 Kiongozi Kijana wa Kimataifa <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.weforum.org/people/tolu-oni/|title=Tolu Oni|work=World Economic Forum|accessdate=2019-06-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]] gi05e4go8pcjd1hw017p3xv2hftew2b 0 227193 1530265 1526128 2026-05-03T01:34:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530265 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ponono Francinah Baloyi''' ([[10 Julai]] [[1940]] – [[12 Mei]] [[2021]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] aliyewakilisha Chama cha Kitaifa cha Afrika (ANC) bungeni kuanzia mwaka [[1994]] hadi alipostaafu mwaka [[2004]]. Kitaaluma, alikuwa muuguzi, na kwa kipindi kifupi aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa Afya na Ustawi katika serikali ya KaNgwane bantustan kuanzia mwaka [[1992]] hadi 1994. == Maisha ya awali na taaluma ya udaktari == Sponono alizaliwa tarehe 10 Julai 1940 huko Sabie, katika eneo lililokuwa likijulikana kama Transvaal ya Mashariki. Baada ya kumaliza elimu yake ya sekondari, alihamia [[Johannesburg]], ambako alisomea uuguzi katika Hospitali ya Mama na Mtoto ya Raheema Moosa, na baadaye akasomea ukunga katika Hospitali ya Chris Hani Baragwanath. Mnamo [[1965]], alirudi katika eneo la Lowveld, [[Transvaal]], na kuanza kazi kama muuguzi mkuu katika Hospitali ya Rob Ferreira huko Mbombela. Baadaye alihudumu pia kama muuguzi mkuu wa afya ya jamii katika Hospitali ya Themba huko KaBokweni. Katika nafasi hiyo, alihusika na usimamizi wa kliniki zote za umma katika Transvaal ya Mashariki. Kati ya majukumu hayo, mwaka [[1971]] alisomea afya ya umma katika Witswatersrand Advanced Technikon. Akiwa huko, alitunukiwa tuzo na Taasisi ya Afya ya Umma ya Afrika Kusini baada ya kupata alama za juu zaidi nchini.<ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|date=17 May 2021|title=TUT mourns passing of honorary doctor, Dr Sponono Baloyi|url=https://www.tut.ac.za/news-and-press/article?NID=452|access-date=2023-04-19|website=Tshwane University of Technology|archive-date=2023-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419223434/https://www.tut.ac.za/news-and-press/article?NID=452|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mnamo [[1984]], alisafiri kwenda Marekani kwa mara ya kwanza, ikiwa pia ilikuwa safari yake ya kwanza kwa ndege, kupitia Programu ya Uongozi ya USAID Afrika. Baadaye, mwaka 1992, alipata udhamini kutoka Baraza la Uingereza na kukamilisha shahada ya uzamili katika huduma ya afya ya msingi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Bristol.<ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-05-27|title=South Africa mourns beloved couple|url=https://mpumalanganews.co.za/396341/south-africa-mourns-beloved-couple/|access-date=2023-04-19|website=Mpumalanga News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Kazi ya kisiasa == Pia mnamo mwaka 1992, Baloyi aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa Afya na Ustawi katika serikali ya KaNgwane bantustan. Katika miaka iliyofuata, alihusika pia katika Mkutano wa Kidemokrasia wa Afrika Kusini, uliokuwa sehemu muhimu ya mchakato wa kisiasa kuelekea demokrasia mpya ya nchi hiyo.<ref name=":02">{{cite magazine|date=11 June 1999|title=General Notice: Notice 1319 of 1999 – Electoral Commission: Representatives Elected to the Various Legislatures|url=https://gazettes.africa/archive/za/1999/za-government-gazette-dated-1999-06-11-no-20203.pdf|magazine=[[Government Gazette of South Africa]]|location=Pretoria, South Africa|publisher=[[Government of South Africa]]|volume=408|issue=20203|pages=|access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref> Katika uchaguzi mkuu wa 1994, uliomaliza rasmi mfumo wa ubaguzi wa rangi na kuvunja utawala wa KaNgwane, Baloyi alichaguliwa kuwa mbunge kupitia ANC katika Bunge jipya la Kitaifa. Alihudumu kwa mihula miwili, akichaguliwa tena mwaka 1999, kabla ya kustaafu siasa baada ya uchaguzi mkuu wa [[2004]], na kurejea Mbombela. Baada ya kustaafu, mnamo Mei 2005, aliteuliwa kuwa naibu mwenyekiti wa bodi ya Shirika la Uwezeshaji Kiuchumi la Mpumalanga. Miaka mingi baadaye, mwaka 2019, Chuo Kikuu cha Teknolojia cha Tshwane kilimtunuku shahada ya udaktari wa heshima katika uuguzi kwa kutambua mchango wake mkubwa katika taaluma hiyo na katika huduma ya umma.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|date=24 May 1994|title=Minutes of proceedings of the Constitutional Assembly|url=https://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/constitution/history/MINUTES/CA24054.PDF|access-date=2 April 2023|publisher=Department of Justice and Constitutional Development}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1940]] [[Jamii: Waliofariki 2021]] [[Jamii: Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] ejcgy1s2mp0vcp3hwq8knbwsk76wgju 0 227214 1530221 1503543 2026-05-02T21:02:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Savannah Marshall |picha = Savannah Marshall.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = Savannah Marshall, bingwa wa ndondi kutoka Uingereza. |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 19 Mei 1991 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Hartlepool, County Durham, [[Uingereza]] |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = Silent Assassin |anafahamika kwa = Bondia bingwa wa dunia na mshindi wa dhahabu wa Jumuia ya Madola |kazi_yake = Bondia, Mwanamichezo wa MMA |nchi = [[Uingereza]] |tovuti = }} '''Savannah Rose Marshall''' (alizaliwa 19 Mei 1991) ni [[bondia]] kutoka nchini [[Uingereza]] ambaye ni [[bingwa]] wa [[dunia]] asiyepingika katika uzani wa kati wa juu, akishikilia mataji ya WBA, WBC, IBF, na WBO tangu mwaka 2023. Marshall anajulikana kwa nguvu zake kubwa za kupiga na anaweka rekodi ya kuwa bondia pekee aliyewahi kumshinda [[Claressa Shields]] katika ngazi ya ridhaa. Anafahamika zaidi kwa jina la utani kama "Silent Assassin" (mshambuliaji mkimya), kutokana na tabia yake ya utulivu nje ya ulingo lakini kuwa na ushindani mkali anapokuwa akipigana.<ref name="sky-marshall">{{cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/boxing/news/12183/12913506/savannah-marshall-beats-franchon-crews-dezurn-to-become-undisputed-world-super-middleweight-champion|title=Savannah Marshall beats Franchon Crews-Dezurn to become undisputed champion|website=Sky Sports|access-date=8 Aprili 2026}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na mafanikio ya ridhaa == Marshall alizaliwa mjini Hartlepool huko Uingereza, na kuanza mchezo wa ndondi akiwa na umri wa miaka 12 katika klabu ya ndondi ya Hartlepool Headland. Alipata mafanikio makubwa katika ngazi ya ngumi za ridhaa, ambapo mnamo mwaka 2012, alishinda medali ya dhahabu katika Mashindano ya Dunia ya Wanawake ya AIBA nchini [[China]], na kuwa bingwa wa kwanza wa kike wa dunia kutoka Uingereza. Pia alishinda medali ya dhahabu katika Michezo ya Jumuiya ya Madola ya mwaka 2014 iliyofanyika mjini [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]]. == Kazi na harakati == Katika kazi na harakati zake, Marshall amekuwa mstari wa mbele katika kukuza mchezo wa ndondi kwa wanawake nchini Uingereza na duniani kote, akitumia ushindani wake wa kihistoria na Claressa Shields kuvuta hisia za mashabiki na kuongeza thamani ya soko la ndondi za kike. Amekuwa akipigania haki ya wanawake kupewa nafasi kuu katika kumbi kubwa za michezo na kuhakikisha kuwa mabondia wa kike wanapata vifaa na mazingira bora ya mafunzo sawa na wanaume. Aidha, amejitolea katika miradi ya kijamii mjini Hartlepool inayolenga kuwahamasisha wasichana kujiunga na michezo ili kujenga nidhamu na kujilinda, huku akipanua wigo wa kazi yake kwa kujiunga na mchezo wa MMA chini ya shirika la PFL ili kuonyesha uwezo wa wanawake katika nyanja mbalimbali za mapigano.<ref name="bbc-marshall">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/boxing/66075671|title=Savannah Marshall: Undisputed champion on her journey to the top|website=BBC Sport|access-date=8 Aprili 2026}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{BD|1991}} [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Mabondia wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Hartlepool]] [[Jamii:WikiGap JWK 2026]] algbvmq51k8rw4zo4m2umkxbssrlqyd 0 227218 1529920 1503544 2026-05-02T16:00:23Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Ramla Ali |picha = Ramla Ali, Somali boxer.png |maelezo_ya_picha = Ramla Ali, mwanamasumbwi na mwanaharakati. |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 16 Septemba 1989 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Mogadishu]], [[Somalia]] |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = Ramla Said Ahmed Ali |anafahamika kwa = Bondia wa kwanza kuiwakilisha Somalia katika Olimpiki |kazi_yake = Bondia, Mwanamitindo, Mwandishi, Mwanaharakati |nchi = [[Somalia]], [[Uingereza]] |tovuti = }} '''Ramla Said Ahmed Ali''' (alizaliwa 16 Septemba 1989) ni bondia, [[mwanamitindo]], na [[mwanaharakati]] mwenye asili ya [[Somalia]] na [[Uingereza]]. Anafahamika kihistoria kama bondia wa kwanza kuiwakilisha Somalia katika Michezo ya Olimpiki (Olimpiki ya Tokyo 2020) na mwanamke wa kwanza kushinda taji la kitaifa la ndondi nchini Uingereza akiwa amevaa hijabu katika baadhi ya hatua za maisha yake ya michezo. Ali alikimbia vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe nchini Somalia akiwa mtoto na kuishi nchini Uingereza kama mkimbizi, ambapo alianza mchezo wa ndondi kwa siri ili kupunguza uzito, jambo lililokuja kuwa kazi yake kuu ya mafanikio makubwa.<ref name="bbc-ramla">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/54746812|title=Ramla Ali: Somalia's first Olympic boxer turns professional|website=BBC Sport|access-date=8 Aprili 2026}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Baada ya kukimbia [[Mogadishu]] nchini Somalia kufuatia kifo cha kaka yake mkubwa aliyepigwa na bomu la mzinga, Ramla na familia yake walihamia [[London]]. Alianza ndondi akiwa na umri wa miaka 12 katika klabu ya mtaani kwao bila kuwaambia wazazi wake, akihofia kuwa wasingekubaliana na mchezo huo kwa msichana wa Kiislamu. Licha ya changamoto hizo, aliendelea na masomo na kuhitimu Shahada ya kwanza ya Sheria kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha SOAS mjini London, huku akiendelea kukuza kipaji chake ulingoni. == Kazi na harakati == Katika kazi na harakati zake, Ramla Ali amejipambanua kama mtetezi wa haki za wanawake na wakimbizi duniani kote, akianzisha shirika lisilo la kifaida la "''Sisters Club"'' mwaka 2018 ambalo linatoa mafunzo ya ndondi bure kwa wanawake waliofanyiwa ukatili au wanaotafuta mazingira salama ya kufanya mazoezi bila ubaguzi wa kidini au kijinsia. Kama mwanamitindo wa kimataifa na balozi wa chapa kama "Cartier" na "Pantene", amekuwa akitumia majukwaa ya mitindo kuleta uwakilishi wa wanawake wa Kiislamu na Waafrika katika tasnia hiyo, akionekana kwenye jalada la jarida la nchini Uingereza la *British Vogue* mwaka 2019 kama mmoja wa "Vikosi vya Mabadiliko" vilivyochaguliwa na na mwanaharakati wa kijamii ,Meghan Markle. Aidha, kupitia kitabu chake ''Not Without a Fight'' (2021), anashiriki safari yake ya kishujaa ya kuvunja miiko ya kijamii na kuhamasisha vijana wa kike kupigania ndoto zao licha ya vikwazo vya kitamaduni na kiuchumi, huku akiendelea kuitangaza Somalia kwa sifa chanya kupitia mafanikio yake ya ndondi za kulipwa.<ref name="guardian-ramla">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2022/aug/20/ramla-ali-beats-crystal-garcia-nova-in-saudi-arabias-first-female-boxing-bout|title=Ramla Ali makes history in Saudi Arabia's first female boxing bout|work=The Guardian|access-date=8 Aprili 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{BD|1989}} [[Jamii:Mabondia wa Somalia]] [[Jamii:Mabondia wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Somalia]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Mogadishu]] [[Jamii:WikiGap JWK 2026]] cm2jxudbidoznegi799cxk2asiufffv 0 227266 1530150 1503278 2026-05-02T19:03:13Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 5 template(s) replaced. 1530150 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zukisa Cheryl Faku''' (aliyezaliwa mwaka [[1965]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] kutoka [[Eastern Cape]] ambaye pia aliwahi kutiwa hatiani kwa kosa la ulaghai. Akiwa mwanachama wa African National Congress (ANC), aliwahi kuhudumu kama meya wa Manispaa ya Buffalo City. Mnamo mwaka [[2013]], alichaguliwa kuwakilisha chama chake katika Baraza la Kitaifa la Mikoa, na mwaka uliofuata akawa Mbunge wa Afrika Kusini. Mwaka [[2016]], Faku alipatikana na hatia ya ulaghai, lakini aliendelea kubaki bungeni licha ya hukumu hiyo. Baadaye, alijiuzulu kutoka bungeni muda mfupi baada ya kuchaguliwa tena mwaka wa [[2019]]. == Maisha ya awali == Zukisa Cheryl Faku alizaliwa mwaka 1965 katika Kijiji cha Duncan, nje ya [[East London]]. Akiwa na umri wa miaka mitano, yeye pamoja na familia yake walilazimika kuhamia Mdantsane kufuatia utekelezaji wa Sheria ya Maeneo ya Vikundi iliyowekwa na serikali ya kibaguzi ya wachache weupe. Baadaye, alipata mafunzo ya ualimu na kufanya kazi kama mwalimu kwa muda, kabla ya kuingia rasmi katika [[siasa]]. == Kazi ya Kisiasa == Faku alikuwa diwani wa ANC na alihudumu kama meya wa Manispaa ya Buffalo City hadi uchaguzi wa serikali za mitaa wa mwaka 2011.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=SEE: These are the people who will represent you in Parliament, provincial legislatures|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/elections/news/see-these-are-the-people-who-will-represent-you-in-parliament-provincial-legislatures-20190515|access-date=2023-01-15|website=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> Mnamo Aprili 2013, aliteuliwa kwenda Baraza la Kitaifa la Mikoa, ambalo ni baraza la juu la Bunge la Afrika Kusini, kujaza nafasi iliyoachwa wazi baada ya kujiuzulu kwa Siphiwo Mazosiwe. Mwaka uliofuata, alichaguliwa kuwa Mbunge wa Bunge la Kitaifa katika uchaguzi mkuu wa 2014. Akiwa bungeni, alihudumu katika Kamati ya Kwingineko ya Rasilimali za Madini na Kamati ya Kwingineko ya Nishati, ambapo pia aliteuliwa kuwa mjeledi wa kamati hiyo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=ANC withdraws convicted fraudster's nomination to chair Parliament's basic education committee|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/anc-withdraws-convicted-fraudsters-nomination-to-chair-parliaments-basic-education-committee-20190701|access-date=2023-01-15|website=News24|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Corruption won't be tolerated - ANC welcomes Faku fraud sentence|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/corruption-wont-be-tolerated-anc-welcomes-faku-fraud-sentence-20160929|access-date=2023-01-15|website=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> Mnamo Machi 2016, Faku alipatikana na hatia katika makosa tisa ya ulaghai na wizi. Makosa hayo yalitokana na kipindi chake akiwa meya, alipodaiwa kutumia kadi rasmi ya mkopo ya manispaa kwa matumizi binafsi wakati wa safari za kikazi nchini Uturuki na ndani ya Afrika Kusini mwaka [[2009]]. Faku alijitetea kwa kusema kwamba hakuwa akifahamu kuwa matumizi ya binafsi kwa kadi hiyo hayakuruhusiwa. Mnamo Septemba mwaka huo, alihukumiwa kifungo cha miaka mitatu cha kifungo cha nyumbani pamoja na kufanya huduma za kijamii katika nyumba ya wazee iliyopo Cambridge. ANC ilisema imepokea hukumu hiyo, huku kiranja mkuu wa chama wakati huo, Jackson Mthembu, akieleza kuwa kutokana na hatia hiyo ya jinai, Faku hangeweza kuendelea kuhudumu kama mbunge.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Ndenze|first=Babalo|title=Convicted fraudster Zukisa Faku resigns from Parliament|url=https://ewn.co.za/2019/07/05/convicted-fraudster-zukisa-faku-resigns-from-parliament|access-date=2023-01-15|website=ewn.co.za|language=en}}</ref> Hata hivyo, Faku alianza mchakato wa kukata rufaa dhidi ya hukumu hiyo na akaendelea kubaki bungeni kama mbunge wa ANC hadi uchaguzi mkuu wa 2019, ambapo alichaguliwa tena kwa muhula wa pili katika Bunge la Kitaifa. Baada ya uchaguzi huo, aliteuliwa na ANC kuwa mgombea wa nafasi ya mwenyekiti wa Kamati ya Kwingineko ya Elimu ya Msingi, lakini uteuzi huo baadaye uliondolewa, na nafasi hiyo ikachukuliwa na Bongiwe Mbinqo-Gigaba. Hatimaye, Faku alijiuzulu kutoka Bunge tarehe 5 Julai 2019, chini ya miezi miwili baada ya kuchaguliwa tena, baada ya ANC kumshinikiza kuachia nafasi hiyo licha ya rufaa yake kuendelea mahakamani. Chama cha Democratic Alliance (DA), ambacho ni chama kikuu cha upinzani, kilitaka uchunguzi ufanyike kuhusu namna alivyoruhusiwa kugombea na kuchaguliwa tena licha ya kutiwa hatiani kwa kosa la ulaghai.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=DA wants probe into how Zukisa Faku became MP with fraud convictions|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2019-07-11-da-wants-probe-into-how-zukisa-faku-became-mp-with-fraud-convictions/|access-date=2023-01-15|website=TimesLIVE|date=11 July 2019|language=en-ZA}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1965]] [[Jamii: Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii: Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii: Wanasiasa wanawake Afrika Kusini]] eggfiq317m0ibkmgefwlazrst5hj12x 0 227312 1529932 1503375 2026-05-02T16:34:22Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260502sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1529932 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nanji Kalidas Mehta, Raj Ratna, MBE''' (alizaliwa [[17 Novemba]] [[1887]] – [[25 Agosti]] [[1969]]) alikuwa mwekezaji mkubwa wa viwanda na mfadhili kutoka Gujarat, India. Alianzisha ''Mehta Group'' katika Afrika ya Mashariki ya kikoloni (British East Africa), huku makao makuu yake yakiwa India. Alifahamika pia kwa jina la Sheth Nanjibhai. Kwa sasa, ''Mehta Group'' inamilikiwa na familia yake, ambapo mwanawe Mahendra Mehta, mkwe wake Sunayana Mehta, na mjukuu wake Jay Mehta wanaendelea kuiendesha.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Desai |first1=Gaurav |date=2011 |title=Commerce as Romance: Nanji Kalidas Mehta's Dream Half-Expressed Research in African Literatures Vol. 42, No. 3, Asian African Literatures / Gaurav Desai, Special Guest Editor (Fall 2011), pp. 147-165 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_research-in-african-literatures_fall-2011_42_3/page/146 |journal=Research in African Literatures |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=147–165 |doi=10.2979/reseafrilite.42.3.147 |jstor=10.2979/reseafrilite.42.3.147 |s2cid=195495997}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1887]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1969]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Uganda]] 8rtdxojn8xh7w3iop3sy6kevcq95eh1 0 227354 1529981 1503432 2026-05-02T18:36:51Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529981 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zacharie Gahutu''' (alizaliwa 29 Novemba 1950 katika Mkoa wa Ngozi) ni mwanadiplomasia wa [[Burundi]]. Aliteuliwa kuwa Mwakilishi wa Kudumu (Balozi) wa Burundi katika Umoja wa Mataifa mwezi [[Julai]] 2009, akimrithi Augustin Nsanze. Kabla ya kuteuliwa katika Umoja wa Mataifa, Gahutu alikuwa Mkuu wa Watumishi (Chief of Staff) wa Rais wa [[Bunge]] la Taifa la Burundi kuanzia Machi 2007.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Biography of Zacharie Gahutu|url=https://www.biographies.net/people/en/zacharie_gahutu|work=www.biographies.net|accessdate=2026-04-09}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1950]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Burundi]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za wanasiasa]] shr0tf7e7ahole07itdryka59lzd2kl 0 227409 1530259 1526009 2026-05-03T01:04:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | jina = Solome Nakaweesi Kimbugwe | picha = Solome Nakaweesi Kimbugwe – headshot.jpg }} '''Solome Nakaweesi Kimbugwe''' ni mwanaharakati wa [[ufeministi]] kutoka [[Uganda]], mshauri wa kimataifa wa masuala ya maendeleo, na mtaalamu wa fikra mwenye uzoefu wa zaidi ya miaka 30 katika kuendeleza haki za wanawake, usawa wa kijinsia na haki za kijamii barani [[Afrika]]. Amehudumu katika nafasi za uongozi katika mashirika makubwa ya haki za wanawake na amechangia katika uundaji wa sera, ujenzi wa harakati, na tafiti za kifeministi.<ref name="NewVisionProfile">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Career almost cost Nakaweesi her family |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1172090/career-cost-nakaweesi-family |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Solome Nakaweesi Kimbugwe alizaliwa na Sarah Naiga-Muwayira na marehemu Gaster Muwayire-Nakana Kimbugwe.<ref name="NewVisionProfile" /> Alisoma elimu ya msingi katika Uganda Martyrs Namugongo, kisha Gombe Secondary School, na baadaye akamaliza elimu ya sekondari katika Trinity College Nabbingo.<ref name="NewVisionProfile" /> Alipata Shahada ya Sayansi za Jamii kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere]] mwaka [[1997]] na Shahada ya Uzamili (MA) katika Mafunzo ya Maendeleo kutoka University of East Anglia, Norwich, Uingereza, mnamo mwaka [[2000]].<ref name="NewVisionProfile" /><ref name="FOWODE">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Solome Nakaweesi – Board Member |url=https://fowode.org/our_board/111/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=Forum for Women in Democracy}}</ref> == Kazi == === Mwanzo wa kazi na UWONET === Nakaweesi alianza harakati zake za kijamii katika miaka ya [[1990]]. Alihudumu kama Mratibu wa Uganda Women’s Network (UWONET), muungano muhimu wa utetezi wa haki za wanawake nchini Uganda. Katika nafasi hiyo alisifiwa kwa kuongeza hadhi ya mtandao huo kupitia mahusiano ya vyombo vya habari na kwa kusimamia wanachama wenye mitazamo tofauti kwa ustadi.<ref name="NewVisionProfile" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Nampewo |first=Angela |date=30 Januari 2005 |title=Uganda: Kimbugwe Has Such a Passion for Women |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200501280669.html |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=The Monitor (Kampala)}}</ref> Alijitokeza zaidi mnamo mwaka [[2006]] alipoongoza pamoja na wanaharakati wengine uzalishaji wa kwanza nchini Uganda wa tamthilia ''The Vagina Monologues'', iliyozungumzia ukatili wa kijinsia dhidi ya wanawake. Tamthilia hiyo ilipigwa marufuku na Baraza la Vyombo vya Habari, lakini ilizua mjadala mkubwa kuhusu haki za wanawake na ukatili wa kijinsia.<ref name="NewVisionProfile" /><ref name="JustAssociates">{{cite book |title=Women Navigate Power: Stories of Rights Work |publisher=Just Associates / ActionAid |year=2006 |chapter=Staging The Vagina Monologues in Kampala |last=Nakaweesi Kimbugwe |first=Solome}}</ref> === Akina Mama wa Afrika === Mnamo mwaka [[2007]] aliteuliwa kuwa Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa [[Akina Mama wa Afrika]], shirika la kifeministi barani Afrika lenye makao makuu [[London]] (baadaye [[Kampala]]). Alikuwa Muganda wa kwanza kushika nafasi hiyo.<ref name="NewVisionProfile" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Akina Mama wa Afrika appoint new ED |url=https://pambazuka.org/governance/akina-mama-wa-afrika-appoint-new-ed |access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref> Akiwa katika nafasi hiyo, aliongoza programu za ujenzi wa uongozi wa kifeministi, utetezi wa sera, na uimarishaji wa harakati za wanawake barani Afrika.<ref name="NewVisionProfile" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Our Team: Solome Nakaweesi |url=https://www.afyanahaki.org/team/solome-nakaweesi/ |access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref> Baadaye alihudumu kama Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Nabagereka Development Foundation, chini ya uongozi wa Nnabagereka wa Buganda, Sylvia Nagginda. Alisimamia programu za kupunguza mimba za utotoni, elimu ya wasichana na uwezeshaji wa familia.<ref name="URN_Teenage">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Nabagereka Foundation Out to Curb Teenage Pregnancy |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/nabagereka-foundation-out-to-curb-teenage-pregnancy?districtId=732 |access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref> Nakaweesi ameendelea kufanya kazi kama mshauri wa kimataifa wa maendeleo, akijikita katika ujenzi wa harakati, sera na haki za binadamu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2022-07-14 |title=Solome Nakaweesi-Kimbugwe – PSI |url=https://www.psi.org/sctg-leadership/solome-nakaweesi-kimbugwe/ |access-date=2026-03-25 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Pia amefundisha katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere]] na Nkumba University.<ref name="FOWODE" /> == Maisha binafsi == Nakaweesi ni mama wa watoto wawili. Ameeleza kuwa ndoa yake akiwa bado mwanafunzi wa chuo na maamuzi yake ya kusoma Uingereza yalikuwa hatua muhimu katika maisha yake ya kikazi.<ref name="NewVisionProfile" /> Anajulikana pia kwa kupenda mitindo na sanaa ya Kiafrika, akihusisha ubunifu wa kitamaduni na uwezeshaji wa kiuchumi. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}}{{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii: Wanawake wa Uganda]] [[jamii: Wanawake wa Afrika]] frozx4pey0h7b5dwxjmlkqecfprpkyn 0 227480 1530224 1525304 2026-05-02T21:12:41Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530224 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Schadrack Niyonkuru''' (pia huandikwa Shadrack) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Burundi ambaye ni mwanachama wa [[Bunge]] la Pan-Afrika na Bunge la Taifa la Burundi. Awali, alikuwa [[Rais]] wa Parti du Peuple, chama cha siasa cha Burundi kilichoshirikiana na Front for Democracy in Burundi (FRODEBU). Niyonkuru anatoka Mkoa wa Bururi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Great Lakes Documentation Network (Geneva)|url=https://www.hotels-geneva.org/en/grandslacs.html|work=www.hotels-geneva.org|accessdate=2026-04-09}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} <references /> [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za wanasiasa]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Burundi]] fvl28io7dv8zpwwv2uc97avps73vb4r 0 227506 1530180 1504000 2026-05-02T19:07:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530180 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Édouard Nzambimana''' (20 Desemba 1945 – Septemba 2015) <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lTVyAAAAMAAJ&q=%C3%89douard+Nzambimana+1945|title=Année africaine|date=1978|publisher=Éditions A. Pedone.|language=fr}}</ref>alikuwa [[Waziri]] Mkuu wa Burundi kuanzia tarehe 12 Novemba 1976 hadi 13 Oktoba 1978, wakati nafasi hiyo ilipofutwa. Baadaye alikua Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje, akihudumu hadi mwaka [[1982]]. Kabla ya kuwa Waziri Mkuu, Nzambimana alipata [[elimu]] yake nchini Belgium na alikuwa Luteni Kanali katika [[jeshi]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lt Col Edouard Nzambimana, un modèle pour cette génération – IWACU|url=https://www.iwacu-burundi.org/lt-col-edouard-nzambimana-un-modele-pour-cette-generation-2/|work=www.iwacu-burundi.org|accessdate=2026-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Army Officer Is Named Premier In New Burundi Government|date=1976-11-14|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/11/14/archives/army-officer-is-named-premier-in-new-burundi-government.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2026-04-10}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} <references /> [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1945]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Burundi]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za wanasiasa]] mdv9sw8d2pw45iski6mq6r8pow1s3r2 0 227510 1529897 1523670 2026-05-02T14:02:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529897 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pierre Mupira''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] na [[mwalimu]] kutoka Burundi. Aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa Maendeleo ya Jamii (Communal Development) nchini [[Burundi]], <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Le Ministre Pierre Mupira s’est marié – IWACU|url=https://www.iwacu-burundi.org/le-ministre-pierre-mupira-sest-mari/|work=www.iwacu-burundi.org|accessdate=2026-04-10}}</ref>akiteuliwa katika nafasi hiyo mwaka 2010 na aliyekuwa Rais wa Burundi, [[Pierre Nkurunziza]]. Muhula wake ulianza tarehe 30 Agosti [[2010]].<ref>{{Citation|last=AfricaNews|title=Women occupy 30% of Burundi's new cabinet {{!}} Africanews|url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/06/29/women-occupy-30-percent-of-burundi-s-new-cabinet//|work=Africanews|language=en|access-date=2026-04-10}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Burundi : Le Portail des Institutions|url=http://www.burundi-gov.bi/|work=www.burundi-gov.bi|accessdate=2026-04-10}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} <references /> [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za wanasiasa]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Burundi]] nltiyzerr9dma5sqrc5p3g2tb7h1xx3 0 227520 1530124 1504018 2026-05-02T18:58:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1530124 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zoliswa Albertina Kota-Mpeko''' (zamani '''Kota-Fredericks''' na '''Kota-Hendricks'''; alizaliwa [[Aprili 4]], [[1956]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] kutoka [[Western Cape]]. Akiwa mwanachama wa [[ANC|African National Congress (ANC)]], alihudumu kama Naibu Waziri wa Makazi ya Binadamu kati ya Mei [[2009]] na Mei [[2019]]. Alihudumu kwa vipindi sita katika Bunge la Afrika Kusini. Akiwa amezaliwa na kukulia [[Cape Town]], Kota-Mpeko alianza kujihusisha kisiasa kama [[mwanafunzi]] [[mwanaharakati]] katika harakati za kupinga [[ubaguzi wa rangi]]. Alijipatia umaarufu kama katibu wa uenezaji wa jimbo wa United Democratic Front. Baada ya kuishi uhamishoni na ANC kati ya [[1985]] na [[1991]], alirudi kuiwakilisha chama hicho katika Mkutano wa Kidemokrasia wa Afrika Kusini. Katika uchaguzi wa kwanza baada ya ubaguzi wa rangi Mei [[1994]], aliendesha kampeni yake ya kwanza ya uchaguzi wa jimbo kwa ANC na akachaguliwa kuwa kiti katika Bunge la Kitaifa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2007-12-06|title=ANC releases consolidated nominations list|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2007-12-06-anc-releases-consolidated-nominations-list/|access-date=2024-07-04|website=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Alihudumu katika Bunge la Kitaifa mfululizo kati ya Mei 1994 na Mei 2019, kwanza akiacha viti vya nyuma na kuhudumu kama mwenyekiti wa Kamati ya Kwingineko ya Nyumba kuanzia [[2002]] hadi [[2009]]. Baada ya uchaguzi mkuu wa Aprili 2009, Rais [[Jacob Zuma]] alimteua kama Naibu Waziri wa Makazi ya Binadamu, na katika muongo uliofuata alishikilia wadhifa huo chini ya mawaziri wanne mfululizo.<ref>{{Rejea habari|date=13 June 2005|title=Cabinet reshuffle likely after Skwatsha exit|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/cabinet-reshuffle-likely-after-skwatsha-exit-243656|access-date=4 July 2024|work=IOL}}</ref> Alipoteza kiti chake cha ubunge katika uchaguzi mkuu wa Mei 2019 na baada ya hapo alitumia miaka miwili kama mwenyekiti wa kampuni ya teknolojia iliyounganishwa na Iqbal Survé. Kati ya Novemba [[2021]] na Mei [[2024]], alirudi katika Bunge la Kitaifa kama msaidizi, akijaza nafasi iliyo wazi katika mkutano wa ANC, lakini hakuteuliwa kuchaguliwa tena katika uchaguzi mkuu wa 2024. Mwenyekiti wa zamani wa mkoa wa tawi la Western Cape la Ligi ya Wanawake ya ANC, alikuwa mjumbe wa Kamati ya Utendaji ya Mkoa wa ANC kati ya [[1992]] na [[2023]], aliposhindwa kupata uchaguzi tena.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2004-05-06|title=ANC man to head key fiscal watchdog|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2004-05-06-anc-man-to-head-key-fiscal-watchdog/|access-date=2024-07-04|website=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Uhamishoni na mpito == Baada ya kukamatwa na serikali ya ubaguzi wa rangi chini ya Kifungu cha 29 cha Sheria ya Usalama wa Ndani, Kota-Mpeko aliondoka Afrika Kusini mwaka [[1985]] na kwenda uhamishoni. Alianza kuishi [[Lesotho]] na baadaye [[Zambia]], ambako alijiunga na African National Congress (ANC) pamoja na tawi lake la kijeshi, Umkhonto we Sizwe. Alipata mafunzo ya kijeshi nchini Angola na katika [[Umoja wa Kisovieti]]. Baadaye, kuanzia mwaka [[1987]] hadi [[1991]], aliiwakilisha ANC katika misheni yake iliyokuwa [[Isla de la Juventud]], nchini [[Cuba]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2008-11-28|title=ANC's premier A-list|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2008-11-28-ancs-premier-alist/|access-date=2024-07-04|website=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1956]] [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii: Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii: Wanaharakati wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii: Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii: Wanasiasa wanawake Afrika Kusini]] pp5t9tj4qhbnn9vg4l5l8qxvdxk89ot 0 227523 1529852 1504026 2026-05-02T12:29:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529852 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yves Sahinguvu''' (amezaliwa 20 Desemba 1949) ni mwanasiasa na [[daktari]] kutoka [[Burundi]]. Kuanzia Novemba 2007 hadi Agosti 2010, aliwahi kuwa Makamu wa Kwanza wa Rais wa Burundi anayeshughulikia masuala ya kisiasa na kiutawala. Aliteuliwa rasmi na Bunge tarehe 9 Novemba 2007, akichukua nafasi ya Martin Nduwimana ambaye alilazimishwa kujiuzulu kutokana na mkwamo wa kisiasa. Yeye ni mtaalamu wa macho (ophthalmologist) na ni mwanachama wa [[chama]] cha upinzani cha Union for National Progress. Katika uchaguzi mkuu wa mwaka 2010, aligombea urais kama mwakilishi wa chama chake, lakini baadaye alijitoa pamoja na vyama vingine vya upinzani, wakidai kuwa chama tawala kilihusika na udanganyifu katika uchaguzi wa madiwani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yves Sahinguvu (Burundi)|url=http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/peo/peo_42117.html|work=www.afdevinfo.com|accessdate=2026-04-10}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}}{{BD|1949}} <references /> [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1949]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Burundi]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za wanasiasa]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 4u8j6o9dtftzdyr18nsnvxyywpbo81x 0 227527 1530276 1526523 2026-05-03T02:35:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530276 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Séverin Buzingo''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] na [[mwalimu]] kutoka Burundi. Aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa Elimu ya Msingi na Sekondari nchini Burundi, akiteuliwa mwaka 2010 na aliyekuwa [[Rais]] wa Burundi [[Pierre Nkurunziza]]. Alianza kushika wadhifa huo tarehe 30 Agosti 2010.<ref>{{Citation|last=AfricaNews|title=Women occupy 30% of Burundi's new cabinet {{!}} Africanews|url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/06/29/women-occupy-30-percent-of-burundi-s-new-cabinet//|work=Africanews|language=en|access-date=2026-04-10}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Burundi : Le Portail des Institutions|url=http://www.burundi-gov.bi/|work=www.burundi-gov.bi|accessdate=2026-04-10}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} <references /> [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za wanasiasa]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Burundi]] 8we9pp6sml04ggxypa57gj4s1imbsvy 0 227580 1529926 1504048 2026-05-02T16:23:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529926 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ray Dalio''' (Alizaliwa [[8 Agosti]], [[1949]]) ni [[meneja]] wa hazina ya uwekezaji (hedge fund) nchini [[Marekani]], mwanzilishi wa ''Bridgewater Associates'', moja ya hazina kubwa zaidi za uwekezaji duniani.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ray Dalio |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/ray-dalio/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-10}}</ref> Alipata shahada ya [[Shahada]] ya Sayansi katika Fedha kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Long Island na MBA kutoka ''Harvard Business School''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Founder |url=https://www.bridgewater.com/our-founder |website=Bridgewater |access-date=2026-04-10}}</ref> Alianzisha ''Bridgewater Associates ''mwaka [[1975]], na chini ya uongozi wake, kampuni hiyo ikawa hazina kubwa zaidi ya uwekezaji duniani mwaka [[2005]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The head of the world's largest hedge fund explains how he learned to invest |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ray-dalio-bridgewater-associates-investing-2017-4 |website=Business Insider |date=April 11, 2017 |access-date=2026-04-10 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Aliandika kitabu cha ''Principles: Life & Work'' ([[2017]]), kilichoandikwa na ''New York Times''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Stevenson |first=Alexandra |last2=Goldstein |first2=Matthew |title=Bridgewater's Ray Dalio Spreads His Gospel of 'Radical Transparency' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/08/business/dealbook/bridgewater-ray-dalio-principles.html |website=The New York Times |date=September 8, 2017 |access-date=2026-04-10}}</ref> Mnamo Februari [[2026]], utajiri wake ulikadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 20.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bloomberg Billionaires Index |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/ |website=Bloomberg.com |date=2026-02-21 |access-date=2026-04-10}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1949]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ghjp3ii2b02orv37x2jq29afyfg4piy 0 227646 1529945 1524370 2026-05-02T17:18:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529945 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Richard Mofe-Damijo.png|thumb|Richard Mofe-Damijo]] '''Chifu Richard Evans Mofe-Damijo''' (alizaliwa [[1961]]), anajulikana kama RMD,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=RMD set to get Chieftaincy title at Igbo film festival|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/07/rmd-set-get-chieftaincy-title-igbo-film-festival/|work=Vanguard News|date=2014-07-25|accessdate=2026-04-11|language=en-GB|author=akintayo eribake}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=RMD in Calgary: A four-day cultural event|url=https://thegauntlet.ca/2025/10/29/rmd-in-calgary-a-four-day-cultural-event/|work=The Gauntlet|date=2025-10-29|accessdate=2026-04-11|language=en-US|author=Vama Saini}}</ref>  ni mwigizaji, mwandishi, mtayarishaji, wakili, na mwandishi wa habari wa zamani kutoka [[Nigeria]].<ref name=":0">https://web.archive.org/web/20201013033028/https://www.newswatchngr.com/editorial/allaccess/special/10112232035.htm/</ref> Alihudumu kama Kamishna wa Utamaduni na Utalii katika Jimbo la Delta kuanzia mwaka 2009 hadi  mwaka 2015.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=10th AMVCA: 10 facts about Industry Merit Award winner, Richard Mofe-Damijo|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/10th-amvca-10-facts-about-industry-merit-award-winner-richard-mofe-damijo/|work=Tribune Online|date=2024-05-14|accessdate=2026-04-11|language=en-GB|author=Alausa-Issa Zainab}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Richard Mofe-Damijo (RMD): A comprehensive biography|url=https://www.pulse.ng/story/richard-mofe-damijo-rmd-a-comprehensive-biography-2025022713365657725|work=Pulse Nigeria|date=2025-02-27|accessdate=2026-04-11|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Former Nollywood actor, Richard Mofe-Damijo in N50m embezzlement scandal|url=https://dailypost.ng/2012/11/30/former-nollywood-actor-richard-mofe-damijo-n50m-embezzlement-scandal/|work=Daily Post Nigeria|date=2012-11-30|accessdate=2026-04-11|language=en-US|author=Ameh Comrade Godwin}}</ref> Mofe-Damijo alishinda Tuzo za Akademia ya Filamu Afrika kama Muigizaji Bora katika Nafasi ya Uongozi mwaka [[2005]].<ref name=":1">https://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/26859/1/New-world-of-A-list-stars-blacklisted-in-2005/Page1.html#google_vignette</ref><ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wayback Machine|url=http://media.deltastateonline.com/newsstory/14/407/Delta_State_Government_Swears_in_Two_New_Commissioners_.html/|work=media.deltastateonline.com|accessdate=2026-04-11}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Alipokea Tuzo ya Mafanikio ya Maisha katika Tuzo za 12 za Akademia ya Filamu Afrika mwaka 2016.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=For RMD, It’s Good News from Kigali – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2018/10/27/for-rmd-its-good-news-from-kigali/|accessdate=2026-04-11|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=RMD receives Lifetime Achievement award from Pete Edochie (AMAA 2016)|date=2016-06-14|url=http://nollywoodcommunity.com/rmd-receives-amaa-life-time-achievement-award-from-pete-edochie/|work=Nollywood Community|language=en-US|access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka [[2024]], alitunukiwa Tuzo za Ustahimilifu wa Sekta, pamoja na Iya Rainbow katika Tuzo za Chaguo la Watazamaji wa Africa Magic.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=AMVCA 2024: Iya Rainbow, RMD bag Lifetime awards as Bankole, Ojo win best actors|url=https://punchng.com/amvca-2024-iya-rainbow-rmd-bag-lifetime-awards-as-bankole-ojo-win-best-actors/|work=Punch Newspapers|date=2024-05-12|accessdate=2026-04-11|language=en-US|author=Our Reporters}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Mofe-Damijo alizaliwa katika mji wa Aladja, Ufalme wa Udu, ambalo kwa sasa ni Jimbo la Delta. Alihudhuria Chuo cha Midwest, Warri na Shule ya Sarufi ya Anglikana, ambapo alikuwa mwanachama wa klabu ya maigizo. Alisoma sanaa ya maigizo katika Chuo Kikuu cha Benin,<ref name=":0" /> na baadaye akasoma sheria katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Lagos]], na kuhitimu mwaka [[2004]].<ref name=":1" /> == Kazi == Baada ya kuhitimu kutoka chuo kikuu akiwa na shahada ya sanaa ya uigizaji, Mofe-Damijo alionekana katika tamthila ya televisheni Ripples kama mkaguzi wa polisi lakini alipata umaarufu zaidi kama mhalifu Segun Kadiri katika filamu pinzani ya Checkmate. Kabla ya hapo, alikuwa mwandishi katika gazeti la kila siku la The Concord, na majarida ya Metro and Quality.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=After Concord Newspaper died, it felt like I lost a baby –Mike Awoyinfa|url=https://punchng.com/after-concord-newspaper-died-it-felt-like-i-lost-a-baby-mike-awoyinfa/|work=Punch Newspapers|date=2018-09-15|accessdate=2026-04-11|language=en-US|author=punchng}}</ref>Out of Bounds ilikuwa filamu ya kwanza ambayo ilimpatia sifa kama mwandishi na mtayarishaji.<ref name=":0" /> Mnamo mwaka [[2005]], katika toleo la kwanza la Tuzo za Akademia ya Filamu Afrika, Mofe-Damijo alishinda tuzo ya Muigizaji Bora katika nafasi ya uongozi.<ref name=":1" /> Mnamo mwaka [[2017]], aliandaa Tuzo za GLO-CAF ya mwaka 2016 pamoja na mwandishi wa habari wa Nigeria anyeitwa Mimi Fawaz.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=News|url=https://www.cafonline.com/news/|work=News|accessdate=2026-04-11|language=en-GB}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 2021, alipokea Tuxo ya Black Star Honor katika hafla ya Rhymes on Da Runway huko [[Accra|Accra, Ghana]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Richard Mofe-Damijo honoured in Ghana|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2021/12/08/richard-mofe-damijo-honoured-in-ghana/|accessdate=2026-04-11|language=en-US}}</ref> == Kazi ya Kisiasa == Mofe-Damijo aliteuliwa kuwa Mshauri Maalum wa Utamaduni na Utalii<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=SPECIAL ADVISER OR NOT, I’M STILL AN ACTOR — RMD|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/3968/special-adviser-or-not-im-still-an-actor-rmd.html|work=Nigerian Voice|accessdate=2026-04-11}}</ref> kwa Gavana Emmanuel Uduaghan wa Jimbo la Delta, mnamo mwaka [[2008]]. Baadaye alihudumu kama Kamishna wa Utamaduni na Utalii katika Jimbo la Delta kuanzia maka [[2009]] hadi mwaka [[2015]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Citation|title=Nigeria: MC Olokpa Bombs RMD|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201504200579.html|work=allAfrica.com|language=en|access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Mofe-Damijo alimuoa Mary Ellen 'MEE' Ezekiel,ambaye ni mwandishi wa habari, mchapishaji na mtangazaji wa kipindi cha mazungumzo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Remembering May Ezekiel, 21 years after|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/transition/remembering-may-ezekiel-21-years-after/|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|date=2017-03-25|accessdate=2026-04-11|language=en-GB|author=Anthony}}</ref> Baada ya kifo chake mwaka [[1996]], Mofe-Damijo alimuoa Jumobi Adegbesan, ambaye ni mtangazaji maarufu wa televisheni. Baadaye aliacha utangazaji na kujiunga na sekta ya makampuni. RMD ana watoto watano.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=RMD: Two Decades of Screen Romance|url=http://nigeriamovies.net/news/news132.php|work=nigeriamovies.net|accessdate=2026-04-11}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:waigizaji filamu wa Nigeria]] cumenr4f64vxo0tlu5ow653skinzocu 0 227656 1530211 1504424 2026-05-02T19:59:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530211 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sam Boyd''' ([[23 Aprili]] [[1910]] – [[15 Januari]] [[1993]]) alikuwa [[mjasiriamali]], meneja wa kasino, na [[msanidi programu]] nchini [[Marekani]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sam Boyd, 82, a Roulette Dealer Who Became a Builder of Casinos |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/16/obituaries/sam-boyd-82-a-roulette-dealer-who-became-a-builder-of-casinos.html |website=The New York Times |date=January 16, 1993 |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Alianza kazi yake katika tasnia ya kamari mwaka [[1928]] kabla ya kuhamia [[Las Vegas]] mwaka [[1941]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Hall of Fame Inductee: Sam Boyd, Lee Business School |url=https://www.unlv.edu/news-release/business-hall-fame-inductee-sam-boyd-lee-business-school |website=University of Nevada, Las Vegas |date=September 11, 2013 |access-date=2026-04-11 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Alianzisha ''Boyd Gaming'' pamoja na mwanawe, ambalo likawa moja ya mashirika makubwa zaidi ya usimamizi wa kasino duniani.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sam Boyd |url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/business/casinos-gaming/sam-boyd/ |website=Las Vegas Review-Journal |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> ''Sam Boyd Stadium'' katika Chuo Kikuu cha Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) ulipewa jina lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sam Boyd Stadium |url=https://www.unlv.edu/samboydstadium |website=UNLV |access-date=2026-04-11 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1910]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1993]] a44mrhos7mkf7u6gp5nut0yfy6kmhlw 0 227662 1530248 1525773 2026-05-02T23:46:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530248 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Illicent Ntombizodwa Sibongile Manana''' (alizaliwa [[6 Septemba]] [[1960]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] kutoka Mkoa wa [[Mpumalanga]]. Aliwakilisha [[African National Congress|African National Congress (ANC)]] kama mbunge kuanzia mwaka [[1994]] hadi [[2019]], akihudumu zaidi katika Bunge la Taifa kati ya [[2014]]–2019 na [[2004]]–[[2009]]. Pia aliwahi kuhudumu katika Bunge la Mkoa wa Mpumalanga, ambapo alikuwa Mjumbe wa Baraza la Utendaji (MEC) kati ya [[1999]]–2004 na tena kati ya 2009–2014. Manana anajulikana zaidi kwa nafasi yake kama MEC wa Afya wa Mpumalanga kuanzia 1999 hadi [[2003]] wakati wa janga la HIV/AIDS. Katika kipindi hicho, alipinga vikali utoaji wa dawa za kupunguza makali ya virusi vya [[UKIMWI]] katika vituo vya afya vya umma vya mkoa. Aidha, alikuwa mjumbe wa Kamati Kuu ya Kitaifa ya ANC kuanzia mwaka [[2007]] hadi [[2012]]. == Maisha ya awali == Manana alizaliwa mnamo Septemba 6, 1960.<ref name=":02">{{cite magazine|date=11 June 1999|title=General Notice: Notice 1319 of 1999 – Electoral Commission: Representatives Elected to the Various Legislatures|url=https://gazettes.africa/archive/za/1999/za-government-gazette-dated-1999-06-11-no-20203.pdf|access-date=26 March 2021|magazine=[[Government Gazette of South Africa]]|publisher=[[Government of South Africa]]|location=Pretoria, South Africa|pages=|volume=408|issue=20203}}</ref> == Kazi ya Ubunge == === 1994–1999: Wabunge wa jimbo === Manana alifanya kazi kama [[muuguzi]] wakati wa enzi ya ubaguzi wa rangi. Baadaye alichaguliwa kuiwakilisha African National Congress (ANC) katika Bunge la Mkoa wa Mpumalanga kupitia uchaguzi mkuu wa mwaka [[1994]], ambao ulikuwa uchaguzi wa kwanza wa kidemokrasia wa wote nchini Afrika Kusini.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2002-02-08|title=Manana sticks to her guns|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2002-02-08-manana-sticks-to-her-guns/|access-date=2023-04-13|website=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Baadaye, aliongoza Kamati ya Kudumu ya Afya ya bunge hilo hadi alipoteuliwa kuwa mwenyekiti, na hatimaye kuwa mjumbe wa mkutano wa chama hicho. === 1999–2004: Baraza Kuu === Baada ya uchaguzi mkuu wa mwaka 1999, Manana aliteuliwa katika Baraza la Utendaji la Mkoa wa Mpumalanga na Waziri Mkuu Ndaweni Mahlangu, akipewa jukumu la kuwa Mjumbe wa Baraza la Utendaji (MEC) wa Afya.<ref name=":1"> "Mpumalanga health MEC's reign of scandal over". IOL. 1 Septemba 2003. Iliwekwa mnamo 13 Aprili 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)</ref> Kipindi chake madarakani kilikumbwa na utata mkubwa. Vyombo vya habari vilimkosoa vikali, na hata mashirika ya kijamii yalimlaumu kwa msimamo wake mkali kuhusu sera za afya. Kipindi chake kililingana na kilele cha janga la HIV/AIDS nchini Afrika Kusini, hasa katika Mkoa wa Mpumalanga. Katika kipindi hicho, Manana alifuata msimamo wa serikali ya kitaifa chini ya Rais [[Thabo Mbeki]] na Waziri wa Afya Manto Tshabalala-Msimang, ambao walikuwa na mtazamo wa kutilia shaka uhusiano kati ya virusi vya UKIMWI na ugonjwa wa UKIMWI. Kutokana na msimamo huo, alipinga kwa nguvu usambazaji wa dawa za kupunguza makali ya virusi vya UKIMWI katika vituo vya afya vya umma vya mkoa huo.<ref name=":2">{{Rejea habari|last=McGreal|first=Chris|date=2001-07-23|title=HIV prevention has South African health minister outraged|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jul/23/comment.worlddispatch|access-date=2023-04-13|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Rejea jarida |last=Bateman |first=Chris |date=2008 |title=Manana's costly machinations: Naude vindicated |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0256-95742008001200006&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=SAMJ: South African Medical Journal |volume=98 |issue=12 |pages=916–918 |issn=0256-9574 |pmid=19374062 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1960]] [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii: Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii: Wanaharakati wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii: Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii: Wanasiasa wanawake Afrika Kusini]] 4ii2h646mc1egkhhqt5uzkan1mbkijx 0 227682 1530335 1528748 2026-05-03T08:43:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530335 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Venantia Otto''' (alizaliwa 22 Agosti 1987) ni [[mwanamitindo]] kutoka [[Namibia]] ambaye alishinda shindano la Face of Africa mwaka 2006.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVUhv6WfVR0C&q=Venantia+Otto+face+of+africa&pg=PA28|title=The Mirror: Issue 2,696 August 19 2006|last=Margaret Safo|date=2006-08-19|publisher=Graphic Communications Group|language=en}}</ref> ==Kazi yake== Otto alizaliwa Windhoek, mji mkuu wa Namibia. Mwaka 2006 alishinda mashindano ya Sun City nchini Afrika Kusini, na baadaye akashinda Face of Africa, moja ya mashindano makubwa ya urembo barani Afrika. Aliwashinda washiriki zaidi ya 6000 kutoka nchi 12. Mbali na taji hilo, pia alishinda zawadi ya fedha ya dola 10,000 za Marekani. Ushindi huo ulimfungulia milango ya fursa zaidi katika uanamitindo, ikiwemo mkataba wa miaka mitatu wenye thamani ya dola 150,000 na kampuni ya Elite Model Management ya New York, Marekani. Mbali na uanamitindo, Otto pia ameshiriki katika uigizaji wa filamu. Alicheza nafasi kuu katika filamu ''Nama'' iliyoongozwa na Christoph Ebner, ambayo ilionyeshwa Windhoek mwaka 2008 na baadaye kuonyeshwa katika Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes, Ufaransa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.casting-agentur.de/?cmd=news.detail&id=318&partner_id=4|title=18-jährige Namibierin Venantia Otto zum "Gesicht Afrikas" gewählt|publisher=Casting-Agentur}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/Venantia_Otto/|title=Venantia Otto - Fashion Model Profile|website=Fashion Model Directory}}</ref> Mwaka 2013 alishiriki katika filamu ''Honeymoon Hotel'' pamoja na waigizaji kutoka nchi mbalimbali za Afrika.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/10/your-behind-the-scenes-look-at-honeymoon-hotel/|title=Behind the Scenes of Honeymoon Hotel|date=6 October 2013|website=BellaNaija}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ameonyesha pia nia ya siku moja kuendesha kipindi chake cha televisheni cha mahojiano.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=5071|title=Venantia Otto Profile|website=TVSA}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanamitindo}} [[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Namibia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1987]] huoad0syg58lh6git0ti8uc0pirpy3d 0 227689 1530170 1504297 2026-05-02T19:06:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530170 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alejandro Baena Rodríguez''' (amezaliwa [[20 Julai]], [[2001]]), anayejulikana kama '''Álex Baena''', ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Hispania]] anayechukua nafasi ya kiungo wa kushoto au kiungo [[mshambuliaji]] katika klabu ya Atlético Madrid na timu ya taifa ya Timu ya taifa ya Hispania.<ref name="auto1">{{Rejea habari |url=https://en.as.com/resultados/futbol/primera/2023_2024/ranking/jugadores/asistencias-de-gol/ |title=LaLiga EA Sports: Goal assist |newspaper=[[Diario AS]] |publisher=Prisa |date=27 May 2024 |access-date=30 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.atleticodemadrid.com/noticias/welcome-baena |title=Welcome, Baena! |publisher=Atlético Madrid |date=2 July 2025}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|2001|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]] mnb2o60w48djrt77ajatn3a16ygbq7s 0 227718 1530174 1504471 2026-05-02T19:07:03Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530174 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ángel Castellanos Céspedes''' (pia alijulikana kwa jina la '''Castellanos'''; [[15 Novemba]] [[1952]] – [[2 Januari]] [[2024]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka Hispania aliyekuwa akicheza kama beki wa kati na kiungo wa ulinzi. Alitambulika zaidi kupitia maisha yake ya [[soka]] katika klabu za Granada CF na Valencia CF kuanzia mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1970 hadi katikati ya miaka ya 1980, akiwa sehemu ya vikosi vilivyoshinda 1978–79 Copa del Rey, 1979–80 European Cup Winners' Cup na 1980 European Super Cup. Pia aliichezea timu ya taifa ya Hispania mwaka 1974.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ángel Castellanos, homenajeado en Granada|url=https://www.latribunadeciudadreal.es/noticia/zd364d1e2-0b69-6496-3d5cd7323c091e7f/202002/angel-castellanos-homenajeado-en-granada|date=5 February 2020|language=es-ES|website=La Tribuna de Ciudad Real|access-date=4 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104074149/https://www.latribunadeciudadreal.es/noticia/zd364d1e2-0b69-6496-3d5cd7323c091e7f/202002/angel-castellanos-homenajeado-en-granada|archive-date=4 January 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1952|2024}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]] 7mvmqch0yh8f72guldhnsm63dgucl76 0 227759 1530173 1509238 2026-05-02T19:06:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530173 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ángel Arocha Guillén''' ([[23 Juni]] [[1907]] – [[2 Septemba]] [[1938]]), anayejulikana kama '''Arocha''', alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Hispania]]. Alianza maisha yake ya soka katika klabu ya CD Tenerife kisha akacheza kwa klabu ya FC Barcelona kati ya mwaka 1927 hadi 1933.<ref>[http://www.bdfutbol.com/p/j11291.html?cat=SEL Spain stats] at BDFutbol</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.clubdeportivotenerife.es/pagina.asp?ids=292&idn=4&idp=535 |title=Ángel Arocha at CD Tenerife.es |accessdate=2026-04-11 |archive-date=2014-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024152409/http://www.clubdeportivotenerife.es/pagina.asp?ids=292&idn=4&idp=535 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1907|1938}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]] pbqvtsdes2ajwpha5ncvrkl5ljnvoqm 0 227769 1530043 1504526 2026-05-02T18:46:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 6 template(s) replaced. 1530043 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zaynab Alkali''' (alizaliwa 1950) ni mwandishi wa riwaya kutoka Nigeria.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea kitabu |last=Kabir |first=Hajara Muhammad |title=Northern women development |date=2010 |isbn=978-978-906-469-4 |oclc=890820657}}</ref> Pia ni mshairi na mwandishi wa hadithi fupi, na anatajwa kuwa mwandishi wa kwanza mwanamke wa riwaya kutoka Kaskazini mwa Nigeria.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Ijewere |first=Esther |date=2019-01-07 |title=Meet Zaynab Alkali, the first woman novelist from Northern Nigeria |url=https://womenofrubies.com/meet-zaynab-alkali-the-first-woman-novelist-from-northern-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=Women of Rubies |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Ovuakporie |first=Emman |date=2024-12-02 |title=Meet first female novelist from Northern Nigeria, Zainab Alkali |url=https://thenewsguru.ng/news/meet-first-female-novelist-from-northern-nigeria-zainab-alkali/ |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=TheNewsGuru |language=en-US}}</ref> == Maisha na elimu == Alkali alizaliwa Tura-Wazila, Jimbo la Borno mwaka 1950.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2016-11-09 |title=ALKALI, Dr. Zaynab |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/alkali-dr-zaynab/ |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> Alisoma katika Bayero University Kano na kuhitimu shahada ya BA mwaka 1973.<ref name=busby>[[Margaret Busby]], ''[[Daughters of Africa]]'', London: Cape, 1992, p. 782.</ref> Baadaye alipata shahada ya uzamivu katika masomo ya Afrika katika chuo hicho hicho, na akafanya kazi kama mkuu wa Shule ya Wasichana ya Shekara. Pia alihudumu kama mhadhiri wa Kiingereza katika vyuo vikuu viwili nchini Nigeria.<ref name="Jr.Akyeampong2012">{{cite book|author1=Professor [[Henry Louis Gates Jr.]]|author2=Professor [[Emmanuel Akyeampong]]|author3=Steven J. Niven|title=Dictionary of African Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA301|date=2 February 2012|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|pages=177–178}}</ref> == Familia == Alkali aliolewa na aliyekuwa makamu mkuu wa University of Maiduguri, Mohammed Nur Alkali, na walipata watoto sita. Anaishi Keffi, ambapo aliwahi pia kufundisha katika Nasarawa State University. == Kazi == Alkali alifanya kazi katika University of Maiduguri kwa takribani miaka ishirini kama mhadhiri mwandamizi wa Kiingereza. Baadaye alihamia katika Shirika la Afya ya Msingi la Nigeria (NPHCDA) Abuja, kabla ya kujiunga na Nasarawa State University. Riwaya yake maarufu ''The Stillborn'' (1984) ilipokelewa vizuri na ilizingatia safari ya mwanamke anayepambana na changamoto za mila kandamizi.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Ouarodima |first=Maina |date=2018-06-01 |title=Women and Patriarchy: A Reading of Zaynab Alkali’s The Stillborn |url=https://asrjetsjournal.org/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/4109 |journal=American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=178–189}}</ref> Kazi nyingine ni pamoja na ''The Virtuous Woman'' (1987), ''Cobwebs & Other Stories'' (1997), ''The Descendants'' (2005), ''The Initiates'' (2007), na ''Invisible Borders'' (2016).<ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Amos |first=Kobor |date=2018-01-07 |title=Alkali’s tale of love and politics in Invisible Borders |url=https://guardian.ng/art/alkalis-tale-of-love-and-politics-in-invisible-borders/ |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> Vitabu vyake vimetafsiriwa katika lugha mbalimbali zikiwemo Kijerumani, Kifaransa, Kiarabu na Kihispania. == Ajira na uongozi == Alkali amewahi kuwa: * Mhadhiri katika University of Maiduguri kwa zaidi ya miaka 20 * Afisa katika NPHCDA Abuja * Profesa katika Nasarawa State University, Keffi * Mkuu wa kitivo cha Sanaa * Naibu Makamu Mkuu (Utawala) * Mkurugenzi wa Mafunzo ya Jinsia == Tuzo == * Tuzo ya ANA Literary Prize (1985) * Icon of Hope (2000) – Rais Olusegun Obasanjo * Nigerian Woman of Distinction Award (2010) * Woman of Substance Merit Award (2011) * Lifetime Achievement Award KABAFEST (2018) == Vitabu == * ''The Stillborn'' (1984) * ''The Virtuous Woman'' (1987) * ''Cobwebs & Other Stories'' (1997) * ''The Descendants'' (2005) * ''The Initiates'' (2007) == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1950|}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] raygpquxtml1rkzdt45vtcy4bkr2cux 0 227785 1529680 1504575 2026-05-02T12:01:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 6 template(s) replaced. 1529680 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yemisi Aribisala''' (amezaliwa tarehe 27 Aprili 1973) ni mwandishi wa insha, mwandishi wa vitabu, mchoraji kutoka Nigeria. Ameelezewa kuwa na “sauti isiyo na woga, yenye ucheshi na isiyoomba radhi”<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://velamag.com/sarah-ladipo-manyikas-seven-bold-and-new-international-voices/|title=Sarah Ladipo Manyika's Seven Bold And New International Voices|newspaper=Vela|first=Sarah Ladipo|last=Manyika|access-date=21 Desemba 2016}}</ref>. Kazi zake zimechapishwa katika majarida mbalimbali yakiwemo ''The New Yorker'', ''Vogue'', ''Chimurenga'', ''Popula'', ''Google Arts & Culture'', ''The Johannesburg Review of Books'', ''Critical Muslim'', ''Sandwich Magazine'', ''The Guardian'' (Uingereza), ''Aké Review'', na ''Olongo Africa''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://olongoafrica.com/boy-in-a-gele/|title=Boy in a Gèlè|website=Olongo Africa|first=Yemisi|last=Aribisala|date=3 Februari 2021}}</ref>. Aribisala anajulikana sana kwa kazi zake zinazohifadhi na kuelezea vyakula vya Nigeria kama njia ya kuelewa utamaduni na jamii ya nchi hiyo. Kitabu chake cha kwanza, ''Longthroat Memoirs: Soups, Sex, and the Nigerian Taste Buds'', kilishinda tuzo ya John Avery katika [[André Simon Book Awards]] mwaka 2016<ref name=":0">{{Rejea habari|url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/yemisi-aribisala-john-avery-award/|title=Yemisi Aribisala becomes first black African to win John Avery award|first=Saminu|last=Machunga|date=26 Januari 2017|newspaper=TheCable}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.andresimon.co.uk/awards.html|title=Andre Simon Book Awards}}</ref>. Kazi zake pia zimejumuishwa katika ''New Daughters of Africa'' (imehaririwa na Margaret Busby, 2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/review-new-daughters-of-africa/|title=Power to define yourself|date=10 Mei 2019}}</ref>, ''In the Kitchen: Essays on Food and Life'', na ''The Best American Food Writing 2019''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-328-66225-5|title=The Best American Food Writing 2019|date=8 Novemba 2019}}</ref>. Kwa sasa anaishi London, Uingereza<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/25/magazine/squash-lamb-stew-recipe.html|title=A Luxurious Squash and Lamb Stew for the Holidays|date=25 Oktoba 2023|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>. == Maisha na taaluma == Aribisala alisoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Wolverhampton nchini Uingereza, ambako alipata shahada ya sheria mwaka 1995. Baadaye alipata shahada ya uzamili katika masuala ya kisheria ya usafirishaji wa baharini na usafiri wa kimataifa kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Wales, Cardiff, mwaka 1997. == Uandishi == Alikuwa mhariri mwanzilishi wa jarida la fasihi na utamaduni la Nigeria liitwalo ''Farafina Magazine''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://xokigbo.com/tag/yemisi-ogbe/|title=Nigeria is not a country|date=5 Februari 2017}}</ref>. Kati ya mwaka 2009 na 2011, alikuwa mwandishi wa safu ya chakula katika gazeti la ''234Next'', ambako alipata umaarufu akitumia jina la '''Yẹ́misí Ogbe'''. Pia huchangia mara kwa mara katika machapisho ya fasihi kama ''Chimurenga Chronicle''. == Kazi zake == === ''Longthroat Memoirs'' === Tarehe 31 Oktoba 2016, kitabu chake cha kwanza cha insha kilichapishwa na Cassava Republic Press nchini Nigeria. Kitabu hicho kinachoitwa ''Longthroat Memoirs: Soups, Sex, and the Nigerian Taste Buds'' ni mkusanyo wa insha zinazochunguza siasa za kitamaduni na hisia zinazohusiana na vyakula vya Nigeria<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ft.com/content/8cebd6d6-79b4-11e6-97ae-647294649b28|title=Publisher's expansion brings Nigerian writers to world stage|date=27 Novemba 2016}}</ref>. Kitabu hicho kilipokelewa vizuri, kikiingia kwenye orodha fupi ya tuzo za André Simon na kushinda tuzo ya John Avery<ref>{{cite web|url=https://brittlepaper.com/2017/02/yemisi-aribisalas-longthroat-memoirs-african-book-win-john-avery-award/|title=Yemisi Aribisala's John Avery Award Win}}</ref>. Kazi yake imesifiwa kwa uwezo wake wa kuwasilisha ladha, harufu na hisia za vyakula vya Kiafrika kwa njia ya maandishi, na pia imeelezwa kuwa mchanganyiko wa mapishi, historia ya utamaduni, simulizi za safari, na maelezo ya kibinafsi. == Tuzo na heshima == Mnamo Januari 2017, kitabu chake ''Longthroat Memoirs'' kilishinda tuzo ya John Avery katika André Simon Book Awards<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />. Mnamo Machi 2017, alitajwa miongoni mwa wanawake 100 wanaohamasisha nchini Nigeria<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://ynaija.com/ynaija-com-leading-ladies-africa-present-100-inspiring-women-nigeria/|title=100 inspiring women in Nigeria|date=8 Machi 2017}}</ref>. Mwaka 2018, kitabu hicho kiliorodheshwa katika tuzo ya Art of Eating na pia kushinda Gourmand World Cookbook Award. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1973|}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] 1fr96hjmd440ffmeiscbm1jpt7xqmm1 0 227822 1529958 1504630 2026-05-02T17:50:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529958 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Citrone''' (Alizaliwa [[8 Novemba]], [[1964]]) ni meneja wa hazina ya uwekezaji (hedge fund) nchini [[Marekani]], mwanzilishi mwenza wa ''Discovery Capital Management'', na mmiliki mdogo wa ''Pittsburgh Steelers'' wa ''National Football League''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Robert Citrone |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/robert-citrone/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Alipata shahada yake katika Uchumi na Hisabati katika Chuo cha Hampden-Sydney mwaka [[1987]] na MBA katika Darden School of Business mwaka [[1990]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Robert Citrone |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/20125233 |website=Bloomberg |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Alianza kazi yake katika ''Fidelity Investments'' na baadaye akajiunga na ''Tiger Management'' kabla ya kuanzisha Discovery Capital Management mwaka [[1999]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Chung |first=Juliet |title=Hedge-Fund Manager Citrone Posts Big Gains |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/hedge-fund-manager-citrone-posts-big-gains-1379707040 |website=The Wall Street Journal |date=September 20, 2013 |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Mnamo Septemba [[2025]], iliripotiwa kuwa alinufaika kwa kiasi kikubwa kutokana na uamuzi wa [[Scott Bessent]] kuhusu [[Argentina]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Cassidy |first=John |title=Donald Trump's Forty-Billion-Dollar Exception to 'America First' |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/donald-trumps-forty-billion-dollar-exception-to-america-first |website=The New Yorker |date=October 20, 2025 |access-date=2026-04-11 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ivruku8tyrde2uy1pj6nex4tjv6iuqr 0 227826 1529885 1504725 2026-05-02T13:17:09Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529885 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Perry Richardson Bass''' ([[11 Novemba]] [[1914]] – [[1 Juni]] [[2006]]) alikuwa mrithi, mwekezaji, mfadhili, na baharia nchini [[Marekani]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Perry Richardson Bass, billionaire philanthropist |url=https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Perry-Richardson-Bass-billionaire-philanthropist-1863693.php |website=Houston Chronicle |date=June 2, 2006 |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Yale mwaka [[1937]] na shahada ya [[Jiolojia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Perry R. Bass, 91, Patriarch of Famed Texas Oil Family, Dies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/02/business/02bass.html |website=The New York Times |date=June 2, 2006 |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Alifanya kazi kwa mjomba wake, [[Sid W. Richardson]], na kurithi shughuli zake za mafuta na ufugaji wa ng'ombe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Perry Richardson Bass 1914-2006 |url=https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Perry-Richardson-Bass-1914-2006-1863693.php |website=Houston Chronicle |date=June 2, 2006 |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Alikuwa mfadhili mkubwa, akichangia kwa taasisi mbalimbali ikiwemo Kimbell Art Museum]] na ''Nancy Lee and Perry R. Bass Performance Hall'' huko ''Fort Worth, Texas''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kimbell Art Museum: The Collection of Nancy Lee and Perry R. Bass |url=https://www.kimbellart.org/collection/bass-collection |website=Kimbell Art Museum |access-date=2026-04-11 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1914]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2006]] kaafj2260fd8zicy488mz3gtgk04iw5 0 227840 1530304 1527375 2026-05-03T05:13:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530304 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Toyin Ajao''' (alizaliwa Ikirun, [[Jimbo la Osun]], [[13 Julai]] [[1978]])<ref name="Kediran2011">{{cite web |last=Kediran |first=Mutiu Iyanda |date=2011-05-18 |title=Press Release: Toyin Ajao (TheActivist) Gets All Expense Paid Trip to Kenya as Winner of Global Women's Blogging Competition |url=https://www.mutiuokediran.com/blog/2011/05/18/press-release-toyin-ajao-theactivist-gets-all-expense-paid-trip-to-kenya-as-winner-of-global-women’s-blogging-competition/ |website=Mutiu Iyanda Kediran |access-date=2024-10-08 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ni msomi wa Nigeria, [[Harakati|mwanaharakati]] wa [[haki za wanawake]], pia ni mtafiti na mtaalamu wa masuala ya uponyaji ambaye kazi yake ina lengo la uponyaji unaorejesha hali ya kawaida, mabadiliko ya migogoro, na mbinu za Kiafrika za kutetea haki za wanawake kwenye mabadiliko ya umma.<ref name="ExeterLaw">{{cite web |title=Black History Month |url=https://sites.exeter.ac.uk/lawbulletin/2024/12/18/black-history-month/ |publisher=University of Exeter Law Bulletin |date=December 18, 2024 |access-date=August 6, 2025}}</ref><ref name="PunchBeforeStardom">{{cite news |last=Ayeni |first=Victor |date=2024-08-25 |title=Before Stardom With Dr Toyin Ajao, 'Moon Goddess' |url=https://punchng.com/before-stardom-with-dr-toyin-ajao-moon-goddess/ |access-date=2024-10-08|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref><ref name="PunchCommunityEmpathy">{{cite news |last=Ayeni |first=Victor |date=2024-10-07 |title=UK-based Expert Calls For Community-Centred Empathy |url=https://punchng.com/uk-based-expert-calls-for-community-centred-empathy/ |access-date=2024-10-08|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref><ref name="PunchCollectiveTrauma">{{cite news |last=Ayeni |first=Victor |date=2024-09-30 |title=Are Nigerians Trapped In Collective Trauma? |url=https://punchng.com/are-nigerians-trapped-in-collective-trauma/ |access-date=2024-10-08|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> Yeye ni mwanzilishi wa shirika la Ìmọ́lẹ̀ wa Kituo cha Afrika (ìAfrika), shirika lisilo la faida lenye kutenda kazi kwenye ustawi wa pamoja wa jamii za Kiafrika zilizowekwa na kupangwa kushughulikia kiwewe cha vizazi na vya pamoja kupitia kuunganisha mbinu za uponyaji za kiasili na za kisasa.<ref name="PunchBeforeStardom" /><ref name="GuardianNigeria">{{Rejea habari |title=Iafrika underscores crucial role of healing in society |url=https://guardian.ng/arts-2/iafrika-underscores-crucial-role-of-healing-in-society/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|date=September 10, 2024 |access-date=August 6, 2025|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> == Elimu == Ajao ana [[Uzamivu|Shahada ya Uzamivu (PhD)]] kwenye Sayansi ya Siasa kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Pretoria]], akijilita kwenye mageuzi ya migogoro na Vyombo vya Habari Vipya.<ref name="PunchBeforeStardom" /><ref name="AfricaReport2024">{{cite web |title=10 African scholars to watch in 2024 |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/334013/10-african-scholars-to-watch-in-2024/ |website=The Africa Report |date=2024 |access-date=2024-08-06}}</ref> Alikamilisha elimu yake ya Shahada ya Uzamili (MA) katika Migogoro, Usalama, na Maendeleo kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha King's London<ref name="PunchBeforeStardom" /><ref name="AfricaReport2024"/> na masomo ya Shahada ya Kwanza (B.Sc) katika Uhasibu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Obafemi Awolowo.<ref name="PunchBeforeStardom" /><ref name="Vanguard2012">Vanguard News. (2012, April 6). [https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/04/my-work-with-young-women-has-been-fantastic-oluwatoyin-ajao/ "My work with young women has been fantastic - Oluwatoyin Ajao"]. Retrieved August 6, 2025.</ref> == Kazi == Ajao anafanya kazi na Ufeministi wa Kiafrika, kuponya haki, [[Ubuntu|falsafa ya Ubuntu]], fahamu za msingi, mageuzi ya migogoro, na sayansi ya neva kwenye kazi yake ya uponyaji wa kurejesha ndani ya asasi za kiraia, nafasi za watu wa jinsia moja na za wanawake bara la Afrika.<ref name="PunchBeforeStardom" /><ref name="ExeterLaw"/><ref name="AfricaReport2024" /> Alitajwa kuwa mmoja wa "wasomi 10 wa Kiafrika wa kutazama" mwaka 2024 na The Africa Report <ref name="AfricaReport2024" /> pia na [[Simukai Chigudu]], na Naminata Diabate . Chuo Kikuu cha Exeter pia kilimuenzi kama "Msomi Mweusi Mwenye Msukumo" akijimlishwa na [[Audre Lorde]] na Kimberlé Crenshaw wakati wa [[Mwezi wa Historia ya Weusi|Mwezi wa Historia ya Watu Weusi]] mwaka 2024.<ref name="ExeterLaw"/> Ajao ni mwanachuoi wa mwaka wa kwanza na mtafiti mwenza kwenye Kituo cha Uongozi wa Afrika, Chuo cha King's London.<ref name="PunchBeforeStardom" /><ref name="PunchCommunityEmpathy" /><ref name="AfricaReport2024" /> Uanaharakati wake wa haki za wanawake umekuwa na shuguli na haki za kijinsia, ngono, na teknolojia, jumuishi na uongozi wa wanawake.<ref name="AfricaReport2024" /><ref name="Vanguard2012" /> Amefanya kazi na taasisi kama vile Kituo cha Uwezeshaji wa Teknolojia ya Wanawake (W.TEC) na kuandika blogu juu ya masuala ya ukosefu wa usawa wa kijinsia, ukandamizaji wa kimfumo, na uzoefu wa wanawake kwenye jamii za mfumo dume, akitunukiwa tuzo zake mbili za kimataifa, ikiwa ni pamoja na Tuzo la Mwanaharakati wa Kimataifa wa BlogHer, 2009.<ref name="Vanguard2012" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2009-06-06 |title=Malawi: Blogger wins BlogHer International Activist Award |url=https://globalvoices.org/2009/06/06/malawi-blogger-wins-blogher-international-activist-award/ |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=Global Voices |language=en}}</ref> Utafiti wake umewkwa kwenye machapishi katika Routledge, Palgrave, MacMillan, Matatu, Kujenga Amani, na Mfuko wa Maendeleo ya Wanawake wa Afrika, ukifafanua mada kama vile mabadiliko ya migogoro, uandishi wa habari wa raia, uanaharakati wa kidijiti, [[Afya ya akili|sera ya afya ya akili]], haki za LGBTQ+ na ustawi wa pamoja barani Afrika.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ajao |first=Toyin |year=2024 |chapter=#EndSARS Organizing: Lessons and Opportunities for Nigeria's Future Governance |editor-last1=Omanga |editor-first1=Duncan |editor-last2=Mare |editor-first2=Admire |editor-last3=Mainye |editor-first3=Pamela |title=Digital Technologies, Elections and Campaigns in Africa |publisher=Routledge |pages=191–209 |doi=10.4324/9781003429081-15 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003429081-15/endsars-organizing-toyin-ajao |access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ajao |first=Toyin |year=2022 |chapter=Ushahidi's Nonviolent Technological Impact in Kenya's 2008 Post-Election Violence |editor-last1=Iwilade |editor-first1=Akin |editor-last2=Ebiede |editor-first2=Tarila Marclint |title=Youth and Non-Violence in Africa's Fragile Contexts |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |pages=163–188 |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-13165-3_8 |isbn=978-3-031-13164-6 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-13165-3_8 |access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Ajao |first=Toyin |author2=Wielenga, Cori |title=Citizen Journalism and Conflict Transformation in Africa: The Ushahidi's Response to Kenya's 2008 Post-Election Violence |journal=Matatu |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=467–486 |year=2017 |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/18757421-04902012 |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/mata/49/2/article-p467_12.xml|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ajao |first=Toyin |title=Zimbabwe's Cyber-shutdown: A Counter-productive Economic Decision or a Politically Retrogressive Move? |website=Kujenga Amani |publisher=Social Science Research Council |date=2019-03-06 |url=https://kujenga-amani.ssrc.org/2019/03/06/zimbabwes-cyber-shutdown-a-counterproductive-economic-decision-or-a-politically-retrogressive-move/}}</ref><ref name="AWDF2021">{{cite web |last=Ajao |first=Toyin |title=The Healing Matrix of African Women-led Mental and Emotional Wellbeing |website=AWDF Mental Health and Emotional Wellbeing Knowledge Series |publisher=African Women’s Development Fund |year=2021 |url=https://awdflibrary.org/index.php?p=show_detail&id=1073 |access-date=2025-10-07}}</ref> Alianzisha Ìmọ́lẹ̀ wa Kituo cha Afrika (ìAfrika) kwenye mwaka 2020, mahali anasimamia miradi inayohusisha mila za uponyaji wa asili na maarifa ya mababu pamoja na mikakati ya kisasa ya urejeshaji ili kushughulikia kiwewe cha vizazi tofauti tofauti na kuimarisha ustahimilivu wa jamii.<ref name="PunchBeforeStardom" /><ref name="PunchCommunityEmpathy" /><ref name="PunchCollectiveTrauma" /> Anaunganisha uanaharakati na taaluma kwa kuunganisha maarifa ya asili, Ufeministi wa Kiafrika, ujenzi wa amani, na kuponya haki.<ref name="PunchBeforeStardom" /><ref name="AfricaReport2024" /> == Machapisho == * ''[https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003429081-15/endsars-organizing-toyin-ajao #MwishoSARS Kuandaa: Masomo na Fursa kwa Utawala wa Baadaye wa Nigeria]'' . Teknolojia za Dijitali, Uchaguzi na Kampeni barani Afrika zimehaririwa na Duncan Omanga, Admire Mare, na Pamela Mainye. Routledge: London & New York, 2024: 191-209. * ''[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-13165-3_8 Athari ya Teknolojia Isiyo na Vurugu ya Ushahidi katika Vurugu za Baada ya Uchaguzi nchini Kenya za 2008.]'' Vijana na Kutotumia Vurugu katika Miktadha Tete ya Afrika iliyohaririwa na Akin Iwilade na Tarila Marclint Ebiede. Palgrave Macmillan Uswisi, 2022: 163-188. * ''Ukanuni wa Kidini na Uchambuzi wa Kihistoria wa Mielekeo Mbalimbali ya Kijinsia na Utambulisho wa Kijinsia nchini Nigeria'' . Mradi wa Mpango wa Haki Sawa (TIERs) na Elimu kama Chanjo (EVA), kwa usaidizi kutoka kwa Mfuko wa Uhisani wa Wellspring. Uliandikwa kwa ushirikiano na Chioma Ogwuegbu na Lydia Ogundare, 2022. [https://theinitiativeforequalrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Religious-Fundamentalism-and-Historic-analysis-of-Diverse-Sexual.pdf PDF] * ''[https://www.kcl.ac.uk/normalising-mental-health-needs-in-nigeria-a-wake-up-call Kurekebisha Mahitaji ya Afya ya Akili nchini Nigeria: Simu ya Kuamka] .'' Chuo cha King's, London, 2022. * [https://awdflibrary.org/index.php?p=show_detail&id=1073 Matrix ya Uponyaji wa Ustawi wa Akili na Kihisia unaoongozwa na Wanawake wa Kiafrika] . Katika Mfululizo wa Maarifa ya Afya ya Akili na Ustawi wa Kihisia wa AWDF, Uchapishaji wa AWDF, 2021. * ''[https://kujenga-amani.ssrc.org/2019/03/06/zimbabwes-cyber-shutdown-a-counterproductive-economic-decision-or-a-politically-retrogressive-move/ Kufungwa kwa Mtandao nchini Zimbabwe:] Uamuzi wa kiuchumi usio na tija au hatua ya kurudisha nyuma kisiasa?'' 2019, Kujenga Amani, Baraza la Utafiti wa Sayansi ya Jamii. * ''[https://brill.com/view/journals/mata/49/2/article-p467_12.xml?language=en&srsltid=AfmBOorHefSCpY9QucLmUjRKcpvB3U7RAVTBJQoxQlnyE-LEirpO394j Uandishi wa Habari wa Raia na Mabadiliko ya Migogoro Afrika] : Jibu la Ushahidi kwa Vurugu za Baada ya Uchaguzi za Kenya za 2008.'' 2017. Imeandikishwa pamoja na Dkt. Cori Wielenga katika Vitabu na Majarida mtandaoni vya Matatu Brill, Masomo ya Kiafrika, Juzuu ya 49, Toleo la 2, kurasa 467 - 486. * ''[https://kujenga-amani.ssrc.org/2016/07/19/feesmustfall-uprising-2015-the-emergence-of-youth-agency-in-south-africas-largest-post-apartheid-protests/ #AdaLazimaZiangukeMapinduzi ya 2015] : Kuibuka kwa Shirika la Vijana katika Maandamano Makubwa Zaidi ya Baada ya Ubaguzi wa Rangi Afrika Kusini.'' 2016, Kujenga Amani, Baraza la Utafiti wa Sayansi ya Jamii. * ''[https://kujenga-amani.ssrc.org/2014/09/26/ushahidi-crowdsourcing-platform-a-people-centered-approach-to-conflict-transformation-in-kenya/ Jukwaa la Ushahidi la Kutafuta Habari kwa Watu] : Mbinu Inayozingatia Watu ya Kubadilisha Migogoro nchini Kenya'' . 2014, Kujenga Amani, Baraza la Utafiti wa Sayansi ya Jamii. * ''[https://www.pambazuka.org/boko-haram-necessary-state-emergency-transforming-intractable-conflict-nigeria Boko Haram na Hali ya Dharura Muhimu kwa ajili ya Kubadilisha Mgogoro Usioweza Kutatuliwa nchini Nigeria]'' . 2014, katika machapisho ya mtandaoni ya Chama cha Masomo ya Afrika, Pambazuka, na Sahara Reporters. * ''[https://www.pambazuka.org/human-security-implications-anti-gay-law-sexual-minorities-nigeria Athari za Usalama wa Binadamu za Sheria ya Kupinga Ushoga Kuhusu Ushoga wa Kimapenzi nchini Nigeria]'' . 2014, katika machapisho ya mtandaoni ya Strife, Pambazuka, na Sahara Reporters. == Marejeo == {{Reflist|30em}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.africanleadershipcentre.org/ Kituo cha Uongozi cha Afrika] * [http://www.kcl.ac.uk/index.aspx/ Chuo cha King's London] * [https://iafrika.africa Ìmọ́lẹ̀ wa Afrika]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1978]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ggexdecjtmgafbsow9grbxqbftge2zw 0 227845 1529943 1504663 2026-05-02T17:13:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529943 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Richard B. Cohen''' (Alizaliwa [[1952]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Marekani]], mmiliki mkuu, mwenyekiti, na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa ''Symbotic'', kampuni ya robotiki na otomatiki ya ghala, na mmiliki wa ''C&S Wholesale Grocers'', kampuni ya usambazaji wa vyakula.<ref>{{cite web |last=Feldman |first=Amy |title=Meet The Billionaire Robot Overlord Reinventing Walmart's Warehouses |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/amyfeldman/2021/12/13/meet-the-billionaire-robot-overlord-reinventing-walmarts-warehouses/ |website=Forbes |date=December 13, 2021 |access-date=2026-04-12}}</ref> Alihitimu katika Wharton School ya ''Chuo Kikuu cha Pennsylvania'' mwaka [[1974]] na shahada ya uchumi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hidden Billionaire Cohen Hauls Fortune in Unmarked Trucks |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-08-05/hidden-billionaire-cohen-hauls-fortune-in-unmarked-trucks |website=Bloomberg |date=August 5, 2013 |access-date=2026-04-12}}</ref> Alianza kufanya kazi katika kampuni ya familia, C&S Wholesalers, mwaka 1974 na alichukua udhibiti wa kampuni mwaka [[1989]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Mission |url=https://www.keene.edu/cohencenter/about/history/ |website=Cohen Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies |access-date=2026-04-12 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1952]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 0kwqh3jp11pl606oh62y11tmza7om6p 0 227849 1530249 1504667 2026-05-02T23:49:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530249 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sid Bass''' (Alizaliwa [[9 Aprili]], [[1942]]) ni mwekezaji na mfadhili nchini [[Marekani]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sid Bass |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/sid-bass/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-12}}</ref> Alihitimu katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Yale]] mwaka [[1965]] na pia ana shahada kutoka Stanford Graduate School of Business.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yale Gets Gift of $20 Million From Bass Family (Again) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/06/nyregion/yale-gets-gift-of-20-million-from-bass-family-again.html |website=The New York Times |date=October 6, 1990 |access-date=2026-04-12}}</ref> Alichukua udhibiti wa biashara ya familia mwaka [[1968]] na alikuwa mwanahisa mkubwa katika ''The Walt Disney Company'' kuanzia [[1984]] hadi [[2001]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Betting the Kingdom |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2001/09/bass-family-disney-200109 |website=Vanity Fair |date=September 2001 |access-date=2026-04-12 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mnamo Januari [[2026]], utajiri wake ulikadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 3.9.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sid Bass |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/sid-bass/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-12}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1942]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] l5doril21a54y8a9z7tbkhu3t24s0o8 0 227850 1529957 1504668 2026-05-02T17:47:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529957 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Bass''' (Alizaliwa [[19 Machi]], [[1948]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] na mfadhili nchini [[Marekani]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Robert Bass |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/robert-bass/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-12}}</ref> Alihitimu kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Yale]] na akapata (Master of Business Administration)MBA katika Stanford Graduate School of Business.<ref>{{cite web |title=Robert M. Bass returning to Stanford's Board of Trustees |url=https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2013/08/robert-bass-trustee-080913 |website=Stanford News |date=August 9, 2013 |access-date=2026-04-12 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Alianzisha ''Aerion Corporation'', kampuni ya anga iliyotengeneza ndege za supersonic za biashara.<ref>{{cite web |title=Texas Billionaire's Supersonic-Jet Dream Dies as Aerion Folds |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-22/texas-billionaire-s-supersonic-jet-dream-dies-as-aerion-folds |website=Bloomberg |date=May 22, 2021 |access-date=2026-04-12}}</ref> Mnamo [[2024]], utajiri wake ulikadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 5.3.<ref>{{cite web |title=Robert Bass |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/robert-bass/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-12}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] k5b2854u6t99crkzhz1brzuzqmz9hs6 0 227869 1530394 1504736 2026-05-03T11:52:23Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530394 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William E. Conway Jr.''' (Alizaliwa [[27 Agosti]], [[1949]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]], mwekezaji, na mfadhili nchini [[Marekani]].<ref>{{cite web |title=William Conway Jr. |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/william-conway/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-12}}</ref> Ni mwenyekiti mtendaji mwenza wa bodi na mwanzilishi wa The Carlyle Group, kampuni ya uwekezaji wa fedha za kibinafsi (private equity).<ref>{{cite web |title=William E. Conway Jr. |url=https://www.carlyle.com/about-carlyle/leadership/william-e-conway-jr |website=Carlyle Group |access-date=2026-04-12 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Pia ni mwenyekiti wa bodi ya wakurugenzi ya Johns Hopkins Medicine na mwanachama wa bodi ya wakurugenzi ya Chuo Kikuu cha Kikatoliki cha Amerika.<ref>{{cite web |title=William E. Conway Jr. |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/20708768 |website=Bloomberg |access-date=2026-04-12}}</ref> Mnamo Aprili [[2022]], utajiri wake ulikadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 3.6.<ref>{{cite web |title=William Conway Jr. |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/william-conway/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-12}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1949]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 3idov327ui96le2s0mk8xjhq0i75p7z 0 227876 1530225 1504743 2026-05-02T21:17:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530225 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Scott Cook''' (Alizaliwa [[1952]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Marekani]], mwanzilishi mwenza wa ''Intuit'', kampuni ya programu za kifedha inayojulikana kwa ''Quicken, TurboTax'', na ''QuickBooks''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scott Cook |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/scott-cook/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-12}}</ref> Alipata shahada ya uchumi na hisabati katika Chuo Kikuu cha Southern California na Master of Business Administration (MBA) kutoka Harvard Business School mwaka [[1976]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Scott Cook Announced as Class Day 2015 Speaker |url=https://www.hbs.edu/news/releases/Pages/scott-cook-class-day-2015.aspx |website=Harvard Business School |date=April 1, 2015 |access-date=2026-04-12}}</ref> Alianzisha Intuit mwaka [[1983]] baada ya mkewe kulalamika kuhusu kulipa bili.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Intuit Story |url=https://www.intuit.com/company/history/ |website=Intuit |access-date=2026-04-12 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Yeye ni mkurugenzi wa bodi ya ''eBay'' na [[Procter & Gamble]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Scott Cook |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/20270292 |website=Bloomberg |access-date=2026-04-12}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1952]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 92puitb2e0jw3j6yoabxnq8rofg078b 0 227882 1530384 1529199 2026-05-03T10:41:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530384 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wana Udobang''', anayefahamika pia kama '''Wana Wana''', ni mwandishi, mshairi, mwanahabari, mtengenezaji wa filamu, na mtu wa televisheni kutoka Nigeria.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=[https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/wana-udobang-radio-poet-oap/|title=Ninaweza](https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/wana-udobang-radio-poet-oap/|title=Ninaweza) siku moja kurudi kuwa mtangazaji wa redio, asema Wana Udobang|date=27 Juni 2017|first=Ijeoma|last=Onyemaechi|access-date=23 Novemba 2017|newspaper=TheCable}}</ref> Kazi zake zimechapishwa katika [[BBC]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b06s7xct/episodes/guide|title=Writing](https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b06s7xct/episodes/guide|title=Writing) a New Nigeria – Episode guide – BBC Radio 4|publisher=BBC|access-date=23 Novemba 2017}}</ref> [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]], ''[[Huffington Post]]'', ''[[BellaNaija]]'', na ''[[The Guardian]]'',<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=[https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2017/feb/21/from-exorcism-to-acceptance-lgbt-life-in-nigeria|title=‘Exorcism](https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2017/feb/21/from-exorcism-to-acceptance-lgbt-life-in-nigeria|title=‘Exorcism) ilidumu dakika 15 lakini hakikubadilika chochote’ – maisha ya LGBT Nigeria|last=Udobang|first=Wana|date=21 Februari 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=23 Novemba 2017}}</ref> na ameelezewa kama "mmoja wa watetezi wakuu wa uamsho mpya wa ushairi wa maonyesho".<ref name=TheNative>{{Rejea habari|url=[http://thenativemag.com/music/wana-udobang-in-memory-of-forgetting/|title=Essentials](http://thenativemag.com/music/wana-udobang-in-memory-of-forgetting/|title=Essentials): ‘In Memory of Forgetting’ ya Wana Udobang ni zaidi ya muziki wa kifeministi|first=Edwin|last=Okolo|date=5 Septemba 2017|work=The Native|access-date=23 Novemba 2017}}</ref> == Wasifu na kazi == Udobang alizaliwa [[Lagos]], Nigeria. Alisoma shahada ya kwanza ya uandishi wa habari katika Chuo Chuo Kikuu cha Sanaa Bunifu ambapo alihitimu kwa daraja la kwanza. Baada ya kuhitimu alifanya kazi katika BBC World Service kama mtayarishaji wa vipindi vya makala kwa mkataba. Pia alifanya kazi kama mtafiti katika Wise Buddah Productions, Above the Title Productions, na Somethin' Else. Aliporejea Lagos, alifanya kazi katika 92.3 Inspiration FM kwa miaka sita kama mtangazaji na mtayarishaji wa redio. Hadithi za kubuni na mashairi yake yamechapishwa katika ''Brittle Paper'' na maeneo mengine ya mtandaoni na magazeti. Ni mhitimu wa warsha ya uandishi ya Farafina iliyoandaliwa na [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]]. Kama mshairi wa maonesho, ameshiriki matamasha mbalimbali nchini Nigeria. Albamu yake ya kwanza ya ushairi wa sauti, ''Dirty Laundry'', ilitolewa mwaka 2013.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[http://jaguda.com/music-mp3/spoken-word-wana-udobang-sale/|title=Ushairi](http://jaguda.com/music-mp3/spoken-word-wana-udobang-sale/|title=Ushairi) wa maonesho wa Wana Udobang – 'Not For Sale'|website=jaguda.com|date=6 Oktoba 2013|access-date=23 Novemba 2017}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mwaka 2017 alitoa albamu ya pili iitwayo ''In Memory of Forgetting''. Albamu hiyo imeelezwa kuwa ya ujasiri mkubwa na inayozungumzia kwa kina uzoefu wa wanawake, changamoto zao, ushindi na maumivu yao.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/09/keside-anosike-insight-wana-udobangs-spoken-word-album-memory-forgetting/|title=Ufahamu](https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/09/keside-anosike-insight-wana-udobangs-spoken-word-album-memory-forgetting/|title=Ufahamu) kuhusu albamu ya Wana Udobang – In Memory of Forgetting|website=bellanaija.com|date=11 Septemba 2017|access-date=23 Novemba 2017}}</ref> Udobang anaielezea kama mkusanyiko wa kumbukumbu unaochunguza hali za kuvunjika moyo, maswali ya maisha na kujijenga upya.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=[https://brittlepaper.com/2017/08/starts-writing-honestly-conversation-wana-udobang-kla-tubsun/|title=Kuanza](https://brittlepaper.com/2017/08/starts-writing-honestly-conversation-wana-udobang-kla-tubsun/|title=Kuanza) kuandika kwa uaminifu |date=23 Agosti 2017|work=Brittle Paper|access-date=23 Novemba 2017}}</ref> Mwaka 2020, alichaguliwa kushiriki katika mpango wa 54 wa Mpango wa Kimataifa wa Uandishi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Iowa, Marekani. Mpango huo umehusisha waandishi kadhaa wa Nigeria wakiwemo [[Lola Shoneyin]] na wengine.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/07/nigerian-udobang-selected-for-prestigious-international-writing-programme/|location=Lagos](https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/07/nigerian-udobang-selected-for-prestigious-international-writing-programme/|location=Lagos), Nigeria|title=Mwandishi wa Nigeria Udobang achaguliwa katika mpango wa kimataifa wa uandishi|newspaper=Vanguard|date=21 Julai 2020|access-date=2 Februari 2021}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa habari]] 0u9ardzx9uh3sz2ikibjr1ixvhg9acd 0 227883 1529991 1524668 2026-05-02T18:38:23Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529991 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rosina Umelo''' (alizaliwa kama '''Rosina Martin''', 1930)<ref name="hurstpublishers.com">{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.hurstpublishers.com/book/surviving-biafra/|title=Surviving](https://www.hurstpublishers.com/book/surviving-biafra/|title=Surviving) Biafra|3=Hurst Publishers}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ni mwandishi kutoka [[Nigeria]]. Anajulikana kwa hadithi fupi, vitabu vya watoto na riwaya za vijana. Pia amechapisha kwa kutumia jina la kalamu '''Adaeze Madu'''.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|author-link=Wendy Griswold|title=Bearing Witness: Readers, Writers, and the Novel in Nigeria|url=https://archive.org/details/bearingwitnessre0000gris|last=Griswold|first=Wendy|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0691058290|location=Princeton, New Jersey|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bearingwitnessre0000gris/page/280 280]}}</ref> == Maisha == Rosina “Rose” Martin alizaliwa katika Cheshire, [[Uingereza]] na alisoma katika Bedford College, London, [[Chuo Kikuu cha London]]. Aliolewa na Mwingereza-Nigeria John Umelo mwaka 1961 baada ya kukutana naye katika treni ya chini ya ardhi ya London. Mwaka 1965 walihamia Nigeria.<ref name="hurstpublishers.com"/> Alifundisha Kilatini katika Shule ya Queens, [[Enugu (mji)]], hadi kuanza kwa [[Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Nigeria]] (1967–1970). Alipata uraia wa Nigeria mwaka 1971 kupitia ndoa.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea kitabu|url=[http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195146561.001.0001/acref-9780195146561-e-3276|title=Umelo](http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195146561.001.0001/acref-9780195146561-e-3276|title=Umelo) Rosina|date=1 Januari 2006|access-date=3 Februari 2016|series=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Children's Literature|isbn=978-0-19-514656-1}}</ref> Baadaye alifanya kazi kama mkuu wa shule na kuandaa vifaa vya mtaala wa Kiingereza. Pia alihudumu kama msimamizi wa elimu.<ref name=":0" /> Ana watoto sita.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.asabamemorial.org/surviving-biafra-a-nigerwife-s-stor|title=Surviving](https://www.asabamemorial.org/surviving-biafra-a-nigerwife-s-stor|title=Surviving) Biafra: A Nigerwife's Story}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Umelo alikusanya hadithi zake fupi 12 katika kitabu ''The Man Who Ate the Money'' (1978), ambapo tano zilishinda tuzo.<ref name=":0" /> Mtafiti Nancy J. Schmidt aliandika kuwa kazi zake zilikuwa “bunifu na mpya” licha ya kugusa mada zinazojulikana katika fasihi ya Afrika.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea jarida|jstor=4186214|title=Stories About West Africans|last=Schmidt|first=Nancy|date=1984|journal=Africa Today|volume=31|issue=1|pages=69–70}}</ref> Pia aliandika riwaya za vijana katika mfululizo wa [[Pacesetter Novels]] uliochapishwa na Macmillan.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|title=Genre and Authority in Some Popular Nigerian Women's Novels|last=Erwin|first=Lee|date=2002|journal=Research in African Literatures|doi=10.2979/RAL.2002.33.2.81}}</ref> Vilevile alichangia vitabu vya vijana katika mfululizo wa “Heart Beats” wa Chelsea House Publishers katika miaka ya 1990.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=[https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-2252224.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220194355/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-2252224.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20](https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-2252224.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220194355/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-2252224.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20) Februari 2016|title=Nurturing the Image of the Black Child|date=7 Aprili 1994}}</ref> Mwaka 1967, eneo la mashariki la Nigeria lilijitenga na kuwa Biafra, jambo lililosababisha vita. Familia ya Umelo ilikimbilia kijiji cha mume wake. Wakati wa vita, Rosina aliandika kumbukumbu zake ambazo baadaye zilichapishwa kama ''Surviving Biafra: A Nigerwife's Story'' (2018), kwa kushirikiana na mtaalamu wa anthropolojia S. Elizabeth Bird.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/shows/surviving-biafra-nigerwifes-story|title=Surviving](https://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/shows/surviving-biafra-nigerwifes-story|title=Surviving) Biafra: A Nigerwife's Story}}</ref> Baadaye alifanya kazi katika Taasisi ya Kimataifa ya Kilimo cha Kitropiki (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture), [[Ibadan]]. Mwaka 2023 aliishi Dagenham, Uingereza.<ref name="hurstpublishers.com"/> == Vitabu == * ''Who Are You?'' (2002) * ''The House in the Forest'' (1996) * ''Waiting for Tomorrow'' (1995) * ''Soldier-Boy'' (1994) * ''Dark Blue is for Dreams'' (1994) * ''Loveletters'' (1994) * ''Forever'' (1994) * ''Sara’s Friends'' (1993) * ''No Problem!'' (1993) * ''Days of Silence'' (1993) * ''Striped Paint'' (1992) * ''Please Forgive Me'' (1993) * ''Something to Hide'' (1986) * ''Broken Promise'' (1986) * ''Finger of Suspicion'' (1984) * ''Felicia'' (1978) * ''The Man Who Ate the Money'' (1978) * ''Surviving Biafra: A Nigerwife's Story'' (2018) == Tuzo == * Tuzo ya Cheltenham Literary Festival (1973)<ref name=":0" /> * Tuzo ya mashindano ya hadithi fupi ya Shirika la Utangazaji la Nigeria (1972 na 1974)<ref name=":0" /> * Tuzo ya BBC ya hadithi (1966)<ref name=":0" /> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1930|}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] g9x08gipot4y54kjrim6ylxdpcv95ld 0 227933 1530154 1506727 2026-05-02T19:03:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |picha = Ali Bhutto Karachi 1969.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = Bhutto mjini Karachi mnamo mwaka 1969. |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 5 Januari 1928 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Larkana]], Sindh, British India |tarehe_ya_kufariki = 4 Aprili 1979 |mahala_alipofia = [[Rawalpindi]], Punjab, Pakistan |majina_mengine = Quaid-e-Awām (Kiongozi wa Watu) |anafahamika kwa = Mwanzilishi wa PPP, Rais na Waziri Mkuu wa Pakistan |kazi_yake = Mwanasheria, Mwanasiasa |nchi = [[Pakistan]] |tovuti = }} '''Zulfikar Ali Bhutto''' (5 Januari 1928 – 4 Aprili 1979) alikuwa mwanasheria na mwanasiasa wa [[Pakistan]] aliyekuwa Rais wa nne wa nchi hiyo (1971–1973) na baadaye Waziri Mkuu wa tisa (1973–1977). Ndiye mwanzilishi na mwenyekiti wa kwanza wa chama cha [[Pakistan People's Party]] (PPP) tangu 1967 hadi kifo chake mwaka 1979.<ref name="EB">{{cite web|title=Zulfikar Ali Bhutto|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zulfikar-Ali-Bhutto|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=12 Aprili 2026}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Bhutto alizaliwa katika familia ya Kisinchi (Sindhi) yenye asili ya kifalme ya Rajput.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|last=Bennett Jones|first=Owen|title=The Bhutto dynasty|url=https://archive.org/details/bhuttodynasty0000benn|year=2020|publisher=Yale University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bhuttodynasty0000benn/page/8 8]–9}}</ref> Alisoma katika chuo cha St. Xavier's mjini Bombay kabla ya kwenda Marekani kusomea sayansi ya siasa katika chuo kikuu cha [[University of Southern California]] na [[University of California, Berkeley]].<ref name="PPP1">{{cite web|author=Pakistan Peoples Party|title=History of PPP|url=http://www.ppp.org.pk/history.html|website=PPP|access-date=12 Aprili 2026}}</ref> Baadaye alihitimu sheria katika chuo cha [[Oxford]], Uingereza, na kuitwa katika baraza la wanasheria la Lincoln's Inn mwaka 1953. == Kazi ya kisiasa == Alianza kama waziri mdogo katika utawala wa Ayub Khan na kuwa Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje mwaka 1963. Baada ya kutofautiana na Ayub Khan kufuatia Azimio la Tashkent, alianzisha chama cha PPP mwaka 1967 chenye mrengo wa kisoshalisti. * '''Mkataba wa Simla:''' Alifanikiwa kurejesha eneo la maili za mraba 5,000 kutoka kwa India na kuachiwa kwa wafungwa wa vita 93,000 kupitia mkataba wa Simla (1972) na makubaliano ya Delhi (1973). * '''Katiba na Nyuklia:''' Serikali yake iliandaa Katiba ya sasa ya Pakistan ya mwaka 1973 na kuanzisha mpango wa nyuklia wa nchi hiyo kama kipaumbele cha kitaifa. == Mapinduzi na kifo == Mnamo Julai 1977, mkuu wa jeshi Jenerali [[Zia-ul-Haq]] alipindua serikali ya Bhutto baada ya mzozo wa uchaguzi. Bhutto alihukumiwa kifo katika kesi ambayo imekosolewa kimataifa kama "mauaji ya kisheria" (judicial murder) na kunyongwa tarehe 4 Aprili 1979.<ref name="Benazir">{{cite book|title=Benazir – a profile|last=Chitkara|first=M.G.|year=1996|publisher=APH Publ. Corp.|page=69}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 2024, Mahakama Kuu ya Pakistan ilitangaza kuwa kesi hiyo haikuwa na haki. == Urithi wake == Bhutto anajulikana kama "Quaid-e-Awām" (Kiongozi wa Watu). Alijenga uzalendo wa Pakistan na kuimarisha uhusiano na nchi za Kiislamu na China. Binti yake, [[Benazir Bhutto]], na mkwe wake, [[Asif Ali Zardari]], wote wamekuja kushika nyadhifa za juu za uongozi nchini Pakistan. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1928|1979}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Pakistan]] [[Jamii:Mawaziri Wakuu wa Pakistan]] [[Jamii:Marais wa Pakistan]] 7ifodgfjyurrbhdotd748ijwdb6alfq 0 227943 1530100 1524790 2026-05-02T18:54:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530100 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ruth Rabinowitz''' ('''née Zilibowitz'''; alizaliwa [[9 Oktoba]] [[1943]]) ni [[daktari]] na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] ambaye aliwakilisha Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) katika Bunge la Afrika Kusini kuanzia [[1994]] hadi [[2009]]. Alianza kuhudumu katika National Council of Provinces kuanzia [[1994]] hadi [[1997]] kama mwakilishi kutoka [[KwaZulu-Natal]], kabla ya baadaye kuhamia katika Bunge la Afrika Kusini. Kitaaluma akiwa daktari, Rabinowitz alijihusisha na uharakati wa kisiasa wakati wa mpito wa Afrika Kusini kuelekea demokrasia, akipigania mfumo wa shirikisho baada ya [[ubaguzi wa rangi]]. Kupitia uharakati wake, alikutana na Mangosuthu Buthelezi na baadaye akajiunga na IFP, ambapo aliteuliwa kuwa mgombea katika uchaguzi mkuu wa 1994. Katika vipindi vyake vitatu Bungeni, alihudumu kama msemaji wa IFP kuhusu afya na alikuwa mkosoaji wa sera za Rais [[Thabo Mbeki]] kuhusu VVU/UKIMWI. Pia alianzisha kundi la wabunge wasiopendelea upande wowote ili kushinikiza sera bora za nishati mbadala. Alishindwa kuchaguliwa tena katika uchaguzi mkuu wa 2009. == Maisha ya awali na kazi == Ruth Rabinowitz alizaliwa tarehe 9 Oktoba 1943<ref name=":02">{{cite magazine|date=11 June 1999|title=General Notice: Notice 1319 of 1999 – Electoral Commission: Representatives Elected to the Various Legislatures|url=https://gazettes.africa/archive/za/1999/za-government-gazette-dated-1999-06-11-no-20203.pdf|magazine=[[Government Gazette of South Africa]]|location=Pretoria, South Africa|publisher=[[Government of South Africa]]|volume=408|issue=20203|pages=|access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref> huko Springs katika eneo la zamani la [[Transvaal]]. Pia ni [[Myahudi]] na binti wa wahamiaji kutoka [[Lithuania]]. Alikamilisha shahada ya MBBCh katika [[University of the Witwatersrand]],<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Reisenberger |first=Azila |date=1998 |title=Status of Jewish Woman in South Africa: With Special Reference to Apartheid and Post-Apartheid Eras |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24764103 |journal=Journal for the Study of Religion |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=52–61 |issn=1011-7601}}</ref> pamoja na diploma ya kufundisha tamthilia kutoka Chuo cha Sanaa ya Maigizo cha London. Kitaalam, yeye ni daktari na pia anajihusisha na tiba mbadala ya homeopathy.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2006-05-08|title=Scandal dogs council for alternative health|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2006-05-08-scandal-dogs-council-for-alternative-health/|access-date=2023-04-25|website=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Baada ya watoto wake kumaliza shule na kuhamia nje ya nchi, katika kipindi cha mwanzo cha mpito wa kidemokrasia nchini Afrika Kusini, Rabinowitz alianza kujihusisha na harakati za kisiasa kupitia Democracy Trust, akishawishi uwepo wa mfumo wa shirikisho katika katiba ya baada ya ubaguzi wa rangi. Uhusiano wake na Mangosuthu Buthelezi wa Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) ulianza baada ya kumwandikia barua ya kumpongeza kwa jitihada zake za kisiasa.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |date=2009 |title=The Other 'Doctor Ruth' – Ruth Rabinowitz and the Inkatha Freedom Party |url=https://www.sajbd.org/uploads/Articles/Jewish-Affairs/Rosh-Hashanah-2009.pdf |journal=Jewish Affairs |publisher=[[South African Jewish Board of Deputies]] |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=7–9 |issn=0021-6313 |access-date=26 April 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1943]] [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii: Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii: Wanaharakati wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii: Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii: Wanasiasa wanawake Afrika Kusini]] ntieo6zfgnb4cvi251zhui3a4k7uy1g 0 227971 1529929 1504965 2026-05-02T16:26:09Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260502sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1529929 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Suah Koko''' (pia hujulikana kama '''Suacoco''', '''Madam Suakoko''' na '''Nye-Sua Coco''') alikuwa kiongozi wa kiasili kutoka [[Liberia]] aliyeishi mwishoni mwa karne ya 19 hadi mwanzoni mwa karne ya 20. Alijulikana kwa uongozi wake na upinzani dhidi ya upanuzi wa Liberia Frontier Force kabla ya kuingia makubaliano na serikali ya Liberia kuhusu kuunganisha eneo alilolitawala. Baadaye aliteuliwa kuwa paramount chief na alishirikiana na msafara wa kisayansi wa Harvard Medical African Expedition (1926–1927) kwa kutoa wapagazi. == Wasifu == Tarehe yake kamili ya kuzaliwa haijulikani, lakini inakadiriwa kuwa alizaliwa karibu mwaka 1850. Huenda alizaliwa eneo la Ngalensu katika wilaya ya zamani ya Kornyea-Komu. Alipitia mafunzo ya jamii ya wanawake ya Sande society, ambayo ni taasisi muhimu ya kijamii na kiutamaduni katika jamii za eneo hilo. Jina “Koko” ni jina la kitamaduni la Kpelle linaloweza kutolewa kwa mtoto wa tano wa kike katika baadhi ya mila. Baada ya mafunzo ya Sande, alipokea jina “Suah” au “Suaa,” linalohusishwa na mafanikio ndani ya jamii hiyo. Neno “Nye” humaanisha “mama” katika lugha ya [[Kpelle]], likitumika kama heshima kutoka kwa wafuasi wake. Suah Koko alitawala eneo la kaskazini-kati mwa Liberia, likiwemo sehemu ya sasa ya Bong County, kutoka makazi yake ya Suakoko.<ref name="figure">{{cite web|title=Chief Suah Koko: A Historic Figure|url=https://liberianhistory.org/exhibits/show/chiefsuahkoko/chiefsuahkokohistoric|website=A Liberian Journey History, Memory, and the Making of a Nation|accessdate=11 Novemba 2017}}</ref> Eneo hilo lilijulikana kama “Kiayeah,” likimaanisha “eneo la watu walioungana” kwa lugha ya Kpelle. Katika mwanzoni mwa karne ya 20, serikali ya Liberia ilijaribu kupanua mamlaka yake katika maeneo ya ndani ya nchi. Suah Koko alipinga kwa vita kadhaa dhidi ya Liberia Frontier Force kabla ya hatimaye kukubali mazungumzo ya kisiasa. Makubaliano hayo yaliwezesha serikali kupata udhibiti wa eneo hilo, ambalo lilikuwa muhimu kimkakati kwa upanuzi wa kijeshi na kiutawala.<ref name="figure"/> Mwaka 1926 alikutana na Richard P. Strong wa msafara wa Harvard Africa Expedition akiwa Suakoko.<ref>{{cite web|title=Harvard African Expedition meets Chief Suah Koko|url=https://liberianhistory.org/exhibits/show/chiefsuahkoko/chiefsuahkoko1926/expeditionmeetssuahkoko|accessdate=11 Novemba 2017}}</ref> Wakati huo alielezwa kuwa mmoja wa viongozi wachache wa kike wa jadi nchini Liberia.<ref name="chief">{{cite web|title=Chief Suah Koko, A Woman of Power|url=https://liberianhistory.org/exhibits/show/chiefsuahkoko/chiefsuahkoko1926/womanofpower|accessdate=11 Novemba 2017}}</ref> Mwaka 1929 aliteuliwa kuwa [[paramount chief]], akiwa mwanamke wa kwanza kushika nafasi hiyo katika eneo la Central Province. Alitawala kupitia mjukuu wake kutokana na uzee na uoni hafifu. Pia aliunga mkono serikali katika migogoro dhidi ya makundi ya ndani ya Kpelle.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Suah Koko and Gbanga|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geographical-journal_1929-03_73_3/page/222|journal=The Geographical Journal|date=1929|volume=73|page=222}}</ref> Tofauti na viongozi wengi wa wakati wake, hakuwahi kusilimu kuwa Mkristo na aliendelea kufuata dini za jadi za Kiafrika. == Urithi == Kumekuwepo na maeneo kadhaa yaliyopewa jina lake, ikiwemo wilaya na ukoo wa Suakoko. Pia baadhi ya wazao wake walitoa zaidi ya ekari 1,000 za ardhi kwa [[Cuttington University]], ambayo ilianzisha ufadhili wa masomo kwa heshima yake. Mnamo mwaka 2013, mpango wa ufadhili huo ulisitishwa, jambo lililosababisha maandamano ya wanafunzi.<ref name="suspension">{{cite news|title=Liberia: Madam Suakoko Scholarship Suspension|date=18 Septemba 2013|work=The Analyst|location=Monrovia}}</ref> Kituo cha Suah Koko cha Uwezeshaji wa Wanawake Vijijini kilianzishwa katika Bong County na kimekuwa sehemu muhimu ya maendeleo ya wanawake katika eneo hilo.<ref name="observer">{{cite news|title=The Outstanding Madam Suah Koko|date=11 Juni 2014|agency=Daily Observer}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1850|1929}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Liberia]] spcnpufw86j1o1vv24avfb2muplgggl 0 227992 1529892 1505146 2026-05-02T13:47:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529892 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Phoebe Hearst Cooke''' ([[13 Julai]] [[1927]] – [[18 Novemba]] [[2012]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] na mfadhili nchini [[Marekani]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Phoebe Hearst Cooke dies at 85; granddaughter of publishing tycoon |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-phoebe-hearst-cooke-20121121-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times |date=November 21, 2012 |access-date=2026-04-12 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Alihudumu katika bodi ya wakurugenzi ya ''Hearst Corporation'' kuanzia mwaka [[1962]] hadi [[1998]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Philanthropist Phoebe Hearst Cooke dies |url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Philanthropist-Phoebe-Hearst-Cooke-dies-4053727.php |website=SFGate |date=November 19, 2012 |access-date=2026-04-12}}</ref> Alikuwa mjukuu wa [[William Randolph Hearst]], mwanzilishi wa kampuni ya Hearst.<ref>{{cite web |title=Phoebe Hearst Cooke, Granddaughter of William Randolph Hearst, Dies at 85 |url=https://www.kcoy.com/news/phoebe-hearst-cooke-granddaughter-of-william-randolph-hearst-dies-at-85/ |website=KCOY |date=November 20, 2012 |access-date=2026-04-12 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Alijihusisha na jamii ya wapanda farasi na alitambuliwa katika ''Hall of Great Westerners'' ya ''National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum'' mwaka [[1996]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hall of Great Westerners |url=https://nationalcowboymuseum.org/hall-of-great-westerners/ |website=National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum |access-date=2026-04-12}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1927]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2012]] qr0kjyi4miv9gonib43ch43pbsh43os 0 227994 1529933 1504999 2026-05-02T16:36:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529933 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rebecka Belldegrun''' (Alizaliwa [[1950]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Ufini]] na [[Israel]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rebecka Belldegrun |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/rebecka-belldegrun/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-12}}</ref> Alipata shahada ya udaktari katika Sackler School of Medicine katika Chuo Kikuu cha Tel Aviv.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rebecka Belldegrun M.D. |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/20102179 |website=Bloomberg |access-date=2026-04-12}}</ref> Alianzisha ''Intertech Corporation'' mwaka [[1986]] na pia alianzisha ''Bellco Capital'' mwaka [[2003]], kampuni ya uwekezaji wa mtaji wa hatari (venture capital).<ref>{{cite web |title=Rebecka Belldegrun M.D. |url=https://www.businessweek.com/profile/rebecka-belldegrun-md-20102179 |website=Businessweek |access-date=2026-04-12}}</ref> Yeye ni mke wa [[Arie Belldegrun]] na wana watoto wanne.<ref>{{cite web |title=Arie Belldegrun, M.D. |url=https://usrf.org/bios/belldegrun/ |website=USRF |access-date=2026-04-12 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mnamo [[2021]], ''Forbes Israel'' ilikadiria utajiri wake na wa mumewe kuwa dola bilioni 1.75.<ref>{{cite web |title=עשירי ישראל 2021 |url=https://www.forbes.co.il/ranking/2021/ |website=Forbes Israel |date=July 25, 2021 |access-date=2026-04-12}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Israel]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ufini]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1950]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] sb460e1b7gkw6grumrrjmf63f0tcyfl 0 228038 1530017 1505056 2026-05-02T18:42:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530017 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zamakhanyase Khanyase''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] na Mbunge wa Bunge la Kitaifa kupitia chama cha African National Congress (ANC). Alichukua nafasi ya ubunge mwaka 2026 baada ya kuchukua nafasi ya Tsakani Shiviti, na hivyo kuingia Bungeni kama mwakilishi wa chama hicho katika Bunge la Kitaifa..<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zama Khanyase|url=http://www.pa.org.za/person/zama-khanyase/|access-date=2026-04-03|website=People's Assembly|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ms Zamakhanyase Khanyase|url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/9395|website=[[Parliament of South Africa]]}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] thy2fk76ob998peo2exppxde8gkjjj6 0 228079 1530163 1505100 2026-05-02T19:05:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530163 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Prince Ntuthukoyezwe Zuzifa Buthelezi''' (amezaliwa [[16 Januari]] [[1955]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] na mjumbe wa sasa wa Bunge la Kitaifa kupitia Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP). Yeye ni miongoni mwa wawakilishi wa chama hicho bungeni, akihudumu katika majukumu ya uwakilishi wa wananchi ndani ya mfumo wa sheria na sera za kitaifa nchini Afrika Kusini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Masimula|first=Nqobile|date=15 September 2023|title=MUT pays tribute to Prince Mangosuthu Buthelezi|url=https://www.iol.co.za/dailynews/news/mut-pays-tribute-to-prince-mangosuthu-buthelezi-fa732cb1-b4f9-4084-bed8-e7713f0b6653|website=IOL}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]] oul91ishnvk3uboln20wseutuzsprm1 0 228084 1530268 1505106 2026-05-03T01:51:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530268 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mosa Steve Chabane''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] kutoka chama cha African National Congress (ANC). Kwa sasa anahudumu kama Mjumbe wa Bunge la Kitaifa (Member of Parliament), akiwakilisha chama hicho katika shughuli za bunge la taifa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mr Mosa Steve Chabane - Parliament of South Africa|url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/32|access-date=2021-09-13|website=www.parliament.gov.za}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] e8hqnycnllcgci6nhf43r7wdua3cxwb 0 228088 1530152 1505111 2026-05-02T19:03:33Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530152 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zuko Godlimpi''' (amezaliwa [[21 Machi]] [[1992]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Afrika Kusini kutoka Mkoa wa Eastern Cape. Yeye ni mwanachama wa African National Congress (ANC) na alichaguliwa kwa mara ya kwanza kuwa Mjumbe wa Bunge la Kitaifa katika uchaguzi mkuu wa Mei 2024. Tangu Julai 2024, anahudumu kama Naibu Waziri wa Biashara, Viwanda na Ushindani (Deputy Minister of Trade, Industry and Competition).,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Macupe|first=Bongekile|date=23 March 2023|title=The ANC's youngest NEC member, Zuko Godlimpi, dedicates his 'heart and soul' to progress|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/opinions/analysis/profile-the-ancs-youngest-nec-member-zuko-godlimpi-dedicates-his-heart-and-soul-to-progress-20230323|access-date=2024-07-11|website=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] bylq4ibov6wb7kj7iyxpskzkujyhja3 0 228089 1530123 1505116 2026-05-02T18:58:43Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1530123 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Prince Zolile Burns-Ncamashe''' (amezaliwa [[13 Septemba]] [[1965]]) ni mwanasiasa wa [[Afrika Kusini|Afrika Kusin]]<nowiki/>i kutoka Mkoa wa Eastern Cape. Yeye ni Naibu Waziri wa Serikali ya Ushirikiano na Masuala ya Jadi (Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs) tangu Machi 2023. Pia ni kiongozi wa kimila wa ukoo wa amaRharhabe ndani ya jamii ya Wazulu/isiXhosa, ambapo anatambulika kwa jina la heshima (isikhahlelo) “Zweliyijika.”<ref>{{Rejea habari|date=16 May 2019|title=Joy as royals graduate from Fort Hare|url=https://www.dispatchlive.co.za/news/2019-05-16-joy-as-royals-graduate-from-fort-hare/|access-date=26 December 2024|work=Daily Dispatch}}</ref> Aliingia rasmi katika Bunge la Kitaifa kama mwakilishi wa African National Congress (ANC) mwezi Februari 2021, akichanganya majukumu ya uongozi wa kisiasa na ule wa kimila.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-09-10|title=Sisulu’s Rapid Response Team spends R3.73 million on travel expenses - DA|url=https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/politics/sisulus-rapid-response-team-spends-r3-73-million-on-travel-expenses-da/|access-date=2024-12-26|website=The Citizen|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1965]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] geeees6xgpsev5fey0qhq0n6mut3ano 0 228103 1529970 1524602 2026-05-02T18:21:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529970 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ronalda Nalumango''' (alizaliwa [[27 Septemba]] [[1978]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] kutoka [[Western Cape]]. Amekuwa akiwakilisha [[African National Congress]] (ANC) katika Bunge la Afrika Kusini tangu alipochaguliwa katika uchaguzi mkuu wa Mei [[2024]]. Kabla ya hapo, alihudumu kama [[diwani]] katika eneo la Cape Winelands. Alijipatia umaarufu kama mratibu wa muda wa tawi la ANC la Western Cape, nafasi aliyoshikilia kati ya [[2019]] na [[2023]]. Mnamo Desemba [[2022]], alichaguliwa kuwa mjumbe wa Kamati Kuu ya Kitaifa ya ANC kwa muhula wa miaka mitano kupitia 55th National Conference of the African National Congress. Katika mkutano huo huo, aligombea bila mafanikio nafasi ya Naibu Katibu Mkuu wa ANC. == Kazi ya kisiasa == Ronalda Nalumango aliingia katika siasa kupitia ANC Youth League, ambapo alihudumu katika Kamati Kuu ya Kitaifa ya ligi hiyo kuanzia [[2011]] hadi [[2012]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2011-06-18|title=Malema does it his way at league conference|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2011-06-18-malema-does-it-his-way-at-league-conference/|access-date=2024-07-11|website=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Baadaye, aliwakilisha African National Congress (ANC) kama diwani katika Western Cape, akihudumu katika Cape Winelands District Municipality na Stellenbosch Local Municipality.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Cllr Ronalda Nalumango|url=https://www.capewinelands.gov.za/team/cllr-ronalda-nalumango/|access-date=2024-07-11|website=Cape Winelands District Municipality|language=en-ZA}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Council|url=https://stellenbosch.gov.za/council/|access-date=2024-07-11|website=Stellenbosch Municipality|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Katika uchaguzi mkuu wa Mei [[2019]], aligombea nafasi ya National Assembly of South Africa kupitia ANC. Alikuwa wa 14 kwenye orodha ya chama katika jimbo la Western Cape, lakini kutokana na matokeo hafifu ya ANC katika jimbo hilo, hakufanikiwa kupata kiti.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ronalda Schivonne Nalumango|url=http://www.pa.org.za/person/ronalda-schivonne-nalumango/|access-date=2024-07-11|website=People's Assembly|language=en}}</ref> === Kamati ya Muda ya Mkoa ya ANC: 2019–2023 === Muda mfupi baada ya uchaguzi mkuu wa 2019, uongozi wa kitaifa wa African National Congress (ANC) ulivunja Kamati Kuu ya Mkoa iliyokuwa ikiendesha shughuli za ANC Western Cape. Mnamo [[15 Agosti]] 2019, Ronalda Nalumango aliteuliwa kuwa mkuu wa Kamati ya Mpito ya Mkoa (IPC) yenye wajumbe 30, iliyokuwa na jukumu la kuongoza chama hicho katika mkoa hadi uchaguzi mpya wa uongozi ufanyike. Katika nafasi hiyo, alihudumu kama mratibu wa IPC, huku Lerumo Kalako akiwa mratibu mwenza.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Diemen|first=Ethan Van|date=15 August 2019|title=Lynne Brown, Rasool, Dramat back in the fold to take WC ANC to conference|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/lynne-brown-rasool-dramat-back-in-the-fold-to-take-wc-anc-to-conference-20190815|access-date=2024-07-11|website=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> Nalumango na Kalako walishikilia majukumu hayo wakati wa maandalizi ya uchaguzi wa mitaa wa [[2021]] katika Western Cape. Katika mchakato huo, mkuu wa kamati ya ndani ya uchaguzi ya ANC, Kgalema Motlanthe, alipendekeza kwamba Nalumango akabiliwe na hatua za kinidhamu kutokana na madai ya usimamizi mbaya wa mchakato wa uteuzi wa wagombea na kushindwa kutimiza baadhi ya majukumu yake.<ref>{{Rejea habari|date=21 September 2021|title=Last-minute rejig for Western Cape ANC list as accused 'step aside'|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2021-09-21-last-minute-rejig-for-western-cape-anc-list-as-accused-step-aside/|access-date=12 July 2024|work=Sunday Times}}</ref> Aidha, Nalumango alikuwa mjumbe wa Kamati Kuu ya Kitaifa ya ANC (NEC). Katika mkutano wa NEC uliofanyika Novemba 2022, aliripotiwa na News24 kuwa miongoni mwa viongozi wa mwanzo waliomtaka Rais [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] ajiuzulu kufuatia kashfa ya Phala Phala.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Hunter|first=Qaanitah|date=12 November 2022|title='If Phala Phala money was legitimate business why was it in a sofa and not in the bank?': NDZ lays into Ramaphosa|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/politics/political-parties/if-phala-phala-money-was-legitimate-business-why-was-it-in-a-sofa-and-not-in-the-bank-ndz-lays-into-ramaphosa-20221112|access-date=2024-07-11|website=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1978]] [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii: Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii: Wanaharakati wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii: Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii: Wanasiasa wanawake Afrika Kusini]] png7fki58y9oqasvf92jxtkbqufa0cn 0 228104 1530243 1505172 2026-05-02T22:55:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530243 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shayne Coplan''' (Alizaliwa [[14 Juni]], [[1998]]) ni [[mjasiriamali]] na mtaalamu wa teknolojia nchini [[Marekani]], alijulikana zaidi kama mwanzilishi na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa Polymarket, soko la utabiri linalotumia sarafu ya kidijitali (cryptocurrency).<ref>{{cite web |title=Shayne Coplan |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/shayne-coplan/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> Alianza programu ya kompyuta akiwa kijana na alihudhuria Chuo Kikuu cha New York kabla ya kuacha masomo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Roberts |first=Jeff John |last2=Rowe |first2=Niamh |title=Who is Polymarket CEO Shayne Coplan? The 26-year-old's crypto betting site is taking U.S. politics by storm |url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/03/polymarket-ceo-shayne-coplan-2024-election/ |website=Fortune |date=November 3, 2024 |access-date=2026-04-13 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Alianzisha Polymarket mwaka [[2020]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 22.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wieczner |first=Jen |title=Is Polymarket Legal? How Shayne Coplan's Bet Is Paying Off |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/polymarket-shayne-coplan-betting-election.html |website=Intelligencer (New York Magazine) |date=March 11, 2025 |access-date=2026-04-13 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mnamo Oktoba [[2025]], alikua bilionea mchanga zaidi duniani aliyejijengea utajiri mwenyewe, na utajiri wake ulikadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 1.0.<ref>{{cite web |last=Maloney |first=Tom |title=Polymarket Founder Is Youngest Self-Made Billionaire After Deal With NYSE Owner |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-10-08/polymarket-founder-is-youngest-self-made-billionaire-after-deal-with-nyse-owner |website=Bloomberg |date=October 8, 2025 |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1998]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] fx3ewws3ld00x06q3be2qcejy2alhlj 0 228145 1530301 1505517 2026-05-03T04:56:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530301 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tom Benson''' ([[12 Julai]] [[1927]] – [[15 Machi]] [[2018]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]], mfadhili, na mmiliki wa timu za michezo nchini [[Marekani]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tom Benson |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/tom-benson/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> Alikuwa mmiliki wa timu za New Orleans Saints ya National Football League(NFL) na [[New Orleans Pelicans]] ya [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tom Benson, Tycoon Who Danced With His Saints, Dies at 90 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/15/obituaries/tom-benson-dead.html |website=The New York Times |date=March 15, 2018 |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> Alinunua Saints mwaka [[1985]] kwa dola milioni 70 na akawasaidia kushinda Super Bowl mwaka [[2010]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tom Benson, owner of the Saints and Pelicans, has died at 90 |url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/22781121/tom-benson-owner-new-orleans-saints-pelicans-dies-90 |website=ESPN |date=March 15, 2018 |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> Baada ya kifo chake, mkewe [[Gayle Benson]] alirithi umiliki wa timu hizo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gayle Benson becomes Saints, Pelicans owner |url=https://www.nbcsports.com/nfl/news/gayle-benson-becomes-saints-pelicans-owner |website=NBC Sports |date=March 15, 2018 |access-date=2026-04-13 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1927]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2018]] k2iknruij20x1z8eo8kwlpcrsuld8vi 0 228148 1530308 1527439 2026-05-03T05:27:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530308 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tshiwela Elidah Lishivha''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[28 Juni]] [[1958]]), anayejulikana pia kama Elda Leshika, ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] ambaye aliwakilisha chama cha African National Congress (ANC) katika Bunge la Taifa kuanzia mwaka 1999 hadi 2014.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=22 April 2010|title=Speech by Honourable Tshiwela Lishivha during the debate on the budget vote on Sports & Recreation|url=https://www.ancparliament.org.za/content/speech-honourable-tshiwela-lishivha-during-debate-budget-vote-sports-recreation-0|access-date=2023-05-11|website=ANC Parliamentary Caucus}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Alichaguliwa kwa mara ya kwanza katika uchaguzi mkuu wa 1999, akiwakilisha jimbo la Limpopo (wakati huo likijulikana kama Northern Province). Alichaguliwa tena kwa ushindani mkali mwaka 2004 katika kundi la wabunge wa Limpopo, na mwaka 2009 alichaguliwa tena kupitia orodha ya kitaifa ya chama cha ANC. Katika muhula wake wa tatu bungeni, alikuwa mjumbe wa Kamati ya Kudumu ya Michezo na Burudani. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] hwput53uj17xqos85le89b05gsko5yf 0 228214 1530324 1514184 2026-05-03T08:19:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530324 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uzo Iwobi''' CBE <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=1 June 2022|title=Queen's Birthday Honours 2022: The full list of people in Wales honoured|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/queens-birthday-honours-2022-bale-24111481|accessdate=1 June 2022|work=walesonline.co.uk/}}</ref> FLSW (alizaliwa [[7 Februari]] [[1969]]) ni mwanamke wakili na mtaalamu wa usawa kutoka Uingereza na Nigeria . Yeye ni Mshauri Mtaalamu wa Sera wa Zamani juu ya Usawa kwa Serikali ya Wales, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Uzo Iwobi OBE|url=https://www.100welshwomen.wales/100-women/uzo-iwobi-obe/|accessdate=13 June 2020|work=www.100welshwomen.wales|language=en|archive-date=2020-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606200423/https://www.100welshwomen.wales/100-women/uzo-iwobi-obe/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Manakikundi wa Heshima kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Wales Trinity St David <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|first=|date=|title=Uzo Iwobi OBE - Race Council Cymru (RCC)|url=https://racecouncilcymru.org.uk/team/mrs-uzo-iwobi-obe/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=13{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} June 2020|work=Race Council Cymru</ref> na mwanzilishi, katibu na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa awali kwenye Baraza la Mbio Cymru. Pia ameshika nafasi ya Makamu wa Rais wa Chuo cha Muziki na Tamthilia cha Royal Wales. == Maisha ya awali nchini Nigeria == Iwobi ni mzaliwa wa nchi ya [[Nigeria]] . Alisomea masomo ya chuoni katika Chuo Kikuu cha Nigeria kwenye mwaka wa 1987 hadi mwaka wa 1991 mahali alihitimu na shahada yake ya sheria. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|first=|date=|title=Uzo Iwobi OBE - Race Council Cymru (RCC)|url=https://racecouncilcymru.org.uk/team/mrs-uzo-iwobi-obe/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=13 June 2020|work=Race Council Cymru|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://racecouncilcymru.org.uk/team/mrs-uzo-iwobi-obe/ "Uzo Iwobi OBE - Race Council Cymru (RCC)"]. </cite></ref> Alikutana na Andrew Ubaka Iwobi aliyeolewa mwaka wa 1989 na mnamo Oktoba 28, 1991 walifunga ndoa katika Usajili wa Jimbo la Lagos huko [[Lagos]]. Kisha akaendelea kuwa wakili na wakili aliyehitimu, na akaitwa katika Mwanasheria wa Nigeria. <ref >{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://racecouncilcymru.org.uk/uzo-iwobi|publisher=Race Council Cymru|title=Mrs Uzo Iwobi OBE|accessdate=6 June 2020}}</ref> Kisha akajiunga na Andrew nchini Uingereza. == Maisha ya kitaaluma huko Wales == Alivyokuwa na umri wa miaka 23 tu, Iwobi alihamisha makazi huko Wales ambapo alifanya harusi yake kanisani kwenye tarehe 12 Aprili 1993. <ref name="WENWales">{{Rejea tovuti|title=New Additions to 100 Welsh Women for International Women's Day 2020|url=https://wenwales.org.uk/new-additions-to-100-welsh-women-for-international-womens-day-2020/|work=wenwales.org.uk|date=4 March 2020|accessdate=7 June 2020}}</ref> Iwobi alipofika Wales alifanya kazi kwa nafasi ya mhadhiri wa sheria kwenye Shule ya Sheria ya Swansea kwa miaka 9. <ref name="RCC">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://racecouncilcymru.org.uk/uzo-iwobi|publisher=Race Council Cymru|title=Mrs Uzo Iwobi OBE|accessdate=6 June 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://racecouncilcymru.org.uk/uzo-iwobi "Mrs Uzo Iwobi OBE"]. </cite></ref> Mwaka 2002 na nafasi ya Mwenyekiti Mkuu wa Usawa Tofauti wa Kituo cha Jumuiya ya Afrika huko Wales, ambacho yeye mwenyewe alikianzisha. <ref name="RCC" /> <ref name="CH1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Uzo Linda Iwobi|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/niOMJae7BhC55MjMz-1fE9nvKN8/appointments|work=[[Companies House]]|accessdate=7 June 2020}}</ref> Iwobi alifanya huduma kwenye timu ya Kitaifa ya Utofauti ya Polisi, iliyoko Ofisi ya Mambo ya Ndani huko eneo la London, ambapo kwenye uundaji alijihusisha na sera za kitaifa juu mahusiano ya rangi na utofauti. <ref name="RCC" /> Ilivyofika 2007 alikuwa amefanikiwa kukamilisha Shahada ya Uzamili ya Utawala wa Biashara katika Chuo Kikuu cha Glamorgan . <ref>(RCC)|url=https://racecouncilcymru.org.uk/team/mrs-uzo-iwobi-obe/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=13{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} June 2020|work=Race Council Cymru|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://racecouncilcymru.org.uk/team/mrs-uzo-iwobi-obe/ "Uzo Iwobi OBE - Race Council Cymru (RCC)"]. </cite></ref> == Heshima na tuzo == Iwobi alichaguliwa kuwa afasi ya Afisa wa Amri ya Milki ya Uingereza (OBE) kwenye Heshima ya Kuzaliwa ya 2008 kwa huduma kwa mahusiano ya rangi ya jamii na jamii za Wales Kusini na Kamanda wa Amri ya Milki ya Uingereza (CBE) kwenye Heshima ya Kuzaliwa ya 2022 kwa kutoa huduma ya usawa wa rangi na kutetea utofauti na ujumuishaji. Pia ametunukiwa tuzo zifuatazo: * 2006: Tuzo ya Mwanamke Bora wa Mwaka wa Swansea Bay (Mafanikio ya Jamii) <ref name="BNW">{{Rejea tovuti|title=2nd October – Swansea - Swansea Business Networking|url=https://businessnewswales.com/swansea-business-networking/|work=Business News Wales|date=7 September 2017|accessdate=12 June 2020}}</ref> * 2017: Tuzo ya Mafanikio ya Wanawake wa Wales kwa Utawala na Uongozi kwa Wanawake Wachache wa Kikabila (EMWWAA) * 2018: Orodha 100 ya Waafrika Weusi, Wenye Kipaji na Welsh kutoka Wales Mtandaoni <ref name="WOL">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Brilliant, Black and Welsh: A celebration of 100 African Caribbean and African Welsh people|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/brilliant-black-welsh-celebration-100-15173754|work=[[Media Wales#WalesOnline|Wales Online]]|date=28 September 2018|accessdate=12 June 2020}}</ref> * 2019: Ushirika wa Heshima na Chuo Kikuu cha Wales Trinity Saint David <ref name="UWTSD">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mrs Uzo Iwobi OBE, Chief Executive Officer of Race Council Cymru, awarded UWTSD Honorary Fellowship|url=https://www.uwtsd.ac.uk/news/press-releases/press-2019/mrs-uzo-iwobi-obe-chief-executive-officer-of-race-council-cymru-awarded-uwtsd-honorary-fellowship.html|work=[[University of Wales Trinity Saint David]]|accessdate=12 June 2020|archivedate=12 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612063533/https://www.uwtsd.ac.uk/news/press-releases/press-2019/mrs-uzo-iwobi-obe-chief-executive-officer-of-race-council-cymru-awarded-uwtsd-honorary-fellowship.html}}</ref> * 2019: Tuzo ya Msanidi Programu Bora na Mshauri kwa Vijana na NWAMI (Chama cha Ujumuishaji wa Tamaduni Mbalimbali cha Wales Kaskazini) * 2020: Orodha ya Wanawake 100 wa Wales wa WEN (Mtandao wa Usawa wa Wanawake) <ref name="WEN">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Uzo Iwobi OBE|url=https://www.100welshwomen.wales/100-women/uzo-iwobi-obe/|work=WEN Wales|accessdate=12 June 2020|archive-date=2020-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606200423/https://www.100welshwomen.wales/100-women/uzo-iwobi-obe/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2021: Alipokea Tuzo ya BAPIO kwa michango yake kwa Usawa na Utofauti huko Wales <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Winter School 2022|work=Academi Wales|date=3 July 2016|url=https://academiwales.gov.wales/courses-and-events/conferences-and-schools/one-welsh-public-service-leaders-winter-school-2022/winter-school-2022-more-information|accessdate=29 October 2025}}</ref> * 2022: Ushirika wa Jumuiya ya Waliojifunza ya Wales <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Wales|first=The Learned Society of|title=Uzo Iwobi|url=https://www.learnedsociety.wales/fellow/uzo-iwobi/|accessdate=2023-08-30|work=The Learned Society of Wales|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qr5zmf9dzvd2anbxo0t9m3pop47alo1 0 228229 1530217 1505355 2026-05-02T20:44:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530217 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sara Blakely''' (Alizaliwa [[27 Februari]], [[1971]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] na mfadhili nchini [[Marekani]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sara Blakely |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/sara-blakely/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-14}}</ref> Alianzisha kampuni ya ''Spanx'', inayozalisha nguo za ndani na leggings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sara Blakely |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/20829053 |website=Bloomberg |access-date=2026-04-14}}</ref> Mnamo [[2024]], alianzisha chapa ya viatu ya ''Sneex''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Spanx founder Sara Blakely on launch of Sneex: Want to provide 'luxury comfort' for women |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/12/12/spanx-founder-sara-blakely-on-launch-of-sneex.html |website=CNBC |date=December 12, 2024 |access-date=2026-04-14}}</ref> Aliorodheshwa katika orodha ya ''Time 100'' ya watu 100 wenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani mwaka [[2012]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The 100 Most Influential People in the World |url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2111975_2111976_2112123,00.html |website=Time |date=April 18, 2012 |access-date=2026-04-14 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1971]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ssx4zquwquqck6bc0gvtmyvrnal9udu 0 228289 1530089 1505417 2026-05-02T18:53:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530089 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zintle Alexia Ndlazi''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[4 Aprili]] [[1955]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] ambaye alihudumu katika Bunge la Taifa kwa vipindi viwili visivyo kamili, kuanzia mwaka 2007 hadi 2009 na tena 2010 hadi 2014. Aliingia bungeni mwezi Agosti 2007 kama mwanachama wa chama cha United Independent Front (UIF), lakini mwezi mmoja baadaye alihama na kujiunga na chama cha African National Congress (ANC).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Hamlyn|first=Michael|date=12 September 2007|title='Travelgate' MP defects to ANC|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/travelgate-mp-defects-to-anc-20070912|access-date=2023-05-13|website=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] iw2dz5n5xogvf99qzedfz7pa7w46scv 0 228294 1530354 1509188 2026-05-03T09:17:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530354 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Victoria Okojie''' ni mtunza maktaba, msomi, na mtawala wa [[Nigeria]]. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=IFLA -- Statement of Candidacy: Victoria Okojie (Nigeria)|url=https://www.ifla.org/ES/node/11304|accessdate=2021-08-20|work=www.ifla.org}}</ref> Alikuwa Msajili na Afisa Mkuu Mtendaji wa kwanza wa Baraza la Usajili wa Maktaba la nchini Nigeria, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Association pour le progrès des communications"|title=CIPESA's reflections on the Third Africa Internet Governance Forum, 2014 {{!}} Association pour le progrès des communications|url=https://www.apc.org/fr/node/19650|accessdate=2021-02-24|work=www.apc.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2022-03-22|title=Destiny Child; Finishing Strong; Proudly Librarian!|url=https://web.aflia.net/destiny-child-finishing-strong-proudly-librarian/|accessdate=2024-06-24|work=African Library & Information Associations & Institutions|language=en-US}}</ref> shirika la serikali la [[Siasa ya Nigeria|Serikali ya Shirikisho la Nigeria]] . Okojie pia ni rais wa zamani wa Chama cha Maktaba cha Nigeria na pia mjumbe wa bodi inayoongoza ya Shirikisho la Kimataifa la Vyama na Taasisi za Maktaba (IFLA). <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Biographical Legacy and Research|first=Sera|date=2018-07-02|title=OKOJIE, Dr Victoria|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/okojie-dr-victoria/|accessdate=2021-02-24|work=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Yeye ni mhadhiri katika Idara ya Maktaba na Sayansi ya Habari, [[Chuo Kikuu cha Abuja]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=CASA Africa|title=Victoria Okojie {{!}} Casa África|url=http://www.casafrica.es/es/persona/victoria-okojie|accessdate=2021-02-24|work=www.casafrica.es|date=10 February 2017}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-01-16|title=Innovative Library Service Workshop|url=https://wtec.org.ng/innovative-library-service-workshop/|accessdate=2021-02-24|work=Women's Technology Empowerment Centre – W.TEC|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512102843/https://wtec.org.ng/innovative-library-service-workshop/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Elimu == Okojie alihitimu shahada yake ya uzamili katika Sayansi ya Maktaba (MLS) kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan|katika Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan]], kabla ya kuendelea na Chuo Kikuu cha Ahmadu Bello, [[Zaria]], ambapo alimaliza Shahada yake ya Uzamivu katika Sayansi ya Maktaba na Habari mnamo mwaka wa 2012. <ref name="Osso">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Osso|first=Sera|date=2018-07-02|title=OKOJIE, Dr Victoria|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/okojie-dr-victoria/|accessdate=2021-02-24|work=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> == Kazi == Taaluma ya Okojie ni katika ukufunzi wa maktaba ilianza mwaka wa 1984 katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan]] . Alijiunga na Baraza la Uingereza mwaka wa 1994 na alipanda hadhi hadi kuwa Mkurugenzi katika baraza hilo, Mnigeria wa kwanza kufanya hivyo. Wakati wa kazi yake, alishauriana na [[Kundi la Benki ya Dunia|Benki ya Dunia]], [[UNESCO|Shirika la Elimu, Sayansi na Utamaduni la Umoja wa Mataifa]], pamoja na Idara ya Maendeleo ya Kimataifa ya nchini Uingereza. <ref name="Victoria Okojie {{!}} Casa África">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Victoria Okojie {{!}} Casa África|url=http://www.casafrica.es/es/persona/victoria-okojie|accessdate=2021-02-24|work=www.casafrica.es|date=10 February 2017}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2009, Okojie alijiunga na huduma za Serikali ya Shirikisho la nchini Nigeria chini ya mwavuli wa Baraza la Usajili wa Maktaba la Nigeria, ambapo akawa Msajili au Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Baraza. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/okojie-dr-victoria/|title=OKOJIE, Dr Victoria|date=2 July 2018}}</ref> Alichaguliwa kuwa Rais wa Chama cha Maktaba cha Nigeria kuanzia mwaka wa 2000 hadi mwaka wa 2010. [https://www.ifla.org/FR/node/8695] Okojie pia alifanya kazi kama Mwenyekiti wa Kitengo cha Afrika cha Shirikisho la Kimataifa la Vyama na Taasisi za Maktaba (IFLA). Kati ya mwaka wa 2011 na mwaka wa 2015. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Brief of Okojie Victoria|title=cibu|url=https://cibu.dgb.unam.mx/index.php/en/?view=article&id=143&tmpl=component|accessdate=2021-02-24|archivedate=2022-10-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020201618/https://cibu.dgb.unam.mx/index.php/en/?view=article&id=143&tmpl=component}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2012, alikuwa miongoni mwa viongozi kumi na wawili wa maktaba duniani waliochaguliwa kufanya kazi na IFLA katika Sekta ya Maktaba na Habari. Okojie alifanya kazi kama mjumbe wa Bodi inayoongoza ya IFLA; [https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/iac-committee#:~:text=The%20International%20Advisory%20Committee%20(IAC,the%20Programme%20as%20a%20whole.] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Building forward better: African library partnerships for inclusive information and education towards Agendas 2030 and 2063|url=https://www.ifla.org/events/building-forward-better-african-library-partnerships-for-inclusive-information-and-education-towards-agendas-2030-and-2063/|accessdate=2024-06-29|work=IFLA|language=en-US}}</ref> Kamati ya Ushauri ya Kimataifa, Programu ya Kumbukumbu ya Dunia [[UNESCO|ya UNESCO]] ; <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|date=October 2017|title=Report of 13thmeeting of the International Advisory Committee (IAC)UNESCO, Paris|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000265145|accessdate=2021-02-24|work=unesdoc.unesco.org}}</ref> Kamati ya Ushauri, Programu ya Maktaba ya Kimataifa [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation|ya Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]] ; na Chama cha Maktaba cha Afrika Magharibi. <ref name=":0"/> Okojie pia alihudumu kama Mratibu wa Programu ya Mtandao wa Mabalozi wa Ubunifu wa Wataalamu wa Habari wa Nigeria (NIPIAN). <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=About|url=https://nipian.org/about/|accessdate=2023-01-05|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-01-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105131009/https://nipian.org/about/}}</ref> == Tuzo na heshima == Okojie alishinda tuzo ya heshima ya Chama cha Maktaba cha Nigeria mnamo mwaka wa 2000. <ref name="Awards & Honours">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-07-31|title=Awards & Honours|url=https://victoriaokojie.org/awards-honours/|accessdate=2021-05-18|work=Victoria Okojie|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518085606/https://victoriaokojie.org/awards-honours/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Osso|first=Sera|date=2018-07-02|title=OKOJIE, Dr Victoria|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/okojie-dr-victoria/|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Pia ameshinda Tuzo ya "Binti wa Hatima" ya tawi la [[Jimbo la Oyo]] la Chama cha Maktaba cha Nigeria, pamoja na Tuzo ya Sifa ya Mpango wa Vijana wa nchini Nigeria wa Uwazi, Utawala Bora, Amani na Mwelekeo wa Kijamii (NYITGPSO) kama "Icon of Education" ya mwaka wa 2012. Pia mwaka wa 2012, Chuo Kikuu cha Jumuiya ya Madola, [[Belize]], kilimpa Okojie udaktari wa heshima, kwa michango yake katika uwanja wa Maktaba na Sayansi ya Habari. <ref name="Awards & Honours" /> Okojie pia ni mwanachama wa Chama cha Maktaba cha Nigeria (tangu mwaka wa 2005); Programu ya Uongozi wa Wageni wa Kimataifa (IVLP) ya Idara ya Mambo ya Nje ya nchini Marekani, Serikali ya Marekani, Marekani (mwaka wa 2008), na Taasisi ya UNESCO ya Kujifunza Maisha Yote, [[Hamburg]], [[Ujerumani]] (mwaka wa 2007). <ref name="Victoria Okojie {{!}} Casa África"/> <ref name="Osso"/> == Machapisho yaliyochaguliwa == * Gbaje, ES, na V. Okojie (2011). Ufikiaji unaolenga mtumiaji wa mipango ya maarifa katika maktaba za vyuo vikuu vya Nigeria. Maktaba za Nigeria, Juz. 44. * Ekoja, II, VO Okojie na H. Emmanuel (2019). Jukumu la maktaba ya kitaifa ya Nigeria katika kujenga taifa lenye usomaji hodari: changamoto na mikakati. Katika Hotuba kuhusu Masuala ya Kielimu: Festschrift kwa heshima ya Maprofesa Watano Wanaostaafu. Maisamari, AM et al. (mh): Abuja, Chuo Kikuu cha Abuja Press. pp.&nbsp;85–100. * Okojie, V. na Igbinovia, OM (2022). Mitazamo ya kimataifa kuhusu desturi endelevu za maktaba. . uk.&nbsp;376. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.igi-global.com/book/global-perspectives-sustainable-library-practices/298681#:~:text=Global%20Perspectives%20on%20Sustainable%20Library%20Practices%20provides%20a%20rich%20and,well%20as%20sustaining%20value%20for|title=Global perspectives on sustainable library practices|last=Victoria Okojie and Magnus Osahon Igbinovia|date=2022|publisher=[[IGI Global]]|isbn=9781668459645|access-date=2022-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805191707/http://www.igi-global.com/book/global-perspectives-sustainable-library-practices/298681#:~:text=Global%20Perspectives%20on%20Sustainable%20Library%20Practices%20provides%20a%20rich%20and,well%20as%20sustaining%20value%20for|archive-date=2022-08-05}}</ref> * Victoria Okojie, Faith Orim, Oso Oluwatoyin na Adeyinka Tella (2020). Fursa na changamoto za wasomaji wa vitabu vya kielektroniki na vifaa vya mkononi katika maktaba: Uzoefu kutoka Nigeria. Katika Adeyinka Tailor (Mh). Kitabu cha Utafiti kuhusu Vifaa vya Kidijitali kwa Ujumuishi na Ushirikishwaji katika Maktaba uk.&nbsp;208–230. <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Victoria Okojie, Faith Orim, Oso Oluwatoyin and Adeyinka Tella |date=2020 |title=Opportunities and Challenges of E-Book Readers and Mobile Devices in Libraries: Experiences From Nigeria |url=https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/opportunities-and-challenges-of-e-book-readers-and-mobile-devices-in-libraries/233998 |url-status=dead |doi=10.4018/978-1-5225-9034-7.ch010 |s2cid=203356192 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210132139/https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/opportunities-and-challenges-of-e-book-readers-and-mobile-devices-in-libraries/233998 |archive-date=2021-12-10 |access-date=2022-01-05}}</ref> * Adeyinka Tella, Okojie Victoria, na Olaniyi, T. (2018). Zana za Kualamisha Kijamii na Maktaba za Dijiti, IGI Global. * Adeyinka Tella, Victoria Okojie na OT Olaniyi (2018). Zana za kuweka alamisho za kijamii na maktaba za kidijitali. Katika Adeyinka Tailor na Tom Kwanya (Wahariri). Kitabu cha Utafiti kuhusu Kusimamia Mali Miliki katika Maktaba za Kidijitali, uk.&nbsp;396–401. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Handbook of Research on Managing Intellectual Property in Digital Libraries|last=Adeyinka|first=Tella|last2=Okojie|first2=Victoria|last3=Olaniyi|first3=T|date=2018|publisher=IGI Global|isbn=9781522530930|series=Advances in Library and Information Science|pages=396–409|chapter=Social Bookmarking Tools and Digital Libraries|doi=10.4018/978-1-5225-3093-0.ch020|access-date=2023-01-05|chapter-url=https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/social-bookmarking-tools-and-digital-libraries/188559}}</ref> * Okojie V. na Okiy, R. (2017). Maktaba za Umma na ajenda ya maendeleo nchini Nigeria. Karatasi iliyowasilishwa katika Mkutano wa Maktaba na Habari wa Dunia wa IFLA huko Athens, Ugiriki, uk.&nbsp;1–12 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Victoria Okojie and Rose Okiy|date=2019|title=Public Libraries And The Development Agenda In Nigeria|url=https://library.ifla.org/id/eprint/2496/1/233-okojie-en.pdf|accessdate=2022-10-05|work=library.ifla.org|archive-date=2022-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006110017/https://library.ifla.org/id/eprint/2496/1/233-okojie-en.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Okojie, Victoria na Omotoso, Oladele (2013) Elimu na mafunzo ya wataalamu wa habari: Jukumu la ushirikiano la Baraza la Usajili wa Wakutubi la Nigeria (LRCN). Karatasi iliyowasilishwa katika Mkutano wa Maktaba na Habari wa Dunia wa IFLA huko Singapore. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Okojie|first=Victoria|date=2013|title=Education and training of information professionals: the collaborative role of the Librarians' Registration Council of Nigeria (LRCN)|url=https://library.ifla.org/id/eprint/205/|language=en|work=library.ifla.org|accessdate=2026-04-14|archive-date=2024-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515214647/https://library.ifla.org/id/eprint/205/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] shvwaigt9euz5nlgmnnonpp432c2jpx 0 228331 1530353 1505578 2026-05-03T09:05:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530353 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Victoria Adaobi Obasi''' (alizaliwa [[Aprili 14]], [[1952]]) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Happy Birthday To Our Dear Honourable Chancellor, Imo State University, Owerri (Prof. Mrs. Victoria Adaobi Obasi)|url=http://www.imsugist.com/2017/04/happy-birthday-to-our-dear-honourable.html?m=1|work=www.imsugist.com|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref> ni mwanamke aliyekuwa ameshikilia nafasi ya Makamu Mkuu wa zamani wa Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Imo . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Imo State University Appoints A New Substansive VC. — Nigeria Today|url=https://www.nigeriatoday.ng/2017/08/imo-state-university-appoints-a-new-substansive-vc/amp/|work=www.nigeriatoday.ng|accessdate=8 April 2018|archivedate=9 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409043621/https://www.nigeriatoday.ng/2017/08/imo-state-university-appoints-a-new-substansive-vc/amp/}}</ref> Anatokea Ogboko kwenye Eneo la Serikali za Mitaa la Ideato Kusini mwa Jimbo la Imo [[Nigeria]]. Kati ya mwaka 2011–2013, alikuwa na wadhifa ya Kamishna wa Elimu katika [[Jimbo la Imo]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imsu.edu.ng/site/vc_p.pdf|title=PROFILE OF PROF. MRS. VICTORIA ADAOBI OBASI|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829084322/https://www.imsu.edu.ng/site/vc_p.pdf|archivedate=2017-08-29}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ariseafrika.com/2017/07/spotlight-on-prof-victoria-adaobi-obasi.html|title=SPOTLIGHT ON PROF. VICTORIA ADAOBI OBASI|accessdate=2026-04-14|archive-date=2023-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208031031/https://ariseafrika.com/2017/07/spotlight-on-prof-victoria-adaobi-obasi.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na ndoa == Victoria Adaobi Obasi alizaliwa ndani familia ya Chifu Fred na mkewe Ezinne Felicia Nnoham. Alifunga ndoa na Chifu Charles Obasi wa Dim Na Nume kwenye Eneo la Serikali ya Mtaa ya Isu Nwangele, Jimbo la Imo na amefanikiwa kupata watoto watano. <ref name="imsu">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imsu.edu.ng/site/vc_p.pdf|title=PROFILE OF PROF. MRS. VICTORIA ADAOBI OBASI|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829084322/https://www.imsu.edu.ng/site/vc_p.pdf|archivedate=2017-08-29}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170829084322/https://www.imsu.edu.ng/site/vc_p.pdf "PROFILE OF PROF. MRS. VICTORIA ADAOBI OBASI"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from [https://www.imsu.edu.ng/site/vc_p.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-08-29.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=ImoNews24|date=2023-05-18|title=Meet Prof Victoria Adaobi Obasi Former Vice Chancellor of Imo State University Owerri|url=https://imonews24.com/meet-prof-victoria-adaobi-obasi-former-vice-chancellor-of-imo-state-university-owerri/|accessdate=2024-12-19|work=Imo News 24|language=en-US}}</ref> == Elimu == Obasi alianza masomo ya shule ya msingi kwenye Shule ya Msingi ya Holy Rosary, Oguta na akakamilisha masomo yake ya Sekondari katika Shule ya Sekondari ya Holy Rosary, Ihioma. Aliendelea na Chuo cha Elimu cha Shirikisho cha Alvan Ikoku, Owerri (sasa kina uhusiano na Chuo Kikuu cha Nigeria Enugu). Alifanikiwa kupata Shahada yake ya Kwanza kuhusiana na Zoolojia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Hull, [[Uingereza]] mnamo 1984, Shahada ya Uzamili mwaka uliofuata, na Shahada ya Uzamivu mnamo 1989, vyote kutoka taasisi hiyo hiyo. Mnamo 1980, alimaliza mafunzo yake ya Kikosi cha Huduma ya Vijana wa Kitaifa (NYSC) huko Enugu. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|author=ImoNews24|date=2023-05-18|title=Meet Prof Victoria Adaobi Obasi Former Vice Chancellor of Imo State University Owerri|url=https://imonews24.com/meet-prof-victoria-adaobi-obasi-former-vice-chancellor-of-imo-state-university-owerri/|accessdate=2024-12-19|work=Imo News 24|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFImoNews242023">ImoNews24 (2023-05-18). [https://imonews24.com/meet-prof-victoria-adaobi-obasi-former-vice-chancellor-of-imo-state-university-owerri/ "Meet Prof Victoria Adaobi Obasi Former Vice Chancellor of Imo State University Owerri"]. ''Imo News 24''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Kigezo:Rejea tovuti|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([[:Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list]]</ref> <ref name="imsu"/> == Mafanikio ya kitaaluma na kiutawala == Kwa nafasi yake ya kuwa msomi, Obasi ameandika vitabu vitano na kuchapisha makala mengi kwenye majarida yenye sifa nzuri ya ndani ya nchi na ya kimataifa. Akiwa Makamu wa Chansela, alianza mageuzi na sera zinazoleta matokeo, ikiwa ni pamoja na maendeleo ya miundombinu, uidhinishaji wa programu, na mwendelezo wa utafiti. <ref name=":0"/> == Tuzo na heshima ==   Kwenye safari ya kazi yake, Obasi ametunukiwa tuzo na heshima nyingi. Alipatiwa Tuzo ya Ufadhili wa Ubora na Chuo Kikuu cha Hull mwaka wa 1987, 1988, na 1989. Mwaka wa 2008, alipatiwa Tuzo ya Kitaifa ya Sifa kutoka kwa [[Siasa ya Nigeria|Serikali ya Shirikisho la Nigeria]] . Michango yake juu ya elimu ilitambuliwa mwaka wa 2012 alipotunukiwa Tuzo ya Ikoni ya Elimu na Bunge la Muungano wa Wanafunzi wa Afrika Magharibi (WASUP). Mwaka wa 2016, aliheshimishwa na Tuzo ya Uongozi wa Wanawake kwenye Elimu na Shirika la Wanawake wa Afrika katika Uongozi (AWLO). Mwaka huo huo, alichaguliwa kufanyika kuwa Makamu Mkuu wa Chuo Bora Zaidi na Chama cha Kitaifa cha Wanafunzi wa Nigeria (NANS). Utawala wake ulitambuliwa zaidi mwaka 2017 na Tuzo ya Ubora wa Wanawake wa Afrika katika Uongozi kutoka Kituo cha Maendeleo ya Uchumi na Uongozi (CELD). Mwaka 2018, alipokea Tuzo ya Wahitimu Waliotukuka kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN). == Uanachama na ushirika == * Mwanachama, Chuo cha Elimu cha Nigeria (NAE) <ref name=":0"/> * Mshirika , Shirika la Mtaala la Nigeria (CON) * Mjumbe, Chuo cha Wakufunzi Uingereza (CPE) * Mwanakikundi, Baraza la Dunia la Mtaala na Maelekezo (WCCI) * Mshirika, Chama cha Masomo ya Jinsia cha Nigeria, FGSAN * Idara ya Mtaala, Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Imo == Dini == Obasi ni Mkristo, na mshirika mwaminifu wa Ushirika wa Anglikana wa Mtakatifu Christopher. <ref name="imsu"/> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Waigbo]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1952]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bkh5tne6n8wo0hdblo5ybuuio6kz0xp 0 228362 1529737 1505518 2026-05-02T12:10:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1529737 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yolanda Rachel Botha''' (alifariki tarehe [[28 Desemba]] [[2014]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] na mtumishi wa umma wa [[Afrika Kusini]] aliyewakilisha [[African National Congress]] (ANC) katika Bunge la Kitaifa la Afrika Kusini kuanzia mwaka [[2009]] hadi kifo chake Desemba 2014. Pia alihudumu kama Mweka Hazina wa Mkoa wa ANC wa [[Northern Cape]] kuanzia Juni [[2008]] hadi kifo chake. Wakati wa kifo chake, Botha, pamoja na John Block na Alvin Botes, alikuwa akikabiliwa na mashtaka ya jinai yanayohusiana na kampuni ya Trifecta Investment Holdings. Kabla ya kuchaguliwa kuwa Mbunge, kati ya [[2001]] na 2009, alihudumu kama Mkuu wa Idara ya Maendeleo ya Jamii ya Mkoa wa Northern Cape, ambapo idara hiyo ilipewa Trifecta mikataba mikubwa ya serikali. Mwaka [[2011]], Kamati ya Pamoja ya Maadili na Maslahi ya Wanachama ya Bunge ilimkemea kwa kushindwa kufichua maslahi yake katika Trifecta. Baadaye, mwaka [[2013]], Mamlaka ya Mashtaka ya Kitaifa ilimshtaki kwa ulaghai na utakatishaji fedha, ikidai alipokea hongo kutoka kwa kampuni hiyo. == Maisha na kazi == Yolanda Rachel Botha alihitimu masomo yake ya awali huko Upington katika Jimbo la Cape la zamani mwaka [[1964]].<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yolanda Rachel Botha|url=http://www.pa.org.za/person/yolanda-rachel-botha/|access-date=2023-03-22|website=People's Assembly|language=en}}</ref> Baadaye alipata shahada ya kwanza kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Rasi ya Magharibi, aliyoikamilisha mwaka [[1988]].<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|date=26 August 2011|title=ANC MP guilty of lying about interests|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-26-anc-mp-guilty-of-lying-about-interests/|access-date=2023-03-22|website=Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Kati ya 2001 na 2009, alihudumu kama Mkuu wa Idara ya Maendeleo ya Jamii katika Serikali ya Mkoa wa Northern Cape. Wakati huo huo, alikuwa mwanachama wa African National Congress (ANC), na mnamo Agosti 2008 alichaguliwa kuwa Mweka Hazina wa Mkoa wa ANC wa Northern Cape katika mkutano wa uchaguzi wa chama uliofanyika [[Moshaweng]], chini ya uongozi wa Mwenyekiti wa Mkoa John Block. Mwaka 2009, alichaguliwa kuwa Mbunge wa National Bunge la Kitaifa la Afrika Kusini kupitia ANC, na alihudumu kama Mwenyekiti wa Kamati ya Kwingineko ya Maendeleo ya Jamii. Mwaka [[2012]], alichaguliwa tena bila kupingwa kuwa Mweka Hazina wa Mkoa wa ANC, na mwaka 2014 akachaguliwa tena kuwa Mbunge, akiwa nafasi ya tano kwenye orodha ya chama ya Northern Cape. == Uhusiano na Trifecta Holdings == === Uchunguzi wa maadili ya Bunge: 2011 === Yolanda Rachel Botha alishtakiwa kwa utovu wa nidhamu katika Kamati ya Pamoja ya Maadili na Maslahi ya Wanachama ya Bunge la Kitaifa la Afrika Kusini muda mfupi baada ya kumaliza muhula wake wa ubunge. Uchunguzi huo ulitokana na ripoti za gazeti la Mail & Guardian zilizodai kuwa Botha alipokea fedha kutoka kwa kampuni ya Trifecta Investment Holdings, ambayo ilikuwa imesaini mkataba wa kukodisha mali wenye thamani ya zaidi ya R50 milioni na Idara ya Maendeleo ya Jamii ya Northern Cape. Mkataba huo ulisainiwa wakati akiwa mkuu wa idara hiyo, na ilidaiwa kuwa Trifecta ilimpa asilimia 10 ya hisa katika kampuni pamoja na kugharamia ukarabati wa nyumba yake mwaka 2009.<ref name=":32">{{Rejea tovuti|date=25 August 2011|title=ANC MP lied about kickbacks|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/anc-mp-lied-about-kickbacks-20110825|access-date=2023-03-22|website=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> Botha alikanusha tuhuma hizo, akisema kwamba hisa hizo zilihamishiwa kwa familia yake na kwamba ukarabati wa nyumba ulifadhiliwa kupitia mkopo alioupata na aliouahidi kuurejesha. Mnamo Agosti 2011, Kamati ya Maadili ya Bunge ilimpata na hatia ya kushindwa kufichua maslahi yake katika Trifecta na pia ya kulidanganya Bunge kuhusu thamani ya mkopo huo. Alikiri kuwa alikuwa amesema mkopo ulikuwa takriban R500,000, wakati gharama halisi za ukarabati zilifikia zaidi ya R1.2 milioni. Alipokea adhabu ya juu zaidi ya karipio pamoja na faini ya mshahara wa siku 30.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=25 August 2011|title=Parliament's ethics committee eviscerates top ANC MP|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-25-parliaments-ethics-committee-eviscerates-top-anc-mp/|access-date=2023-03-22|website=Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliofariki 2014]] [[Jamii: Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii: Wanaharakati wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii: Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii: Wanasiasa wanawake Afrika Kusini]] hjk3k5ubemr5bl4cdjujjx1uf4j3gsq 0 228364 1529742 1505531 2026-05-02T12:11:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1529742 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yoliswa Nomampondomise Yako''' (alizaliwa [[22 Machi]] [[1983]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Eastern Cape]], [[Afrika Kusini]], ambaye amewahi kuhudumu kama Mbunge wa Bunge la Kitaifa la Afrika Kusini. Alichukua wadhifa wa ubunge tarehe [[3 Septemba]] [[2018]]. Kabla ya hapo, Yako alihudumu kama diwani wa PR katikaManispaa ya Metropolitan ya Nelson Mandela Bay, ambapo pia alikuwa Mwenyekiti wa Kamati ya Hesabu za Umma ya Manispaa (MPAC). Yako ni mwanachama wa Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF). == Usuli == Yoliswa Nomampondomise Yako alizaliwa tarehe 22 Machi 1983. Alijiunga na Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) mwaka [[2014]], na alichaguliwa kuwa diwani wa Manispaa ya Metropolitan ya Nelson Mandela Bay mnamo Agosti [[2016]]. Mwaka 2018, aliteuliwa kuwa Mwenyekiti wa Kamati ya Hesabu za Umma za Manispaa (MPAC) ya manispaa hiyo. == Kazi ya Bunge == Yoliswa Nomampondomise Yako aliapishwa tarehe 3 Septemba 2018 kama Mbunge wa Bunge la Kitaifa la Afrika Kusini kwa tiketi ya Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF), akimrithi Vuyokazi Ketabahle. Nafasi yake ya diwani katika Manispaa ya Metropolitan ya Nelson Mandela Bay ilichukuliwa na Nosipho Ncana.<ref>{{cite news|title=SEE: These are the people who will represent you in Parliament, provincial legislatures|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/Elections/News/see-these-are-the-people-who-will-represent-you-in-parliament-provincial-legislatures-20190515|access-date=21 May 2021|agency=News24|date=15 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Capa|first1=Siyamtanda|date=16 September 2018|title=New EFF MP Yoliswa Yako is 'voice for voiceless'|url=https://www.heraldlive.co.za/weekend-post/your-weekend/2018-09-16-latest-eff-mp-yoliswa-yako-is-new-voice-for-voiceless/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519154926/https://www.theherald.co.za/weekend-post/your-weekend/2018-09-16-latest-eff-mp-yoliswa-yako-is-new-voice-for-voiceless/|archive-date=2025-05-19|access-date=21 May 2021|agency=HeraldLIVE}}</ref> Baada ya kuingia bungeni, Yako aliteuliwa katika Kamati ya Kwingineko ya Rasilimali za Madini, ambapo alitoa hotuba yake ya kwanza ikijikita katika masuala ya wanaharakati wa #FeesMustFall waliokumbwa na kufungwa au kufukuzwa vyuoni.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The 400 MPs elected to the National Assembly - IEC - DOCUMENTS {{!}} Politicsweb|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/the-400-mps-elected-to-the-national-assembly--iec|access-date=2024-06-12|website=www.politicsweb.co.za|language=en}}</ref> Alichaguliwa tena kwa muhula kamili katika uchaguzi mkuu wa [[2019]], na tarehe [[27 Juni]] 2019 alipangiwa majukumu mapya ya kamati. Hata hivyo, katika kuelekea uchaguzi mkuu wa [[2024]], aliwekwa nafasi ya chini kwenye orodha ya kitaifa ya EFF kiasi cha kutokuwepo kwenye viti vya awali vya bunge.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=1 July 2024|title=NA MEMBERS ALPHABETIC|url=https://static.pmg.org.za/240701_NA_MEMBERS_ALPHABETIC_2.pdf|access-date=9 July 2024|website=Parliamentary Monitoring Group}}</ref> Baadaye, kutokana na baadhi ya wabunge wa EFF waliochaguliwa kukataa viti vyao, Yako alirudi tena bungeni, kabla ya kujiuzulu tena mwezi Julai 2024.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://x.com/YolzYako?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor|title=x.com}}</ref> === Kazi za Kamati === * Kamati ya Kwingineko ya Biashara na Viwanda * Kamati ya Kwingineko ya Elimu ya Msingi (Mjumbe Mbadala) * Kamati ya Kwingineko ya Rasilimali za Madini ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii: Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii: Wanaharakati wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii: Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii: Wanasiasa wanawake Afrika Kusini]] dwc6ne9rohdcz1arqhpapody6t9tb9a 0 228396 1530269 1505624 2026-05-03T01:51:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530269 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Steve Ells''' (Alizaliwa [[Septemba 12]], [[1965]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Marekani]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Steve Ells Profile |url=https://www.chipotle.com/ |website=Chipotle Mexican Grill |access-date=2026-04-14}}</ref> Ni mwanzilishi, aliyekuwa afisa mkuu mtendaji, na aliyekuwa mwenyekiti mtendaji wa ''Chipotle Mexican Grill'', migahawa ya vyakula vya haraka nchini Marekani.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chipotle: Fast Food with 'Integrity' |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/ |website=Business Week |access-date=2026-04-14}}</ref> Alianzisha Chipotle mwaka [[1993]] akiwa na dola 85,000 alizokopa kutoka kwa familia na marafiki zake, akafungua duka la kwanza la mkate wa kukunja (taco) huko [[Denver, Colorado]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Top 10 Best Borrowed Sums in Business History |url=https://www.kabbage.com/ |website=Kabbage |access-date=2026-04-14}}</ref> Ells alihitimu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Colorado huko Boulder na shahada ya historia ya sanaa, na baadaye akasoma katika ''Culinary Institute of America'' huko Hyde Park, [[Jiji la New York]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Chipotle founder had big dreams |url=https://www.rockymountainnews.com/ |website=Rocky Mountain News |access-date=2026-04-14 |archive-date=2020-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110230849/https://www.rockymountainnews.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mwaka [[2025]], ''Forbes'' iliripoti kuwa Ells alikua bilionea, miaka 32 baada ya kuanzisha Chipotle.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Founder Of Chipotle Is Now A Billionaire |url=https://www.forbes.com/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-14}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1965]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] kevgl4kywyiai9k95o8wiecaww5spq2 0 228428 1529928 1505761 2026-05-02T16:24:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529928 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ray Dolby''' ([[Januari 18]], [[1933]] – [[Septemba 12]], [[2013]]) alikuwa [[mhandisi]] na mvumbuzi nchini [[Marekani]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ray Dolby |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/ray-dolby/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref> Alijulikana kwa uvumbuzi wa mfumo wa kupunguza kelele unaoitwa ''Dolby NR'', ambao ulibadilisha ubora wa sauti katika kurekodi na filamu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ray Dolby obituary: Inventor whose noise-reduction technology transformed sound reproduction |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/ |website=The Independent |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref> Mwaka [[1965]] alianzisha ''Dolby Laboratories'' huko [[London]], na baadaye akavumbua ''Dolby Digital'' na mifumo ya sauti ya kuzunguka (surround sound).<ref>{{cite web |title=Ray Dolby: A life in sound |url=https://blog.teufel.com/ |access-date=2026-04-15 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Alipokea Tuzo ya Grammy ([[1995]]), Tuzo ya Emmy ([[1989]]), na Tuzo ya Oscar ([[1979]] na 1989) kwa michango yake katika teknolojia ya sauti.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ray Milton Dolby |url=https://www.britannica.com/ |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2026-04-15}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wavumbuzi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wahandisi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1933]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2013]] n0pwglvx0egsl5ghtok26o9w2iciu5i 0 228466 1530223 1525298 2026-05-02T21:08:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530223 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saïd Ould Khelifa''' (alizaliwa [[1951]]) ni mkurugenzi wa filamu, mwandishi wa miswada ya filamu na mkosoaji kutoka [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa filamu zake ndefu kama Ombres blanches (1991), Le thé d'Ania (2004) na Zabana! (2012).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/fr/name/nm1785676/|work=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-04-15}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Personnes {{!}} Africultures : Ould Khelifa Saïd|url=https://africultures.com/personnes/?no=6201|work=Africultures|accessdate=2026-04-15|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Wasifu == Saïd Ould Khelifa alizaliwa nchini Tunisia mwaka 1951. Ana shahada ya uzamivu katika Sinema na Historia chini ya usimamizi wa Marc Ferro katika Shule ya Masomo ya Juu katika Sayansi ya Jamii iliyopo [[Paris]],<ref>https://www.clapnoir.org/IMG/pdf/Catalogue_Fespaco_2013.pdf </ref> kabla ya kuongoza filamu, alikuwa mkosoaji wa filamu na mwandishi wa habari, akichangia katika majarida na sherehe na kudumisha shughuli muhimu ambayo ilitambuliwa katika duru za Algeria na zile zinzozungumza [[kifaransa]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Uprooted Cinema - MERIP|url=https://www.merip.org/1989/07/the-uprooted-cinema/|work=Middle East Research and Information Project|date=1989-07-16|accessdate=2026-04-15|language=en}}</ref> == Kazi == Saïd Ould Khelifa alianza kazi yake kama mkosoaji kabla ya kuhamia kwenye utengenezaji wa filamu. Filamu yake ya kwanza ya filamu ilitolewa miaka ya [[1980]], ikifuatiwa na mfululizo wa filamu ambazo mara nyingi hushughulika na mada za kijamii na kihistoria zinazohusiana na Algeria ya kisasa. Anashirikiana na waandishi wa miswada ya filamu na waigizaji wa Algeria Pamoja na wale wa kimataifa, na filamu zake zimeonyeshwa katika sherehe mbalimbali.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Africiné - Saïd Ould Khelifa|url=https://africine.org/personne/said-ould-khelifa/6201|work=Africiné|accessdate=2026-04-15|language=fr}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Filamu == * Filamu ya ''Ombres blanches'' ya mwaka 1991 * Filamu ya Le thé d'Ania ya mwaka 2004 * Filamu ya Vivantes ! (A'ichate) ya mwaka 2006 * Filamu ya Zabana ! ya mwaka 2012 == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]] [[Jamii:watu wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] 3343le87fx6xjxa1eopbv6s52mffdcc 0 228562 1529834 1505909 2026-05-02T12:26:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529834 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yuri Dmitrievich Kuklachyov''' (alizaliwa [[12 Aprili]] [[1949]], mjini Khimki) ni mchekeshaji<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.moscovery.com/moscow-cats-theatre/|title=Yuri Dmitrievich Kuklachyov - animal trainer in Moscow Cat Theatre|access-date=2019-03-07|archive-date=2019-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308080805/https://www.moscovery.com/moscow-cats-theatre/|url-status=dead}}</ref> wa Muungano wa Kisovieti na Urusi ambaye alitunukiwa taji la Msanii wa Watu wa RSFSR (1986). ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1949]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:watu wa Urusi]] hzv2cgaun3a5li07ggjr7m3jrh1iv0r 0 228626 1530285 1526977 2026-05-03T03:50:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530285 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thabile Sylvia Masondo''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] ambaye alichaguliwa kuwa Mbunge wa Bunge la Taifa la Afrika Kusini katika uchaguzi mkuu wa mwaka 2019, akiwa mwakilishi wa chama cha African National Congress.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=News|first=Eyewitness|title=Who's nominated for the National Assembly & provincial legislatures?|url=https://ewn.co.za/2019/05/15/who-s-nominated-for-the-national-assembly-and-provincial-legislatures|access-date=2022-03-29|website=ewn.co.za|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-05-16|title=The list of Mpumalanga representatives in the National Assembly|url=https://mpumalanganews.co.za/357143/list-mpumalanga-representatives-national-assembly/|access-date=2022-03-29|website=Mpumalanga News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=SEE: These are the people who will represent you in Parliament, provincial legislatures|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/elections/news/see-these-are-the-people-who-will-represent-you-in-parliament-provincial-legislatures-20190515|access-date=2022-03-29|website=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> Ndani ya Bunge, yeye ni mjumbe wa Kamati ya Wanawake ya Vyama Vingi (Multi-Party Women's Caucus) na pia Kamati ya Bunge ya Wanawake, Vijana na Watu Wenye Ulemavu (Portfolio Committee on Women, Youth and Persons with Disabilities).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ms Thabile Sylvia Masondo|url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/193|access-date=29 March 2022|website=Parliament of South Africa}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] cu2azx2jkhcsfr4zx88xg8ollt7seso 0 228640 1529910 1523869 2026-05-02T15:09:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529910 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Puleng Roseline Mashangoane''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] ambaye aliwakilisha chama cha African National Congress (ANC) katika Bunge la Taifa kuanzia mwaka 2004 hadi 2009. Alikuwa mwakilishi wa jimbo la Limpopo wakati wa kipindi chake cha ubunge. Baada ya kumaliza muda wake bungeni, aliendelea kuwakilisha ANC katika ngazi ya serikali za mitaa kama diwani katika Manispaa ya Wilaya ya Capricorn na Manispaa ya Mtaa wa Polokwane.<ref name=":03">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2009-01-15|title=National Assembly Members|url=http://www.pmg.org.za/parlinfo/nalist#_ftnref87|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514071402/http://www.pmg.org.za/parlinfo/nalist#_ftnref87|archive-date=14 May 2009|access-date=2023-04-08|website=Parliamentary Monitoring Group}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=1 November 2011|title=Nepotism row hits Census|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2011-11-01-nepotism-row-hits-census/|access-date=2023-04-08|website=Sowetan|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Yende|first=Sizwe Sama|date=15 November 2021|title=Cosatu calls for review of Limpopo mayoral candidate nominations|url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/cosatu-calls-for-review-of-limpopo-mayoral-candidate-nominations-20211115|access-date=2023-04-08|website=City Press|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Import|first=Pongrass|date=2021-12-13|title=New committees elected in special council meeting|url=https://reviewonline.co.za/525540/new-committees-elected-in-special-council-meeting/|access-date=2023-04-08|website=Polokwane Observer|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=24 July 2014|title=New CDM Executive Mayor inaugurated|url=https://issuu.com/observernews/docs/polokwane_observer_24_july_2014|access-date=2023-04-08|website=Polokwane Observer|page=18|language=en|via=Issuu}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Mashariki]] c0ib117wdtoj2otyj6syipu96ycq8ql 0 228689 1529835 1506220 2026-05-02T12:26:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529835 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yuri Vasilyevich Malyshev''' ([[27 Agosti]] [[1941]] – [[8 Novemba]] [[1999]]) alikuwa mwanaanga wa Kisovyeti aliyeshiriki katika misheni za Soyuz T-2 (5–9 Juni 1980) na Soyuz T-11 (3–11 Aprili 1984).<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ir83x1DXo8C&pg=RA8-PA79|title=Air Force Magazine, Volume 78, Issues 2-12|publisher=USAF|year=1995|location=Washington DC|pages=27|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=1303|title=Малышев Юрий Васильевич|last=Lebedev|first=Yuri|website=www.warheroes.ru|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1941]] [[jamii:waliofariki 1999]] [[jamii:wanaanga wa Urusi]] by853g5v8bil39vmrw8i4hz42mln2do 0 228791 1530280 1506389 2026-05-03T03:01:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530280 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tamara Hughes Gustavson''' (Alizaliwa [[1961]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Marekani]] na mtendaji mkuu wa biashara.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tamara Gustavson |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/tamara-gustavson/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-17}}</ref> Yeye ni binti wa mwanzilishi mwenza na mwenyekiti wa ''Public Storage'', B. Wayne Hughes, na ndiye mwanahisa mkubwa wa kampuni hiyo akimiliki asilimia 11 ya hisa.<ref>{{cite web |title=B. Wayne Hughes: big man on campus |url=https://www.latimes.com/ |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=2026-04-17}}</ref> Gustavson alijiunga na Public Storage mwaka [[1983]] na alifanya kazi kwa miaka 20 kabla ya kujiunga na bodi ya wakurugenzi mwaka [[2008]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tamara Hughes Gustavson to Chair American Homes 4 Rent Board |url=https://www.sfvbj.com/ |website=San Fernando Valley Business Journal |access-date=2026-04-17 |archive-date=2024-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227234944/https://www.sfvbj.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yeye na mumewe wanamiliki ''Spendthrift Farm'', shamba la kuzalisha farasi wa mashindano nchini [[Kentucky]] ambalo limezaa washindi kumi wa ''Kentucky Derby''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Leading Ladies Inducted Into Hall of Fame |url=https://www.thoroughbreddailynews.com/ |website=Thoroughbred Daily News |access-date=2026-04-17}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] iddq33rj66oziwg83jfmrgtnqbmk6lp 0 228792 1530274 1506396 2026-05-03T02:24:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 |jina = Supreme NTM |picha = Suprême NTM 2008.jpg |maelezo = [[Kool Shen]] ''(kushoto)'' na [[JoeyStarr]] mwaka 2008 |landscape = yes |background = group_or_band |asili = Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis, Ufaransa |aina = Hip hop, French hip hop |miaka ya kazi = 1989–1998; 2008; 2018 |studio = Epic Records, Sony Music |wanachama = [[JoeyStarr]]<br>[[Kool Shen]] |zamani = DJ S, DJ Clyde }} '''Suprême NTM''' (au kifupi '''NTM''') ni kundi maarufu la muziki wa hip hop kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]], lililoanzishwa mnamo mwaka 1989 katika viunga vya jiji la [[Paris]] (Seine-Saint-Denis). Kundi hili linaundwa na wasanii wawili mashuhuri, '''[[JoeyStarr]]''' (Didier Morville) na '''[[Kool Shen]]''' (Bruno Lopes). NTM inachukuliwa kuwa miongoni mwa waasisi wa muziki wa rap nchini Ufaransa na moja ya makundi yenye ushawishi mkubwa zaidi katika historia ya muziki huo barani Ulaya. == Historia na jina == Kundi hili lilitokana na harakati za utamaduni wa hip hop mjini Paris, likijumuisha uchezaji wa breakdance na uchoraji wa graffiti. Jina "NTM" ni kifupi cha msemo wa mitaani wa Kifaransa "Nique Ta Mère," ambao una maana ya matusi makali, jambo lililoonyesha msimamo wao mkali na wa kutorudi nyuma dhidi ya mfumo na matatizo ya kijamii.<ref name="RFI-NTM">{{cite web|url=https://musique.rfi.fr/artiste/rap/supreme-ntm|title=Supreme NTM Biography|website=RFI Musique|access-date=17 Aprili 2026}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Muziki na harakati == NTM inajulikana kwa mistari yao yenye ukosoaji mkubwa dhidi ya ubaguzi wa rangi, umaskini, na unyanyasaji wa polisi nchini Ufaransa. Albamu yao ya kwanza, ''Authentik'' (1991), na albamu ya ''Paris sous les bombes'' (1995) ziliwapa umaarufu mkubwa sana. Albamu yao ya mwisho kabla ya kutengana kwa muda mrefu, ''Suprême NTM'' (1998), inachukuliwa kuwa moja ya kazi bora za hip hop ya Kifaransa, ikiwa na nyimbo kama "Ma Benz" na "Laisse pas traîner ton fils."<ref name="LeMonde">{{cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/|title=L'histoire de Suprême NTM|work=Le Monde|access-date=17 Aprili 2026}}</ref> == Diskografia == === Albamu za studio === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Mwaka !! Jina la albamu !! Lebo |- | 1991 || ''Authentik'' || Epic Records |- | 1993 || ''1993... J'appuie sur la gâchette'' || Epic Records |- | 1995 || ''Paris sous les bombes'' || Sony Music |- | 1998 || ''Suprême NTM'' || Epic Records |} === Nyimbo maarufu === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Mwaka !! Jina la wimbo !! Albamu |- | 1991 || "Le Monde de demain" || ''Authentik'' |- | 1993 || "Police" || ''1993... J'appuie sur la gâchette'' |- | 1995 || "La Fièvre" || ''Paris sous les bombes'' |- | 1995 || "Qu'est-ce qu'on attend" || ''Paris sous les bombes'' |- | 1998 || "Ma Benz" || ''Suprême NTM'' |- | 1998 || "Laisse pas traîner ton fils" || ''Suprême NTM'' |- | 1998 || "That's My People" || ''Suprême NTM'' |} == Migogoro na sheria == Kutokana na msimamo wao mkali na lugha ya picha katika nyimbo zao, kundi hili liliingia katika migogoro mingi na mamlaka nchini Ufaransa. Mnamo mwaka 1996, walihukumiwa kifungo cha nje na kupigwa marufuku kutumbuiza kwa miezi kadhaa kutokana na maneno waliyotumia dhidi ya jeshi la polisi wakati wa tamasha la "Rendez-vous de la liberté." == Urithi wa kundi == Ingawa JoeyStarr na Kool Shen wamekuwa wakifanya kazi kama wasanii wa kujitegemea na waigizaji, wamekuwa wakiungana mara kadhaa kwa ajili ya matamasha makubwa. Mchango wao katika rap ya Kifaransa ni mkubwa, kwani walifungua njia kwa wasanii wengi wa mitaani kupata nafasi katika vyombo vya habari na soko la muziki duniani. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Makundi ya muziki ya Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa hip hop]] [[Jamii:WikiGap JWK 2026]] l9wfyzxp0ak3zf78fjlb6wdgavxqphn 0 228819 1529856 1509225 2026-05-02T12:29:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1529856 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yvonne Denise Aki-Sawyerr''', OBE (alizaliwa 7 Januari [[1968]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] na mtaalamu wa fedha kutoka [[Sierra Leone]], ambaye kwa sasa ni meya wa [[Freetown]], mji mkuu na mkubwa zaidi wa Sierra Leone; alishika wadhifa huo tarehe 11 Mei 2018.<ref name="HowAfrica2">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://howafrica.com/yvonne-aki-sawyerr-is-the-first-female-mayor-in-sierra-leone-since-1980/|title=Yvonne Aki-Sawyerr is the First Female Mayor in Sierra Leone Since 1980|date=2018-03-08|access-date=2018-06-27|archive-date=27 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627155910/https://howafrica.com/yvonne-aki-sawyerr-is-the-first-female-mayor-in-sierra-leone-since-1980/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Official2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yvonne Aki-Sawyerr - APC Mayoral Candidate|url=https://www.yvonne4mayor.com/|access-date=2018-06-27|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731131015/http://www.yvonne4mayor.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kabla ya kuwa mkuu wa Freetown City Council, Aki-Sawyerr alifanya kazi kwa muda mrefu katika sekta ya huduma za kifedha na kitaaluma nchini Uingereza. Pia alihusika katika miradi mbalimbali ya hisani na huduma za kijamii nchini Uingereza na Sierra Leone, ikiwemo kushiriki katika mapambano dhidi ya Ebola mwaka 2014 na mipango ya uokoaji iliyofuata. ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Yvonne Denise Aki-Sawyerr (née Morgan) alizaliwa tarehe 7 Januari 1968 Freetown, katika Dominioni ya Uingereza ya Sierra Leone (sasa Sierra Leone). Yeye ni miongoni mwa kabila la Krioli nchini Sierra Leone. Alisoma katika Shule ya Sekondari ya St. Joseph’s mjini Freetown ambako alikuwa head girl na Loreto House Captain.<ref name="Official2"/> Aki-Sawyerr alihitimu kwa heshima kutoka Fourah Bay College mwaka [[1988]] ambapo alipata shahada ya kwanza ya Uchumi.<ref name="HowAfrica2"/><ref name="Official2" /> Akiwa chuo kikuu, alikuwa hai katika AIESEC (International Association of Students in Economics and Management) na baadaye akawa Mwaafrika wa kwanza katika Kamati ya Kimataifa ya Exchange ya AIESEC iliyoko Brussels mwaka 1988.<ref name="Official2" /> Alipata shahada ya uzamili katika Mahusiano ya Kimataifa na Siasa za Uchumi wa Dunia kutoka London School of Economics and Political Science.<ref name="HowAfrica2" /><ref name="Official2" /> Mwaka [[1993]] alipata cheti cha kitaaluma kutoka Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales.<ref name="HowAfrica2" /><ref name="Official2" /> ==Kazi== ===Sekta binafsi=== Aki-Sawyerr ni mhasibu mtaalamu (Chartered Accountant), na ana uzoefu wa zaidi ya miaka 25 katika sekta binafsi, akifanya kazi katika maeneo ya mipango ya kimkakati, usimamizi wa miradi, usimamizi wa hatari, utawala wa kampuni na ushauri wa udhibiti kwa wateja wakubwa katika sekta ya huduma za kifedha nchini Uingereza.<ref>CONCORDIA (25 January 2019). Hon. [[https://www.concordia.net/community/mrs-yvonne-aki-sawyerr/](https://www.concordia.net/community/mrs-yvonne-aki-sawyerr/) Yvonne Aki-Sawyerr: Mayor, Freetown City Council]. Retrieved 9 November 2021.</ref> Alianza kufanya kazi katika kampuni ya huduma za kitaaluma ya Arthur Andersen mwaka 1990. Baadaye alihudumu kama Mkurugenzi wa Uwekezaji wa IDEA (Inspiring Digital Enterprise Award) mwaka [[2009]], ambapo alihusika katika kuvutia fedha za kimataifa kwa ajili ya miradi pamoja na kusimamia wadau wa ndani. ===Hisani na shughuli nyingine=== Mwaka 1999, Aki-Sawyerr alianzisha shirika la hisani la Sierra Leone War Trust (SLWT), lililolenga kuboresha hali za kibinadamu, kijamii na ustawi wa watoto na vijana nchini Sierra Leone.<ref>[http://www.slwt.org/about.html About US] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111001126/http://www.slwt.org/about.html |date=11 November 2021 }}. SLWT. Retrieved 9 November 2021.</ref> Wakati wa mlipuko wa Ebola nchini Sierra Leone mwaka 2014, aliongoza kampeni nchini Uingereza ya kuongeza uelewa wa kimataifa kuhusu mlipuko huo. Alichukua likizo ya kikazi kutoka IDEA na kujiunga na National Ebola Response Centre (NERC) ya Sierra Leone, ambapo aliteuliwa kuwa mkurugenzi wa mipango. Alihamia Sierra Leone na kuajiri wajitolea kufanya kazi katika vituo vya matibabu ya Ebola. ===Siasa na utumishi wa umma=== Kabla ya kugombea nafasi ya juu katika Freetown City Council, Aki-Sawyerr alifanya kazi kama mjumbe muhimu wa President’s Recovery Priorities (PRP), akihudumu kama kiongozi wa timu ya utekelezaji kuanzia Januari 2016 hadi Oktoba 2017. PRP ilikuwa awamu ya pili ya mpango wa wadau mbalimbali uliolenga kuleta mageuzi endelevu ya kijamii na kiuchumi nchini Sierra Leone baada ya janga la Ebola. Alikuwa na jukumu muhimu katika kubuni na kutekeleza “Operation Clean Freetown”, mpango uliolenga kuanzisha mfumo endelevu wa ukusanyaji taka majumbani katika jiji la Freetown. Aki-Sawyerr amekuwa meya wa Freetown tangu 11 Mei 2018 baada ya kushinda kura 309,000 sawa na asilimia 59.92 ya kura zote zilizopigwa katika uchaguzi wa umeya. Yeye ni mwanachama wa chama cha siasa cha All People’s Congress (APC), mojawapo ya vyama viwili vikuu vya siasa nchini Sierra Leone pamoja na Sierra Leone People’s Party (SLPP).<ref name="HowAfrica2" /><ref name="University">University of Central Arkansas. [[https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/sierra-leone-1961-present/](https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/sierra-leone-1961-present/) Sierra Leone (1961–Sasa)]. Retrieved 22 October 2021.</ref> Mnamo Januari 2023, Aki-Sawyerr alitarajiwa kugombea muhula mwingine katika uchaguzi wa Juni 2023.<ref>[https://fr.africanews.com/2023/01/27/la-maire-de-freetown-est-prete-a-briguer-un-autre-mandat/] {{Wayback|url=https://fr.africanews.com/2023/01/27/la-maire-de-freetown-est-prete-a-briguer-un-autre-mandat/ |date=20230129034357 }}(https://fr.africanews.com/2023/01/27/la-maire-de-freetown-est-prete-a-briguer-un-autre-mandat/ {{Wayback|url=https://fr.africanews.com/2023/01/27/la-maire-de-freetown-est-prete-a-briguer-un-autre-mandat/ |date=20230129034357 }})</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1968]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Sierra Leone]] n2qty26ug67wfbi7t7tej9vtzprqrlf 0 228830 1529948 1506515 2026-05-02T17:25:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260502sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1529948 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Johanna Alida Coetzee''' (1921 – 2007), anayejulikana pia kama '''Joey Coetzee''', alikuwa mtafiti katika taaluma ya Palynology (sayansi ya chavua za mimea) katika University of the Free State na mmoja wa waanzilishi wa uchambuzi wa chavua za visukuku. Tasnifu yake ya DSc ilipata kutambuliwa kimataifa na kusifiwa na mwanajiolojia mashuhuri wa barafu Richard Foster Flint, na ilisaidia kubainisha umuhimu wa mabadiliko ya joto katika kudhibiti mabadiliko ya maeneo ya uoto duniani na ndani ya maeneo maalum. == Elimu na kazi == Coetzee alizaliwa mwaka 1921 mjini [[Johannesburg]] na alisoma katika Jeppe High School for Girls. Alipata shahada ya uzamili (Master’s) katika [[Botany]] kutoka [[University of the Witwatersrand]]. Baadaye alifanya masomo ya juu zaidi katika chuo hicho pamoja na University of Natal kabla ya kuhamia University of the Free State ambako aliajiriwa mwaka 1946 kama msaidizi wa mtaalamu wa mimea katika Idara ya Botania. Alisafiri mara kadhaa nje ya nchi kwa ajili ya masomo na tafiti, akijifunza kutoka kwa wataalamu mbalimbali wa botania, wakiwemo Gunnar Erdtman, mmoja wa waanzilishi wa taaluma ya palinolojia. Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1950 na 1960, Coetzee alisafiri pamoja na mshauri wake Eduard Meine van Zinderen-Bakker kutafuta maziwa na maeneo ya vinamasi yanayofaa kwa uchunguzi wa chavua za visukuku. Maeneo hayo yalijumuisha Mlima Kenya katika Afrika Mashariki na Lesotho Highlands kusini mwa Afrika. Alihudumu katika kamati mbalimbali zinazohusiana na tafiti za kipindi cha Quaternary na palinolojia, na kati ya mwaka 1978 hadi 1988 alikuwa mhariri wa jarida la kisayansi ''Palaeoecology of Africa''. == Utafiti == Kilele cha kazi yake kilikuwa kukamilisha mfuatano wa chavua za miaka 33,000 kutoka Ziwa Sacred katika Mount Kenya. Kazi hii ilikuwa sehemu ya tasnifu yake ya DSc yenye kichwa ''Pollen analytical studies in east and southern Africa'' na ilichapishwa katika juzuu ya 3 ya ''Palaeoecology of Africa and the Surrounding Islands and Antarctica''. Utafiti wake ulionyesha kuwa vipindi vya barafu (glacial episodes) havikuishia tu katika Northern Hemisphere. Wazo lililokubalika wakati huo lilikuwa kwamba vipindi vya unyevunyevu mkubwa Pluvial Afrika Mashariki vilikuwa sambamba na vipindi vya barafu katika maeneo ya latitudo ya juu. Hata hivyo, utafiti wa Coetzee pamoja na van Zinderen-Bakker ulisaidia kubadili mtazamo huu kwa kuonyesha umuhimu wa mabadiliko ya joto katika kusababisha mabadiliko ya uoto. Katika miaka ya 1970 na 1980, utafiti wake uliweka wazi umuhimu wa mabadiliko ya joto katika historia ya uoto wa Afrika katika kipindi cha Quaternary na kuonyesha kuwa vipindi vya barafu havikuwa na mvua nyingi zaidi katika maeneo hayo. Pia alifafanua historia ya mfumo wa ikolojia wa fynbos nchini Afrika Kusini kwa kufuatilia asili ya mimea hiyo kupitia chavua za visukuku, ikijumuisha familia kama Palmae, Winteraceae, Casuarinaceae, Chloranthaceae na Sarcolaenaceae katika mabaki ya kipindi cha Cenozoic. Utafiti huo pia ulionyesha kuwa katika kipindi cha [[Neogene]], kupoa kwa hali ya hewa duniani na kuundwa kwa barafu Antarctica kulisababisha misitu ya kitropiki kubadilishwa na uoto wa fynbos. Coetzee alipandishwa cheo kuwa mhadhiri mwandamizi wa botania katika University of the Free State na baadaye kuwa profesa. Alistaafu mwaka 1988. == Machapisho teule == * {{cite journal | last=Coetzee | first=J. A. | title=Evidence for a Considerable Depression of the Vegetation Belts during the Upper Pleistocene on the East African Mountains | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1964-11-07_204_4958/page/564 | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=204 | issue=4958 | year=1964 | pages=564–566| doi=10.1038/204564a0 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Coetzee |first1=J.A. |title=Pollen analytical studies in east and southern Africa |journal=Palaeoecology of Africa |date=1967 |volume=3 |pages=1–146}} * {{cite journal |last1=Coetzee |first1=J.A. |title=Climatic and biological changes in South-Western Africa during the Late Cainozoic |journal=Palaeoecology of Africa |date=1978 |volume=10 |pages=13–29}} * {{cite book |last1=Coetzee |first1=J.A. |title=Antarctic glacial history and world palaeoenvironments |date=1978 |pages=115–127 |chapter=Late Cainozoic palaeoenvironments of Southern Africa}} * {{cite journal |last1=Coetzee |first1=J.A. |last2=Muller |first2=J. |title=The phytogeographic significance of some extinct Gondwana pollen types from the Tertiary of the southwestern Cape (South Africa) |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |date=1984 |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=1088–1099}} * {{cite journal | last1=Coetzee | first1=J. A. | last2=Praglowski | first2=J. | title=Winteraceae pollen from the miocene of the southwestern cape (south africa) | journal=Grana | volume=27 | issue=1 | year=1988 | pages=27–37}} == Maisha binafsi == Baada ya kustaafu kutoka Idara ya Botania katika University of the Free State mwaka 1988, Coetzee alihamia [[Somerset West]] katika [[Western Cape]]. Alifariki tarehe 28 Aprili 2007. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}} {{BD|1921|2007}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Afrika Kusini]] jhqodth7t29qrrws464tu9saaes8v3k 0 228898 1529876 1523396 2026-05-02T12:47:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529876 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Paulutomi.jpg|thumb|Paul Utomi]] '''Paul Chibuzo Utomi-Biyang''' (aliyezaliwa mwaka [[1981]]) ni [[mwigizaji]], mkurugenzi wa filamu, mtayarishaji, [[mwandishi]], msanii wa sauti na [[mwanamitindo]] kutoka [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=I Became an Actor by Accident- Paul Utomi - eelive|url=https://www.eelive.ng/i-became-an-actor-by-accident-paul-utomi/|work=www.eelive.ng|date=2020-09-09|accessdate=2026-04-17|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Paul Utomi debuts official trailer for 'Country Hard'|url=https://www.pulse.ng/story/paul-utomi-debuts-official-trailer-for-country-hard-2024081902555603497|work=Pulse Nigeria|date=2021-11-08|accessdate=2026-04-17|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Top 15 Nollywood Actors to Watch Out For in 2021|url=https://thenet.ng/top-15-nollywood-actors-to-watch-out-for-in-2021/,%20https://thenet.ng/top-15-nollywood-actors-to-watch-out-for-in-2021/|date=2021-01-11|accessdate=2026-04-17|language=en-US|author=Mofijesusewa Samuel}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=New Nollywood standing on shoulders of older colleagues – Paul Utomi|url=https://punchng.com/new-nollywood-standing-on-shoulders-of-older-colleagues-paul-utomi/|work=Punch Newspapers|date=2023-04-29|accessdate=2026-04-17|language=en-US|author=Faith Ajayi}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tope Tedela, Paul Utomi, debut with What Lies Within|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/07/tope-tedela-paul-utomi-debut-lies-within/|work=Vanguard News|date=2017-07-13|accessdate=2026-04-17|language=en-GB|author=Emmanuel Okogba}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Paul Chibuzo Utomi|url=https://partyjollof.com/people/paul-chibuzo-utomi|work=PartyJollof TV|accessdate=2026-04-17|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://nollywire.com/names/paul-utomi/</ref> == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Utomi alizaliwa na Bwana na Bibi Utomi-Biyang huko [[Madrid]], [[Hispania]]. Familia yake ilihamia [[Lagos]], Nigeria, alipokuwa na umri wa mwaka mmoja. Alihudhuria Shule ya Awali na msingi ya Comfort huko [[Lagos]], kisha akaendelea na masomo ya ssekondari katika shule ya sekondari ya Legacy iliyopo Akowonjo, Lagos, ambako alikamilisha elimu yake ya sekondari. Alisomea uchumi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Lagos, baada ya hapo alisomea uigizaji na uelekezaji katika Kituo cha Ubora wa Filamu na Video mwaka [[2011]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Paul Utomi - nlist {{!}} Nollywood, Nigerian Movies & Casting|url=https://nlist.ng//people/paul-utomi-1388/|work=nlist.ng|accessdate=2026-04-17|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Kazi == Kabla ya kuanza kuigiza, aliandika katika chapisho la michezo lililoitwa ''The Game Magazine'' na kuwasilisha vipindi kadhaa vya ''AM Express Sports'' kwenye Mtandao wa NTA.<ref>https://www.globalexcellenceonline.com/nollywood-blockbuster-what-lies-within-to-drop-sept-8</ref> Alijiunga na tasnia ya filamu ya Nigeria na kuanza taaluma yake ya uigizaji, akionekana kwa mara ya kwanza akiigiza kama mhusika mkuu katika tamthilia ya televisheni cha Tarima, iliyotangazwa mwaka [[2012]]. Mwaka uliofuata, aliigiza katika tamthilia ya televisheni ya Lekki Wives, ambapo alicheza nafasi ya mhusika aitwaye Jude.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5329124/|work=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-04-17}}</ref> == Kuongoza na kutengeneza == Mnamo mwaka 2017, alishiriki katika kutengeneza filamu ya kusisimua ya tamthilia inayoitwa ''What Lies Within,'' ambayo ilishinda tuzo ya "Filamu Bora Ndefu" na "Filamu Bora kwa Ujumla" katika Tamasha la Filamu la Kimataifa la Abuja Zuma mwaka 2017,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Country Hard|url=https://filmfreeway.com/CountryHard922|work=FilmFreeway|accessdate=2026-04-17|language=en}}</ref> pamoja na tuzo nne zilizoshinda katika Tuzo Bora za Nollywood mwaka huo huo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title='What Lies Within' shines at BON Awards 2017|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/lies-within-shines-bon-awards-2017/|work=The Nation Newspaper|date=2018-01-19|accessdate=2026-04-17|language=en-US|author=The Nation}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=BON Awards: ‘What Lies Within’ takes four, emerges big winner|url=http://naijalifemagazine.com/blog/2017/12/21/bon-awards-lies-within-takes-four-emerges-big-winner/|work=Naijalife Magazine|date=2017-12-21|accessdate=2026-04-17|language=en-US|author=Amaka Chimezie}}</ref> Filamu ya tatu ya Utomi kama mkurugenzi ni filamu ya fantasia ya vitendo iitwayo ''The Reckon''er, iliyotolewa mwaka [[2021]], ambapo Baaj Adebule anacheza nafasi kuu.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Reckoner (2021) - Paul Utomi {{!}} Synopsis, Movie Info, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-reckoner-am283170|language=en|access-date=2026-04-17}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1981]] [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] o53qe5drc912qs55m7tedz5thl3rapc 0 228904 1529915 1523964 2026-05-02T15:41:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529915 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rachid Benallal.jpg|thumb|Rachid Benallal]] '''Rachid Benallal''' (kwa [[Kiarabu]]: رشيد بن علال) ni mkurugenzi wa filamu, mwandishi wa miswaada ya filamu, mhariri, na [[mwigizaji]]. Alizaliwa mwaka [[1946]] huko [[Aljeri|Algiers]], amekuwa akifanya kazi tangu mwishoni mwa miaka ya [[1960]] na hasa aliongoza filamu za ''Yaouled'' ya mwaka [[1993]] na ''Si Mohand u M'Hand, le Rebelle'' ya mwaka [[2008]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0070176/|work=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Africiné - Rachid Benallal|url=https://www.africine.org/personne/rachid-benallal/7142|work=Africiné|accessdate=2026-04-17|language=fr}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kazi == Rachid Benallal alifanya kazi kama mhariri wa filamu za [[Aljeria|Algeria]] katika miaka ya [[1970]] na [[1980]], kama mkurugenzi wa filamu fupi na filamu ndefu, na kama mtengenezaji wa filamu za kubuni na za hali halisi. Aliongoza filamu ya ''Yaouled'' ya mwaka 1993 na akaongoza kwa ushirikiano pamoja na Lyazid Khodja filamu ya ''Si Mohand u M'Hand, the Rebel'' ya mwaka 2008.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0379042/|work=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-04-17}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=Si Mohand U M'Hand, L'Insoumis (2008) {{!}} MUBI|url=https://mubi.com/en/us/films/si-mohand-u-m-hand-l-insoumis|language=en|access-date=2026-04-17}}</ref> == Mtindo na Dhamira == Filamu za Benallal mara nyingi hushughulikia simulizi za kijamii na wahusika waliotengwa katika jamii kwa mfano, filamu ya Yaouled, ambayo inamfuatilia kijana wa mitaani. Mwelekeo wake kuhusu filamu ya Si Mohand u M'Hand unaonyesha nia yake ya kuonyesha watu mashuhuri wa kitamaduni wa Algeria (katika kesi hii mshairi Si Mohand U M'hand).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Africiné - Yaouled|url=https://www.africine.org/film/yaouled/19850|work=Africiné|accessdate=2026-04-17|language=fr}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tuzo na Tamasha == * Tuzo ya Mkurugenzi Bora katika Tamasha la Filamu Fupi la Maghreb, [[Oujda]] iliyofanyika [[Moroko]] kwa filamu ya ''Passage à niveau.''<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wojooh - Rachid Benallal|url=https://agence-wojooh.com/bio/37/Rachid--Benallal|work=agence-wojooh.com|accessdate=2026-04-17|language=en}}</ref> * Tuzo ya Muigizaji Bora katika Tamasha la Filamu Fupi la Maghreb,[[Oujda]] iliyofanika Moroko kw.a filamu ya ''Passage à niveau.<ref name=":1" />'' * Tuzo ya Uhariri huko [[Marakesh|Marrakech]] mwaka [[2001]].<ref name=":2">https://www.vitaminedz.com/fr/Algerie/rachid-benallal-decu-par-la-decision-2589751-Articles-0-0-1.html</ref> * Tuzo ya Tangazo Bora huko [[Tébessa]] mwaka 1993.<ref name=":2" /> * Tuzo ya Heshima ya Mafanikio ya Maisha katika Tamasha la Filamu la Mediterania la Annaba. == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1946]] [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] ihpsvbyora1npt429pa27ycywzoc3gs 0 228949 1530113 1507032 2026-05-02T18:57:03Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1530113 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zodwa Dlamini''' (amezaliwa 1963) ni mwanasayansi kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] aliyewahi kuwa Mwakilishi Mkuu wa Afrika Kusini katika Tume ya Lesotho Highlands Water Commission. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Dlamini alikulia katika Jimbo la Free State nchini Afrika Kusini na alisoma katika mfumo wa elimu wa Elimu ya Kibantu.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://magazine.foriowa.org/archive/archive-story.php?ed=true&storyid=1473|title=Living](https://magazine.foriowa.org/archive/archive-story.php?ed=true&storyid=1473|title=Living) Mandela's Legacy - University of Iowa|website=magazine.foriowa.org|language=en|access-date=2018-07-15}}</ref> Alipata shahada ya kwanza katika University of Zululand na shahada ya heshima (Honours) kutoka University of Fort Hare.<ref name=":0" /> Alikuwa miongoni mwa wanafunzi wa Kiafrika waliopata ufadhili wa masomo kwenda kusoma katika vyuo vikuu vya Marekani katika miaka ya 1980, kupitia mpango uliolenga kuandaa viongozi wa baadaye wa serikali, elimu na biashara baada ya kuanguka kwa [[Apartheid]].<ref name=":0" /> Alipata ufadhili kupitia Southern African Scholarship Program iliyoanzishwa na James Freedman, Rais wa University of Iowa.<ref name=":0" /> Alikwenda Iowa mwaka 1985 kuanza masomo ya uzamili katika [[Geography]].<ref name=":0" /> Wakati wa masomo yake, alifanya kazi katika ofisi ya Affirmative Action ya University of Iowa na pia kufanya kazi za usafi majumbani.<ref name=":0" /> Pia alianzisha bendi iitwayo ''Imilonji'' pamoja na wanafunzi wengine watano kutoka Afrika Kusini, ambayo ilitumbuiza katika kampasi, makanisani na hospitali za eneo hilo.<ref name=":0" /> Aliendelea na masomo yake hadi shahada ya uzamivu (PhD) katika University of Iowa, akifanya utafiti kuhusu elimu ya watoto wasio na makazi nchini Afrika Kusini, na alihitimu mwaka 1992.<ref name=":0" /> == Kazi == Dlamini alirejea Afrika Kusini mwaka 1993 na alipiga kura katika uchaguzi wa mwaka 1994, ambao ulikuwa uchaguzi wa kwanza wa kidemokrasia usio na ubaguzi wa rangi.<ref name=":0" /> Aliteuliwa kuwa mkuu wa Idara ya Elimu ya Northern Cape Province.<ref name=":0" /> Mwaka 1996 aliondoka katika nafasi hiyo na kuanzisha kampuni yake ya ushauri, akishauri taasisi za serikali kuhusu maendeleo ya vijijini na elimu.<ref name=":0" /> Mwaka 2005 aliteuliwa kuwa Mwakilishi Mkuu wa Republic of South Africa katika Tume ya Lesotho Highlands Water Commission.<ref name=":0" /> Mnamo Oktoba 2015, Nomvula Mokonyane alimwondoa Dlamini katika nafasi hiyo. Uamuzi huo ulizua utata, kwani Dlamini alikuwa na uzoefu wa zaidi ya miaka kumi katika usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji, na kulikuwa na madai ya uhusiano kati ya Mokonyane, [[African National Congress]] na kampuni mpya ya ushauri ya LTE Consulting.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=[https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-08-05-amabhungane-nomvula-mokonyanes-alleged-interference-in-lesotho-water-project-cited-as-causing-delays/|title=AmaBhungane](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-08-05-amabhungane-nomvula-mokonyanes-alleged-interference-in-lesotho-water-project-cited-as-causing-delays/|title=AmaBhungane): Nomvula Mokonyane's alleged interference in Lesotho water project cited as causing delays |work=Daily Maverick|access-date=2018-07-15|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|url=[https://inside-politics.org/2013/05/08/the-ancs-dubious-donors/|title=The](https://inside-politics.org/2013/05/08/the-ancs-dubious-donors/|title=The) ANC's dubious donors|date=2013-05-08|work=[www.inside-politics.org|access-date=2018-07-15|language=en-US](http://www.inside-politics.org|access-date=2018-07-15|language=en-US)}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Rejea habari|url=[https://city-press.news24.com/News/nomvulas-watergate-20160710|title=Nomvula](https://city-press.news24.com/News/nomvulas-watergate-20160710|title=Nomvula) Mokonyane's Watergate|work=CityPress|access-date=2018-07-15|language=en}}</ref> Hakukuwa na maelezo rasmi yaliyotolewa kuhusu kuondolewa kwake.<ref name=":1" /> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}} {{BD|1963|}} [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] e0611h86i4tjwa94vsi4eknzrsl9dqq 0 228968 1530253 1525921 2026-05-03T00:40:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530253 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nokuzola Gladys Tolashe''' (alizaliwa [[21 Desemba]] [[1959]]), anayejulikana pia kama Sisisi “Sisi” Tolashe, ni mwanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini kutoka jimbo la Eastern Cape. Yeye ni mwanachama wa chama cha African National Congress (ANC) na kwa sasa anahudumu kama Waziri wa Maendeleo ya Jamii tangu Juni 2024. Pia ni Rais wa ANC Women's League tangu Julai 2023.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Deputy Minister|url=https://www.n-preview.co.za/index.php/about-us/deputy-minister|access-date=2023-07-22|website=Department of Women, Youth and Persons with Disabilities.|language=en-gb}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] 1co07ng8xia8zqeyvymsy9vhjp3p8ph 0 228982 1529974 1507126 2026-05-02T18:34:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529974 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rosemary Charlotte Holcroft''' (née '''Temperley'''; [[Nairobi]], 12 Desemba 1942 – Southport, Port Shepstone, 4 Februari 2000) alikuwa mchora vielelezo vya botania kutoka Afrika Kusini. Rosemary alikuwa binti wa Dkt. Bernard Nicholas Temperley,<ref>{{cite web | url=[https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Some+Problems+of+the+Archaean+Rocks+of+Tanganyika+Territory&publication+year=1942&author=Temperley+B.+N.&journal=Geol.+Mag.&volume=lxxix](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Some+Problems+of+the+Archaean+Rocks+of+Tanganyika+Territory&publication+year=1942&author=Temperley+B.+N.&journal=Geol.+Mag.&volume=lxxix) | title=Google Scholar }}</ref> mwanajiolojia wa Tanzania, ambaye baada ya miaka miwili alirejea Uingereza. Huko alikosa kuridhika na hali ya hewa ya Uingereza na changamoto za maisha baada ya WWII, hivyo akarudi tena [[Kenya]] katika Afrika Mashariki. Rosemary alikamilisha masomo yake katika Msongari Loreto Convent mjini [[Nairobi]]. Mwaka 1960 aliondoka Kenya na kujiunga na Shule ya Ballet ya [[University of Cape Town]] chini ya Dulcie Howes, ambapo alipata stashahada ya kufundisha dansi mwaka 1963. Baadaye alifundisha ballet kwa muda wa miaka saba, kwanza mjini [[Pretoria]] na baadaye [[Cape Town]].<ref>{{cite web | url=[https://abcjournal.org/index.php/abc/article/download/565/508](https://abcjournal.org/index.php/abc/article/download/565/508) | title=Login }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mwaka 1964 aliolewa na Michael Roos, msanii wa eneo hilo, na walipata mtoto wa kiume aitwaye Marc mwaka 1972. Akiwa Cape Town, alianza kuvutiwa na uchoraji wa vielelezo vya mimea, na mwaka 1965 alichora michoro kadhaa ya mimea aina ya ferns kwa kalamu na wino kwa ajili ya Ted Schelpe wa [[University of Cape Town]]. Alikaa Pretoria mwaka 1972, akiishi na wazazi wake waliokuwa wamehamia huko baada ya baba yake kustaafu. Baada ya kutembelea maonyesho ya sanaa ya botania ya Taasisi ya Utafiti wa Mimea katika Pretoria Art Museum mwezi Agosti 1973, alijiunga na masomo ya Shahada ya Sanaa (B.A. Fine Arts) katika University of South Africa. Mwaka 1974 baadhi ya kazi zake zilionyeshwa katika jumba la sanaa la Association of South African Arts huko Pretoria kuadhimisha miaka 80 ya kuzaliwa kwa Cythna Letty, na baadaye mwaka huo kazi zake pia zilionyeshwa katika maonyesho ya kila mwaka ya South African Aloe and Succulent Society. Mwaka 1975 aliajiriwa kwa muda kama fundi mwandamizi katika Taasisi ya Utafiti wa Mimea, hatua iliyoanzisha kipindi cha miaka 10 ambapo alionyesha uwezo mkubwa kama mchora vielelezo vya botania. Mchango wake ulijumuisha vielelezo 100 kwa jarida la Flowering Plants of Africa na vielelezo 150 kwa kazi ya Flora of Pretoria. Kazi zake pia zilichapishwa katika machapisho ya nje kama jarida la Cactus and Succulent Society of America. Mwaka 1976 aliolewa tena, safari hii na Leslie Holcroft, mshauri wa teknolojia ya habari (IT). == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1942|2000}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:watu kutoka Nairobi]] mrb5f5nmtzlltuhaldxrk2wuotj5d2r 0 229056 1530214 1525054 2026-05-02T20:10:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530214 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Samira Negrouche''' (alizaliwa 13 Septemba 1980 mjini Algiers) ni mwandishi na mshairi wa [[Algeria]] anayeandika kwa Kifaransa. Pia ni daktari wa tiba na anaishi na kufanya kazi nchini Algeria.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Samira Negrouche |url=https://www.parismatch.com |date=2012-07-08}}</ref> == Kazi == Negrouche anajulikana zaidi kwa ushairi wake, lakini pia huandika nathari, maandiko ya kitaaluma na ya maigizo pamoja na kazi nyingine za ubunifu. Aidha, hutafsiri mashairi ya kisasa ya Algeria yaliyoandikwa kwa Kiarabu na lugha nyingine za kikanda (zinazojulikana kama lugha ndogo) kwenda Kiingereza na Kifaransa. Pia anajishughulisha na nyanja mbalimbali za sanaa kama vile video, ukumbi wa michezo, dansi, upigaji picha na sanaa za maonesho. Mwaka 2004 na 2005 alipokea ufadhili kutoka Centre national du livre ili kufuatilia mafunzo nchini Ufaransa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Samira Negrouche - ELECTRON LIBRE |url=https://electronic-libre.org }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mwaka 2009 huko Lyon, alitumbuiza pamoja na mwanamuziki na mwimbaji wa Kigiriki Angélique Ionatos katika onesho ''Without precaution...'', lililopata ushawishi kwa hadhira. Mwaka 2012, alihariri diwani ya mashairi ya kisasa ya Algeria yaliyoandikwa kwa Kifaransa iliyochapishwa na éditions de l'Amandier chini ya jina ''Quand l'Amandier refleurira''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Quand l'amandier refleurira |url=https://www.printempsdespoetes.com}}</ref> Negrouche hualikwa mara kwa mara kushiriki katika matukio ya kimataifa ya fasihi, ambapo husoma mashairi na kuratibu shughuli mbalimbali.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Le dernier diabolo |url=https://www.franceculture.fr}}</ref> Ni mwanachama wa kamati ya kimataifa ya tamasha la mashairi ''Voix de la Méditerranée'' linalofanyika Lodève,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Les Voix de la Méditerranée |url=https://www.herault.fr}}</ref> na pia ni katibu mkuu wa klabu ya PEN Algeria.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Samira Negrouche interview |url=https://arablit.org}}</ref> Aidha, alianzisha CADMOS, chama cha kitamaduni kinacholenga kuhifadhi urithi wa kitamaduni wa Mediterania.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Samira Negrouche |url=https://arablit.org}}</ref> Mashairi yake yametafsiriwa katika zaidi ya lugha ishirini, zikiwemo Kihispania, Kiitaliano na Kibulgaria.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Le jazz des oliviers |url=https://www.elmoudjahid.com}}</ref> Akijibu swali kuhusu iwapo Mapinduzi ya Kiarabu (Arab Spring) yalisaidia kuvunja utamaduni wa hofu kwa waandishi, Negrouche alisema kuwa yamewaonesha Waarabu kwa dunia na kwao wenyewe kuwa si jamii moja yenye kufanana wala iliyokata tamaa na kunyamaza, ingawa matarajio hayo yalizimwa, na kwamba jamii hizo zinahitaji muda na heshima ili kujijenga upya.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Mourning, Laughter, and Necessary Change |url=https://www.wordswithoutborders.org |date=2019-01-30}}</ref> Kuhusu uhusiano wa uandishi wake na maeneo mengine ya ulimwengu wa Kiarabu, amesema aliandika vipande saba vya kazi yake ''Seven Little Jasmine Monologues'' akifikiria miji saba ya Kiarabu, ikiwa ni pamoja na Algiers, kama ishara ya mshikamano, huku akisisitiza kuwa ulimwengu wa Kiarabu una maana tu ikiwa utazingatia utofauti wa kitamaduni, kihistoria na kilugha.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Mourning, Laughter, and Necessary Change |url=https://www.wordswithoutborders.org |date=2019-01-30}}</ref> == Bibliografia == * ''Faiblesse n’est pas de dire…''. Algiers: Barzakh, 2001. * ''Les Vagues du silence'' (tafsiri ya kazi ya Yasminah Salih). Alger: Al Ikhtilef, 2002. * ''L’opéra cosmique''. Algiers: Al Ikhtilef, 2003. * ''Iridienne''. Echalas: Color Gang, 2005. * ''À l'ombre de Grenade''. 2003; toleo la Algiers 2006. * ''Cabinet secret''. Echalas: Color Gang, 2007. * ''Le Jazz des oliviers''. Blida: Editions du Tell, 2010. * ''Quand l'Amandier refleurira''. 2012. * ''Six arbres de fortune autour de ma baignoire''. Paris: Mazette, 2017. * ''Quai 2I1, partition à trois axes''. Paris: Mazette, 2019. * ''Traces''. Marseille: Fidel Anthelme X, 2021. * ''Stations''. Montpellier: Chèvre-feuille étoilée, 2023. * ''J'habite en mouvement''. Barzakh, 2023. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1980|}} [[Jamii:wanawake wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:waandishi wa Algeria]] sn58cf4vnyraki81pawt2vvsvf9kh1i 0 229062 1530134 1507157 2026-05-02T19:00:33Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 11 template(s) replaced. 1530134 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zoubeïda Bittari''' (amezaliwa 1939) ni jina la kalamu la '''Louise Ali-Rachedi''', mwandishi mwanamke kutoka Algeria aliyeandika kitabu ''O, My Muslim Sisters, Weep'', kilichochapishwa mwaka 1964 mjini Paris, Ufaransa.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |title=Opening the gates : an anthology of Arab feminist writing |editor-last=Badran |editor-first=Margot |editor2-last=Cooke |editor2-first=Miriam |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2004 |pages=282–283}}</ref> Kitabu hiki kilikuwa na athari kubwa katika kuhamasisha mshikamano miongoni mwa wanawake Waislamu.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |title=Opening the gates : an anthology of Arab feminist writing}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Zoubeïda Bittari alizaliwa katika familia ya kipato cha chini hadi cha kati nchini Algeria. Alisoma katika shule iliyokuwa ikiendeshwa na Wafaransa. Alipokuwa na umri wa miaka kumi na miwili, wazazi wake walimtoa shuleni ili aolewe.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |title=Opening the gates : an anthology of Arab feminist writing}}</ref> Ndoa za utotoni zilikuwa jambo la kawaida wakati huo, ingawa zilipingwa na kujadiliwa na wanawake wengi kama vile Huda Sha'arawi. Akiwa na umri wa miaka kumi na tatu, Bittari alipata mtoto. Hata hivyo, mama mkwe wake alimnyang’anya mtoto huyo mwaka mmoja baadaye baada ya ndoa yake kuvunjwa.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |title=Opening the gates : an anthology of Arab feminist writing}}</ref> Baadaye, Zoubeïda alihamia Ufaransa ili aweze kuandika kwa uhuru kuhusu changamoto na uasi wake.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |title=Telling Their Lives: A Hundred Years of Arab Women's Writings |journal=World Literature Today |year=1986}}</ref> == ''O, My Muslim Sisters, Weep'' == Maisha ya awali ya Bittari na ndoa yake yanaakisiwa katika uandishi wake. Alichapisha kitabu chake ''O mes soeurs musulmanes pleurez!'' (''Enyi dada zangu Waislamu, lieni'') akiwa na umri wa miaka ishirini na mitano. Kitabu hicho kinahusu maisha yake, kikionyesha “hisia ya ukombozi na furaha inayotokana na mwamko wa fahamu na matendo ya uasi”.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |title=Opening the gates : an anthology of Arab feminist writing}}</ref> Ingawa kitabu chote hakijatafsiriwa, sehemu iliyotafsiriwa kwa jina ''The Voice of Happiness'' inapatikana katika diwani ya ''Opening the Gates: An Anthology of Arab Feminist Writing''.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |title=Opening the Gates: An Anthology of Arab Feminist Writing}}</ref> Kitabu cha Bittari kinaweka matukio katika kipindi cha Vita vya Algeria vya uhuru, na kinatanguliza aina ya fasihi iliyokuja baadaye kukosoa mapinduzi pamoja na athari zake katika masuala kama ndoa ya wake wengi na talaka.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |title=Women's Writing between Two Algerian wars |journal=Research in African Literatures}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu |title=Women and the war story |publisher=University of California Press |year=1996}}</ref> Wafaransa wanaonekana kama waungaji mkono wa waandishi wanawake wa Algeria, na kazi ya Bittari inaonyesha jinsi jamii ya Algeria ilivyoathiriwa na urithi wa ukoloni wa Kifaransa.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |title=Women and the war story}}</ref> Katika simulizi yake, mhusika mkuu huanza kwa kufanya matembezi na mtoto wake, jambo linaloanzisha safari yake ya kutafuta uhuru. Baada ya kurudi nyumbani kuchelewa kutoka kwa daktari wa meno, anaitwa kahaba na kufungiwa nje na mume wake. Hali hii anaiona kama ukombozi, na licha ya huzuni ya kumuacha mwanawe, anapata uhuru na kujitegemea.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |title=The feminization of development processes in Africa |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Groups |year=1999 |pages=219–220}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1939|}} [[Jamii:wanawake wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:waandishi wa Algeria]] e702g2212dn48vyc81wdgdteollnm3j 0 229098 1530267 1507094 2026-05-03T01:39:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530267 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stanley Stub Hubbard''' (Alizaliwa [[1933]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Forbes profile: Stanley Hubbard |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/stanley-hubbard/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-19}}</ref> Yeye ni mwenyekiti na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa ''Hubbard Broadcasting'', kampuni ya vyombo vya habari iliyoanzishwa na baba yake Stanley E. Hubbard.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hubbard Broadcasting's Stanley S. Hubbard |url=https://bjtonline.com/ |website=BJT Online |access-date=2026-04-19}}</ref> Alianza kufanya kazi katika kampuni hiyo mwaka [[1951]], akawa rais mwaka [[1967]], na akawa mwenyekiti na afisa mkuu mtendaji mwaka [[1983]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Stanley Hubbard |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/ |website=Bloomberg |access-date=2026-04-19}}</ref> Pia alikuwa mwanzilishi wa ''United States Satellite Broadcasting'' (USSB), mtangulizi wa ''DirecTV'', ambayo iliichukua USSB mwaka [[1998]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Stanley S. Hubbard |url=https://www.bea.tv/ |website=Broadcast Education Association |access-date=2026-04-19 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1933]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] eapqsafbmdlvkrwjfpt9m0nun1f7yny 0 229118 1529962 1507189 2026-05-02T17:58:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529962 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Earl Holding''' ([[Novemba 29]], [[1926]] – [[Aprili 19]], [[2013]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Robert Earl Holding, Wide-Ranging Entrepreneur, Dies at 86 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/ |website=The New York Times |access-date=2026-04-19}}</ref> Alimiliki ''Sinclair Oil Corporation'', ''Grand America Hotels & Resorts'', na vilabu viwili vya kuteleza kwenye theluji: ''Sun Valley'' (Idaho) na ''Snowbasin'' (Utah).<ref>{{cite web |title=Earl Holding: The Complete Interview |url=https://www.skinet.com/ |website=SKI Magazine |access-date=2026-04-19 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Holding alianzisha hoteli ya kwanza ya ''Little America'' huko [[Wyoming]] mwaka [[1952]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Little American founder contributed much to city |url=https://www.wyomingnews.com/ |website=Wyoming Tribune-Eagle |access-date=2026-04-19}}</ref> Wakati wa kifo chake, utajiri wake ulikadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 3.2, na aliorodheshwa nambari 155 kwenye orodha ya ''Forbes 400''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Remembering Robert Earl Holding, Billionaire Owner Of Sun Valley Ski Resort |url=https://www.forbes.com/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-19}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1926]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2013]] izdrl9ez8bvke8b8ay2znajse5vdoh9 0 229136 1530148 1507207 2026-05-02T19:02:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530148 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zuhur Habibullaev''' ([[1932]] – [[8 Aprili]] [[2013]]) alikuwa msanii wa [[Tajikistan]]. Alizaliwa mjini Dushanbe, na alihitimu katika Chuo cha Sanaa cha Taifa cha Olimov huko Dushanbe mnamo mwaka 1953, na baadaye katika Shule ya Juu ya Sanaa ya Viwanda ya Mukhin mjini St. Petersburg mnamo mwaka 1959. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.tajikart.com/index.php?action=showbio&artist=all |title=Tajik artists |access-date=2010-06-09 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716190223/http://www.tajikart.com/index.php?action=showbio&artist=all |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1932]] [[jamii:waliofariki 2014]] [[jamii:wasanii wa Tajikistan]] 2ojw1ibnuv3vxe3tv20dyc9rj5ux6ki 0 229201 1529934 1524248 2026-05-02T16:44:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529934 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Regina Askia-Williams''' (alizaliwa [[16 Desemba]] [[1967]]) ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mwanamitindo]], na mrembo wa zamani Malkia wa Chuo Kikuu cha Lagos aliyezaliwa Nigeria. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Fellow Nurses|first=|date=2026-03-22|title=Meet Regina Askia-Williams: The Nigerian celebrity and Ex beauty queen now living the nursing dream in the US|url=https://www.fellownurses.com/2026/03/regina-askia-williams-nigerian-beauty-queen-nurse-practitioner-us.html|accessdate=2026-03-24|work=Fellow Nurses Africa|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Sunday|first=Lot|date=2024-05-01|title=Regina Askia-Williams: Actress, Model, Advocate|url=https://www.goldenpage.ng/regina-askia-williams-actress-model-advocate/|accessdate=2026-03-26|work=Golden Page Magazine|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Alipata cheti chake kama Muuguzi wa Familia (FNP) na anafanya kazi katika [[Jiji la New York]] . Anaandika na kuzungumza hadharani akitetea uhamasishaji wa Waafrika katika afya ya watoto, elimu, na maendeleo ya kiuchumi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=African Health Dialogues|url=http://www.africanviews.org/african-health-dialogues|publisher=African Views|accessdate=29 May 2012|archivedate=30 December 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230195957/http://www.africanviews.org/african-health-dialogues}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Okporu|first=Rachel|date=2022-02-03|title='Indeed she's ageless' Reactions as Actress Regina Askia shares 30 years throwback photo|url=https://www.kemifilani.ng/entertainment/regina-askia-shares-30-years-throwback-photo|accessdate=2022-03-15|work=Kemi Filani News|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Kazi == Mnamo 1988, Askia-Williams, mwanafunzi wa zamani wa udaktari ambaye alikuwa amehamia kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Calabar]] hadi Chuo Kikuu cha Lagos, alitawazwa kuwa ''Miss Unilag .'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Database|first=African Movie|title=Regina Askia - Actor|url=https://africanmoviedb.com/person/regina-askia-askia-williams-imaobong-usoro|accessdate=2026-03-24|work=African Movie Database|language=English}}</ref> Mwaka huo huo, alishika nafasi ya pili katika shindano la Msichana Mrembo Zaidi nchini Nigeria (MBGN). Mnamo 1989, alichukua taji la MBGN wakati mshindi Bianca Onoh alipojiuzulu. <ref>''Temitope (16 December 2019).'' "Ex-beauty queen, Regina Askia clocks 52 today"''. Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 24 March 2026.''</ref> Mnamo 1990, Askia-Williams aliiwakilisha Nigeria katika Miss Charm International iliyofanyika [[Sankt Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Urusi]], na akashika nafasi ya pili. Alikuwa Mnigeria wa kwanza kushindana katika shindano la Miss International nchini [[Japani]], ambapo alipewa vazi bora zaidi la kitamaduni. <ref>"5 reasons why she was one of the biggest celebrities of her time"''. Pulse Nigeria. 24 November 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2026.''</ref> Baada ya kupata kutambuliwa hadharani nchini Nigeria kama mshindi wa shindano la urembo, kazi ya uanamitindo ilifunguliwa kwa Askia-Williams. Alionekana katika matangazo kadhaa ya magazeti na televisheni ya Nigeria, ikiwa ni pamoja na akaunti za kimataifa za Visine, ''Chicken George'' fast food, ''Kessingsheen'' Hair Care, na boutique chain ''Collectibles'' . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2025-05-18|title=Regina 'Imaobong' Askia: From Pageantry to Nollywood, US Nurse|url=https://www.centurynewspaper.com/regina-imaobong-askia-from-pageantry-to-nollywood-us-nurse/|accessdate=2026-03-26|work=Century Newspaper|language=en}}</ref> Pia alifanya kazi katika [[Maonyesho ya mavazi|maonyesho kadhaa ya runway]], na mwaka wa 2007, alishiriki katika safu ya kusafisha uso ya 2000-N-Six pamoja na binti yake, mwanamitindo Stephanie Hornecker. <ref name="2000-N-Six">2000-N-Six {{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/sunstyle/2007/feb/24/sunstyle-24-02-2007-001.htm |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2026-04-19 |archive-date=2007-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010112723/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/sunstyle/2007/feb/24/sunstyle-24-02-2007-001.htm |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Mwaka wa 2006, Askia-Williams aliandaa onyesho la mitindo la hisani katika Chuo cha Lehman huko Bronx, New York, ambalo lilionyesha ubunifu wa wabunifu wakuu wa Kiafrika na lebo yake mwenyewe ya ''Regine Fashions'' . <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.africanevents.com/RegineFashionShow06.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320024323/http://www.africanevents.com/RegineFashionShow06.htm|archivedate=20 March 2013|title=Regine 2006 fashion Show in New York City to benefit children in Africa|publisher=African Events|accessdate=25 February 2018}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Askia-Williams kwa sasa anaishi Amerika na familia yake. Yeye ni mhitimu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Lagos, Nigeria akiwa na shahada ya [[Biolojia]] . Alipata shahada yake ya uuguzi katika Chuo cha Wagner nchini Marekani. <ref name="African Views">{{Rejea tovuti|title=African Health Dialogues: Mrs. Regina Askia-Williams, RN|url=http://www.africanviews.org/african-health-dialogues|accessdate=29 May 2012|publisher=African Views|archivedate=30 December 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230195957/http://www.africanviews.org/african-health-dialogues}}</ref> na sasa ni muuguzi wa familia anayefanya kazi katika Jiji la New York. <ref>"Nurses, spinal cord of health system – Group"''. Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 25 February 2018''</ref> <ref>"Regina Askia Urges Nigerian Nurses to Partner with Counterparts in Diaspora"''. Medical world Nigeria. Retrieved 25 February 2018.''</ref> Miezi mitatu tu baada ya kuhamia Jiji la New York na familia yake, <ref name=":2">{{Rejea jarida |date=1 October 2001 |journal=The News |publisher=Independent Communications Network Ltd., 2001 |volume=17 |pages=32}}</ref> alinusurika shambulio la Kituo cha Biashara Duniani mnamo Septemba 11, 2001. Alitoroka kutoka kwenye jengo hilo, ambapo alifanya kazi wakati huo. <ref name=":2" /> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1967]] [[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] ps73upcwatc1diqs31o9sejyah19lu3 0 229206 1529951 1507318 2026-05-02T17:34:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529951 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rita Oyoku''' ([[24 Desemba]] [[1977]]) ni mfadhili wa [[Nigeria]]. Anahudumu kama Kamishna wa Biashara na Uwekezaji wa [[Vanuatu|Jamhuri ya Vanuatu]] nchini [[Nigeria]], akiwa na jukumu la kuimarisha uhusiano wa kibiashara na kiuchumi kati ya nchi hizo mbili tangu Februari 2023. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Gleamer|first=The|date=2023-02-08|title="Rita Oyoku appointed first republic of Vanuatu trade commissioner"|url=https://thegleamer.com/rita-oyoku-appointed-first-republic-of-vanuatu-trade-commissioner/|accessdate=2025-06-02|work=The Gleamer News|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Elimu == Rita Oyoku alizaliwa katika [[Delta (jimbo)|Jimbo la Delta]], Nigeria. Alikamilisha elimu yake ya msingi Shule ya Watoto ya Jeshi, Ikeja Cantonment huko Lagos (1983-1989). Kisha alihudhuria Chuo cha Hopebay huko Lagos (1990-1995). Alifuata elimu ya juu katika Masoko ya Biashara katika Shule ya Usimamizi ya London, Uingereza, kati ya 2009 na 2011. == Kazi == Mnamo 2013, Oyoku alianzisha shirika la Rita Oyoku, shirika lisilo la faida linalolenga kuwawezesha jamii kupitia mipango ya elimu, afya, na maendeleo ya kijamii nchini Nigeria na kwingineko. Mnamo 2016, alizindua Mpango wa Kimataifa wa Mjumbe wa Harmony ili kushughulikia sababu kuu za uhamiaji usio wa kawaida kupitia uwezeshaji wa kiuchumi, njia za uhamaji kisheria, na ushirikiano wa kuvuka mipaka na serikali na asasi za kiraia. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Staff|first=Reputation Poll|date=2024-01-28|title=100 MOST REPUTABLE AFRICANS [2024 EDITION] - Reputation Poll Intl|url=https://www.reputationpoll.com/100-most-reputable-africans-2024/|accessdate=2025-07-11|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kuanzia 2021 hadi 2023, alihudumu kama mshauri maalum wa biashara ya nje kwa meya wa [[Belmopan]], Belize. Mnamo 2021, Rita aliteuliwa miongoni mwa wanachama wa kamati za uangalizi za Shirikisho la Darts la Nigeria. ''<ref>''sunnews (2021-05-02).'' "Full list of members of national sports federations' caretaker committees"''. The Sun. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2025-06-02.''</ref>'' Baadaye mwaka huo, aliteuliwa kuwa Rais wa Shirikisho. <ref>"FULL LIST: Minister inaugurates 29 sports federation boards"''. Premium Times. Retrieved 2025-06-04.''</ref> Mnamo Februari 2022, Oyoku aliteuliwa kuwa Kamishna wa Biashara wa [[Vanuatu|Jamhuri ya Vanuatu]] nchini [[Nigeria]] . Ana jukumu la kuimarisha uhusiano wa pande mbili, kukuza biashara na uwekezaji, na kuchunguza ushirikiano mpana wa kimkakati kati ya [[Vanuatu]] na [[Nigeria]] . <ref>''Reporter, Our (2023-02-16).'' "Vanuatu appoints first trade commissioner to Nigeria"''. The Nation. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2025-06-02.''</ref> Mnamo 2025, Rita Oyoku aliteuliwa kuwa balozi wa Azimio la Jena, mpango wa kimataifa ulioko Ujerumani unaounga mkono Malengo 17 ya Maendeleo Endelevu ya Umoja wa Mataifa . Akiwa Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa GHEII, Oyoku alisaini kwa pamoja taarifa ya hatua sita ya kimataifa mwezi Aprili 2024 kabla ya Mkutano wa Asasi za Kiraia wa Umoja wa Mataifa uliofanyika [[Nairobi]] . Taarifa hiyo ilitoa wito wa kuchukuliwa hatua kuhusu changamoto muhimu za kimataifa ikiwa ni pamoja na elimu ya bei nafuu, usalama wa chakula, harakati huru kote Afrika, na zaidi. <ref>''Gbadebo, Bode (2024-05-01).'' "Nigerian CSOs Make 6-point Demand Ahead Kenya Confab, Summit Of Future"''. Leadership. Retrieved 2025-06-04.''</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] c5r11b5lsfziexv3a7zn0xlwfzozirb 0 229239 1530205 1514192 2026-05-02T19:14:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260502sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1530205 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Homo habilis''''' (maana ya [[Kilatini]] ni "mtu mwenye uwezo wa kutengeneza [[vifaa]]") katika [[uainishaji wa kisayansi]] ni [[spishi]] iliyokoma ya [[zamadamu]] wa kwanzakwanza<ref>{{cite book|title= The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution |last=Stringer |first=C.B. |author-link=Chris Stringer |chapter=Evolution of early humans |editor-last1=Jones |editor-first1=S. |editor-last2=Martin |editor-first2=R. |editor-last3=Pilbeam |editor-first3=D. |year=1994 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |page=242}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schrenk |first1=F. |last2=Kullmer |first2=O. |last3=Bromage |first3=T. |chapter=Chapter 9: The Earliest Putative ''Homo'' Fossils |editor-last1=Henke |editor-first1=W. |editor-last2=Tattersall |editor-first2=I. |title=Handbook of Paleoanthropology |date=2007 |pages=1611–1631 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-33761-4_52}}</ref>. Mabaki yake yalipatikana huko [[Oltupai]] ([[Tanzania]]). Huyo anafikiriwa kutokana na ''[[Australopithecus garhi]]'' ambaye kabla yake alikuwa ameanza kutengeneza vifaa kwa [[mawe]]. Pia kwa sababu hiyo, kwamba hakuwa [[kiumbehai]] wa kwanza kutengeneza vifaa, baadhi ya [[wanasayansi]] wamependekeza [[jina]] lake liwe "Australopithecus habilis"<ref>{{cite journal|first1=B.|last1=Wood|first2=M.|last2=Collard|year=1999|title=The Human Genus|journal=Science|volume=284|issue=5411|pages=65–71|doi=10.1126/science.284.5411.65|pmid=10102822|bibcode=1999Sci...284...65.|s2cid=7018418|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5cbf/24153dbb801176e3089052060a9d92b5082b.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123192921/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5cbf/24153dbb801176e3089052060a9d92b5082b.pdf|archive-date=2020-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Miller J. M. A. | year = 2000 | title = Craniofacial variation in ''Homo habilis'': an analysis of the evidence for multiple species | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-physical-anthropology_2000-05_112_1/page/102 | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 112 | issue = 1| pages = 103–128 | doi=10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(200005)112:1<103::AID-AJPA10>3.0.CO;2-6 | pmid=10766947}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=P. V.|last=Tobias|year=1991|title=The species ''Homo habilis'': example of a premature discovery|journal=Annales Zoologici Fennici|volume=28|issue=3–4|pages=371–380|jstor=23735461}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu | doi=10.1007/978-3-642-39979-4_51|chapter = Defining the Genus Homo|title = Handbook of Paleoanthropology| pages=2107–2144|year = 2015|last1 = Collard|first1 = Mark| last2=Wood| first2=Bernard| isbn=978-3-642-39978-7}}</ref>. Tena mnamo Mei [[2010]] huko [[Afrika Kusini]] yalipatikana mabaki ya ''[[Homo gautengensis]]'', spishi inayofikiriwa na wengine kuwa ya kale kuliko Homo habilis<ref name="toothy">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://news.discovery.com/human/human-ancestor-tree-swinger.html |title="Toothy Tree-Swinger May Be Earliest Human" |accessdate=2012-04-28 |archivedate=2012-05-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502102146/http://news.discovery.com/human/human-ancestor-tree-swinger.html }}</ref>, lakini wengine wanaijumlisha katika jina Homo habilis. Kumbe wataalamu wengine wanaona spishi hizo mbili hazistahili kuitwa Homo, ila [[Australopithecus]]. ==Historia ya awali== [[File:Homo_lineage_2017update.svg|thumb|200px|Uenezi wa jenasi ''Homo'' kwa wakati na mahali kuanzia miaka 2,000,000 iliyopita.]] Spishi hiyo <ref name=Johanson1986>{{cite journal|first1=D. C.|last1=Johanson|author1-link=Donald Johanson|first2=F.|last2=Masao|first3=G. G.|last3=Eck|first4=T. D.|last4=White|author4-link=Tim D. White|display-authors=et al.|year=1987|title=New partial skeleton of ''Homo habilis'' from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1987-05-21_327_6119/page/204|journal=Nature|volume=327|issue=6119|pages=205–209|doi=10.1038/327205a0|pmid=3106831|bibcode=1987Natur.327..205J|s2cid=4321698}}</ref> imekadiriwa kuanza kuwepo miaka [[milioni]] 2.4 iliyopita<ref name="encylopediahumanevolution">{{cite book|title= The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution | author=Stringer, C.B. | chapter=Evolution of early humans | editors=Steve Jones, Robert Martin & David Pilbeam (eds.)| year=1994 | publisher= Cambridge University Press | location= Cambridge |isbn= 0-521-32370-3 | page=242}} Also ISBN 0-521-46786-1 (paperback)</ref><ref name="evolutionthe1st4billionyears">{{cite book|title= Evolution: The First Four Billion Years|url= https://archive.org/details/evolutionfirstfo00mich| author=McHenry, H.M | chapter=Human Evolution | editors=Michael Ruse & Joseph Travis | year=2009 | publisher= The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-674-03175-3 | page=[https://archive.org/details/evolutionfirstfo00mich/page/265 265]}}</ref> kutokana na spishi mojawapo ya nusukabila [[Australopithecina]] (siku hizi linatumika pia jina [[Hominina]]) iliyokuwepo kuanzia miaka milioni 5.6 hadi 1.2 iliyopita. Homo habilis alikoma miaka milioni 1.65 iliyopita. Kutokana naye alipatikana miaka milioni 2 iliyopita ''[[Homo erectus]]'' aliyekuwa wa kwanza kusimama daima juu ya [[miguu]] yake miwili, [[Wawindaji-wakusanyaji|kuwinda]] na kumudu [[moto]], na ambaye alienea kote [[Asia]] na [[Ulaya]] (aliyebaki [[Afrika]] anaitwa pia ''[[Homo ergaster]]'') kabla ya kugawanyika katika nususpishi au spishi mpya mbalimbali kama ''[[Homo georgicus]]'', ''[[Homo antecessor]]'', ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]'', wa kwanza kujenga makazi ya kudumu na [[Mazishi|kuzika]] wafu, n.k. Kwa jumla Homo erectus alidumu zaidi ya miaka milioni moja. Wengi wanaona spishi nyingi zilizopendekezwa awali kuwa nususpishi tu za Homo erectus. Miaka 800,000–200,000 iliyopita, wakati wa mabadiliko makubwa ya [[hali ya hewa]], [[ubongo]] wa jenasi hiyo ulikua sana na kupata uwezo wa kufanya mambo mengi mapya katika mahusiano na katika kukabili [[mazingira]] ambayo yalizidi kubadilika na kudai maitikio tofauti ili kudumisha [[uhai]] wa jenasi yenyewe. Kwamba [[Binadamu|homo sapiens]] ametokana na Homo erectus moja kwa moja ni dhana inayozidi kupingwa. ==Picha== <gallery> Homo habilis - forensic facial reconstruction.png|''Homo habilis'' mwanamume Homo naledi facial reconstruction.jpg|''Homo naledi'' mwanamume Homo rudolfensis.png|''Homo rudolfensis'' mwanamume Homo.erectus.adult.female.smithsonian.timevanson.flickr.jpg|''Homo erectus'' mwanamke Recente reconstrução de corpo inteiro do indivíduo LB1, Homo floresiensis.jpg|''Homo floresiensis'' mwanamke Homo heidelbergensis - forensic facial reconstruction-crop.png|''Homo heidelbergensis'' mwanamume Homo longi NT.jpg|''Homo longi'' mwanamume HomoLuzonensisRestoration.jpg|''Homo luzonensis'' mwanamume </gallery> ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Homo habilis}} {{Wikispecies|Homo habilis}} * [http://gurche.com/homo-floresiensis-1 Reconstructions of ''H. habilis''] by [[John Gurche]] * [http://www.archaeologyinfo.com/homohabilis.htm Archaeology Info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526073252/http://www.archaeologyinfo.com/homohabilis.htm |date=2011-05-26 }} * [https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-habilis ''Homo habilis''] – The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program * [http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-evolution-timeline-interactive Human Timeline (Interactive)] – [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]], [[National Museum of Natural History]] (August 2016). {{mbegu-biolojia}} [[Jamii:Hominini]] [[Jamii:Historia]] sotzt0ddd9imum6lfjyspg2iev9ztjq 0 229242 1530208 1524906 2026-05-02T19:30:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530208 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rabhi Zohra''', anayejulikana zaidi kwa jina la kalamu '''Safia Ketou''' ([[Aïn Sefra]], 15 Novemba 1944 – [[Algiers]], 29 Januari 1989) alikuwa mwandishi, mshairi na mwandishi wa tamthilia kutoka [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Alikuwa miongoni mwa waandishi mashuhuri wa nchi yake katika kipindi kilichofuata uhuru wa Algeria kutoka Ufaransa, na anachukuliwa kuwa mwandishi wa kwanza wa hadithi za sayansi ya kubuniwa (''science fiction'') nchini [[Algeria]].<ref name="zsafiaketou">[[https://elaph.com/Web/Culture/2010/1/529294.html/نقاط](https://elaph.com/Web/Culture/2010/1/529294.html/نقاط) ظل تغلّف مسار الأديبة الجزائرية الراحلة "صفية كتو" ]</ref><ref name="kketousafia">[[http://thaqafat.com/2016/01/29799/في](http://thaqafat.com/2016/01/29799/في) ذكرى غياب صافية كتو .. الموت أسفل الجسر ]</ref> == Wasifu == '''Rabhi Zohra''' alizaliwa mwaka 1944 katika [[Aïn Sefra]], mkoani Naâma, Algeria. Alifanya kazi kama mwalimu kuanzia mwaka 1962 hadi 1969, alipohamia mji mkuu, [[Algiers]]. Huko alifanya kazi kama mwandishi wa habari katika vyombo vikuu vya habari, vikiwemo APS (Algerian Press Service), ''Horizon'' na ''Algérie-Actualité''.<ref name="test">[[https://arablit.org/2018/08/13/safia-ketou-the-first-algerian-sci-fi-novelist-of-post-independence-algeria/Nadia](https://arablit.org/2018/08/13/safia-ketou-the-first-algerian-sci-fi-novelist-of-post-independence-algeria/Nadia) Ghanem (ed.). «Safia Ketou: The First Algerian Sci-fi Novelist of Post-independence Algeria»]</ref><ref name="Safia Ketou">{{Rejea tovuti |url=[http://www.arcencieldz.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=89&Itemid=107%2F%C2%ABSafia](http://www.arcencieldz.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=89&Itemid=107%2F%C2%ABSafia) |title=Ketou en arcencieldz.» |access-date=30 March 2020 |archive-date=2 June 2020 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200602165959/http://www.arcencieldz.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=89&Itemid=107%2F%C2%ABSafia](https://web.archive.org/web/20200602165959/http://www.arcencieldz.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=89&Itemid=107%2F%C2%ABSafia) |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ketou">[[https://www.depechedekabylie.com/culture/150771-ou-le-silence-tonitruant-de-la-cithare/](https://www.depechedekabylie.com/culture/150771-ou-le-silence-tonitruant-de-la-cithare/){{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} «Le silence tonitruant de la cithare».]</ref><ref name="s.ketou">[[https://www.lesoirdalgerie.com/articles/2010/02/01/article.php?sid=95060&cid=16/](https://www.lesoirdalgerie.com/articles/2010/02/01/article.php?sid=95060&cid=16/) «Safia Ketou en lesoirdalgerie».]</ref> == Mwanzo wa uandishi == Alipoanza kazi yake ya uandishi wa habari, Safia alikutana na waandishi mbalimbali na, akiwa tayari mshairi, alianza kuandika tamthilia, hadithi fupi na riwaya, hasa katika fani ya sayansi ya kubuniwa.<ref name="Rabhi">[[http://www.ech-chaab.com/ar/صفحات-خاصة/القوة-الناعمة/item/114553-«صفية-كتو»-صوت-الأنثى-في-أقوى-تجلياته.html](http://www.ech-chaab.com/ar/صفحات-خاصة/القوة-الناعمة/item/114553-«صفية-كتو»-صوت-الأنثى-في-أقوى-تجلياته.html){{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} «صفية كتو».. صوت الأنثى في أقوى تجلياته!»]</ref> Alikuwa mwandishi wa kwanza wa Algeria kuandika hadithi za sayansi ya kubuniwa. Maandishi yake yalibeba hisia za taifa baada ya uhuru wa mwaka 1962. Mada zake zilihusu mapenzi, siasa, uzalendo, sayansi ya kubuniwa na masuala mbalimbali ya kijamii; maandishi yake pia yalikuwa na vipengele vya maisha yake binafsi.<ref name="test"/><ref name="Safia Ketou"/> Alikuwa mwanachama wa Muungano wa Waandishi wa Algeria.<ref name="s.ketou"/> Aliandika pia vitabu kadhaa vya watoto katika mfululizo ulioitwa ''Rose Des Sables''. Diwani yake ya mashairi, ''Amie Cithare'',<ref name="ketou"/> ilichapishwa mwaka 1979, mwaka huohuo aliandika tamthilia ''Asthme''. Mkusanyo wake wa hadithi za sayansi ya kubuniwa, ''La Planète Mauve et Autres Nouvelles'', ulichapishwa mwaka 1983. Nchini Kanada ulichapishwa kwa jina ''The Purple Planet''. Mkusanyo huo una hadithi zinazohusu anga za mbali, zikivuka mipaka ya muda na nafasi, katika maeneo ya kufikirika na jamii za ajabu.<ref name="z.rabhi">{{Rejea tovuti |url=[https://www.nafhamag.com/2017/01/29/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88-%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%A9-/](https://www.nafhamag.com/2017/01/29/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88-%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%A9-/) |title=«صفية كتو».. صوت الأنثى في أقوى تجلياتهصافية كتو.. بنفسجة انتحرت في الشّتاء |access-date=31 March 2020 |archive-date=2 June 2020 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200602172604/https://www.nafhamag.com/2017/01/29/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88-%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%91%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A1//](https://web.archive.org/web/20200602172604/https://www.nafhamag.com/2017/01/29/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88-%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%91%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A1//) |url-status=dead }}</ref> Safia Ketou alivutiwa na [[Isabelle Eberhardt]] na maandishi yake kabla ya kuanza kuandika, hasa mashairi. Alijulikana kwa mtindo wa uandishi uliojaa hisia, unaoakisi tamanio la dunia bora, amani ya kudumu na haki ya kweli.<ref name="s.ketou"/><ref name="krabhi">{{Rejea tovuti |url=[https://ultraalgeria.ultrasawt.com/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88-%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D9%86%D9%8E%D8%B6%D9%8E%D8%A8%D9%8E-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%91%D8%A8%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%9F/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%89-%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88-%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%A9](https://ultraalgeria.ultrasawt.com/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88-%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D9%86%D9%8E%D8%B6%D9%8E%D8%A8%D9%8E-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%91%D8%A8%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%9F/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%89-%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88-%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%A9) |title=Archived copy |access-date=31 March 2020 |archive-date=2 June 2020 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200602172550/https://ultraalgeria.ultrasawt.com/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88-%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D9%86%D9%8E%D8%B6%D9%8E-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%91%D8%A8%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%9F/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%89-%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88-%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%A9/](https://web.archive.org/web/20200602172550/https://ultraalgeria.ultrasawt.com/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88-%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D9%86%D9%8E%D8%B6%D9%8E-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%91%D8%A8%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%9F/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%89-%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88-%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%A9/) |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kifo == Safia Ketou alijiua tarehe 29 Januari 1989 mjini [[Algiers]] kwa kujirusha kutoka daraja lililoko Boulevard Telemly, karibu na makao makuu ya APS. Alizikwa katika makaburi ya Sidi Boudjemaa huko [[Aïn Sefra]] pamoja na mwandishi wa Kifaransa-Uswisi [[Isabelle Eberhardt]]. Alifariki akiwa na umri wa miaka 44.<ref name="Safia Ketou"/><ref name="s.ketou"/> == Kazi zilizochapishwa == Safia Ketou aliandika kazi mbalimbali, zikiwemo: * ''Amie-Cithare'' (mashairi), 1979.<ref name="ketou"/> * ''La Planète Mauve'' (1983), iliyochapishwa Kanada na Naâma Editions, ikiwa mojawapo ya kazi za kwanza za sayansi ya kubuniwa nchini Algeria.<ref name="s.ketou"/> * ''Asma'' (tamthilia).<ref name="ketou"/> * ''Rose Des Sables'', 1983. * ''Asthma'', 1979. Pia aliandika tamthilia zilizotayarishwa wakati wa kipindi cha Redio na Televisheni ya Algeria (RTA).<ref name="zohra">[[https://kitabat.com/cultural/صفية-كتو-الغزالة-السمراء-التي-انهت-حي/](https://kitabat.com/cultural/صفية-كتو-الغزالة-السمراء-التي-انهت-حي/) «صفية كتو.. الغزالة السمراء التي انهت حياتها الاضطرابات الجميلة !»]</ref> Mashairi yake yanaathiriwa sana na mada za vita, hasa Vita vya Uhuru wa Algeria, pamoja na umaskini, dhuluma, unyonyaji na ubaguzi wa rangi. Hata hivyo, uandishi wake ulivuka mipaka ya nchi yake, ukiwa na matumaini kwamba siku moja vita vitaisha na nafasi yake kuchukuliwa na haki ya kijamii na udugu wa kibinadamu.<ref name="zrabhi">{{Rejea tovuti |url=[https://jannatkotob.com/4735-2/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88-%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%A9](https://jannatkotob.com/4735-2/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88-%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%A9) |title=Archived copy |access-date=31 March 2020 |archive-date=2 June 2020 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200602172552/https://jannatkotob.com/4735-2/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88-%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%A9/](https://web.archive.org/web/20200602172552/https://jannatkotob.com/4735-2/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88-%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%A9/) |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Safia Ketou"/> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1944|1989}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Algeria]] pmgeb505ia45pohwaj3p73n391sb4hm 0 229248 1529971 1508919 2026-05-02T18:24:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260502sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1529971 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Homo.erectus.adult.female.smithsonian.timevanson.flickr.jpg|thumb|Homo erectus wa kiume.]] [[File:Homo_lineage_2017update.svg|thumb|200px|Uenezi wa jenasi ''Homo'' kwa wakati na mahali kuanzia miaka 2,000,000 iliyopita.]] '''''Homo erectus''''' (maana ya [[Kilatini]] ni "mtu aliyesimama") katika [[uainishaji wa kisayansi]] ni [[spishi]] iliyokoma ya [[zamadamu]]. Spishi hiyo imekadiriwa kuanza kuwepo miaka [[milioni]] 2 iliyopita kutokana na [[Homo habilis]] (anayeitwa pia Australopithecus habilis). [[Mageuko ya spishi|Mageuko]] yaliyotokea kati ya spishi hizo mbili ni hatua muhimu katika maendeleo ya Homo, kwa sababu ubongo ukawa mkubwa zaidi sana (hadi [[Sentimita ya ujazo|sentimeta za ujazo]] 1100), na Homo erectus alitengeneza vifaa vinavyoonyesha teknolojia ya juu zaidi. Kwa miaka 500,000 hivi spishi hizo mbili ziliishi pamoja katika [[Bonde Kuu la Ufa]]<ref>{{cite journal|first1=F.|last1=Spoor|first2=M. G.|last2=Leakey|first3=P. N.|last3=Gathogo|first4=F. H.|last4=Brown|title=Implications of new early ''Homo'' fossils from Ileret, east of Lake Turkana, Kenya|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2007-08-09_448_7154/page/688|journal=Nature|year=2007|issn=0028-0836|page=689|volume=448|issue=7154|doi=10.1038/nature05986|first5=S. C.|last5=Antón|first6=I.|last6=McDougall|first7=C.|last7=Kiarie|first8=F. K.|last8=Manthi|first9=L. N.|last9=Leakey |pmid=17687323 |bibcode=2007Natur.448..688S }}</ref> . Homo erectus alikuwa wa kwanza kusimama daima juu ya [[miguu]] yake miwili, [[Wawindaji-wakusanyaji|kuwinda]] na kumudu [[moto]], na kutoka [[bara]] la [[Afrika]] hata alienea kote [[Asia]] na [[Ulaya]] (aliyebaki [[Afrika]] anaitwa pia ''[[Homo ergaster]]'') kabla ya kugawanyika katika nususpishi au spishi mpya mbalimbali kama ''[[Homo georgicus]]'', ''[[Homo antecessor]]'', na hasa ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]'', wa kwanza kujenga makazi ya kudumu na [[Mazishi|kuzika]] wafu, n.k. Kwa jumla Homo erectus alidumu zaidi ya miaka milioni moja. Wengi wanaona spishi nyingi zilizopendekezwa awali kuwa nususpishi tu za Homo erectus<ref name=Anton2002>{{cite journal |first=S. C. |last=Antón |year=2002 |title=Evolutionary significance of cranial variation in Asian ''Homo erectus'' |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-physical-anthropology_2002-08_118_4/page/302 |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=118 |issue=4 |page=302 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.10091|pmid=12124912 |bibcode=2002AJPA..118..301A }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=I. |last=Tattersall |author-link=Ian Tattersall |year=1986 |title=Species recognition in human paleontology |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=15 |issue=3 |page=168 |doi=10.1016/S0047-2484(86)80043-4|bibcode=1986JHumE..15..165T }}</ref>. Miaka 800,000–200,000 iliyopita, wakati wa mabadiliko makubwa ya [[hali ya hewa]], [[ubongo]] wa [[jenasi]] [[Homo]] ulikua sana na kupata uwezo wa kufanya mambo mengi mapya katika mahusiano na katika kukabili [[mazingira]] ambayo yalizidi kubadilika na kudai maitikio tofauti ili kudumisha [[uhai]] wa jenasi yenyewe. Hata hivyo kwamba [[Binadamu|Homo sapiens]] ametokana na Homo erectus moja kwa moja ni dhana inayozidi kupingwa. Wengi wanakubali Homo sapiens alitokana na Homo ergaster kupitia Homo heidelbergensis, kama ilivyokuwa kwa [[Homo neanderthalensis]] na [[Homo longi]]. ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo}} ==Marejeo== * {{cite book |last1=Boaz |first1=N. T. |last2=Ciochon |first2=R. |author2-link=Russell Ciochon |year=2004 |title=Dragon Bone Hill: An Ice-Age Saga of Homo erectus |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803488-9}} * {{cite journal |first=S. C. |last=Antón |year=2003 |title=Natural history of ''Homo erectus''^† |journal=American Journal of Biological Anthropology |volume=122 |issue=S37 |pages=126–170 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.10399 |doi-access=free|pmid=14666536 |bibcode=2003AJPA..122S.126A }} * {{cite book |last=Theunissen |first=B. |year=1989 |title=Eugène Dubois and the Ape-Man from Java |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |isbn=978-1-55608-081-4}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Homo erectus}} {{Wikispecies|Homo erectus|''Homo erectus''}} * [http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/origins/homo_erectus.php Homo erectus] Origins – Exploring the Fossil Record – Bradshaw Foundation * [http://www.archaeologyinfo.com/homoerectus.htm Archaeology Info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516125629/http://www.archaeologyinfo.com/homoerectus.htm |date=16 May 2011 }} * [http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-erectus Homo erectus] – The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6937476.stm Possible co-existence with Homo Habilis] – BBC News * [[John D. Hawks|John Hawks]]'s [http://johnhawks.net/weblog/fossils/middle/kocabas/kappelman_2007_kocabas_tuberculosis.html discussion of the Kocabas fossil] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080511210522/http://www-personal.une.edu.au/~pbrown3/palaeo.html Peter Brown's Australian and Asian Palaeoanthropology] * [http://atlasofhumanevolution.com/HomoErectus.asp The Age of Homo erectus] – Interactive Map of the Journey of Homo erectus out of Africa * [http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-evolution-timeline-interactive Human Timeline (Interactive)] – [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]], [[National Museum of Natural History]] (August 2016). {{mbegu-biolojia}} [[Jamii:Hominini]] [[Jamii:Historia]] iu9623kce07kvjbj325wkbtbowhj97w 0 229280 1530252 1525882 2026-05-03T00:20:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530252 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Simphiwe Dana''' (amezaliwa 23 Januari 1980) ni mwimbaji na mtunzi wa nyimbo kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] anayefanya kazi zake nyingi kwa lugha yake ya mama, [[Kixhosa]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=Angela Bolowana|title=Criminalising racism a bad idea: Dana|url=[http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/8475c3804b6489188e78ee43e5868fd4/Criminalisingundefinedracismundefinedaundefinedbadundefinedidea:undefinedDana-20162101|website=sabc.co.za|access-date=13](http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/8475c3804b6489188e78ee43e5868fd4/Criminalisingundefinedracismundefinedaundefinedbadundefinedidea:undefinedDana-20162101|website=sabc.co.za|access-date=13) November 2016|date=21 January 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20161114023435/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/8475c3804b6489188e78ee43e5868fd4/Criminalisingundefinedracismundefinedaundefinedbadundefinedidea:undefinedDana-20162101|archive-date=14](https://web.archive.org/web/20161114023435/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/8475c3804b6489188e78ee43e5868fd4/Criminalisingundefinedracismundefinedaundefinedbadundefinedidea:undefinedDana-20162101|archive-date=14) November 2016}}</ref> Anajulikana pia kwa kutumia muziki kama chombo cha kutoa maoni ya kijamii na kisiasa. Alianza rasmi kazi yake ya muziki mwaka 2002 akiwa na umri wa miaka 22. Alizaliwa katika Butterworth na kukulia Lusikisiki katika eneo la [[Transkei]]. Dana alisaini mkataba na Gallo Records na kutoa albamu yake ya kwanza ya studio, ''Zandisile'' (2004), iliyopata mafanikio makubwa kibiashara na kushinda tuzo za Msanii Bora Mpya na Albamu Bora ya Jazz. == Maisha ya awali == Simphiwe alizaliwa tarehe 23 Januari 1980 huko Butterworth,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.destinyconnect.com/2016/02/08/simphiwe-dana-raises-black-consciousness-music/|title=Simphiwe](https://www.destinyconnect.com/2016/02/08/simphiwe-dana-raises-black-consciousness-music/|title=Simphiwe) Dana raises black consciousness through her music|date=8 February 2016|website=DESTINY Magazine|access-date=23 February 2019}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Transkei]], Afrika Kusini na kukulia katika mji wa Lusikisiki. Alikulia katika mazingira ya kidini, baba yake akiwa mhubiri, hali iliyomfanya kukua akiwa karibu na muziki wa kwaya na injili.<ref name="allmusic1">{{cite web |url=[http://www.allmusic.com/artist/simphiwe-dana-mn0000669879/biography](http://www.allmusic.com/artist/simphiwe-dana-mn0000669879/biography) |title=Simphiwe Dana |3=Biography & History |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |accessdate=2 January 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Elimu === Alisoma katika shule ya Vela Private School iliyopo [[Mthatha]], ambako alihitimu mwaka 1997. Baadaye alijiendeleza kielimu katika fani ya usanifu wa picha na kupata Stashahada ya Taifa katika [[Teknolojia ya Habari]] kutoka [[University of the Witwatersrand|Wits Technikon]] jijini Johannesburg. == Kazi == Baada ya kusaini na Gallo Records, albamu yake ya kwanza ''Zandisile'' ilitolewa mwaka 2004.<ref>{{cite web|title=BBC - Music - Review of Simphiwe Dana - Zandisile |url=[https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/fgn8/|first=Guy](https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/fgn8/|first=Guy) |last=Hayden|work=BBC}}</ref> Albamu hiyo ilipata mafanikio makubwa na kushinda tuzo kadhaa, ikiwemo tuzo za South African Music Award (SAMA) mwaka 2005. Pia ilifanikiwa kimataifa kwa kuingia katika chati za [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] na kushinda tuzo ya AVO Session Basel.<ref name="allmusic1"/> Mwaka 2005 alishinda tuzo za Msanii Bora Mpya na Albamu Bora ya Jazz ya vokali katika toleo la 11 la tuzo za South African Music Awards kwa albamu yake ''Zandisile''.<ref>{{cite web |url=[http://www.5seasons.co.za/artists/simphiwe-dana/Simphiwe%20Dana%20Biography.pdf](http://www.5seasons.co.za/artists/simphiwe-dana/Simphiwe%20Dana%20Biography.pdf) |title=Simphiwe Dana Biography |website=5seasons.co.za |accessdate=2 January 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mwaka 2007 alitajwa kuwa Msanii Bora wa Kike kwa wimbo "The One Love Movement on Bantu Biko Street" katika tuzo za 13 za South African Music Awards.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/3w4h/](https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/3w4h/) |title=Music – Review of Simphiwe Dana – The One Love Movement on Banto Biko Street |publisher=BBC |date=27 August 2007 |access-date=2 January 2017}}</ref> Anahusishwa pia na mitazamo ya ubunifu kama Afrofuturism na Afrofeminism. Tarehe 9 Julai 2010 alitoa albamu yake ya tatu ''Kulture Noir''. Katika toleo la 10 la Metro FM Music Awards, alishinda tuzo mbili: Jazz ya Kisasa Bora na Msanii Bora wa Kike.<ref>{{cite web|title=Performances, fashion light up Metro FM Music Awards - The Mail & Guardian |url=[https://mg.co.za/article/2010-11-29-performances-fashion-light-up-metro-fm-music-awards/?amp|first=Karabo|last=Keepile|date=29](https://mg.co.za/article/2010-11-29-performances-fashion-light-up-metro-fm-music-awards/?amp|first=Karabo|last=Keepile|date=29) November 2010|work=Mail & Guardian}}</ref> Mwaka 2013 alianza kurekodi albamu yake ''Firebrand'' lakini alichelewesha kuitoa kutokana na kuondoka katika lebo yake ya awali.<ref>{{cite web|title=Simphiwe Dana – Firebrand |url=[https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/simphiwe-dana-%E2%80%93-firebrand|work=Music](https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/simphiwe-dana-%E2%80%93-firebrand|work=Music) In Africa|date=October 21, 2015|last=DJ Okapi}}</ref> Mwanzoni mwa 2014 alisaini na Sony Music na baadaye albamu hiyo ilitolewa tarehe 21 Oktoba 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Firebrand! Simphiwe Dana's new album |url= [https://www.news24.com/amp/news24/archives/city-press/Firebrand-Simphiwe-Danas-new-album-20150429|date=2](https://www.news24.com/amp/news24/archives/city-press/Firebrand-Simphiwe-Danas-new-album-20150429|date=2) November 2015|work=News24}}</ref> Albamu hiyo ilizaa nyimbo kama "Killjoy", "Roll Me Down", "Masterpiece" na "My Light". Tarehe 24 Aprili 2020 alitoa albamu yake ya tano ya studio ''Bamako''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Simphiwe Dana releases new album '' Bamako''|url=[https://voyagesafriq.com/2020/05/01/simphiwe-dana-releases-new-album-bamako/|work=voyagesafriq|first=Kojo](https://voyagesafriq.com/2020/05/01/simphiwe-dana-releases-new-album-bamako/|work=voyagesafriq|first=Kojo) Bentum|last=Williams|date=May 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Simphiwe Dana's New Album 'Bamako' Lays Bare Her Musical Ingenuity - OkayAfrica |url=[https://www.okayafrica.com/simphiwe-danas-new-album-bamako-lays-bare-her-musical-ingenuity/213503|first=Rufaro](https://www.okayafrica.com/simphiwe-danas-new-album-bamako-lays-bare-her-musical-ingenuity/213503|first=Rufaro) |last=Samanga|date=14 May 2020|work=OkayAfrica}}</ref> == Diskografia == === Albamu za studio === * ''Zandisile'' (2004) * ''The One Love Movement on Bantu Biko Street'' (2006) * ''Kulture Noir'' (2010) * ''Firebrand'' (2015) * ''Bamako'' (2020) * ''TBA'' (2025) === Albamu za moja kwa moja (live) === * ''An Evening with Simphiwe Dana: Live at the Lyric Theatre'' (2011) * ''Celebrating Ten Years Live at the Bassline'' (2016) * ''The Simphiwe Dana Symphony Experience'' (2017) == Msukumo == Muziki wa Dana umeathiriwa sana na maisha yake ya utotoni katika Transkei. Ameeleza kuwa uimbaji wa mama yake ulimpa msukumo mkubwa wa kufuata taaluma ya muziki. Mara nyingi amefananishwa na "Mama Africa" wa kisasa. == Marejeo == {{Reflist|30em}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Afrika}} {{BD|1980|}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] 2zjkw2rpog3uatwvck0uxrn9ryjmw1a 0 229301 1529963 1507473 2026-05-02T18:11:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529963 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Roelf Beukes''' ni Luteni Jenerali mstaafu wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. Alijiunga na South African Air Force mwaka 1969 na baadaye akahudumu kama Mkuu wa Jeshi la Anga la Afrika Kusini.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whoswhosa.co.za/roelof-beukes-2289|title=Roelof Beukes|website=Who's Who SA}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist|30em}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika Kusini]] hihzfm15t3i5qj73widmp7zniyothm5 0 229325 1530305 1527379 2026-05-03T05:14:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530305 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abdulmari de Leon Imao, Jr'''. (alizaliwa [[1968]]), akijulikana zaidi kama Toym Leon Imao au Toym Imao, ni mwalimu na msanii wa taswira wa vyombo mbalimbali wa [[Ufilipino]]. Sanaa yake inajulikana kwa kutoa maoni kuhusu hali ya kijamii nchini Ufilipino, pamoja na mwelekeo wake wa utamaduni maarufu.<ref name="DesigningConscience">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.adobomagazine.com/the-magazine/designing-conscience-sculptor-toym-de-leon-imao-reveals-how-to-design-memorials-in-the-era-of-historical-revisionism/|title=Designing Conscience: sculptor Toym de Leon Imao reveals how to design memorials in the era of historical revisionism|date=July 18, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://philippinesgraphic.net/reclaiming-heroes-toym-imao-adds-a-twist-of-bitter-to-true-good-and-beautiful-by-inday-espina-varona/|title=Reclaiming heroes: Toym Imao adds a twist of bitter to true, good and beautiful by Inday Espina-Varona|date=May 12, 2018}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://primer.com.ph/blog/2015/05/15/ayala-museums-openspace-voltes-v-and-the-martial-law-art-ified/|title=Ayala Museum's OpenSpace: Voltes V and the Martial Law Art-ified|publisher=Primer Media Inc.|website=Philippine Primer}}</ref><ref name="KrystenMariann">{{Rejea habari |url=https://inkwellmanila.wordpress.com/2015/12/22/the-sculptor-is-a-storyteller/ |title=The Sculptor is a Storyteller |last=Boado |first=Krysten Mariann |date=2015-12-22 |work=Inkwell Manila |access-date=2019-07-05 |language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1968]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:wasanii wa Ufilipino]] 5rlxir63vmukkdvld9r7fyccdcqjeqx 0 229347 1529893 1513998 2026-05-02T13:50:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529893 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Dr Phyllis-P-Ntantala-Jordan.jpg|thumb|Dr. Phyllis Ntantala-Jordan]] '''Phyllis Ntantala-Jordan''' (alizaliwa kama '''Phyllis Priscilla Ntantala'''; 7 Januari 1920 – 17 Julai 2016) alikuwa mwanaharakati wa kisiasa na mwandishi kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/phyllis-nttantala-jordan-dies-96/|title=Phyllis Ntantala-Jordan dies at 96|work=groundup.org.za|accessdate=4 November 2016}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Yeye na mwanahistoria wa fasihi Archibald Campbell Jordan walikuwa wazazi wa mwanasiasa [[Pallo Jordan]]. == Maisha binafsi == Phyllis Priscilla "Nogqaza" Ntantala alizaliwa tarehe 7 Januari 1920 katika kijiji cha Gqubeni, karibu na Mto Nqabarha, Dutywa, [[Eastern Cape]], Afrika Kusini. Baba yake George Govan Ntantala alikuwa mkulima tajiri na mwanachama wa Baraza Kuu la [[Transkei]] (iBhunga), na mama yake Ida Balfour alikuwa mzao wa jumuiya ya Wakristo wa Kiafrika wa awali iliyoanzishwa na nabii Ntsikana katika karne ya 19.<ref name="Ntantala1">{{cite web| title= RIP Dr Phyllis Ntantala (1920 – 2016)| publisher= Pen South Africa| url=https://pensouthafrica.co.za/rip-dr-phyllis-ntantala-1920-2016/ | accessdate=13 August 2017}}</ref> Ntantala-Jordan alianza shule akiwa na umri wa miaka minne, lakini alipoteza mama yake miezi sita baadaye. Baada ya kumaliza Standard 6 (Darasa la 8) akiwa na miaka 12, alipelekwa Healdtown, na baadaye alipata ufadhili wa Transkeian Bhunga kwenda University of Fort Hare. Alikamilisha diploma ya ualimu mwaka 1937. Mwaka 1939 aliolewa na mwandishi wa lugha ya isiXhosa Archibald Campbell Jordan.<ref name="Ntantala3">{{cite web| title= A Life's Mosaic: The Autobiography of Phyllis Ntantala| publisher= South African History Online| url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/lifes-mosaic-autobiography-phyllis-ntantala-phyllis-ntantala| accessdate=13 August 2017}}</ref> Mwaka 1961 familia yao ilihamia uhamishoni Marekani kutokana na shinikizo la kisiasa la mfumo wa [[apartheid]]. Phyllis Ntantala-Jordan alifariki dunia akiwa na umri wa miaka 96 tarehe 17 Julai 2016 huko [[Michigan]], Marekani, na akazikwa katika Forest Hill Cemetery mjini [[Madison, Wisconsin]].<ref name="Ntantala1" /> == Kazi za kisiasa == Ntantala-Jordan alianza kuhamasika kisiasa alipokuwa mwalimu katika Bantu High School, Kroonstad. Alishiriki katika harakati za kupinga sheria za ubaguzi kama Group Areas Act na Bantu Education Act kupitia chama cha walimu cha Cape African Teachers' Association (CATA).<ref name="Ntantala4">{{cite web| title= A tribute to the late Dr. Phyllis Priscilla Ntantala-Jordan| publisher= University of Cape Town| url=http://www.humanities.uct.ac.za/news/tribute-late-dr-phyllis-priscilla-ntantala-jordan| accessdate=13 August 2017}}</ref> Mwaka 1952 alitoa hotuba katika mkutano mkubwa uliopinga maadhimisho ya Jan van Riebeeck huko Cape Town. Pia aliandika makala kuhusu wanawake wa Kiafrika na maisha ya wajane katika maeneo ya vijijini, ambazo zilichapishwa katika jarida la ''Africa South'' na kutafsiriwa katika lugha mbalimbali.<ref name="Ntantala3" /> Wakati wa hali ya hatari baada ya mauaji ya Sharpeville massacre, mume wake AC Jordan alikamatwa na baadaye familia yao ilihamia uhamishoni Marekani mwaka 1962.<ref name="Ntantala4" /> == Marejeo == <references/> [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1920]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Afrika Kusini]] tl2f4rxlixdur4wfgfotc5557p9byfm 0 229363 1530237 1525487 2026-05-02T22:25:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 7 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530237 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Heba Aly''' ni mwandishi wa habari na mtendaji wa shirika lisilo la kiserikali mwenye asili ya Kanada na Misri.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sudan expels reporter over Darfur, arms: US |url=[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL9290326](https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL9290326) |access-date=16 October 2021 |work=Reuters |date=9 Februari 2009 |language=en}}</ref> Kwa sasa anahudumu kama mkurugenzi wa muungano wa ''Article 109'', uliokuwa ukijulikana awali kama ''UN Charter Reform Coalition''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=24 Septemba 2025|title=Article 109 Coalition launches at UNGA|url=[https://globalchallenges.org/updates/article-109-coalition-launches-at-unga/|access-date=14](https://globalchallenges.org/updates/article-109-coalition-launches-at-unga/|access-date=14) Machi 2026|website=Global Challenges Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Team|url=[https://article109.org/team/|access-date=14](https://article109.org/team/|access-date=14) Machi 2026|website=Article 109}}</ref> Hapo awali alikuwa mkurugenzi mkuu mtendaji (CEO) wa shirika huru la habari lisilo la kibiashara la ''The New Humanitarian'', ambalo zamani lilikuwa mradi wa Ofisi ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya Kuratibu Masuala ya Kibinadamu (OCHA) chini ya jina la Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN). Aliongoza mabadiliko ya shirika hilo kuwa taasisi huru inayojikita katika uandishi wa habari kuhusu migogoro, hususan barani Afrika.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Granger|first=Jacob|date=8 Julai 2021|title=Heba Aly, CEO of The New Humanitarian, on reshaping coverage of the Global South|url=[https://www.journalism.co.uk/podcast/heba-aly-ceo-of-the-new-humanitarian-on-reshaping-coverage-of-the-global-south/s399/a838184/|access-date=6](https://www.journalism.co.uk/podcast/heba-aly-ceo-of-the-new-humanitarian-on-reshaping-coverage-of-the-global-south/s399/a838184/|access-date=6) Oktoba 2021|website=journalism.co.uk}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Herman |first=Marc |date=12 Oktoba 2016 |title=Freed from UN, a 20-year-old news network embraces independence |url=[https://www.cjr.org/business_of_news/un_news_independent.php](https://www.cjr.org/business_of_news/un_news_independent.php) |url-status=live |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20211006163854/https://www.cjr.org/business_of_news/un_news_independent.php](https://web.archive.org/web/20211006163854/https://www.cjr.org/business_of_news/un_news_independent.php) |archive-date=6 Oktoba 2021 |access-date=6 Oktoba 2021 |website=Columbia Journalism Review |language=en}}</ref> Aly alitajwa kuwa mmoja wa viongozi vijana wa kimataifa (Young Global Leaders) mwaka 2018 na Jukwaa la Uchumi Duniani (World Economic Forum).<ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Heba Aly|url=[https://www.weforum.org/people/heba-aly/|access-date=21](https://www.weforum.org/people/heba-aly/|access-date=21) Septemba 2021|website=World Economic Forum|language=en}}</ref> Kazi yake ya uongozi wa umma inahusisha utetezi wa uandishi bora wa habari kuhusu maeneo ya migogoro na masuala ya kibinadamu. Amekuwa mhadhiri katika mikutano ya TEDxChamonix<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Aly|first=Heba|date=Juni 2017|title=Stop eating junk news|url=[https://www.ted.com/talks/heba_aly_stop_eating_junk_news|website=TEDxChamonix}}](https://www.ted.com/talks/heba_aly_stop_eating_junk_news|website=TEDxChamonix}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})</ref> na pia katika PeaceTalks.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Heba Aly – PeaceTalks |url=[https://www.peacetalks.net/pt/heba-aly/](https://www.peacetalks.net/pt/heba-aly/) |access-date=21 Septemba 2021 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Aly alizaliwa mjini Ottawa, Kanada. Alihitimu kwa heshima za juu katika shahada ya Sayansi (B.S.) katika uandishi wa habari na haki za binadamu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Carleton.<ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Heba Aly |url=[https://pulitzercenter.org/people/heba-aly](https://pulitzercenter.org/people/heba-aly) |access-date=21 Septemba 2021 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kazi == Mwanzoni mwa kazi yake, Aly alifanya uandishi wa habari kutoka maeneo yenye migogoro katika Mashariki ya Kati, Afrika na Asia ya Kati.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Interview of Heba Aly, The New Humanitarian, on Peace & Humanitarian|url=[https://genevasolutions.news/peace-humanitarian/interview-of-heba-aly-the-new-humanitarian-on-peace-humanitarian|access-date=21](https://genevasolutions.news/peace-humanitarian/interview-of-heba-aly-the-new-humanitarian-on-peace-humanitarian|access-date=21) Septemba 2021|website=genevasolutions.news|date=4 Machi 2020|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Akiwa mwandishi wa habari, aliripoti kutoka Senegal, Afrika Magharibi na Chad, Afrika ya Kati, akishughulikia maendeleo na migogoro katika Niger, biashara haramu ya watoto nchini Nigeria, ghasia na umaskini nchini Senegal na Guinea-Bissau, mafuriko nchini Ghana, pamoja na wakimbizi waliokimbia makazi yao kutoka Chad na Sudan.<ref name=":2" /> Ripoti zake zimechapishwa na Shirika la Utangazaji la Kanada (CBC), ''The Christian Science Monitor'', na Bloomberg News.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=1 Oktoba 2015 |title=About Us |url=[https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/content/about-us](https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/content/about-us) |access-date=21 Septemba 2021 |website=The New Humanitarian |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kama mtendaji mkuu, mara nyingi hushiriki kama mchambuzi na mhadhiri kuhusu sera za kibinadamu katika mikutano ya serikali na kongamano mbalimbali.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Heba Aly – ONA Community Profile|url=[https://journalists.org/profiles/heba-aly/|access-date=21](https://journalists.org/profiles/heba-aly/|access-date=21) Septemba 2021|website=Online News Association|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tuzo na heshima == Aly alipokea ufadhili kutoka Kituo cha Pulitzer cha Uandishi wa Habari za Migogoro (Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting) kwa kazi yake nchini Sudan kati ya mwaka 2008 hadi 2009.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Ali|first=Wasil|date=11 Februari 2009|title=Canadian journalist recounts days leading to expulsion from Sudan|url=[https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/canadian-journalist-recounts-days-leading-expulsion-sudan|url-status=dead|access-date=21](https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/canadian-journalist-recounts-days-leading-expulsion-sudan|url-status=dead|access-date=21) Septemba 2021|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210921233034/https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/canadian-journalist-recounts-days-leading-expulsion-sudan|archive-date=21](https://web.archive.org/web/20210921233034/https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/canadian-journalist-recounts-days-leading-expulsion-sudan|archive-date=21) Septemba 2021|website=The Sudan Tribune via the Pulitzer Center|language=en}}</ref> Mwaka 2018 alitajwa kuwa mmoja wa Young Global Leaders na World Economic Forum.<ref name=":3" /> Pia alitajwa kuwa miongoni mwa Waafrika 100 wenye ushawishi mkubwa mwaka 2018 na jarida la New African Magazine.<ref name=":3" /> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD| | }} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa habari wa Misri]] ltwsxllhx3tr4x2j34di46gpw6mkhbr 0 229433 1529917 1523975 2026-05-02T15:47:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 5 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529917 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Radwa Fadel El Aswad''' (Kiarabu: رضوى فاضل الأسود), alizaliwa mwaka 1974, ni mwandishi, [[riwaya|mwandishi wa riwaya]] na mkosoaji wa fasihi kutoka [[Misri]]. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Radwa Fadel El Aswad alizaliwa Misri katika eneo la Zeitoun jijini [[Cairo]], tarehe 20 Januari 1974, akiwa mtoto wa kwanza wa mkosoaji, mtafiti na mwandishi wa filamu Fadel El Aswad. Alisoma katika shule ya watawa ya Kikatoliki ''Notre Dame Des Apôtres'' kisha akapata Shahada ya Sanaa (Bachelor of Arts) katika Idara ya Kifaransa, [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ain Shams]] mwaka 1996.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Goodreads author profile|url=[https://www.goodreads.com/radwaaswad](https://www.goodreads.com/radwaaswad) | access-date=2022-10-18| website=[www.goodreads.com](http://www.goodreads.com)}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Idref.fr|url=[https://www.idref.fr/238724018](https://www.idref.fr/238724018) | access-date=2022-10-18| website=[www.idref.fr](http://www.idref.fr)}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Abjjad author profile|url=[https://www.abjjad.com/author/1978236928/رضوى-الاسود](https://www.abjjad.com/author/1978236928/رضوى-الاسود) | access-date=2022-10-18| website=[www.abjjad.com](http://www.abjjad.com)}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Radwa Al-Aswad writes: ‘’I did not plan to write about the Armenians genocide’’ |url=[https://www.maspero.eg/wps/portal/home/radio-and-tv-magazine/culture/details/c97921c4-5bca-4f30-9e58-3ab9d65425c6](https://www.maspero.eg/wps/portal/home/radio-and-tv-magazine/culture/details/c97921c4-5bca-4f30-9e58-3ab9d65425c6) |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=[www.maspero.eg](http://www.maspero.eg) }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kazi == Yeye ni mkosoaji huru wa sanaa na fasihi, na amechapisha makala kadhaa<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Critic article about rasha adly 2022 novel |url=[https://m.akhbarelyom.com/news/newdetails/3895529/1/رضوى-الأسود-تكتب--أنت-تشرق-أنت-تضىء-سلاس](https://m.akhbarelyom.com/news/newdetails/3895529/1/رضوى-الأسود-تكتب--أنت-تشرق-أنت-تضىء-سلاس) |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=m.akhbarelyom.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kuhusu riwaya na vitabu vilivyoshinda tuzo katika magazeti na majarida ya Misri na Kiarabu. == Kazi maarufu == ''Bi-al-ams kuntu mayyitan : ḥikāyah ʻan al-Arman wa-al-Kurd'' | Riwaya <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Bi-al-ams kuntu mayyitan: shoroukbookstores|url=[https://www.shoroukbookstores.com/books/view.aspx?id=1996c7fd-71ba-4ac7-91d8-44f843aec940](https://www.shoroukbookstores.com/books/view.aspx?id=1996c7fd-71ba-4ac7-91d8-44f843aec940) | access-date=2022-10-12|website=[www.shoroukbookstores.com](http://www.shoroukbookstores.com)}}</ref> Ilichapishwa mwaka 2020 na Egyptian-Lebanese Publishing House, ikiwa ni hadithi kuhusu Mauaji ya Kimbari ya Waarmenia pamoja na historia ya [[Wakurdi]]. Riwaya hii inaonesha jinsi siasa zinavyoharibu maisha ya watu na dini, na iliteuliwa kuwania Katara Prize for Arabic Novel. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Author profile page|url[https://www.kataranovels.com/novelist/رضوى-فاضل-عبد-السلام-الأسود/](https://www.kataranovels.com/novelist/رضوى-فاضل-عبد-السلام-الأسود/) | access-date=2022-10-12| website=[www.kataranovels.com](http://www.kataranovels.com)}}</ref> Yeye ni mwandishi wa vitabu viwili na riwaya sita, ambapo baadhi zimeangaziwa katika ‘’Housaper’’ | arevelk.am<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=The novel that hijacked the limelight in the Arab literary community |url=[https://www.arevelk.am/articles/quotbalams-knt-mytaquot-quot-alroay-alty-khtft-aladoaaa-fy-alost-aladby-alaarby](https://www.arevelk.am/articles/quotbalams-knt-mytaquot-quot-alroay-alty-khtft-aladoaaa-fy-alost-aladby-alaarby) |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=[www.arevelk.am](http://www.arevelk.am) }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Love eliminates the differences between Armenians and Kurds |url=[https://www.independentarabia.com/node/202641/ثقافة/الحب-يلغي-الفوارق-بين-الأرمن-والأكراد-ويمحو-صور-القتل](https://www.independentarabia.com/node/202641/ثقافة/الحب-يلغي-الفوارق-بين-الأرمن-والأكراد-ويمحو-صور-القتل) | access-date=2022-10-12| website=[www.independentarabia.com](http://www.independentarabia.com)}}</ref> ni gazeti la kila siku la Kiarabu linalochapishwa Cairo, Misri. Riwaya yake inajulikana kwa simulizi la kihistoria linalohusu Mauaji ya Kimbari ya Waarmenia pamoja na historia ya Wakurdi. == Vitabu == # ''Hafl al-miʼawīyah'' | Riwaya, Bait El-yasmin for publishing, 2010<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Hafl al-miʼawīyah|url=[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/9279162](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/9279162) | access-date=2022-10-12| website=[www.goodreads.com](http://www.goodreads.com)}}</ref> # ''Tashābuk'' | Riwaya, Dar alKitab al arabi for publishing, 2013<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Tashābuk|url=[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/17932595](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/17932595) | access-date=2022-10-12| website=[www.goodreads.com](http://www.goodreads.com)}}</ref> # ''Kullu Hādhā Al-ṣakhkhab'' | Riwaya, Maqam for publishing, 2015<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Kullu Hādhā Al-ṣakhkhab|url=[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/62808027](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/62808027) | access-date=2022-10-12| website=[www.goodreads.com](http://www.goodreads.com)}}</ref> # ''Adyān wa-ṭawāʼif majhūlah : jawhar ghāʼib wa-mafāhīm maghlūṭah'' | Kitabu, Battana for publishing, 2018<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Adyān wa-ṭawāʼif majhūlah : jawhar ghāʼib wa-mafāhīm maghlūṭah|url=[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/43224290](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/43224290) | access-date=2022-10-12| website=[www.goodreads.com](http://www.goodreads.com)}}</ref> # ''Zijzāj'' | Riwaya, Nahdet misr for publishing, 2018<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Zijzāj|url=[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/40697480](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/40697480) | access-date=2022-10-12| website=[www.goodreads.com](http://www.goodreads.com)}}</ref> # ''Bi-al-ams kuntu mayyitan : ḥikāyah ʻan al-Arman wa-al-Kurd'' | Riwaya, [[Egyptian-Lebanese Publishing House]], 2020<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Bi-al-ams kuntu mayyitan : ḥikāyah ʻan al-Arman wa-al-Kurd|url=[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/50999307](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/50999307) | access-date=2022-10-12| website=[www.goodreads.com](http://www.goodreads.com)}}</ref> # ''Sayyid Quṭb : riḥlah bayna ḍifāf usṭūrat al-tanāquḍāt'' | Kitabu Sama for publishing, 2022<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Sayyid Quṭb : riḥlah bayna ḍifāf usṭūrat al-tanāquḍāt l|url=[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/60283034](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/60283034) | access-date=2022-10-12| website=[www.goodreads.com](http://www.goodreads.com)}}</ref> # ''Khedāā Wāhed Momken'' | Riwaya, [[Dar Shorouq]], 2022<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Khedāā Wāhed Momken|url=[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/62709967](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/62709967) | access-date=2022-10-12| website=[www.goodreads.com](http://www.goodreads.com)}}</ref> == Viungo vya nje == *[[https://www.dostor.org/4189190](https://www.dostor.org/4189190) About "Khedāā Wāhed Momken" The novel | Radwa El Aswad writes: ''Men under the weight of mental illness''] *[[https://alarabi.nccal.gov.kw/Home/Article/19127](https://alarabi.nccal.gov.kw/Home/Article/19127){{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Radwa El Aswad writes: "Elif Shafak and the Sufi philosophy of salvation"] *[[https://www.imarabe.org/fr/boutique/produit/bil-ams-kuntu-mayyitan-hikayat-an-al-arman-wal-kurd-bl-ms-knt-myt-hkyt-n-lkrd-w-l](https://www.imarabe.org/fr/boutique/produit/bil-ams-kuntu-mayyitan-hikayat-an-al-arman-wal-kurd-bl-ms-knt-myt-hkyt-n-lkrd-w-l){{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Bil-ams kuntu mayyitan : hikâyat an al arman wal kurd | The novel] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1974|}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Misri]] cxevhw6r0osm20fty5fk487lyrct4n8 0 229442 1529937 1524259 2026-05-02T16:49:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529937 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rehab Bassam''' ni mwanablogu kutoka Misri ambaye alipata umaarufu mwaka 2008 baada ya [[Dar al Shorouk]], mojawapo ya mashirika makubwa ya uchapishaji nchini Misri, kuchapisha mkusanyiko wa machapisho yake ya blogu katika mfumo wa kitabu. Ameendelea kublogu tangu Novemba 2004. == Wasifu == Rehab Bassam ni mhitimu wa [[Kitivo cha Sanaa]] (''Kolleyyat al Aadaab'') akiwa amebobea katika [[lugha ya Kiingereza]]. Alianza kublogu mwaka 2004 kama “changamoto”, kwa maneno yake mwenyewe, baada ya rafiki yake kumcheka mtandaoni kwa kutokuwa na blogu. Baada ya kuona blogu ya rafiki yake, alielewa kuwa blogu ni sehemu ya mtu kuandika kuhusu maisha yake ya kila siku, na akaamua kwamba naye anaweza kufanya hivyo. Siku hiyo hiyo alianzisha blogu yake. Kama mtu aliyekuwa akiandika kwa Kiingereza, machapisho yake ya mwanzo yalikuwa kwa lugha hiyo, lakini baadaye—kwa haraka—alianza kuandika kwa Kiarabu kufikia Septemba 2004. Bassam amewahi kufanya kazi katika utafiti wa masoko, uandishi wa matangazo (copywriting), uhariri, tafsiri, na pia katika uchapishaji wa vitabu vya watoto.<ref>[[http://www.shorouk.com/kids/books/book_details.asp?book_id=439&book=1](http://www.shorouk.com/kids/books/book_details.asp?book_id=439&book=1) Dar El Shorouk – vitabu vya watoto]</ref><ref>[[http://www.dailystaregypt.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=11872](http://www.dailystaregypt.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=11872){{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Daily News Egypt]</ref> == Blogu == Mwaka 2004, Bassam aliingia katika jamii ya blogu za Misri ambayo ilikuwa bado changa wakati huo kupitia blogu yake iitwayo ''Hawadeet'' (neno la lahaja ya Kimisri linalomaanisha “hadithi”), akitumia jina la mtandaoni ''Hadouta'' (“hadithi ndogo”). Blogu yake ilipata umaarufu unaokua polepole. Uandishi wake—ambao unajumuisha hadithi na maandishi ya maisha ya kila siku—umeelezwa na wakosoaji wa ndani kuwa “unavutia, unachekesha na wenye mvuto kutoka kwa vyanzo mbalimbali vya ushawishi”,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[http://www.yallabina.com/Events/EventInfo.aspx?EID=1105&T=2&CityId=1|title=Yallabina](http://www.yallabina.com/Events/EventInfo.aspx?EID=1105&T=2&CityId=1|title=Yallabina) – Mwandishi mwanablogu aliyevaa waridi}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> “wa moja kwa moja”, wenye “uwezo mkubwa wa kifasihi”, “ulioandikwa kwa mtindo mzuri”,na “unaovutia sana”. == Kazi == * ''Rice Pudding for Two'' (2008) — ''Arz bil-Laban li Shakhsayn'' == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1977|}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Misri]] qvlqhiz6m8t86gvpov3jlnv8yr29e79 0 229450 1529916 1523974 2026-05-02T15:44:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529916 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Radwa Ashour''' (26 Mei 1946 – 30 Novemba 2014) alikuwa mwandishi wa riwaya kutoka Misri.<ref>{{cite web|url=[http://penatlas.org/online/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=117&Itemid=16|title=The](http://penatlas.org/online/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=117&Itemid=16|title=The) English Pen Online World Atlas – Radwa Ashour|publisher=Penatlas.org|date=31 May 2008|accessdate=29 January 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120318131211/http://penatlas.org/online/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=117&Itemid=16|archivedate=18](https://web.archive.org/web/20120318131211/http://penatlas.org/online/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=117&Itemid=16|archivedate=18) March 2012}}</ref> == Maisha == Ashour alizaliwa katika eneo la El-Manial, Misri, akiwa binti wa Mustafa Ashour, mwanasheria na mpenda fasihi, na Mai Azzam, mshairi na msanii.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gikandi, Simon|title=Encyclopedia of African Literature|publisher=Taylor & Francis|place=London|year=2003|isbn=978-1-134-58223-5|pages=44–46}}</ref> Alipata shahada ya kwanza (BA) kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Cairo mwaka 1967. Mwaka 1972 alipata shahada ya uzamili (MA) katika fasihi linganishi kutoka chuo hicho hicho. Mwaka 1975 alipata shahada ya uzamivu (PhD) katika fasihi ya Waamerika Weusi kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Massachusetts Amherst.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=[https://www.aljadid.com/content/radwa-ashour-1946-2014|title=Radwa](https://www.aljadid.com/content/radwa-ashour-1946-2014|title=Radwa) Ashour (1946-2014): A Literary, Cultural and Political Activist Icon, Echoing in Egypt's Valley|magazine=Al Jadid|year=2015|volume=19|number=68}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tasnifu yake iliitwa ''The Search for a Black Poetics: A Study of Afro-American Critical Writings''.<ref>Ashour, Radwa M. 1979. The Search for a Black Poetics: a study of Afro-American critical writings. Thesis—University of Massachusetts.</ref> Aliwahi kufundisha katika Chuo Kikuu cha Ain Shams, Cairo. Kati ya mwaka 1969 na 1980 alijikita zaidi katika masomo, kulea mtoto wake na kushiriki katika harakati za kijamii. Aliolewa na mshairi wa Kipalestina Mourid Barghouti mwaka 1970, na mwaka 1977 walipata mtoto wao, mshairi Tamim al-Barghouti. Mwaka huo huo, mume wake alifukuzwa Misri na kupelekwa Hungary, jambo lililosababisha familia hiyo kuishi kwa kutengana kwa muda huku wakifanya ziara za mara kwa mara.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://arablit.org/2014/12/01/beloved-egyptian-novelist-radwa-ashour/|title=Beloved](https://arablit.org/2014/12/01/beloved-egyptian-novelist-radwa-ashour/|title=Beloved) Egyptian Novelist Radwa Ashour, 1946–2014|date=1 December 2014|website=ArabLit|accessdate=7 October 2019}}</ref> Kuanzia 1990 hadi 1993, alikuwa mkuu wa Idara ya Lugha ya Kiingereza na Fasihi katika Kitivo cha Sanaa cha Chuo Kikuu cha Ain Shams. Pia aliendelea kufundisha na kusimamia tafiti za wanafunzi wa shahada za uzamili.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Radwa Ashour obituary|url=[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/dec/08/radwa-ashour|access-date=2024-02-17}}](https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/dec/08/radwa-ashour|access-date=2024-02-17}})</ref> Mwanzoni mwa milenia ya tatu, alirejea katika uhakiki wa fasihi, akachapisha kazi mbalimbali na kushiriki katika ''Encyclopedia of the Arabic Writer'' (2004), pamoja na kusimamia tafsiri ya sehemu ya tisa ya ''Cambridge Encyclopedia of Literary Criticism'' (2005).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=رضوى عاشور: الروايات كالعفاريت تظهر في أي وقت|url=[https://www.albayan.ae/paths/art/2012-07-01-1.1679380|access-date=2024-02-17}}](https://www.albayan.ae/paths/art/2012-07-01-1.1679380|access-date=2024-02-17}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})</ref> Kati ya mwaka 1999 na 2012 alichapisha riwaya nne na mkusanyo mmoja wa hadithi fupi, zikiwemo ''Tanturia'' (2011). Mwaka 2007 alitunukiwa Tuzo ya Kimataifa ya Fasihi ya Constantine Cavafy nchini Ugiriki. Mwaka 2008 alichapisha tafsiri ya Kiingereza ya diwani ya mashairi ya Mourid Barghouti yenye jina ''Midnight and Other Poems''. Alifariki tarehe 30 Novemba 2014 baada ya kuugua kwa muda mrefu.<ref>{{cite news|date=1 December 2014|accessdate=7 October 2019|url=[http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/18/116873/Books/Egyptian-writer-Radwa-Ashour-dies-at-.aspx|title=Egyptian](http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/18/116873/Books/Egyptian-writer-Radwa-Ashour-dies-at-.aspx|title=Egyptian) writer Radwa Ashour dies at 68|publisher=ahram.org.eg}}</ref> == Kazi za kitaaluma na kijamii == Alikuwa mwanachama hai wa mashirika mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na: * Kamati ya Kulinda Utamaduni wa Taifa * Kamati ya Kitaifa ya Kupinga Uzayuni katika Vyuo Vikuu vya Misri * Kundi la Machi 9 la uhuru wa vyuo vikuu Pia alishiriki katika kamati za tuzo na tathmini za kitaaluma, kama: * Kamati ya Tuzo za Kitaifa za Motisha * Kamati ya Kudumu ya Baraza Kuu la Utamaduni * Kamati ya Historia ya Baraza Kuu la Utamaduni == Heshima == Mnamo tarehe 26 Mei 2018, Google Doodle iliadhimisha kumbukumbu ya miaka 72 ya kuzaliwa kwake.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://doodles.google/doodle/radwa-ashours-72nd-birthday/|title=Radwa](https://doodles.google/doodle/radwa-ashours-72nd-birthday/|title=Radwa) Ashour's 72nd Birthday}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kazi zake == * ''The Journey: Memoirs of an Egyptian Student in America'' (1983) * ''Warm Stone'' (1985) * ''Khadija and Sawsan'' (1989) * ''I Saw the Date Palms'' (Hadithi fupi, 1989) * ''Siraj'' * ''Granada'' * ''Specters'' * ''Al-Tantouria'' (2010) * ''Blue Lorries'' (2014) * ''Athqal Min Radwa'' (2013) * ''Faraj'' === Kama mhariri === * ''Encyclopaedia of Arab Women Writers, 1873–1999'' == Tuzo == * 1994: Riwaya ya ''Granada Trilogy'' ilishinda tuzo ya Maonesho ya Kimataifa ya Vitabu ya Cairo * 1995: ''Granada Trilogy'' ilishinda tuzo ya Maonesho ya Kwanza ya Vitabu vya Wanawake Waarabu mjini Cairo * 2007: Tuzo ya Fasihi ya Constantine Cavafy * 2011: Tuzo ya Al Owais == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1946|2014}} [[Jamii:Mashindano ya uandishi wa makala za haki za binadamu]] 1g6nhedk200dfvhp5uvxrqzrvolm7zi 0 229459 1530210 1525005 2026-05-02T19:54:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530210 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Salwa Bakr''' (alizaliwa mwaka 1949) ni mkosoaji wa fasihi, mwandishi wa riwaya na mwandishi wa hadithi kutoka Misri.<ref name=mende>{{cite web |url=[http://en.qantara.de/The-Voice-of-the-Marginalized/19889c21261i1p501/index.html](http://en.qantara.de/The-Voice-of-the-Marginalized/19889c21261i1p501/index.html) |title=The Voice of the Marginalized |author=Claudia Mende |date=September 24, 2012 |work=Quantara.de |accessdate=September 24, 2012}} Profile of the Egyptian Writer Salwa Bakr</ref> Ameandika vitabu saba vya hadithi fupi (ikiwemo ''The Wiles of Men'', AUC Press, 1997), riwaya saba, na tamthilia moja. Kazi zake zimetafsiriwa katika lugha tisa na zimepata kutambuliwa kimataifa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Salwa Bakr |url=[https://hoopoefiction.com/hoopoe-author/salwa-bakr/](https://hoopoefiction.com/hoopoe-author/salwa-bakr/) |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=Hoopoe |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Wasifu == Alizaliwa katika wilaya ya El Matareya, Cairo|Matariyya jijini [[Cairo]] mwaka 1949. Baba yake alikuwa mfanyakazi wa reli. Alisoma masomo ya biashara katika Ain Shams University na kupata shahada ya kwanza (BA) mwaka 1972. Baadaye alipata shahada nyingine ya kwanza katika uhakiki wa fasihi mwaka 1976, kabla ya kuanza kazi ya uandishi wa habari. Alifanya kazi kama mkosoaji wa filamu na tamthilia katika magazeti na majarida mbalimbali ya Kiarabu. Bakr aliishi Cyprus kwa miaka kadhaa pamoja na mume wake kabla ya kurejea Misri katikati ya miaka ya 1980. Baba yake alifariki mapema, na kumuacha mama yake akiwa mjane maskini. Kazi zake nyingi hushughulikia maisha ya watu maskini na waliotengwa katika jamii.<ref>{{cite web |url=[http://arabwomenwriters.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57&Itemid=58](http://arabwomenwriters.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57&Itemid=58) |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110913003302/http://arabwomenwriters.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57&Itemid=58](https://web.archive.org/web/20110913003302/http://arabwomenwriters.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57&Itemid=58) |url-status=usurped |archive-date=September 13, 2011 |title=Salwa Bakr |work=Arab Women Writers |accessdate=September 24, 2012}}</ref> Mkosoaji wa fasihi wa Serbia, Srpko Leštarić, aliandika kuwa: “Sehemu ya umaarufu wa Salwa Bakr unatokana na kuwa nguvu pinzani dhidi ya sauti za kihafidhina zinazopinga kazi zake kwa sababu zinahisi kutishiwa nazo.”<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://arablit.org/2018/08/06/10-arabic-short-stories-by-women/|title=Selected](https://arablit.org/2018/08/06/10-arabic-short-stories-by-women/|title=Selected): 10 Arabic Short Stories by Women, in Translation, Online|last=Qualey|first=M Lynx|date=2018-08-06|website=ArabLit - Arabic Literature and Translation|language=en|access-date=2019-10-18}}</ref> Kwa namna ya kipekee, kazi zake nyingi huangazia matatizo ya wanawake wa tabaka mbalimbali katika jamii ya Misri, kama inavyoonekana katika hadithi za wafungwa wanawake katika riwaya yake ''The Golden Chariot''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262826053|title=A](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262826053|title=A) New Language: Salwa Bakr on Depicting Egyptian Women's Worlds|last=Seymour-Jorn|first=Caroline|access-date=2019-10-18}}</ref> Mwaka 1985 alichapisha mkusanyo wake wa kwanza wa hadithi fupi, ''Zinat at the President's Funeral'', ambao ulipata mafanikio makubwa mara moja. Tangu wakati huo amechapisha mikusanyo mingine kadhaa ya hadithi fupi na riwaya. Riwaya yake ya kwanza ilichapishwa mwaka 1993 kwa jina ''Wasf al-Bulbul'' (''Maelezo ya Bulbul''). == Tafsiri == Baadhi ya vitabu na hadithi za Bakr zimetafsiriwa katika lugha mbalimbali za Ulaya, zikiwemo Kiingereza, Kijerumani, Kihispania, Kifaransa na Kipolandi. Kazi zake zimechapishwa katika jarida la ''Banipal'', ''Words Without Borders'', pamoja na makusanyo mbalimbali ya hadithi kwa Kiingereza.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.arabworldbooks.com/authors/salwa_bakr.htm|title=Salwa](https://www.arabworldbooks.com/authors/salwa_bakr.htm|title=Salwa) Bakr|website=[www.arabworldbooks.com|access-date=2019-10-18](http://www.arabworldbooks.com|access-date=2019-10-18)}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tafsiri muhimu za kazi zake kwa Kiingereza ni pamoja na: * ''The Man from Bashmour'', American University in Cairo Press, 2007 – imetafsiriwa na [[Nancy N. Roberts|Nancy Roberts]] * ''The Golden Chariot'', American University in Cairo Press, 2008 – imetafsiriwa na [[Dinah Manisty]] * ''The Wiles of Men and Other Stories'', University of Texas Press, 1993 – imetafsiriwa na [[Denys Johnson-Davies]] * ''Such a Beautiful Voice'', General Egyptian Book Organization, 1992 – imetafsiriwa na [[Hoda El Sadda]] == Tuzo na tathmini == Riwaya ''The Man from Bashmour'' ilitajwa kuwa mojawapo ya riwaya 100 bora za Kiarabu na [[Arabic Writers' Union]].<ref>{{cite web |url=[http://arablit.wordpress.com/tag/salwa-bakr/](http://arablit.wordpress.com/tag/salwa-bakr/) |title=Best 100 Arabic Books (According to the Arab Writers Union) |work=Arabic Literature (In English) |date=May 7, 2010 |accessdate=September 24, 2012}}</ref> Mwaka 1993 alipokea tuzo ya Kijerumani ya fasihi ya [[Deutsche Welle Prize for Literature]].<ref name=mende/> Licha ya kuwa na idadi ndogo ya riwaya na mikusanyo ya hadithi fupi, anaheshimiwa sana katika duru za fasihi za Kiarabu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://aljadid.com/content/novelist-salwa-bakr-dares-say-it-aloud|title=Novelist](https://aljadid.com/content/novelist-salwa-bakr-dares-say-it-aloud|title=Novelist) Salwa Bakr Dares to Say it Aloud on Revolution's Successes and Failures {{!}} Al Jadid|website=aljadid.com|access-date=2019-10-18}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1949|}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Misri]] 7yq09jdkkbhj3l8iy7rf8yo9j09iuht 0 229462 1530206 1524898 2026-05-02T19:15:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530206 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Safaa Fathy''' (amezaliwa tarehe 17 Julai 1958) ni mshairi, mtengenezaji wa filamu za kumbukumbu, mwandishi wa tamthilia na mwandishi wa insha kutoka Misri. Anajulikana zaidi kwa filamu yake ''Derrida's Elsewhere'', ambayo ni filamu ya kumbukumbu inayochunguza maisha na mawazo ya mwanafalsafa mwenye utata [[Jacques Derrida]]. == Maisha ya awali na kazi == Fathy alizaliwa [[Minya, Egypt|Minya]] katika Misri ya Juu tarehe 17 Julai 1958. Alisoma fasihi ya Kiingereza mjini [[Cairo]]. Akiwa nchini Misri, alishiriki katika harakati za wanafunzi, lakini baadaye aliondoka nchini na kuhamia Paris mwaka 1981. Mwaka 1987, alikuwa msaidizi wa mkurugenzi katika [[Deutsches Theater (Berlin)|Deutsches Theater]] iliyoko [[Berlin Mashariki]]. Mwaka 1990 alifanya kazi pamoja na [[Heiner Muller]].<ref name=Hillauer>{{cite book|last1=Hillauer|first1=Rebecca|title=Encyclopedia of Arab women filmmakers.|url=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaarab00hill|url-access=limited|date=2005|publisher=American](https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaarab00hill|url-access=limited|date=2005|publisher=American) University in Cairo Press|location=Cairo, Egypt|isbn=9789774162688|pages=[[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaarab00hill/page/n77](https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaarab00hill/page/n77) 72]–80}}</ref> Alikamilisha tasnifu yake ya udaktari katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Paris (Sorbonne)|Sorbonne]] mwaka 1993,<ref name=Fathy>{{cite web|title=Safaa Fathy|url=[http://safaafathy.org/en/|website=Safaa](http://safaafathy.org/en/|website=Safaa) Fathy|accessdate=28 December 2015}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ambapo utafiti wake ulihusu [[Bertolt Brecht]]. Kabla ya kuwa mtengenezaji wa filamu, alifanya kazi kama mkurugenzi wa jukwaa la maigizo.<ref name=Hillauer /> Kwa sasa anahudumu kama mkurugenzi wa programu katika [[Collège international de philosophie|Chuo cha Kimataifa cha Falsafa]] mjini Paris.<ref name=Fathy /> Katika mahojiano yanayochunguza namna Fathy anavyotumia uhariri wa filamu kujenga simulizi zake—ikiwemo uchaguzi wa kasi, upangaji wa vipande na matumizi ya kumbukumbu za picha—dhana ya “kukata” pia inaelezea jinsi anavyokabiliana na majeraha ya kihistoria na mgawanyiko wa kumbukumbu.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea jarida |last=Fathy |first=Safaa |date=2008-01-01 |title=Cutting and Film Cutting/Ashes An Interview with Chantal Zabus |url=[https://brill.com/view/journals/mata/37/1/article-p219_12.xml](https://brill.com/view/journals/mata/37/1/article-p219_12.xml) |journal=Matatu |language=en |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=219–233 |doi=10.1163/9789042030619_012 |issn=1875-7421|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Kazi teule == === Ushairi === ==== Mkusanyiko wa mashairi ==== *''Revolution goes through walls'' – mkusanyiko kwa Kiarabu, pia umetafsiriwa kwa Kiingereza na Kifaransa *''A name to the sea'' *''Al Haschiche'' – kitabu cha mashairi kinachoambatana na filamu ya kishairi ''Hidden Valley'' *''…où ne pas naître'' – mkusanyiko wa lugha mbili (Kiarabu na Kifaransa) *''Little Wooden Dolls'' *''حيث لا نولد'' (imetolewa kwa Kiingereza kama ''Where Not to Be Born'', 2024) ==== Katika machapisho ya pamoja ==== *''Ma langue est mon territoire'', Paris *''Anthology of Contemporary Arab Women Poets''<ref>{{cite book|last1=Handal|first1=Nathalie|title=The poetry of Arab women : a contemporary anthology|date=2001|publisher=Interlink Books|location=New York|isbn=9781566563741|url-access=registration|url=[https://archive.org/details/poetryofarabwome00nath}}](https://archive.org/details/poetryofarabwome00nath}})</ref> === Tamthilia === *''Ordalie; Terreur'' (2004) === Vitabu === *''Tourner les mots'' (kwa ushirikiano na [[Jacques Derrida]])<ref>{{cite book|last1=Derrida|first1=Jacques|last2=Fathy|first2=Safaa|title=Tourner les mots : au bord d'un film|date=2000|location=Paris|isbn=9782718605401}}</ref> : Kitabu hiki kinajadili uzoefu wao katika utengenezaji wa filamu ''Derrida's Elsewhere'', pamoja na uhusiano kati ya sinema na lugha. === Insha na maandishi mengine === ==== Kuhusu falsafa na siasa ==== *''L’aporie of lui'' (2006) *''Un(e) spectre nommé(e) « avenir »'' (2005) *''Derrida, metteur en scène ou acteur'' (2004) *''Transparence du Halal, transgression du Haram'' (2002) ==== Kuhusu ushairi, maigizo na sinema ==== *''hôra/Luz y desierto. Revelación de lo oscuro'' (2010) *''Hisser les voiles: Odyssée féminine à travers la Méditerranée'' (1999) *''Dissidences et dissonances. Cartographie d'une poésie égyptienne'' (1998) *''Exil'' (1993) == Filamu teule == === Filamu za kumbukumbu === *''Mohammad Saved from the Waters'' *''Dardasha Socotra'' *''D'ailleurs, Derrida'' *''Maxime Rodinson: l'Athée des Dieux'' *''Ghazeia, danseuses d'Egypte'' *''Hidden Faces'' === Filamu za kubuni === *''Nom à la mer'' *''Silence'' *''Doisneau'' == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1958|}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Misri]] l3on06qfb700s6vcnz2f47hnsxghukm 0 229506 1530172 1507755 2026-05-02T19:06:43Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530172 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Álvaro Ginés Hernández Sánchez''' (amezaliwa [[15 Machi]], [[2005]]) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye anacheza kama [[mshambuliaji]] katika klabu ya Real Madrid C. ==Kazi ya klabu== Ginés alikuwa mchezaji wa akademia ya [[vijana]] wa Ciudad Jardín EF na FC Cartagena|Cartagena kabla ya kujiunga na mfumo wa vijana wa Real Madrid CF mwaka 2020. Akiwa mshambuliaji mwenye uwezo mkubwa wa kufunga mabao, amefunga zaidi ya mabao 100 katika timu za vijana tangu alipojiunga na Real Madrid.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://as.com/futbol/2022/03/26/primera/1648312440_740646.html|title=Álvaro Ginés, el 'nueve' que viene|first=Carlos|last=Forjanes|date=26 March 2022|website=Diario AS}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/ng-interactive/2022/sep/28/next-generation-2022-60-of-the-best-young-talents-in-world-football|title=Next Generation 2022: 60 of the best young talents in world football|first1=Marcus|last1=Christenson|first2=Steven|last2=Bloor|first3=Garry|last3=Blight|date=28 September 2022|accessdate=28 September 2022|work=The Guardian}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|2005|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]] gv5xnn2z9cu7xhj33bsr36617e7lrmq 0 229560 1530158 1507825 2026-05-02T19:04:33Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530158 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Heng Mok Zung''' (alizaliwa [[1978]]), anajulikana zaidi kama Zung, ni mpiga picha kutoka nchini [[Malaysia]].<ref name = TatlerAsia>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://my.asiatatler.com/society/zung-the-photoz-ninja-photographer-on-candid-shots-selfie-tips|title=Zung of The Photoz: the 'ninja photographer' on candid shots and selfie tips|last=|first=|date=|website=Malaysia Tatler|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203100304/https://my.asiatatler.com/society/zung-the-photoz-ninja-photographer-on-candid-shots-selfie-tips|archive-date=Dec 3, 2019|access-date=}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1978]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:wasanii wa Malaysia]] dlm4py9syt3pdq11o4mycse1r4o4tmq 0 229564 1529913 1523954 2026-05-02T15:30:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 4 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529913 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rachel J''' (aliyezaliwa '''Rachel Jambaya''') ni msanii wa muziki, mtangazaji wa televisheni na mfanyabiashara kutoka [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.herald.co.zw/rachel-j-breaks-silence/|title=Rachel](https://www.herald.co.zw/rachel-j-breaks-silence/|title=Rachel) J breaks silence|website=The Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.zimbojam.com/behold-rachel-j-the-new-trendsetter/|title=Behold](https://www.zimbojam.com/behold-rachel-j-the-new-trendsetter/|title=Behold) Rachel J, the new trendsetter!|date=28 Septemba 2018}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://dailynews.co.zw/you-are-your-own-motivator-rachel-j-tells-women/|title=You](https://dailynews.co.zw/you-are-your-own-motivator-rachel-j-tells-women/|title=You) are your own motivator, Rachel J tells women|website=Daily News}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Historia == Rachel J alizaliwa katika mji wa [[Kwekwe]] uliopo katika mkoa wa Midlands nchini Zimbabwe, kisha akalelewa katika mji wa [[Gweru]] ambako alipata elimu yake ya awali.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.herald.co.zw/i-am-not-a-slay-queen-rachel-j/|title=I](https://www.herald.co.zw/i-am-not-a-slay-queen-rachel-j/|title=I) am not a slay queen: Rachel J|website=The Herald}}</ref> Alianza kazi yake ya muziki mwaka 2016 alipotoa albamu yake ya kwanza iitwayo ''Triumph'', ambayo ilikuwa ya muziki wa injili na aliitoa kama heshima kwa bibi yake. Baada ya hapo, alianza kutoa nyimbo mbalimbali kuanzia mwaka 2018, ikiwemo wimbo wa afro-fusion uitwao ''Makwikwi''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.herald.co.zw/rachel-j-launches-single-in-style/|title=Rachel](https://www.herald.co.zw/rachel-j-launches-single-in-style/|title=Rachel) J launches single in style|website=The Herald}}</ref> Wimbo huo ulipata umaarufu mkubwa kwenye vituo vya redio nchini Zimbabwe na ukaingia kwenye chati za muziki kwa wiki kadhaa. Mafanikio hayo yalipelekea kutolewa kwa toleo jipya la wimbo huo liitwalo ''Makwikwi Reloaded'', katika mtindo wa dancehall, likiwashirikisha wasanii kama [[Soul Jah Love]], Sniper Storm na Lady Squanda mnamo Desemba 2018.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://youthvillage.co.zw/sport-entertainment/watch-rachel-j-makwikwi-music-video/|title=Watch](https://youthvillage.co.zw/sport-entertainment/watch-rachel-j-makwikwi-music-video/|title=Watch): Rachel J Makwikwi Music Video|date=23 Septemba 2018|website=Youth Village Zimbabwe}}</ref> Mwaka 2019, alitoa wimbo wa jazzi uitwao ''Njiva'' kwa kushirikiana na Dereck Mpofu, ukafuatiwa na ''Bada Boom'' uliomshirikisha Roki pamoja na ''Ngoro'' uliomshirikisha Enzo Ishall.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.hmetro.co.zw/rachel-j-enzo-ishall-release-video-today/|title=Rachel](https://www.hmetro.co.zw/rachel-j-enzo-ishall-release-video-today/|title=Rachel) J, Enzo Ishall release video today|website=H-Metro}}</ref> Wimbo ''Ngoro'' ulizua utata nchini Zimbabwe na hata kupigwa marufuku kurushwa kwenye baadhi ya vituo vya redio.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://youthvillage.co.zw/news/rachel-j-and-enzo-ishalls-song-ngoro-banned-on-radio/|title=Rachel](https://youthvillage.co.zw/news/rachel-j-and-enzo-ishalls-song-ngoro-banned-on-radio/|title=Rachel) J and Enzo Ishall's song "Ngoro" banned on radio|date=27 Desemba 2019|website=Youth Village Zimbabwe}}</ref> Mwezi Aprili 2020, Rachel J alitoa wimbo mwingine wa injili uitwao ''Hallelujah'' ambao pia ulifanya vizuri kwenye redio na televisheni.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://dailynews.co.zw/rachel-j-opens-up-in-new-song/|title=Rachel](https://dailynews.co.zw/rachel-j-opens-up-in-new-song/|title=Rachel) J opens up in new song|website=Daily News}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mwaka 2021 alitoa wimbo wa afro-fusion ''Strong Black Man'' uliomshirikisha Novi Keys, na mwaka 2022 alitoa ''Fambai Mberi''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.zimmorningpost.com/rachel-j-bounces-back/|title=Rachel](https://www.zimmorningpost.com/rachel-j-bounces-back/|title=Rachel) J bounces back|date=28 Novemba 2021}}</ref> Mbali na muziki, Rachel J pia ametambuliwa katika tasnia ya mitindo na burudani. Mwaka 2018 alitunukiwa tuzo ya Mwanamke Mrembo Bora nchini Zimbabwe katika tuzo za Zimbabwe Models Awards.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[http://www.zekeymedia.com/8/post/2019/12/the-most-beautiful-woman-in-zimbabwe-rachel-j-and-enzo-ishall-ngoro.html|title=The](http://www.zekeymedia.com/8/post/2019/12/the-most-beautiful-woman-in-zimbabwe-rachel-j-and-enzo-ishall-ngoro.html|title=The) Most Beautiful Woman in Zimbabwe Rachel J and Enzo Ishall - Ngoro|website=ZEKEY MEDIA}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mwaka 2022 aliteuliwa katika kipengele cha Mwanamke Maarufu Mwenye Mtindo Bora katika tuzo za Zimbabwe Fashion Awards.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.herald.co.zw/zim-fashion-awards-nominees-out/|title=Zim](https://www.herald.co.zw/zim-fashion-awards-nominees-out/|title=Zim) Fashion Awards nominees out|website=The Herald}}</ref> Mwaka 2021, Rachel J alichapisha wasifu wa kwanza wa rais wa Zimbabwe [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]] uitwao ''A Life of Sacrifice''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.sundaynews.co.zw/president-mnangagwas-biography-launched/|title=President](https://www.sundaynews.co.zw/president-mnangagwas-biography-launched/|title=President) Mnangagwa's biography launched|website=The Sunday News}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.newsday.co.zw/2021/08/ed-launches-his-first-ever-biography/|title=ED](https://www.newsday.co.zw/2021/08/ed-launches-his-first-ever-biography/|title=ED) launches his first-ever biography|date=5 Agosti 2021|website=NewsDay Zimbabwe}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Zimbabwe]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Zimbabwe]] 3irng3ma71z3wz0nnxxyvhdjm3tjvv5 0 229568 1530293 1507834 2026-05-03T04:34:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530293 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Timothy James Brauteseth''' ni mchunguzi wa kitaalamu wa masuala ya uhalifu (forensic investigator) na mwanasiasa wa [[Afrika Kusini]] kutoka KwaZulu-Natal. Ni mwanachama wa chama cha Democratic Alliance (DA), na amehudumu kama mjumbe wa kudumu katika Baraza la Kitaifa la Mikoa (National Council of Provinces) tangu Mei 2019.<ref name="Parl">{{cite web|title=Mr Timothy James Brauteseth|url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/416|website=Parliament of South Africa|accessdate=27 October 2020}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kabla ya hapo, alikuwa Mbunge wa Bunge la Taifa la Afrika Kusini kuanzia Mei 2014 hadi Mei 2019.<ref name="News24">{{cite news|last1=Gerber|first1=Jan|title=Some of the new faces in Parliament's 'Shady Pines', the NCOP|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/some-of-the-new-faces-in-parliaments-shady-pines-the-ncop-20190524|accessdate=27 October 2020|newspaper=News24|date=24 May 2019}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika Kusini]] bbepdmxkaisyn7c7xdq6z8uusksq0et 0 229586 1530230 1507856 2026-05-02T21:47:10Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530230 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Selmor Mtukudzi''' ni mwanamuziki na mwigizaji kutoka [[Zimbabwe]]. Ni binti wa marehemu gwiji wa muziki wa Zimbabwe na shujaa wa taifa, [[Oliver Mtukudzi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2019/03/31/selmor-silences-critics/](https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2019/03/31/selmor-silences-critics/)|title=Selmor silences critics|date=31 March 2019}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.zimeye.net/2019/03/23/selmor-mtukudzi-breaks-down-as-she-speaks-on-the-aftermath-of-tukus-death/](https://www.zimeye.net/2019/03/23/selmor-mtukudzi-breaks-down-as-she-speaks-on-the-aftermath-of-tukus-death/) |title=Selmor Mtukudzi Breaks Down As She Speaks On The Aftermath Of Tuku's Death - ZimEy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/selmor-mtukudzi-0](https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/selmor-mtukudzi-0) |title=Selmor Mtukudzi |date=26 April 2017|website=Music In Africa}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Selmor Mtukudzi ni mtoto wa pili wa [[Oliver Mtukudzi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=[https://www.zimetro.co.zw/selmor-mtukudzi-i/](https://www.zimetro.co.zw/selmor-mtukudzi-i/) |title=Selmor Mtukudzi: I'm not riding on my father's fame |first=Lucky |last=Mahorse |date=14 May 2019 |access-date=23 May 2019 |archive-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190715101131/https://www.zimetro.co.zw/selmor-mtukudzi-i/](https://web.archive.org/web/20190715101131/https://www.zimetro.co.zw/selmor-mtukudzi-i/) |url-status=dead }}</ref> na Melody Murape<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.newsday.co.zw/2019/04/selmor-anointed-by-tuku-melody/|title=Selmor](https://www.newsday.co.zw/2019/04/selmor-anointed-by-tuku-melody/|title=Selmor) 'anointed' by Tuku: Melody|date=8 April 2019|access-date=23 May 2019|archive-date=15 April 2025|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20250415202837/https://www.newsday.co.zw/2019/04/selmor-anointed-by-tuku-melody|url-status=dead}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20250415202837/https://www.newsday.co.zw/2019/04/selmor-anointed-by-tuku-melody|url-status=dead}})</ref>, na alizaliwa katika jiji la [[Harare]]. Wazazi wake walitengana alipokuwa na umri wa miaka mitatu tu. == Kazi == Kazi ya Selmor ilianza akiwa na umri wa miaka 10 aliposhiriki katika tamthilia za ndani za [[ZBC TV]] na pia kuimba nyimbo za filamu na kuigiza katika filamu iitwayo “I am the future”, iliyoneshwa katika kumbi za sinema za nchini humo. Mwaka 2008, Selmor alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza iitwayo ''Shungu''. Albamu hiyo ilimsaidia kujitambulisha kama msanii wa kujitegemea, baada ya awali kufanya kazi na wasanii mbalimbali. Baadaye alitoa albamu mbili za pamoja na mume wake, mwanamuziki Tendai Manatsa (mtoto wa mwanamuziki mashuhuri wa Zimbabwe, Zexie Manatsa), ambazo ni ''Selmor and Tendai Live'' (2011), iliyorekodiwa moja kwa moja katika ukumbi wa 7 Arts Theatre jijini Harare, na ''Ndinewe (I'm With You)'' (2012). Albamu yake ya nne, ''Expressions'' (2013), ilipata mafanikio makubwa, huku wimbo wake “Nguva Yangu” ukiteuliwa katika tuzo za NAMA Awards na ZIMA Awards<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.herald.co.zw/selmor-to-don-elephant-dress-at-zima/](https://www.herald.co.zw/selmor-to-don-elephant-dress-at-zima/) |title=Selmor to don 'Elephant Dress' at ZIMA|first=The|last=Herald|website=The Herald}}</ref> na kushinda tuzo za African Entertainment Awards USA pamoja na tuzo ya Zimbabwe Chamber of Commerce — WECA. Mwaka 2015 alitoa albamu yake ya tano ''I Am Woman'', ambapo wimbo “Zvidikidiki” ulishinda tuzo za NAMA Awards pamoja na African Entertainment Awards USA,<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.newsday.co.zw/2015/11/selmor-mtukudzi-scoops-african-entertainment-award/|title=Selmor](https://www.newsday.co.zw/2015/11/selmor-mtukudzi-scoops-african-entertainment-award/|title=Selmor) Mtukudzi scoops African Entertainment Award|first=Tinotenda|last=Samukang e|date=11 November 2015|access-date=23 May 2019|archive-date=16 April 2025|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20250416063020/https://www.newsday.co.zw/2015/11/selmor-mtukudzi-scoops-african-entertainment-award|url-status=dead}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20250416063020/https://www.newsday.co.zw/2015/11/selmor-mtukudzi-scoops-african-entertainment-award|url-status=dead}})</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.herald.co.zw/selmor-celebrates-international-award/|title=Selmor](https://www.herald.co.zw/selmor-celebrates-international-award/|title=Selmor) celebrates international award |website=The Herald}}</ref> na pia kuteuliwa katika vipengele vya ZIMA Best Video of the Year na ZIWA UK Best Female Artist of the Year.<ref>{{cite web |url=[https://www.sundaymail.co.zw/i-am-my-fathers-protege|title='I](https://www.sundaymail.co.zw/i-am-my-fathers-protege|title='I) am my father's protégé'|first=The Sunday|last=Mail|website=The Sunday Mail}}</ref> Wimbo wake “Butterflies” ulikuwa sehemu ya sauti ya filamu ''Escape'', iliyoteuliwa katika ZIFF na NAMA Awards, ambapo pia alicheza mojawapo ya nafasi kuu. Wimbo mkuu wa albamu hiyo, “I Am Woman”, unahamasisha wanawake kujiamini na kuthamini uzuri na vipaji vyao walivyopewa.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=[https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2019/02/28/selmor-rises-to-the-occassion|title=Selmor](https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2019/02/28/selmor-rises-to-the-occassion|title=Selmor) rises to the occasion|first=Vasco Chaya • 28 February 2019 11:32AM • 0|last=comments|website=DailyNews Live|access-date=23 May 2019|archive-date=15 July 2019|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190715101125/https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2019/02/28/selmor-rises-to-the-occassion|url-status=dead}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20190715101125/https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2019/02/28/selmor-rises-to-the-occassion|url-status=dead}})</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.herald.co.zw/selmor-off-to-flying-start/|title=Selmor](https://www.herald.co.zw/selmor-off-to-flying-start/|title=Selmor) off to flying start|first=The|last=Herald|website=The Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=[https://southerntimesafrica.com/site/news/selmor-joins-list-of-sadc-musical-heiresses|title=Selmor](https://southerntimesafrica.com/site/news/selmor-joins-list-of-sadc-musical-heiresses|title=Selmor) joins list of SADC musical heiresses -- The Southern Times|website=maxebooking.com|access-date=2019-05-23|archive-date=2019-04-24|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190424133146/https://southerntimesafrica.com/site/news/selmor-joins-list-of-sadc-musical-heiresses|url-status=dead}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20190424133146/https://southerntimesafrica.com/site/news/selmor-joins-list-of-sadc-musical-heiresses|url-status=dead}})</ref> Albamu yake iliyofuata ''Dehwe Renzou'' ilitolewa mwaka 2020 baada ya kifo cha baba yake, ikiwa imetayarishwa na rafiki wa karibu wa baba yake na mpiga saksafoni wa Afrika Kusini, Steve Dyer. Selmor amefanya ziara katika nchi mbalimbali zikiwemo [[Nigeria]], [[Botswana]], [[Namibia]], [[Zambia]], [[Tanzania]], [[Australia]], [[United States|Marekani]], [[United Kingdom|Uingereza]], [[Finland]] na [[Spain]]. Pia ametumbuiza katika ukumbi wa Joburg Theatre katika tamasha la Remembering Tuku tarehe 29 na 30 Mei 2021 nchini Afrika Kusini pamoja na Vusi Mahlasela na Steve Dyer. Mwaka 2015, Selmor alishirikiana na wasanii wanawake wanane kutoka Afrika, akiwemo Judith Sephuma (Afrika Kusini), Victoria Kimani (Kenya), Vanessa Mdee (Tanzania), Arielle T (Gabon), Omotola (Nigeria), Waje (Nigeria), Yemi Alade (Nigeria) na Blessing (Afrika Kusini), katika wimbo “Strong Girl” uliolenga kuhamasisha kampeni ya #PovertyIsSexist duniani. Baadaye walishirikiana na wasanii wanaume akiwemo Bono wa bendi ya [[U2]], [[D'banj|D'Banj]], [[Diamond Platnumz]] na [[Banky W.|Banky W]], katika toleo jipya la wimbo huo. Alishiriki pia katika juhudi za kupitishwa kwa muswada wa "Electrify Africa" nchini [[United States|Marekani]] mwaka 2016, unaolenga kuongeza upatikanaji wa umeme kwa watu milioni 50 katika Afrika Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara. Mwaka 2018, Selmor alisafiri kwenda Kanada kuzungumza na wabunge kuhusu umuhimu wa elimu ya wasichana. Pia ameanzisha taasisi yake binafsi iitwayo Vabvana Trust, inayolenga kuwawezesha wasichana na wanawake. Ni balozi wa uhifadhi wa wanyamapori wakubwa watano wa Zimbabwe (Simba, Tembo, Nyati, Kifaru na Duma) na pia balozi wa WildAid Africa. == Uhisani == Selmor alisafiri kwenda Kanada kuzungumza na wabunge kuhusu umuhimu wa elimu ya wasichana.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2017/03/08/selmor-in-canada-for-women-s-day|title=Selmor](https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2017/03/08/selmor-in-canada-for-women-s-day|title=Selmor) in Canada for Women's Day|first=Entertainment Writer • 8 March 2017 3:42PM • 0|last=comments|website=DailyNews Live|access-date=23 May 2019|archive-date=15 July 2019|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190715101128/https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2017/03/08/selmor-in-canada-for-women-s-day|url-status=dead}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20190715101128/https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2017/03/08/selmor-in-canada-for-women-s-day|url-status=dead}})</ref> Shauku yake ya kuinua sauti za wasichana na wanawake ilimfanya kuanzisha taasisi ya Vabvana Trust. Anaamini kuwa kumwezesha mwanamke ni kuijenga jamii nzima. == Maisha binafsi == Selmor Mtukudzi ameolewa na mwanamuziki Tendai Manatsa, mtoto wa mwanamuziki mashuhuri Zexie Manatsa, na kwa pamoja wana watoto watatu.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.sundaynews.co.zw/selmor-attributes-success-to-hubby/|title=Selmor](https://www.sundaynews.co.zw/selmor-attributes-success-to-hubby/|title=Selmor) attributes success to hubby|first=The Sunday|last=News|website=The Sunday News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.newsday.co.zw/2018/10/selmor-opens-up-on-love-life/|title=Selmor](https://www.newsday.co.zw/2018/10/selmor-opens-up-on-love-life/|title=Selmor) opens up on love life|last=newsday|date=10 October 2018|access-date=23 May 2019|archive-date=13 April 2025|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20250413220351/https://www.newsday.co.zw/2018/10/selmor-opens-up-on-love-life|url-status=dead}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20250413220351/https://www.newsday.co.zw/2018/10/selmor-opens-up-on-love-life|url-status=dead}})</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.myzimbabwe.co.zw/news/16946-latest-on-celebrity-couple-selmor-mtukudzi-and-tendai-manatsa.html|title=Latest](https://www.myzimbabwe.co.zw/news/16946-latest-on-celebrity-couple-selmor-mtukudzi-and-tendai-manatsa.html|title=Latest) on celebrity couple Selmor Mtukudzi and Tendai Manatsa|first=Muza|last=Mpofu|date=15 February 2018}}</ref> == Diskografia == === Albamu === * ''Shungu'' (2008) * ''Live'' (2011) * ''Ndinewe (I'm With You)'' (2012) * ''Expressions'' (2013) * ''I Am Woman'' (2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.sundaymail.co.zw/selmors-this-is-it-moment|title=Selmor's](https://www.sundaymail.co.zw/selmors-this-is-it-moment|title=Selmor's) 'This Is It' moment|first=The Sunday|last=Mail|website=The Sunday Mail}}</ref> * ''Dehwe Renzou'' (2020) === Nyimbo === * ''Hangasa'' (2017) * ''Vakanaka Vakarara'' (2018) == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mtukudzi, Selmor}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Zimbabwe]] pgadey5n9u1g3dqog962kt934desqcd 0 229590 1529922 1507860 2026-05-02T16:07:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529922 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Raquel Naa Ayorkor Ammah''' (amezaliwa tarehe 12 Agosti 1987), anayejulikana zaidi kwa jina la kisanii '''Raquel''', ni mwanamuziki, mtunzi wa nyimbo, mpangaji wa dansi (koreografia), mwigizaji na mwandishi wa miswada kutoka [[Ghana]].<ref name="profile">{{cite web|title=Raquel Profile|url=[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=1274|website=ghanaweb.com|access-date=4](https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=1274|website=ghanaweb.com|access-date=4) September 2017}}</ref><ref name="interview">{{cite web|title=One-on-one interview with Raquel|url=[https://www.modernghana.com/music/25863/one-on-one-interview-with-raquel.html|website=modernghana.com|publisher=afromusion|access-date=4](https://www.modernghana.com/music/25863/one-on-one-interview-with-raquel.html|website=modernghana.com|publisher=afromusion|access-date=4) September 2017|date=2014-05-10}}</ref> Anajulikana sana kwa wimbo wake maarufu "Sweetio" aliomshirikisha Sarkodie.<ref name="profile"/><ref name="interview"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Adinkra|first=Fiifi|title=Raquel – Sweetio (Feat Sarkodie)|url=[http://www.ghanandwom.net/raquel-sweetio-feat-sarkodie/|website=ghanandwom.net|access-date=4](http://www.ghanandwom.net/raquel-sweetio-feat-sarkodie/|website=ghanandwom.net|access-date=4) September 2017|date=2014-06-25}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Raquel alizaliwa nchini [[United Kingdom]] na wazazi wa asili ya [[Ghana]].<ref name="profile"/> Alikulia katika eneo la West London West London pamoja na mama yake, kaka zake wawili na dada yake.<ref name="interview"/> Alisoma katika shule mbalimbali kutokana na familia yao kuhama mara kwa mara, lakini shule alizozipenda zaidi ni Hogarth Primary School iliyopo Chiswick, na West Thames College.<ref name="interview"/> Pia alisoma katika Hounslow Manor School kwa elimu ya sekondari ya juu, akijifunza Fasihi ya Kiingereza na Drama. Akiwa West Thames College, alisomea stashahada ya kitaifa katika sanaa za maonesho (Performing Arts), akichukua pia masomo ya ziada ya dansi na koreografia. Baadaye alijiunga na shahada ya BA katika Drama, Theatre and Performance Studies katika Chuo Kikuu cha Roehampton (zamani University of Surrey Roehampton), ambapo alisoma kwa miaka miwili kabla ya kuchukua mapumziko ili kuzingatia kazi yake ya muziki. == Kazi == Raquel aliingia rasmi katika tasnia ya muziki mwaka 2005<ref name="interview"/> baada ya kusaini mkataba na BlackStar SR Entertainment akiwa Uingereza, na tangu wakati huo ameshiriki jukwaa moja na wasanii wa kimataifa kama Mario, Movado, Young Lloyd (Marekani), Kas (Nigeria), Cabbo Snoop (Angola), [[Duncan Mighty]] (Nigeria) na [[Stephanie Benson]].<ref name="profile"/> Kabla ya hapo, aliunda kundi la muziki pamoja na dada yake liitwalo "The Sister Act", ambapo waliandika nyimbo zao, kuimba, kurap na kupanga dansi, wakitumbuiza katika matukio madogo. Baadaye alihamia Accra kuendeleza zaidi kazi yake ya muziki kwa msaada wa kampuni yake ya muziki. Alitoa wimbo "Odo" kama wimbo wake rasmi uliompandisha chati mwaka 2010.<ref name="profile"/> Kazi yake ya uigizaji ilianza kupitia maonesho ya jukwaani wakati wa masomo yake ya drama na sanaa za maonesho. Alipata nafasi ya kuongoza kama Maria katika uigizaji wa jukwaani wa tamthilia ya muziki ''The Sound of Music''. Katika filamu, alicheza nafasi kuu kama ‘Black Rose’ katika tamthilia ya Afro-noir ya mwaka 2020, ''Gold Coast Lounge'', iliyoongozwa na Pascal Aka na kuwashirikisha waigizaji kama Adjetey Anang na [[Zynnell Zuh]]. == Uhisani == Kama sehemu ya mchango wake kwa jamii, Raquel amekuwa mshauri wa kujitolea katika shirika la misaada la ndani nchini Ghana liitwalo Christ Humanitarian Foundation (CHF). Pia hufanya kampeni za kusaidia kukusanya fedha kwa ajili ya shirika hilo kila mwaka.<ref name="profile"/> == Tuzo na uteuzi == Mwaka 2019, alishinda tuzo ya Best Original Song katika Ghana Movie Awards kwa wimbo "Have You Seen My Love", ambao ni wimbo wa filamu ''Gold Coast Lounge''. Pia alishinda tuzo ya Best Female Artist mwaka 2012 katika YFM All Star Weekend Awards. Aidha, alipata uteuzi katika tuzo za [[Hip Hop]] na R&B Awards mwaka 2011.<ref name="profile" /> Mwezi Septemba 2013, alipokea tuzo ya National Youth Adorable Female Artist of the Year katika toleo la tatu la Ghana High School Entertainment Awards lililofanyika katika ukumbi wa National Theatre mjini Accra. Pia aliteuliwa katika tuzo za Ghana Hip Hop na R&B Awards katika vipengele vya Female R&B Artiste of the Decade na Contemporary R&B Artiste of the Year. Alipata pia uteuzi wa Best Female Video katika Vodafone 4Syte Music Video Awards kwa wimbo wake "Odo". Aidha, alipata uteuzi mara tano katika tuzo za Vodafone Ghana Music Awards mwaka 2012, zikiwemo New Artist of the Year (technical), Best Female Vocalist kwa wimbo "Sweetio" aliomshirikisha Sarkodie, Afro Pop Song of the Year kwa wimbo huo huo, na Best Collaboration of the Year kwa nyimbo "Sweetio" na "Aajeiii" (akiwa na Trigmatic), ingawa hakushinda katika vipengele hivyo. == Nyimbo maarufu == * "Sweetio" (akimshirikisha Sarkodie) * "Odo" (akimshirikisha Sarkodie) * "Set Me Free" * "Ke Ha Me" * "Lovi Dovi" * "Woara" (akimshirikisha Okyeame Kwame) * "Girlfriend" (Edem akimshirikisha Raquel) * "Fire" * "I Slay" * ''The Gospel of the Broken'' (EP, 2026) * "Aajeiii" (Trigmatic akimshirikisha Raquel) == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ammah, Raquel Naa Ayorkor}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1987]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ghana]] 5brckxg6v1z4hfb30xxhg6rgnc7pdhs 0 229612 1529921 1507884 2026-05-02T16:04:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529921 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Randy Lerner''' (Alizaliwa [[Februari 21]], [[1962]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea na mmiliki wa zamani wa timu za michezo nchini [[Marekani]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local/article_4f2fdf72-dcba-11e1-8103-001a4bcf887a.html|title=Browns' Jewish ownership going, going, gone|author=Matt DeFaveri|date=August 2, 2012}}</ref> Alikua mmiliki mkuu wa timu ya [[futiboli ya Marekani]] ''Cleveland Browns'' ya National Football League (NFL) baada ya kifo cha baba yake Alfred Lerner mwaka [[2002]], na akaiuza timu hiyo mwaka [[2012]].<ref>{{cite web|date=January 2003|title=Alfred Lerner '55: Businessman, Philanthropist, Student Center Benefactor|url=https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/jan03/obituaries2.html|access-date=August 27, 2021|website=Columbia College Today|archive-date=2021-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719174257/https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/jan03/obituaries2.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lerner alikua mmiliki na mwenyekiti wa klabu nchini [[Uingereza]] ya [[Aston Villa F.C.]] ya [[Ligi kuu Uingereza(EPL)]] mwaka [[2006]]; aliiuza klabu hiyo kwa hasara mwaka [[2016]] baada ya kushuka daraja.<ref>{{cite web|date=March 7, 2008|title=The Guardian Profile: Randy Lerner|url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/mar/07/newsstory.astonvilla|access-date=August 27, 2021|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Kufikia Julai [[2024]], ''Forbes'' ilikadiria utajiri wake kuwa dola bilioni 1.2.<ref name="Forbes profile">{{cite web|title=Forbes profile: Randolph Lerner |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/randolph-lerner/ |work=Forbes |access-date=20 July 2024}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] hx4i405q6dh0en3vlo66r6gduwec9jw 0 229649 1530207 1514979 2026-05-02T19:20:08Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260502sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1530207 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jack Simons''' ([[1 Februari]] [[1907]] – [[22 Julai]] [[1995]]) alikuwa mwanazuoni na [[mwanaharakati]] mashuhuri wa kupinga [[ubaguzi wa rangi]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. Alijulikana kwa mchango wake mkubwa katika elimu ya juu pamoja na harakati za kisiasa zilizolenga kuondoa mfumo wa ubaguzi wa rangi. Akiwa katika mazingira ya vyuo vikuu, Simons alitumia taaluma yake kama jukwaa la kuelimisha na kuhamasisha kuhusu haki za kijamii, usawa, na ukombozi wa watu waliokuwa wakikandamizwa. Alikuwa sehemu ya kizazi cha wasomi waliounganisha elimu na mapambano ya kisiasa, wakichangia kwa kiasi kikubwa katika juhudi za kuleta mabadiliko ya kidemokrasia nchini humo. == Maisha ya awali == Harold Jack Simons alizaliwa mwaka 1907 katika Riversdale, wakati huo ikiwa sehemu ya Cape Colony. Baba yake, Hyman Simons, anatajwa kuwa alihamia Afrika Kusini katika kipindi cha Cecil Rhodes akiwa mwalimu.<ref name="Simons">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LyaGDAAAQBAJ&dq=jack+simons&pg=PR11|title=Struggles in Southern Africa for Survival and Equality|last=Simons|first=H.J.|publisher=Springer|year=1997|isbn=9780230373044|page=240}}</ref> Simons alihitimu masomo yake mwaka [[1924]] na kuanza kufanya kazi kama karani katika kampuni ya sheria, ambapo baadaye alipata cheti cha sheria. Mwaka [[1926]] alihamia Pretoria na kuanza kufanya kazi katika utumishi wa umma ndani ya Idara ya Mkaguzi Mkuu wa Hesabu na Sheria. Akiendelea kusoma akiwa kazini, alipata Shahada ya Kwanza ya Sheria kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Afrika Kusini]]. Baadaye alipewa udhamini wa kusoma Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sayansi ya Siasa katika University of Pretoria, ambapo alijikita zaidi katika utafiti wa mfumo wa adhabu wa Afrika Kusini. Mwaka [[1932]] alipata udhamini mwingine uliompeleka katika London School of Economics, ambapo alikamilisha Shahada ya Uzamivu mwaka [[1935]]. Utafiti wake ulilinganisha mifumo ya adhabu kati ya Afrika Kusini, Kenya na Rhodesia Kusini. Wakati akiwa [[Ulaya]], alishuhudia kuibuka kwa mitazamo ya kisiasa kama Ufashisti na Unazi, pamoja na vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe nchini [[Uhispania]], jambo lililoathiri mtazamo wake wa kisiasa. Katika kipindi hicho pia alianzisha vikundi vya kujifunza mawazo ya Marxist na hatimaye alijiunga na Chama cha Kikomunisti cha Uingereza mwaka [[1933]].<ref name="JSAS01">{{cite journal |last=Macmillan |first=Hugh |date=December 1995 |title=Obituary: Jack Simons |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-southern-african-studies_1995-12_21_4/page/688 |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=689–90 |doi=10.1080/03057079508708474 |jstor=2637229}}</ref> == Maisha ya Baadaye == Harold Jack Simons walirejea nchini Afrika Kusini mwaka [[1990]], kipindi muhimu kilichofuata kuachiliwa huru kwa [[Nelson Mandela]]. Kurudi kwao kulikuja wakati wa mpito kuelekea mwisho wa mfumo wa ubaguzi wa rangi, na walishuhudia pia uchaguzi wa kwanza wa kidemokrasia nchini Afrika Kusini mwaka [[1994]]. Mwaka huo huo wa 1994, Simons alitunukiwa shahada ya uzamivu wa heshima katika Sheria kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Cape Town|University of Cape Town]], kama kutambua mchango wake mkubwa katika elimu na mapambano ya kijamii. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1907]] [[Jamii: Waliofariki 1995]] [[Jamii: Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii: Wanaharakati wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii: Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii: Wanasiasa wanawake Afrika Kusini]] 4g7gedc281by0tpwxxo8uni8lw1gbre 0 229654 1529908 1523823 2026-05-02T14:48:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529908 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mizaya Princess Chitsulo''' (amezaliwa 1 Januari 1981), anayejulikana zaidi kama '''Princess Chitsulo''', ni mwimbaji wa nyimbo za injili, na ni mwanaharakati na mfanyabiashara kutoka [[Malawi]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=MLOZI |first=HOWARD |date=2016-09-20 |title=Princess Chitsulo back with song of happiness {{!}} The Nation Online |url=https://mwnation.com/princess-chitsulo-back-with-song-of-happiness/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Times |first=The Daily |date=2023-01-06 |title=Princess Chitsulo celebrates birthday with the needy |url=https://www.africannewsagency.com/times-group-malawi/princess-chitsulo-celebrates-birthday-with-the-needy-63d954f4-244d-5aed-9ebb-a40b055eb920/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=African News Agency |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2016-10-03 |title=Princess Chitsulo album launch surpasses expectations: Ben Phiri supports cause with K0.5 mil - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/princess-chitsulo-album-launch-surpasses-expectations-ben-phiri-supports-cause-k0-5-mil/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mwaka 2001 alipokea tuzo ya Mwimbaji Bora wa Kike katika shindano la Malawi Gin. Mwaka 2014 pia alitunukiwa tuzo ya Msanii Bora wa Kike, na wimbo wake ''Ndidzayimba Nyimbo'' (Nitaimba wimbo) ukachaguliwa kuwa Wimbo Bora wa Mwaka.<ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti |last=MLOZI |first=HOWARD |date=2016-03-16 |title=2016 MUMA Awards to clear 2014 controversy {{!}} The Nation Online |url=https://mwnation.com/2016-muma-awards-to-clear-2014-controversy/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512201736/https://www.mwnation.com/2016-muma-awards-to-clear-2014-controversy/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mwaka 2016, Chitsulo alishinda tuzo ya Msanii Bora wa Kike katika Magic Promotions, na mwaka 2018 alitunukiwa tuzo ya Msanii Bora wa Kike katika shughuli za kijamii.<ref name=":2" /> Chitsulo pia ni mwanzilishi wa shirika la misaada lijulikanalo kama Princess Chitsulo Foundation lililoanzishwa Desemba 2014 kwa lengo la kuwasaidia wazee, maskini na watoto walio katika mazingira magumu nchini Malawi.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Loka |first=Chris |date=2016-11-01 |title=Person with albinism gets business boost from Princess Chitsulo Malawi 24 {{!}} Latest News from Malawi |url=https://malawi24.com/2016/11/01/person-albinism-gets-business-boost-princess-chitsulo/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Malawi 24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2018-04-27 |title=Princess Chitsulo Foundation pays tuition for 10 girls at South Lunzu CDSS - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/princess-chitsulo-foundation-pays-tuition-for-10-girls-at-south-lunzu-cdss/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Historia == === Maisha ya awali === Chitsulo alizaliwa tarehe 1 Januari 1981 katika wilaya ya Chiradzulu District nchini Malawi, akiwa mtoto wa mfanyabiashara na kiongozi wa jadi Raiden Chitsulo pamoja na Angellina Makatanje. Ana ndugu watatu ambao ni Tina, Margaret na Grace. Mama yake alifariki akiwa mdogo na hakuwa na kumbukumbu nyingi kumhusu. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 12, alipoteza baba yake. Baadaye yeye na ndugu zake walihamia kijijini kwao kabla ya kuhamia moja kwa moja mjini [[Blantyre]] kuishi na ndugu.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Mthandizi |first=Alfred |date=2016-03-07 |title=Princess Chitsulo to Release New Album |url=https://www.malawistar.com/2016/03/07/princess-chitsulo-to-release-new-album/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=The Malawi Star |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==== Elimu ==== Alipata elimu ya sekondari katika shule za Chiradzulu Secondary School na Chichiri Secondary School. Pia alijiunga na kozi ya masoko katika Lehlonolo Business College lakini hakukamilisha kutokana na ukosefu wa msaada wa kifedha.<ref name=":0" /> ===== Matatizo ya kiafya ===== Mwaka 2000, Chitsulo aliugua ugonjwa wa meningitisi na kulazwa katika Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital. Mwaka 2014 aligundulika kuwa na tatizo la moyo na alipelekwa Afrika Kusini kwa matibabu zaidi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2014-05-27 |title=Princes Chitsulo back: Fit and well - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/princes-chitsulo-back-fit-and-well/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Marais wa zamani wa Malawi, [[Peter Mutharika]] na [[Joyce Banda]], walitoa msaada wa kifedha ili aweze kusafiri kwa matibabu nchini Afrika Kusini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2014-05-07 |title=JB, Mutharika assist gospel songstress Princess Chitsulo - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/jb-mutharika-assist-gospel-songstress-princess-chitsulo/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Kazi ya muziki == Chitsulo alianza kuimba mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 2000 na alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza mwaka 2000.<ref name=":0" /> Mwaka 2015 alitoa albamu yake ya pili iitwayo ''Mavutowa Akadzatha'' (Matatizo yatakapokwisha).<ref name=":0" /> Mwaka 2016 alitoa albamu yake ya tatu ''Nyimbo Yanga'' (Wimbo wangu) iliyokuwa na wimbo maarufu ''Chenjera Peturo'' (Kuwa mwangalifu Petro).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201604080750.html |title= |access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref><ref name=":2"/> Mwaka 2023 alitoa albamu yake ya nne iitwayo ''Nsembe'' (Sadaka).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Voice |first=Malawi |date=2023-02-21 |title=Gospel musician Princess Chitsulo set to release Nsembe album |url=https://www.malawivoice.com/2023/02/21/gospel-musician-princess-chitsulo-set-to-release-nsembe-album/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Malawi Voice |language=en-US}}</ref> Ameshirikiana na wasanii wa injili maarufu nchini humo kama Thoko Katimba na Ethel Kand pamoja na kwaya ya Great Angels Choir.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2018-09-24 |title=Namadingo, Chiwamba and Princess Chitsulo to share stage on Mother’s day in Lilongwe - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/namadingo-chiwamba-and-princess-chitsulo-to-share-stage-on-mothers-day-in-lilongwe/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> === Uanaharakati === Kupitia shirika lake la misaada, Chitsulo amekuwa akiwasaidia watu wenye ualbino nchini Malawi. Miongoni mwa misaada hiyo ni kutoa kiasi cha K24,000 kusaidia biashara ya ndizi kwa mtu mwenye ualbino aitwaye Constance Msiska huko [[Mzuzu]].<ref name=":1" /> == Mafanikio == === Magic Promotions === {| class="wikitable" |- !Mwaka !Mteule !Kategoria !Matokeo |- |2018 |Yeye mwenyewe |Best Gospel Act |Alishinda |} === MUMA Awards === Chanzo:<ref name=":3" /> {| class="wikitable" |- !Mwaka !Mteule !Kategoria !Matokeo |- |2014 |Yeye mwenyewe |Msanii Bora wa Kike |Alishinda |- |2014 |''Ndidzayimba Nyimbo'' |Wimbo Bora wa Mwaka |Alishinda |} === Malawi Gin Competition === {| class="wikitable" |- !Mwaka !Mteule !Kategoria !Matokeo |- |2001 |Yeye mwenyewe |Mwimbaji Bora wa Kike |Alishinda |} == Maisha binafsi == Chitsulo alikuwa ameolewa na Albert Nyasulu ambaye alifariki miezi sita kabla ya kufanyika kwa harusi yao. Ana mtoto mmoja wa kike anayeitwa Sarah. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Afrika}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chitsulo, Princess}} {{BD|1981|}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Malawi]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Malawi]] 5xfxgjdwoegcgc5e1ep5qw2ov9v6i6f 0 229661 1530032 1524718 2026-05-02T18:44:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530032 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rudo Chakwera''' (amezaliwa 1979) ni mwimbaji wa nyimbo za injili kutoka [[Malawi]]. Ni mkwe wa Rais wa Malawi, [[Lazarus Chakwera]]. == Maisha binafsi == Alizaliwa tarehe 23 Desemba 1979 akiwa mtoto wa Isaac Mkukupa na Gloria Rose Mkukupa, familia yenye asili ya muziki. Ameolewa na Nick Chakwera na wana watoto watatu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=February 26, 2023 |title=Rudo Mkukpa Chakwera – Biography |url=https://www.malawigospelmusic.com/artist-biography/rudo-mkukupa-chakwera-biography/ |access-date=July 31, 2024 |website=Malawi Gospel Music |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Elimu == Rudo ana shahada ya kwanza ya muziki kutoka Chancellor College ya University of Malawi, na pia ana shahada ya uzamili katika utawala wa biashara (MBA) kutoka ESAMI.<ref>{{Rejea habari |title=bridgeAFRIC Signs Malawian gospel Artiste, Rudo Chakwera |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/07/17/bridgeafric-signs-malawian-gospel-artiste-rudo-chakwera/ |access-date=July 31, 2024 |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> == Kazi == Ingawa alianza kuimba tangu utotoni, alipata umaarufu katika tasnia ya muziki nchini Malawi mwaka 1999 kupitia albamu yake ya kwanza iliyokuwa na wimbo ''Ndine Mwana Wamasiye''.<ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Abiodun |first=Alao |date=16 July 2024 |title=BridgeAFRIC signs Malawian gospel artiste Rudo Chakwera |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/bridgeafric-signs-malawian-gospel-artiste-rudo-chakwera/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=31 July 2024 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> Rudo ni mjumbe wa Kamati ya Utendaji ya kitaifa ya chama cha wanamuziki nchini Malawi. Pia amewahi kuhudumu kama mjumbe wa bodi ya Copyright Society of Malawi na bodi ya kituo cha redio cha Channel for All Nations.<ref>{{Rejea habari |date=15 July 2024 |title=BridgeAFRIC signs Malawian gospel artiste Rudo Chakwera;set to release new project |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/07/bridgeafric-signs-malawian-gospel-artiste-rudo-chakwera-set-to-release-new-project/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=31 July 2024 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Mwaka 2022, katika siku yake ya kuzaliwa, alitembelea Maula Prison mjini Lilongwe na kuwaburudisha vijana waliokuwa gerezani hapo pamoja na wanamuziki wengine akiwemo Chikondi Wiseman. Kituo hicho cha vijana wahalifu kilikuwa kipya na kilikabiliwa na changamoto mbalimbali ikiwemo upungufu wa chakula.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Kalumbi |first=Mike |date=2022-12-25 |title=Musician Rudo celebrates with young offenders at Maula Prison |url=https://malawi24.com/2022/12/25/musician-rudo-celebrates-with-young-offenders-at-maula-prison/ |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=Malawi 24 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chakwera, Rudo}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1979]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Malawi]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Malawi]] l5ag6l2uhif1jkdpvgey7w7yhc2vjid 0 229701 1529849 1508009 2026-05-02T12:28:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 5 template(s) replaced. 1529849 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yuval Adler''' (alizaliwa Herzliya, Israel) ni mtengenezaji wa filamu wa Kiisraeli-Marekani. Adler anajulikana zaidi kwa kuongoza filamu ya Bethlehem (2013), filamu ambayo ilimfanya ashinde Tuzo ya Ophir kama muongozaji bora na mwandishi bora wa mswada wa filamu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Saval |first=Malina |date=2019-02-08 |title=Director Yuval Adler Discusses Berlin Festival Film 'The Operative' |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/uncategorized/berlin-film-festival-director-yuval-adler-discusses-berlin-festival-film-the-operative-1203132838/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|last=Round|first=Simon|date=16 June 2014|title=Interview: Yuval Adler|url=https://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/interviews/interview-yuval-adler-1.55273|access-date=2021-06-22|website=[[The Jewish Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yuval Adler {{!}} filmportal.de|url=https://www.filmportal.de/person/yuval-adler_b383446e84e9477d9acf86d107b9d683|access-date=2021-06-22|website=www.filmportal.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Israel's Oscar entry on Mideast conflict cleans up at local 'Academy Awards'|url=https://www.jpost.com/arts-and-culture/arts/bethlehem-wins-best-picture-at-the-ophir-awards-327355|access-date=2021-06-22|website=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|date=29 September 2013 |language=en-US |issn=0792-822X}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|last=Brown|first=Hannah|date=31 October 2013|title=From art and philosophy to Bethlehem|work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|url=https://static.squarespace.com/static/52dbcae9e4b01225621fac5f/t/531237a7e4b01148f94d2a43/1393702823694/Jerusalem%20Post%20Profile.pdf}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:wasanii wa Israeli]] 6ex0houo17rbqlagznoja0c9ua63xrc 0 229769 1529681 1508151 2026-05-02T12:01:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529681 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yemisi Ransome-Kuti''' ni mmoja wa wanachama wa familia maarufu ya Ransome-Kuti nchini [[Nigeria]]. Yeye ni mtoto wa Azaria Olusegun Ransome-Kuti na mjukuu wa Josiah Ransome-Kuti. Shangazi yake, Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, alikuwa mwanaharakati mashuhuri wa haki za wanawake na mmoja wa viongozi waliopigania uhuru wa Nigeria kutoka kwa utawala wa kikoloni wa [[Uingereza]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/dec/11/fela-kuti-great-dynasties-ian-sansom|title=Great Dynasties: The Ransome-Kutis|first=Ian|last=Sansom|date=11 December 2010|access-date=14 February 2019|website=Theguardian.com}}</ref> Katika ukoo huo mashuhuri, Yemisi pia ni binamu wa Fela Kuti, Olikoye Ransome-Kuti, Beko Ransome-Kuti pamoja na mshindi wa Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fasihi, Wole Soyinka. Amebarikiwa kupata watoto wanne: Segun Bucknor kutoka ndoa yake ya kwanza na marehemu Kapteni wa Jeshi la Wanamaji Frederick Oluwole Bucknor, pamoja na watoto watatu, Bola Soyemi, Seun Soyemi na Eniola Soyemi kutoka ndoa yake ya pili na Dkt. Kunle Soyemi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://feminine.com.ng/2016/07/22/yemisi-ransome-kuti-can-die-fighting-injustice/|title=Yemisi Ransome-Kuti can die fighting injustice|last=Kate|date=22 July 2016|website=Feminine.com.ng|access-date=14 February 2019|archive-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204222952/http://feminine.com.ng/2016/07/22/yemisi-ransome-kuti-can-die-fighting-injustice/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Baada ya kufariki kwa baadhi ya wanandugu mashuhuri wa familia hiyo kama Fela Kuti na Beko Ransome-Kuti, Yemisi alibaki kuwa mmoja wa viongozi wakuu wa familia ya Ransome-Kuti. Katika mchango wake wa kijamii, Yemisi Ransome-Kuti alianzisha Mtandao wa Mashirika Yasiyo ya Kiserikali ya Nigeria (NNNGO), ambao ulikuwa wa kwanza wa aina yake nchini humo kuunganisha mashirika ya kiraia. Tangu kuanzishwa kwake mwaka [[1992]], mtandao huo umekuwa na jukumu muhimu katika kuratibu juhudi za maendeleo ya sekta ya kiraia na kuongeza ushawishi wake katika sera na mifumo ya kitaifa.<ref name="Moore2011">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_iqFZuXyK_4C&pg=PT18|title=Fela: This Bitch of A Life|author=Carlos Moore|date=1 August 2011|publisher=Omnibus Press|isbn=978-0-85712-589-7|page=18}}</ref> Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya [[1990]], alianzisha pia mpango wa ''Girl Watch'', uliolenga kuwaelimisha na kuwawezesha wasichana kutoka familia zenye hali duni. Mnamo mwaka [[2006]], aliteuliwa kuwa mshauri wa masuala ya asasi za kiraia katika [[Benki ya Dunia]]. Aidha, Yemisi Ransome-Kuti alikuwa miongoni mwa viongozi waliotoa mchango mkubwa katika juhudi za kusaidia Nigeria kufikia Malengo ya Maendeleo ya Milenia (MDGs), hususan katika kupunguza umaskini na kuboresha maisha ya wananchi. == Utambuzi == Mnamo [[Mei 28]], [[2022]], Ransome-Kuti aliteuliwa katika tuzo ya athari ya WIV.<ref>{{Rejea habari|last=TheVanguardNgr|first=VanguardNewsNgr|date=2 June 2022|title=WIV IMPACT AWARD|url=https://vanguardngr.com|location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> === Kazi === Yemisi Ransome-Kuti amejulikana kwa mchango wake mkubwa katika maendeleo ya sekta ya kiraia nchini Nigeria. Mwaka 1992, alianzisha Mtandao wa Mashirika Yasiyo ya Kiserikali wa Nigeria (NNNGO), ambao ulikuwa miongoni mwa juhudi za kwanza za kitaasisi kuunganisha mashirika ya kiraia nchini humo. Kupitia mtandao huo, alichangia kuratibu shughuli za mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali, kuimarisha ushirikiano kati yao, na kuongeza ushawishi wa sekta hiyo katika masuala ya sera na maendeleo ya kitaifa. Katika miaka ya mapema ya 1990, Yemisi pia alianzisha mpango wa ''Girl Watch'', uliolenga kuwawezesha wasichana, hasa kutoka familia zenye kipato cha chini, kwa kuwapatia elimu na fursa za kujijenga kijamii na kiuchumi. Mpango huo uliweka msisitizo katika haki za mtoto wa kike na usawa wa kijinsia. Mnamo mwaka 2006, aliteuliwa kuwa mshauri wa masuala ya asasi za kiraia katika World Bank, ambapo alihusika katika kutoa ushauri kuhusu namna ya kuimarisha ushiriki wa mashirika ya kiraia katika miradi ya maendeleo. Aidha, Yemisi Ransome-Kuti alihusika katika juhudi mbalimbali za kusaidia Nigeria kufikia Malengo ya Maendeleo ya Milenia (MDGs), akijikita zaidi katika kupunguza umaskini na kuboresha ustawi wa jamii. Kupitia kazi zake, alichangia kuimarisha nafasi ya sekta ya kiraia kama mshirika muhimu katika maendeleo endelevu. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii: Wanawake wa Nigeria]] 33iix8ushfjymf7py15v4gg9g6kp687 0 229778 1529738 1508163 2026-05-02T12:10:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 6 template(s) replaced. 1529738 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yolanda George-David''', anayejulikana pia kama '''Shangazi Land'''a, ni [[daktari]] wa tiba kutoka [[Nigeria]] anayejulikana kwa mchango wake katika sekta ya afya, [[vyombo vya habari]] na shughuli za kibinadamu. Ana utaalamu katika upasuaji wa mishipa ya ubongo, taaluma inayohitaji ujuzi wa hali ya juu katika matibabu ya magonjwa yanayohusiana na [[ubongo]] na [[mfumo wa neva]]. Mbali na taaluma yake ya udaktari, pia ni mtangazaji wa redio (OAP), ambapo hutumia jukwaa hilo kuelimisha jamii kuhusu masuala ya afya na ustawi wa maisha. Katika shughuli zake za kijamii, Yolanda George-David amejitokeza kama mtaalamu wa kibinadamu anayejihusisha na misaada na uhamasishaji wa masuala ya afya katika jamii. Mnamo mwaka [[2018]], aliteuliwa kuwa balozi wa Vlisco, chapa maarufu inayohusiana na mitindo ya mavazi ya Kiafrika, jambo lililoonyesha kutambuliwa kwake si tu katika taaluma ya afya bali pia katika ushawishi wa kijamii.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-04-21|title=DR. YOLANDA GEORGE-DAVID, MEDICAL DOCTOR, HUMANITARIAN AND MEDIA PERSONALITY, TO SPEAK AT PRIDE WOMEN CONFERENCE 2018|url=https://www.pridemagazineng.com/dr-yolanda-george-speaks-at-pride-women-conference-2018/|access-date=2020-11-22|website=Pride Magazine Nigeria|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-12-22|title=Join Dr Yolanda N. George-David & Alibaba at Aunt Landa's Market Square tagged "Intervention Edition" Today, 22nd December, 2018|url=https://urbanwomanmag.com/aunt-landa-market-square-tagged-intervention-edition/|access-date=2025-09-07|website=Urban Woman Magazine|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-03-27|title=Dr Yoland George aka Aunty Landa, is Vlisco New Brand Ambassador|url=https://www.tribeandelan.com/dr-yolanda-george-david-neurosurgeon-humanitarian-media-personality-dr-yoland-george-david-edical-doctor-humanitarian-media-personality/|access-date=2020-11-22|website=Tribe and Elan|language=en-US}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Yolanda George-David alianza safari yake ya kazi za kibinadamu akiwa na umri wa miaka 16, hatua iliyomjenga mapema katika kujihusisha na masuala ya afya na ustawi wa jamii. Katika masomo yake ya juu, alihitimu kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Pittsburgh]] kabla ya kuendelea na masomo ya udaktari katika Shule ya Tiba ya Harvard, ambako alifunzwa na kubobea katika taaluma ya daktari wa neva. Katika taaluma yake ya kitabibu, alijikita zaidi katika maeneo ya uzazi na magonjwa ya wanawake, pamoja na kazi za mwanasaikolojia wa kliniki na uhusiano, akilenga zaidi maendeleo ya watoto na afya ya akili ya familia. == Kazi == Yolanda George-David amejitokeza kama mtaalamu wa kibinadamu mwenye mchango mkubwa katika kuwasaidia waathirika wa ukatili wa kijinsia na changamoto za kijamii. Kupitia kazi yake katika Wakfu wa Bethel wa Shangazi Landa, amewashauri na kuwasaidia zaidi ya vijana 25,000 waliokumbwa na unyanyasaji wa kingono, akiwapatia pia mafunzo ya ujuzi wa ufundi na stadi za maisha ili kuwawezesha kujitegemea.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=DR YOLANDA N. GEORGE-DAVID(PHD)|url=https://www.wisewomenawardsng.org/dr-yolanda-n-george-davidphd/|access-date=2020-11-22|website=Wise Women Awards - Nigeria|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130035911/https://www.wisewomenawardsng.org/dr-yolanda-n-george-davidphd/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Katika shughuli zake za kijamii, amejikita katika kuwasaidia watu waliotengwa kijamii, ikiwemo kurekebisha maisha ya waliokuwa katika biashara ya ukahaba pamoja na watoto waliopitia unyanyasaji wa kingono. Pia amekuwa mstari wa mbele katika kupigania haki za watu waliokandamizwa na kuhakikisha wanapata msaada wa kisaikolojia na kijamii. Mbali na kazi za kibinadamu, Yolanda George-David pia ni mtangazaji wa redio anayependwa, ambapo huandaa vipindi kama ''“Kuwa Halisi na Aunt Landa”'' na ''“Kushiriki Masuala ya Maisha ya Wikendi Maalum na Aunt Landa”'' kwenye kituo cha 92.3 Inspiration FM. Kupitia vipindi hivyo, hutumia sauti yake kuelimisha na kuhamasisha jamii kuhusu masuala ya afya, mahusiano na maisha ya kila siku.<ref>{{Rejea habari|date=2018-03-31|title=Yolanda George-David is Nigerian ambassador of Vlisco, textile company|url=https://www.thecable.ng/vlisco-design-company-names-2018-nigerian-ambassador|access-date=2020-11-22|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Balozi wa Vlisco == Yolanda George-David alitambuliwa rasmi kwa mchango wake katika masuala ya kibinadamu na ustawi wa jamii, ambapo mnamo mwaka 2018 aliteuliwa kuwa balozi wa Vlisco nchini Nigeria. Uteuzi huo ulitokana na juhudi zake za muda mrefu katika kuboresha maisha ya watu wasiojiweza na kuimarisha ustawi wa jamii kupitia kazi zake za kijamii na kiafya.<ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Dr Yolanda George-David - Vlisco ambassadors - inspiring African women|url=https://www.vlisco.com/ambassador/dr-yolanda-george-david/|access-date=2020-11-22|website=Vlisco|language=en-US|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130130433/https://www.vlisco.com/ambassador/dr-yolanda-george-david/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii: Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] avodupycoz93qzhzlke9d32bcojmcdo 0 229839 1530386 1508288 2026-05-03T10:51:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530386 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Prof. Wanjikū Mūkabi Kabira (EBS), (CBS).''' (alizaliwa [[15 Novemba]] [[1948]]) ni Profesa Mshiriki wa fasihi katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi]], [[Kenya]] . Amebobea katika nyanja za [[fasihi simulizi]], fasihi ya Waamerika Weusi . Amekuwa akishiriki kikamilifu katika masuala ya wanawake na masuala ya kijinsia. Wanjiku amehudumu katika nyadhifa mbalimbali hasa kama Makamu Mwenyekiti katika Mchakato wa Mapitio ya Katiba ya Kenya (2000–2005), Mwenyekiti wa Muungano wa Siasa wa Wanawake (2002–2011), Mkurugenzi, Kituo cha Ushirikiano cha Jinsia na Maendeleo (1995–2009) na Mwenyekiti, Idara ya [[Fasihi]], Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi. Kabira ndiye Mkurugenzi mwanzilishi wa Kituo cha Mafunzo ya Wanawake wa Afrika (AWSC) katika Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi mnamo Juni 2011. Mnamo 2014, alipewa Tuzo ya Mzee wa Agizo la Mkuki Uliowaka (EBS) . Pia amepewa tuzo ya juu zaidi ya Agizo la Mkuki Uliowaka (CBS) . Mnamo mwaka wa 2015, Wizara ya Ugatuzi na Mipango ilimtunuku Tuzo ya Utambuzi wa Wajenzi wa Urithi. Kabira aliteuliwa kwa Tuzo za Wanawake Bora wa Afrika Mashariki za 2024. Pia aliheshimiwa nchini [[Marekani]] kwa usomi wake na ushawishi wake katika haki za wanawake na usawa wa kijinsia. == Maisha ya awali ya elimu == Kabira alizaliwa mwaka wa 1948 katika [[Eneo bunge la Lari|Jimbo la Lari]] la sasa. Alisoma katika Shule ya Msingi ya Gìthìrioni na baadaye katika Shule ya Upili ya Loreto, Limuru na Loreto Convent Msongari kwa cheti chake cha juu ("A"). Alisoma [[Fasihi]], [[Historia]] na Maandiko Matakatifu na akapokea tuzo ya "Mwanafunzi Bora Zaidi" katika Fasihi. Kabira alipata Shahada yake ya Sanaa katika fasihi kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi mnamo 1978. Kisha akaendelea na masomo ya juu nje ya nchi, akipata Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sanaa katika fasihi kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Wisconsin nchini [[Marekani]] mnamo 1980. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2022-04-11|title=Wanjiku Kabira – Kenya Yearbook Editorial Board|url=https://sectors.kenyayearbook.go.ke/2022/04/11/wanjiku-kabira/|accessdate=2026-03-24|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Baadaye alipata Shahada ya Uzamili ya Falsafa katika fasihi mnamo 1994 kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi, akiwa na tasnifu inayochunguza 'Picha za Wanawake katika Fasihi Simulizi ya Gikuyu'. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Kibet|first=Lonah|title=Prof Wanjiku Kabira;The literature guru|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/achieving-woman/article/2001257326/prof-wanjiku-kabirathe-literature-guru|accessdate=2026-03-25|work=Evewoman Magazine|language=en}}</ref> == Kazi == Kabira ni profesa msaidizi wa fasihi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi, Kenya. <ref name=":2">''Okello, Rosemary (December 30, 2011).'' "Women praise proposed law's provisions on gender equality"''. Daily Nation. Retrieved 30 December 2011.''</ref> Yeye ni mtaalamu wa kitaaluma na kijinsia kutoka Kenya. Kazi yake ya kitaaluma inazingatia fasihi simulizi, Fasihi ya Waamerika Weusi, na Fasihi ya Karibiani. Kabira ameshikilia nafasi kadhaa za uongozi, ikiwa ni pamoja na Makamu Mwenyekiti katika Mchakato wa Mapitio ya Katiba ya Kenya (2000–2005), Mwenyekiti wa Muungano wa Siasa za Wanawake (2002–2011), <ref name=":3">Joyce Mulama, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090715015733/http://www.ipsnews.net/africa/nota.asp?idnews=47632 "Raising the Bar for Gender Equality"], IPS, 15 July 2009.</ref> Mkurugenzi wa Kituo cha Ushirikiano cha Jinsia na Maendeleo (1995–2009) <ref name=":4">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091127160556/http://www.ccentregd.org:80/downloads/Gender_lens.pdf "Making Gender Count on Economic and Political Governance"], ''The Gender Lens'', Volume 7, Issue No. 1, August 2009.</ref>, na Mwenyekiti katika Idara ya Fasihi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi. Yeye ndiye Mkurugenzi mwanzilishi wa Kituo cha Mafunzo ya Wanawake wa Afrika katika Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi, kilichoanzishwa mnamo Juni 2011. Kabira anahakikisha kwamba hali halisi ya kiuchumi ya wanawake wa Kenya, hasa wale walio katika sekta za vijijini na zisizo rasmi, huathiri sera ya Taifa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2025-10-09|title=Prof Wanjiku Kabira: The scholar who turned women's struggles into state policy|url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/gender/prof-wanjiku-kabira-the-scholar-who-turned-women-s-struggles-into-state-policy-5221996|accessdate=2026-04-09|work=Daily Nation|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kenya]] dovgqbqtrfbzin3irxuuclxpjxiwr6p 0 229855 1530278 1526586 2026-05-03T02:52:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530278 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Taiwo Olayemi Elufioye''' ni mtaalamu wa [[dawa]] na mtafiti kutoka [[Nigeria]] anayejulikana kwa kazi yake katika uwanja wa pharmacognosy na utafiti wa dawa za asili. Kwa sasa anahudumu kama [[Profesa]] katika [[University of Ibadan]], katika Idara ya Pharmacognosy, ambapo anachangia katika kufundisha na kufanya utafiti kuhusu matumizi ya mimea katika tiba na maendeleo ya dawa. Taiwo Olayemi Elufioye pia ni Msomi wa Fulbright katika Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine huko Philadelphia, [[Pennsylvania]], [[Marekani]]. Katika nafasi hiyo, anafanya utafiti unaolenga dawa za magonjwa ya neva yanayoharibika (neurodegenerative diseases), akichunguza uwezekano wa tiba mpya kupitia misombo ya asili. Kazi yake imechangia kwa kiasi kikubwa katika kuunganisha maarifa ya jadi ya mimea na sayansi ya kisasa ya dawa ili kuboresha tiba na afya ya binadamu. == Kazi == Taiwo Olayemi Elufioye amepata ufadhili wa utafiti kutoka MacArthur Foundation ili kufanya tafiti juu ya mimea ya dawa ya Nigeria kwa lengo la kubaini misombo inayoweza kutumika katika kutibu magonjwa ya neva yanayoharibika na changamoto nyingine za kiafya.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://macarthur.ui.edu.ng/taiwoolayemi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303083559/http://macarthur.ui.edu.ng/taiwoolayemi|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 March 2015|title=Doctoral Grantees (Taiwo Olayemi Elufioye)|access-date=2 February 2016|website=MacArthur Grants Awardees|publisher=University of Ibadan}}</ref> Mwaka [[2014]], Taiwo Olayemi Elufioye alikuwa miongoni mwa wanawake watano waliopata Tuzo za Elsevier Foundation Awards for Early Career Women Scientists in the Developing World. Alitunukiwa kwa mchango wake katika utafiti wa sifa za kifamasia za mimea ya Nigeria. Utafiti wake unalenga hasa kutafuta misombo inayoweza kutumika kutibu magonjwa kama malaria, majeraha, kupoteza kumbukumbu, ukoma, na saratani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.elsevierfoundation.org/the-elsevier-foundation-honors-early-career-women-scientists-from-developing-countries-for-research-into-the-medicinal-properties-of-natural-compounds/|title=The Elsevier Foundation honors Early Career Women Scientists from Developing Countries for Research into the Medicinal Properties of Natural Compounds|date=12 February 2014|access-date=1 February 2016|website=The Elsevier Foundation|archive-date=2017-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002051726/http://www.elsevierfoundation.org/the-elsevier-foundation-honors-early-career-women-scientists-from-developing-countries-for-research-into-the-medicinal-properties-of-natural-compounds/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tuzo hiyo ilitolewa katika mkutano wa mwaka wa American Association for the Advancement of Science Annual Meeting (AAAS) uliofanyika [[Chicago]], na ilijumuisha zawadi ya dola 5,000 za Marekani. Kufuatia mafanikio haya, Makamu Mkuu wa University of Ibadan, Isaac Adewole, alieleza kuwa mafanikio ya Elufioye “yangewatia moyo wanawake wengine katika sayansi” na kumtaja kama “fahari ya Nigeria na Afrika kwa ujumla.”<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.pharmanewsonline.com/ui-pharmacognosy-lecturer-wins-women-global-award/|title=UI Pharmacognosy Lecturer, Wins Women Global Award|last=Obayendo|first=Temitope|date=11 March 2014|work=Pharmanews|access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref> Katika taaluma yake, Taiwo Olayemi Elufioye amechapisha tafiti katika majarida mbalimbali ya kisayansi, ikiwemo Jarida la Kiafrika la Utafiti wa Biomedical, Utafiti wa Famagnosi, Jarida la Kimataifa la Famasia, na Jarida la Kiafrika la Dawa za Jadi, Ziada na Mbadala. == Maisha binafsi == Taiwo Olayemi Elufioye alizaliwa katika familia yenye msingi wa elimu, ambapo mama yake alikuwa mwalimu na baba yake alihudumu kama msimamizi katika chuo kikuu. Akiwa katika mazingira ya kitaaluma, Elufioye alikulia katika familia ambayo elimu ilithaminiwa sana, na wote katika familia yake, wakiwemo ndugu zake, waliweza kupata fursa ya kusoma na kuhitimu elimu ya juu katika vyuo vikuu mbalimbali.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.blueprint.ng/2014/03/10/nigerian-woman-elufioye-wins-2014-scientists-award/|location=Abuja, Nigeria|title=Nigerian woman, Elufioye, wins 2014 scientists award|date=10 March 2014|access-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917092441/http://www.blueprint.ng/2014/03/10/nigerian-woman-elufioye-wins-2014-scientists-award/|archive-date=17 September 2016|newspaper=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]}}</ref> Malezi haya ya kielimu yalichangia kwa kiasi kikubwa kumjenga Taiwo Olayemi Elufioye katika safari yake ya kitaaluma na utafiti wa kisayansi katika uwanja wa pharmacognosy na dawa za asili.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/stem-solutions/articles/2014/08/05/against-all-odds-women-in-developing-countries-succeed-in-stem-fields|title=Against All Odds: Women in Developing Countries Succeed in STEM Fields|last=Brink|first=Susan|date=5 August 2014|work=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii: Wanasayansi wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii: Wanawake wa Nigeria]] gnvv5bi55e7lvj36pufmn46bds9wjnp 0 229857 1529904 1508867 2026-05-02T14:34:10Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1529904 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Portia Arthur''' (alizaliwa [[7 Januari|Januari 7]], [[1990]]) ni mwandishi na mwandishi wa habari kutoka Ghana . <ref name="myjoyonline.com">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/lifestyle/2019/July-22nd/against-the-odds-lifestyle-writer-portia-arthur-empowers-millennials-through-new-book.php|title=Against The Odds! New book by Lifestyle Writer Portia Arthur empowers millennials|work=myjoyonline.com|accessdate=22 August 2019|archive-date=2019-09-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904175728/https://www.myjoyonline.com/lifestyle/2019/July-22nd/against-the-odds-lifestyle-writer-portia-arthur-empowers-millennials-through-new-book.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://ghanafuo.com/2019/08/lifestyle-writer-portia-arthur-models-megsignatures-new-collection.html|title=Lifestyle writer, Portia Arthur models for Meg'signature's new collection|date=21 August 2019|first=Kristine|author=Arthur|work=Ghanafuo.com|accessdate=22 August 2019}}</ref> Alizindua kitabu chake cha kwanza chenye kichwa cha habari ''Against the Odds'' mnamo Julai 2018. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.amazon.com.au/Against-Odds-Portia-Arthur-ebook/dp/B077K52MW5|title=Against The Odds|last=Arthur|first=Portia|date=16 November 2017|publisher=Portia Arthur|others=Isaac Nana Baah, Alex Osei Bonsu|editor-last=Anaman|editor-first=Fiifi Essilfie|language=English}}</ref> Pia alianzisha Mpango wa Kitabu kwa Mtoto, ambao unalenga kuwahamasisha vijana kusoma kwa kuwasaidia kwa vifaa vya kielimu na kuanzisha vilabu vya kusoma katika shule na makanisa mbalimbali. <ref name="myjoyonline.com" /> Tangu 2022, yeye ni mhariri wa mitindo wa ''Yen News'', baada ya miaka sita kama mhariri wa mtindo wa maisha wa ''Pulse Africa'' nchini Ghana. == Elimu == Arthur alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Kwame Nkrumah mnamo 2013, akipata Shahada ya Kwanza katika Masomo ya Uchapishaji. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2025-10-01|title=Author Portia Arthur - Entertainment Editor, All Articles and News on Yen.com.gh|url=https://yen.com.gh/authors/portia-arthur/|accessdate=2025-10-01|work=yen.com.gh|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Business Insider - Meet Ghanaian author">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/against-the-odds-meet-ghanaian-author-portia-arthur-on-a-mission-to-cultivate-a/bj1lwxj|title=Meet Ghanaian author Portia Arthur, on a mission to cultivate a reading culture among children|date=7 January 2018|work=[[Business Insider]]|accessdate=20 November 2022}}</ref> Aliendelea kupata ujuzi wa usimamizi kupitia kozi za Udemy, ikiwa ni pamoja na Mafunzo ya Uthibitishaji wa [[Usimamizi wa Miradi|PMP]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Portia Arthur|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/portia-arthur-1636837b/|accessdate=12 August 2021|work=Linked In}}</ref> == Kazi == Baada ya kusoma uchapishaji chuo kikuu, kazi ya kwanza ya Arthur ilikuwa kama mwandishi wa mtindo wa maisha wa ''Pulse Africa'', nchini Ghana, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Arthur Portia {{!}} Pulse Ghana|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh//authors/arthur-portia-2024080619161286112|accessdate=2025-10-01|work=www.pulse.com.gh|language=en|archive-date=2025-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113050318/https://www.pulse.com.gh/authors/arthur-portia-2024080619161286112|url-status=dead}}</ref> chini ya usimamizi wa Godfred Akoto Boafo. <ref name="Business Insider - Meet Ghanaian author2">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/against-the-odds-meet-ghanaian-author-portia-arthur-on-a-mission-to-cultivate-a/bj1lwxj|title=Meet Ghanaian author Portia Arthur, on a mission to cultivate a reading culture among children|date=7 January 2018|work=[[Business Insider]]|accessdate=20 November 2022}}</ref> Akiongozwa na hadithi moja aliyoripoti, kuhusu ukosefu wa miundombinu ya shule katika kitongoji changu, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/crisis-hundreds-of-pupils-stranded-as-two-schools-fight-over-building/pf7cqcr|title=Hundreds of pupils stranded as two schools fight over building|first=Portia|author=Arthur|work=Pulse Ghana|date=31 January 2017|accessdate=20 November 2022}}</ref> alianza mradi unaoitwa "Mpango wa Kitabu kwa Mtoto". <ref name="Business Insider - Meet Ghanaian author2" /> Kama alivyosema, aliuona kama "njia ya kuboresha kiwango cha kusoma na kuandika cha viongozi wetu wa baadaye. Lakini nilifikiri ni njia gani bora ya kuchangia katika kutatua tatizo nililoliona kuliko kutumia mafunzo yangu ya uchapishaji na shauku ya kuandika kitabu? Pia niligundua kuwa ningeweza kufadhili baadhi ya watoto na karo yao kwa mapato kutokana na mauzo ya vitabu." <ref name="Business Insider - Meet Ghanaian author2" /> Kama sehemu ya mradi huo, kitabu chake cha kwanza, ''Against the Odds'', kilizinduliwa mwaka wa 2018. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/against-the-odds-new-book-by-lifestyle-writer-portia-arthur-empowers-millennials/|title=Against The Odds! New book by Lifestyle Writer Portia Arthur empowers millennials|work=myjoyonline.com|date=20 July 2019|accessdate=20 November 2022}}</ref> Mnamo 2020, aliteuliwa kuwa Meneja Mkuu wa Blackbusters Family Media. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Portia-Arthur-appointed-as-General-Manager-of-Blackbusters-Family-Media-959191|title=Portia Arthur appointed as General Manager of Blackbusters Family Media|work=GhanaWeb|date=22 May 2020|accessdate=20 November 2022}}</ref> Baada ya miaka sita kama mhariri wa mtindo wa maisha katika ''Pulse'', alijiunga na ''Yen News'' kama mhariri wake wa mitindo, mnamo 2022. <ref name=":02">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2025-10-01|title=Author Portia Arthur - Entertainment Editor, All Articles and News on Yen.com.gh|url=https://yen.com.gh/authors/portia-arthur/|accessdate=2025-10-01|work=yen.com.gh|language=en}}</ref> Arthur aliteuliwa kama Mwanablogu wa Mitindo/Mtindo wa Maisha wa Mwaka katika Tuzo za Maisha za Ghana za 2019. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/lifestyle/events/pulse-ghanas-portia-arthur-nominated-for-2019-ghana-lifestyle-awards/948ze5p|title=Pulse Ghana's Portia Arthur nominated for 2019 Ghana Lifestyle Awards|date=10 March 2019|work=pulse.com.gh|accessdate=22 August 2019}}</ref> Pia aliteuliwa kwa Blogu ya Vipodozi ya Mwaka katika Tuzo za Vipodozi za Ghana za 2019 kwa mchango wake katika Pulse Lifestyle kwenye Pulse Ghana. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.bellanaijastyle.com/third-ghana-makeup-awards/|title=Ghana makeup Awards|work=|date=9 April 2019}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1990]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ghana]] rocww9kloajaon1vy8fjequrnd7d3pd 0 229859 1529748 1508312 2026-05-02T12:12:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529748 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yoni Goodman''' (alizaliwa [[1976]]) ni mwigizaji wa katuni wa Israeli. ==Wasifu== Goodman alianza kazi yake kama mchoraji na msanifu michoro, akifanya kazi katika magazeti mawili makuu ya Israeli, Maariv na Haaretz.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.closedzone.com/ |title=Closed Zone official site |access-date=2 June 2010 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003122155/http://closedzone.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7924700.stm|title= Acclaimed animator tackles Gaza|author= BBC|author-link= BBC|date= 4 March 2009|work= BBC News|access-date=2 June 2010}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1976]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:wasanii wa Israeli]] 3oeoi8izz75zqmfppnpoaf74vdo0z4g 0 229921 1529950 1508396 2026-05-02T17:32:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260502sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1529950 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Obioma Nwaorgu''' (alizaliwa [[1948]]) ni mtaalamu wa vimelea na magonjwa ya mlipuko kutoka [[Nigeria]], anayejulikana kwa mchango wake mkubwa katika utafiti wa magonjwa ya [[kitropiki]] na afya ya jamii. Alikuwa Profesa mstaafu katika Nnamdi Azikiwe University, taasisi ambayo hapo awali ilijulikana kama Chuo Kikuu cha Teknolojia cha [[Jimbo la Anambra]] kabla ya mageuzi ya kitaasisi. Alipata elimu yake ya juu katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Nigeria, Nsukka|University of Nigeria]] na baadaye katika [[University of Cambridge]], mojawapo ya vyuo vikuu vinavyoongoza duniani. Obioma Nwaorgu anakumbukwa kwa utafiti wake na juhudi za kutokomeza magonjwa ya kitropiki kama vile Guinea Worm Disease, Malaria, River Blindness (upofu wa mto), na Schistosomiasis (homa ya konokono). Aliongoza au kushiriki kama mtafiti mkuu katika miradi 12 ya utafiti wa magonjwa haya iliyofadhiliwa na World Health Organization (WHO). Mbali na utafiti, alikuwa mwanzilishi na rais wa Global Health and Awareness Research Foundation (GHARF), shirika lisilo la kiserikali lililojikita katika utoaji wa elimu ya afya na mafunzo ya uwezeshaji kwa wanawake na vijana. Kwa kutambua mchango wake wa kisayansi, Obioma Nwaorgu alichaguliwa kuwa mwanachama wa Nigerian Academy of Science mwaka [[2011]], na pia ni mwanachama wa Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene ya [[London]].{{sfn|World Health Organization|2015}} == Maisha ya awali, elimu na familia == Obioma Nwaorgu (aliyezaliwa Obioma Chebechi Okolo mwaka [[1948]] nchini Nigeria) alipata elimu yake ya awali katika sayansi ya maisha kabla ya kujikita katika utafiti wa vimelea na magonjwa ya mlipuko.{{sfn|Langlois|1999|p=269}} Alipata Shahada ya Sayansi katika [[Zoolojia]] kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Nigeria, Nsukka, mwaka [[1973]]. Baadaye aliendelea na masomo ya juu katika zoolojia katika University of Cambridge nchini Uingereza, ambapo alibobea zaidi katika taaluma ya sayansi ya viumbe.{{sfn|''NLNG Magazine''|2016|p=46}}{{sfn|Nigerian Academy of Science|2021}} Mnamo mwaka [[1976]], katika Kanisa la St Mark huko Cambridge, aliolewa na mwanafunzi mwenzake wa Nigeria, Joseph Goziem Nwaorgu, ambaye alikuwa akisomea usimamizi wa mali. Wawili hao walipata watoto wanne pamoja. Obioma Nwaorgu alipata Shahada ya Uzamivu (PhD) katika vimelea vya mimea mwaka 1979, hatua iliyomuwezesha kuanza safari yake ya kitaaluma kama mtafiti na mtaalamu wa magonjwa ya kitropiki. == Kazi zilizochaguliwa == * {{cite journal |last1=Albertson |first1=Donna G. |last2=Nwaorgu |first2=Obioma C. |last3=Sulston |first3=John E. |date=October 1979 |title=Chromatin Diminution and a Chromosomal Mechanism of Sexual Differentiation in ''Strongyloides Papillosus'' |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/bf00330626 |journal=Chromosoma |location=Vienna, Austria |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer-Verlag]] |volume=75 |pages=75–87 |doi=10.1007/bf00330626 |issn=0009-5915 |oclc=112576514 |pmid=533664 |s2cid=24522348 |url-access=subscription |ref=none}} * {{cite journal |last1=Nwaorgu |first1=O. C. |date=September 1991 |title=The Effectiveness of Combined Control Measures on the Prevalence of Guinea Worm Disease in Anambra State, Nigeria |journal=[[Journal of Helminthology]] |location=London, UK |publisher=[[London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine]] |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=226–231 |doi=10.1017/S0022149X00010750 |issn=0022-149X |oclc=116942380 |s2cid=34302664 |ref=none}} * {{cite journal |last1=Nwaorgu |first1=O. C. |last2=Okeibunor |first2=J. |last3=Madu |first3=E. |last4=Amazigo |first4=U. |last5=Onyegegbu |first5=N. |last6=Evans |first6=D. |date=October 1998 |title=A School-Based Schistosomiasis and Intestinal Helminthiasis Control Programme in Nigeria: Acceptability to Community Members |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_tropical-medicine-and-international-health_1998-10_3_10/page/842 |journal=[[Tropical Medicine & International Health]] |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell|Blackwell Science Ltd]] |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=842–849 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-3156.1998.00313.x |issn=1360-2276 |oclc=5153516561 |pmid=9809919 |ref=none}} * {{cite journal |last1=Aribodor |first1=Dennis N. |last2=Nwaorgu |first2=Obioma C. |last3=Eneanya |first3=Christine I. |last4=Okoli |first4=Ikechukwu |last5=Pukkila-Worley |first5=Reed |last6=Etaga |first6=Harrison O. |date=September 2009 |title=Association of Low Birth Weight and Placental Malarial Infection in Nigeria |journal=[[Journal of Infection in Developing Countries]] |location=Sassari, Italy |publisher=Open Learning on Enteric Pathogens, [[University of Sassari]] |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=264–281 |doi=10.3855/jidc.554 |issn=1972-2680 |oclc=449974346 |pmid=19801805 |ref=none |doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal |last1=Nwaorgu |first1=O. C. |last2=Orajaka |first2=B. N. |date=October 2011 |title=Prevalence of Malaria among Children 1–10 Years Old in Communities in Awka North Local Government Area, Anambra State South East Nigeria |journal=African Research Review |location=Dire Dawa, Ethiopia |publisher=International Association of African Researchers and Reviewers |volume=5 |issue=22 |pages=264–281 |doi=10.4314/afrrev.v5i5.21 |issn=1994-9057 |oclc=4807749411 |ref=none |doi-access=free}} * {{cite book|url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/114/2013/05/GoverningHealthSystems_Cover-front-matter.pdf|title=Governing Health Systems: For Nations and Communities Around the World|last1=Okeibunor|first1=Joseph|last2=Njepuome|first2=A. Ngozi|last3=Nwaorgu|first3=Obioma C.|last4=Onyeneho|first4=Nkechi G.|last5=Amazigo|first5=Uche V.|date=2015|publisher=Lamprey & Lee|isbn=978-1-942108-00-9|editor1-last=Reich|editor1-first=Michael R.|editor1-link=Michael R. Reich|edition=1st|location=Brookline, Massachusetts|pages=138–176|chapter=6. Community Perception of Health Services in South East Nigeria: A Reflection of Health System Governance in Nigeria|ref=none|editor2-last=Takemi|editor2-first=Keizō|editor2-link=Keizō Takemi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229151457/https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/114/2013/05/GoverningHealthSystems_Cover-front-matter.pdf|archive-date=29 February 2024|url-status=live}} ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1948]] [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii: Wanasayansi wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii: Wanawake wa Nigeria]] g1sxni0d4y2y8dzerzy65l3epqha6df 0 229958 1530074 1508472 2026-05-02T18:51:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530074 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zikhona Nwabisa Njoli''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] ambaye alichaguliwa kuwa Mbunge wa Bunge la Mkoa wa Eastern Cape katika uchaguzi wa mkoa wa 2024, akiwakilisha Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Ludidi|first=Velani|date=2022-11-14|title=EFF reconstitutes leadership in Eastern Cape 'in spirit of achieving gender parity'|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-11-14-eff-reconstitutes-leadership-in-eastern-cape-in-spirit-of-achieving-gender-parity/|access-date=2026-01-28|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref> Mnamo Novemba 2022, aligombea nafasi ya Naibu Katibu wa Mkoa wa EFF lakini hakufanikiwa, akipoteza kwa tofauti ya kura mbili dhidi ya Zolile Mgqwayiza. Hata hivyo, uongozi wa kitaifa wa EFF baadaye ulifanyia marekebisho uongozi wa mkoa na kumteua yeye kushika nafasi ya Naibu Katibu wa Mkoa wa chama hicho. == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] aylq2m7g8q8w4jugmkk60yiwwrmhouq 0 229990 1530236 1525485 2026-05-02T22:22:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530236 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shahidabibi Shaikh''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini|Afrika Kusini.]] Yeye ni mwanachama wa African National Congress (ANC) na tangu 2019 amekuwa Mjumbe wa Kudumu wa National Council of Provinces akiwakilisha mkoa wa Limpopo. Tangu 2019 pia ni Mwenyekiti wa Kamati Teule ya Usalama na Haki (Select Committee on Security and Justice) katika NCOP. Kabla ya hapo, alihudumu katika Bunge la Mkoa wa Limpopo kuanzia 2014 hadi 2019.<ref name="Parl">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ms Shahidabibi Shaikh|url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/421|access-date=23 March 2023|website=Parliament of South Africa}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] ktms4qk5cqjojg72v0sziovrqsldw6a 0 230076 1529710 1508800 2026-05-02T12:06:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529710 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yohanan Simon''' ([[Novemba 3]], [[1905]] – [[Januari 16]], [[1976]]) alikuwa mchoraji wa Israeli aliyezaliwa nchini Ujerumani. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.arttribes.com/moreartists.asp?ArtistID=163|title=Yohanan Simon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321215542/http://www.arttribes.com/moreartists.asp?ArtistID=163 |archive-date=21 March 2012 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1905]] [[jamii:waliofariki 1976]] [[jamii:wasanii wa Israeli]] dp2n4us0yz674qzf5xgypmav4i2u7n6 0 230132 1530232 1525394 2026-05-02T21:55:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530232 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Senyuiedzorm Awusi Adadavoh .jpg|thumb|Senyuiedzorm Awusi Adadavoh baada ya kuripoti mechi ya mpira wa miguu katika Uwanja wa Michezo wa Accra]] '''Senyuiedzorm Awusi Adadevoh''' (amezaliwa [[Ghana]]) ni mpiga picha wa michezo na mwandishi wa picha kutoka Ghana, mwenye makazi yake [[Accra, Ghana]]. Alianza taaluma yake ya upigaji picha mwaka 1999, na baadaye akajikita zaidi katika upigaji picha wa michezo katikati ya miaka ya 2000. Mwaka 2008, Adadevoh alianza kufanya kazi na timu ya taifa ya Ghana, maarufu kama Black Stars.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://glitzafrica.com/en/9-ghanaian-female-photographers-capturing-life-at-its-best/|title=9](https://glitzafrica.com/en/9-ghanaian-female-photographers-capturing-life-at-its-best/|title=9) Ghanaian Female Photographers Capturing Life at its Best! – Glitz Africa Magazine|website=glitzafrica.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-15}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Adadevoh pia ni mwanzilishi wa benki ya picha iitwayo Solvers Ghana, pamoja na kampuni za upigaji picha na uandishi wa picha za michezo zinazojulikana kama Sports Unlimited na Society Unlimited.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=[https://www.africanewshub.com/news/4305178-photo-journalist-senyuiedzorm-awusi-adadevoh-nominated-for-top-award|title=Photo](https://www.africanewshub.com/news/4305178-photo-journalist-senyuiedzorm-awusi-adadevoh-nominated-for-top-award|title=Photo) journalist Senyuiedzorm Awusi Adadevoh nominated for top award|last=Hub|first=Africa News|access-date=2018-01-15|archive-date=2018-01-16|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180116081212/https://www.africanewshub.com/news/4305178-photo-journalist-senyuiedzorm-awusi-adadevoh-nominated-for-top-award|url-status=dead}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20180116081212/https://www.africanewshub.com/news/4305178-photo-journalist-senyuiedzorm-awusi-adadevoh-nominated-for-top-award|url-status=dead}})</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ghana]] kkp9oifputjfs59e1reyf2jisbu7hc5 0 230222 1529938 1526569 2026-05-02T16:51:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260502sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1529938 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Taha Hussein''' (15 Novemba 1889 – 28 Oktoba 1973) alikuwa miongoni mwa waandishi na wasomi wenye ushawishi mkubwa wa [[Misri]] katika karne ya 20, na alikuwa mmoja wa viongozi wakuu wa Uamsho wa Kiarabu pamoja na harakati ya usasa katika ulimwengu wa Kiarabu.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|last=Ahmed|first=Hussam R.|url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TxovEAAAQBAJ|title=The](https://books.google.com/books?id=TxovEAAAQBAJ|title=The) Last Nahdawi: Taha Hussein and Institution Building in Egypt|date=2021-06-15|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-1-5036-2796-3|language=en|access-date=December 18, 2021|archive-date=April 23, 2022|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20220423072245/https://books.google.com/books?id=TxovEAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20220423072245/https://books.google.com/books?id=TxovEAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}})</ref> Lakabu yake ilikuwa "Mkuu wa Fasihi ya Kiarabu" ʿAmīd al-Adab al-ʿArabī|links=no}}).<ref name=Ghanayim1994>{{cite journal | author = Ghanayim, M. | year = 1994 | title = Mahmud Amin al-Alim: Between Politics and Literary Criticism | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_poetics-today_summer-1994_15_2/page/320 | journal = Poetics Today | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 321–338 | doi = 10.2307/1773168 | publisher = Poetics Today, Vol. 15, No. 2 | jstor=1773168}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xYq2xgEACAAJ&q=%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A|title=طه](https://books.google.com/books?id=xYq2xgEACAAJ&q=%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A|title=طه) حسين عميد الأدب العربي: حياته، آثاره الأدبية و آراؤه|date=1997|language=ar|access-date=February 27, 2021|archive-date=April 23, 2022|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20220423072245/https://books.google.com/books?id=xYq2xgEACAAJ&q=%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%2B%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8%2B%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A|url-status=live}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20220423072245/https://books.google.com/books?id=xYq2xgEACAAJ&q=%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%2B%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8%2B%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A|url-status=live}})</ref> Aliteuliwa kuwania Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fasihi mara ishirini na moja.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2020-04-01 |title=Nomination Archive: Taha Hussein |url=[https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=4387](https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=4387) |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20220814015801/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=4387](https://web.archive.org/web/20220814015801/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=4387) |url-status=live }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1889|1973}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Misri]] cigfwdaux9t6qnnut2rnoqd887cno0f 0 230666 1530070 1510299 2026-05-02T18:50:41Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Msanii muziki 2 | Jina = Zhané | Img = {{multiple image|align=none| image1 = Renee Neufville w RH Factor Live in Marseille -2.jpg|width1=150|image2=Jean Baylor-1030672.jpg|width2=151}} | Img_capt = Neufville (''kushoto'') na Norris (''kulia'') | Img_size = | Landscape = | Background = kundi_au_bendi | Jina la kuzaliwa = | Pia anajulikana kama = | Amezaliwa = | Amekufa = | Asili yake = [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], Marekani | Ala = Sauti, kinanda | Aina ya sauti = | Aina = [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[Neo Soul]], [[Jazz]] | Kazi yake = Waimbaji, watunzi wa nyimbo | Miaka ya kazi = 1993–1999 | Studio = [[Motown]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Flavor Unit]] | Ameshirikiana na = [[Queen Latifah]], [[Naughty by Nature]], [[Busta Rhymes]], [[De La Soul]] | Tovuti = {{URL|jeanbaylor.com}} | Ala zinazojulikana = }} '''Zhané''' (inatamkwa "Jah-Nay") lilikuwa kundi la muziki wa [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] kutoka nchini Marekani. Kundi liliundwa na Renée Neufville na Jean Norris-Baylor. Kundi hili linafahamika zaidi kwa wimbo wao wa mwaka 1993, "[[Hey Mr. D.J. (Zhané song)|Hey Mr. D.J.]]", ulioshika nafasi ya 6 kwenye chati za [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.song-database.com/chhist.php?sid=11956&from=spu&type=ht|title=Billboard Hot 100 Chart History: Hey Mr. DJ|publisher=Song-database.com|access-date=2013-06-29}}</ref> Nyimbo nyingine maarufu ni pamoja na "[[Groove Thang]]" na "[[Sending My Love]]", zote zilitoka mwaka 1994. Kundi hili lilikuwa sehemu ya umoja wa wasanii wa [[Flavor Unit]] wa [[Queen Latifah]]. == Maisha na kazi == === Mwanzo === Kulingana na Jean Norris, waliongeza herufi "Z" ili kuleta ladha zaidi na ndipo wakapata jina "Zhané."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://soultrain.com/2011/11/17/soul-flashback-zhane’s-jean-baylor-talks-about-life-as-a-solo-artist/ |title=Soul Flashback: Zhané's Jean Baylor Talks About Life as a Solo Artist|website=Soultrain.com|access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> === Mafanikio na "Pronounced Jah-Nay" === Baada ya kupata nafasi kwenye mkusanyiko wa nyimbo wa ''[[Roll wit tha Flava]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/roll-wit-tha-flava-mw0000096440|title=Roll wit tha Flava - Various Artists - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> Zhané walitoka na wimbo wa "Hey, Mr. D.J." Baada ya kukutana na Kay Gee (mwanachama wa [[Naughty by Nature]]), walirekodi wimbo huo ambao ulishika nafasi ya sita kwenye chati na kuwapatia mkataba na lebo ya [[Motown Records]] mwaka 1994. Albamu yao ya kwanza, ''Pronounced Jah-Nay'', ilitoa nyimbo nyingine mbili zilizofanya vizuri ("Groove Thang," "Sending My Love") na kufikia mauzo ya dhahabu na baadaye platinamu. Katika kipindi cha 1995–1996, kundi liliendelea kuwa bize kwa kushiriki kwenye nyimbo za [[Busta Rhymes]] na [[De La Soul]]. === Saturday Night === Norris na Neufville walitoa albamu ya pili, ''Saturday Night'' mwaka 1997, iliyotayarishwa na Kay Gee, Eddie F., na wao wenyewe. Albamu hii ilikuwa na wimbo maarufu "Request Line." === Kusambaratika na miradi ya kujitegemea === Tangu kuvunjika kwa kundi hilo, Jean Norris aliolewa na mwanamuziki Marcus Baylor,<ref name="1_Marcus">{{cite web|url=http://www.marcusbaylor.com/|title=The Baylor Project|website=The Baylor Project|access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> ambaye ni mpiga ngoma wa jazz. Jean alitoa albamu ya kujitegemea iliyokwenda kwa jina la ''Testimony: My Life'' mwaka 2007. Baadaye aliunda kundi la R&B/jazz na mumewe liitwalo [[The Baylor Project]] na kuteuliwa kuwania tuzo za Grammy mara mbili mwaka 2017.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.stltoday.com/entertainment/music/kevin-johnson/the-baylor-project-with-st-louis-marcus-baylor-earns-grammy/article_8be07b58-2402-5728-afe9-6b30a797e1f1.html|title=The Baylor Project with St. Louis' Marcus Baylor earns 2 Grammy nods|first=Kevin C.|last=Johnson|website=Stltoday.com|date=28 November 2017 }}</ref> Neufville naye alikuwa mwenyeji wa kipindi cha mtandaoni cha ''88 Soul'' na kushiriki kwenye albamu za wasanii kama India.Arie, Will Downing, na Aaliyah. Pia alijihusisha na mradi wa [[Roy Hargrove]] uitwao RH Factor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vervemusicgroup.com/reneeneufville |title=Renee Neufville &#124; Verve Music Group |access-date=2013-11-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222050/http://www.vervemusicgroup.com/reneeneufville |archive-date=2013-12-02 }}</ref> == Diskografia == === Albamu za studio === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! rowspan="2"| Mwaka ! rowspan="2"| Maelezo ya albamu ! colspan="6"| Peak chart positions ! rowspan="2"| [[Music recording sales certification|Tunzo]] |- style="font-size:smaller;" ! style="width:35px;"| [[Billboard 200|US]] ! style="width:35px;"| [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US R&B]] ! style="width:35px;"| [[Australian Recording Industry Association|AUS]] ! style="width:35px;"| [[RPM (magazine)|CAN]] ! style="width:35px;"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]] ! style="width:35px;"| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]] |- || 1994 | style="text-align:left;"| '''''[[Pronounced Jah-Nay]]''''' * Imetoka: Februari 15, 1994 * Lebo: [[Motown]] | 37 | 8 | 50 | 44 | — | 89 | * [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]: Platinamu<ref name="riaa">{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=%22Zhane%22|title=US Certifications > Zhané|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]|access-date=2012-10-12}}</ref> |- | 1997 | style="text-align:left;"| '''''[[Saturday Night (Zhané album)|Saturday Night]]''''' * Imetoka: Aprili 22, 1997 * Lebo: Motown | 41 | 8 | — | 90 | 26 | 52 | |- |} === Single === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! rowspan="2"| Mwaka ! style="width:180px;" rowspan="2"| Jina ! colspan="11"| Peak chart positions ! rowspan="2"| Albamu |- style="font-size:smaller;" ! style="width:35px;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]] ! style="width:35px;"| [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US R&B]] ! style="width:35px;"| [[Dance Club Songs|US Dance]] ! style="width:35px;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]] ! style="width:35px;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]] |- || 1993 | style="text-align:left;"| "[[Hey Mr. D.J. (Zhané song)|Hey Mr. D.J.]]" | 6 | 3 | 2 | 9 | 26 | style="text-align:left;" | ''Roll wit tha Flava / Pronounced Jah-Nay'' |- | rowspan="3" | 1994 | style="text-align:left;"| "[[Groove Thang]]" | 17 | 2 | 13 | 17 | 34 | rowspan="2" |''Pronounced Jah-Nay'' |- | style="text-align:left;"| "[[Sending My Love]]" | 40 | 5 | &mdash; | 126 | &mdash; |- | style="text-align:left;"| "[[Shame (Evelyn "Champagne" King song)|Shame]]" | 28 | 12 | 46 | 133 | 66 | style="text-align:left;"| ''[[A Low Down Dirty Shame (soundtrack)]]'' |- | 1997 | style="text-align:left;"| "Request Line" | 39 | 9 | &mdash; | &mdash; | 22 | style="text-align:left;" | ''Saturday Night'' |} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category}} * [http://www.jeanbaylor.com Tovuti rasmi ya Jean Baylor] *{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p44728}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] 9z8opfqkf0okn7j7moya8xeffqzigrh 0 230784 1530181 1510600 2026-05-02T19:08:03Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530181 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Éliane Louise Thérèse Radigue''' (24 Januari 1932 – 23 Februari 2026) alikuwa mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Kifaransa]].<ref> Alianza kufanya kazi katika miaka ya 1950, na utunzi wake wa kwanza uliwasilishwa mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1960. Hadi mwaka 2000, kazi zake zilitungwa karibu zote kwa kutumia ARP 2500 modular synthesizer na tepu ya sumaku.<ref>[[https://www.berlinerfestspiele.de/en/berliner-festspiele/programm/bfs-kuenstler/bfs_kuenstler_detail_118395.html](https://www.berlinerfestspiele.de/en/berliner-festspiele/programm/bfs-kuenstler/bfs_kuenstler_detail_118395.html) Wasifu wa Éliane Radigue katika Berliner Festspiele]</ref> Kuanzia mwaka 2001 alianza kutunga hasa kwa ajili ya ala za akustiki.<ref>Joanna Demers, ''Listening through the Noise: The Aesthetics of Experimental ...'' (2010), uk. 94.</ref> == Asili == Radigue alizaliwa mjini [[Paris]] tarehe 24 Januari 1932,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=October 25, 2012|title=Radigue Eliane (1932)|url=[http://www.cdmc.asso.fr/en/ressources/compositeurs/biographies/radigue-eliane-1932|access-date=January](http://www.cdmc.asso.fr/en/ressources/compositeurs/biographies/radigue-eliane-1932|access-date=January) 26, 2022|website=Centre de documentation de la musique contemporaine}}</ref> akiwa binti wa Germaine Radigue (née Lubain) na Clément Radigue, mfanyabiashara.<ref> Alikulia Paris karibu na soko la Les Halles.<ref> Mwaka 1953 aliolewa na Armand Fernandez, ambaye baadaye alijulikana kama msanii kwa jina la Arman,<ref> na waliishi [[Nice]] wakilea watoto wao watatu, kabla ya kurudi Paris mwaka 1967. Alikuwa amesoma piano na tayari alikuwa anatungua muziki kabla ya kusikia matangazo ya mwanzilishi wa musique concrète, Pierre Schaeffer. Hivi karibuni alikutana naye na mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1950 akawa mwanafunzi wake, akifanya kazi mara kwa mara katika Studio d'Essai alipokuwa akitembelea Paris. Katika miaka ya mapema ya 1960, alikuwa msaidizi wa Pierre Henry, akitengeneza baadhi ya sauti zilizotumika katika kazi zake.<ref> Kadri kazi zake zilivyoendelea kukua, Schaeffer na Henry waliona kuwa matumizi yake ya mwitikio wa maikrofoni na tape loop ndefu (kama zinavyosikika katika ''Vice-Versa'' na ''Feedback Works 1969–1970'') yalikuwa yanaanza kuachana na mitazamo yao, ingawa mbinu zake bado zilihusiana na njia zao. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1932|2026}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] ky4lwcrftp4eh70hjibr7fyev8anymi 0 230870 1529782 1513277 2026-05-02T12:18:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1529782 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Younes Nazarian''' ([[Januari 26]], [[1931]] – [[Machi 18]], [[2022]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]], mwekezaji, na mfadhili bilionea nchini [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Irani]]. Alikuwa mwekezaji katika ''Qualcomm''.Pia alikuwa mwenyekiti wa ''Nazarian Enterprises''.<ref name=BloombergSleep>[https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/magazine/sam-nazarian-wants-you-to-sleep-with-him-12012011.html Bloomberg: "Sam Nazarian Wants You to Sleep with Him" By Karl Taro Greenfeld] December 1, 2011</ref> Pia alikuwa mfadhili mkubwa wa misaada ya hisani huko [[California]] na [[Israeli]].<ref name="obit">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://jewishjournal.com/judaism/obituaries/346180/younes-nazarian-philanthropist-businessman-and-community-leader-passed-at-91/|title=Younes Nazarian, Philanthropist, Businessman and Community Leader, Passes Away at 91|date=March 18, 2022}}</ref><ref name="jewishjournal">[http://www.jewishjournal.com/community_briefs/article/briefs_scholarships_memorialize_fallen_israeli_troops_prizant_and Briefs: Scholarships memorialize fallen Israeli troops, Prizant and Federation settle suit, Teriton residents block evictions], ''The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles'', August 9, 2007</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/latimes/name/younes-nazarian-obituary?id=33705681 | title=Younes Nazarian Obituary (1931 - 2022) Los Angeles Times | website=[[Legacy.com]] }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Irani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2022]] kui8rz1k0dee6zdvfib7v2dysfmg6uo 0 230977 1530266 1514726 2026-05-03T01:35:41Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530266 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Staci Lynn Appel''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[19 Aprili]] [[1966]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Marekani]] kutoka jimbo la Iowa. Alihudumu katika Seneti ya Iowa kama Kiongozi Msaidizi wa Wengi kuanzia mwaka 2007 hadi 2011, akiwakilisha Wilaya ya 37. Akiwa mwanachama wa Chama cha Democratic, mwaka 2014 aligombea bila mafanikio kiti katika Baraza la Wawakilishi la Marekani kwa Wilaya ya 3 ya bunge la Iowa.<ref>[http://www.sos.state.ia.us/pdfs/GenOffResults.pdf Official Results. 2006 General Elections] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sos.state.ia.us/pdfs/GenOffResults.pdf |date=20070715101939 }}, State of Iowa, November 26, 2006</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1966]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]] j1ziozxtv6d64xs7q94a4xhj3i932j4 0 231002 1530277 1526528 2026-05-03T02:38:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530277 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thurman John Rodgers''' (Alizaliwa [[Machi 15]], [[1948]]) ni [[mwanasayansi]] na [[mjasiriamali]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].<ref name="Mercury">{{cite news |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/2010/08/20/mercury-news-interview-t-j-rodgers-ceo-and-president-of-cypress-semiconductor/ |title=T.J. Rodgers, CEO and president of Cypress Semiconductor |last=Johnson |first=Steve |newspaper=San Jose Mercury News |date=August 20, 2010 |access-date=June 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505052633/http://www.mercurynews.com/2010/08/20/mercury-news-interview-t-j-rodgers-ceo-and-president-of-cypress-semiconductor/|archive-date=May 5, 2017|url-status=live|url-access=limited}}</ref>Yeye ni mwanzilishi wa ''Cypress Semiconductor'' na ana hati miliki za teknolojia kuanzia semikondakta , nishati na utengenezaji wa divai.<ref name="Bloomberg">{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/1991-12-08/the-bad-boy-of-silicon-valley|title = The Bad Boy of Silicon Valley|newspaper = Bloomberg.com|date = December 9, 1991}}</ref> Rodgers alijiuzulu kama afisa mkuu mtendaji wa Cypress Aprili [[2016]] na Mkurugenzi Agosti [[2016]] baada ya kuhudumu kwa miaka 34.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.cypress.com/news/cypress-ceo-step-down|title=Cypress CEO to Step Down|website=www.cypress.com|access-date=July 27, 2017}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 923bq2xy87qyetjri7akgj027wtt98i 0 231018 1530171 1517601 2026-05-02T19:06:33Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1530171 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Álvaro Fernández Llorente''' (alizaliwa [[13 Aprili]], [[1998]]), ambaye wakati mwingine hujulikana kama '''Álvaro Ferllo''', ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye anacheza kama [[mlinda mlango]] katika klabu ya Deportivo de La Coruña.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=1 May 2021 |title=Álvaro Fernández: "A la Real le tengo un cariño especial |trans-title=Álvaro Fernández: ‘I have a special affection for Real’ |url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/real-sociedad/20210501/493548652410/alvaro-fernandez-a-la-real-le-tengo-un-carino-especial.html |publisher=Mundo Deportivo |language=es |accessdate=5 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=25 September 2016 |title=Presa fácil para el Villarreal |trans-title=Easy prey for Villarreal |url=http://www.marca.com/eventos/marcador/futbol/2016_17/la-liga/jornada_6/vil_osa/ |publisher=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]] |language=es |accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=25 September 2016 |title=Álvaro Fernández, de 18 años, debuta en Primera por la lesión de Mario |trans-title=Álvaro Fernández, aged 18, debuts in ''Primeira'' due to Mario's injury |url=http://www.marca.com/futbol/osasuna/2016/09/25/57e824b846163f31148b45c1.html |publisher=Marca |language=es |accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1998|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]] j15izg7962uuzkgxnnqo4o3e6z0k0mf 0 231101 1530350 1519498 2026-05-03T08:57:23Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1530350 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vicente Guillot Fabián''' (alizaliwa huko Aldaia, Jumuiya ya Valencia, [[15 Julai]], [[1941]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Hispania]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ciberche.net/histoche/jugadores/19?pid=322&show_all=1 |title=Valencia CF profile |accessdate=2026-04-29 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929165641/http://www.ciberche.net/histoche/jugadores/19?pid=322&show_all=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1941|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]] 5b34j87may72wqsb6ws6vwuicw5fr67 1530385 1530350 2026-05-03T10:44:27Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530385 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vicente Guillot Fabián''' (alizaliwa huko Aldaia, Jumuiya ya Valencia, [[15 Julai]], [[1941]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Hispania]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ciberche.net/histoche/jugadores/19?pid=322&show_all=1 |title=Valencia CF profile |accessdate=2026-04-29 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929165641/http://www.ciberche.net/histoche/jugadores/19?pid=322&show_all=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1941|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]] l67c96lvgqboa97pdkp6lwx2zra6p98 0 231288 1530329 1527011 2026-05-03T08:32:48Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1530329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Mike Myers | nchi = Kanada | majina_mengine = | picha = Mike Myers 2017 (37220071326) (cropped).jpg | ukubwawapicha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = Mike Myers katika Mashindano ya Invictus 2017 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = Michael John Myers | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 25 Mei 1963 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Scarborough, Ontario, Kanada | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = Uigizaji, Vichekesho, Utayarishaji wa filamu, Muziki, Uimbaji | kazi_yake = Mwigizaji, Mchekeshaji, Mtayarishaji wa filamu, Mwanamuziki, Mwimbaji | cheo = | mshahara = | kipindi = 1973–sasa | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu= | dini = | ndoa = Robin Ruzan (1993–2006; talaka), Kelly Tisdale (2010–sasa) | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = 3 | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = | jamaa = Paul Myers (ndugu) }} '''Michael John Myers''' (amezaliwa Mei 25, 1963)<ref name=tvg/> ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mchekeshaji]], mtayarishaji wa [[filamu]], na [[mwanamuziki]] mwenye asili ya [[Kanada]] na [[Marekani]]. Ameshinda tuzo mbalimbali zikiwemo tuzo saba za [[MTV Movie & TV Awards]], tuzo ya [[Primetime Emmy Award]], na [[Screen Actors Guild Award]]. Mwaka 2002, alipewa nyota katika njia ya sifa ya [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]. Myers alipata umaarufu mkubwa kupitia kipindi cha vichekesho cha [[NBC]] kiitwacho ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' (1989–1995). Baadaye alipata mafanikio makubwa zaidi duniani kwa kuigiza uhusika mkuu katika mfululizo wa filamu za ''[[Wayne's World (filamu)|Wayne's World]]'' (1992–1993), ''[[Austin Powers]]'' (1997–2002), na kutoa sauti ya mhusika mkuu katika filamu za ''[[Shrek]]'' (2001–sasa). == Maisha ya awali == Michael John Myers alizaliwa [[Scarborough]], [[Ontario]], Mei 25, 1963.<ref name=tvg>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/mike-myers/bio/166681|title=Mike Myers Biography at|magazine=[[TV Guide]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017052517/https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/mike-myers/bio/166681 |access-date=October 16, 2013|archive-date=October 17, 2013 }}</ref> Wazazi wake, Alice "Bunny" E. na Eric Myers, walikuwa wahamiaji kutoka [[Liverpool]], Uingereza. Wazazi wake wote wawili walikuwa mashujaa wa [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]].<ref name="invictus">{{cite web|url=https://www.forces.net/sport/invictus-games/invictus-mike-myers-honours-british-parents-who-fought-ww2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924054849/https://www.forces.net/sport/invictus-games/invictus-mike-myers-honours-british-parents-who-fought-ww2 |url-status=live |archive-date=September 24, 2017 |author=Invictus Games |title=Invictus: Mike Myers Honours British Parents Who Fought In WW2 |publisher=Forces Network |date=September 23, 2017 |access-date=June 4, 2021}}</ref> Alisoma katika chuo cha taasisi ya Stephen Leacock Collegiate Institute na kuhitimu mwaka 1982. == Kazi == === Mwanzo wa kazi na SNL === Myers alianza kuonekana kwenye matangazo ya biashara akiwa na umri wa miaka miwili tu. Baada ya kuhitimu shule ya sekondari, alijiunga na kundi la vichekesho la [[The Second City]]. Mwaka 1989, alijiunga na timu ya waigizaji wa ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' (SNL). Akiwa SNL, alitengeneza wahusika maarufu kama Dieter katika "Sprockets" na Linda Richman katika "Coffee Talk". Hivi karibuni mnamo Machi 2025, Myers alirejea kwenye SNL kama mgeni mwalikwa ambapo aliigiza kama [[Elon Musk]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/pop-culture-news/snl-recreates-trump-zelenskyy-clash-appearance-mike-myers-musk-rcna194376 | title='SNL' re-creates Trump-Zelenskyy clash, with appearance by Mike Myers as Musk |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=March 2, 2025|work=[[NBC News]]|access-date=March 23, 2025}}</ref> === Mafanikio ya Filamu === Mwaka 1992, yeye na Dana Carvey walirekebisha vichekesho vyao vya "Wayne's World" kuwa filamu yenye jina hilohilo, ambayo ilipata mafanikio makubwa. Mwaka 1997, alianzisha mfululizo wa filamu za ''[[Austin Powers]]'' ambapo aliigiza kama mpelelezi Austin Powers na adui yake, Dr. Evil. Mnamo mwaka 2001, Myers alitoa sauti ya mhusika [[Shrek]] katika filamu ya kwanza ya Shrek. Uhusika huu umekuwa mmoja wa kazi zake zenye mafanikio makubwa zaidi kifedha. Imethibitishwa kuwa atarejea kutoa sauti hiyo katika filamu ya ''[[Shrek 5]]'' inayotarajiwa kutoka Juni 2027.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/shrek-5-release-date-delayed-june-2027-1236486883/|title='Shrek 5' Release Date Delayed to June 2027|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=August 11, 2025|access-date=August 11, 2025}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{BD|1963|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wachekeshaji wa Kanada]] le0woxjgclr0al4q406cjdf8s94oskr 14 231289 1530328 1527016 2026-05-03T08:32:18Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] 1530328 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] gziqdo2bf3vamq25kbvlmn1pvdq3ctj 0 231291 1530330 1527548 2026-05-03T08:33:27Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Marejeo */ 1530330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Miles Teller | nchi = Marekani | majina_mengine = | picha = Miles Teller TIFF 2025 (3x4 cropped).png | ukubwawapicha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = Miles Teller katika Tamasha la Filamu la Kimataifa la Toronto 2025 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 20 Februari 1987 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Downingtown, Pennsylvania, Marekani | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = Uigizaji | kazi_yake = Mwigizaji | cheo = | mshahara = | kipindi = 2004–sasa | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu= | dini = | ndoa = Keleigh Sperry (2019–sasa) | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = | elimu = Chuo Kikuu cha New York (Shahada ya Sanaa Nzuri – BFA) }} '''Miles Teller''' (amezaliwa Februari 20, 1987) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. Alianza kupata umaarufu kupitia [[filamu]] ya drama ya ''[[Rabbit Hole (filamu ya 2010 )|Rabbit Hole]]'' (2010), na baadaye alijulikana zaidi kwa majukumu yake katika filamu ya ''[[The Spectacular Now]]'' (2013) na mfululizo wa filamu za ''[[The Divergent Series|Divergent]]'' (2014–2016). Hatua yake kubwa kuelekea mafanikio ilikuja mwaka 2014 kupitia filamu ya ''[[Whiplash (filamu ya 2014)|Whiplash]]'', ambapo aliigiza kama mpiga ngoma. Jukumu hilo lilimletea sifa nyingi na kumfanya ateuliwe kuwania tuzo ya [[BAFTA Rising Star Award]]. Baadaye, Teller aliigiza katika filamu ya mashujaa wa ajabu ya [[Fantastic Four (filamu ya 2015 )|''Fantastic Four'']] (2015) kama [[Mister Fantastic]] na katika filamu ya ''[[War Dogs (filamu ya 2016)|War Dogs]]'' (2016). Alipata mafanikio makubwa zaidi duniani mwaka 2022 alipoigiza katika filamu ya hatua ya ''[[Top Gun: Maverick]]'' (2022) akiwa pamoja na [[Tom Cruise]].<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Top Gun: Maverick's Miles Teller On Inheriting Goose's Iconic Moustache – Exclusive Image|url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/top-gun-maverick-miles-teller-goose-moustache-exclusive/|access-date=January 24, 2022|website=Empire|date=December 4, 2021}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == [[File:Miles Teller drumming at LHS.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Teller akipiga ngoma katika shule yake ya zamani ya upili]] Teller alizaliwa Downingtown, [[Pennsylvania]], Marekani. Mama yake, Merry, ni wakala wa majengo, na baba yake, Michael, ni mhandisi wa vinu vya nyuklia. Alikulia Pennsylvania na Delaware kabla ya familia yake kuhamia Citrus County, [[Florida]], akiwa na umri wa miaka 12. Akiwa shuleni, alikuwa rais wa klabu ya drama na alijifunza kupiga ala mbalimbali za muziki ikiwemo saksafoni, ngoma, kinanda, na gitaa. Alihitimu katika Chuo cha Sanaa cha Tisch cha [[New York University]] mwaka 2009. == Kazi == === Mafanikio (2004–2021) === Teller alionekana katika filamu nyingi fupi kati ya mwaka 2004 na 2010. Baada ya kuhitimu chuo, alichaguliwa na [[Nicole Kidman]] kuigiza naye katika filamu ya ''Rabbit Hole''. Mwaka 2014, aliigiza katika filamu ya ''[[Whiplash (2014 film)|Whiplash]]'', ambapo alilipwa takriban dola 8,000 pekee licha ya filamu hiyo kushinda tuzo nyingi za Oscar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/shortcuts/2015/mar/22/hunger-games-jennifer-lawrence-miles-teller-whiplash |title=Hunger games: when movie stars work for peanuts|last=Lee|first=Benjamin|date=March 23, 2015|website=theguardian.com}}</ref> === Top Gun na maendeleo ya sasa (2022–sasa) === Mwaka 2022, alipata mafanikio makubwa kupitia ''Top Gun: Maverick''. Mwaka huohuo, alifanya kazi yake ya kwanza kama mtangazaji mwalikwa wa kipindi cha ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''. Mnamo Aprili 2026, kampuni ya vinywaji ya ''The Finnish Long Drink'', ambayo Teller ni mwekezaji wake wa mapema, iliuzwa kwa thamani ya zaidi ya dola milioni 325. Licha ya mafanikio hayo ya kibiashara, Teller alieleza kuwa hana mpango wa kuacha uigizaji.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Phillipp |first=Charlotte |date=April 20, 2026 |title=Miles Teller Sells Stake in Canned Cocktail Company For $325M, Says He's 'Not Retiring From Acting |url=https://people.com/miles-teller-sells-stake-in-canned-cocktail-company-for-more-than-usd325m-says-he-s-not-retiring-from-acting-11954162}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Teller alimwoa mwanamitindo Keleigh Sperry mnamo Septemba 1, 2019, huko Maui, Hawaii. Mwaka 2025, nyumba yao iliharibiwa na moto wa mwituni (Palisades Fire) huko Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Miles Teller and Keleigh Teller's Pacific Palisades Home Reduced to Rubble by L.A. Wildfires |url=https://people.com/miles-teller-s-pacific-palisades-home-destroyed-by-l-a-wildfires-8771562 |magazine=People |access-date=January 10, 2025}}</ref> Mwezi Desemba 2025, shule yake ya zamani ya sekondari ya Lecanto iliita ukumbi wao wa maigizo kwa jina lake ("Miles Teller Theatre") kwa heshima yake. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{BD|1987|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] fze3xut391enb5x2rnxem9qgv9t7w90 0 231292 1530331 1527232 2026-05-03T08:35:59Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1530331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Colman Domingo | nchi = [[Marekani]] | majina_mengine = | picha = Colman Domingo at 82nd Venice International Film Festival-1 (cropped2).jpg | ukubwawapicha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = Colman Domingo mwaka 2025 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = Colman Jason Domingo | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 28 Novemba 1969 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], Marekani | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = Uigizaji, Uandishi wa tamthilia, Uongozaji | kazi_yake = Mwigizaji, Mwandishi wa tamthilia, Mkurugenzi | cheo = | mshahara = | kipindi = 1994–sasa | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu= | dini = | ndoa = Raúl Domingo (2014–sasa) | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = | elimu = Chuo Kikuu cha Temple (Shahada ya Sanaa – BA) | tuzo = Orodha kamili ya tuzo na uteuzi | kazi = Orodha kamili ya kazi zake jukwaani na kwenye skrini }} '''Colman Jason Domingo''' (amezaliwa Novemba 28, 1969) ni [[mwigizaji]], mwandishi wa michezo ya kuigiza, na [[mwongozaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. Amekuwa maarufu katika [[Filamu|skrini]] na jukwaani tangu mwaka 2010, na amepokea tuzo mbalimbali ikiwemo [[Primetime Emmy Award]], pamoja na kuteuliwa mara mbili katika [[Tuzo za Academy]] na mara mbili katika [[Tony Awards]]. Mwaka 2024, jarida la ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' lilimtaja kuwa mmoja wa watu 100 wenye ushawishi mkubwa zaidi duniani. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Domingo alizaliwa na kukulia [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], katika familia ya tabaka la wafanyakazi. Mama yake, Edith Bowles, alikuwa Mwafrika-Mmarekani na baba yake mzazi alitokea nchini [[Belize]] akiwa na asili ya [[Guatemala]]. Alihitimu katika shule ya sekondari ya Overbrook mnamo 1987 na baadaye akajiunga na [[Temple University]], ambapo alichukua fani ya uandishi wa habari. Baada ya hapo, alihamia [[San Francisco]] kuanza kazi ya uigizaji, hasa katika michezo ya jukwaani.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rose |first=Steve |date=November 24, 2023 |title='Are the Secret Service gonna come get me?': Colman Domingo on Rustin, Zendaya and touching Obama |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/nov/24/are-the-secret-service-gonna-come-get-me-colman-domingo-on-rustin-zendaya-and-touching-obama |access-date=May 1, 2026 |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Lesley |last=Goldberg |date=December 3, 2015 |title='Fear the Walking Dead' Promotes Colman Domingo to Series Regular for Season 2 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/fear-walking-dead-promotes-colman-845500 |access-date=May 1, 2026 |work=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Thompson |first=Tessa |date=March 20, 2016 |title=Colman Domingo |url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/colman-domingo |magazine=Interview |access-date=May 1, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://abc11.com/colman-domingo-best-actor-oscars-2024-afro-latino/14476562/ |title=Oscars 2024: Colman Domingo is first Afro-Latino to be nominated for Best Actor |date=February 28, 2024 |website=ABC11 Raleigh-Durham |access-date=May 1, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rizzo |first=Frank |title=Off Broadway Review: 'Dot' by Colman Domingo |url=https://variety.com/2016/legit/reviews/dot-review-play-1201714882/ |access-date=May 1, 2026 |work=Variety |date=February 26, 2016}}</ref> == Kazi == === Kazi ya mapema na uigizaji wa jukwaani === Domingo alianza uigizaji katika miaka ya 1990. Alipata umaarufu mkubwa kupitia mchezo wa muziki wa Broadway wa ''[[Passing Strange]]'' (2008). Kwa uhusika wake katika ''[[The Scottsboro Boys (musical)|The Scottsboro Boys]]'', aliteuliwa kuwania tuzo za Tony na Laurence Olivier. === Televisheni na filamu === Katika televisheni, anajulikana sana kwa uhusika wake kama Victor Strand katika mfululizo wa ''[[Fear the Walking Dead]]'' (2015–2023). Pia alipata sifa kubwa kwa kuigiza kama Ali, mraibu wa dawa za kulevya anayepona, katika mfululizo wa [[HBO]] wa ''[[Euphoria (American TV series)|Euphoria]]'', jukumu ambalo lilimpatia tuzo ya Emmy mwaka 2022. Katika upande wa filamu, Domingo aliteuliwa kuwania Tuzo ya Academy kama Mwigizaji Bora wa Kiume kwa kuigiza mwanaharakati wa haki za binadamu [[Bayard Rustin]] katika filamu ya [[Rustin (filamu)|''Rustin'']] (2023). Pia aliteuliwa tena mwaka uliofuata kwa kazi yake katika filamu ya ''[[Sing Sing (filamu ya 2023)|Sing Sing]]'' (2024). Kazi nyingine muhimu ni pamoja na filamu za: * ''[[Lincoln (film)|Lincoln]]'' (2012) * ''[[Selma (film)|Selma]]'' (2014) * ''[[Ma Rainey's Black Bottom (film)|Ma Rainey's Black Bottom]]'' (2020) * ''[[The Color Purple (2023 film)|The Color Purple]]'' (2023) * ''[[Michael (2026 film)|Michael]]'' (2026) ambapo anaigiza kama Joe Jackson. == Maisha binafsi == Domingo ni shoga waziwazi na amekuwa katika ndoa na mumewe, Raúl Domingo, tangu mwaka 2014. == Marejeo == <ref>{{cite magazine |first=Lenny |last=Kravitz |url=https://time.com/6964710/colman-domingo-2/ |title=The 100 Most Influential People of 2024: Colman Domingo |date=April 17, 2024 |access-date=May 1, 2026 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> {{BD|1969|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Philadelphia]] jpkppr5n2rtvsya3xxl9jnwqp0nz9ad 0 231293 1530332 1529098 2026-05-03T08:37:19Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1530332 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Haji Sunday Manara''' alimaarufu Bugati (amezaliwa 18 Januari 1975) ni msemaji wa vilabu vya michezo, mwanahabari, mjasiriamali na mwanasiasa kutoka Tanzania. Anajulikana zaidi kwa nafasi zake kama msemaji wa vilabu vya soka vya Simba SC na Young Africans SC (Yanga SC), pamoja na mtindo wake wa kipekee wa mawasiliano ya michezo.<ref>https://www.mambodaily.com/2023/12/haji-manara-age-cv-and-bio.html</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Haji Manara alizaliwa Amsterdam, Uholanzi, na kukulia nchini Tanzania. Ni mtoto wa [[Sunday Manara]], aliyekuwa mchezaji wa mpira Ulaya na Tanzania.<ref>https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/makala/spoti-mikiki/sunday-manara-kompyuta-mtanzania-wa-kwanza-ulaya-2782246</ref> Alisoma elimu ya msingi katika shule za Mnazi Mmoja na Bunge zilizopo Dar es Salaam. Elimu yake ya sekondari aliipata Chimala Secondary School (Mbeya) kwa O-Level na Mzumbe Secondary School (Morogoro) kwa A-Level. Aidha, alipata elimu ya dini nchini Saudi Arabia na baadaye kusomea mawasiliano ya umma (Mass Communication) nchini Afrika Kusini.<ref>https://clickhabari.com/ifahamu-historia-ya-haji-manara/</ref> == Kazi == Manara alianza kazi yake katika vyombo vya habari kama mtangazaji wa redio, akifanya kazi na Uhuru Radio. Pia aliwahi kufanya kazi katika kampuni ya Index International. Katika siasa, aliwahi kuwa Katibu wa Itikadi na Uenezi wa Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) Mkoa wa Dar es Salaam kati ya mwaka 2007 na 2010. Na ni diwani wa kata ya [[Kariakoo]]. <ref>https://kaziforums.com/haji-manara-umri-kuzaliwa-watoto-mke-nakadhalika/</ref> Katika soka, alijizolea umaarufu mkubwa alipokuwa msemaji wa klabu ya Simba SC kuanzia mwaka 2015 hadi 2021. Baada ya kuondoka Simba SC mwaka 2021, alijiunga na klabu ya Young Africans SC (Yanga SC) kama msemaji rasmi. Mbali na soka, Manara amefanya kazi kama balozi wa chapa mbalimbali ikiwa ni pamoja na GSM, Azam Media na Bayport. Pia ni mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Manara Media/Manara TV, na ametangaza mipango ya kuanzisha kituo cha redio. == Migogoro == Katika maisha yake ya kazi, Manara amekumbwa na migogoro mbalimbali. Mwaka 2010 alikumbana na tuhuma za udanganyifu wa magari, lakini baadaye aliachiliwa. Mwaka 2021 aliondoka Simba SC kufuatia mgogoro na uongozi wa klabu hiyo. Mwaka 2022 alifungiwa kwa muda wa miaka miwili na Shirikisho la Soka Tanzania (TFF) pamoja na kutozwa faini kutokana na masuala ya kinidhamu. == Maisha binafsi == Haji Manara ni mtoto wa Sunday Manara, aliyekuwa mchezaji wa zamani wa klabu ya Young Africans SC. Anatoka katika familia yenye historia ya soka nchini Tanzania. Katika maisha yake ya mahusiano, alihusishwa na muigizaji Zainab Saidi (maarufu kama Zaiylissa), ambaye walifunga ndoa mwaka 2024. == Tazama pia == * [[Simba Sports Club]] * [[Young Africans S.C.]] == Marejeo == <references /> {{BD|1975|}} [[Jamii:wanamichezo wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]] 56b99eag87w2cs564q2gnjvxenjaewu 0 231299 1530334 1527569 2026-05-03T08:40:52Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1530334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Ruth Williams Khama|office=Mke wa Raisi wa kwanza wa Botswana|predecessor=Ofisi ilianzishwa|president=Seretse Khama|successor=Gladys Olebile Masire|party=Botswana Democratic Party|birth_date={{Birth date|df=yes|1923|12|09}}|birth_place=Blackheath, London|death_date={{Death date and age|df=yes|2002|05|22|1923|12|09}}|death_place=[[Gaborone]], [[Botswana]]|resting_place=Royal Cemetery, [[Serowe]], [[Botswana]]|spouse={{marriage|Seretse Khama|1948|1980|reason=died}}|children=Jacqueline Khama<br />[[Ian Khama]]<br />Tshekedi Khama<br />Anthony Khama}} '''Ruth Williams Khama, Lady Khama''' (9 Desemba 1923 - 22 Mei 2002) alikuwa mke wa raisi wa kwanza wa [[Botswana]] [[Seretse Khama]], Chifu Mkuu wa kabila lake la Bamangwato. Alihudumu kama [[Mwanamke wa Kwanza]] wa Botswana kuanzia mwaka 1966 mpaka 1980.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Seretse Khama Centenary: A profile of our first president|url=https://www.mmegi.bw/opinion-analysis/seretse-khama-centenary-a-profile-of-our-first-president/news|work=Mmegi Online|date=2021-07-01|accessdate=2026-05-01|language=en|author=Jeff Ramsay}}</ref> ==Maisha ya Awali== Khama alizaliwa katika Barabara ya Meadowcourt, Blackheath Kusini mwa London,<ref>https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-31311</ref> binti wa George na Dorothy Williams. Baba yake alikuwa kapteni katika Jeshi la Uingereza nchini India<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The “Unfortunate Marriage” of Seretse Khama {{!}} The Inner Temple|url=https://www.innertemple.org.uk/who-we-are/history/historical-articles/the-unfortunate-marriage-of-seretse-khama/|work=www.innertemple.org.uk|accessdate=2026-05-01|language=en-GB}}</ref> na baadaye alifanya kazi katika biashara ya chai. Alikuwa na dada, Muriel (baadaye Muriel Sanderson), ambaye alibaki karibu naye.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sir Seretse Khama�s sister in law, Muriel Sanderson, is no more|url=https://www.mmegi.bw/news/sir-seretse-khamas-sister-in-law-muriel-sanderson-is-no-more/news|work=Mmegi Online|date=2015-06-29|accessdate=2026-05-01|language=en|author=Staff Writer}}</ref> Alisoma katika Shule ya Sarufi ya Eltham Hill na kisha akahudumu kama dereva wa gari la wagonjwa la WAAF katika viwanja mbalimbali vya ndege kusini mwa Uingereza wakati wa Vita vya Pili vya Dunia. Baada ya vita, alifanya kazi kama karani wa Cuthbert Heath, kampuni ya wadhamini katika Lloyd's of London.. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{BD|1923|2002}} [[Jamii:wanawake wa Botswana]] dmnbp61mcug4tnqoljz1w7a12zrz04y 0 231313 1530336 1527520 2026-05-03T08:43:54Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1530336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Harry Yoon | nchi = Korea Kusini | majina_mengine = | picha = | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Korea Kusini | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = Uhariri wa filamu | kazi_yake = Mhariri wa filamu | cheo = | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu= | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Harry Yoon''', ni mhariri wa [[filamu]] kutoka nchini [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Korea Kusini]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.motionpictures.org/2021/02/minari-editor-harry-yoon-on-shaping-the-film-he-was-born-to-edit/|title="Minari" Editor Harry Yoon on Shaping the Film He Was "Born to Edit"|website=motionpictures.org|date=23 February 2021}}</ref> Anajulikana zaidi kwa kazi yake kwenye filamu za ''[[Detroit (filamu)|Detroit]]'' (2017), ''[[The Best of Enemies (filamu ya 2019)|The Best of Enemies]]'' (2019), na ''[[Minari (filamu)|Minari]]'' (2020).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.awardsdaily.com/2021/02/10/editor-harry-yoon-on-crafting-minari-a-quintessential-american-story/|title=Editor Harry Yoon on Crafting 'Minari,' a Quintessential American Story|website=awardsdaily.com|date=10 February 2021}}</ref> == Maisha na Kazi == Harry alizaliwa Korea Kusini na kuhamia Marekani pamoja na wazazi wake akiwa na umri wa miaka mitano.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://cinemontage.org/harry-yoon-talks-about-editing-the-immigrant-experience-in-minari/|title=Harry Yoon Talks About Editing the Immigrant Experience in 'Minari'|website=cinemontage.org|date=22 December 2020}}</ref> Alisoma katika shule ya sekondari ya San Leandro na kuhitimu mwaka 1989. Baadaye alihitimu katika chuo cha [[Williams College]] na kuhudhuria programu ya uongozaji katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha New York]] (NYU). Alianza kazi yake kama mhariri wa filamu fupi na makala. Amepata fursa ya kufanya kazi na wahariri mashuhuri kama [[William Goldenberg]], [[Stephen Mirrione]], na [[Tom Cross (film editor)|Tom Cross]]. Mbali na uhariri mkuu, amehusika pia kama mhariri wa kuchanganya picha kwenye filamu kubwa kama ''[[The Revenant (2015 film)|The Revenant]]'', ''[[Zero Dark Thirty]]'', na ''[[Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings]]''. == Orodha ya Kazi == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Mwaka ! Jina la Filamu/Mfululizo ! Kazi ! Maelezo |- | 2008 | ''[[Half-Life (film)|Half-Life]]'' | Mhariri | Filamu ya kwanza ndefu |- | 2011 | ''[[Detroit 1-8-7]]'' | Mhariri | Kipindi cha TV |- | 2014 | ''[[The Newsroom (American TV series)|The Newsroom]]'' | Mhariri | Kipindi cha TV |- | 2017 | ''[[Detroit (film)|Detroit]]'' | Mhariri | Filamu |- | 2019 | ''[[Euphoria (American TV series)|Euphoria]]'' | Mhariri | Kipindi cha TV |- | 2020 | ''[[Minari (film)|Minari]]'' | Mhariri | Aliteuliwa kuwania Tuzo ya ACE Eddie |- | 2021 | ''[[Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings]]'' | Mhariri | Filamu ya Marvel |- | 2023 | ''[[Beef (TV series)|Beef]]'' | Mhariri | Mfululizo wa Netflix |- | 2025 | ''[[Thunderbolts*]]'' | Mhariri | Uzalishaji wa baada ya filamu |- | 2026 | ''[[Michael (2026 film)|Michael]]'' | Mhariri | Uzalishaji wa baada ya filamu |} == Tuzo na uteuzi == Mnamo mwaka 2018 na 2021, Harry Yoon aliteuliwa kuwania tuzo za **American Cinema Editors (ACE)** na **Satellite Awards** kwa kazi yake nzuri katika filamu ya ''Minari'', ambayo ilivutia hisia za watazamaji wengi duniani kwa simulizi yake ya maisha ya wahamiaji. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Korea Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wahariri wa filamu]] qdlu13t0gxzdfhmvh1ssmxtxf635br8 14 231314 1530337 1527485 2026-05-03T08:44:18Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Jamii:Watu wa Korea Kusini]] 1530337 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[Jamii:Watu wa Korea Kusini]] l3o1yiv3hc06jd4f5kq8oy07ve6gfef 0 231316 1530338 1527905 2026-05-03T08:46:25Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1530338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Gladys Olebile Masire|image=LGOM.png|office=Mke wa Raisi wa pili wa Botswana|predecessor=[[Ruth Williams Khama]]|successor=[[Barbara Mogae]]|president=Quett Masire|birth_date={{birth date|1931|7|30|df=y}}|birth_place=Modimola, [[Mafikeng]], Union of South Africa{{!}}South Africa|death_date={{death date and age|2014|5|17|1931|7|30|df=y}}|death_place=Parktown, [[Johannesburg]], South Africa|alma_mater=[http://www.tigerkloof.com Tiger Kloof]|spouse={{Marriage|[[Quett Masire|Sir Ketumile Masire]]|1958|<!-- intentionally omitted per template instructions -->}}|children=6|profession=Mwalimu}} '''Gladys Molefi Olebile Masire''' (30 Julai 1931 - 17 Mei 2014) alikuwa mwalimu na mwanasiasa wa [[Botswana]] ambaye alihudumu kama Mke wa Raisi wa pili wa Botswana,<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160917204623/https://www.gov.bw/en/News/Fare-thee-wellMother-of-the-Nation/</ref> aliyetawala kwa muda mrefu zaidi kuliko maraisi wengine kuanzia 1980 hadi 1998. ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Gladys Molefi Olebile alizaliwa mwaka wa [[1931]] huko Mafikeng, Afrika Kusini. Alikuwa binti wa Fenkwane Mogwera na Mabu Mogwera. Kwa upande wake wa mama, alikuwa wa familia ya kifalme ya Tawana-a-Tshidi Mina Tholo. Baada ya kuhitimu kutoka Tigerkloof, alifuata nyayo za mama yake kwa kuwa [[mwalimu]] kwa miaka mingi, kwanza katika mji wake wa Mafikeng na baadaye Kanye, Bechuanaland.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Republic of Botswana - Government portal|url=https://www.gov.bw/en/News/Fare-thee-wellMother-of-the-Nation/|work=www.gov.bw|accessdate=2026-05-01}}</ref> ==Kazi== Katika miaka ya 1980, Lula Dawson, mke wa Balozi wa Marekani Horace Dawson, alimsaidia Olebile Masire kuanzisha shirika la kwanza la hisani la Botswana.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z68DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA12|title=Jet|last=Company|first=Johnson Publishing|date=1990-08-06|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company|language=en}}</ref> Shirika hili la hisani liliitwa Wakfu wa Mtoto-kwa-Mtoto wa Botswana, na alikuwa Raisi wa heshima wa wakfu huo mnamo 1996. Mnamo mwaka 1990, Gladys Olebile Masire alikuwa mjumbe wa Kamati ya Kitaifa ya Mapokezi ya Mandela ambayo ilisaidia kujiandaa kwa ziara ya Nelson Mandela huko Gaborone mnamo Juni 1990 baada ya kuachiliwa kutoka Kisiwa cha Robben.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Makgala |first=Christian John |date=2006 |title=The BNF and BDP's 'Fight' for the Attention of the ANC, 1912-2004: A Historical Perspective |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41235991 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=38 |pages=115–133 |issn=0525-5090}}</ref> ==Maisha binafsi== Aliolewa na aliyekuwa Rais wa pili wa Botswana, marehemu Quett Ketumile Masire mwaka wa [[1958]] na alikuwa na watoto sita. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{BD|1931|2014}} [[Jamii:wanawake wa Botswana]] jtptbcwchlbbrykt5koe8ucczz68ijb 0 231317 1530340 1527541 2026-05-03T08:47:20Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1530340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=<!-- defaults to article title when left blank -->|image=Lesego Chombo, 2022.jpeg|alt=|caption=|order=Minister of Youth and Gender Affairs of Botswana|office=|predecessor=[[Tumiso Rakgare]] (Youth, Gender, Sport and Culture)|birth_date={{birth date and age|1998|07|30}}|birth_place=[[Shorobe]], [[Botswana]]|death_date=<!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->|death_place=|citizenship=[[Botswana]]|party=|partner=<!--For those with a domestic partner and not married-->|relations=|children=}} '''Lesego Chombo''' (alizaliwa Julai 30, 1998) ni mwanasiasa, wakili, mfadhili, na mmiliki wa zamani wa shindano la urembo wa Botswana. Kwa sasa anahudumu kama Waziri wa Vijana na Masuala ya Jinsia wa Botswana tangu Novemba 2024, na kumfanya kuwa mtu mdogo zaidi kushika wadhifa wa uwaziri katika [[historia]] ya nchi hiyo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lesego Chombo: Miss World Africa beauty queen and Botswana's youngest cabinet minister|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1mev5ygk0yo|work=www.bbc.com|date=2025-05-11|accessdate=2026-05-01|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kabla ya kuingia katika [[siasa]] rasmi, Chombo alifanya kazi [[Sheria|ya sheria]] na akapata kutambuliwa kitaifa na kimataifa kupitia mafanikio yake katika mashindano ya urembo, ikiwa ni pamoja na kushinda Miss Botswana 2022 na kuiwakilisha Botswana katika Miss World 2023,<ref name=":0">https://www.missworld.com/contestant/lesego-chombo/life/profile</ref> ambapo alimaliza katika nne bora na akapewa taji la Miss World Africa. Wakati wa kipindi chake cha maonyesho, aliweza kuzindua Lesego Chombo Foundation (LCF), shirika la hisani linalolenga kuwawezesha vijana wasiojiweza na jamii zisizohudumiwa vya kutosha. Kupitia LCF, alianzisha mradi wa Genesis, ambao unalenga katika maendeleo ya vijana kwa ujumla kwa kukuza elimu, mafunzo ya ujuzi, usaidizi wa afya ya akili, na upatikanaji wa rasilimali kwa watoto na vijana walio katika mazingira magumu kiuchumi. Wakfu huo pia umehamasisha zaidi ushirikiano wa makampuni na wadau wa maendeleo ya jamii ili kupanua athari na uendelevu. Kazi ya Chombo yenye sura nyingi, inayohusisha sheria, utetezi, maendeleo ya jamii na utumishi wa umma, inaonyesha kujitolea kwake kwa usawa wa kijamii na uongozi kwa vijana na wanawake nchini [[Botswana]] na barani Afrika. ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Alizaliwa Shorobe, kijiji kilichopo Wilaya ya Kaskazini-Magharibi mwa Botswana, Lesego Chombo alikulia katika jamii yenye utamaduni mwingi. Licha ya changamoto za kiuchumi, alifanya vizuri kitaaluma na alionyesha uwezo wa uongozi mapema. Kujitolea kwake kwa haki ya kijamii kulimfanya asome shahada ya sheria<ref name=":0" /> katika Chuo Kikuu cha Botswana. Alipokuwa akisoma, alijihusisha kikamilifu na mashirika ya wanafunzi na miradi ya jamii, ambayo iliweka msingi wa kujitolea kwake kutumia utaalamu wake wa kisheria kutetea usawa na haki. Ana uzoefu wa kufanya kazi kama Mwanasheria wa Sheria kwa miaka miwili kabla ya safari yake katika ulimwengu wa mashindano ya urembo.<ref>https://www.missworld.com/contestant/lesego-chombo/life/i-am-lesego-chombo-</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{BD|1998|}} [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Botswana]] ox5jrrtl2wjbvjdk7whesdmwpao9ka3 0 231320 1530343 1528621 2026-05-03T08:49:29Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Marejeo */ 1530343 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wade Allison''' (amezaliwa mwaka 1941) ni mwanafizikia wa [[Uingereza]] ambaye ni profesa mstaafu (emeritus) wa Fizikia na pia ni mshirika (Fellow) wa Keble College katika Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford. Ni mwandishi wa vitabu ''Nuclear is for Life: A Cultural Revolution'',<ref>Paperback: December 2015, 978-0956275646 (Wade Allison Publishing).</ref> ''Radiation and Reason: The Impact of Science on a Culture of Fear'' <ref>Paperback: October 2009, 978-0956275615 (Wade Allison Publishing).</ref> na ''Fundamental Physics for Probing and Imaging'' <ref>Paperback and hardback: October 2006, 978-0199203895 (Oxford University Press).</ref> ==Maisha ya awali== Wade Allison alipata elimu yake katika Shule ya Rugby kisha akaendelea na masomo katika Trinity College, Cambridge kama mwanafunzi wa sayansi ya asili. Alipata daraja la juu (First Class) katika sehemu ya kwanza ya Tripos, kabla ya kuendelea na sehemu ya pili katika Fizikia na sehemu ya tatu katika Hisabati mwaka 1963. Katika Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford alisomea shahada ya uzamivu (DPhil) katika Fizikia ya Chembe, ambapo pia alikuwa mwanafunzi wa mwisho kuruhusiwa kuendesha kompyuta ya Ferranti Mercury iliyotumia vali za thermioniki. Mwaka 1967 alichaguliwa kuwa mhadhiri wa utafiti (JRF) katika Christ Church, Oxford na pia akawa mshirika wa Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851. Alitumia miaka miwili katika Argonne National Laboratory kabla ya kurejea Oxford mwaka 1970. Mwaka 1976 aliteuliwa kuwa mhadhiri wa chuo kikuu katika Idara ya Fizikia ya Oxford, baadaye akapewa hadhi ya profesa. Wakati huohuo alichaguliwa kuwa mshirika wa kufundisha katika Keble College. Mwaka 1995 alikuwa profesa mgeni katika Chuo Kikuu cha Minnesota. Katika taaluma yake alihudumu pia kama naibu mwenyekiti wa idara ya fizikia ya Oxford, mkufunzi mkuu na naibu mkuu wa Keble College. Alistaafu rasmi mwaka 2008, lakini aliendelea kufundisha, kutoa mihadhara na kufanya utafiti. Mwaka 2010 alichaguliwa kuwa mshirika emeritus wa Keble College.<ref>[[http://www.imaging.ox.ac.uk/network-members/wallison/](http://www.imaging.ox.ac.uk/network-members/wallison/) Wade Allison.] Oxford Biomedical Imaging Network, 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2011.</ref> ==Maeneo ya utafiti== Asili ya taaluma yake iko katika Fizikia ya Chembe kwa majaribio. Katika miaka ya awali alibuni mbinu mpya za majaribio pamoja na nadharia zake, na kuzitumia katika tafiti za quark katika CERN na neutrino nchini Marekani. Alifanya tafiti maalumu kuhusu mienendo ya chembe zenye chaji zinazosonga kwa kasi kubwa ndani ya dutu, ikiwemo mionzi ya Cherenkov, mionzi ya mpito (transition radiation) na mbinu nyingine za upotevu wa nishati (dEdx). Kutokana na kuanzisha kozi ya hiari kwa wanafunzi kuhusu matumizi ya fizikia ya nyuklia, alizidi kuvutiwa na fizikia ya tiba, hasa masuala ya usalama, tiba na upigaji picha kwa kutumia teknolojia mbalimbali kama mionzi ionizishi, ultrasound na upigaji picha kwa mionzi ya sumaku (MRI). Mwaka 2006 alichapisha kitabu cha kitaaluma ''Fundamental Physics for Probing and Imaging''. Katika kitabu chake cha pili ''Radiation and Reason'', alieleza ushahidi wa kisayansi kuhusu athari za mionzi kwa hadhira pana. Baada ya ajali ya Fukushima, kitabu hicho kilitafsiriwa kwa Kijapani na Kichina. Kitabu chake cha tatu ''Nuclear is for Life'' kinachambua kwa upana tofauti kati ya mtazamo wa kitamaduni unaopinga nishati ya nyuklia na ushahidi wa kisayansi unaoonyesha kuwa, isipokuwa katika viwango vya juu sana, mionzi inaweza kuwa haina madhara au hata kuwa na manufaa kwa maisha. ==Wasifu wa kitaaluma== * Mshirika emeritus, Keble College, Oxford (2010) * Mshirika kwa uchaguzi maalum na mhadhiri mwandamizi, Keble College, Oxford (2008) * Profesa mgeni, Idara ya Fizikia na Astronomia, Chuo Kikuu cha Minnesota (1995) * Mshirika wa kufundisha, Keble College, Oxford (1976–2008) * Mhadhiri wa Fizikia, Oxford (1976–2008) * Afisa wa utafiti, Maabara ya Fizikia ya Nyuklia, Oxford (1970–1975) * Mtafiti baada ya uzamivu, Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois, Marekani (1968–1970) * Mhadhiri wa utafiti, Christ Church, Oxford (1966–1971) * Shahada ya DPhil, Christ Church, Oxford (1963–1968) * Trinity College, Cambridge, mwanafunzi wa sayansi ya asili (1959–1963) ==Machapisho== ;Vitabu *''Nuclear is for Life: A Cultural Revolution''. ({{ISBN|978-0-9562756-4-6}}, Desemba 2015) *''Radiation and Reason: The Impact of Science on a Culture of Fear''. ({{ISBN|978-0-9562756-1-5}}, Oktoba 2009) *''Fundamental Physics for Probing and Imaging''. ({{ISBN|978-0-19-920389-5}}, Oxford University Press, Oktoba 2006) ;Makala teule * Wade Allison, ''Life and Nuclear Radiation: Chernobyl and Fukushima in Perspective'', European Journal of Risk Regulation (2011) * Wade Allison, ''We Should Stop Running Away from Radiation'', Philosophy and Technology (2011) * WWM Allison et al., ''Ab initio liquid hydrogen muon cooling simulations with ELMS'', J Phys G (2007) * G Alner et al., ''Neutrino Oscillation Effects in Soudan-2'', Physical Review D (2005) * WWM Allison, ''Calculations of energy loss and multiple scattering in Molecular Hydrogen'', J Phys G (2003) * WWM Allison et al., ''The atmospheric neutrino flavor ratio from Soudan2'', Physics Letters (1999) == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}} {{BD|1941|}} [[Jamii:Wanafizikia wa Uingereza]] 2ovo0cpt4c84qibdzo2cap1yvhi7ckz 0 231321 1530344 1528688 2026-05-03T08:51:02Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1530344 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anthony Alsop''' (Darley Dale, Derbyshire, takribani 1670 – [[Winchester]], 10 Juni 1726) alikuwa kasisi wa Uingereza na mshairi wa Kilatini Kipya (Neo-Latin) aliyekuwa akiunga mkono Chama cha Tory mwishoni mwa enzi ya ukoo wa Stuart. Mashairi yake yalipendwa sana katika kipindi chake, lakini baadaye yakasahaulika hadi yalipopata uhai upya kutokana na kuibuka kwa hamu ya kisasa ya kuyachunguza upya. ==Maisha== Alsop alizaliwa katika na kusoma katika Westminster School. Baadaye alijiunga na Christ Church, Oxford mwaka 1690, ambapo alipata Shahada ya Sanaa mwaka 1695 na Uzamili wa Sanaa mwaka 1697. Akiwa hapo alipata sifa kwa utenzi wake mzuri wa Kilatini, baadhi yake ukiandikwa kwa hafla za chuo, mingine kwa matumizi binafsi, na mingine ikiwa na mwelekeo wa Kiyacobite. Alijulikana hasa kwa barua za kishairi zenye ucheshi, mara nyingi akitumia muundo wa beti wa Sapphic. Mwaka 1698 Alsop alihariri mkusanyo wa hadithi za Aesop’s Fables kwa mashairi ya Kilatini, ''Fabularum Aesopicarum Delectus''.<ref>[[https://books.google.com/books?id=3Fc-AAAAcAAJ](https://books.google.com/books?id=3Fc-AAAAcAAJ) Google Books]</ref> Kitabu hicho kina hadithi 237 kwa Kilatini, zikiwa na maandishi ya asili ya Kigiriki kwa 158 za kwanza, Kiebrania kwa 10 zinazofuata, Kiarabu kwa 8 zinazofuata, huku nyingine 60 zikiwa kwa Kilatini pekee. Mwaka 1706 mashairi yake mawili ya kejeli kuhusu watu wa Oxford yalichapishwa, mwaka huo huo alipata shahada ya Shahada ya Teolojia na kupitia udhamini akateuliwa kuwa prebendary katika Kanisa Kuu la Winchester, pamoja na kuwa mchungaji wa Brightwell huko Berkshire. Baada ya kuoana mwaka 1716, alishtakiwa kwa kuvunja ahadi ya ndoa na mpenzi wake wa awali, na baada ya kushindwa kesi alilazimika kukimbilia nje ya nchi kwa muda. Alifariki kwa ajali nyumbani kwake mwaka 1726, akiwa na sifa ya kuwa mtu mwenye ucheshi na urafiki, mhubiri msomi na mshairi hodari, ingawa maisha yake yasiyo na nidhamu na mashairi yake yenye maudhui ya utani wa kupindukia yalifanya aheshimiwe na kundi dogo tu. ==Ushairi== Alsop aliacha mashairi mengi ya Kilatini (odes) katika maandishi ambayo yalichapishwa mwaka 1752 na mwana wa kambo wake Francis Bernard kwa jina ''Antonii Alsopi, Aedis Christi Olim Alumni, Odarum Libri Duo''. Katika utangulizi wake, mwandishi anasemekana “kuthaminiwa kuwa wa pili tu baada ya mwalimu wake Horace,” jambo ambalo pia linaonekana kuungwa mkono na Alexander Pope katika mstari wake wa shairi ''Dunciad'': “[Acha] Alsop asifanye mzaha isipokuwa kama Horace” (IV.224). Mbali na hilo, Alsop alichapisha mashairi machache ya Kiingereza katika majarida, yakiwemo mashairi manne yaliyomlenga “Chlorinda” yaliyojitokeza katika mkusanyo wa Robert Dodsley ''Collection of Poems in Six Volumes'' (1782).<ref>[[https://books.google.com/books?id=APQSAAAAIAAJ&dq=Anthony+Alsop++poetry&pg=PA256](https://books.google.com/books?id=APQSAAAAIAAJ&dq=Anthony+Alsop++poetry&pg=PA256) vol.6, pp.256-268]</ref> Ucheshi katika maandishi yake ya Kilatini unaonekana katika baadhi ya barua zake za kishairi. Moja iliyomlenga mkuu wa kanisa Henry Bridges mwaka 1721 ina ushauri wa kejeli wa kubadilisha msimamo wake wa kidini wa High Church ili uendane na utawala mpya wa Hanover: ::Uwe na busara sasa, na ujifunze stadi ::zitakazokufanya uonekane mkuu na mwema. ::Acha ibada iwe huru kila mahali, :::bila kufungwa na sheria; ::kila mtu awe na imani na mawazo yake, ::bila kiongozi au mwongozo, kwani nani anaweza ::kuvumilia nira ya mamlaka ya makasisi, :::au udhibiti wa kipadre?<ref>[[https://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/ren/snls/snls_teaching_anthology/anthony_alsop.pdf](https://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/ren/snls/snls_teaching_anthology/anthony_alsop.pdf) Lines 17-24]</ref> Shairi lingine kwa mwanasheria Joseph Taylor linaanza kwa mwaliko wa chakula wa mtindo wa Horace, kisha kubadilishwa kwa ucheshi kuendana na hali ya kufurahia bidhaa za magendo: “Nina chupa ndogo ya divai (''vasculum Bacchi''), iliyoletwa na meli rafiki, bila kujulikana kwa afisa wa forodha (''clam quaestore'').”<ref>[[http://classicalanthology.theclassicslibrary.com/2012/11/08/to-joseph-taylor-anthony-alsop-1670-1726-contributed-by-mark-walker](http://classicalanthology.theclassicslibrary.com/2012/11/08/to-joseph-taylor-anthony-alsop-1670-1726-contributed-by-mark-walker) Lines 7-8]</ref> Mashairi mengine yanamwonya kuhusu gharama na usumbufu wa kuingia bungeni kwa njia ya rushwa, ambapo “lazima upitie bahari kubwa ya vinywaji, mawingu mengi ya moshi yatatoka na mtiririko usioisha wa bia.”<ref>''The Oxford Handbook of Neo-Latin'' (2015), pp.83–84</ref> Vitabu viwili vya mashairi yake havikuchapishwa tena na Alsop akasahaulika kwa muda mrefu hadi mwaka 1998, wakati utafiti wa wasifu na uhakiki wa kazi zake ulipochapishwa pamoja na toleo jipya la mashairi yake ya Kilatini na Kiingereza.<ref>D. K. Money, ''The English Horace: Anthony Alsop and the Tradition of British Latin Verse'', Oxford University 1998.</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1670|1726}} [[Jamii:Wachungaji]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Uingereza]] ti3i3wphcmgmt13e3i2eysnkl35px0g 0 231322 1530347 1529103 2026-05-03T08:52:29Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1530347 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sunday Ramadhan Manara''' (alizaliwa 23 Novemba 1952) ni Mtanzania na alikua mchezaji wa soka wa kulipwa akicheza kama winga. ==Kipaji== Alipewa jina la utani 'Kompyuta', Manara alisajiliwa na Klabu ya Ujerumani ya Heracles Almelo mnamo mwaka 1977, akawa Mtanzania wa kwanza kucheza soka la Ulaya. <ref> "Het verhaal Sunday Manara". teksterij.nl. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</ref><ref>Het onvergetelijke anderhalf jaar van Sunday Manara bij Heracles". tubantia.nl. Archived from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</ref><ref>Sunday manara: tropische verrassing". Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2022.</ref><ref>SUNDAY MANARA, MTANZANIA WA KWANZA KUCHEZA SOKA ULAYA". binzubeiry.co.tz. Archived from the original on 10 August 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</ref><ref>Jangwani Grounds, once a football hub with over 20 pitches now a floods zone". thecitizen.co.tz. Archived from the original on 24 November 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</ref> Mnamo mwaka 1979 alijiunga na New York Eagles ya Marekani.<ref>UNAMKUMBUKA SUNDAY MANARA "COMPUTER"?". bongocelebrity.com. Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</ref>. Kabla ya nusu ya mwisho ya miaka ya 1979-90 alijiunga na Austrian club FC St. Veit.<ref>Der Ramadhani hat sogar den Prohaska ausgestochen"". kleinezeitung.at. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</ref> Baada ya hapo Manara alisajiliwa na Al Nasr ya Falme za Kiarabu. <ref>Sunday Manara 'Kompyuta' Mtanzania wa kwanza Ulaya". mwananchi.co.tz. Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</ref> ==Maisha yake== Manara ni baba wa aliyewai kuwa msemaji wa timu za Simba na Yanga [[Haji Manara]] ==Marejeo== {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1952|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]] 2j97l01tscobj2i3xzpt4ci975jzf8d 0 231340 1529824 2026-05-02T12:24:54Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Friday]] 1529824 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Friday]] fijadyqsh08da26wig8r4k4r8hbu9xg 0 231341 1529828 2026-05-02T12:25:21Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Friday]] 1529828 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Friday]] fijadyqsh08da26wig8r4k4r8hbu9xg 0 231342 1529869 2026-05-02T12:37:48Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox film | jina = Set It Off | picha = Set it off poster.jpg | maelezo = Poster la kumbi za sinema | mwongozaji = [[F. Gary Gray]] | mtayarishaji = {{Plainlist| * [[Oren Koules]] * [[Dale Pollock]] }} | mtunzi = {{Plainlist| * Takashi Bufford * [[Kate Lanier]] }} | nyota = {{Plainlist| * [[Jada Pinkett Smith|Jada Pinkett]] * [[Queen Latifah]] * [[Vivica A. Fox]] * [[John C. McGinley]] * Kimber...' 1529869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | jina = Set It Off | picha = Set it off poster.jpg | maelezo = Poster la kumbi za sinema | mwongozaji = [[F. Gary Gray]] | mtayarishaji = {{Plainlist| * [[Oren Koules]] * [[Dale Pollock]] }} | mtunzi = {{Plainlist| * Takashi Bufford * [[Kate Lanier]] }} | nyota = {{Plainlist| * [[Jada Pinkett Smith|Jada Pinkett]] * [[Queen Latifah]] * [[Vivica A. Fox]] * [[John C. McGinley]] * [[Kimberly Elise]] * [[Blair Underwood]] }} | muziki = [[Christopher Young]] | sinematografia = Marc Reshovsky | mhariri = [[John Carter (film editor)|John Carter]] | studio = Peak Films | msambazaji = [[New Line Cinema]] | imetolewa = {{Film date|1996|11|4|[[Grauman's Chinese Theatre|Mann's Chinese Theatre]]|1996|11|6|Marekani}} | muda = Dakika 123 | nchi = Marekani | lugha = Kiingereza | bajeti = Dola milioni 9<ref name="boxofficemojo.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=setitoff.htm |title=Set It Off |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=Oktoba 9, 2014 |archive-date=Desemba 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227012359/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=setitoff.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> | mapato = Dola milioni 41.6<ref name="boxofficemojo.com"/> }} '''''Set It Off''''' ni filamu ya Kimarekani ya uhalifu na mapigano ya mwaka 1996 iliyoongozwa na [[F. Gary Gray]] na kuandikwa na [[Kate Lanier]] pamoja na Takashi Bufford. Washiriki wakuu wa filamu hii ni [[Jada Pinkett Smith|Jada Pinkett]], [[Queen Latifah]], [[Vivica A. Fox]], na [[Kimberly Elise]] (katika mchezo wake wa kwanza wa filamu). Hadithi inahusu marafiki wanne wa karibu jijini [[Los Angeles, California]], ambao wanapanga kufanya [[ujambazi wa benki]]—kila mmoja akiwa na sababu yake binafsi—ili kujipatia maisha bora wao na familia zao. Filamu hii ilipata mafanikio makubwa katika mauzo, ikiingiza zaidi ya dola milioni 41 dhidi ya bajeti ya dola milioni 9.<ref name="boxofficemojo.com" /><ref name="tribute.ca">{{cite magazine|title=F. Gary Gray Bio|magazine=[[Tribute (magazine)|Tribute]]|access-date=Oktoba 9, 2014|url=http://www.tribute.ca/people/f-gary-gray/2039/}}</ref> Ilipokea maoni chanya kutoka kwa wakosoaji, waliosifu wahusika, muziki na uigizaji wa washiriki (hususan Pinkett na Latifah), pamoja na ushirikiano mzuri wa waigizaji wakuu wanne.<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://ew.com/movies/2019/09/20/set-it-off-remake/ | title=Why 'Set It Off' is an era-defining film that shouldn't be remade | magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] }}</ref> Albamu ya nyimbo za filamu zilifanikiwa kibiashara, ikishika nafasi ya nne kwenye chati ya [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] na nafasi ya tatu kwenye chati ya [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]]. Aidha, nyimbo kama "Set It Off", "[[Don't Let Go (Love)]]", "[[Days of Our Livez]]", "[[Angel (Aretha Franklin)|Angel]]", "[[Come On (Billy Lawrence)|Come On]]", "[[Let It Go (Ray J song)|Let It Go]]" na "[[Missing You (Brandy, Gladys Knight, Tamia, and Chaka Khan)|Missing You]]" zote ziliingia kwenye chati. == Hadithi == Mhudumu wa benki jijini [[Los Angeles]], Francesca "Frankie" Sutton, anafukuzwa kazi baada ya tukio la ujambazi kwa sababu alimtambua mmoja wa majambazi kutoka mtaani kwao Kusini mwa California; akifanya uchunguzi, mpelelezi Strode anamtuhumu Frankie kimakosa kuwa mshiriki wa ndani wa ujambazi huo. Frankie analazimika kuchukua kazi ya hali ya chini katika kampuni ya usafi ya Luther's Janitorial Services akiwa na marafiki zake watatu wa karibu, Lida "Stony" Newsom, Cleopatra "Cleo" Sims, na Tisean "T.T." Williams. Mmiliki wa kampuni hiyo, Luther, anawanyanyasa na kuwalipa mshahara mdogo sana. Kaka wa Stony, Stevie, amekubaliwa kujiunga na chuo cha [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]]. Akihitaji kulipa ada, Stony anamwomba bosi wake, Nate ambaye ni muuzaji wa magari yaliyotumika, amlipe mshahara wa mbele. Nate anakubali kutoa pesa hizo kwa sharti moja: kwamba Stony afanye naye ngono, naye anakubali kwa shingo upande. Baadaye, Stevie anamweleza Stony kuwa alidanganya kuhusu kukubaliwa UCLA, jambo linalomkasirisha sana Stony. Wakiwa wamechoka kunyanyaswa, Frankie anapendekeza wafanye ujambazi wa benki. Cleo anakubali, lakini Stony na T.T. wanasita. Baadaye, Stevie anauawa kwa kupigwa risasi na polisi baada ya kudhaniwa kimakosa kuwa ni mmoja wa majambazi. Wakati huo huo, mtoto wa T.T. anachukuliwa na Idara ya Ustawi wa Jamii baada ya kula sumu kwa bahati mbaya mahali pa kazi pa mama yake (T.T. alikuwa ameenda naye kazini kwa sababu hakuwa na pesa ya kumlipa mlezi). Kutokana na majanga haya, T.T. na Stony wanakubali kujiunga na mpango wa ujambazi. Wakati akichunguza benki moja akiwa na T.T., Stony anaanza kupendana na meneja wa benki hiyo, Keith Weston. Wanaanza uhusiano wa kimapenzi. Wanawake hao wanne wanafanya mfululizo wa ujambazi wa benki kwa mafanikio kutokana na uelewa wa Frankie kuhusu taratibu za benki na ulinzi. Uchunguzi wa jeshi la polisi la [[Los Angeles Police Department|LAPD]] unaanza. Mpelelezi Strode anawahisi Cleo (kwa sababu ya rekodi zake za nyuma za uhalifu), Frankie (kwa sababu ya kuhusishwa kwake na ujambazi wa awali), na Stony (kwa sababu ya kifo cha kaka yake). Hata hivyo, anashindwa kuwatia mbaroni kwa sababu mipango makini ya Frankie haikuacha ushahidi wa kutosha. Kwa kuhofia usalama wa pesa zao, wanawake hao wanne wanaficha shehena ya pesa kwenye tundu la mfumo wa hewa katika moja ya maeneo yao ya kazi. Baadaye, Cleo, Frankie, na T.T. wanagundua kuwa kuna bosi mpya anayesimamia kazi zao za usafi. Wanabaini kuwa Luther amegundua pesa hizo na kutoroka nazo. Stony anahudhuria hafla ya kibenki akiwa na Keith, na usiku huo wanafanya ngono. Wanawake wale wengine watatu wanampata Luther katika moteli moja akiwa na kahaba. Wanapomtaka arudishe pesa zao, Luther anawatishia kwa bunduki; T.T. anampiga risasi na kumuua. Cleo anapelekwa kwa mpelelezi Strode kwa ajili ya mahojiano kuhusu mauaji ya Luther, lakini anamshurutisha yule kahaba asimtambue. Stony anapogundua kilichotokea, anaanza kukata tamaa na wenzake. Wanakubaliana kutoroka mjini baada ya kufanya ujambazi mmoja wa mwisho. Wanawake hao wanapanga kuiba katika benki kubwa ya Downtown Federal Bank, ambapo Keith akifanya kazi. Akihofia usalama wa Keith na asitake ajue yeye ni jambazi, Stony anamwomba Keith wakutane kwenye mkahawa upande wa pili wa mji. Wanawake hao wanne wanafanya ujambazi huo na kuiba pesa nyingi kuliko walivyopanga. Mpelelezi Strode na mwenzake wanafika eneo la tukio na kuwaamuru majambazi wajisalimishe. Wakati T.T. akijiandaa kujisalimisha, mlinzi wa benki anampiga risasi ya mgongo na kumjeruhi vibaya. Mlinzi huyo naye anapigwa risasi na Stony. Kwa hasira, Cleo anaanza kufyatua risasi ili kuwapa wenzake nafasi ya kutoroka. Wanapokimbia, T.T. anafia mikononi mwa Stony. Majambazi watatu waliobaki, wakishindwa kuwakimbia polisi, wanaamua kutengana. Cleo anamwambia Stony na Frankie wachukue fungu lake na la T.T. la pesa hizo. Cleo anafanya majibizano ya risasi na polisi na kukimbia kwa kasi hadi anapozingirwa; anagonga kizuizi cha polisi na gari lake. Hatimaye anauawa katika mapambano ya risasi na polisi, huku mpenzi wake Ursula akishuhudia tukio hilo kwenye televisheni. Wakati huo huo, mpelelezi Strode anampata Frankie na kumtaka ajisalimishe. Badala yake, Frankie anamnyoshea bunduki Strode na kumkumbusha jinsi yeye (Strode) alivyochangia kutokea kwa hali hiyo. Anapogeuka kumkimbia Strode, anapigwa risasi ya mgongo na kuuawa na vijana wa Strode. Stony, ambaye amefanikiwa kujichanganya na kundi la watalii wanaoelekea Mexico, anashuhudia kwa machozi kifo cha Frankie akiwa ndani ya basi. Mpelelezi Strode anamwona kwa mbali lakini, kwa sababu ya kujihisi na hatia kwa matendo yake ya nyuma, anamwacha aondoke. Akiwa Mexico, Stony anakata nywele zake. Anaomboleza vifo vya kaka yake na marafiki zake watatu. Kisha anampigia simu Keith kumhakikishia kuwa yuko salama na kumshukuru. Keith anatabasamu. Stony anaondoka akiwa na nusu ya pesa za ujambazi walioufanya na marafiki zake. == Washiriki == * [[Kimberly Elise]] kama Tisean "T.T." Williams * [[Jada Pinkett Smith|Jada Pinkett]] kama Lida "Stony" Newsome * [[Queen Latifah]] kama Cleopatra "Cleo" Sims * [[Vivica A. Fox]] kama Francesca "Frankie" Sutton * [[John C. McGinley]] kama Mpelelezi Strode * [[Blair Underwood]] kama Keith Weston * [[Anna Maria Horsford]] kama Bi. Wells * [[Ella Joyce]] kama Mpelelezi Waller * [[Charlie Robinson (actor)|Charlie Robinson]] kama Nate Andrews * [[Chaz Lamar Shepherd]] kama Stevie Newsome * [[Thomas Jefferson Byrd]] kama Luther * [[Samuel Monroe Jr.]] kama Lorenz * [[Dr. Dre]] kama Black Sam * [[WC (rapper)|WC]] kama Darnell * Vincent Baum kama Jajuan * [[Jeris Lee Poindexter]] kama Pete Rodney * Samantha MacLachlan kama Ursula * [[Tamara Clatterbuck]] kama Mpenzi wa Luther ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{F. Gary Gray}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Set It Off}} [[Category:Filamu za 1996]] [[Category:Filamu za Marekani]] [[Jamii:Filamu zilizoongozwa na F. Gary Gray]] abv6wlvfvz51fpxvqh2bdbbdwjnp461 1529870 1529869 2026-05-02T12:38:06Z Muddyb 379 Muddyb alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Set It Off]] hadi [[Set It Off (filamu)]] 1529869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | jina = Set It Off | picha = Set it off poster.jpg | maelezo = Poster la kumbi za sinema | mwongozaji = [[F. Gary Gray]] | mtayarishaji = {{Plainlist| * [[Oren Koules]] * [[Dale Pollock]] }} | mtunzi = {{Plainlist| * Takashi Bufford * [[Kate Lanier]] }} | nyota = {{Plainlist| * [[Jada Pinkett Smith|Jada Pinkett]] * [[Queen Latifah]] * [[Vivica A. Fox]] * [[John C. McGinley]] * [[Kimberly Elise]] * [[Blair Underwood]] }} | muziki = [[Christopher Young]] | sinematografia = Marc Reshovsky | mhariri = [[John Carter (film editor)|John Carter]] | studio = Peak Films | msambazaji = [[New Line Cinema]] | imetolewa = {{Film date|1996|11|4|[[Grauman's Chinese Theatre|Mann's Chinese Theatre]]|1996|11|6|Marekani}} | muda = Dakika 123 | nchi = Marekani | lugha = Kiingereza | bajeti = Dola milioni 9<ref name="boxofficemojo.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=setitoff.htm |title=Set It Off |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=Oktoba 9, 2014 |archive-date=Desemba 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227012359/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=setitoff.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> | mapato = Dola milioni 41.6<ref name="boxofficemojo.com"/> }} '''''Set It Off''''' ni filamu ya Kimarekani ya uhalifu na mapigano ya mwaka 1996 iliyoongozwa na [[F. Gary Gray]] na kuandikwa na [[Kate Lanier]] pamoja na Takashi Bufford. Washiriki wakuu wa filamu hii ni [[Jada Pinkett Smith|Jada Pinkett]], [[Queen Latifah]], [[Vivica A. Fox]], na [[Kimberly Elise]] (katika mchezo wake wa kwanza wa filamu). Hadithi inahusu marafiki wanne wa karibu jijini [[Los Angeles, California]], ambao wanapanga kufanya [[ujambazi wa benki]]—kila mmoja akiwa na sababu yake binafsi—ili kujipatia maisha bora wao na familia zao. Filamu hii ilipata mafanikio makubwa katika mauzo, ikiingiza zaidi ya dola milioni 41 dhidi ya bajeti ya dola milioni 9.<ref name="boxofficemojo.com" /><ref name="tribute.ca">{{cite magazine|title=F. Gary Gray Bio|magazine=[[Tribute (magazine)|Tribute]]|access-date=Oktoba 9, 2014|url=http://www.tribute.ca/people/f-gary-gray/2039/}}</ref> Ilipokea maoni chanya kutoka kwa wakosoaji, waliosifu wahusika, muziki na uigizaji wa washiriki (hususan Pinkett na Latifah), pamoja na ushirikiano mzuri wa waigizaji wakuu wanne.<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://ew.com/movies/2019/09/20/set-it-off-remake/ | title=Why 'Set It Off' is an era-defining film that shouldn't be remade | magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] }}</ref> Albamu ya nyimbo za filamu zilifanikiwa kibiashara, ikishika nafasi ya nne kwenye chati ya [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] na nafasi ya tatu kwenye chati ya [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]]. Aidha, nyimbo kama "Set It Off", "[[Don't Let Go (Love)]]", "[[Days of Our Livez]]", "[[Angel (Aretha Franklin)|Angel]]", "[[Come On (Billy Lawrence)|Come On]]", "[[Let It Go (Ray J song)|Let It Go]]" na "[[Missing You (Brandy, Gladys Knight, Tamia, and Chaka Khan)|Missing You]]" zote ziliingia kwenye chati. == Hadithi == Mhudumu wa benki jijini [[Los Angeles]], Francesca "Frankie" Sutton, anafukuzwa kazi baada ya tukio la ujambazi kwa sababu alimtambua mmoja wa majambazi kutoka mtaani kwao Kusini mwa California; akifanya uchunguzi, mpelelezi Strode anamtuhumu Frankie kimakosa kuwa mshiriki wa ndani wa ujambazi huo. Frankie analazimika kuchukua kazi ya hali ya chini katika kampuni ya usafi ya Luther's Janitorial Services akiwa na marafiki zake watatu wa karibu, Lida "Stony" Newsom, Cleopatra "Cleo" Sims, na Tisean "T.T." Williams. Mmiliki wa kampuni hiyo, Luther, anawanyanyasa na kuwalipa mshahara mdogo sana. Kaka wa Stony, Stevie, amekubaliwa kujiunga na chuo cha [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]]. Akihitaji kulipa ada, Stony anamwomba bosi wake, Nate ambaye ni muuzaji wa magari yaliyotumika, amlipe mshahara wa mbele. Nate anakubali kutoa pesa hizo kwa sharti moja: kwamba Stony afanye naye ngono, naye anakubali kwa shingo upande. Baadaye, Stevie anamweleza Stony kuwa alidanganya kuhusu kukubaliwa UCLA, jambo linalomkasirisha sana Stony. Wakiwa wamechoka kunyanyaswa, Frankie anapendekeza wafanye ujambazi wa benki. Cleo anakubali, lakini Stony na T.T. wanasita. Baadaye, Stevie anauawa kwa kupigwa risasi na polisi baada ya kudhaniwa kimakosa kuwa ni mmoja wa majambazi. Wakati huo huo, mtoto wa T.T. anachukuliwa na Idara ya Ustawi wa Jamii baada ya kula sumu kwa bahati mbaya mahali pa kazi pa mama yake (T.T. alikuwa ameenda naye kazini kwa sababu hakuwa na pesa ya kumlipa mlezi). Kutokana na majanga haya, T.T. na Stony wanakubali kujiunga na mpango wa ujambazi. Wakati akichunguza benki moja akiwa na T.T., Stony anaanza kupendana na meneja wa benki hiyo, Keith Weston. Wanaanza uhusiano wa kimapenzi. Wanawake hao wanne wanafanya mfululizo wa ujambazi wa benki kwa mafanikio kutokana na uelewa wa Frankie kuhusu taratibu za benki na ulinzi. Uchunguzi wa jeshi la polisi la [[Los Angeles Police Department|LAPD]] unaanza. Mpelelezi Strode anawahisi Cleo (kwa sababu ya rekodi zake za nyuma za uhalifu), Frankie (kwa sababu ya kuhusishwa kwake na ujambazi wa awali), na Stony (kwa sababu ya kifo cha kaka yake). Hata hivyo, anashindwa kuwatia mbaroni kwa sababu mipango makini ya Frankie haikuacha ushahidi wa kutosha. Kwa kuhofia usalama wa pesa zao, wanawake hao wanne wanaficha shehena ya pesa kwenye tundu la mfumo wa hewa katika moja ya maeneo yao ya kazi. Baadaye, Cleo, Frankie, na T.T. wanagundua kuwa kuna bosi mpya anayesimamia kazi zao za usafi. Wanabaini kuwa Luther amegundua pesa hizo na kutoroka nazo. Stony anahudhuria hafla ya kibenki akiwa na Keith, na usiku huo wanafanya ngono. Wanawake wale wengine watatu wanampata Luther katika moteli moja akiwa na kahaba. Wanapomtaka arudishe pesa zao, Luther anawatishia kwa bunduki; T.T. anampiga risasi na kumuua. Cleo anapelekwa kwa mpelelezi Strode kwa ajili ya mahojiano kuhusu mauaji ya Luther, lakini anamshurutisha yule kahaba asimtambue. Stony anapogundua kilichotokea, anaanza kukata tamaa na wenzake. Wanakubaliana kutoroka mjini baada ya kufanya ujambazi mmoja wa mwisho. Wanawake hao wanapanga kuiba katika benki kubwa ya Downtown Federal Bank, ambapo Keith akifanya kazi. Akihofia usalama wa Keith na asitake ajue yeye ni jambazi, Stony anamwomba Keith wakutane kwenye mkahawa upande wa pili wa mji. Wanawake hao wanne wanafanya ujambazi huo na kuiba pesa nyingi kuliko walivyopanga. Mpelelezi Strode na mwenzake wanafika eneo la tukio na kuwaamuru majambazi wajisalimishe. Wakati T.T. akijiandaa kujisalimisha, mlinzi wa benki anampiga risasi ya mgongo na kumjeruhi vibaya. Mlinzi huyo naye anapigwa risasi na Stony. Kwa hasira, Cleo anaanza kufyatua risasi ili kuwapa wenzake nafasi ya kutoroka. Wanapokimbia, T.T. anafia mikononi mwa Stony. Majambazi watatu waliobaki, wakishindwa kuwakimbia polisi, wanaamua kutengana. Cleo anamwambia Stony na Frankie wachukue fungu lake na la T.T. la pesa hizo. Cleo anafanya majibizano ya risasi na polisi na kukimbia kwa kasi hadi anapozingirwa; anagonga kizuizi cha polisi na gari lake. Hatimaye anauawa katika mapambano ya risasi na polisi, huku mpenzi wake Ursula akishuhudia tukio hilo kwenye televisheni. Wakati huo huo, mpelelezi Strode anampata Frankie na kumtaka ajisalimishe. Badala yake, Frankie anamnyoshea bunduki Strode na kumkumbusha jinsi yeye (Strode) alivyochangia kutokea kwa hali hiyo. Anapogeuka kumkimbia Strode, anapigwa risasi ya mgongo na kuuawa na vijana wa Strode. Stony, ambaye amefanikiwa kujichanganya na kundi la watalii wanaoelekea Mexico, anashuhudia kwa machozi kifo cha Frankie akiwa ndani ya basi. Mpelelezi Strode anamwona kwa mbali lakini, kwa sababu ya kujihisi na hatia kwa matendo yake ya nyuma, anamwacha aondoke. Akiwa Mexico, Stony anakata nywele zake. Anaomboleza vifo vya kaka yake na marafiki zake watatu. Kisha anampigia simu Keith kumhakikishia kuwa yuko salama na kumshukuru. Keith anatabasamu. Stony anaondoka akiwa na nusu ya pesa za ujambazi walioufanya na marafiki zake. == Washiriki == * [[Kimberly Elise]] kama Tisean "T.T." Williams * [[Jada Pinkett Smith|Jada Pinkett]] kama Lida "Stony" Newsome * [[Queen Latifah]] kama Cleopatra "Cleo" Sims * [[Vivica A. Fox]] kama Francesca "Frankie" Sutton * [[John C. McGinley]] kama Mpelelezi Strode * [[Blair Underwood]] kama Keith Weston * [[Anna Maria Horsford]] kama Bi. Wells * [[Ella Joyce]] kama Mpelelezi Waller * [[Charlie Robinson (actor)|Charlie Robinson]] kama Nate Andrews * [[Chaz Lamar Shepherd]] kama Stevie Newsome * [[Thomas Jefferson Byrd]] kama Luther * [[Samuel Monroe Jr.]] kama Lorenz * [[Dr. Dre]] kama Black Sam * [[WC (rapper)|WC]] kama Darnell * Vincent Baum kama Jajuan * [[Jeris Lee Poindexter]] kama Pete Rodney * Samantha MacLachlan kama Ursula * [[Tamara Clatterbuck]] kama Mpenzi wa Luther ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{F. Gary Gray}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Set It Off}} [[Category:Filamu za 1996]] [[Category:Filamu za Marekani]] [[Jamii:Filamu zilizoongozwa na F. Gary Gray]] abv6wlvfvz51fpxvqh2bdbbdwjnp461 0 231343 1529871 2026-05-02T12:38:06Z Muddyb 379 Muddyb alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Set It Off]] hadi [[Set It Off (filamu)]] 1529871 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Set It Off (filamu)]] 7gd1i6iplx0qzkc59nhax82rt8q09sa 1529877 1529871 2026-05-02T12:49:55Z Muddyb 379 Removed redirect to [[Set It Off (filamu)]] 1529877 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Set It Off''' inaweza kurejea maana mbalimbali kama vile: {{TOC right}} ==Albamu== * [[Set It Off (albamu ya Offset)|''Set It Off'' (albamu ya Offset)]], 2023 * [[Set It Off (albamu ya Thousand Foot Krutch)|''Set It Off'' (albamu ya Thousand Foot Krutch)]] au wimbo wenye jina hilohilo, 2000 * ''Set It Off'', ya [[Madball]], 1994 * ''Set It Off'', ya [[Shuvel]], au wimbo wenye jina hilohilo, 2000 * ''Set It Off'', ya [[Shy FX]] na T Power, 2002 ==Nyimbo== * [[Set It Off (wimbo wa J. Williams)|"Set It Off"]] (wimbo wa J. Williams), 2008 * [[Set It Off (wimbo wa Juvenile)|"Set It Off"]] (wimbo wa Juvenile), 2001 * [[Set It Off (wimbo wa Peaches)|"Set It Off"]] (wimbo wa Peaches), 2001 * [[Set It Off (wimbo wa Timomatic)|"Set It Off"]] (wimbo wa Timomatic), 2011 * [[Set It Off (wimbo wa Young Gunz)|"Set It Off"]] (wimbo wa Young Gunz), 2005 * "Set It Off", wa Audioslave kutoka kwenye albamu ya ''[[Audioslave (albamu)|Audioslave]]'', 2002 * "Set It Off", wa Big Daddy Kane kutoka kwenye albamu ya ''[[Long Live the Kane]]'', 1988 * "Set It Off", wa Bryson Tiller kutoka kwenye albamu ya ''[[True to Self]]'', 2017 * "Set It Off", wa Evil Nine kutoka kwenye albamu ya ''[[They Live (albamu ya Evil Nine)|They Live]]'', 2008 * "Set It Off", wa Jason Aldean kutoka kwenye albamu ya ''[[Rearview Town]]'', 2018 * "Set It Off", wa Kardinal Offishall kutoka kwenye albamu ya ''[[Not 4 Sale (albamu ya Kardinal Offishall)|Not 4 Sale]]'', 2008 * "Set It Off", wa Main Source kutoka kwenye albamu ya ''[[Fuck What You Think]]'', 1994 * "Set It Off", wa Nicki Minaj kutoka kwenye albamu ya ''[[Sucka Free]]'', 2008 * "Set It Off", wa N.O.R.E kutoka kwenye albamu ya ''[[Noreality]]'', 2007 * "Set It Off", wa P.O.D. kutoka kwenye albamu ya ''[[Satellite (albamu ya P.O.D.)|Satellite]]'', 2001 * "Set It Off", wa Snoop Dogg kutoka kwenye albamu ya ''[[Tha Last Meal]]'', 2000 * "Set It Off", wa kundi la [[Strafe (bendi)|Strafe]], 1984 * "Set It Off", kutoka kwenye [[Descendants (soundtrack)|albamu ya nyimbo za filamu ya ''Descendants'']], 2015 ==Matumizi mengine== * [[Set It Off (bendi)]], kundi la muziki wa rock la Marekani * [[Set It Off (filamu)|''Set It Off'' (filamu)]], filamu ya Marekani ya uhalifu na mapigano ya mwaka 1996 {{Maana}} eylt19t9tbfrlxhm24gwa8xil6yv760 6 231344 1529872 2026-05-02T12:45:07Z Muddyb 379 Anwani kwenda enwiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Set_it_off_poster.jpg 1529872 wikitext text/x-wiki == Muhtasari == Anwani kwenda enwiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Set_it_off_poster.jpg == Hatimiliki == {{Non-free video cover}} 1ths0mub9v7qhdj8o4nrquw7ka7kmex 14 231345 1529873 2026-05-02T12:45:47Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Filamu kwa mwongozaji]]' 1529873 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Filamu kwa mwongozaji]] l967f60vdbt48e0rjw7fy10zjpeaesf 0 231346 1529882 2026-05-02T13:10:20Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox person | jina = Vivica A. Fox | picha = Vivica A. Fox Cinequest 2026 04.jpg | maelezo = Fox kwenye Tamasha la Filamu la Cinequest mwaka 2026 | jina la kuzaliwa = Vivica Anjanetta Fox | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1964|7|30}} | mahali_pa_kuzaliwa = [[South Bend, Indiana]], Marekani | elimu = [[Golden West College]] | kazi = Mwigizaji, mtayarishaji wa filamu | miaka_ya_kazi = 1982–...' 1529882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | jina = Vivica A. Fox | picha = Vivica A. Fox Cinequest 2026 04.jpg | maelezo = Fox kwenye Tamasha la Filamu la Cinequest mwaka 2026 | jina la kuzaliwa = Vivica Anjanetta Fox | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1964|7|30}} | mahali_pa_kuzaliwa = [[South Bend, Indiana]], Marekani | elimu = [[Golden West College]] | kazi = Mwigizaji, mtayarishaji wa filamu | miaka_ya_kazi = 1982–sasa | mwenza = {{marriage|Christopher Harvest|1998|2002|reason=div.}} | tovuti = {{URL|vivicafox.com}} }} '''Vivica Anjanetta Fox''' (alizaliwa Julai 30, 1964)<ref name="Biography.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/people/vivica-a-fox-6434|title=Vivica A. Fox|website=Biography|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323141143/https://www.biography.com/people/vivica-a-fox-6434|archive-date=March 23, 2018}}</ref> ni mwigizaji na mtayarishaji wa filamu kutoka nchini Marekani. Alianza kupata umaarufu mkubwa mwaka 1996 baada ya kuigiza kwenye filamu mbili zilizopendwa sana: ''[[Independence Day (filamu ya 1996)|Independence Day]]'' ya Roland Emmerich na ''[[Set It Off (filamu)|Set It Off]]'' ya [[F. Gary Gray]]. Mbali na kuigiza, Vivica pia ni mtayarishaji wa filamu na amewahi kuongoza filamu yake ya kwanza mwaka 2023 iitwayo ''[[First Lady of BMF: The Tonesa Welch Story]]''. == Maisha ya awali == Vivica alizaliwa katika mji wa [[South Bend, Indiana]], akiwa binti wa Everlyena, mtaalamu wa dawa, na William Fox, kiongozi wa shule.<ref name="Biography.com"/> Wazazi wake walihamia eneo la [[Benton Harbor, Michigan]], muda mfupi baada ya yeye kuzaliwa. Fox alihitimu masomo ya sekondari mwaka 1982 katika shule ya [[Arlington High School (Indiana)|Arlington High School]] kule Indianapolis<ref name="Biography.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-oCAAAAMBAJ&q=vivica+fox+1982+arlington+high+school&pg=PA142|title=Indianapolis Monthly|first=Emmis|last=Communications|date=1 September 2002|publisher=Emmis Communications|access-date=15 March 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref> na baadaye akapata shahada ya awali (Associate of Arts) katika chuo cha [[Golden West College]] kilichopo California.<ref name="new">{{cite web|last=Williams|first=Kam|year=2008|title=Vivica A. Fox: The Cover/Three Can Play That Game|url=http://www.kamwilliams.com/2008/05/vivica-fox-coverthree-can-play-that.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713105347/http://www.kamwilliams.com/2008/05/vivica-fox-coverthree-can-play-that.html|archive-date=July 13, 2015|access-date=2008-05-05|publisher=KamWilliams.com}}</ref> == Kazi ya sanaa == === Mwanzo wa safari (1982–1995) === Mnamo mwaka 1982, Vivica alihamia California na kuanza kazi kama mnenguaji kwenye kipindi cha ''[[Soul Train]]'' kati ya mwaka 1983 na 1984, na pia alionekana kwenye video ya wimbo wa kundi la R&B la Klymaxx uitwao "Meeting in the Ladies Room".<ref name="new"/> Baada ya hapo, alianza kuigiza kitaalamu kwenye tamthilia ya kila siku ya [[NBC]] iitwayo ''[[Days of Our Lives]]'' mwaka 1988, akicheza kama Carmen Silva. Baada ya kuonekana kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye filamu ya Oliver Stone iitwayo ''Born on the Fourth of July'' (1989),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/artist/vivica-a-fox-p137994|title=Vivica A. Fox – Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos – AllMovie|author=Rebecca Flint Marx|work=AllMovie|access-date=17 January 2016}}</ref> Fox alicheza uhusika muhimu wa Maya Reubens kwenye tamthilia ya ''Generations''. Kipindi hiki kilikuwa cha kihistoria kwa sababu kilikuwa cha kwanza kuonyesha maisha ya familia ya watu weusi tangu mwanzo wa hadithi yake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2015/03/19/before_empire_s_cookie_vs_anika_there_was_generations_doreen_vs_maya.html|title=Before 'Empire''s Cookie vs. Anika, there was 'Generations'' Doreen vs. Maya|author=Derreck Johnson|date=19 March 2015|work=Slate Magazine|access-date=17 January 2016}}</ref> Mapema miaka ya 1990, alianza kuonekana kwenye vipindi maarufu vya usiku (prime time) kama ''[[The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air]]'', ''[[Family Matters]]'', na ''[[Martin (mfululizo wa TV)|Martin]]''. Kati ya mwaka 1994 na 1995, alicheza kama Dr. Stephanie Simmons kwenye tamthilia nyingine maarufu ya ''[[The Young and the Restless]]''. Mwaka 1995 pia alionekana kidogo kwenye filamu ya vichekesho ya ''Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dont_be_a_menace/|title=Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in The Hood|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|date=1 January 1996|access-date=17 January 2016}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{BD|1964}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] 8fd6l2l7heioaxmkxmf9nuos23t0krr 0 231347 1529890 2026-05-02T13:32:38Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Picha:John Rambo.jpg|thumb|[[Sylvester Stallone]] kama [[John Rambo]] kwenye filamu ya ''[[Rambo III]]'' (1988). Filamu hii ilitolewa katika muongo ambao neno "action" (mapigano) lilianza kuwa aina (genre) ya kipekee mara kwa mara katika masuala ya matangazo na mapitio ya filamu.{{sfn|Kendrick|2019|p=36}}]] '''Filamu ya mapigano''' (kutoka [[kiingereza]]: '''action film''') ni [[aina ya filamu]] ambayo kwa kiasi kikubwa huonyesha matukio ya kufuatana, m...' 1529890 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:John Rambo.jpg|thumb|[[Sylvester Stallone]] kama [[John Rambo]] kwenye filamu ya ''[[Rambo III]]'' (1988). Filamu hii ilitolewa katika muongo ambao neno "action" (mapigano) lilianza kuwa aina (genre) ya kipekee mara kwa mara katika masuala ya matangazo na mapitio ya filamu.{{sfn|Kendrick|2019|p=36}}]] '''Filamu ya mapigano''' (kutoka [[kiingereza]]: '''action film''') ni [[aina ya filamu]] ambayo kwa kiasi kikubwa huonyesha matukio ya kufuatana, mapigano, mirindimo ya risasi, milipuko, na kazi za hatari (stunts). Maelezo mahususi ya nini kinajumuisha filamu ya mapigano yamekuwa katika mjadala wa kitaaluma tangu miaka ya 1980. Wakati wasomi wengine kama [[David Bordwell]] walipendekeza kuwa hizi ni filamu zinazopendelea mandhari ya kuvutia kuliko usimulizi wa hadithi, wengine kama Geoff King walieleza kuwa huruhusu matukio hayo ya kuvutia yaendane na usimulizi wa hadithi. Filamu za mapigano mara nyingi huchanganywa na aina nyingine za filamu, zikijumuika katika mifumo mbalimbali kama vile [[filamu za vichekesho]], filamu za [[bunilizi ya kisayansi]], na [[filamu za kutisha]]. Ingawa neno "action film" au "action adventure film" lilitumika mapema miaka ya 1910, tafsiri ya kisasa kwa kawaida hurejelea filamu iliyokuja na kuingia kwa [[New Hollywood]] na kuongezeka kwa mashujaa wasio na sifa za kawaida walioonekana katika filamu za Marekani mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1960 na 1970 wakichota maudhui kutoka kwenye [[filamu za vita]], [[filamu za uhalifu]] na [[Filamu za Western|Westerns]]. Aina hizi zilifuatiwa na kile kinachoitwa "kipindi cha asili" katika miaka ya 1980. Hii ilifuatiwa na enzi ya baada ya kipindi cha asili ambapo filamu za mapigano za Marekani ziliathiriwa na [[filamu za mapigano za Hong Kong]] na kuongezeka kwa matumizi ya vionjo vya kompyuta katika filamu. Kufuatia [[Shambulio la 11 Septemba 2001|mashambulizi ya Septemba 11]], kurejea kwa mifumo ya awali ya aina hiyo kulionekana kufuatia filamu za ''[[Kill Bill]]'' na mfululizo wa filamu za ''[[The Expendables]]''. Scott Higgins aliandika mwaka 2008 katika jarida la ''[[Cinema Journal]]'' kuwa filamu za mapigano ni moja ya aina za filamu maarufu zaidi na wakati huohuo zinazokosolewa zaidi katika sinema za kisasa, akieleza kuwa "katika mijadala mikuu, aina hii ya filamu mara kwa mara hushambuliwa kwa kupendelea mandhari ya kuvutia kuliko simulizi iliyopangwa vizuri."{{sfn|Higgins|2008|p=74}} Bordwell alikariri hili katika kitabu chake, ''The Way Hollywood Tells It'', akiandika kuwa mapokezi ya aina hiyo ya filamu ni kama "ishara ya kile ambacho Hollywood hukifanya vibaya zaidi."{{sfn|Bordwell|2006|p=104}} == Sifa == Katika jarida la ''[[Journal of Film and Video]]'', Lennart Soberson alieleza kuwa aina ya filamu ya mapigano imekuwa mada ya mjadala wa kitaaluma tangu miaka ya 1980.{{sfn|Soberson|2021|p=19}} Soberson aliandika kuwa sifa zinazojirudia za aina hiyo ni pamoja na matukio ya kufuatana, mapigano, mirindimo ya risasi, milipuko, na kazi za hatari, wakati wasomi wengine walisisitiza kuwa kuna sifa zaidi za msingi zinazofafanua aina hiyo ya filamu.{{sfn|Soberson|2021|p=19}} [[David Bordwell]] katika ''The Way Hollywood Tells It'' aliandika kuwa watazamaji "huambiwa kuwa mandhari ya kuvutia hushinda usimulizi" katika sinema ya mapigano wakati [[Wheeler Winston Dixon]] alikariri kuwa filamu hizi zilitambulika kwa "mandhari ya kuvutia yaliyopitiliza" kama "jaribio la kukata tamaa la kuficha ukosefu wa maudhui."{{sfn|Bordwell|2006|p=104}}{{sfn|Dixon|2000|p=4}} Geoff King alidai kuwa mandhari ya kuvutia yanaweza pia kuwa chombo cha usimulizi, kinyume na kuingiliana nacho.{{sfn|King|2000|p=4}} Soberson alieleza kuwa Harvey O'Brien alikuwa na "labda uelewa wenye nguvu zaidi wa aina hii ya filamu", akisema kuwa filamu ya mapigano "inaeleweka vyema kama mchanganyiko wa muundo na maudhui. Inawakilisha wazo na maadili ya mapigano kupitia muundo ambao mapigano, msisimko na harakati ni vitu muhimu zaidi."{{sfn|Soberson|2021|p=19}} O'Brien aliandika zaidi katika kitabu chake ''Action Movies: The Cinema of Striking Back'' akipendekeza kuwa filamu za mapigano ni za kipekee na si mfululizo tu wa matukio ya mapigano, akieleza kuwa huo ndio ulikuwa utofauti kati ya ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'' (1981) na ''[[Die Hard]]'' (1988), kwamba ingawa zote zilikuwa filamu kubwa za Hollywood (blockbusters) zenye shujaa anayedhihirisha uanaume na kushinda vikwazo kwa ajili ya suluhisho la kibinafsi na kijamii, [[John McClane]] katika ''Die Hard'' akifyatua bastola yake ya otomatiki mara kwa mara huku akining'inia kwenye jengo refu hakuendana na taswira ya [[Indiana Jones (character)|Indiana Jones]] katika ''Raiders'' akizungusha mjeledi wake ili kuwafukuza wahalifu katika mitaa ya Cairo.{{sfn|O'Brien|2012|p=6}} Mwandishi na msomi wa Uingereza [[Yvonne Tasker]] alipanua mada hii, akieleza kuwa filamu za mapigano hazina picha (iconography) au mazingira yaliyo wazi na ya kudumu. Katika kitabu chake ''The Hollywood Action and Adventure Film'' (2015), aligundua kuwa mada zinazofanana zaidi huwa ni harakati za wahusika kutafuta uhuru kutoka kwa ukandamizaji, kama vile shujaa kushinda maadui au vikwazo na migogoro ya kimwili au changamoto, kwa kawaida akipambana na binadamu wengine au wapinzani kutoka anga za mbali.{{sfn|Tasker|2015|p=2}} Kufikia masomo ya uchambuzi wa aina za filamu ya mwishoni mwa miaka ya 2010, neno "genre" (aina) lenyewe mara nyingi hubadilishwa au kuongezewa na maneno "mode" (mfumo) na "narrative form" (muundo wa usimulizi) huku maneno yote matatu yakitumiwa kwa kubadilishana.{{sfn|Höglund|Soltysik Monnet|2018|p=1302}} [[Johan Anders Höglund|Johan Höglund]] na Agnieszka Soltysik Monnet walisema kuwa tofauti kati ya dhana hizi ni ngumu kueleweka, lakini walieleza kuwa "genre" inaweza kufafanuliwa kama inayomilikiwa na nyakati maalum za kihistoria na kitamaduni wakati "mode" na "form" vinaweza kurejelea muundo mpana unaofanya kazi katika nyanja pana ya kihistoria na kitamaduni.{{sfn|Höglund|Soltysik Monnet|2018|p=1302}} Katika kitabu chao ''Action Cinema Since 2000'' (2024), Tasker, Lisa Purse, na Chris Holmlund walieleza kuwa kufikiria mapigano kama "mode" (mfumo) kunasaidia zaidi kuliko kuyafikiria kama "genre" (aina).{{sfn|Holmlund|Purse|Tasker|2024|p=1}} Waandishi hao watatu walipendekeza kuwa mapigano huweka muundo wa namna fulani ya utengenezaji na utazamaji wa filamu unaovuka mipaka ya aina bila kuifunika, wakieleza kuwa tovuti kama [[IMDb]] na [[Wikipedia]] mara chache huweka alama kwenye filamu kwa aina moja tu na kwamba huduma za utiririshaji (streaming services) kama [[Amazon Prime]] na [[Netflix]] vivyo hivyo hupunguza kile kinachouzwa na kupokelewa kama filamu ya mapigano.{{sfn|Holmlund|Purse|Tasker|2024|p=1}} == Historia == Katika sinema za kimataifa, kuna mienendo mikuu miwili katika filamu za mapigano: filamu za mapigano za Hollywood na mtindo wake unaoigwa kote ulimwenguni, na upande wa pili ni filamu za sanaa ya mapigano (martial arts) za lugha ya Kichina.{{sfn|Yip|2017|p=147}} Mizizi ya filamu za mapigano inaanzia mwanzo kabisa wa sinema, lakini ilikuwa katikati ya karne ya 20 ambapo filamu za mapigano zilikua na kuwa aina (genre) inayotambulika yenyewe badala ya kuwa mkusanyiko wa aina nyingine za filamu kama vile Westerns, swashbucklers au filamu za matukio (adventure films).{{sfn|Kendrick|2019|p=36}} Filamu zimeelezewa kama "filamu za mapigano" (action films) au "filamu za mapigano na matukio" (action-adventure films) mapema tangu miaka ya 1910.{{sfn|Soberson|2021|p=19}}{{sfn|Willemen|2005|p=226}} Ni kufikia miaka ya 1980 tu ambapo neno "action" kama aina ya kipekee lilianza kutumika mara kwa mara katika masuala ya matangazo na taratibu za mapitio ya filamu.{{sfn|Kendrick|2019|p=36}} === Filamu za mapigano za Hong Kong === {{Main|Sinema za mapigano za Hong Kong}} Filamu za kwanza za sanaa ya mapigano za lugha ya Kichina zinaweza kufuatiliwa kwenye sinema za Shanghai mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1920. Filamu hizi zilikuwa maarufu kipindi hicho, zikijumuisha karibu asilimia 60 ya jumla ya filamu zote za Kichina. Man-Fung Yip alieleza kuwa filamu hizi zilikuwa "tulivu kiasi" kwa viwango vya sasa.{{sfn|Yip|2017|p=4}} Aliandika kuwa zilikosa aina ya mpangilio wa mapigano (action choreography) wa kuvutia kama unavyotarajiwa leo na zilikuwa na vionjo maalum duni na vya msingi.{{sfn|Yip|2017|p=4}} Filamu hizi zilianza kushambuliwa sana na maafisa wa serikali na wasomi wa kitamaduni kwa madai ya kuwa na mienendo ya kishirikina na kianaki, jambo lililopelekea kupigwa marufuku mwaka 1932. Haikuwa hadi kituo cha utengenezaji wa filamu za kibiashara za Kichina kilipohamishiwa kutoka Shanghai kwenda Hong Kong mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1940 ndipo sinema za sanaa ya mapigano zilifufuliwa. Filamu hizi zilikuwa na sifa nyingi za kipindi kilichopita. Katika kipindi hiki, zaidi ya filamu 100 zilitokana na matukio ya shujaa wa kweli wa kienyeji wa Cantonese, [[Wong Fei-hung]], ambaye alionekana kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye filamu mwaka 1949. Filamu hizi zilisambaa zaidi ndani ya Hong Kong na maeneo yanayozungumza Kikantonese yenye watu wa asili ya China (diaspora).{{sfn|Yip|2017|p=5}} Yip aliendelea kusema kuwa filamu hizi za Hong Kong bado zilikuwa nyuma katika viwango vya urembo na ufundi ikilinganishwa na filamu kutoka Marekani, Ulaya, na Japani katika kipindi hicho.{{sfn|Yip|2017|p=157}} Yip alielezea sinema ya Japani kama iliyoendelea zaidi barani Asia wakati huo. Hii ilionyeshwa na mafanikio ya kimataifa ya filamu za [[Akira Kurosawa]] kama vile ''[[Rashomon]]'' (1950).{{sfn|Yip|2017|p=157}} Aina ya filamu inayojulikana kama ''[[Samurai cinema|chanbara]]'' ilikuwa kwenye kilele chake nchini Japani. Mtindo huo ulikuwa aina ndogo (sub-genre) ya ''[[Jidaigeki|jidai-geki]]'', au tamthilia za kihistoria (period drama) zenye msisitizo kwenye mapigano ya panga na vitendo.{{sfn|Sharpe|2011|p=43}} Ilikuwa na kiwango sawa cha umaarufu na kile cha [[Western (filamu)|Western]] nchini Marekani. Filamu zilizojulikana zaidi kimataifa katika enzi hii zilikuwa filamu za Kurosawa kama vile ''[[Seven Samurai]]'' (1954), ''[[The Hidden Fortress]]'' (1958), na ''[[Yojimbo]]'' (1961).{{sfn|Sharpe|2011|p=44}} Kufikia angalau miaka ya 1950, filamu za Kijapani zilitazamwa kama kielelezo cha kuigwa na utengenezaji wa filamu wa Hong Kong, na makampuni ya filamu ya Hong Kong yalianza kuajiri wataalamu kutoka Japani kwa bidii, kama vile mpiga picha wa sinema (cinematographer) Tadashi Nishimoto ili kuchangia katika sinema za rangi na skrini pana.{{sfn|Yip|2017|p=157}} Vyanzo vipya vya fasihi pia vilistawi katika filamu za sanaa ya mapigano za kipindi hiki, huku ''xinpai wuxia xiaoshuo'' (au "hadithi za sanaa ya mapigano za shule mpya") zikipata umaarufu kutokana na mafanikio ya kazi ya [[Liang Yusheng]] iitwayo ''Longhu Dou Jinghua'' (1954) na ya [[Jin Yong]] iitwayo ''Shujian enchou lu'' (1956) ambazo zilionyesha ushawishi wa filamu za sanaa ya mapigano za Shanghai lakini pia zilisambaa kutoka Hong Kong kwenda Taiwan na jumuiya za Wachina nje ya nchi. Hii ilisababisha ongezeko la mahitaji katika masoko ya ndani na ya kikanda mapema miaka ya 1960 na kuonekana kwa ongezeko la utengenezaji wa filamu za sanaa ya mapigano za Hong Kong zilizovuka hadithi za Wong Fei-hung ambazo zilikuwa zinaanza kupoteza umaarufu.{{sfn|Yip|2017|pp=6}} Filamu hizi mpya za sanaa ya mapigano zilionyesha mapigano ya panga ya ajabu, viwango vya juu vya utengenezaji na vionjo maalum vya kisasa zaidi kuliko filamu za awali, huku kampuni ya [[Shaw Brothers Studio|Shaw Brothers]] ikianzisha kampeni ya filamu za mapigano ya panga za "shule mpya" (''xinpai'') kama vile ''Temple of the Red Lotus'' (1965) ya Xu Zenghong na ''[[Come Drink with Me]]'' (1966) ya [[King Hu]].{{sfn|Yip|2017|pp=6-7}} [[Picha:Bruce Lee 1973 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Umaarufu wa [[Bruce Lee]] ulivutia watazamaji wa ulimwengu mzima kwa [[filamu za kung fu]], hata hivyo kazi yake ilikatishwa kufuatia kifo chake cha mapema mwaka 1973, jambo lililopelekea kupungua kwa umaarufu wa sanaa hiyo.{{sfn|Yip|2017|pp=8}}]] Katika miaka ya 1970, filamu za sanaa ya mapigano za Hong Kong zilianza kukua chini ya mfumo wa ''yanggang'' ("uanaume thabiti") zaidi kupitia filamu za [[Chang Cheh]] ambazo zilikuwa maarufu. Mpito huu ulipelekea kuanza kwa aina ndogo (sub-genre) ya [[filamu ya kung fu]] mwanzoni mwa muongo huo na kuvuka filamu za mapigano ya panga kwa kutumia mazingira ya kisasa ya mwishoni mwa kipindi cha Qing au mapema kipindi cha Jamhuri, na zilikuwa na mapigano zaidi ya ana kwa ana (hand-to-hand combat) kuliko mapigano ya panga ya ajabu na vionjo maalum.{{sfn|Yip|2017|pp=7}} Studio mpya, [[Orange Sky Golden Harvest|Golden Harvest]], haraka ikawa moja ya studio zilizowaruhusu watengenezaji filamu uhuru wa kibunifu na malipo mazuri, na kuvutia waongozaji na waigizaji wapya, akiwemo [[Bruce Lee]].{{sfn|Yip|2017|pp=7-8}} Umaarufu wa filamu za kung fu na Bruce Lee ulipelekea kuvutia watazamaji wa kimataifa wa filamu hizi nchini Marekani na Ulaya, lakini ulikatishwa na kifo cha Lee mwaka 1973, jambo lililopelekea umaarufu wa kipindi hicho kupungua.{{sfn|Yip|2017|pp=8}} Baada ya kipindi cha mdororo, Chang Cheh na [[Lau Kar-leung]] walihuisha aina hiyo kwa filamu za kung fu za shaolin na mfululizo wa filamu za mapigano ya panga zenye giza za [[Chor Yuen]] zilizotokana na riwaya za [[Gu Long]].{{sfn|Yip|2017|pp=8}} Vichekesho vya Kung Fu vilionekana vikimshirikisha [[Jackie Chan]] wakati filamu za sanaa ya mapigano zilipostawi kuelekea miaka ya 1980. Filamu nyingine tena zilifanya mfumo huo kuwa wa kisasa kwa filamu za majambazi (gangster films) za [[John Woo]] (''[[A Better Tomorrow]]'' (1986), ''[[The Killer (1989 film)|The Killer]]'' (1989)) na sakata la Wong Fei Hung kurejea katika filamu ya [[Tsui Hark]] iitwayo ''[[Once Upon a Time in China]]'' ikimshirikisha [[Jet Li]], ambayo tena ilihuisha filamu zenye mtindo wa mapigano ya panga.{{sfn|Yip|2017|pp=8}} Kufikia mwanzoni mwa karne, filamu za mapigano za Hollywood zilianza kuitazama sinema ya Hong Kong na kuwachukua baadhi ya waigizaji na waongozaji wao wakuu ili kutumia mtindo wao kwenye filamu zao, kama vile Chan, Woo, Li, [[Michelle Yeoh]] na [[Yuen Woo-Ping]].{{sfn|Yip|2017|pp=8-9}} Kutolewa kwa filamu ya [[Ang Lee]] ya ''[[Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon]]'' (2000) kulipelekea filamu za sanaa ya mapigano za lugha ya Kichina kupata hadhi ya kutolewa ulimwenguni kote, hususan filamu za [[Zhang Yimou]] za ''[[Hero (2002 film)|Hero]]'' (2002) na ''[[House of Flying Daggers]]'' (2004), filamu ya [[Stephen Chow]] ya ''[[Kung Fu Hustle]]'' (2004) na ya [[Chen Kaige]] ya ''[[The Promise (2005 film)|The Promise]]'' (2005).{{sfn|Yip|2017|pp=9}} Filamu nyingi za mapigano za Hong Kong katika robo ya kwanza ya karne ya 21, kama zile za ''[[Cold War (2012 film)|Cold War]]'' (2012), ''[[Cold War 2 (film)|Cold War 2]]'' (2016) na mfululizo wa filamu za [[The White Storm (film series)|''The White Storm'']] zimepunguziwa ukali wa vurugu zake, hususan ikilinganishwa na kazi za awali za waongozaji kama Woo na [[Johnnie To]].{{sfn|Chen|2022|p=118}} Antong Chen, katika utafiti wake juu ya filamu ya mapigano ya Hong Kong, aliandika kuwa ushawishi wa China na idadi ya ushirikiano wa utengenezaji wa filamu kati ya China na Hong Kong ilileta mabadiliko katika filamu hizi, hususan kufuatia kutolewa kwa ''[[Infernal Affairs]]'' (2002).{{sfn|Chen|2022|p=120}} === Filamu za mapigano za Hollywood === Harvey O'Brien aliandika mwaka 2012 kwamba filamu ya kisasa ya mapigano iliibuka kupitia aina nyingine za filamu, kimsingi [[Western (filamu)|Westerns]], [[filamu za uhalifu|uhalifu]] na [[filamu za vita]], na inaweza kugawanywa katika mifumo minne: hatua ya uundaji (formative), ya asili (classical), ya baada ya asili (post-classical) na hatua ya mamboleo (neoclassical).{{sfn|O'Brien|2012|p=12}} [[Yvonne Tasker]] alikariri hili katika kitabu chake kuhusu filamu za mapigano na [[filamu za matukio]], akisema kuwa filamu za mapigano zilikuja kuwa aina inayojitegemea wakati wa kipindi cha [[New Hollywood]] cha miaka ya 1970.{{sfn|Tasker|2015|p=2}} [[Picha:Steve-McQueen-1968.jpg|thumb|[[Steve McQueen]] mwaka 1968, mwaka ambao filamu ya ''Bullitt'' ilitolewa.]] Filamu za hatua ya uundaji zilikuwa za kuanzia miaka ya 1960 hadi mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1980 ambapo [[Antihero|shujaa asiye na sifa za kawaida]] (Anti-hero) anaonekana kwenye sinema, akishirikisha wahusika ambao hutenda na kuvuka mipaka ya sheria na misingi ya kijamii. Hii inaonekana awali katika filamu kama ''[[Bullitt]]'' (1968) ambapo afisa wa polisi mkali analinda jamii kwa kusimamia sheria dhidi ya ufisadi wa kimfumo. Hali hii ilienea katika filamu ambazo O'Brien alizielezea kama "majibu ya haraka" (knee-jerk responses) dhidi ya vitisho vinavyohisiwa, zikiwa na askari waasi na [[filamu za kujichukulia sheria mkononi]] (vigilante films) kama vile ''[[Dirty Harry]]'' (1971) na ''[[Death Wish (filamu ya 1974)|Death Wish]]'' (1974) ambapo urejeshaji wa amani unawezekana tu kwa nguvu na wahusika wasiofuata kanuni za kijamii walio tayari kuchukua hatua wakati jamii inaposhindwa.{{sfn|O'Brien|2012|p=12}} Harakati za kujichukulia sheria mkononi zinaonekana tena katika filamu nyingine zilizokuwa zikitumia hali ya jamii ya kusini mwa Marekani kama ''[[Billy Jack]]'' (1971) na ''[[White Lightning (filamu ya 1973)|White Lightning]]'' (1973) na vichekesho vya "good ol' boy" kama ''[[Smokey and the Bandit]]'' (1977). Enzi hii pia inasisitiza matukio ya kufukuzana kwa magari kama nyakati za kuvutia (spectacle) katika filamu kama ''Bullitt'' na ''[[The French Connection (filamu)|The French Connection]]'' (1971). O'Brien alizielezea filamu hizi kama zinazosisitiza "muungano wa mwanadamu na mashine" huku madereva na magari yao wakifanya kazi kama kitu kimoja, ikihitimishwa na kile alichokielezea kama "kilele cha hali ya kisasa ya maangamizi na ufutaji wa kijamii" katika filamu ya ''[[Mad Max 2]]'' (1981).{{sfn|O'Brien|2012|p=13}} O'Brien alielezea mfumo wa asili (classical form) wa sinema ya mapigano kuwa ni wa miaka ya 1980. Muongo huo uliendeleza mienendo ya kipindi cha uundaji kukiwa na mashujaa kama walipiza kisasi (''[[Lethal Weapon]]'' (1987)), maafisa wa polisi waasi (''[[Die Hard]]'' (1988)) na wapiganaji mamluki (''[[Commando (filamu ya 1985)|Commando]]'' (1985)). Kufuatia mwendelezo wa mchanganyiko wa gari na mwanadamu wa muongo uliopita, miaka ya 1980 ilishirikisha wanaume waliogeuzwa kuwa silaha ambao aidha walikuwa wamebeba silaha kama katika ''[[Sudden Impact]]'' (1983), waliofunzwa kuwa silaha (''[[American Ninja]]'' (1985)) au waliowekewa teknolojia miilini mwao (''[[RoboCop]]'' (1987)).{{sfn|O'Brien|2012|p=13}} O'Brien alibainisha kuwa mienendo ya uundaji katika hatua hii ilikuwa imekuwa ya "aina inayotambulika kote" (identifiably generic) huku viwanda vya filamu vikianza kuzalisha filamu hizi kwa wingi wakati wa muongo huo; watayarishaji kama [[Joel Silver]] na makampuni kama [[The Cannon Group, Inc.]] walianza kutengeneza mifumo ya utengenezaji wa filamu hizi kwa bajeti kubwa na ndogo.{{sfn|O'Brien|2012|pp=13-14}} Filamu za mapigano za enzi hii zina mizizi katika usimulizi wa hadithi wa asili, haswa zikitokana na [[filamu za sanaa ya mapigano]] na Westerns, na zimejengwa kwenye muundo wa sehemu tatu (three-act structure) unaozingatia selivabo (survival), upinzani na ulipizaji kisasi kukiwa na simulizi ambapo mwili wa shujaa hujaribiwa, huumizwa na hatimaye hupata ushindi.{{sfn|O'Brien|2012|p=14}} Mabadiliko ya tatu katika sinema ya mapigano, yaitwayo "baada ya asili" (postclassical), yalifafanuliwa na kutawala kwa sinema ya Mashariki na urembo wake, kimsingi matumizi ya kamba (wire-work) ya [[sinema ya mapigano ya Hong Kong]] kutoka enzi ya asili, kupitia mbinu ya kuongezeka kwa vionjo vya kutengenezwa na kompyuta (CGI). Hali hii ilishuhudia kupungua kwa sifa za kiume zilizopitiliza (overt masculinity) katika filamu za mapigano ambako kuliendana na mwisho wa [[Vita Baridi]] mwaka 1991, huku kukiwa na ongezeko la filamu zinazojirejelea na vichekesho vya kejeli (parodies) vya enzi hii vilivyokua katika filamu kama ''[[Last Action Hero]]'' (1993). O'Brien alielezea enzi hii kama "laini" ambapo miili migumu ya enzi ya asili ilibadilishwa na picha za kutengenezwa na kompyuta kama ile ya ''[[Terminator 2: Judgment Day]]'' (1991).{{sfn|O'Brien|2012|p=15}} Hii ilionyeshwa ikiendana na wasiwasi wa milenia na hali ya maangamizi (apocalypticism) iliyoonyeshwa kwenye filamu kama ''[[Independence Day (filamu ya 1996)|Independence Day]]'' (1996) na ''[[Armageddon (filamu ya 1998)|Armageddon]]'' (1998).{{sfn|O'Brien|2012|p=15-16}} Filamu za mapigano za uharibifu mkubwa zilianza kuhitaji wahusika wenye sifa za kishujaa zaidi (super heroic) huku marekebisho zaidi ya vitabu vya vibonzo (comics) yakifanywa kukiwa na ongezeko la mazingira yasiyo ya uhalisia kwenye filamu kama ''[[The Matrix]]'' (1999).{{sfn|O'Brien|2012|p=16}} Hatua ya nne iliwadia kufuatia [[mashambulizi ya Septemba 11]] mwaka 2001, ambayo yalishauri mwisho wa vipengele vya njozi vilivyokuwa vikimtafsiri shujaa wa mapigano na aina hiyo ya filamu.{{sfn|O'Brien|2012|p=16}} Kutolewa kwa filamu za [[Quentin Tarantino]] za ''[[Kill Bill: Volume 1]]'' (2003) na ''[[Kill Bill: Volume 2]]'' (2004) kulirejelea mbinu za filamu za mapigano za miaka ya 1970, na kupelekea kurejea kwa simulizi za ulipizaji kisasi katika filamu kama ''[[The Brave One (filamu ya 2007)|The Brave One]]'' (2007) na ''[[Taken (filamu)|Taken]]'' (2008). O'Brien aligundua kuwa filamu za Tarantino zilikuwa mtazamo wa [[post-modern]] juu ya maudhui yaliyojiondoa kwenye dhihaka ili kurejesha "uhalisia wa kisinema (cinephile) wa mbinu za aina hiyo ya filamu."{{sfn|O'Brien|2012|p=16}} Aina hii ya filamu ilizunguka na kurudi mwanzo ikifufua filamu za kipindi cha asili kukiwa na ''[[Live Free or Die Hard]]'' (2007) na ''[[Rambo (filamu ya 2008)|Rambo]]'' (2008) zikionyesha wahusika wakipita kwenye ulimwengu wa kisasa huku pia wakitambua umri wao, jambo lililofikia kilele chake katika filamu ya ''[[The Expendables (filamu ya 2010)|The Expendables]]'' (2010).{{sfn|O'Brien|2012|p=16}} Filamu za mapigano na mfululizo (franchise) zilizofanikiwa zaidi kibiashara katika karne ya 21 zimekuwa ni marekebisho ya vitabu vya vibonzo, ambayo yalianza na ''[[X-Men (mfululizo wa filamu)|X-Men]]'' na kuonekana katika mfululizo mingine kama ''[[Spider-Man katika filamu|Spider-Man]]'', na mfululizo wa ''[[Iron Man]]''.{{sfn|Tasker|2015|p=179}}{{sfn|Tasker|2015|p=182}} Tasker aliandika kwamba licha ya wahusika wakuu katika sinema za mashujaa (superhero cinema) kuwa wa ajabu, wakati mwingine hata kama miungu, mara nyingi walifuata nyayo za mhusika mkuu kuwa na nguvu jambo ambalo ni la msingi katika filamu za mapigano, mara nyingi likishughulikiwa kupitia hadithi za asili (origin stories) katika filamu za mashujaa.{{sfn|Tasker|2015|p=180}} ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Aina za filamu]] [[Jamii:Filamu]] 6mn03q8umj8dvsxh492p4te584pcfe5 0 231348 1529894 2026-05-02T13:55:05Z Mtanzania2021 89053 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350532649|Ugandans in Tanzania]]" 1529894 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Waganda Nchini Tanzania''' inamaanisha mtu aishie nchini [[Tanzania]] ambaye alizaliwa [[Uganda]] au ana mzazi mmoja mwenye asili ya Uganda. Wanaunda jamii ndogo lakini iliyojikita ya wahamiaji wa kikanda ndani ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki|Afrika Mashariki]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ugandans in Tanzania celebrate heritage with inaugural diaspora convention run|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/ugandans-in-tanzania-celebrate-heritage-with-inaugural-diaspora-convention-run-5059234|access-date=21 April 2026|agency=[[Mwananchi Communications|The Citizen]]|date=27 May 2025}}</ref> Uwepo wao umechangiwa hasa na mitandao ya kihistoria ya biashara, uhamiaji wa wafanyakazi, na mfumo wa uhuru wa kusafiri wa [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]] (EAC), unaorahisisha usafiri wa kuvuka mipaka kati ya nchi wanachama.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cross-Border Dynamics Between Uganda and Tanzania in the Context of the Outbreak of Ebola, 2022|url=https://www.socialscienceinaction.org/resources/key-considerations-cross-border-dynamics-between-uganda-and-tanzania-in-the-context-of-the-outbreak-of-ebola-2022/|website=[[Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform]]|access-date=21 April 2026}}</ref> Nchi hizi mbili zinashirikiana mpaka wa nchi kavu wenye urefu wa takriban kilomita 396 (maili 246), jambo linalochangia zaidi mwingiliano wa mara kwa mara wa kuvuka mipaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tanzania to mark border with neighbours|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/tanzania-to-mark-border-with-neighbours--1385706|access-date=21 April 2026|work=www.theeastafrican.co.ke|agency=[[The EastAfrican]]}}</ref> == Historia == Kabla ya [[ukoloni]] wa Ulaya, eneo linalolingana na Uganda ya sasa na kaskazini mwa Tanzania lilikuwa sehemu ya ukanda mpana uliounganishwa kijamii na kiuchumi ndani ya eneo la Maziwa Makuu ya Afrika. Eneo hili lilikuwa na mipaka isiyokuwa thabiti, ambapo uhamaji uliathiriwa na biashara, mitandao ya undugu, na michakato ya kihistoria iliyohusishwa na upanuzi na mwingiliano wa jamii zinazozungumza [[Lugha za Kibantu|lugha za Kibantu.]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Spear |first1=Thomas |date=1 December 1999 |title=David Lee Schoenbrun. A Green Place, a Good Place: Agrarian Change, Gender, and Social Identity in the Great Lakes Region to the Fifteenth Century . (Social History of Africa.) Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, or Fountain, Kampala; EAEP, Nairobi; James Currey, Oxford. 1998. Pp. xiv, 301. Cloth $59.95, paper $24.95 |url=https://history.northwestern.edu/documents/people/faculty/schoenbrun/schoenbrun-green-place-good-place.pdf |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=104 |issue=5 |pages=1802–1803 |doi=10.1086/ahr/104.5.1802 |access-date=21 April 2026}}</ref> Falme kama [[Ufalme wa Buganda]] pamoja na jamii mbalimbali za kati ya maziwa (interlacustrine) katika bonde la [[Ziwa Victoria]] zilikuwa na mwingiliano mpana wa kikanda. Mwingiliano huu ulijumuisha biashara ya bidhaa kama [[chuma]], [[mifugo]], na [[Mazao|mazao ya kilimo,]] pamoja na uhamaji wa mafundi stadi, wafanyabiashara, na makundi ya wafugaji katika maeneo ambayo leo ni mipaka ya kimataifa. Katika kipindi hicho, mpangilio wa kijamii na kisiasa ulitegemea falme, koo, na jamii za lugha badala ya mipaka ya kudumu ya kijiografia, hali iliyosababisha mabadilishano endelevu ya watu na tamaduni katika eneo lote. Usafiri kwa kutumia mitumbwi katika ziwa pamoja na njia za misafara ya nchi kavu, hasa kupitia Unyamwezi katika Tanzania ya kati ya sasa, uliunganisha maeneo ya uzalishaji wa ndani na mifumo mipana ya biashara ya kikanda. Mfumo huu wa kabla ya ukoloni wa uhamaji usio na mipaka thabiti na mwingiliano wa kikanda ulibadilika kwa kiasi kikubwa baada ya kuwasili kwa mataifa ya Ulaya katika eneo la Maziwa Makuu ya Afrika, wakati eneo hilo lilipoingizwa katika tawala tofauti za kikoloni. Ingawa hapo awali uhamaji ulipangwa kupitia mitandao iliyounganishwa ya kitamaduni, kilugha, na kiuchumi katika eneo lote, utawala wa kikoloni ulianzisha mipaka rasmi ya kijiografia na mifumo ya kiutawala iliyosimamiwa kwa njia ya kati, jambo lililobadili mifumo ya uhamiaji, mgawanyo wa nguvu kazi, na safari za masafa marefu.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fenske |first1=James |date=June 2014 |title=ECOLOGY, TRADE, AND STATES IN PRE-COLONIAL AFRICA: Ecology, Trade, and States in Pre-colonial Africa |url=http://academic.oup.com/jeea/article-abstract/12/3/612/2317928 |journal=Journal of the European Economic Association |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=612–640 |doi=10.1111/jeea.12042 |access-date=21 April 2026}}</ref> === Kipindi cha Ukoloni === Uganda iliingizwa katika Himaya ya Uingereza kama Hifadhi ya Uganda mwaka 1894. Utawala wa kikoloni wa Waingereza ulitegemea kwa kiasi kikubwa mfumo wa utawala usio wa moja kwa moja (indirect rule), kwa kushirikiana na falme zilizokuwepo kama Buganda, na kuunganisha eneo hilo katika mifumo mipana ya kiuchumi ya himaya. Miradi ya miundombinu ya kikoloni, ikiwemo ujenzi wa reli na kilimo cha mazao ya biashara, ilirahisisha uhamaji wa nguvu kazi ndani ya Uganda na pia katika maeneo jirani.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Low |first=Anthony |date=July 1956 |title=The British and the Baganda |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2608109 |journal=International Affairs |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=308–317 |doi=10.2307/2608109 |jstor=2608109 |access-date=21 April 2026}}</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Mahusiano ya Uganda na Tanzania|Tanzania–Uganda relations]] * [[Tanzanians in Uganda]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Makabila ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Diaspora wa Uganda]] mu6npdj7dolne5l9mhe8lauz12i4p63 1529896 1529894 2026-05-02T14:02:19Z Mtanzania2021 89053 Ramani 1529896 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Tanzania Uganda Locator.svg|thumb|Tanzania (rangi ya kijani) na Uganda (rangi ya machungwa)]] '''Waganda Nchini Tanzania''' inamaanisha mtu aishie nchini [[Tanzania]] ambaye alizaliwa [[Uganda]] au ana mzazi mmoja mwenye asili ya Uganda. Wanaunda jamii ndogo lakini iliyojikita ya wahamiaji wa kikanda ndani ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki|Afrika Mashariki]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ugandans in Tanzania celebrate heritage with inaugural diaspora convention run|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/ugandans-in-tanzania-celebrate-heritage-with-inaugural-diaspora-convention-run-5059234|access-date=21 April 2026|agency=[[Mwananchi Communications|The Citizen]]|date=27 May 2025}}</ref> Uwepo wao umechangiwa hasa na mitandao ya kihistoria ya biashara, uhamiaji wa wafanyakazi, na mfumo wa uhuru wa kusafiri wa [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]] (EAC), unaorahisisha usafiri wa kuvuka mipaka kati ya nchi wanachama.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cross-Border Dynamics Between Uganda and Tanzania in the Context of the Outbreak of Ebola, 2022|url=https://www.socialscienceinaction.org/resources/key-considerations-cross-border-dynamics-between-uganda-and-tanzania-in-the-context-of-the-outbreak-of-ebola-2022/|website=[[Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform]]|access-date=21 April 2026}}</ref> Nchi hizi mbili zinashirikiana mpaka wa nchi kavu wenye urefu wa takriban kilomita 396 (maili 246), jambo linalochangia zaidi mwingiliano wa mara kwa mara wa kuvuka mipaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tanzania to mark border with neighbours|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/tanzania-to-mark-border-with-neighbours--1385706|access-date=21 April 2026|work=www.theeastafrican.co.ke|agency=[[The EastAfrican]]}}</ref> == Historia == Kabla ya [[ukoloni]] wa Ulaya, eneo linalolingana na Uganda ya sasa na kaskazini mwa Tanzania lilikuwa sehemu ya ukanda mpana uliounganishwa kijamii na kiuchumi ndani ya eneo la Maziwa Makuu ya Afrika. Eneo hili lilikuwa na mipaka isiyokuwa thabiti, ambapo uhamaji uliathiriwa na biashara, mitandao ya undugu, na michakato ya kihistoria iliyohusishwa na upanuzi na mwingiliano wa jamii zinazozungumza [[Lugha za Kibantu|lugha za Kibantu.]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Spear |first1=Thomas |date=1 December 1999 |title=David Lee Schoenbrun. A Green Place, a Good Place: Agrarian Change, Gender, and Social Identity in the Great Lakes Region to the Fifteenth Century . (Social History of Africa.) Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, or Fountain, Kampala; EAEP, Nairobi; James Currey, Oxford. 1998. Pp. xiv, 301. Cloth $59.95, paper $24.95 |url=https://history.northwestern.edu/documents/people/faculty/schoenbrun/schoenbrun-green-place-good-place.pdf |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=104 |issue=5 |pages=1802–1803 |doi=10.1086/ahr/104.5.1802 |access-date=21 April 2026}}</ref> Falme kama [[Ufalme wa Buganda]] pamoja na jamii mbalimbali za kati ya maziwa (interlacustrine) katika bonde la [[Ziwa Victoria]] zilikuwa na mwingiliano mpana wa kikanda. Mwingiliano huu ulijumuisha biashara ya bidhaa kama [[chuma]], [[mifugo]], na [[Mazao|mazao ya kilimo,]] pamoja na uhamaji wa mafundi stadi, wafanyabiashara, na makundi ya wafugaji katika maeneo ambayo leo ni mipaka ya kimataifa. Katika kipindi hicho, mpangilio wa kijamii na kisiasa ulitegemea falme, koo, na jamii za lugha badala ya mipaka ya kudumu ya kijiografia, hali iliyosababisha mabadilishano endelevu ya watu na tamaduni katika eneo lote. Usafiri kwa kutumia mitumbwi katika ziwa pamoja na njia za misafara ya nchi kavu, hasa kupitia Unyamwezi katika Tanzania ya kati ya sasa, uliunganisha maeneo ya uzalishaji wa ndani na mifumo mipana ya biashara ya kikanda. Mfumo huu wa kabla ya ukoloni wa uhamaji usio na mipaka thabiti na mwingiliano wa kikanda ulibadilika kwa kiasi kikubwa baada ya kuwasili kwa mataifa ya Ulaya katika eneo la Maziwa Makuu ya Afrika, wakati eneo hilo lilipoingizwa katika tawala tofauti za kikoloni. Ingawa hapo awali uhamaji ulipangwa kupitia mitandao iliyounganishwa ya kitamaduni, kilugha, na kiuchumi katika eneo lote, utawala wa kikoloni ulianzisha mipaka rasmi ya kijiografia na mifumo ya kiutawala iliyosimamiwa kwa njia ya kati, jambo lililobadili mifumo ya uhamiaji, mgawanyo wa nguvu kazi, na safari za masafa marefu.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fenske |first1=James |date=June 2014 |title=ECOLOGY, TRADE, AND STATES IN PRE-COLONIAL AFRICA: Ecology, Trade, and States in Pre-colonial Africa |url=http://academic.oup.com/jeea/article-abstract/12/3/612/2317928 |journal=Journal of the European Economic Association |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=612–640 |doi=10.1111/jeea.12042 |access-date=21 April 2026}}</ref> === Kipindi cha Ukoloni === Uganda iliingizwa katika Himaya ya Uingereza kama Hifadhi ya Uganda mwaka 1894. Utawala wa kikoloni wa Waingereza ulitegemea kwa kiasi kikubwa mfumo wa utawala usio wa moja kwa moja (indirect rule), kwa kushirikiana na falme zilizokuwepo kama Buganda, na kuunganisha eneo hilo katika mifumo mipana ya kiuchumi ya himaya. Miradi ya miundombinu ya kikoloni, ikiwemo ujenzi wa reli na kilimo cha mazao ya biashara, ilirahisisha uhamaji wa nguvu kazi ndani ya Uganda na pia katika maeneo jirani.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Low |first=Anthony |date=July 1956 |title=The British and the Baganda |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2608109 |journal=International Affairs |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=308–317 |doi=10.2307/2608109 |jstor=2608109 |access-date=21 April 2026}}</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Mahusiano ya Uganda na Tanzania|Tanzania–Uganda relations]] * [[Tanzanians in Uganda]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Makabila ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Diaspora wa Uganda]] dqlfixooq76v7hn97aohod7rci9x9qx 1529900 1529896 2026-05-02T14:09:37Z Mtanzania2021 89053 Marejeo yalirekebishwa 1529900 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Tanzania Uganda Locator.svg|thumb|Tanzania (rangi ya kijani) na Uganda (rangi ya machungwa)]] '''Waganda Nchini Tanzania''' inamaanisha mtu aishie nchini [[Tanzania]] ambaye alizaliwa [[Uganda]] au ana mzazi mmoja mwenye asili ya Uganda. Wanaunda jamii ndogo lakini iliyojikita ya wahamiaji wa kikanda ndani ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki|Afrika Mashariki]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ugandans in Tanzania celebrate heritage with inaugural diaspora convention run|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/ugandans-in-tanzania-celebrate-heritage-with-inaugural-diaspora-convention-run-5059234|access-date=21 April 2026|agency=[[Mwananchi Communications|The Citizen]]|date=27 May 2025}}</ref> Uwepo wao umechangiwa hasa na mitandao ya kihistoria ya biashara, uhamiaji wa wafanyakazi, na mfumo wa uhuru wa kusafiri wa [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]] (EAC), unaorahisisha usafiri wa kuvuka mipaka kati ya nchi wanachama.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cross-Border Dynamics Between Uganda and Tanzania in the Context of the Outbreak of Ebola, 2022|url=https://www.socialscienceinaction.org/resources/key-considerations-cross-border-dynamics-between-uganda-and-tanzania-in-the-context-of-the-outbreak-of-ebola-2022/|website=[[Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform]]|access-date=21 April 2026}}</ref> Nchi hizi mbili zinashirikiana mpaka wa nchi kavu wenye urefu wa takriban kilomita 396 (maili 246), jambo linalochangia zaidi mwingiliano wa mara kwa mara wa kuvuka mipaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tanzania to mark border with neighbours|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/tanzania-to-mark-border-with-neighbours--1385706|access-date=21 April 2026|work=www.theeastafrican.co.ke|agency=[[The EastAfrican]]}}</ref> == Historia == Kabla ya [[ukoloni]] wa Ulaya, eneo linalolingana na Uganda ya sasa na kaskazini mwa Tanzania lilikuwa sehemu ya ukanda mpana uliounganishwa kijamii na kiuchumi ndani ya eneo la Maziwa Makuu ya Afrika. Eneo hili lilikuwa na mipaka isiyokuwa thabiti, ambapo uhamaji uliathiriwa na biashara, mitandao ya undugu, na michakato ya kihistoria iliyohusishwa na upanuzi na mwingiliano wa jamii zinazozungumza [[Lugha za Kibantu|lugha za Kibantu.]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Spear |first1=Thomas |date=1 December 1999 |title=David Lee Schoenbrun. A Green Place, a Good Place: Agrarian Change, Gender, and Social Identity in the Great Lakes Region to the Fifteenth Century . (Social History of Africa.) Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, or Fountain, Kampala; EAEP, Nairobi; James Currey, Oxford. 1998. Pp. xiv, 301. Cloth $59.95, paper $24.95 |url=https://history.northwestern.edu/documents/people/faculty/schoenbrun/schoenbrun-green-place-good-place.pdf |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=104 |issue=5 |pages=1802–1803 |doi=10.1086/ahr/104.5.1802 |access-date=21 April 2026}}</ref> Falme kama [[Ufalme wa Buganda]] pamoja na jamii mbalimbali za kati ya maziwa (interlacustrine) katika bonde la [[Ziwa Victoria]] zilikuwa na mwingiliano mpana wa kikanda. Mwingiliano huu ulijumuisha biashara ya bidhaa kama [[chuma]], [[mifugo]], na [[Mazao|mazao ya kilimo,]] pamoja na uhamaji wa mafundi stadi, wafanyabiashara, na makundi ya wafugaji katika maeneo ambayo leo ni mipaka ya kimataifa. Katika kipindi hicho, mpangilio wa kijamii na kisiasa ulitegemea falme, koo, na jamii za lugha badala ya mipaka ya kudumu ya kijiografia, hali iliyosababisha mabadilishano endelevu ya watu na tamaduni katika eneo lote. Usafiri kwa kutumia mitumbwi katika ziwa pamoja na njia za misafara ya nchi kavu, hasa kupitia Unyamwezi katika Tanzania ya kati ya sasa, uliunganisha maeneo ya uzalishaji wa ndani na mifumo mipana ya biashara ya kikanda. Mfumo huu wa kabla ya ukoloni wa uhamaji usio na mipaka thabiti na mwingiliano wa kikanda ulibadilika kwa kiasi kikubwa baada ya kuwasili kwa mataifa ya Ulaya katika eneo la Maziwa Makuu ya Afrika, wakati eneo hilo lilipoingizwa katika tawala tofauti za kikoloni. Ingawa hapo awali uhamaji ulipangwa kupitia mitandao iliyounganishwa ya kitamaduni, kilugha, na kiuchumi katika eneo lote, utawala wa kikoloni ulianzisha mipaka rasmi ya kijiografia na mifumo ya kiutawala iliyosimamiwa kwa njia ya kati, jambo lililobadili mifumo ya uhamiaji, mgawanyo wa nguvu kazi, na safari za masafa marefu.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fenske |first1=James |date=June 2014 |title=ECOLOGY, TRADE, AND STATES IN PRE-COLONIAL AFRICA: Ecology, Trade, and States in Pre-colonial Africa |url=http://academic.oup.com/jeea/article-abstract/12/3/612/2317928 |journal=Journal of the European Economic Association |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=612–640 |doi=10.1111/jeea.12042 |access-date=21 April 2026}}</ref> === Kipindi cha Ukoloni === Uganda iliingizwa katika Himaya ya Uingereza kama Hifadhi ya Uganda mwaka 1894. Utawala wa kikoloni wa Waingereza ulitegemea kwa kiasi kikubwa mfumo wa utawala usio wa moja kwa moja (indirect rule), kwa kushirikiana na falme zilizokuwepo kama Buganda, na kuunganisha eneo hilo katika mifumo mipana ya kiuchumi ya himaya. Miradi ya miundombinu ya kikoloni, ikiwemo ujenzi wa reli na kilimo cha mazao ya biashara, ilirahisisha uhamaji wa nguvu kazi ndani ya Uganda na pia katika maeneo jirani.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Low |first=Anthony |date=July 1956 |title=The British and the Baganda |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2608109 |journal=International Affairs |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=308–317 |doi=10.2307/2608109 |jstor=2608109 |access-date=21 April 2026}}</ref> ==Mienendo ya uhamiaji baada ya uhuru == Baada ya kupata uhuru mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1960, mifumo ya uhamiaji kati ya Uganda na Tanzania ilibadilishwa na mwelekeo tofauti wa kisiasa. Tanzania, chini ya uongozi wa Julius Nyerere, ilifuata mfumo wa sera uliokuwa umeathiriwa na ujamaa wa Kiafrika (Ujamaa) pamoja na ushirikiano wa kikanda wa Pan-Afrika, jambo lililochangia kuwepo kwa urahisi wa uhamaji wa kuvuka mipaka ndani ya Afrika Mashariki.<ref>Maddox, Gregory H. (1 February 2017). "Priya Lal. African Socialism in Postcolonial Tanzania: Between the Village and the World". The American Historical Review. 122 (1): 288. doi:10.1093/ahr/122.1.288. Retrieved 21 April 2026.</ref> Kwa upande mwingine, Uganda ilikumbwa na ongezeko la hali ya kutokuwa na utulivu wa kisiasa baada ya uhuru mwaka 1962, hasa wakati wa utawala wa Idi Amin (1971–1979). Vipindi vya ukandamizaji, kudorora kwa uchumi, na migogoro vilisababisha wimbi kubwa la raia wa Uganda kuhamia nchi jirani, ikiwemo Tanzania. Uhamaji huu ulihusisha wahamiaji wa hiari wanaotafuta ajira pamoja na wakimbizi waliolazimika kuhama, ambapo Tanzania ikawa mojawapo ya maeneo makuu ya kupokea wakimbizi wa Uganda katika nyakati za migogoro.<ref>Ofcansky, Thomas P. (1996). Uganda: Tarnished Pearl of Africa. Westview Press. doi:10.4324/9780429502781. ISBN 978-0-429-50278-1. Retrieved 21 April 2026.</ref> Kutokana na hali hiyo, uhamiaji baada ya uhuru katika mpaka wa Uganda na Tanzania ulibadilika kutoka mifumo ya kabla ya ukoloni na kikoloni iliyotegemea biashara, hadi kuwa uhamiaji unaoendeshwa zaidi na siasa za dola, migogoro, na mienendo ya hifadhi ya wakimbizi katika kanda. Mwingiliano wa kuvuka mipaka kati ya Uganda na Tanzania pia unawezeshwa na usafiri wa feri katika Ziwa Victoria. Feri za abiria na mizigo zimekuwa zikiunganisha bandari kama Port Bell na Entebbe nchini Uganda na Mwanza pamoja na Bukoba nchini Tanzania, zikiwa sehemu ya mtandao wa usafiri wa kikanda unaounganisha jamii zinazozunguka ziwa hilo. Huduma hizi hubeba abiria, magari, na bidhaa, na kwa muda mrefu zimekuwa zikichochea biashara na uhamaji wa watu kati ya nchi hizo mbili. Ingawa njia nyingi za feri sasa zinafanya kazi zaidi ndani ya mipaka ya kitaifa, miunganiko ya kuvuka ziwa bado inaendelea kuwa na nafasi katika uhamaji wa kikanda na mabadilishano ya kiuchumi.<ref>A reminder of how travel used to be". www.bbc.com. BBC. 25 February 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2026.</ref> Ushiriki wa diaspora Mnamo Mei 2025, mamlaka za Uganda ziliandaa mkutano wa kwanza wa Diaspora ya Uganda nchini Tanzania, ulioratibiwa na Ubalozi Mkuu wa Uganda uliopo Dar es Salaam kwa kushirikiana na vyama vya diaspora. Mkutano huo uliwakutanisha raia wa Uganda wanaoishi Tanzania pamoja na wawakilishi wa serikali, kwa lengo la kuhamasisha uwekezaji, mazungumzo, na ushirikiano wa kijamii na kiuchumi—ukionyesha namna serikali inavyoshirikiana na raia wake wanaoishi nje ya nchi kulingana na mikakati ya siasa za diaspora.<ref>Uganda hosts first diaspora convention in Tanzania to bolster national transformation". mofa.go.ug. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Uganda. 24 May 2025. Retrieved 21 April 2026.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Mahusiano ya Uganda na Tanzania|Tanzania–Uganda relations]] * [[Tanzanians in Uganda]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Makabila ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Diaspora wa Uganda]] 29yjlxzg6peqtmoikhbbwnqr3bqzpgu 0 231351 1529944 2026-05-02T17:14:00Z Mtanzania2021 89053 Hasara ya kikabila (katika sosholojia) imeanzishwa 1529944 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hasara ya kikabila (katika sosholojia)''' ni dhana inayoeleza hasara za kiuchumi na zisizo za kiuchumi ambazo makundi fulani ya kikabila au kiasili hupata katika soko la ajira ikilinganishwa na makundi mengine. Hata watu wenye uwezo, elimu au uzoefu unaofanana wanaweza kupata matokeo tofauti ya ajira kwa sababu tu ya asili yao ya kikabila. Katika sosholojia, neno ethnic penalty (adhabu ya kikabila) hutumika kuelezea hasara za kiuchumi na zisizo za kiuchumi ambazo makundi fulani ya kikabila hupata katika soko la ajira ikilinganishwa na makundi mengine. Kama eneo la utafiti linalohusisha wanauchumi wa kitabia, wanasaikolojia, na wanajamii, dhana hii huenda zaidi ya ubaguzi wa moja kwa moja kwa kuzingatia pia sababu zisizo za kiakili (non-cognitive factors) ili kueleza kwa nini kuna tofauti zisizo na msingi kati ya watu wenye uwezo unaofanana lakini kutoka makundi tofauti ya kikabila. ==Muhtasari== Dhana ya ethnic penalty ilijadiliwa kwa mara ya kwanza na mwanasosholojia wa Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford, Anthony Heath. Alifanya ulinganisho kati ya makundi mawili nchini Uingereza—watu weupe na watu weusi—na kubaini kuwa kiwango cha ukosefu wa ajira kwa wanaume Weusi wa Afrika kilikuwa mara mbili ya wanaume weupe.<ref> Heath, A.F. and J. Ridge (1983) “Social Mobility of Ethnic Minorities”, Journal of Biosocial Science, Supplement No. 8: 169-184.</ref> Kwa kutumia takwimu za sensa ya mwaka 2001 nchini Uingereza, tafiti zilionyesha kuwa karibu makundi yote ya kikabila na kidini<ref>Johnston, R. et al. (2010) "Ethno-Religious Categories and Measuring Occupational Attainment in Relation to Education in England and Wales: A Multilevel Analysis’, Environment and Planning A 42(3): 578-591.</ref> yalipata ethnic penalty katika soko la ajira, isipokuwa kundi la White British. Aidha, tafiti zilionyesha kuwa kiwango cha hasara hutofautiana sana kati ya makundi ya wachache kama vile Waafrika Weusi, Wahindi, Wapakistani na Wabangladeshi. Utafiti mwingine pia ulionyesha tofauti kati ya watu wa kundi la kikabila waliozaliwa nchini na wale waliozaliwa nje: *Wanaume waliozaliwa nchini wana uwezekano mkubwa wa kukosa ajira kuliko wale waliozaliwa nje. *Wanawake waliozaliwa nchini huwa na mafanikio bora zaidi katika soko la ajira kuliko wenzao waliozaliwa nje. Zaidi ya hayo, hasara hizi hazihusiani tu na kuishi katika maeneo maskini; hata katika maeneo yenye watu wengi wa kundi la wengi, watu wa makundi ya wachache bado walikuwa na uwezekano mkubwa wa kukosa ajira.<ref>Carmichael, F.; Woods, R. (2000). "Ethnic Penalties in Unemployment and Occupational Attainment: Evidence for Britain". International Review of Applied Economics. 14 (1): 71–98. doi:10.1080/026921700101498. S2CID 154020583.</ref> ==Vipimo== Ethnic penalty hupimwa kwa kuangalia tofauti za matokeo ya ajira kati ya makundi ya wachache na kundi la wengi ambazo bado zinabaki hata baada ya kuzingatia mambo kama: *elimu na ujuzi (human capital), *na historia ya kijamii (social background). Inaweza kuhusishwa na: *ukosefu wa ajira, *hadhi ya kazi (occupational status), *au kufanya kazi chini ya kiwango cha elimu (over-qualification). ==Sababu== Ethnic penalty katika soko la ajira inaweza kuelezwa na mambo mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na: *sifa binafsi za mtu, *sifa za nchi husika, *mazingira ya kijamii katika nchi anayoishi, *na sera za serikali. Hata hivyo, mara nyingi huhusishwa na tabia ya ubaguzi kutoka kwa waajiri dhidi ya makundi ya wachache. ==Tazama pia== Ubaguzi kwa misingi ya utaifa Pengo la mishahara kati ya jinsia (gender pay gap) ==Marejeo== nvdvs6nj3ox93hmco6w1uwvkfrpmi5w 1529947 1529944 2026-05-02T17:21:57Z Mtanzania2021 89053 1529947 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hasara ya kikabila (katika sosholojia)''' ni dhana inayoeleza hasara za kiuchumi na zisizo za kiuchumi ambazo makundi fulani ya kikabila au kiasili hupata katika soko la ajira ikilinganishwa na makundi mengine. Hata watu wenye uwezo, elimu au uzoefu unaofanana wanaweza kupata matokeo tofauti ya ajira kwa sababu tu ya asili yao ya kikabila. Katika sosholojia, neno ethnic penalty (adhabu ya kikabila) hutumika kuelezea hasara za kiuchumi na zisizo za kiuchumi ambazo makundi fulani ya kikabila hupata katika soko la ajira ikilinganishwa na makundi mengine. Kama eneo la utafiti linalohusisha wanauchumi wa kitabia, wanasaikolojia, na wanajamii, dhana hii huenda zaidi ya ubaguzi wa moja kwa moja kwa kuzingatia pia sababu zisizo za kiakili (non-cognitive factors) ili kueleza kwa nini kuna tofauti zisizo na msingi kati ya watu wenye uwezo unaofanana lakini kutoka makundi tofauti ya kikabila. ==Muhtasari== Dhana ya Hasara ya kikabila (katika sosholojia) ilijadiliwa kwa mara ya kwanza na mwanasosholojia wa Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford, Anthony Heath. Alifanya ulinganisho kati ya makundi mawili nchini Uingereza—watu weupe na watu weusi—na kubaini kuwa kiwango cha ukosefu wa ajira kwa wanaume Weusi wa Afrika kilikuwa mara mbili ya wanaume weupe.<ref> Heath, A.F. and J. Ridge (1983) “Social Mobility of Ethnic Minorities”, Journal of Biosocial Science, Supplement No. 8: 169-184.</ref> Kwa kutumia takwimu za sensa ya mwaka 2001 nchini Uingereza, tafiti zilionyesha kuwa karibu makundi yote ya kikabila na kidini<ref>Johnston, R. et al. (2010) "Ethno-Religious Categories and Measuring Occupational Attainment in Relation to Education in England and Wales: A Multilevel Analysis’, Environment and Planning A 42(3): 578-591.</ref> yalipata Hasara ya kikabila (katika sosholojia) katika soko la ajira, isipokuwa kundi la Waingereza Weupe. Aidha, tafiti zilionyesha kuwa kiwango cha hasara hutofautiana sana kati ya makundi ya wachache kama vile Waafrika Weusi, Wahindi, Wapakistani na Wabangladeshi. Utafiti mwingine pia ulionyesha tofauti kati ya watu wa kundi la kikabila waliozaliwa nchini na wale waliozaliwa nje: *Wanaume waliozaliwa nchini wana uwezekano mkubwa wa kukosa ajira kuliko wale waliozaliwa nje. *Wanawake waliozaliwa nchini huwa na mafanikio bora zaidi katika soko la ajira kuliko wenzao waliozaliwa nje. Zaidi ya hayo, hasara hizi hazihusiani tu na kuishi katika maeneo maskini; hata katika maeneo yenye watu wengi wa kundi la wengi, watu wa makundi ya wachache bado walikuwa na uwezekano mkubwa wa kukosa ajira.<ref>Carmichael, F.; Woods, R. (2000). "Ethnic Penalties in Unemployment and Occupational Attainment: Evidence for Britain". International Review of Applied Economics. 14 (1): 71–98. doi:10.1080/026921700101498. S2CID 154020583.</ref> ==Vipimo== Hasara ya kikabila hupimwa kwa kuangalia tofauti za matokeo ya ajira kati ya makundi ya wachache na kundi la wengi ambazo bado zinabaki hata baada ya kuzingatia mambo kama: *elimu na ujuzi (human capital), *na historia ya kijamii (social background). Inaweza kuhusishwa na: *ukosefu wa ajira, *hadhi ya kazi (occupational status), *au kufanya kazi chini ya kiwango cha elimu (over-qualification). ==Sababu== Hasara ya kikabila (katika sosholojia) katika soko la ajira inaweza kuelezwa na mambo mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na: *sifa binafsi za mtu, *sifa za nchi husika, *mazingira ya kijamii katika nchi anayoishi, *na sera za serikali. Hata hivyo, mara nyingi huhusishwa na tabia ya ubaguzi kutoka kwa waajiri dhidi ya makundi ya wachache. ==Tazama pia== Ubaguzi kwa misingi ya utaifa Pengo la mishahara kati ya jinsia (gender pay gap) ==Marejeo== ke8ubt8kv2fj2pb8dwpgvjim1ixhii5 6 231352 1529961 2026-05-02T17:57:35Z Muddyb 379 Anwani kutoka enwiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bad_World_Tour_Poster.jpg 1529961 wikitext text/x-wiki == Muhtasari == Anwani kutoka enwiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bad_World_Tour_Poster.jpg == Hatimiliki == {{Non-free poster}} 9mz51xgtun755owt3c5u0yxrs940ito 0 231353 1529964 2026-05-02T18:18:03Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[File:Bad_World_Tour_Poster.jpg|thumb|right|Bango la Ziara ya Bad]] '''Ziara ya Bad''' ilikuwa ziara ya kwanza ya tamasha la peke yake la mwimbaji wa Marekani [[Michael Jackson]]. Tamasha lilizinduliwa ili kusaidia kusukuma maumzo ya albamu yake ya saba ya ''[[Bad]]'' (1987). Ziara hiyo ya dunia iliyokuwa na maonyesho 123 ilianza Septemba 12, 1987 nchini [[Japani]], na kuhitimishwa Januari 27, 1989 nchini [[Marekani]]. Ziara ilidhaminiwa na mtengenezaji w...' 1529964 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bad_World_Tour_Poster.jpg|thumb|right|Bango la Ziara ya Bad]] '''Ziara ya Bad''' ilikuwa ziara ya kwanza ya tamasha la peke yake la mwimbaji wa Marekani [[Michael Jackson]]. Tamasha lilizinduliwa ili kusaidia kusukuma maumzo ya albamu yake ya saba ya ''[[Bad]]'' (1987). Ziara hiyo ya dunia iliyokuwa na maonyesho 123 ilianza Septemba 12, 1987 nchini [[Japani]], na kuhitimishwa Januari 27, 1989 nchini [[Marekani]]. Ziara ilidhaminiwa na mtengenezaji wa vinywaji baridi [[Pepsi]]. Iliingiza jumla ya dola za Kimarekani milioni 125, na kuifanya kuwa ziara ya pili kwa mapato makubwa zaidi katika miaka ya 1980 baada ya ziara ya [[Pink Floyd]] ya Momentary Lapse of Reason, na kupata rekodi mbili mpya katika ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' kwa kuwa ziara iliyoingiza mapato makubwa zaidi katika historia na ziara iliyohudhuriwa na hadhira kubwa zaidi. Iliteuliwa kuwania tuzo ya "Tour of the Year 1988" katika tuzo za kwanza za [[International Rock Awards]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Halstead |first1=Craig |last2=Cadman |first2=Chris |date=July 2003 |title=Michael Jackson The Solo Years |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yb_ghov9uEMC |location=England |publisher=New Generation Publishing |page=85 |isbn=978-0755200917}}</ref> Mwishoni mwa ziara hiyo, Jackson alitoa taarifa hadharani kwamba alikusudia iwe ya mwisho kama msanii anayefanya ziara, kwani alikuwa na mipango ya kujiingiza kwenye utengenezaji wa filamu;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFHDttVa9do|title = Why Michael Jackson Stopped Performing at His Peak? &#124; the detail|website = [[YouTube]]| date=January 20, 2022 }}</ref> hata hivyo, ilifuatiwa na ziara ya [[Dangerous World Tour]] mwaka 1992–1993 na ziara ya [[HIStory World Tour|''HIS''tory World Tour]] mwaka 1996–1997. Isipokuwa kwa maonyesho mawili kule [[Hawaii]] wakati wa ziara ya ''HIS''tory Tour, hii ingekuwa mara pekee ambayo Jackson angefanya ziara nchini Marekani kama msanii kujitegemea. ==Historia== Mnamo Juni 29, 1987, meneja wa Jackson, [[Frank DiLeo]], alifanya mkutano na waandishi wa habari mjini Tokyo kutangaza kwamba Jackson angeanza ziara yake ya kwanza ya tamasha kama msanii wa kujitegemea. Iliashiria matamasha yake ya kwanza tangu ziara ya [[Victory Tour (The Jacksons)|Victory Tour]] mwaka 1984 ambayo alitumbuiza na kaka zake kama akina [[The Jackson 5|Jackson 5]]. DiLeo alisema ziara hiyo ingeanza na mzunguko wa Japani kwa sababu ya mashabiki vindakindaki wanaopatikana katika nchi hiyo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118369239/michael-jackson-bad-tour-1987/|title=Jackson set for his first solo world tour|newspaper=Desert Dispatch|date=June 30, 1987|page=9|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=February 10, 2023}}</ref> Katika taarifa ya maandishi, Jackson, ambaye alikuwa akimalizia albamu ya ''[[Bad]]'' huko Los Angeles, aliahidi matamasha yenye "kusisimua na kufurahisha".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118476995/michael-jackson-bad-tour-1987/|title=Michael Jackson sets new concert tour dates|date=July 5, 1987|newspaper=The Daily Advertiser|page=28|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=February 12, 2023}}</ref> Mtengenezaji wa vinywaji baridi [[Pepsi]], ambaye Jackson na kaka zake walikuwa na mkataba naye wenye thamani inayokadiriwa kuwa dola milioni 5 kwa mwaka, alidhamini ziara hiyo. Mauzo ya kinywaji hicho nchini Japani yaliongezeka mara mbili wakati wa msimu wa joto kufuatia tangazo hilo, yakisaidiwa na kampeni ya matangazo iliyotoa tiketi za bure na zawadi 30,000.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118370103/michael-jackson-bad-tour-1987/|title=Jackson tour gives boost to Pepsi sales in Japan|first=Terril|last=Jones|newspaper=Daily Record|date=September 20, 1987|page=D14|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=February 10, 2023}}</ref> Msafara mzima ulielekezwa kutoonekana wakinywa bidhaa kutoka kwa mpinzani [[The Coca-Cola Company|Coca-Cola]] hadharani.<ref name="CC15-P4">{{cite web |last=Currell |first=Christopher |date=May 26, 2015 |title=The Event Horizon – "Synclavier, Music and Michael Jackson" – Part 4 |publisher=Headphone guru}}</ref> Mtoto wa [[Marlon Brando]], Miko, alijiunga na ziara hiyo kama msaidizi wa utayarishaji.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118477249/michael-jackson-bad-tour-1987/|title=Brando's son is behind the 'Bad' concerts|date=July 9, 1987|page=C1|first=Lisa Faye|last=Kaplan|newspaper=Mount Vernon Argus|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=February 12, 2023}}</ref> Majaribio ya bendi ya kusindikiza ya Jackson, na mazoezi yaliyofuata, yalifanyika katika kituo cha Leeds kule North Hollywood. Mpiga kinanda Rory Kaplan, ambaye alikuwa amepiga kwenye ziara ya Victory Tour, alikuwa kwenye ziara na [[Chick Corea Elektric Band]] alipoombwa na katibu wa Jackson kujiunga na kundi lake kama msimamizi wa muziki, ombi ambalo Kaplan alilikubali.<ref name=AT89>{{cite magazine|url=http://yates.ca/dx7/AfterTouch-Magazine/AfterTouch-1989-03.pdf|title=Rory Kaplan|first=Sibyl|last=Darter|date=March 1989|magazine=After Touch|volume=5|issue=3|pages=10–11|access-date=February 18, 2023}}</ref> Jackson alikusudia kuwajumuisha wanamuziki wengine wawili ambao walikuwa sehemu ya bendi ya Victory Tour, mpiga ngoma [[Jonathan Moffett]] na mpiga gitaa [[David Williams (guitarist)|David Williams]]. Hata hivyo, wote wawili walikuwa kwenye ziara na [[Madonna]] wakati huo na hivyo hawakupatikana. Jackson alitaka muziki jukwaani uwe na sauti kama rekodi za asili, na akamuomba Chris Currell, ambaye alikuwa amepiga kinanda cha vionjo cha [[Synclavier]] kwenye albamu ya ''Bad'', akipige mubashara. Currell alifanya mipango ya kuwa na mifumo mitatu kamili: miwili ya kushughulikia muziki jukwaani na mmoja kwa ajili ya chumba chake cha hoteli ili Jackson arekodi mawazo wakati akisafiri, pamoja na seti iliyofunguliwa kwa ajili ya vipuri ikiwa kuna tatizo, na mtaalamu wa muda wote. Currell alikadiria Synclaviers pekee ziligharimu dola milioni 1.4. Kwa kuwa yeye kimsingi alikuwa mpiga gitaa na si mpiga kinanda, alinunua gitaa la kudhibiti la [[SynthAxe]] MIDI ili kuchochea ishara kwenye kompyuta iliyoendesha Synclavier. Maonyesho ya majaribio yalirekodiwa na kuonyeshwa kwa Jackson nyumbani kwake jioni.<ref name="CC15-P3">{{cite web |last=Currell |first=Christopher |date=May 26, 2015 |title=The Event Horizon – "Synclavier, Music and Michael Jackson" – Part 3 |publisher=Headphone Guru}}</ref> Bendi ilikuwa na wiki mbili tu za kufanya mazoezi kule Leeds kabla ya mazoezi ya utengenezaji wa maelekezo maalumu katika [[Universal Studios Lot|Universal Studios]] kwa wiki nyingine tatu, ingawa hakuna utengenezaji kamili kwa ukamilifu wake uliofanyika hadi onyesho la kwanza.<ref name=AT89/><ref name=CC15-P4/> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Ziara za muzuki]] [[Jamii:Michael Jackson]] n79bttsqcoe3f3e06dsez9brwhd2wgl 1529965 1529964 2026-05-02T18:18:53Z Muddyb 379 1529965 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bad_World_Tour_Poster.jpg|thumb|right|Bango la Ziara ya Bad]] '''Ziara ya Bad''' ilikuwa ziara ya kwanza ya tamasha la peke yake la mwimbaji wa Marekani [[Michael Jackson]]. Tamasha lilizinduliwa ili kusaidia kusukuma maumzo ya albamu yake ya saba ya ''[[Bad]]'' (1987). Ziara hiyo ya dunia iliyokuwa na maonyesho 123 ilianza Septemba 12, 1987 nchini [[Japani]], na kuhitimishwa Januari 27, 1989 nchini [[Marekani]]. Ziara ilidhaminiwa na mtengenezaji wa vinywaji baridi [[Pepsi]]. Iliingiza jumla ya dola za Kimarekani milioni 125, na kuifanya kuwa ziara ya pili kwa mapato makubwa zaidi katika miaka ya 1980 baada ya ziara ya [[Pink Floyd]] ya Momentary Lapse of Reason, na kupata rekodi mbili mpya katika ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' kwa kuwa ziara iliyoingiza mapato makubwa zaidi katika historia na ziara iliyohudhuriwa na hadhira kubwa zaidi. Iliteuliwa kuwania tuzo ya "Tour of the Year 1988" katika tuzo za kwanza za [[International Rock Awards]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Halstead |first1=Craig |last2=Cadman |first2=Chris |date=July 2003 |title=Michael Jackson The Solo Years |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yb_ghov9uEMC |location=England |publisher=New Generation Publishing |page=85 |isbn=978-0755200917}}</ref> Mwishoni mwa ziara hiyo, Jackson alitoa taarifa hadharani kwamba alikusudia iwe ya mwisho kama msanii anayefanya ziara, kwani alikuwa na mipango ya kujiingiza kwenye utengenezaji wa filamu;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFHDttVa9do|title = Why Michael Jackson Stopped Performing at His Peak? &#124; the detail|website = [[YouTube]]| date=January 20, 2022 }}</ref> hata hivyo, ilifuatiwa na ziara ya [[Dangerous World Tour]] mwaka 1992–1993 na ziara ya [[HIStory World Tour|''HIS''tory World Tour]] mwaka 1996–1997. Isipokuwa kwa maonyesho mawili kule [[Hawaii]] wakati wa ziara ya ''HIS''tory Tour, hii ingekuwa mara pekee ambayo Jackson angefanya ziara nchini Marekani kama msanii kujitegemea. ==Historia== Mnamo Juni 29, 1987, meneja wa Jackson, [[Frank DiLeo]], alifanya mkutano na waandishi wa habari mjini Tokyo kutangaza kwamba Jackson angeanza ziara yake ya kwanza ya tamasha kama msanii wa kujitegemea. Iliashiria matamasha yake ya kwanza tangu ziara ya [[Victory Tour (The Jacksons)|Victory Tour]] mwaka 1984 ambayo alitumbuiza na kaka zake kama akina [[The Jackson 5|Jackson 5]]. DiLeo alisema ziara hiyo ingeanza na mzunguko wa Japani kwa sababu ya mashabiki vindakindaki wanaopatikana katika nchi hiyo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118369239/michael-jackson-bad-tour-1987/|title=Jackson set for his first solo world tour|newspaper=Desert Dispatch|date=June 30, 1987|page=9|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=February 10, 2023}}</ref> Katika taarifa ya maandishi, Jackson, ambaye alikuwa akimalizia albamu ya ''[[Bad]]'' huko Los Angeles, aliahidi matamasha yenye "kusisimua na kufurahisha".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118476995/michael-jackson-bad-tour-1987/|title=Michael Jackson sets new concert tour dates|date=July 5, 1987|newspaper=The Daily Advertiser|page=28|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=February 12, 2023}}</ref> Mtengenezaji wa vinywaji baridi [[Pepsi]], ambaye Jackson na kaka zake walikuwa na mkataba naye wenye thamani inayokadiriwa kuwa dola milioni 5 kwa mwaka, alidhamini ziara hiyo. Mauzo ya kinywaji hicho nchini Japani yaliongezeka mara mbili wakati wa msimu wa joto kufuatia tangazo hilo, yakisaidiwa na kampeni ya matangazo iliyotoa tiketi za bure na zawadi 30,000.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118370103/michael-jackson-bad-tour-1987/|title=Jackson tour gives boost to Pepsi sales in Japan|first=Terril|last=Jones|newspaper=Daily Record|date=September 20, 1987|page=D14|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=February 10, 2023}}</ref> Msafara mzima ulielekezwa kutoonekana wakinywa bidhaa kutoka kwa mpinzani [[The Coca-Cola Company|Coca-Cola]] hadharani. Mtoto wa [[Marlon Brando]], Miko, alijiunga na ziara hiyo kama msaidizi wa utayarishaji.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118477249/michael-jackson-bad-tour-1987/|title=Brando's son is behind the 'Bad' concerts|date=July 9, 1987|page=C1|first=Lisa Faye|last=Kaplan|newspaper=Mount Vernon Argus|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=February 12, 2023}}</ref> Majaribio ya bendi ya kusindikiza ya Jackson, na mazoezi yaliyofuata, yalifanyika katika kituo cha Leeds kule North Hollywood. Mpiga kinanda Rory Kaplan, ambaye alikuwa amepiga kwenye ziara ya Victory Tour, alikuwa kwenye ziara na [[Chick Corea Elektric Band]] alipoombwa na katibu wa Jackson kujiunga na kundi lake kama msimamizi wa muziki, ombi ambalo Kaplan alilikubali.<ref name=AT89>{{cite magazine|url=http://yates.ca/dx7/AfterTouch-Magazine/AfterTouch-1989-03.pdf|title=Rory Kaplan|first=Sibyl|last=Darter|date=March 1989|magazine=After Touch|volume=5|issue=3|pages=10–11|access-date=February 18, 2023}}</ref> Jackson alikusudia kuwajumuisha wanamuziki wengine wawili ambao walikuwa sehemu ya bendi ya Victory Tour, mpiga ngoma [[Jonathan Moffett]] na mpiga gitaa [[David Williams (guitarist)|David Williams]]. Hata hivyo, wote wawili walikuwa kwenye ziara na [[Madonna]] wakati huo na hivyo hawakupatikana. Jackson alitaka muziki jukwaani uwe na sauti kama rekodi za asili, na akamuomba Chris Currell, ambaye alikuwa amepiga kinanda cha vionjo cha [[Synclavier]] kwenye albamu ya ''Bad'', akipige mubashara. Currell alifanya mipango ya kuwa na mifumo mitatu kamili: miwili ya kushughulikia muziki jukwaani na mmoja kwa ajili ya chumba chake cha hoteli ili Jackson arekodi mawazo wakati akisafiri, pamoja na seti iliyofunguliwa kwa ajili ya vipuri ikiwa kuna tatizo, na mtaalamu wa muda wote. Currell alikadiria Synclaviers pekee ziligharimu dola milioni 1.4. Kwa kuwa yeye kimsingi alikuwa mpiga gitaa na si mpiga kinanda, alinunua gitaa la kudhibiti la [[SynthAxe]] MIDI ili kuchochea ishara kwenye kompyuta iliyoendesha Synclavier. Maonyesho ya majaribio yalirekodiwa na kuonyeshwa kwa Jackson nyumbani kwake jioni.<ref name="CC15-P3">{{cite web |last=Currell |first=Christopher |date=May 26, 2015 |title=The Event Horizon – "Synclavier, Music and Michael Jackson" – Part 3 |publisher=Headphone Guru}}</ref> Bendi ilikuwa na wiki mbili tu za kufanya mazoezi kule Leeds kabla ya mazoezi ya utengenezaji wa maelekezo maalumu katika [[Universal Studios Lot|Universal Studios]] kwa wiki nyingine tatu, ingawa hakuna utengenezaji kamili kwa ukamilifu wake uliofanyika hadi onyesho la kwanza.<ref name=AT89/> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Ziara za muzuki]] [[Jamii:Michael Jackson]] q8h0oww94pb4p7w383mmjkdns3vjj3q 1529966 1529965 2026-05-02T18:19:17Z Muddyb 379 1529966 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bad_World_Tour_Poster.jpg|thumb|right|Bango la Ziara ya Bad]] '''Ziara ya Bad''' ilikuwa ziara ya kwanza ya tamasha la peke yake la mwimbaji wa Marekani [[Michael Jackson]]. Tamasha lilizinduliwa ili kusaidia kusukuma maumzo ya albamu yake ya saba ya ''[[Bad]]'' (1987). Ziara hiyo ya dunia iliyokuwa na maonyesho 123 ilianza Septemba 12, 1987 nchini [[Japani]], na kuhitimishwa Januari 27, 1989 nchini [[Marekani]]. Ziara ilidhaminiwa na mtengenezaji wa vinywaji baridi [[Pepsi]]. Iliingiza jumla ya dola za Kimarekani milioni 125, na kuifanya kuwa ziara ya pili kwa mapato makubwa zaidi katika miaka ya 1980 baada ya ziara ya [[Pink Floyd]] ya Momentary Lapse of Reason, na kupata rekodi mbili mpya katika ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' kwa kuwa ziara iliyoingiza mapato makubwa zaidi katika historia na ziara iliyohudhuriwa na hadhira kubwa zaidi. Iliteuliwa kuwania tuzo ya "Tour of the Year 1988" katika tuzo za kwanza za [[International Rock Awards]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Halstead |first1=Craig |last2=Cadman |first2=Chris |date=July 2003 |title=Michael Jackson The Solo Years |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yb_ghov9uEMC |location=England |publisher=New Generation Publishing |page=85 |isbn=978-0755200917}}</ref> Mwishoni mwa ziara hiyo, Jackson alitoa taarifa hadharani kwamba alikusudia iwe ya mwisho kama msanii anayefanya ziara, kwani alikuwa na mipango ya kujiingiza kwenye utengenezaji wa filamu;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFHDttVa9do|title = Why Michael Jackson Stopped Performing at His Peak? &#124; the detail|website = [[YouTube]]| date=January 20, 2022 }}</ref> hata hivyo, ilifuatiwa na ziara ya [[Dangerous World Tour]] mwaka 1992–1993 na ziara ya [[HIStory World Tour|''HIS''tory World Tour]] mwaka 1996–1997. Isipokuwa kwa maonyesho mawili kule [[Hawaii]] wakati wa ziara ya ''HIS''tory Tour, hii ingekuwa mara pekee ambayo Jackson angefanya ziara nchini Marekani kama msanii kujitegemea. ==Historia== Mnamo Juni 29, 1987, meneja wa Jackson, [[Frank DiLeo]], alifanya mkutano na waandishi wa habari mjini Tokyo kutangaza kwamba Jackson angeanza ziara yake ya kwanza ya tamasha kama msanii wa kujitegemea. Iliashiria matamasha yake ya kwanza tangu ziara ya [[Victory Tour (The Jacksons)|Victory Tour]] mwaka 1984 ambayo alitumbuiza na kaka zake kama akina [[The Jackson 5|Jackson 5]]. DiLeo alisema ziara hiyo ingeanza na mzunguko wa Japani kwa sababu ya mashabiki vindakindaki wanaopatikana katika nchi hiyo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118369239/michael-jackson-bad-tour-1987/|title=Jackson set for his first solo world tour|newspaper=Desert Dispatch|date=June 30, 1987|page=9|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=February 10, 2023}}</ref> Katika taarifa ya maandishi, Jackson, ambaye alikuwa akimalizia albamu ya ''[[Bad]]'' huko Los Angeles, aliahidi matamasha yenye "kusisimua na kufurahisha".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118476995/michael-jackson-bad-tour-1987/|title=Michael Jackson sets new concert tour dates|date=July 5, 1987|newspaper=The Daily Advertiser|page=28|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=February 12, 2023}}</ref> Mtengenezaji wa vinywaji baridi [[Pepsi]], ambaye Jackson na kaka zake walikuwa na mkataba naye wenye thamani inayokadiriwa kuwa dola milioni 5 kwa mwaka, alidhamini ziara hiyo. Mauzo ya kinywaji hicho nchini Japani yaliongezeka mara mbili wakati wa msimu wa joto kufuatia tangazo hilo, yakisaidiwa na kampeni ya matangazo iliyotoa tiketi za bure na zawadi 30,000.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118370103/michael-jackson-bad-tour-1987/|title=Jackson tour gives boost to Pepsi sales in Japan|first=Terril|last=Jones|newspaper=Daily Record|date=September 20, 1987|page=D14|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=February 10, 2023}}</ref> Msafara mzima ulielekezwa kutoonekana wakinywa bidhaa kutoka kwa mpinzani [[The Coca-Cola Company|Coca-Cola]] hadharani. Mtoto wa [[Marlon Brando]], Miko, alijiunga na ziara hiyo kama msaidizi wa utayarishaji.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118477249/michael-jackson-bad-tour-1987/|title=Brando's son is behind the 'Bad' concerts|date=July 9, 1987|page=C1|first=Lisa Faye|last=Kaplan|newspaper=Mount Vernon Argus|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=February 12, 2023}}</ref> Majaribio ya bendi ya kusindikiza ya Jackson, na mazoezi yaliyofuata, yalifanyika katika kituo cha Leeds kule North Hollywood. Mpiga kinanda Rory Kaplan, ambaye alikuwa amepiga kwenye ziara ya Victory Tour, alikuwa kwenye ziara na [[Chick Corea Elektric Band]] alipoombwa na katibu wa Jackson kujiunga na kundi lake kama msimamizi wa muziki, ombi ambalo Kaplan alilikubali.<ref name=AT89>{{cite magazine|url=http://yates.ca/dx7/AfterTouch-Magazine/AfterTouch-1989-03.pdf|title=Rory Kaplan|first=Sibyl|last=Darter|date=March 1989|magazine=After Touch|volume=5|issue=3|pages=10–11|access-date=February 18, 2023}}</ref> Jackson alikusudia kuwajumuisha wanamuziki wengine wawili ambao walikuwa sehemu ya bendi ya Victory Tour, mpiga ngoma [[Jonathan Moffett]] na mpiga gitaa [[David Williams (guitarist)|David Williams]]. Hata hivyo, wote wawili walikuwa kwenye ziara na [[Madonna]] wakati huo na hivyo hawakupatikana. Jackson alitaka muziki jukwaani uwe na sauti kama rekodi za asili, na akamuomba Chris Currell, ambaye alikuwa amepiga kinanda cha vionjo cha [[Synclavier]] kwenye albamu ya ''Bad'', akipige mubashara. Currell alifanya mipango ya kuwa na mifumo mitatu kamili: miwili ya kushughulikia muziki jukwaani na mmoja kwa ajili ya chumba chake cha hoteli ili Jackson arekodi mawazo wakati akisafiri, pamoja na seti iliyofunguliwa kwa ajili ya vipuri ikiwa kuna tatizo, na mtaalamu wa muda wote. Currell alikadiria Synclaviers pekee ziligharimu dola milioni 1.4. Kwa kuwa yeye kimsingi alikuwa mpiga gitaa na si mpiga kinanda, alinunua gitaa la kudhibiti la [[SynthAxe]] MIDI ili kuchochea ishara kwenye kompyuta iliyoendesha Synclavier. Maonyesho ya majaribio yalirekodiwa na kuonyeshwa kwa Jackson nyumbani kwake jioni. Bendi ilikuwa na wiki mbili tu za kufanya mazoezi kule Leeds kabla ya mazoezi ya utengenezaji wa maelekezo maalumu katika [[Universal Studios Lot|Universal Studios]] kwa wiki nyingine tatu, ingawa hakuna utengenezaji kamili kwa ukamilifu wake uliofanyika hadi onyesho la kwanza.<ref name=AT89/> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Ziara za muzuki]] [[Jamii:Michael Jackson]] 4un4k1r0ziuvko04gm4py01me5jm1c6 1529967 1529966 2026-05-02T18:20:16Z Muddyb 379 1529967 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bad_World_Tour_Poster.jpg|thumb|right|Bango la Ziara ya Bad]] '''Ziara ya Bad''' ilikuwa ziara ya kwanza ya tamasha la peke yake la mwimbaji wa Marekani [[Michael Jackson]]. Tamasha lilizinduliwa ili kusaidia kusukuma maumzo ya albamu yake ya saba ya ''[[Bad]]'' (1987). Ziara hiyo ya dunia iliyokuwa na maonyesho 123 ilianza Septemba 12, 1987 nchini [[Japani]], na kuhitimishwa Januari 27, 1989 nchini [[Marekani]]. Ziara ilidhaminiwa na mtengenezaji wa vinywaji baridi [[Pepsi]]. Iliingiza jumla ya dola za Kimarekani milioni 125, na kuifanya kuwa ziara ya pili kwa mapato makubwa zaidi katika miaka ya 1980 baada ya ziara ya [[Pink Floyd]] ya Momentary Lapse of Reason, na kupata rekodi mbili mpya katika ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' kwa kuwa ziara iliyoingiza mapato makubwa zaidi katika historia na ziara iliyohudhuriwa na hadhira kubwa zaidi. Iliteuliwa kuwania tuzo ya "Tour of the Year 1988" katika tuzo za kwanza za [[International Rock Awards]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Halstead |first1=Craig |last2=Cadman |first2=Chris |date=July 2003 |title=Michael Jackson The Solo Years |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yb_ghov9uEMC |location=England |publisher=New Generation Publishing |page=85 |isbn=978-0755200917}}</ref> Mwishoni mwa ziara hiyo, Jackson alitoa taarifa hadharani kwamba alikusudia iwe ya mwisho kama msanii anayefanya ziara, kwani alikuwa na mipango ya kujiingiza kwenye utengenezaji wa filamu;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFHDttVa9do|title = Why Michael Jackson Stopped Performing at His Peak? &#124; the detail|website = [[YouTube]]| date=January 20, 2022 }}</ref> hata hivyo, ilifuatiwa na ziara ya [[Dangerous World Tour]] mwaka 1992–1993 na ziara ya [[HIStory World Tour|''HIS''tory World Tour]] mwaka 1996–1997. Isipokuwa kwa maonyesho mawili kule [[Hawaii]] wakati wa ziara ya ''HIS''tory Tour, hii ingekuwa mara pekee ambayo Jackson angefanya ziara nchini Marekani kama msanii kujitegemea. ==Historia== Mnamo Juni 29, 1987, meneja wa Jackson, [[Frank DiLeo]], alifanya mkutano na waandishi wa habari mjini Tokyo kutangaza kwamba Jackson angeanza ziara yake ya kwanza ya tamasha kama msanii wa kujitegemea. Iliashiria matamasha yake ya kwanza tangu ziara ya [[Victory Tour (The Jacksons)|Victory Tour]] mwaka 1984 ambayo alitumbuiza na kaka zake kama akina [[The Jackson 5|Jackson 5]]. DiLeo alisema ziara hiyo ingeanza na mzunguko wa Japani kwa sababu ya mashabiki vindakindaki wanaopatikana katika nchi hiyo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118369239/michael-jackson-bad-tour-1987/|title=Jackson set for his first solo world tour|newspaper=Desert Dispatch|date=June 30, 1987|page=9|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=February 10, 2023}}</ref> Katika taarifa ya maandishi, Jackson, ambaye alikuwa akimalizia albamu ya ''[[Bad]]'' huko Los Angeles, aliahidi matamasha yenye "kusisimua na kufurahisha".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118476995/michael-jackson-bad-tour-1987/|title=Michael Jackson sets new concert tour dates|date=July 5, 1987|newspaper=The Daily Advertiser|page=28|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=February 12, 2023}}</ref> Mtengenezaji wa vinywaji baridi [[Pepsi]], ambaye Jackson na kaka zake walikuwa na mkataba naye wenye thamani inayokadiriwa kuwa dola milioni 5 kwa mwaka, alidhamini ziara hiyo. Mauzo ya kinywaji hicho nchini Japani yaliongezeka mara mbili wakati wa msimu wa joto kufuatia tangazo hilo, yakisaidiwa na kampeni ya matangazo iliyotoa tiketi za bure na zawadi 30,000.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118370103/michael-jackson-bad-tour-1987/|title=Jackson tour gives boost to Pepsi sales in Japan|first=Terril|last=Jones|newspaper=Daily Record|date=September 20, 1987|page=D14|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=February 10, 2023}}</ref> Msafara mzima ulielekezwa kutoonekana wakinywa bidhaa kutoka kwa mpinzani [[The Coca-Cola Company|Coca-Cola]] hadharani. Mtoto wa [[Marlon Brando]], Miko, alijiunga na ziara hiyo kama msaidizi wa utayarishaji.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118477249/michael-jackson-bad-tour-1987/|title=Brando's son is behind the 'Bad' concerts|date=July 9, 1987|page=C1|first=Lisa Faye|last=Kaplan|newspaper=Mount Vernon Argus|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=February 12, 2023}}</ref> Majaribio ya bendi ya kusindikiza ya Jackson, na mazoezi yaliyofuata, yalifanyika katika kituo cha Leeds kule North Hollywood. Mpiga kinanda Rory Kaplan, ambaye alikuwa amepiga kwenye ziara ya Victory Tour, alikuwa kwenye ziara na [[Chick Corea Elektric Band]] alipoombwa na katibu wa Jackson kujiunga na kundi lake kama msimamizi wa muziki, ombi ambalo Kaplan alilikubali.<ref name=AT89>{{cite magazine|url=http://yates.ca/dx7/AfterTouch-Magazine/AfterTouch-1989-03.pdf|title=Rory Kaplan|first=Sibyl|last=Darter|date=March 1989|magazine=After Touch|volume=5|issue=3|pages=10–11|access-date=February 18, 2023}}</ref> Jackson alikusudia kuwajumuisha wanamuziki wengine wawili ambao walikuwa sehemu ya bendi ya Victory Tour, mpiga ngoma [[Jonathan Moffett]] na mpiga gitaa [[David Williams (guitarist)|David Williams]]. Hata hivyo, wote wawili walikuwa kwenye ziara na [[Madonna]] wakati huo na hivyo hawakupatikana. Jackson alitaka muziki jukwaani uwe na sauti kama rekodi za asili, na akamuomba Chris Currell, ambaye alikuwa amepiga kinanda cha vionjo cha [[Synclavier]] kwenye albamu ya ''Bad'', akipige mubashara. Currell alifanya mipango ya kuwa na mifumo mitatu kamili: miwili ya kushughulikia muziki jukwaani na mmoja kwa ajili ya chumba chake cha hoteli ili Jackson arekodi mawazo wakati akisafiri, pamoja na seti iliyofunguliwa kwa ajili ya vipuri ikiwa kuna tatizo, na mtaalamu wa muda wote. Currell alikadiria Synclaviers pekee ziligharimu dola milioni 1.4. Kwa kuwa yeye kimsingi alikuwa mpiga gitaa na si mpiga kinanda, alinunua gitaa la kudhibiti la [[SynthAxe]] MIDI ili kuchochea ishara kwenye kompyuta iliyoendesha Synclavier. Maonyesho ya majaribio yalirekodiwa na kuonyeshwa kwa Jackson nyumbani kwake jioni. Bendi ilikuwa na wiki mbili tu za kufanya mazoezi kule Leeds kabla ya mazoezi ya utengenezaji wa maelekezo maalumu katika [[Universal Studios Lot|Universal Studios]] kwa wiki nyingine tatu, ingawa hakuna utengenezaji kamili kwa ukamilifu wake uliofanyika hadi onyesho la kwanza.<ref name=AT89/> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Michael Jackson]] [[Jamii:Ziara za muziki]] b5de3eok9i8t6j23jxay5am2ekecwzs 14 231354 1529968 2026-05-02T18:20:45Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Muziki]]' 1529968 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Muziki]] ala1at6qob9casa4u1jo854sakml3ov 0 231355 1529973 2026-05-02T18:30:13Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Yolanda de la Torre Valdez''' ( [[6 Aprili]] [[1964]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Mexico]] anayehusishwa na Chama cha Mapinduzi cha Kitaasisi. Katika kipindi cha kuanzia mwaka [[2009]] hadi [[2012]], alihudumu kama Naibu katika Bunge la LXI la la Mexico, akiwakilisha jimbo la Durango.<ref>{{cite web|title=Perfil del legislador|url=http://sil.gobernacion.gob.mx/Librerias/pp_PerfilLegislador.php?SID=&Referencia=2306513|publisher=Legislative Information S...' 1529973 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yolanda de la Torre Valdez''' ( [[6 Aprili]] [[1964]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Mexico]] anayehusishwa na Chama cha Mapinduzi cha Kitaasisi. Katika kipindi cha kuanzia mwaka [[2009]] hadi [[2012]], alihudumu kama Naibu katika Bunge la LXI la la Mexico, akiwakilisha jimbo la Durango.<ref>{{cite web|title=Perfil del legislador|url=http://sil.gobernacion.gob.mx/Librerias/pp_PerfilLegislador.php?SID=&Referencia=2306513|publisher=Legislative Information System|access-date=15 December 2014}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii: Siasa]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]] e5b8x48qyoj0xzmpv48fc4o5zo4hqmf 0 231356 1529999 2026-05-02T18:39:40Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Luis Miguel Gerónimo Barbosa Huerta''' ([[30 Septemba]] [[1959]] – [[13 Desemba]] [[2022]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Mexico]]. Alihudumu kama Gavana wa Puebla kuanzia mwaka [[2019]] hadi alipofariki mwaka 2022.<ref name="MORENA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lajornadadeoriente.com.mx/2017/04/24/anuncia-miguel-barbosa-afiliacion-morena/|title=Anuncia Miguel Barbosa su afiliación a Morena – Puebla|date=24 April 2017|work=La Jornada de Oriente|acc...' 1529999 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Luis Miguel Gerónimo Barbosa Huerta''' ([[30 Septemba]] [[1959]] – [[13 Desemba]] [[2022]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Mexico]]. Alihudumu kama Gavana wa Puebla kuanzia mwaka [[2019]] hadi alipofariki mwaka 2022.<ref name="MORENA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lajornadadeoriente.com.mx/2017/04/24/anuncia-miguel-barbosa-afiliacion-morena/|title=Anuncia Miguel Barbosa su afiliación a Morena – Puebla|date=24 April 2017|work=La Jornada de Oriente|access-date=22 July 2020|archive-date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428184415/http://www.lajornadadeoriente.com.mx/2017/04/24/anuncia-miguel-barbosa-afiliacion-morena/|url-status=live}}</ref> Kabla ya hapo, aliwahi kuwa seneta katika mabunge ya LXII na LXIII ya Mexico, na pia alihudumu kama naibu wa shirikisho kati ya mwaka [[2000]] na [[2003]]. Luis Miguel Gerónimo Barbosa Huerta pia aliwahi kuwa mgombea wa ugavana wa Puebla kupitia muungano wa Juntos Haremos Historia, ulioundwa na Morena, Labour Party (Mexico) (PT) na Social Encounter Party (Mexico) (PES), katika uchaguzi wa mwaka [[2018]] na ule maalum wa mwaka [[2019]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animalpolitico.com/2018/01/miguel-barbosa-morena-puebla/|title=Se registra Miguel Barbosa como precandidato de Morena al gobierno de Puebla|date=30 January 2018|access-date=25 December 2018|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403035054/https://www.animalpolitico.com/2018/01/miguel-barbosa-morena-puebla/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1959]] [[Jamii: Waliofariki 2022]] [[Jamii: Siasa]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]] a9mw5iotcspm97qkyr4ibypfcqxc1yy 1530013 1529999 2026-05-02T18:41:46Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1530013 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Miguel Barbosa (cropped).jpg|thumb|Miguel Barbosa]] '''Luis Miguel Gerónimo Barbosa Huerta''' ([[30 Septemba]] [[1959]] – [[13 Desemba]] [[2022]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Mexico]]. Alihudumu kama Gavana wa Puebla kuanzia mwaka [[2019]] hadi alipofariki mwaka 2022.<ref name="MORENA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lajornadadeoriente.com.mx/2017/04/24/anuncia-miguel-barbosa-afiliacion-morena/|title=Anuncia Miguel Barbosa su afiliación a Morena – Puebla|date=24 April 2017|work=La Jornada de Oriente|access-date=22 July 2020|archive-date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428184415/http://www.lajornadadeoriente.com.mx/2017/04/24/anuncia-miguel-barbosa-afiliacion-morena/|url-status=live}}</ref> Kabla ya hapo, aliwahi kuwa seneta katika mabunge ya LXII na LXIII ya Mexico, na pia alihudumu kama naibu wa shirikisho kati ya mwaka [[2000]] na [[2003]]. Luis Miguel Gerónimo Barbosa Huerta pia aliwahi kuwa mgombea wa ugavana wa Puebla kupitia muungano wa Juntos Haremos Historia, ulioundwa na Morena, Labour Party (Mexico) (PT) na Social Encounter Party (Mexico) (PES), katika uchaguzi wa mwaka [[2018]] na ule maalum wa mwaka [[2019]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animalpolitico.com/2018/01/miguel-barbosa-morena-puebla/|title=Se registra Miguel Barbosa como precandidato de Morena al gobierno de Puebla|date=30 January 2018|access-date=25 December 2018|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403035054/https://www.animalpolitico.com/2018/01/miguel-barbosa-morena-puebla/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1959]] [[Jamii: Waliofariki 2022]] [[Jamii: Siasa]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]] lsidwazcdn88zdw030yzeo8qjh9wtr4 1530239 1530013 2026-05-02T22:30:59Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530239 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Miguel Barbosa (cropped).jpg|thumb|Miguel Barbosa]] '''Luis Miguel Gerónimo Barbosa Huerta''' ([[30 Septemba]] [[1959]] – [[13 Desemba]] [[2022]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Mexico]]. Alihudumu kama Gavana wa Puebla kuanzia mwaka [[2019]] hadi alipofariki mwaka 2022.<ref name="MORENA">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.lajornadadeoriente.com.mx/2017/04/24/anuncia-miguel-barbosa-afiliacion-morena/|title=Anuncia Miguel Barbosa su afiliación a Morena – Puebla|date=24 April 2017|work=La Jornada de Oriente|access-date=22 July 2020|archive-date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428184415/http://www.lajornadadeoriente.com.mx/2017/04/24/anuncia-miguel-barbosa-afiliacion-morena/|url-status=live}}</ref> Kabla ya hapo, aliwahi kuwa seneta katika mabunge ya LXII na LXIII ya Mexico, na pia alihudumu kama naibu wa shirikisho kati ya mwaka [[2000]] na [[2003]]. Luis Miguel Gerónimo Barbosa Huerta pia aliwahi kuwa mgombea wa ugavana wa Puebla kupitia muungano wa Juntos Haremos Historia, ulioundwa na Morena, Labour Party (Mexico) (PT) na Social Encounter Party (Mexico) (PES), katika uchaguzi wa mwaka [[2018]] na ule maalum wa mwaka [[2019]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animalpolitico.com/2018/01/miguel-barbosa-morena-puebla/|title=Se registra Miguel Barbosa como precandidato de Morena al gobierno de Puebla|date=30 January 2018|access-date=25 December 2018|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403035054/https://www.animalpolitico.com/2018/01/miguel-barbosa-morena-puebla/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1959]] [[Jamii: Waliofariki 2022]] [[Jamii: Siasa]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]] sy8yaill79la8c4ai487o0p4r79q22j 0 231357 1530015 2026-05-02T18:41:53Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox person | jina = Joe Jackson | picha = JosephJackson2007(cropped).jpg | maelezo = Jackson katika hafla fulani mnamo mwaka wa 2007 | jina la kuzaliwa = Joseph Walter Jackson | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1928|7|26|df=yes}} | mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Fountain Hill, Arkansas]], Marekani | tarehe ya kufa = {{death date and age|2018|6|27|1928|7|26|df=yes}} | mahali alipofia = [[Las Vegas]], Nevada, Marekani | sababu ya kifo = Saratani ya kongosho...' 1530015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | jina = Joe Jackson | picha = JosephJackson2007(cropped).jpg | maelezo = Jackson katika hafla fulani mnamo mwaka wa 2007 | jina la kuzaliwa = Joseph Walter Jackson | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1928|7|26|df=yes}} | mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Fountain Hill, Arkansas]], Marekani | tarehe ya kufa = {{death date and age|2018|6|27|1928|7|26|df=yes}} | mahali alipofia = [[Las Vegas]], Nevada, Marekani | sababu ya kifo = [[Saratani ya kongosho]] | mahali pa kuzikwa = [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)|Forest Lawn Memorial Park]], California | wazazi = Samuel Joseph Jackson<br>Crystal Lee King | kazi yake = {{flat list| *Meneja wa vipaji *bondia (zamani) *mwendeshaji kreni}} | asili yake = [[Gary, Indiana]], Marekani | ndoa = {{marriage|[[Katherine Jackson|Katherine Scruse]]|5 Novemba 1949|2018|reason=kifo chake}} | partner = Cheryle Terrell (1973–1998) | watoto = 11, akiwemo [[Rebbie Jackson|Rebbie]], [[Jackie Jackson|Jackie]], [[Tito Jackson|Tito]], [[Jermaine Jackson|Jermaine]], [[La Toya Jackson|La Toya]], [[Marlon Jackson|Marlon]], [[Michael Jackson|Michael]], [[Randy Jackson (Jacksons singer)|Randy]], na [[Janet Jackson|Janet]] | ashirikiana na = [[The Jackson 5]], [[The Jacksons]] | wavuti = {{URL|jwjackson.com}} }} '''Joseph Walter Jackson''' (Julai 26, 1928 – Juni 27, 2018) alikuwa msimamizi wa talanta (meneja wa vipaji) kutoka nchini Marekani na mkuu wa familia ya akina [[Jackson family|Jackson]]. Alizaliwa huko mjini [[Fountain Hill]], [[Arkansas]], akiwa mkubwa kati ya watoto watano wa Crystal Lee na Samuel Joseph Jackson. Baada ya wazazi wake kutengana akiwa na umri wa miaka 12, alihamia [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], California na baba yake kabla ya kurejea East Chicago, Indiana akiwa na umri wa miaka 18 ambapo alifanya kazi katika kampuni ya [[Inland Steel Company]] na kuanza masuala ya ndondi ya [[Golden Gloves]].<ref name="family">{{cite book|title=My Family, the Jackson|last=Jackson|first=Katherine|author2=Rich Wiseman|publisher=[[St. Martin's Paperbacks]]|year=1990|isbn=0-312-92350-3}}</ref> Alimuoa [[Katherine Jackson|Katherine Scruse]] mwaka 1949, na kwa pamoja walipata watoto kumi, ingawa pacha wa Marlon, Brandon, alikufa muda mfupi baada ya kuzaliwa. Ili kuitunza familia yake inayokua, Joseph aliacha ndondi na kufanya kazi kama mwendeshaji wa kreni na baadaye akaanza bendi ya blues iitwayo The Falcons, akipiga gitaa.<ref name="family" /> Mapema miaka ya 1960, Joe alianza kuwafunza wanawe muziki baada ya kuwagundua wakichezea vifaa vyake. Alianza na [[Jackie Jackson|Jackie]], [[Tito Jackson|Tito]], na [[Jermaine Jackson|Jermaine]], na baadaye akawaingiza [[Marlon Jackson|Marlon]] na [[Michael Jackson|Michael]], kundi ambalo lilijulikana kama [[The Jackson 5]].<ref name="thejacksons.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thejacksons.com/history/the-jacksons-5-60-68/|title=History 60–68|work=thejacksons.com|access-date=October 24, 2016}}</ref> Baada ya mafanikio makubwa katika [[Apollo Theater]], alisaini mkataba na [[Steeltown Records]] mwaka 1967 na baadaye [[Motown Records]] mwaka 1969, ambapo nyimbo zao nne za kwanza ikiwemo "[[I Want You Back]]" zilifikia namba 1 nchini Marekani.<ref name="jackson-1969">{{cite web|url=http://www.thejacksons.com/history/the-jackson-5-1969/|title=History 1969|work=thejacksons.com|access-date=October 24, 2016}}</ref> Mwaka 1975, kundi lilihamia [[Epic Records]] na kubadili jina kuwa ''The Jacksons''. Joseph pia alisimamia kazi za binti zake, hasa [[Janet Jackson]], akifadhili rekodi yake ya kwanza.<ref name="JJ by Cornwell">{{cite book|last=Cornwell|first=Jane|title=Janet Jackson|publisher=[[Carlton Books]]|year=2002|isbn=1-84222-464-6}}</ref> Maisha yake ya ndoa yaligubikwa na madai ya mahusiano ya nje, ikiwemo kuzaa binti Joh'Vonnie na Cheryle Terrell mwaka 1974.<ref name="foxnews.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/jackos-family-secrets-revealed/|title=Jacko's Family Secrets Revealed|date=October 29, 2004}}</ref> Taswira ya Joseph ilikosolewa sana miaka ya 1980 kutokana na madai ya unyanyasaji wa watoto wake. Michael Jackson alidai hadharani kuwa alipigwa na kunyanyaswa kihisia na baba yake wakati wa mazoezi makali, madai ambayo Joseph aliyakubali kwa kiasi fulani akisema alitumia mijeledi kama adhabu lakini si kwa unyanyasaji.<ref name=r1>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/3268133.stm | work=BBC News | title=Singer Jackson whipped by father | date=November 13, 2003}}</ref> Katika miaka yake ya mwisho, alitunukiwa tuzo mbalimbali ikiwemo kuingizwa katika [[Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame]] mwaka 2014 na 2015.<ref name="rhythm">{{cite web|url=https://rhythmandblueshof.com/inductees/|title=Inductees|date=March 25, 2014}}</ref> Joseph alifariki kwa saratani ya kongosho Juni 27, 2018, kule Las Vegas akiwa na umri wa miaka 89, na kuzikwa katika makaburi ya [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)|Forest Lawn Memorial Park]] karibu na mwanawe Michael.<ref name=LA>{{Cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-joe-jackson-20180627-story.html |title=Joe Jackson dies at 89 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=June 27, 2018}}</ref> Amewahi kuigizwa na waigizaji mbalimbali, akiwemo [[Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs]] na hivi karibuni [[Colman Domingo]] katika filamu ya ''[[Michael (2026 film)|Michael]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://deadline.com/2024/01/colman-domingo-michael-jackson-movie-joe-jackson-1235804826/ | title=Colman Domingo to Play Patriarch Joe Jackson | date=January 25, 2024 }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{BD|1928|2018}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] 5ff64n0lstcplu6mft9deu37yfpl447 1530222 1530015 2026-05-02T21:04:38Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | jina = Joe Jackson | picha = JosephJackson2007(cropped).jpg | maelezo = Jackson katika hafla fulani mnamo mwaka wa 2007 | jina la kuzaliwa = Joseph Walter Jackson | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1928|7|26|df=yes}} | mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Fountain Hill, Arkansas]], Marekani | tarehe ya kufa = {{death date and age|2018|6|27|1928|7|26|df=yes}} | mahali alipofia = [[Las Vegas]], Nevada, Marekani | sababu ya kifo = [[Saratani ya kongosho]] | mahali pa kuzikwa = [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)|Forest Lawn Memorial Park]], California | wazazi = Samuel Joseph Jackson<br>Crystal Lee King | kazi yake = {{flat list| *Meneja wa vipaji *bondia (zamani) *mwendeshaji kreni}} | asili yake = [[Gary, Indiana]], Marekani | ndoa = {{marriage|[[Katherine Jackson|Katherine Scruse]]|5 Novemba 1949|2018|reason=kifo chake}} | partner = Cheryle Terrell (1973–1998) | watoto = 11, akiwemo [[Rebbie Jackson|Rebbie]], [[Jackie Jackson|Jackie]], [[Tito Jackson|Tito]], [[Jermaine Jackson|Jermaine]], [[La Toya Jackson|La Toya]], [[Marlon Jackson|Marlon]], [[Michael Jackson|Michael]], [[Randy Jackson (Jacksons singer)|Randy]], na [[Janet Jackson|Janet]] | ashirikiana na = [[The Jackson 5]], [[The Jacksons]] | wavuti = {{URL|jwjackson.com}} }} '''Joseph Walter Jackson''' (Julai 26, 1928 – Juni 27, 2018) alikuwa msimamizi wa talanta (meneja wa vipaji) kutoka nchini Marekani na mkuu wa familia ya akina [[Jackson family|Jackson]]. Alizaliwa huko mjini [[Fountain Hill]], [[Arkansas]], akiwa mkubwa kati ya watoto watano wa Crystal Lee na Samuel Joseph Jackson. Baada ya wazazi wake kutengana akiwa na umri wa miaka 12, alihamia [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], California na baba yake kabla ya kurejea East Chicago, Indiana akiwa na umri wa miaka 18 ambapo alifanya kazi katika kampuni ya [[Inland Steel Company]] na kuanza masuala ya ndondi ya [[Golden Gloves]].<ref name="family">{{cite book|title=My Family, the Jackson|last=Jackson|first=Katherine|author2=Rich Wiseman|publisher=[[St. Martin's Paperbacks]]|year=1990|isbn=0-312-92350-3}}</ref> Alimuoa [[Katherine Jackson|Katherine Scruse]] mwaka 1949, na kwa pamoja walipata watoto kumi, ingawa pacha wa Marlon, Brandon, alikufa muda mfupi baada ya kuzaliwa. Ili kuitunza familia yake inayokua, Joseph aliacha ndondi na kufanya kazi kama mwendeshaji wa kreni na baadaye akaanza bendi ya blues iitwayo The Falcons, akipiga gitaa.<ref name="family" /> Mapema miaka ya 1960, Joe alianza kuwafunza wanawe muziki baada ya kuwagundua wakichezea vifaa vyake. Alianza na [[Jackie Jackson|Jackie]], [[Tito Jackson|Tito]], na [[Jermaine Jackson|Jermaine]], na baadaye akawaingiza [[Marlon Jackson|Marlon]] na [[Michael Jackson|Michael]], kundi ambalo lilijulikana kama [[The Jackson 5]].<ref name="thejacksons.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thejacksons.com/history/the-jacksons-5-60-68/|title=History 60–68|work=thejacksons.com|access-date=October 24, 2016}}</ref> Baada ya mafanikio makubwa katika [[Apollo Theater]], alisaini mkataba na [[Steeltown Records]] mwaka 1967 na baadaye [[Motown Records]] mwaka 1969, ambapo nyimbo zao nne za kwanza ikiwemo "[[I Want You Back]]" zilifikia namba 1 nchini Marekani.<ref name="jackson-1969">{{cite web|url=http://www.thejacksons.com/history/the-jackson-5-1969/|title=History 1969|work=thejacksons.com|access-date=October 24, 2016}}</ref> Mwaka 1975, kundi lilihamia [[Epic Records]] na kubadili jina kuwa ''The Jacksons''. Joseph pia alisimamia kazi za binti zake, hasa [[Janet Jackson]], akifadhili rekodi yake ya kwanza.<ref name="JJ by Cornwell">{{cite book|last=Cornwell|first=Jane|title=Janet Jackson|publisher=[[Carlton Books]]|year=2002|isbn=1-84222-464-6}}</ref> Maisha yake ya ndoa yaligubikwa na madai ya mahusiano ya nje, ikiwemo kuzaa binti Joh'Vonnie na Cheryle Terrell mwaka 1974.<ref name="foxnews.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/jackos-family-secrets-revealed/|title=Jacko's Family Secrets Revealed|date=October 29, 2004}}</ref> Taswira ya Joseph ilikosolewa sana miaka ya 1980 kutokana na madai ya unyanyasaji wa watoto wake. Michael Jackson alidai hadharani kuwa alipigwa na kunyanyaswa kihisia na baba yake wakati wa mazoezi makali, madai ambayo Joseph aliyakubali kwa kiasi fulani akisema alitumia mijeledi kama adhabu lakini si kwa unyanyasaji.<ref name=r1>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/3268133.stm | work=BBC News | title=Singer Jackson whipped by father | date=November 13, 2003}}</ref> Katika miaka yake ya mwisho, alitunukiwa tuzo mbalimbali ikiwemo kuingizwa katika [[Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame]] mwaka 2014 na 2015.<ref name="rhythm">{{cite web|url=https://rhythmandblueshof.com/inductees/|title=Inductees|date=March 25, 2014}}</ref> Joseph alifariki kwa saratani ya kongosho Juni 27, 2018, kule Las Vegas akiwa na umri wa miaka 89, na kuzikwa katika makaburi ya [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)|Forest Lawn Memorial Park]] karibu na mwanawe Michael.<ref name=LA>{{Rejea habari |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-joe-jackson-20180627-story.html |title=Joe Jackson dies at 89 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=June 27, 2018}}</ref> Amewahi kuigizwa na waigizaji mbalimbali, akiwemo [[Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs]] na hivi karibuni [[Colman Domingo]] katika filamu ya ''[[Michael (2026 film)|Michael]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://deadline.com/2024/01/colman-domingo-michael-jackson-movie-joe-jackson-1235804826/ | title=Colman Domingo to Play Patriarch Joe Jackson | date=January 25, 2024 }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{BD|1928|2018}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] kh2890v6s09hz0vkexb433y16oh6u3b 0 231358 1530080 2026-05-02T18:52:08Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[File:Motown logo with wordmark.svg|thumb|right|250px|Logo ya Motown]] '''Motown''' ni lebo ya muziki ya Marekani inayomilikiwa na [[Universal Music Group]]. Ilianzishwa na [[Berry Gordy|Berry Gordy Jr.]] kama Tamla Records mnamo Januari 12, 1959, na baadaye kusajiliwa kama Motown Record Corporation mnamo Aprili 14, 1960.<ref name="A Brief History of Motown">{{cite magazine|last1=Cruz|first1=Gilbert|title=A Brief History of Motown|url=http://content.time....' 1530080 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Motown logo with wordmark.svg|thumb|right|250px|Logo ya Motown]] '''Motown''' ni lebo ya muziki ya Marekani inayomilikiwa na [[Universal Music Group]]. Ilianzishwa na [[Berry Gordy|Berry Gordy Jr.]] kama Tamla Records mnamo Januari 12, 1959, na baadaye kusajiliwa kama Motown Record Corporation mnamo Aprili 14, 1960.<ref name="A Brief History of Motown">{{cite magazine|last1=Cruz|first1=Gilbert|title=A Brief History of Motown|url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1870975,00.html|magazine=Time|date=12 January 2009}}</ref> Jina "Motown" ni muunganiko wa maneno ''motor'' na ''town'', ambalo limekuwa jina la utani la mji wa [[Detroit]], kitovu cha tasnia ya magari nchini Marekani, ambako lebo hiyo ilianzia.<ref name="Detroit">{{cite web|last=Palmer |first=Brian |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2012/02/why_are_all_the_big_american_car_companies_based_in_michigan_.html |title=How Did Detroit Become Motor City? |publisher=Slate.com |date=2012-02-29}}</ref> Motown ilicheza rasilimali muhimu katika kuchanganya mbari za wanamuziki katika muziki wa pop, ikiwa ni lebo inayomilikiwa na Waamerika mweusi iliyopata mafanikio makubwa kwa watazamaji weupe. Katika miaka ya 1960, Motown ilivuma kwa mtindo wa [[#Motown sound|Motown sound]], aina ya muziki wa [[soul music|soul]] uliokuwa na ushawishi wa miondoko ya pop. Kati ya mwaka 1960 na 1969, nyimbo 79 za Motown zilifikia kumi bora kwenye chati za [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]. Baada ya machafuko ya Detroit ya mwaka 1967 na kuondoka kwa timu muhimu ya waandishi [[Holland–Dozier–Holland]], Gordy alihamishia makao makuu ya Motown kwenda Los Angeles, California, na kuanza kujishughulisha na utengenezaji wa filamu na televisheni. Kampuni hiyo ilibaki huru hadi mwaka 1988 iliponunuliwa na [[MCA Records]], na baadaye kupitia mikononi mwa [[PolyGram]] kabla ya kuchukuliwa na Universal Music Group mwaka 1999.<ref name="A Brief History of Motown" /> Mnamo mwaka 2014, Motown ilihamia ndani ya [[Capitol Music Group]] huko Los Angeles, ikifanya kazi kutokea jengo la [[Capitol Tower]].<ref name="Capital">{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/business/la-et-ct-capitol-records-steve-barnett-sam-smith-5-seconds-summer-20150203-story.html |title=A revitalized Capitol Records forges a new path forward |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=2015-02-03}}</ref> Mwaka 2021, lebo hiyo ilitengana na Capitol na kuwa lebo inayojitegemea tena chini ya Universal. Hadi kufikia mwaka 2023, Motown inasimamia wasanii maarufu wa [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] na [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]] kama [[City Girls]], [[Migos]], [[Lil Baby]], [[Lil Yachty]], na [[YoungBoy Never Broke Again]]. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Studio za Marekani]] [[Jamii:Studio za muziki]] cjmim9amjk9qjen5e0b5i4n8rjqh9n2 0 231359 1530086 2026-05-02T18:52:58Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Motown Records]] 1530086 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Motown Records]] n755mfkuquxlm23vqgj4k8k37ncsli3 0 231360 1530093 2026-05-02T18:53:55Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ferenc Hirt''' ([[29 Septemba]] [[1967]] – [[7 Desemba]] [[2018]]) alikuwa [[mjasiriamali]] na [[mwanasiasa]] kutokea [[Hungary]] aliyewahi kuwa mbunge wa Bunge la Kitaifa la Hungaria. Aliwakilisha jimbo la Tamási katika Kaunti ya Tolna County kuanzia mwaka [[2006]] hadi [[2014]], na baadaye jimbo la Paks kuanzia mwaka 2014 hadi 2018. Mwaka 2018, alichaguliwa tena kuwa mbunge kupitia orodha ya kitaifa ya Fidesz.<ref name="Register">{{cite web|url=ht...' 1530093 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ferenc Hirt''' ([[29 Septemba]] [[1967]] – [[7 Desemba]] [[2018]]) alikuwa [[mjasiriamali]] na [[mwanasiasa]] kutokea [[Hungary]] aliyewahi kuwa mbunge wa Bunge la Kitaifa la Hungaria. Aliwakilisha jimbo la Tamási katika Kaunti ya Tolna County kuanzia mwaka [[2006]] hadi [[2014]], na baadaye jimbo la Paks kuanzia mwaka 2014 hadi 2018. Mwaka 2018, alichaguliwa tena kuwa mbunge kupitia orodha ya kitaifa ya Fidesz.<ref name="Register">{{cite web|url=http://www.parlament.hu/internet/plsql/ogy_kpv.kepv_adat?p_azon=h038&p_ckl=39|title=''Register''|publisher=[[National Assembly of Hungary|Országgyűlés]]}}</ref> Ferenc Hirt anakumbukwa pia kwa kuwa mbunge wa kwanza mwenye ulemavu wa viungo katika Bunge la Hungary, jambo lililoonyesha mchango wake katika kukuza uwakilishi jumuishi katika siasa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rtl.hu/rtlklub/hirek/hatter/cikkek/105956|title=Az első kerekesszékes képviselő|work=[[RTL Klub]]|date=May 5, 2006|accessdate=January 7, 2021|language=hu}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1967]] [[Jamii: Waliofariki 2018]] [[Jamii: Siasa]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]] dq4nfqectlvgiixolwj4vwcr2gsy9jz 6 231361 1530187 2026-05-02T19:08:54Z Muddyb 379 Anwani kutoka enwiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TheBigBossposter.JPG 1530187 wikitext text/x-wiki == Muhtasari == Anwani kutoka enwiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TheBigBossposter.JPG == Hatimiliki == {{Non-free video cover}} 78gjh3pto3mdtf61winqy0x4uzf6d1e 0 231362 1530238 2026-05-02T22:26:24Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Faili:Şafak Pavey (cropped).jpg|thumb|Şafak Pavey]] '''Şafak Pavey''' ([[10 Julai]] [[1976]]) ni [[mwanadiplomasia]], mwandishi wa safu na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Turkey]]. Aliwahi kuwa mbunge katika Bunge Kuu la Uturuki akiwakilisha Mkoa wa [[Istanbul]] kupitia Republican People's Party (CHP), chama cha upinzani.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2017/gundem/safak-paveyin-milletvekilligi-dusuruldu-2063344/|title=Şafak Pavey'in milletvekilliği...' 1530238 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Şafak Pavey (cropped).jpg|thumb|Şafak Pavey]] '''Şafak Pavey''' ([[10 Julai]] [[1976]]) ni [[mwanadiplomasia]], mwandishi wa safu na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Turkey]]. Aliwahi kuwa mbunge katika Bunge Kuu la Uturuki akiwakilisha Mkoa wa [[Istanbul]] kupitia Republican People's Party (CHP), chama cha upinzani.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2017/gundem/safak-paveyin-milletvekilligi-dusuruldu-2063344/|title=Şafak Pavey'in milletvekilliği düşürüldü|date=25 October 2017|accessdate=18 January 2021}}</ref> Şafak Pavey anatambulika kwa kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza mwenye ulemavu kuchaguliwa katika bunge la Uturuki. Pia amehudumu kama mjumbe wa United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, akichangia katika masuala ya haki za watu wenye ulemavu kimataifa. Mnamo mwaka [[1996]], kabla ya kufikisha umri wa miaka 20, alipata ajali ya treni nchini [[Switzerland]] iliyosababisha kukatwa kwa mkono wake wa kushoto na mguu wake wa kushoto. Tukio hilo halikumzuia kuendelea na maisha yake ya kitaaluma na uongozi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/turkiye/824670/Safak_Pavey_milletvekilliginden_istifa_etti.html|title=Şafak Pavey milletvekilliğinden istifa etti|date=15 September 2017}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii: Siasa]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]] 0sghbcg4ajyfvlez28vjl0pdtbrfpph 1530260 1530238 2026-05-03T01:10:09Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530260 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Şafak Pavey (cropped).jpg|thumb|Şafak Pavey]] '''Şafak Pavey''' ([[10 Julai]] [[1976]]) ni [[mwanadiplomasia]], mwandishi wa safu na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Turkey]]. Aliwahi kuwa mbunge katika Bunge Kuu la Uturuki akiwakilisha Mkoa wa [[Istanbul]] kupitia Republican People's Party (CHP), chama cha upinzani.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2017/gundem/safak-paveyin-milletvekilligi-dusuruldu-2063344/|title=Şafak Pavey'in milletvekilliği düşürüldü|date=25 October 2017|accessdate=18 January 2021}}</ref> Şafak Pavey anatambulika kwa kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza mwenye ulemavu kuchaguliwa katika bunge la Uturuki. Pia amehudumu kama mjumbe wa United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, akichangia katika masuala ya haki za watu wenye ulemavu kimataifa. Mnamo mwaka [[1996]], kabla ya kufikisha umri wa miaka 20, alipata ajali ya treni nchini [[Switzerland]] iliyosababisha kukatwa kwa mkono wake wa kushoto na mguu wake wa kushoto. Tukio hilo halikumzuia kuendelea na maisha yake ya kitaaluma na uongozi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/turkiye/824670/Safak_Pavey_milletvekilliginden_istifa_etti.html|title=Şafak Pavey milletvekilliğinden istifa etti|date=15 September 2017}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii: Siasa]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]] 1tvimg6pmm3cuyskid94676ct2g5k3w 0 231363 1530240 2026-05-02T22:33:51Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Marika Mitsotakis''' (née '''Giannoukou'''; [[29 Novemba]] [[1930]] – [[6 Mei]] [[2012]]) alikuwa [[mke]] wa Waziri Mkuu wa zamani wa [[Greece]], Konstantinos Mitsotakis. Alijulikana kama sauti yenye ushawishi ndani ya siasa za Demokrasia Mpya (Greece), chama cha kisiasa kilichokuwa madarakani wakati wa uongozi wa mumewe, na pia katika siasa za taifa kwa ujumla.<ref name="greporter">{{cite news|first=Anastasios|last=Papapostolou|title=Former First L...' 1530240 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marika Mitsotakis''' (née '''Giannoukou'''; [[29 Novemba]] [[1930]] – [[6 Mei]] [[2012]]) alikuwa [[mke]] wa Waziri Mkuu wa zamani wa [[Greece]], Konstantinos Mitsotakis. Alijulikana kama sauti yenye ushawishi ndani ya siasa za Demokrasia Mpya (Greece), chama cha kisiasa kilichokuwa madarakani wakati wa uongozi wa mumewe, na pia katika siasa za taifa kwa ujumla.<ref name="greporter">{{cite news|first=Anastasios|last=Papapostolou|title=Former First Lady of Greece Marika Mitsotakis Dies at 82|url=http://greece.greekreporter.com/2012/05/06/former-first-lady-of-greece-marika-mitsotakis-dies-at-82/|work=[[Greek Reporter]]|date=2012-05-06|access-date=2012-05-26}}</ref> Marika Mitsotakis aliwahi kujulikana kwa jina la heshima “Bi. Marika” miongoni mwa wananchi wa Greece, jina lililoonyesha umaarufu na nafasi yake katika jamii ya kisiasa.<ref name="ap">{{cite news|first=Demetris|last=Nellas|title=Marika Mitsotakis, wife of former Greek PM, dies Dies at 82|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/10229738|agency=[[Associated Press]]|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2012-05-06|access-date=2012-05-26}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1930]] [[Jamii: Waliofariki 2012]] [[Jamii: Siasa]] [[Jamii: Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]] 1we8c0kyhhwsdgj2nqsp4lr5mlqcj99 0 231364 1530241 2026-05-02T22:38:11Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Paola Severino''' ([[22 Oktoba]] [[1948]]) ni [[wakili]], msomi na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Italy]]. Alikuwa Waziri wa Sheria katika serikali ya Mario Monti kuanzia Novemba [[2011]] hadi Aprili [[2013]], na anatajwa kama mwanamke wa kwanza kushika nafasi hiyo katika historia ya Italy. Mnamo tarehe [[3 Oktoba]] [[2016]], Paola Severino aliteuliwa kuwa rekta wa LUISS Guido Carli University, taasisi ya elimu ya juu nchini Italia.<ref name="tguar">{{cite news|...' 1530241 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Paola Severino''' ([[22 Oktoba]] [[1948]]) ni [[wakili]], msomi na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Italy]]. Alikuwa Waziri wa Sheria katika serikali ya Mario Monti kuanzia Novemba [[2011]] hadi Aprili [[2013]], na anatajwa kama mwanamke wa kwanza kushika nafasi hiyo katika historia ya Italy. Mnamo tarehe [[3 Oktoba]] [[2016]], Paola Severino aliteuliwa kuwa rekta wa LUISS Guido Carli University, taasisi ya elimu ya juu nchini Italia.<ref name="tguar">{{cite news|last=Hooper|first=John|title=Mario Monti's technocrats: profiles of the new Italian cabinet|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/nov/16/mario-monti-cabinet-members|accessdate=9 September 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=16 November 2011|location=Rome}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.luiss.edu/news/2016/10/03/paola-severino-nominated-luiss-rector-until-2018|title=Luiss Guido Carli &#124; Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali, Roma}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1948]] [[Jamii: Siasa]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]] 4umxje8086btjk38j3c9c2dkwtozu0u 1530247 1530241 2026-05-02T23:40:59Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530247 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Paola Severino''' ([[22 Oktoba]] [[1948]]) ni [[wakili]], msomi na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Italy]]. Alikuwa Waziri wa Sheria katika serikali ya Mario Monti kuanzia Novemba [[2011]] hadi Aprili [[2013]], na anatajwa kama mwanamke wa kwanza kushika nafasi hiyo katika historia ya Italy. Mnamo tarehe [[3 Oktoba]] [[2016]], Paola Severino aliteuliwa kuwa rekta wa LUISS Guido Carli University, taasisi ya elimu ya juu nchini Italia.<ref name="tguar">{{cite news|last=Hooper|first=John|title=Mario Monti's technocrats: profiles of the new Italian cabinet|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/nov/16/mario-monti-cabinet-members|accessdate=9 September 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=16 November 2011|location=Rome}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.luiss.edu/news/2016/10/03/paola-severino-nominated-luiss-rector-until-2018|title=Luiss Guido Carli &#124; Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali, Roma}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1948]] [[Jamii: Siasa]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]] 28xhfieglyanmh1vapaiaco0rpbo40g 0 231365 1530289 2026-05-03T04:19:12Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ramon D. Bagatsing Sr.''' ([[19 Agosti]] [[1916]] – [[14 Februari]] [[2006]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Philippines]] na aliyewahi kuwa Meya wa 19 wa jiji la [[Manila]] kuanzia [[1971]] hadi [[1986]]. Alijulikana kwa kuwa kiongozi wa kipekee mwenye asili ya [[Kihindi]] katika siasa za Philippines, na pia alikuwa mtu mwenye ulemavu wa kiungo aliyefanikiwa kushika wadhifa wa juu wa uongozi wa jiji.<ref name="TOI1">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/...' 1530289 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ramon D. Bagatsing Sr.''' ([[19 Agosti]] [[1916]] – [[14 Februari]] [[2006]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Philippines]] na aliyewahi kuwa Meya wa 19 wa jiji la [[Manila]] kuanzia [[1971]] hadi [[1986]]. Alijulikana kwa kuwa kiongozi wa kipekee mwenye asili ya [[Kihindi]] katika siasa za Philippines, na pia alikuwa mtu mwenye ulemavu wa kiungo aliyefanikiwa kushika wadhifa wa juu wa uongozi wa jiji.<ref name="TOI1">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/The-strange-case-of-the-Filipino-Bhagat-Singhs/articleshow/46641310.cms The strange case of Filipino Bhagat Singhs, The Times of India, Published March 21, 2015]</ref> Ramon D. Bagatsing Sr. anakumbukwa pia kwa ujasiri wake wa kipekee baada ya kunusurika katika tukio la kihistoria la bomu la Plaza Miranda bombing (1971), pamoja na uzoefu wake wa awali katika Bataan Death March wakati wa [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia|Vita ya Pili ya Dunia]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130624185613/http://www.mb.com.ph/node/62523 Farewell to former Manila Mayor Dr. Ramon D. Bagatsing: A civic leader, war veteran, lawyer, business executive, religious lay leader, and legislator]</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1916]] [[Jamii: Waliofariki 2006]] [[Jamii: Siasa]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]] 0whjoe436g5olvvios5v8e2g17x99gl 0 231366 1530290 2026-05-03T04:23:09Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Attanayake Mudiyanselage Kithsiri Senarath Bandara Attanayake''' ([[12 Agosti]] [[1966]] - [[29 Agosti]] [[2017]]) anayejulikana kama Senarath Attanayake alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] na [[wakili]] wa [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.backtoearth.lk/|title=Back to Earth|access-date=7 May 2010|archive-date=13 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413054235/http://backtoearth.lk/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www....' 1530290 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Attanayake Mudiyanselage Kithsiri Senarath Bandara Attanayake''' ([[12 Agosti]] [[1966]] - [[29 Agosti]] [[2017]]) anayejulikana kama Senarath Attanayake alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] na [[wakili]] wa [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.backtoearth.lk/|title=Back to Earth|access-date=7 May 2010|archive-date=13 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413054235/http://backtoearth.lk/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smallbusiness.lk|title=Small Business International|publisher=Smallbusiness.lk|access-date=7 May 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309132318/http://www.smallbusiness.lk/|archive-date=9 March 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1966]] [[Jamii: Waliofariki 2017]] [[Jamii: Siasa]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]] 1n1by6nsumu42dp09h4tqs38obncukd 0 231367 1530291 2026-05-03T04:28:26Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Tove Linnea Brandvik''' ([[15 Novemba]] [[1968]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Norway]] anayehusishwa na Chama cha Labour (Norway). Alizaliwa katika Manispaa ya Levanger, akiwa binti wa Birger Bach na Olaug Langdal. Alipata elimu yake ya sekondari ya chini katika Manispaa ya Leirfjord kuanzia mwaka [[1981]] hadi [[1984]], na baadaye akaendelea na elimu ya sekondari ya juu huko Sandnessjøen kati ya mwaka 1984 na [[1987]]. Baada ya hapo, Tove Linnea Bran...' 1530291 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tove Linnea Brandvik''' ([[15 Novemba]] [[1968]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Norway]] anayehusishwa na Chama cha Labour (Norway). Alizaliwa katika Manispaa ya Levanger, akiwa binti wa Birger Bach na Olaug Langdal. Alipata elimu yake ya sekondari ya chini katika Manispaa ya Leirfjord kuanzia mwaka [[1981]] hadi [[1984]], na baadaye akaendelea na elimu ya sekondari ya juu huko Sandnessjøen kati ya mwaka 1984 na [[1987]]. Baada ya hapo, Tove Linnea Brandvik alihudhuria Norwegian School of Management katika miji ya [[Bergen]] na [[Trondheim]], ambapo alisoma kati ya mwaka 1987 hadi [[1990]] na tena kuanzia [[1994]] hadi [[1997]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nrk.no/norge/stortingsrepresentant-i-rullestol-1.517176|title=Stortingsrepresentant i rullestol|publisher=[[NRK]]|date=18 October 2005|access-date=26 June 2023|language=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bt.no/nyheter/valg/Ruller-inn-paa-Tinget-931124.html|title=Ruller inn på Tinget|last=Mæland|first=Pål Andreas|date=16 September 2009|work=Bergens Tidende|language=Norwegian|accessdate=14 December 2009}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1968]] [[Jamii: Siasa]] [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]] 602vniqr56s2ogu1fj996z70pvvssmp 0 231368 1530292 2026-05-03T04:33:13Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Gabrielė Petkevičaitė''' ([[18 Machi]] [[1861]] - [[14 Juni]] [[1943]]) alikuwa [[mwalimu]], [[mwandishi]], na [[mwanaharakati]] kutoka [[Lithuania]]. Jina lake la uandishi Bitė (Bee) hatimaye likawa sehemu ya jina lake la mwisho. Akitiwa moyo na Povilas Višinskis, alijiunga na maisha ya umma na kuanza kazi yake ya uandishi mnamo [[1890]], na kuwa mwanachama maarufu wa Uamsho wa Kitaifa wa Lithuania.<ref name="asipa">{{cite journal |last=Asipaviči...' 1530292 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gabrielė Petkevičaitė''' ([[18 Machi]] [[1861]] - [[14 Juni]] [[1943]]) alikuwa [[mwalimu]], [[mwandishi]], na [[mwanaharakati]] kutoka [[Lithuania]]. Jina lake la uandishi Bitė (Bee) hatimaye likawa sehemu ya jina lake la mwisho. Akitiwa moyo na Povilas Višinskis, alijiunga na maisha ya umma na kuanza kazi yake ya uandishi mnamo [[1890]], na kuwa mwanachama maarufu wa Uamsho wa Kitaifa wa Lithuania.<ref name="asipa">{{cite journal |last=Asipavičienė |first=Stasė |date=2012-11-07 |title=Gabrielė Petkevičiatė-Bitė: gyvenimas Tėvynei ir žmogui |url=http://www.naujasisgelupis.lt/?p=1761 |journal=Naujasis Gėlupis |language=lt |issn=1392-7248 |access-date=13 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="baliu">{{cite book|url=http://www.paneveziomuziejus.lt/get.php?f.1240|title=Panevėžio Juozo Balčikonio gimnazija 1727–2002|last=Baliūnas|first=Vytautas|year=2002|isbn=9955-450-30-4|location=Panevėžys|pages=344–346|language=lt|chapter=Gabrielė-Marija-Jadvyga Petkevičaitė-Bitė}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1861]] [[Jamii: Waliofariki 1943]] [[Jamii: Siasa]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]] d9q6twuvryn1nuozvqyghfyf0ciazzn 0 231369 1530295 2026-05-03T04:37:53Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Michael David Alexander Lega''' ([[12 Oktoba]] [[1973]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Sweden]] kutoka chama cha Christian Democrats (Sweden), na pia ni mwogeleaji wa zamani wa Paralimpiki. Katika taaluma yake ya michezo, aliweka rekodi 14 za dunia, jambo lililomfanya ajulikane kimataifa kabla ya kuingia katika siasa.<ref>{{cite web|title=David Lega, Sweden|url=https://www.paralympic.org/david-lega|website=Official Website of the Paralympic Movement|acces...' 1530295 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michael David Alexander Lega''' ([[12 Oktoba]] [[1973]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Sweden]] kutoka chama cha Christian Democrats (Sweden), na pia ni mwogeleaji wa zamani wa Paralimpiki. Katika taaluma yake ya michezo, aliweka rekodi 14 za dunia, jambo lililomfanya ajulikane kimataifa kabla ya kuingia katika siasa.<ref>{{cite web|title=David Lega, Sweden|url=https://www.paralympic.org/david-lega|website=Official Website of the Paralympic Movement|access-date=3 May 2021}}</ref> Kuanzia mwaka [[2019]] hadi [[2024]], Michael David Alexander Lega alihudumu kama Mbunge wa Bunge la [[Ulaya]], ambapo alikuwa mjumbe wa kamati ya mambo ya nje na kamati ya [[haki za binadamu]].<ref>[https://data.val.se/val/ep2019/slutresultat/E/rike/personroster.html Final results from European Parliament elections in Sweden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921064223/https://data.val.se/val/ep2019/slutresultat/E/rike/personroster.html|date=2019-09-21}} Read 2019-05-31 (in Swedish)</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1973]] [[Jamii: Siasa]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]] 17qk9qt46i4v03ataiewuj62i4cp5xf 0 231370 1530296 2026-05-03T04:44:30Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Arcadio Maxílom y Molero''' ([[13 Novemba]] [[1862]] – [[10 Agosti]] [[1924]]) alikuwa [[mwalimu]], kiongozi wa mapinduzi na jenerali kutoka [[Philippines]]. Alijulikana kwa mchango wake muhimu katika Philippine Revolution dhidi ya utawala wa [[Spain]], pamoja na vita vilivyofuata vya Philippine–American War.<ref>"Arcadio Maxilom v. Gaudencio Tabotabo". Lawyerly. Retrieved March 10, 2026.</ref> Arcadio Maxílom y Molero alikuwa miongoni mwa makam...' 1530296 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Arcadio Maxílom y Molero''' ([[13 Novemba]] [[1862]] – [[10 Agosti]] [[1924]]) alikuwa [[mwalimu]], kiongozi wa mapinduzi na jenerali kutoka [[Philippines]]. Alijulikana kwa mchango wake muhimu katika Philippine Revolution dhidi ya utawala wa [[Spain]], pamoja na vita vilivyofuata vya Philippine–American War.<ref>"Arcadio Maxilom v. Gaudencio Tabotabo". Lawyerly. Retrieved March 10, 2026.</ref> Arcadio Maxílom y Molero alikuwa miongoni mwa makamanda wa mwisho wa Wafilipino katika eneo la Cebu kujisalimisha katika vikosi vya [[United States]]. Kwa muda, alihudumu kama gavana wa kijeshi wa Cebu wakati wa kipindi cha mpito kufuatia kujisalimisha kwa Spain.<ref>Oaminal, C.P. (2015). ''General Arcadio Molero Maxilom, the Patriot of Tuburan, Cebu''. The Freeman.</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1862]] [[Jamii: Waliofariki 1924]] [[Jamii: Siasa]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]] rvelc2fmyp9mtzhkurozpxrjw9ke2yd 0 231371 1530298 2026-05-03T04:50:52Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mirko Tomassoni''' ([[24 Aprili]] [[1969]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[San Marino]]. Aliwahi kuhudumu kama Kapteni Regent wa San Marino kwa mihula miwili ya miezi sita: kuanzia Oktoba [[2007]] hadi Aprili [[2008]], pamoja na Alberto Selva, na tena kuanzia Oktoba [[2018]] hadi Aprili [[2019]], akihudumu pamoja na Luca Santolini.<ref>[http://www.blurb.com/b/5164349-bolivia-2013/ Bolivia 2013] Retrieved on 8 Feb 2018</ref> Mbali na nafasi hiyo, Mirko Toma...' 1530298 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mirko Tomassoni''' ([[24 Aprili]] [[1969]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[San Marino]]. Aliwahi kuhudumu kama Kapteni Regent wa San Marino kwa mihula miwili ya miezi sita: kuanzia Oktoba [[2007]] hadi Aprili [[2008]], pamoja na Alberto Selva, na tena kuanzia Oktoba [[2018]] hadi Aprili [[2019]], akihudumu pamoja na Luca Santolini.<ref>[http://www.blurb.com/b/5164349-bolivia-2013/ Bolivia 2013] Retrieved on 8 Feb 2018</ref> Mbali na nafasi hiyo, Mirko Tomassoni ni mbunge wa Grand and Baraza Kuu la San Marino, amewahi kuwa Mjumbe wa Bodi ya Ushauri ya Inter-Parliamentary Union (ICD), na pia amehudumu kama Waziri wa Utamaduni wa San Marino.<ref name="diplomacy">[http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/index.php?Mirko-Tomassoni-1/ The Hon. Mirko Tomassoni] Retrieved on 8 Feb 2018</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1969]] [[Jamii: Siasa]] [[Jamii: Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]] eobnl4xmqmrve57stphzqe7snhxryry 0 231372 1530300 2026-05-03T04:56:02Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Karim Hanna Khalaf''' ([[Kiarabu]]: كريم حنا خلف,[[1937]] - [[Machi 30]], [[1985]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=April 1, 1985|title=Mr Karim Khalef|url=https://login.thetimes.com/?gotoUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.com%2Farchive%2Farticle%2F1985-04-01%2F14%2F17.html|access-date=2020-06-18|website=The Times Archive}}</ref>) alikuwa [[wakili]] na [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Palestina]] ambaye alihudumu kama meya wa [[Ramallah]] kuanzia...' 1530300 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karim Hanna Khalaf''' ([[Kiarabu]]: كريم حنا خلف,[[1937]] - [[Machi 30]], [[1985]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=April 1, 1985|title=Mr Karim Khalef|url=https://login.thetimes.com/?gotoUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.com%2Farchive%2Farticle%2F1985-04-01%2F14%2F17.html|access-date=2020-06-18|website=The Times Archive}}</ref>) alikuwa [[wakili]] na [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Palestina]] ambaye alihudumu kama meya wa [[Ramallah]] kuanzia [[1972]] hadi [[1982]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7NyDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA73|title=The Wall and the Gate: Israel, Palestine, and the Legal Battle for Human Rights|author=Michael Sfard|publisher=[[Henry Holt and Company]]|year=2018|isbn=978-1-250-12271-1|location=New York|page=73|translator=Maya Johston|author-link=Michael Sfard}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1937]] [[Jamii: Waliofariki 1985]] [[Jamii: Siasa]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]] mspv07imdqdgz7jwxemgfnnhso4eeke 1530325 1530300 2026-05-03T08:25:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1530325 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karim Hanna Khalaf''' ([[Kiarabu]]: كريم حنا خلف,[[1937]] - [[Machi 30]], [[1985]]<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|last=|first=|date=April 1, 1985|title=Mr Karim Khalef|url=https://login.thetimes.com/?gotoUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.com%2Farchive%2Farticle%2F1985-04-01%2F14%2F17.html|access-date=2020-06-18|website=The Times Archive}}</ref>) alikuwa [[wakili]] na [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Palestina]] ambaye alihudumu kama meya wa [[Ramallah]] kuanzia [[1972]] hadi [[1982]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7NyDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA73|title=The Wall and the Gate: Israel, Palestine, and the Legal Battle for Human Rights|author=Michael Sfard|publisher=[[Henry Holt and Company]]|year=2018|isbn=978-1-250-12271-1|location=New York|page=73|translator=Maya Johston|author-link=Michael Sfard}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1937]] [[Jamii: Waliofariki 1985]] [[Jamii: Siasa]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]] dqcbebxujtck5jhdldo4v0jok8off3o 0 231373 1530302 2026-05-03T05:00:51Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Esteban José Bullrich''' ([[26 Mei]] [[1969]], [[Buenos Aires]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Argentina]]. Akiwa mwanachama wa Republican Proposal (PRO), aliwahi kuhudumu kama [[Seneta]] wa Kitaifa wa Mkoa wa Buenos Aires Province kuanzia mwaka [[2017]] hadi [[2021]]. Pia alikuwa Waziri wa Elimu wa taifa kuanzia [[2015]] hadi [[2017]] wakati wa urais wa Mauricio Macri.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://caras.perfil.com/noticias/celebridades/elecciones2023-vincu...' 1530302 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Esteban José Bullrich''' ([[26 Mei]] [[1969]], [[Buenos Aires]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Argentina]]. Akiwa mwanachama wa Republican Proposal (PRO), aliwahi kuhudumu kama [[Seneta]] wa Kitaifa wa Mkoa wa Buenos Aires Province kuanzia mwaka [[2017]] hadi [[2021]]. Pia alikuwa Waziri wa Elimu wa taifa kuanzia [[2015]] hadi [[2017]] wakati wa urais wa Mauricio Macri.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://caras.perfil.com/noticias/celebridades/elecciones2023-vinculo-patricia-bullrich-con-esteban-bullrich.phtml|title=Familia política y aristocrática, el lazo que une a Patricia Bullrich y Esteban Bullrich|date=30 August 2023}}</ref> Kabla ya hapo, Esteban José Bullrich aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa Elimu wa Jiji la Buenos Aires, pamoja na kuhudumu kama Naibu wa Kitaifa kati ya mwaka [[2005]] na [[2010]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2021/12/09/emotivo-discurso-de-despedida-de-esteban-bullrich-en-el-senado-renuncio-con-profunda-tristeza/|work=[[Infobae]]|title=Emotivo discurso de despedida de Esteban Bullrich en el Senado: "Renuncio con profunda tristeza"|date=9 December 2021|access-date=9 December 2021|language=es}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1969]] [[Jamii: Siasa]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]] ox2zm93lm45hviqb266jl975r774v99 3 231374 1530362 2026-05-03T09:48:16Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1530362 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 3 Mei 2026 (UTC) 0ejsfvljnvs3zmsvc9vdzvpt87zjbzy 3 231375 1530363 2026-05-03T09:48:26Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1530363 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 3 Mei 2026 (UTC) 0ejsfvljnvs3zmsvc9vdzvpt87zjbzy 3 231376 1530364 2026-05-03T09:48:36Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1530364 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 3 Mei 2026 (UTC) 0ejsfvljnvs3zmsvc9vdzvpt87zjbzy 3 231377 1530365 2026-05-03T09:48:46Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1530365 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 3 Mei 2026 (UTC) 0ejsfvljnvs3zmsvc9vdzvpt87zjbzy 3 231378 1530366 2026-05-03T09:48:56Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1530366 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 3 Mei 2026 (UTC) 0ejsfvljnvs3zmsvc9vdzvpt87zjbzy 3 231379 1530367 2026-05-03T09:49:06Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1530367 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 3 Mei 2026 (UTC) 9cxmqkobb7vap6gch43njpxxukb64i1 3 231380 1530368 2026-05-03T09:49:16Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1530368 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 3 Mei 2026 (UTC) 9cxmqkobb7vap6gch43njpxxukb64i1 3 231381 1530369 2026-05-03T09:49:26Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1530369 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 3 Mei 2026 (UTC) 9cxmqkobb7vap6gch43njpxxukb64i1 3 231382 1530370 2026-05-03T09:49:36Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1530370 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 3 Mei 2026 (UTC) 9cxmqkobb7vap6gch43njpxxukb64i1 3 231383 1530371 2026-05-03T09:49:46Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1530371 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 3 Mei 2026 (UTC) 9cxmqkobb7vap6gch43njpxxukb64i1 3 231384 1530372 2026-05-03T09:49:56Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1530372 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 3 Mei 2026 (UTC) 9cxmqkobb7vap6gch43njpxxukb64i1 0 231385 1530379 2026-05-03T10:31:15Z Mtanzania2021 89053 Wabarabaig inaanzishwa 1530379 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wabarabaig''' ni kabila la wahamaji la watu wa Datooga walioko katika nyanda za juu za volkeno za kaskazini karibu na Mlima Hanang katika Mkoa wa Manyara, Tanzania, wakizungumza lahaja ya jina moja ya lugha ya Datooga .<ref>ethnologue.com</ref>Idadi yao ni takriban watu 50,000. == Historia == Wabarabaig ni moja ya [[Waniloti|watu wa Niloti]] {{Sfn|Lane|1994}} waliohamia kusini hadi Afrika Mashariki kutoka Bonde la Nile huko Afrika Kaskazini zaidi ya miaka elfu moja iliyopita. Wanaunda kundi kubwa zaidi miongoni mwa watu wanaozungumza Tatoga. Wataalamu wa lugha wanatuambia waliingia katika eneo ambalo sasa ni Kenya mwishoni mwa milenia ya kwanza BK ambapo walikusanyika kuzunguka [[Elgon (mlima)|Mlima Elgon]] hadi karibu miaka 250 iliyopita. <ref>Ehret, C. 1974 Ethiopians and East Africans: The Problem of Contacts, East African Publishing House, Nairobi</ref> Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1800, wachunguzi wa Ujerumani waliwapata kwenye [[Serengeti|tambarare za Serengeti]] za [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani|Afrika Mashariki ya Ujerumani]] ambayo sasa ni Tanzania. <ref>Jaeger, F. 1913 Das Hochland der Reisenkrater und die umliegenden hochlander Deutsch-Ostafrikas. Tiel I; Aufgaben und Verlauf – Die Karte – Ergenbisse der Sammlungen – Ethnographisches. In Mitt. Dt. Schutzgebiette, Erg.H. No.8, 213, Seiten, Berlin.</ref> Ushahidi wa akiolojia unaonyesha kwamba walikuwa bado katika [[Hifadhi ya Ngorongoro|Nyanda za Juu za Ngorongoro]] hadi karibu miaka 150 iliyopita, kabla ya kufukuzwa na [[Wamasai]], ambao wanaishi huko hadi leo, bado wakiita eneo hilo ''Osupuko loo Ltatua'' (Milima ya Tatoga). {{Sfn|Mol|1996}} Kisha Watatoga walielekea kusini kando ya tawi la mashariki la [[Bonde Kuu la Ufa]] la Afrika Mashariki na hatimaye wakagawanyika katika vikundi wanavyoviita emojiga. Wale waliokaa katika tambarare zinazozunguka Mlima Hanang walijulikana kama Barabaig – Wapigaji wa Vijiti (bar = kupiga, baig = vijiti) kwa sababu ya umuhimu wanaouweka kwenye vijiti kama silaha na ala ya ngoma kwenye densi. <ref>Lane, C. 2017 op cit</ref> Wakiwa na idadi kati ya watu 35,000 na 50,000 (ingawa haiwezekani kuhakikisha idadi ya watu kwani sensa ya Tanzania hairekodi ukabila) wanaishi hadi leo kwenye Tambarare za Hanang katika Wilaya ya Hanang Mkoa wa Manyara kaskazini mwa kati mwa Tanzania. Wabarabaig wengi walifukuzwa kwa nguvu kutoka kwenye [[Basotu Plains|Nyanda za Basotu]] katika miaka ya 1990 ili kutoa nafasi kwa mradi mkubwa wa kilimo cha ngano wa serikali za Kanada na Tanzania. <ref>[http://www.monbiot.com/archives/1994/11/23/the-scattering-of-the-dead/ George Monbiot, monbiot.com]</ref> == Jamii == Wabarabaig hawana kiongozi mkuu au chifu ( [[Acephalous society|jamii isiyo na uhusiano wa kimapenzi]] ). Wamepangwa katika koo zinazoundwa na wazao ambao wanaweza kufuatilia ukoo wao hadi kwa babu mmoja. Kila ukoo au dosht ina kichwa cha ukoo kinachokusanya mambo ya ukoo kupitia baraza la ukoo. Kuna koo sita za kiroho (daremng'ajega) na zaidi ya koo 30 za kidunia (homatk). Wajumbe wa ukoo wote isipokuwa wa fundi chuma (Gidang'odiga) lazima waoe nje ya ukoo ( [[exogamy]] ). Wafundi chuma lazima waoe ndani ya uanachama wao (endogamy), labda kutokana na ukosefu wa usafi wa kiibada unaoonekana. <ref>(Lane, C. 2017 op. cit.)</ref> [[Social order|Utaratibu wa kijamii]] unadumishwa kupitia mfululizo wa mabaraza au mijadala ya kisheria ambayo ina mamlaka tofauti; Gitabaraku au mkutano wa hadhara wa Wabarabaig wote wanaoshughulikia masuala ya jamii nzima, Girgwageda Dosht kuhusu masuala ya ukoo, Girgwageda Gisjeuda kwa masuala ya ujirani, na Girgwageda Gademg kwa wanawake kuhukumu makosa ya wanaume dhidi ya wanawake. Makosa makubwa hushughulikiwa kwa kamera na vikwazo vinatolewa na Makchamed inayoundwa na wazee waliochaguliwa <ref>(Klima, G. 1970 The Barabaig: East African Cattle Herders, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York).</ref> Wabarabaig wanaishi kwa [[Foraging|uwindaji]], [[kilimo]], na [[ufugaji]] . Kuna desturi ambayo huwinda halots zao (au maadui) kwa mikuki pekee, ambayo ni: [[African elephant|tembo]], [[simba]], na wanyama wengine. Yeyote anayefanya hivyo atachukuliwa kuwa " ghadyirochand " (shujaa), na atapewa zawadi za ng'ombe, wanawake, na heshima katika kabila lake. <ref>From "National Geographic July 2004, 'Toe-to-Toe with Tanzania's Elephants'"</ref> Dini - kama ilivyo kwa Datooga zote - ni imani na desturi za kitamaduni [[Animist|za waabudu miungu]] . Wainjilisti wa Marekani wenye msimamo mkali wameorodhesha Wabarabaig na Datooga kama " [[Unreached peoples|watu ambao hawajafikiwa]] ". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Datooga, Barabaig in Tanzania|work=[[Joshua Project]]|date=2010-01-13|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/15286/TZ|accessdate=2019-07-12}}</ref> == Ng'ombe == [[Ng'ombe]] ni muhimu kwa maisha ya Wabarabaig. Wanatoa maziwa, nyama, na wakati mwingine damu kwa ajili ya riziki, ngozi kwa ajili ya nguo, pembe kama vyombo vya kunywea, [[Cow pat|kinyesi]] cha ujenzi na [[mkojo]] kama kisafishaji. Ng'ombe pia hufanyiwa biashara kwa kuuza au kubadilishana ili kupata kila kitu kingine ambacho Wabarabaig wanahitaji. Kijadi, Wabarabaig hawakulima mazao, lakini sasa wanalima mashamba ya [[Muhindi|mahindi]], [[mtama]] na maharagwe. Pia hupanda mboga katika bustani karibu na mashamba yao. Chochote kinachozalishwa huliwa zaidi na kaya inayokikuza. Wabarabaig pia huchunga kondoo na [[Mbuzi-kaya|mbuzi]], hutumia [[Donkey|punda]] kama wanyama wa kubeba mizigo, na hufuga kuku, ingawa hawali mayai. Mbuzi hufanyiwa biashara na kuchinjwa ili kula, na kondoo wana jukumu muhimu kama [[Animal sacrifice|dhabihu]] katika mila. Lakini ni ng'ombe wanaotawala maisha yao na kushawishi utamaduni wao. Ng'ombe ni sarafu ya maisha na hufunga jamii kupitia urithi, zawadi na mikopo, malipo, faini na dhabihu. Mtu asiye na ng'ombe hawezi kufurahia cheo wala heshima ya kijamii <ref>(Lane, C. 2017 op.cit.).</ref> Kwa sababu ya jukumu kuu linalochezwa na ng'ombe, inaaminika sana kwamba Barabaig huwapa umuhimu mkubwa wa kijamii kuliko thamani ya kiuchumi. Hii inadhaniwa kuelezea kwa nini mara nyingi hukataa kuwauza - jambo ambalo limezuia majaribio ya mara kwa mara ya kuwashirikisha katika biashara ya nyama ya kibiashara. Inaaminika na wengi kwamba wanahifadhi ng'ombe, lakini hii ni dhana potofu. Wanaweka ng'ombe kwa ajili ya maziwa si nyama, na kila juhudi hufanywa ili kujenga kundi la ng'ombe ili kuongeza uzalishaji wa maziwa. Wanauza kwa hiari mifugo dume ili kupata wanachohitaji, lakini kuuza mifugo jike kungepunguza kundi lao la kuzaliana na kupunguza njia zao za kuishi, na kuna ushahidi kwamba kwa pamoja wana ng'ombe wachache kuliko inavyoaminika <ref>(Lane, C 1996 Pastures Lost: Barabaig Economy, Resource Tenure, and the Alienation of their Land in Tanzania, Initiatives, Nairobi)</ref> == Mazishi == Wabarabaig wanatofautishwa na wafugaji wengine wa Afrika Mashariki kwa kuwazika wazee waheshimiwa katika ibada wanayoiita bung'ed. Hili ni jina la kilima cha mazishi na sherehe ya miezi tisa inayoambatana nacho. Kabla ya bung'ed kupewa mzee (wakati mwingine, lakini mara chache mwanamke), ukoo wake hukutana kujadili kama anahitimu kwa kuishi maisha ya maadili, alikuwa na wake na watoto wengi, alikuwa na ng'ombe wengi, na alitawala mamlaka kupitia hotuba, alionyesha matendo ya ujasiri na kuonyesha busara. Akichukuliwa hivyo, anazikwa uchi, ameketi, akielekea mashariki na kilima kikiwa kimejengwa juu ya maiti. Baada ya hapo, eneo la mazishi huwa takatifu, hubeba jina la marehemu na huhifadhiwa na ukoo milele <ref>(Lane, C. 2017 op. cit.).</ref> == Uhamiaji == Wabarabaig ni [[wahamaji]] kwa kuwa hufuata mzunguko wa malisho kuzunguka Nyanda za Hanang na zaidi. Wakati wa kiangazi, huishi hasa kwenye Nyanda za Barabaig kusini mwa [[Mlima Hanang]] . Wakati wa mvua, walihamisha mifugo yao kuelekea kaskazini hadi Nyanda za Basotu wakati kulikuwa na maji ya kutosha juu ya ardhi ili waweze kutumia malisho yenye rutuba yanayopatikana huko wanayaita muhajega. Katika nyakati ngumu sana, huhamia zaidi ya eneo lao la makazi hadi mabonde makubwa ya mito kusini mwa nchi. Leo, uhamiaji kwenye Nyanda za Basotu unazuiliwa na kutenganishwa kwa sehemu kubwa ya ardhi yao ya muhajega na serikali kwa ajili ya mpango wa ngano unaofadhiliwa na Kanada <ref>(Lane, C. 1996 op. cit.).</ref> == Kupoteza Ardhi == Ili kukidhi mahitaji ya ndani ya ngano yaliyoongezeka katika miaka ya 1960, Rais wa Tanzania, [[Julius Nyerere]], binafsi alimwomba Waziri Mkuu wa Kanada, [[Pierre Trudeau]], kuisaidia Tanzania kuongeza uzalishaji wa ngano wa ndani. Hii ilisababisha makubaliano ya misaada ya pande mbili kwa ajili ya Programu ya Ngano ya Tanzania na Kanada ambayo ilikuwa katika Nyanda za Basotu ambapo walipata mazingira bora ya kilimo cha ngano. Ili kurahisisha mpango huo, kati ya 1978 na 1981 {{Sfn|Gardner|2016}} Serikali ya Tanzania ilitenganisha kwa ufupi 40&nbsp;hekta za ardhi bora ya malisho kwa mashamba saba, na kwa kufanya hivyo ilivuruga mzunguko wa malisho na kuwafukuza wengi kutoka kwenye ardhi zao. Eneo hili lilichukuliwa kama ardhi ya jumuiya na kama mali ya pamoja kwingineko, lilileta ugumu kwa Wabarabaig kuilinda <ref>(Lane, C. ed. 1998 Custodians of the Commons: Pastoral Land Tenure in East and West Africa, Earthscan, London).</ref> Ingawa baadhi ya wafugaji walichukua ardhi hii, wengine waliipata tu wakati fulani wa mwaka, lakini kwa kuwa hawakuwapo wakati wote ilidhaniwa kuwa si ya mtu yeyote na ilichukuliwa kama 'tupu' na kuhalalisha kuichukua <ref>(Lane, C. 1991 Wheat at What Cost in Conflicts of Interest: Canada and the third World, Between The Lines, Toronto).</ref> Ingawa hakuna mtu anayeweza [[Land owner|kumiliki ardhi]] nchini Tanzania, wanaweza kuwa na haki za kimila za matumizi juu yake. Kwa kuwa Wabarabaig walikuwa wamechukua eneo hili kwa angalau miaka 150, walikuwa na madai ya kimila. Kwa kuwanyang'anya, Wabarabaig waliamini kwamba Serikali ilikuwa ikikiuka haki zao za kimila. Kwa hivyo walipinga wakala wa serikali, [[National Agriculture and Food Corporation|Shirika la Kilimo na Chakula la Kitaifa]] (NAFCO) lililosimamia mashamba hayo, na kufungua kesi katika Mahakama Kuu. Baada ya hukumu ya awali iliyopendelea haki zao za kimila katika kesi ya Yoke Gwako & 5 Others dhidi ya NAFCO & Gawal Farm (Kesi ya Kiraia Nambari 52 ya 1988), uamuzi huo ulibatilishwa kwa rufaa kupitia ufundi wa kisheria (Tengo, R. & Kakoti, G. 1993 Kesi ya Ardhi ya Wabarabaig: Mekaniki za [[Land-grabbing|unyakuzi wa ardhi]] uliopangwa na serikali nchini Tanzania katika kesi ya Veber, H, Dahl, J., Wilson, F., & Wæhle, E., "Usinywe Kutoka Kikombe Kimoja", IWGIA / CDR, Copenhagen). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">nukuu inahitajika</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Kupotea huku kwa ardhi hii kumekuwa na athari mbaya kwa Wabarabaig na uzalishaji wao wa ufugaji. Mbali na kupotea kwa ardhi, Wabarabaig wamelazimika kuvumilia uharibifu wa maeneo matakatifu, ukiukwaji wa haki zao za binadamu kwa kupigwa, kubakwa na faini za jumla na hatia kwa [[Trespass|kuingia]] katika mashamba hayo na kusababisha kufungwa. Leo, Kanada imejiondoa katika mradi huo na mashamba mawili (20,000).&nbsp;ekari) zimerejeshwa kwa jamii za Wabarabaig, ingawa ardhi hii pia iko katika hatari ya kutengwa tena <ref>(Lane, C. 2017 op.cit.).</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya makabila ya Tanzania|Orodha ya makabila nchini Tanzania]] * [[Mkoa wa Manyara]] == Vidokezo == {{Tanbihi}}{{Makabila ya Tanzania}} == Marejeo == rcpuk3nrxyep06me89bnu2d6xz3j440 1530381 1530379 2026-05-03T10:35:17Z Mtanzania2021 89053 1530381 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wabarabaig''' ni kabila la wahamaji la watu wa Datooga walioko katika nyanda za juu za volkeno za kaskazini karibu na Mlima Hanang katika Mkoa wa Manyara, Tanzania, wakizungumza lahaja ya jina moja ya lugha ya Datooga .<ref>ethnologue.com</ref>Idadi yao ni takriban watu 50,000. == Historia == [[File:Barabaig Woman.JPG|thumb|Mwanamke wa kabila la Wabarabaig]] Wabarabaig ni moja ya [[Waniloti|watu wa Niloti]] {{Sfn|Lane|1994}} waliohamia kusini hadi Afrika Mashariki kutoka Bonde la Nile huko Afrika Kaskazini zaidi ya miaka elfu moja iliyopita. Wanaunda kundi kubwa zaidi miongoni mwa watu wanaozungumza Tatoga. Wataalamu wa lugha wanatuambia waliingia katika eneo ambalo sasa ni Kenya mwishoni mwa milenia ya kwanza BK ambapo walikusanyika kuzunguka [[Elgon (mlima)|Mlima Elgon]] hadi karibu miaka 250 iliyopita. <ref>Ehret, C. 1974 Ethiopians and East Africans: The Problem of Contacts, East African Publishing House, Nairobi</ref> Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1800, wachunguzi wa Ujerumani waliwapata kwenye [[Serengeti|tambarare za Serengeti]] za [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani|Afrika Mashariki ya Ujerumani]] ambayo sasa ni Tanzania. <ref>Jaeger, F. 1913 Das Hochland der Reisenkrater und die umliegenden hochlander Deutsch-Ostafrikas. Tiel I; Aufgaben und Verlauf – Die Karte – Ergenbisse der Sammlungen – Ethnographisches. In Mitt. Dt. Schutzgebiette, Erg.H. No.8, 213, Seiten, Berlin.</ref> Ushahidi wa akiolojia unaonyesha kwamba walikuwa bado katika [[Hifadhi ya Ngorongoro|Nyanda za Juu za Ngorongoro]] hadi karibu miaka 150 iliyopita, kabla ya kufukuzwa na [[Wamasai]], ambao wanaishi huko hadi leo, bado wakiita eneo hilo ''Osupuko loo Ltatua'' (Milima ya Tatoga). {{Sfn|Mol|1996}} Kisha Watatoga walielekea kusini kando ya tawi la mashariki la [[Bonde Kuu la Ufa]] la Afrika Mashariki na hatimaye wakagawanyika katika vikundi wanavyoviita emojiga. Wale waliokaa katika tambarare zinazozunguka Mlima Hanang walijulikana kama Barabaig – Wapigaji wa Vijiti (bar = kupiga, baig = vijiti) kwa sababu ya umuhimu wanaouweka kwenye vijiti kama silaha na ala ya ngoma kwenye densi. <ref>Lane, C. 2017 op cit</ref> Wakiwa na idadi kati ya watu 35,000 na 50,000 (ingawa haiwezekani kuhakikisha idadi ya watu kwani sensa ya Tanzania hairekodi ukabila) wanaishi hadi leo kwenye Tambarare za Hanang katika Wilaya ya Hanang Mkoa wa Manyara kaskazini mwa kati mwa Tanzania. Wabarabaig wengi walifukuzwa kwa nguvu kutoka kwenye [[Basotu Plains|Nyanda za Basotu]] katika miaka ya 1990 ili kutoa nafasi kwa mradi mkubwa wa kilimo cha ngano wa serikali za Kanada na Tanzania. <ref>[http://www.monbiot.com/archives/1994/11/23/the-scattering-of-the-dead/ George Monbiot, monbiot.com]</ref> == Jamii == Wabarabaig hawana kiongozi mkuu au chifu ( [[Acephalous society|jamii isiyo na uhusiano wa kimapenzi]] ). Wamepangwa katika koo zinazoundwa na wazao ambao wanaweza kufuatilia ukoo wao hadi kwa babu mmoja. Kila ukoo au dosht ina kichwa cha ukoo kinachokusanya mambo ya ukoo kupitia baraza la ukoo. Kuna koo sita za kiroho (daremng'ajega) na zaidi ya koo 30 za kidunia (homatk). Wajumbe wa ukoo wote isipokuwa wa fundi chuma (Gidang'odiga) lazima waoe nje ya ukoo ( [[exogamy]] ). Wafundi chuma lazima waoe ndani ya uanachama wao (endogamy), labda kutokana na ukosefu wa usafi wa kiibada unaoonekana. <ref>(Lane, C. 2017 op. cit.)</ref> [[Social order|Utaratibu wa kijamii]] unadumishwa kupitia mfululizo wa mabaraza au mijadala ya kisheria ambayo ina mamlaka tofauti; Gitabaraku au mkutano wa hadhara wa Wabarabaig wote wanaoshughulikia masuala ya jamii nzima, Girgwageda Dosht kuhusu masuala ya ukoo, Girgwageda Gisjeuda kwa masuala ya ujirani, na Girgwageda Gademg kwa wanawake kuhukumu makosa ya wanaume dhidi ya wanawake. Makosa makubwa hushughulikiwa kwa kamera na vikwazo vinatolewa na Makchamed inayoundwa na wazee waliochaguliwa <ref>(Klima, G. 1970 The Barabaig: East African Cattle Herders, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York).</ref> Wabarabaig wanaishi kwa [[Foraging|uwindaji]], [[kilimo]], na [[ufugaji]] . Kuna desturi ambayo huwinda halots zao (au maadui) kwa mikuki pekee, ambayo ni: [[African elephant|tembo]], [[simba]], na wanyama wengine. Yeyote anayefanya hivyo atachukuliwa kuwa " ghadyirochand " (shujaa), na atapewa zawadi za ng'ombe, wanawake, na heshima katika kabila lake. <ref>From "National Geographic July 2004, 'Toe-to-Toe with Tanzania's Elephants'"</ref> Dini - kama ilivyo kwa Datooga zote - ni imani na desturi za kitamaduni [[Animist|za waabudu miungu]] . Wainjilisti wa Marekani wenye msimamo mkali wameorodhesha Wabarabaig na Datooga kama " [[Unreached peoples|watu ambao hawajafikiwa]] ". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Datooga, Barabaig in Tanzania|work=[[Joshua Project]]|date=2010-01-13|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/15286/TZ|accessdate=2019-07-12}}</ref> == Ng'ombe == [[Ng'ombe]] ni muhimu kwa maisha ya Wabarabaig. Wanatoa maziwa, nyama, na wakati mwingine damu kwa ajili ya riziki, ngozi kwa ajili ya nguo, pembe kama vyombo vya kunywea, [[Cow pat|kinyesi]] cha ujenzi na [[mkojo]] kama kisafishaji. Ng'ombe pia hufanyiwa biashara kwa kuuza au kubadilishana ili kupata kila kitu kingine ambacho Wabarabaig wanahitaji. Kijadi, Wabarabaig hawakulima mazao, lakini sasa wanalima mashamba ya [[Muhindi|mahindi]], [[mtama]] na maharagwe. Pia hupanda mboga katika bustani karibu na mashamba yao. Chochote kinachozalishwa huliwa zaidi na kaya inayokikuza. Wabarabaig pia huchunga kondoo na [[Mbuzi-kaya|mbuzi]], hutumia [[Donkey|punda]] kama wanyama wa kubeba mizigo, na hufuga kuku, ingawa hawali mayai. Mbuzi hufanyiwa biashara na kuchinjwa ili kula, na kondoo wana jukumu muhimu kama [[Animal sacrifice|dhabihu]] katika mila. Lakini ni ng'ombe wanaotawala maisha yao na kushawishi utamaduni wao. Ng'ombe ni sarafu ya maisha na hufunga jamii kupitia urithi, zawadi na mikopo, malipo, faini na dhabihu. Mtu asiye na ng'ombe hawezi kufurahia cheo wala heshima ya kijamii <ref>(Lane, C. 2017 op.cit.).</ref> Kwa sababu ya jukumu kuu linalochezwa na ng'ombe, inaaminika sana kwamba Barabaig huwapa umuhimu mkubwa wa kijamii kuliko thamani ya kiuchumi. Hii inadhaniwa kuelezea kwa nini mara nyingi hukataa kuwauza - jambo ambalo limezuia majaribio ya mara kwa mara ya kuwashirikisha katika biashara ya nyama ya kibiashara. Inaaminika na wengi kwamba wanahifadhi ng'ombe, lakini hii ni dhana potofu. Wanaweka ng'ombe kwa ajili ya maziwa si nyama, na kila juhudi hufanywa ili kujenga kundi la ng'ombe ili kuongeza uzalishaji wa maziwa. Wanauza kwa hiari mifugo dume ili kupata wanachohitaji, lakini kuuza mifugo jike kungepunguza kundi lao la kuzaliana na kupunguza njia zao za kuishi, na kuna ushahidi kwamba kwa pamoja wana ng'ombe wachache kuliko inavyoaminika <ref>(Lane, C 1996 Pastures Lost: Barabaig Economy, Resource Tenure, and the Alienation of their Land in Tanzania, Initiatives, Nairobi)</ref> == Mazishi == Wabarabaig wanatofautishwa na wafugaji wengine wa Afrika Mashariki kwa kuwazika wazee waheshimiwa katika ibada wanayoiita bung'ed. Hili ni jina la kilima cha mazishi na sherehe ya miezi tisa inayoambatana nacho. Kabla ya bung'ed kupewa mzee (wakati mwingine, lakini mara chache mwanamke), ukoo wake hukutana kujadili kama anahitimu kwa kuishi maisha ya maadili, alikuwa na wake na watoto wengi, alikuwa na ng'ombe wengi, na alitawala mamlaka kupitia hotuba, alionyesha matendo ya ujasiri na kuonyesha busara. Akichukuliwa hivyo, anazikwa uchi, ameketi, akielekea mashariki na kilima kikiwa kimejengwa juu ya maiti. Baada ya hapo, eneo la mazishi huwa takatifu, hubeba jina la marehemu na huhifadhiwa na ukoo milele <ref>(Lane, C. 2017 op. cit.).</ref> == Uhamiaji == Wabarabaig ni [[wahamaji]] kwa kuwa hufuata mzunguko wa malisho kuzunguka Nyanda za Hanang na zaidi. Wakati wa kiangazi, huishi hasa kwenye Nyanda za Barabaig kusini mwa [[Mlima Hanang]] . Wakati wa mvua, walihamisha mifugo yao kuelekea kaskazini hadi Nyanda za Basotu wakati kulikuwa na maji ya kutosha juu ya ardhi ili waweze kutumia malisho yenye rutuba yanayopatikana huko wanayaita muhajega. Katika nyakati ngumu sana, huhamia zaidi ya eneo lao la makazi hadi mabonde makubwa ya mito kusini mwa nchi. Leo, uhamiaji kwenye Nyanda za Basotu unazuiliwa na kutenganishwa kwa sehemu kubwa ya ardhi yao ya muhajega na serikali kwa ajili ya mpango wa ngano unaofadhiliwa na Kanada <ref>(Lane, C. 1996 op. cit.).</ref> == Kupoteza Ardhi == Ili kukidhi mahitaji ya ndani ya ngano yaliyoongezeka katika miaka ya 1960, Rais wa Tanzania, [[Julius Nyerere]], binafsi alimwomba Waziri Mkuu wa Kanada, [[Pierre Trudeau]], kuisaidia Tanzania kuongeza uzalishaji wa ngano wa ndani. Hii ilisababisha makubaliano ya misaada ya pande mbili kwa ajili ya Programu ya Ngano ya Tanzania na Kanada ambayo ilikuwa katika Nyanda za Basotu ambapo walipata mazingira bora ya kilimo cha ngano. Ili kurahisisha mpango huo, kati ya 1978 na 1981 {{Sfn|Gardner|2016}} Serikali ya Tanzania ilitenganisha kwa ufupi 40&nbsp;hekta za ardhi bora ya malisho kwa mashamba saba, na kwa kufanya hivyo ilivuruga mzunguko wa malisho na kuwafukuza wengi kutoka kwenye ardhi zao. Eneo hili lilichukuliwa kama ardhi ya jumuiya na kama mali ya pamoja kwingineko, lilileta ugumu kwa Wabarabaig kuilinda <ref>(Lane, C. ed. 1998 Custodians of the Commons: Pastoral Land Tenure in East and West Africa, Earthscan, London).</ref> Ingawa baadhi ya wafugaji walichukua ardhi hii, wengine waliipata tu wakati fulani wa mwaka, lakini kwa kuwa hawakuwapo wakati wote ilidhaniwa kuwa si ya mtu yeyote na ilichukuliwa kama 'tupu' na kuhalalisha kuichukua <ref>(Lane, C. 1991 Wheat at What Cost in Conflicts of Interest: Canada and the third World, Between The Lines, Toronto).</ref> Ingawa hakuna mtu anayeweza [[Land owner|kumiliki ardhi]] nchini Tanzania, wanaweza kuwa na haki za kimila za matumizi juu yake. Kwa kuwa Wabarabaig walikuwa wamechukua eneo hili kwa angalau miaka 150, walikuwa na madai ya kimila. Kwa kuwanyang'anya, Wabarabaig waliamini kwamba Serikali ilikuwa ikikiuka haki zao za kimila. Kwa hivyo walipinga wakala wa serikali, [[National Agriculture and Food Corporation|Shirika la Kilimo na Chakula la Kitaifa]] (NAFCO) lililosimamia mashamba hayo, na kufungua kesi katika Mahakama Kuu. Baada ya hukumu ya awali iliyopendelea haki zao za kimila katika kesi ya Yoke Gwako & 5 Others dhidi ya NAFCO & Gawal Farm (Kesi ya Kiraia Nambari 52 ya 1988), uamuzi huo ulibatilishwa kwa rufaa kupitia ufundi wa kisheria (Tengo, R. & Kakoti, G. 1993 Kesi ya Ardhi ya Wabarabaig: Mekaniki za [[Land-grabbing|unyakuzi wa ardhi]] uliopangwa na serikali nchini Tanzania katika kesi ya Veber, H, Dahl, J., Wilson, F., & Wæhle, E., "Usinywe Kutoka Kikombe Kimoja", IWGIA / CDR, Copenhagen). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">nukuu inahitajika</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Kupotea huku kwa ardhi hii kumekuwa na athari mbaya kwa Wabarabaig na uzalishaji wao wa ufugaji. Mbali na kupotea kwa ardhi, Wabarabaig wamelazimika kuvumilia uharibifu wa maeneo matakatifu, ukiukwaji wa haki zao za binadamu kwa kupigwa, kubakwa na faini za jumla na hatia kwa [[Trespass|kuingia]] katika mashamba hayo na kusababisha kufungwa. Leo, Kanada imejiondoa katika mradi huo na mashamba mawili (20,000).&nbsp;ekari) zimerejeshwa kwa jamii za Wabarabaig, ingawa ardhi hii pia iko katika hatari ya kutengwa tena <ref>(Lane, C. 2017 op.cit.).</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya makabila ya Tanzania|Orodha ya makabila nchini Tanzania]] * [[Mkoa wa Manyara]] == Vidokezo == {{Tanbihi}}{{Makabila ya Tanzania}} == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Makabila ya Tanzania]] ot4ej9jimglqov44snmzai24oopz6ur