Wikipedia swwiki https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanzo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.6 first-letter Media Maalum Majadiliano Mtumiaji Majadiliano ya mtumiaji Wikipedia Majadiliano ya Wikipedia Faili Majadiliano ya faili MediaWiki Majadiliano ya MediaWiki Kigezo Majadiliano ya kigezo Msaada Majadiliano ya msaada Jamii Majadiliano ya jamii Lango Majadiliano ya lango Wikichanzo Majadiliano ya Wikichanzo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3110 1573131 1390987 2026-06-15T09:52:53Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1573131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto | jina = Mto wa Okavango | picha = Okavango River Sign.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = Feri juu ya mto Okavango nchini Botswana | chanzo = [[Nyanda za juu za Bié]] ([[Angola]]) | mdomo = | nchi = [[Angola]], [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]] | urefu = 1,600 km | kimo = 1,780 m | mkondo = 10,000,000,000 m³/mwaka (inaweza kukauka kwa muda) | eneo = 721.258 km² | mdomo = [[Delta ya barani]] katika [[jangwa]] la [[Kalahari]], [[Botswana]] | tawimito = | tawimito kulia = | tawimito kushoto = | watu = | miji = }} [[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Muonekano wa Mto Kavango ukiwa karibu na kambi ya kitalii ya Hakusembe nchini Namibia]] '''Okavango''' (pia: '''Kavango, Okovango'''; katika [[Angola]]: '''Kubango, Cubango''') ni [[mto]] mkubwa uliopo upande wa [[kusini]]-[[magharibi]] wa [[bara]] la [[Afrika]]. Unaanza nchini [[Angola]] katika [[milima ya Bié]] inapojulikana kwa [[jina]] la [[Kubango]]. Mwendo wake wa [[km]] 1600 ni kusini tu hadi [[jangwa]] la [[Kalahari]] unapoishia kwenye [[delta ya barani]]. Katika kusini ya Angola ni mpaka na [[Namibia]]. Unapita nchi ya Namibia mwanzoni wa [[kishoroba ya Caprivi]] na kuendelea [[Botswana]] Unapoishia jangwani katika [[delta]] yake. [[Chanzo (mto)|Chanzo]] cha mto ni kusini kwa [[mji]] wa [[Vila Nova]] (Angola) katika milima ya Bié kwenye [[kimo]] cha [[mita]] 1,780. Mwanzoni mwendo wake ni wa haraka kuna [[Maporomoko ya maji|maporomoko]] madogo. Halafu mto ni mpaka kati ya Angola na Namibia. Baada ya kupokea [[tawimto]] la [[mto Kwito|Kwito]] unaingia Namibia unapopita kanda nyembamba ya kishoroba ya Caprivi kwa kilomita chache. Kabla ya kuvuka mpaka wa Botswana mto unashuka mita 4 kwenye [[maporomoko ya Popa]]. Takriban km 70 ndani ya Botswana mwendo wa mto unapanuka na kugawanyika kuwa delta ya barani yenye zaidi ya [[km²]] 16,000. Ni [[mto]] wa nne kwa urefu katika ukanda wa [[Kusini mwa Afrika]], ukitiririka kuelekea kusini-mashariki kwa urefu wa [[kilomita]] 1,600. Mto huu unaanza katika urefu wa mita 1,300 juu ya usawa wa bahari kwenye nyanda za juu zenye mchanga nchini Angola, kisha unaenda kusini ambapo unaunda sehemu ya mpaka kati ya Angola na Namibia, kabla ya kuingia nchini Botswana. Tofauti na mito mingi, Kavango haumwagii maji yake baharini; badala yake, unaishia kwenye bonde la ndani lisilo na njia ya kutoka katika [[Jangwa la Kalahari]], ambapo unatengeneza [[delta]] ya Okavango. Delta hiyo imeorodheshwa na [[UNESCO]] kama [[urithi wa dunia]]. == Asili ya Jina == Mto huu unajulikana kwa jina la Okavango nchini [[Botswana]], kama ''Mto Cubango'' nchini [[Angola]], na kama Kavango nchini [[Namibia]].<ref name=mendelsohn/> Jina hilo linatokana na Wakavango, ambao ni jamii ya watu wanaoishi upande wa kaskazini mwa Namibia. Katika maandishi ya zamani ya [[Kiingereza]] mto huu uliandikwa Okovango, lakini tafiti nyingi za Namibia zinapendelea kutumia jina Kavango unaporejelea mto au mkoa huo. Mwanahistoria Andreas Eckl anabainisha kuwa kumbukumbu za ukoloni wa Kijerumani Kusini-Magharibi mwa Afrika zilitumia jina Okavango, lakini herufi ya mwanzo "O-" si ya kawaida katika lugha za kienyeji za Kavango, na badala yake inasemekana ilitokana na ushawishi wa [[Kijapan|Lugha ya Kiherero]].<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Mtiririko na chanzo kipya == Mito ya Cubango na Cuito ndiyo vyanzo vikuu vinavyolisha na kuamua uhai wa Delta ya Okavango.<ref name=mendelsohn>{{cite web | last=Mendelsohn | first=John | title=A River in Trouble | website=Conservation Namibia | date=9 September 2021 | url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php | access-date=8 January 2024}}</ref> Nchini Angola, uchomaji moto wa nyasi wa msimu husababisha kuziba kwa njia za juu za Mto Cuito na kupunguza mtiririko wa maji kwenda chini kwa sababu maji yanayokusanyika yanazama na kupotea kwenye mchanga.<ref name=into>{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwaka 2015, shirika la National Geographic lilianzisha mradi wa kulinda mfumo wa mto huu, na mwaka 2023 waligundua chanzo halisi cha asili cha mto huu. Chanzo hicho ni ardhi oevu yenye tabaka nene la matope (peatland) katika nyanda za juu za Angola, inayojulikana kwa lugha ya kiluchaze kama "Lisima Iya Mwono" ikimaanisha "Chanzo cha Uzima". Eneo hili lina kina cha zaidi ya futi 12 na linakadiriwa kushikilia mita za ujazo bilioni 423 za maji, likisambaza zaidi ya asilimia 95 ya maji yote ya bonde hili. Mnamo mwaka 2026, eneo hili lilitangazwa rasmi na Serikali ya Angola kuwa ardhi oevu yenye umuhimu wa kimataifa chini ya Mkataba wa Ramsar. kabla ya kuingia Botswana, mto huo unashuka kwa mita 4 kupitia mfululizo wa maporomoko madogo yanayoitwa Maporomoko ya Popa (Popa Falls). Wakati wa msimu wa mvua nyingi, maji yanayofurika huenda kwenye Mto Boteti na kuishia kwenye mabwawa ya chumvi ya Makgadikgadi, ambapo maelfu ya ndege aina ya heroe (flamingo) hukusanyika kila majira ya joto.<ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&mode=&order=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&mode=&order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Sehemu nyingine ya mtiririko wa mto huu hujaza [[Ziwa Ngami]]. == Mafuriko ya msimu == Kila msimu wa mvua, nchi ya Angola hupokea mvua mara tatu zaidi kuliko Botswana, hali inayofanya mto kusukuma kiasi kikubwa sana cha maji na kugeuza sehemu kubwa ya jangwa kuwa ardhi oevu. Ingawa mvua hizi hunyesha Angola mwezi Januari, maji huchukua mwezi mzima kusafiri kilomita 1,000 za kwanza za mto, na huchukua miezi mingine minne kuchuja kupitia mimea na njia nyingi za maji za delta. Kutokana na hali hiyo, mafuriko makubwa zaidi hutokea kati ya mwezi Juni na Agosti, kipindi ambacho ni cha kiangazi kikavu nchini Botswana. Wakati huo delta hupanuka na kuwa kubwa mara tatu zaidi ya ukubwa wake wa kawaida, jambo linalovutia maelfu ya wanyamapori kutoka maeneo ya mbali na kutengeneza moja ya mikusanyiko mikubwa zaidi ya [[wanyamapori]] barani Afrika.<ref name=":4">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Okavango Delta – Part 2 {{!}} |url=http://blog.africabespoke.com:80/okavango-delta-part-2/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20180621102937/http://blog.africabespoke.com:80/okavango-delta-part-2/ |archive-date=2018-06-21 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=blog.africabespoke.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Migogoro ya matumizi ya maji na mafuta == Kwa sababu nchi za Namibia na Botswana hukabiliwa na ukame wa mara kwa mara, pamekuwepo na wasiwasi wa migogoro kuhusu matumizi ya maji ya mto huu. Namibia ilijenga mfereji wa urefu wa kilomita 300 na kupendekeza mradi mwingine wa bomba la kilomita 250 ili kuchepua maji kutoka kwenye mto huo kwenda maeneo yake ya ndani ili kupunguza makali ya ukame.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWrEcl2ydzEC&pg=PA294|title=Resource Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa|last=Basedau|first=Matthias|date=2005-01-01|publisher=GIGA-Hamburg|isbn=978-3-928049-91-7|pages=294|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3ilzosWx4wC&pg=PA96|title=Management of Transboundary Rivers and Lakes|last1=Varis|first1=Olli|last2=Tortajada|first2=Cecilia|last3=Biswas|first3=Asit K.|date=2008-03-15|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-74928-8|pages=96|language=en}}</ref> Botswana inapinga hatua hiyo kwa kuwa inategemea sana Delta ya Okavango kwa ajili ya mapato ya utalii na vyanzo vya maji, ikidai asilimia 97 ya maji tayari inapotea kwa njia ya mvuke. Ili kutatua changamoto hizo, nchi za Angola, Namibia, na Botswana zilitia saini makubaliano ya pamoja mwaka 1994 ili kuunda Tume ya Kudumu ya Bonde la Mto Okavango (OKACOM) kwa ajili ya kushauriana kuhusu ugawaji wa rasilimali hizo.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Kuhusu utafiti wa mafuta, kampuni ya ReconAfrica kutoka Kanada ilipewa leseni ya kutafuta mafuta katika maeneo ya mkoa wa zamani wa Kavango nchini Namibia na Botswana, jambo lililoibua malalamiko kutoka kwa wanaharakati wa mazingira walio hofu uharibifu wa ikolojia ya eneo hilo. Hata hivyo, kampuni hiyo na serikali za nchi husika zimesisitiza kuwa taratibu zote za kisheria na tathmini ya mazingira zilifuatwa kikamilifu.<ref name=":5">{{cite web |title=ReconAfrica Environmental, Social, and Governance |url=https://reconafrica.com/our-sustainable-approach/environmental-social-governance/ |access-date=20 May 2021}}</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito mirefu ya Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Urithi wa Dunia katika Afrika]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af18.html Okavango Basin (Watersheds of Africa)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af18.html |date=20050415193038 }} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Angola]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Namibia]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Botswana]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mahali pa Urithi wa Dunia katika Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 0woasqc2ew9mp3uumkh2u98odcam864 0 3532 1573063 1566745 2026-06-14T23:04:29Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1573063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ziwa | jina = Ziwa la Viktoria Nyanza | picha = Lake_Victoria.png | maelezo_ya_picha = Ziwa Viktoria Nyanza jinsi linavyoonekana kutoka [[anga|angani]] | mahali = [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] | nchi = [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]] na [[Kenya]] | eneo = 68,100 km² | kina = 81 m | mito inayoingia = [[Kagera (mto)|Kagera]], [[mto Katonga]], [[mto Nzoia]] n.k. | mito inayotoka = [[Nile]] | kimo = 1,134 m | miji = [[Kampala]], [[Kisumu]], [[Mwanza]] }} [[Picha:Rift.svg|240px|thumb|right|Ziwa Viktoria na [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki]].]] [[Picha:Density evolution Victoria.png|250px|thumb|left|Ongezeko la [[msongamano wa watu]] kandokando ya Ziwa Victoria.]] [[Picha:Image-Languages-Lakevictoria-fr.svg|220px|left|thumb|[[Lugha]] kandokando ya Ziwa Victoria.]] [[Picha:Hydrography-graph-Lake Victoria.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tofauti ya levo katika Ziwa Victoria.]] [[Picha:Human density Lake Victoria.png|225px|right|Ongezeko la msongamano wa watu kandokando ya Ziwa Victoria likilinganishwa na lile la Afrika nzima.]] '''Ziwa Viktoria''' (pia: '''Ziwa Nyanza''' au '''Ziwa Ukerewe''') ni [[ziwa]] kubwa la [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] lililopo baina ya [[Tanzania]], [[Kenya]] na [[Uganda]]. Eneo la [[maji]] ya ziwa limegawanywa 49[[%]] (km² 33,700) nchini Tanzania, 45% (km² 31,000) nchini Uganda, na 6% (km² 4,100) nchini Kenya. Ziwa Viktoria lipo [[mita]] 1134 [[juu ya usawa wa bahari]] na lina eneo la [[kilometa za mraba]] zaidi ya 68,100. Hivyo ni ziwa kubwa kuliko yote [[Bara|barani]] [[Afrika]], na la pili [[duniani]] kwa uso wa maji baridi, baada ya [[Ziwa Superior]] ambalo lipo [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Ziwa hili linapata [[maji]] yake mengi kutokana na [[mvua]] (80[[%]]) na kutoka vijito vingi vidogo. [[Mto]] mkubwa unaoingia Viktoria ni [[Mto Kagera]] unaotiririka kutoka [[magharibi]]. [[Maji]] ya ziwa Viktoria yanatoka na kumiminika kwenye [[mto]] [[Nile]] na kuelekea [[bahari ya Mediteranea]] kwa [[umbali]] wa [[maili]] 4,000. Ziwa hilo lina [[kina]] cha [[wastani]] cha [[mita]] 40 na [[mwambao]] wa [[urefu]] wa kilomita 4,828, visiwa vyake vikiwa vimechangia 3.7% ya urefu huu. Ziwa hilo liliwahi kukauka kabisa mara kadhaa tangu lilipoanza miaka 400,000 iliyopita. ==Majina== Ingawa lilikuwa na majina mengi ya lugha za kienyeji (Kiswahili: Ukerewe; kidholuo: Nam Lolwe; kiganda: 'Nnalubaale; Kinyarwanda: Nyanza, ziwa hili lilipewa jina la Malkia Victoria na mgunduzi John Hanning Speke, Muingereza wa kwanza kuliandika mnamo 1858, akiwa kwenye msafara na Richard Francis Burton. == Jiolojia== [[File:Lake Victoria View.jpg|thumb|Muonekano wa Ziwa Viktoria kutokea Mwanza, Tanzania]] Ziwa Viktoria lina [[historia]] ya pekee ya [[Jiolojia|kijiolojia]]. Tofauti na maziwa mengi ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] kama [[ziwa Tanganyika]] na [[ziwa Malawi]], ambayo yalitokana na [[ufa]] mkubwa wa [[Bonde Kuu la Ufa]] la [[Afrika ya Mashariki]], Ziwa Viktoria halikuundwa moja kwa moja na harakati za [[gandunia]]. Badala yake, lilichukua [[umbo]] lake kutokana na mchakato wa mwinuko wa ardhi na mifumo ya mto iliyozuiwa au kuelekezwa upya kutokana na mabadiliko ya [[Jiografia|kijiografia]], hususan katika kipindi cha [[Pleistocene]]. Sehemu ya [[bonde]] la ziwa iliundwa na mvutano wa [[Mwamba (jiolojia)|miamba]] ya kale ya ''Precambria'', huku mwinuko wa ardhi katika maeneo ya kusini mwa Uganda na kaskazini mwa Tanzania ukisababisha maji kujikusanya na kuunda ziwa la ndani. Ziwa hili linaenea katika ngao ya ''Afrika ya Precambria'', ambayo ina miamba ya kale sana inayokadiriwa kuwa na [[umri]] wa zaidi ya miaka [[bilioni]] 2.7. Miamba ya [[gneiss]], [[itale]] na [[shist]] huunda msingi wa kijiolojia wa eneo hili, na kuathiri sifa za ardhi ya bonde la ziwa. Ingawa ziwa Viktoria si sehemu ya moja kwa moja ya ufa wa tektoniki, linaathiriwa kwa karibu na mikondo ya tektoniki kutoka Bonde Kuu la Ufa, ambalo liko karibu sana upande wa magharibi na mashariki mwa ziwa. Harakati hizi husababisha mikondo midogo ya miamba na [[Tetemeko la ardhi|vitetemeko vya ardhi]] katika eneo la ziwa, lakini si kwa kiwango kikubwa kama katika maziwa ya Tanganyika au Malawi. Katika [[historia]] ya hivi karibuni ya kijiolojia, ziwa Viktoria limepitia mabadiliko makubwa ya [[mazingira|kimazingira]], ikiwa ni pamoja na kukauka kabisa takriban miaka 14,600 iliyopita kutokana na mabadiliko ya [[hali ya hewa]], na kujaza tena ndani ya kipindi cha maelfu machache ya miaka. Tukio hili linaakisi unyeti wa mfumo wa ziwa kwa mabadiliko ya kijiografia na hali ya hewa. Uwepo wa mito mingi inayoingia na kutoka ziwani, kama vile Mto Kagera na Mto Nile Nyeupe, unaendelea kuchangia katika mzunguko wa kijiolojia na maji wa ziwa hilo. Kwa sasa, ziwa Viktoria ni sehemu muhimu ya [[ikolojia]], [[uchumi]], na mabadiliko ya kijiolojia yanayoendelea katika eneo la Afrika ya Mashariki. ==Visiwa vya Ziwa Viktoria== Ziwa Viktoria ni miongoni mwa maziwa yenye [[visiwa]] vingi (takribani 985); kikubwa kuliko vyote ni [[Ukerewe]]. ===Upande wa Kenya=== [[Kisiwa cha Bihiri|Bihiri]] * [[Visiwa vya Chamarungo|Chamarungo]] * [[Visiwa vya Daraja|Daraja]] * [[Kisiwa cha Gengra|Gengra]] * [[Kisiwa cha Hongwe|Hongwe]] * [[Kisiwa cha Ilemba|Ilemba]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kijani|Kijani]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kimaboni|Kimaboni]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kiringiti|Kiringiti]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kiwa|Kiwa]] * [[Kisiwa cha Koyamo|Koyamo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mageta|Mageta]] * [[Visiwa vya Magogo|Magogo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Maiunya|Maiunya]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mbaiyu|Mbaiyu]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mbasa|Mbasa]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mfangano|Mfangano]] * [[Kisiwa cha Migingo|Migingo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mlinzi|Mlinzi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mogare|Mogare]] * [[Visiwa vya Mogare]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mzenzi|Mzenzi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Namulamia|Namulamia]] * [[Kisiwa cha Ndede|Ndede]] * [[Kisiwa cha Ngodhe|Ngodhe]] * [[Kisiwa cha Piramidi|Piramidi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Risi|Risi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Rusinga|Rusinga]] * [[Kisiwa cha Saga|Saga]] * [[Kisiwa cha Seki|Seki]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sifu|Sifu]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sirigombe|Sirigombe]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sukuru|Sukuru]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sumba|Sumba]] * [[Kisiwa cha Takawiri|Takawiri]] * [[Visiwa vya Ugingo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Unyama|Unyama]] * [[Kisiwa cha Usingo|Usingo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Uware|Uware]] * [[Kisiwa cha Wahondo|Wahondo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Wayaga|Wayaga]] * [[Kisiwa cha Yalombo|Yalombo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Yamburi|Yamburi]] ===Upande wa Tanzania=== [[kisiwa cha Anchor (Tanzania)|Anchor]] *[[Kisiwa cha Barega|Barega]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bezi|Bezi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bihila|Bihila]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bisuvi|Bisuvi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Biswe|Biswe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Buganbwe|Buganbwe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bugeru|Bugeru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bukerebe|Bukerebe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bukurani|Bukurani]] *[[Kisiwa cha Buluza|Buluza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bumbire|Bumbire]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bunyasa|Bunyasa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Burubi|Burubi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Busonyi|Busonyi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Busyengere|Busyengere]] *[[Kisiwa cha Butwa|Butwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Buzumu|Buzumu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bwiru|Bwiru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chakazimbe|Chakazimbe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Charaki|Charaki]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chienda|Chienda]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chihara|Chihara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chikonero|Chikonero]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chinyeri|Chinyeri]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chitandere (Sengerema)|Chitandere (Sengerema)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chitandere (Ukerewe)|Chitandere (Ukerewe)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Dunacheri|Dunacheri]] *[[Kisiwa cha Dwiga|Dwiga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Gabalema|Gabalema]] *[[Kisiwa cha Galinzira (Kagera)|Galinzira (Kagera)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Galinzira (Ukerewe)|Galinzira (Ukerewe)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Gama|Gama]] *[[Kisiwa cha Gana|Gana]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ijinga|Ijinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ijirambo|Ijirambo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ikuru|Ikuru]] *[[Ikuza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ilangala|Ilangala]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iramba (Tanzania)|Iramba (Tanzania)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iriga|Iriga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iroba|Iroba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Irugwa|Irugwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iruma|Iruma]] *[[Kisiwa cha Itami|Itami]] *[[Kisiwa cha Itemusi|Itemusi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ito|Ito]] *[[Kisiwa cha Izinga|Izinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Juguu|Juguu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Juma|Juma]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kagongo|Kagongo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kamasi|Kamasi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kaserazi|Kaserazi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kasima|Kasima]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kategurwa|Kategurwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kiamugasire|Kiamugasire]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kiau|Kiau]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kibinda|Kibinda]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kihombe|Kihombe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kinagomwishu|Kinamogwishu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kinyanwana|Kinyanwana]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kiregi (Ukerewe)|Kiregi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kireta|Kireta]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kishaka|Kishaka]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kitua|Kitua]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kivumba|Kivumba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Komasi|Komasi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kome|Kome]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kulazu|Kulazu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kunene|Kunene]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kuriro|Kuriro]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kweru|Kweru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kweru Mutu|Kweru Mutu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kwigari|Kwigari]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kwilela|Kwilela]] *[[Kisiwa cha Liagoba|Liagoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Liegoba|Liegoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lyegoba|Lyegoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Luanji|Luanji]] *[[Kisiwa cha Luhuguru|Luhuguru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lukando|Lukando]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lukuba|Lukuba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Luwaima|Luwaima]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lyamwenge|Lyamwenge]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mabibi|Mabibi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mafunke|Mafunke]] *[[Kisiwa cha Maisome|Maisome]] *[[Kisiwa cha Majeje|Majeje]] *[[Kisiwa cha Majunwa|Majunwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Makibwa|Makibwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Makome|Makome]] *[[Kisiwa cha Makove|Makove]] *[[Kisiwa cha Malelema|Malelema]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mambe|Mambe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Maremera|Maremera]] *[[Kisiwa cha Masakara|Masakara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Masheka|Masheka]] *[[Kisiwa cha Masuha|Masuha]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mashwera|Mashwera]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mazinga|Mazinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mgonchi|Mgonchi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Miandere|Funguvisiwa la Miandere]] *[[Kisiwa cha Miganiko|Miganiko]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mijo|Mijo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mkuru Kinagi|Mkuru Kinagi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Morova|Morova]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mraoba|Mraoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Msalala|Msalala]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mtenga|Mtenga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mtoa|Mtoa]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mtoto|Mtoto]] *[[Kisiwa cha Musira|Musira]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mwengwa|Mwengwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nabuyongo|Nabuyongo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nafuba|Nafuba]] * [[Kisiwa cha Nakaranga|Nakaranga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Namatembe|Namatembe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Namguma|Namguma]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ndarua|Ndarua]] *[[Kisiwa cha Niankuru|Niankuru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Njaburu|Njaburu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyabugudzi|Nyabugudzi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyaburu|Nyaburu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyajune|Nyajune]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyakanyanse|Nyakanyanse]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyakasanga|Nyakasanga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyamasangi|Nyamasangi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyamatala|Nyamatala]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyambugu|Nyambugu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyamikongo|Nyamikongo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyanswi|Nyanswi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Raju|Raju]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ramawe|Ramawe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rubisi|Rubisi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rubisho|Rubisho]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rubondo|Rubondo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ruiga|Ruiga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Runeke|Runeke]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ruregaja|Ruregaja]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rwevaguzi|Rwevaguzi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Saanane|Saanane]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sara|Sara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sata|Sata]] *[[Kisiwa cha Seza|Seza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Shuka|Shuka]] *[[Kisiwa cha Siawangi|Siawangi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sina|Sina]] *[[Kisiwa cha Siza|Siza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sizu|Sizu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Songe|Songe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sosswa|Sosswa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sozihe|Sozihe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Tefu|Tefu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ukara|Ukara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ukerewe|Ukerewe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Usengere|Usengere]] *[[Kisiwa cha Usumuti|Usumuti]] *[[Kisiwa cha Vesi|Funguvisiwa la Vesi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Vianza|Vianza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Wambuji|Wambuji]] *[[Kisiwa cha Yarugu|Yarugu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Yodzu|Yodzu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Zeru|Zeru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Zimo|Zimo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Zinga|Zinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ziragura|Ziragura]] * [[Kisiwa cha Zue|Zue]] ===Upande wa Uganda=== [[Kisiwa cha Baga|Baga]], [[Kisiwa cha Banda (Uganda)|Banda]], [[Kisiwa cha Batwala|Batwala]], [[Kisiwa cha Bu|Bu]], [[Kisiwa cha Bubeke|Bubeke]], [[Kisiwa cha Bubembe|Bubembe]], [[Kisiwa cha Bufumira|Bufumira]], [[Kisiwa cha Bugaba|Bugaba]], [[Kisiwa cha Bugaia|Bugaia]], [[Kisiwa cha Bugala|Bugala]] (lat -0,32, long 32,24), [[Kisiwa cha Bugala|Bugala]] (lat -0,64, long 32,31), [[Kisiwa cha Buiga (Mpigi)|Buiga (Mpigi)]], [[Kisiwa cha Buiga (Wakiso)|Buiga (Wakiso)]], [[Kisiwa cha Bukasa|Bukasa]], [[Kisiwa cha Bukone|Bukone]], [[Kisiwa cha Bukwaya|Bukwaya]], [[Kisiwa cha Bulago|Bulago]][[Kisiwa cha Bulanku|Bulanku]], [[Kisiwa cha Bulingugwe|Bulingugwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Bunjako|Bunjako]], [[Kisiwa cha Bunjazi|Bunjazi]], [[Kisiwa cha Bunyama|Bunyama]], [[Kisiwa cha Bussi|Bussi]], [[Kisiwa cha Busungwe|Busungwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Buturume|Buturume]], [[Kisiwa cha Buvu|Buvu]], [[Kisiwa cha Buvuma|Buvuma]], [[Kisiwa cha Buyange|Buyange]], [[Kisiwa cha Buyovu|Buyovu]], [[Kisiwa cha Buziranjovu|Buziranjovu]], [[Kisiwa cha Buziri|Buziri]], [[Kisiwa cha Bwema|Bwema]], [[Kisiwa cha Bwigi|Bwigi]], [[Kisiwa cha Dagusi|Dagusi]], [[Kisiwa cha Damba|Damba]], [[Kisiwa cha Dinzira|Dinzira]], [[Kisiwa cha Duweru|Duweru]], [[Kisiwa cha Dwanga Mukulu|Dwanga Mukulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Dwanga Muto|Dwanga Muto]], [[Kisiwa cha Dwasendwe|Dwasendwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Dyabalume|Dyabalume]], [[Kisiwa cha Funve|Funve]], [[Kisiwa cha Galo|Galo]], [[Kisiwa cha Ikunyu|Ikunyu]], [[Kisiwa cha Iramba|Iramba]], [[Kisiwa cha Isamba|Isamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Izinga (Buvuma)|Izinga]], [[Kisiwa cha Jana|Jana]], [[Kisiwa cha Kabaganja|Kabaganja]], [[Kisiwa cha Kabale|Kabale]], [[Visiwa vya Kabuguza|Kabuguza]],[[Kisiwa cha Kabulataka|Kabulataka]], [[Kisiwa cha Kagulumu|Kagulumu]], [[Kisiwa cha Kaina|Kaina]], [[Kisiwa cha Kaivali|Kaivali]], [[Kisiwa cha Kalambide|Kalambide]], [[Kisiwa cha Kamukulu|Kamukulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Kamutenga|Kamutenga]], [[Visiwa vya Kansove|Kansove]],[[Kisiwa cha Kaserwa|Kaserwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Katanga|Katanga]], [[Kisiwa cha Kayanja|Kayanja]], [[Kisiwa cha Kaza|Kaza]], [[Kisiwa cha Kerenge|Kerenge]], [[Kisiwa cha Kibibi (Buvuma)|Kibibi]], [[Kisiwa cha Kibibi Kaskazini|Kibibi Kaskazini]], [[Kisiwa cha Kibibi Kusini|Kibibi Kusini]], [[Kisiwa cha Kimi|Kimi]], [[Kisiwa cha Kiraza|Kiraza]], [[Kisiwa cha Kiregi (Uganda)|Kiregi]], [[Kisiwa cha Kirugu|Kirugu]], [[Kisiwa cha Kisima|Kisima]], [[Kisiwa cha Kitobo|Kitobo]], [[Kisiwa cha Kiwa (Uganda)|Kiwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Komogwe|Komogwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Koome|Koome]], [[Kisiwa cha Kuiye|Kuiye]], [[Kisiwa cha Kyanga|Kyanga]], [[Kisiwa cha Lambu|Lambu]], [[Kisiwa cha Lebu|Lebu]], [[Kisiwa cha Limaiba|Limaiba]], [[Kisiwa cha Linga (Uganda)|Linga]], [[Kisiwa cha Lingira|Lingira]], [[Kisiwa cha Lolui|Lolui]], [[Kisiwa cha Lufu|Lufu]], [[Kisiwa cha Lujabwa|Lujabwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Lukalu|Lukalu]], [[Kisiwa cha Luke (Uganda)|Luke]], [[Kisiwa cha Lukiusa|Lukiusa]], [[Kisiwa cha Lula|Lula]], [[Kisiwa cha Lulamba|Lulamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Lulanda|Lulanda]], [[Kisiwa cha Lumva|Lumva]], [[Kisiwa cha Lunfuwa|Lunfuwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Lunkulu|Lunkulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Luntwa|Luntwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Luserera|Luserera]], [[Kisiwa cha Luvangu|Luvangu]], [[Kisiwa cha Luvia|Luvia]], [[Kisiwa cha Luwungulu|Luwungulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwabagenge|Lwabagenge]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwabalega|Lwabalega]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwabana|Lwabana]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwaji|Lwaji]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwantete|Lwantete]], [[Kisiwa cha Lyabana|Lyabana]], [[Visiwa vya Mabanda|Mabanda]], [[Kisiwa cha Makalugi|Makalugi]], [[Kisiwa cha Makusu|Makusu]], [[Kisiwa cha Marija|Marija]], [[Kisiwa cha Masiwa|Masiwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Masovwi|Masovwi]], [[Kisiwa cha Maundu|Maundu]], [[Kisiwa cha Maungwe|Maungwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Mavi|Mavi]], [[Kisiwa cha Mawe|Mawe]], [[Kisiwa cha Mayinja|Mayinja]], [[Kisiwa cha Mbirubuziba|Mbirubuziba]], [[Kisiwa cha Mbive|Mbive]], [[Kisiwa cha Mbulamwalo|Mbulamwalo]], [[Visiwa vya Meru|Meru]], [[Visiwa vya Mitusi|Mitusi]], [[Kisiwa cha Mkovu|Mkovu]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpande|Mpande]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpata|Mpata]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpuga|Mpuga]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpugwe|Mpugwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpuni|Mpuni]], [[Kisiwa cha Mukalanga|Mukalanga]], [[Kisiwa cha Munene|Munene]], [[Visiwa vya Musambwa|Musambwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Musambwa Kusini|Musambwa Kusini]], [[Kisiwa cha Musene|Musene]], [[Kisiwa cha Mutyomu|Mutyomu]], [[Kisiwa cha Mwama|Mwama]], [[Kisiwa cha Mwana|Mwana]], [[Kisiwa cha Mweza|Mweza]], [[Kisiwa cha Nagembiruwa|Nagembiruwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Nainaivi|Nainaivi]], [[Kisiwa cha Namalusu|Namalusu]], [[Kisiwa cha Namama|Namama]], [[Kisiwa cha Namasimbi|Namasimbi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nambewa|Nambewa]], [[Kisiwa cha Nambuga|Nambuga]], [[Kisiwa cha Namite|Namite]], [[Kisiwa cha Namubega|Namubega]], [[Kisiwa cha Nfo|Nfo]], [[Kisiwa cha Ngabo|Ngabo]], [[Kisiwa cha Ngamba (Uganda)|Ngamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkata|Nkata]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkese|Nkese]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkose|Nkose]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkusa (Kalangala)|Nkusa (Kalangala)]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkusa (Mukono)|Nkusa (Mukono)]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkusa (Wakiso)|Nkusa (Wakiso)]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkuzi|Nkuzi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsadzi|Nsadzi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsenyi|Nsenyi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsimba|Nsimba]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsinga|Nsinga]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsirwe|Nsirwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsonga|Nsonga]], [[Kisiwa cha Ntokwe|Ntokwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Nvuza|Nvuza]], [[Kisiwa cha Nyenda|Nyenda]], [[Kisiwa cha Nziribanje|Nziribanje]], [[Kisiwa cha Ramafuta|Ramafuta]], [[Kisiwa cha Sagitu|Sagitu]], [[Kisiwa cha Sali (Uganda)|Sali]], [[Kisiwa cha Samoka|Samoka]], [[Kisiwa cha Sanga (Buvuma)|Sanga (Buvuma)]], [[Kisiwa cha Sanga (Mukono)|Sanga (Mukono)]] (lat -0,07, long 32,80), [[Kisiwa cha Sanga (Mukono)|Sanga (Mukono)]] (lat 0,08, long 32,65), [[Kisiwa cha Segamba|Segamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Sege|Sege]], [[Visiwa vya Semuganja|Semuganja]], [[Kisiwa cha Semuganja Omunene|Semuganja Omunene]], [[Kisiwa cha Semuganja Omutono|Semuganja Omutono]], [[Kisiwa cha Sentwe|Sentwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Serinya|Serinya]], [[Visiwa vya Sese|Sese]], [[Kisiwa cha Sigulu|Sigulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Simu|Simu]],[[Kisiwa cha Sindiro|Sindiro]], [[Kisiwa cha Sira|Sira]], [[Kisiwa cha Siro|Siro]], [[Kisiwa cha Sowe (Uganda)|Sowe]], [[Kisiwa cha Tavu|Tavu]], [[Kisiwa cha Visa (Uganda)|Visa]], [[Kisiwa cha Vumba|Vumba]], [[Kisiwa cha Wabuziba|Wabuziba]], [[Kisiwa cha Waiasi|Waiasi]], [[Kisiwa cha Waitwe|Waitwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Yubwe|Yubwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Yuweh|Yuweh|]], [[Kisiwa cha Zigunga|Zigunga]], [[Visiwa pacha vya Zigunga|Zigunga Pacha]], [[Kisiwa cha Zinga (Uganda)|Zinga]], [[Kisiwa cha Ziro|Ziro]], [[Kisiwa cha Ziru (Buvuma)|Ziru (Buvuma)]] (lat -0,09, long 33,21), [[Kisiwa cha Ziru (Buvuma)|Ziru (Buvuma)]] (lat 0,05, long 32,98), [[Kisiwa cha Ziru (Kalangala)|Ziru (Kalangala)]] ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Tanzania]] * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Uganda]] == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af16.html Watersheds of Africa: A10 Nile | Lake Viktoria ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af16.html |date=20070927212902 }} {{Maziwa ya Tanzania}} {{maziwa ya Uganda}} {{Maziwa ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Viktoria| ]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Kagera]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Geita]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Mwanza]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Mara]] byl0w857jtwcfaqv5qjp52s1xc58a3k 1573064 1573063 2026-06-14T23:07:31Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* Majina */ 1573064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ziwa | jina = Ziwa la Viktoria Nyanza | picha = Lake_Victoria.png | maelezo_ya_picha = Ziwa Viktoria Nyanza jinsi linavyoonekana kutoka [[anga|angani]] | mahali = [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] | nchi = [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]] na [[Kenya]] | eneo = 68,100 km² | kina = 81 m | mito inayoingia = [[Kagera (mto)|Kagera]], [[mto Katonga]], [[mto Nzoia]] n.k. | mito inayotoka = [[Nile]] | kimo = 1,134 m | miji = [[Kampala]], [[Kisumu]], [[Mwanza]] }} [[Picha:Rift.svg|240px|thumb|right|Ziwa Viktoria na [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki]].]] [[Picha:Density evolution Victoria.png|250px|thumb|left|Ongezeko la [[msongamano wa watu]] kandokando ya Ziwa Victoria.]] [[Picha:Image-Languages-Lakevictoria-fr.svg|220px|left|thumb|[[Lugha]] kandokando ya Ziwa Victoria.]] [[Picha:Hydrography-graph-Lake Victoria.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tofauti ya levo katika Ziwa Victoria.]] [[Picha:Human density Lake Victoria.png|225px|right|Ongezeko la msongamano wa watu kandokando ya Ziwa Victoria likilinganishwa na lile la Afrika nzima.]] '''Ziwa Viktoria''' (pia: '''Ziwa Nyanza''' au '''Ziwa Ukerewe''') ni [[ziwa]] kubwa la [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] lililopo baina ya [[Tanzania]], [[Kenya]] na [[Uganda]]. Eneo la [[maji]] ya ziwa limegawanywa 49[[%]] (km² 33,700) nchini Tanzania, 45% (km² 31,000) nchini Uganda, na 6% (km² 4,100) nchini Kenya. Ziwa Viktoria lipo [[mita]] 1134 [[juu ya usawa wa bahari]] na lina eneo la [[kilometa za mraba]] zaidi ya 68,100. Hivyo ni ziwa kubwa kuliko yote [[Bara|barani]] [[Afrika]], na la pili [[duniani]] kwa uso wa maji baridi, baada ya [[Ziwa Superior]] ambalo lipo [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Ziwa hili linapata [[maji]] yake mengi kutokana na [[mvua]] (80[[%]]) na kutoka vijito vingi vidogo. [[Mto]] mkubwa unaoingia Viktoria ni [[Mto Kagera]] unaotiririka kutoka [[magharibi]]. [[Maji]] ya ziwa Viktoria yanatoka na kumiminika kwenye [[mto]] [[Nile]] na kuelekea [[bahari ya Mediteranea]] kwa [[umbali]] wa [[maili]] 4,000. Ziwa hilo lina [[kina]] cha [[wastani]] cha [[mita]] 40 na [[mwambao]] wa [[urefu]] wa kilomita 4,828, visiwa vyake vikiwa vimechangia 3.7% ya urefu huu. Ziwa hilo liliwahi kukauka kabisa mara kadhaa tangu lilipoanza miaka 400,000 iliyopita. ==Majina== Ingawa lilikuwa na majina mengi ya lugha za kienyeji (Kiswahili: Ukerewe; kidholuo: Nam Lolwe; kiganda: 'Nnalubaale; Kinyarwanda: Nyanza),<ref>{{Citation|title=The Victoria Nyanza. The Land, the Races and their Customs, with Specimens of Some of the Dialects|date=1899|url=https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/|language=en|access-date=2026-06-14}}</ref> ziwa hili lilipewa jina la Malkia Victoria na mgunduzi John Hanning Speke, Muingereza wa kwanza kuliandika mnamo 1858, akiwa kwenye msafara na Richard Francis Burton. == Jiolojia== [[File:Lake Victoria View.jpg|thumb|Muonekano wa Ziwa Viktoria kutokea Mwanza, Tanzania]] Ziwa Viktoria lina [[historia]] ya pekee ya [[Jiolojia|kijiolojia]]. Tofauti na maziwa mengi ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] kama [[ziwa Tanganyika]] na [[ziwa Malawi]], ambayo yalitokana na [[ufa]] mkubwa wa [[Bonde Kuu la Ufa]] la [[Afrika ya Mashariki]], Ziwa Viktoria halikuundwa moja kwa moja na harakati za [[gandunia]]. Badala yake, lilichukua [[umbo]] lake kutokana na mchakato wa mwinuko wa ardhi na mifumo ya mto iliyozuiwa au kuelekezwa upya kutokana na mabadiliko ya [[Jiografia|kijiografia]], hususan katika kipindi cha [[Pleistocene]]. Sehemu ya [[bonde]] la ziwa iliundwa na mvutano wa [[Mwamba (jiolojia)|miamba]] ya kale ya ''Precambria'', huku mwinuko wa ardhi katika maeneo ya kusini mwa Uganda na kaskazini mwa Tanzania ukisababisha maji kujikusanya na kuunda ziwa la ndani. Ziwa hili linaenea katika ngao ya ''Afrika ya Precambria'', ambayo ina miamba ya kale sana inayokadiriwa kuwa na [[umri]] wa zaidi ya miaka [[bilioni]] 2.7. Miamba ya [[gneiss]], [[itale]] na [[shist]] huunda msingi wa kijiolojia wa eneo hili, na kuathiri sifa za ardhi ya bonde la ziwa. Ingawa ziwa Viktoria si sehemu ya moja kwa moja ya ufa wa tektoniki, linaathiriwa kwa karibu na mikondo ya tektoniki kutoka Bonde Kuu la Ufa, ambalo liko karibu sana upande wa magharibi na mashariki mwa ziwa. Harakati hizi husababisha mikondo midogo ya miamba na [[Tetemeko la ardhi|vitetemeko vya ardhi]] katika eneo la ziwa, lakini si kwa kiwango kikubwa kama katika maziwa ya Tanganyika au Malawi. Katika [[historia]] ya hivi karibuni ya kijiolojia, ziwa Viktoria limepitia mabadiliko makubwa ya [[mazingira|kimazingira]], ikiwa ni pamoja na kukauka kabisa takriban miaka 14,600 iliyopita kutokana na mabadiliko ya [[hali ya hewa]], na kujaza tena ndani ya kipindi cha maelfu machache ya miaka. Tukio hili linaakisi unyeti wa mfumo wa ziwa kwa mabadiliko ya kijiografia na hali ya hewa. Uwepo wa mito mingi inayoingia na kutoka ziwani, kama vile Mto Kagera na Mto Nile Nyeupe, unaendelea kuchangia katika mzunguko wa kijiolojia na maji wa ziwa hilo. Kwa sasa, ziwa Viktoria ni sehemu muhimu ya [[ikolojia]], [[uchumi]], na mabadiliko ya kijiolojia yanayoendelea katika eneo la Afrika ya Mashariki. ==Visiwa vya Ziwa Viktoria== Ziwa Viktoria ni miongoni mwa maziwa yenye [[visiwa]] vingi (takribani 985); kikubwa kuliko vyote ni [[Ukerewe]]. ===Upande wa Kenya=== [[Kisiwa cha Bihiri|Bihiri]] * [[Visiwa vya Chamarungo|Chamarungo]] * [[Visiwa vya Daraja|Daraja]] * [[Kisiwa cha Gengra|Gengra]] * [[Kisiwa cha Hongwe|Hongwe]] * [[Kisiwa cha Ilemba|Ilemba]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kijani|Kijani]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kimaboni|Kimaboni]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kiringiti|Kiringiti]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kiwa|Kiwa]] * [[Kisiwa cha Koyamo|Koyamo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mageta|Mageta]] * [[Visiwa vya Magogo|Magogo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Maiunya|Maiunya]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mbaiyu|Mbaiyu]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mbasa|Mbasa]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mfangano|Mfangano]] * [[Kisiwa cha Migingo|Migingo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mlinzi|Mlinzi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mogare|Mogare]] * [[Visiwa vya Mogare]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mzenzi|Mzenzi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Namulamia|Namulamia]] * [[Kisiwa cha Ndede|Ndede]] * [[Kisiwa cha Ngodhe|Ngodhe]] * [[Kisiwa cha Piramidi|Piramidi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Risi|Risi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Rusinga|Rusinga]] * [[Kisiwa cha Saga|Saga]] * [[Kisiwa cha Seki|Seki]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sifu|Sifu]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sirigombe|Sirigombe]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sukuru|Sukuru]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sumba|Sumba]] * [[Kisiwa cha Takawiri|Takawiri]] * [[Visiwa vya Ugingo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Unyama|Unyama]] * [[Kisiwa cha Usingo|Usingo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Uware|Uware]] * [[Kisiwa cha Wahondo|Wahondo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Wayaga|Wayaga]] * [[Kisiwa cha Yalombo|Yalombo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Yamburi|Yamburi]] ===Upande wa Tanzania=== [[kisiwa cha Anchor (Tanzania)|Anchor]] *[[Kisiwa cha Barega|Barega]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bezi|Bezi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bihila|Bihila]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bisuvi|Bisuvi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Biswe|Biswe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Buganbwe|Buganbwe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bugeru|Bugeru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bukerebe|Bukerebe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bukurani|Bukurani]] *[[Kisiwa cha Buluza|Buluza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bumbire|Bumbire]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bunyasa|Bunyasa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Burubi|Burubi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Busonyi|Busonyi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Busyengere|Busyengere]] *[[Kisiwa cha Butwa|Butwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Buzumu|Buzumu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bwiru|Bwiru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chakazimbe|Chakazimbe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Charaki|Charaki]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chienda|Chienda]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chihara|Chihara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chikonero|Chikonero]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chinyeri|Chinyeri]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chitandere (Sengerema)|Chitandere (Sengerema)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chitandere (Ukerewe)|Chitandere (Ukerewe)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Dunacheri|Dunacheri]] *[[Kisiwa cha Dwiga|Dwiga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Gabalema|Gabalema]] *[[Kisiwa cha Galinzira (Kagera)|Galinzira (Kagera)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Galinzira (Ukerewe)|Galinzira (Ukerewe)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Gama|Gama]] *[[Kisiwa cha Gana|Gana]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ijinga|Ijinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ijirambo|Ijirambo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ikuru|Ikuru]] *[[Ikuza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ilangala|Ilangala]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iramba (Tanzania)|Iramba (Tanzania)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iriga|Iriga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iroba|Iroba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Irugwa|Irugwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iruma|Iruma]] *[[Kisiwa cha Itami|Itami]] *[[Kisiwa cha Itemusi|Itemusi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ito|Ito]] *[[Kisiwa cha Izinga|Izinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Juguu|Juguu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Juma|Juma]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kagongo|Kagongo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kamasi|Kamasi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kaserazi|Kaserazi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kasima|Kasima]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kategurwa|Kategurwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kiamugasire|Kiamugasire]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kiau|Kiau]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kibinda|Kibinda]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kihombe|Kihombe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kinagomwishu|Kinamogwishu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kinyanwana|Kinyanwana]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kiregi (Ukerewe)|Kiregi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kireta|Kireta]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kishaka|Kishaka]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kitua|Kitua]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kivumba|Kivumba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Komasi|Komasi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kome|Kome]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kulazu|Kulazu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kunene|Kunene]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kuriro|Kuriro]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kweru|Kweru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kweru Mutu|Kweru Mutu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kwigari|Kwigari]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kwilela|Kwilela]] *[[Kisiwa cha Liagoba|Liagoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Liegoba|Liegoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lyegoba|Lyegoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Luanji|Luanji]] *[[Kisiwa cha Luhuguru|Luhuguru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lukando|Lukando]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lukuba|Lukuba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Luwaima|Luwaima]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lyamwenge|Lyamwenge]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mabibi|Mabibi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mafunke|Mafunke]] *[[Kisiwa cha Maisome|Maisome]] *[[Kisiwa cha Majeje|Majeje]] *[[Kisiwa cha Majunwa|Majunwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Makibwa|Makibwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Makome|Makome]] *[[Kisiwa cha Makove|Makove]] *[[Kisiwa cha Malelema|Malelema]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mambe|Mambe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Maremera|Maremera]] *[[Kisiwa cha Masakara|Masakara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Masheka|Masheka]] *[[Kisiwa cha Masuha|Masuha]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mashwera|Mashwera]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mazinga|Mazinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mgonchi|Mgonchi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Miandere|Funguvisiwa la Miandere]] *[[Kisiwa cha Miganiko|Miganiko]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mijo|Mijo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mkuru Kinagi|Mkuru Kinagi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Morova|Morova]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mraoba|Mraoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Msalala|Msalala]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mtenga|Mtenga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mtoa|Mtoa]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mtoto|Mtoto]] *[[Kisiwa cha Musira|Musira]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mwengwa|Mwengwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nabuyongo|Nabuyongo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nafuba|Nafuba]] * [[Kisiwa cha Nakaranga|Nakaranga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Namatembe|Namatembe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Namguma|Namguma]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ndarua|Ndarua]] *[[Kisiwa cha Niankuru|Niankuru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Njaburu|Njaburu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyabugudzi|Nyabugudzi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyaburu|Nyaburu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyajune|Nyajune]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyakanyanse|Nyakanyanse]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyakasanga|Nyakasanga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyamasangi|Nyamasangi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyamatala|Nyamatala]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyambugu|Nyambugu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyamikongo|Nyamikongo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyanswi|Nyanswi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Raju|Raju]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ramawe|Ramawe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rubisi|Rubisi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rubisho|Rubisho]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rubondo|Rubondo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ruiga|Ruiga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Runeke|Runeke]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ruregaja|Ruregaja]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rwevaguzi|Rwevaguzi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Saanane|Saanane]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sara|Sara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sata|Sata]] *[[Kisiwa cha Seza|Seza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Shuka|Shuka]] *[[Kisiwa cha Siawangi|Siawangi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sina|Sina]] *[[Kisiwa cha Siza|Siza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sizu|Sizu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Songe|Songe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sosswa|Sosswa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sozihe|Sozihe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Tefu|Tefu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ukara|Ukara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ukerewe|Ukerewe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Usengere|Usengere]] *[[Kisiwa cha Usumuti|Usumuti]] *[[Kisiwa cha Vesi|Funguvisiwa la Vesi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Vianza|Vianza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Wambuji|Wambuji]] *[[Kisiwa cha Yarugu|Yarugu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Yodzu|Yodzu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Zeru|Zeru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Zimo|Zimo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Zinga|Zinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ziragura|Ziragura]] * [[Kisiwa cha Zue|Zue]] ===Upande wa Uganda=== [[Kisiwa cha Baga|Baga]], [[Kisiwa cha Banda (Uganda)|Banda]], [[Kisiwa cha Batwala|Batwala]], [[Kisiwa cha Bu|Bu]], [[Kisiwa cha Bubeke|Bubeke]], [[Kisiwa cha Bubembe|Bubembe]], [[Kisiwa cha Bufumira|Bufumira]], [[Kisiwa cha Bugaba|Bugaba]], [[Kisiwa cha Bugaia|Bugaia]], [[Kisiwa cha Bugala|Bugala]] (lat -0,32, long 32,24), [[Kisiwa cha Bugala|Bugala]] (lat -0,64, long 32,31), [[Kisiwa cha Buiga (Mpigi)|Buiga (Mpigi)]], [[Kisiwa cha Buiga (Wakiso)|Buiga (Wakiso)]], [[Kisiwa cha Bukasa|Bukasa]], [[Kisiwa cha Bukone|Bukone]], [[Kisiwa cha Bukwaya|Bukwaya]], [[Kisiwa cha Bulago|Bulago]][[Kisiwa cha Bulanku|Bulanku]], [[Kisiwa cha Bulingugwe|Bulingugwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Bunjako|Bunjako]], [[Kisiwa cha Bunjazi|Bunjazi]], [[Kisiwa cha Bunyama|Bunyama]], [[Kisiwa cha Bussi|Bussi]], [[Kisiwa cha Busungwe|Busungwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Buturume|Buturume]], [[Kisiwa cha Buvu|Buvu]], [[Kisiwa cha Buvuma|Buvuma]], [[Kisiwa cha Buyange|Buyange]], [[Kisiwa cha Buyovu|Buyovu]], [[Kisiwa cha Buziranjovu|Buziranjovu]], [[Kisiwa cha Buziri|Buziri]], [[Kisiwa cha Bwema|Bwema]], [[Kisiwa cha Bwigi|Bwigi]], [[Kisiwa cha Dagusi|Dagusi]], [[Kisiwa cha Damba|Damba]], [[Kisiwa cha Dinzira|Dinzira]], [[Kisiwa cha Duweru|Duweru]], [[Kisiwa cha Dwanga Mukulu|Dwanga Mukulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Dwanga Muto|Dwanga Muto]], [[Kisiwa cha Dwasendwe|Dwasendwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Dyabalume|Dyabalume]], [[Kisiwa cha Funve|Funve]], [[Kisiwa cha Galo|Galo]], [[Kisiwa cha Ikunyu|Ikunyu]], [[Kisiwa cha Iramba|Iramba]], [[Kisiwa cha Isamba|Isamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Izinga (Buvuma)|Izinga]], [[Kisiwa cha Jana|Jana]], [[Kisiwa cha Kabaganja|Kabaganja]], [[Kisiwa cha Kabale|Kabale]], [[Visiwa vya Kabuguza|Kabuguza]],[[Kisiwa cha Kabulataka|Kabulataka]], [[Kisiwa cha Kagulumu|Kagulumu]], [[Kisiwa cha Kaina|Kaina]], [[Kisiwa cha Kaivali|Kaivali]], [[Kisiwa cha Kalambide|Kalambide]], [[Kisiwa cha Kamukulu|Kamukulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Kamutenga|Kamutenga]], [[Visiwa vya Kansove|Kansove]],[[Kisiwa cha Kaserwa|Kaserwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Katanga|Katanga]], [[Kisiwa cha Kayanja|Kayanja]], [[Kisiwa cha Kaza|Kaza]], [[Kisiwa cha Kerenge|Kerenge]], [[Kisiwa cha Kibibi (Buvuma)|Kibibi]], [[Kisiwa cha Kibibi Kaskazini|Kibibi Kaskazini]], [[Kisiwa cha Kibibi Kusini|Kibibi Kusini]], [[Kisiwa cha Kimi|Kimi]], [[Kisiwa cha Kiraza|Kiraza]], [[Kisiwa cha Kiregi (Uganda)|Kiregi]], [[Kisiwa cha Kirugu|Kirugu]], [[Kisiwa cha Kisima|Kisima]], [[Kisiwa cha Kitobo|Kitobo]], [[Kisiwa cha Kiwa (Uganda)|Kiwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Komogwe|Komogwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Koome|Koome]], [[Kisiwa cha Kuiye|Kuiye]], [[Kisiwa cha Kyanga|Kyanga]], [[Kisiwa cha Lambu|Lambu]], [[Kisiwa cha Lebu|Lebu]], [[Kisiwa cha Limaiba|Limaiba]], [[Kisiwa cha Linga (Uganda)|Linga]], [[Kisiwa cha Lingira|Lingira]], [[Kisiwa cha Lolui|Lolui]], [[Kisiwa cha Lufu|Lufu]], [[Kisiwa cha Lujabwa|Lujabwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Lukalu|Lukalu]], [[Kisiwa cha Luke (Uganda)|Luke]], [[Kisiwa cha Lukiusa|Lukiusa]], [[Kisiwa cha Lula|Lula]], [[Kisiwa cha Lulamba|Lulamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Lulanda|Lulanda]], [[Kisiwa cha Lumva|Lumva]], [[Kisiwa cha Lunfuwa|Lunfuwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Lunkulu|Lunkulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Luntwa|Luntwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Luserera|Luserera]], [[Kisiwa cha Luvangu|Luvangu]], [[Kisiwa cha Luvia|Luvia]], [[Kisiwa cha Luwungulu|Luwungulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwabagenge|Lwabagenge]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwabalega|Lwabalega]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwabana|Lwabana]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwaji|Lwaji]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwantete|Lwantete]], [[Kisiwa cha Lyabana|Lyabana]], [[Visiwa vya Mabanda|Mabanda]], [[Kisiwa cha Makalugi|Makalugi]], [[Kisiwa cha Makusu|Makusu]], [[Kisiwa cha Marija|Marija]], [[Kisiwa cha Masiwa|Masiwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Masovwi|Masovwi]], [[Kisiwa cha Maundu|Maundu]], [[Kisiwa cha Maungwe|Maungwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Mavi|Mavi]], [[Kisiwa cha Mawe|Mawe]], [[Kisiwa cha Mayinja|Mayinja]], [[Kisiwa cha Mbirubuziba|Mbirubuziba]], [[Kisiwa cha Mbive|Mbive]], [[Kisiwa cha Mbulamwalo|Mbulamwalo]], [[Visiwa vya Meru|Meru]], [[Visiwa vya Mitusi|Mitusi]], [[Kisiwa cha Mkovu|Mkovu]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpande|Mpande]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpata|Mpata]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpuga|Mpuga]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpugwe|Mpugwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpuni|Mpuni]], [[Kisiwa cha Mukalanga|Mukalanga]], [[Kisiwa cha Munene|Munene]], [[Visiwa vya Musambwa|Musambwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Musambwa Kusini|Musambwa Kusini]], [[Kisiwa cha Musene|Musene]], [[Kisiwa cha Mutyomu|Mutyomu]], [[Kisiwa cha Mwama|Mwama]], [[Kisiwa cha Mwana|Mwana]], [[Kisiwa cha Mweza|Mweza]], [[Kisiwa cha Nagembiruwa|Nagembiruwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Nainaivi|Nainaivi]], [[Kisiwa cha Namalusu|Namalusu]], [[Kisiwa cha Namama|Namama]], [[Kisiwa cha Namasimbi|Namasimbi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nambewa|Nambewa]], [[Kisiwa cha Nambuga|Nambuga]], [[Kisiwa cha Namite|Namite]], [[Kisiwa cha Namubega|Namubega]], [[Kisiwa cha Nfo|Nfo]], [[Kisiwa cha Ngabo|Ngabo]], [[Kisiwa cha Ngamba (Uganda)|Ngamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkata|Nkata]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkese|Nkese]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkose|Nkose]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkusa (Kalangala)|Nkusa (Kalangala)]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkusa (Mukono)|Nkusa (Mukono)]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkusa (Wakiso)|Nkusa (Wakiso)]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkuzi|Nkuzi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsadzi|Nsadzi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsenyi|Nsenyi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsimba|Nsimba]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsinga|Nsinga]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsirwe|Nsirwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsonga|Nsonga]], [[Kisiwa cha Ntokwe|Ntokwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Nvuza|Nvuza]], [[Kisiwa cha Nyenda|Nyenda]], [[Kisiwa cha Nziribanje|Nziribanje]], [[Kisiwa cha Ramafuta|Ramafuta]], [[Kisiwa cha Sagitu|Sagitu]], [[Kisiwa cha Sali (Uganda)|Sali]], [[Kisiwa cha Samoka|Samoka]], [[Kisiwa cha Sanga (Buvuma)|Sanga (Buvuma)]], [[Kisiwa cha Sanga (Mukono)|Sanga (Mukono)]] (lat -0,07, long 32,80), [[Kisiwa cha Sanga (Mukono)|Sanga (Mukono)]] (lat 0,08, long 32,65), [[Kisiwa cha Segamba|Segamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Sege|Sege]], [[Visiwa vya Semuganja|Semuganja]], [[Kisiwa cha Semuganja Omunene|Semuganja Omunene]], [[Kisiwa cha Semuganja Omutono|Semuganja Omutono]], [[Kisiwa cha Sentwe|Sentwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Serinya|Serinya]], [[Visiwa vya Sese|Sese]], [[Kisiwa cha Sigulu|Sigulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Simu|Simu]],[[Kisiwa cha Sindiro|Sindiro]], [[Kisiwa cha Sira|Sira]], [[Kisiwa cha Siro|Siro]], [[Kisiwa cha Sowe (Uganda)|Sowe]], [[Kisiwa cha Tavu|Tavu]], [[Kisiwa cha Visa (Uganda)|Visa]], [[Kisiwa cha Vumba|Vumba]], [[Kisiwa cha Wabuziba|Wabuziba]], [[Kisiwa cha Waiasi|Waiasi]], [[Kisiwa cha Waitwe|Waitwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Yubwe|Yubwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Yuweh|Yuweh|]], [[Kisiwa cha Zigunga|Zigunga]], [[Visiwa pacha vya Zigunga|Zigunga Pacha]], [[Kisiwa cha Zinga (Uganda)|Zinga]], [[Kisiwa cha Ziro|Ziro]], [[Kisiwa cha Ziru (Buvuma)|Ziru (Buvuma)]] (lat -0,09, long 33,21), [[Kisiwa cha Ziru (Buvuma)|Ziru (Buvuma)]] (lat 0,05, long 32,98), [[Kisiwa cha Ziru (Kalangala)|Ziru (Kalangala)]] ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Tanzania]] * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Uganda]] == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af16.html Watersheds of Africa: A10 Nile | Lake Viktoria ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af16.html |date=20070927212902 }} {{Maziwa ya Tanzania}} {{maziwa ya Uganda}} {{Maziwa ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Viktoria| ]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Kagera]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Geita]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Mwanza]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Mara]] c6czp2yqbq2l1k5e6ie09a7danovzv5 1573065 1573064 2026-06-14T23:10:26Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1573065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ziwa | jina = Ziwa la Viktoria Nyanza | picha = Lake_Victoria.png | maelezo_ya_picha = Ziwa Viktoria Nyanza jinsi linavyoonekana kutoka [[anga|angani]] | mahali = [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] | nchi = [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]] na [[Kenya]] | eneo = 68,100 km² | kina = 81 m | mito inayoingia = [[Kagera (mto)|Kagera]], [[mto Katonga]], [[mto Nzoia]] n.k. | mito inayotoka = [[Nile]] | kimo = 1,134 m | miji = [[Kampala]], [[Kisumu]], [[Mwanza]] }} [[Picha:Rift.svg|240px|thumb|right|Ziwa Viktoria na [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki]].]] [[Picha:Density evolution Victoria.png|250px|thumb|left|Ongezeko la [[msongamano wa watu]] kandokando ya Ziwa Victoria.]] [[Picha:Image-Languages-Lakevictoria-fr.svg|220px|left|thumb|[[Lugha]] kandokando ya Ziwa Victoria.]] [[Picha:Hydrography-graph-Lake Victoria.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tofauti ya levo katika Ziwa Victoria.]] [[Picha:Human density Lake Victoria.png|225px|right|Ongezeko la msongamano wa watu kandokando ya Ziwa Victoria likilinganishwa na lile la Afrika nzima.]] '''Ziwa Viktoria''' (pia: '''Ziwa Nyanza''' au '''Ziwa Ukerewe''') ni [[ziwa]] kubwa la [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] lililopo baina ya [[Tanzania]], [[Kenya]] na [[Uganda]]. Eneo la [[maji]] ya ziwa limegawanywa 49[[%]] (km² 33,700) nchini Tanzania, 45% (km² 31,000) nchini Uganda, na 6% (km² 4,100) nchini Kenya. Ziwa Viktoria lipo [[mita]] 1134 [[juu ya usawa wa bahari]] na lina eneo la [[kilometa za mraba]] zaidi ya 68,100. Hivyo ni ziwa kubwa kuliko yote [[Bara|barani]] [[Afrika]], na la pili [[duniani]] kwa uso wa maji baridi, baada ya [[Ziwa Superior]] ambalo lipo [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Ziwa hili linapata [[maji]] yake mengi kutokana na [[mvua]] (80[[%]]) na kutoka vijito vingi vidogo. [[Mto]] mkubwa unaoingia Viktoria ni [[Mto Kagera]] unaotiririka kutoka [[magharibi]]. [[Maji]] ya ziwa Viktoria yanatoka na kumiminika kwenye [[mto]] [[Nile]] na kuelekea [[bahari ya Mediteranea]] kwa [[umbali]] wa [[maili]] 4,000. Ziwa hilo lina [[kina]] cha [[wastani]] cha [[mita]] 40 na [[mwambao]] wa [[urefu]] wa kilomita 4,828, visiwa vyake vikiwa vimechangia 3.7% ya urefu huu. Ziwa hilo liliwahi kukauka kabisa mara kadhaa tangu lilipoanza miaka 400,000 iliyopita. ==Majina== Ingawa lilikuwa na majina mengi ya lugha za kienyeji (Kiswahili: Ukerewe; kidholuo: Nam Lolwe; kiganda: 'Nnalubaale; Kinyarwanda: Nyanza),<ref>{{Citation|title=The Victoria Nyanza. The Land, the Races and their Customs, with Specimens of Some of the Dialects|date=1899|url=https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/|language=en|access-date=2026-06-14}}</ref> ziwa hili lilipewa jina la Malkia Victoria na mgunduzi John Hanning Speke, Muingereza wa kwanza kuliandika mnamo 1858, akiwa kwenye msafara na Richard Francis Burton. == Jiolojia== [[File:Lake Victoria View.jpg|thumb|Muonekano wa Ziwa Viktoria kutokea Mwanza, Tanzania]] Ziwa Viktoria lina [[historia]] ya pekee ya [[Jiolojia|kijiolojia]]. Tofauti na maziwa mengi ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] kama [[ziwa Tanganyika]] na [[ziwa Malawi]], ambayo yalitokana na [[ufa]] mkubwa wa [[Bonde Kuu la Ufa]] la [[Afrika ya Mashariki]], Ziwa Viktoria halikuundwa moja kwa moja na harakati za [[gandunia]]. Badala yake, lilichukua [[umbo]] lake kutokana na mchakato wa mwinuko wa ardhi na mifumo ya mto iliyozuiwa au kuelekezwa upya kutokana na mabadiliko ya [[Jiografia|kijiografia]], hususan katika kipindi cha [[Pleistocene]]. Sehemu ya [[bonde]] la ziwa iliundwa na mvutano wa [[Mwamba (jiolojia)|miamba]] ya kale ya ''Precambria'', huku mwinuko wa ardhi katika maeneo ya kusini mwa Uganda na kaskazini mwa Tanzania ukisababisha maji kujikusanya na kuunda ziwa la ndani. Ziwa hili linaenea katika ngao ya ''Afrika ya Precambria'', ambayo ina miamba ya kale sana inayokadiriwa kuwa na [[umri]] wa zaidi ya miaka [[bilioni]] 2.7. Miamba ya [[gneiss]], [[itale]] na [[shist]] huunda msingi wa kijiolojia wa eneo hili, na kuathiri sifa za ardhi ya bonde la ziwa. Ingawa ziwa Viktoria si sehemu ya moja kwa moja ya ufa wa tektoniki, linaathiriwa kwa karibu na mikondo ya tektoniki kutoka Bonde Kuu la Ufa, ambalo liko karibu sana upande wa magharibi na mashariki mwa ziwa. Harakati hizi husababisha mikondo midogo ya miamba na [[Tetemeko la ardhi|vitetemeko vya ardhi]] katika eneo la ziwa, lakini si kwa kiwango kikubwa kama katika maziwa ya Tanganyika au Malawi. Katika [[historia]] ya hivi karibuni ya kijiolojia, ziwa Viktoria limepitia mabadiliko makubwa ya [[mazingira|kimazingira]], ikiwa ni pamoja na kukauka kabisa takriban miaka 14,600 iliyopita kutokana na mabadiliko ya [[hali ya hewa]], na kujaza tena ndani ya kipindi cha maelfu machache ya miaka. Tukio hili linaakisi unyeti wa mfumo wa ziwa kwa mabadiliko ya kijiografia na hali ya hewa. Uwepo wa mito mingi inayoingia na kutoka ziwani, kama vile Mto Kagera na Mto Nile Nyeupe, unaendelea kuchangia katika mzunguko wa kijiolojia na maji wa ziwa hilo. Kwa sasa, ziwa Viktoria ni sehemu muhimu ya [[ikolojia]], [[uchumi]], na mabadiliko ya kijiolojia yanayoendelea katika eneo la Afrika ya Mashariki. ==Visiwa vya Ziwa Viktoria== Ziwa Viktoria ni miongoni mwa maziwa yenye [[visiwa]] vingi (takribani 985); kikubwa kuliko vyote ni [[Ukerewe]]. ===Upande wa Kenya=== [[Kisiwa cha Bihiri|Bihiri]] * [[Visiwa vya Chamarungo|Chamarungo]] * [[Visiwa vya Daraja|Daraja]] * [[Kisiwa cha Gengra|Gengra]] * [[Kisiwa cha Hongwe|Hongwe]] * [[Kisiwa cha Ilemba|Ilemba]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kijani|Kijani]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kimaboni|Kimaboni]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kiringiti|Kiringiti]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kiwa|Kiwa]] * [[Kisiwa cha Koyamo|Koyamo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mageta|Mageta]] * [[Visiwa vya Magogo|Magogo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Maiunya|Maiunya]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mbaiyu|Mbaiyu]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mbasa|Mbasa]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mfangano|Mfangano]] * [[Kisiwa cha Migingo|Migingo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mlinzi|Mlinzi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mogare|Mogare]] * [[Visiwa vya Mogare]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mzenzi|Mzenzi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Namulamia|Namulamia]] * [[Kisiwa cha Ndede|Ndede]] * [[Kisiwa cha Ngodhe|Ngodhe]] * [[Kisiwa cha Piramidi|Piramidi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Risi|Risi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Rusinga|Rusinga]] * [[Kisiwa cha Saga|Saga]] * [[Kisiwa cha Seki|Seki]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sifu|Sifu]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sirigombe|Sirigombe]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sukuru|Sukuru]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sumba|Sumba]] * [[Kisiwa cha Takawiri|Takawiri]] * [[Visiwa vya Ugingo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Unyama|Unyama]] * [[Kisiwa cha Usingo|Usingo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Uware|Uware]] * [[Kisiwa cha Wahondo|Wahondo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Wayaga|Wayaga]] * [[Kisiwa cha Yalombo|Yalombo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Yamburi|Yamburi]] ===Upande wa Tanzania=== [[kisiwa cha Anchor (Tanzania)|Anchor]] *[[Kisiwa cha Barega|Barega]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bezi|Bezi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bihila|Bihila]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bisuvi|Bisuvi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Biswe|Biswe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Buganbwe|Buganbwe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bugeru|Bugeru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bukerebe|Bukerebe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bukurani|Bukurani]] *[[Kisiwa cha Buluza|Buluza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bumbire|Bumbire]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bunyasa|Bunyasa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Burubi|Burubi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Busonyi|Busonyi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Busyengere|Busyengere]] *[[Kisiwa cha Butwa|Butwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Buzumu|Buzumu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bwiru|Bwiru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chakazimbe|Chakazimbe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Charaki|Charaki]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chienda|Chienda]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chihara|Chihara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chikonero|Chikonero]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chinyeri|Chinyeri]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chitandere (Sengerema)|Chitandere (Sengerema)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chitandere (Ukerewe)|Chitandere (Ukerewe)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Dunacheri|Dunacheri]] *[[Kisiwa cha Dwiga|Dwiga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Gabalema|Gabalema]] *[[Kisiwa cha Galinzira (Kagera)|Galinzira (Kagera)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Galinzira (Ukerewe)|Galinzira (Ukerewe)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Gama|Gama]] *[[Kisiwa cha Gana|Gana]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ijinga|Ijinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ijirambo|Ijirambo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ikuru|Ikuru]] *[[Ikuza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ilangala|Ilangala]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iramba (Tanzania)|Iramba (Tanzania)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iriga|Iriga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iroba|Iroba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Irugwa|Irugwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iruma|Iruma]] *[[Kisiwa cha Itami|Itami]] *[[Kisiwa cha Itemusi|Itemusi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ito|Ito]] *[[Kisiwa cha Izinga|Izinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Juguu|Juguu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Juma|Juma]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kagongo|Kagongo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kamasi|Kamasi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kaserazi|Kaserazi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kasima|Kasima]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kategurwa|Kategurwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kiamugasire|Kiamugasire]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kiau|Kiau]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kibinda|Kibinda]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kihombe|Kihombe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kinagomwishu|Kinamogwishu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kinyanwana|Kinyanwana]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kiregi (Ukerewe)|Kiregi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kireta|Kireta]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kishaka|Kishaka]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kitua|Kitua]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kivumba|Kivumba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Komasi|Komasi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kome|Kome]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kulazu|Kulazu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kunene|Kunene]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kuriro|Kuriro]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kweru|Kweru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kweru Mutu|Kweru Mutu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kwigari|Kwigari]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kwilela|Kwilela]] *[[Kisiwa cha Liagoba|Liagoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Liegoba|Liegoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lyegoba|Lyegoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Luanji|Luanji]] *[[Kisiwa cha Luhuguru|Luhuguru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lukando|Lukando]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lukuba|Lukuba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Luwaima|Luwaima]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lyamwenge|Lyamwenge]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mabibi|Mabibi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mafunke|Mafunke]] *[[Kisiwa cha Maisome|Maisome]] *[[Kisiwa cha Majeje|Majeje]] *[[Kisiwa cha Majunwa|Majunwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Makibwa|Makibwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Makome|Makome]] *[[Kisiwa cha Makove|Makove]] *[[Kisiwa cha Malelema|Malelema]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mambe|Mambe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Maremera|Maremera]] *[[Kisiwa cha Masakara|Masakara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Masheka|Masheka]] *[[Kisiwa cha Masuha|Masuha]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mashwera|Mashwera]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mazinga|Mazinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mgonchi|Mgonchi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Miandere|Funguvisiwa la Miandere]] *[[Kisiwa cha Miganiko|Miganiko]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mijo|Mijo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mkuru Kinagi|Mkuru Kinagi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Morova|Morova]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mraoba|Mraoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Msalala|Msalala]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mtenga|Mtenga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mtoa|Mtoa]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mtoto|Mtoto]] *[[Kisiwa cha Musira|Musira]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mwengwa|Mwengwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nabuyongo|Nabuyongo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nafuba|Nafuba]] * [[Kisiwa cha Nakaranga|Nakaranga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Namatembe|Namatembe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Namguma|Namguma]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ndarua|Ndarua]] *[[Kisiwa cha Niankuru|Niankuru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Njaburu|Njaburu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyabugudzi|Nyabugudzi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyaburu|Nyaburu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyajune|Nyajune]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyakanyanse|Nyakanyanse]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyakasanga|Nyakasanga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyamasangi|Nyamasangi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyamatala|Nyamatala]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyambugu|Nyambugu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyamikongo|Nyamikongo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyanswi|Nyanswi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Raju|Raju]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ramawe|Ramawe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rubisi|Rubisi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rubisho|Rubisho]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rubondo|Rubondo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ruiga|Ruiga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Runeke|Runeke]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ruregaja|Ruregaja]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rwevaguzi|Rwevaguzi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Saanane|Saanane]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sara|Sara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sata|Sata]] *[[Kisiwa cha Seza|Seza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Shuka|Shuka]] *[[Kisiwa cha Siawangi|Siawangi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sina|Sina]] *[[Kisiwa cha Siza|Siza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sizu|Sizu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Songe|Songe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sosswa|Sosswa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sozihe|Sozihe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Tefu|Tefu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ukara|Ukara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ukerewe|Ukerewe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Usengere|Usengere]] *[[Kisiwa cha Usumuti|Usumuti]] *[[Kisiwa cha Vesi|Funguvisiwa la Vesi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Vianza|Vianza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Wambuji|Wambuji]] *[[Kisiwa cha Yarugu|Yarugu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Yodzu|Yodzu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Zeru|Zeru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Zimo|Zimo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Zinga|Zinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ziragura|Ziragura]] * [[Kisiwa cha Zue|Zue]] ===Upande wa Uganda=== [[Kisiwa cha Baga|Baga]], [[Kisiwa cha Banda (Uganda)|Banda]], [[Kisiwa cha Batwala|Batwala]], [[Kisiwa cha Bu|Bu]], [[Kisiwa cha Bubeke|Bubeke]], [[Kisiwa cha Bubembe|Bubembe]], [[Kisiwa cha Bufumira|Bufumira]], [[Kisiwa cha Bugaba|Bugaba]], [[Kisiwa cha Bugaia|Bugaia]], [[Kisiwa cha Bugala|Bugala]] (lat -0,32, long 32,24), [[Kisiwa cha Bugala|Bugala]] (lat -0,64, long 32,31), [[Kisiwa cha Buiga (Mpigi)|Buiga (Mpigi)]], [[Kisiwa cha Buiga (Wakiso)|Buiga (Wakiso)]], [[Kisiwa cha Bukasa|Bukasa]], [[Kisiwa cha Bukone|Bukone]], [[Kisiwa cha Bukwaya|Bukwaya]], [[Kisiwa cha Bulago|Bulago]][[Kisiwa cha Bulanku|Bulanku]], [[Kisiwa cha Bulingugwe|Bulingugwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Bunjako|Bunjako]], [[Kisiwa cha Bunjazi|Bunjazi]], [[Kisiwa cha Bunyama|Bunyama]], [[Kisiwa cha Bussi|Bussi]], [[Kisiwa cha Busungwe|Busungwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Buturume|Buturume]], [[Kisiwa cha Buvu|Buvu]], [[Kisiwa cha Buvuma|Buvuma]], [[Kisiwa cha Buyange|Buyange]], [[Kisiwa cha Buyovu|Buyovu]], [[Kisiwa cha Buziranjovu|Buziranjovu]], [[Kisiwa cha Buziri|Buziri]], [[Kisiwa cha Bwema|Bwema]], [[Kisiwa cha Bwigi|Bwigi]], [[Kisiwa cha Dagusi|Dagusi]], [[Kisiwa cha Damba|Damba]], [[Kisiwa cha Dinzira|Dinzira]], [[Kisiwa cha Duweru|Duweru]], [[Kisiwa cha Dwanga Mukulu|Dwanga Mukulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Dwanga Muto|Dwanga Muto]], [[Kisiwa cha Dwasendwe|Dwasendwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Dyabalume|Dyabalume]], [[Kisiwa cha Funve|Funve]], [[Kisiwa cha Galo|Galo]], [[Kisiwa cha Ikunyu|Ikunyu]], [[Kisiwa cha Iramba|Iramba]], [[Kisiwa cha Isamba|Isamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Izinga (Buvuma)|Izinga]], [[Kisiwa cha Jana|Jana]], [[Kisiwa cha Kabaganja|Kabaganja]], [[Kisiwa cha Kabale|Kabale]], [[Visiwa vya Kabuguza|Kabuguza]],[[Kisiwa cha Kabulataka|Kabulataka]], [[Kisiwa cha Kagulumu|Kagulumu]], [[Kisiwa cha Kaina|Kaina]], [[Kisiwa cha Kaivali|Kaivali]], [[Kisiwa cha Kalambide|Kalambide]], [[Kisiwa cha Kamukulu|Kamukulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Kamutenga|Kamutenga]], [[Visiwa vya Kansove|Kansove]],[[Kisiwa cha Kaserwa|Kaserwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Katanga|Katanga]], [[Kisiwa cha Kayanja|Kayanja]], [[Kisiwa cha Kaza|Kaza]], [[Kisiwa cha Kerenge|Kerenge]], [[Kisiwa cha Kibibi (Buvuma)|Kibibi]], [[Kisiwa cha Kibibi Kaskazini|Kibibi Kaskazini]], [[Kisiwa cha Kibibi Kusini|Kibibi Kusini]], [[Kisiwa cha Kimi|Kimi]], [[Kisiwa cha Kiraza|Kiraza]], [[Kisiwa cha Kiregi (Uganda)|Kiregi]], [[Kisiwa cha Kirugu|Kirugu]], [[Kisiwa cha Kisima|Kisima]], [[Kisiwa cha Kitobo|Kitobo]], [[Kisiwa cha Kiwa (Uganda)|Kiwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Komogwe|Komogwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Koome|Koome]], [[Kisiwa cha Kuiye|Kuiye]], [[Kisiwa cha Kyanga|Kyanga]], [[Kisiwa cha Lambu|Lambu]], [[Kisiwa cha Lebu|Lebu]], [[Kisiwa cha Limaiba|Limaiba]], [[Kisiwa cha Linga (Uganda)|Linga]], [[Kisiwa cha Lingira|Lingira]], [[Kisiwa cha Lolui|Lolui]], [[Kisiwa cha Lufu|Lufu]], [[Kisiwa cha Lujabwa|Lujabwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Lukalu|Lukalu]], [[Kisiwa cha Luke (Uganda)|Luke]], [[Kisiwa cha Lukiusa|Lukiusa]], [[Kisiwa cha Lula|Lula]], [[Kisiwa cha Lulamba|Lulamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Lulanda|Lulanda]], [[Kisiwa cha Lumva|Lumva]], [[Kisiwa cha Lunfuwa|Lunfuwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Lunkulu|Lunkulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Luntwa|Luntwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Luserera|Luserera]], [[Kisiwa cha Luvangu|Luvangu]], [[Kisiwa cha Luvia|Luvia]], [[Kisiwa cha Luwungulu|Luwungulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwabagenge|Lwabagenge]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwabalega|Lwabalega]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwabana|Lwabana]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwaji|Lwaji]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwantete|Lwantete]], [[Kisiwa cha Lyabana|Lyabana]], [[Visiwa vya Mabanda|Mabanda]], [[Kisiwa cha Makalugi|Makalugi]], [[Kisiwa cha Makusu|Makusu]], [[Kisiwa cha Marija|Marija]], [[Kisiwa cha Masiwa|Masiwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Masovwi|Masovwi]], [[Kisiwa cha Maundu|Maundu]], [[Kisiwa cha Maungwe|Maungwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Mavi|Mavi]], [[Kisiwa cha Mawe|Mawe]], [[Kisiwa cha Mayinja|Mayinja]], [[Kisiwa cha Mbirubuziba|Mbirubuziba]], [[Kisiwa cha Mbive|Mbive]], [[Kisiwa cha Mbulamwalo|Mbulamwalo]], [[Visiwa vya Meru|Meru]], [[Visiwa vya Mitusi|Mitusi]], [[Kisiwa cha Mkovu|Mkovu]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpande|Mpande]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpata|Mpata]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpuga|Mpuga]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpugwe|Mpugwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpuni|Mpuni]], [[Kisiwa cha Mukalanga|Mukalanga]], [[Kisiwa cha Munene|Munene]], [[Visiwa vya Musambwa|Musambwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Musambwa Kusini|Musambwa Kusini]], [[Kisiwa cha Musene|Musene]], [[Kisiwa cha Mutyomu|Mutyomu]], [[Kisiwa cha Mwama|Mwama]], [[Kisiwa cha Mwana|Mwana]], [[Kisiwa cha Mweza|Mweza]], [[Kisiwa cha Nagembiruwa|Nagembiruwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Nainaivi|Nainaivi]], [[Kisiwa cha Namalusu|Namalusu]], [[Kisiwa cha Namama|Namama]], [[Kisiwa cha Namasimbi|Namasimbi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nambewa|Nambewa]], [[Kisiwa cha Nambuga|Nambuga]], [[Kisiwa cha Namite|Namite]], [[Kisiwa cha Namubega|Namubega]], [[Kisiwa cha Nfo|Nfo]], [[Kisiwa cha Ngabo|Ngabo]], [[Kisiwa cha Ngamba (Uganda)|Ngamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkata|Nkata]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkese|Nkese]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkose|Nkose]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkusa (Kalangala)|Nkusa (Kalangala)]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkusa (Mukono)|Nkusa (Mukono)]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkusa (Wakiso)|Nkusa (Wakiso)]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkuzi|Nkuzi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsadzi|Nsadzi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsenyi|Nsenyi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsimba|Nsimba]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsinga|Nsinga]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsirwe|Nsirwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsonga|Nsonga]], [[Kisiwa cha Ntokwe|Ntokwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Nvuza|Nvuza]], [[Kisiwa cha Nyenda|Nyenda]], [[Kisiwa cha Nziribanje|Nziribanje]], [[Kisiwa cha Ramafuta|Ramafuta]], [[Kisiwa cha Sagitu|Sagitu]], [[Kisiwa cha Sali (Uganda)|Sali]], [[Kisiwa cha Samoka|Samoka]], [[Kisiwa cha Sanga (Buvuma)|Sanga (Buvuma)]], [[Kisiwa cha Sanga (Mukono)|Sanga (Mukono)]] (lat -0,07, long 32,80), [[Kisiwa cha Sanga (Mukono)|Sanga (Mukono)]] (lat 0,08, long 32,65), [[Kisiwa cha Segamba|Segamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Sege|Sege]], [[Visiwa vya Semuganja|Semuganja]], [[Kisiwa cha Semuganja Omunene|Semuganja Omunene]], [[Kisiwa cha Semuganja Omutono|Semuganja Omutono]], [[Kisiwa cha Sentwe|Sentwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Serinya|Serinya]], [[Visiwa vya Sese|Sese]], [[Kisiwa cha Sigulu|Sigulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Simu|Simu]],[[Kisiwa cha Sindiro|Sindiro]], [[Kisiwa cha Sira|Sira]], [[Kisiwa cha Siro|Siro]], [[Kisiwa cha Sowe (Uganda)|Sowe]], [[Kisiwa cha Tavu|Tavu]], [[Kisiwa cha Visa (Uganda)|Visa]], [[Kisiwa cha Vumba|Vumba]], [[Kisiwa cha Wabuziba|Wabuziba]], [[Kisiwa cha Waiasi|Waiasi]], [[Kisiwa cha Waitwe|Waitwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Yubwe|Yubwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Yuweh|Yuweh|]], [[Kisiwa cha Zigunga|Zigunga]], [[Visiwa pacha vya Zigunga|Zigunga Pacha]], [[Kisiwa cha Zinga (Uganda)|Zinga]], [[Kisiwa cha Ziro|Ziro]], [[Kisiwa cha Ziru (Buvuma)|Ziru (Buvuma)]] (lat -0,09, long 33,21), [[Kisiwa cha Ziru (Buvuma)|Ziru (Buvuma)]] (lat 0,05, long 32,98), [[Kisiwa cha Ziru (Kalangala)|Ziru (Kalangala)]] ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Tanzania]] * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Uganda]] == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af16.html Watersheds of Africa: A10 Nile | Lake Viktoria ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af16.html |date=20070927212902 }} {{Maziwa ya Tanzania}} {{maziwa ya Uganda}} {{Maziwa ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Viktoria| ]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Kagera]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Geita]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Mwanza]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Mara]] 4ysdpe4lumhpinr7l68kvz4seam9z7e 1573103 1573065 2026-06-15T09:29:14Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1573103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ziwa | jina = Ziwa la Viktoria Nyanza | picha = Lake_Victoria.png | maelezo_ya_picha = Ziwa Viktoria Nyanza jinsi linavyoonekana kutoka [[anga|angani]] | mahali = [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] | nchi = [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]] na [[Kenya]] | eneo = 68,100 km² | kina = 81 m | mito inayoingia = [[Kagera (mto)|Kagera]], [[mto Katonga]], [[mto Nzoia]] n.k. | mito inayotoka = [[Nile]] | kimo = 1,134 m | miji = [[Kampala]], [[Kisumu]], [[Mwanza]] }} [[Picha:Rift.svg|240px|thumb|right|Ziwa Viktoria na [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki]].]] [[Picha:Density evolution Victoria.png|250px|thumb|left|Ongezeko la [[msongamano wa watu]] kandokando ya Ziwa Victoria.]] [[Picha:Image-Languages-Lakevictoria-fr.svg|220px|left|thumb|[[Lugha]] kandokando ya Ziwa Victoria.]] [[Picha:Hydrography-graph-Lake Victoria.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tofauti ya levo katika Ziwa Victoria.]] [[Picha:Human density Lake Victoria.png|225px|right|Ongezeko la msongamano wa watu kandokando ya Ziwa Victoria likilinganishwa na lile la Afrika nzima.]] '''Ziwa Viktoria''' (pia: '''Ziwa Nyanza''' au '''Ziwa Ukerewe''') ni [[ziwa]] kubwa la [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] lililopo baina ya [[Tanzania]], [[Kenya]] na [[Uganda]]. Eneo la [[maji]] ya ziwa limegawanywa 49[[%]] (km² 33,700) nchini Tanzania, 45% (km² 31,000) nchini Uganda, na 6% (km² 4,100) nchini Kenya. Ziwa Viktoria lipo [[mita]] 1134 [[juu ya usawa wa bahari]] na lina eneo la [[kilometa za mraba]] zaidi ya 68,100. Hivyo ni ziwa kubwa kuliko yote [[Bara|barani]] [[Afrika]], na la pili [[duniani]] kwa uso wa maji baridi, baada ya [[Ziwa Superior]] ambalo lipo [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Ziwa hili linapata [[maji]] yake mengi kutokana na [[mvua]] (80[[%]]) na kutoka vijito vingi vidogo. [[Mto]] mkubwa unaoingia Viktoria ni [[Mto Kagera]] unaotiririka kutoka [[magharibi]]. [[Maji]] ya ziwa Viktoria yanatoka na kumiminika kwenye [[mto]] [[Nile]] na kuelekea [[bahari ya Mediteranea]] kwa [[umbali]] wa [[maili]] 4,000. Ziwa hilo lina [[kina]] cha [[wastani]] cha [[mita]] 40 na [[mwambao]] wa [[urefu]] wa kilomita 4,828, visiwa vyake vikiwa vimechangia 3.7% ya urefu huu. Ziwa hilo liliwahi kukauka kabisa mara kadhaa tangu lilipoanza miaka 400,000 iliyopita. ==Majina== Ingawa lilikuwa na majina mengi ya lugha za kienyeji (Kiswahili: Ukerewe; kidholuo: Nam Lolwe; kiganda: 'Nnalubaale; Kinyarwanda: Nyanza),<ref>{{Citation|title=The Victoria Nyanza. The Land, the Races and their Customs, with Specimens of Some of the Dialects|date=1899|url=https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/|language=en|access-date=2026-06-14}}</ref> ziwa hili lilipewa jina la Malkia Victoria na mgunduzi John Hanning Speke, Muingereza wa kwanza kuliandika mnamo 1858, akiwa kwenye msafara na Richard Francis Burton. == Jiolojia== [[File:Lake Victoria View.jpg|thumb|Muonekano wa Ziwa Viktoria kutokea Mwanza, Tanzania]] Ziwa Viktoria lina [[historia]] ya pekee ya [[Jiolojia|kijiolojia]]. Tofauti na maziwa mengi ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] kama [[ziwa Tanganyika]] na [[ziwa Malawi]], ambayo yalitokana na [[ufa]] mkubwa wa [[Bonde Kuu la Ufa]] la [[Afrika ya Mashariki]], Ziwa Viktoria halikuundwa moja kwa moja na harakati za [[gandunia]]. Badala yake, lilichukua [[umbo]] lake kutokana na mchakato wa mwinuko wa ardhi na mifumo ya mto iliyozuiwa au kuelekezwa upya kutokana na mabadiliko ya [[Jiografia|kijiografia]], hususan katika kipindi cha [[Pleistocene]]. Sehemu ya [[bonde]] la ziwa iliundwa na mvutano wa [[Mwamba (jiolojia)|miamba]] ya kale ya ''Precambria'', huku mwinuko wa ardhi katika maeneo ya kusini mwa Uganda na kaskazini mwa Tanzania ukisababisha maji kujikusanya na kuunda ziwa la ndani. Ziwa hili linaenea katika ngao ya ''Afrika ya Precambria'', ambayo ina miamba ya kale sana inayokadiriwa kuwa na [[umri]] wa zaidi ya miaka [[bilioni]] 2.7. Miamba ya [[gneiss]], [[itale]] na [[shist]] huunda msingi wa kijiolojia wa eneo hili, na kuathiri sifa za ardhi ya bonde la ziwa. Ingawa ziwa Viktoria si sehemu ya moja kwa moja ya ufa wa tektoniki, linaathiriwa kwa karibu na mikondo ya tektoniki kutoka Bonde Kuu la Ufa, ambalo liko karibu sana upande wa magharibi na mashariki mwa ziwa. Harakati hizi husababisha mikondo midogo ya miamba na [[Tetemeko la ardhi|vitetemeko vya ardhi]] katika eneo la ziwa, lakini si kwa kiwango kikubwa kama katika maziwa ya Tanganyika au Malawi. Katika [[historia]] ya hivi karibuni ya kijiolojia, ziwa Viktoria limepitia mabadiliko makubwa ya [[mazingira|kimazingira]], ikiwa ni pamoja na kukauka kabisa takriban miaka 14,600 iliyopita kutokana na mabadiliko ya [[hali ya hewa]], na kujaza tena ndani ya kipindi cha maelfu machache ya miaka. Tukio hili linaakisi unyeti wa mfumo wa ziwa kwa mabadiliko ya kijiografia na hali ya hewa. Uwepo wa mito mingi inayoingia na kutoka ziwani, kama vile Mto Kagera na Mto Nile Nyeupe, unaendelea kuchangia katika mzunguko wa kijiolojia na maji wa ziwa hilo. Kwa sasa, ziwa Viktoria ni sehemu muhimu ya [[ikolojia]], [[uchumi]], na mabadiliko ya kijiolojia yanayoendelea katika eneo la Afrika ya Mashariki. ==Visiwa vya Ziwa Viktoria== Ziwa Viktoria ni miongoni mwa maziwa yenye [[visiwa]] vingi (takribani 985); kikubwa kuliko vyote ni [[Ukerewe]]. ===Upande wa Kenya=== [[Kisiwa cha Bihiri|Bihiri]] * [[Visiwa vya Chamarungo|Chamarungo]] * [[Visiwa vya Daraja|Daraja]] * [[Kisiwa cha Gengra|Gengra]] * [[Kisiwa cha Hongwe|Hongwe]] * [[Kisiwa cha Ilemba|Ilemba]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kijani|Kijani]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kimaboni|Kimaboni]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kiringiti|Kiringiti]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kiwa|Kiwa]] * [[Kisiwa cha Koyamo|Koyamo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mageta|Mageta]] * [[Visiwa vya Magogo|Magogo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Maiunya|Maiunya]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mbaiyu|Mbaiyu]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mbasa|Mbasa]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mfangano|Mfangano]] * [[Kisiwa cha Migingo|Migingo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mlinzi|Mlinzi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mogare|Mogare]] * [[Visiwa vya Mogare]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mzenzi|Mzenzi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Namulamia|Namulamia]] * [[Kisiwa cha Ndede|Ndede]] * [[Kisiwa cha Ngodhe|Ngodhe]] * [[Kisiwa cha Piramidi|Piramidi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Risi|Risi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Rusinga|Rusinga]] * [[Kisiwa cha Saga|Saga]] * [[Kisiwa cha Seki|Seki]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sifu|Sifu]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sirigombe|Sirigombe]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sukuru|Sukuru]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sumba|Sumba]] * [[Kisiwa cha Takawiri|Takawiri]] * [[Visiwa vya Ugingo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Unyama|Unyama]] * [[Kisiwa cha Usingo|Usingo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Uware|Uware]] * [[Kisiwa cha Wahondo|Wahondo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Wayaga|Wayaga]] * [[Kisiwa cha Yalombo|Yalombo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Yamburi|Yamburi]] ===Upande wa Tanzania=== [[kisiwa cha Anchor (Tanzania)|Anchor]] *[[Kisiwa cha Barega|Barega]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bezi|Bezi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bihila|Bihila]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bisuvi|Bisuvi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Biswe|Biswe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Buganbwe|Buganbwe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bugeru|Bugeru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bukerebe|Bukerebe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bukurani|Bukurani]] *[[Kisiwa cha Buluza|Buluza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bumbire|Bumbire]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bunyasa|Bunyasa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Burubi|Burubi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Busonyi|Busonyi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Busyengere|Busyengere]] *[[Kisiwa cha Butwa|Butwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Buzumu|Buzumu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bwiru|Bwiru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chakazimbe|Chakazimbe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Charaki|Charaki]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chienda|Chienda]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chihara|Chihara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chikonero|Chikonero]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chinyeri|Chinyeri]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chitandere (Sengerema)|Chitandere (Sengerema)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chitandere (Ukerewe)|Chitandere (Ukerewe)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Dunacheri|Dunacheri]] *[[Kisiwa cha Dwiga|Dwiga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Gabalema|Gabalema]] *[[Kisiwa cha Galinzira (Kagera)|Galinzira (Kagera)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Galinzira (Ukerewe)|Galinzira (Ukerewe)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Gama|Gama]] *[[Kisiwa cha Gana|Gana]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ijinga|Ijinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ijirambo|Ijirambo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ikuru|Ikuru]] *[[Ikuza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ilangala|Ilangala]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iramba (Tanzania)|Iramba (Tanzania)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iriga|Iriga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iroba|Iroba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Irugwa|Irugwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iruma|Iruma]] *[[Kisiwa cha Itami|Itami]] *[[Kisiwa cha Itemusi|Itemusi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ito|Ito]] *[[Kisiwa cha Izinga|Izinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Juguu|Juguu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Juma|Juma]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kagongo|Kagongo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kamasi|Kamasi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kaserazi|Kaserazi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kasima|Kasima]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kategurwa|Kategurwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kiamugasire|Kiamugasire]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kiau|Kiau]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kibinda|Kibinda]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kihombe|Kihombe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kinagomwishu|Kinamogwishu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kinyanwana|Kinyanwana]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kiregi (Ukerewe)|Kiregi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kireta|Kireta]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kishaka|Kishaka]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kitua|Kitua]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kivumba|Kivumba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Komasi|Komasi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kome|Kome]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kulazu|Kulazu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kunene|Kunene]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kuriro|Kuriro]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kweru|Kweru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kweru Mutu|Kweru Mutu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kwigari|Kwigari]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kwilela|Kwilela]] *[[Kisiwa cha Liagoba|Liagoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Liegoba|Liegoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lyegoba|Lyegoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Luanji|Luanji]] *[[Kisiwa cha Luhuguru|Luhuguru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lukando|Lukando]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lukuba|Lukuba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Luwaima|Luwaima]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lyamwenge|Lyamwenge]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mabibi|Mabibi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mafunke|Mafunke]] *[[Kisiwa cha Maisome|Maisome]] *[[Kisiwa cha Majeje|Majeje]] *[[Kisiwa cha Majunwa|Majunwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Makibwa|Makibwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Makome|Makome]] *[[Kisiwa cha Makove|Makove]] *[[Kisiwa cha Malelema|Malelema]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mambe|Mambe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Maremera|Maremera]] *[[Kisiwa cha Masakara|Masakara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Masheka|Masheka]] *[[Kisiwa cha Masuha|Masuha]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mashwera|Mashwera]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mazinga|Mazinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mgonchi|Mgonchi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Miandere|Funguvisiwa la Miandere]] *[[Kisiwa cha Miganiko|Miganiko]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mijo|Mijo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mkuru Kinagi|Mkuru Kinagi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Morova|Morova]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mraoba|Mraoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Msalala|Msalala]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mtenga|Mtenga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mtoa|Mtoa]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mtoto|Mtoto]] *[[Kisiwa cha Musira|Musira]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mwengwa|Mwengwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nabuyongo|Nabuyongo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nafuba|Nafuba]] * [[Kisiwa cha Nakaranga|Nakaranga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Namatembe|Namatembe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Namguma|Namguma]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ndarua|Ndarua]] *[[Kisiwa cha Niankuru|Niankuru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Njaburu|Njaburu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyabugudzi|Nyabugudzi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyaburu|Nyaburu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyajune|Nyajune]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyakanyanse|Nyakanyanse]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyakasanga|Nyakasanga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyamasangi|Nyamasangi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyamatala|Nyamatala]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyambugu|Nyambugu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyamikongo|Nyamikongo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyanswi|Nyanswi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Raju|Raju]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ramawe|Ramawe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rubisi|Rubisi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rubisho|Rubisho]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rubondo|Rubondo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ruiga|Ruiga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Runeke|Runeke]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ruregaja|Ruregaja]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rwevaguzi|Rwevaguzi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Saanane|Saanane]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sara|Sara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sata|Sata]] *[[Kisiwa cha Seza|Seza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Shuka|Shuka]] *[[Kisiwa cha Siawangi|Siawangi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sina|Sina]] *[[Kisiwa cha Siza|Siza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sizu|Sizu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Songe|Songe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sosswa|Sosswa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sozihe|Sozihe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Tefu|Tefu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ukara|Ukara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ukerewe|Ukerewe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Usengere|Usengere]] *[[Kisiwa cha Usumuti|Usumuti]] *[[Kisiwa cha Vesi|Funguvisiwa la Vesi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Vianza|Vianza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Wambuji|Wambuji]] *[[Kisiwa cha Yarugu|Yarugu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Yodzu|Yodzu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Zeru|Zeru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Zimo|Zimo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Zinga|Zinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ziragura|Ziragura]] * [[Kisiwa cha Zue|Zue]] ===Upande wa Uganda=== [[Kisiwa cha Baga|Baga]], [[Kisiwa cha Banda (Uganda)|Banda]], [[Kisiwa cha Batwala|Batwala]], [[Kisiwa cha Bu|Bu]], [[Kisiwa cha Bubeke|Bubeke]], [[Kisiwa cha Bubembe|Bubembe]], [[Kisiwa cha Bufumira|Bufumira]], [[Kisiwa cha Bugaba|Bugaba]], [[Kisiwa cha Bugaia|Bugaia]], [[Kisiwa cha Bugala|Bugala]] (lat -0,32, long 32,24), [[Kisiwa cha Bugala|Bugala]] (lat -0,64, long 32,31), [[Kisiwa cha Buiga (Mpigi)|Buiga (Mpigi)]], [[Kisiwa cha Buiga (Wakiso)|Buiga (Wakiso)]], [[Kisiwa cha Bukasa|Bukasa]], [[Kisiwa cha Bukone|Bukone]], [[Kisiwa cha Bukwaya|Bukwaya]], [[Kisiwa cha Bulago|Bulago]][[Kisiwa cha Bulanku|Bulanku]], [[Kisiwa cha Bulingugwe|Bulingugwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Bunjako|Bunjako]], [[Kisiwa cha Bunjazi|Bunjazi]], [[Kisiwa cha Bunyama|Bunyama]], [[Kisiwa cha Bussi|Bussi]], [[Kisiwa cha Busungwe|Busungwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Buturume|Buturume]], [[Kisiwa cha Buvu|Buvu]], [[Kisiwa cha Buvuma|Buvuma]], [[Kisiwa cha Buyange|Buyange]], [[Kisiwa cha Buyovu|Buyovu]], [[Kisiwa cha Buziranjovu|Buziranjovu]], [[Kisiwa cha Buziri|Buziri]], [[Kisiwa cha Bwema|Bwema]], [[Kisiwa cha Bwigi|Bwigi]], [[Kisiwa cha Dagusi|Dagusi]], [[Kisiwa cha Damba|Damba]], [[Kisiwa cha Dinzira|Dinzira]], [[Kisiwa cha Duweru|Duweru]], [[Kisiwa cha Dwanga Mukulu|Dwanga Mukulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Dwanga Muto|Dwanga Muto]], [[Kisiwa cha Dwasendwe|Dwasendwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Dyabalume|Dyabalume]], [[Kisiwa cha Funve|Funve]], [[Kisiwa cha Galo|Galo]], [[Kisiwa cha Ikunyu|Ikunyu]], [[Kisiwa cha Iramba|Iramba]], [[Kisiwa cha Isamba|Isamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Izinga (Buvuma)|Izinga]], [[Kisiwa cha Jana|Jana]], [[Kisiwa cha Kabaganja|Kabaganja]], [[Kisiwa cha Kabale|Kabale]], [[Visiwa vya Kabuguza|Kabuguza]],[[Kisiwa cha Kabulataka|Kabulataka]], [[Kisiwa cha Kagulumu|Kagulumu]], [[Kisiwa cha Kaina|Kaina]], [[Kisiwa cha Kaivali|Kaivali]], [[Kisiwa cha Kalambide|Kalambide]], [[Kisiwa cha Kamukulu|Kamukulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Kamutenga|Kamutenga]], [[Visiwa vya Kansove|Kansove]],[[Kisiwa cha Kaserwa|Kaserwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Katanga|Katanga]], [[Kisiwa cha Kayanja|Kayanja]], [[Kisiwa cha Kaza|Kaza]], [[Kisiwa cha Kerenge|Kerenge]], [[Kisiwa cha Kibibi (Buvuma)|Kibibi]], [[Kisiwa cha Kibibi Kaskazini|Kibibi Kaskazini]], [[Kisiwa cha Kibibi Kusini|Kibibi Kusini]], [[Kisiwa cha Kimi|Kimi]], [[Kisiwa cha Kiraza|Kiraza]], [[Kisiwa cha Kiregi (Uganda)|Kiregi]], [[Kisiwa cha Kirugu|Kirugu]], [[Kisiwa cha Kisima|Kisima]], [[Kisiwa cha Kitobo|Kitobo]], [[Kisiwa cha Kiwa (Uganda)|Kiwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Komogwe|Komogwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Koome|Koome]], [[Kisiwa cha Kuiye|Kuiye]], [[Kisiwa cha Kyanga|Kyanga]], [[Kisiwa cha Lambu|Lambu]], [[Kisiwa cha Lebu|Lebu]], [[Kisiwa cha Limaiba|Limaiba]], [[Kisiwa cha Linga (Uganda)|Linga]], [[Kisiwa cha Lingira|Lingira]], [[Kisiwa cha Lolui|Lolui]], [[Kisiwa cha Lufu|Lufu]], [[Kisiwa cha Lujabwa|Lujabwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Lukalu|Lukalu]], [[Kisiwa cha Luke (Uganda)|Luke]], [[Kisiwa cha Lukiusa|Lukiusa]], [[Kisiwa cha Lula|Lula]], [[Kisiwa cha Lulamba|Lulamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Lulanda|Lulanda]], [[Kisiwa cha Lumva|Lumva]], [[Kisiwa cha Lunfuwa|Lunfuwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Lunkulu|Lunkulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Luntwa|Luntwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Luserera|Luserera]], [[Kisiwa cha Luvangu|Luvangu]], [[Kisiwa cha Luvia|Luvia]], [[Kisiwa cha Luwungulu|Luwungulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwabagenge|Lwabagenge]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwabalega|Lwabalega]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwabana|Lwabana]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwaji|Lwaji]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwantete|Lwantete]], [[Kisiwa cha Lyabana|Lyabana]], [[Visiwa vya Mabanda|Mabanda]], [[Kisiwa cha Makalugi|Makalugi]], [[Kisiwa cha Makusu|Makusu]], [[Kisiwa cha Marija|Marija]], [[Kisiwa cha Masiwa|Masiwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Masovwi|Masovwi]], [[Kisiwa cha Maundu|Maundu]], [[Kisiwa cha Maungwe|Maungwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Mavi|Mavi]], [[Kisiwa cha Mawe|Mawe]], [[Kisiwa cha Mayinja|Mayinja]], [[Kisiwa cha Mbirubuziba|Mbirubuziba]], [[Kisiwa cha Mbive|Mbive]], [[Kisiwa cha Mbulamwalo|Mbulamwalo]], [[Visiwa vya Meru|Meru]], [[Visiwa vya Mitusi|Mitusi]], [[Kisiwa cha Mkovu|Mkovu]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpande|Mpande]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpata|Mpata]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpuga|Mpuga]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpugwe|Mpugwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpuni|Mpuni]], [[Kisiwa cha Mukalanga|Mukalanga]], [[Kisiwa cha Munene|Munene]], [[Visiwa vya Musambwa|Musambwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Musambwa Kusini|Musambwa Kusini]], [[Kisiwa cha Musene|Musene]], [[Kisiwa cha Mutyomu|Mutyomu]], [[Kisiwa cha Mwama|Mwama]], [[Kisiwa cha Mwana|Mwana]], [[Kisiwa cha Mweza|Mweza]], [[Kisiwa cha Nagembiruwa|Nagembiruwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Nainaivi|Nainaivi]], [[Kisiwa cha Namalusu|Namalusu]], [[Kisiwa cha Namama|Namama]], [[Kisiwa cha Namasimbi|Namasimbi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nambewa|Nambewa]], [[Kisiwa cha Nambuga|Nambuga]], [[Kisiwa cha Namite|Namite]], [[Kisiwa cha Namubega|Namubega]], [[Kisiwa cha Nfo|Nfo]], [[Kisiwa cha Ngabo|Ngabo]], [[Kisiwa cha Ngamba (Uganda)|Ngamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkata|Nkata]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkese|Nkese]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkose|Nkose]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkusa (Kalangala)|Nkusa (Kalangala)]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkusa (Mukono)|Nkusa (Mukono)]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkusa (Wakiso)|Nkusa (Wakiso)]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkuzi|Nkuzi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsadzi|Nsadzi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsenyi|Nsenyi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsimba|Nsimba]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsinga|Nsinga]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsirwe|Nsirwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsonga|Nsonga]], [[Kisiwa cha Ntokwe|Ntokwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Nvuza|Nvuza]], [[Kisiwa cha Nyenda|Nyenda]], [[Kisiwa cha Nziribanje|Nziribanje]], [[Kisiwa cha Ramafuta|Ramafuta]], [[Kisiwa cha Sagitu|Sagitu]], [[Kisiwa cha Sali (Uganda)|Sali]], [[Kisiwa cha Samoka|Samoka]], [[Kisiwa cha Sanga (Buvuma)|Sanga (Buvuma)]], [[Kisiwa cha Sanga (Mukono)|Sanga (Mukono)]] (lat -0,07, long 32,80), [[Kisiwa cha Sanga (Mukono)|Sanga (Mukono)]] (lat 0,08, long 32,65), [[Kisiwa cha Segamba|Segamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Sege|Sege]], [[Visiwa vya Semuganja|Semuganja]], [[Kisiwa cha Semuganja Omunene|Semuganja Omunene]], [[Kisiwa cha Semuganja Omutono|Semuganja Omutono]], [[Kisiwa cha Sentwe|Sentwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Serinya|Serinya]], [[Visiwa vya Sese|Sese]], [[Kisiwa cha Sigulu|Sigulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Simu|Simu]],[[Kisiwa cha Sindiro|Sindiro]], [[Kisiwa cha Sira|Sira]], [[Kisiwa cha Siro|Siro]], [[Kisiwa cha Sowe (Uganda)|Sowe]], [[Kisiwa cha Tavu|Tavu]], [[Kisiwa cha Visa (Uganda)|Visa]], [[Kisiwa cha Vumba|Vumba]], [[Kisiwa cha Wabuziba|Wabuziba]], [[Kisiwa cha Waiasi|Waiasi]], [[Kisiwa cha Waitwe|Waitwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Yubwe|Yubwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Yuweh|Yuweh|]], [[Kisiwa cha Zigunga|Zigunga]], [[Visiwa pacha vya Zigunga|Zigunga Pacha]], [[Kisiwa cha Zinga (Uganda)|Zinga]], [[Kisiwa cha Ziro|Ziro]], [[Kisiwa cha Ziru (Buvuma)|Ziru (Buvuma)]] (lat -0,09, long 33,21), [[Kisiwa cha Ziru (Buvuma)|Ziru (Buvuma)]] (lat 0,05, long 32,98), [[Kisiwa cha Ziru (Kalangala)|Ziru (Kalangala)]] ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Tanzania]] * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Uganda]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af16.html Watersheds of Africa: A10 Nile | Lake Viktoria ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af16.html |date=20070927212902 }} {{Maziwa ya Tanzania}} {{maziwa ya Uganda}} {{Maziwa ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Viktoria| ]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Kagera]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Geita]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Mwanza]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Mara]] s12u260k2letkqligtzu88ugnc7w6if 0 5935 1573037 1528751 2026-06-14T19:19:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1573037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Country |native_name = <small>República Bolivariana de Venezuela¹<small> |conventional_long_name = <small>Jamhuri ya Kibolivar ya Venezuela¹<small> |common_name =Venezuela |image_flag = Flag of Venezuela (state).svg |image_coat =Coat_of_arms_of_Venezuela.svg<!--The coat of arms in Venezuela has been amended on March 12, 2006. The horse is now galopping to the left. [http://www.mci.gob.ve/temasdehoy2.asp?id=146]--> |symbol_type =Nembo |image_map =LocationVenezuela.png |national_motto =''None'' ² |national_anthem =''[[Gloria al Bravo Pueblo]]'' |official_languages =[[Kihispania]] ³ |capital = [[Caracas]] |latd=10 |latm=30 |latNS=N |longd=66 |longm=58 |longEW=W |largest_city = [[Caracas]] |government_type = [[Shirikisho la jamhuri]] |leader_titles =[[Rais wa Venezuela|Rais]] |leader_names =[[Delcy Rodriguez]] (Kaimu) |area_rank = ya 32 |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |area=916,445 |areami²=353,841 |percent_water =3.2 |population_estimate = 28,517,000 |population_estimate_rank = ya 53 |population_estimate_year = 2024 |population_census = 23,054,210 |population_census_year = 2001 |population_density =30.2 |population_densitymi² =82.9 |population_density_rank =ya 175 |GDP_PPP = $163.503 billion <!--IMF--> |GDP_PPP_rank =ya 77 |GDP_PPP_year= 2025 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $8,790 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ya 127 |sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]] |established_events = Kutoka [[Hispania]] <br /> Kutoka [[Gran Colombia]] <br />ilitambuliwa |established_dates = <br /> [[5 Julai]] [[1811]] <br /> [[21 Novemba]] [[1831]] <br />[[30 Machi]] [[1845]] |HDI = 0.709 |HDI_rank =ya 121 |HDI_year =2023 |HDI_category =<font color="#FFCC00">high</font> |currency = [[Bolivar]] |currency_code =VEB |country_code = |time_zone = [[Atlantic Standard Time Zone|AST]] |utc_offset = -4 |time_zone_DST = None |utc_offset_DST = |cctld =[[.ve]] |calling_code =58 |footnotes = ¹ ''Jamhuri ya Kibolivari ya Venezuela'' imekuwa jina la nchi tangu katiba ya [[1999]]. "Kibolivar" ni jina la heshima kwa kumbukumbu ya mshujaa wa uhuru [[Simon Bolivar]].<br />² Zamani: ''Dios y Federación'' ("Mungu na Shirikisho")<br />³ Katiba inatambua pia lugha asilia zote nchini. }} [[Picha:Ve-map.png|thumb|300px|right|Ramani ya Venezuela.]] '''Venezuela''' ni nchi iliyopo pwani ya kaskazini mwa [[Amerika ya Kusini]]. [[Jina rasmi|Jina lake rasmi]] ni '''Jamhuri ya Kibolivar ya Venezuela''' <small>([[Kihispania]]: República Bolivariana de Venezuela)</small>. Sehemu kubwa ya ardhi yake ipo [[bara|barani]], ingawa nchi ina [[Kisiwa|visiwa]] mbalimbali katika [[Bahari ya Karibi]]. Venezuela ina eneo la [[kilomita za mraba]] 912,050 ([[maili]] za mraba 352,140). [[Demografia|Idadi ya wakazi]] ni kati ya [[milioni]] 32 na milioni 28.<ref>{{Citation|title=Venezuela|date=2025-12-26|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/venezuela/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2026-01-05|archive-date=2021-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531110017/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/venezuela/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=UNSD - Welcome to UNSD|url=https://unstats.un.org/UNSDWebsite/Publications/StatisticalPocketbook/|work=unstats.un.org|accessdate=2026-01-05}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=World Bank Open Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/|work=World Bank Open Data|accessdate=2026-01-05}}</ref> Utambuji wa takwimu maalumu unategemea shirika linalofanya makadirio. Idadi ya watu imepanda na kupunguka miaka iliyopita kama matokeo ya [[Mgogoro wa kifedha|mgogoro wa kiuchumi]] uliotukia kuanzia mwaka 2010. Imepakana na [[Brazil]], [[Guyana]] na [[Kolombia]] barani. Nchi ipo pwani pa Bahari ya Karibi na [[Atlantiki|Bahari ya Atlantiki]]. Mbele ya [[pwani]] ya Bahari ya Karibi kuna [[Dola|madola]] ya visiwani ya [[Aruba]], [[Antili za Kiholanzi]] na [[Trinidad na Tobago]]. Ndani ya nchi kuna [[Jimbo|majimbo]] ishirini na tatu, wilaya ya [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Caracas]], na [[maeneo tegemezi]] ya baharini. [[Caracas]] ni mji mkubwa wa kwanza. Mji wa pili kwa ukubwa ni [[Maracaibo]].<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=South America|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574914_3/South_America.html|work=MSN Encarta|accessdate=2026-01-05|publisher=Encarta|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421194631/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574914_3/South_America.html|archivedate=21 Aprili 2007|date=13 Machi 2007}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Annex tables|url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup1999/WUP99ANNEXTABLES.pdf|work=World Urbanization Prospects: The 1999 Revision|accessdate=2026-01-05|publisher=[[Umoja wa Mataifa]]|date=13 Machi 2007|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030828135807/https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup1999/WUP99ANNEXTABLES.pdf|archivedate=28 Agosti 2003}}</ref> Wavenezuela wengi wanaishi pwani ya kaskazini, hasa karibu na Caracas. Venezuela ni mojawapo kati ya nchi zinazokuwa na mkusanyiko mkubwa zaidi wa watu wanaosakini mijini.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Venezuela ilikuwa [[koloni]] la [[Hispania]] kutoka mwaka [[1522]] hadi mwaka [[1811]]. Upinzani wa [[Waindio|wakazi wa asili]] ulikuwa kali. Wengi wao walitiwa [[utumwa|utumwani]] kutoka mwanzo wa ukoloni, kama hawakuuawa. Halafu Venezuela ilikuwa mojawapo kati ya makoloni ya kwanza ya Hispania katika [[Amerika]] kutangaza [[uhuru]] wake [[karne ya 19]]. Ilikuwa sehemu ya Jamhuri ya Shirikisho la Kwanza la Kolombia <small>(Kihispania: Gran Colombia)</small>. Ilitengeka kama dola huru mwaka [[1830]]. Baadaye, karne ya 19, Venezuela ilipitia msukosuko wa kisiasa na utawala wa mabavu. [[Dikteta|Madikteta]] wa kieneo walitawala nchi hadi katikati ya [[karne ya 20]]. Kuanzia mwaka [[1958]], serikali mbalimbali za kidemokrasia zilitawala. Kwa kipindi hicho, nchi ilipitia [[ustawi]] wa kiuchumi. Migogoro ya kifedha kadhaa [[miaka ya 1980]] na [[1990]] ilisababisha migogoro ya kisiasa na msukosuko ya kijamii uliovuka nchi yote. Miongoni mwa matukio ya kipindi hicho kulikuwa na ghasia za Caracazo mwaka [[1989]], mapinduzi mawili mwaka 1992, na shtaka la Rais aliyebadhiria mifuko ya serikali mwaka [[1993]]. Mwaka huo kesho, kwa sababu wananchi walipoteza imani kwa vyama vya kidesturi, uchaguzi wa [[1998]] ulileta ushindi wa [[Hugo Chávez]] na Mapinduzi ya Kibolivar. Mwanzo wa mapinduzi hayo ulikuwa Mkutano wa [[Katiba]] wa mwaka 1999.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Van Cott |first=Donna Lee |date=2003 |title=Andean Indigenous Movements and Constitutional Transformation: Venezuela in Comparative Perspective |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3184965 |journal=Latin American Perspectives |language=en-US |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=49–69 |issn=0094-582X |via=JSTOR}}</ref> Ongezeko la [[bei]] ya [[Mafuta ya petroli|mafuta]] ya petroli liliziunga mkono sera za [[Uchumi|kiuchumi]] zilizozingatia [[Upopulisti|manufaa ya umma]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Legacy of Hugo Chavez and a Failing Venezuela|url=https://publicpolicy.wharton.upenn.edu/live/news/1696-the-legacy-of-hugo-chavez-and-a-failing-venezuela|work=Wharton Public Policy Initative|accessdate=2026-01-05|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424152619/https://publicpolicy.wharton.upenn.edu/live/news/1696-the-legacy-of-hugo-chavez-and-a-failing-venezuela|archivedate=24 Aprili 2019}}</ref> Tukio hilo liliruhusu maongezeko ya uwekezaji kwa [[huduma]] kwa jamii na upungufu wa tofauti ya utajiri na [[umaskini]] miaka ya mapema ya serikali hiyo.<ref>{{Citation|last=David|first=Smilde|title=NACLA Report on the Americas|date=2025-12-21|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NACLA_Report_on_the_Americas&oldid=1328786168|work=Wikipedia|volume=49|pages=303-308|language=en|doi=10.1080/10714839.2017.1373956|issn=1071-4839|access-date=2026-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Venezuela Leads Region in Poverty Reduction in 2012, ECLAC Says|url=https://cepr.net/publications/venezuela-leads-region-in-poverty-reduction-in-2012-eclac-says/|work=Center for Economic and Policy Research|date=2013-12-06|accessdate=2026-01-05|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420124325/http://www.cepr.net/index.php/blogs/the-americas-blog/venezuela-leads-region-in-poverty-reduction-in-2012-eclac-says|archivedate=20 Aprili 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Venezuela Overview|url=https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/country/venezuela|accessdate=2026-01-05|publisher=Kundi la Benki ya Dunia|archivedate=29 Agosti 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829002114/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/venezuela/overview}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Chavez leaves Venezuelan economy more equal, less stable {{!}} CNN Business|url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/06/business/venezuela-chavez-oil-economy|work=CNN|date=2013-03-06|accessdate=2026-01-05|language=en|author=Kevin Voigt}}</ref> Kwa hali yoyote, umaskini ulipanda tena kwa kasi miaka ya 2010.<ref>{{Citation|title=Venezuelans’ Quality of Life Improved in UN Index Under Chavez|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-07/venezuelans-quality-of-life-improved-in-un-index-under-chavez.html|work=Bloomberg|language=en|access-date=2026-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Poverty Shoots Up in Venezuela|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/06/04/poverty-shoots-up-in-venezuela/|work=Foreign Policy|date=2026-01-07|accessdate=2026-01-05|language=en-US|author=Juan Cristóbal Nagel|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320211345/http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/06/04/poverty-shoots-up-in-venezuela/|archivedate=20 Machi 2018}}</ref> Unyofu wa matokeo ya chaguzi za miaka 2013, 2018, na 2024 zilishukiwa ndani na nje ya nchi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Venezuela: A Democratic Crisis|url=https://2017-2021.state.gov/a-democratic-crisis-in-venezuela/|work=United States Department of State|accessdate=2026-01-05|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Standing with the Venezuelan People: One Year After Yet Another Sham Election|url=https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesperson/2025/07/standing-with-the-venezuelan-people-one-year-after-yet-another-sham-election/|work=United States Department of State|accessdate=2026-01-05|language=en-US}}</ref> Wagombea wa upinzani walishikwa au [[Uhamishoni|walifukuzwa]]. [[Maandamano]] makubwa yalijiri kama matokeo, vilevile shutuma ya madola mengi. Migogoro mingine ilianza kama matokeo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=화폐경제 무너졌는데…최저임금 인상에 목매는 베네수엘라|url=https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2018/05/02/2018050201490.html|work=조선일보|date=2018-05-02|accessdate=2026-01-05|language=ko|author=남민우, 기|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912123524/http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2018/05/02/2018050201490.html|archivedate=2019-09-12}}</ref> Mwaka 2026 mwezi wa kwanza tarehe 4, Marekani iliteka Rais wa Venezuela [[Nicolás Maduro]]. Nchi hiyo ilitangaza kuwa ingeiongoza Venezuela hadi serikali ya kitambo ingeweza kuundwa.<ref>{{Citation|last=|first=|title=Trump says U.S. will 'run' Venezuela and sell seized oil in remarks on the strikes|date=2026-01-03|url=https://www.npr.org/2026/01/03/g-s1-104346/trump-venezuela-maduro-press-conference|publisher=NPR (Redio wa Umma wa Kimataifa wa Marekani)|language=en|access-date=2026-01-05}}</ref> Rais wa Marekani Donald Trump ametangaza kuwa nchi yake ingedhibiti kuuza nje kwa mafuta ya petroli ya Venezuela.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Trump anataka mafuta ya Venezuela, Je, mpango wake utafanikiwa?|url=https://www.bbc.com/swahili/articles/cq6v28j27pgo|work=BBC News Swahili|date=2026-01-05|accessdate=2026-01-09|language=sw}}</ref> Kikatiba Venezuela ni [[shirikisho]] la [[jamhuri]] ya ki[[rais]]. Kwa hali yoyote, nchi ilikengeua kuwa mabavu zaidi tangu mwanzo wa utawala wa Hugo Chávez na Nicolás Maduro.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Isidoro Losada |first=Ana María |last2=Bitar Deeb |first2=Rita |date=2022 |title=Introduction: Authoritarianism and Violence in Venezuela |url=https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/33969 |journal=Bulletin of Latin American Research |language=en |volume=41 |pages=102–104 |doi=10.1111/blar.13316 |archive-date=2023-06-18 |access-date=2026-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618004417/https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/33969 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nchi iko mahali kubaya orodhani kwa uhuru wa magazeti, haki za raia, na usimamizi wa ufisadi. Hakuna uhuru wa kimahakama.<ref>{{Citation|last=Human Rights Watch|title=Venezuela: Events of 2021|date=2021-12-10|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2022/country-chapters/venezuela|language=en|access-date=2026-01-06}}</ref> Ni nchi inayoendelea, na ina hazina kubwa zaidi za mafuta za dunia.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Statistical review of world energy|url=https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/Energy-economics/statistical-review-2014/BP-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2014-full-report.pdf|work=BP (Mafuta ya Petroli ya Uingereza)|accessdate=2026-01-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609095748/https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/Energy-economics/statistical-review-2014/BP-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2014-full-report.pdf|archivedate=2015-06-09|date=Juni 2014|language=en}}</ref> Mara moja, Venezuela ilikuwa nchi isiyoendelea iliyokuwa hasa muuzaji wa bidhaa za kilimo kama [[Kahawa|buni]] na kokwa za [[kakao]]. Hata hivyo, mafuta yalishinda haraka kuwa bidhaa nje kuu ya nchi na chanzo kikuu cha mapato ya serikali. Miongoni mwa shida za nchi ni mfumko wa bei kali,<ref>{{Citation|title=IMF sees Venezuela inflation at 10 million percent in 2019|date=2018-10-09|url=https://in.reuters.com/article/venezuela-economy-idINKCN1MJ1YX|work=IN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126135443/https://in.reuters.com/article/venezuela-economy-idINKCN1MJ1YX|publisher=Reuters|language=en-IN|access-date=2026-01-06|archive-date=2019-01-26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Rosati|first=Andrew|title=Venezuela's 2018 Inflation to Hit 1.37 Million Percent, IMF Says|date=2018-10-09|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-09/venezuela-s-2018-inflation-to-hit-1-37-million-percent-imf-says|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009132240/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-09/venezuela-s-2018-inflation-to-hit-1-37-million-percent-imf-says|publisher=Bloomberg.com|language=en|access-date=2026-01-06|archive-date=2018-10-09}}</ref> uhaba wa bidhaa za haja,<ref>{{Citation|last=Gillespie|first=Patrick|title=Venezuela: the land of 500% inflation|date=2016-04-12|url=http://money.cnn.com/2016/04/12/news/economy/venezuela-imf-economy/|work=CNNMoney|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119094705/http://money.cnn.com/2016/04/12/news/economy/venezuela-imf-economy/|language=en|access-date=2026-01-06|archive-date=2017-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Gillespie|first=Patrick|title=Venezuela shuts border with Colombia as cash crisis escalates|date=2016-12-12|url=http://money.cnn.com/2016/12/12/news/economy/venezuela-shuts-colombia-border-cash-crisis/|work=CNNMoney|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117065426/http://money.cnn.com/2016/12/12/news/economy/venezuela-shuts-colombia-border-cash-crisis/|access-date=2026-01-06|archive-date=2017-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Rosati|first=Andrew|title=Venezuela's Economy Was the Worst Performing of 2016, IMF Estimates|date=2017-01-11|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-11/goodbye-recession-hello-depression-venezuela-gdp-takes-10-hit|work=Bloomberg.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117070211/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-11/goodbye-recession-hello-depression-venezuela-gdp-takes-10-hit|access-date=2026-01-06|archive-date=2017-01-17}}</ref> ukosefu wa ajira,<ref>{{Citation|title=Chamber of Commerce: 80% of Venezuelans are in poverty|date=2016-04-01|url=http://www.eluniversal.com/noticias/daily-news/chamber-commerce-venezuelans-are-poverty_247647|work=El Universal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404181203/http://www.eluniversal.com/noticias/daily-news/chamber-commerce-venezuelans-are-poverty_247647|publisher=El Universal|language=en|access-date=2026-01-06|archive-date=2016-04-04}}</ref> umaskini unaoenea pote,<ref>{{Citation|last=Herrero|first=Ana Vanessa|title=Venezuela Issues New Bank Notes Because of Hyperinflation|date=2017-01-16|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/16/world/americas/nuevos-billetes-venezuela-new-banknotes.html?_r=0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220063111/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/16/world/americas/nuevos-billetes-venezuela-new-banknotes.html?_r=0|publisher=New York Times|language=en|access-date=2026-01-06|archive-date=2019-12-20|last2=Malkin|first2=Elisabeth}}</ref> [[ugonjwa]], [[kiwango cha vifo]] vya watoto wachanga kikubwa, [[utapiamlo]], changamoto za mazingira, matatizo ya [[Jinai|uhalifu]] makali, na [[ufisadi]] mkali. Vikwazo vya mali ya nje vilivyowekwa na Marekani viligharimu nchi kati ya [[dola ya Marekani]] bilioni 24 na 30.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Venezuela’s never-ending crisis|url=https://mondediplo.com/2025/02/10venezuela|work=Le Monde diplomatique|date=2025-02-01|accessdate=2026-01-06|language=en|author=Christophe Ventura}}</ref> Hali hizi zimechangia tatizo la wakimbizi wakati ambapo kati ya watu milioni 6.8 na milioni 7.9 wameondoka nchi hadi Mei [[2025]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Venezuela situation {{!}} UNHCR|url=https://www.unhcr.org/emergencies/venezuela-situation|accessdate=2026-01-06|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721054243/https://www.unhcr.org/emergencies/venezuela-situation|archivedate=2024-07-21|publisher=UNHCR}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Refugees and Migrants from Venezuela {{!}} R4V|url=https://www.r4v.info/en/refugeeandmigrants|accessdate=2026-01-06|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240726145913/https://www.r4v.info/en/refugeeandmigrants|archivedate=2024-07-26|publisher=Regional Inter-Agency Coordination Platform for Refugees and Migrants from Venezuela (R4V)}}</ref> Hadi mwaka [[2017]], Venezuela imetangazwa kukosekana kuhusu malipo yake mashirika ya makadirio ya mkopo.<ref>{{Citation|last=Gillespie|first=Patrick|title=Venezuela just defaulted, moving deeper into crisis|date=2017-11-14|url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/11/14/news/economy/venezuela-debt-default-sp/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112090238/https://money.cnn.com/2017/11/14/news/economy/venezuela-debt-default-sp/index.html|publisher=CNNMoney|language=en|access-date=2026-01-06|archive-date=2020-01-12}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Venezuela in selective default, says credit ratings agency|date=2017-11-14|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-41982069|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330185012/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-41982069|publisher=BBC (Shirika la Utangazaji la Uingereza)|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-01-06|archive-date=2019-03-30}}</ref> Migogoro hii imekuwa sababu kuu ya uvunjaji wa haki za binadamu uozidishika. [[Lugha]] ya [[Kihispania]] ni [[Lugha ya taifa|lugha ya kitaifa]] ya Venezuela. == Asili ya jina "Venezuela" == [[Picha:Palafito.jpg|thumb|190px|Nyumba ya "palafito" jinsi ilivyoonekana zamani za Amerigo Vespucci.]] [[Jina]] la nchi ni [[umbo]] la Kihispania la jina la [[mji]] wa [[Venezia]] ([[Italia]]). [[Amerigo Vespucci]], [[mpelelezi]] Mwitalia katika [[utumishi]] wa [[mfalme]] wa Hispania, aliona vijiji vya wenyeji waliojenga [[nyumba]] juu ya [[boriti|maboriti]] yaliyosimamishwa katikati ya [[maji]] karibu na [[mwambao]] pasipo [[kina]]. Vijiji vilimkubusha mji wa Venezia uliojengwa vilevile. Venezuela yamaanisha "Venezia Ndogo" katika Kihispania. == Jiografia == Venezuela ipo kaskazini mwa Amerika ya Kusini inayofanya sehemu ya [[bamba la Amerika ya Kusini]] kuhusu [[gandunia]]. Ni nchi ya 32 kwa ukubwa, ikiwa na eneo la jumla la [[km²]] 916,445 (kama [[Namibia]]), ikiwa na kipimo cha eneo ardhini cha [[km²]] 882,050. Maeneo ya Venezuela yapo baina ya [[ikweta]] na [[latitudo]] 16°N ([[kaskazini]]), na baina ya [[longitudo]] 59° na 74°W ([[magharibi]]). Venezuela inaonekana kuwa na [[umbo]] wa [[pembetatu]], ikiwa na pwani yenye urefu wa km 2,800 (mi 1,700). Miongoni mwapwani hizi ni visiwa vingi katika Bahari ya Karibi na sehemu fupi iliyopakana Bahari ya Atlantiki kaskazini. Kuna kanda nne za kijiografia thabiti: * [[Tambarare]] za pwani karibu na [[Maracaibo]] katika kaskazini-magharibi * [[Milima]] ya [[Andes]] katika kaskazini-magharibi ikiyoshika eneo kubwa kuenea magamaga pwani ya Karibi kwa kiasi kikubwa kutoka magharibi mpakani pa Kolombia mpaka mashariki katika pwani kaskazini. * Tambarare pana za [[Orinoco|mto Orinoco]] katikati ya nchi. * [[Nyanda za juu]] za [[Guyana]] katika kusini-mashariki. [[Asilimia]] 39 za eneo hili ni [[misitu]], [[shamba|mashamba]] ya kilimo ni 4%, eneo la [[mifugo]] 20%, na [[zao|mazao]] ya kudumu kama [[kahawa]] 1%. === Milima ya meza === [[Picha:Kukenan Tepuy at Sunset.jpg|thumb|Mlima wa meza Mt. Roraima]] Nyanda za juu za Guayana zina milima ya pekee: kuna [[mlima wa meza|milima ya meza]] 115 inayoitwa "tepui" katika [[lugha]] ya wakazi asilia. Ki[[ekolojia]] hilo ni eneo muhimu kwa sababu milima mingi ina [[mimea]] na [[wanyama]] wa pekee, tofauti na milima jirani, na inapatikana hapa tu kote duniani. [[Maporomoko]] marefu duniani yatelemka kutoka milima hii kama vile maporomoko ya [[Salto del Angel]] ("anguko la [[malaika]]") ambako maji huanguka [[mita]] 965. === Mito === Mto mkubwa wa Venezuela ni [[Orinoco]] wenye urefu wa [[km]] 2574 unaoishia katika [[Atlantiki]]. Lakini [[mkono]] wa [[Brazo Casiquiare]] unajitenga na kuishia katika mto wa [[Amazonas]] nchini [[Brazil]]. [[Tawimto|Matawimto]] muhimu ya Orinoco ni [[Rio Apure]] na [[Rio Caroni]]. === Majimbo katika shirikisho === {{main|Majimbo ya Venezuela}} [[Picha:Caracas (Venezuela) - Los barios.jpg|thumb|Los Barrios ni mitaa ya vi[[banda]] vya Caracas]] Venezuela ni shirikisho la majimbo 23 ya kujitawala, maeneo yasiyojitawala na eneo la shirikisho la Caracas. <center> {| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=4; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center; line-height:normal" |- bgcolor=#eeeeee !Jimbo !Mji Mkuu !Wakazi !Eneo !Kanda |- |align=left | [[Amazonas (Venezuela)|Amazonas]] || [[Puerto Ayacucho]] || 70,464 || 180,144&nbsp;km² || Guayana || |- |align=left | [[Anzoátegui]] || [[Barcelona (Venezuela)|Barcelona]] || 1,222,225 || 43,300&nbsp;km² || Nor - Oriental || |- |align=left | [[Apure (Jimbo)|Apure]] || [[San Fernando de Apure]] || 377,756 || 76,500&nbsp;km² || Llanos || |- |align=left | [[Aragua]] || [[Maracay]] || 1,449,616 || 7,014&nbsp;km² || Central || |- |align=left | [[Barinas (Jimbo)|Barinas]] || [[Barinas (Stadt)|Barinas]] || 624,508 || 35,200&nbsp;km² || Andean || |- |align=left | [[Bolívar (Jimbo)|Bolívar]] || [[Ciudad Bolívar]] || 1,214,846 || 238.000&nbsp;km² || Guayana || |- |align=left | [[Carabobo]] || [[Valencia (Venezuela)|Valencia]] || 1,932,168 || 4,650&nbsp;km² || Central || |- |align=left | [[Cojedes]] || [[San Carlos (Venezuela)|San Carlos]] || 253,105 || 14,800&nbsp;km² || Central || |- |align=left | [[Delta Amacuro]] || [[Tucupita]] || 97,987 || 40,200&nbsp;km² || Guayana || |- |align=left | [[Falcón]] || [[Coro]] || 763,180 || 24,800&nbsp;km² || Central - Occidental || |- |align=left | [[Guárico]] || [[San Juan de los Morros]] || 627,086 || 64,986&nbsp;km² || Llanos || |- |align=left | [[Lara (Venezuela)|Lara]] || [[Barquisimeto]] || 1,556,415 || 19,800&nbsp;km² || Central - Occidental || |- |align=left | [[Jimbo Mérida|Mérida]] || [[Mérida (Venezuela)|Mérida]] || 715,268 || 11,300&nbsp;km² || Andean || |- |align=left | [[Miranda (Venezuela)|Miranda]] || [[Los Teques]] || 2,330,872 || 7,950&nbsp;km² || Capital || |- |align=left | [[Monagas]] || [[Maturín]] || 712,626 || 28,930&nbsp;km² || Nor - Oriental || [[Picha:Monagas in Venezuela.svg|65px]] |- |align=left | [[Nueva Esparta]] || [[La Asunción]] || 712,626 || 1,150&nbsp;km² || Insular || [[Picha:Nueva Esparta in Venezuela.svg|65px]] |- |align=left | [[Portuguesa]] || [[Guanare]] || 725,740 || 15,200&nbsp;km² || Central - Occidental || |- |align=left | [[Sucre (Venezuela)|Sucre]] || [[Cumaná]] || 786,483 || 11,800&nbsp;km² || Nor - Oriental || |- |align=left | [[Táchira]] || [[San Cristóbal]] || 992,669 || 11,100&nbsp;km² || South - Occidental || |- |align=left | [[Trujillo (Jimbo)|Trujillo]] || [[Trujillo (Stadt)|Trujillo]] || 608,563 || 7,400&nbsp;km² || Andean || |- |align=left | [[Vargas (Jimbo)|Vargas]] || [[La Guaira]] || 298,109 || 1,496&nbsp;km² || Capital || |- |align=left | [[Yaracuy]] || [[San Felipe (Yaracuy)|San Felipe]] || 499,049 || 7,100&nbsp;km² || Central - Occidental || |- |align=left | [[Zulia (Venezuela)|Zulia]] || [[Maracaibo]] || 2,983,679 || 63,100&nbsp;km² || Zulian || |- |align=left | [[Dependencias Federales]] (maneo chini ya shirikisho)|| - || 2,245 || 342&nbsp;km² || Insular (visiwa)|| |- |align=left | [[Distrito Federal]] [[Caracas]] (Mkoa wa shirikisho) || - || 2,284,921 || 433&nbsp;km² || Capital (mji mkuu)|| |} </center> == Mgogoro wa kiuchumi == Mgogoro wa kiuchumi wa Venezuela ulianza mwongo 2010. Ulitokana kwa kiasi fulani na vikwazo vya kiuchumi vilivyowekwa na [[Marekani]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=US Policy on Venezuela: A Road to Nowhere?|url=https://chicagopolicyreview.org/2024/01/23/us-policy-on-venezuela-a-road-to-nowhere/|work=Chicago Policy Review|date=2024-01-23|accessdate=2026-01-05|language=en-US|author=Grant Castle}}</ref> Sababu nyingine zilikuwa mfumko wa bei kali, ufisadi, usimamizi mbaya wa uchumi, na kutegemea kwa bidhaa moja, mafuta ya petroli. Kuporomoka kwa bei ya mafuta kulisababisha migogoro hii yote kutokea.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Venezuela crisis: Facts, FAQs, and how to help|url=https://www.worldvision.org/disaster-relief-news-stories/venezuela-crisis-facts|work=World Vision|date=2025-06-24|accessdate=2026-01-05|language=en-US|author=Sevil Omer}}</ref> ==Watu== Wakazi wengi (51.6%) wanajiainisha kama [[chotara|machotara]] wa Kizungu-Kiindio. [[Wazungu]] ni 43.6%, wenye asili ya [[Afrika]] ni 3.5% na [[Waindio]] 2.6%. Utafiti wa DNA unaonyesha kwamba [[urithi]] wa [[jeni]] kwa asilimia 60.6 ni wa Kizungu, 23 ni wa Kiindio na 16.3 ni wa Kiafrika. [[Lugha rasmi]] na ya kawaida ni Kihispania, ingawa lugha asilia zinakubalika kwa Waindio, na lugha nyingine zinatumiwa na [[wahamiaji]]. Upande wa [[dini]], 88% ni [[Wakristo]], hasa wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] (71%) na [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali ya [[Uprotestanti]] (17%). == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] == Tanbihi == <references /> == Viungo vya nje == {{commons}} * {{es}} [http://www.gobiernoenlinea.ve/ Serikali ya Venezuela tovuti rasmi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gobiernoenlinea.ve/ |date=20010625100419 }} *{{en}} {{CIA World Factbook link|ve|Venezuela}} *{{en}} [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/venezuela.htm Venezuela] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/venezuela.htm |date=20080607090601 }} at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' *{{en}} {{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Venezuela/}} *{{en}} [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/vetoc.html Venezuela] from the [[Library of Congress Country Studies]] (1990) *{{en}} [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1229345.stm Venezuela profile] from the [[BBC News]] *{{en}} [http://www.cartografareilpresente.org/rubrique109.html?lang=en Maps on Venezuela – Cartographic features] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cartografareilpresente.org/rubrique109.html?lang=en |date=20130116234858 }} *{{en}} [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=VE Key Development Forecasts for Venezuela] from [[International Futures]] *{{ar icon}} [http://www.immigrationtovenezuela.com.ve/index.php/2013-10-02-22-52-18/2013-10-02-22-58-18 Venezuela and Tourism] {{Wayback|url=http://www.immigrationtovenezuela.com.ve/index.php/2013-10-02-22-52-18/2013-10-02-22-58-18 |date=20131218043924 }} from [[Sky Immigration]]{{Wikiatlas|Venezuela}} {{Amerika Kusini}} [[Jamii:Venezuela| ]] [[Jamii:Karibi]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Amerika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Nchi zinazotumia Kihispania]] sckizhjcb8j9r44qgzpgdpy17smlxly 0 7534 1573015 1546610 2026-06-14T13:31:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1573015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country | native_name = ''Ir-Repubblika ta' Malta'' | conventional_long_name = Jamhuri ya Malta | common_name = Malta | image_flag = Flag of Malta.svg | image_coat =Coat_of_arms_of_Malta.svg | image_map = LocationMalta.png | national_motto = -- | national_anthem = ''[[L-Innu Malti]]'' | official_languages = [[Kimalta]], [[Kiingereza]] | capital = [[Valletta]] |latd=35 |latm=48 |lats=39 |latNS=N |longd=14 |longm=28 |longs=45 |longEW=E | largest_city = [[Birkirkara]] | other_cities = [[Sliema]] | government_type = [[Jamhuri]] | leader_titles = [[Rais wa Malta|Rais]] <br /> [[Waziri Mkuu wa Malta|Waziri Mkuu]] | leader_names = [[George Vella]]<br />[[Robert Abela]] | accessionEUdate = [[1 Mei]] [[2004]] | area_rank = ya 185 <!--rank based on sovereign states only--> | area_magnitude = 1 E8 | area = 316 | areami² = 121 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 0.001 | population_estimate_year = 31 Machi 2013 <!--the following estimate fields are equivalent to the census figures at the moment--> | population_estimate = 446,547 | population_estimate_rank = ya 171 <!--rank based on sovereign states only--> | population_census = 416,055¹ | population_census_year = 2011 | population_density = 1,562 <!--2011 census--> | population_densitymi² = 4,077 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = ya 7 <!--rank based on sovereign states only--> | GDP_PPP_year = 2005 | GDP_PPP = $7.574 billioni | GDP_PPP_rank = ya 144 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $19,302 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ya 37 | HDI_year = 2004 | HDI = 0.875 | HDI_rank = ya 3 | HDI_category = <font color="#009900">high</font> | sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]] | established_events = Kutoka [[Uingereza]]<br /> Jamhuri | established_dates = <br /> [[21 Septemba]] [[1964]]<br />[[13 Desemba]] [[1974]] | currency = [[Lira ya Malta]] (Lm)<br /><small>([[Euro]] kuanzia Januari 2008) | currency_code = MTL | country_code = MLT | time_zone = [[Wakati wa Ulaya ya Kati|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | time_zone_DST = [[Wakati wa kiangazi wa Ulaya ya Kati|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +2 | cctld = [[.mt]] ² | calling_code = 356 | GDP_nominal_year = 2005 | GDP_nominal = US$5.369 billioni (Lm 1.936 billioni) | GDP_nominal_rank = ya 120 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $13,683 (Lm4,927) | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = ya 35 | *Other* religion = [[Ukristo wa kikatoliki]] | percent_religion = 98<!--source: CIA World Factbook, Agosti 2006. See external links.--> | }} [[Picha:Malta-CIA WFB Map.png|thumb|left|220px|Ramani ya Malta]] [[Picha:Satelite image of Malta.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Malta kutoka angani]] '''Malta''' ni nchi ndogo kwenye [[funguvisiwa]] katikati ya [[bahari]] ya [[Mediteranea]]. Malta iko [[km]] 93 [[kusini]] kwa [[kisiwa]] cha [[Sisilia]] ([[Italia]]), upande wa [[mashariki]] kwa [[Tunisia]] na [[kaskazini]] kwa [[Libya]]. == Jiografia == Funguvisiwa la Malta lina [[Kisiwa|visiwa]] saba. Visiwa vikubwa viwili ni Malta ([[km²]] 246) na [[Gozo]] (km² 70). Kuna kisiwa cha tatu kinachokaliwa na watu, ndicho [[Comino]] (km² 3). Vingine ni vidogo, havina watu. Jumla la eneo ni km² 316. Visiwa vya Malta ni mabaki ya kanda la nchi kavu lililokuwa linaunganisha [[Afrika]] na [[Ulaya]] na lililokatwa na kupanda kwa [[usawa wa bahari]] tangu [[mwaka]] [[11000 KK]] hivi. [[File:Mellieha Bay beach Malta 1.jpg|thumb|Pwani ya ''Mellieħa Bay''.]] Sehemu za juu ni [[kilima|vilima]] vya [[Dingli Cliffs]] vyenye [[kimo]] cha [[mita]] 245 juu ya [[UB]]. Tatizo kubwa la Malta ni uhaba wa [[maji baridi]]. Siku hizi vituo vinne vya kuondoa [[chumvi]] kwenye [[maji]] ya bahari kwa njia ya [[osmosi]] vinatengeneza [[maji ya kunywa]]. [[Maji machafu]] husafishwa na [[mvua]] kukusanywa. == Miji == [[Picha:St Sebastian Curtain.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Valletta.]] Miji mikubwa zaidi ni: [[St. Paul's Bay]] (29,097), [[Birkirkara]] (wakazi 21,676), [[Qormi]] (wakazi 18,230), [[Mosta]] (wakazi 17,789), [[Zabbar]] (wakazi 15,030), [[Victoria]] (wakazi 12,914) na [[San Gwann]] (wakazi 12,346). [[Mji mkuu]], [[Valletta]], una wakazi 7,173 tu. == Historia == Malta ilikaliwa na [[watu]] tangu [[milenia ya 4 KK]]. Kuna ma[[gofu]] ya [[hekalu]] la [[mwaka]] [[3200 KK]] hivi. Baadaye [[funguvisiwa]] lilitawaliwa na [[Wafinisia]], [[Karthago]] na [[Dola la Roma]]. Malta inatajwa katika [[Biblia]] kwa sababu [[Mtume Paulo]] aliponea huko baada ya kuzama kwa [[merikebu]] alimosafiri baharini kuelekea [[Roma]] ([[Mdo]] 27:39 n.k.). [[Waarabu]] walivamia [[visiwa]] hivyo mwaka [[870]] na kuvitawala hadi [[1091]]. Baadaye vilitawaliwa na [[Wanormandi]] wa [[Italia Kusini]], halafu na [[Wahispania]] chini ya [[mamlaka]] ya [[Dola Takatifu la Kiroma]] la [[Ujerumani]]. Tangu mwaka [[1530]] visiwa vilikabidhiwa na [[Kaisari]] kwa [[askari]] wa [[Vita vya msalaba]] wa [[SMOM|Chama cha Wanahospitali wa Mt. Yohane wa Yerusalemu]]. [[Wanamisalaba]] hao walitawala visiwa hivyo hadi [[Napoleoni]] alipoteka Malta mwaka [[1799]] akiwa [[Safari|safarini]] kwenda [[Misri]]. [[Uingereza]] ulitwaa visiwa kutoka kwa [[Ufaransa]] ukatawala Malta hadi [[uhuru]] wake [[tarehe]] [[21 Septemba]] [[1964]]. Tarehe [[13 Desemba]] [[1974]] Malta ikatangazwa kuwa [[jamhuri]] ndani ya [[Jumuiya ya Madola]]. Tarehe [[1 Mei]] [[2004]] nchi ikajiunga na [[Umoja wa Ulaya]]. == Watu == Kwa jumla kuna wakazi 404,039: wa kiume 200,715 (49.7[[Asilimia|%]]) na wa kike 203,324 (50.3%). [[Msongamano]] wa watu ni 1,282 kwa [[kilomita ya mraba]] ambao ni msongamano mkubwa kati ya nchi zote za Ulaya. Katika [[karne ya 21]] nchi imepokwa wahamiaji wengi, ambao kwa sasa ni 23.17% za wakazi wote. [[Lugha]] ya [[Kimalta]] ni lugha ya pekee. [[Asili]] yake ni [[lahaja]] ya [[Kiarabu]] iliyopokea maneno mengi ya [[Kiitalia]], [[Kisisili]], [[Kiingereza]], [[Kihispania]] na [[Kifaransa]]. Ni lugha pekee ya [[Kisemiti]] inayoandikwa rasmi kwa [[alfabeti ya Kilatini]]. [[Lugha rasmi]] ya pili ni [[Kiingereza]] kutokana na miaka 150 ya [[ukoloni]] wa [[Uingereza]]. Wamalta wengi sana (66%) huelewa pia lugha ya nchi kubwa jirani, Italia. wakazi wengi (90%) ni [[Ukristo|Wakristo]], hasa wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] (83%), ambalo [[imani]] yake ndiyo [[dini rasmi]] ya nchi. [[Uislamu|Waislamu]] ni [[asilimia]] 2. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Marejeo== *{{Rejea kitabu|first=John Anthony|last=Cramer|title=Geographical and Historical Description of Ancient Greece|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1828|pages=45–46|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=A38OAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover}} *{{cite web |title=Map of Malta and Gozo |work=Street Map of Malta and Gozo |url=http://www.maltastreetmap.com/ |accessdate=10 April 2009 |archivedate=2009-07-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716061437/http://www.maltastreetmap.com/ }} *{{cite web |title=Photos of Gozo sister island of Malta |work=Photos of Gozo |url=http://www.gozo.us |accessdate=17 November 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023015349/http://www.gozo.us/ |archivedate=2008-10-23 }} *{{cite web|title=Photos of Malta |work=Photos of Malta |url=http://www.pvv.org/~bct/malta/ |accessdate=26 May 2008}} *{{cite web |title=Malta |work=[[CIA World Factbook]] |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mt.html |accessdate=6 September 2006 |archivedate=2015-10-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016010540/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mt.html |=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016010540/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mt.html }} *{{cite web|title=Gov.mt |work=Government of Malta |url=http://www.gov.mt|accessdate=1 November 2005}} *{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Malta|work=MSN Encarta|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761555566/Malta.html|accessdate=1 November 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028215840/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761555566/Malta.html|archivedate=2009-10-28|deadurl=yes}}{{Wayback|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761555566/Malta.html |date=20091028215840 }} *{{Rejea habari|title=1942: Malta gets George Cross for bravery |work=BBC "On this day" |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/15/newsid_3530000/3530301.stm|accessdate=22 June 2006|date=15 April 1942}} *{{Rejea kitabu |first=H. Bowen |last=Jones |author2=et al.|title=Malta Background for Development |publisher=Dhurham College |year=1962 |oclc=204863}} *{{Rejea kitabu |author=Carolyn Bain|title=Malta |url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetmalt00caro|publisher=Lonely Planet Publication |year=2004 |isbn=1-74059-178-X}} *{{Rejea kitabu|author=Paul Williams|title=Malta&nbsp;– Island Under Siege|publisher=Pen and Sword Books|year=2009|isbn=978-1-84884-012-6|url=http://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/?product_id=1860|access-date=2014-11-11|archive-date=2014-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405092820/http://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/?product_id=1860|dead-url=yes}} *Charles Mifsud, The Climatological History of The Maltese Islands, Minerva 1984 *{{Rejea kitabu | last1=Rudolf | first1=Uwe Jens |last2 = Berg |first2 = W. G. | title=Historical Dictionary of Malta | url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000rudo | publisher=Scarecrow Press | location=USA| year=2010| isbn=9780810853171| page=[https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000rudo/page/43 43]| ref=DIC_11}} *{{Rejea kitabu |last=United Nations Development Programme|title=Human Development Report 2005&nbsp;– International cooperation at a crossroads: Aid, trade and security in an unequal world |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2005/ |isbn=0-19-522146-X}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons|Malta}} ; Serikali *[http://www.gov.mt/ Tovuti rasmi] *[http://justiceservices.gov.mt/LOM.aspx?pageid=24 Laws of Malta] The Official Laws of Malta website *[http://www.afm.gov.mt/ The Maltese Armed Forces official website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.afm.gov.mt/ |date=20120415023934 }} *[http://www.mepa.org.mt/ Malta Environment and Planning Authority's] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mepa.org.mt/ |date=20081208023159 }} [[GIS]] *[http://www.financemalta.org/ FinanceMalta official website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.financemalta.org/ |date=20130128221746 }} ; Taarifa za jumla *[http://www.maltawiki.com/ Malta] {{Wayback|url=http://www.maltawiki.com/ |date=20201124112445 }}&nbsp;– Wiki about Malta containing both general and travel related information *{{CIA World Factbook link|mt|Malta}} *[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/malta.htm Malta] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/malta.htm |date=20081015235341 }} from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' *{{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Malta}} *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17597837 Malta profile] from the [[BBC News]] *{{Wikiatlas|Malta}} *[http://www.wix.com/btrcameron/migrationmalta Migration Malta] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wix.com/btrcameron/migrationmalta |date=20110406130026 }}&nbsp;– An information source on immigration and Malta (scholarly articles, policy documents, press releases etc.) ; Vyombo vya habari *[http://www.maltamediaonline.com/ MaltaMedia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.maltamediaonline.com/ |date=20201009084600 }}&nbsp;– online news *[http://www.timesofmalta.com/ The Times of Malta] *[http://www.mfc.com.mt/ Malta Film Commission] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mfc.com.mt/ |date=20141018234858 }} *[http://bartolomy.com/malta/ Bartolomy's photos of Malta January 2014] {{Wayback|url=http://bartolomy.com/malta/ |date=20150326070352 }} ; Safari *[http://www.visitmalta.com/ Official Maltese Tourism website] *[http://www.maltaattraction.com/ Valletta Living History Official Website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.maltaattraction.com/ |date=20110207154320 }} * [http://www.gozo.us/ Photos, Webcam of Gozo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gozo.us/ |date=20081023015349 }} {{Umoja wa Ulaya}} {{Ulaya}} {{mbegu-jio-Ulaya}} [[Jamii:Malta| ]] [[Jamii:Visiwa vya Mediteranea]] [[Jamii:Nchi za visiwa]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Umoja wa Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Maeneo ya Biblia]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Madola]] [[Jamii:Mtume Paulo]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] jx2tlpxg0k2mm2wpfnbl5d753gg4mci 0 9303 1573140 1348546 2026-06-15T11:46:55Z CommonsDelinker 234 Replacing Bratislava-bratislava-flag.svg with [[File:Flag_of_Bratislava.svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name)). 1573140 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Bratislava Panorama R01.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Mandhari]] ya Bratislava]] [[Picha:Flag of Bratislava.svg|thumb|[[Bendera]] ya Bratislava]] [[Picha:Map slovakia bratislava.png|thumb|200px|Mahali pa Bratislava nchini Slovakia]] '''Bratislava''' ni [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Slovakia]] wenye wakazi 450,000. Majina mengine ya kihistoria ya mji huu yalikuwa Pressburg (kwa [[Kijerumani]]) au Pozsony (kwa [[Kihungaria]]). Uko kando Ya [[mto Danubi]]. [[Ishara]] ya mji ni [[boma]] la Bratislava lililosimama tangu [[karne za kati]]. == Jiografia == Bratislava iko kwenye mpaka wa [[kusini]]-[[magharibi]] ya Slovakia karibu na [[Austria]] na [[Hungaria]], si mbali na mpaka wa [[Ucheki]]. [[Picha:Hlavné námestie-The napoleonic soldier, Old Town Hall and Roland Fountain-Bratislava.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Uwanja Mkuu.]] == Historia == Eneo la [[mji]] lilikaliwa tangu [[milenia]] nyingi. [[Kiini]] cha mji wa leo kilikuwa [[boma]] la Bratislava lililojulikana tangu mwaka [[805]] [[BK]]. [[Utawala]] wa eneo la mji ulibadilika mara kadhaa, lakini tangu mwaka [[907]] mji ulikuwa sehemu ya [[ufalme]] wa Hungaria hadi mwaka [[1918]]. Kati ya miaka [[1524]] na [[1830]] ulikuwa mji mkuu wa Hungaria. Wakazi wake walikuwa hasa Wajerumani na Wahungaria pamoja na Waslovakia. Baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]] eneo la mji liliingizwa katika nchi mpya ya [[Chekoslovakia]], na jina likabadilishwa kuwa Bratislava. Mji ukawa mji mkuu wa sehemu ya Kislovakia ya nchi. Wakati wa [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]], na tena baada ya kugawanyika kwa Chekoslovakia mwaka 1993 Bratislava imekuwa mji mkuu wa Slovakia. [[Picha:Einsteinova.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Barabara]] kuu ya kitaifa D1 kando ya Bratislava]] == Biashara == Bratislava ni mji wa [[viwanda]]: kuna viwanda vya [[motokaa]], [[kemia]], [[mashine]] na vifaa vya [[stima]]. == Usafiri == Mji ni njiapanda ya barabara kuu, pia ya [[reli]]. [[Usafiri]] wa [[Maji|majini]] hutumia [[bandari]] ya Bratislava kwenye mto Danubi. Kuna pia [[Uwanja wa ndege]] wa kimataifa. Usafiri wa mjini ni kwa [[basi|mabasi]], [[reli]] za barabarani na mabasi ya [[umeme]]. == Picha za Bratislava == <gallery> Image:Bratislava - 52119321317.jpg|Mji wa Kale Image:Bratyslawa Teatr Narodowy.jpg|Nyumba ya Kitaifa ya Maigizo Image:Grassalkovich Palace (2).jpg|Jumba la Grassalkovich Image:Bratislava-Dom-sv-Martina.jpg|Kanisa la Mt. Martino </gallery> == Viungo vya nje == {{Commonscat|Bratislava}} * [http://www.bratislava.sk/en/ Official site] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20061007015734/http://www.bratislava.sk/en/ |date=2006-10-07 }} * [http://www.info-bratislava.com/ Info Bratislava] {{Wayback|url=http://www.info-bratislava.com/ |date=20160304130458 }} * [http://www.bratislavaguide.com Bratislava City Guide prepared by locals] {{mbegu-jio-Ulaya}} [[Jamii:Miji Mikuu Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Miji ya Slovakia]] 2bvqgtf0w3oe63mha8hlwyr05oze132 0 12717 1573133 1537493 2026-06-15T09:58:36Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Tazama pia */ 1573133 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:San Clemente, Papa, por Juan Correa de Vivar.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Papa Klementi I. <small>(taswira ya [[karne ya 15]]; Papa Klementi hakuvaa [[Taji la Kipapa|taji]] kama hili lililobuniwa miaka 1000 baadaye)</small>]] '''Papa Klementi I''' alikuwa [[Papa]] kuanzia takriban [[92]] hadi [[kifodini]] chake takriban [[99]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alitokea [[Roma]], [[Italia]]. Alimfuata [[Papa Anacletus]] akafuatwa na [[Papa Evaristus]]. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]] na kutajwa katika [[Kanuni ya Kirumi]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake ni [[tarehe]] [[23 Novemba]] katika [[Ukristo wa magharibi]]<ref>''[[Martyrologium Romanum]]: ex Decreto Sacrosancti oecumenici Concilii Vaticani II instauratum auctoritate Ioannis Pauli P.P. II promulgatum'', Romae 2001, ISBN 8820972107</ref> na tarehe [[24 Novemba]] au [[25 Novemba]] upande wa [[Ukristo wa Mashariki|mashariki]]. ==Maandishi== [[Maandishi]] pekee ambayo kwa hakika ni ya kwake ni [[waraka]] aliowaandikia [[Wakristo]] wa [[Korintho]] ili kuimarisha [[umoja]] na [[amani]] kati yao na kudhibiti [[uasi]] wao dhidi ya [[viongozi]] halali<ref name="newadvent.org">{{Rejea tovuti|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope St. Clement I|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04012c.htm|access-date=2022-01-21|website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref>. Kwa ajili hiyo Klementi anahesabiwa kuwa wa kwanza kati ya [[Mababu wa Kanisa]] waliofahamu [[Mitume wa Yesu]]<ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/30150</ref>. Inawezekana ndiye aliyetajwa na [[Mtume Paulo]] katika [[Waraka kwa Wafilipi]] (4:3). ==Sala yake== Wewe umefunua macho ya mioyo yetu, ili tukujue wewe Mungu pekee, uliye juu sana katika mbingu za juu, mtakatifu unayekaa kati ya watakatifu, ambaye unanyenyekeza ufidhuli wao wenye kiburi, unabatilisha mashauri ya mataifa, unawainua juu wanyonge na kuwashusha wanaojikweza, wewe ambaye unatajirisha na kufukarisha, unaua na kuhuisha, ambaye peke yako unafadhili roho na ni Mungu pekee wa kila mwenye mwili, unatazama vilindi, unachunguza matendo ya wanadamu, unawasaidia waliopo hatarini na ni mkombozi wa waliokata tamaa, ni muumbaji na mtunzaji wa roho zote, unazidisha mataifa duniani, ambaye kati ya wote umewachagua wanaokupenda, kwa njia ya Yesu Kristo Mwanao mpendwa, ambaye kwa njia yake umetulea, umetutakasa na kutuvika heshima. Tunakusihi, Bwana, uwe kwetu msaidizi na tegemeo. Uwakomboe walio taabuni kati yetu, uwahurumie wanyonge, uwainue walioanguka, ujidhihirishe kwa wahitaji, uwaponye wagonjwa, uwarudishe waliojitenga na taifa lako, uwashibishe wenye njaa, uwafungue wafungwa wetu, uwaimarishe walio dhaifu, uwatulize walio duni. Mataifa yote wapate kujua ya kuwa ndiwe Mungu, wewe peke yako, na ya kuwa Yesu Kristo ni Mwanao nasi tu wako wako na kondoo wa malisho yako. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] * [[Orodha ya Mapapa]] * [[Mababu wa Kanisa]] * [[Mababu wa Kitume]] == Maandishi yake kwa [[Kiswahili]] == * Didakè yaani Mafundisho ya Mitume Kumi na Wawili na Waraka wa Mt. Klementi kwa Wakorinto, tafsiri ya B. Santopadre n.k. – ed. E.M.I. – Bologna (Italia) 1990 – ISBN 88-307-0321-4 ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Vyanzo == {{Refbegin}} *{{cite wikisource|author=Clement of Rome|wslink=Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IX/The Epistles of Clement/The First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians/Chapter 14|title=The First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians|work=Ante-Nicene Fathers|volume=IX|translator=John Keith|date=1885b|editor1=Alexander Roberts |editor2=James Donaldson}} *{{cite book|last=Durant|first=Will |author-link=Will Durant|title=The Story of Civilization|url={{google books|id=cusRoE1OJvEC|keywords=vicars of Christ on Earth|plainurl=yes}}|volume=IV: The Age of Faith |year=2011|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4516-4761-7}} *{{cite book|last=González|first=Manuel Hernández|title=Fiestas y creencias en Canarias en la Edad Moderna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YzofqK1vZJ8C&pg=PA3|year=2007|publisher=Ediciones IDEA|isbn=978-84-8382-107-7}} *{{cite book|last1=Kelly|first1=John Norman Davidson|last2=Walsh|first2=Michael J.|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Popes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ExYOAQAAMAAJ|edition=2nd|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-861433-3}} *{{cite book|author=Libreria Editrice Vaticana|title=Annuario pontificio (2008)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4rG4MQEACAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana|isbn=978-88-209-8021-4}} *{{cite book|last=Phan|first=Peter C.|title=The Gift of the Church: A Textbook on Ecclesiology in Honor of Patrick Granfield, O.S.B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2knW3bIxIYgC|year=2000|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0-8146-5931-1}} {{Refend}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * Masomo ya Breviari - Sikukuu za Bwana, za Bikira Maria na za Watakatifu - Ndanda Mission Press 1978, uk 438-440 * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 415 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 363-364 * Maurice Soseleje, Kalendari yetu – Maisha ya Watakatifu – Toleo la pili – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1986 – ISBN 9976-63-112-X, uk. 89 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== *{{cite book|editor-last=Clarke|editor-first=W. K. Lowther|title=The First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians|year=1937|publisher=Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge|location=London}} *{{cite book|editor-last=Grant|editor-first=Robert M.|title=The Apostolic Fathers|year=1964|publisher=Nelson|location=New York}} *Loomis, Louise Ropes (1916). ''The Book of Popes'' (''Liber Pontificalis''). Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. ISBN|1-889758-86-8. *{{cite book|last=Lightfoot|first=J.B.|title=The Apostolic Fathers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TkYtAAAAYAAJ|year=1890|publisher=Macmillan|location=London}} *{{cite book|last=Meeks|first=Wayne A.|title=The origins of Christian morality : the first two centuries|url=https://archive.org/details/originsofchristi0000meek|year=1993|publisher=Yale Univ. Press|location=New Haven|isbn=978-0-300-05640-2}} *{{cite book|last=Richardson|first=Cyril Charles|title=Early Christian Fathers|year=1943|publisher=Westminster Press|location=Philadelphia|series=The Library of Christian Classics}} *{{cite book|last=Staniforth|first=Maxwell|title=Early Christian writings |url=https://archive.org/details/earlychristianwr00stan|url-access=registration|year=1968|publisher=Penguin|location=Baltimore}} == Viungo vya nje == {{commons category|Clemens I}} *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/121001/Saint-Clement-I "Saint Clement I."] Encyclopædia Britannica Online. *{{CathEncy|wstitle=Pope St. Clement I}} *[http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/ecf/008/index.htm Two Epistles Concerning Virginity ]. *[http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_0088-0097-_Clemens_I,_Sanctus,_Martyr.html Opera Omnia] *[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=103393 Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome] Eastern Orthodox [[icon]] and [[synaxarion]] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081122032727/http://saints.sqpn.com/saintc14.htm Patron Saints Index: ''Pope Saint Clement I''] *[http://www.christianiconography.info/clement.html Saint Clement] at the [http://www.christianiconography.info Christian Iconography] web site *[http://www.christianiconography.info/goldenLegend/clement.htm "Here Followeth the Life of St. Clement"] in the Caxton translation of the ''Golden Legend'' *[https://web.archive.org/web/20121112015737/http://www.paulandpeters.com/blog/st-clement-of-rome/ "St. Clement of Rome, Pope and Martyr (1st Century)"] *[http://www.stpetersbasilica.info/Exterior/Colonnades/Saints/St%20Clement-110/StClement.htm Colonnade Statue in St Peter's Square] {{Mapapa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Klementi I}} [[Jamii:Papa]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 99]] [[Jamii:Mababu wa Kanisa]] [[Jamii:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Italia]] 64jaf0yb1xul8esbr48mk1d1hjf1r56 0 13704 1573044 1529296 2026-06-14T21:49:46Z Mc dangote carsar 90185 Added infobox 1573044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Wema A. Sepetu|picha=[[File:Wema Sepetu.jpg|thumb|]]|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=Septemba 28, 1984|utaifa=Mtanzania|chama=Chama Cha Mapinduzi(CCM)|mwenza=Oscar John Lelo}} '''Wema Abraham Isaac Sepetu''' (alizaliwa [[28 Septemba]] [[1988]])<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wema Sepetu: Tanzanian beauty pageant winner (1988-) {{!}} Biography, Facts, Career, Wiki, Life|url=https://peoplepill.com/people/wema-sepetu/|work=PeoplePill|accessdate=2020-08-22|language=en-US|author=PeoplePill}}</ref> ni [[mwanamitindo]], [[mjasiriamali]] na [[mwigizaji]] kutoka nchini [[Tanzania]]. Aliwahi kuwa [[Miss Tanzania]] kwa [[mwaka]] wa [[2006]]. Aliiwakilisha Tanzania katika Mashindano ya urembo ya Dunia [[2006]], ambayo yalifanyika nchini [[Polandi]]. Na baadaye akawa mwigizaji nchini Tanzania.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wema Sepetu biography: age, boyfriend, child and latest photos|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/283335-wema-sepetu-biography-age-boyfriend-child-latest-photos.html|work=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news.|date=2018-08-21|accessdate=2020-03-31|language=en|author=Zindzy Gracia}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali, elimu, na sanaa== Wema ni [[mtoto]] wa mwisho katika [[familia]] ya watoto wanne wa mwanadiplomasia Abraham Isaac Sepetu. Alianza [[elimu ya msingi]] na hadi [[sekondari]] amesomea katika [[shule]] [[moja]] tu iitwayo "Academic International" iliyopo maeneo ya [[Mikocheni]], jijini [[Dar es Salaam]]. Pamoja na yote hayo, [[binti]] huyu amelelewa na kuishi kama [[Ustaarabu wa magharibi|mtu wa Magharibi]]. Baadaye alijiunga na Chuo Kikuu cha Ubunifu wa Teknolojia cha Limkokwing nchini [[Malaysia]] na kusoma kozi ya biashara za kimataifa ambayo alisoma kwa mwaka mmoja, kisha akakatisha masomo ili kuendelea na uigizaji. Kipaji zaidi cha Wema kiligundulika katika [[sanaa]] ya [[filamu]], ambapo alifanikiwa kucheza vema kabisa katika filamu ''[[A Point of No Return]]'' akishirikiana na mchezaji filamu maarufu wa Kitanzania marehemu [[Steven Kanumba]]. Wema aliwahi kuvishwa [[pete]] ya uchumba na [[msanii]] maarufu wa [[Bongo Flava]] [[Diamond Platnumz]], lakini kwa sasa wameshaachana. Pia Wema amekuwa akijulikana kwa kuwa na [[sauti]] ndogondogo na nyororo. == Miss Tanzania 2006 na Miss World 2006 == Baada ya kushinda taji la Miss Tanzania mnamo 2006, Wema alisafiri kwenda Warsaw, Polandi ili kushindana katika kinyanganyiro cha Miss World 2006, hata hivyo hakufanikiwa kuingia katika kumi na saba bora. == Kazi == === Uigizaji === * Aliingizwa kwenye [[tasnia]] ya [[sinema]] na [[Steven Kanumba]] wakati wa uchumba wao, alifanya filamu yake ya kwanza kwa jina la "A point of no return" akiigiza kama Dina akiwa mhusika mkuu pamoja na Steven Kanumba, aliigiza kama binti mdogo ambaye analazimishwa na familia yake kuolewa na Lameck (Steven Kanumba) aliekuwa mchawi na ambaye sio chaguo lake. Baadaye alionekana kwenye sinema nyingi kama vile Family Tears, Red Valentine, White Maria ambazo zilimfanya kuwa mmoja wa waigizaji maarufu nchini Tanzania. Ameonekana katika filamu zaidi ya 20. * Mnamo [[mwaka]] [[2011]] alitengeneza sinema iitwayo ''Superstar,'' filamu ambayo inaelezea maisha yake ya kimahusiano na mwanamuziki Diamond Platnumz.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=PICHA ZA WEMA SEPETU AKIWA ANAANDAA MOVIE YAKE MPYA YA SUPERSTAR {{!}} Teen blog swaggz|url=http://kennymziray.blogspot.com/2013/02/picha-za-wema-sepetu-akiwa-anaandaa.html|work=PICHA ZA WEMA SEPETU AKIWA ANAANDAA MOVIE YAKE MPYA YA SUPERSTAR {{!}} Teen blog swaggz|date=2013-02-13|accessdate=2020-04-01}}</ref> Sinema hiyo ilizinduliwa mnamo mwaka [[2012]] katika Hoteli ya Kilimanjaro Hyatt Regency jijini Dar Es salaam na ilisifiwa na watu wengi akiwemo Omotola Jalade Ekeinde kutoka Nigeria ambaye alikuwa mgeni wa heshima.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Red Carpet Photos: Wema Sepetu's Glittered Night Event|url=https://bongo5.com/red-carpet-photos-wema-sepetus-glittered-night-event-06-2012/|work=Bongo5.com|date=2012-06-25|accessdate=2020-04-01|language=en-US}}</ref> Lakini sinema haikuingia sokoni hadi leo na Wema alisema kuwa bado anatafuta msambazaji bora ambaye anaweza kumlipa kulinganisha na gharama zake za uzalishaji kwani alisema kwamba wasambazaji wengi wameahidi pesa kidogo ikilinganishwa na kile alichowekeza.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=SWP: Superstar Ya Wema Sepetu Kuingia Sokoni Muda Si Mrefu.|url=http://swahiliworldplanet.blogspot.com/2014/11/superstar-ya-wema-sepetu-kuingia-sokoni.html|work=SWP|date=2014-11-13|accessdate=2020-04-01|author=Unknown}}</ref> Baada ya hapo alionekana kwenye sinema kama Basilisa, It was not me, House boy, Madame kati ya nyingi. *Mnamo mwaka [[2014]] alishirikiana na Van Vicker kutoka nchini Ghana kutengeneza sinema iitwayo ''Day After Death'' wakiwa kama waigizaji wakuu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Picha: Wema Sepetu na Van Vicker wafanya movie Ghana, inaitwa ‘Day After Death’|url=http://bongo5.com/picha-wema-sepetu-na-van-vicker-wafanya-movie-ghana-inaitwa-day-after-death-12-2014/|work=Bongo5.com|date=2014-12-10|accessdate=2020-04-01|language=en-US}}</ref> Filamu hiyo ilipangwa kutolewa mnamo mwaka [[2015]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Filamu ya Van Vicker na Wema Sepetu ‘Day After Death’ kuzinduliwa September, Dar (Video)|url=http://bongo5.com/filamu-ya-van-vicker-na-wema-sepetu-day-after-death-kuzinduliwa-september-dar-video-05-2015/|work=Bongo5.com|date=2015-05-25|accessdate=2020-04-01|language=en-US}}</ref>lakini kutokana na ucheleweshaji haijaingia sokoni hadi leo, mbali na D.A.D kutoachiliwa. Kwa bahati nzuri wakati wa kusherehekea siku yake ya kuzaliwa ya miaka 30 alifanya uzinduzi wa sinema ya DAD na kuifanya kuwa sinema pendwa zaidi. Wema alionekana katika sinema zingine kutoka [[2015]]-[[2016]] kama vile Family, Mapenzi Yamerogwa and Chungu Cha Tatu kati ya nyingi. *Mnamo mwaka [[2017]] alirejea na filamu yake kwa jina la ''Heaven Sent,'' ambayo aliitengeneza na kuwa mhusika mwongozaji ambayo pia alikuwa na Salim Ahmed (Gabo) kama mhusika mkuu, uzinduzi huo ulifanyika Century Cinemax Mlimani City jijini Dar Es salaam nchini Tanzania.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wema Sepetu Azindua Filamu Yake Kwa Kishindo Mlimani City, Dar (Video)|url=https://globalpublishers.co.tz/wema-sepetu-azindua-filamu-yake-kwa-kishindo-mlimani-city-dar/|work=Global Publishers|date=2017-08-27|accessdate=2020-04-01}}</ref> sinema iliuzwa kupitia programu yake ya rununu (simu) Wema App. Filamu hii iliteuliwa katika vipengele saba (7) kwenye tukio la Sinema Zetu International Film Festival Awards 2018, pamoja na muigizaji Bora wa kike na Filamu Bora ya Kipindi,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=SZIFF - International Film Festival Tanzania|url=http://sziff.co.tz/award-nominees/|work=sziff.co.tz|accessdate=2020-04-01|archivedate=2020-09-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922022707/http://sziff.co.tz/award-nominees/}}</ref> ambapo Wema alishinda Mwigizaji Bora wa kike na sinema ilishinda Chaguo la Watu. === Endeless Fame Production === Mnamo mwaka [[2013]] alizindua kampuni yake kwa jina la ''Endless Fame Production.''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=What Wema Sepetu wore for her Office Launch|url=http://www.missiepopular.com/2013/02/what-wema-sepetu-wore-for-her-office.html|accessdate=2020-04-01|language=en|author=MP|archive-date=2021-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506101852/http://www.missiepopular.com/2013/02/what-wema-sepetu-wore-for-her-office.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kampuni hiyo ilihusika na utengenezaji wa sinema na Usimamizi wa wasanii, iliweza kusimamia baadhi ya wanamuziki wa Kitanzania kama vile Mirror na Ally Luna. [[Shirika]] hilo lilitengeneza sinema kama vile Supestar, Unexpected, Day After Death, Family, and Heaven Sent. ==Baadhi ya filamu za Wema== *[[House Boy]] *[[Crazy Tenant]] *[[Dj Ben]] *[[Basilisa]] *[[The Diary]] *[[Lerato]] *[[14 Days]] *[[Tafrani]] *[[White Maria]] *[[Sakata]] *[[Red Valentine]] *[[Family Tears]] *[[A Point of No Return]] == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.youtube.com/user/wemasepetuofficial Wema Sepetu] - YouTube channel ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sepetu, Wema}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1988]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Tanzania]] rlly252spshh99w5sqtjkpr036o314a 0 30291 1573139 1535367 2026-06-15T10:40:19Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1573139 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Ignatius of Antioch 2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Kifodini]] cha Mt. Ignas.]] '''Ignas wa Antiokia''' (kwa [[Kigiriki]] Ἰγνάτιος, Ignatios; alijulikana pia kwa [[jina]] la Θεοφόρος, Theophoros, yaani "Mleta [[Mungu]]"; [[35]]/[[50]] [[B.K.]] - [[98]]/[[117]]<ref>Tazama: "Ignatius" katika ''The Westminster Dictionary of Church History'', ed. Jerald Brauer (Philadelphia:Westminster, 1971) na pia David Hugh Farmer, "Ignatius of Antioch" katika ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Saints'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).</ref>). Ni kati ya [[Mababu wa Kanisa]] wa kwanza, akiwa [[mwanafunzi]] wa [[Mtume Yohane]] na [[askofu]] wa tatu wa [[Antiokia]], leo nchini [[Uturuki]]. Chini ya [[Kaizari|kaisari]] [[Kaizari Traian|Traiano]], alihukumiwa kuliwa na [[wanyamapori]], na kwa ajili hiyo alifikishwa [[Roma]] alipofia [[dini]] [[Ukristo|yake]]: [[safari|safarini]], huku akionja [[ukatili]] wa walinzi wake, alioufananisha na ule wa [[chui]], aliandika [[barua]] kwa [[Dayosisi|makanisa]] mbalimbali na kwa [[Polikarp Mtakatifu]], alimohimiza [[ndugu]] zake katika [[imani]] kumtumikia [[Mungu]] katika [[ushirika]] na maaskofu na wasimzuie kuchinjwa [[sadaka]] kwa [[Masiya|Kristo]]<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/24900</ref>. Habari hizo zimesumiliwa katika [[kitabu]] [[Kifodini cha Ignasi]]. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake inaadhimishwa na [[Wakatoliki]]<ref>''Calendarium Romanum'' (Vatican City, 1969)</ref><ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>, [[Waanglikana]] na [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] kwenye [[17 Oktoba]], lakini na [[Waorthodoksi]] tarehe [[20 Desemba]]. == Maandishi yake == Kati ya barua zake, zimetufikia [[Saba (namba)|saba]] za hakika ambazo ni kama kielelezo cha [[teolojia]] ya awali ya [[Ukristo]]. Humo kwa mara ya kwanza tunasoma juu ya [[Kanisa Katoliki]] ambalo linaitwa hivi kwa kulitofautisha na makundi ya Wakristo waliotengana nalo. Kati ya mada muhimu zaidi kuna [[Kanisa]], [[sakramenti]] na nafasi ya [[askofu]] pekee katika kila [[dayosisi|jimbo]]. Barua zake zimetafsiriwa kwa [[Kiswahili]] na kutolewa [[Italia]] kama ifuatavyo: MT. IGNASI WA ANTIOKIA, Nyaraka - tafsiri ya B. Santopadre n.k. – ed. E.M.I. – [[Bologna]] 1992 – ISBN 88-307-0404-0 ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] *[[Mababu wa Kanisa]] == Tanbihi == {{reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * Masomo ya Breviari - Sikukuu za Bwana, za Bikira Maria na za Watakatifu - Ndanda Mission Press 1978, uk 383-385 * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 361-362 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 318-319 * Maurice Soseleje, Kalendari yetu – Maisha ya Watakatifu – Toleo la pili – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1986 – ISBN 9976-63-112-X, uk. 18 == Viungo vya nje == {{commonscat|Ignatius of Antiochie}} * http://web.archive.org/web/20080121044055/http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/ignatius.htmlEarlyChristianwritings: ''On-line texts of St. Ignatius' letters'' (archived)] ([http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/ignatius.html non-archived link]{{Wayback|url=http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/ignatius.htmlEarlyChristianwritings |date=20080121044055 }}) * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07644a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: ''St. Ignatius of Antioch''] * [http://mb-soft.com/believe/txv/ignatiu8.htm The Short Syriac Version] {{Wayback|url=http://mb-soft.com/believe/txv/ignatiu8.htm |date=20090318035546 }} * [http://www.romanity.org/htm/rom.11.en.the_ecclesiology_of_st._ignatius_of_antioch.01.htm The Ecclesiology of St. Ignatius of Antioch] by Fr. John S. Romanides * [http://www.ntcanon.org/Ignatius.shtml Saint Ignatius] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ntcanon.org/Ignatius.shtml |date=20090830050645 }} * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20_10_0030-0100-_Ignatius_Antiochensis,_Sanctus.html Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes] * [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0114.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Spurious Epistles of St. Ignatius of Antioch] * [http://www.bennozuiddam.com/Ignatius.pdf Holy Letters and Syllables, the function and character of Scripture Authority in the writings of St Ignatius ''(Contains biography Ignatius as well. Doctoral thesis University of the Orange Free State 1997, Dutch, pdf)''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bennozuiddam.com/Ignatius.pdf |date=20090922024051 }} {{Mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa karne ya 1]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki karne ya 2]] [[Jamii:Mababu wa Kanisa]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Jamii:Wanateolojia wa Uturuki]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Siria]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Uturuki]] g5tfvlg4yv0iwec914f5gcl7sh0g18w 0 37150 1573136 1572942 2026-06-15T10:21:38Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Tazama pia */ 1573136 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Clemens_Romanus.jpg|thumb|Papa Klementi I katika [[mozaiki]] ya [[Kanisa kuu]] la [[Kiev]], [[Ukraini|Ukraina]].]] '''Waraka wa kwanza wa Klementi''' ni andiko la [[askofu]] wa [[Kanisa la Roma]] ([[Italia]]) [[Papa Klementi I]] mnamo mwaka [[96]] [[BK]] kwa [[Kanisa]] la [[Ukristo|Kikristo]] [[mji|mjini]] [[Korintho]] ([[Ugiriki]]). Ni kati ya maandiko ya kwanza ya [[Ukristo]] nje ya [[Biblia]] ([[Agano Jipya]]) yaliyohifadhiwa na kujulikana hadi leo. == Waraka wa kwanza wa Klementi kati ya maandiko ya kale ya Kikristo == [[Jina rasmi]] la andiko hili ni "Klementi kwa Wakorintho" (kwa [[Kigiriki]] Κλήμεντος πρὸς Κορινθίους, ''Klēmentos pros Korinthius''). Liliandikwa kwa [[lugha]] ya Kigiriki, iliyokuwa inatumiwa na Wakristo wengi wa wakati ule hata mjini [[Roma ya Kale|Roma]]. Pamoja na maandiko mengine kama vile [[Didake]], [[Barua ya Barnaba|Waraka wa Barnaba]] na [[Waraka|nyaraka]] saba za [[Ignas wa Antiokia]] iko katika ya maandiko ya kale kabisa ya Ukristo wa kwanza yaliyohifadhiwa nje ya Agano Jipya. [[Mtaalamu|Wataalamu]] wengi wengi wanakadiria ya kwamba iliandikwa kabla ya mwaka [[100]] BK kwa hiyo miaka michache baada ya [[Kitabu|vitabu]] vya mwisho vya Agano Jipya au hata wakati uleule. Waraka huu mrefu uliendelea kusomwa katika makanisa ya mashariki hadi [[karne ya 8]], ukihesabiwa pengine kati ya vitabu vyenye [[uvuvio]] vya [[Biblia ya Kikristo]]. == Umri wa waraka == Ndani ya waraka kuna vidokezo kadhaa kuhusu wakati wa kuandikwa kwake hata kama hakuna [[tarehe]] kamili - lakini hii ilikuwa kawaida kwa maandiko mengi ya nyakati zile. Waraka inataja "misiba ambayo imetufikia ghafla na mara kwa mara" na hii inachukuliwa na wataalamu kama marejeo kwa [[mateso ya Wakristo]] chini ya [[Kaisari Domitiano]] wa [[Dola la Roma]] mnamo [[96]]-[[98]] BK. Pia kanisa la Roma linaitwa "la kale" na barua inasema ya kwamba [[Mzee|wazee]] waliosimikwa na [[mitume wa Yesu]] waliaga [[dunia]] tayari. == Sababu ya waraka == Sababu ya kuandika waraka ilikuwa fitina ndani ya kanisa la Korintho iliyosababisha kuondolewa kwa [[Kiongozi|viongozi]] kadhaa [[madaraka|madarakani]]. Klementi alipinga fitina hiyo akitetea viongozi wa awali. Aliwakumbusha Wakorintho kuhusu [[barua]] waliowahi kuzipokea kutoka kwa [[Mtume Paulo]]. Waraka huu ni muhimu kwa sababu inawezesha kupata picha ya hali ya ndani ya jumuia za kwanza za Kikristo wakati wake. Kwa mfano waraka unataja [[Cheo|vyeo]] vya "Wazee, maaskofu na ma[[shemasi]]" ndani ya kanisa la Korintho. [[Kanisa Katoliki]] linaona waraka huo kuwa [[ushahidi]] wa [[mamlaka]] ya [[Papa]], kwa kuwa humo tunaona Klementi I kuingilia kati kwa nguvu matatizo ya kanisa la mbali, wakati [[mtume Yohane]] alipokuwa bado hai na jirani zaidi na Korintho. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mababu wa Kitume]] * [[Babu wa Kanisa|Mababu wa Kanisa]] * [[Waraka wa pili wa Klementi]] == Tafsiri ya [[Kiswahili]] == * Didakè yaani Mafundisho ya Mitume Kumi na Wawili na Waraka wa Mt. Klementi kwa Wakorinto, tafsiri ya B. Santopadre n.k. – ed. E.M.I. – [[Bologna]] 1990 – ISBN 88-307-0321-4 == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/1clement.html Early Christian writings:] ''The First Epistle of Clement'' * [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/2clement.html Early Christian writings:] ''The Second Epistle of Clement'' * [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/2clement-hoole.html English Translation] of 2 Clement * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04012c.htm Catholic Encyclopedia] article on Clement of Rome * [http://www.mortalresurrection.com/2008/12/25/63/#more-63 Madondoo ya [[Injili Ndugu]] katika waraka huu] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mortalresurrection.com/2008/12/25/63/#more-63 |date=20100929234304 }} {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:vitabu]] [[Jamii:Mababu wa Kanisa]] 7mh48gt79qht3yvtgkv4uk5c70hv3vy 0 40996 1573035 1252631 2026-06-14T18:55:45Z Mike Seems 90215 /* */ 1573035 wikitext text/x-wiki [Kuhariri=Zuia watumiaji wapya au wale ambao hawajajisajilisha] (bila mwisho) [Kuhamisha=Zuia watumiaji wapya au wale ambao hawajajisajilisha] (bila mwisho)) {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Wakiso |picha_ya_satelite = |pushpin_map = Uganda |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa mji wa Wakiso katika Uganda |settlement_type = Jiji |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Uganda]] |subdivision_type1 = Mkoa |subdivision_name1 = Kati |subdivision_type2 = [[Wilaya za Uganda|Wilaya]] |subdivision_name2 = Wakiso |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 18,700 |latd=00 |latm=24 |lats=0 |latNS=N |longd=32 |longm=29 |longs=0 |longEW=E |website = }} [[Picha:Uganda_location_map.svg|thumb|Location in Uganda coordinates 00°24'57"N 32°28'57"E]] '''Wakiso''' ni [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Wilaya ya Wakiso]] nchini [[Uganda]]. [[Idadi]] ya wakazi wake ni takriban 18,700. == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya miji ya Uganda]] ==Viungo vya nje== {{commonscat}} {{Mijii mikuu wilaya za Uganda}} {{mbegu-jio-Uganda}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Wakiso]] im21h5d0qdx1qkg96zgg6r0nz68hgc5 1573036 1573035 2026-06-14T18:56:40Z Mike Seems 90215 /* */ 1573036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Wakiso |picha_ya_satelite = |pushpin_map = Uganda |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa mji wa Wakiso katika Uganda |settlement_type = Jiji |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Uganda]] |subdivision_type1 = Mkoa |subdivision_name1 = Kati |subdivision_type2 = [[Wilaya za Uganda|Wilaya]] |subdivision_name2 = Wakiso |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 18,700 |latd=00 |latm=24 |lats=0 |latNS=N |longd=32 |longm=29 |longs=0 |longEW=E |website = }} [[Picha:Uganda_location_map.svg|thumb|Location in Uganda coordinates 00°24'57"N 32°28'57"E]] '''Wakiso''' ni [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Wilaya ya Wakiso]] nchini [[Uganda]]. [[Idadi]] ya wakazi wake ni takriban 18,700. == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya miji ya Uganda]] ==Viungo vya nje== {{commonscat}} {{Mijii mikuu wilaya za Uganda}} {{mbegu-jio-Uganda}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Wakiso]] 7mmr1w77yzmtyxnnr6djf6qokvmhrlf 0 80036 1573033 1437556 2026-06-14T17:57:52Z ~2026-35029-94 90254 /* */ 1573033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | Jina = Ali Kiba | Img = Ali Kiba.jpg|thumb | Img_capt = | Background = solo_singer | Jina la kuzaliwa = Ali Salehe Kiba | Alias = KingKiba | Amezaliwa = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1986|11|29|df=yes}} | Asili yake = [[Mkoa wa Iringa|Iringa]], {{Flag|Tanzania}} | Aina = [[Mwanamuziki]] | Kazi yake = [[Mwimbaji]] [[Soka|Mwanasoka]] | Timu = [[Coastal Union]] | Aina ya sauti = [[Mwimbaji|Sauti]], [[Piano|piano]] | Miaka ya kazi = 2006 hadi sasa | Studio = Rockstars4000<br />[[Kings Music Records|Kings Music]] | Ameshirikiana na = [[Aslay]]<br />[[Abdu Kiba]]<br />Christian Bella<br />Ommy Dimpoz<br />M.I<br />Patoranking<br />Abby Skills<br />[[Mr. Blue]] | tovuti = [https://www.mrtechsite.com/2019/09/wordpress-or-blogger-which-one-is-best.html/ www.lupitanyongo.com]] }} '''Ali Kiba''' [[BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY]] (anafahamika zaidi kwa [[Jina la kisanii|jina lake la kisanii]] kama '''Ali Salehe Kiba'''; pia: '''King Kiba'''; alizaliwa [[Mkoa wa Iringa|mkoani Iringa]], [[26 Novemba]] [[1986]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Tanzania]], [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi]] wa [[nyimbo]] chini ya lebo yake ya ''[[Kings Music Records|King's Music records]]'' na lebo aliyokuwa akiifanyia kazi [[Rockstar4000]], ambayo alikuwa miongoni mwa wamiliki wake. Ana vipaji vilivyo tofauti na [[wasanii]] wenzake, hivyo amejikita sehemu nyingine kwa kusajiliwa na timu ya mpira wa miguu "Tanga Coastal Union" ya mkoani [[Tanga]] kucheza [[mpira wa miguu]] kwa msimu wa [[2018]]/[[2019]] wa Vodacom Premier League. Lakini pia Ali kiba ni mmiliki wa media ya habari ya '''Crown media'''iliyopo na makazi yake jijini [[Dar es Salaam]]. ==Maisha== Ali Kiba alizaliwa na Saleh Omari na Tombwe Njere. Ni mtoto wa kwanza kati ya watoto wanne kwenye familia yao, akifuatiwa na Abdu Saleh Kiba ambaye pia ni mwanamuziki, Zabib Kiba (dada yake) na Abuu Kiba (mdogo wao wa kiume wa mwisho).<ref>https://globalpublishers.co.tz/historia-ya-maisha-ya-alikiba-tangu-kuzaliwa-video/</ref> ==Mafanikio== Mwaka [[2011]], Ali Kiba alichaguliwa kama ''msanii wa kwanza wa [[Afrika Mashariki]]'' - [[Tanzania]], [[Kenya]] na [[Uganda]]. Kwa mwaka [[2015]] ameshinda [[tuzo]] [[tano]] za Kilimanjaro Awards. Tarehe [[20 Mei]] [[2016]], [[kampuni]] ya kimataifa inayojishughulisha na [[muziki]] "Sony Music Entertainment" ilitangaza kumsainisha [[mkataba]] wa kufanya kazi na Ali Kiba. ==Tuzo== {{awards table}} |- |2016 |Himself |Best International Act: Africa |{{Won}}<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.timesfm.co.tz/news/ali-kiba-atajwa-kuwania-tuzo-za-mtv-emma-2016/| title = Ali Kiba atajwa kuwania Tuzo za MTV EMMA 2016|publisher=|access-date=7 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010055304/http://www.timesfm.co.tz/news/ali-kiba-atajwa-kuwania-tuzo-za-mtv-emma-2016/|archive-date=10 October 2016|url-status=dead|accessdate=2019-12-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010055304/http://www.timesfm.co.tz/news/ali-kiba-atajwa-kuwania-tuzo-za-mtv-emma-2016/|archivedate=2016-10-10}}</ref> |- |} ===Nollywood and African Film Critics Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |rowspan=2|2016 |Himself |Favorite Artist |{{won}} |- |Mwana |Favorite Song |{{won}}<ref name="annapita.com">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.annapita.com/2016/08/alikiba-ashinda-tuzo-mbili-usa.html?m=1| title = Annapita.com|website=www.annapita.com|accessdate=2019-12-21|archivedate=2016-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009160254/http://www.annapita.com/2016/08/alikiba-ashinda-tuzo-mbili-usa.html?m=1}}</ref> |- |} ===East Africa TV Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |rowspan=3|2016 |rowspan=3|Aje |Best Male Artist |{{won}} |- |Song of the Year |{{won}} |- |Video of the Year |{{won}} |- |} === ASFA Awards (Uganda) === {{awards table}} |- |rowspan=2|2016 |Aje |Most Stylish Artiste East Africa |{{won}} |- |Aje |Most Fashionable Music Video Africa |{{won}}<ref name="annapita.com"/> |- |} ===Soundcity Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |2016 |Aje |Video of the Year |{{won}} |- |} ===TZ INSTA Awards 2016=== {{awards table}} |- |2016 |Aje |Top Trending Song |{{won}} |- |} ===Best Celebrity Player Awards (Uganda)=== {{awards table}} |- |2016 |Himself |Best Celebrity Player |{{won}} |- |} ===WANNAMusic Awards 2016 (France)=== {{awards table}} |- |rowspan=3|2016 |rowspan=3|Aje |Best Male Artist | {{nominated}} |- |- |Best Collabo | {{nominated}} |- |People Choice |{{won}} |- |} ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons}} {{Ali Kiba}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki-TZ}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kiba, Ali}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1986]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Afrocine 2019-Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Afrika Mashariki]] na6czj8l1pb0v99sc82ccraugg129oe 1573097 1573033 2026-06-15T09:10:10Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/~2026-35029-94|~2026-35029-94]] ([[User talk:~2026-35029-94|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Jadnapac|Jadnapac]] 1437556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | Jina = Ali Kiba | Img = Ali Kiba.jpg|thumb | Img_capt = | Background = solo_singer | Jina la kuzaliwa = Ali Salehe Kiba | Alias = KingKiba | Amezaliwa = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1986|11|29|df=yes}} | Asili yake = [[Mkoa wa Iringa|Iringa]], {{Flag|Tanzania}} | Aina = [[Mwanamuziki]] | Kazi yake = [[Mwimbaji]] [[Soka|Mwanasoka]] | Timu = [[Coastal Union]] | Aina ya sauti = [[Mwimbaji|Sauti]], [[Piano|piano]] | Miaka ya kazi = 2006 hadi sasa | Studio = Rockstars4000<br />[[Kings Music Records|Kings Music]] | Ameshirikiana na = [[Aslay]]<br />[[Abdu Kiba]]<br />Christian Bella<br />Ommy Dimpoz<br />M.I<br />Patoranking<br />Abby Skills<br />[[Mr. Blue]] | tovuti = [https://www.mrtechsite.com/2019/09/wordpress-or-blogger-which-one-is-best.html/ www.lupitanyongo.com]] }} '''Ali Kiba''' (anafahamika zaidi kwa [[Jina la kisanii|jina lake la kisanii]] kama '''Ali Salehe Kiba'''; pia: '''King Kiba'''; alizaliwa [[Mkoa wa Iringa|mkoani Iringa]], [[26 Novemba]] [[1986]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Tanzania]], [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi]] wa [[nyimbo]] chini ya lebo yake ya ''[[Kings Music Records|King's Music records]]'' na lebo aliyokuwa akiifanyia kazi [[Rockstar4000]], ambayo alikuwa miongoni mwa wamiliki wake. Ana vipaji vilivyo tofauti na [[wasanii]] wenzake, hivyo amejikita sehemu nyingine kwa kusajiliwa na timu ya mpira wa miguu "Tanga Coastal Union" ya mkoani [[Tanga]] kucheza [[mpira wa miguu]] kwa msimu wa [[2018]]/[[2019]] wa Vodacom Premier League. Lakini pia Ali kiba ni mmiliki wa media ya habari ya '''Crown media'''iliyopo na makazi yake jijini [[Dar es Salaam]]. ==Maisha== Ali Kiba alizaliwa na Saleh Omari na Tombwe Njere. Ni mtoto wa kwanza kati ya watoto wanne kwenye familia yao, akifuatiwa na Abdu Saleh Kiba ambaye pia ni mwanamuziki, Zabib Kiba (dada yake) na Abuu Kiba (mdogo wao wa kiume wa mwisho).<ref>https://globalpublishers.co.tz/historia-ya-maisha-ya-alikiba-tangu-kuzaliwa-video/</ref> ==Mafanikio== Mwaka [[2011]], Ali Kiba alichaguliwa kama ''msanii wa kwanza wa [[Afrika Mashariki]]'' - [[Tanzania]], [[Kenya]] na [[Uganda]]. Kwa mwaka [[2015]] ameshinda [[tuzo]] [[tano]] za Kilimanjaro Awards. Tarehe [[20 Mei]] [[2016]], [[kampuni]] ya kimataifa inayojishughulisha na [[muziki]] "Sony Music Entertainment" ilitangaza kumsainisha [[mkataba]] wa kufanya kazi na Ali Kiba. ==Tuzo== {{awards table}} |- |2016 |Himself |Best International Act: Africa |{{Won}}<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.timesfm.co.tz/news/ali-kiba-atajwa-kuwania-tuzo-za-mtv-emma-2016/| title = Ali Kiba atajwa kuwania Tuzo za MTV EMMA 2016|publisher=|access-date=7 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010055304/http://www.timesfm.co.tz/news/ali-kiba-atajwa-kuwania-tuzo-za-mtv-emma-2016/|archive-date=10 October 2016|url-status=dead|accessdate=2019-12-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010055304/http://www.timesfm.co.tz/news/ali-kiba-atajwa-kuwania-tuzo-za-mtv-emma-2016/|archivedate=2016-10-10}}</ref> |- |} ===Nollywood and African Film Critics Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |rowspan=2|2016 |Himself |Favorite Artist |{{won}} |- |Mwana |Favorite Song |{{won}}<ref name="annapita.com">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.annapita.com/2016/08/alikiba-ashinda-tuzo-mbili-usa.html?m=1| title = Annapita.com|website=www.annapita.com|accessdate=2019-12-21|archivedate=2016-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009160254/http://www.annapita.com/2016/08/alikiba-ashinda-tuzo-mbili-usa.html?m=1}}</ref> |- |} ===East Africa TV Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |rowspan=3|2016 |rowspan=3|Aje |Best Male Artist |{{won}} |- |Song of the Year |{{won}} |- |Video of the Year |{{won}} |- |} === ASFA Awards (Uganda) === {{awards table}} |- |rowspan=2|2016 |Aje |Most Stylish Artiste East Africa |{{won}} |- |Aje |Most Fashionable Music Video Africa |{{won}}<ref name="annapita.com"/> |- |} ===Soundcity Awards=== {{awards table}} |- |2016 |Aje |Video of the Year |{{won}} |- |} ===TZ INSTA Awards 2016=== {{awards table}} |- |2016 |Aje |Top Trending Song |{{won}} |- |} ===Best Celebrity Player Awards (Uganda)=== {{awards table}} |- |2016 |Himself |Best Celebrity Player |{{won}} |- |} ===WANNAMusic Awards 2016 (France)=== {{awards table}} |- |rowspan=3|2016 |rowspan=3|Aje |Best Male Artist | {{nominated}} |- |- |Best Collabo | {{nominated}} |- |People Choice |{{won}} |- |} ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons}} {{Ali Kiba}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki-TZ}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kiba, Ali}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1986]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Afrocine 2019-Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Afrika Mashariki]] qbmizsiu5qnnsvdwo34pm1rptrxs248 0 83282 1573105 1077993 2026-06-15T09:32:21Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1573105 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lualaba River DRC.svg|thumb|Mto Lualaba nchini Kongo (nyekundu)]] '''Lualaba''' ni [[tawimto]] kubwa la [[Mto Kongo]] yaani inabeba [[maji]] mengi kuliko matawimto mengine. Inawezekana pia kusema ni [[jina]] la [[mto Kongo]] juu ya [[Maporomoko ya Boyoma]] karibu na [[mji]] wa [[Lubumbashi]]. Lualaba ni mto uliopo [[mashariki]] mwa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. [[Urefu]] wa mwendo wake ni [[kilomita]] 1,800. Vyanzo vyake viko katika sehemu za [[Katanga]] karibu na [[Zambia]]. [[Tawimto]] lake refu zaidi ni [[mto Chambeshi]] unaoanza nchini [[Zambia]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] {{Mito ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{mbegu-jio-Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} [[Category:Mito ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[jamii:mto Kongo]] sdyt2gr6qq3iwu5xajtbipq7ufltkv6 3 89632 1573014 1549582 2026-06-14T13:27:28Z Mc dangote carsar 90185 /* Kuhusu uhakiki wa rasimu ya Innocent Manda */ mjadala mpya 1573014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{karibu}} Hongera kwa michango yako juu ya wanasiasa, ila angalia: baadhi walikuwemo tayari, ila jina la katikati. Ukipata nafasi, punguza kurasa zinazojirudia kuhusu mtu yuleyule. Asante. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 10:19, 10 Juni 2017 (UTC) [[Picha:SpecialBarnstar.png|thumb|left]] Jadnapac, nakukabidhi hii "[[:en:Wikipedia:Barnstars|Special barnstar]]" kwa kazi yako endelevu katika Wikipedia ya Kiswahili! '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 22:40, 16 Desemba 2017 (UTC) '''[[Mtumiaji:Jadnapac|Jadnapac]]''' : Nakushukuru sana [[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] kwa "[[:en:Wikipedia:Barnstars|Special barnstar]]".Nimefurahi sana na nitajitahidi kuendelea zaidi.''' ==Kata mpya:Kigezo== Salaam naona mnaongeza kata mpya kufuatana na orodha ya misimbo ya posta. Itakuwa vema kama mnsahihisha pia vigezo vya "Kata za Wilaya ya XYZ" vinavyounda sanduku iliyopo chini kwenye ukurasa wa kata na pia wilaya. Mfano:'''<nowiki>{{Kata za Wilaya ya Mkuranga}} </nowiki>''' inafunguliwa kwa kuandika '''<nowiki>https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigezo:Kata za Wilaya ya Mkuranga</nowiki>''' kwenye mstari wa anwani. Hapa unaweza kuhariri na kuongeza majina. Yamepangwa kufuatana na a-b-c kwa hiyo ingiza mahali pake. Naona itakuwa vema kurudia wilaya mlipoingiza kata mpya, labda kwa kulinganisha jamii:wilaya ya xyz na vigezo. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 09:47, 30 Desemba 2017 (UTC) '''[[Mtumiaji:Jadnapac|Jadnapac]]''': Salaam [[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] .Asante kwa maelekezo, tutafanyia kazi. == Article idea: Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 == Thanks for writing an article about the Ethiopian Airlines accident in Bishoftu. If you're interested, you are welcome to make a Swahili version of [[:en:Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961]], also flying Addis Ababa to Nairobi. Thanks '''[[Mtumiaji:WhisperToMe|WhisperToMe]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:WhisperToMe|majadiliano]])''' 20:39, 16 Machi 2019 (UTC) ==Kata mpya== Asante kwa kuongeza kata katika [[Wilaya ya Kisarawe]]. Tukumbuke kusahihisha pia kigezo cha kata za wilaya husika. (ile boksi ilyopo chini, ni faili ya pekee, tazama juu). '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 06:53, 22 Julai 2019 (UTC) ==Shukrani== Asante [[Mtumiaji:Jadnapac|Jadnapac]] kwa kunikaribisha katika Wikipedia.Nitahitaji zaidi maelekezo ya namna bora ya kuchangia makala '''[[Mtumiaji:Starsony|Starsony]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Starsony|majadiliano]])''' 09:26, 24 Januari 2020 (UTC) ==Tangazo== Habari ndugu Mwanawikipedia!<br><br>Mimi ni mwezeshaji wa mradi uitwao [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct)&article_action=watch#Utangulizi_kuhusu_Mwongozo_Wa_Kimataifa_Wa_Nidhamu_Na_Maadili Mwongozo Wa Kimataifa Wa Mwenendo Na Maadili]. Ni mradi mchanga/mpya ambao Shirika la Wikimedia Foundation linanuia kuuanzisha endapo wadau wataona ni mradi unaofaa. Nakukaribisha usome mwongozo huo na kisha utoe maoni yako kwa kujibu maswali yote au baadhi yake kwa yale utakayopenda kuyatolea maoni [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majadiliano_ya_Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct)#Maswali_ya_Wikimedia_Foundation HAPA]<br><br>'''<big>Taarifa zaidi kuhusu Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Nidhamu na Mwenendo</big>'''<br><br> Shirika la Wikimedia Foundation lina mpango wa kuanzisha [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct)&article_action=watch#Utangulizi_kuhusu_Mwongozo_Wa_Kimataifa_Wa_Nidhamu_Na_Maadili Mwongozo Wa Kimataifa Wa Mwenendo Na Maadili]. Lengo la mwongozo huo ni kujaribu kuainisha vitu vya msingi vinavyopatikana katika miongozo midogo midogo iliyopo tayari katika kila jamii husika (mfano Jumuiya yetu hii ya wahariri wa Wikipedia ya Kiswahili). Lengo hasa la mwongozo huu ni kutengeneza mazingira ambayo wanawikipedia wote duniani watakuwa na uelewa wa pamoja juu ya vitu vya msingi kuhusu nini kinakubalika na kipi hakikubaliki wakati wa uchangiaji (uhariri) wa Wikipedia na pale wanawikipedia wanapowasiliana kwenye Wikipedia au ana kwa ana katika warsha na mikutano ya Wanawikipedia. Wazo hilo limekuja baada kukithiri kwa baadhi ya Wanawikimedia kukumbana kufanyiwa unyanyasaji wa kitabia (mfano matusi, kuitana majina yasiyofaa, kutishiana n.k) na Wanawikimedia wenzao, hivyo kuwakatisha tamaa ya kuendelea kuchangia katika miradi ya Wikimedia.Hivyo, wewe kama mdau muhimu katika miradi ya Wikimedia Foundation, unakaribishwa ku [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct) soma zaidi kuhusu mwongozo huo Hapa]na baada ya kuusoma mwongozo huo unaweza ku [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majadiliano_ya_Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct)#Maswali_ya_Wikimedia_Foundation toa maoni yako Hapa kabla ya tar 15 April 2020.]<br><br>'''<big>Mwaliko wa kujiunga na kundi la Wahariri wa Wikipedia</big>''' <br><br> Nakukaribisha ujiunge na kundi la Wahariri wa Wikipedia kutoka Dar es Salaam ili tuweze kujadiliana na kubadilishana uzoefu na mambo kadha wa kadha kuhusu Uhariri wa Wikipedia. Iwapo utapenda kujiunga, usisite kuwasiliana nasi kupitia '''wikitzagroup@gmail.com''', na kwa taarifa zaidi kuhusu kundi la Wahariri wa Wikipedia wa hapa Dar es Salaam na Tanzania kwa ujumla na miradi waliyoitekeleza tayari, unaweza tembelea hapa ukurasa wao wa meta uitwao [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Community_User_Group_Tanzania Wikimedia Community User Group Tanzania] au pia katika Facebook kwa jila la [https://www.facebook.com/Wikimediatz/ Wikimedia Tanzania].<br><br> Ndimi '''[[Mtumiaji:AMtavangu (WMF)|AMtavangu (WMF)]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AMtavangu (WMF)|majadiliano]])''' 20:21, 5 Aprili 2020 (UTC) == Testing == This is the test for UCoC Mass messaging [[User:AMtavangu (WMF)|Antoni Mtavangu]]12:03, 9 Aprili 2020 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:AMtavangu (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:AMtavangu_(WMF)/Massmessaging_test&oldid=19969037 --> == Mass Messaging test1 == ==Tangazo== Habari ndugu Mwanawikipedia!<br><br>Mimi ni mwezeshaji wa mradi uitwao [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct)&article_action=watch#Utangulizi_kuhusu_Mwongozo_Wa_Kimataifa_Wa_Nidhamu_Na_Maadili Mwongozo Wa Kimataifa Wa Mwenendo Na Maadili]. Ni mradi mchanga/mpya ambao Shirika la Wikimedia Foundation linanuia kuuanzisha endapo wadau wataona ni mradi unaofaa. Nakukaribisha usome mwongozo huo na kisha utoe maoni yako kwa kujibu maswali yote au baadhi yake kwa yale utakayopenda kuyatolea maoni [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majadiliano_ya_Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct)#Maswali_ya_Wikimedia_Foundation HAPA]<br><br>'''<big>Taarifa zaidi kuhusu Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Nidhamu na Mwenendo</big>'''<br><br> Shirika la Wikimedia Foundation lina mpango wa kuanzisha [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct)&article_action=watch#Utangulizi_kuhusu_Mwongozo_Wa_Kimataifa_Wa_Nidhamu_Na_Maadili Mwongozo Wa Kimataifa Wa Mwenendo Na Maadili]. Lengo la mwongozo huo ni kujaribu kuainisha vitu vya msingi vinavyopatikana katika miongozo midogo midogo iliyopo tayari katika kila jamii husika (mfano Jumuiya yetu hii ya wahariri wa Wikipedia ya Kiswahili). Lengo hasa la mwongozo huu ni kutengeneza mazingira ambayo wanawikipedia wote duniani watakuwa na uelewa wa pamoja juu ya vitu vya msingi kuhusu nini kinakubalika na kipi hakikubaliki wakati wa uchangiaji (uhariri) wa Wikipedia na pale wanawikipedia wanapowasiliana kwenye Wikipedia au ana kwa ana katika warsha na mikutano ya Wanawikipedia. Wazo hilo limekuja baada kukithiri kwa baadhi ya Wanawikimedia kukumbana kufanyiwa unyanyasaji wa kitabia (mfano matusi, kuitana majina yasiyofaa, kutishiana n.k) na Wanawikimedia wenzao, hivyo kuwakatisha tamaa ya kuendelea kuchangia katika miradi ya Wikimedia.Hivyo, wewe kama mdau muhimu katika miradi ya Wikimedia Foundation, unakaribishwa ku [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct) soma zaidi kuhusu mwongozo huo Hapa]na baada ya kuusoma mwongozo huo unaweza ku [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majadiliano_ya_Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct)#Maswali_ya_Wikimedia_Foundation toa maoni yako Hapa kabla ya tar 15 April 2020.]<br><br>'''<big>Mwaliko wa kujiunga na kundi la Wahariri wa Wikipedia</big>''' <br><br> Nakukaribisha ujiunge na kundi la Wahariri wa Wikipedia kutoka Dar es Salaam ili tuweze kujadiliana na kubadilishana uzoefu na mambo kadha wa kadha kuhusu Uhariri wa Wikipedia. Iwapo utapenda kujiunga, usisite kuwasiliana nasi kupitia '''wikitzagroup@gmail.com''', na kwa taarifa zaidi kuhusu kundi la Wahariri wa Wikipedia wa hapa Dar es Salaam na Tanzania kwa ujumla na miradi waliyoitekeleza tayari, unaweza tembelea hapa ukurasa wao wa meta uitwao [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Community_User_Group_Tanzania Wikimedia Community User Group Tanzania] au pia katika Facebook kwa jila la [https://www.facebook.com/Wikimediatz/ Wikimedia Tanzania].<br><br> Ndimi '''[[Mtumiaji:AMtavangu (WMF)|AMtavangu (WMF)]] '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 15:31, 18 Aprili 2020 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:AMtavangu (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:AMtavangu_(WMF)/Massmessaging_test&oldid=19969037 --> == Mwaliko wa kutoa maoni yako kuhusu ''Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Mwenendo na Nidhamu'' == Habari ndugu Mwanawikipedia!<br><br>[[User:AMtavangu (WMF)|Mimi]] ni mwezeshaji wa mradi uitwao [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct)&article_action=watch#Utangulizi_kuhusu_Mwongozo_Wa_Kimataifa_Wa_Nidhamu_Na_Maadili Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Mwenendo na Maadili]. Ni mradi mchanga/mpya ambao Shirika la Wikimedia Foundation linanuia kuuanzisha endapo wadau wataona ni mradi unaofaa na kuunga mkono wazo hilo. Nakukaribisha usome mwongozo huo na kisha utoe maoni yako kwa kujibu maswali yote au baadhi yake kwa yale utakayopenda kuyatolea maoni [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majadiliano_ya_Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct)#Maswali_ya_Wikimedia_Foundation ''HAPA'']<br><br>'''<big>Taarifa zaidi kuhusu Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Nidhamu na Mwenendo</big>'''<br><br> Shirika la Wikimedia Foundation lina mpango wa kuanzisha [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct)&article_action=watch#Utangulizi_kuhusu_Mwongozo_Wa_Kimataifa_Wa_Nidhamu_Na_Maadili Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Mwenendo na Maadili]. Lengo la mwongozo huo ni kujaribu kuoanisha vitu vya msingi vya kimwongozo vinavyopatikana katika miongozo midogo midogo iliyopo tayari katika kila jamii husika (mfano katika Jumuiya yetu hii ya wahariri wa Wikipedia ya Kiswahili). Lengo hasa la mwongozo huu ni kujaribu kutengeneza mazingira ambayo wanawikipedia wote duniani watakuwa na uelewa wa pamoja juu ya vitu vya msingi kuhusu nini kinakubalika na kipi hakikubaliki wakati wa uchangiaji (uhariri) au utumiaji wa Wikipedia, na pia pale wanawikipedia wanapowasiliana ndani ya tovuti ya Wikipedia yenyewe au wanapokutana ana kwa ana katika warsha na mikutano mbalimbali ya Wanawikipedia. Wazo hilo limekuja baada kutokea kwa baadhi ya matukio kwa baadhi ya Wanawikimedia anbapo katika tafiti iliyofanywa mwaka 2015 , ilionekana baadhi ya Wanawikimedia walikuwa wakikumbana na unyanyasaji wa kitabia (mfano matusi, kuitana majina yasiyofaa, kutishiana n.k) na Wanawikimedia wenzao, hivyo kuwakatisha tamaa ya kuendelea kuchangia katika miradi ya Wikimedia.Wewe kama mdau muhimu katika miradi ya Wikimedia Foundation, unakaribishwa ku [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct) soma zaidi kuhusu mwongozo huo]na unaweza ku [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majadiliano_ya_Wikipedia:Mwongozo_wa_Kimataifa_wa_Mwenendo_na_Maadili_(Universal_Code_of_Conduct)#Maswali_ya_Wikimedia_Foundation toa maoni yako Hapa kabla ya tar 29th April 2020.]<br><br>'''<big>Mwaliko wa kujiunga na kundi la Wahariri wa Wikipedia</big>''' <br><br> Nakukaribisha ujiunge na kundi la Wahariri wa Wikipedia kutoka Tanzania (Dar es Salaam) ili tuweze kujadiliana na kubadilishana mawazo, uzoefu na mambo kadha wa kadha kuhusu Uhariri wa Wikipedia na miradi mingine yake ya Wikimedia Foundation. Iwapo utapenda kujiunga, usisite kuwasiliana nasi kupitia '''wikitzagroup@gmail.com''', na kwa taarifa zaidi kuhusu kundi la Wahariri wa Wikipedia wa hapa Dar es Salaam na Tanzania kwa ujumla kuhusu miradi waliyoifanya tayari, unaweza tembelea hapa ukurasa wao wa meta uitwao [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Community_User_Group_Tanzania Wikimedia Community User Group Tanzania] au pia katika Facebook kwa jila la [https://www.facebook.com/Wikimediatz/ Wikimedia Tanzania].<br><br> Ndimi [[User:AMtavangu (WMF)|Mtavangu]]19:09, 18 Aprili 2020 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:AMtavangu (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:AMtavangu_(WMF)/Massmessaging_test&oldid=19994514 --> == Invitation to participate in the upcoming WPWP Campaign == Hello Wikipedians, This is to invite you to join the [[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos|WPWP Campaign]] to help improve Wikipedia articles with photos and win prizes. The campaign will run from 1st July 2020 to 31st August 2020. The campaign primarily aims at using images from Wikimedia Commons on Wikipedia articles that are lacking images. Participants will choose among Wikipedia pages without photo images, then add a suitable file from among the many thousands of photos in the Wikimedia Commons, especially those uploaded from thematic contests (Wiki Loves Africa, Wiki Loves Earth, Wiki Loves Folklore, etc.) over the years. Please visit the '''[[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos|campaign page]]''' to learn more about the WPWP Campaign. With kind regards, Thank you, Deborah Schwartz Jacobs, Communities Liaison, On behalf of the Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos Organizing Team - 21:32, 18 Juni 2020 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Hasley@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_Pages_Wanting_Photos/Distribution_list&oldid=20190228 --> == Tech help == Because of our conversation at Wikimania, I thought you might be interested in [[m:Small wiki toolkits]]. [[m:User:SSethi (WMF)]], who was on my team years ago, runs it. The goal is to help smaller communities get the technical assistance and information that they need. I hope all's well with you and with WMTZ. '''[[Mtumiaji:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Whatamidoing (WMF)|majadiliano]])''' 15:34, 7 Septemba 2021 (UTC) == How we will see unregistered users == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin=content/> Hi! You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki. When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed. Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin '''will still be able to access the IP'''. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|better tools]] to help. If you have not seen it before, you can [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more on Meta]]. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] to [[m:Tech/News|the weekly technical newsletter]]. We have [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|two suggested ways]] this identity could work. '''We would appreciate your feedback''' on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|let us know on the talk page]]. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January. Thank you. /[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]<section end=content/> </div> 18:19, 4 Januari 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/Admins2022(7)&oldid=22532681 --> == Invitation to organize Feminism and Folklore 2022 == Dear {{PAGENAME}}, You are humbly invited to organize '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|Feminism and Folklore 2022]]''' writing competion. This year Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women biographies and gender-focused topics for the project in league with Wiki Loves Folklore gender gap focus with folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help us in enriching the folklore documentation on Wikipedia from your region by creating or improving articles based on folklore around the world, including, but not limited to folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer personalities in folklore, folk culture (folk artists, folk dancers, folk singers, folk musicians, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales and more. Users can contribute to new articles or translate from the list of suggested articles [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022/List of Articles|here]]. Organizers can sign up their local community using [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022/Project Page|Sign up page]] and create a local contest page as [[:en:Wikipedia:Feminism and Folklore 2022|one on English Wikipedia]]. You can also support us in translating the [[m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|project page]] and help us spread the word in your native language. Learn more about the contest and prizes from our project page. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2022|talk page]] or via Email if you need any assistance. Looking forward for your immense coordination. Thank you. '''Feminism and Folklore Team''', [[User:Tiven2240|Tiven2240]] 05:17, 11 Januari 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wlf&oldid=22573505 --> == Have you voted in the UCoC enforcement guidelines ratification? == Hi! {{ping|User:Jadnapac}} The ratification voting process for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) is now open! '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|Voting commenced on SecurePoll]]''' on 7 March 2022 and will conclude on 21 March 2022. Please [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|read more on the voter information and eligibility details]]. Please vote and encourage other editors of Swahili Wikipedia to also vote. Regards, '''[[Mtumiaji:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Zuz (WMF)|majadiliano]])''' 12:12, 11 Machi 2022 (UTC) ==Mabadiliko ya tabia nchi Kenya== Ndugu, ukurasa kama huo uliwahi kufutwa kwa sababu hausemi chochote cha pekee kuhusu Kenya, isipokuwa picha na kiungo... Tafadhali, uuboreshe haraka kuhusiana na kichwa. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 09:09, 8 Desemba 2022 (UTC) ==Matatizo ya Editathons yanaendelea== Ndugu, nahamishia hapa chini baadhi ya mawasiliano yangu ya siku hizi. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 12:48, 24 Desemba 2024 (UTC) :Asante ndugu [[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]].Sikuwa na sina taarifa juu za editathons zinazoendelea, nitaomba muda kidogo nifuatilie na niulize nani anaziendesha editathons hizo na kusisitiza kuhusu utaratibu tuliojiwekea. '''[[Mtumiaji:Jadnapac|Jadnapac]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Jadnapac#top|majadiliano]])''' 18:38, 7 Januari 2025 (UTC) === Yesterday new account flood === I lost whole day correcting '''misedits''' done by them all. Most problematic user is this [[Special:contribs/Marcleonard_Galus]]. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2024-30796|&#126;2024-30796]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2024-30796|talk]]) 09:09, 22 Desemba 2024 (UTC) "Macleonard Galus" partially includes vandalisms, I clean after him. '''[[Mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|Resnick-mike]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|majadiliano]])''' 08:48, 23 Desemba 2024 (UTC) :Thank you for your collaboration, @[[Mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|Resnick-mike]]. We appreciate it. Our problem is the private initiative of starting Editathons without good preparation, so the new users unconsciously do so many vandalisms, causing every time lost of a lot of time. Peace to you! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 12:01, 24 Desemba 2024 (UTC) ::Can you force good preparation before EVERY Editathon, so it will not have to be massively corrected like above temporary account and I done collaboratively? '''[[Mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|Resnick-mike]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|majadiliano]])''' 12:34, 24 Desemba 2024 (UTC) :::We sysops discussed about the problem but someone does go on his way! Let you give us suggestions. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 12:36, 24 Desemba 2024 (UTC) ::::Before any Editathon, organizer should meet you obligatorily, and non-WMF wiki should be used for editing exercises before going to real Wikipedia editing. '''[[Mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|Resnick-mike]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Resnick-mike|majadiliano]])''' 12:42, 24 Desemba 2024 (UTC) == Tungependa kusikia kuhusu uzoefu wako kuhusu Akaunti za Muda == <section begin="body"/> [[File:Temporary Accounts - first edit popup.png|thumb]] '''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_e2MNLeWJU89pNTo Utafiti huu hautachukua zaidi ya dakika 5 kukamilisha.]''' Timu ya Trust & Safety Product hivi karibuni iliunda [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|akaunti za muda]] zinapatikana kwenye miradi ya wiki 12. Kuna mipango ya kupanua hili kwa seti kubwa ya miradi ya wiki katika wiki na miezi ijayo, kisha kufuata mchakato wa kutekeleza kikamilifu baadaye mwaka huu. Ushiriki wako katika utafiti huu utakuwa na manufaa makubwa katika kutusaidia kuelewa jinsi Akaunti za Muda zinavyofanya kazi na kile tunachoweza kuboresha mbele. Sera ya faragha ya utafiti huu inaweza kuonwa [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Temp_Accounts_Minor_Pilots_Survey_Privacy_Statement|kupitia kiungo hiki]]. Kwa kumaliza utafiti huu, unakubali masharti yaliyoainishwa katika sera ya faragha. Asante!<section end="body"/> [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">majadiliano</span>]]) 02:50, 27 Februari 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/8&oldid=28315571 --> ==Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania== Ndugu, je, unafahamu nani alianzisha editathon hiyo? Tutaendelea mpaka lini na uchafuzi mkubwa kama huo? Kwa sasa nabandika leo <nowiki>{{tafsiri kompyuta}}</nowiki> katika kurasa zake zote. Baadaye zisiporekebishwa itafaa kuzifuta kabisa. Mbona tunashindwa kuzuia waanzilishi wa vituko hivyo? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 14:24, 22 Machi 2025 (UTC) == Wito wa kupiga kura kwa ajili ya [[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu]] - awe msimamizi wa kusano == Ndugu @[[Mtumiaji:Jadnapac|Jadnapac]], unaombwa kupiga kura juu ya kumpatia uwezo wa ukabidhi/usimamizi wa kusano katika ukurasa wa [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi#Msimaizi wa KUSANO - Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu]]. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 07:56, 7 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :Nimepiga. Asante [[Mtumiaji:Muddyb|_'''Muddyb''']][[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Muddyb|^'''Longa''']] '''[[Mtumiaji:Jadnapac|Jadnapac]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Jadnapac#top|majadiliano]])''' 20:46, 14 Agosti 2025 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:11, 28 Aprili 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472482 --> == Visual editor katika miradi ya wiki == Habari ndugu {{PAGENAMEBASE}}, Natumai u mzima. Naomba nafasi yako kidogo utupe mkono katika kuboresha mifumo yetu ya kiufundi hapa Swahili Wikipedia. Nimeanzisha ombi kule Phabricator ili watuwezeshe kutumia VisualEditor (Mhariri Unaoonekana) kwenye kurasa za miradi na kampeni zetu (`Wikipedia:Namespace`), jambo ambalo litatupunguzia sana mzigo wa kutumia Wiki markup ngumu wakati wa kuandaa warsha, mashindano, au majedwali ya miradi. Ili mafundi wa Wikimedia Foundation wawishe mfumo huu, wanahitaji kuona maridhiano na kura za wanajumuia wetu. Tafadhali naomba upitie hapa katika ukurasa wa Jumuiya kutoa kura yako ya Kuunga Mkono au maoni yako: 👉 [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya#Ombi la kuwezesha VisualEditor kwenye kurasa za mradi (Wikipedia Namespace)|Bofya hapa kushiriki na kupiga kura]] Mchango wako wa sekunde chache utasaidia sana kurahisisha kazi ya waratibu na wahariri wote wa jumuia yetu. Shukrani sana. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 09:23, 24 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Kuhusu uhakiki wa rasimu ya Innocent Manda == Habari ndugu Jadnapac, Natumai uko salama. Nimekuwa nikijaribu kuandaa makala kuhusu mhandisi wa programu na msanii wa 3D wa Kitanzania aitwaye Innocent Manda. Huko nyuma makala hii ilifutwa na mzee Riccardo kwa kuonekana kama tangazo binafsi, na nimezungumza naye akaniambia nishirikishe wakabidhi wengine kama nimefanya marekebisho. Nimejitahidi kusafisha maandishi yote yaliyokuwa yanasomeka kama promo au sifa, na kuandika upya kwa mtindo wa ki-kamusi usio na upendeleo wowote. Pia nimeongeza vyanzo na marejeo (references) thabiti kuhusu kazi zake za WebYetu pamoja na ushindi wake wa Tuzo ya Sanaa ya 3D (Tanzanite International Animation Festival). Rasimu kamili ipo hapa kwenye uwanja wangu wa majaribio: [[Mtumiaji:Mc dangote carsar/Uwanja wa majaribio]]. <nowiki>Naomba unisaidie kuikagua kwa jicho la kiufundi. Kama imekaa vizuri na inakidhi vigezo, naomba unisaidie kuihamishia (move) kwenye ukurasa mkuu wa makala, au unipe muongozo wapi pa kurekebisha zaidi. Ahsante sana kwa mchango wako! ~~~~</nowiki> '''[[Mtumiaji:Mc dangote carsar|Mc dangote carsar]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mc dangote carsar|majadiliano]])''' 13:27, 14 Juni 2026 (UTC) s6hvctkdbfe81lztlsolsl6r9d1ailc 0 90172 1573022 1572365 2026-06-14T15:09:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1573022 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Salvo D'Acquisto.jpg|thumb|[[Salvo D'Acquisto]], [[askari]] wa [[Italia]], [[mlei]] aliyetangazwa ''mstahili heshima'' mwaka [[2025]]<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/90399</ref>.]] '''Mstahili heshima''' (kwa [[Kilatini]] ''Venerabilis'', kwa [[Kiingereza]] ''Venerable'') ni [[jina]] ambalo katika [[Kanisa Katoliki]] linatumika hasa kwa muumini aliyefariki ambaye, baada ya [[kesi]] kuchunguza [[uadilifu]] wake wa kiwango cha [[ushujaa]], [[Papa]] ameuthibitisha rasmi<ref>{{cite web |title=Catholic Encyclopedia - Infallibility |url=https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/infallibility#IV._SCOPE_AND_OBJECT_OF_INFALLIBILITY |access-date=12 August 2019}}</ref>. Uchunguzi huo unahusu [[maadili ya Kimungu]] ([[imani]], [[tumaini]] na [[upendo]]), [[maadili bawaba]] ([[busara]], [[haki]], [[nguvu]] na [[kiasi]]) pamoja na [[unyenyekevu]]. Kwa [[watawa]] unachunguzwa pia utekelezaji wa [[nadhiri]] zao. Pamoja na hayo, [[Kanisa]] linasubiri [[Mungu]] athibitishe mwenyewe kwa [[muujiza]] mmoja iliyopatikana kwa [[maombezi ya watakatifu|maombezi]] ya huyo ili aweze kutangazwa [[mwenye heri]] na wa pili ili atangazwe [[mtakatifu]], isipokuwa mara mojamoja sana <ref>{{cite web |last1=Heffron |first1=Christopher |title=Ask A Franciscan: What Is 'Equivalent Canonization'? |url=https://www.franciscanmedia.org/ask-a-franciscan-what-is-equivalent-canonization/ |access-date=12 August 2019 |archive-date=2019-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812222110/https://www.franciscanmedia.org/ask-a-franciscan-what-is-equivalent-canonization/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. {{Kutangaza watakatifu}} ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-katoliki}} [[Jamii:Watakatifu]] [[Jamii:Kanisa Katoliki]] 2embtvk3hy6xjiazwvorslz1d6zarsk 0 113715 1573109 1127449 2026-06-15T09:38:48Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1573109 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Kassala,Gash river.jpg|thumb|Mto Mareb ukiwa umekauka katika mji wa [[Kassala]] nchini Sudan]] '''Mto Mareb''' (au '''Gash''') unaanzia katikati ya [[Ethiopia]], unapitia [[Eritrea]] [[kaskazini]] hadi [[mashariki]] mwa [[Sudan]] ambapo kwa kawaida unapotea katika [[mchanga]] wa [[Jangwa|jangwani]] usifikie [[mto Atbarah]], [[tawimto]] la [[Nile]]. Umuhimu mkubwa wa kijiografia wa mto huu ni kuunda sehemu ya mpaka wa kimataifa kati ya Eritrea na [[Ethiopia]], kuanzia pale kijito cha Mai Ambassa kinapoingia kwenye mto huu hadi pale unapokutana na [[Mto Balasa]].<ref>[https://www.un.org/NewLinks/eebcarbitration/EEBC-Decision.pdf Eritrea - Ethiopia Boundary Commission Decision Regarding Delimitation of the Border...], pp. 97, 102</ref> Unachangiwa na [[mto Obel]]. == Ukubwa wa mto == Mto Gash una urefu wa takribani [[kilomita]] 440 (sawa na [[maili]] 270). Vyanzo vyake vikuu vinaanzia upande wa kusini-magharibi mwa mji wa [[Asmara]], ambao ni makao makuu ya Eritrea. Kutoka hapo, mto huu unatiririka kuelekea kusini ukitenganisha Eritrea na Ethiopia, kisha unakata kuelekea magharibi kupitia maeneo ya Eritrea Magharibi na kuingia kwenye tambarare za nchi ya [[Sudan]] karibu na mji wa [[Kassala]]. Tofauti na mito mingine ya ukanda huo kama Setit au Takazze inayomwaga maji yake kwenye [[Mto Nile]], maji ya Mto Gash kwa kawaida hayafiki kwenye Mto Nile.<ref>[https://earlywarning.usgs.gov/adds/pubs/Artan_et_al_2007.pdf Adequacy of satellite derived rainfall data for stream flow modeling] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002073902/http://earlywarning.usgs.gov/adds/pubs/Artan_et_al_2007.pdf |date=2013-10-02 }}</ref> Badala yake, yanapotelea na kukauka kwenye mchanga wa tambarare za mashariki mwa Sudan, na kutengeneza delta ya ndani ya nchi kavu. Mto huu unakuwa kavu kwa kipindi kubwa cha mwaka, lakini unajaa na kuleta mafuriko ya ghafla wakati wa msimu wa mvua. Matawi makuu ya Mto Gash ni pamoja na Mto Obel kwa upande wa kulia (ndani ya Eritrea), na mito ya Sarana, Balasa, Mai Shawesh, pamoja na 'Engweya kwa upande wa kushoto (ndani ya Ethiopia).<ref>[http://www.krijnen.ch/DRAFT%20REPORT%20SUDAN.pdf ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT KASSALA] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002033429/http://www.krijnen.ch/DRAFT%20REPORT%20SUDAN.pdf |date=2013-10-02 }}</ref> == Historia == Kihistoria, Mto Gash ulikuwa na umuhimu mkubwa kama mpaka wa kimaeneo unaotenganisha kanda mbili zilizokuwa zikitawaliwa kwa mifumo tofauti. Upande wa kaskazini mwa mto kulikuwa na eneo la Bahr Negash (pamoja na ufalme wa Medri Bahri uliokuwa ukienea hadi mwambao wa [[Bahari ya Shamu]]), wakati upande wa kusini mwa mto kulikuwa na himaya ya Tigray.<ref>Daniel Kendie, ''The Five Dimensions of the Eritrean Conflict 1941 – 2004: Deciphering the Geo-Political Puzzle'' (United States of America: Signature Book Printing, 2005), pp. 17–8.</ref> Mji mkuu wa Bahr Negash ulikuwa Debarwa, ambao kwa sasa upo ndani ya ardhi ya Eritrea, umbali wa maili 20 hivi kusini mwa Asmara. == Wanyamapori na ekolojia == Tambarare za mafuriko za Mto Gash kwa upande wa Eritrea zina mchango mkubwa katika uhifadhi wa [[viumbe hai]]. Mnamo mwaka 2001, kundi kubwa la [[Tembo]] lilishuhudiwa katika maeneo ya mto huu, tukio ambalo lilikuwa la kwanza kurekodiwa rasmi nchini Eritrea tangu mwaka 1955, jambo linalofanya bonde hili kuwa ukanda muhimu wa kiekolojia kwa [[wanyamapori]].<ref>BBC Wildlife magazine, July 2003, retrieved at [https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/animals/features/300feature1.shtml] on 28 Sept 2007</ref> == Tazama pia == *[[Orodha ya mito ya Ethiopia]] *[[Orodha ya mito ya Eritrea]] *[[Orodha ya mito ya Sudan]] == Tanbihi == {{reflist}} {{mito ya Ethiopia}} {{mito ya Eritrea}} {{mito ya Sudan}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Category:Mito ya Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Eritrea]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Sudan]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] ke35pju3manqzdilqd8lhlzfl747fxe 1573110 1573109 2026-06-15T09:39:37Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1573110 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Kassala,Gash river.jpg|thumb|Mto Mareb ukiwa umekauka katika mji wa Kasala nchini Sudan.]] '''Mto Mareb''' (au '''Gash''') unaanzia katikati ya [[Ethiopia]], unapitia [[Eritrea]] [[kaskazini]] hadi [[mashariki]] mwa [[Sudan]] ambapo kwa kawaida unapotea katika [[mchanga]] wa [[Jangwa|jangwani]] usifikie [[mto Atbarah]], [[tawimto]] la [[Nile]]. Umuhimu mkubwa wa kijiografia wa mto huu ni kuunda sehemu ya mpaka wa kimataifa kati ya Eritrea na [[Ethiopia]], kuanzia pale kijito cha Mai Ambassa kinapoingia kwenye mto huu hadi pale unapokutana na [[Mto Balasa]].<ref>[https://www.un.org/NewLinks/eebcarbitration/EEBC-Decision.pdf Eritrea - Ethiopia Boundary Commission Decision Regarding Delimitation of the Border...], pp. 97, 102</ref> Unachangiwa na [[mto Obel]]. == Ukubwa wa mto == Mto Gash una urefu wa takribani [[kilomita]] 440 (sawa na [[maili]] 270). Vyanzo vyake vikuu vinaanzia upande wa kusini-magharibi mwa mji wa [[Asmara]], ambao ni makao makuu ya Eritrea. Kutoka hapo, mto huu unatiririka kuelekea kusini ukitenganisha Eritrea na Ethiopia, kisha unakata kuelekea magharibi kupitia maeneo ya Eritrea Magharibi na kuingia kwenye tambarare za nchi ya [[Sudan]] karibu na mji wa [[Kasala]]. Tofauti na mito mingine ya ukanda huo kama Setit au Takazze inayomwaga maji yake kwenye [[Mto Nile]], maji ya Mto Gash kwa kawaida hayafiki kwenye Mto Nile.<ref>[https://earlywarning.usgs.gov/adds/pubs/Artan_et_al_2007.pdf Adequacy of satellite derived rainfall data for stream flow modeling] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002073902/http://earlywarning.usgs.gov/adds/pubs/Artan_et_al_2007.pdf |date=2013-10-02 }}</ref> Badala yake, yanapotelea na kukauka kwenye mchanga wa tambarare za mashariki mwa Sudan, na kutengeneza delta ya ndani ya nchi kavu. Mto huu unakuwa kavu kwa kipindi kubwa cha mwaka, lakini unajaa na kuleta mafuriko ya ghafla wakati wa msimu wa mvua. Matawi makuu ya Mto Gash ni pamoja na Mto Obel kwa upande wa kulia (ndani ya Eritrea), na mito ya Sarana, Balasa, Mai Shawesh, pamoja na 'Engweya kwa upande wa kushoto (ndani ya Ethiopia).<ref>[http://www.krijnen.ch/DRAFT%20REPORT%20SUDAN.pdf ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT KASSALA] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002033429/http://www.krijnen.ch/DRAFT%20REPORT%20SUDAN.pdf |date=2013-10-02 }}</ref> == Historia == Kihistoria, Mto Gash ulikuwa na umuhimu mkubwa kama mpaka wa kimaeneo unaotenganisha kanda mbili zilizokuwa zikitawaliwa kwa mifumo tofauti. Upande wa kaskazini mwa mto kulikuwa na eneo la Bahr Negash (pamoja na ufalme wa Medri Bahri uliokuwa ukienea hadi mwambao wa [[Bahari ya Shamu]]), wakati upande wa kusini mwa mto kulikuwa na himaya ya Tigray.<ref>Daniel Kendie, ''The Five Dimensions of the Eritrean Conflict 1941 – 2004: Deciphering the Geo-Political Puzzle'' (United States of America: Signature Book Printing, 2005), pp. 17–8.</ref> Mji mkuu wa Bahr Negash ulikuwa Debarwa, ambao kwa sasa upo ndani ya ardhi ya Eritrea, umbali wa maili 20 hivi kusini mwa Asmara. == Wanyamapori na ekolojia == Tambarare za mafuriko za Mto Gash kwa upande wa Eritrea zina mchango mkubwa katika uhifadhi wa [[viumbe hai]]. Mnamo mwaka 2001, kundi kubwa la [[Tembo]] lilishuhudiwa katika maeneo ya mto huu, tukio ambalo lilikuwa la kwanza kurekodiwa rasmi nchini Eritrea tangu mwaka 1955, jambo linalofanya bonde hili kuwa ukanda muhimu wa kiekolojia kwa [[wanyamapori]].<ref>BBC Wildlife magazine, July 2003, retrieved at [https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/animals/features/300feature1.shtml] on 28 Sept 2007</ref> == Tazama pia == *[[Orodha ya mito ya Ethiopia]] *[[Orodha ya mito ya Eritrea]] *[[Orodha ya mito ya Sudan]] == Tanbihi == {{reflist}} {{mito ya Ethiopia}} {{mito ya Eritrea}} {{mito ya Sudan}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Category:Mito ya Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Eritrea]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Sudan]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] rxrcgcz3l0so3l86zvjmyakzw0xwvwz 0 113804 1573023 1572170 2026-06-14T15:12:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1573023 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Sobat OSM.png|thumb|450px|[[Ramani]] ya [[beseni]] la [[mto Sobat]].]] '''Mto Gebba''' (pia hujulikana kama '''Geba''') ni [[mto]] unaopatikana [[kusini]] [[magharibi]] mwa [[Ethiopia]] ([[Jimbo la Oromia]]). Ni [[tawimto]] la [[mto Baro]] ambao unaungana na [[mto Pibor]] kuunda [[mto Sobat]], tawimto la [[Nile Nyeupe]]. Mto Baro huundwa pale ambapo Mto Gebba hukutana na [[Mto Birbir]]. Mto Gebba pia umepangwa kuwa eneo la miradi ya mabwawa mawili ya kuzalisha umeme wa maji (twin hydroelectric dams). Bwawa la Gebba linatarajiwa kujengwa karibu na mpaka wa kanda za Jimma na Illubabor katika Jimbo la Oromia.<ref>{{Citation|last=Barnes|first=Robert|title=Chinese firms to construct the new US$ 700m Gebba River Dam, Ethiopia|date=2014-09-15|url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/2014/09/chinese-firms-construct-us-700m-dam-gebba-river-ethiopia/|work=Construction Review Online|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-12}}</ref> Mradi huo ulisainiwa tarehe 8 Septemba 2014 kati ya serikali ya Ethiopia kupitia Shirika la Umeme la Ethiopia na makampuni ya China SINOHYDRO Corporation Limited na Gezhouba Group Company Limited (CGGC). Gharama za ujenzi zinakadiriwa kuwa takribani dola [[milioni]] 583 za [[Marekani]], na ujenzi unatarajiwa kuchukua takribani miaka minne na nusu katika awamu mbili. Mradi huo unatarajiwa kuzalisha takribani megawati 391 za umeme. Mto Gebba ni sehemu muhimu ya mfumo wa maji wa kusini-magharibi mwa Ethiopia, ukiwa na mchango katika uzalishaji wa nishati na mfumo wa Mto Baro.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ethiopia-China consortium to construct 385-MW Geba 1,2 hydro project in Ethiopia|url=https://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2014/09/ethiopia-china-consortium-to-construct-385-mw-geba-1-2-hydro-project-in-ethiopia.html|work=www.hydroworld.com|accessdate=2026-06-12|archive-date=2019-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417171653/https://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2014/09/ethiopia-china-consortium-to-construct-385-mw-geba-1-2-hydro-project-in-ethiopia.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tazama pia== *[[Orodha ya mito ya Ethiopia]] ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mito ya Ethiopia}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:Jimbo la Oromia]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] m7yt5hala6ntvp72t3soqb5yaxcklle 0 121926 1573025 1571236 2026-06-14T16:56:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1573025 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |<big>Rafiki</big> |- |'''Imeongozwa na''' |Wanuri Kahiu<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kenyan Director Wanuri Kahiu Is Fun, Fierce, Frivolous and Timely|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/kenyan-director-wanuri-kahiu-is-fun-fierce-frivolous-timely-1145485|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}</ref> |- |'''Imetayarishwa na''' |Steven Markovitz |- |'''Wasanii''' |Wanuri Kahiu Jena Cato Bass |- |'''Nyota''' |[https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki Samantha Mugatsia] {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} [https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki Sheila Munyiva]{{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki 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{{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 |- |'''Sinematografi''' |Christopher Wessels |- |'''Imehaririwa na''' |Isabelle Dedieu |- |'''Imetolewa tar.''' |9 May 2018 ([[Cannes]]) 23 September 2018 (Kenya) |- |'''Ina muda wa dakika''' |82 |- |'''Nchi''' |Kenya |- |'''Lugha''' |Kiingereza Kiswahili |- |'''Mauzo ya Ofisi''' |$176,513<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rafiki (2018) - Financial Information|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)|work=The Numbers|accessdate=2020-03-05|archive-date=2024-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203144814/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} [[Picha:Wanuri Kahiu at the 2025 Sundance Film Festival (cropped).jpg|thumb|162x162px]] '''Rafiki'''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=RAFIKI|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/festival/films/rafiki|work=Festival de Cannes 2019|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}</ref> ni [[filamu]] kutoka nchi ya [[Kenya]] iliyotengenezwa katika [[mwaka]] [[2018]]. Filamu imeongozwa na [http://www.wanurikahiu.com/bio Wanuri Kahiu] ambaye ni Mkenya. Yeye aliandika “Rafiki” na Jenna Bass, [[meneja]] wa cinema kutoka [[Afrika ya Kusini]]. == Hadithi == “Rafiki” inahusu wanawake wawili, Kena na Ziki, ambao walianza kupendana. Kena alitoka jiji la Nairobi na alikaa katika nyumba ya mama yake, lakini husaidia katika duka la baba yake. Baba ya Kena alifanya kampeni katika uchaguzi wa serekali ya mtaa. Wakati wa kufanya kazi, Kena alianza kuonyesha mapenzi na Ziki, mwanamke wa mtaa. Lakini, Ziki ni binti la Peter Okemi, mshindani wa baba ya Kena katika uchaguzi wa serekali ya mtaa. Hata hevyo, Ziki na Kena waliendelea mchezo wa datsi nyingi na walikuwa karibukaribu sana. Lakini hawaweza kuonyesha uhusiano wao kwa sababu usenge ni haramu katika nchi ya Kenya. Marafiki wa Ziki walikasirika kwa sababu yeye hutumia wakati mwingi na Kena kwa hivyo walimpiga Kena. Kisha, Ziki alisaidia kupona Kena katika nyumba ya Ziki lakini mama ya Ziki aliona, wakati alienda chumbani, wakibusu. Walijaribu kukimbia lakini kundi la watu wenye waliwapata. Wamekamatwa, kisha wazazi wao walikuja kuwachukua. Baddaye, wazazi wa Ziki wanampeleka jiji la London na wazazi wa Kena walificha hali hiyo yote. Mwisho wa filamu, miaka kadhaa baadaye, Ziki alirudi mtaa na alikutana na Kena tena. Kena alimaliza shule wakaanza tena uhusiano wao. == Washiriki == • Samantha Mugatsia ni Kena<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=What I Learnt from My Lesbian Role in "Rafiki"- Samantha Mugatsia|url=https://www.eelive.ng/what-i-learnt-from-my-lesbian-role-in-rafiki-samantha-mugatsia/|work=Eelive|date=2019-03-13|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en-US}}</ref> • Sheila Munyiva ni Ziki • Neville Misati ni Blacksta • Nini Wacera ni Mercy • Jimmy Gathu ni John Mwaura • Charlie Karumi ni Waireri • Muthoni Gathecha ni Mama Atim • Dennis Musyoka ni Peter Okemi • Patricia Amira ni Rose Okemi • Nice Githinji ni Nduta • Patricia Kihoro ni Josephine • Mellen Aura ni Elizabeth == Mapokezi == Wakati filamu "Rafiki" ilitolewa watu hawakuruhusiwa kuitazama katika nchi ya Kenya kwa sababu Bodi ya Uainishaji Filamu Nchini Kenya (KFCB) walipiga marufuku filamu<ref>{{Citation|title=Lesbian film banned ahead of Cannes debut|date=2018-04-27|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43922780|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref>. KFCB walisema ni marufuku kwa sababu ya mada yake ya [[ushoga]] na dhamira ya wazi ya kukuza [[usagaji]] nchini Kenya kinyume na [[sheria]]. Bodi waliomba Wanuri Kahiu abadilishe mwisho wa filamu usiwe tumaini lakini Kahiu alisema hapana. Kwa hiyo, KFCB walionya watu kwamba wakinunua filamu wanaweza kuenda jela. Wapigania haki za ushoga wa kimataifa walikasirika.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ban of Kenyan film over lesbianism criticised|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Ban-of-Kenyan-film-over-lesbianism-criticised/1056-4535138-iuvqlo/index.html|work=Daily Nation|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}</ref> Kisha, Wanuri Kahiu alidai [[serikali]] ya Kenya kwa sababu alitaka kuingia Tuzo la Chuo (Academy Award) cha Filamu Bora ya Lugha ya Kigeni kwa mwaka tisini na moja za maadhimisho<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Govt Sued for Preventing Kenyan Movie From Winning Oscars|url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/33039-government-sued-preventing-kenyan-movie-winning-oscars|work=Kenyans.co.ke|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=EN|author=Mumbi Mutuko on 11 September 2018-6:45 pm}}</ref>. Mnamo [[21 Septemba]] 2018, [[Mahakama Kuu]] ya Wakenya iliondoa marufuku ya filamu kwa siku saba<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=High Court lifts ban on lesbian movie, dismisses moral police Ezekiel Mutua|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/286608-high-court-lifts-ban-controversial-lesbian-movie-dismisses-moral-police-ezekiel-mutua.html|work=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news.|date=2018-09-21|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en|author=Tuko.co.ke}}</ref>.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=High court lifts ban on lesbian themed movie 'Rafiki'|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018-09-21-high-court-lifts-ban-on-lesbian-themed-movie-rafiki/|work=The Star|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en-KE}}</ref> Baada ya marufuku kutolewa, “Rafiki” iliuzwa kabisa kutoka sinema katika jiji la Nairobi<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lesbian film Rafiki sells out after Kenyan court lifts ban|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/lesbian-film-rafiki-sells-out-after-kenyan-court-lifts-ban-20180924-p505k2.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=2018-09-23|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en|author=Cecilie Kallestrup}}</ref>. Lakini, hata hivyo, “Rafiki” haikuenda Tuzo la Chuo. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== *https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)#tab=summary {{Wayback|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)#tab=summary |date=20240203144814 }} *https://twitter.com/InfoKfcb/status/989837096251781120 *https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Ban-of-Kenyan-film-over-lesbianism-criticised/1056-4535138-iuvqlo/index.html *https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43922780 *https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/festival/films/rafiki *https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/33039-government-sued-preventing-kenyan-movie-winning-oscars *https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018-09-21-high-court-lifts-ban-on-lesbian-themed-movie-rafiki/ *https://www.tuko.co.ke/286608-high-court-lifts-ban-controversial-lesbian-movie-dismisses-moral-police-ezekiel-mutua.html#286608 *https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/lesbian-film-rafiki-sells-out-after-kenyan-court-lifts-ban-20180924-p505k2.html *https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/kenyan-director-wanuri-kahiu-is-fun-fierce-frivolous-timely-1145485 *https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} *https://www.eelive.ng/what-i-learnt-from-my-lesbian-role-in-rafiki-samantha-mugatsia/ {{mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:Filamu za Kenya]] [[Jamii:filamu za 2018]] qbma0yiezim1o8hlk9znnjwwhj8u1ox 0 124113 1573066 1377949 2026-06-15T00:45:30Z ~2026-34976-94 90263 /* Marejeo */ 1573066 wikitext text/x-wiki Katika [[utarakilishi]], '''kiendeshaji kichapishi''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''printer driver'') ni [[kiendeshaji]], yaani [[Programu ya kompyuta|programu]] ya [[tarakilishi]], kinachotumika ili kudhibiti [[kichapishi]] kinachotumika kwa tarakilishi hiyo. == Marejeo == * Kahigi, K. K. (2007). Ujanibishaji wa Office 2003 na Windows XP kwa Kiswahili Sanifu. ''Kioo cha Lugha'', ''5'' (1). {{tech-stub}}[https://printerdrivers.com Kiendeshaji kichapishi] [[Jamii:Kompyuta]] 4bkj4uht05q8upy164lznulxj58nfv9 1573104 1573066 2026-06-15T09:29:51Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/~2026-34976-94|~2026-34976-94]] ([[User talk:~2026-34976-94|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Nyagakiri|Nyagakiri]] 1377949 wikitext text/x-wiki Katika [[utarakilishi]], '''kiendeshaji kichapishi''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''printer driver'') ni [[kiendeshaji]], yaani [[Programu ya kompyuta|programu]] ya [[tarakilishi]], kinachotumika ili kudhibiti [[kichapishi]] kinachotumika kwa tarakilishi hiyo. == Marejeo == * Kahigi, K. K. (2007). Ujanibishaji wa Office 2003 na Windows XP kwa Kiswahili Sanifu. ''Kioo cha Lugha'', ''5'' (1). {{tech-stub}} [[Jamii:Kompyuta]] buqn7n3qshs1qbuns8e4cwp4akkyyle 0 146445 1573089 1572995 2026-06-15T08:29:16Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Naisula Josephine Lesuuda]] 1573089 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[Naisula Josephine Lesuuda]] apyovo64gp5hw8tb6d9slbupa0663fx 0 146870 1573032 1545862 2026-06-14T17:55:01Z ~2026-35029-94 90254 /* */ 1573032 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chuo Kikuu cha Tumaini Makumira''' ('''TUMa''') ni [[tawi]] [[BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY]] kongwe zaidi na makao makuu ya vyuo vikuu vishiriki vya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Tumaini]]Makumira,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.tcu.go.tz/images/pdf/Recognised_Universities_Colleges_Centres.pdf |title= Register of Universities |format= PDF |publisher= [[Tanzania Commission for Universities]] |access-date= 15 July 2013 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113511/http://www.tcu.go.tz/images/pdf/Recognised_Universities_Colleges_Centres.pdf |archive-date= 24 September 2015 |df= |accessdate= 2022-02-28 |archivedate= 2015-09-24 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113511/http://www.tcu.go.tz/images/pdf/Recognised_Universities_Colleges_Centres.pdf }}</ref> kilichopo katika mji mdogo wa Makumira, katika Kata ya Poli, Mkoa wa [[Arusha]], [[Tanzania]]. Nafasi yake katika mwaka 2017 kwenye [[Webometrics Ranking of World Universities|Webometric]] ya [[Chuo Kikuu|Vyuo Vikuu]] vya Dunia kwa Tanzania ni nafasi ya 21.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webometrics.info/en/africa/tanzania,%20united%20republic%20of |title=Tanzania, United Republic of &#124; Ranking Web of Universities |publisher=Webometrics.info |date=January 2017 |accessdate=2017-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://makumira.ac.tz|title= Makumira University}}</ref> ==Matawi ya Chuo== Chuo Kikuu kina Wawakilishi watano na vituo vya mafunzo:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elct.org/tumaini.html |title=Evangelical Luthern Church in Tanzania – Tumaini University |publisher=ELCT |accessdate=2017-04-09}}</ref> # [http://www.kcmuco.ac.tz Chuo Kikuu cha Tiba Kilimanjaro (KCMUCo)]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} # [http://www.tudarco.ac.tz/index.php Chuo kikuu cha Tumaini Dar es Salaam (TUDARCo)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tudarco.ac.tz/index.php |date=20210814155742 }} # [http://www.smmuco.ac.tz Chuo Kikuu cha Kumbukumbu ya Stephano Moshi (SMMUCo)] # [http://www.jokuco.ac.tz Chuo kikuu cha Josiah Kibira (JoKUCo)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jokuco.ac.tz/ |date=20210507191154 }} Kilizinduliwa Januari 2013 # TUMA-Mbeya Centre ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Elimu ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Vyuo vikuu vya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Arusha]] [[Jamii:WikiVibrance_Tanzania]] 7bwwar4ayomihbah9q5h1g800gigr67 1573096 1573032 2026-06-15T09:09:58Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/~2026-35029-94|~2026-35029-94]] ([[User talk:~2026-35029-94|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] 1545862 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chuo Kikuu cha Tumaini Makumira''' ('''TUMa''') ni [[tawi]] kongwe zaidi na makao makuu ya vyuo vikuu vishiriki vya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Tumaini]]Makumira,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.tcu.go.tz/images/pdf/Recognised_Universities_Colleges_Centres.pdf |title= Register of Universities |format= PDF |publisher= [[Tanzania Commission for Universities]] |access-date= 15 July 2013 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113511/http://www.tcu.go.tz/images/pdf/Recognised_Universities_Colleges_Centres.pdf |archive-date= 24 September 2015 |df= |accessdate= 2022-02-28 |archivedate= 2015-09-24 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113511/http://www.tcu.go.tz/images/pdf/Recognised_Universities_Colleges_Centres.pdf }}</ref> kilichopo katika mji mdogo wa Makumira, katika Kata ya Poli, Mkoa wa [[Arusha]], [[Tanzania]]. Nafasi yake katika mwaka 2017 kwenye [[Webometrics Ranking of World Universities|Webometric]] ya [[Chuo Kikuu|Vyuo Vikuu]] vya Dunia kwa Tanzania ni nafasi ya 21.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webometrics.info/en/africa/tanzania,%20united%20republic%20of |title=Tanzania, United Republic of &#124; Ranking Web of Universities |publisher=Webometrics.info |date=January 2017 |accessdate=2017-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://makumira.ac.tz|title= Makumira University}}</ref> ==Matawi ya Chuo== Chuo Kikuu kina Wawakilishi watano na vituo vya mafunzo:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elct.org/tumaini.html |title=Evangelical Luthern Church in Tanzania – Tumaini University |publisher=ELCT |accessdate=2017-04-09}}</ref> # [http://www.kcmuco.ac.tz Chuo Kikuu cha Tiba Kilimanjaro (KCMUCo)]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} # [http://www.tudarco.ac.tz/index.php Chuo kikuu cha Tumaini Dar es Salaam (TUDARCo)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tudarco.ac.tz/index.php |date=20210814155742 }} # [http://www.smmuco.ac.tz Chuo Kikuu cha Kumbukumbu ya Stephano Moshi (SMMUCo)] # [http://www.jokuco.ac.tz Chuo kikuu cha Josiah Kibira (JoKUCo)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jokuco.ac.tz/ |date=20210507191154 }} Kilizinduliwa Januari 2013 # TUMA-Mbeya Centre ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Elimu ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Vyuo vikuu vya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Arusha]] [[Jamii:WikiVibrance_Tanzania]] 976qn8ftp8qio5yabekswh2b7qbucqo 0 152261 1573081 1528968 2026-06-15T08:02:32Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1573081 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Mouhoun near Dedougou MS 2234.jpg|alt=Volta Nyeusi iliyopo Mouhoun karibu na Dédougou nchini Burkina Faso|thumb|Volta Nyeusi iliyopo Mouhoun karibu na Dédougou nchini Burkina Faso]] '''Volta Nyeusi''' (pia: '''Mouhoun''' <ref name="amisigo">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FBXya_-FfJAC&q=nakanbe+volta&pg=PA27|title=Modelling Riverflow in the Volta Basin of West Africa: A Data-driven Framework|last=Amisigo|first=Barnabas Akurigo|date=2005|publisher=Cuvilier|isbn=9783865377012|page=27|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref> au '''Volta Noire''' kwa [[Kifaransa]])<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FBXya_-FfJAC&q=nakanbe+volta&pg=PA27|title=Modelling Riverflow in the Volta Basin of West Africa: A Data-driven Framework|last=Amisigo|first=Barnabas Akurigo|date=2005|publisher=Cuvillier Verlag|isbn=978-3-86537-701-2|language=en}}</ref>) ni mojawapo ya ya mito mitatu mikuu inayounda mfumo wa Mto Volta, mingine ikiwa Volta Nyeupe na Volta Nyekundu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Upper Volta (Burkina Faso, 1959-1984)|url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/bf_uv.html|work=www.fotw.info|accessdate=2026-06-14}}</ref>. Ni [[mto]] unaopitia [[Burkina Faso]] kwa takribani [[kilomita]] 1,352 (mile 840) hadi [[Volta Nyeupe]] huko Dagbon, [[Ghana]], sehemu ya juu ya [[Ziwa Volta]]. <ref name="Rivers and Lakes">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm|title=Ghana - Rivers and Lakes|work=www.countrystudies.us|accessdate=2017-08-17}}</ref> [[Chanzo (mto)|Chanzo]] chake kiko katika [[mkoa wa Cascades]] wa Burkina Faso, karibu na [[Mlima Tenakourou]], sehemu ya juu kabisa ya nchi. Mto huo kwa chini zaidi unakuwa sehemu ya mpaka kati ya Ghana na Burkina Faso, na baadaye kati ya [[Cote d'Ivoire]] na Ghana. Ndani ya Ghana, inaunda mpaka kati ya mikoa ya [[Mkoa wa Savannah|Savannah]] na [[Mkoa wa Bono|Bono]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=CONFIRMED: Results of the 2018 Referendum on new regions|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/confirmed-results-of-the-2018-referendum-on-new-regions.html|accessdate=2020-08-18|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> <ref name="Rivers and Lakes" /> Bwawa la Bui, mtambo wa kuzalisha [[Umememaji]], umejengwa kwenye mto, kusini kidogo tu mwa Mbuga ya Taifa ya Bui, ambapo mto huo hupita, na kuigawa katika sehemu mbili.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ghana Wildlife, Wildlife Division Ghana, Wildlife in Ghana, National Parks in Ghana, ghana wildlife sanctuary, List of Parks in Ghan|url=http://ghanawildlife.org/bui.html|work=ghanawildlife.org|accessdate=2026-06-14}}</ref>unaigawanya. <ref name="Rivers and Lakes" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Bui National Park|url=http://ghanawildlife.org/bui.html|work=Ghana Wildlife Division|accessdate=23 April 2018|archivedate=23 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223183647/http://ghanawildlife.org/bui.html}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Utalii wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Cote d'Ivoire]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Burkina Faso]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] iia79m70yejv1cpmb455ketgbrwgpks 1573083 1573081 2026-06-15T08:04:24Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1573083 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Mouhoun near Dedougou MS 2234.jpg|alt=Volta Nyeusi iliyopo Mouhoun karibu na Dédougou nchini Burkina Faso|thumb|Volta Nyeusi iliyopo Mouhoun karibu na Dédougou nchini Burkina Faso]] '''Volta Nyeusi''' (pia: '''Mouhoun''' au '''Volta Noire''' kwa [[Kifaransa])<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FBXya_-FfJAC&q=nakanbe+volta&pg=PA27|title=Modelling Riverflow in the Volta Basin of West Africa: A Data-driven Framework|last=Amisigo|first=Barnabas Akurigo|date=2005|publisher=Cuvillier Verlag|isbn=978-3-86537-701-2|language=en}}</ref>) ni mojawapo ya ya [[Mto|mito]] mitatu mikuu inayounda mfumo wa [[Volta (mto)|Mto Volta]], mingine ikiwa [[Volta Nyeupe]] na [[Volta Nyekundu]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Upper Volta (Burkina Faso, 1959-1984)|url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/bf_uv.html|work=www.fotw.info|accessdate=2026-06-14}}</ref>. Ni [[mto]] unaopitia [[Burkina Faso]] kwa takribani [[kilomita]] 1,352 (mile 840) hadi Volta Nyeupe huko [[Dagbon]], [[Ghana]], sehemu ya juu ya [[Ziwa Volta]]. <ref name="Rivers and Lakes">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm|title=Ghana - Rivers and Lakes|work=www.countrystudies.us|accessdate=2017-08-17}}</ref> [[Chanzo (mto)|Chanzo]] chake kiko katika [[mkoa wa Cascades]] wa Burkina Faso, karibu na [[Mlima Tenakourou]], sehemu ya juu kabisa ya nchi. Mto huo kwa chini zaidi unakuwa sehemu ya mpaka kati ya Ghana na Burkina Faso, na baadaye kati ya [[Cote d'Ivoire]] na Ghana. Ndani ya Ghana, inaunda mpaka kati ya mikoa ya [[Mkoa wa Savannah|Savannah]] na [[Mkoa wa Bono|Bono]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=CONFIRMED: Results of the 2018 Referendum on new regions|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/confirmed-results-of-the-2018-referendum-on-new-regions.html|accessdate=2020-08-18|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref name="Rivers and Lakes" /> Bwawa la Bui, mtambo wa kuzalisha [[Umememaji]], umejengwa kwenye mto, kusini kidogo tu mwa Mbuga ya Taifa ya Bui, ambapo mto huo hupita, na kuigawa katika sehemu mbili.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ghana Wildlife, Wildlife Division Ghana, Wildlife in Ghana, National Parks in Ghana, ghana wildlife sanctuary, List of Parks in Ghan|url=http://ghanawildlife.org/bui.html|work=ghanawildlife.org|accessdate=2026-06-14}}</ref>unaigawanya. <ref name="Rivers and Lakes" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Bui National Park|url=http://ghanawildlife.org/bui.html|work=Ghana Wildlife Division|accessdate=23 April 2018|archivedate=23 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223183647/http://ghanawildlife.org/bui.html}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Cote d'Ivoire]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Burkina Faso]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] ea73l8vgfbfeyqgxmvub7kkvaz7k8jb 0 182979 1573090 1521753 2026-06-15T09:04:16Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1573090 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Naisula Josephine Lesuuda''' (alizaliwa [[Samburu]], [[30 Aprili]] [[1984]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://softkenya.com/kenya/naisula-lesuuda/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2024-06-19 |archive-date=2017-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927012346/https://softkenya.com/kenya/naisula-lesuuda/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>) ni [[mwanasiasa]] na [[mwanaharakati]] wa [[haki za wanawake]] wa [[Kenya]]. Pia ni [[Mbunge]] wa Bunge la Kenya. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Lesuuda ni mtoto wa kwanza kati ya watatu kwenye [[familia]] ya askofu wa [[Waanglikana|Kianglikana]] na ya [[mfanyabiashara]] mwanamke<ref>https://www.kenya-today.com/revelations-dennis-itumbi-exposed-badly-by-activist-boniface-mwangi/</ref>Alihitimu shahada ya mawasiliano na maendeleo ya jamii kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Daystar.<ref>https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000058109/her-cause-captured-kibaki-s-eye</ref>. Alihitimu mafunzo yake kwenye [[chuo kikuu]] cha Daystar akitunukiwa [[Shahada ya Awali|shahada yake ya kwanza]] kwenye masuala ya [[mawasiliano]] na ustawi wa jamii. == Maisha ya kazi == Lesuuda alifanya kazi kama mwandishi wa habari na mhariri katika [[Shirika la Utangazaji la Kenya]], akisimamia na kuandaa vipindi mbalimbali ikiwemo kuandaa na kuendesha kipindi kiitwacho ''Good Morning Kenya'', yaani ''[[Habari]] ya [[asubuhi]] [[Kenya]]''.<ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2014/12/04/the-20-youngest-power-women-in-africa-2014/#282437955895</ref>. Mnamo mwaka [[2009]], baada ya watu kumi kuuliwa kwenye mgogoro wa wizi kati ya wafugaji huko Laikipia, akawa mwanzilishi wa harakati za kutafuta amani "Msafara wa Amani wa Laikipia". <ref>https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=5W2VgDhWPqoC&redir_esc=y</ref>. Hili nalo lilipelekea kuanzishwa kwa idadi ya mashirika mengine ya amani ya ndani, yanayoungwa mkono na serikali ya Kenya na Marekani (USAid). Mnamo 2010, kazi yake na shirika hili ilimpelekea kuwa mwanamke mdogo zaidi wa Kenya kushinda [[Tuzo]] ya urais ya ''Grand Warrior.'' Mnamo [[2013]], Lesuuda aliacha kazi yake na kuanzisha ''"Naisula Lesuuda Peace Foundation"'' ambayo inatetea elimu ya wasichana na kutokomeza ukeketaji na ndoa za utotoni.<ref>https://leadingladiesafrica.org/</ref> Naisula Lesuuda ni mwanamke wa kwanza kuchaguliwa kuwa mwanachama wa [[bunge]] (MP) kutoka Samburu County mnamo Agosti Mwaka [[2017]] kuwakilisha watu wa Samburu Magharibi katika [[Bunge la Taifa la Kenya|Bunge la Taifa la Kenya.]] Yeye ni [[mwenyekiti]] wa kamati ya ushirikiano wa kikanda na mwanachama wa kamati ya [[bajeti]] katika Bunge. Safari ya kisiasa ya Lesuuda ilianza mwaka 2013 wakati alishiriki katika kampeni ya Rais Uhuru Kenyatta mwaka wa 2013,<ref>https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/senator-naisula-lesuuda-defects-jubilee-kanu-she-vies-samburu-west-mp-17427</ref>na kisha kuteuliwa kwa tiketi ya chama chake cha TNA kuwakilisha Kaunti ya Samburu katika Seneti mwaka wa 2013, na kuwa mwanachama mdogo zaidi wa kike.<ref>https://nation.africa/kenya/news/politics/Nominated-women-senators/1064-3991866-xypbkhz/index.html</ref> Kisha alichaguliwa kuwa Makamu Mwenyekiti wa Chama cha Wabunge wa Wanawake wa Kenya (KEWOPA). Kabla ya hapo, alifanya kampuni ya ushauri wa Media na alifanya kazi kama mwalimu na mfanyabiashara wa warsha. Alifanya kazi kama mwandishi wa habari kwa Kenya Broadcasting Corporation (KBC) kama News Anchor, Mwandishi na mwenyeji wa Good Morning Kenya. Mnamo 2016, alitangaza kwamba ataondoka kwenye Seneti kutafuta kuchaguliwa kama mwanachama wa Bunge la Kitaifa la Samburu Magharibi, kisha mwaka wa 2017 akihama kutoka Jubilee hadi chama cha KANU.<ref>https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2017-03-12-senator-naisula-lesuuda-ditches-jubilee-for-kanu/</ref> Katika 2017, yeye alikuwa mmoja wa Mipad Global juu ya 100 chini ya 40 watu wenye ushawishi zaidi wa asili ya Kiafrika katika siasa na utawala katika Afrika na katika Diaspora. Katika mwaka huo huo, alichaguliwa na Forum ya Uchumi ya Dunia kati ya viongozi vijana 100 chini ya umri wa miaka 40, ambao wanakabiliana na changamoto ngumu zaidi duniani kwa njia za ubunifu. Mnamo mwaka wa 2014, alikuwa anajulikana na jarida la Forbes kati ya wanawake sita wa Kenya katika orodha yao ya kila mwaka ya wanawake 20 wenye nguvu zaidi barani Afrika.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://naisulalesuuda.com/biography/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-02-21 |archivedate=2022-02-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221153255/https://naisulalesuuda.com/biography/ }}</ref> Katika uchaguzi wa 2017, Lesuuda alichaguliwa kwa kura 14,560, akimshinda Jonathan Lelelit aliyemaliza muda wake aliyepata kura 13,970,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2017/08/10/video-lesuuda-floors-heavyweight-lelelit-in-samburu-west-mp-race_c1613954 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2024-06-19 |archive-date=2017-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831132909/https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2017/08/10/video-lesuuda-floors-heavyweight-lelelit-in-samburu-west-mp-race_c1613954 |url-status=dead }}</ref> na kuwa mbunge wa kwanza mwanamke katika eneo/jimbo hilo. Bunge lilipoketi mnamo Agosti 2017, alitangaza nia yake ya kuomba nafasi ya Naibu Spika, lakini akashindwa kuwasilisha ombi lake kabla ya kupiga kura.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2017/08/25/lesuuda-guns-for-deputy-speaker-seat-as-parliament-opens_c1623689 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2024-06-19 |archive-date=2017-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831133134/https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2017/08/25/lesuuda-guns-for-deputy-speaker-seat-as-parliament-opens_c1623689 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Alichaguliwa tena katika Eneo la Bunge la Samburu Magharibi katika uchaguzi mkuu wa 2022. ==Maisha binafsi== Lesuuda ameolewa, na ana mabinti wawili.<ref>https://www.tuko.co.ke/234158-kenyans-explode-murkomen-lesuda-love-affair-exposed.html</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa-Kenya}} {{BD|1984|}} [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:USLW DOM]] [[Jamii:Mashindano ya uandishi wa makala za haki za binadamu]] [[Jamii:Wiki4HumanRights 2024]] owzrzvbovk4oq550lf74m3etpdmxee0 0 186183 1573084 1455713 2026-06-15T08:06:26Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1573084 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abubakar Damian Asenga''' (amezaliwa [[13 Juni]] [[1983]]), ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Tanzania]]. Kwa sasa anahudumu kama [[mbunge]] wa [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]] (CCM) katika jimbo la [[Kilombero]] tangu [[Novemba]] [[2020]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.parliament.go.tz/administrations/703|title=Member of Parliament Profile|website=Parliament of Tanzania|accessdate=2024-09-18|archive-date=2021-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323172529/https://www.parliament.go.tz/administrations/703|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uuy14m50FFw|title=Mbunge atoa kontena kumi za lami bandarini|website=[[YouTube]]|date=27 Desemba 2020}}</ref> Asenga alikuwa katibu tawala wa [[wilaya]] (DAS) ya [[Rombo]], [[mkoa wa Kilimanjaro]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ippmedia.com/en/features|title=govt-working-improve-communication-services-rural-areas|website=IPP Media}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa-Tanzania}} [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1983]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] irykwclrouunte2fjr1k82yp8wtobro 0 195543 1573088 1569446 2026-06-15T08:26:47Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1573088 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|[[Ramani]] ya ziwa na mito yake.]] '''Ziwa Mwero''' (pia: '''Moero''' au '''Mweru''') ni [[ziwa]] kubwa la [[Maji matamu|maji baridi]] lililopo katika eneo la [[Bonde Kuu la Ufa]] la [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] na [[Afrika ya Kati|ya Kati]] kwenye mpaka wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] na [[Zambia]]. Ni moja ya maziwa muhimu katika mfumo wa [[beseni] la [[Mto Kongo]] na lina mchango mkubwa katika [[uvuvi]] na maisha ya jamii zinazolizunguka. Ziwa hilo hupokea [[maji]] yake kutoka [[Mto Luapula]], ambao unatoka [[Ziwa Bangweulu]], na hutiririsha maji yake kupitia [[Mto Luvua]] unaoelekea kwenye Mto Congo. Mfumo huo wa mito unaifanya Ziwa Mwero kuwa sehemu muhimu ya mzunguko wa maji katika eneo hilo. Eneo linalolizunguka ziwa lina [[tambarare]], [[Bonde|mabonde]] na maeneo yenye [[Uoto asilia|uoto wa asili]] unaosaidia kuwa na [[Makazi (ekolojia)|makazi]] ya [[Kiumbehai|viumbehai]] wa majini. == Umuhimu wa kiuchumi. == Ziwa Mwero lina mchango mkubwa katika [[uchumi]] wa jamii zinazolizunguka, hasa kupitia shughuli za [[uvuvi]]. [[Samaki]] wanaovuliwa katika ziwa hilo hutumika kwa [[chakula]] na [[biashara]] katika maeneo ya ndani na nje ya nchi. Biashara ya samaki na [[bidhaa]] nyingine za maji huchangia [[kipato]] cha [[kaya]] nyingi zinazotegemea ziwa hilo. Aidha, maeneo yanayozunguka ziwa hutumika kwa shughuli za [[kilimo]] kidogo na biashara ya mipakani kati ya Zambia na Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Ziwa hilo pia linaweza kuwa na mchango katika usafirishaji wa ndani kupitia [[Mtumbwi|mitumbwi]] na vyombo vidogo vya majini vinavyotumika kuunganisha [[kijiji|vijiji]] vilivyo kandokando ya ziwa. == Mazingira na ikolojia. == Ziwa Mwero lina mfumo wa [[ekolojia]] wenye viumbe mbalimbali wa majini na nchi kavu. [[Mazingira]] ya ziwa hilo yanasaidia kuwepo kwa aina tofauti za samaki, [[Ndege (mnyama)|ndege]] wa majini na [[Mmea|mimea]] inayostawi katika maeneo yenye maji. Uvuvi kupita kiasi na mabadiliko ya mazingira vinaweza kuathiri uwiano wa ekolojia ya ziwa. [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] unaotokana na shughuli za [[binadamu]] pia unaweza kupunguza [[ubora wa maji]] na kuathiri viumbe wanaoishi ndani ya ziwa. [[Hifadhi ya mazingira]] ya ziwa ni muhimu ili kuhakikisha uendelevu wa [[rasilimali]] za maji na viumbehai wanaotegemea mfumo huo. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Afrika]] ==Marejeo== * Paul Brien, ''Éponges du Luapula et du lac Moero'', Cercle hydrobiologique de [[Bruxelles]], 1967, 52 p. * P. de Kimpe, ''Contribution à l'étude hydrobiologique du Luapula-Moëro'', Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale, Bruxelles, 1964, 238 p. == Viungo vya nje== *{{cite web|title=Lake Mweru|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Mweru|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=10 Juni 2026}} *{{cite web|title=Geography of the Congo Basin Lakes|url=https://www.fao.org|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)|access-date=10 Juni 2026}} *{{cite web|title=Freshwater ecosystems in Africa|url=https://www.unep.org|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)|access-date=10 Juni 2026}} *{{cite web|title=Hydrology of the Congo River system|url=https://www.usgs.gov|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)|access-date=10 Juni 2026}} {{Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:maziwa ya Zambia]] qp9phk8ugu7b2uwfysyw929yl82to0x 0 207151 1573137 1554751 2026-06-15T10:27:47Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Maandishi yao */ 1573137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image|caption_align=center | total_width = 375 <!--image 1--> | image1 = Clemens Romanus.jpg | width1 = 700 | height1 = 828 | alt1 = | link1 = | caption1 = [[Papa Klementi I]] <!--image 2--> | image2 = Ignatius_of_Antiochie,_poss._by_Johann_Apakass_(17th_c.,_Pushkin_museum).jpg | width2 = 700 | height2 = 828 | alt2 = | link2 = | caption2 = [[Ignas wa Antiokia]] <!--image 3--> | image3 = Burghers michael saintpolycarp.jpg | width3 = 700 | height3 = 828 | alt3 = | link3 = | caption3 = [[Polikarpo Mtakatifu|Polikarpo wa Smirna]] <!--image 4--> | image4 = Papias.png | width4 = 700 | height4 = 828 | alt4 = | link4 = | caption4 = [[Papia wa Hierapoli]] <!--image 5--> | image5 = Quadratus of Athens from Apostolici.jpg | width5 = 700 | height5 = 828 | alt5 = | link5 = | caption5 = [[Kwadrato wa Athens]] }} '''Mababu wa Kitume''' walikuwa [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] [[Mwandishi|waandishi]] wa [[karne ya 1]] na [[karne ya 2|ya 2]] [[Baada ya Kristo|BK]] ambao wanashika nafasi ya pekee kati ya [[Babu wa Kanisa|Mababu wa Kanisa]] kutokana na ujirani wao na [[Mitume wa Yesu]], ambao baadhi yao waliweza kuwafahamu au walau waliathiriwa nao sana kupitia mtu aliyewafahamu <ref name=CathEn>{{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia|last=Peterson|first=John Bertram|wstitle=Apostolic Fathers|author-link=John Bertram Peterson}}</ref>. Ingawa baadhi ya [[maandishi]] yao yalitungwa wakati uleule wa [[Kitabu|vitabu]] kadhaa vya [[Agano Jipya]] na pengine yalitumika sana katika [[Kanisa]] la mwanzoni, hatimaye hayakupokewa katika [[Biblia ya Kikristo]] <ref>"Apostolic Fathers, The". In Cross, F. L., and Livingstone, E.A., eds. ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church''. Oxford University Press (1974).</ref>. ==Maandishi yao== {{div col|colwidth=25em}} *Barua zinazohusiana na [[Papa Klementi I]] **[[Barua ya kwanza ya Klementi]] **''[[Barua ya pili ya Klementi]]'' (si ya kwake) *Barua saba za [[Ignas wa Antiokia]] *''[[Kifodini cha Ignasi]]'' *[[Barua ya Polikarpo]] *''[[Kifodini cha Polikarpo]]'' *Mabaki ya maandishi ya [[Papia wa Hierapoli]] *Sehemu ndogo iliyobaki ya ''Apolojia'' ya [[Kwadrato wa Athens]] *''[[Didake]]'' *[[Barua ya Barnaba]] *''[[Barua kwa Diogneto]]''<ref>Some editors place the Epistle to Diognetus among the apologetic writings, rather than among the Apostolic Fathers (Stevenson, J. ''A New Eusebius'' SPCK (1965) p. 400).</ref> *''[[Mchungaji (kitabu)|Mchungaji]]'', kazi ya [[Herma]] {{div col end}} Baadhi wanakubali pia [[Tenzi za Solomoni]] kama maandishi ya [[mwanafunzi]] wa [[Mtume Yohane]].<ref>{{cite journal | jstor=27900527 | title=The Disciples of John and the Odes of Solomon | last1=Smith | first1=Preserved | journal=The Monist | year=1915 | volume=25 | issue=2 | pages=161–199 | doi=10.5840/monist191525235 | url=https://zenodo.org/record/1590583 }}</ref> ==Matoleo ya kitaalamu== * The Apostolic Fathers. Vol. 1. I Clement. II Clement. Ignatius. Polycarp. Didache. Barnabas. [[Loeb Classical Library]]. Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]], 1912 [[Kirsopp Lake]] * The Apostolic Fathers. Vol. 2. Shepherd of Hermas. Martyrdom of Polycarp. Epistle to Diognetus. [[Loeb Classical Library]]. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1913 [[Kirsopp Lake]] * The Apostolic Fathers. Vol. 1. I Clement. II Clement. Ignatius. Polycarp. Didache. [[Loeb Classical Library]]. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003 [[Bart Ehrman]] (replaced Lake) * The Apostolic Fathers. Vol. 2. Epistle of Barnabas. Papias and Quadratus. Epistle to Diognetus. The Shepherd of Hermas. [[Loeb Classical Library]]. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005 [[Bart Ehrman]] (replaced Lake) *The Apostolic Fathers: Greek Texts and English Translations. 3rd Edition. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2007 [[Michael W. Holmes|Michael Holmes]] *Die Apostolischen Väter. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1992 Andreas Lindemann and Henning Paulsen (German) == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== *{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Apostolic Fathers|volume=2|pages=201–204|first=James Vernon|last=Bartlet}} This contains a more detailed exegesis of the writings. *[http://www.lcms.org/ca/www/cyclopedia/02/display.asp?t1=a&word=APOSTOLICFATHERS Apostolic Fathers] in the Christian Cyclopedia *[https://sites.google.com/site/sblapostolicfathers/ SBL Apostolic Fathers Section] {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Jamii:Mababu wa Kanisa]] 7jkf232gskwbwr9vkjm2mix9xujavta 4 208508 1573017 1572954 2026-06-14T14:14:32Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1573017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-14) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-14)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 677 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 698 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2765 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1286 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1564 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 521 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 321 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 941 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 445 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 806 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 497 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 274 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 336 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 702 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 245 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 705 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 473 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 224 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 176 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 415 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 367 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 337 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 273 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 425 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 317 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 427 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 219 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 362 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 192 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 270 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 187 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 269 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 226 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 257 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 381 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 441 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 218 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 208 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 199 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34926 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 29907 || ↓ -11.4% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 173.9 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2765 || ↓ -14.5% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1286 || ↑ +16.6% |- | 3 || [[Irani]] || 941 || ↑ +17.0% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 806 || ↑ +94.2% |- | 5 || [[Uingereza]] || 705 || ↑ +11.9% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 702 || ↑ +41.5% |- | 7 || [[Kenya]] || 698 || ↓ -5.9% |- | 8 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 677 || ↑ +8.0% |- | 9 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 521 || ↓ -4.9% |- | 10 || [[Burundi]] || 497 || ↓ -8.1% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 657 || 45.0% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.5% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 130 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 114 || 7.8% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} a1vvkfteodno9cbcz1qjom3694c9awm 1573018 1573017 2026-06-14T14:18:56Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1573018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-14) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-14)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 677 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 698 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2765 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1286 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1564 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 521 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 321 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 941 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 445 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 806 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 497 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 274 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 336 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 702 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 245 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 705 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 473 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 224 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 176 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 415 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 367 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 337 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 273 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 425 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 317 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 427 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 219 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 362 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 192 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 270 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 187 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 269 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 226 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 257 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 381 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 441 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 218 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 208 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 199 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34927 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 29982 || ↓ -11.5% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 174.3 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2765 || ↓ -14.5% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1286 || ↑ +16.6% |- | 3 || [[Irani]] || 941 || ↑ +17.0% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 806 || ↑ +94.2% |- | 5 || [[Uingereza]] || 705 || ↑ +11.9% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 702 || ↑ +41.5% |- | 7 || [[Kenya]] || 698 || ↓ -5.9% |- | 8 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 677 || ↑ +8.0% |- | 9 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 521 || ↓ -4.9% |- | 10 || [[Burundi]] || 497 || ↓ -8.1% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 657 || 44.9% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.5% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 130 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 115 || 7.9% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} 8blbqm2ed2s9mrn9r5diz6za9ahbfo3 1573040 1573018 2026-06-14T19:44:48Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1573040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-14) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-14)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 677 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 722 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2765 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1286 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1564 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 521 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 321 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 951 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 445 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 806 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 497 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 274 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 336 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 702 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 245 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 720 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 473 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 224 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 176 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 415 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 369 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 337 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 273 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 425 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 317 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 427 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 219 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 362 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 192 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 270 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 187 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 269 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 226 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 257 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 381 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 441 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 218 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 208 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 199 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34927 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 29982 || ↓ -11.5% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 174.3 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2765 || ↓ -14.5% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1286 || ↑ +16.6% |- | 3 || [[Irani]] || 941 || ↑ +17.0% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 806 || ↑ +94.2% |- | 5 || [[Uingereza]] || 705 || ↑ +11.9% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 702 || ↑ +41.5% |- | 7 || [[Kenya]] || 698 || ↓ -5.9% |- | 8 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 677 || ↑ +8.0% |- | 9 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 521 || ↓ -4.9% |- | 10 || [[Burundi]] || 497 || ↓ -8.1% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 657 || 44.9% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.5% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 130 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 115 || 7.9% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} o5bpyth6c1q7qkwf4wvox0c895sqv5r 1573041 1573040 2026-06-14T19:46:17Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1573041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-14) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-14)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 677 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 722 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2765 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1286 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1564 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 521 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 321 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 951 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 445 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 806 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 497 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 274 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 336 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 702 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 245 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 720 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 473 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 224 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 176 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 415 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 369 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 337 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 273 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 425 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 317 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 427 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 219 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 362 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 192 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 270 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 187 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 269 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 226 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 257 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 381 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 441 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 218 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 208 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 199 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34927 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 29984 || ↓ -11.5% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 174.3 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2765 || ↓ -14.5% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1286 || ↑ +16.6% |- | 3 || [[Irani]] || 941 || ↑ +17.0% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 806 || ↑ +94.2% |- | 5 || [[Uingereza]] || 705 || ↑ +11.9% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 702 || ↑ +41.5% |- | 7 || [[Kenya]] || 698 || ↓ -5.9% |- | 8 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 677 || ↑ +8.0% |- | 9 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 521 || ↓ -4.9% |- | 10 || [[Burundi]] || 497 || ↓ -8.1% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 657 || 44.9% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.5% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 130 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 115 || 7.9% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} 9d0gh0ksp5u3eah25kr293remy3q09g 1573075 1573041 2026-06-15T04:54:24Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1573075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-15) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-15)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 691 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 722 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2785 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1287 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1525 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 535 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 322 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 947 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 446 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 816 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 497 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 273 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 382 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 704 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 247 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 724 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 460 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 225 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 187 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 429 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 373 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 359 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 274 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 437 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 326 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 427 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 231 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 240 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 250 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 372 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 206 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 269 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 264 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 231 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 260 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 382 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 463 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 221 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 191 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 190 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 199 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34927 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 29984 || ↓ -11.5% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 174.3 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2765 || ↓ -14.5% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1286 || ↑ +16.6% |- | 3 || [[Irani]] || 941 || ↑ +17.0% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 806 || ↑ +94.2% |- | 5 || [[Uingereza]] || 705 || ↑ +11.9% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 702 || ↑ +41.5% |- | 7 || [[Kenya]] || 698 || ↓ -5.9% |- | 8 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 677 || ↑ +8.0% |- | 9 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 521 || ↓ -4.9% |- | 10 || [[Burundi]] || 497 || ↓ -8.1% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 657 || 44.9% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.5% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 130 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 115 || 7.9% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} 2du91iwimbjve54xeya35il1695sazg 1573076 1573075 2026-06-15T05:06:07Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1573076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-15) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-15)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 691 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 722 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2785 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1287 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1525 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 535 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 322 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 947 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 446 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 816 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 497 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 273 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 382 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 704 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 247 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 724 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 460 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 225 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 187 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 429 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 373 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 359 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 274 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 437 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 326 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 427 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 231 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 240 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 250 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 372 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 206 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 269 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 264 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 231 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 260 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 382 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 463 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 221 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 191 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 190 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 199 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34927 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 9318 || ↓ -10.5% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 54.2 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Kenya]] || 722 || ↓ -2.3% |- | 2 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 535 || ↑ +1.7% |- | 3 || [[Burundi]] || 497 || ↓ -6.2% |- | 4 || [[Uturuki]] || 463 || ↑ +3.6% |- | 5 || [[Australia]] || 382 || ↑ +12.4% |- | 6 || [[Singapuri]] || 382 || ↑ +156.4% |- | 7 || [[Zambia]] || 373 || ↑ +48.0% |- | 8 || [[Hispania]] || 322 || ↑ +8.4% |- | 9 || [[Nigeria]] || 273 || ↑ +0.7% |- | 10 || [[Vatikani]] || 231 || ↓ -38.4% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 657 || 45.0% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.5% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 130 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 115 || 7.9% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} 0orjxfl8ph84ucijuayempowswiguma 3 225161 1573026 1567248 2026-06-14T17:03:44Z Mfield 86615 Mfield alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl]] hadi [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Elizabeth Kitosi]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Valuegirl|Valuegirl]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Elizabeth Kitosi|Elizabeth Kitosi]]" 1567248 wikitext text/x-wiki == karibu == karibu sana ndugu Egipa tunakuthamini sana @[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 06:33, 2 Machi 2026 (UTC)<div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 2 Machi 2026 (UTC) ==Kuchangia makala== Ukikuta makala ipo, usifute kazi ya wenzio kwa kutafsiri upya, tena kwa mashine. Ongezea palepale. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:18, 25 Machi 2026 (UTC) :Ahsante sana kwa ushauri wako kaka Riccardo, nimeupokea. '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 05:23, 26 Machi 2026 (UTC) ::Sawa, lakini umerudia tena kosa hilohilo. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 09:59, 30 Machi 2026 (UTC) :::Ahsante tena kwa ushauri labda sijakuelewa kaka Riccardo ukisema ninafuta kazi ya wenzangu unamanisha ninafuta baadhi ya maneno au kazi nzima? Au nini haswa ninachofuta naomba unielewesha hapo '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 05:13, 31 Machi 2026 (UTC) ::::Sawa, angalia makala [[Sarah Gertrude Millin]]. Uliikuta ipo, na picha yake pia. Lakini ukaacha kuichangia na badala yake ulitafsiri upya ukurasa wa Kiingereza juu yake. Hivyo ukapoteza kazi ya waliokutangulia, pamoja na picha. Ikanibidi kuirudia bila kudharau nyongeza zako. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 07:36, 31 Machi 2026 (UTC) :::::ahsante sana hapo nimekuelewa vizuri mnoo na ninaomba radhi kwa kufuta kazi ya wenzangu japo sio kwa makisudi nitahakikisha kuangalia jina kama limeshaandikwa kabla ya kuweka mchango wangu. Ninashururu mno kwa ushauri wako kaka [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2026-18921-50|&#126;2026-18921-50]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2026-18921-50|talk]]) 08:40, 31 Machi 2026 (UTC) ::::::mimi nina swali kaka @[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] hivi ni sawa ninavyotumia translation tool kwa ajili ya kutransalate from english to swahili? i would have loved to use the normal typing method but currently i am in a competition contest and i need to work at a faster pace...please advice me. i want my work to be of high quality but i also need to have super speed because the person with the most written documentation get the price. Your advice would be of great help. Ahsante sana. '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:55, 15 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :::::::Ndiyo matokeo ya kutoa zawadi kwa kuangalia wingi kuliko ubora. Sijui tuzo ikoje, lakini ndivyo ilivyo. Kwa kweli kurasa zako zina makosa mengi, kwa mfano kwa kawaida zinaanza na ubini tu wa mhusika, bila majina ya binafsi. Pia nimegundua unapenda na labda unajua Kiingereza kuliko Kiswahili. Hata ujumbe ulionitumia leo unaonyesha hilo... Utambue kwamba baadhi ya washindani wako wameshazoea uhariri kuliko wewe, hivyo si rahisi kuwashinda. Ila ukizidi kujifunza, pengine siku za mbele utakuwa na uzoefu utakaokusaidia kuwahi tuzo. Usichoke kupitia makala zako baada ya sisi kuzisahihisha walau kiasi. Ndiyo njia ya kujifunza. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 08:38, 15 Aprili 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Ahsante sana kwa ushauri wako kaka. Ninautafakari na nitachukua hatua. Barikiwa. '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:45, 15 Aprili 2026 (UTC) == Matumizi ya Translation tool == Habari ndugu, Unatumia Translation tool na kuchapisha makala bila ya kuifanyia marekebisha kabisa. Hakikisha unapitia makala kwa kuweka kiswahili vizuri na miundo ya sentensi na sio kuamini kile kilichofanywa na tool yenyewe. Aidha ni bora kutumia njia ya kawaida kwa kufanya tafsiri kidogo kidogo na sio kutumia tool kutafsiri makala nzima bila ya mapitio ya kutosha. Matumizi ya translation tool sio vibaya kwani inarahisisha kazi ila inakuhitaji umakini wa kutosha kwenye kuweka kiswahili vizuri kabla ya kuchapisha. '''[[Mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|Anuary Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 10:48, 9 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :Ahsante sana kwa ushauri wako ndugu Anuary nimeanza kutengeneza pakae viruri kwenye kazi yangu naomba uendelee kuzidi kunishauri. Kwa sababu unanijenga [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2026-18921-50|&#126;2026-18921-50]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2026-18921-50|talk]]) 11:00, 11 Aprili 2026 (UTC) == Ubora wa Makala == Ndugu, kwenye kuhariri makala zako zipitie na uzisafishe vizuuri kuna baadhi ya makosa umekua ukiyarejea, kwanza kwenye kuweka vyanzo usitafsiri vyanzo vichukue kama vilivyo na uvi bandike (paste) sehemu husika na pia usitumia Akili Bandia (AI) kwani utasababisha makala zako kufutwa kabisa au kufungiwa akaunti yako kama utashindwa kufanya vile inatakiwa, na kingine ukitasfiri makala embu zipitie zisome na uziweke zikae sawa, amani kwako. '''[[Mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|majadiliano]])''' 13:21, 14 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :Ahsante sana kwa ushauri kaka nimeupokea na nitaufanyia kazi. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2026-18921-50|&#126;2026-18921-50]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2026-18921-50|talk]]) 06:51, 15 Aprili 2026 (UTC) ::Kasi imezidi mno! Kurasa za dakika moja haziwezi kuwa na ubora. Nyingi ni fupi kupindukia na nyingine hazina vyanzo kabisa. Unataka tukusimamishe kwanza? Katika jamii mtu wa Misri wa Kale unamweka kati ya waliofariki mwaka 1992 BK! Kweli? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 06:50, 26 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :::Sawa ahsante ndugu @[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] nitaufanyia kazi ushauri wako '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:01, 26 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :::Pamoja na hayo naomba usinisimamishe, nitaweka bidii zaidi kwenye kazi zangu kaka '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:04, 26 Aprili 2026 (UTC) ::::Naona bado unafanya makosa yale yale. Je bado kunahaja ya kuto kukupumzisha? Makala zako sasa zina changamoto ya marejeo ambayo nimuhimu kweli kweli kwa kila makala. Tafadhari rekebisha mpaka ifikapo jumaa tatu tare 11.05.2026. Amani kwakoǃ '''[[Mtumiaji:Olimasy|Olimasy]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Olimasy|majadiliano]])''' 10:46, 9 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::::habari ndugu, kuna changamoto zipi kwenye marejeo? '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:21, 10 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::::::Haraka haraka haina baraka. Huoni unavyonilazimisha kusahihisha makala zako kila dakika kwa makosa yaleyale, kuanzia kichwa cha Kiingereza? Kweli hujui kwamba politician au footballer si Kiswahili? Huwezi kuandika mwanasiasa au mwanasoka? Usipobadilika, itanibidi nikuzuie kwanza. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 07:52, 16 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::::::Habari kaka Riccardo kwa kweli niliwaza kwamba ni bora niache kichwa cha kingereza kwa mantiki kwamba mtu akitaka kumtafuta mtu huyo akikopi na kupesti jina lake kwenye wikipedia ya kiswahili iwe rahisi yeye kumpata kumbe ninakosea. :::::::Nitajirekebisha na haitajirudia tena kaka. Ahsante kwa kunijenga. Amani kwako. '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:10, 16 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Mradi wa Nchi == Kumekuwa na migogoro mingi kuhusu majina ya makala za nchi katika Wikipedia, lakini bado hakujawahi kuwa na mjadala wa kina wa kutatua suala hilo. Kuna mradi wa [[Wikipedia:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]] chini ya [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi]] unaolenga kushughulikia tatizo hili, lakini kufanikisha hilo kunahitaji uhamasishaji na ushiriki mkubwa zaidi wa jamii. Hivyo basi, nawaomba mshiriki katika kusaidia kutatua migogoro hii ya majina; iwe unaunga mkono au unapinga pendekezo lolote, tafadhali toa maoni na mawazo yako. Baadhi ya mapendekezo yanayoweza kuhitaji mjadala mdogo kabla ya kuidhinishwa ni pamoja na [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Guinea]] na [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Guinea Bisau]], na unaweza kuanza kushiriki huko. Ikiwa una maoni au mapendekezo mengine yoyote, tafadhali nijulishe. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 05:18, 15 Mei 2026 (UTC) :Ahsante sana kwa taarifa hii ndugu. Naomba nitafakari hilo swala ili nikusanye mawazo alafu ntakurudia. '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 05:30, 15 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::Nia ilikuwa njema, lakini unapoona tunapeleka kwenye Kiswahili mara 10 na zaidi, ujiulize sababu ni nini. Shida huangalii masahihisho tunayofanya, hivyo hamjifunzi. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 08:23, 16 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::Ni kweli kaka. Nitalifanyia na hilo kazi na kuzidi kujufunza. Shukrani. '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:26, 16 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::::Legeza mwendo, tafadhali! Katika makala mbalimbali umeandika fulani ni fulani. Ni tautology kwa Kiingereza. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:20, 22 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::::amani kwako kaka Richard nimelipokea hili na nitalifanyia kazi, shukrani. '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl#top|majadiliano]])''' 00:09, 23 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Congratulations to the Top Global Winners of Feminism and Folklore 2026 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|right|350px]] Dear {{PAGENAME}}, The Feminism and Folklore International Organizing Team is pleased to announce and congratulate the '''Top Global Winners of Feminism and Folklore 2026'''. Your contributions have played a significant role in documenting and improving content related to women, gender, culture, oral traditions, and folklore across Wikimedia projects. Through your dedication and commitment, you have helped expand free knowledge and improve the representation of diverse cultural narratives from around the world. === Appreciation Form === As a token of appreciation, all Top Global Winners are requested to complete the following form on or before '''22 June 2026'''. '''Form link [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdSdw0KMLg-1WLcD9E2TKqd_jlON8udTj4suyy6s5fPJ9DqYA/viewform?usp=dialog here]''' ; Deadline : 22 June 2026 Please ensure that the submitted information is accurate and complete to facilitate the appreciation process. === Thank you === We extend our sincere gratitude for your outstanding contributions to the Feminism and Folklore campaign. Your efforts continue to strengthen the Wikimedia movement's mission of sharing free and inclusive knowledge with the world. Congratulations once again on your achievement, and thank you for being a valued part of the global Feminism and Folklore community. — ''Feminism and Folklore International Organizing Team'' </div> --'''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 15:54, 7 Juni 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wlf2026&oldid=30649262 --> 8xl69b15wi4cepzpyhzwejnafl25r7b 2 225368 1573030 1496925 2026-06-14T17:04:45Z Mfield 86615 Mfield alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl/ukurasa wa majaribio]] hadi [[Mtumiaji:Elizabeth Kitosi/ukurasa wa majaribio]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Valuegirl|Valuegirl]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Elizabeth Kitosi|Elizabeth Kitosi]]" 1496925 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sophia Kindrick Alcorn''' (Agosti 3, 1883 – Novemba 28, 1967) alikuwa mwalimu aliyegundua mbinu ya [[Tadoma]] ya mawasiliano na watu ambao ni viziwi na vipofu. Alitetea haki za watu wenye ulemavu na baada ya kustaafu kutoka kwa kazi yake ndefu ya ufundishaji, alifanya kazi na [[American Foundation for the Blind]]. ==Asili yake== Sophia Kindrick Alcorn alizaliwa akiwa mtoto mojawapo ya watoto saba wa James Walker na Sophie Ann (Kindrick) Alcorn huko [[Stanford, Kentucky]], tarehe Agosti 3, 1883.<ref name=kye>Kleber, kurasa 10–11</ref> Annie Alcorn alikuwa mkubwa wa ndugu zake, aliyeolewa mwezi Novemba 1899 na James N. Saunders ambaye alifanya kazi ya sheria katika ofisi ya baba yake. Kaka yake pekee, Kindrick Sommers Alcorn (1880–1966), alihitimu kutoka Stanford Male Academy na kisha [[Centre College]] iliyo karibu, akipata shahada yake ya sheria kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Virginia]]. Alifanya kazi ya sheria pamoja na baba yake na akawa jaji maarufu wa mzunguko kuanzia miaka ya 1930 hadi 1950.<ref name="Lincoln">{{cite book |author=Lincoln County Historical Society (Lincoln County, Ky.) |title=Lincoln County, Kentucky |publisher=Turner Pub. |location=Paducah, Ky. |year=2002 |pages=141–142 |isbn=1-56311-789-4}}</ref> ==Kazi yake katika elimu ya viziwi== Alcorn alihamia Morganton, North Carolina kufundisha kwa mwaka mmoja katika Shule ya North Carolina kwa Viziwi (1908–09), kisha alirudi Kentucky, akifundisha katika Shule ya Kentucky kwa Viziwi huko Danville, Kentucky.<ref name="ref1"/> Shule ya Kentucky kwa Viziwi ndiyo shule ya zamani zaidi inayoungwa mkono na serikali ya aina hiyo nchini Marekani na ilikuwa shule ya kwanza kwa viziwi magharibi mwa Alleghenies. Alcorn alifundisha huko kuanzia 1909 hadi 1920, na hapa ndipo alipovumbua kwanza mbinu ya Tadoma. Mwezi Novemba 1910, Oma Simpson mwenye umri wa miaka minane alifika shuleni. Oma alikuwa kiziwi tangu kuzaliwa na ugonjwa wa meningitis akiwa na umri wa miaka miwili uliomfanya kipofu kabisa. Alikuwa mwanafunzi wa kwanza asiye na uwezo wa kusikia wala kuona katika shule hiyo na alipewa jukumu la "Miss Sophie." Alcorn alitambua kwamba alfabeti ya mikono haitafanya kazi na alianza kumfundisha usemi wa mdomo badala yake. Akichukua mbinu za Anne Sullivan maarufu, mwalimu na mshauri wa maisha yote wa Helen Keller, Alcorn alivumbua mfumo wa kugusa shavu na shingo ili kuruhusu mtoto kuiga jinsi ya kutamka maneno. Alimfundisha Oma kwa miaka kumi, akifanya kazi katika historia ya Marekani, jiografia na hisabati — pamoja na kushona, kusuka na kuandika kwa kugusa. Oma alikuwa mtu wa kwanza duniani asiye na uwezo wa kusikia wala kuona aliyepata elimu kwa njia ya mdomo.<ref name="ref2"/> Familia ya Simpson ilipoondoka Kentucky, Alcorn alihamia pamoja nao kujibu ombi la baba wa mvulana asiye na uwezo wa kusikia wala kuona, Winthrop (Tad) Chapman. Alianza kufundisha katika Shule ya South Dakota kwa Viziwi na akafanya kazi na Tad kwa miaka minne, akiboresha mfumo wake aliouita Mbinu ya Hisia za Kugusa ya Tadoma. Aliweka msingi wa mfumo wa alama za kuona, akitumia kwanza visafi vya bomba kuunda maumbo kwa urahisi. Alipa mbinu yake jina la Tadoma baada ya watoto hawa wawili: Tad na Oma. (Tazama zaidi kuhusu Tad Chapman katika blogu ya mpwa wake.<ref name="ref3"/>) Alcorn alikuwa amemfunza mwenzake katika shule ya South Dakota, Inis B. Hall, mbinu ya Tadoma. Hall alichukua jukumu la elimu ya Tad Chapman Alcorn alipoondoka kwenda Detroit kufanya utafiti wa matumizi ya mbinu za mtetemo katika kufundisha lugha na usemi kwa watoto viziwi wenye uwezo wa kuona. Chapman alipokubaliwa mwaka 1931 kuhudhuria Shule ya Perkins kwa Vipofu huko Massachusetts, Hall alimfuata na akaianzisha mfumo wa Tadoma wa Alcorn kwa walimu huko.<ref name="ref4"/> Hadi katikati ya miaka ya 1950, Tadoma ilikuwa mbinu inayopendelewa ya kufundisha usemi wa mdomo kwa watoto wasio na uwezo wa kusikia wala kuona. Alcorn alipoiacha Shule ya South Dakota kwa Viziwi, alifundisha katika Shule ya Mchana huko Des Moines, Iowa (1924–25). Pia alifundisha katika Shule ya Mdomo huko Cincinnati kuanzia 1927 hadi 1929. Mwaka 1930, alifundisha katika Shule ya New Jersey kwa Viziwi, kisha alihamia Detroit kufanya kazi katika Shule kwa Viziwi ambako alibaki hadi kustaafu kwake mwaka 1953. Huko Detroit alihudumu kama mwalimu na mkuu msimamizi. Alipostaafu, Alcorn alirudi Stanford ambapo alikuwa mwanachama wa Klabu ya Wanawake ya Stanford na akatumikia kama mzee wa kwanza mwanamke katika Kanisa la Kipresbyteria la Stanford. Haja kubwa ya walimu waliofunzwa ilimvutia Alcorn kuanza kufanya kazi na [[American Foundation for the Blind]] (AFB). Iliyoanzishwa mwaka 1921, msingi huu uliungwa mkono sana na kutangazwa katika miaka ya 1920 na Keller na Sullivan. Mbinu ya Tadoma ilihitaji mafunzo makubwa na waelimishaji wenye ujuzi mkubwa. Ili kukidhi utofauti mkubwa zaidi wa walimu, shule zilianza kuongeza mbinu ya Tadoma kwa alfabeti ya mikono na lugha ya ishara.<ref name="ref5"/> Mwaka huo, mwaka 1953, [[American Foundation for the Blind]] na Shule ya Perkins walishirikiana kuandaa mkutano wa kwanza kuhusu elimu ya wasio na uwezo wa kusikia wala kuona. Alcorn alifanya kazi kwa bidii na AFB hadi kifo chake tarehe Novemba 28, 1967.<ref name="ref1"/> Alizikwa katika Makaburi ya Buffalo Spring huko Stanford.<ref name="ref1"/> Alcorn alifariki mwaka mmoja tu kabla ya Helen Keller. == Carl Henrik Alopaeus == (5 Aprili 1825 – 10 Machi 1892) alikuwa askofu wa [[Kilutheri]] wa Kifini na mwelimishaji, anayejulikana kama "mtume wa Viziwi" kutokana na kazi yake katika elimu ya viziwi. <ref name="NatBio">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Carl Henrik Alopaeus |encyclopedia=Suomen kansallisbiografia |publisher=Finnish Literature Society |language=fi}}</ref> == Malezi na kazi ya kidini == Alopaeus alizaliwa Juva, [[Finland]], mwaka 1825, akiwa mtoto wa David Alopaeus, hakimu, na Henrietta Margareta Avelin. Alisomea theolojia katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Helsinki]]. Akiwa kijana, alifanya kazi kama mwalimu huko Porvoo, Finland. Mwaka 1855 alimwoa Ida Amanda Nykopp na kuwekwa wakfu kuwa mchungaji.<ref>{{cite book |last=Salonen |title=Alopaeus biography |year=1892}}</ref> Alopaeus alikua mkuu wa kanisa la Porvoo mwaka 1881 na kuwekwa wakfu kuwa [[askofu]] mwaka 1885. Maelezo yake katika Wasifu wa Kitaifa wa Finland (''Suomen kansallisbiografia'') yanaelezea maoni yake ya kidini, ambayo yalikuwa ya uvumilivu wakati ambapo [[Conventicle Act]] ilipiga marufuku makusanyiko ya kidini isipokuwa yale ya kanisa la serikali hadi kufutwa kwake mwaka [[1870]]. Inasema: "Kiimani, Alopaeus alikuwa na mtazamo mpana na kwa hivyo hakutaka kukashifu shughuli za 'madhehebu' mbalimbali, hata kama yalitishia kuvutia waumini mbali na [[Kanisa la Kilutheri]]."<ref>{{cite web|title=Suomen kansallisbiografia|url=}}</ref> Kazi yake kama mchungaji na askofu ilichanganyika na kazi yake na viziwi; Alopaeus alitoa elimu ya dini na uthibitisho wa imani kwa viziwi kote nchini, pamoja na kufanya kazi na [[vyama vya Biblia]] kusambaza Biblia kwa wanafunzi wake.<ref>{{cite web |title= |url= |access-date= }}</ref> == Elimu kwa Viziwi == == C.O. Malm na shule ya Porvoo == Carl Oscar (C.O.) Malm, Mfini aliyekuwa kiziwi tangu utotoni, alifanya jukumu muhimu katika kazi ya Alopaeus katika elimu ya viziwi. Akiwa mtoto, Malm alisoma katika shule ya Manilla kwa viziwi (Manillaskolan) huko Stockholm, [[Uswidi]], na akawa na ujuzi wa lugha mbili — lugha ya ishara na Kiswidi cha maandishi. Mwaka 1845, Malm alihamia Porvoo. Huko, shauku yake ya elimu ilimfanya aanzishe shule ya kibinafsi kwa viziwi mwaka 1846, ikilenga hasa lugha ya ishara na Kiswidi cha maandishi (angalia manualism), kinyume na oralism iliyokuwa ikitumika sana katika elimu ya viziwi wakati huo.[4] Alopaeus alipendezwa na shule hiyo, akiisaidia kama mhariri wa gazeti la Borgå Tidning [sv],[5] pamoja na kusaidia kukusanya fedha za uendeshaji wake na kufundisha. == Shule ya Viziwi ya Turku == Mwaka 1858, serikali ilianzisha shule ya viziwi huko [[Turku]]; Malm, Alopaeus, na wanafunzi wengine walifuata. Alopaeus alikuwa amezuru shule za viziwi nje ya nchi ili kujifunza zaidi. Ombi lake la nafasi ya mkurugenzi wa shule lilipata msaada wa mwenzake provost na mwalimu wa viziwi Henrik Heikel pamoja na mwalimu Alexander Ferdinand Borenius [fi]. Alopaeus alichaguliwa kuwa mkurugenzi tarehe 25 Aprili 1860.[5] Kama kasisi, aliweza pia kutoa elimu ya dini shuleni. Alopaeus pia alikuwa na "usemi na usikivu kamili", sharti ambalo lilimzuia Malm asistahili.[6][7] ==Shule ya Viziwi ya Turku na Kazi ya Alopaeus== Shule ya Viziwi ya Turku na kazi ya Alopaeus zilirekodiwa katika ripoti ya mwaka 1868 na Katibu wa Mambo ya Ndani wa Marekani, ambaye alitoa maoni kuhusu msisitizo wa mafunzo katika lugha ya ishara na maandishi, jambo ambalo lilikuwa la ajabu wakati huo. (Mbinu hizi ziliendelea kutumika hadi amri ya mwaka 1892 iliyoamrisha matumizi ya oralism na kusoma midomo.)[8] Pia ilirekodiwa kwamba elimu kwa viziwi ilikuwepo Finland kwa muda fulani kabla ya elimu kama hiyo kupatikana huko Washington, D.C.[9] Kabla ya kuanzishwa kwa elimu ya msingi mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1800, lengo la Alopaeus lilikuwa kuunganisha elimu ya viziwi na elimu ya umma. Pamoja na mwanzilishi wa mfumo wa shule za umma za Kifini, Uno Cygnaeus, aliandika ripoti iliyotetea mfumo mmoja wa shule.[5] Hatimaye, hakufanikiwa kwani Cygnaeus aliamini kwamba hilo lingesababisha kurudi nyuma kwa mpango wa elimu ya umma.[3] ==Shule ya Viziwi ya Jakobstad== Huko Turku, Anna Heikel (binti ya Henrik Heikel) alifuata shauku yake ya elimu. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 22, alifanya mafunzo ya vitendo na Alopaeus. Alirejesha mbinu zake nyumbani kwake huko Jakobstad na kuanzisha shule ya viziwi ya Jakobstad kwa ajili ya watu wanaozungumza Kiswidi pamoja na baba yake kwa gharama zake mwenyewe. Alopaeus na Heikel baadaye walisafiri kwenda eneo la Lappmarken majira ya joto ya mwaka 1866, ambapo pamoja walifundisha viziwi.[10] == Maandishi na Kazi Nyingine == Alopaeus aliendelea kukusanya fedha na kufanya utafiti katika elimu ya viziwi pamoja na kusafiri nchini kufundisha na kutoa uthibitisho wa imani. Alichapisha vitabu kadhaa kuhusu elimu ya viziwi pamoja na kazi za kidini na alichangia katika uchapishaji wa kitabu cha kwanza cha Kifini kwa Braille.[3] Kazi za Alopaeus zinajumuisha Handledning till döfstummas uppfostran (1866), Lutheranism och baptism (1871), Den heliga läran (1873), na Guds rikes historia (1887–1890, iliyokatizwa kutokana na kifo chake). == Kifo == Alopaeus alifariki dunia tarehe 10 Machi 1892 huko Savonranta baada ya ugonjwa mfupi. Ingawa kifo chake kilisemekana kusababishwa na sumu, haikuthibitishwa.[3] Alizikwa huko Porvoo. == Carlotta Adele Anderson == {{DEFAULTSORT:Anderson, Carlotta Adele}} Carlotta Adele Anderson (Bi. J. Scott Anderson) (Machi 18, 1876 – Machi 6, 1956) alikuwa mwalimu wa [[Marekani]], aliyependezwa hasa na njia ya Montessori na ufundishaji wa viziwi na bubu. Alizaliwa mjini [[Jiji la New York|New York]], mtoto wa Newell Willard Bloss na Emma C. Jones,<ref>{{cite web}}</ref> na alisomea katika vyuo vikuu mbalimbali, vikiwemo Shule ya Wright Humason ya ufundishaji wa mdomo kwa viziwi, na Chuo cha Walimu, Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia. Alisomea njia ya Montessori huko [[Roma]]. Yeye mwenyewe akiwa mwalimu wa viziwi kwa miaka kadhaa, alikuwa kuanzia mwaka 1903 hadi 1915 mmiliki wa shule za mdomo kwa viziwi na shule za mafunzo ya walimu huko New York na [[Pennsylvania]]. Kwa miaka mingi, alipendezwa na kuanzisha njia ya Montessori katika shule za umma. Alikuwa msimamizi wa mafunzo ya walimu wa viziwi katika Shule ya Kawaida ya Jimbo la New Jersey huko Trenton (1918–1921). Alikuwa mjumbe wa Marekani katika Mkutano wa Tatu wa Kimataifa wa Elimu ya Nyumbani huko [[Brussels]] mnamo mwaka 1910 na alikuwa katibu mkuu wa Mkutano wa Nne wa Kimataifa. ==Raymond Antrobus== Antrobus (alizaliwa 1986) ni mshairi, mwalimu na mwandishi wa Uingereza ambaye amekuwa akiigiza mashairi tangu mwaka 2007. Mnamo Machi 2019, alishinda Tuzo ya Ted Hughes kwa kazi mpya katika ushairi. Mnamo Mei 2019, Antrobus akawa mshairi wa kwanza kushinda Tuzo ya Rathbones Folio kwa mkusanyiko wake wa mashairi uitwao The Perseverance (Ustahimilivu), ambao ulisifiwa na mwenyekiti wa majaji kama "kitabu cha mashairi chenye kugusa moyo sana, ambacho kinatumia uzoefu wake wa uziwi, msiba na urithi wake wa Kijamaia-Kiingereza kuchunguza njia tunazozumana nazo sisi sote." Antrobus alichaguliwa kuwa Mshirika wa Jumuiya ya Kifalme ya Fasihi (Royal Society of Literature) mwaka 2020. ==Wasifu== Miaka ya Awali Raymond Antrobus alizaliwa mwaka 1986 katika Hospitali ya Homerton, Hackney, Mashariki mwa London, Uingereza, kwa mama wa Kiingereza na baba wa Kijamaiika ambaye alikuwa amehama kwenda Uingereza miaka ya 1960 kufanya kazi. Alipokuwa mtoto mdogo, Antrobus alifikiriwa kuwa na matatizo ya kujifunza, hadi uziwi wake ulipogunduliwa alipokuwa na umri wa miaka sita. Akizungumza kuhusu miaka yake ya awali, amesema: "Baba yangu alikuwa na sauti nzito sana, kwa hivyo sikuwahi kutatizika kumsikia. Uwepo wake ulikuwa jambo kubwa kwangu – kuweza kulala kifuani mwake na kuhisi mtetemo wake alipokuwa akisoma hadithi, kulikuwa na hali ya faraja na ukaribu katika hilo. Wazazi wangu mara nyingi walikuwa wakinisoMea. Mama yangu angesoma shairi la William Blake na tungezungumza kuhusu hilo. Baba yangu alisoma kwangu mashairi ya Linton Kwesi Johnson. Aliweka shairi linaloitwa The Song of the Banana Man la Evan Jones ukutani mwa chumba changu cha kulala, na mama yangu aliweka London la William Blake ukutani mwangu. Wote wawili walikuwa na shauku ya ushairi." Baba ya Antrobus alizaliwa vijijini Jamaica, mmoja wa kaka saba, na akiwa na umri wa miaka mitatu alitumwa kwenda kuishi na shangazi yake huko Kingston. Baadaye, baada ya baba yake mwenyewe kuhamia Uingereza, naye alitumwa na akakaa huko, ambapo alikutana na mama ya Antrobus katika sherehe ya wakazi haramu wa nyumba huko London. Ingawa alifarakana naye mapema, baba ya Antrobus aliendelea kuishi karibu na eneo hilo. ==Elimu na Kazi== Antrobus alikuwa mwalimu na alikuwa miongoni mwa watu wa kwanza kupata shahada ya MA katika elimu ya Spoken Word (Ushairi wa Mdomo) kutoka Goldsmiths, Chuo Kikuu cha London, na amepata ufadhili kutoka kwa Royal Society of Literature, Cave Canem, The Complete Works 3 na Jerwood Compton. Mwaka 2015, alikuwa kwenye orodha fupi ya Young Poet Laureate wa London. Alipohojiwa mwaka 2016, alisema: "Nimefanya kazi nyingi katika uhamishaji wa samani, mazoleo, mabwawa ya kuogelea, ulinzi, na kadhalika, lakini sasa ninajipatia riziki kupitia kufundisha na kuzunguka nikisomea mashairi yangu... na sijawahi kuhisi kuwa na manufaa zaidi katika kufanya kazi katika elimu kama mshairi wa Kijamaiika-Kiingereza." Kuhusu mwanzo wake kama mshairi, anasema: "Nilipofahamu kwamba nilitaka kufuata ushairi kama kazi, nilianza kutafuta jamii. Mwanzoni nilikutana na tukio la London Slam na Open Mic, ambalo kwangu ni zaidi ya jamii kuliko ni aina ya sanaa. ... na nilipoipata jamii hiyo nilihisi kulelewa sana ndani yake. Kwa hivyo kwangu, hakika kulikuwa na watu kama Karen McCarthy Woolf, Jacob Sam-La Rose, na Roger Robinson ambao walikuwa wakifanya mentoring nyingi wakati huo, lakini kweli mshairi wangu wa kwanza wa kuniongoza alikuwa Malika Booker, ambayo lazima ilikuwa wakati nilikuwa na umri wa miaka 21 hivi." Kuanzia mwaka 2010 hadi 2018, Antrobus alikuwa mwanachama mwanzilishi wa Chill Pill katika The Albany, Deptford, pamoja na Keats House Poets Forum, na alishiriki kuandaa maonyesho yaliyohusisha watu kama vile Kae Tempest, Sabrina Mahfouz, Inua Ellams, Kayo Chingonyi, Warsan Shire, Anthony Anaxagorou na Hannah Lowe. Antrobus amesoma na kuigiza katika tamasha kubwa za fasihi nchini Uingereza na kimataifa, ikiwemo Afrika Kusini, Kenya, Amerika Kaskazini, Uswidi, Italia, Ujerumani na Uswisi, na amefanya makazi mengi katika shule, pamoja na katika Vitengo vya Rufaa kwa Wanafunzi (Pupil Referral Units). Kazi yake imechapishwa sana katika majarida mengi ya fasihi, machapisho ya kisanaa na vyombo vingine, miongoni mwao ni BBC 2, BBC Radio 4, Poetry Review, New Statesman, Poetry, The Deaf Poets Society, The Big Issue, The Jamaica Gleaner na The Guardian. Mwaka 2019, aliongoza Maonesho ya Vitabu ya London (London Book Fair) kama "Mshairi wa Maonesho". Mnamo Aprili 2022, Antrobus alishiriki (pamoja na Margaret Busby) katika podikasti ya Backlisted kuhusu mwandishi wa Kijamaiika Andrew Salkey na riwaya yake ya mwaka 1960 iitwayo Escape to An Autumn Pavement. UandishiMwaka 2012, Burning Eye Books ilichapisha kijitabu cha mashairi (pamphlet) kiitwacho Shapes & Disfigurements of Raymond Antrobus, ambacho mmoja wa wakosoaji aliandika kuhusu hiki: "Kikichunguza mada za kutafakari kwa mtu wa nje, uhusiano wa familia, upendo na msukumo wa pembezoni, kikipita mabara mbali mbali kutafuta majibu ya maswali muhimu, ni kitabu kidogo cha mashairi ambacho kinachochea dhoruba ya hisia zinazojaza kifua."Kijitabu chake cha pili, To Sweeten Bitter — "uchunguzi wa kibinafsi sana wa uhusiano wa baba na mwana" — kilichapishwa mwaka 2017, mwaka huo huo shairi lake "Sound Machine", lililochapishwa kwanza katika The Poetry Review, lilishinda Tuzo ya Geoffrey Dearmer, iliyohukumiwa na Ocean Vuong.Kitabu cha kwanza cha Antrobus, The Perseverance, kilichapishwa na Penned in the Margins mwaka 2018, na kiliendelea kupata sifa nyingi na kupongezwa sana na wakosoaji. Miongoni mwa wale waliokipigia kelele, Kaveh Akbar alisema:"Ni uchawi, jinsi mshairi huyu anavyoweza kuleta mambo mengi pamoja — uziwi, rangi ya ngozi, uanaume, ugonjwa wa shughuli za akili wa mama, kifo cha baba — kwa ustadi mkubwa namna hiyo. Raymond Antrobus ni mshairi wa kutafuta kwa kina kama unavyoweza kupata akiandika leo."**Malika Sonnet 4.6 p1iedbsnfc3rse0jbpgjjb0ge7ur1bg 2 228463 1573028 1505751 2026-06-14T17:03:44Z Mfield 86615 Mfield alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl]] hadi [[Mtumiaji:Elizabeth Kitosi]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Valuegirl|Valuegirl]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Elizabeth Kitosi|Elizabeth Kitosi]]" 1505751 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Natasha Salifyanji Kaoma== Kaoma aliyezaliwa [[1992]] na n daktari wa kuoka nchini Zambia anayejulikana kwa kuanzisha Copper Rose Zambia with Faith Suwilanji Kaoma ambayo ni taasisi inayolenga kufundisha wanawake umuhimu wa maswala ya afya uzazi. [4][5][6] Yeye mi mtetezi wa afya ya wanawake na mshindi wa tuzo ya Queen's Young Leaders mwaka 2017.[7][8][9] . Yeye ni mwanachama wa Royal Commonwealth Society kwa ajili ya kazi yake ya kuboresha maisha ya raia wa Jumuiya ya Madola na alichaguliwa kuw mwanachama wa kupokea tuzo ya Nelson Mandela-Graca Machel youth activism mwaka 2016.[10] ==Early life and education== Natasha alizaliwa 1992 maeneo ya Livingstone, Zambia. Alikuwa ni mtoto wa 6 kati ya watoto 7 kwa familia yenye wanawake wengi. Alisomea Cosmopolitan kwa ajili ya masomo yake ya shule ya msingi na baadaye alienda kusoma shule ya sekondari ya St Mary's na akamaliza masomo 2007. [11] Alikwenda kujiendelezea zaidi chuoni huko Chuo Kikuu cha Zambia ambapo alipata shahada ya Biolijia ya mwaadamu na kisha akasomea Shahada ya Dawa na Shahada ya Upasuaji kwenye chuo hicho hicho. ==Career== Mwaka wa 2015 wakati bado anasomea udaktari Chuo Kikuu cha Zambia Natasha alikua mwanzilishi mwenza wa Copper Rose Zambia (CRZ) pamoja na Faith Suwilanji Kaoma. Walifanikiwa kukusanya ZK3,000 (takriban US$300) kupitia nyumba kwa nyumba ndani ya maeneo ya chuo hela hiyo ilitumika kwa ajili ya programu Shule ya Makeni Konga, Ndoto ya Natasha ilikua kuwezesha mabiti a wanawake 1000 kupitia usimamiaji (njia za kujiwezesha kibinafsi) na kuwapa eulewa ya haki zao za Afya ya Uzazi na Uzazi, mwaka 2021 Copper Rose Zambia iliwafikia zaidi ya 100,0000 kwa vijana kupitia programu zake.[12] ==Tuzo== Natasha alipatiwa Tuzo ya Queens Young Leaders mwaka 2017 na Tuzo ya Zambian Women of the Year-Healthcare Champion mwaka 2017.[2] ==Personal life== Natasha ametokea kwenye familia yenye wanawake wegi kuliko wanaume na yeye ni mtoto wa sita kuzaliwa. Ana kaka mmoja tu na ndio huyo huyo kwenye hiyo familia. Jumla wako 7 ndani ya familia.[13] ==Marejeo== Natasha profile youthcoalition.org Natasha Salifyanji Kaoma copperrosezambia.org "Skoll | Faith Kaoma". skoll.org. Retrieved 2018-10-05. 'We teach people to sew their own sanitary towels' BBC News Natasha Salifyanji Kaoma makes Zambia & Africa proud at Buckingham Palace www.xclusivenigeria.com Zambia's Natasha Salifyanji Kaoma wins Queen's Young Leader Award July 5, 2017 thisisafrica.me Her Majesty The Queen honors Natasha Salifyanji Kaoma at a ceremony at Buckingham Palace mwebantu.com Queens young leader Natasha Dedicates awards Lusakatimes Natasha Salifyanji Kaoma wins the 2017 Queen's Young Leaders Award Lusaka voice Natasha Salifynji Kaoma iyafp.org Zambia, Copper Rose (2017-12-19). "Natasha Focuses On Menstrual Hygiene". Copper Rose Zambia. Retrieved 2025-09-12. "British High Commissioner congratulates Zambia's winner of the Queen's Young Leaders Award". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2025-09-12. Natasha focuses on menstrual hygiene Daily Mail [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Zambia]] [[Jamii:Wasomi]] [[Jamii:Waandishi]] ==External links== Copper Rose Zambia qwnsaogzoxfj9r5nsj8ncjsh97xkpuh 0 240598 1573045 1569267 2026-06-14T21:53:03Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* Matumizi ya Binadamu */ 1573045 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif|right|thumb|Sampuli ya rosette ambayo hutumika kukusanya sampuli za maji katika maji ya kina kirefu, kama vile [[ziwa|Maziwa Makuu]] au bahari, kwa ajili ya kupima ubora wa maji.]] '''Ubora wa maji''' hurejelea sifa za kikemikali, kifizikia na kibiolojia za [[maji]] kulingana na viwango vya matumizi yake. <ref name="water quality">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cordy|first=Gail E.|date=March 2001|title=A Primer on Water Quality|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-027-01/|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Johnson |first=D. L. |last2=Ambrose |first2=S. H. |last3=Bassett |first3=T. J. |last4=Bowen |first4=M. L. |last5=Crummey |first5=D. E. |last6=Isaacson |first6=J. S. |last7=Johnson |first7=D. N. |last8=Lamb |first8=P. |last9=Saul |first9=M. |last10=Winter-Nelson |first10=A. E. |year=1997 |title=Meanings of Environmental Terms |journal=Journal of Environmental Quality |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=581–589 |bibcode=1997JEnvQ..26..581J |doi=10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x}}</ref> Hutumika mara nyingi kwa kurejelea seti ya viwango ambavyo kufuata sheria, kwa ujumla kunapatikana kupitia matibabu ya maji, kunaweza kutathminiwa. Viwango vya kawaida vinavyotumika kufuatilia na kutathmini ubora wa maji vinaonyesha afya ya mifumo ikolojia, usalama wa mgusano wa binadamu, kiwango cha uchafuzi wa maji na hali ya [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]]. Ubora wa maji una athari kubwa kwenye usambazaji wa maji na mara nyingi huamua chaguzi za usambazaji.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/254637|title=Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating first addendum|last=Organization|first=World Health|date=2017-02-20|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154995-0|language=English}}</ref> ==Madhara katika Afya ya Umma== Baada ya muda, kumekuwa na ongezeko la utambuzi wa umuhimu wa ubora wa maji ya kunywa na athari zake kwa afya ya umma. Hii imesababisha kuongezeka kwa ulinzi na usimamizi wa ubora wa maji. Uelewa wa uhusiano kati ya ubora wa maji na afya unaendelea kukua na kuangazia majanga mapya ya kiafya: kutoka kwa athari sugu za magonjwa ya kuambukiza katika ukuaji wa mtoto kupitia kudumaa hadi ushahidi mpya juu ya madhara kutoka kwa uchafu unaojulikana, kama vile manganese na ushahidi unaoongezeka wa sumu ya neuro kwa watoto.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Khan |first=Nameerah |last2=Charles |first2=Katrina J. |date=2022-09-29 |title=When Water Quality Crises Drive Change: A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Processes Behind Major Water Contamination Events |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9522453/ |journal=Exposure and Health |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1007/s12403-022-00505-0 |issn=2451-9766 |pmc=9522453 |pmid=36196073}}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, kuna masuala mengi yanayojitokeza ya ubora wa maji-kama vile plastiki ndogo, misombo ya perfluorinated, na upinzani wa antimicrobial.<ref name=":0" /> ==Aina za Ubora wa maji== Vigezo vya ubora wa maji vinatambuliwa kulingana na matumizi yaliyokusudiwa. Kazi katika eneo la ubora wa maji inaelekea kulenga maji ambayo yanatibiwa kwa uwezo wa kuota, matumizi ya viwandani/nyumbani, au kurejesha (mazingira/mfumo wa ikolojia, kwa ujumla kwa ajili ya afya ya viumbe vya binadamu na vya majini) ===Matumizi ya Binadamu=== [[File:Chemical contamination of drinking water.jpg|thumb|Uchafuzi wa kikanda na kitaifa wa maji ya kunywa kwa aina ya kemikali na ukubwa wa idadi ya watu katika hatari ya kuambukizwa]]Vichafu ambavyo vinaweza kuwa katika maji ambayo hayajatibiwa ni pamoja na vijidudu kama vile virusi, protozoa na bakteria; uchafuzi wa isokaboni kama vile chumvi na metali; uchafuzi wa kemikali za kikaboni kutoka kwa michakato ya viwanda na matumizi ya petroli; dawa na dawa za kuua wadudu; na vichafuzi vya mionzi. Ubora wa maji unategemea jiolojia na mfumo ikolojia wa mahali hapo, pamoja na matumizi ya binadamu kama vile mtawanyiko wa maji taka, uchafuzi wa viwandani, matumizi ya vyanzo vya maji kama sehemu ya kupitishia joto, na matumizi kupita kiasi (ambayo yanaweza kupunguza kiwango cha maji).<ref name=":1" /> Wakala wa Ulinzi wa Mazingira wa Marekani (EPA) huweka kikomo kiasi cha uchafuzi fulani katika maji ya bomba unaotolewa na mifumo ya maji ya umma ya Marekani.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Common Considerations|url=https://www.epa.gov/sourcewaterprotection/common-considerations|work=www.epa.gov|date=2020-01-06|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Afya]] [[Jamii:maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] if5nrdfn7x867ufyt1pwli804p4vhb5 1573046 1573045 2026-06-14T21:56:15Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* Matumizi ya Binadamu */ 1573046 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif|right|thumb|Sampuli ya rosette ambayo hutumika kukusanya sampuli za maji katika maji ya kina kirefu, kama vile [[ziwa|Maziwa Makuu]] au bahari, kwa ajili ya kupima ubora wa maji.]] '''Ubora wa maji''' hurejelea sifa za kikemikali, kifizikia na kibiolojia za [[maji]] kulingana na viwango vya matumizi yake. <ref name="water quality">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cordy|first=Gail E.|date=March 2001|title=A Primer on Water Quality|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-027-01/|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Johnson |first=D. L. |last2=Ambrose |first2=S. H. |last3=Bassett |first3=T. J. |last4=Bowen |first4=M. L. |last5=Crummey |first5=D. E. |last6=Isaacson |first6=J. S. |last7=Johnson |first7=D. N. |last8=Lamb |first8=P. |last9=Saul |first9=M. |last10=Winter-Nelson |first10=A. E. |year=1997 |title=Meanings of Environmental Terms |journal=Journal of Environmental Quality |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=581–589 |bibcode=1997JEnvQ..26..581J |doi=10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x}}</ref> Hutumika mara nyingi kwa kurejelea seti ya viwango ambavyo kufuata sheria, kwa ujumla kunapatikana kupitia matibabu ya maji, kunaweza kutathminiwa. Viwango vya kawaida vinavyotumika kufuatilia na kutathmini ubora wa maji vinaonyesha afya ya mifumo ikolojia, usalama wa mgusano wa binadamu, kiwango cha uchafuzi wa maji na hali ya [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]]. Ubora wa maji una athari kubwa kwenye usambazaji wa maji na mara nyingi huamua chaguzi za usambazaji.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/254637|title=Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating first addendum|last=Organization|first=World Health|date=2017-02-20|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154995-0|language=English}}</ref> ==Madhara katika Afya ya Umma== Baada ya muda, kumekuwa na ongezeko la utambuzi wa umuhimu wa ubora wa maji ya kunywa na athari zake kwa afya ya umma. Hii imesababisha kuongezeka kwa ulinzi na usimamizi wa ubora wa maji. Uelewa wa uhusiano kati ya ubora wa maji na afya unaendelea kukua na kuangazia majanga mapya ya kiafya: kutoka kwa athari sugu za magonjwa ya kuambukiza katika ukuaji wa mtoto kupitia kudumaa hadi ushahidi mpya juu ya madhara kutoka kwa uchafu unaojulikana, kama vile manganese na ushahidi unaoongezeka wa sumu ya neuro kwa watoto.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Khan |first=Nameerah |last2=Charles |first2=Katrina J. |date=2022-09-29 |title=When Water Quality Crises Drive Change: A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Processes Behind Major Water Contamination Events |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9522453/ |journal=Exposure and Health |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1007/s12403-022-00505-0 |issn=2451-9766 |pmc=9522453 |pmid=36196073}}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, kuna masuala mengi yanayojitokeza ya ubora wa maji-kama vile plastiki ndogo, misombo ya perfluorinated, na upinzani wa antimicrobial.<ref name=":0" /> ==Aina za Ubora wa maji== Vigezo vya ubora wa maji vinatambuliwa kulingana na matumizi yaliyokusudiwa. Kazi katika eneo la ubora wa maji inaelekea kulenga maji ambayo yanatibiwa kwa uwezo wa kuota, matumizi ya viwandani/nyumbani, au kurejesha (mazingira/mfumo wa ikolojia, kwa ujumla kwa ajili ya afya ya viumbe vya binadamu na vya majini) ===Matumizi ya Binadamu=== [[File:Chemical contamination of drinking water.jpg|thumb|Uchafuzi wa kikanda na kitaifa wa maji ya kunywa kwa aina ya kemikali na ukubwa wa idadi ya watu katika hatari ya kuambukizwa]]Vichafu ambavyo vinaweza kuwa katika maji ambayo hayajatibiwa ni pamoja na vijidudu kama vile virusi, protozoa na bakteria; uchafuzi wa isokaboni kama vile chumvi na metali; uchafuzi wa kemikali za kikaboni kutoka kwa michakato ya viwanda na matumizi ya petroli; dawa na dawa za kuua wadudu; na vichafuzi vya mionzi. Ubora wa maji unategemea jiolojia na mfumo ikolojia wa mahali hapo, pamoja na matumizi ya binadamu kama vile mtawanyiko wa maji taka, uchafuzi wa viwandani, matumizi ya vyanzo vya maji kama sehemu ya kupitishia joto, na matumizi kupita kiasi (ambayo yanaweza kupunguza kiwango cha maji).<ref name=":1" /> Wakala wa Ulinzi wa Mazingira wa Marekani (EPA) huweka kikomo kiasi cha uchafuzi fulani katika maji ya bomba unaotolewa na mifumo ya maji ya umma ya Marekani.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Common Considerations|url=https://www.epa.gov/sourcewaterprotection/common-considerations|work=www.epa.gov|date=2020-01-06|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> Sheria ya Maji ya Kunywa Salama inaidhinisha EPA kutoa aina mbili za viwango: ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Afya]] [[Jamii:maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] l2oymf95cvcwa8tttjwdpxiukd8wawi 1573047 1573046 2026-06-14T22:00:09Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1573047 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif|right|thumb|Sampuli ya rosette ambayo hutumika kukusanya sampuli za maji katika maji ya kina kirefu, kama vile [[ziwa|Maziwa Makuu]] au bahari, kwa ajili ya kupima ubora wa maji.]] '''Ubora wa maji''' hurejelea sifa za kikemikali, kifizikia na kibiolojia za [[maji]] kulingana na viwango vya matumizi yake. <ref name="water quality">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cordy|first=Gail E.|date=March 2001|title=A Primer on Water Quality|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-027-01/|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Johnson |first=D. L. |last2=Ambrose |first2=S. H. |last3=Bassett |first3=T. J. |last4=Bowen |first4=M. L. |last5=Crummey |first5=D. E. |last6=Isaacson |first6=J. S. |last7=Johnson |first7=D. N. |last8=Lamb |first8=P. |last9=Saul |first9=M. |last10=Winter-Nelson |first10=A. E. |year=1997 |title=Meanings of Environmental Terms |journal=Journal of Environmental Quality |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=581–589 |bibcode=1997JEnvQ..26..581J |doi=10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x}}</ref> Hutumika mara nyingi kwa kurejelea seti ya viwango ambavyo kufuata sheria, kwa ujumla kunapatikana kupitia matibabu ya maji, kunaweza kutathminiwa. Viwango vya kawaida vinavyotumika kufuatilia na kutathmini ubora wa maji vinaonyesha afya ya mifumo ikolojia, usalama wa mgusano wa binadamu, kiwango cha uchafuzi wa maji na hali ya [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]]. Ubora wa maji una athari kubwa kwenye usambazaji wa maji na mara nyingi huamua chaguzi za usambazaji.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/254637|title=Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating first addendum|last=Organization|first=World Health|date=2017-02-20|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154995-0|language=English}}</ref> ==Madhara katika Afya ya Umma== Baada ya muda, kumekuwa na ongezeko la utambuzi wa umuhimu wa ubora wa maji ya kunywa na athari zake kwa afya ya umma. Hii imesababisha kuongezeka kwa ulinzi na usimamizi wa ubora wa maji. Uelewa wa uhusiano kati ya ubora wa maji na afya unaendelea kukua na kuangazia majanga mapya ya kiafya: kutoka kwa athari sugu za magonjwa ya kuambukiza katika ukuaji wa mtoto kupitia kudumaa hadi ushahidi mpya juu ya madhara kutoka kwa uchafu unaojulikana, kama vile manganese na ushahidi unaoongezeka wa sumu ya neuro kwa watoto.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Khan |first=Nameerah |last2=Charles |first2=Katrina J. |date=2022-09-29 |title=When Water Quality Crises Drive Change: A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Processes Behind Major Water Contamination Events |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9522453/ |journal=Exposure and Health |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1007/s12403-022-00505-0 |issn=2451-9766 |pmc=9522453 |pmid=36196073}}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, kuna masuala mengi yanayojitokeza ya ubora wa maji-kama vile plastiki ndogo, misombo ya perfluorinated, na upinzani wa antimicrobial.<ref name=":0" /> ==Aina za Ubora wa maji== Vigezo vya ubora wa maji vinatambuliwa kulingana na matumizi yaliyokusudiwa. Kazi katika eneo la ubora wa maji inaelekea kulenga maji ambayo yanatibiwa kwa uwezo wa kuota, matumizi ya viwandani/nyumbani, au kurejesha (mazingira/mfumo wa ikolojia, kwa ujumla kwa ajili ya afya ya viumbe vya binadamu na vya majini) ===Matumizi ya Binadamu=== [[File:Chemical contamination of drinking water.jpg|thumb|Uchafuzi wa kikanda na kitaifa wa maji ya kunywa kwa aina ya kemikali na ukubwa wa idadi ya watu katika hatari ya kuambukizwa]]Vichafu ambavyo vinaweza kuwa katika maji ambayo hayajatibiwa ni pamoja na vijidudu kama vile virusi, protozoa na bakteria; uchafuzi wa isokaboni kama vile chumvi na metali; uchafuzi wa kemikali za kikaboni kutoka kwa michakato ya viwanda na matumizi ya petroli; dawa na dawa za kuua wadudu; na vichafuzi vya mionzi. Ubora wa maji unategemea jiolojia na mfumo ikolojia wa mahali hapo, pamoja na matumizi ya binadamu kama vile mtawanyiko wa maji taka, uchafuzi wa viwandani, matumizi ya vyanzo vya maji kama sehemu ya kupitishia joto, na matumizi kupita kiasi (ambayo yanaweza kupunguza kiwango cha maji).<ref name=":1" /> Wakala wa Ulinzi wa Mazingira wa Marekani (EPA) huweka kikomo kiasi cha uchafuzi fulani katika maji ya bomba unaotolewa na mifumo ya maji ya umma ya Marekani.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Common Considerations|url=https://www.epa.gov/sourcewaterprotection/common-considerations|work=www.epa.gov|date=2020-01-06|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> Sheria ya Maji ya Kunywa Salama inaidhinisha EPA kutoa aina mbili za viwango: *viwango vya msingi hudhibiti vitu ambavyo vinaweza kuathiri afya ya binadamu ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Afya]] [[Jamii:maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] pjdsfsumyf5mcoxu7ovsphm7k7hlqwm 1573049 1573047 2026-06-14T22:02:07Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* Matumizi ya Binadamu */ 1573049 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif|right|thumb|Sampuli ya rosette ambayo hutumika kukusanya sampuli za maji katika maji ya kina kirefu, kama vile [[ziwa|Maziwa Makuu]] au bahari, kwa ajili ya kupima ubora wa maji.]] '''Ubora wa maji''' hurejelea sifa za kikemikali, kifizikia na kibiolojia za [[maji]] kulingana na viwango vya matumizi yake. <ref name="water quality">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cordy|first=Gail E.|date=March 2001|title=A Primer on Water Quality|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-027-01/|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Johnson |first=D. L. |last2=Ambrose |first2=S. H. |last3=Bassett |first3=T. J. |last4=Bowen |first4=M. L. |last5=Crummey |first5=D. E. |last6=Isaacson |first6=J. S. |last7=Johnson |first7=D. N. |last8=Lamb |first8=P. |last9=Saul |first9=M. |last10=Winter-Nelson |first10=A. E. |year=1997 |title=Meanings of Environmental Terms |journal=Journal of Environmental Quality |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=581–589 |bibcode=1997JEnvQ..26..581J |doi=10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x}}</ref> Hutumika mara nyingi kwa kurejelea seti ya viwango ambavyo kufuata sheria, kwa ujumla kunapatikana kupitia matibabu ya maji, kunaweza kutathminiwa. Viwango vya kawaida vinavyotumika kufuatilia na kutathmini ubora wa maji vinaonyesha afya ya mifumo ikolojia, usalama wa mgusano wa binadamu, kiwango cha uchafuzi wa maji na hali ya [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]]. Ubora wa maji una athari kubwa kwenye usambazaji wa maji na mara nyingi huamua chaguzi za usambazaji.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/254637|title=Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating first addendum|last=Organization|first=World Health|date=2017-02-20|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154995-0|language=English}}</ref> ==Madhara katika Afya ya Umma== Baada ya muda, kumekuwa na ongezeko la utambuzi wa umuhimu wa ubora wa maji ya kunywa na athari zake kwa afya ya umma. Hii imesababisha kuongezeka kwa ulinzi na usimamizi wa ubora wa maji. Uelewa wa uhusiano kati ya ubora wa maji na afya unaendelea kukua na kuangazia majanga mapya ya kiafya: kutoka kwa athari sugu za magonjwa ya kuambukiza katika ukuaji wa mtoto kupitia kudumaa hadi ushahidi mpya juu ya madhara kutoka kwa uchafu unaojulikana, kama vile manganese na ushahidi unaoongezeka wa sumu ya neuro kwa watoto.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Khan |first=Nameerah |last2=Charles |first2=Katrina J. |date=2022-09-29 |title=When Water Quality Crises Drive Change: A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Processes Behind Major Water Contamination Events |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9522453/ |journal=Exposure and Health |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1007/s12403-022-00505-0 |issn=2451-9766 |pmc=9522453 |pmid=36196073}}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, kuna masuala mengi yanayojitokeza ya ubora wa maji-kama vile plastiki ndogo, misombo ya perfluorinated, na upinzani wa antimicrobial.<ref name=":0" /> ==Aina za Ubora wa maji== Vigezo vya ubora wa maji vinatambuliwa kulingana na matumizi yaliyokusudiwa. Kazi katika eneo la ubora wa maji inaelekea kulenga maji ambayo yanatibiwa kwa uwezo wa kuota, matumizi ya viwandani/nyumbani, au kurejesha (mazingira/mfumo wa ikolojia, kwa ujumla kwa ajili ya afya ya viumbe vya binadamu na vya majini) ===Matumizi ya Binadamu=== [[File:Chemical contamination of drinking water.jpg|thumb|Uchafuzi wa kikanda na kitaifa wa maji ya kunywa kwa aina ya kemikali na ukubwa wa idadi ya watu katika hatari ya kuambukizwa]]Vichafu ambavyo vinaweza kuwa katika maji ambayo hayajatibiwa ni pamoja na vijidudu kama vile virusi, protozoa na bakteria; uchafuzi wa isokaboni kama vile chumvi na metali; uchafuzi wa kemikali za kikaboni kutoka kwa michakato ya viwanda na matumizi ya petroli; dawa na dawa za kuua wadudu; na vichafuzi vya mionzi. Ubora wa maji unategemea jiolojia na mfumo ikolojia wa mahali hapo, pamoja na matumizi ya binadamu kama vile mtawanyiko wa maji taka, uchafuzi wa viwandani, matumizi ya vyanzo vya maji kama sehemu ya kupitishia joto, na matumizi kupita kiasi (ambayo yanaweza kupunguza kiwango cha maji).<ref name=":1" /> Wakala wa Ulinzi wa Mazingira wa Marekani (EPA) huweka kikomo kiasi cha uchafuzi fulani katika maji ya bomba unaotolewa na mifumo ya maji ya umma ya Marekani.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Common Considerations|url=https://www.epa.gov/sourcewaterprotection/common-considerations|work=www.epa.gov|date=2020-01-06|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> Sheria ya Maji ya Kunywa Salama inaidhinisha EPA kutoa aina mbili za viwango: *viwango vya msingi hudhibiti vitu ambavyo vinaweza kuathiri afya ya binadamu *viwango vya sekondari vinaagiza sifa za uzuri, zile zinazoathiri ladha, harufu, au kuonekana ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Afya]] [[Jamii:maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] pct7pc84che6sw8arc9zbff0gphxvq8 1573050 1573049 2026-06-14T22:05:02Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* Matumizi ya Binadamu */ 1573050 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif|right|thumb|Sampuli ya rosette ambayo hutumika kukusanya sampuli za maji katika maji ya kina kirefu, kama vile [[ziwa|Maziwa Makuu]] au bahari, kwa ajili ya kupima ubora wa maji.]] '''Ubora wa maji''' hurejelea sifa za kikemikali, kifizikia na kibiolojia za [[maji]] kulingana na viwango vya matumizi yake. <ref name="water quality">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cordy|first=Gail E.|date=March 2001|title=A Primer on Water Quality|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-027-01/|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Johnson |first=D. L. |last2=Ambrose |first2=S. H. |last3=Bassett |first3=T. J. |last4=Bowen |first4=M. L. |last5=Crummey |first5=D. E. |last6=Isaacson |first6=J. S. |last7=Johnson |first7=D. N. |last8=Lamb |first8=P. |last9=Saul |first9=M. |last10=Winter-Nelson |first10=A. E. |year=1997 |title=Meanings of Environmental Terms |journal=Journal of Environmental Quality |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=581–589 |bibcode=1997JEnvQ..26..581J |doi=10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x}}</ref> Hutumika mara nyingi kwa kurejelea seti ya viwango ambavyo kufuata sheria, kwa ujumla kunapatikana kupitia matibabu ya maji, kunaweza kutathminiwa. Viwango vya kawaida vinavyotumika kufuatilia na kutathmini ubora wa maji vinaonyesha afya ya mifumo ikolojia, usalama wa mgusano wa binadamu, kiwango cha uchafuzi wa maji na hali ya [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]]. Ubora wa maji una athari kubwa kwenye usambazaji wa maji na mara nyingi huamua chaguzi za usambazaji.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/254637|title=Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating first addendum|last=Organization|first=World Health|date=2017-02-20|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154995-0|language=English}}</ref> ==Madhara katika Afya ya Umma== Baada ya muda, kumekuwa na ongezeko la utambuzi wa umuhimu wa ubora wa maji ya kunywa na athari zake kwa afya ya umma. Hii imesababisha kuongezeka kwa ulinzi na usimamizi wa ubora wa maji. Uelewa wa uhusiano kati ya ubora wa maji na afya unaendelea kukua na kuangazia majanga mapya ya kiafya: kutoka kwa athari sugu za magonjwa ya kuambukiza katika ukuaji wa mtoto kupitia kudumaa hadi ushahidi mpya juu ya madhara kutoka kwa uchafu unaojulikana, kama vile manganese na ushahidi unaoongezeka wa sumu ya neuro kwa watoto.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Khan |first=Nameerah |last2=Charles |first2=Katrina J. |date=2022-09-29 |title=When Water Quality Crises Drive Change: A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Processes Behind Major Water Contamination Events |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9522453/ |journal=Exposure and Health |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1007/s12403-022-00505-0 |issn=2451-9766 |pmc=9522453 |pmid=36196073}}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, kuna masuala mengi yanayojitokeza ya ubora wa maji-kama vile plastiki ndogo, misombo ya perfluorinated, na upinzani wa antimicrobial.<ref name=":0" /> ==Aina za Ubora wa maji== Vigezo vya ubora wa maji vinatambuliwa kulingana na matumizi yaliyokusudiwa. Kazi katika eneo la ubora wa maji inaelekea kulenga maji ambayo yanatibiwa kwa uwezo wa kuota, matumizi ya viwandani/nyumbani, au kurejesha (mazingira/mfumo wa ikolojia, kwa ujumla kwa ajili ya afya ya viumbe vya binadamu na vya majini) ===Matumizi ya Binadamu=== [[File:Chemical contamination of drinking water.jpg|thumb|Uchafuzi wa kikanda na kitaifa wa maji ya kunywa kwa aina ya kemikali na ukubwa wa idadi ya watu katika hatari ya kuambukizwa]]Vichafu ambavyo vinaweza kuwa katika maji ambayo hayajatibiwa ni pamoja na vijidudu kama vile virusi, protozoa na bakteria; uchafuzi wa isokaboni kama vile chumvi na metali; uchafuzi wa kemikali za kikaboni kutoka kwa michakato ya viwanda na matumizi ya petroli; dawa na dawa za kuua wadudu; na vichafuzi vya mionzi. Ubora wa maji unategemea jiolojia na mfumo ikolojia wa mahali hapo, pamoja na matumizi ya binadamu kama vile mtawanyiko wa maji taka, uchafuzi wa viwandani, matumizi ya vyanzo vya maji kama sehemu ya kupitishia joto, na matumizi kupita kiasi (ambayo yanaweza kupunguza kiwango cha maji).<ref name=":1" /> Wakala wa Ulinzi wa Mazingira wa Marekani (EPA) huweka kikomo kiasi cha uchafuzi fulani katika maji ya bomba unaotolewa na mifumo ya maji ya umma ya Marekani.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Common Considerations|url=https://www.epa.gov/sourcewaterprotection/common-considerations|work=www.epa.gov|date=2020-01-06|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> Sheria ya Maji ya Kunywa Salama inaidhinisha EPA kutoa aina mbili za viwango: *viwango vya msingi hudhibiti vitu ambavyo vinaweza kuathiri afya ya binadamu<ref>{{Cite web|title=40 CFR Part 141 -- National Primary Drinking Water Regulations|url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/part-141|work=www.ecfr.gov|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en}}</ref> *viwango vya sekondari vinaagiza sifa za uzuri, zile zinazoathiri ladha, harufu, au kuonekana ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Afya]] [[Jamii:maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] cnaq64827vl0cpuxc399g0zgzclhuyc 1573051 1573050 2026-06-14T22:07:46Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* Matumizi ya Binadamu */ 1573051 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif|right|thumb|Sampuli ya rosette ambayo hutumika kukusanya sampuli za maji katika maji ya kina kirefu, kama vile [[ziwa|Maziwa Makuu]] au bahari, kwa ajili ya kupima ubora wa maji.]] '''Ubora wa maji''' hurejelea sifa za kikemikali, kifizikia na kibiolojia za [[maji]] kulingana na viwango vya matumizi yake. <ref name="water quality">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cordy|first=Gail E.|date=March 2001|title=A Primer on Water Quality|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-027-01/|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Johnson |first=D. L. |last2=Ambrose |first2=S. H. |last3=Bassett |first3=T. J. |last4=Bowen |first4=M. L. |last5=Crummey |first5=D. E. |last6=Isaacson |first6=J. S. |last7=Johnson |first7=D. N. |last8=Lamb |first8=P. |last9=Saul |first9=M. |last10=Winter-Nelson |first10=A. E. |year=1997 |title=Meanings of Environmental Terms |journal=Journal of Environmental Quality |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=581–589 |bibcode=1997JEnvQ..26..581J |doi=10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x}}</ref> Hutumika mara nyingi kwa kurejelea seti ya viwango ambavyo kufuata sheria, kwa ujumla kunapatikana kupitia matibabu ya maji, kunaweza kutathminiwa. Viwango vya kawaida vinavyotumika kufuatilia na kutathmini ubora wa maji vinaonyesha afya ya mifumo ikolojia, usalama wa mgusano wa binadamu, kiwango cha uchafuzi wa maji na hali ya [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]]. Ubora wa maji una athari kubwa kwenye usambazaji wa maji na mara nyingi huamua chaguzi za usambazaji.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/254637|title=Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating first addendum|last=Organization|first=World Health|date=2017-02-20|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154995-0|language=English}}</ref> ==Madhara katika Afya ya Umma== Baada ya muda, kumekuwa na ongezeko la utambuzi wa umuhimu wa ubora wa maji ya kunywa na athari zake kwa afya ya umma. Hii imesababisha kuongezeka kwa ulinzi na usimamizi wa ubora wa maji. Uelewa wa uhusiano kati ya ubora wa maji na afya unaendelea kukua na kuangazia majanga mapya ya kiafya: kutoka kwa athari sugu za magonjwa ya kuambukiza katika ukuaji wa mtoto kupitia kudumaa hadi ushahidi mpya juu ya madhara kutoka kwa uchafu unaojulikana, kama vile manganese na ushahidi unaoongezeka wa sumu ya neuro kwa watoto.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Khan |first=Nameerah |last2=Charles |first2=Katrina J. |date=2022-09-29 |title=When Water Quality Crises Drive Change: A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Processes Behind Major Water Contamination Events |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9522453/ |journal=Exposure and Health |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1007/s12403-022-00505-0 |issn=2451-9766 |pmc=9522453 |pmid=36196073}}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, kuna masuala mengi yanayojitokeza ya ubora wa maji-kama vile plastiki ndogo, misombo ya perfluorinated, na upinzani wa antimicrobial.<ref name=":0" /> ==Aina za Ubora wa maji== Vigezo vya ubora wa maji vinatambuliwa kulingana na matumizi yaliyokusudiwa. Kazi katika eneo la ubora wa maji inaelekea kulenga maji ambayo yanatibiwa kwa uwezo wa kuota, matumizi ya viwandani/nyumbani, au kurejesha (mazingira/mfumo wa ikolojia, kwa ujumla kwa ajili ya afya ya viumbe vya binadamu na vya majini) ===Matumizi ya Binadamu=== [[File:Chemical contamination of drinking water.jpg|thumb|Uchafuzi wa kikanda na kitaifa wa maji ya kunywa kwa aina ya kemikali na ukubwa wa idadi ya watu katika hatari ya kuambukizwa]]Vichafu ambavyo vinaweza kuwa katika maji ambayo hayajatibiwa ni pamoja na vijidudu kama vile virusi, protozoa na bakteria; uchafuzi wa isokaboni kama vile chumvi na metali; uchafuzi wa kemikali za kikaboni kutoka kwa michakato ya viwanda na matumizi ya petroli; dawa na dawa za kuua wadudu; na vichafuzi vya mionzi. Ubora wa maji unategemea jiolojia na mfumo ikolojia wa mahali hapo, pamoja na matumizi ya binadamu kama vile mtawanyiko wa maji taka, uchafuzi wa viwandani, matumizi ya vyanzo vya maji kama sehemu ya kupitishia joto, na matumizi kupita kiasi (ambayo yanaweza kupunguza kiwango cha maji).<ref name=":1" /> Wakala wa Ulinzi wa Mazingira wa Marekani (EPA) huweka kikomo kiasi cha uchafuzi fulani katika maji ya bomba unaotolewa na mifumo ya maji ya umma ya Marekani.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Common Considerations|url=https://www.epa.gov/sourcewaterprotection/common-considerations|work=www.epa.gov|date=2020-01-06|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> Sheria ya Maji ya Kunywa Salama inaidhinisha EPA kutoa aina mbili za viwango: *viwango vya msingi hudhibiti vitu ambavyo vinaweza kuathiri afya ya binadamu<ref>{{Cite web|title=40 CFR Part 141 -- National Primary Drinking Water Regulations|url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/part-141|work=www.ecfr.gov|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Drinking Water Regulations|url=https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/drinking-water-regulations|work=www.epa.gov|date=2015-09-21|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> *viwango vya sekondari vinaagiza sifa za uzuri, zile zinazoathiri ladha, harufu, au kuonekana ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Afya]] [[Jamii:maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] nu87kxu2ueimvrecfa5gwvh9ofem8l3 1573052 1573051 2026-06-14T22:11:52Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* Matumizi ya Binadamu */ 1573052 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif|right|thumb|Sampuli ya rosette ambayo hutumika kukusanya sampuli za maji katika maji ya kina kirefu, kama vile [[ziwa|Maziwa Makuu]] au bahari, kwa ajili ya kupima ubora wa maji.]] '''Ubora wa maji''' hurejelea sifa za kikemikali, kifizikia na kibiolojia za [[maji]] kulingana na viwango vya matumizi yake. <ref name="water quality">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cordy|first=Gail E.|date=March 2001|title=A Primer on Water Quality|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-027-01/|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Johnson |first=D. L. |last2=Ambrose |first2=S. H. |last3=Bassett |first3=T. J. |last4=Bowen |first4=M. L. |last5=Crummey |first5=D. E. |last6=Isaacson |first6=J. S. |last7=Johnson |first7=D. N. |last8=Lamb |first8=P. |last9=Saul |first9=M. |last10=Winter-Nelson |first10=A. E. |year=1997 |title=Meanings of Environmental Terms |journal=Journal of Environmental Quality |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=581–589 |bibcode=1997JEnvQ..26..581J |doi=10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x}}</ref> Hutumika mara nyingi kwa kurejelea seti ya viwango ambavyo kufuata sheria, kwa ujumla kunapatikana kupitia matibabu ya maji, kunaweza kutathminiwa. Viwango vya kawaida vinavyotumika kufuatilia na kutathmini ubora wa maji vinaonyesha afya ya mifumo ikolojia, usalama wa mgusano wa binadamu, kiwango cha uchafuzi wa maji na hali ya [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]]. Ubora wa maji una athari kubwa kwenye usambazaji wa maji na mara nyingi huamua chaguzi za usambazaji.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/254637|title=Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating first addendum|last=Organization|first=World Health|date=2017-02-20|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154995-0|language=English}}</ref> ==Madhara katika Afya ya Umma== Baada ya muda, kumekuwa na ongezeko la utambuzi wa umuhimu wa ubora wa maji ya kunywa na athari zake kwa afya ya umma. Hii imesababisha kuongezeka kwa ulinzi na usimamizi wa ubora wa maji. Uelewa wa uhusiano kati ya ubora wa maji na afya unaendelea kukua na kuangazia majanga mapya ya kiafya: kutoka kwa athari sugu za magonjwa ya kuambukiza katika ukuaji wa mtoto kupitia kudumaa hadi ushahidi mpya juu ya madhara kutoka kwa uchafu unaojulikana, kama vile manganese na ushahidi unaoongezeka wa sumu ya neuro kwa watoto.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Khan |first=Nameerah |last2=Charles |first2=Katrina J. |date=2022-09-29 |title=When Water Quality Crises Drive Change: A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Processes Behind Major Water Contamination Events |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9522453/ |journal=Exposure and Health |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1007/s12403-022-00505-0 |issn=2451-9766 |pmc=9522453 |pmid=36196073}}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, kuna masuala mengi yanayojitokeza ya ubora wa maji-kama vile plastiki ndogo, misombo ya perfluorinated, na upinzani wa antimicrobial.<ref name=":0" /> ==Aina za Ubora wa maji== Vigezo vya ubora wa maji vinatambuliwa kulingana na matumizi yaliyokusudiwa. Kazi katika eneo la ubora wa maji inaelekea kulenga maji ambayo yanatibiwa kwa uwezo wa kuota, matumizi ya viwandani/nyumbani, au kurejesha (mazingira/mfumo wa ikolojia, kwa ujumla kwa ajili ya afya ya viumbe vya binadamu na vya majini) ===Matumizi ya Binadamu=== [[File:Chemical contamination of drinking water.jpg|thumb|Uchafuzi wa kikanda na kitaifa wa maji ya kunywa kwa aina ya kemikali na ukubwa wa idadi ya watu katika hatari ya kuambukizwa]]Vichafu ambavyo vinaweza kuwa katika maji ambayo hayajatibiwa ni pamoja na vijidudu kama vile virusi, protozoa na bakteria; uchafuzi wa isokaboni kama vile chumvi na metali; uchafuzi wa kemikali za kikaboni kutoka kwa michakato ya viwanda na matumizi ya petroli; dawa na dawa za kuua wadudu; na vichafuzi vya mionzi. Ubora wa maji unategemea jiolojia na mfumo ikolojia wa mahali hapo, pamoja na matumizi ya binadamu kama vile mtawanyiko wa maji taka, uchafuzi wa viwandani, matumizi ya vyanzo vya maji kama sehemu ya kupitishia joto, na matumizi kupita kiasi (ambayo yanaweza kupunguza kiwango cha maji).<ref name=":1" /> Wakala wa Ulinzi wa Mazingira wa Marekani (EPA) huweka kikomo kiasi cha uchafuzi fulani katika maji ya bomba unaotolewa na mifumo ya maji ya umma ya Marekani.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Common Considerations|url=https://www.epa.gov/sourcewaterprotection/common-considerations|work=www.epa.gov|date=2020-01-06|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> Sheria ya maji ya kunywa salama inaidhinisha EPA kutoa aina mbili za viwango: *viwango vya msingi hudhibiti vitu ambavyo vinaweza kuathiri afya ya binadamu<ref>{{Cite web|title=40 CFR Part 141 -- National Primary Drinking Water Regulations|url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/part-141|work=www.ecfr.gov|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Drinking Water Regulations|url=https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/drinking-water-regulations|work=www.epa.gov|date=2015-09-21|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> *viwango vya sekondari vinaagiza sifa za uzuri, zile zinazoathiri ladha, harufu, au muonekano<ref>{{Cite web|title=Secondary Drinking Water Standards: Guidance for Nuisance Chemicals|url=https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/secondary-drinking-water-standards-guidance-nuisance-chemicals|work=www.epa.gov|date=2015-09-02|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Afya]] [[Jamii:maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] 3s3rwv2xbiv7czqdionkgy12p6p3q3u 1573053 1573052 2026-06-14T22:14:36Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* Matumizi ya Binadamu */ 1573053 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif|right|thumb|Sampuli ya rosette ambayo hutumika kukusanya sampuli za maji katika maji ya kina kirefu, kama vile [[ziwa|Maziwa Makuu]] au bahari, kwa ajili ya kupima ubora wa maji.]] '''Ubora wa maji''' hurejelea sifa za kikemikali, kifizikia na kibiolojia za [[maji]] kulingana na viwango vya matumizi yake. <ref name="water quality">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cordy|first=Gail E.|date=March 2001|title=A Primer on Water Quality|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-027-01/|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Johnson |first=D. L. |last2=Ambrose |first2=S. H. |last3=Bassett |first3=T. J. |last4=Bowen |first4=M. L. |last5=Crummey |first5=D. E. |last6=Isaacson |first6=J. S. |last7=Johnson |first7=D. N. |last8=Lamb |first8=P. |last9=Saul |first9=M. |last10=Winter-Nelson |first10=A. E. |year=1997 |title=Meanings of Environmental Terms |journal=Journal of Environmental Quality |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=581–589 |bibcode=1997JEnvQ..26..581J |doi=10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x}}</ref> Hutumika mara nyingi kwa kurejelea seti ya viwango ambavyo kufuata sheria, kwa ujumla kunapatikana kupitia matibabu ya maji, kunaweza kutathminiwa. Viwango vya kawaida vinavyotumika kufuatilia na kutathmini ubora wa maji vinaonyesha afya ya mifumo ikolojia, usalama wa mgusano wa binadamu, kiwango cha uchafuzi wa maji na hali ya [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]]. Ubora wa maji una athari kubwa kwenye usambazaji wa maji na mara nyingi huamua chaguzi za usambazaji.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/254637|title=Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating first addendum|last=Organization|first=World Health|date=2017-02-20|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154995-0|language=English}}</ref> ==Madhara katika Afya ya Umma== Baada ya muda, kumekuwa na ongezeko la utambuzi wa umuhimu wa ubora wa maji ya kunywa na athari zake kwa afya ya umma. Hii imesababisha kuongezeka kwa ulinzi na usimamizi wa ubora wa maji. Uelewa wa uhusiano kati ya ubora wa maji na afya unaendelea kukua na kuangazia majanga mapya ya kiafya: kutoka kwa athari sugu za magonjwa ya kuambukiza katika ukuaji wa mtoto kupitia kudumaa hadi ushahidi mpya juu ya madhara kutoka kwa uchafu unaojulikana, kama vile manganese na ushahidi unaoongezeka wa sumu ya neuro kwa watoto.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Khan |first=Nameerah |last2=Charles |first2=Katrina J. |date=2022-09-29 |title=When Water Quality Crises Drive Change: A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Processes Behind Major Water Contamination Events |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9522453/ |journal=Exposure and Health |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1007/s12403-022-00505-0 |issn=2451-9766 |pmc=9522453 |pmid=36196073}}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, kuna masuala mengi yanayojitokeza ya ubora wa maji-kama vile plastiki ndogo, misombo ya perfluorinated, na upinzani wa antimicrobial.<ref name=":0" /> ==Aina za Ubora wa maji== Vigezo vya ubora wa maji vinatambuliwa kulingana na matumizi yaliyokusudiwa. Kazi katika eneo la ubora wa maji inaelekea kulenga maji ambayo yanatibiwa kwa uwezo wa kuota, matumizi ya viwandani/nyumbani, au kurejesha (mazingira/mfumo wa ikolojia, kwa ujumla kwa ajili ya afya ya viumbe vya binadamu na vya majini) ===Matumizi ya Binadamu=== [[File:Chemical contamination of drinking water.jpg|thumb|Uchafuzi wa kikanda na kitaifa wa maji ya kunywa kwa aina ya kemikali na ukubwa wa idadi ya watu katika hatari ya kuambukizwa]]Vichafu ambavyo vinaweza kuwa katika maji ambayo hayajatibiwa ni pamoja na vijidudu kama vile virusi, protozoa na bakteria; uchafuzi wa isokaboni kama vile chumvi na metali; uchafuzi wa kemikali za kikaboni kutoka kwa michakato ya viwanda na matumizi ya petroli; dawa na dawa za kuua wadudu; na vichafuzi vya mionzi. Ubora wa maji unategemea jiolojia na mfumo ikolojia wa mahali hapo, pamoja na matumizi ya binadamu kama vile mtawanyiko wa maji taka, uchafuzi wa viwandani, matumizi ya vyanzo vya maji kama sehemu ya kupitishia joto, na matumizi kupita kiasi (ambayo yanaweza kupunguza kiwango cha maji).<ref name=":1" /> Wakala wa Ulinzi wa Mazingira wa Marekani (EPA) huweka kikomo kiasi cha uchafuzi fulani katika maji ya bomba unaotolewa na mifumo ya maji ya umma ya Marekani.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Common Considerations|url=https://www.epa.gov/sourcewaterprotection/common-considerations|work=www.epa.gov|date=2020-01-06|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> Sheria ya maji ya kunywa salama inaidhinisha EPA kutoa aina mbili za viwango: *viwango vya msingi hudhibiti vitu ambavyo vinaweza kuathiri afya ya binadamu<ref>{{Cite web|title=40 CFR Part 141 -- National Primary Drinking Water Regulations|url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/part-141|work=www.ecfr.gov|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Drinking Water Regulations|url=https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/drinking-water-regulations|work=www.epa.gov|date=2015-09-21|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> *viwango vya sekondari vinaagiza sifa za uzuri, zile zinazoathiri ladha, harufu, au muonekano<ref>{{Cite web|title=Secondary Drinking Water Standards: Guidance for Nuisance Chemicals|url=https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/secondary-drinking-water-standards-guidance-nuisance-chemicals|work=www.epa.gov|date=2015-09-02|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> Kanuni za Utawala wa Chakula na Dawa za Marekani (FDA) huweka vikomo vya uchafu katika maji ya chupa. Maji ya kunywa, ikiwa ni pamoja na maji ya chupa, yanaweza kutarajiwa kuwa na angalau kiasi kidogo cha baadhi ya uchafu. Uwepo wa uchafuzi huu hauonyeshi kwamba maji yana hatari ya afya. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Afya]] [[Jamii:maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] i08yedfm25kb4ndthz1zyrozsvtsrit 1573054 1573053 2026-06-14T22:16:50Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* Aina za Ubora wa maji */ 1573054 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif|right|thumb|Sampuli ya rosette ambayo hutumika kukusanya sampuli za maji katika maji ya kina kirefu, kama vile [[ziwa|Maziwa Makuu]] au bahari, kwa ajili ya kupima ubora wa maji.]] '''Ubora wa maji''' hurejelea sifa za kikemikali, kifizikia na kibiolojia za [[maji]] kulingana na viwango vya matumizi yake. <ref name="water quality">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cordy|first=Gail E.|date=March 2001|title=A Primer on Water Quality|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-027-01/|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Johnson |first=D. L. |last2=Ambrose |first2=S. H. |last3=Bassett |first3=T. J. |last4=Bowen |first4=M. L. |last5=Crummey |first5=D. E. |last6=Isaacson |first6=J. S. |last7=Johnson |first7=D. N. |last8=Lamb |first8=P. |last9=Saul |first9=M. |last10=Winter-Nelson |first10=A. E. |year=1997 |title=Meanings of Environmental Terms |journal=Journal of Environmental Quality |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=581–589 |bibcode=1997JEnvQ..26..581J |doi=10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x}}</ref> Hutumika mara nyingi kwa kurejelea seti ya viwango ambavyo kufuata sheria, kwa ujumla kunapatikana kupitia matibabu ya maji, kunaweza kutathminiwa. Viwango vya kawaida vinavyotumika kufuatilia na kutathmini ubora wa maji vinaonyesha afya ya mifumo ikolojia, usalama wa mgusano wa binadamu, kiwango cha uchafuzi wa maji na hali ya [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]]. Ubora wa maji una athari kubwa kwenye usambazaji wa maji na mara nyingi huamua chaguzi za usambazaji.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/254637|title=Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating first addendum|last=Organization|first=World Health|date=2017-02-20|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154995-0|language=English}}</ref> ==Madhara katika Afya ya Umma== Baada ya muda, kumekuwa na ongezeko la utambuzi wa umuhimu wa ubora wa maji ya kunywa na athari zake kwa afya ya umma. Hii imesababisha kuongezeka kwa ulinzi na usimamizi wa ubora wa maji. Uelewa wa uhusiano kati ya ubora wa maji na afya unaendelea kukua na kuangazia majanga mapya ya kiafya: kutoka kwa athari sugu za magonjwa ya kuambukiza katika ukuaji wa mtoto kupitia kudumaa hadi ushahidi mpya juu ya madhara kutoka kwa uchafu unaojulikana, kama vile manganese na ushahidi unaoongezeka wa sumu ya neuro kwa watoto.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Khan |first=Nameerah |last2=Charles |first2=Katrina J. |date=2022-09-29 |title=When Water Quality Crises Drive Change: A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Processes Behind Major Water Contamination Events |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9522453/ |journal=Exposure and Health |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1007/s12403-022-00505-0 |issn=2451-9766 |pmc=9522453 |pmid=36196073}}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, kuna masuala mengi yanayojitokeza ya ubora wa maji-kama vile plastiki ndogo, misombo ya perfluorinated, na upinzani wa antimicrobial.<ref name=":0" /> ==Aina za Ubora wa maji== Vigezo vya ubora wa maji vinatambuliwa kulingana na matumizi yaliyokusudiwa. Kazi katika eneo la ubora wa maji inaelekea kulenga maji ambayo yanatibiwa kwa uwezo wa kuota, matumizi ya viwandani/nyumbani, au kurejesha (mazingira/mfumo wa ikolojia, kwa ujumla kwa ajili ya afya ya viumbe vya binadamu na vya majini) ===Matumizi ya Binadamu=== [[File:Chemical contamination of drinking water.jpg|thumb|Uchafuzi wa kikanda na kitaifa wa maji ya kunywa kwa aina ya kemikali na ukubwa wa idadi ya watu katika hatari ya kuambukizwa]]Vichafu ambavyo vinaweza kuwa katika maji ambayo hayajatibiwa ni pamoja na vijidudu kama vile virusi, protozoa na bakteria; uchafuzi wa isokaboni kama vile chumvi na metali; uchafuzi wa kemikali za kikaboni kutoka kwa michakato ya viwanda na matumizi ya petroli; dawa na dawa za kuua wadudu; na vichafuzi vya mionzi. Ubora wa maji unategemea jiolojia na mfumo ikolojia wa mahali hapo, pamoja na matumizi ya binadamu kama vile mtawanyiko wa maji taka, uchafuzi wa viwandani, matumizi ya vyanzo vya maji kama sehemu ya kupitishia joto, na matumizi kupita kiasi (ambayo yanaweza kupunguza kiwango cha maji).<ref name=":1" /> Wakala wa Ulinzi wa Mazingira wa Marekani (EPA) huweka kikomo kiasi cha uchafuzi fulani katika maji ya bomba unaotolewa na mifumo ya maji ya umma ya Marekani.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Common Considerations|url=https://www.epa.gov/sourcewaterprotection/common-considerations|work=www.epa.gov|date=2020-01-06|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> Sheria ya maji ya kunywa salama inaidhinisha EPA kutoa aina mbili za viwango: *viwango vya msingi hudhibiti vitu ambavyo vinaweza kuathiri afya ya binadamu<ref>{{Cite web|title=40 CFR Part 141 -- National Primary Drinking Water Regulations|url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/part-141|work=www.ecfr.gov|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Drinking Water Regulations|url=https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/drinking-water-regulations|work=www.epa.gov|date=2015-09-21|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> *viwango vya sekondari vinaagiza sifa za uzuri, zile zinazoathiri ladha, harufu, au muonekano<ref>{{Cite web|title=Secondary Drinking Water Standards: Guidance for Nuisance Chemicals|url=https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/secondary-drinking-water-standards-guidance-nuisance-chemicals|work=www.epa.gov|date=2015-09-02|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> Kanuni za Utawala wa Chakula na Dawa za Marekani (FDA) huweka vikomo vya uchafu katika maji ya chupa. Maji ya kunywa, ikiwa ni pamoja na maji ya chupa, yanaweza kutarajiwa kuwa na angalau kiasi kidogo cha baadhi ya uchafu. Uwepo wa uchafuzi huu hauonyeshi kwamba maji yana hatari ya afya. Katika maeneo ya mijini kote ulimwenguni, teknolojia ya kusafisha maji hutumiwa katika mifumo ya maji ya manispaa ili kuondoa uchafu kutoka kwa chanzo cha maji (maji ya uso au chini ya ardhi) kabla ya kusambazwa kwa nyumba, biashara, shule na wapokeaji wengine. Maji yanayotolewa moja kwa moja kutoka kwenye kijito, ziwa, au chemichemi ya maji na ambayo hayana matibabu yatakuwa na ubora usiojulikana katika suala la uwezo wa kumea. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Afya]] [[Jamii:maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] 58h2qoloo8m3c441w0pv9cm3fh5114t 1573055 1573054 2026-06-14T22:18:29Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* Matumizi ya Binadamu */ 1573055 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif|right|thumb|Sampuli ya rosette ambayo hutumika kukusanya sampuli za maji katika maji ya kina kirefu, kama vile [[ziwa|Maziwa Makuu]] au bahari, kwa ajili ya kupima ubora wa maji.]] '''Ubora wa maji''' hurejelea sifa za kikemikali, kifizikia na kibiolojia za [[maji]] kulingana na viwango vya matumizi yake. <ref name="water quality">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cordy|first=Gail E.|date=March 2001|title=A Primer on Water Quality|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-027-01/|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Johnson |first=D. L. |last2=Ambrose |first2=S. H. |last3=Bassett |first3=T. J. |last4=Bowen |first4=M. L. |last5=Crummey |first5=D. E. |last6=Isaacson |first6=J. S. |last7=Johnson |first7=D. N. |last8=Lamb |first8=P. |last9=Saul |first9=M. |last10=Winter-Nelson |first10=A. E. |year=1997 |title=Meanings of Environmental Terms |journal=Journal of Environmental Quality |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=581–589 |bibcode=1997JEnvQ..26..581J |doi=10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x}}</ref> Hutumika mara nyingi kwa kurejelea seti ya viwango ambavyo kufuata sheria, kwa ujumla kunapatikana kupitia matibabu ya maji, kunaweza kutathminiwa. Viwango vya kawaida vinavyotumika kufuatilia na kutathmini ubora wa maji vinaonyesha afya ya mifumo ikolojia, usalama wa mgusano wa binadamu, kiwango cha uchafuzi wa maji na hali ya [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]]. Ubora wa maji una athari kubwa kwenye usambazaji wa maji na mara nyingi huamua chaguzi za usambazaji.<ref name=":2">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/254637|title=Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating first addendum|last=Organization|first=World Health|date=2017-02-20|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154995-0|language=English}}</ref> ==Madhara katika Afya ya Umma== Baada ya muda, kumekuwa na ongezeko la utambuzi wa umuhimu wa ubora wa maji ya kunywa na athari zake kwa afya ya umma. Hii imesababisha kuongezeka kwa ulinzi na usimamizi wa ubora wa maji. Uelewa wa uhusiano kati ya ubora wa maji na afya unaendelea kukua na kuangazia majanga mapya ya kiafya: kutoka kwa athari sugu za magonjwa ya kuambukiza katika ukuaji wa mtoto kupitia kudumaa hadi ushahidi mpya juu ya madhara kutoka kwa uchafu unaojulikana, kama vile manganese na ushahidi unaoongezeka wa sumu ya neuro kwa watoto.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Khan |first=Nameerah |last2=Charles |first2=Katrina J. |date=2022-09-29 |title=When Water Quality Crises Drive Change: A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Processes Behind Major Water Contamination Events |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9522453/ |journal=Exposure and Health |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1007/s12403-022-00505-0 |issn=2451-9766 |pmc=9522453 |pmid=36196073}}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, kuna masuala mengi yanayojitokeza ya ubora wa maji-kama vile plastiki ndogo, misombo ya perfluorinated, na upinzani wa antimicrobial.<ref name=":0" /> ==Aina za Ubora wa maji== Vigezo vya ubora wa maji vinatambuliwa kulingana na matumizi yaliyokusudiwa. Kazi katika eneo la ubora wa maji inaelekea kulenga maji ambayo yanatibiwa kwa uwezo wa kuota, matumizi ya viwandani/nyumbani, au kurejesha (mazingira/mfumo wa ikolojia, kwa ujumla kwa ajili ya afya ya viumbe vya binadamu na vya majini) ===Matumizi ya Binadamu=== [[File:Chemical contamination of drinking water.jpg|thumb|Uchafuzi wa kikanda na kitaifa wa maji ya kunywa kwa aina ya kemikali na ukubwa wa idadi ya watu katika hatari ya kuambukizwa]]Vichafu ambavyo vinaweza kuwa katika maji ambayo hayajatibiwa ni pamoja na vijidudu kama vile virusi, protozoa na bakteria; uchafuzi wa isokaboni kama vile chumvi na metali; uchafuzi wa kemikali za kikaboni kutoka kwa michakato ya viwanda na matumizi ya petroli; dawa na dawa za kuua wadudu; na vichafuzi vya mionzi. Ubora wa maji unategemea jiolojia na mfumo ikolojia wa mahali hapo, pamoja na matumizi ya binadamu kama vile mtawanyiko wa maji taka, uchafuzi wa viwandani, matumizi ya vyanzo vya maji kama sehemu ya kupitishia joto, na matumizi kupita kiasi (ambayo yanaweza kupunguza kiwango cha maji).<ref name=":1" /> Wakala wa Ulinzi wa Mazingira wa Marekani (EPA) huweka kikomo kiasi cha uchafuzi fulani katika maji ya bomba unaotolewa na mifumo ya maji ya umma ya Marekani.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Common Considerations|url=https://www.epa.gov/sourcewaterprotection/common-considerations|work=www.epa.gov|date=2020-01-06|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> Sheria ya maji ya kunywa salama inaidhinisha EPA kutoa aina mbili za viwango: *viwango vya msingi hudhibiti vitu ambavyo vinaweza kuathiri afya ya binadamu<ref>{{Cite web|title=40 CFR Part 141 -- National Primary Drinking Water Regulations|url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/part-141|work=www.ecfr.gov|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Drinking Water Regulations|url=https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/drinking-water-regulations|work=www.epa.gov|date=2015-09-21|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> *viwango vya sekondari vinaagiza sifa za uzuri, zile zinazoathiri ladha, harufu, au muonekano<ref>{{Cite web|title=Secondary Drinking Water Standards: Guidance for Nuisance Chemicals|url=https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/secondary-drinking-water-standards-guidance-nuisance-chemicals|work=www.epa.gov|date=2015-09-02|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> Kanuni za Utawala wa Chakula na Dawa za Marekani (FDA) huweka vikomo vya uchafu katika maji ya chupa. Maji ya kunywa, ikiwa ni pamoja na maji ya chupa, yanaweza kutarajiwa kuwa na angalau kiasi kidogo cha baadhi ya uchafu. Uwepo wa uchafuzi huu hauonyeshi kwamba maji yana hatari ya afya. Katika maeneo ya mijini kote ulimwenguni, teknolojia ya kusafisha maji hutumiwa katika mifumo ya maji ya manispaa ili kuondoa uchafu kutoka kwa chanzo cha maji (maji ya uso au chini ya ardhi) kabla ya kusambazwa kwa nyumba, biashara, shule na wapokeaji wengine. Maji yanayotolewa moja kwa moja kutoka kwenye kijito, ziwa, au chemichemi ya maji na ambayo hayana matibabu yatakuwa na ubora usiojulikana katika suala la uwezo wa kumea.<ref name=":2" /> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Afya]] [[Jamii:maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] 4nwa54wvrsgh7ztrnz769113d0cxw4y 1573057 1573055 2026-06-14T22:21:18Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* Matumizi ya Binadamu */ 1573057 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif|right|thumb|Sampuli ya rosette ambayo hutumika kukusanya sampuli za maji katika maji ya kina kirefu, kama vile [[ziwa|Maziwa Makuu]] au bahari, kwa ajili ya kupima ubora wa maji.]] '''Ubora wa maji''' hurejelea sifa za kikemikali, kifizikia na kibiolojia za [[maji]] kulingana na viwango vya matumizi yake. <ref name="water quality">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cordy|first=Gail E.|date=March 2001|title=A Primer on Water Quality|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-027-01/|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Johnson |first=D. L. |last2=Ambrose |first2=S. H. |last3=Bassett |first3=T. J. |last4=Bowen |first4=M. L. |last5=Crummey |first5=D. E. |last6=Isaacson |first6=J. S. |last7=Johnson |first7=D. N. |last8=Lamb |first8=P. |last9=Saul |first9=M. |last10=Winter-Nelson |first10=A. E. |year=1997 |title=Meanings of Environmental Terms |journal=Journal of Environmental Quality |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=581–589 |bibcode=1997JEnvQ..26..581J |doi=10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x}}</ref> Hutumika mara nyingi kwa kurejelea seti ya viwango ambavyo kufuata sheria, kwa ujumla kunapatikana kupitia matibabu ya maji, kunaweza kutathminiwa. Viwango vya kawaida vinavyotumika kufuatilia na kutathmini ubora wa maji vinaonyesha afya ya mifumo ikolojia, usalama wa mgusano wa binadamu, kiwango cha uchafuzi wa maji na hali ya [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]]. Ubora wa maji una athari kubwa kwenye usambazaji wa maji na mara nyingi huamua chaguzi za usambazaji.<ref name=":2">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/254637|title=Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating first addendum|last=Organization|first=World Health|date=2017-02-20|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154995-0|language=English}}</ref> ==Madhara katika Afya ya Umma== Baada ya muda, kumekuwa na ongezeko la utambuzi wa umuhimu wa ubora wa maji ya kunywa na athari zake kwa afya ya umma. Hii imesababisha kuongezeka kwa ulinzi na usimamizi wa ubora wa maji. Uelewa wa uhusiano kati ya ubora wa maji na afya unaendelea kukua na kuangazia majanga mapya ya kiafya: kutoka kwa athari sugu za magonjwa ya kuambukiza katika ukuaji wa mtoto kupitia kudumaa hadi ushahidi mpya juu ya madhara kutoka kwa uchafu unaojulikana, kama vile manganese na ushahidi unaoongezeka wa sumu ya neuro kwa watoto.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Khan |first=Nameerah |last2=Charles |first2=Katrina J. |date=2022-09-29 |title=When Water Quality Crises Drive Change: A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Processes Behind Major Water Contamination Events |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9522453/ |journal=Exposure and Health |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1007/s12403-022-00505-0 |issn=2451-9766 |pmc=9522453 |pmid=36196073}}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, kuna masuala mengi yanayojitokeza ya ubora wa maji-kama vile plastiki ndogo, misombo ya perfluorinated, na upinzani wa antimicrobial.<ref name=":0" /> ==Aina za Ubora wa maji== Vigezo vya ubora wa maji vinatambuliwa kulingana na matumizi yaliyokusudiwa. Kazi katika eneo la ubora wa maji inaelekea kulenga maji ambayo yanatibiwa kwa uwezo wa kuota, matumizi ya viwandani/nyumbani, au kurejesha (mazingira/mfumo wa ikolojia, kwa ujumla kwa ajili ya afya ya viumbe vya binadamu na vya majini) ===Matumizi ya Binadamu=== [[File:Chemical contamination of drinking water.jpg|thumb|Uchafuzi wa kikanda na kitaifa wa maji ya kunywa kwa aina ya kemikali na ukubwa wa idadi ya watu katika hatari ya kuambukizwa]]Vichafu ambavyo vinaweza kuwa katika maji ambayo hayajatibiwa ni pamoja na vijidudu kama vile virusi, protozoa na bakteria; uchafuzi wa isokaboni kama vile chumvi na metali; uchafuzi wa kemikali za kikaboni kutoka kwa michakato ya viwanda na matumizi ya petroli; dawa na dawa za kuua wadudu; na vichafuzi vya mionzi. Ubora wa maji unategemea jiolojia na mfumo ikolojia wa mahali hapo, pamoja na matumizi ya binadamu kama vile mtawanyiko wa maji taka, uchafuzi wa viwandani, matumizi ya vyanzo vya maji kama sehemu ya kupitishia joto, na matumizi kupita kiasi (ambayo yanaweza kupunguza kiwango cha maji).<ref name=":1" /> Wakala wa Ulinzi wa Mazingira wa Marekani (EPA) huweka kikomo kiasi cha uchafuzi fulani katika maji ya bomba unaotolewa na mifumo ya maji ya umma ya Marekani.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Common Considerations|url=https://www.epa.gov/sourcewaterprotection/common-considerations|work=www.epa.gov|date=2020-01-06|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> Sheria ya maji ya kunywa salama inaidhinisha EPA kutoa aina mbili za viwango: *viwango vya msingi hudhibiti vitu ambavyo vinaweza kuathiri afya ya binadamu<ref>{{Cite web|title=40 CFR Part 141 -- National Primary Drinking Water Regulations|url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/part-141|work=www.ecfr.gov|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Drinking Water Regulations|url=https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/drinking-water-regulations|work=www.epa.gov|date=2015-09-21|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> *viwango vya sekondari vinaagiza sifa za uzuri, zile zinazoathiri ladha, harufu, au muonekano<ref>{{Cite web|title=Secondary Drinking Water Standards: Guidance for Nuisance Chemicals|url=https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/secondary-drinking-water-standards-guidance-nuisance-chemicals|work=www.epa.gov|date=2015-09-02|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> Kanuni za Utawala wa Chakula na Dawa za Marekani (FDA) huweka vikomo vya uchafu katika maji ya chupa. Maji ya kunywa, ikiwa ni pamoja na maji ya chupa, yanaweza kutarajiwa kuwa na angalau kiasi kidogo cha baadhi ya uchafu. Uwepo wa uchafuzi huu hauonyeshi kwamba maji yana hatari ya afya. Katika maeneo ya mijini kote ulimwenguni, teknolojia ya kusafisha maji hutumiwa katika mifumo ya maji ya manispaa ili kuondoa uchafu kutoka kwa chanzo cha maji (maji ya uso au chini ya ardhi) kabla ya kusambazwa kwa nyumba, biashara, shule na wapokeaji wengine. Maji yanayotolewa moja kwa moja kutoka kwenye kijito, ziwa, au chemichemi ya maji na ambayo hayana matibabu yatakuwa na ubora usiojulikana katika suala la uwezo wa kumea.<ref name=":2" /> Mzigo wa maji machafu ya kunywa huathiri vibaya idadi ya watu wasio na uwakilishi na walio hatarini. Jamii ambazo hazina huduma hizi za maji safi ya kunywa ziko katika hatari ya kupata magonjwa yanayoenezwa na maji na yanayohusiana na uchafuzi wa mazingira kama vile Kipindupindu, kuhara, kuhara damu, homa ya ini, homa ya matumbo na polio. Jamii hizi mara nyingi ziko katika maeneo ya watu wenye kipato cha chini, ambapo maji machafu ya binadamu hutupwa kwenye mifereji ya maji iliyo karibu au mkondo wa maji ya juu bila matibabu ya kutosha, au hutumiwa katika umwagiliaji wa kilimo. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Afya]] [[Jamii:maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] hlzqap6sj33mkliezq78nh5jvi6kx66 1573059 1573057 2026-06-14T22:24:50Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* Matumizi ya Binadamu */ 1573059 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif|right|thumb|Sampuli ya rosette ambayo hutumika kukusanya sampuli za maji katika maji ya kina kirefu, kama vile [[ziwa|Maziwa Makuu]] au bahari, kwa ajili ya kupima ubora wa maji.]] '''Ubora wa maji''' hurejelea sifa za kikemikali, kifizikia na kibiolojia za [[maji]] kulingana na viwango vya matumizi yake. <ref name="water quality">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cordy|first=Gail E.|date=March 2001|title=A Primer on Water Quality|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-027-01/|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Johnson |first=D. L. |last2=Ambrose |first2=S. H. |last3=Bassett |first3=T. J. |last4=Bowen |first4=M. L. |last5=Crummey |first5=D. E. |last6=Isaacson |first6=J. S. |last7=Johnson |first7=D. N. |last8=Lamb |first8=P. |last9=Saul |first9=M. |last10=Winter-Nelson |first10=A. E. |year=1997 |title=Meanings of Environmental Terms |journal=Journal of Environmental Quality |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=581–589 |bibcode=1997JEnvQ..26..581J |doi=10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x}}</ref> Hutumika mara nyingi kwa kurejelea seti ya viwango ambavyo kufuata sheria, kwa ujumla kunapatikana kupitia matibabu ya maji, kunaweza kutathminiwa. Viwango vya kawaida vinavyotumika kufuatilia na kutathmini ubora wa maji vinaonyesha afya ya mifumo ikolojia, usalama wa mgusano wa binadamu, kiwango cha uchafuzi wa maji na hali ya [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]]. Ubora wa maji una athari kubwa kwenye usambazaji wa maji na mara nyingi huamua chaguzi za usambazaji.<ref name=":2">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/254637|title=Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating first addendum|last=Organization|first=World Health|date=2017-02-20|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154995-0|language=English}}</ref> ==Madhara katika Afya ya Umma== Baada ya muda, kumekuwa na ongezeko la utambuzi wa umuhimu wa ubora wa maji ya kunywa na athari zake kwa afya ya umma. Hii imesababisha kuongezeka kwa ulinzi na usimamizi wa ubora wa maji. Uelewa wa uhusiano kati ya ubora wa maji na afya unaendelea kukua na kuangazia majanga mapya ya kiafya: kutoka kwa athari sugu za magonjwa ya kuambukiza katika ukuaji wa mtoto kupitia kudumaa hadi ushahidi mpya juu ya madhara kutoka kwa uchafu unaojulikana, kama vile manganese na ushahidi unaoongezeka wa sumu ya neuro kwa watoto.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Khan |first=Nameerah |last2=Charles |first2=Katrina J. |date=2022-09-29 |title=When Water Quality Crises Drive Change: A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Processes Behind Major Water Contamination Events |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9522453/ |journal=Exposure and Health |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1007/s12403-022-00505-0 |issn=2451-9766 |pmc=9522453 |pmid=36196073}}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, kuna masuala mengi yanayojitokeza ya ubora wa maji-kama vile plastiki ndogo, misombo ya perfluorinated, na upinzani wa antimicrobial.<ref name=":0" /> ==Aina za Ubora wa maji== Vigezo vya ubora wa maji vinatambuliwa kulingana na matumizi yaliyokusudiwa. Kazi katika eneo la ubora wa maji inaelekea kulenga maji ambayo yanatibiwa kwa uwezo wa kuota, matumizi ya viwandani/nyumbani, au kurejesha (mazingira/mfumo wa ikolojia, kwa ujumla kwa ajili ya afya ya viumbe vya binadamu na vya majini) ===Matumizi ya Binadamu=== [[File:Chemical contamination of drinking water.jpg|thumb|Uchafuzi wa kikanda na kitaifa wa maji ya kunywa kwa aina ya kemikali na ukubwa wa idadi ya watu katika hatari ya kuambukizwa]]Vichafu ambavyo vinaweza kuwa katika maji ambayo hayajatibiwa ni pamoja na vijidudu kama vile virusi, protozoa na bakteria; uchafuzi wa isokaboni kama vile chumvi na metali; uchafuzi wa kemikali za kikaboni kutoka kwa michakato ya viwanda na matumizi ya petroli; dawa na dawa za kuua wadudu; na vichafuzi vya mionzi. Ubora wa maji unategemea jiolojia na mfumo ikolojia wa mahali hapo, pamoja na matumizi ya binadamu kama vile mtawanyiko wa maji taka, uchafuzi wa viwandani, matumizi ya vyanzo vya maji kama sehemu ya kupitishia joto, na matumizi kupita kiasi (ambayo yanaweza kupunguza kiwango cha maji).<ref name=":1" /> Wakala wa Ulinzi wa Mazingira wa Marekani (EPA) huweka kikomo kiasi cha uchafuzi fulani katika maji ya bomba unaotolewa na mifumo ya maji ya umma ya Marekani.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Common Considerations|url=https://www.epa.gov/sourcewaterprotection/common-considerations|work=www.epa.gov|date=2020-01-06|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> Sheria ya maji ya kunywa salama inaidhinisha EPA kutoa aina mbili za viwango: *viwango vya msingi hudhibiti vitu ambavyo vinaweza kuathiri afya ya binadamu<ref>{{Cite web|title=40 CFR Part 141 -- National Primary Drinking Water Regulations|url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/part-141|work=www.ecfr.gov|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Drinking Water Regulations|url=https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/drinking-water-regulations|work=www.epa.gov|date=2015-09-21|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> *viwango vya sekondari vinaagiza sifa za uzuri, zile zinazoathiri ladha, harufu, au muonekano<ref>{{Cite web|title=Secondary Drinking Water Standards: Guidance for Nuisance Chemicals|url=https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/secondary-drinking-water-standards-guidance-nuisance-chemicals|work=www.epa.gov|date=2015-09-02|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> Kanuni za Utawala wa Chakula na Dawa za Marekani (FDA) huweka vikomo vya uchafu katika maji ya chupa. Maji ya kunywa, ikiwa ni pamoja na maji ya chupa, yanaweza kutarajiwa kuwa na angalau kiasi kidogo cha baadhi ya uchafu. Uwepo wa uchafuzi huu hauonyeshi kwamba maji yana hatari ya afya. Katika maeneo ya mijini kote ulimwenguni, teknolojia ya kusafisha maji hutumiwa katika mifumo ya maji ya manispaa ili kuondoa uchafu kutoka kwa chanzo cha maji (maji ya uso au chini ya ardhi) kabla ya kusambazwa kwa nyumba, biashara, shule na wapokeaji wengine. Maji yanayotolewa moja kwa moja kutoka kwenye kijito, ziwa, au chemichemi ya maji na ambayo hayana matibabu yatakuwa na ubora usiojulikana katika suala la uwezo wa kumea.<ref name=":2" /> Mzigo wa maji machafu ya kunywa huathiri vibaya idadi ya watu wasio na uwakilishi na walio hatarini.<ref>{{Citation|last=Katner|first=Adrienne L.|title=America’s Path to Drinking Water Infrastructure Inequality and Environmental Injustice: The Case of Flint, Michigan|date=2018|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71389-2_5|work=The Palgrave Handbook of Sustainability: Case Studies and Practical Solutions|pages=79–97|editor-last=Brinkmann|editor-first=Robert|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-71389-2_5|isbn=978-3-319-71389-2|access-date=2026-06-14|last2=Brown|first2=Komal|last3=Pieper|first3=Kelsey|last4=Edwards|first4=Marc|last5=Lambrinidou|first5=Yanna|last6=Subra|first6=Wilma|editor2-last=Garren|editor2-first=Sandra J.}}</ref> Jamii ambazo hazina huduma hizi za maji safi ya kunywa ziko katika hatari ya kupata magonjwa yanayoenezwa na maji na yanayohusiana na uchafuzi wa mazingira kama vile Kipindupindu, kuhara, kuhara damu, homa ya ini, homa ya matumbo na polio. Jamii hizi mara nyingi ziko katika maeneo ya watu wenye kipato cha chini, ambapo maji machafu ya binadamu hutupwa kwenye mifereji ya maji iliyo karibu au mkondo wa maji ya juu bila matibabu ya kutosha, au hutumiwa katika umwagiliaji wa kilimo. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Afya]] [[Jamii:maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] ks7z9cm4k2138k0hkhfw5xix8d5upyp 1573060 1573059 2026-06-14T22:27:59Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* Matumizi ya Binadamu */ 1573060 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif|right|thumb|Sampuli ya rosette ambayo hutumika kukusanya sampuli za maji katika maji ya kina kirefu, kama vile [[ziwa|Maziwa Makuu]] au bahari, kwa ajili ya kupima ubora wa maji.]] '''Ubora wa maji''' hurejelea sifa za kikemikali, kifizikia na kibiolojia za [[maji]] kulingana na viwango vya matumizi yake. <ref name="water quality">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cordy|first=Gail E.|date=March 2001|title=A Primer on Water Quality|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-027-01/|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Johnson |first=D. L. |last2=Ambrose |first2=S. H. |last3=Bassett |first3=T. J. |last4=Bowen |first4=M. L. |last5=Crummey |first5=D. E. |last6=Isaacson |first6=J. S. |last7=Johnson |first7=D. N. |last8=Lamb |first8=P. |last9=Saul |first9=M. |last10=Winter-Nelson |first10=A. E. |year=1997 |title=Meanings of Environmental Terms |journal=Journal of Environmental Quality |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=581–589 |bibcode=1997JEnvQ..26..581J |doi=10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x}}</ref> Hutumika mara nyingi kwa kurejelea seti ya viwango ambavyo kufuata sheria, kwa ujumla kunapatikana kupitia matibabu ya maji, kunaweza kutathminiwa. Viwango vya kawaida vinavyotumika kufuatilia na kutathmini ubora wa maji vinaonyesha afya ya mifumo ikolojia, usalama wa mgusano wa binadamu, kiwango cha uchafuzi wa maji na hali ya [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]]. Ubora wa maji una athari kubwa kwenye usambazaji wa maji na mara nyingi huamua chaguzi za usambazaji.<ref name=":2">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/254637|title=Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating first addendum|last=Organization|first=World Health|date=2017-02-20|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154995-0|language=English}}</ref> ==Madhara katika Afya ya Umma== Baada ya muda, kumekuwa na ongezeko la utambuzi wa umuhimu wa ubora wa maji ya kunywa na athari zake kwa afya ya umma. Hii imesababisha kuongezeka kwa ulinzi na usimamizi wa ubora wa maji. Uelewa wa uhusiano kati ya ubora wa maji na afya unaendelea kukua na kuangazia majanga mapya ya kiafya: kutoka kwa athari sugu za magonjwa ya kuambukiza katika ukuaji wa mtoto kupitia kudumaa hadi ushahidi mpya juu ya madhara kutoka kwa uchafu unaojulikana, kama vile manganese na ushahidi unaoongezeka wa sumu ya neuro kwa watoto.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Khan |first=Nameerah |last2=Charles |first2=Katrina J. |date=2022-09-29 |title=When Water Quality Crises Drive Change: A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Processes Behind Major Water Contamination Events |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9522453/ |journal=Exposure and Health |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1007/s12403-022-00505-0 |issn=2451-9766 |pmc=9522453 |pmid=36196073}}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, kuna masuala mengi yanayojitokeza ya ubora wa maji-kama vile plastiki ndogo, misombo ya perfluorinated, na upinzani wa antimicrobial.<ref name=":0" /> ==Aina za Ubora wa maji== Vigezo vya ubora wa maji vinatambuliwa kulingana na matumizi yaliyokusudiwa. Kazi katika eneo la ubora wa maji inaelekea kulenga maji ambayo yanatibiwa kwa uwezo wa kuota, matumizi ya viwandani/nyumbani, au kurejesha (mazingira/mfumo wa ikolojia, kwa ujumla kwa ajili ya afya ya viumbe vya binadamu na vya majini) ===Matumizi ya Binadamu=== [[File:Chemical contamination of drinking water.jpg|thumb|Uchafuzi wa kikanda na kitaifa wa maji ya kunywa kwa aina ya kemikali na ukubwa wa idadi ya watu katika hatari ya kuambukizwa]]Vichafu ambavyo vinaweza kuwa katika maji ambayo hayajatibiwa ni pamoja na vijidudu kama vile virusi, protozoa na bakteria; uchafuzi wa isokaboni kama vile chumvi na metali; uchafuzi wa kemikali za kikaboni kutoka kwa michakato ya viwanda na matumizi ya petroli; dawa na dawa za kuua wadudu; na vichafuzi vya mionzi. Ubora wa maji unategemea jiolojia na mfumo ikolojia wa mahali hapo, pamoja na matumizi ya binadamu kama vile mtawanyiko wa maji taka, uchafuzi wa viwandani, matumizi ya vyanzo vya maji kama sehemu ya kupitishia joto, na matumizi kupita kiasi (ambayo yanaweza kupunguza kiwango cha maji).<ref name=":1" /> Wakala wa Ulinzi wa Mazingira wa Marekani (EPA) huweka kikomo kiasi cha uchafuzi fulani katika maji ya bomba unaotolewa na mifumo ya maji ya umma ya Marekani.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Common Considerations|url=https://www.epa.gov/sourcewaterprotection/common-considerations|work=www.epa.gov|date=2020-01-06|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> Sheria ya maji ya kunywa salama inaidhinisha EPA kutoa aina mbili za viwango: *viwango vya msingi hudhibiti vitu ambavyo vinaweza kuathiri afya ya binadamu<ref>{{Cite web|title=40 CFR Part 141 -- National Primary Drinking Water Regulations|url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/part-141|work=www.ecfr.gov|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Drinking Water Regulations|url=https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/drinking-water-regulations|work=www.epa.gov|date=2015-09-21|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> *viwango vya sekondari vinaagiza sifa za uzuri, zile zinazoathiri ladha, harufu, au muonekano<ref>{{Cite web|title=Secondary Drinking Water Standards: Guidance for Nuisance Chemicals|url=https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/secondary-drinking-water-standards-guidance-nuisance-chemicals|work=www.epa.gov|date=2015-09-02|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> Kanuni za Utawala wa Chakula na Dawa za Marekani (FDA) huweka vikomo vya uchafu katika maji ya chupa. Maji ya kunywa, ikiwa ni pamoja na maji ya chupa, yanaweza kutarajiwa kuwa na angalau kiasi kidogo cha baadhi ya uchafu. Uwepo wa uchafuzi huu hauonyeshi kwamba maji yana hatari ya afya. Katika maeneo ya mijini kote ulimwenguni, teknolojia ya kusafisha maji hutumiwa katika mifumo ya maji ya manispaa ili kuondoa uchafu kutoka kwa chanzo cha maji (maji ya uso au chini ya ardhi) kabla ya kusambazwa kwa nyumba, biashara, shule na wapokeaji wengine. Maji yanayotolewa moja kwa moja kutoka kwenye kijito, ziwa, au chemichemi ya maji na ambayo hayana matibabu yatakuwa na ubora usiojulikana katika suala la uwezo wa kumea.<ref name=":2" /> Mzigo wa maji machafu ya kunywa huathiri vibaya idadi ya watu wasio na uwakilishi na walio hatarini.<ref>{{Citation|last=Katner|first=Adrienne L.|title=America’s Path to Drinking Water Infrastructure Inequality and Environmental Injustice: The Case of Flint, Michigan|date=2018|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71389-2_5|work=The Palgrave Handbook of Sustainability: Case Studies and Practical Solutions|pages=79–97|editor-last=Brinkmann|editor-first=Robert|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-71389-2_5|isbn=978-3-319-71389-2|access-date=2026-06-14|last2=Brown|first2=Komal|last3=Pieper|first3=Kelsey|last4=Edwards|first4=Marc|last5=Lambrinidou|first5=Yanna|last6=Subra|first6=Wilma|editor2-last=Garren|editor2-first=Sandra J.}}</ref> Jamii ambazo hazina huduma hizi za maji safi ya kunywa ziko katika hatari ya kupata magonjwa yanayoenezwa na maji na yanayohusiana na uchafuzi wa mazingira kama vile Kipindupindu, kuhara, kuhara damu, homa ya ini, homa ya matumbo na polio.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Drinking-water|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water|work=www.who.int|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en}}</ref> Jamii hizi mara nyingi ziko katika maeneo ya watu wenye kipato cha chini, ambapo maji machafu ya binadamu hutupwa kwenye mifereji ya maji iliyo karibu au mkondo wa maji ya juu bila matibabu ya kutosha, au hutumiwa katika umwagiliaji wa kilimo. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Afya]] [[Jamii:maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] b0y6r0k6u4qms1x1nd204e0iq6klfq0 1573061 1573060 2026-06-14T22:35:10Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1573061 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif|right|thumb|Sampuli ya rosette ambayo hutumika kukusanya sampuli za maji katika maji ya kina kirefu, kama vile [[ziwa|Maziwa Makuu]] au bahari, kwa ajili ya kupima ubora wa maji.]] '''Ubora wa maji''' hurejelea sifa za kikemikali, kifizikia na kibiolojia za [[maji]] kulingana na viwango vya matumizi yake. <ref name="water quality">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cordy|first=Gail E.|date=March 2001|title=A Primer on Water Quality|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-027-01/|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Johnson |first=D. L. |last2=Ambrose |first2=S. H. |last3=Bassett |first3=T. J. |last4=Bowen |first4=M. L. |last5=Crummey |first5=D. E. |last6=Isaacson |first6=J. S. |last7=Johnson |first7=D. N. |last8=Lamb |first8=P. |last9=Saul |first9=M. |last10=Winter-Nelson |first10=A. E. |year=1997 |title=Meanings of Environmental Terms |journal=Journal of Environmental Quality |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=581–589 |bibcode=1997JEnvQ..26..581J |doi=10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x}}</ref> Hutumika mara nyingi kwa kurejelea seti ya viwango ambavyo kufuata sheria, kwa ujumla kunapatikana kupitia matibabu ya maji, kunaweza kutathminiwa. Viwango vya kawaida vinavyotumika kufuatilia na kutathmini ubora wa maji vinaonyesha afya ya mifumo ikolojia, usalama wa mgusano wa binadamu, kiwango cha uchafuzi wa maji na hali ya [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]]. Ubora wa maji una athari kubwa kwenye usambazaji wa maji na mara nyingi huamua chaguzi za usambazaji.<ref name=":2">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/254637|title=Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating first addendum|last=Organization|first=World Health|date=2017-02-20|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154995-0|language=English}}</ref> ==Madhara katika Afya ya Umma== Baada ya muda, kumekuwa na ongezeko la utambuzi wa umuhimu wa ubora wa maji ya kunywa na athari zake kwa afya ya umma. Hii imesababisha kuongezeka kwa ulinzi na usimamizi wa ubora wa maji. Uelewa wa uhusiano kati ya ubora wa maji na afya unaendelea kukua na kuangazia majanga mapya ya kiafya: kutoka kwa athari sugu za magonjwa ya kuambukiza katika ukuaji wa mtoto kupitia kudumaa hadi ushahidi mpya juu ya madhara kutoka kwa uchafu unaojulikana, kama vile manganese na ushahidi unaoongezeka wa sumu ya neuro kwa watoto.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Khan |first=Nameerah |last2=Charles |first2=Katrina J. |date=2022-09-29 |title=When Water Quality Crises Drive Change: A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Processes Behind Major Water Contamination Events |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9522453/ |journal=Exposure and Health |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1007/s12403-022-00505-0 |issn=2451-9766 |pmc=9522453 |pmid=36196073}}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, kuna masuala mengi yanayojitokeza ya ubora wa maji-kama vile plastiki ndogo, misombo ya perfluorinated, na upinzani wa antimicrobial.<ref name=":0" /> ==Aina za Ubora wa maji== Vigezo vya ubora wa maji vinatambuliwa kulingana na matumizi yaliyokusudiwa. Kazi katika eneo la ubora wa maji inaelekea kulenga maji ambayo yanatibiwa kwa uwezo wa kuota, matumizi ya viwandani/nyumbani, au kurejesha (mazingira/mfumo wa ikolojia, kwa ujumla kwa ajili ya afya ya viumbe vya binadamu na vya majini) ===Matumizi ya Binadamu=== [[File:Chemical contamination of drinking water.jpg|thumb|Uchafuzi wa kikanda na kitaifa wa maji ya kunywa kwa aina ya kemikali na ukubwa wa idadi ya watu katika hatari ya kuambukizwa]]Vichafu ambavyo vinaweza kuwa katika maji ambayo hayajatibiwa ni pamoja na vijidudu kama vile virusi, protozoa na bakteria; uchafuzi wa isokaboni kama vile chumvi na metali; uchafuzi wa kemikali za kikaboni kutoka kwa michakato ya viwanda na matumizi ya petroli; dawa na dawa za kuua wadudu; na vichafuzi vya mionzi. Ubora wa maji unategemea jiolojia na mfumo ikolojia wa mahali hapo, pamoja na matumizi ya binadamu kama vile mtawanyiko wa maji taka, uchafuzi wa viwandani, matumizi ya vyanzo vya maji kama sehemu ya kupitishia joto, na matumizi kupita kiasi (ambayo yanaweza kupunguza kiwango cha maji).<ref name=":1" /> Wakala wa Ulinzi wa Mazingira wa Marekani (EPA) huweka kikomo kiasi cha uchafuzi fulani katika maji ya bomba unaotolewa na mifumo ya maji ya umma ya Marekani.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Common Considerations|url=https://www.epa.gov/sourcewaterprotection/common-considerations|work=www.epa.gov|date=2020-01-06|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> Sheria ya maji ya kunywa salama inaidhinisha EPA kutoa aina mbili za viwango: *viwango vya msingi hudhibiti vitu ambavyo vinaweza kuathiri afya ya binadamu<ref>{{Cite web|title=40 CFR Part 141 -- National Primary Drinking Water Regulations|url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/part-141|work=www.ecfr.gov|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Drinking Water Regulations|url=https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/drinking-water-regulations|work=www.epa.gov|date=2015-09-21|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> *viwango vya sekondari vinaagiza sifa za uzuri, zile zinazoathiri ladha, harufu, au muonekano<ref>{{Cite web|title=Secondary Drinking Water Standards: Guidance for Nuisance Chemicals|url=https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/secondary-drinking-water-standards-guidance-nuisance-chemicals|work=www.epa.gov|date=2015-09-02|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> Kanuni za Utawala wa Chakula na Dawa za Marekani (FDA) huweka vikomo vya uchafu katika maji ya chupa. Maji ya kunywa, ikiwa ni pamoja na maji ya chupa, yanaweza kutarajiwa kuwa na angalau kiasi kidogo cha baadhi ya uchafu. Uwepo wa uchafuzi huu hauonyeshi kwamba maji yana hatari ya afya. Katika maeneo ya mijini kote ulimwenguni, teknolojia ya kusafisha maji hutumiwa katika mifumo ya maji ya manispaa ili kuondoa uchafu kutoka kwa chanzo cha maji (maji ya uso au chini ya ardhi) kabla ya kusambazwa kwa nyumba, biashara, shule na wapokeaji wengine. Maji yanayotolewa moja kwa moja kutoka kwenye kijito, ziwa, au chemichemi ya maji na ambayo hayana matibabu yatakuwa na ubora usiojulikana katika suala la uwezo wa kumea.<ref name=":2" /> Mzigo wa maji machafu ya kunywa huathiri vibaya idadi ya watu wasio na uwakilishi na walio hatarini.<ref>{{Citation|last=Katner|first=Adrienne L.|title=America’s Path to Drinking Water Infrastructure Inequality and Environmental Injustice: The Case of Flint, Michigan|date=2018|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71389-2_5|work=The Palgrave Handbook of Sustainability: Case Studies and Practical Solutions|pages=79–97|editor-last=Brinkmann|editor-first=Robert|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-71389-2_5|isbn=978-3-319-71389-2|access-date=2026-06-14|last2=Brown|first2=Komal|last3=Pieper|first3=Kelsey|last4=Edwards|first4=Marc|last5=Lambrinidou|first5=Yanna|last6=Subra|first6=Wilma|editor2-last=Garren|editor2-first=Sandra J.}}</ref> Jamii ambazo hazina huduma hizi za maji safi ya kunywa ziko katika hatari ya kupata magonjwa yanayoenezwa na maji na yanayohusiana na uchafuzi wa mazingira kama vile Kipindupindu, kuhara, kuhara damu, homa ya ini, homa ya matumbo na polio.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Drinking-water|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water|work=www.who.int|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en}}</ref> Jamii hizi mara nyingi ziko katika maeneo ya watu wenye kipato cha chini, ambapo maji machafu ya binadamu hutupwa kwenye mifereji ya maji iliyo karibu au mkondo wa maji ya juu bila matibabu ya kutosha, au hutumiwa katika umwagiliaji wa kilimo. ===Matumizi ya Viwandani na Nyumbani=== Ioni zilizoyeyushwa zinaweza kuathiri ufaafu wa maji kwa madhumuni anuwai ya viwandani na ya nyumbani. Inayojulikana zaidi kati ya hizi pengine ni uwepo wa kalsiamu (Ca2+) na magnesiamu (Mg2+) ambayo huingilia usafishaji wa sabuni, na inaweza kuunda salfati ngumu na amana laini za kaboni katika hita za maji au boilers. Maji magumu yanaweza kulainishwa ili kuondoa ioni hizi. Mchakato wa kulainisha mara nyingi hubadilisha kasheni za sodiamu. Kwa baadhi ya watu, maji magumu yanaweza kuwa bora kuliko maji laini kwa sababu matatizo ya kiafya yamehusishwa na upungufu wa kalsiamu na sodiamu ya ziada. Umuhimu wa ziada wa kalsiamu na magnesiamu katika maji unategemea idadi ya watu wanaohusika kwa sababu watu kwa ujumla hutosheleza viwango vyao vilivyopendekezwa kupitia chakula. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Afya]] [[Jamii:maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] c15m879igfu4gksawfpxb4fe9k25jn2 1573062 1573061 2026-06-14T22:41:36Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* Matumizi ya Viwandani na Nyumbani */ 1573062 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif|right|thumb|Sampuli ya rosette ambayo hutumika kukusanya sampuli za maji katika maji ya kina kirefu, kama vile [[ziwa|Maziwa Makuu]] au bahari, kwa ajili ya kupima ubora wa maji.]] '''Ubora wa maji''' hurejelea sifa za kikemikali, kifizikia na kibiolojia za [[maji]] kulingana na viwango vya matumizi yake. <ref name="water quality">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cordy|first=Gail E.|date=March 2001|title=A Primer on Water Quality|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-027-01/|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Johnson |first=D. L. |last2=Ambrose |first2=S. H. |last3=Bassett |first3=T. J. |last4=Bowen |first4=M. L. |last5=Crummey |first5=D. E. |last6=Isaacson |first6=J. S. |last7=Johnson |first7=D. N. |last8=Lamb |first8=P. |last9=Saul |first9=M. |last10=Winter-Nelson |first10=A. E. |year=1997 |title=Meanings of Environmental Terms |journal=Journal of Environmental Quality |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=581–589 |bibcode=1997JEnvQ..26..581J |doi=10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x}}</ref> Hutumika mara nyingi kwa kurejelea seti ya viwango ambavyo kufuata sheria, kwa ujumla kunapatikana kupitia matibabu ya maji, kunaweza kutathminiwa. Viwango vya kawaida vinavyotumika kufuatilia na kutathmini ubora wa maji vinaonyesha afya ya mifumo ikolojia, usalama wa mgusano wa binadamu, kiwango cha uchafuzi wa maji na hali ya [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]]. Ubora wa maji una athari kubwa kwenye usambazaji wa maji na mara nyingi huamua chaguzi za usambazaji.<ref name=":2">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/254637|title=Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating first addendum|last=Organization|first=World Health|date=2017-02-20|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154995-0|language=English}}</ref> ==Madhara katika Afya ya Umma== Baada ya muda, kumekuwa na ongezeko la utambuzi wa umuhimu wa ubora wa maji ya kunywa na athari zake kwa afya ya umma. Hii imesababisha kuongezeka kwa ulinzi na usimamizi wa ubora wa maji. Uelewa wa uhusiano kati ya ubora wa maji na afya unaendelea kukua na kuangazia majanga mapya ya kiafya: kutoka kwa athari sugu za magonjwa ya kuambukiza katika ukuaji wa mtoto kupitia kudumaa hadi ushahidi mpya juu ya madhara kutoka kwa uchafu unaojulikana, kama vile manganese na ushahidi unaoongezeka wa sumu ya neuro kwa watoto.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Khan |first=Nameerah |last2=Charles |first2=Katrina J. |date=2022-09-29 |title=When Water Quality Crises Drive Change: A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Processes Behind Major Water Contamination Events |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9522453/ |journal=Exposure and Health |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1007/s12403-022-00505-0 |issn=2451-9766 |pmc=9522453 |pmid=36196073}}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, kuna masuala mengi yanayojitokeza ya ubora wa maji-kama vile plastiki ndogo, misombo ya perfluorinated, na upinzani wa antimicrobial.<ref name=":0" /> ==Aina za Ubora wa maji== Vigezo vya ubora wa maji vinatambuliwa kulingana na matumizi yaliyokusudiwa. Kazi katika eneo la ubora wa maji inaelekea kulenga maji ambayo yanatibiwa kwa uwezo wa kuota, matumizi ya viwandani/nyumbani, au kurejesha (mazingira/mfumo wa ikolojia, kwa ujumla kwa ajili ya afya ya viumbe vya binadamu na vya majini) ===Matumizi ya Binadamu=== [[File:Chemical contamination of drinking water.jpg|thumb|Uchafuzi wa kikanda na kitaifa wa maji ya kunywa kwa aina ya kemikali na ukubwa wa idadi ya watu katika hatari ya kuambukizwa]]Vichafu ambavyo vinaweza kuwa katika maji ambayo hayajatibiwa ni pamoja na vijidudu kama vile virusi, protozoa na bakteria; uchafuzi wa isokaboni kama vile chumvi na metali; uchafuzi wa kemikali za kikaboni kutoka kwa michakato ya viwanda na matumizi ya petroli; dawa na dawa za kuua wadudu; na vichafuzi vya mionzi. Ubora wa maji unategemea jiolojia na mfumo ikolojia wa mahali hapo, pamoja na matumizi ya binadamu kama vile mtawanyiko wa maji taka, uchafuzi wa viwandani, matumizi ya vyanzo vya maji kama sehemu ya kupitishia joto, na matumizi kupita kiasi (ambayo yanaweza kupunguza kiwango cha maji).<ref name=":1" /> Wakala wa Ulinzi wa Mazingira wa Marekani (EPA) huweka kikomo kiasi cha uchafuzi fulani katika maji ya bomba unaotolewa na mifumo ya maji ya umma ya Marekani.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Common Considerations|url=https://www.epa.gov/sourcewaterprotection/common-considerations|work=www.epa.gov|date=2020-01-06|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> Sheria ya maji ya kunywa salama inaidhinisha EPA kutoa aina mbili za viwango: *viwango vya msingi hudhibiti vitu ambavyo vinaweza kuathiri afya ya binadamu<ref>{{Cite web|title=40 CFR Part 141 -- National Primary Drinking Water Regulations|url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/part-141|work=www.ecfr.gov|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Drinking Water Regulations|url=https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/drinking-water-regulations|work=www.epa.gov|date=2015-09-21|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> *viwango vya sekondari vinaagiza sifa za uzuri, zile zinazoathiri ladha, harufu, au muonekano<ref>{{Cite web|title=Secondary Drinking Water Standards: Guidance for Nuisance Chemicals|url=https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/secondary-drinking-water-standards-guidance-nuisance-chemicals|work=www.epa.gov|date=2015-09-02|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> Kanuni za Utawala wa Chakula na Dawa za Marekani (FDA) huweka vikomo vya uchafu katika maji ya chupa. Maji ya kunywa, ikiwa ni pamoja na maji ya chupa, yanaweza kutarajiwa kuwa na angalau kiasi kidogo cha baadhi ya uchafu. Uwepo wa uchafuzi huu hauonyeshi kwamba maji yana hatari ya afya. Katika maeneo ya mijini kote ulimwenguni, teknolojia ya kusafisha maji hutumiwa katika mifumo ya maji ya manispaa ili kuondoa uchafu kutoka kwa chanzo cha maji (maji ya uso au chini ya ardhi) kabla ya kusambazwa kwa nyumba, biashara, shule na wapokeaji wengine. Maji yanayotolewa moja kwa moja kutoka kwenye kijito, ziwa, au chemichemi ya maji na ambayo hayana matibabu yatakuwa na ubora usiojulikana katika suala la uwezo wa kumea.<ref name=":2" /> Mzigo wa maji machafu ya kunywa huathiri vibaya idadi ya watu wasio na uwakilishi na walio hatarini.<ref>{{Citation|last=Katner|first=Adrienne L.|title=America’s Path to Drinking Water Infrastructure Inequality and Environmental Injustice: The Case of Flint, Michigan|date=2018|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71389-2_5|work=The Palgrave Handbook of Sustainability: Case Studies and Practical Solutions|pages=79–97|editor-last=Brinkmann|editor-first=Robert|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-71389-2_5|isbn=978-3-319-71389-2|access-date=2026-06-14|last2=Brown|first2=Komal|last3=Pieper|first3=Kelsey|last4=Edwards|first4=Marc|last5=Lambrinidou|first5=Yanna|last6=Subra|first6=Wilma|editor2-last=Garren|editor2-first=Sandra J.}}</ref> Jamii ambazo hazina huduma hizi za maji safi ya kunywa ziko katika hatari ya kupata magonjwa yanayoenezwa na maji na yanayohusiana na uchafuzi wa mazingira kama vile Kipindupindu, kuhara, kuhara damu, homa ya ini, homa ya matumbo na polio.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Drinking-water|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water|work=www.who.int|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en}}</ref> Jamii hizi mara nyingi ziko katika maeneo ya watu wenye kipato cha chini, ambapo maji machafu ya binadamu hutupwa kwenye mifereji ya maji iliyo karibu au mkondo wa maji ya juu bila matibabu ya kutosha, au hutumiwa katika umwagiliaji wa kilimo. ===Matumizi ya Viwandani na Nyumbani=== Ioni zilizoyeyushwa zinaweza kuathiri ufaafu wa maji kwa madhumuni anuwai ya viwandani na ya nyumbani. Inayojulikana zaidi kati ya hizi pengine ni uwepo wa kalsiamu (Ca2+) na magnesiamu (Mg2+) ambayo huingilia usafishaji wa sabuni, na inaweza kuunda salfati ngumu na amana laini za kaboni katika hita za maji au boilers. Maji magumu yanaweza kulainishwa ili kuondoa ioni hizi. Mchakato wa kulainisha mara nyingi hubadilisha kasheni za sodiamu. Kwa baadhi ya watu, maji magumu yanaweza kuwa bora kuliko maji laini kwa sababu matatizo ya kiafya yamehusishwa na upungufu wa kalsiamu na sodiamu ya ziada. Umuhimu wa ziada wa kalsiamu na magnesiamu katika maji unategemea idadi ya watu wanaohusika kwa sababu watu kwa ujumla hutosheleza viwango vyao vilivyopendekezwa kupitia chakula.<ref name=":2" /> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Afya]] [[Jamii:maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] cyge2dhhn1rnluyis95xynt50toymxj 1573067 1573062 2026-06-15T00:47:24Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1573067 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif|right|thumb|Sampuli ya rosette ambayo hutumika kukusanya sampuli za maji katika maji ya kina kirefu, kama vile [[ziwa|Maziwa Makuu]] au bahari, kwa ajili ya kupima ubora wa maji.]] '''Ubora wa maji''' hurejelea sifa za kikemikali, kifizikia na kibiolojia za [[maji]] kulingana na viwango vya matumizi yake. <ref name="water quality">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cordy|first=Gail E.|date=March 2001|title=A Primer on Water Quality|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-027-01/|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Johnson |first=D. L. |last2=Ambrose |first2=S. H. |last3=Bassett |first3=T. J. |last4=Bowen |first4=M. L. |last5=Crummey |first5=D. E. |last6=Isaacson |first6=J. S. |last7=Johnson |first7=D. N. |last8=Lamb |first8=P. |last9=Saul |first9=M. |last10=Winter-Nelson |first10=A. E. |year=1997 |title=Meanings of Environmental Terms |journal=Journal of Environmental Quality |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=581–589 |bibcode=1997JEnvQ..26..581J |doi=10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x}}</ref> Hutumika mara nyingi kwa kurejelea seti ya viwango ambavyo kufuata sheria, kwa ujumla kunapatikana kupitia matibabu ya maji, kunaweza kutathminiwa. Viwango vya kawaida vinavyotumika kufuatilia na kutathmini ubora wa maji vinaonyesha afya ya mifumo ikolojia, usalama wa mgusano wa binadamu, kiwango cha uchafuzi wa maji na hali ya [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]]. Ubora wa maji una athari kubwa kwenye usambazaji wa maji na mara nyingi huamua chaguzi za usambazaji.<ref name=":2">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/254637|title=Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating first addendum|last=Organization|first=World Health|date=2017-02-20|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154995-0|language=English}}</ref> ==Madhara katika Afya ya Umma== Baada ya muda, kumekuwa na ongezeko la utambuzi wa umuhimu wa ubora wa maji ya kunywa na athari zake kwa afya ya umma. Hii imesababisha kuongezeka kwa ulinzi na usimamizi wa ubora wa maji. Uelewa wa uhusiano kati ya ubora wa maji na afya unaendelea kukua na kuangazia majanga mapya ya kiafya: kutoka kwa athari sugu za magonjwa ya kuambukiza katika ukuaji wa mtoto kupitia kudumaa hadi ushahidi mpya juu ya madhara kutoka kwa uchafu unaojulikana, kama vile manganese na ushahidi unaoongezeka wa sumu ya neuro kwa watoto.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Khan |first=Nameerah |last2=Charles |first2=Katrina J. |date=2022-09-29 |title=When Water Quality Crises Drive Change: A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Processes Behind Major Water Contamination Events |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9522453/ |journal=Exposure and Health |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1007/s12403-022-00505-0 |issn=2451-9766 |pmc=9522453 |pmid=36196073}}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, kuna masuala mengi yanayojitokeza ya ubora wa maji-kama vile plastiki ndogo, misombo ya perfluorinated, na upinzani wa antimicrobial.<ref name=":0" /> ==Aina za Ubora wa maji== Vigezo vya ubora wa maji vinatambuliwa kulingana na matumizi yaliyokusudiwa. Kazi katika eneo la ubora wa maji inaelekea kulenga maji ambayo yanatibiwa kwa uwezo wa kuota, matumizi ya viwandani/nyumbani, au kurejesha (mazingira/mfumo wa ikolojia, kwa ujumla kwa ajili ya afya ya viumbe vya binadamu na vya majini) ===Matumizi ya Binadamu=== [[File:Chemical contamination of drinking water.jpg|thumb|Uchafuzi wa kikanda na kitaifa wa maji ya kunywa kwa aina ya kemikali na ukubwa wa idadi ya watu katika hatari ya kuambukizwa]]Vichafu ambavyo vinaweza kuwa katika maji ambayo hayajatibiwa ni pamoja na vijidudu kama vile virusi, protozoa na bakteria; uchafuzi wa isokaboni kama vile chumvi na metali; uchafuzi wa kemikali za kikaboni kutoka kwa michakato ya viwanda na matumizi ya petroli; dawa na dawa za kuua wadudu; na vichafuzi vya mionzi. Ubora wa maji unategemea jiolojia na mfumo ikolojia wa mahali hapo, pamoja na matumizi ya binadamu kama vile mtawanyiko wa maji taka, uchafuzi wa viwandani, matumizi ya vyanzo vya maji kama sehemu ya kupitishia joto, na matumizi kupita kiasi (ambayo yanaweza kupunguza kiwango cha maji).<ref name=":1" /> Wakala wa Ulinzi wa Mazingira wa Marekani (EPA) huweka kikomo kiasi cha uchafuzi fulani katika maji ya bomba unaotolewa na mifumo ya maji ya umma ya Marekani.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Common Considerations|url=https://www.epa.gov/sourcewaterprotection/common-considerations|work=www.epa.gov|date=2020-01-06|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> Sheria ya maji ya kunywa salama inaidhinisha EPA kutoa aina mbili za viwango: *viwango vya msingi hudhibiti vitu ambavyo vinaweza kuathiri afya ya binadamu<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=40 CFR Part 141 -- National Primary Drinking Water Regulations|url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/part-141|work=www.ecfr.gov|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Drinking Water Regulations|url=https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/drinking-water-regulations|work=www.epa.gov|date=2015-09-21|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> *viwango vya sekondari vinaagiza sifa za uzuri, zile zinazoathiri ladha, harufu, au muonekano<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Secondary Drinking Water Standards: Guidance for Nuisance Chemicals|url=https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/secondary-drinking-water-standards-guidance-nuisance-chemicals|work=www.epa.gov|date=2015-09-02|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> Kanuni za Utawala wa Chakula na Dawa za Marekani (FDA) huweka vikomo vya uchafu katika maji ya chupa. Maji ya kunywa, ikiwa ni pamoja na maji ya chupa, yanaweza kutarajiwa kuwa na angalau kiasi kidogo cha baadhi ya uchafu. Uwepo wa uchafuzi huu hauonyeshi kwamba maji yana hatari ya afya. Katika maeneo ya mijini kote ulimwenguni, teknolojia ya kusafisha maji hutumiwa katika mifumo ya maji ya manispaa ili kuondoa uchafu kutoka kwa chanzo cha maji (maji ya uso au chini ya ardhi) kabla ya kusambazwa kwa nyumba, biashara, shule na wapokeaji wengine. Maji yanayotolewa moja kwa moja kutoka kwenye kijito, ziwa, au chemichemi ya maji na ambayo hayana matibabu yatakuwa na ubora usiojulikana katika suala la uwezo wa kumea.<ref name=":2" /> Mzigo wa maji machafu ya kunywa huathiri vibaya idadi ya watu wasio na uwakilishi na walio hatarini.<ref>{{Citation|last=Katner|first=Adrienne L.|title=America’s Path to Drinking Water Infrastructure Inequality and Environmental Injustice: The Case of Flint, Michigan|date=2018|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71389-2_5|work=The Palgrave Handbook of Sustainability: Case Studies and Practical Solutions|pages=79–97|editor-last=Brinkmann|editor-first=Robert|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-71389-2_5|isbn=978-3-319-71389-2|access-date=2026-06-14|last2=Brown|first2=Komal|last3=Pieper|first3=Kelsey|last4=Edwards|first4=Marc|last5=Lambrinidou|first5=Yanna|last6=Subra|first6=Wilma|editor2-last=Garren|editor2-first=Sandra J.}}</ref> Jamii ambazo hazina huduma hizi za maji safi ya kunywa ziko katika hatari ya kupata magonjwa yanayoenezwa na maji na yanayohusiana na uchafuzi wa mazingira kama vile Kipindupindu, kuhara, kuhara damu, homa ya ini, homa ya matumbo na polio.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Drinking-water|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water|work=www.who.int|accessdate=2026-06-14|language=en}}</ref> Jamii hizi mara nyingi ziko katika maeneo ya watu wenye kipato cha chini, ambapo maji machafu ya binadamu hutupwa kwenye mifereji ya maji iliyo karibu au mkondo wa maji ya juu bila matibabu ya kutosha, au hutumiwa katika umwagiliaji wa kilimo. ===Matumizi ya Viwandani na Nyumbani=== Ioni zilizoyeyushwa zinaweza kuathiri ufaafu wa maji kwa madhumuni anuwai ya viwandani na ya nyumbani. Inayojulikana zaidi kati ya hizi pengine ni uwepo wa kalsiamu (Ca2+) na magnesiamu (Mg2+) ambayo huingilia usafishaji wa sabuni, na inaweza kuunda salfati ngumu na amana laini za kaboni katika hita za maji au boilers. Maji magumu yanaweza kulainishwa ili kuondoa ioni hizi. Mchakato wa kulainisha mara nyingi hubadilisha kasheni za sodiamu. Kwa baadhi ya watu, maji magumu yanaweza kuwa bora kuliko maji laini kwa sababu matatizo ya kiafya yamehusishwa na upungufu wa kalsiamu na sodiamu ya ziada. Umuhimu wa ziada wa kalsiamu na magnesiamu katika maji unategemea idadi ya watu wanaohusika kwa sababu watu kwa ujumla hutosheleza viwango vyao vilivyopendekezwa kupitia chakula.<ref name=":2" /> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Afya]] [[Jamii:maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] od77q8hxewq1aan7v9tlwz6awkecmvc 0 240764 1573020 1570857 2026-06-14T15:07:17Z EmausBot 5566 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[Ziwa la kwato]] to [[Ziwa la oksibo]] 1573020 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ziwa la oksibo]] pr32tjr0x25sqznvh07yozxyo2k31f2 1 240765 1573086 1572985 2026-06-15T08:22:26Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Kwato */ 1573086 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kwato == Nimechukua jina hilo katika tangazo la editathon lililobadilishwa na {{ping|Anuary Rajabu}} mara ya mwisho, lakini kwato si nira (oxbow). Tubadilishe tena? '''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 14:08, 11 Juni 2026 (UTC) :Tafsiri iliwekwa kwa umbo la ziwa jinsi linavyoonekana,sio maana ya moja kwa moja ya neno "oxbow". Au pengine bora tulitumie neno lenyewe kama lilivyo na kuwa "Ziwa la Oksibo"? kwa kufuata matamshi ya neno la kiingereza. @[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] '''[[Mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|Anuary Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 10:02, 14 Juni 2026 (UTC) ::{{ping|Anuary Rajabu}} Naona una haraka sana! Uliniuliza swali usisubiri jibu ukahamisha ukurasa! Kwa kweli oksibo haina maana, hata haifanani na matamshi "oksbau" au "aksbau". Suala ni kwatu au nira? Umbo linafanana na nini zaidi? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 08:22, 15 Juni 2026 (UTC) cntanwkhdd2c4ao7b2t7c090di27ph4 0 240862 1573019 1572204 2026-06-14T14:36:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1573019 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michael "Mike" Ezuruonye''' (alizaliwa 21 Septemba 1982) ni mwigizaji wa Nollywood.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Nollywood Actor, Mike Ezuronye, Becomes Checkers Brand Ambassador – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2022/05/09/nollywood-actor-mike-ezuronye-becomes-checkers-brand-ambassador/|accessdate=2026-06-12|language=en-US}}</ref> == Maisha na Kazi == Ezuruonye anatokea Uzuakoli katika [[Abia (jimbo)|Jimbo la Abia]], [[Kusini]] [[Mashariki]], mwa  [[Nigeria]]. Alizaliwa tarehe 21 Septemba 1982, katika Jimbo la Lagos. Ezuruonye alisoma Chuo cha Serikali ya Shirikisho(Federal Government College)  huko Wukari, na Shule ya ''Archbishop Aggey  Memorial'' katika Jimbo la Lagos. Alisomea uhasibu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Nnamdi Azikiwe, na alifanya kazi kama mfanyakazi wa benki kabla ya kuwa mwigizaji.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mike Ezuruonye {{!}} Number One Online Movie Platform for Latest Nollywood & Ghanaian Movies|url=http://ibakatv.com/celeb/mike-ezuruonye|work=ibakatv.com|accessdate=2026-06-12|language=en|archive-date=2015-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224084133/http://ibakatv.com/celeb/mike-ezuruonye|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=A fan wanted me to sign on her bra Mike Ezuruonye - nigeriafilms.com|url=http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/20777/5/a-fan-wanted-me-to-sign-on-her-bra-mike-ezuruonye.html|work=www.nigeriafilms.com|accessdate=2026-06-12|author=Kemi Ashefon|archive-date=2015-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403124958/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/20777/5/a-fan-wanted-me-to-sign-on-her-bra-mike-ezuruonye.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ameshiriki katika [[filamu]] kadhaa za Nollywood. Aliteuliwa kuwania tuzo ya  Muigizaji Bora katika Nafasi kuu kutokana na uigizaji wake katika ''The Assassin'' kwenye  Africa Movie Academy mnamo 2009, na pia aliteuliwa kuwania tuzo ya Mwigizaji Bora katika Africa Magic Viewer's Choice mwaka huo huo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=AMAA Nominees and Winners 2009 {{!}} Africa Movie Academy Awards|url=http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2009|work=www.ama-awards.com|accessdate=2026-06-12|language=en|archive-date=2011-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405090903/http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://thenet.ng/mike-ezuronye-o-c-ukeje-others-contest-2015-amvca-award/</ref> Mnamo 2025, Mike Ezuruonye aliendelea kuonyesha umaarufu  wake mkubwa katika mauzo ya tiketi za sinema kwa kuwa miongoni mwa waigizaji kumi wa Nollywood waliopata mapato makubwa Zaidi mwaka huo, kutokana na jumla ya mapato yaliyotokana na filamu kadhaa zilizofanikiwa kuonyeshwa katika kumbi za sinema .<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Meet The Highest Grossing Nollywood Actors of 2025|url=https://www.eweekly.com.ng/2026/02/meet-top-10-highest-grossing-nollywood.html|work=Entertainment Weekly Magazine|accessdate=2026-06-12}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Ezuruonye alifunga [[ndoa]] na Nkechi Nnorom mnamo Novemba 2010.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=BN Celebrity Weddings: Mike Ezuruonye weds Nkechi ‘Keke’ Nnorom in grand style – The Exclusive Wedding Photos|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2010/11/bn-celebrity-weddings-mike-ezuruonye-weds-nkechi-keke-nnorom-in-grand-style-the-exclusive-wedding-photos/|work=BellaNaija|date=2010-11-16|accessdate=2026-06-12|language=en-US|author=BellaNaija.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Meet Mike Ezuruonye's Family: His Wife and the Son they Share|url=https://buzznigeria.com/mike-ezuruonye-bio-wife-facts/|work=buzznigeria.com|accessdate=2026-06-12|language=en-US}}</ref> Walifanya harusi yao ya kitamaduni  mwezi Mei 2010 katika Jimbo la Abia na harusi yao ya kanisani ilifanyika mwezi  Novemba 2010 katika Kanisa la Methodist la Folawiyo Bankole huko Lagos. <ref>{{Citation|last=Black|first=Henry|title=Mike Ezuruonye set date for white wedding - Nigeriafilms|date=2016-03-24|url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/mike-ezuruonye-set-date-for-white-wedding/|work=Nigeriafilms|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-12|archive-date=2023-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924001420/https://www.nigeriafilms.com/mike-ezuruonye-set-date-for-white-wedding/|url-status=dead}}</ref>Harusi yao ilihudhuriwa na watu  wengi mashuhuri pamoja na viongozi mbalimbali. Wana watoto wawili. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Meet Mike Ezuruonye's Family: His Wife and the Son they Share|url=https://buzznigeria.com/mike-ezuruonye-bio-wife-facts/|work=buzznigeria.com|accessdate=2026-06-12|language=en-US}}</ref> Katika mahojiano Ezuruonye alisema kwamba alitoka katika familia yeye misingi thabiti na akaongeza kuwa familia yao ilikuwa ya heshima na yenye maisha mazuri. Pia alisema kwamba vyama vya vikuu vya kisiasa vilimshawishi  kujiunge na siasa, lakini alipendelea kufanya hivyo pale atakapokuwa amejiandaa kikamilifu kwa jukumu hilo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=I’ve gone beyond Nollywood — Mike Ezuruonye|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/05/ive-gone-beyond-nollywood-mike-ezuruonye/|work=Vanguard News|date=2018-05-18|accessdate=2026-06-12|language=en-GB|author=Urowayino Jeremiah}}</ref> == Filamu Teule == * ''As Complicated'' (2020) * ''Bitter Rain'' (2021) as Nnamdi * ''Brother Jekwu'' (2016) as Brother Jekwu * ''Critical Decision'' * ''Dark Listed'' (2019) * ''Deal Breaker'' (2021) as Adam * ''Desire'' (2008) as Desmond * ''Divorce Not Allowed'' (2018) as Hycent * ''Daddies Face Off'' (2021) * ''Flipped'' (2021) as Naeto * ''Keep Me Alive'' (2008) * ''Lagos Real Fake Life'' (2018) as Chidi * ''Occultic Kingdom'' * ''Precious Secrets'' (2022) * ''Pregnant Daddy'' (2023) as Oscar * ''Ridicule'' (2023) as Oliver * ''Ropes of Fate'' (2010) as Samuel * ''Shattered'' (2021) * ''Soul Behaviour'' (2020) * ''Soul Gigolo'' (2020) * ''That Other Good Turn'' (2021) as Edwin * ''The Assassin'' * ''The Debt'' (2021) * ''The Donor'' (2021) as Ejiro * ''The Tenant'' * ''To Kill a Ghost'' (2023) as Dennis * ''Bola's Baggage'' (2023) * ''She Must Be Obeyed'' (2023) as Livinus * ''The Dead'' (2023) as Chinedu * ''Unforeseen'' (2005) * ''Unpredictables'' (2022) * ''Endless Passion'' (2005) as Kingsley<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1193571/|work=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-06-12}}</ref> * ''Broken Marriage''<ref>{{Citation|title=MEET The Adorable Wife And Child Of Nollywood Actor, Mike Ezuruonye|date=2020-08-22|url=https://www.ghgossip.com/meet-the-adorable-wife-and-child-of-nollywood-actor-mike-ezuruonye/|work=GhGossip|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-12|archive-date=2020-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822082911/https://www.ghgossip.com/meet-the-adorable-wife-and-child-of-nollywood-actor-mike-ezuruonye/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''Beyond Reason'' * ''Unforgivable''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mike Ezuruonye makes Yoruba movie debut|url=https://thenet.ng/mike-ezuruonye-makes-yoruba-movie-debut/,%20https://thenet.ng/mike-ezuruonye-makes-yoruba-movie-debut/|date=2013-08-14|accessdate=2026-06-12|language=en-US|author=Editor}}</ref> (2014) as Damola * ''Calabash Part 1 & Part 2'' (2014) * ''The Duplex'' <ref>{{Citation|title=The Duplex: Mike Ezuruonye, Omoni Oboli scamper in House of Horror|url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/entertainment/item/30659-the-duplex-mike-ezuruonye-omoni-oboli-scamper-in-house-of-horror|language=en-gb|access-date=2026-06-12|archive-date=2015-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304074916/http://www.tribune.com.ng/entertainment/item/30659-the-duplex-mike-ezuruonye-omoni-oboli-scamper-in-house-of-horror|url-status=dead}}</ref>(2015) as Emeka * ''Living with a Ghost'' (2015) * ''Breathless'' (2015) as Ben * '''Forbidden Choice'' (2014) as Johnson * ''Break of Dawn'' (2024) * ''Cramp My Style'' (2024) * ''3 Working Days'' (2024) * ''Family Gbese'' (2024) * ''Heart of a Brother'' (2024) as Chibunna == Tuzo na Uteuzi == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Mwaka !Filamu !Tuzo !Kategori !matokeo |- |2009 |''The Assassin'' |Africa Movie Academy Awards |Mwigizaji Bora katika Nafasi kuu (Best Actor in Leading Role) |Ameteuliwa |- |2014 |''Unforgivable'' |Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards |Mwigizaji Bora | |- |2014 |''Unforgivable'' |Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards |Mwigizaji Bora | |- |2014 |''Unforgivable'' |City People Entertainment Awards |Mwigizaji Bora | |- |2014 |''Unforgivable'' |Nollywood Movies Awards |Mwigizaji Bora | |- |2015 |''The Tenant'' |Zulu African Film Academy Awards |Mwigizaji Bora | |- |2016 |''Brother Jekwu'' |Golden Movie Awards |Mwigizaji Bora | |} == Marejeo == <references /> {{BD|1982|}} [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] [[Jamii:waigizaji filamu wa Nigeria]] hz7no5b71n6pboxl7fs7hvx0n5l8zhm 0 240866 1573091 1573006 2026-06-15T09:05:36Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1573091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{umaarufu}} '''Meshari Mohammad''' (amezaliwa 19 Julai 1984, [[Kuwait]]) ni mjasiriamali wa kidijitali, msanifu wa mifumo na mtaalamu wa usalama kutoka Kuwait. Anajulikana kwa utata wake katika kuendeleza miundombinu ya kidijitali na ukuzaji wa programu za vitendo.<ref>[https://masharyweb.site Tovuti rasmi ya Meshari Mohammad]. masharyweb.site. Ilitafutwa mnamo 14 Juni 2026.</ref> == Kazi == Kazi ya Meshari ililenga katika ukuzaji vya bidhaa mahiri na ujenzi wa rasilimali za kidijitali zilizounganishwa. Alitengeneza programu zilizochapishwa kwenye masoko ya kimataifa, pamoja na kufanya uboreshaji wa maduka ya programu (ASO) na usanifu wa mifumo ya programu katika miradi mbalimbali nchini Kuwait. Moja ya programu zake maarufu ni "GIF4Sticker" inayopatikana kwenye Google Play Store.<ref>[https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.whatsappstickers.stickermakerforwhatsapp Programu ya GIF4Sticker kwenye Google Play Store]. Play Store. Ilitafutwa mnamo 14 Juni 2026.</ref> == Utaalamu wa Masoko ya Fedha == Katika uwanja wa uchumi wa kidijitali, Meshari anafanya kazi kama mchambuzi katika masoko ya [[Forex]] na [[Fedha ya dijiti|sarafu ya dijiti]] (Crypto), akitumia mikakati ya biashara kulingana na dhana ya ''Smart Money'' (SMC). == Mtazamo wa Usalama == Katika usanifu wa mifumo yake, anatumia itifaki za hali ya juu za uchambuzi kama vile ''ASCENDANT SECURITY THINKING'', ambayo inazingatia kutambua udhaifu wa mfumo kabla ya kusakinishwa na kutumia uhandisi wa kubadili (reverse engineering) ili kulinda miundombinu ya kidijitali. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya Nje == * [https://masharyweb.site Tovuti Rasmi ya Meshari Mohammad] * [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.whatsappstickers.stickermakerforwhatsapp Programu ya GIF4Sticker kwenye Google Play] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Kuwait]] to51cbqx0q8julpiqy1mts1svglm4v3 0 240895 1573024 1572355 2026-06-14T15:16:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1573024 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Mouth of the Lofa (2023-12-24 Sentinel-2 L2A).png|thumb|[[Mdomo wa mto]] Lofa]] '''Mto Lofa''' (pia '''Mto Loffa''') ni [[mto]] wa kimataifa uliopo upande wa [[magharibi]] mwa [[Afrika]] ambao unapita katika nchi za [[Guinea]] na [[Liberia]]. Chanzo kikuu cha maji cha mto huu kinaanzia kaskazini-mashariki mwa mji wa Macenta uliopo mashariki mwa Guinea, kisha unatiririka kuelekea upande wa kusini-magharibi kupitia kaskazini-mashariki mwa Liberia kabla ya kumwaga maji yake katika [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]].<ref name=map>(1) {{cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/img/maps/liberia_physical_map.gif|title=Liberia Physical Map|work=Worldometers|accessdate=24 June 2020|archive-date=24 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624034902/https://www.worldometers.info/img/maps/liberia_physical_map.gif|url-status=dead}}.<br>(2) {{cite web|url=http://ontheworldmap.com/liberia/liberia-political-map.jpg|title=Liberia Political Map|work=OnTheWorldMap|accessdate=24 June 2020|archive-date=24 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624045824/http://ontheworldmap.com/liberia/liberia-political-map.jpg|url-status=dead}}.</ref> Mto huu una urefu wa kilomita 410 na beseni lenye ukubwa wa kilomita za mraba 10,446, ambapo unazalisha wastani wa mita za ujazo bilioni 18.63 za maji kwa mwaka.<ref name="River Basins">{{cite web|url=http://twap-rivers.org/indicators|title=River Basins|accessdate=2026-06-13|archive-date=2024-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117234333/http://twap-rivers.org/indicators/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kihistoria, mto huu pia uliwahi kujulikana kwa jina la ''Little Cape Mount River''.<ref name="expl">{{cite book | title = African-American Exploration in West Africa: Four Nineteenth-century Diaries |author1=Sims, James L. |author2=Seymour, George L. |author3=Anderson, Benjamin J. K. |author4=Fairhead, James | isbn = 0-253-34194-9|publisher = [[Indiana University Press]] |year = 2003 | page = 375}}</ref> Ndani ya ardhi ya Liberia, katika Kaunti ya Lofa, Mto Lofa unapokea maji kutoka kwa tawari lake muhimu linalojulikana kama Mto Lawa.<ref name=map/> == Uchumi na ekolojia == Katika nyanja ya kiuchumi, mto huu una historia ya kuwa na maeneo ya uchimbaji wa madini, ambapo vibali kadhaa vya serikali kwa ajili ya usimamizi na uendeshaji wa machimbo ya [[almasi]] kando ya Mto Lofa vilitolewa mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1950 na mapema miaka ya 1960.<ref name="diamonds">{{cite book | title = West African Diamonds | author = Greenhalgh, Peter | isbn = 0-7190-1763-7 | pages = 72–73 | year = 1985 | publisher = Manchester University Press}}</ref> Upande wa ekolojia na utunzaji wa viumbe hai, bonde la Mto Lofa ni makazi muhimu ya asili kwa wanyama adimu wa mwituni barani [[Afrika]]. Miongoni mwa wanyama asili wanaopatikana katika mfumo wa mto huu ni pamoja na [[Kiboko Kibete|kiboko kibete]], mnyama anayevutia watafiti wengi wa wanyamapori kutokana na kuwa hatarini kutoweka duniani.<ref name="nyt">{{cite news | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/07/14/100542377.pdf | title = At last New York has a pair of pygmy hippos | date = July 14, 1912 | accessdate = 2009-01-12 | format = PDF | work = [[The New York Times]] }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Guinea]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Liberia]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] rl8llsaykc2ulrstnn89aug1d9b6ej1 0 240916 1573012 1572939 2026-06-14T12:56:03Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 5 template(s) replaced. 1573012 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Tenzi za Solomoni''''' ni mkusanyo wa [[tenzi]] 24 zilizosambazwa kwa [[jina]] la [[mfalme]] wa [[Israeli]] [[Solomoni]], [[Mtoto|mwana]] wa [[Daudi (Biblia)|Daudi]], aliyeishi [[karne ya 10 KK]]<ref>[[John Emerton|J. A. Emerton]], "The Odes of Solomon" in [[Hedley Sparks|H. F. D. Sparks]], ed., ''The Apocryphal Old Testament'', Volume 1 (Clarendon, 1984), pp. 684–685: "from very early days the Odes were ascribed to Solomon" but "No claim to Solomonic authorship is made in the text".</ref>. Kumbe [[Mtaalamu|wataalamu]] wengi leo wanadhani zilitungwa na [[Ukristo|Mkristo]] [[Wakristo wa Kiyahudi|wa Kiyahudi]] kwa [[Kiaramu]]<ref>J. R. Harris, A. Mingana, A. Vööbus, J. A. Emerton, and James H. Charlesworth</ref> (au kwa [[Kigiriki]]<ref>W. Frankenburg, "Das Verständnis der Oden Salomos", ''Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttenstamentliche Wissenschaft'' 21 (Giessen, 1911).</ref>) [[Mwaka|miaka]] [[70]]-[[125]] [[Baada ya Kristo|BK]]<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Odes of Solomon |url=https://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/odessolomon.html |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.earlyjewishwritings.com}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> sehemu za [[Syria]], labda kwa ajili ya kuimbwa wakati wa [[Liturgia|liturujia]]<ref>Bernard, JH (1912). "The Odes of Solomon" in Texts and Studies VIII.</ref> . [[Maandishi]] hayo yanaonyesha uhusiano na yale ya [[Waeseni]] na [[Injili ya Yohane]]<ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Odes of Solomon |url=http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/odes.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.earlychristianwritings.com}}</ref><ref name="James H 19772">[[James H. Charlesworth|Charlesworth, James H]] (1977). ''The Odes of Solomon''. Missoula, Montana: Scholars Press. {{ISBN|0-89130-202-6}}.</ref><ref name=":3">{{Rejea kitabu |last=Charlesworth |first=James H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZujYAAAAMAAJ&dq=Odes+of+Solomon+docetism&pg=PA184 |title=Critical Reflections on the Odes of Solomon |date=1998 |publisher=Sheffield Academic Press |isbn=978-1-85075-660-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last1=Charlesworth |first1=James H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATBjAwAAQBAJ&dq=Odes+of+Solomon+Essene&pg=PA109 |title=Sacra Scriptura: How "Non-Canonical" Texts Functioned in Early Judaism and Early Christianity |last2=McDonald |first2=Lee Martin |date=2014-04-24 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-567-29668-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />. Zilitumiwa na [[Ignas wa Antiokia]]<ref>R. M. Grant (1944). "The Odes of Solomon and the Church of Antioch", ''Journal of Biblical Literature'' 63, pp. 363–97.</ref><ref>V. Corwin, ''St. Ignatius and Christianity in Antioch'', Yale Publications in Religion 1 (New Haven: Yale UP, 1960), pp. 71–80.</ref>, pia labda na [[Yustino mfiadini|Yustino]] na [[Mtakatifu Ireneo|Ireneo]]<ref>{{Rejea jarida |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/27900527.pdf |access-date=2022-04-10 |journal=The Monist|jstor=27900527 |title=The Disciples of John and the Odes of Solomon |last1=Smith |first1=Preserved |year=1915 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=161–199 |doi=10.5840/monist191525235 }}</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mababu wa Kitume]] * [[Babu wa Kanisa|Mababu wa Kanisa]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Vyanzo== * Bernard, JH (1912). "The Odes of Solomon" in ''Texts and Studies VIII''. * Charlesworth, James H (1977). ''The Odes of Solomon''. Missoula, Montana: Scholars Press. {{ISBN|0-89130-202-6}}. * Franzmann, M (1991). ''The Odes of Solomon: Analysis of the Poetical Structure and Form''. Göttingen. * Harris, JR and A Mingana (1916, 1920). ''The Odes and Psalms of Solomon'' in 2 vols. Manchester. * Vleugels, Gie. ''The Odes of Solomon: Syriac Text and English Translation with Text Critical and Explanatory Notes''. MŌRĀN ETH’Ō 41. Kottayam: St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute, 2016. ==Marejeo== * Chadwick, H (1970). "Some reflections on the character and theology of the Odes of Solomon" in ''Kyriakon: Festschrift für J Quasten'' vol. 1, ed. P Granfield and JA Jungmann. * Drijvers, Han Jan Willem (1984). ''East of Antioch: Studies in Early Syriac Christianity''. Aldershot: Ashgate Variorum Reprints. {{ISBN|0-86078-146-1}}. * Pierce, Mark (1984). "Themes in the Odes of Solomon and other early Christian writings and their baptismal character" in ''Ephemerides Liturgicae XCVIII''. * Vleugels, Gie (2011). "The Destruction of the Second Temple in the Odes of Solomon", in: ''Das heilige Herz der Tora'' Festschrift für Hendrik Koorevaar, ed. Siegbert Riecker and Julius Steinberg, Aachen: Shaker Verlag. {{ISBN|978-3-8440-0584-4}}, 303-310 ==Viungo vya nje== {{Wikisource|Odes of Solomon}} * Zinner, Samuel and Mattison, Mark M., [https://www.nuhra.net/nuhra-2021 "The Odes of Solomon: The Nuhra Version"] (2021) ([[public domain]]; [[s:Odes of Solomon|Wikisource text]]) * Harris, J. Rendel [https://archive.org/details/TheOdesAndPsalmsOfSolomon "The Odes and Psalms of Solomon: Published from the Syriac Version"] 2nd ed. 1911 * Harris, J. Rendel and Mingana [https://archive.org/details/odespsalmsofsolo01harruoft "The Odes and Psalms of Solomon" vol. 1: the text], 1916 (facsimiles of Syriac and Latin manuscripts) * Harris, J. Rendel and Mingana [https://archive.org/details/odesandpsalmsso01librgoog "The Odes and Psalms of Solomon" vol. 2: the translation], 1920 (no copiable text, but much smaller filesize) * Harris, J. Rendel and Mingana [https://archive.org/details/odespsalmsofsolo02harruoft "The Odes and Psalms of Solomon" vol. 2: the translation], 1920 (copiable text from [[Optical character recognition|OCR]], but very large filesize) * Brahmachari Prangopal (aka. Simeon Goldstein) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120414215755/http://www.atmajyoti.org/ch_odes_solomon_TEXT.asp "The Odes of Solomon: Introduction and Translation"] * Charlesworth, James (Translator). "The Odes of Solomon." [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/odes.html Early Christian Writings]. * Charlesworth, James (Translator). "The Odes of Solomon" [https://web.archive.org/web/20130426084421/http://users.misericordia.edu/davies/thomas/odes.htm Archived from misericordia.edu]. * J.B. Lightfoot or R.H. Charles, translator [https://web.archive.org/web/20120115032226/http://www.goodnewsinc.org/othbooks/odesolmn.html "The Odes of Solomon"] 1913 in Rutherford Hayes Platt "The lost books of the Bible and The forgotten books of Eden." (Collins-World Publishers, 1926). * Jackson H. Snyder II [http://www.jacksonsnyder.com/arc/2009/Shalome-080809.pdf "The Odes of Shalomé: Ancient Netzari Songs of Extraterrestrial Love"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729092021/http://www.jacksonsnyder.com/arc/2009/Shalome-080809.pdf |date=2018-07-29 }} (Snyder is a messianic Jewish Christian author) * {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Solomon, Odes of |volume=25 |page=365 |short=x}} * [https://archive.org/search.php?query=subject%3A%22Odes%20of%20Solomon%22 Internet Archive Search] * ''[https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/odes.html Odes of Solomon in Early Christian Writings]'' {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:Vitabu]] [[Jamii:Mababu wa Kanisa]] euqhzvs5cg2qslg77erad61fqmbn5kx 1573078 1573012 2026-06-15T07:51:12Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1573078 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Tenzi za Solomoni''''' ni mkusanyo wa [[tenzi]] 24 zilizosambazwa kwa [[jina]] la [[mfalme]] wa [[Israeli]] [[Solomoni]], [[Mtoto|mwana]] wa [[Daudi (Biblia)|Daudi]], aliyeishi [[karne ya 10 KK]]<ref>[[John Emerton|J. A. Emerton]], "The Odes of Solomon" in [[Hedley Sparks|H. F. D. Sparks]], ed., ''The Apocryphal Old Testament'', Volume 1 (Clarendon, 1984), pp. 684–685: "from very early days the Odes were ascribed to Solomon" but "No claim to Solomonic authorship is made in the text".</ref>. Kumbe [[Mtaalamu|wataalamu]] wengi leo wanadhani zilitungwa na [[Ukristo|Mkristo]] [[Wakristo wa Kiyahudi|wa Kiyahudi]] kwa [[Kiaramu]]<ref>J. R. Harris, A. Mingana, A. Vööbus, J. A. Emerton, and James H. Charlesworth</ref> (au kwa [[Kigiriki]]<ref>W. Frankenburg, "Das Verständnis der Oden Salomos", ''Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttenstamentliche Wissenschaft'' 21 (Giessen, 1911).</ref>) [[Mwaka|miaka]] [[70]]-[[125]] [[Baada ya Kristo|BK]]<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Odes of Solomon |url=https://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/odessolomon.html |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.earlyjewishwritings.com}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> sehemu za [[Syria]], labda kwa ajili ya kuimbwa wakati wa [[Liturgia|liturujia]]<ref>Bernard, JH (1912). "The Odes of Solomon" in Texts and Studies VIII.</ref>. [[Maandishi]] hayo, ambayo ni ya kwanza ya [[Ukristo wa Kisiria]], yanaonyesha uhusiano na yale ya [[Waeseni]] na [[Injili ya Yohane]]<ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Odes of Solomon |url=http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/odes.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.earlychristianwritings.com}}</ref><ref name="James H 19772">[[James H. Charlesworth|Charlesworth, James H]] (1977). ''The Odes of Solomon''. Missoula, Montana: Scholars Press. {{ISBN|0-89130-202-6}}.</ref><ref name=":3">{{Rejea kitabu |last=Charlesworth |first=James H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZujYAAAAMAAJ&dq=Odes+of+Solomon+docetism&pg=PA184 |title=Critical Reflections on the Odes of Solomon |date=1998 |publisher=Sheffield Academic Press |isbn=978-1-85075-660-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last1=Charlesworth |first1=James H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATBjAwAAQBAJ&dq=Odes+of+Solomon+Essene&pg=PA109 |title=Sacra Scriptura: How "Non-Canonical" Texts Functioned in Early Judaism and Early Christianity |last2=McDonald |first2=Lee Martin |date=2014-04-24 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-567-29668-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />. Zilitumiwa na [[Ignas wa Antiokia]]<ref>R. M. Grant (1944). "The Odes of Solomon and the Church of Antioch", ''Journal of Biblical Literature'' 63, pp. 363–97.</ref><ref>V. Corwin, ''St. Ignatius and Christianity in Antioch'', Yale Publications in Religion 1 (New Haven: Yale UP, 1960), pp. 71–80.</ref>, pia labda na [[Yustino mfiadini|Yustino]] na [[Mtakatifu Ireneo|Ireneo]]<ref>{{Rejea jarida |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/27900527.pdf |access-date=2022-04-10 |journal=The Monist|jstor=27900527 |title=The Disciples of John and the Odes of Solomon |last1=Smith |first1=Preserved |year=1915 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=161–199 |doi=10.5840/monist191525235 }}</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mababu wa Kitume]] * [[Babu wa Kanisa|Mababu wa Kanisa]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Vyanzo== * Bernard, JH (1912). "The Odes of Solomon" in ''Texts and Studies VIII''. * Charlesworth, James H (1977). ''The Odes of Solomon''. Missoula, Montana: Scholars Press. {{ISBN|0-89130-202-6}}. * Franzmann, M (1991). ''The Odes of Solomon: Analysis of the Poetical Structure and Form''. Göttingen. * Harris, JR and A Mingana (1916, 1920). ''The Odes and Psalms of Solomon'' in 2 vols. Manchester. * Vleugels, Gie. ''The Odes of Solomon: Syriac Text and English Translation with Text Critical and Explanatory Notes''. MŌRĀN ETH’Ō 41. Kottayam: St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute, 2016. ==Marejeo== * Chadwick, H (1970). "Some reflections on the character and theology of the Odes of Solomon" in ''Kyriakon: Festschrift für J Quasten'' vol. 1, ed. P Granfield and JA Jungmann. * Drijvers, Han Jan Willem (1984). ''East of Antioch: Studies in Early Syriac Christianity''. Aldershot: Ashgate Variorum Reprints. {{ISBN|0-86078-146-1}}. * Pierce, Mark (1984). "Themes in the Odes of Solomon and other early Christian writings and their baptismal character" in ''Ephemerides Liturgicae XCVIII''. * Vleugels, Gie (2011). "The Destruction of the Second Temple in the Odes of Solomon", in: ''Das heilige Herz der Tora'' Festschrift für Hendrik Koorevaar, ed. Siegbert Riecker and Julius Steinberg, Aachen: Shaker Verlag. {{ISBN|978-3-8440-0584-4}}, 303-310 ==Viungo vya nje== {{Wikisource|Odes of Solomon}} * Zinner, Samuel and Mattison, Mark M., [https://www.nuhra.net/nuhra-2021 "The Odes of Solomon: The Nuhra Version"] (2021) ([[public domain]]; [[s:Odes of Solomon|Wikisource text]]) * Harris, J. Rendel [https://archive.org/details/TheOdesAndPsalmsOfSolomon "The Odes and Psalms of Solomon: Published from the Syriac Version"] 2nd ed. 1911 * Harris, J. Rendel and Mingana [https://archive.org/details/odespsalmsofsolo01harruoft "The Odes and Psalms of Solomon" vol. 1: the text], 1916 (facsimiles of Syriac and Latin manuscripts) * Harris, J. Rendel and Mingana [https://archive.org/details/odesandpsalmsso01librgoog "The Odes and Psalms of Solomon" vol. 2: the translation], 1920 (no copiable text, but much smaller filesize) * Harris, J. Rendel and Mingana [https://archive.org/details/odespsalmsofsolo02harruoft "The Odes and Psalms of Solomon" vol. 2: the translation], 1920 (copiable text from [[Optical character recognition|OCR]], but very large filesize) * Brahmachari Prangopal (aka. Simeon Goldstein) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120414215755/http://www.atmajyoti.org/ch_odes_solomon_TEXT.asp "The Odes of Solomon: Introduction and Translation"] * Charlesworth, James (Translator). "The Odes of Solomon." [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/odes.html Early Christian Writings]. * Charlesworth, James (Translator). "The Odes of Solomon" [https://web.archive.org/web/20130426084421/http://users.misericordia.edu/davies/thomas/odes.htm Archived from misericordia.edu]. * J.B. Lightfoot or R.H. Charles, translator [https://web.archive.org/web/20120115032226/http://www.goodnewsinc.org/othbooks/odesolmn.html "The Odes of Solomon"] 1913 in Rutherford Hayes Platt "The lost books of the Bible and The forgotten books of Eden." (Collins-World Publishers, 1926). * Jackson H. Snyder II [http://www.jacksonsnyder.com/arc/2009/Shalome-080809.pdf "The Odes of Shalomé: Ancient Netzari Songs of Extraterrestrial Love"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729092021/http://www.jacksonsnyder.com/arc/2009/Shalome-080809.pdf |date=2018-07-29 }} (Snyder is a messianic Jewish Christian author) * {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Solomon, Odes of |volume=25 |page=365 |short=x}} * [https://archive.org/search.php?query=subject%3A%22Odes%20of%20Solomon%22 Internet Archive Search] * ''[https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/odes.html Odes of Solomon in Early Christian Writings]'' {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:Vitabu]] [[Jamii:Mababu wa Kanisa]] 4kw1daykdnnemr3m0idulutfrqbb2oc 0 240920 1573079 1573008 2026-06-15T07:53:05Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1573079 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mto Bia''' ni mto unaopatikana hasa nchini [[Ghana]] na hutiririka kupitia Ghana na [[Kodivaa|Côte d’Ivoire]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ghana - Rivers and Lakes|url=https://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm|work=www.countrystudies.us|accessdate=2026-06-14}}</ref> kabla ya kumwaga [[maji]] yake katika Rasi ya Aby (Aby Lagoon) kwenye mpaka wa Ghana na Côte d’Ivoire. Bwawa la kuzalisha umeme wa maji lilijengwa kwenye Mto Bia katika Ayamé mwaka 1959, na kusababisha kuundwa kwa Ziwa Ayamé.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Fish assemblages in the Bia river-lake system (south-eastern Ivory Coast): A self-organizing map approach|url=https://www.lrrd.org/lrrd25/1/kona25013.htm|work=www.lrrd.org|accessdate=2026-06-14}}</ref> Mto Bia ni mojawapo ya mito ya kuvuka mipaka katika [[Afrika Magharibi]]. Chanzo chake ni katika nyanda za juu zenye misitu nchini Ghana, karibu na mji wa Wamfie katika Mkoa wa Brong, kwenye mwinuko wa takribani mita 306 juu ya usawa wa [[bahari]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa Vol. 2|url=https://www.fao.org/4/t0360e/T0360E05.htm|work=www.fao.org|accessdate=2026-06-14}}</ref> Mto Bia una mchango mkubwa katika [[ikolojia]] na uchumi wa Afrika, ukiwa njia muhimu ya kupitisha maji katika eneo la uhifadhi la Bia magharibi mwa Ghana, hususan katika maeneo ya Sefwi, Aowin na Suaman. Mto huu unasaidia kuhifadhi mazingira ya misitu, viumbe hai na shughuli mbalimbali za kiuchumi zinazotegemea rasilimali za maji. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Cote d'Ivoire]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] byb90fn98nnhghahuh0qkskj0ugp6vy 0 240921 1573080 1573009 2026-06-15T07:54:33Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Volta Nyeusi]] 1573080 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[Volta Nyeusi]] mtet0nvolxqfkde0g4ehukm9fbz4lc1 0 240922 1573085 1572988 2026-06-15T08:18:33Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1573085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Andrew Grove | jina_halisi = Gróf András István<ref name=Grove/> | picha = Intel_Inside_(3607903903) (cropped).jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Grove mwaka 2009 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1936|09|02}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Budapest, Hungaria | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2016|03|21|1936|09|02}} | mahala_pa_kifo = Los Altos, California, Marekani | elimu = Chuo cha Jiji la New York (Shahada ya Sayansi)<br>Chuo Kikuu cha California, Berkeley (PhD) | anajulikana_kwa = Afisa Mtendaji Mkuu wa tatu wa Intel Corporation, afisa wa kwanza wa uendeshaji na mfanyakazi wa tatu, 1968 | mtangulizi = Gordon Moore | mrithi = Craig Barrett | kazi_mahususi = Kitabu cha chuo: ''Physics and Technology of Semiconductor Devices'' (1967)<br>Kitabu cha usimamizi: ''Only the Paranoid Survive'' (1996) | tuzo = Tuzo ya J. J. Ebers (1974)<br>''Time'' Mtu wa Mwaka, 1997<br>Jarida la ''Chief Executive'', Afisa Mtendaji Mkuu wa Mwaka, 1997 | kazi = Mfanyabiashara, mhandisi, mshauri wa ngazi ya juu | mwenzi = Eva Kastan (1958–kifo) | watoto = 2<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-35221693 "Former Intel chief Andrew Grove dies aged 79"] ''BBC'', Machi 22, 2016.</ref> }} '''Andrew '''"'''Andy'''"''' Stephen Grove''' ([[2 Septemba]] 1936 – [[21 Machi]] 2016) alikuwa mfanyabiashara na mhandisi Mmarekani mwenye asili ya nchi ya Hungaria ambaye alihudumu kama Afisa Mtendaji Mkuu (CEO) wa tatu wa [[Intel|Intel Corporation.]] Aliondoka Hungaria wakati wa mapinduzi ya mwaka 1956 akiwa na umri wa miaka 20 pekee na kuhamia nchini Marekani, ambako alimalizia masomo yake. Alikuwa mfanyakazi wa tatu kuajiriwa na hatimaye Afisa Mtendaji Mkuu wa tatu wa "ntel", akibadilisha kampuni hiyo kuwa kampuni kubwa zaidi duniani.<ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com |title=Andrew Grove |date=2016 |website=Bloomberg.com |access-date=Juni 14, 2026}}</ref> Kutokana na kazi yake ndani ya Intel, pamoja na vitabu na makala zake za kitaalamu, Grove alikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika viwanda vya utengenezaji wa vifaa vya kielektroniki duniani kote.<ref name="nyt2001">{{cite news |last=Gaither |first=Chris |title=Intel's Former Chief Speaks Out on Innovation |url=https://www.nytimes.com |access-date=Juni 14, 2026 |work=The New York Times |date=Novemba 12, 2001}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 1997, jarida la ''Time'' lilimchagua kama mtu hodari, kwa kuwa mtu aliyechangia zaidi ukuaji wa kustaajabisha wa nguvu na uwezo wa ubunifu wa chipu za kompyuta .<ref name="NYT">{{cite news |title=Andrew S. Grove, Intel Chief, Dies at 79 |url=https://www.nytimes.com |work=The New York Times |date=Machi 21, 2016 |access-date=Juni 14, 2026}}</ref><ref name="TimeMOTY">{{cite magazine |title=Man of the Year: Andrew Grove |url=https://time.com |magazine=Time |date=Desemba 29, 1997 |access-date=Juni 14, 2026}}</ref> Chanzo kimoja kinabainisha kuwa kwa mafanikio yake ndani ya Intel pekee, anastahili nafasi sawa na viongozi wakuu wa biashara wa karne ya 20.<ref name="Movers">{{cite book |title=Movers and Shakers: the 100 Most Influential Figures in Modern Business |publisher=Basic Books |year=2003 |pages=205–207}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1936]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2016]] [[Jamii:wahandisi wa Hungaria]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] at4blfxr6nmlpqyavjy3ybxi7a4t4eb 0 240951 1573087 1572991 2026-06-15T08:24:13Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1573087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{umaarufu}} {{Infobox person | name = Ssenkaali Joseph | birth_date = {{circa|1999}} <!-- Umri wa miaka 27 mnamo 2026 --> | birth_place = Lukaya Town Council, Kalungu District, Uganda | nationality = Uganda | occupation = Mpromota wa burudani, mjasiriamali, Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Ssenkaali Promotions | known_for = Kuanzisha The Showing Awards, kuunganisha tasnia ya burudani ya Uganda na Dubai |jina la kuzaliwa=Ssenkaali Joseph|utaifa=Ugandan|uraia=Uganda|kazi yake=Promoter (music)|asasi=Showing Awards}} '''Ssenkaali Joseph''', anayejulikana pia kama '''Promota Ssenkaali Joseph Kampala''', ni promota wa burudani na mjasiriamali kutoka Uganda. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 27 (mnamo 2026), amejijenga kama mmoja wa vijana wanaounganisha tasnia ya burudani ya Uganda na jamii za diaspora hasa katika Dubai, Falme za Kiarabu.<ref name="edge">{{cite web |url=https://edge.ug/joseph-ssenkaali-promoter-connecting-ugandas-entertainment-industry-to-dubai/ |title=Joseph Ssenkaali: promoter connecting Uganda’s entertainment industry to Dubai |publisher=Edge.ug |date=30 Mei 2026 |access-date=14 Juni 2026}}</ref><ref name="tma">{{cite web |url=https://www.tmafrica.co.ug/news/ssenkaali-joseph-ugandan-promoter-building-entertainment-links-between-kampala-and-dubai |title=Ssenkaali Joseph: Ugandan Promoter Building Entertainment Links Between Kampala and Dubai |publisher=Torch Media Africa |date=29 Mei 2026 |access-date=14 Juni 2026}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Ssenkaali Joseph alizaliwa katika Lukaya Town Council, Wilaya ya Kalungu, mkoa wa Greater Masaka, Uganda. Alisoma katika Shule ya Msingi ya Kamuwunga na baadaye akaenda Shule ya Sekondari ya Mpeera. Kukua katika eneo lenye utamaduni na muziki mkali kuliwasha shauku yake katika biashara ya burudani tangu umri mdogo.<ref name="edge" /><ref name="tma" /> == Kazi == Joseph ni mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji (CEO) wa '''Ssenkaali Promotions''', kampuni inayohusika na usimamizi wa wasanii, ukuzaji wa muziki, upangaji wa matukio, uuzaji wa kidijitali, utunzi wa nyimbo, kubuni chapa (branding), na huduma za uuzaji na mauzo. Kampuni hiyo inazingatia kuwagundua na kuwainua wasanii wanaoibuka na waliopo katika tasnia ya Uganda.<ref name="examiner">{{cite web |url=https://examiner.co.ug/news/article/promoter-ssenkaali-josephthe-visionary-behind-showing-awards/ |title=Promoter Ssenkaali Joseph: The Visionary Behind Showing Awards |publisher=The Black Examiner |date=25 Agosti 2025 |access-date=14 Juni 2026}}</ref><ref name="tma" /> Amezingatia sana kuimarisha uhusiano wa burudani kati ya Uganda na Dubai, ambapo jamii ya Wauganda na Waafrika Mashariki inakua. Kupitia kampuni yake, amepanga matukio ya muziki, maonyesho, na kampeni za kukuza ambazo zinawapa wasanii wa Uganda fursa ya kutumbuiza mbele ya hadhira ya kimataifa na kujenga mitandao na diaspora.<ref name="edge" /><ref name="tma" /> === The Showing Awards === Mnamo 2024, Joseph alianzisha '''The Showing Awards''', jukwaa la kutunza mafanikio katika burudani, muziki, ujasiriamali, na ubunifu. Tuzo hizi hufanyika katika Uganda na Dubai na zimekuwa jukwaa la kuunganisha wasanii, wapromota, wafanyabiashara, na jamii ya diaspora. Tuzo zinatambua talanta na tabia njema ya washiriki.<ref name="edge" /><ref name="examiner" /><ref name="tma" /> == Athari na maono == Kazi yake inaonyesha mabadiliko katika tasnia ya burudani ya Uganda ambapo vijana wanatumia mitandao ya kidijitali na mitandao ya diaspora ili kuunda fursa za kimataifa. Yeye hugawanya wakati wake kati ya Uganda na Falme za Kiarabu ili kuendeleza daraja la kitamaduni na kiuchumi kati ya Kampala na Dubai.<ref name="edge" /><ref name="tma" /> == Marejeleo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.facebook.com/promotassenkaalijoseph/ Promota Ssenkaali Joseph Kampala] kwenye Facebook ef74i80g82aoqr2ptdv4t7q6p9selpz 0 240952 1573010 2026-06-14T12:43:51Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | heshima_mbele = Dame | jina = Stephanie Shirley | heshima_mwisho = CH, DBE, FREng, DFBCS | picha = Dame Stephanie Shirley - 2013.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Shirley mwaka 2013 | jina_halisi = Vera Buchthal<ref name="bio"/> | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1933|09|16|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Dortmund, Ujerumani ya Kinanazi | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Dea...' 1573010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | heshima_mbele = Dame | jina = Stephanie Shirley | heshima_mwisho = CH, DBE, FREng, DFBCS | picha = Dame Stephanie Shirley - 2013.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Shirley mwaka 2013 | jina_halisi = Vera Buchthal<ref name="bio"/> | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1933|09|16|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Dortmund, Ujerumani ya Kinanazi | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2025|08|09|1933|09|16|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kifo = Reading, England | kazi = Mfanyabiashara na mfadhili | majina_mengine = Vera Stephanie Buchthal<br>Stephanie Brook | baba = Arnold Buchthal | ndugu = Rosa Buchthal (bibi) | tuzo = FREng (2001)<br>Mshindi wa CHM Fellow (2018) | mashirika = {{hlist|Freelance Programmers|Shirley Foundation|Oxford Internet Institute|Autistica}} | heshima = {{hlist|Order of the British Empire|Companion of Honour}} | tovuti = {{URL|steveshirley.com}} }} '''Dame Vera Stephanie Shirley''' (alizaliwa 16 Septemba 1933 – 9 Agosti 2025) alikuwa mwasisi wa teknolojia ya habari, mfanyabiashara na mhisani Mwingereza aliyezaliwa nchini Ujerumani.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/85-year-old-tech-entrepreneur-made-staff-millionaires/|title=The 85-year-old tech entrepreneur who made her staff millionaires|first=Zoe|last=Beaty|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=14 Juni 2019|publisher=|via=telegraph.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-48607165|title=I just got fed up with the sexism. It was everywhere|first=Will|last=Smale|work=BBC News|date=17 Juni 2019|publisher=BBC.com}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1933]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] mqcelxosli33f3k00xyo63qnua09q1f 1573092 1573010 2026-06-15T09:06:21Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1573092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | heshima_mbele = Dame | jina = Stephanie Shirley | heshima_mwisho = CH, DBE, FREng, DFBCS | picha = Dame Stephanie Shirley - 2013.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Shirley mwaka 2013 | jina_halisi = Vera Buchthal<ref name="bio"/> | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1933|09|16|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Dortmund, Ujerumani | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2025|08|09|1933|09|16|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kifo = Reading, England | kazi = Mfanyabiashara na mfadhili | majina_mengine = Vera Stephanie Buchthal<br>Stephanie Brook | baba = Arnold Buchthal | ndugu = Rosa Buchthal (bibi) | tuzo = FREng (2001)<br>Mshindi wa CHM Fellow (2018) | mashirika = {{hlist|Freelance Programmers|Shirley Foundation|Oxford Internet Institute|Autistica}} | heshima = {{hlist|Order of the British Empire|Companion of Honour}} | tovuti = {{URL|steveshirley.com}} }} '''Dame Vera Stephanie Shirley''' (16 Septemba 1933 – 9 Agosti 2025) alikuwa mwasisi wa teknolojia ya habari, mfanyabiashara na mhisani Mwingereza aliyezaliwa nchini Ujerumani.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/85-year-old-tech-entrepreneur-made-staff-millionaires/|title=The 85-year-old tech entrepreneur who made her staff millionaires|first=Zoe|last=Beaty|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=14 Juni 2019|publisher=|via=telegraph.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-48607165|title=I just got fed up with the sexism. It was everywhere|first=Will|last=Smale|work=BBC News|date=17 Juni 2019|publisher=BBC.com}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1933]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] p3k69uckzhb099dw8wu36xpfk468jtn 0 240953 1573011 2026-06-14T12:51:42Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Carl Djerassi | jina_halisi = Carl Djerassi | picha = Carl Djerassi HD2004 AIC Gold Medal crop.JPG | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Djerassi mwaka 2004 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1923|10|29|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Vienna, Austria | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2015|1|30|1923|10|29|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kifo = San Francisco, California, Marekani | fan...' 1573011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Carl Djerassi | jina_halisi = Carl Djerassi | picha = Carl Djerassi HD2004 AIC Gold Medal crop.JPG | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Djerassi mwaka 2004 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1923|10|29|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Vienna, Austria | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2015|1|30|1923|10|29|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kifo = San Francisco, California, Marekani | fani = Kemia | sehemu_za_kazi = {{plainlist| * Syntex * Chuo Kikuu cha Wayne State * Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford }} | elimu = {{plainlist| * Chuo cha Kenyon (Shahada ya Sayansi) * Chuo Kikuu cha Wisconsin–Madison (PhD) }} | anajulikana_kwa = {{plainlist| * Uundaji wa kidonge cha uzazi wa mpango * Djerassi Artists Residency }} | tovuti = {{URL|http://www.djerassi.com}} | baba = Samuel Djerassi | mama = Alice Friedmann | sahihi = | watoto = 2 | mwenzi = }} '''Carl Djerassi''' (Oktoba 29, 1923 – Januari 30, 2015) alikuwa [[mwanakemia]] wa dawa, mwandishi wa riwaya, mwandishi wa michezo ya kuigiza [[Mmarekani]] mwenye asili ya Austria na Bulgaria, na mwasisi mwenza wa Programu ya Wasanii Wakazi ya Djerassi (Djerassi Resident Artists Program) akishirikiana na [[Diane Middlebrook|Diane Wood Middlebrook]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa mchango wake katika utengenezaji wa vidonge vya kuzuia mimba vya kumeza,<ref name="nature_ball">Ball P (2015) "Carl Djerassi", [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] '''519'''(7541), 34.</ref><ref name=zare>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1002/anie.201501335| pmid = 25809781| title = Carl Djerassi (1923-2015)| journal = Angewandte Chemie International Edition| pages = 5001–5002| year = 2015| last1 = Zare | first1 = R. N.| volume=54| issue = 17| bibcode = 2015ACIE...54.5001Z| doi-access = free}}</ref> na alipewa jina la utani la "baba wa kidonge".<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=http://www.arte.tv/guide/de/039500-000-A/mein-leben-carl-djerassi-der-vater-der-pille |title=Mein Leben – Carl Djerassi, der Vater der Pille |first=Joachim |last=Haupt |language=de |publisher=ZDF, Arte |year=2008 |minutes=43 |access-date=Februari 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220092708/http://www.arte.tv/guide/de/039500-000-A/mein-leben-carl-djerassi-der-vater-der-pille |archive-date=Februari 20, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1923]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]] [[Jamii:Wanakemia wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] o30q895ee9k9ksxe1ib1h8km4ntij5x 1573093 1573011 2026-06-15T09:07:31Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1573093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Carl Djerassi | jina_halisi = Carl Djerassi | picha = Carl Djerassi HD2004 AIC Gold Medal crop.JPG | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Djerassi mwaka 2004 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1923|10|29|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Vienna, Austria | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2015|1|30|1923|10|29|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kifo = San Francisco, California, Marekani | fani = Kemia | sehemu_za_kazi = {{plainlist| * Syntex * Chuo Kikuu cha Wayne State * Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford }} | elimu = {{plainlist| * Chuo cha Kenyon (Shahada ya Sayansi) * Chuo Kikuu cha Wisconsin–Madison (PhD) }} | anajulikana_kwa = {{plainlist| * Uundaji wa kidonge cha uzazi wa mpango * Djerassi Artists Residency }} | tovuti = {{URL|http://www.djerassi.com}} | baba = Samuel Djerassi | mama = Alice Friedmann | sahihi = | watoto = 2 | mwenzi = }} '''Carl Djerassi''' (Oktoba 29, 1923 – Januari 30, 2015) alikuwa [[mwanakemia]] wa dawa, mwandishi wa riwaya, mwandishi wa michezo ya kuigiza [[Mmarekani]] mwenye asili ya Austria na Bulgaria, na mwasisi mwenza wa Programu ya Wasanii Wakazi ya Djerassi (Djerassi Resident Artists Program) akishirikiana na [[Diane Middlebrook|Diane Wood Middlebrook]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa mchango wake katika utengenezaji wa vidonge vya kuzuia mimba vya kumeza,<ref name="nature_ball">Ball P (2015) "Carl Djerassi", [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] '''519'''(7541), 34.</ref><ref name=zare>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1002/anie.201501335| pmid = 25809781| title = Carl Djerassi (1923-2015)| journal = Angewandte Chemie International Edition| pages = 5001–5002| year = 2015| last1 = Zare | first1 = R. N.| volume=54| issue = 17| bibcode = 2015ACIE...54.5001Z| doi-access = free}}</ref> na alipewa jina la utani la "baba wa kidonge".<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=http://www.arte.tv/guide/de/039500-000-A/mein-leben-carl-djerassi-der-vater-der-pille |title=Mein Leben – Carl Djerassi, der Vater der Pille |first=Joachim |last=Haupt |language=de |publisher=ZDF, Arte |year=2008 |minutes=43 |access-date=Februari 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220092708/http://www.arte.tv/guide/de/039500-000-A/mein-leben-carl-djerassi-der-vater-der-pille |archive-date=Februari 20, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1923]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Austria]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanakemia wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] hjftnamhmcjd1quv67hsnw6gyr9bxq8 0 240954 1573013 2026-06-14T12:57:38Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Victor Weisskopf | jina_halisi = Victor Frederick Weisskopf | picha = VictorWeisskopft-LosAlamos.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Weisskopf miaka ya 1940 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1908|9|19|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Vienna, Austria-Hungary | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2002|4|22|1908|9|19|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kifo = Newton, Massachusetts, Mareka...' 1573013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Victor Weisskopf | jina_halisi = Victor Frederick Weisskopf | picha = VictorWeisskopft-LosAlamos.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Weisskopf miaka ya 1940 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1908|9|19|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Vienna, Austria-Hungary | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2002|4|22|1908|9|19|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kifo = Newton, Massachusetts, Marekani | fani = Fizikia | sehemu_za_kazi = {{plainlist| * Chuo Kikuu cha Leipzig * Chuo Kikuu cha Berlin * ETH Zurich * Taasisi ya Niels Bohr * Chuo Kikuu cha Rochester * Mradi wa Manhattan * MIT * CERN }} | elimu = {{plainlist| * Chuo Kikuu cha Göttingen (PhD) }} | anajulikana_kwa = {{plainlist| * Utafiti katika fizikia ya nadharia * Ushiriki katika Mradi wa Manhattan * Mkurugenzi wa CERN (1961–1965) }} | baba = | mama = | watoto = | mwenzi = }} '''Victor''' '''Frederick''' "'''Viki'''" '''Weisskopf''' (pia huandikwa '''Viktor''';alizaliwa Septemba 19, 1908 – Aprili 22, 2002) ambapo alikuwa [[mwanafizikia]] wa nadharia [[Mmarekani]] mwenye asili ya Austria, na Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa [[CERN]] kuanzia mwaka 1961 – 1965.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Who's who in Cern: Victor F. Weisskopf|journal=CERN Courier|date=Winter 1960|volume=1|issue=15|page=2|url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1728441}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hine|first1=Mervyn|title=Working with Viki at CERN|journal=CERN Courier|date=Januari 2003|url=http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28767|archive-date=April 2, 2015|access-date=Machi 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154145/http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28767|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kummer|first1=Wolfgang|title=Victor Weisskopf: looking back on a distinguished career|journal=CERN Courier|date=Juni 2002|volume=42|issue=5|pages=28–32|url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1733346}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Farewell to Professor Weisskopf|journal=CERN Courier|date=Januari 1966|volume=6|issue=1|pages=3–5|url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1728754}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=People and things|journal=CERN Courier|date=Desemba 1983|volume=23|issue=10|page=432|url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1730876}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1908]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2002]] [[Jamii:Wanafizikia wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] 24sl9jru6cwbk4t33gaa69l9eg8ys1k 1573094 1573013 2026-06-15T09:08:32Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1573094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Victor Weisskopf | jina_halisi = Victor Frederick Weisskopf | picha = VictorWeisskopft-LosAlamos.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Weisskopf miaka ya 1940 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1908|9|19|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Vienna, Austria-Hungaria | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2002|4|22|1908|9|19|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kifo = Newton, Massachusetts, Marekani | fani = Fizikia | sehemu_za_kazi = {{plainlist| * Chuo Kikuu cha Leipzig * Chuo Kikuu cha Berlin * ETH Zurich * Taasisi ya Niels Bohr * Chuo Kikuu cha Rochester * Mradi wa Manhattan * MIT * CERN }} | elimu = {{plainlist| * Chuo Kikuu cha Göttingen (PhD) }} | anajulikana_kwa = {{plainlist| * Utafiti katika fizikia ya nadharia * Ushiriki katika Mradi wa Manhattan * Mkurugenzi wa CERN (1961–1965) }} | baba = | mama = | watoto = | mwenzi = }} '''Victor''' '''Frederick''' "'''Viki'''" '''Weisskopf''' (pia huandikwa '''Viktor'''; Septemba 19, 1908 – Aprili 22, 2002) alikuwa [[mwanafizikia]] wa nadharia [[Mmarekani]] mwenye asili ya Austria, na Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa [[CERN]] kuanzia mwaka 1961 – 1965.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Who's who in Cern: Victor F. Weisskopf|journal=CERN Courier|date=Winter 1960|volume=1|issue=15|page=2|url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1728441}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hine|first1=Mervyn|title=Working with Viki at CERN|journal=CERN Courier|date=Januari 2003|url=http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28767|archive-date=April 2, 2015|access-date=Machi 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154145/http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28767|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kummer|first1=Wolfgang|title=Victor Weisskopf: looking back on a distinguished career|journal=CERN Courier|date=Juni 2002|volume=42|issue=5|pages=28–32|url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1733346}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Farewell to Professor Weisskopf|journal=CERN Courier|date=Januari 1966|volume=6|issue=1|pages=3–5|url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1728754}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=People and things|journal=CERN Courier|date=Desemba 1983|volume=23|issue=10|page=432|url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1730876}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1908]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2002]] [[Jamii:Wanafizikia wa Austria]] [[Jamii:Wanafizikia wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] ancj60abboj45x6ej74oq2din2oo6p4 0 240955 1573016 2026-06-14T14:07:50Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Judith Kerr | jina_halisi = Anna Judith Gertrud Helene Kerr | picha = Judith Kerr on September 15, 2016 at the International Literature Festival Berlin.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Kerr katika Tamasha la Fasihi Berlin, 2016 | heshima_mwisho = OBE | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1923|6|14|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Berlin, Ujerumani | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Dea...' 1573016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Judith Kerr | jina_halisi = Anna Judith Gertrud Helene Kerr | picha = Judith Kerr on September 15, 2016 at the International Literature Festival Berlin.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Kerr katika Tamasha la Fasihi Berlin, 2016 | heshima_mwisho = OBE | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1923|6|14|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Berlin, Ujerumani | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2019|5|22|1923|6|14|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kifo = Barnes, London, England | uraia = {{plainlist| * Ujerumani (1923–1941) * Hakuwa na uraia (1941–1947) * Uingereza (1947–2019) }} | kipindi = 1950–2019 | aina = Fasihi ya watoto | mada = | kazi_mahususi = {{plainlist| * ''The Tiger Who Came to Tea'' * Mfululizo wa ''Mog'' * ''When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit'' }} | mwenzi = Nigel Kneale (ndoa 1954–2006) | watoto = 2 (akiwemo Matthew Kneale) | wazazi = {{plainlist| * Alfred Kerr (baba) * Julia Weismann (mama) }} | ndugu = Michael Kerr (kaka) }} '''Anna Judith Gertrud Helene Kerr'''<ref>{{cite book|title=As Far As I Remember|date=2002|publisher=Hart Publishing|isbn=1-84113-565-8|page=23|edition=paperback}}</ref> (alizaliwa 14 Juni 1923 – 22 Mei 2019)<ref name=grauniad>{{cite news|title= Judith Kerr, beloved author of The Tiger Who Came to Tea, dies aged 95|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/may/23/judith-kerr-beloved-author-of-the-tiger-who-came-to-tea-dies-aged-95|first=Claire|last=Armitstead|author-link=Claire Armitstead|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=23 May 2019|access-date=23 May 2019|quote=Judith Kerr ... died at home yesterday at the age of 95 after a short illness, her publisher said on Thursday.}}</ref> alikuwa mwandishi na mchoraji wa vitabu, [[Mwingereza]] aliyezaliwa nchini [[Ujerumani]], ambaye vitabu vyake viliuza nakala zaidi ya milioni 10 kote ulimwenguni.<ref name="economist">[https://www.economist.com/obituary/2019/06/06/obituary-judith-kerr-died-on-may-23rd "Obituary: Judith Kerr died on May 23rd,"] ''[[The Economist]]'', 6 June 2019.</ref> Alitengeneza vitabu vya picha vilivyopendwa sana kama vile mfululizo wa vitabu vya "''Mog"'' na "''The Tiger Who Came to Tea"'', pamoja na riwaya maarufu kwa ajili ya watoto na wakubwa kama vile nusu-wasifu wa "''When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit"''. Kitabu hicho kilionesha mtazamo wa mtoto jinsi ya kukimbia mateso ya Hitler wakati wa Vita Vikuu vya Pili vya Dunia. Alizaliwa katika [[Weimar Republic|Jamhuri ya Weimar]], na alihamia [[Uingereza]] na familia yake mnamo mwaka 1935 ili kukimbia mateso wakati wa kupaa kwa Chama cha Nazi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-fleeing-nazi-germany-judith-kerr-became-britains-favorite-storyteller/|title=After fleeing Nazi Germany, Judith Kerr became Britain's favorite storyteller|first=Robert|last=Philpot|website=[[The Times of Israel]] |issn=0040-7909}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/artists-after-the-escape-judith-kerr-childrens-book-author-at-95/a-41657948|title=Artists After the Escape: Judith Kerr, children's book author at 95 &#124; DW &#124; 13.06.2018|website=DW.COM}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tracesproject.org/judith-kerr-obe/|title=Judith Kerr OBE &#124; Traces Project|website=www.tracesproject.org}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1923]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2019]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] rpzza9lnv90kmvv247ulam99wrvh2dr 1573021 1573016 2026-06-14T15:09:19Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1573021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Judith Kerr | jina_halisi = Anna Judith Gertrud Helene Kerr | picha = Judith Kerr on September 15, 2016 at the International Literature Festival Berlin.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Kerr katika Tamasha la Fasihi Berlin, 2016 | heshima_mwisho = OBE | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1923|6|14|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Berlin, Ujerumani | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2019|5|22|1923|6|14|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kifo = Barnes, London, England | uraia = {{plainlist| * Ujerumani (1923–1941) * Hakuwa na uraia (1941–1947) * Uingereza (1947–2019) }} | kipindi = 1950–2019 | aina = Fasihi ya watoto | mada = | kazi_mahususi = {{plainlist| * ''The Tiger Who Came to Tea'' * Mfululizo wa ''Mog'' * ''When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit'' }} | mwenzi = Nigel Kneale (ndoa 1954–2006) | watoto = 2 (akiwemo Matthew Kneale) | wazazi = {{plainlist| * Alfred Kerr (baba) * Julia Weismann (mama) }} | ndugu = Michael Kerr (kaka) }} '''Anna Judith Gertrud Helene Kerr'''<ref>{{cite book|title=As Far As I Remember|date=2002|publisher=Hart Publishing|isbn=1-84113-565-8|page=23|edition=paperback}}</ref> (alizaliwa 14 Juni 1923 – 22 Mei 2019)<ref name=grauniad>{{cite news|title= Judith Kerr, beloved author of The Tiger Who Came to Tea, dies aged 95|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/may/23/judith-kerr-beloved-author-of-the-tiger-who-came-to-tea-dies-aged-95|first=Claire|last=Armitstead|author-link=Claire Armitstead|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=23 May 2019|access-date=23 May 2019|quote=Judith Kerr ... died at home yesterday at the age of 95 after a short illness, her publisher said on Thursday.}}</ref> alikuwa mwandishi na mchoraji wa vitabu, [[Mwingereza]] aliyezaliwa nchini [[Ujerumani]], ambaye vitabu vyake viliuza nakala zaidi ya milioni 10 kote ulimwenguni.<ref name="economist">[https://www.economist.com/obituary/2019/06/06/obituary-judith-kerr-died-on-may-23rd "Obituary: Judith Kerr died on May 23rd,"] ''[[The Economist]]'', 6 June 2019.</ref> Alitengeneza vitabu vya picha vilivyopendwa sana kama vile mfululizo wa vitabu vya "''Mog"'' na "''The Tiger Who Came to Tea"'', pamoja na riwaya maarufu kwa ajili ya watoto na wakubwa kama vile nusu-wasifu wa "''When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit"''. Kitabu hicho kilionesha mtazamo wa mtoto jinsi ya kukimbia mateso ya Hitler wakati wa Vita Vikuu vya Pili vya Dunia. Alizaliwa katika [[Weimar Republic|Jamhuri ya Weimar]], na alihamia [[Uingereza]] na familia yake mnamo mwaka 1935 ili kukimbia mateso wakati wa kupaa kwa Chama cha Nazi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-fleeing-nazi-germany-judith-kerr-became-britains-favorite-storyteller/|title=After fleeing Nazi Germany, Judith Kerr became Britain's favorite storyteller|first=Robert|last=Philpot|website=[[The Times of Israel]] |issn=0040-7909}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.dw.com/en/artists-after-the-escape-judith-kerr-childrens-book-author-at-95/a-41657948|title=Artists After the Escape: Judith Kerr, children's book author at 95 &#124; DW &#124; 13.06.2018|website=DW.COM}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.tracesproject.org/judith-kerr-obe/|title=Judith Kerr OBE &#124; Traces Project|website=www.tracesproject.org}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1923]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2019]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] 9z0irk7pyovmcmq8i5s0up0q3er7llg 1573095 1573021 2026-06-15T09:09:28Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1573095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Judith Kerr | jina_halisi = Anna Judith Gertrud Helene Kerr | picha = Judith Kerr on September 15, 2016 at the International Literature Festival Berlin.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Kerr katika Tamasha la Fasihi Berlin, 2016 | heshima_mwisho = OBE | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1923|6|14|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Berlin, Ujerumani | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2019|5|22|1923|6|14|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kifo = Barnes, London, England | uraia = {{plainlist| * Ujerumani (1923–1941) * Hakuwa na uraia (1941–1947) * Uingereza (1947–2019) }} | kipindi = 1950–2019 | aina = Fasihi ya watoto | mada = | kazi_mahususi = {{plainlist| * ''The Tiger Who Came to Tea'' * Mfululizo wa ''Mog'' * ''When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit'' }} | mwenzi = Nigel Kneale (ndoa 1954–2006) | watoto = 2 (akiwemo Matthew Kneale) | wazazi = {{plainlist| * Alfred Kerr (baba) * Julia Weismann (mama) }} | ndugu = Michael Kerr (kaka) }} '''Anna Judith Gertrud Helene Kerr'''<ref>{{cite book|title=As Far As I Remember|date=2002|publisher=Hart Publishing|isbn=1-84113-565-8|page=23|edition=paperback}}</ref> (14 Juni 1923 – 22 Mei 2019)<ref name=grauniad>{{cite news|title= Judith Kerr, beloved author of The Tiger Who Came to Tea, dies aged 95|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/may/23/judith-kerr-beloved-author-of-the-tiger-who-came-to-tea-dies-aged-95|first=Claire|last=Armitstead|author-link=Claire Armitstead|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=23 May 2019|access-date=23 May 2019|quote=Judith Kerr ... died at home yesterday at the age of 95 after a short illness, her publisher said on Thursday.}}</ref> alikuwa mwandishi na mchoraji wa vitabu, [[Mwingereza]] aliyezaliwa nchini [[Ujerumani]], ambaye vitabu vyake viliuza nakala zaidi ya milioni 10 kote ulimwenguni.<ref name="economist">[https://www.economist.com/obituary/2019/06/06/obituary-judith-kerr-died-on-may-23rd "Obituary: Judith Kerr died on May 23rd,"] ''[[The Economist]]'', 6 June 2019.</ref> Alitengeneza vitabu vya picha vilivyopendwa sana kama vile mfululizo wa vitabu vya "''Mog"'' na "''The Tiger Who Came to Tea"'', pamoja na riwaya maarufu kwa ajili ya watoto na wakubwa kama vile nusu-wasifu wa "''When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit"''. Kitabu hicho kilionesha mtazamo wa mtoto jinsi ya kukimbia mateso ya Hitler wakati wa Vita Vikuu vya Pili vya Dunia. Alizaliwa katika [[Weimar Republic|Jamhuri ya Weimar]], na alihamia [[Uingereza]] na familia yake mnamo mwaka 1935 ili kukimbia mateso wakati wa kupaa kwa Chama cha Nazi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-fleeing-nazi-germany-judith-kerr-became-britains-favorite-storyteller/|title=After fleeing Nazi Germany, Judith Kerr became Britain's favorite storyteller|first=Robert|last=Philpot|website=[[The Times of Israel]] |issn=0040-7909}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.dw.com/en/artists-after-the-escape-judith-kerr-childrens-book-author-at-95/a-41657948|title=Artists After the Escape: Judith Kerr, children's book author at 95 &#124; DW &#124; 13.06.2018|website=DW.COM}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.tracesproject.org/judith-kerr-obe/|title=Judith Kerr OBE &#124; Traces Project|website=www.tracesproject.org}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1923]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2019]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] n879dwm3p6gld6r4y45297f9ua6royy 3 240956 1573027 2026-06-14T17:03:44Z Mfield 86615 Mfield alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl]] hadi [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Elizabeth Kitosi]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Valuegirl|Valuegirl]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Elizabeth Kitosi|Elizabeth Kitosi]]" 1573027 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Elizabeth Kitosi]] sy2kh9d7jy8j1dtkjdh048ax9ksb9cc 2 240957 1573029 2026-06-14T17:03:44Z Mfield 86615 Mfield alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl]] hadi [[Mtumiaji:Elizabeth Kitosi]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Valuegirl|Valuegirl]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Elizabeth Kitosi|Elizabeth Kitosi]]" 1573029 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Mtumiaji:Elizabeth Kitosi]] 27fgivgybh7zkx519geasxb0c2rzqhq 2 240958 1573031 2026-06-14T17:04:45Z Mfield 86615 Mfield alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl/ukurasa wa majaribio]] hadi [[Mtumiaji:Elizabeth Kitosi/ukurasa wa majaribio]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Valuegirl|Valuegirl]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Elizabeth Kitosi|Elizabeth Kitosi]]" 1573031 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Mtumiaji:Elizabeth Kitosi/ukurasa wa majaribio]] 1u1q93ynrct3obipcqdba9w5uj380gb 0 240960 1573038 2026-06-14T19:21:07Z Mike Seems 90215 /* */ 1573038 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kampala Sqoop''' ni jukwaa la habari la mtandaoni la Uganda linalochapisha habari za kisiasa, biashara, burudani, michezo na masuala ya jumla ya Uganda na Afrika Mashariki.<ref name="official">{{Cite web |url=https://kampalasqoop.com/ |title=Ugandan News | Top News headlines in Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda - Kampala Sqoop |access-date=2026-06-14}}</ref><ref name="fb">{{Cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/kampalaSqoop/ |title=Kampala Sqoop |access-date=2026-06-14}}</ref> == Historia == Kampala Sqoop ilianzishwa mwaka 2020 kama jukwaa la habari la mtandaoni nchini Uganda.<ref name="tracxn">{{Cite web |url=https://tracxn.com/d/companies/kampalasqoop/ |title=Kampala Sqoop - 2026 Company Profile & Competitors |access-date=2026-06-14}}</ref> Ni sehemu ya '''Joram Muwonge Group of Companies Ltd''', ambapo inachukuliwa kuwa moja ya majarida huru ya zamani nchini.<ref name="fb" /><ref name="author">{{Cite web |url=https://kampalasqoop.com/author/joram-muwonge/ |title=Joram Muwonge, Author at Kampala Sqoop |access-date=2026-06-14}}</ref> Mhariri mkuu na miongoni mwa waanzilishi ni '''Dr. Joram Muwonge''', ambaye pia ni Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa kampuni hiyo. Ofisi zake ziko Makindye, Kampala.<ref name="linkedin">{{Cite web |url=https://ug.linkedin.com/in/dr-muwonge-joram-852329155 |title=Dr. Muwonge Joram - Kampala Sqoop |access-date=2026-06-14}}</ref><ref name="author" /> == Maudhui == Kampala Sqoop inachapisha habari zinazohusu: * Siasa (uchaguzi, bunge, serikali na maendeleo ya kisiasa).<ref name="official" /> * Biashara na uchumi (bajeti, miradi kama PDM, biashara ndogo na uchumi wa taifa).<ref name="official" /> * Burudani na maisha ya watu mashuhuri.<ref name="official" /> * Michezo na masuala ya kijamii.<ref name="official" /> Inafikia hadhira kupitia tovuti yake (kampalasqoop.com), Facebook, X (Twitter), Instagram na YouTube.<ref name="fb" /><ref name="yt">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/kampalasqoop |title=Kampala Sqoop - YouTube |access-date=2026-06-14}}</ref> Kuna tofauti na '''Sqoop.co.ug''', ambayo inazingatia zaidi burudani, mitindo na gossip ya watu mashuhuri.<ref name="sqoop">{{Cite web |url=https://www.sqoop.co.ug/ |title=Home - Sqoop |access-date=2026-06-14}}</ref> == Umuhimu == Jukwaa hili linatoa habari za haraka na za kina kuhusu matukio yanayoathiri Uganda, kama kesi ya Sydney Gongodyo, bajeti ya taifa na maendeleo ya kisiasa.<ref name="official" /> Linaendelea kutoa maoni na ripoti huru kama sehemu ya vyombo vya habari vya Uganda. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya Nje == * [https://kampalasqoop.com/ Tovuti Rasmi] * [https://www.facebook.com/kampalaSqoop/ Facebook] * [https://x.com/kampalaSqoop X (Twitter)] [[Jamii:Vyombo vya habari vya Uganda]] [[Jamii:2020 establishments in Uganda]] tvadrkp93077tmxc58ys8pd08axdk7f 1573043 1573038 2026-06-14T21:10:12Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 7 template(s) replaced. 1573043 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kampala Sqoop''' ni jukwaa la habari la mtandaoni la Uganda linalochapisha habari za kisiasa, biashara, burudani, michezo na masuala ya jumla ya Uganda na Afrika Mashariki.<ref name="official">{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://kampalasqoop.com/ |title=Ugandan News | Top News headlines in Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda - Kampala Sqoop |access-date=2026-06-14}}</ref><ref name="fb">{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.facebook.com/kampalaSqoop/ |title=Kampala Sqoop |access-date=2026-06-14}}</ref> == Historia == Kampala Sqoop ilianzishwa mwaka 2020 kama jukwaa la habari la mtandaoni nchini Uganda.<ref name="tracxn">{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://tracxn.com/d/companies/kampalasqoop/ |title=Kampala Sqoop - 2026 Company Profile & Competitors |access-date=2026-06-14}}</ref> Ni sehemu ya '''Joram Muwonge Group of Companies Ltd''', ambapo inachukuliwa kuwa moja ya majarida huru ya zamani nchini.<ref name="fb" /><ref name="author">{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://kampalasqoop.com/author/joram-muwonge/ |title=Joram Muwonge, Author at Kampala Sqoop |access-date=2026-06-14}}</ref> Mhariri mkuu na miongoni mwa waanzilishi ni '''Dr. Joram Muwonge''', ambaye pia ni Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa kampuni hiyo. Ofisi zake ziko Makindye, Kampala.<ref name="linkedin">{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://ug.linkedin.com/in/dr-muwonge-joram-852329155 |title=Dr. Muwonge Joram - Kampala Sqoop |access-date=2026-06-14}}</ref><ref name="author" /> == Maudhui == Kampala Sqoop inachapisha habari zinazohusu: * Siasa (uchaguzi, bunge, serikali na maendeleo ya kisiasa).<ref name="official" /> * Biashara na uchumi (bajeti, miradi kama PDM, biashara ndogo na uchumi wa taifa).<ref name="official" /> * Burudani na maisha ya watu mashuhuri.<ref name="official" /> * Michezo na masuala ya kijamii.<ref name="official" /> Inafikia hadhira kupitia tovuti yake (kampalasqoop.com), Facebook, X (Twitter), Instagram na YouTube.<ref name="fb" /><ref name="yt">{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.youtube.com/kampalasqoop |title=Kampala Sqoop - YouTube |access-date=2026-06-14}}</ref> Kuna tofauti na '''Sqoop.co.ug''', ambayo inazingatia zaidi burudani, mitindo na gossip ya watu mashuhuri.<ref name="sqoop">{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.sqoop.co.ug/ |title=Home - Sqoop |access-date=2026-06-14}}</ref> == Umuhimu == Jukwaa hili linatoa habari za haraka na za kina kuhusu matukio yanayoathiri Uganda, kama kesi ya Sydney Gongodyo, bajeti ya taifa na maendeleo ya kisiasa.<ref name="official" /> Linaendelea kutoa maoni na ripoti huru kama sehemu ya vyombo vya habari vya Uganda. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya Nje == * [https://kampalasqoop.com/ Tovuti Rasmi] * [https://www.facebook.com/kampalaSqoop/ Facebook] * [https://x.com/kampalaSqoop X (Twitter)] [[Jamii:Vyombo vya habari vya Uganda]] [[Jamii:2020 establishments in Uganda]] hqt8hdqov92dbf6ayi5j5jcj9zhgrc8 0 240961 1573039 2026-06-14T19:29:10Z Mike Seems 90215 /* */ 1573039 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eagle Online''' ni gazeti la mtandaoni la Uganda linalojishughulisha na uchambuzi wa masuala ya umma, habari za kisiasa, uchunguzi na masuala ya sasa katika Uganda na Afrika Mashariki.<ref name="official">{{Cite web |url=https://eagle.co.ug/ |title=Eagle Online - Kampala |access-date=2026-06-14}}</ref><ref name="fb">{{Cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/EagleUg/ |title=Eagle Online (@EagleUg) |access-date=2026-06-14}}</ref> == Historia == Eagle Online ni gazeti la mtandaoni lililoanzishwa nchini Uganda na linachapishwa na '''Big Foot Media and Publication Limited'''.<ref name="official" /><ref name="contact">{{Cite web |url=https://eagle.co.ug/contact-us/ |title=Contact Us - Eagle Online |access-date=2026-06-14}}</ref> Lina makao makuu yake mjini Kampala na linazingatia sana siasa, uchunguzi na masuala ya sasa ya kieneo.<ref name="muckrack">{{Cite web |url=https://muckrack.com/media-outlet/eagle |title=Eagle Online: Contact Information, Journalists, and Overview |access-date=2026-06-14}}</ref> == Maudhui == Eagle Online inachapisha habari zinazohusu: * Siasa na masuala ya umma (uchaguzi, bunge, serikali na maendeleo ya kisiasa).<ref name="official" /> * Uchunguzi wa kina na ripoti maalum.<ref name="official" /> * Biashara, uchumi na maendeleo.<ref name="official" /> * Habari za michezo, burudani na masuala ya kijamii.<ref name="official" /> Inatoa maudhui ya haraka kuhusu matukio kama bajeti ya taifa, kesi za mahakama, na uchambuzi wa siasa. Inafikia hadhira kupitia tovuti yake (eagle.co.ug), Facebook, X (Twitter) na Instagram.<ref name="fb" /><ref name="official" /> == Umuhimu == Kama moja ya majukwaa ya habari ya uchunguzi nchini Uganda, Eagle Online inachangia katika kutoa habari huru na uchambuzi wa kina kuhusu masuala yanayoathiri nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na ufisadi, maendeleo na siasa za kieneo. Linaendelea kuwa chanzo muhimu cha habari kwa wasomaji wanaotafuta ripoti za kina.<ref name="official" /><ref name="muckrack" /> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya Nje == * [https://eagle.co.ug/ Tovuti Rasmi] * [https://www.facebook.com/EagleUg/ Facebook] * [https://twitter.com/eagleonlineug X (Twitter)] [[Jamii:Vyombo vya habari vya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Vyombo vya habari vya mtandaoni]] hev19nmbb132ll4laffy6xv83256u14 1573042 1573039 2026-06-14T20:01:10Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1573042 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eagle Online''' ni gazeti la mtandaoni la Uganda linalojishughulisha na uchambuzi wa masuala ya umma, habari za kisiasa, uchunguzi na masuala ya sasa katika Uganda na Afrika Mashariki.<ref name="official">{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://eagle.co.ug/ |title=Eagle Online - Kampala |access-date=2026-06-14}}</ref><ref name="fb">{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.facebook.com/EagleUg/ |title=Eagle Online (@EagleUg) |access-date=2026-06-14}}</ref> == Historia == Eagle Online ni gazeti la mtandaoni lililoanzishwa nchini Uganda na linachapishwa na '''Big Foot Media and Publication Limited'''.<ref name="official" /><ref name="contact">{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://eagle.co.ug/contact-us/ |title=Contact Us - Eagle Online |access-date=2026-06-14}}</ref> Lina makao makuu yake mjini Kampala na linazingatia sana siasa, uchunguzi na masuala ya sasa ya kieneo.<ref name="muckrack">{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://muckrack.com/media-outlet/eagle |title=Eagle Online: Contact Information, Journalists, and Overview |access-date=2026-06-14}}</ref> == Maudhui == Eagle Online inachapisha habari zinazohusu: * Siasa na masuala ya umma (uchaguzi, bunge, serikali na maendeleo ya kisiasa).<ref name="official" /> * Uchunguzi wa kina na ripoti maalum.<ref name="official" /> * Biashara, uchumi na maendeleo.<ref name="official" /> * Habari za michezo, burudani na masuala ya kijamii.<ref name="official" /> Inatoa maudhui ya haraka kuhusu matukio kama bajeti ya taifa, kesi za mahakama, na uchambuzi wa siasa. Inafikia hadhira kupitia tovuti yake (eagle.co.ug), Facebook, X (Twitter) na Instagram.<ref name="fb" /><ref name="official" /> == Umuhimu == Kama moja ya majukwaa ya habari ya uchunguzi nchini Uganda, Eagle Online inachangia katika kutoa habari huru na uchambuzi wa kina kuhusu masuala yanayoathiri nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na ufisadi, maendeleo na siasa za kieneo. Linaendelea kuwa chanzo muhimu cha habari kwa wasomaji wanaotafuta ripoti za kina.<ref name="official" /><ref name="muckrack" /> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya Nje == * [https://eagle.co.ug/ Tovuti Rasmi] * [https://www.facebook.com/EagleUg/ Facebook] * [https://twitter.com/eagleonlineug X (Twitter)] [[Jamii:Vyombo vya habari vya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Vyombo vya habari vya mtandaoni]] s7zuu7drqvntfqo6i4620n0fvze32uy 0 240962 1573048 2026-06-14T22:00:44Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1573048 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mto Mbashe''' (pia '''Mbhashe''') ni mmoja wa mito mikubwa na muhimu katika Mkoa wa [[Eastern Cape]], nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. Mto huu unatiririka kuelekea upande wa kusini-mashariki na una eneo la bonde la uondoshaji maji linalokadiriwa kuwa na ukubwa wa [[Kilomita ya ujazo|kilomita za ujazo]] 6,030.<ref>Mbhashe River Trends - 2007/2010</ref> Mto Mbashe unaishia katika [[Bahari ya Hindi]] kupitia mlango wa mto (estuary) uliopo karibu na mnara wa taa wa Bashee, kusini mwa eneo la Mhlanganisweni.<ref>Lighthouses of S Africa: M'bashee Lighthouse</ref> == Ukubwa na jiografia == Mto Mbashe unaanzia kwenye milima ya Drakensberg, kaskazini-mashariki mwa mji wa Elliot katika mkoa wa Eastern Cape. Baada ya kupita chini ya barabara kuu ya kitaifa ya N2, mto huu unakutana na ardhi yenye miamba na miinuko migumu ya eneo la Wild Coast, upande wa kusini-mashariki mwa Elliotdale na kaskazini-mashariki mwa Dutywa. Katika eneo hili, mto unabadilika ghafla na kuingia kwenye mfululizo wa mikunjo mikali na yenye nguvu yenye urefu wa kilomita 64 inayojulikana kijiografia kama ''Collywobbles'', kabla ya kuendelea kwa utulivu kuelekea Bahari ya Hindi.<ref>Proposed Mgwali South Water Supply iDutywa, Mbhashe Municipality, Amatole District Municipality Eastern Cape Province Heritage Impact Report</ref><ref name="Matthews">Matthews, Sue. Harnessing the Collywobbles. The Water Wheel. November 2008</ref> Mito mikuu inayomwaga maji yake kwenye Mto Mbashe ni pamoja na Mto Xuka, Mto Mgwali, Mto Dutywa, na Mto Mnyolo. Kwa sasa, mfumo wa mto huu ni sehemu ya Eneo la Usimamizi wa Maji kutoka Mzimvubu hadi Keiskamma.<ref>Is there a role for traditional governance systems in South Africa's new water management regime?</ref> == Historia == Mto Mbashe una mchango wa kihistoria katika ukanda wa Kusini mwa Afrika. Mnamo mwaka 1554, meli ya [[Ureno]] iliyojulikana kwa jina la ''São Bento'' ilikwama na kuzama kwenye mlango wa Mto Mbashe. Kumbukumbu za kihistoria zinaonyesha kuwa manusura 322 wa ajali hiyo walilazimika kutembea kwa miguu kutoka hapo hadi Lourenço Marques (ambao sasa ni mji wa Maputo, mkuu wa Msumbiji).<ref>Mpondo Kingdom - The History of The Kingdom</ref> Mbali na tukio hilo la kale, kijiji cha Mvezo kilichopo kando ya kingo za Mto Mbashe ndicho mahali alipozaliwa kiongozi mashuhuri duniani na Rais wa zamani wa Afrika Kusini, [[Nelson Mandela]], mnamo mwaka 1918.<ref>Route and landmarks on the Mandela~Biko~Woods Trail</ref> == Ikolojia na uhifadhi == Ndani ya maji ya Mto Mbashe kuna aina mbalimbali za samaki wa asili wanaopatikana, wakiwemo ''Barbus pallidus'', ''Barbus anoplus'', ''Myxus capensis'', ''Anguilla marmorata'', na ''Anguilla mossambica''. Hata hivyo, mfumo wa ikolojia wa mto huu unakabiliwa na changamoto kutokana na kuwepo kwa samaki wa aina ya ''Labeobarbus aeneus''. Samaki huyu ni viumbe vamizi ambaye kwa sasa amesambaa kwa kiasi kikubwa na kuathiri baadhi ya viumbe wa asili wa mto huo.<ref>Mbhashe River System</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya mito ya Afrika Kusini]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] t8963boy192mna30bcxbqafr1i6lx2i 1573101 1573048 2026-06-15T09:24:35Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1573101 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mto Mbashe''' (pia '''Mbhashe''') ni mmoja wa [[Mto|mito]] mikubwa na muhimu katika Mkoa wa [[Eastern Cape]], nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. Mto huu unatiririka kuelekea upande wa kusini-mashariki na una eneo la bonde la uondoshaji maji linalokadiriwa kuwa na ukubwa wa [[Kilomita ya ujazo|kilomita za ujazo]] 6,030.<ref>Mbhashe River Trends - 2007/2010</ref> Mto Mbashe unaishia katika [[Bahari ya Hindi]] kupitia mlango wa mto (estuary) uliopo karibu na mnara wa taa wa Bashee, kusini mwa eneo la Mhlanganisweni.<ref>Lighthouses of S Africa: M'bashee Lighthouse</ref> == Ukubwa na jiografia == Mto Mbashe unaanzia kwenye milima ya [[Drakensberg]], kaskazini-mashariki mwa mji wa Elliot katika mkoa wa Eastern Cape. Baada ya kupita chini ya barabara kuu ya kitaifa ya N2, mto huu unakutana na ardhi yenye miamba na miinuko migumu ya eneo la Wild Coast, upande wa kusini-mashariki mwa Elliotdale na kaskazini-mashariki mwa Dutywa. Katika eneo hili, mto unabadilika ghafla na kuingia kwenye mfululizo wa mikunjo mikali na yenye nguvu yenye urefu wa kilomita 64 inayojulikana kijiografia kama ''Collywobbles'', kabla ya kuendelea kwa utulivu kuelekea Bahari ya Hindi.<ref>Proposed Mgwali South Water Supply iDutywa, Mbhashe Municipality, Amatole District Municipality Eastern Cape Province Heritage Impact Report</ref><ref name="Matthews">Matthews, Sue. Harnessing the Collywobbles. The Water Wheel. November 2008</ref> Mito mikuu inayomwaga maji yake kwenye Mto Mbashe ni pamoja na Mto Xuka, Mto Mgwali, Mto Dutywa, na Mto Mnyolo. Kwa sasa, mfumo wa mto huu ni sehemu ya Eneo la Usimamizi wa Maji kutoka Mzimvubu hadi Keiskamma.<ref>Is there a role for traditional governance systems in South Africa's new water management regime?</ref> == Historia == Mto Mbashe una mchango wa kihistoria katika ukanda wa Kusini mwa Afrika. Mnamo mwaka 1554, meli ya [[Ureno]] iliyojulikana kwa jina la ''São Bento'' ilikwama na kuzama kwenye mlango wa Mto Mbashe. Kumbukumbu za kihistoria zinaonyesha kuwa manusura 322 wa ajali hiyo walilazimika kutembea kwa miguu kutoka hapo hadi Lourenço Marques (ambao sasa ni mji wa Maputo, mkuu wa Msumbiji).<ref>Mpondo Kingdom - The History of The Kingdom</ref> Mbali na tukio hilo la kale, kijiji cha Mvezo kilichopo kando ya kingo za Mto Mbashe ndicho mahali alipozaliwa kiongozi mashuhuri duniani na Rais wa zamani wa Afrika Kusini, [[Nelson Mandela]], mnamo mwaka 1918.<ref>Route and landmarks on the Mandela~Biko~Woods Trail</ref> == Ikolojia na uhifadhi == Ndani ya maji ya Mto Mbashe kuna aina mbalimbali za samaki wa asili wanaopatikana, wakiwemo ''Barbus pallidus'', ''Barbus anoplus'', ''Myxus capensis'', ''Anguilla marmorata'', na ''Anguilla mossambica''. Hata hivyo, mfumo wa ikolojia wa mto huu unakabiliwa na changamoto kutokana na kuwepo kwa samaki wa aina ya ''Labeobarbus aeneus''. Samaki huyu ni viumbe vamizi ambaye kwa sasa amesambaa kwa kiasi kikubwa na kuathiri baadhi ya viumbe wa asili wa mto huo.<ref>Mbhashe River System</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya mito ya Afrika Kusini]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] iw283tfdfv7t933tdgo07d89qtw3sfm 0 240963 1573056 2026-06-14T22:19:00Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha Makala 1573056 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Luvua - Luapula - Chambeshi River DRC.svg|thumb|Picha ya [[ramani]] ya Mto Luvua unavyotokea katika [[Ziwa Mweru]]]] '''Mto Luvua''' (pia '''Mto Lowa''') ni [[mto]] mkubwa uliopo katika mkoa wa [[Katanga]] nchini [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] (DRC). Mto huu unaanza kutiririka kutoka upande wa kaskazini wa [[Ziwa Mweru]] lililopo kwenye mpaka wa [[Zambia]] na Kongo, na unaelekea upande wa kaskazini-magharibi kwa umbali wa [[kilomita]] 350 (sawa na [[maili]] 220) hadi unapokutana na [[Mto Lualaba]] mkabili wa mji wa Ankoro. Muungano huu wa Luvua na Lualaba ndio unaounda [[Mto Kongo]] kuanzia maporomoko ya Boyoma kwenda chini. == Ukubwa wa mto == Ziwa Mweru, ambalo lipo katika mwinuko wa takribani mita 1,000 juu ya usawa wa bahari, ni ziwa la bonde la mafuriko lililoundwa kijiolojia kupitia mmomonyoko wa udongo uliosababishwa na upepo kubeba mchanga kando ya bonde.{{sfn|Thieme|2005|p=185}} Mto Luvua unaondokea upande wa kaskazini wa ziwa hilo karibu na mji wa Pweto nchini DRC.{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|p=771}} Kutoka hapo, mto unajinyoosha kwa kilomita 350 kuelekea kaskazini-magharibi hadi Ankoro unapokutana na Lualaba.{{sfn|Kisangani|Bobb|2010|p=326}} Sehemu ya katikati ya mwendo wa mto huu imeingiliwa na mfululizo wa maporomoko ya maji, mikondo mikali, na mawimbi makubwa wakati unashuka kutoka kwenye nyanda za juu kuelekea Bonde la Kongo.{{sfn|Daniel|2011}} Katika eneo la Piana Mwanga, maporomoko hayo yanatumiwa kuzalisha nishati ya umeme kwa ajili ya migodi ya Manono na Kitotolo. Chini ya mji wa Kiambi, mto huu unaweza kupitika kwa urahisi kwa kutumia boti ndogo za kilindi kifupi kwa umbali wa kilomita 160.{{sfn|Kisangani|Bobb|2010|p=326}} Mto Luvua hupata ujazo mkubwa zaidi wa maji kati ya mwezi Machi na Mei, huku kiasi hicho kikipungua sana kati ya Septemba na Novemba.{{sfn|Gupta|2008|p=303}} == Bonde la mifereji ya maji == Bonde la Mto Kongo lina umbo la bakuli kubwa lenye kina kifupi. Mto Luvua unapasua ukingo wa kusini-mashariki wa bakuli hili, ukileta maji kutoka kwenye bonde la mifereji ya maji ya Mweru na Bangweulu.{{sfn|Davies|Walker|1986|p=201}} Luvua inakausha eneo lenye ukubwa wa zaidi ya kilomita za mraba 218,000, ambalo hapo awali lilikuwa sehemu ya bonde la Mto Zambezi.{{sfn|Davies|Walker|1986|p=206}} Kuna ushahidi mkubwa wa viumbe hai unaoonyesha kuwa bonde la Luvua hapo zamani lilikuwa sehemu ya mfumo wa Zambezi, kwani aina kadhaa za samaki wanaopatikana kwa wingi katika mfumo wa Zambezi wanapatikana pia ndani ya Mto Luvua.{{sfn|Davies|Walker|1986|p=221}} Viumbe wa Mto Kongo walipenya kupitia Luvua hadi Ziwa Mweru, lakini walizuiwa kuingia Ziwa Bangweulu kutokana na Maporomoko ya Mambatuta. Mabadiliko haya ya mifumo ya maji yalitokea mapema katika kipindi cha kijiolojia cha Jiolojia ya Tatu (Tertiary period).{{sfn|Thieme|2005|p=186}} == Nadharia ya chanzo kikuu cha Mto Kongo == Baadhi ya wanajiografia wanaichukulia Luvua kama sehemu kuu ya Mto Kongo yenyewe. Wanaweka chimbuko la Mto Kongo katika nyanda za juu kati ya Tanzania na Zambia, ambapo [[Mto Chambeshi]] unaanzia na kutiririka kuelekea kusini-magharibi hadi Ziwa Bangweulu. Kutoka ziwani humo, [[Mto Luapula]] unatokeza na kutiririka kuelekea kaskazini kwa zaidi ya kilomita 500 hadi Ziwa Mweru. Mto Luvua kisha unatoka Ziwa Mweru na kuelekea kaskazini-magharibi kuungana na Lualaba, ambayo inaendelea chini kama Mto Kongo.{{sfn|Wohl|2010|pp=248-250}} Wataalamu wengine wanasema kuwa Mto Kongo unaanza rasmi pale ambapo Lualaba na Luvua zinapokutana.{{sfn|Day|Garratt|2006|p=61}} Hata hivyo, hoja ya kuutaja Lualaba kama chanzo kikuu, ingawa ni mfupi, inatokana na ukweli kwamba una kiasi cha maji mara mbili zaidi ya Luvua katika eneo wanakokutana.{{sfn|Wohl|2010|pp=248-250}} == Historia == Sehemu ya juu ya bonde la Luvua ilikuwa makazi ya watu wa kabila la Bwile. Mnamo miaka ya baada ya 1810, Kumwimbe Ngombe, kiongozi wa Ufalme wa Luba, aliteka eneo hili.{{sfn|Macola|2002|p=108}} Mpelelezi na mmisionari wa Ulaya, [[David Livingstone]], "aligundua" Ziwa Mweru mnamo mwaka 1867 na kuweka nadharia kwamba Luvua ilitiririka kuelekea Mto Nile wa Juu. Ilikuwa ni baada ya kifo cha Livingstone ndipo [[Henry Morton Stanley]], katika msafara wake wa miaka ya 1874-1877, alipoonyesha kuwa mto huo kwa kweli ulikuwa tawari la Mto Kongo.{{sfn|Fitzgerald|1948|p=92}} Kuanzia mwaka 1891, kiongozi mmoja wa [[Waswahili]] aliyeitwa Shimba, alianzisha mfululizo wa uvamizi wa kukamata watumwa ambao ulifanya pwani nyingi za magharibi za Ziwa Mweru kukosa watu. Shimba alijiunga na Mswahili mwingine aliyeitwa Kafindo aliyekuwa juu ya Luvua na kumshambulia mtawala wa kienyeji wa Yeke. Mashambulizi haya yaliendelea hadi Mbelgiji Braseur alipowasili na kuanza "kutuliza" eneo hilo, ambalo mataifa ya Ulaya yalikuwa yamekubaliana kuwa ni mali ya Ubelgiji.{{sfn|Macola|2002|pp=169ff}} Katika mwaka 2000, wakati wa Vita vya Pili vya Kongo, majeshi ya serikali yalipata pigo kubwa kutoka kwa majeshi ya [[Rwanda]] huko Pweto, kwenye chanzo cha mto. Majeshi ya DRC yalileta magari yao mengi ya kivita kuvuka mto, lakini kwa kuwa kulikuwa na kivuko kimoja tu, hawakuwa na muda wa kutosha kuhamisha magari yote kabla ya Wanyarwanda kuwasili. Askari walipakia tanki la T-62 vibaya, na kivuko kikapinduka na kuzama. Wanyarwanda walikuta matanki 33 pamoja na magari mengine ambayo wanajeshi wa DRC walikuwa wamejaribu kuyachoma moto.{{sfn|Stearns|2011|pp=250-251}} == Tanbihi == {{reflist |colwidth=20em}} == Marejeo == {{refbegin}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/boma/Crossing_Africa_by_Motorboat |title=Crossing Africa by Motorboat |first=Roger |last=Daniel |year=2011 |access-date=2011-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009081615/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/boma/Crossing_Africa_by_Motorboat |archive-date=2008-10-09 |url-status=dead }} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDjMyk4oDBkC&pg=PA201 |title=The Ecology of river systems |first1=Bryan Robert |last1=Davies |first2=Keith F. |last2=Walker |publisher=Springer |year=1986 |isbn=90-6193-540-7}} *{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IUwrHulGQmYC&pg=PA61 |chapter=Congo (Zaire) River |title=Lakes and rivers |first1=Trevor |last1=Day |first2=Richard |last2=Garratt |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=0-8160-5328-6}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hx8OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA92 |title=Africa: a social, economic and political geography of its major regions |first=Walter |last=Fitzgerald |publisher=Methuen |year=1948}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bx7uuYmAkaMC&pg=PA303 |title=Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management |first=Avijit |last=Gupta |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-72371-5}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA771 |title=A directory of African wetlands |first1=R. H. |last1=Hughes |first2=J. S. |last2=Hughes |publisher=IUCN |year=1992 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}} *{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvAWPTaRvFYC&pg=PA326 |chapter=Luvua River |title=Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo |first1=Emizet F. |last1=Kisangani |first2=F. Scott |last2=Bobb |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8108-5761-2}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ta65FvaCA9kC&pg=PA108 |title=The kingdom of Kazembe: history and politics in North-Eastern Zambia and Katanga to 1950 |first=Giacomo |last=Macola |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |year=2002 |isbn=3-8258-5997-5}} *{{cite book |title=Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa |title-link=Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa |first=Jason |last=Stearns |publisher=PublicAffairs |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-58648-929-8}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA185 |title=Freshwater ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: a conservation assessment |first=Michele L. |last=Thieme |publisher=Island Press |year=2005 |isbn=1-55963-365-4}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ji1cApN3NogC&pg=PA248 |title=A World of Rivers: Environmental Change on Ten of the World's Great Rivers |first=Ellen |last=Wohl |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-226-90478-8}} {{refend}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] ab10hvkak0wiq2wx4cq3ka0r1pgd0cm 1573058 1573056 2026-06-14T22:24:21Z Laylah26 89982 1573058 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:River crossing, Pweto, Katanga.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Gari likivushwa katika Mto Luvua]] '''Mto Luvua''' (pia '''Mto Lowa''') ni [[mto]] mkubwa uliopo katika mkoa wa [[Katanga]] nchini [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] (DRC). Mto huu unaanza kutiririka kutoka upande wa kaskazini wa [[Ziwa Mweru]] lililopo kwenye mpaka wa [[Zambia]] na Kongo, na unaelekea upande wa kaskazini-magharibi kwa umbali wa [[kilomita]] 350 (sawa na [[maili]] 220) hadi unapokutana na [[Mto Lualaba]] mkabili wa mji wa Ankoro. Muungano huu wa Luvua na Lualaba ndio unaounda [[Mto Kongo]] kuanzia maporomoko ya Boyoma kwenda chini. == Ukubwa wa mto == [[File:Luvua - Luapula - Chambeshi River DRC.svg|thumb|Picha ya [[ramani]] ya Mto Luvua unavyotokea katika [[Ziwa Mweru]]]] Ziwa Mweru, ambalo lipo katika mwinuko wa takribani mita 1,000 juu ya usawa wa bahari, ni ziwa la bonde la mafuriko lililoundwa kijiolojia kupitia mmomonyoko wa udongo uliosababishwa na upepo kubeba mchanga kando ya bonde.{{sfn|Thieme|2005|p=185}} Mto Luvua unaondokea upande wa kaskazini wa ziwa hilo karibu na mji wa Pweto nchini DRC.{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|p=771}} Kutoka hapo, mto unajinyoosha kwa kilomita 350 kuelekea kaskazini-magharibi hadi Ankoro unapokutana na Lualaba.{{sfn|Kisangani|Bobb|2010|p=326}} Sehemu ya katikati ya mwendo wa mto huu imeingiliwa na mfululizo wa maporomoko ya maji, mikondo mikali, na mawimbi makubwa wakati unashuka kutoka kwenye nyanda za juu kuelekea Bonde la Kongo.{{sfn|Daniel|2011}} Katika eneo la Piana Mwanga, maporomoko hayo yanatumiwa kuzalisha nishati ya umeme kwa ajili ya migodi ya Manono na Kitotolo. Chini ya mji wa Kiambi, mto huu unaweza kupitika kwa urahisi kwa kutumia boti ndogo za kilindi kifupi kwa umbali wa kilomita 160.{{sfn|Kisangani|Bobb|2010|p=326}} Mto Luvua hupata ujazo mkubwa zaidi wa maji kati ya mwezi Machi na Mei, huku kiasi hicho kikipungua sana kati ya Septemba na Novemba.{{sfn|Gupta|2008|p=303}} == Bonde la mifereji ya maji == Bonde la Mto Kongo lina umbo la bakuli kubwa lenye kina kifupi. Mto Luvua unapasua ukingo wa kusini-mashariki wa bakuli hili, ukileta maji kutoka kwenye bonde la mifereji ya maji ya Mweru na Bangweulu.{{sfn|Davies|Walker|1986|p=201}} Luvua inakausha eneo lenye ukubwa wa zaidi ya kilomita za mraba 218,000, ambalo hapo awali lilikuwa sehemu ya bonde la Mto Zambezi.{{sfn|Davies|Walker|1986|p=206}} Kuna ushahidi mkubwa wa viumbe hai unaoonyesha kuwa bonde la Luvua hapo zamani lilikuwa sehemu ya mfumo wa Zambezi, kwani aina kadhaa za samaki wanaopatikana kwa wingi katika mfumo wa Zambezi wanapatikana pia ndani ya Mto Luvua.{{sfn|Davies|Walker|1986|p=221}} Viumbe wa Mto Kongo walipenya kupitia Luvua hadi Ziwa Mweru, lakini walizuiwa kuingia Ziwa Bangweulu kutokana na Maporomoko ya Mambatuta. Mabadiliko haya ya mifumo ya maji yalitokea mapema katika kipindi cha kijiolojia cha Jiolojia ya Tatu (Tertiary period).{{sfn|Thieme|2005|p=186}} == Nadharia ya chanzo kikuu cha Mto Kongo == Baadhi ya wanajiografia wanaichukulia Luvua kama sehemu kuu ya Mto Kongo yenyewe. Wanaweka chimbuko la Mto Kongo katika nyanda za juu kati ya Tanzania na Zambia, ambapo [[Mto Chambeshi]] unaanzia na kutiririka kuelekea kusini-magharibi hadi Ziwa Bangweulu. Kutoka ziwani humo, [[Mto Luapula]] unatokeza na kutiririka kuelekea kaskazini kwa zaidi ya kilomita 500 hadi Ziwa Mweru. Mto Luvua kisha unatoka Ziwa Mweru na kuelekea kaskazini-magharibi kuungana na Lualaba, ambayo inaendelea chini kama Mto Kongo.{{sfn|Wohl|2010|pp=248-250}} Wataalamu wengine wanasema kuwa Mto Kongo unaanza rasmi pale ambapo Lualaba na Luvua zinapokutana.{{sfn|Day|Garratt|2006|p=61}} Hata hivyo, hoja ya kuutaja Lualaba kama chanzo kikuu, ingawa ni mfupi, inatokana na ukweli kwamba una kiasi cha maji mara mbili zaidi ya Luvua katika eneo wanakokutana.{{sfn|Wohl|2010|pp=248-250}} == Historia == Sehemu ya juu ya bonde la Luvua ilikuwa makazi ya watu wa kabila la Bwile. Mnamo miaka ya baada ya 1810, Kumwimbe Ngombe, kiongozi wa Ufalme wa Luba, aliteka eneo hili.{{sfn|Macola|2002|p=108}} Mpelelezi na mmisionari wa Ulaya, [[David Livingstone]], "aligundua" Ziwa Mweru mnamo mwaka 1867 na kuweka nadharia kwamba Luvua ilitiririka kuelekea Mto Nile wa Juu. Ilikuwa ni baada ya kifo cha Livingstone ndipo [[Henry Morton Stanley]], katika msafara wake wa miaka ya 1874-1877, alipoonyesha kuwa mto huo kwa kweli ulikuwa tawari la Mto Kongo.{{sfn|Fitzgerald|1948|p=92}} Kuanzia mwaka 1891, kiongozi mmoja wa [[Waswahili]] aliyeitwa Shimba, alianzisha mfululizo wa uvamizi wa kukamata watumwa ambao ulifanya pwani nyingi za magharibi za Ziwa Mweru kukosa watu. Shimba alijiunga na Mswahili mwingine aliyeitwa Kafindo aliyekuwa juu ya Luvua na kumshambulia mtawala wa kienyeji wa Yeke. Mashambulizi haya yaliendelea hadi Mbelgiji Braseur alipowasili na kuanza "kutuliza" eneo hilo, ambalo mataifa ya Ulaya yalikuwa yamekubaliana kuwa ni mali ya Ubelgiji.{{sfn|Macola|2002|pp=169ff}} Katika mwaka 2000, wakati wa Vita vya Pili vya Kongo, majeshi ya serikali yalipata pigo kubwa kutoka kwa majeshi ya [[Rwanda]] huko Pweto, kwenye chanzo cha mto. Majeshi ya DRC yalileta magari yao mengi ya kivita kuvuka mto, lakini kwa kuwa kulikuwa na kivuko kimoja tu, hawakuwa na muda wa kutosha kuhamisha magari yote kabla ya Wanyarwanda kuwasili. Askari walipakia tanki la T-62 vibaya, na kivuko kikapinduka na kuzama. Wanyarwanda walikuta matanki 33 pamoja na magari mengine ambayo wanajeshi wa DRC walikuwa wamejaribu kuyachoma moto.{{sfn|Stearns|2011|pp=250-251}} == Tanbihi == {{reflist |colwidth=20em}} == Marejeo == {{refbegin}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/boma/Crossing_Africa_by_Motorboat |title=Crossing Africa by Motorboat |first=Roger |last=Daniel |year=2011 |access-date=2011-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009081615/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/boma/Crossing_Africa_by_Motorboat |archive-date=2008-10-09 |url-status=dead }} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDjMyk4oDBkC&pg=PA201 |title=The Ecology of river systems |first1=Bryan Robert |last1=Davies |first2=Keith F. |last2=Walker |publisher=Springer |year=1986 |isbn=90-6193-540-7}} *{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IUwrHulGQmYC&pg=PA61 |chapter=Congo (Zaire) River |title=Lakes and rivers |first1=Trevor |last1=Day |first2=Richard |last2=Garratt |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=0-8160-5328-6}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hx8OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA92 |title=Africa: a social, economic and political geography of its major regions |first=Walter |last=Fitzgerald |publisher=Methuen |year=1948}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bx7uuYmAkaMC&pg=PA303 |title=Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management |first=Avijit |last=Gupta |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-72371-5}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA771 |title=A directory of African wetlands |first1=R. H. |last1=Hughes |first2=J. S. |last2=Hughes |publisher=IUCN |year=1992 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}} *{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvAWPTaRvFYC&pg=PA326 |chapter=Luvua River |title=Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo |first1=Emizet F. |last1=Kisangani |first2=F. Scott |last2=Bobb |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8108-5761-2}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ta65FvaCA9kC&pg=PA108 |title=The kingdom of Kazembe: history and politics in North-Eastern Zambia and Katanga to 1950 |first=Giacomo |last=Macola |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |year=2002 |isbn=3-8258-5997-5}} *{{cite book |title=Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa |title-link=Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa |first=Jason |last=Stearns |publisher=PublicAffairs |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-58648-929-8}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA185 |title=Freshwater ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: a conservation assessment |first=Michele L. |last=Thieme |publisher=Island Press |year=2005 |isbn=1-55963-365-4}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ji1cApN3NogC&pg=PA248 |title=A World of Rivers: Environmental Change on Ten of the World's Great Rivers |first=Ellen |last=Wohl |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-226-90478-8}} {{refend}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] q368p08wknfah44014xvphrcgi4fght 1573068 1573058 2026-06-15T03:22:42Z Laylah26 89982 1573068 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:River crossing, Pweto, Katanga.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Gari likivushwa katika Mto Luvua]] '''Mto Luvua''' (pia '''Mto Lowa''') ni [[mto]] mkubwa uliopo katika mkoa wa [[Katanga]] nchini [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] (DRC). Mto huu unaanza kutiririka kutoka upande wa kaskazini wa [[Ziwa Mweru]] lililopo kwenye mpaka wa [[Zambia]] na Kongo, na unaelekea upande wa kaskazini-magharibi kwa umbali wa [[kilomita]] 350 (sawa na [[maili]] 220) hadi unapokutana na [[Mto Lualaba]] mkabala na [[mji]] wa Ankoro. Muungano huu wa Luvua na Lualaba ndio unaounda [[Mto Kongo]] kwa kuanzia kwenye [[maporomoko ya maji]] ya Boyoma kwenda chini. == Ukubwa wa mto == [[File:Luvua - Luapula - Chambeshi River DRC.svg|thumb|Picha ya [[ramani]] ya Mto Luvua unavyotokea katika [[Ziwa Mweru]]]] Ziwa Mweru, ambalo lipo katika mwinuko wa takribani mita 1,000 juu ya usawa wa bahari, ni ziwa la bonde la mafuriko lililoundwa kijiolojia kupitia mmomonyoko wa udongo uliosababishwa na upepo kubeba mchanga kando ya bonde.{{sfn|Thieme|2005|p=185}} Mto Luvua unaondokea upande wa kaskazini wa ziwa hilo karibu na mji wa Pweto nchini DRC.{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|p=771}} Kutoka hapo, mto unajinyoosha kwa kilomita 350 kuelekea kaskazini-magharibi hadi Ankoro unapokutana na Lualaba.{{sfn|Kisangani|Bobb|2010|p=326}} Sehemu ya katikati ya mwendo wa mto huu imeingiliwa na mfululizo wa maporomoko ya maji, mikondo mikali, na mawimbi makubwa wakati unashuka kutoka kwenye nyanda za juu kuelekea Bonde la Kongo.{{sfn|Daniel|2011}} Katika eneo la Piana Mwanga, maporomoko hayo yanatumiwa kuzalisha nishati ya umeme kwa ajili ya migodi ya Manono na Kitotolo. Chini ya mji wa Kiambi, mto huu unaweza kupitika kwa urahisi kwa kutumia boti ndogo za kilindi kifupi kwa umbali wa kilomita 160.{{sfn|Kisangani|Bobb|2010|p=326}} Mto Luvua hupata ujazo mkubwa zaidi wa maji kati ya mwezi Machi na Mei, huku kiasi hicho kikipungua sana kati ya Septemba na Novemba.{{sfn|Gupta|2008|p=303}} == Bonde la mifereji ya maji == Bonde la Mto Kongo lina umbo la bakuli kubwa lenye kina kifupi. Mto Luvua unapasua ukingo wa kusini-mashariki wa bakuli hili, ukileta maji kutoka kwenye bonde la mifereji ya maji ya Mweru na Bangweulu.{{sfn|Davies|Walker|1986|p=201}} Luvua inakausha eneo lenye ukubwa wa zaidi ya kilomita za mraba 218,000, ambalo hapo awali lilikuwa sehemu ya bonde la Mto Zambezi.{{sfn|Davies|Walker|1986|p=206}} Kuna ushahidi mkubwa wa viumbe hai unaoonyesha kuwa bonde la Luvua hapo zamani lilikuwa sehemu ya mfumo wa Zambezi, kwani aina kadhaa za samaki wanaopatikana kwa wingi katika mfumo wa Zambezi wanapatikana pia ndani ya Mto Luvua.{{sfn|Davies|Walker|1986|p=221}} Viumbe wa Mto Kongo walipenya kupitia Luvua hadi Ziwa Mweru, lakini walizuiwa kuingia Ziwa Bangweulu kutokana na Maporomoko ya Mambatuta. Mabadiliko haya ya mifumo ya maji yalitokea mapema katika kipindi cha kijiolojia cha Jiolojia ya Tatu (Tertiary period).{{sfn|Thieme|2005|p=186}} == Nadharia ya chanzo kikuu cha Mto Kongo == Baadhi ya wanajiografia wanaichukulia Luvua kama sehemu kuu ya Mto Kongo yenyewe. Wanaweka chimbuko la Mto Kongo katika nyanda za juu kati ya Tanzania na Zambia, ambapo [[Mto Chambeshi]] unaanzia na kutiririka kuelekea kusini-magharibi hadi Ziwa Bangweulu. Kutoka ziwani humo, [[Mto Luapula]] unatokeza na kutiririka kuelekea kaskazini kwa zaidi ya kilomita 500 hadi Ziwa Mweru. Mto Luvua kisha unatoka Ziwa Mweru na kuelekea kaskazini-magharibi kuungana na Lualaba, ambayo inaendelea chini kama Mto Kongo.{{sfn|Wohl|2010|pp=248-250}} Wataalamu wengine wanasema kuwa Mto Kongo unaanza rasmi pale ambapo Lualaba na Luvua zinapokutana.{{sfn|Day|Garratt|2006|p=61}} Hata hivyo, hoja ya kuutaja Lualaba kama chanzo kikuu, ingawa ni mfupi, inatokana na ukweli kwamba una kiasi cha maji mara mbili zaidi ya Luvua katika eneo wanakokutana.{{sfn|Wohl|2010|pp=248-250}} == Historia == Sehemu ya juu ya bonde la Luvua ilikuwa makazi ya watu wa kabila la Bwile. Mnamo miaka ya baada ya 1810, Kumwimbe Ngombe, kiongozi wa Ufalme wa Luba, aliteka eneo hili.{{sfn|Macola|2002|p=108}} Mpelelezi na mmisionari wa Ulaya, [[David Livingstone]], "aligundua" Ziwa Mweru mnamo mwaka 1867 na kuweka nadharia kwamba Luvua ilitiririka kuelekea Mto Nile wa Juu. Ilikuwa ni baada ya kifo cha Livingstone ndipo [[Henry Morton Stanley]], katika msafara wake wa miaka ya 1874-1877, alipoonyesha kuwa mto huo kwa kweli ulikuwa tawari la Mto Kongo.{{sfn|Fitzgerald|1948|p=92}} Kuanzia mwaka 1891, kiongozi mmoja wa [[Waswahili]] aliyeitwa Shimba, alianzisha mfululizo wa uvamizi wa kukamata watumwa ambao ulifanya pwani nyingi za magharibi za Ziwa Mweru kukosa watu. Shimba alijiunga na Mswahili mwingine aliyeitwa Kafindo aliyekuwa juu ya Luvua na kumshambulia mtawala wa kienyeji wa Yeke. Mashambulizi haya yaliendelea hadi Mbelgiji Braseur alipowasili na kuanza "kutuliza" eneo hilo, ambalo mataifa ya Ulaya yalikuwa yamekubaliana kuwa ni mali ya Ubelgiji.{{sfn|Macola|2002|pp=169ff}} Katika mwaka 2000, wakati wa Vita vya Pili vya Kongo, majeshi ya serikali yalipata pigo kubwa kutoka kwa majeshi ya [[Rwanda]] huko Pweto, kwenye chanzo cha mto. Majeshi ya DRC yalileta magari yao mengi ya kivita kuvuka mto, lakini kwa kuwa kulikuwa na kivuko kimoja tu, hawakuwa na muda wa kutosha kuhamisha magari yote kabla ya Wanyarwanda kuwasili. Askari walipakia tanki la T-62 vibaya, na kivuko kikapinduka na kuzama. Wanyarwanda walikuta matanki 33 pamoja na magari mengine ambayo wanajeshi wa DRC walikuwa wamejaribu kuyachoma moto.{{sfn|Stearns|2011|pp=250-251}} == Tanbihi == {{reflist |colwidth=20em}} == Marejeo == {{refbegin}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/boma/Crossing_Africa_by_Motorboat |title=Crossing Africa by Motorboat |first=Roger |last=Daniel |year=2011 |access-date=2011-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009081615/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/boma/Crossing_Africa_by_Motorboat |archive-date=2008-10-09 |url-status=dead }} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDjMyk4oDBkC&pg=PA201 |title=The Ecology of river systems |first1=Bryan Robert |last1=Davies |first2=Keith F. |last2=Walker |publisher=Springer |year=1986 |isbn=90-6193-540-7}} *{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IUwrHulGQmYC&pg=PA61 |chapter=Congo (Zaire) River |title=Lakes and rivers |first1=Trevor |last1=Day |first2=Richard |last2=Garratt |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=0-8160-5328-6}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hx8OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA92 |title=Africa: a social, economic and political geography of its major regions |first=Walter |last=Fitzgerald |publisher=Methuen |year=1948}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bx7uuYmAkaMC&pg=PA303 |title=Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management |first=Avijit |last=Gupta |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-72371-5}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA771 |title=A directory of African wetlands |first1=R. H. |last1=Hughes |first2=J. S. |last2=Hughes |publisher=IUCN |year=1992 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}} *{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvAWPTaRvFYC&pg=PA326 |chapter=Luvua River |title=Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo |first1=Emizet F. |last1=Kisangani |first2=F. Scott |last2=Bobb |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8108-5761-2}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ta65FvaCA9kC&pg=PA108 |title=The kingdom of Kazembe: history and politics in North-Eastern Zambia and Katanga to 1950 |first=Giacomo |last=Macola |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |year=2002 |isbn=3-8258-5997-5}} *{{cite book |title=Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa |title-link=Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa |first=Jason |last=Stearns |publisher=PublicAffairs |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-58648-929-8}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA185 |title=Freshwater ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: a conservation assessment |first=Michele L. |last=Thieme |publisher=Island Press |year=2005 |isbn=1-55963-365-4}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ji1cApN3NogC&pg=PA248 |title=A World of Rivers: Environmental Change on Ten of the World's Great Rivers |first=Ellen |last=Wohl |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-226-90478-8}} {{refend}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] e2fdv4f8tjhoffion24vra69jpwdlv0 1573102 1573068 2026-06-15T09:27:30Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1573102 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:River crossing, Pweto, Katanga.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Gari likivushwa katika Mto Luvua]] '''Mto Luvua''' (pia '''Mto Lowa''') ni [[mto]] mkubwa uliopo katika mkoa wa [[Katanga]] nchini [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Mto huu unaanza kutiririka kutoka upande wa kaskazini wa [[Ziwa Mwero]] lililopo kwenye mpaka wa [[Zambia]] na Kongo, na unaelekea upande wa kaskazini-magharibi kwa umbali wa [[kilomita]] 350 (sawa na [[maili]] 220) hadi unapokutana na [[Mto Lualaba]] mkabala na [[mji]] wa Ankoro. Muungano huu wa Luvua na Lualaba ndio unaounda [[Mto Kongo]] kwa kuanzia kwenye [[maporomoko ya maji]] ya Boyoma kwenda chini. == Ukubwa wa mto == [[File:Luvua - Luapula - Chambeshi River DRC.svg|thumb|[[Ramani]] ya Mto Luvua unavyotokea katika [[Ziwa Mwero]].]] Ziwa Mweru, ambalo lipo katika mwinuko wa takribani mita 1,000 juu ya usawa wa bahari, ni ziwa la bonde la mafuriko lililoundwa kijiolojia kupitia mmomonyoko wa udongo uliosababishwa na upepo kubeba mchanga kando ya bonde.{{sfn|Thieme|2005|p=185}} Mto Luvua unaondokea upande wa kaskazini wa ziwa hilo karibu na mji wa Pweto nchini DRC.{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|p=771}} Kutoka hapo, mto unajinyoosha kwa kilomita 350 kuelekea kaskazini-magharibi hadi Ankoro unapokutana na Lualaba.{{sfn|Kisangani|Bobb|2010|p=326}} Sehemu ya katikati ya mwendo wa mto huu imeingiliwa na mfululizo wa maporomoko ya maji, mikondo mikali, na mawimbi makubwa wakati unashuka kutoka kwenye nyanda za juu kuelekea Bonde la Kongo.{{sfn|Daniel|2011}} Katika eneo la Piana Mwanga, maporomoko hayo yanatumiwa kuzalisha nishati ya umeme kwa ajili ya migodi ya Manono na Kitotolo. Chini ya mji wa Kiambi, mto huu unaweza kupitika kwa urahisi kwa kutumia boti ndogo za kilindi kifupi kwa umbali wa kilomita 160.{{sfn|Kisangani|Bobb|2010|p=326}} Mto Luvua hupata ujazo mkubwa zaidi wa maji kati ya mwezi Machi na Mei, huku kiasi hicho kikipungua sana kati ya Septemba na Novemba.{{sfn|Gupta|2008|p=303}} == Bonde la mifereji ya maji == Bonde la Mto Kongo lina umbo la bakuli kubwa lenye kina kifupi. Mto Luvua unapasua ukingo wa kusini-mashariki wa bakuli hili, ukileta maji kutoka kwenye bonde la mifereji ya maji ya Mweru na Bangweulu.{{sfn|Davies|Walker|1986|p=201}} Luvua inakausha eneo lenye ukubwa wa zaidi ya kilomita za mraba 218,000, ambalo hapo awali lilikuwa sehemu ya bonde la Mto Zambezi.{{sfn|Davies|Walker|1986|p=206}} Kuna ushahidi mkubwa wa viumbe hai unaoonyesha kuwa bonde la Luvua hapo zamani lilikuwa sehemu ya mfumo wa Zambezi, kwani aina kadhaa za samaki wanaopatikana kwa wingi katika mfumo wa Zambezi wanapatikana pia ndani ya Mto Luvua.{{sfn|Davies|Walker|1986|p=221}} Viumbe wa Mto Kongo walipenya kupitia Luvua hadi Ziwa Mweru, lakini walizuiwa kuingia Ziwa Bangweulu kutokana na Maporomoko ya Mambatuta. Mabadiliko haya ya mifumo ya maji yalitokea mapema katika kipindi cha kijiolojia cha Jiolojia ya Tatu (Tertiary period).{{sfn|Thieme|2005|p=186}} == Nadharia ya chanzo kikuu cha Mto Kongo == Baadhi ya wanajiografia wanaichukulia Luvua kama sehemu kuu ya Mto Kongo yenyewe. Wanaweka chimbuko la Mto Kongo katika nyanda za juu kati ya Tanzania na Zambia, ambapo [[Mto Chambeshi]] unaanzia na kutiririka kuelekea kusini-magharibi hadi Ziwa Bangweulu. Kutoka ziwani humo, [[Mto Luapula]] unatokeza na kutiririka kuelekea kaskazini kwa zaidi ya kilomita 500 hadi Ziwa Mweru. Mto Luvua kisha unatoka Ziwa Mweru na kuelekea kaskazini-magharibi kuungana na Lualaba, ambayo inaendelea chini kama Mto Kongo.{{sfn|Wohl|2010|pp=248-250}} Wataalamu wengine wanasema kuwa Mto Kongo unaanza rasmi pale ambapo Lualaba na Luvua zinapokutana.{{sfn|Day|Garratt|2006|p=61}} Hata hivyo, hoja ya kuutaja Lualaba kama chanzo kikuu, ingawa ni mfupi, inatokana na ukweli kwamba una kiasi cha maji mara mbili zaidi ya Luvua katika eneo wanakokutana.{{sfn|Wohl|2010|pp=248-250}} == Historia == Sehemu ya juu ya bonde la Luvua ilikuwa makazi ya watu wa kabila la Bwile. Mnamo miaka ya baada ya 1810, Kumwimbe Ngombe, kiongozi wa Ufalme wa Luba, aliteka eneo hili.{{sfn|Macola|2002|p=108}} Mpelelezi na mmisionari wa Ulaya, [[David Livingstone]], "aligundua" Ziwa Mweru mnamo mwaka 1867 na kuweka nadharia kwamba Luvua ilitiririka kuelekea Mto Nile wa Juu. Ilikuwa ni baada ya kifo cha Livingstone ndipo [[Henry Morton Stanley]], katika msafara wake wa miaka ya 1874-1877, alipoonyesha kuwa mto huo kwa kweli ulikuwa tawari la Mto Kongo.{{sfn|Fitzgerald|1948|p=92}} Kuanzia mwaka 1891, kiongozi mmoja wa [[Waswahili]] aliyeitwa Shimba, alianzisha mfululizo wa uvamizi wa kukamata watumwa ambao ulifanya pwani nyingi za magharibi za Ziwa Mweru kukosa watu. Shimba alijiunga na Mswahili mwingine aliyeitwa Kafindo aliyekuwa juu ya Luvua na kumshambulia mtawala wa kienyeji wa Yeke. Mashambulizi haya yaliendelea hadi Mbelgiji Braseur alipowasili na kuanza "kutuliza" eneo hilo, ambalo mataifa ya Ulaya yalikuwa yamekubaliana kuwa ni mali ya Ubelgiji.{{sfn|Macola|2002|pp=169ff}} Katika mwaka 2000, wakati wa Vita vya Pili vya Kongo, majeshi ya serikali yalipata pigo kubwa kutoka kwa majeshi ya [[Rwanda]] huko Pweto, kwenye chanzo cha mto. Majeshi ya DRC yalileta magari yao mengi ya kivita kuvuka mto, lakini kwa kuwa kulikuwa na kivuko kimoja tu, hawakuwa na muda wa kutosha kuhamisha magari yote kabla ya Wanyarwanda kuwasili. Askari walipakia tanki la T-62 vibaya, na kivuko kikapinduka na kuzama. Wanyarwanda walikuta matanki 33 pamoja na magari mengine ambayo wanajeshi wa DRC walikuwa wamejaribu kuyachoma moto.{{sfn|Stearns|2011|pp=250-251}} ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] == Tanbihi == {{reflist |colwidth=20em}} == Marejeo == {{refbegin}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/boma/Crossing_Africa_by_Motorboat |title=Crossing Africa by Motorboat |first=Roger |last=Daniel |year=2011 |access-date=2011-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009081615/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/boma/Crossing_Africa_by_Motorboat |archive-date=2008-10-09 |url-status=dead }} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDjMyk4oDBkC&pg=PA201 |title=The Ecology of river systems |first1=Bryan Robert |last1=Davies |first2=Keith F. |last2=Walker |publisher=Springer |year=1986 |isbn=90-6193-540-7}} *{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IUwrHulGQmYC&pg=PA61 |chapter=Congo (Zaire) River |title=Lakes and rivers |first1=Trevor |last1=Day |first2=Richard |last2=Garratt |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=0-8160-5328-6}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hx8OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA92 |title=Africa: a social, economic and political geography of its major regions |first=Walter |last=Fitzgerald |publisher=Methuen |year=1948}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bx7uuYmAkaMC&pg=PA303 |title=Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management |first=Avijit |last=Gupta |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-72371-5}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA771 |title=A directory of African wetlands |first1=R. H. |last1=Hughes |first2=J. S. |last2=Hughes |publisher=IUCN |year=1992 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}} *{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvAWPTaRvFYC&pg=PA326 |chapter=Luvua River |title=Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo |first1=Emizet F. |last1=Kisangani |first2=F. Scott |last2=Bobb |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8108-5761-2}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ta65FvaCA9kC&pg=PA108 |title=The kingdom of Kazembe: history and politics in North-Eastern Zambia and Katanga to 1950 |first=Giacomo |last=Macola |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |year=2002 |isbn=3-8258-5997-5}} *{{cite book |title=Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa |title-link=Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa |first=Jason |last=Stearns |publisher=PublicAffairs |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-58648-929-8}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA185 |title=Freshwater ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: a conservation assessment |first=Michele L. |last=Thieme |publisher=Island Press |year=2005 |isbn=1-55963-365-4}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ji1cApN3NogC&pg=PA248 |title=A World of Rivers: Environmental Change on Ten of the World's Great Rivers |first=Ellen |last=Wohl |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-226-90478-8}} {{refend}} {{mbegu-jio-Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Mto Kongo]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] mpfeol1be66ptvi1zlanhty29jcs5fm 0 240964 1573069 2026-06-15T03:32:40Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1573069 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lualaba River DRC.svg|thumb|[[Ramani]] inayoonyesha mfumo wa [[Mto Lualaba]] (kwa rangi nyekundu). Mto Lufira unatiririka kuelekea upande wa kaskazini-magharibi kabla ya kuungana na Lualaba kaskazini kidogo mwa mji wa [[Bukama]]]] '''Mto Lufira''' ni [[mto]] uliopo nchini [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] (DRC) ambao ni mojawapo ya [[Tawimto|matawimto]] muhimu ya [[Mto Lualaba]]. == Ukubwa wa mto == Mto Lufira unaanzisha utiririkaji wake katika nyanda za juu za Shaba (Shaba plateau) zilizopo upande wa kusini mwa mji wa [[Likasi]]. Kutoka eneo hilo la chanzo chake, mto huu unatiririka kuelekea upande wa kaskazini ukipita katikati ya Milima ya Bia kwa umbali wa takribani [[kilomita]] 500 (sawa na [[maili]] 310). Baada ya mwendo huo mrefu, mto huu unaishia kwa kuungana na [[Mto Lualaba]] ndani ya [[Ziwa Kisale]]. == Umeme na mabwawa == Mnamo mwaka 1926, Serikali ilijenga bwawa katika eneo la Mwadingusha karibu na mji wa Likasi kwa ajili ya kukusanya maji ya Mto Lufira. Ujenzi huo ulisababisha kutokea kwa Ziwa la kutengenezwa la Tshangalele (Lake Tshangalele), ambalo linatumika kama duka kuu la maji kwa ajili ya mitambo ya kufua umeme wa maji. Nishati ya umeme inayozalishwa katika bwawa hilo imekuwa na mchango mkubwa katika kuendesha viwanda vya kuyeyusha na kusafisha madini ya shaba katika mkoa huo. == Uhifadhi == Kutokana na umuhimu mkubwa wa kiikolojia wa mfumo wa mto huu na maeneo ya nyanda chepechepe yanayouzunguka, bonde la mto huu limeingizwa katika ulinzi wa kimataifa. Eneo hili linatambuliwa rasmi kama ardhi oevu yenye umuhimu wa kimataifa chini ya Mkataba wa Ramsar (Ramsar Convention) tangu [[31 Oktoba]] 2017, likijulikana kwa jina la Bonde la Lufira (Bassin de la Lufira), ili kulinda [[viumbe hai]] na rasilimali maji kwa ajili ya ustawi wa mazingira barani [[Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bassin de la Lufira |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2318 |accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] b7dph9qmhjmyt3caqaqk0angjxx4yuj 1573100 1573069 2026-06-15T09:20:24Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1573100 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lualaba River DRC.svg|thumb|[[Ramani]] inayoonyesha mfumo wa [[Mto Lualaba]] (kwa rangi nyekundu). Mto Lufira unatiririka kuelekea upande wa kaskazini-magharibi kabla ya kuungana na Lualaba kaskazini kidogo mwa mji wa [[Bukama]]]] '''Mto Lufira''' ni [[mto]] uliopo nchini [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] (DRC) ambao ni mojawapo ya [[Tawimto|matawimto]] muhimu ya [[Mto Lualaba]]. == Ukubwa wa mto == Mto Lufira unaanzisha utiririkaji wake katika nyanda za juu za Shaba (Shaba plateau) zilizopo upande wa kusini mwa mji wa [[Likasi]]. Kutoka eneo hilo la chanzo chake, mto huu unatiririka kuelekea upande wa kaskazini ukipita katikati ya Milima ya Bia kwa umbali wa takribani [[kilomita]] 500 (sawa na [[maili]] 310). Baada ya mwendo huo mrefu, mto huu unaishia kwa kuungana na [[Mto Lualaba]] ndani ya [[Ziwa Kisale]]. == Umeme na mabwawa == Mnamo mwaka 1926, Serikali ilijenga bwawa katika eneo la Mwadingusha karibu na mji wa Likasi kwa ajili ya kukusanya maji ya Mto Lufira. Ujenzi huo ulisababisha kutokea kwa Ziwa la kutengenezwa la Tshangalele (Lake Tshangalele), ambalo linatumika kama duka kuu la maji kwa ajili ya mitambo ya kufua umeme wa maji. Nishati ya umeme inayozalishwa katika bwawa hilo imekuwa na mchango mkubwa katika kuendesha viwanda vya kuyeyusha na kusafisha madini ya shaba katika mkoa huo. == Uhifadhi == Kutokana na umuhimu mkubwa wa kiikolojia wa mfumo wa mto huu na maeneo ya nyanda chepechepe yanayouzunguka, bonde la mto huu limeingizwa katika ulinzi wa kimataifa. Eneo hili linatambuliwa rasmi kama ardhi oevu yenye umuhimu wa kimataifa chini ya Mkataba wa Ramsar (Ramsar Convention) tangu [[31 Oktoba]] 2017, likijulikana kwa jina la Bonde la Lufira (Bassin de la Lufira), ili kulinda [[viumbe hai]] na rasilimali maji kwa ajili ya ustawi wa mazingira barani [[Afrika]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Bassin de la Lufira |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2318 |accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] a3s6dj7p2dsuqvethag409iegorwl6q 1573106 1573100 2026-06-15T09:33:14Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1573106 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lualaba River DRC.svg|thumb|[[Ramani]] inayoonyesha mfumo wa [[Mto Lualaba]] (kwa rangi nyekundu). Mto Lufira unatiririka kuelekea upande wa kaskazini-magharibi kabla ya kuungana na Lualaba kaskazini kidogo mwa mji wa [[Bukama]]]] '''Mto Lufira''' ni [[mto]] uliopo nchini [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] ambao ni mojawapo ya [[Tawimto|matawimto]] muhimu ya [[Mto Lualaba]]. == Ukubwa wa mto == Mto Lufira unaanzisha utiririkaji wake katika nyanda za juu za Shaba (Shaba plateau) zilizopo upande wa kusini mwa mji wa [[Likasi]]. Kutoka eneo hilo la chanzo chake, mto huu unatiririka kuelekea upande wa kaskazini ukipita katikati ya Milima ya Bia kwa umbali wa takribani [[kilomita]] 500 (sawa na [[maili]] 310). Baada ya mwendo huo mrefu, mto huu unaishia kwa kuungana na [[Mto Lualaba]] ndani ya [[Ziwa Kisale]]. == Umeme na mabwawa == Mnamo mwaka 1926, Serikali ilijenga bwawa katika eneo la Mwadingusha karibu na mji wa Likasi kwa ajili ya kukusanya maji ya Mto Lufira. Ujenzi huo ulisababisha kutokea kwa Ziwa la kutengenezwa la Tshangalele (Lake Tshangalele), ambalo linatumika kama duka kuu la maji kwa ajili ya mitambo ya kufua umeme wa maji. Nishati ya umeme inayozalishwa katika bwawa hilo imekuwa na mchango mkubwa katika kuendesha viwanda vya kuyeyusha na kusafisha madini ya shaba katika mkoa huo. == Uhifadhi == Kutokana na umuhimu mkubwa wa kiikolojia wa mfumo wa mto huu na maeneo ya nyanda chepechepe yanayouzunguka, bonde la mto huu limeingizwa katika ulinzi wa kimataifa. Eneo hili linatambuliwa rasmi kama ardhi oevu yenye umuhimu wa kimataifa chini ya Mkataba wa Ramsar (Ramsar Convention) tangu [[31 Oktoba]] 2017, likijulikana kwa jina la Bonde la Lufira (Bassin de la Lufira), ili kulinda [[viumbe hai]] na rasilimali maji kwa ajili ya ustawi wa mazingira barani [[Afrika]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Bassin de la Lufira |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2318 |accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mito ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{mbegu-jio-Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] aseg4fxk513haor76f9ogtnbmvqyxwx 0 240965 1573070 2026-06-15T03:42:29Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1573070 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Letaba River (16651107134).jpg|thumb|Muonekano wa Mto Letaba nchini Afrika Kusini]] '''Mto Letaba''' (pia '''Leţaba''', '''Lehlaba''' au '''Ritavi''' kwa [[Kitsonga]]) ni [[mto]] muhimu uliopo upande wa mashariki wa mkoa wa [[Limpopo]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. Jina la mto huu linatokana na [[lugha]] ya Kisotho cha Kaskazini likimaanisha "mto wa mchanga".<ref>{{Citation | first = Elwyn | last = Jenkins | title = Falling into place: the story of modern South African place names | publisher = David Philip Publishers | year = 2007 | page = 75 }}</ref> Mto huu ni moja kati ya matawiri makuu na muhimu zaidi ya [[Mto Olifants (Limpopo)|Mto Olifants]]. == Ukubwa wa mto == Mto Letaba unaanza rasmi pale ambapo mito miwili ya Groot Letaba (Letaba kubwa) na Klein Letaba (Letaba ndogo) inapokutana. Kutokea hapo, muungano huo unaendelea na safari yake kuelekea upande wa mashariki kupitia eneo la tambarare la Lowveld ukiwa na jina la Mto Letaba. Mto huu unamwaga maji yake kwenye Mto Olifants katika miguu ya Milima ya Lebombo, karibu kabisa na mpaka wa kimataifa kati ya Afrika Kusini na [[Msumbiji]]. Baada ya kuingia nchini Msumbiji, mto huo mkuu wa Olifants unajulikana kwa jina la Rio Elefantes. Mto Letaba unapokea maji kutoka kwa matawiri mbalimbali madogo njiani, ikijumuisha Mto Middle Letaba (Letaba wa Kati), Mto Nharhweni, Mto Ngwenyeni, Mto Nwanedzi, Mto Molototsi, Mto Nsama, na Mto Makhadzi. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] hph74mxkyl5qgzzg166hlbw5k05vvtn 1573107 1573070 2026-06-15T09:34:44Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1573107 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Letaba River (16651107134).jpg|thumb|Muonekano wa Mto Letaba nchini Afrika Kusini]] '''Mto Letaba''' (pia '''Leţaba''', '''Lehlaba''' au '''Ritavi''' kwa [[Kitsonga]]) ni [[mto]] muhimu uliopo upande wa mashariki wa mkoa wa [[Limpopo]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. Jina la mto huu linatokana na [[lugha]] ya [[Kisotho-Kaskazini|Kisotho cha Kaskazini]] likimaanisha "mto wa mchanga".<ref>{{Citation | first = Elwyn | last = Jenkins | title = Falling into place: the story of modern South African place names | publisher = David Philip Publishers | year = 2007 | page = 75 }}</ref> Mto huu ni moja kati ya matawiri makuu na muhimu zaidi ya [[Mto Olifants (Limpopo)|Mto Olifants]]. == Ukubwa wa mto == Mto Letaba unaanza rasmi pale ambapo mito miwili ya Groot Letaba (Letaba kubwa) na Klein Letaba (Letaba ndogo) inapokutana. Kutokea hapo, muungano huo unaendelea na safari yake kuelekea upande wa mashariki kupitia eneo la tambarare la Lowveld ukiwa na jina la Mto Letaba. Mto huu unamwaga maji yake kwenye Mto Olifants katika miguu ya Milima ya Lebombo, karibu kabisa na mpaka wa kimataifa kati ya Afrika Kusini na [[Msumbiji]]. Baada ya kuingia nchini Msumbiji, mto huo mkuu wa Olifants unajulikana kwa jina la Rio Elefantes. Mto Letaba unapokea maji kutoka kwa matawiri mbalimbali madogo njiani, ikijumuisha Mto Middle Letaba (Letaba wa Kati), Mto Nharhweni, Mto Ngwenyeni, Mto Nwanedzi, Mto Molototsi, Mto Nsama, na Mto Makhadzi. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya Afrika Kusini]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 234zahvaadqk8hy5jjogcqj3lo23xhf 0 240966 1573071 2026-06-15T03:54:24Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1573071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kassala,Gash river.jpg|thumb|Sehemu ya mkondo wa Mto Gash ukiwa umekauka katika mji wa [[Kassala (jimbo)|Kassala]] nchini Sudan]] '''Mto Gash''' (pia '''Mto Mereb''') ni [[mto]] unaotiririka kutoka sehemu ya kati ya nchi ya [[Eritrea]]. Umuhimu mkubwa wa kijiografia wa mto huu ni kuunda sehemu ya mpaka wa kimataifa kati ya Eritrea na [[Ethiopia]], kuanzia pale kijito cha Mai Ambassa kinapoingia kwenye mto huu hadi pale unapokutana na [[Mto Balasa]].<ref>[https://www.un.org/NewLinks/eebcarbitration/EEBC-Decision.pdf Eritrea - Ethiopia Boundary Commission Decision Regarding Delimitation of the Border...], pp. 97, 102</ref> == Ukubwa wa mto == Mto Gash una urefu wa takribani [[kilomita]] 440 (sawa na [[maili]] 270). Vyanzo vyake vikuu vinaanzia upande wa kusini-magharibi mwa mji wa [[Asmara]], ambao ni makao makuu ya Eritrea. Kutoka hapo, mto huu unatiririka kuelekea kusini ukitenganisha Eritrea na Ethiopia, kisha unakata kuelekea magharibi kupitia maeneo ya Eritrea Magharibi na kuingia kwenye tambarare za nchi ya [[Sudan]] karibu na mji wa [[Kassala (jimbo)|Kassala]]. Tofauti na mito mingine ya ukanda huo kama Setit au Takazze inayomwaga maji yake kwenye [[Mto Nile]], maji ya Mto Gash kwa kawaida hayafiki kwenye Mto Nile.<ref>[https://earlywarning.usgs.gov/adds/pubs/Artan_et_al_2007.pdf Adequacy of satellite derived rainfall data for stream flow modeling] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002073902/http://earlywarning.usgs.gov/adds/pubs/Artan_et_al_2007.pdf |date=2013-10-02 }}</ref> Badala yake, yanapotelea na kukauka kwenye mchanga wa tambarare za mashariki mwa Sudan, na kutengeneza delta ya ndani ya nchi kavu. Mto huu unakuwa kavu kwa kipindi kubwa cha mwaka, lakini unajaa na kuleta mafuriko ya ghafla wakati wa msimu wa mvua. Matawi makuu ya Mto Gash ni pamoja na Mto Obel kwa upande wa kulia (ndani ya Eritrea), na mito ya Sarana, Balasa, Mai Shawesh, pamoja na 'Engweya kwa upande wa kushoto (ndani ya Ethiopia).<ref>[http://www.krijnen.ch/DRAFT%20REPORT%20SUDAN.pdf ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT KASSALA] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002033429/http://www.krijnen.ch/DRAFT%20REPORT%20SUDAN.pdf |date=2013-10-02 }}</ref> == Historia == Kihistoria, Mto Gash ulikuwa na umuhimu mkubwa kama mpaka wa kimaeneo unaotenganisha kanda mbili zilizokuwa zikitawaliwa kwa mifumo tofauti. Upande wa kaskazini mwa mto kulikuwa na eneo la Bahr Negash (pamoja na ufalme wa Medri Bahri uliokuwa ukienea hadi mwambao wa [[Bahari ya Shamu]]), wakati upande wa kusini mwa mto kulikuwa na himaya ya Tigray.<ref>Daniel Kendie, ''The Five Dimensions of the Eritrean Conflict 1941 – 2004: Deciphering the Geo-Political Puzzle'' (United States of America: Signature Book Printing, 2005), pp. 17–8.</ref> Mji mkuu wa Bahr Negash ulikuwa Debarwa, ambao kwa sasa upo ndani ya ardhi ya Eritrea, umbali wa maili 20 hivi kusini mwa Asmara. == Wanyamapori na ikolojia == Tambarare za mafuriko za Mto Gash kwa upande wa Eritrea zina mchango mkubwa katika uhifadhi wa [[viumbe hai]]. Mnamo mwaka 2001, kundi kubwa la [[Tembo]] lilishuhudiwa katika maeneo ya mto huu, tukio ambalo lilikuwa la kwanza kurekodiwa rasmi nchini Eritrea tangu mwaka 1955, jambo linalofanya bonde hili kuwa ukanda muhimu wa kiikolojia kwa [[wanyamapori]].<ref>BBC Wildlife magazine, July 2003, retrieved at [https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/animals/features/300feature1.shtml] on 28 Sept 2007</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Eritrea]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Sudan]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 2y9t5y3ixqk066d4m1p23l083wjddpt 1573108 1573071 2026-06-15T09:35:46Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Mto Mareb]] 1573108 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[Mto Mareb]] oypvb3dmtsq761rfgz0snv440fmbbg1 0 240967 1573072 2026-06-15T04:14:28Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1573072 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cross River OSM.png|thumb|[[Ramani]] inayoonyesha ukubwa wa Mto Cross kuanzia Kameruni hadi unapoingia katika [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] nchini Nigeria]] '''Mto Cross''' pia '''Oyono''')<ref>{{cite book|title=Africa |author=Reclus, Élisée |author-link=Élisée Reclus |edition=reprint |volume=3 |publisher=Forgotten Books |year=1892 |page=341 |isbn=1-4400-9130-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D1pAa9idGX0C&pg=PA341}}</ref> ni [[mto]] mkuu katika upande wa kusini-mashariki mwa [[Nigeria]] na ndio ulioupa jina lake [[Jimbo la Cross River]]. Mto huu unaanzia nchini [[Kameruni]], ambapo huko unajulikana kwa jina la ''Mto Manyu''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cameroun-foret.com/system/files/18_18_01.pdf |title=ETHNOBOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TAKAMANDA FOREST RESERVE |author1=L. Zapfack |author2=J. S. O. Ayeni |author3=S. Besong |author4=M. Mdaihli |date=November 2001 |access-date=2011-02-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708112712/http://cameroun-foret.com/system/files/18_18_01.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-08 }}</ref> Ingawa mto huu si mrefu sana kwa viwango vya jiografia ya [[Afrika]], [[beseni]] lake linapata kiasi kikubwa cha mvua hali inayofanya mto kuwa mpana sana kuelekea mwishoni mwake. Katika umbali wa [[kilomita]] 80 kabla ya kufika baharini, mto huu unatiririka kupitia misitu ya mvua yenye mabwawa na vijito vingi, ukaunda [[delta ya mto|delta ya ndani]] karibu na makutano yake na Mto Calabar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mowca.org/new%20design/member-states/nigeria.html |title=Maritime Organisation of West and Central Africa, Nigeria |access-date=2009-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505220021/http://www.mowca.org/new%20design/member-states/nigeria.html |archive-date=2010-05-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Delta hii ina upana wa kilomita 20 na urefu wa kilomita 50 kati ya mji wa Oron upande wa magharibi na mji wa Calabar upande wa mashariki. Delta hii inaishia kwenye mlango mpana wa mto baharini (estuary)<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Cross River |volume=7 |page=510}}</ref> ambao unashirikisha pia mito mingine midogo. Kwenye mdomo wake katika [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]], mlango huo una upana wa kilomita 24, huku upande wake wa mashariki ukiwa ndani ya nchi jirani ya Kameruni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-12 |title=Cross River {{!}} Nigeria, Map, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cross-River-state-Nigeria |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Ukubwa wa mto == Tawari kubwa zaidi la Mto Cross ni Mto Aloma, unaotokea Jimbo la Benue na kuungana nao ndani ya Jimbo la Cross River. Jimbo la Cross River limeunganishwa kwa barabara kuu na jimbo dada la Akwa Ibom. Umbali kati ya mji wa Oron na Calabar ni kilomita 21 kwa njia ya boti na karibu kilomita 200 kwa njia ya barabara. Wakazi wa maeneo ya chini ya Mto Cross kijadi hutumia usafiri wa maji, na mji wa Calabar una bandari kuu ya bahari iliyopo kwenye Mto Calabar, umbali wa kilomita 10 kutoka unapokutana na Mto Cross na kilomita 55 kutoka baharini. Daraja la Itu lililopo kwenye Mto Cross kando ya barabara kuu ya Itu-Calabar linatajwa kuwa moja ya mafanikio makubwa ya miundombinu ya serikali ya Yakubu Gowon lilipokamilika mwaka 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |title=Major Rivers in Nigeria (Details and Pictures) – Sea Empowerment and Research |url=https://seaempowerment.org/?p=981 |access-date=2023-09-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Uhifadhi na ikolojia == Mto Cross unaunda mpaka wa kiasili kati ya kanda mbili za mazingira ya misitu ya joto ya mvua: "Misitu ya Mpito ya Cross-Niger" inayopatikana upande wa magharibi kati ya Mto Cross na Mto Niger, na "Misitu ya Pwani ya Cross-Sanaga-Bioko" iliyopo upande wa mashariki kuelekea Mto Sanaga nchini Kameruni. Kiasi cha wastani cha mvua kwa mwaka kinatofautiana, kutoka milimita 1,760 upande wa kaskazini mwa jimbo hadi milimita 3,100 upande wa kusini (WSSSRP II 2016).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Flood vulnerability assessment of the upper Cross River basin using morphometric analysis|last1=Nkpa M.|first1=Ogarekpe|last2=Ekpe A.|first2=Obio|last3=Imokhai T.|first3=Tenebe|last4=Praise God C.|first4=Emenike|last5=Chidozie C.|first5=Nnaji|journal=Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk |date=23 Jul 2020|volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1378–1403 |doi=10.1080/19475705.2020.1785954 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020GNHR...11.1378O }}</ref> Jina la mto huu pia limetumika kuupa jina Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Cross River (''Cross River National Park'') pamoja na familia ya lugha za kiasili za eneo hilo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brief History of Cross River National Park |url=https://www.traveldigest.com.ng/index.php/travel-and-tourism-events/item/664-brief-history-of-cross-river-national-park |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=www.traveldigest.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref> Kihistoria na kiutamaduni, ukanda wa Mto Cross una umuhimu mkubwa sana kwa bara la Afrika kwa sababu zifuatazo: * Inadhaniwa kuwa sehemu ya makao ya kwanza kabisa ambapo watu wanaozungumza [[Lugha za Kibantu]] walianza kuenea kuelekea maeneo mengi ya Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara miaka 3000 hadi 5000 iliyopita. * Ni eneo ambalo maandishi ya kale ya kiasili ya Nsibidi yaligunduliwa na kutumiwa. * Ndipo ulipo mji wa Calabar, ambao ulikuwa moja ya vituo vikubwa na muhimu zaidi vya biashara ya utumwa kupitia Bahari ya Atlantiki. == Uchafuzi wa mazingira == Utafiti na ufuatiliaji wa mazingira uliofanywa kwa miezi kadhaa umebaini kuwepo kwa madini ya chuma, manganese, risasi, arseniki, na kromiamu katika maji ya mto huu. Viwango vya madini haya vimeonekana kuwa hatari kwa afya ya binadamu, jambo linaloonyesha kuwa mto huo unakabiliwa na uchafuzi mkubwa wa metali nzito na hivyo hauwezi kutegemewa kama chanzo salama cha maji ya kunywa kwa wakazi wa Nigeria bila kufanyiwa matibabu ya kina. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] i01ks3uu94a1ulnhl52qh1sy8xqe9c6 1573073 1573072 2026-06-15T04:15:38Z Laylah26 89982 1573073 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cross River OSM.png|thumb|[[Ramani]] inayoonyesha ukubwa wa Mto Cross kuanzia Kameruni hadi unapoingia katika [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] nchini Nigeria]] '''Mto Cross''' pia '''Oyono''')<ref>{{cite book|title=Africa |author=Reclus, Élisée |author-link=Élisée Reclus |edition=reprint |volume=3 |publisher=Forgotten Books |year=1892 |page=341 |isbn=1-4400-9130-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D1pAa9idGX0C&pg=PA341}}</ref> ni [[mto]] mkuu katika upande wa kusini-mashariki mwa [[Nigeria]] na ndio ulioupa jina lake [[Jimbo la Cross River]]. Mto huu unaanzia nchini [[Kameruni]], ambapo huko unajulikana kwa jina la ''Mto Manyu''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cameroun-foret.com/system/files/18_18_01.pdf |title=ETHNOBOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TAKAMANDA FOREST RESERVE |author1=L. Zapfack |author2=J. S. O. Ayeni |author3=S. Besong |author4=M. Mdaihli |date=November 2001 |access-date=2011-02-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708112712/http://cameroun-foret.com/system/files/18_18_01.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-08 }}</ref> Ingawa mto huu si mrefu sana kwa viwango vya jiografia ya [[Afrika]], [[beseni]] lake linapata kiasi kikubwa cha mvua hali inayofanya mto kuwa mpana sana kuelekea mwishoni mwake. Katika umbali wa [[kilomita]] 80 kabla ya kufika baharini, mto huu unatiririka kupitia misitu ya mvua yenye mabwawa na vijito vingi, ukaunda [[delta ya mto|delta ya ndani]] karibu na makutano yake na Mto Calabar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mowca.org/new%20design/member-states/nigeria.html |title=Maritime Organisation of West and Central Africa, Nigeria |access-date=2009-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505220021/http://www.mowca.org/new%20design/member-states/nigeria.html |archive-date=2010-05-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Delta hii ina upana wa kilomita 20 na urefu wa kilomita 50 kati ya mji wa Oron upande wa magharibi na mji wa Calabar upande wa mashariki. Delta hii inaishia kwenye mlango mpana wa mto baharini (estuary) ambao unashirikisha pia mito mingine midogo. Kwenye mdomo wake katika [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]], mlango huo una upana wa kilomita 24, huku upande wake wa mashariki ukiwa ndani ya nchi jirani ya Kameruni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-12 |title=Cross River {{!}} Nigeria, Map, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cross-River-state-Nigeria |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Ukubwa wa mto == Tawari kubwa zaidi la Mto Cross ni Mto Aloma, unaotokea Jimbo la Benue na kuungana nao ndani ya Jimbo la Cross River. Jimbo la Cross River limeunganishwa kwa barabara kuu na jimbo dada la Akwa Ibom. Umbali kati ya mji wa Oron na Calabar ni kilomita 21 kwa njia ya boti na karibu kilomita 200 kwa njia ya barabara. Wakazi wa maeneo ya chini ya Mto Cross kijadi hutumia usafiri wa maji, na mji wa Calabar una bandari kuu ya bahari iliyopo kwenye Mto Calabar, umbali wa kilomita 10 kutoka unapokutana na Mto Cross na kilomita 55 kutoka baharini. Daraja la Itu lililopo kwenye Mto Cross kando ya barabara kuu ya Itu-Calabar linatajwa kuwa moja ya mafanikio makubwa ya miundombinu ya serikali ya Yakubu Gowon lilipokamilika mwaka 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |title=Major Rivers in Nigeria (Details and Pictures) – Sea Empowerment and Research |url=https://seaempowerment.org/?p=981 |access-date=2023-09-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Uhifadhi na ikolojia == Mto Cross unaunda mpaka wa kiasili kati ya kanda mbili za mazingira ya misitu ya joto ya mvua: "Misitu ya Mpito ya Cross-Niger" inayopatikana upande wa magharibi kati ya Mto Cross na Mto Niger, na "Misitu ya Pwani ya Cross-Sanaga-Bioko" iliyopo upande wa mashariki kuelekea Mto Sanaga nchini Kameruni. Kiasi cha wastani cha mvua kwa mwaka kinatofautiana, kutoka milimita 1,760 upande wa kaskazini mwa jimbo hadi milimita 3,100 upande wa kusini (WSSSRP II 2016).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Flood vulnerability assessment of the upper Cross River basin using morphometric analysis|last1=Nkpa M.|first1=Ogarekpe|last2=Ekpe A.|first2=Obio|last3=Imokhai T.|first3=Tenebe|last4=Praise God C.|first4=Emenike|last5=Chidozie C.|first5=Nnaji|journal=Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk |date=23 Jul 2020|volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1378–1403 |doi=10.1080/19475705.2020.1785954 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020GNHR...11.1378O }}</ref> Jina la mto huu pia limetumika kuupa jina Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Cross River (''Cross River National Park'') pamoja na familia ya lugha za kiasili za eneo hilo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brief History of Cross River National Park |url=https://www.traveldigest.com.ng/index.php/travel-and-tourism-events/item/664-brief-history-of-cross-river-national-park |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=www.traveldigest.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref> Kihistoria na kiutamaduni, ukanda wa Mto Cross una umuhimu mkubwa sana kwa bara la Afrika kwa sababu zifuatazo: * Inadhaniwa kuwa sehemu ya makao ya kwanza kabisa ambapo watu wanaozungumza [[Lugha za Kibantu]] walianza kuenea kuelekea maeneo mengi ya Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara miaka 3000 hadi 5000 iliyopita. * Ni eneo ambalo maandishi ya kale ya kiasili ya Nsibidi yaligunduliwa na kutumiwa. * Ndipo ulipo mji wa Calabar, ambao ulikuwa moja ya vituo vikubwa na muhimu zaidi vya biashara ya utumwa kupitia Bahari ya Atlantiki. == Uchafuzi wa mazingira == Utafiti na ufuatiliaji wa mazingira uliofanywa kwa miezi kadhaa umebaini kuwepo kwa madini ya chuma, manganese, risasi, arseniki, na kromiamu katika maji ya mto huu. Viwango vya madini haya vimeonekana kuwa hatari kwa afya ya binadamu, jambo linaloonyesha kuwa mto huo unakabiliwa na uchafuzi mkubwa wa metali nzito na hivyo hauwezi kutegemewa kama chanzo salama cha maji ya kunywa kwa wakazi wa Nigeria bila kufanyiwa matibabu ya kina. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] i3m00fvwm9yhtyrbmm58w6v24ye6v62 1573098 1573073 2026-06-15T09:12:18Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1573098 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cross River OSM.png|thumb|[[Ramani]] inayoonyesha ukubwa wa Mto Cross kuanzia Kameruni hadi unapoingia katika [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] nchini Nigeria]] '''Mto Cross''' pia '''Oyono''')<ref>{{cite book|title=Africa |author=Reclus, Élisée |author-link=Élisée Reclus |edition=reprint |volume=3 |publisher=Forgotten Books |year=1892 |page=341 |isbn=1-4400-9130-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D1pAa9idGX0C&pg=PA341}}</ref> ni [[mto]] mkuu katika upande wa kusini-mashariki mwa [[Nigeria]] na ndio ulioupa jina lake [[Jimbo la Cross River]]. Mto huu unaanzia nchini [[Kameruni]], ambapo huko unajulikana kwa jina la ''Mto Manyu''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cameroun-foret.com/system/files/18_18_01.pdf |title=ETHNOBOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TAKAMANDA FOREST RESERVE |author1=L. Zapfack |author2=J. S. O. Ayeni |author3=S. Besong |author4=M. Mdaihli |date=November 2001 |access-date=2011-02-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708112712/http://cameroun-foret.com/system/files/18_18_01.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-08 }}</ref> Ingawa mto huu si mrefu sana kwa viwango vya jiografia ya [[Afrika]], [[beseni]] lake linapata kiasi kikubwa cha mvua hali inayofanya mto kuwa mpana sana kuelekea mwishoni mwake. Katika umbali wa [[kilomita]] 80 kabla ya kufika baharini, mto huu unatiririka kupitia misitu ya mvua yenye mabwawa na vijito vingi, ukaunda [[delta ya mto|delta ya ndani]] karibu na makutano yake na Mto Calabar.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.mowca.org/new%20design/member-states/nigeria.html |title=Maritime Organisation of West and Central Africa, Nigeria |access-date=2009-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505220021/http://www.mowca.org/new%20design/member-states/nigeria.html |archive-date=2010-05-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Delta hii ina upana wa kilomita 20 na urefu wa kilomita 50 kati ya mji wa Oron upande wa magharibi na mji wa Calabar upande wa mashariki. Delta hii inaishia kwenye mlango mpana wa mto baharini (estuary) ambao unashirikisha pia mito mingine midogo. Kwenye mdomo wake katika [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]], mlango huo una upana wa kilomita 24, huku upande wake wa mashariki ukiwa ndani ya nchi jirani ya Kameruni.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2023-09-12 |title=Cross River {{!}} Nigeria, Map, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cross-River-state-Nigeria |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Ukubwa wa mto == Tawari kubwa zaidi la Mto Cross ni Mto Aloma, unaotokea Jimbo la Benue na kuungana nao ndani ya Jimbo la Cross River. Jimbo la Cross River limeunganishwa kwa barabara kuu na jimbo dada la Akwa Ibom. Umbali kati ya mji wa Oron na Calabar ni kilomita 21 kwa njia ya boti na karibu kilomita 200 kwa njia ya barabara. Wakazi wa maeneo ya chini ya Mto Cross kijadi hutumia usafiri wa maji, na mji wa Calabar una bandari kuu ya bahari iliyopo kwenye Mto Calabar, umbali wa kilomita 10 kutoka unapokutana na Mto Cross na kilomita 55 kutoka baharini. Daraja la Itu lililopo kwenye Mto Cross kando ya barabara kuu ya Itu-Calabar linatajwa kuwa moja ya mafanikio makubwa ya miundombinu ya serikali ya Yakubu Gowon lilipokamilika mwaka 1975.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=admin |title=Major Rivers in Nigeria (Details and Pictures) – Sea Empowerment and Research |url=https://seaempowerment.org/?p=981 |access-date=2023-09-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Uhifadhi na ikolojia == Mto Cross unaunda mpaka wa kiasili kati ya kanda mbili za mazingira ya misitu ya joto ya mvua: "Misitu ya Mpito ya Cross-Niger" inayopatikana upande wa magharibi kati ya Mto Cross na Mto Niger, na "Misitu ya Pwani ya Cross-Sanaga-Bioko" iliyopo upande wa mashariki kuelekea Mto Sanaga nchini Kameruni. Kiasi cha wastani cha mvua kwa mwaka kinatofautiana, kutoka milimita 1,760 upande wa kaskazini mwa jimbo hadi milimita 3,100 upande wa kusini (WSSSRP II 2016).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Flood vulnerability assessment of the upper Cross River basin using morphometric analysis|last1=Nkpa M.|first1=Ogarekpe|last2=Ekpe A.|first2=Obio|last3=Imokhai T.|first3=Tenebe|last4=Praise God C.|first4=Emenike|last5=Chidozie C.|first5=Nnaji|journal=Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk |date=23 Jul 2020|volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1378–1403 |doi=10.1080/19475705.2020.1785954 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020GNHR...11.1378O }}</ref> Jina la mto huu pia limetumika kuupa jina Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Cross River (''Cross River National Park'') pamoja na familia ya lugha za kiasili za eneo hilo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Brief History of Cross River National Park |url=https://www.traveldigest.com.ng/index.php/travel-and-tourism-events/item/664-brief-history-of-cross-river-national-park |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=www.traveldigest.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref> Kihistoria na kiutamaduni, ukanda wa Mto Cross una umuhimu mkubwa sana kwa bara la Afrika kwa sababu zifuatazo: * Inadhaniwa kuwa sehemu ya makao ya kwanza kabisa ambapo watu wanaozungumza [[Lugha za Kibantu]] walianza kuenea kuelekea maeneo mengi ya Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara miaka 3000 hadi 5000 iliyopita. * Ni eneo ambalo maandishi ya kale ya kiasili ya Nsibidi yaligunduliwa na kutumiwa. * Ndipo ulipo mji wa Calabar, ambao ulikuwa moja ya vituo vikubwa na muhimu zaidi vya biashara ya utumwa kupitia Bahari ya Atlantiki. == Uchafuzi wa mazingira == Utafiti na ufuatiliaji wa mazingira uliofanywa kwa miezi kadhaa umebaini kuwepo kwa madini ya chuma, manganese, risasi, arseniki, na kromiamu katika maji ya mto huu. Viwango vya madini haya vimeonekana kuwa hatari kwa afya ya binadamu, jambo linaloonyesha kuwa mto huo unakabiliwa na uchafuzi mkubwa wa metali nzito na hivyo hauwezi kutegemewa kama chanzo salama cha maji ya kunywa kwa wakazi wa Nigeria bila kufanyiwa matibabu ya kina. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] apa3eaxn8vi8e9o79io6a4cdjoj68wx 1573111 1573098 2026-06-15T09:46:30Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1573111 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cross River OSM.png|thumb|[[Ramani]] inayoonyesha ukubwa wa Mto Cross kuanzia Kameruni hadi unapoingia katika [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] nchini Nigeria]] '''Mto Cross''' (pia: '''Oyono''')<ref>{{cite book|title=Africa |author=Reclus, Élisée |author-link=Élisée Reclus |edition=reprint |volume=3 |publisher=Forgotten Books |year=1892 |page=341 |isbn=1-4400-9130-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D1pAa9idGX0C&pg=PA341}}</ref> ni [[mto]] mkuu katika upande wa kusini-mashariki mwa [[Nigeria]] na ndio ulioupa jina lake [[Jimbo la Cross River]]. Mto huu unaanzia nchini [[Kameruni]], ambapo huko unajulikana kwa jina la ''Mto Manyu''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cameroun-foret.com/system/files/18_18_01.pdf |title=ETHNOBOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TAKAMANDA FOREST RESERVE |author1=L. Zapfack |author2=J. S. O. Ayeni |author3=S. Besong |author4=M. Mdaihli |date=November 2001 |access-date=2011-02-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708112712/http://cameroun-foret.com/system/files/18_18_01.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-08 }}</ref> Ingawa mto huu si mrefu sana kwa viwango vya jiografia ya [[Afrika]], [[beseni]] lake linapata kiasi kikubwa cha mvua hali inayofanya mto kuwa mpana sana kuelekea mwishoni mwake. Katika umbali wa [[kilomita]] 80 kabla ya kufika baharini, mto huu unatiririka kupitia misitu ya mvua yenye mabwawa na vijito vingi, ukaunda [[delta ya mto|delta ya ndani]] karibu na makutano yake na Mto Calabar.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.mowca.org/new%20design/member-states/nigeria.html |title=Maritime Organisation of West and Central Africa, Nigeria |access-date=2009-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505220021/http://www.mowca.org/new%20design/member-states/nigeria.html |archive-date=2010-05-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Delta hii ina upana wa kilomita 20 na urefu wa kilomita 50 kati ya mji wa Oron upande wa magharibi na mji wa Calabar upande wa mashariki. Delta hii inaishia kwenye mlango mpana wa mto baharini (estuary) ambao unashirikisha pia mito mingine midogo. Kwenye mdomo wake katika [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]], mlango huo una upana wa kilomita 24, huku upande wake wa mashariki ukiwa ndani ya nchi jirani ya Kameruni.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2023-09-12 |title=Cross River {{!}} Nigeria, Map, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cross-River-state-Nigeria |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Ukubwa wa mto == Tawari kubwa zaidi la Mto Cross ni Mto Aloma, unaotokea Jimbo la Benue na kuungana nao ndani ya Jimbo la Cross River. Jimbo la Cross River limeunganishwa kwa barabara kuu na jimbo dada la Akwa Ibom. Umbali kati ya mji wa Oron na Calabar ni kilomita 21 kwa njia ya boti na karibu kilomita 200 kwa njia ya barabara. Wakazi wa maeneo ya chini ya Mto Cross kijadi hutumia usafiri wa maji, na mji wa Calabar una bandari kuu ya bahari iliyopo kwenye Mto Calabar, umbali wa kilomita 10 kutoka unapokutana na Mto Cross na kilomita 55 kutoka baharini. Daraja la Itu lililopo kwenye Mto Cross kando ya barabara kuu ya Itu-Calabar linatajwa kuwa moja ya mafanikio makubwa ya miundombinu ya serikali ya Yakubu Gowon lilipokamilika mwaka 1975.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=admin |title=Major Rivers in Nigeria (Details and Pictures) – Sea Empowerment and Research |url=https://seaempowerment.org/?p=981 |access-date=2023-09-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Uhifadhi na ikolojia == Mto Cross unaunda mpaka wa kiasili kati ya kanda mbili za mazingira ya misitu ya joto ya mvua: "Misitu ya Mpito ya Cross-Niger" inayopatikana upande wa magharibi kati ya Mto Cross na Mto Niger, na "Misitu ya Pwani ya Cross-Sanaga-Bioko" iliyopo upande wa mashariki kuelekea Mto Sanaga nchini Kameruni. Kiasi cha wastani cha mvua kwa mwaka kinatofautiana, kutoka milimita 1,760 upande wa kaskazini mwa jimbo hadi milimita 3,100 upande wa kusini (WSSSRP II 2016).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Flood vulnerability assessment of the upper Cross River basin using morphometric analysis|last1=Nkpa M.|first1=Ogarekpe|last2=Ekpe A.|first2=Obio|last3=Imokhai T.|first3=Tenebe|last4=Praise God C.|first4=Emenike|last5=Chidozie C.|first5=Nnaji|journal=Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk |date=23 Jul 2020|volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1378–1403 |doi=10.1080/19475705.2020.1785954 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020GNHR...11.1378O }}</ref> Jina la mto huu pia limetumika kuupa jina Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Cross River (''Cross River National Park'') pamoja na familia ya lugha za kiasili za eneo hilo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Brief History of Cross River National Park |url=https://www.traveldigest.com.ng/index.php/travel-and-tourism-events/item/664-brief-history-of-cross-river-national-park |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=www.traveldigest.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref> Kihistoria na kiutamaduni, ukanda wa Mto Cross una umuhimu mkubwa sana kwa bara la Afrika kwa sababu zifuatazo: * Inadhaniwa kuwa sehemu ya makao ya kwanza kabisa ambapo watu wanaozungumza [[Lugha za Kibantu]] walianza kuenea kuelekea maeneo mengi ya Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara miaka 3000 hadi 5000 iliyopita. * Ni eneo ambalo maandishi ya kale ya kiasili ya Nsibidi yaligunduliwa na kutumiwa. * Ndipo ulipo mji wa Calabar, ambao ulikuwa moja ya vituo vikubwa na muhimu zaidi vya biashara ya utumwa kupitia Bahari ya Atlantiki. == Uchafuzi wa mazingira == Utafiti na ufuatiliaji wa mazingira uliofanywa kwa miezi kadhaa umebaini kuwepo kwa madini ya chuma, manganese, risasi, arseniki, na kromiamu katika maji ya mto huu. Viwango vya madini haya vimeonekana kuwa hatari kwa afya ya binadamu, jambo linaloonyesha kuwa mto huo unakabiliwa na uchafuzi mkubwa wa metali nzito na hivyo hauwezi kutegemewa kama chanzo salama cha maji ya kunywa kwa wakazi wa Nigeria bila kufanyiwa matibabu ya kina. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya Nigeria]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-jio-Nigeria}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Nigeria]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] kitpj4vxlzeb69hdkklgaubzcqe5oob 0 240968 1573074 2026-06-15T04:30:58Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1573074 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Muonekano wa Mto Kavango ukiwa karibu na kambi ya kitalii ya Hakusembe nchini Namibia]] '''Mto Kavango''' (pia '''Mto Okavango''') ni [[mto]] mkubwa uliopo upande wa kusini-magharibi mwa [[Afrika]]. Mto huu unajulikana kwa jina la Okavango nchini [[Botswana]], kama ''Mto Cubango'' nchini [[Angola]], na kama Kavango nchini [[Namibia]].<ref name=mendelsohn/> Ni mto wa nne kwa urefu katika ukanda wa [[Kusini mwa Afrika]], ukitiririka kuelekea kusini-mashariki kwa urefu wa [[kilomita]] 1,600. Mto huu unaanza katika urefu wa mita 1,300 juu ya usawa wa bahari kwenye nyanda za juu zenye mchanga nchini Angola, kisha unaenda kusini ambapo unaunda sehemu ya mpaka kati ya Angola na Namibia, kabla ya kuingia nchini Botswana. Tofauti na mito mingi, Kavango haumwagii maji yake baharini; badala yake, unaishia kwenye bonde la ndani lisilo na njia ya kutoka katika [[Jangwa la Kalahari]], ambapo unatengeneza [[delta]] ya Okavango. == Asili ya jina == Jina ''Okavango'' au ''Kavango'' linatokana na Wakavango, ambao ni jamii ya watu wanaoishi upande wa kaskazini mwa Namibia. Katika maandishi ya zamani ya [[Kiingereza]] mto huu uliandikwa Okovango, lakini tafiti nyingi za Namibia zinapendelea kutumia jina Kavango unaporelea mto au mkoa huo. Mwanahistoria Andreas Eckl anabainisha kuwa kumbukumbu za ukoloni wa Kijerumani Kusini-Magharibi mwa Afrika zilitumia jina Okavango, lakini herufi ya mwanzo "O-" si ya kawaida katika lugha za kienyeji za Kavango, na badala yake inasemekana ilitokana na ushawishi wa [[Kijapan|Lugha ya Kiherero]].<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Mtiririko na chanzo kipya == Mito ya Cubango na Cuito ndiyo vyanzo vikuu vinavyolisha na kuamua uhai wa Delta ya Okavango.<ref name=mendelsohn>{{cite web | last=Mendelsohn | first=John | title=A River in Trouble | website=Conservation Namibia | date=9 September 2021 | url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php | access-date=8 January 2024}}</ref> Nchini Angola, uchomaji moto wa nyasi wa msimu husababisha kuziba kwa njia za juu za Mto Cuito na kupunguza mtiririko wa maji kwenda chini kwa sababu maji yanayokusanyika yanazama na kupotea kwenye mchanga.<ref name=into>{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwaka 2015, shirika la National Geographic lilianzisha mradi wa kulinda mfumo wa mto huu, na mwaka 2023 waligundua chanzo halisi cha asili cha mto huu. Chanzo hicho ni ardhi oevu yenye tabaka nene la matope (peatland) katika nyanda za juu za Angola, inayojulikana kwa lugha ya kiluchaze kama "Lisima Iya Mwono" ikimaanisha "Chanzo cha Uzima". Eneo hili lina kina cha zaidi ya futi 12 na linakadiriwa kushikilia mita za ujazo bilioni 423 za maji, likisambaza zaidi ya asilimia 95 ya maji yote ya bonde hili. Mnamo mwaka 2026, eneo hili lilitangazwa rasmi na Serikali ya Angola kuwa ardhi oevu yenye umuhimu wa kimataifa chini ya Mkataba wa Ramsar. kabla ya kuingia Botswana, mto huo unashuka kwa mita 4 kupitia mfululizo wa maporomoko madogo yanayoitwa Maporomoko ya Popa (Popa Falls). Wakati wa msimu wa mvua nyingi, maji yanayofurika huenda kwenye Mto Boteti na kuishia kwenye mabwawa ya chumvi ya Makgadikgadi, ambapo maelfu ya ndege aina ya heroe (flamingo) hukusanyika kila majira ya joto.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&mode=&order=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&mode=&order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Sehemu nyingine ya mtiririko wa mto huu hujaza [[Ziwa Ngami]]. == Mafuriko ya msimu == Kila msimu wa mvua, nchi ya Angola hupokea mvua mara tatu zaidi kuliko Botswana, hali inayofanya mto kusukuma kiasi kikubwa sana cha maji na kugeuza sehemu kubwa ya jangwa kuwa ardhi oevu. Ingawa mvua hizi hunyesha Angola mwezi Januari, maji huchukua mwezi mzima kusafiri kilomita 1,000 za kwanza za mto, na huchukua miezi mingine minne kuchuja kupitia mimea na njia nyingi za maji za delta. Kutokana na hali hiyo, mafuriko makubwa zaidi hutokea kati ya mwezi Juni na Agosti, kipindi ambacho ni cha kiangazi kikavu nchini Botswana. Wakati huo delta hupanuka na kuwa kubwa mara tatu zaidi ya ukubwa wake wa kawaida, jambo linalovutia maelfu ya wanyamapori kutoka maeneo ya mbali na kutengeneza moja ya mikusanyiko mikubwa zaidi ya [[wanyamapori]] barani Afrika.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Okavango Delta – Part 2 {{!}} |url=http://blog.africabespoke.com:80/okavango-delta-part-2/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20180621102937/http://blog.africabespoke.com:80/okavango-delta-part-2/ |archive-date=2018-06-21 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=blog.africabespoke.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Migogoro ya matumizi ya maji na mafuta == Kwa sababu nchi za Namibia na Botswana hukabiliwa na ukame wa mara kwa mara, pamekuwepo na wasiwasi wa migogoro kuhusu matumizi ya maji ya mto huu. Namibia ilijenga mfereji wa urefu wa kilomita 300 na kupendekeza mradi mwingine wa bomba la kilomita 250 ili kuchepua maji kutoka kwenye mto huo kwenda maeneo yake ya ndani ili kupunguza makali ya ukame.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWrEcl2ydzEC&pg=PA294|title=Resource Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa|last=Basedau|first=Matthias|date=2005-01-01|publisher=GIGA-Hamburg|isbn=978-3-928049-91-7|pages=294|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3ilzosWx4wC&pg=PA96|title=Management of Transboundary Rivers and Lakes|last1=Varis|first1=Olli|last2=Tortajada|first2=Cecilia|last3=Biswas|first3=Asit K.|date=2008-03-15|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-74928-8|pages=96|language=en}}</ref> Botswana inapinga hatua hiyo kwa kuwa inategemea sana Delta ya Okavango kwa ajili ya mapato ya utalii na vyanzo vya maji, ikidai asilimia 97 ya maji tayari inapotea kwa njia ya mvuke. Ili kutatua changamoto hizo, nchi za Angola, Namibia, na Botswana zilitia saini makubaliano ya pamoja mwaka 1994 ili kuunda Tume ya Kudumu ya Bonde la Mto Okavango (OKACOM) kwa ajili ya kushauriana kuhusu ugawaji wa rasilimali hizo.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Kuhusu utafiti wa mafuta, kampuni ya ReconAfrica kutoka Kanada ilipewa leseni ya kutafuta mafuta katika maeneo ya mkoa wa zamani wa Kavango nchini Namibia na Botswana, jambo lililoibua malalamiko kutoka kwa wanaharakati wa mazingira walio hofu uharibifu wa ikolojia ya eneo hilo. Hata hivyo, kampuni hiyo na serikali za nchi husika zimesisitiza kuwa taratibu zote za kisheria na tathmini ya mazingira zilifuatwa kikamilifu.<ref name=":5">{{cite web |title=ReconAfrica Environmental, Social, and Governance |url=https://reconafrica.com/our-sustainable-approach/environmental-social-governance/ |access-date=20 May 2021}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Angola]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Namibia]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Botswana]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] bl74z8z8zqoniqv0re932rzxqm73z52 1573077 1573074 2026-06-15T06:56:48Z Idd ninga 30188 1573077 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Muonekano wa Mto Kavango ukiwa karibu na kambi ya kitalii ya Hakusembe nchini Namibia]] '''Mto Kavango''' (pia '''Mto Okavango''') ni [[mto]] mkubwa uliopo upande wa kusini Magharibi mwa [[bara]] la [[Afrika]]. Mto huu unajulikana kwa jina la Okavango nchini [[Botswana]], kama ''Mto Cubango'' nchini [[Angola]], na kama Kavango nchini [[Namibia]].<ref name=mendelsohn/> Ni [[mto]] wa nne kwa urefu katika ukanda wa [[Kusini mwa Afrika]], ukitiririka kuelekea kusini-mashariki kwa urefu wa [[kilomita]] 1,600. Mto huu unaanza katika urefu wa mita 1,300 juu ya usawa wa bahari kwenye nyanda za juu zenye mchanga nchini Angola, kisha unaenda kusini ambapo unaunda sehemu ya mpaka kati ya Angola na Namibia, kabla ya kuingia nchini Botswana. Tofauti na mito mingi, Kavango haumwagii maji yake baharini; badala yake, unaishia kwenye bonde la ndani lisilo na njia ya kutoka katika [[Jangwa la Kalahari]], ambapo unatengeneza [[delta]] ya Okavango. == Asili ya Jina == Jina ''Okavango'' au ''Kavango'' linatokana na Wakavango, ambao ni jamii ya watu wanaoishi upande wa kaskazini mwa Namibia. Katika maandishi ya zamani ya [[Kiingereza]] mto huu uliandikwa Okovango, lakini tafiti nyingi za Namibia zinapendelea kutumia jina Kavango unaporelea mto au mkoa huo. Mwanahistoria Andreas Eckl anabainisha kuwa kumbukumbu za ukoloni wa Kijerumani Kusini-Magharibi mwa Afrika zilitumia jina Okavango, lakini herufi ya mwanzo "O-" si ya kawaida katika lugha za kienyeji za Kavango, na badala yake inasemekana ilitokana na ushawishi wa [[Kijapan|Lugha ya Kiherero]].<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Mtiririko na chanzo kipya == Mito ya Cubango na Cuito ndiyo vyanzo vikuu vinavyolisha na kuamua uhai wa Delta ya Okavango.<ref name=mendelsohn>{{cite web | last=Mendelsohn | first=John | title=A River in Trouble | website=Conservation Namibia | date=9 September 2021 | url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php | access-date=8 January 2024}}</ref> Nchini Angola, uchomaji moto wa nyasi wa msimu husababisha kuziba kwa njia za juu za Mto Cuito na kupunguza mtiririko wa maji kwenda chini kwa sababu maji yanayokusanyika yanazama na kupotea kwenye mchanga.<ref name=into>{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwaka 2015, shirika la National Geographic lilianzisha mradi wa kulinda mfumo wa mto huu, na mwaka 2023 waligundua chanzo halisi cha asili cha mto huu. Chanzo hicho ni ardhi oevu yenye tabaka nene la matope (peatland) katika nyanda za juu za Angola, inayojulikana kwa lugha ya kiluchaze kama "Lisima Iya Mwono" ikimaanisha "Chanzo cha Uzima". Eneo hili lina kina cha zaidi ya futi 12 na linakadiriwa kushikilia mita za ujazo bilioni 423 za maji, likisambaza zaidi ya asilimia 95 ya maji yote ya bonde hili. Mnamo mwaka 2026, eneo hili lilitangazwa rasmi na Serikali ya Angola kuwa ardhi oevu yenye umuhimu wa kimataifa chini ya Mkataba wa Ramsar. kabla ya kuingia Botswana, mto huo unashuka kwa mita 4 kupitia mfululizo wa maporomoko madogo yanayoitwa Maporomoko ya Popa (Popa Falls). Wakati wa msimu wa mvua nyingi, maji yanayofurika huenda kwenye Mto Boteti na kuishia kwenye mabwawa ya chumvi ya Makgadikgadi, ambapo maelfu ya ndege aina ya heroe (flamingo) hukusanyika kila majira ya joto.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&mode=&order=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&mode=&order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Sehemu nyingine ya mtiririko wa mto huu hujaza [[Ziwa Ngami]]. == Mafuriko ya msimu == Kila msimu wa mvua, nchi ya Angola hupokea mvua mara tatu zaidi kuliko Botswana, hali inayofanya mto kusukuma kiasi kikubwa sana cha maji na kugeuza sehemu kubwa ya jangwa kuwa ardhi oevu. Ingawa mvua hizi hunyesha Angola mwezi Januari, maji huchukua mwezi mzima kusafiri kilomita 1,000 za kwanza za mto, na huchukua miezi mingine minne kuchuja kupitia mimea na njia nyingi za maji za delta. Kutokana na hali hiyo, mafuriko makubwa zaidi hutokea kati ya mwezi Juni na Agosti, kipindi ambacho ni cha kiangazi kikavu nchini Botswana. Wakati huo delta hupanuka na kuwa kubwa mara tatu zaidi ya ukubwa wake wa kawaida, jambo linalovutia maelfu ya wanyamapori kutoka maeneo ya mbali na kutengeneza moja ya mikusanyiko mikubwa zaidi ya [[wanyamapori]] barani Afrika.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Okavango Delta – Part 2 {{!}} |url=http://blog.africabespoke.com:80/okavango-delta-part-2/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20180621102937/http://blog.africabespoke.com:80/okavango-delta-part-2/ |archive-date=2018-06-21 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=blog.africabespoke.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Migogoro ya matumizi ya maji na mafuta == Kwa sababu nchi za Namibia na Botswana hukabiliwa na ukame wa mara kwa mara, pamekuwepo na wasiwasi wa migogoro kuhusu matumizi ya maji ya mto huu. Namibia ilijenga mfereji wa urefu wa kilomita 300 na kupendekeza mradi mwingine wa bomba la kilomita 250 ili kuchepua maji kutoka kwenye mto huo kwenda maeneo yake ya ndani ili kupunguza makali ya ukame.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWrEcl2ydzEC&pg=PA294|title=Resource Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa|last=Basedau|first=Matthias|date=2005-01-01|publisher=GIGA-Hamburg|isbn=978-3-928049-91-7|pages=294|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3ilzosWx4wC&pg=PA96|title=Management of Transboundary Rivers and Lakes|last1=Varis|first1=Olli|last2=Tortajada|first2=Cecilia|last3=Biswas|first3=Asit K.|date=2008-03-15|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-74928-8|pages=96|language=en}}</ref> Botswana inapinga hatua hiyo kwa kuwa inategemea sana Delta ya Okavango kwa ajili ya mapato ya utalii na vyanzo vya maji, ikidai asilimia 97 ya maji tayari inapotea kwa njia ya mvuke. Ili kutatua changamoto hizo, nchi za Angola, Namibia, na Botswana zilitia saini makubaliano ya pamoja mwaka 1994 ili kuunda Tume ya Kudumu ya Bonde la Mto Okavango (OKACOM) kwa ajili ya kushauriana kuhusu ugawaji wa rasilimali hizo.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Kuhusu utafiti wa mafuta, kampuni ya ReconAfrica kutoka Kanada ilipewa leseni ya kutafuta mafuta katika maeneo ya mkoa wa zamani wa Kavango nchini Namibia na Botswana, jambo lililoibua malalamiko kutoka kwa wanaharakati wa mazingira walio hofu uharibifu wa ikolojia ya eneo hilo. Hata hivyo, kampuni hiyo na serikali za nchi husika zimesisitiza kuwa taratibu zote za kisheria na tathmini ya mazingira zilifuatwa kikamilifu.<ref name=":5">{{cite web |title=ReconAfrica Environmental, Social, and Governance |url=https://reconafrica.com/our-sustainable-approach/environmental-social-governance/ |access-date=20 May 2021}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Angola]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Namibia]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Botswana]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] exlcw72f59wsbr33osrj7mhm1s56wk2 1573099 1573077 2026-06-15T09:16:44Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1573099 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Muonekano wa Mto Kavango ukiwa karibu na kambi ya kitalii ya Hakusembe nchini Namibia]] '''Mto Kavango''' (pia '''Mto Okavango''') ni [[mto]] mkubwa uliopo upande wa kusini Magharibi mwa [[bara]] la [[Afrika]]. Mto huu unajulikana kwa jina la Okavango nchini [[Botswana]], kama ''Mto Cubango'' nchini [[Angola]], na kama Kavango nchini [[Namibia]].<ref name=mendelsohn/> Ni [[mto]] wa nne kwa urefu katika ukanda wa [[Kusini mwa Afrika]], ukitiririka kuelekea kusini-mashariki kwa urefu wa [[kilomita]] 1,600. Mto huu unaanza katika urefu wa mita 1,300 juu ya usawa wa bahari kwenye nyanda za juu zenye mchanga nchini Angola, kisha unaenda kusini ambapo unaunda sehemu ya mpaka kati ya Angola na Namibia, kabla ya kuingia nchini Botswana. Tofauti na mito mingi, Kavango haumwagii maji yake baharini; badala yake, unaishia kwenye bonde la ndani lisilo na njia ya kutoka katika [[Jangwa la Kalahari]], ambapo unatengeneza [[delta]] ya Okavango. == Asili ya Jina == Jina ''Okavango'' au ''Kavango'' linatokana na Wakavango, ambao ni jamii ya watu wanaoishi upande wa kaskazini mwa Namibia. Katika maandishi ya zamani ya [[Kiingereza]] mto huu uliandikwa Okovango, lakini tafiti nyingi za Namibia zinapendelea kutumia jina Kavango unaporelea mto au mkoa huo. Mwanahistoria Andreas Eckl anabainisha kuwa kumbukumbu za ukoloni wa Kijerumani Kusini-Magharibi mwa Afrika zilitumia jina Okavango, lakini herufi ya mwanzo "O-" si ya kawaida katika lugha za kienyeji za Kavango, na badala yake inasemekana ilitokana na ushawishi wa [[Kijapan|Lugha ya Kiherero]].<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Mtiririko na chanzo kipya == Mito ya Cubango na Cuito ndiyo vyanzo vikuu vinavyolisha na kuamua uhai wa Delta ya Okavango.<ref name=mendelsohn>{{cite web | last=Mendelsohn | first=John | title=A River in Trouble | website=Conservation Namibia | date=9 September 2021 | url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php | access-date=8 January 2024}}</ref> Nchini Angola, uchomaji moto wa nyasi wa msimu husababisha kuziba kwa njia za juu za Mto Cuito na kupunguza mtiririko wa maji kwenda chini kwa sababu maji yanayokusanyika yanazama na kupotea kwenye mchanga.<ref name=into>{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwaka 2015, shirika la National Geographic lilianzisha mradi wa kulinda mfumo wa mto huu, na mwaka 2023 waligundua chanzo halisi cha asili cha mto huu. Chanzo hicho ni ardhi oevu yenye tabaka nene la matope (peatland) katika nyanda za juu za Angola, inayojulikana kwa lugha ya kiluchaze kama "Lisima Iya Mwono" ikimaanisha "Chanzo cha Uzima". Eneo hili lina kina cha zaidi ya futi 12 na linakadiriwa kushikilia mita za ujazo bilioni 423 za maji, likisambaza zaidi ya asilimia 95 ya maji yote ya bonde hili. Mnamo mwaka 2026, eneo hili lilitangazwa rasmi na Serikali ya Angola kuwa ardhi oevu yenye umuhimu wa kimataifa chini ya Mkataba wa Ramsar. kabla ya kuingia Botswana, mto huo unashuka kwa mita 4 kupitia mfululizo wa maporomoko madogo yanayoitwa Maporomoko ya Popa (Popa Falls). Wakati wa msimu wa mvua nyingi, maji yanayofurika huenda kwenye Mto Boteti na kuishia kwenye mabwawa ya chumvi ya Makgadikgadi, ambapo maelfu ya ndege aina ya heroe (flamingo) hukusanyika kila majira ya joto.<ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&mode=&order=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&mode=&order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Sehemu nyingine ya mtiririko wa mto huu hujaza [[Ziwa Ngami]]. == Mafuriko ya msimu == Kila msimu wa mvua, nchi ya Angola hupokea mvua mara tatu zaidi kuliko Botswana, hali inayofanya mto kusukuma kiasi kikubwa sana cha maji na kugeuza sehemu kubwa ya jangwa kuwa ardhi oevu. Ingawa mvua hizi hunyesha Angola mwezi Januari, maji huchukua mwezi mzima kusafiri kilomita 1,000 za kwanza za mto, na huchukua miezi mingine minne kuchuja kupitia mimea na njia nyingi za maji za delta. Kutokana na hali hiyo, mafuriko makubwa zaidi hutokea kati ya mwezi Juni na Agosti, kipindi ambacho ni cha kiangazi kikavu nchini Botswana. Wakati huo delta hupanuka na kuwa kubwa mara tatu zaidi ya ukubwa wake wa kawaida, jambo linalovutia maelfu ya wanyamapori kutoka maeneo ya mbali na kutengeneza moja ya mikusanyiko mikubwa zaidi ya [[wanyamapori]] barani Afrika.<ref name=":4">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Okavango Delta – Part 2 {{!}} |url=http://blog.africabespoke.com:80/okavango-delta-part-2/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20180621102937/http://blog.africabespoke.com:80/okavango-delta-part-2/ |archive-date=2018-06-21 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=blog.africabespoke.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Migogoro ya matumizi ya maji na mafuta == Kwa sababu nchi za Namibia na Botswana hukabiliwa na ukame wa mara kwa mara, pamekuwepo na wasiwasi wa migogoro kuhusu matumizi ya maji ya mto huu. Namibia ilijenga mfereji wa urefu wa kilomita 300 na kupendekeza mradi mwingine wa bomba la kilomita 250 ili kuchepua maji kutoka kwenye mto huo kwenda maeneo yake ya ndani ili kupunguza makali ya ukame.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWrEcl2ydzEC&pg=PA294|title=Resource Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa|last=Basedau|first=Matthias|date=2005-01-01|publisher=GIGA-Hamburg|isbn=978-3-928049-91-7|pages=294|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3ilzosWx4wC&pg=PA96|title=Management of Transboundary Rivers and Lakes|last1=Varis|first1=Olli|last2=Tortajada|first2=Cecilia|last3=Biswas|first3=Asit K.|date=2008-03-15|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-74928-8|pages=96|language=en}}</ref> Botswana inapinga hatua hiyo kwa kuwa inategemea sana Delta ya Okavango kwa ajili ya mapato ya utalii na vyanzo vya maji, ikidai asilimia 97 ya maji tayari inapotea kwa njia ya mvuke. Ili kutatua changamoto hizo, nchi za Angola, Namibia, na Botswana zilitia saini makubaliano ya pamoja mwaka 1994 ili kuunda Tume ya Kudumu ya Bonde la Mto Okavango (OKACOM) kwa ajili ya kushauriana kuhusu ugawaji wa rasilimali hizo.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Kuhusu utafiti wa mafuta, kampuni ya ReconAfrica kutoka Kanada ilipewa leseni ya kutafuta mafuta katika maeneo ya mkoa wa zamani wa Kavango nchini Namibia na Botswana, jambo lililoibua malalamiko kutoka kwa wanaharakati wa mazingira walio hofu uharibifu wa ikolojia ya eneo hilo. Hata hivyo, kampuni hiyo na serikali za nchi husika zimesisitiza kuwa taratibu zote za kisheria na tathmini ya mazingira zilifuatwa kikamilifu.<ref name=":5">{{cite web |title=ReconAfrica Environmental, Social, and Governance |url=https://reconafrica.com/our-sustainable-approach/environmental-social-governance/ |access-date=20 May 2021}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Angola]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Namibia]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Botswana]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 0whqv6x5vf24v3cwjkhkz80v0xtl9kn 1573112 1573099 2026-06-15T09:47:53Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Okavango]] 1573112 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[Okavango]] 12lag998q4vpvxrstkbr367ffcjopgu 0 240969 1573082 2026-06-15T08:03:18Z Maryam Saleh Abeid 79870 Anzisha Makala 1573082 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohamed Diab''' (matamshi ya Kiarabu ya Misri: [mæˈħ.amæd dˤiæb], alizaliwa 1978) ni mwandishi wa filamu na mwongozaji kutoka [[Misri]] ambaye kazi zake mara nyingi hujikita katika masuala nyeti yanayohusu jamii ya Misri. Anajulikana kwa filamu yake ya kwanza kuongoza, ''[[Kairo ya Kale|Cairo 678]]''<ref>{{Citation|last=AlloCine|title=Les Femmes du Bus 678|url=https://www.allocine.fr/film/fichefilm_gen_cfilm=193512.html|language=fr|access-date=2026-06-15}}</ref>, iliyotolewa mwezi mmoja kabla ya mapinduzi ya Misri, na kwa kuongoza mfululizo wa [[Marvel Entertainment|Marvel]] wa [[Disney]]''Moon Knight''. == Kazi == === Cairo 678 === ''[[Cairo|Cairo 678]]'' ndiyo filamu ya kwanza kuongozwa na Diab. Filamu hiyo inafuata hadithi zinazounganisha wanawake watatu ambao wameamua kujichukulia sheria mkononi ili kupambana na janga la unyanyasaji wa kijinsia mjini Cairo. Filamu hiyo ilitolewa mwezi Desemba 2010 na inachukuliwa kuwa filamu ya kisasa ya Misri iliyoshinda tuzo nyingi zaidi. Filamu hiyo ilisambazwa kimataifa na kufanya vizuri sana hasa nchini Ufaransa, ambapo iliuzwa tiketi 265,000 na kupokea tuzo ya utambuzi wa hadhira ya "coup de foudre du public" kutoka kwa ÉcranTotal.<ref>{{Citation|title=Bon début pour les femmes du bus 678|url=http://evene.lefigaro.fr/cinema/actualite/bon-debut-pour-les-femmes-du-bus-678-1011571.php|work=Evene.fr|language=fr|access-date=2026-06-15}}</ref> == Filamu == == Tuzo == == Marejeo == [[Jamii:WCZ Culture]] [[Jamii:Watu]] [[Jamii:Misri]] 84am9f0g2o6a6ttvncbxsl7i3ikklgx 1573132 1573082 2026-06-15T09:54:34Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1573132 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohamed Diab''' (matamshi ya [[Kiarabu cha Misri]]: [mæˈħ.amæd dˤiæb], alizaliwa 1978) ni mwandishi wa filamu na mwongozaji kutoka [[Misri]] ambaye kazi zake mara nyingi hujikita katika masuala nyeti yanayohusu jamii ya Misri. Anajulikana kwa filamu yake ya kwanza kuongoza, ''[[Kairo ya Kale|Cairo 678]]''<ref>{{Citation|last=AlloCine|title=Les Femmes du Bus 678|url=https://www.allocine.fr/film/fichefilm_gen_cfilm=193512.html|language=fr|access-date=2026-06-15}}</ref>, iliyotolewa mwezi mmoja kabla ya mapinduzi ya Misri, na kwa kuongoza mfululizo wa [[Marvel Entertainment|Marvel]] wa [[Disney]]''Moon Knight''. == Kazi == ''[[Cairo|Cairo 678]]'' ndiyo filamu ya kwanza kuongozwa na Diab. Filamu hiyo inafuata hadithi zinazounganisha wanawake watatu ambao wameamua kujichukulia sheria mkononi ili kupambana na janga la unyanyasaji wa kijinsia mjini Cairo. Filamu hiyo ilitolewa mwezi Desemba 2010 na inachukuliwa kuwa filamu ya kisasa ya Misri iliyoshinda tuzo nyingi zaidi. Filamu hiyo ilisambazwa kimataifa na kufanya vizuri sana hasa nchini Ufaransa, ambapo iliuzwa tiketi 265,000 na kupokea tuzo ya utambuzi wa hadhira ya "coup de foudre du public" kutoka kwa ÉcranTotal.<ref>{{Citation|title=Bon début pour les femmes du bus 678|url=http://evene.lefigaro.fr/cinema/actualite/bon-debut-pour-les-femmes-du-bus-678-1011571.php|work=Evene.fr|language=fr|access-date=2026-06-15}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{BD|1978|}} [[Jamii:WCZ Culture]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]] naeu2lb1e1xby1btq7e01ii643rc0en 3 240970 1573113 2026-06-15T09:48:14Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1573113 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 15 Juni 2026 (UTC) eakas4458gwxz6myc215a54h16ujd0i 3 240971 1573114 2026-06-15T09:48:24Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1573114 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 15 Juni 2026 (UTC) eakas4458gwxz6myc215a54h16ujd0i 3 240972 1573115 2026-06-15T09:48:34Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1573115 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 15 Juni 2026 (UTC) eakas4458gwxz6myc215a54h16ujd0i 3 240973 1573116 2026-06-15T09:48:44Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1573116 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 15 Juni 2026 (UTC) eakas4458gwxz6myc215a54h16ujd0i 3 240974 1573117 2026-06-15T09:48:54Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1573117 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 15 Juni 2026 (UTC) eakas4458gwxz6myc215a54h16ujd0i 3 240975 1573118 2026-06-15T09:49:04Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1573118 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 15 Juni 2026 (UTC) g4eil9wrsja6fc8kxz7vxnhlh016ozf 3 240976 1573119 2026-06-15T09:49:14Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1573119 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 15 Juni 2026 (UTC) g4eil9wrsja6fc8kxz7vxnhlh016ozf 3 240977 1573120 2026-06-15T09:49:24Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1573120 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 15 Juni 2026 (UTC) g4eil9wrsja6fc8kxz7vxnhlh016ozf 3 240978 1573121 2026-06-15T09:49:34Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1573121 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 15 Juni 2026 (UTC) g4eil9wrsja6fc8kxz7vxnhlh016ozf 3 240979 1573122 2026-06-15T09:49:44Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1573122 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 15 Juni 2026 (UTC) g4eil9wrsja6fc8kxz7vxnhlh016ozf 3 240980 1573123 2026-06-15T09:49:54Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1573123 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 15 Juni 2026 (UTC) g4eil9wrsja6fc8kxz7vxnhlh016ozf 3 240981 1573124 2026-06-15T09:50:04Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1573124 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 15 Juni 2026 (UTC) fq2dwkc1cml7hbzyjk5oelg9drxwre7 3 240982 1573125 2026-06-15T09:50:14Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1573125 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 15 Juni 2026 (UTC) fq2dwkc1cml7hbzyjk5oelg9drxwre7 3 240983 1573126 2026-06-15T09:50:24Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1573126 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 15 Juni 2026 (UTC) fq2dwkc1cml7hbzyjk5oelg9drxwre7 3 240984 1573127 2026-06-15T09:50:34Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1573127 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 15 Juni 2026 (UTC) fq2dwkc1cml7hbzyjk5oelg9drxwre7 3 240985 1573128 2026-06-15T09:50:44Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1573128 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 15 Juni 2026 (UTC) fq2dwkc1cml7hbzyjk5oelg9drxwre7 3 240986 1573129 2026-06-15T09:50:54Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1573129 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 15 Juni 2026 (UTC) fq2dwkc1cml7hbzyjk5oelg9drxwre7 3 240987 1573130 2026-06-15T09:51:04Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1573130 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 15 Juni 2026 (UTC) er4fwoedhfg7kegvpmqbspl021lk0a4 0 240988 1573134 2026-06-15T10:01:35Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Waraka wa pili wa Klementi]] 1573134 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[waraka wa pili wa Klementi]] pdp1s0mc2qf5vziwzpeynfv3s2gkfk2 0 240989 1573135 2026-06-15T10:20:15Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Waraka wa pili wa Klementi''' ni [[Maandishi|andiko]] la [[Kiyunani|Kigiriki]] [[karne ya 2]] lililopewa jina la [[Papa Klementi I]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Brannan |first=Rick|date=2017 |title=The Apostolic Fathers: A New Translation |publisher=Lexham Press |page=3 |isbn=978-1-68359-064-4}}</ref> ambalo ni kati ya yale ya kwanza ya [[Ukristo]] nje ya [[Biblia]] ([[Agano Jipya]]) yaliyohifadhiwa na kujulikana hadi leo. Pengine liliingizwa pamoja na wara...' 1573135 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Waraka wa pili wa Klementi''' ni [[Maandishi|andiko]] la [[Kiyunani|Kigiriki]] [[karne ya 2]] lililopewa jina la [[Papa Klementi I]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Brannan |first=Rick|date=2017 |title=The Apostolic Fathers: A New Translation |publisher=Lexham Press |page=3 |isbn=978-1-68359-064-4}}</ref> ambalo ni kati ya yale ya kwanza ya [[Ukristo]] nje ya [[Biblia]] ([[Agano Jipya]]) yaliyohifadhiwa na kujulikana hadi leo. Pengine liliingizwa pamoja na [[waraka wa kwanza wa Klementi]] katika matoleo ya [[Biblia ya Kikristo]], lakini baadaye liliachwa nje tena wengi walikanusha kuwa kazi ya [[Papa]] huyo<ref>{{harvnb|Holmes|2007|pp=132–35|loc=Second Clement}}</ref>, kuanzia [[Eusebi wa Kaisarea]]<ref>{{harvnb|Eusebius Pamphilius|325|loc=Book3, Chapter 38}}</ref> na [[Jeromu]]<ref>Jerome, ''[[De Viris Illustribus (Jerome)|De Viris Illustribus]]'', Chapter 15</ref>. Vilevile inaonekana kuwa si [[barua]] kwa [[Korintho|Wakorintho]] kama ilivyodhaniwa awali<ref>{{harvnb|Petersen|2006|p=392}}</ref>, bali [[hotuba]]<ref>{{harvnb|Donfried|1973|p=487}}</ref> ya miaka [[120]]-[[140]] [[Baada ya Kristo|BK]]. Iliandikwa kwa [[lugha]] ya Kigiriki, iliyokuwa inatumiwa na Wakristo wengi wa wakati ule hata mjini [[Roma ya Kale|Roma]]. Pamoja na maandiko mengine kama vile [[Didake]], [[Barua ya Barnaba|Waraka wa Barnaba]] na [[Waraka|nyaraka]] saba za [[Ignas wa Antiokia]] iko kati ya [[Mababu wa Kitume]], yaani maandiko ya kale kabisa ya Ukristo yaliyohifadhiwa nje ya Agano Jipya. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mababu wa Kitume]] * [[Babu wa Kanisa|Mababu wa Kanisa]] ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} == Vyanzo == *{{citation|last=Donfried|first=Karl|date=October 1973|title=The Theology of Second Clement|journal=The Harvard Theological Review|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=66|issue=4|pages=487–501|issn=0017-8160|jstor=1509081|doi=10.1017/S0017816000018149|s2cid=170816578 }} *{{citation|author=Eusebius Pamphilius|author-link=Eusebius|title=Ecclesiastical history|url=http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/03d/0265-0339,_Eusebius_Caesariensis,_Historia_ecclesiastica_%5BSchaff%5D,_EN.pdf|year=325|access-date=2012-11-27}} *{{citation|last=Holmes|first=Michael|author-link=Michael W. Holmes|title=Apostolic Fathers, The: Greek Texts and English Translations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0-oR_HWnzWcC|access-date=2012-11-27|date=1 November 2007|publisher=Baker Academic|location=Grand Rapids|isbn=978-0-8010-3468-8}} *{{citation|last=Petersen|first=William|date=November 2006|title=Patristic Biblical Quotations and Method: Four Changes to Lightfoot's Edition of "Second Clement"|journal=Vigiliae Christianae|publisher=Brill|volume=60|issue=4|pages=389–419|issn=0042-6032|jstor=20474780|doi=10.1163/157007206778926292}} == Marejeo mengine == *{{cite book |last = Tuckett |first = Christopher M. |author-link = Christopher M. Tuckett |title = 2 Clement: Introduction, Text, and Commentary |year = 2012 |publisher = Oxford University Press |isbn = 978-0-19-969460-0 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TE4-T4XE-CkC}} == Viungo vya nje == *[http://early.xpian.info/eng/2clement.html An extensive list of English translations of 2 Clement] *{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170127030512/http://www.textexcavation.com/greekclementsermon1-10.html Chapters 1 to 10 in Greek]}} *{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170127030517/http://www.textexcavation.com/greekclementsermon11-20.html Chaapters 11 to 20 in Greek]}} {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:vitabu]] [[Jamii:Mababu wa Kanisa]] [[Jamii:Fasihi ya Kigiriki]] m1n627mh555jqmgmen4rpm0mcdn8pa7 0 240990 1573138 2026-06-15T10:36:25Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[File:Ignatius of Antiochie.jpg|thumb|282x282px|Ignasi akiliwa na [[simba]].]] '''''Kifodini cha Ignasi''''' (kwa [[Kilatini]]: ''Martyrium Ignatii'') ni [[maandishi]] ya mtu aliyedai kuwa ameshuhudia matukio<ref name="synaxarium">{{Cite web |title=Lives of Saints :: Kiahk 24 |url=http://www.copticchurch.net/synaxarium/4_24.html#1 |access-date=2020-07-25 |website=www.copticchurch.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ignatius |url=https://books.google.com/boo...' 1573138 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ignatius of Antiochie.jpg|thumb|282x282px|Ignasi akiliwa na [[simba]].]] '''''Kifodini cha Ignasi''''' (kwa [[Kilatini]]: ''Martyrium Ignatii'') ni [[maandishi]] ya mtu aliyedai kuwa ameshuhudia matukio<ref name="synaxarium">{{Cite web |title=Lives of Saints :: Kiahk 24 |url=http://www.copticchurch.net/synaxarium/4_24.html#1 |access-date=2020-07-25 |website=www.copticchurch.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ignatius |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mKCq5KKgaH8C&dq=Martyrium+Ignatii&pg=PP16 |title=The Sacred Writings of Saint Ignatius |date=2012 |publisher=Jazzybee Verlag |isbn=978-3-8496-2135-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 7.djvu/717 - Wikisource, the free online library |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Catholic_Encyclopedia,_volume_7.djvu/717 |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=en.wikisource.org |language=en}}</ref> yaliyofikisha kwenye [[Mfiadini|kifodini]] cha [[Ignas wa Antiokia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ignatius of Antioch |url=http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/info/ignatius-cathen.html |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=www.earlychristianwritings.com}}</ref><ref name="jefford">{{cite book |last=Jefford |first=Clayton N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jq4Wo3YFskUC |title=The Apostolic Fathers and the New Testament |publisher=Baker Publishing Group |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4412-4177-1 |location=Grand Rapids, MI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume II: Ante-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 100-325 - Christian Classics Ethereal Library |url=https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc2.v.xv.vi.html |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=www.ccel.org}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Imesemekana [[mwandishi]] alikuwa [[shemasi]] wa [[Tarso]] jina lake [[Filo wa Kilikia]] na [[Rheus Agathopus]]. Kwa vyovyote aliongezewa na watu wengine.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ignatius of Antioch |url=http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/info/ignatius-cathen.html |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=www.earlychristianwritings.com}}</ref><ref name="jefford2">{{cite book |last=Jefford |first=Clayton N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jq4Wo3YFskUC |title=The Apostolic Fathers and the New Testament |publisher=Baker Publishing Group |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4412-4177-1 |location=Grand Rapids, MI}}</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Mababu wa Kitume]] * [[Babu wa Kanisa|Mababu wa Kanisa]] == Tanbihi == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == *[https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0123.htm English translation of the Martyrdom of Ignatius] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Category:Mababu wa Kanisa]] 4vna2owx6g7sbjxubbc6b2z0kanq155