Wikipedia swwiki https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanzo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.7 first-letter Media Maalum Majadiliano Mtumiaji Majadiliano ya mtumiaji Wikipedia Majadiliano ya Wikipedia Faili Majadiliano ya faili MediaWiki Majadiliano ya MediaWiki Kigezo Majadiliano ya kigezo Msaada Majadiliano ya msaada Jamii Majadiliano ya jamii Lango Majadiliano ya lango Wikichanzo Majadiliano ya Wikichanzo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Tanzania 0 1191 1574477 1569219 2026-06-18T11:03:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania | lugha_rasmi = {{hlist |[[Kiswahili]]|[[Kiingereza]]}} | kaulimbiu = "Uhuru na Umoja" | wimbo = "[[Mungu ibariki Afrika]]"<br>[[File:Tanzanian national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]] | mji_mkubwa = [[Dar es Salaam]] | mji_mkuu = [[Dodoma]] | latd = 6 | latm = 11 | latNS = S | longd = 35 | longm = 44 | longEW = E | serikali = [[Jamhuri]] | vyeo_viongozi = | muundo_uhuru = '''Uhuru''' kutoka [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | eneo_jumla = 947 303<ref name="worldfactbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Tanzania|access-date=30 Machi 2024|year=2023}}</ref> | maji = 6.4<ref name="worldfactbook"/> | watu_kadirio = 65 642 682<ref name="worldfactbook"/> | sensa = 2022 | watu_sensa = 61 741 120<ref name="sensa22"/> | pato = {{ongezeko}} USD bilioni 85.98<ref name="IMFWEO.TZ">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TZA|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 Edition. (Tanzania) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=22 Aprili 2025 |access-date=22 Aprili 2025}}</ref> | mwaka_pato = 2025 | pato_kwa_mtu = {{ongezeko}} USD 1,280<ref name="IMFWEO.TZ" /> | pato_halisi = {{ongezeko}} USD bilioni 293.59<ref name="IMFWEO.TZ" /> | pato_halisi_kwa_mtu = {{ongezeko}} USD 4,370<ref name="IMFWEO.TZ" /> | mwaka_maendeleo = 2022 | maendeleo = {{ongezeko}} 0.555<ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/TZA|language=en|publisher=[[Mradi wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa]]|date=13 Machi 2024|access-date=22 Machi 2023|archive-date=22 Machi 2025}}</ref> (ya 165)</br> {{kati}} | fedha = [[Shilingi ya Tanzania]] | majira_saa = +3<br>([[Saa za Afrika Mashariki|Afrika Mashariki]]) | utaifa = Mtanzania | udereva = Kushoto | iso3166 = [[ISO 3166-2:TZ|TZ]] | tld = [[.tz]] | tukio1 = [[Tanganyika]] | tukio2 = [[Zanzibar]] | tukio3 = Muungano | tukio4 = Katiba ya sasa | tukio1_tarehe = 9 Desemba 1961 | tukio2_tarehe = 10 Desemba 1963 | tukio3_tarehe = 26 Aprili 1964 | tukio4_tarehe = 25 Aprili 1977 | jina_kawaida = Tanzania | matini_nembo = Nembo ya Tanzania | matini_bendera = Bendera ya Tanzania | dini = 63.1% [[Wakristo]]<br>34.1% [[Waislamu]]<br>1.5% [[Wasio na dini]]<br>1.2% [[Dini asilia za Kiafrika|dini asilia]]<br>0.1% wengine | msimbo_simu = [[Namba za simu Tanzania|255]] | maelezo_ramani = Mahali pa Tanzania katika Afrika ya Mashariki | maelezo_ramani2 = Ramani ya Tanzania | matini_ramani = Mahali pa Tanzania katika Afrika ya Mashariki | matini_ramani2 = Ramani ya Tanzania | jina_asili = | bendera =Flag of Tanzania.svg | nembo = Coat of arms of Tanzania.svg | ramani = File:Tanzania_(orthographic_projection).svg | ramani2 = File:Tanzania map-sw.svg | muundo_tarehe = siku/mwezi/mwaka | idadi_makabila = Kupita [[Orodha ya makabila ya Tanzania|makabila 125]] | ukubwa_ramani2 = 250 | latd2 = 6 | latm2 = 48 | latNS2 = S | longd2 = 39 | longm2 = 17 | longEW2 = E | lugha_taifa = [[Kiswahili]] | mwaka_kadirio = 2023 | cheo_watu = 23 | cheo_kiongozi1 = [[Orodha ya Marais wa Tanzania|Rais]] | cheo_kiongozi2 = [[Orodha ya Makamu wa Rais Tanzania|Makamu wa Rais]] | cheo_kiongozi3 = [[Orodha ya Mawaziri Wakuu wa Tanzania|Waziri Mkuu]] | cheo_kiongozi4 = [[Orodha ya Maspika wa Bunge la Tanzania|Spika]] | cheo_kiongozi5 = Jaji Mkuu | kiongozi1 = [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | kiongozi2 = [[Philip Isdor Mpango]] | kiongozi3 = [[Kassim Majaliwa]] | kiongozi4 = [[Tulia Ackson]] | kiongozi5 = [[George Mcheche Masaju]] }} '''Tanzania''', rasmi '''Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania''', ni nchi iliyoko [[Afrika Mashariki]] ndani ya [[Nchi za Maziwa Makuu|eneo la Maziwa Makuu ya Afrika]] na kando ya pwani ya [[Bahari ya Hindi]]. <ref name="Britannica_Tanzania">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tanzania |author=Gary P. Gillum |title=Tanzania |website=Britannica |date=Machi 11, 2026 |access-date=Mei 31, 2026 }}</ref> Inapakana na [[Kenya]] na [[Uganda]] kaskazini, [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] magharibi, na [[Zambia]], [[Malawi]], na [[Msumbiji]] kusini. <ref name="WFB_Tanzania">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania/#geography |title=Tanzania - World Factbook: Geography |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=Aprili 2026 |access-date=Mei 31, 2026 |archive-date=2021-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109103650/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania/#geography |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kufikia mwaka 2024, inakadiriwa kuwa na idadi ya watu takriban milioni 67 <ref name="sensa22">{{Cite report|title=Sensa ya Watu na Makazi ya Mwaka 2022: Matokeo ya Mwanzo|author=Ofisi ya Taifa ya Takwimu – Tanzania|date=Oktoba 2022|url=https://www.nbs.go.tz/uploads/statistics/documents/sw-1705484563-matokeomwanzooktoba2022.pdf}}</ref>. , ikiwa [[Orodha ya nchi kulingana na idadi ya watu|nchi ya 20 duniani]] na ya 5 [[Afrika]] kwa idadi ya watu. [[Mji mkuu]] ni Dodoma, huku [[Dar es Salaam]] ukiwa mji wake mkubwa na kituo kikuu cha kiuchumi. <ref name="WFB_Tanzania"/> Nchi hii imegawanywa katika mikoa 31 ya kiutawala, na lugha rasmi ni Kiswahili na Kiingereza. <ref name="Britannica_Tanzania"/> Mabaki mengi muhimu ya [[zamadamu]] yaligunduliwa nchini Tanzania.<ref name="Britannica_Tanzania"/> Katika [[zama za Mawe]] na [[Zama za Shaba|Shaba]], kulikuwa na [[Uhamiaji wa binadamu|uhamaji]] wa kihistoria kutoka kaskazini kuingia Tanzania wa wazungumzaji wa [[Kikushi|Kikushi cha Kusini]] waliokuwa na sifa kama za [[Wairaqw]] wa leo, waliotoka [[Ethiopia]] ya leo; pia kulikuwepo na watu wa Kikushi cha Mashariki waliotoka kaskazini mwa [[Ziwa Turkana]] kati ya miaka 2,000 hadi 4,000 iliyopita; pamoja na [[Waniloti]] wa Kusini kama [[Wadatooga]], waliotokea katika mpaka wa [[Sudan Kusini]] na Ethiopia takribani miaka 2,900 hadi 2,400 iliyopita. Uhamiaji huo ulifanana kwa wakati na ujio wa [[Wabantu]] wa Mashariki kutoka [[Afrika Magharibi]] waliotua katika maeneo ya [[Ziwa Viktoria]] na [[Ziwa Tanganyika]].<ref name="Tanzania_Antiquities">{{cite web |url=http://www.mnrt.go.tz/ |title=Antiquities and Human Origins in Tanzania |website=mnrt.go.tz |publisher=Wizara ya Maliasili na Utalii |date=2024 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 |archive-date=2023-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609010517/http://www.mnrt.go.tz/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Katika [[karne ya 19]], Tanzania bara ilikuwa chini ya [[utawala]] wa [[Ujerumani|Wajerumani]] kama sehemu ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]], na baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]], [[Waingereza]] walichukua [[mamlaka]] kwa jina la [[Tanganyika]], huku [[Visiwa vya Zanzibar]] vikisalia katika usimamizi tofauti wa kikoloni.<ref name="BBC_Tanzania_Profile">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14095776 |title=Tanzania country profile |website=BBC News |date=2025 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> Baada ya kupata [[uhuru]] mwaka [[1961]] (Tanganyika) na [[1963]] (Zanzibar), nchi hizo mbili ziliungana mwaka [[1964]] na kuunda [[Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania]]. Tanganyika iliingia katika [[Jumuiya ya Madola]] na Tanzania kwa sasa ni mwanachama wa jumuiya hiyo kama [[taifa]] moja.<ref name="Commonwealth_Tanzania">{{cite web |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/tanzania |title=Tanzania - Member State Profile |website=thecommonwealth.org |publisher=The Commonwealth |date=2024 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Leo, [[katiba|kikatiba]] Tanzania ni [[jamhuri]] ya [[Rais|urais]] inayofuata [[mfumo wa vyama vingi]] lakini imekuwa chini ya [[Mfumo wa chama kimoja|chama kimoja]] kikuu ambacho kimeshikilia [[madaraka]] moja kwa moja tangu uhuru ingawa jina lake lilibadilika kutoka [[Tanganyika African National Union]] hadi [[Chama cha Mapinduzi]] mwaka [[1977]].<ref name="WFB_Tanzania_Gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania/#government |title=Tanzania - World Factbook: Government and Politics |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=Aprili 2026 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 |archive-date=2021-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109103650/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania/#government |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tanzania haijawahi kupitia machafuko makubwa ya ndani tangu uhuru, na inahesabiwa kuwa miongoni mwa nchi salama na tulivu zaidi kisiasa barani [[Afrika]].<ref name="BBC_Tanzania_Profile"/> Idadi ya watu wa Tanzania inajumuisha [[makabila]], [[lugha]], na [[dini]] zaidi ya 120. [[Ukristo]] ndio [[dini]] yenye wafuasi wengi, ikifuatwa na [[Uislamu]] na [[dini za jadi]].<ref name="WFB_Tanzania_People">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania/#people-and-society |title=Tanzania - World Factbook: People and Society |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=Aprili 2026 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 |archive-date=2021-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109103650/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania/#people-and-society |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tanzania ndiyo nchi yenye tofauti kubwa zaidi za lugha Afrika ya Mashariki. Ingawa hakuna [[lugha rasmi]] kisheria, [[Kiswahili]] hutumika kama [[lugha ya taifa]], na [[Kiingereza]] hutumika katika biashara za kimataifa, [[diplomasia]], [[mahakama]] za juu, na [[elimu]] ya [[Elimu ya sekondari|sekondari]] na [[elimu ya juu|ya juu]]. [[Kiarabu]] huzungumzwa pia visiwani Zanzibar.<ref name="Britannica_Tanzania"/> [[Jiografia|Kijiografia]], Tanzania ina [[milima]] na [[misitu]] mingi kaskazini-mashariki, ikiwemo [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]], mlima mrefu zaidi Afrika na mlima pekee wa kujitegemea kwa [[kimo]] [[Dunia|duniani]].<ref name="UNESCO_Kilimanjaro">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/403 |title=Kilimanjaro National Park |website=unesco.org |publisher=UNESCO |date=2024 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> [[Maziwa Makuu ya Afrika]] yote matatu yanapatikana kwa sehemu ndani ya Tanzania: [[Ziwa Viktoria]] ([[ziwa]] kubwa zaidi Afrika), [[Ziwa Tanganyika]] (ziwa lenye [[kina]] kirefu zaidi na [[samaki]] wa pekee), na [[Ziwa Nyasa]] upande wa kusini. Ukanda wa pwani una joto na unyevunyevu, na Visiwa vya Zanzibar vipo karibu na mwambao. [[Eneo la Hifadhi ya Menai Bay]] ni eneo kubwa zaidi la hifadhi ya baharini Zanzibar. [[Maporomoko ya Kalambo]] yaliyoko mpakani na Zambia ndiyo maporomoko ya pili kwa urefu barani Afrika. Tanzania ni moja ya nchi maarufu duniani kwa [[safari]] za [[utalii]].<ref name="WFB_Tanzania_Geo">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania/#geography |title=Tanzania - World Factbook: Geography |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=Aprili 2026 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 |archive-date=2021-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109103650/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania/#geography |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Jina== [[Jina]] "Tanzania" liliundwa kama mkusanyiko wa majina ya maeneo mawili yaliyoungana kuunda nchi: [[Tanganyika]] na [[Zanzibar (Jiji)|Zanzibar]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=tanzania {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of the name tanzania by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/tanzania|work=www.etymonline.com|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en}}</ref> Jina lilipatikana kwa mashindano yaliyotangazwa mwaka 1964 na serikali kutafuta jina fupi zaidi kuliko "Jamhuri ya Tanganyika na Zanzibar". Mshindi alikuwa mwenyeji wa Dar es Salaam aliyeitwa [[Mohamed Iqbal Dar]] ([[1944]] - [[2025]]) <ref>https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/kitaifa/aliyebuni-jina-tanzania-afariki-dunia-4950694</ref>. Alipendekeza kuunganisha [[herufi]] tatu za kwanza za [[Tanganyika|TANganyika]] na [[Zanzibar|ZANzibar]] akafikia "Tanzan". Hakuridhika bado, akaona nchi nyingi za Afrika zina majina yanayoishia na "ia" akaongeza herufi hizi. Mwenyewe alieleza baadaye chaguo lake kwamba aliamua kutumia "I" ya jina lake Iqbal na "A" ya jina la madhehebu yake aliyoyafuata katika Uislamu ya [[Ahmadiyya]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://globalpublishers.co.tz/mohammed-iqbal-dar-mbunifu-wa-jina-la-tanzania/|title=Mohammed Iqbal Dar: Mbunifu wa jina la Tanzania|date=2016-03-07|work=Global Publishers|accessdate=2019-04-28}}</ref> Jina "Tanganyika" linatokana na maneno ya [[Kiswahili]] "tanga" na "nyika", yakiunda msemo "tanga nyikani". Wakati fulani inaelezwa kama marejeleo ya Ziwa Tanganyika. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Loading...|url=http://home.frognet.net/~jaknouse/gaz-af.html|work=home.frognet.net|accessdate=2022-06-16}}</ref> Jina la Zanzibar linatokana na "[[zenji]]", jina la watu wa eneo hilo (inadaiwa lina maana ya "nyeusi"), na neno la Kiarabu "barr", ambalo linamaanisha pwani au ufukwe.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=zanzibar {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of the name zanzibar by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/zanzibar|work=www.etymonline.com|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en}}</ref> == Historia == {{main|Historia ya Tanzania|Historia ya Zanzibar}} {{Kwa|historia ya maeneo ya Tanzania kabla ya 1964|Tanganyika (nchi)|Zanzibar|Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani}} [[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-166-21.jpg|thumb|Julius Nyerere akidai Uhuru Kamili kutoka kwa Uingereza.]] [[Historia ya Tanzania]] inawakilisha historia ya eneo ambalo leo linaunda Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania, ikijumuisha Tanganyika Bara na [[visiwa vya Zanzibar]]. Ugunduzi wa [[akiolojia]] katika [[Bonde la Oltupai]] na maeneo mengine unaonyesha kuwa eneo hili limekuwa na makazi ya binadamu tangu nyakati za kale sana na lina baadhi ya ushahidi muhimu zaidi kuhusu mageuzi ya awali ya binadamu. <ref name="Olduvai">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Olduvai-Gorge |title=Olduvai Gorge: Archaeological Site, Tanzania |website=Britannica |date=April 24, 2026 |access-date=May 30, 2026 }}</ref> Kwa karne nyingi, eneo hili lilikaliwa na jamii mbalimbali, zikiwemo jamii zinazozungumza [[lugha za Kibantu]], huku maeneo ya pwani yakijumuishwa katika mitandao ya biashara ya [[Bahari ya Hindi]] iliyounganisha [[Afrika Mashariki]] na [[Uarabuni]], [[Uajemi]], [[Uhindi]], na baadaye [[China]]. <ref name="Swahili_Coast">{{cite web |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/swahili-coast/ |title=The Swahili Coast |website=nationalgeographic.org |publisher=National Geographic Society |date=2024 |access-date=May 30, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kuanzia kipindi cha kati cha historia, [[Miji-dola ya Waswahili|miji kadhaa ya Waswahili]] ilistawi kando ya pwani, ikiwemo [[Kilwa]], ambayo ilikuja kuwa kitovu muhimu cha biashara na utamaduni. <ref name="Kilwa">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/144 |title=Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Ruins of Songo Mnara |website=unesco.org |publisher=UNESCO |date=2024 |access-date=May 30, 2026 }}</ref> Ushawishi wa [[Wareno]] ulijitokeza katika sehemu za pwani katika [[karne ya 16]], lakini baadaye ukachukuliwa na [[Waarabu]] wa [[Omani]], hasa [[Zanzibar]]. Katika [[karne ya 19]], Zanzibar iliibuka kama kituo muhimu cha biashara, huku upanuzi wa ukoloni wa [[Ulaya]] ukiongezeka katika maeneo ya bara. Kufikia mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 19]], sehemu kubwa ya Tanzania Bara ilikuwa imekuwa sehemu ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]]. <ref name="German_East_Africa">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/German-East-Africa |title=German East Africa: Historical Colony, Africa |website=Britannica |date=2024 |access-date=May 30, 2026 }}</ref> Baada ya [[Ujerumani]] kushindwa katika [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]], [[Tanganyika]] iliwekwa chini ya utawala wa [[Uingereza]] kama eneo la mamlaka ya Ligi ya Mataifa na baadaye eneo la udhamini la [[Umoja wa Mataifa]]. Harakati za uzalendo ziliongezeka baada ya [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]], zikiongozwa hasa na [[Julius Nyerere]] na Chama cha [[Tanganyika African National Union]] (TANU). <ref name="TANU">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tanganyika-African-National-Union |title=Tanganyika African National Union |website=Britannica |date=2024 |access-date=May 30, 2026 }}</ref> Tanganyika ilipata uhuru kutoka kwa [[Uingereza]] tarehe 9 Desemba 1961 na kuwa jamhuri mwaka 1962, huku Nyerere akiwa rais wake wa kwanza. <ref name="Tanganyika_Independence">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14095776 |title=Tanzania country profile - Timeline |website=BBC News |date=2025 |access-date=May 30, 2026 }}</ref> [[Zanzibar]], mapinduzi yaliyotokea Januari 1964 yaliuangusha utawala wa Kisultani uliotawaliwa na [[Waarabu]] na kusababisha kuundwa kwa serikali mpya. <ref name="Zanzibar_Revolution">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zanzibar/History |title=Zanzibar: History of the Archipelago |website=Britannica |date=April 15, 2026 |access-date=May 30, 2026 }}</ref> Baadaye mwaka huo, Tanganyika na Zanzibar ziliungana na kuunda Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania tarehe 26 Aprili 1964. Chini ya uongozi wa Nyerere, Tanzania ilifuata sera za [[ujamaa]] wa Kiafrika zilizojulikana kama Ujamaa, kabla ya mageuzi ya kiuchumi na kufunguliwa kwa mfumo wa kisiasa kuanzishwa mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 20]]. <ref name="Ujamaa">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julius-Nyerere |author=Donald Innis Ray |title=Julius Nyerere: President of Tanzania |website=Britannica |date=October 10, 2025 |access-date=May 30, 2026 }}</ref> Tangu wakati huo, Tanzania imeendelea kuwa jamhuri huru na mwanachama muhimu wa mashirika ya kikanda kama [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]] (EAC) na [[Umoja wa Afrika]] (AU). <ref name="WFB_Tanzania"/> ==Jiografia== {{main|Jiografia ya Tanzania|Maziwa ya Tanzania|Mito ya Tanzania|Orodha ya milima ya Tanzania|Funguvisiwa la Zanzibar}} Ikiwa na eneo la kilomita za mraba 947,303 (365,756 sq mi), Tanzania ni nchi ya 13 kwa ukubwa barani Afrika na ya 31 kwa ukubwa duniani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html|work=web.archive.org|date=2014-02-09|accessdate=2022-06-15|archivedate=2014-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html}}</ref> Inapakana na Kenya na Uganda upande wa kaskazini; Rwanda, Burundi, na Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo upande wa magharibi; na Zambia, Malawi, na Msumbiji upande wa kusini. [[File:Olduvai stone chopping tool (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|right|Zana ya kukatia mawe yenye umri wa miaka milioni 1.8 iligunduliwa huko [[Olduvai Gorge]] na kuonyeshwa kwenye [[British Museum]].]] Tanzania iko kwenye pwani ya mashariki ya Afrika na ina ufuo wa [[Bahari ya Hindi]] takriban kilomita 424 (885 mi).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Review of the state of world marine capture fisheries management: Indian Ocean.|url=https://www.fao.org/3/a0477e/a0477e13.htm|work=www.fao.org|accessdate=2022-06-15}}</ref> Pia inajumuisha visiwa kadhaa vya pwani, vikiwemo [[Unguja]] (Zanzibar), [[Pemba (kisiwa)|Pemba]], na [[Kisiwa cha Mafia|Mafia]]. Tanzania ni nchi yenye sehemu za juu na za chini kabisa barani Afrika: [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]], wenye urefu wa mita 5,895 (futi 19,341) juu ya usawa wa bahari, na kina cha [[Ziwa Tanganyika]], katika mita 1,471 (futi 4,826) chini ya usawa wa bahari kwa mtiririko huo. [[File:Wildebeest Migration in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|Uhamaji wa Nyumbu [[Serengeti]]]] Tanzania ina milima na misitu minene kaskazini-mashariki, ambako kuna Mlima Kilimanjaro. Nchi iko katika eneo la [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]], hivyo [[Ziwa|maziwa]] yanafunika km<sup>2</sup> 61,500, yaani 6% za eneo lote la nchi. Upande wa kaskazini na magharibi kuna [[Ziwa Viktoria|Ziwa Victoria]], ziwa kubwa zaidi barani Afrika, na [[Ziwa Tanganyika]], ziwa lenye kina kirefu zaidi barani humo, linalojulikana kwa aina yake ya kipekee ya samaki. Upande wa kusini magharibi kuna [[Nyasa (ziwa)|Ziwa Nyasa]]. Eneo la katikati mwa Tanzania ni uwanda mkubwa, wenye tambarare na ardhi ya kilimo. Ukanda wa mashariki una joto na unyevunyevu, huku Visiwa vya Zanzibar vikiwa karibu. Maporomoko ya maji ya [[Mto Kalambo|Kalambo]] katika mkoa wa kusini-magharibi mwa [[Rukwa]] ni maporomoko ya pili kwa urefu barani Afrika, na yanapatikana karibu na ufuo wa kusini-mashariki wa Ziwa Tanganyika kwenye mpaka na Zambia. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kalambo Falls {{!}} waterfall, East Africa {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kalambo-Falls|work=www.britannica.com|accessdate=2022-06-15|language=en}}</ref> Eneo la [[Hifadhi ya Menai Bay]] visiwani Zanzibar ndilo eneo kubwa zaidi la bahari lililohifadhiwa. ===Hali ya hewa=== {{Main|Tabia ya nchi Tanzania}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map TZA present.svg|thumb|upright=1.75|Ramani ya Tanzania ya uainishaji wa hali ya hewa Köppen]] Hali ya hewa inatofautiana sana ndani ya Tanzania. Katika nyanda za juu, halijoto huanzia 10 hadi 20 °C (50 na 68 °F) wakati wa msimu wa baridi na joto kwa mtiririko huo. {{multiple image |align = right |direction = horizontal |image1 = Elephant and Kilimanjaro.jpg |caption1 = Tembo akipita karibu na [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]] |width1 = 180 |image2 = Ngorongoro Crater.jpg |caption2 = [[Hifadhi ya Ngorongoro]] |width2 = 160 |header_align = centre }} Tanzania hupata [[majira ya joto]] katika [[Mwezi (wakati)|miezi]] ya [[Desemba]], [[Januari]] na [[Februari]] (25–31 °C au 77.0–87.8 °F) huku kipindi cha baridi zaidi kikitokea kati ya [[Mei]] na [[Agosti]] (15–20 °C au 59–68 °F). Halijoto ya kila mwaka ni 20 °C (68.0 °F). Hali ya hewa ni baridi katika maeneo ya milima mirefu. Tanzania ina vipindi viwili vikuu vya mvua: mvua za [[vuli]] hunyesha katika miezi ya [[Oktoba]], [[Novemba]] na [[Desemba]] na mvua za [[masika]] hunyesha katika miezi ya [[Machi]], [[Aprili]] na [[Mei]] ingawa zipo tofauti ndogo kati ya sehemu mbalimbali.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1075513535|title=Rainfall variability in Northern Tanzania in the March-May season (long rains) and its links to large-scale climate forcing.|last=Zorita|first=Eduardo|last2=Tilya|first2=Faustine|date=2002|oclc=1075513535}}</ref> Kiasi cha mvua na halijoto husababisha tofauti za aina ya [[uoto wa asili]], [[udongo]] na aina ya [[mazao]] yanayolimwa. Mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa nchini Tanzania yanasababisha kuongezeka kwa joto na uwezekano mkubwa wa matukio ya mvua kubwa (kusababisha mafuriko) na vipindi vya ukame.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tanzania|url=https://www.climatelinks.org/countries/tanzania|work=www.climatelinks.org|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en|archive-date=2022-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614161023/https://www.climatelinks.org/countries/tanzania|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Future Climate for Africa|year=2017|title=Future Climate Projections for Tanzania|url=https://futureclimateafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/fcfa_tanzania_climatebrief_web.pdf|website=Future Climate for Africa|accessdate=2022-06-16|archive-date=2022-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209143534/https://www.futureclimateafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/fcfa_tanzania_climatebrief_web.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa tayari yanaathiri sekta za kilimo, rasilimali za maji, afya na nishati nchini Tanzania. Kupanda kwa kina cha bahari na mabadiliko ya ubora wa maji kunatarajiwa kuathiri uvuvi na ufugaji wa samaki.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tanzania {{!}} UNDP Climate Change Adaptation|url=https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/eastern-africa/united-republic-tanzania|work=www.adaptation-undp.org|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en|archivedate=2022-04-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416075500/https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/eastern-africa/united-republic-tanzania}}</ref>[[File:Mannetjes masaigiraffe in de Serengeti, Tanzania, -12 januari 2013 a.jpg|thumb|Twiga Masai ni mnyama wa taifa la Tanzania]] Tanzania ilitoa [[Mpango wa Kitaifa wa Kukabiliana na Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi]] (NAPAs) mwaka 2007 kama ilivyoagizwa na [[Mkataba wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi]]. Mwaka 2012, Tanzania ilitoa Mkakati wa Kitaifa wa Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi ili kukabiliana na wasiwasi unaoongezeka wa athari mbaya za mabadiliko ya tabianchi katika mazingira ya kijamii na kiuchumi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tanzania: National climate change strategy - National Policy, Plans & Statements - PreventionWeb.net|url=https://www.preventionweb.net/english/policies/v.php?id=59982&cid=0|work=web.archive.org|date=2021-04-17|accessdate=2022-06-16|archivedate=2021-04-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417211255/https://www.preventionweb.net/english/policies/v.php?id=59982&cid=0}}</ref> ===Wanyamapori na Hifadhi=== {{Main|Wanyamapori nchini Tanzania}} {{See also|Mbuga za Taifa la Tanzania}}Tanzania ina takriban 20% ya [[spishi]] za wanyama wengi wa [[Afrika]] wenye [[damu moto]], wanapatikana kwenye mbuga zake za Taifa, hifadhi na [[bahari]]. Hifadhi za Taifa na mbuga za wanyama zimeenea katika eneo la zaidi ya kilomita za mraba 42,000 (sq. mi 16,000) na kuunda karibu 38% ya eneo la nchi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tanzania travel guide {{!}} Tanzania {{!}} Zepisa African safaris|url=https://www.zepisaafricansafaris.com/tanzania-travel-guide-everything-you-need-to-know/|work=web.archive.org|date=2020-12-01|accessdate=2022-06-16|archivedate=2020-12-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201202741/https://www.zepisaafricansafaris.com/tanzania-travel-guide-everything-you-need-to-know/}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZiyAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57|title=Indigenous People in Africa: Contestations, Empowerment and Group Rights|last=Ridwan|first=Laher|last2=Korir|first2=SingíOei|date=2014-05-05|publisher=Africa Institute of South Africa|isbn=978-0-7983-0464-1|language=en}}</ref> Tanzania ina mbuga 21 za taifa, pamoja na hifadhi mbalimbali za wanyamapori na misitu, ikijumuisha [[Hifadhi ya Ngorongoro]]. Magharibi mwa Tanzania, [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Gombe]] ni kitovu ya uchunguzi unaoendelea wa [[Jane Goodall]] wa tabia ya [[Sokwe (Hominidae)|sokwe]], ambao ulianza mwaka wa 1960.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The official site of the Tanzania National Parks - Gombe Stream National Park|url=http://www.tanzaniaparks.com/gombe.html|work=web.archive.org|date=2014-10-04|accessdate=2022-06-16|archivedate=2014-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004004545/http://www.tanzaniaparks.com/gombe.html}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|title=Nature's strongholds : the world's greatest wildlife reserves|last=Riley|first=Laura|date=2005|publisher=Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press|others=unknown library|isbn=978-0-691-12219-9}}</ref> Tanzania ina [[bioanuwai]] nyingi na ina aina mbalimbali za makazi ya wanyama.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/biodiversityinsu0000stua|title=Biodiversity in sub-Saharan Africa and its islands : conservation, management, and sustainable use|last=Stuart|first=S. N.|date=1990|publisher=Gland, Switzerland : IUCN|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-2-8317-0021-2}}</ref> Katika uwanda wa [[Hifadhi ya Serengeti|Serengeti]] nchini Tanzania, [[nyumbu]] (''Connochaetes taurinus mearnsi''), "[[Bovids|''bovids'']]" wengine na [[Punda milia|pundamilia]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Serengeti wildebeest migration explained with moving map|url=https://www.expertafrica.com/tanzania/info/serengeti-wildebeest-migration|work=www.expertafrica.com|accessdate=2022-06-16}}</ref> hushiriki katika uhamaji mkubwa wa kila mwaka. Tanzania ni nyumbani kwa takriban spishi 130 za [[amfibia]] na zaidi ya spishi 275 za wanyama watambaao, wengi wao wanapatikana Tanzania tu na wamejumuishwa katika orodha ya [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]].<ref>Edoarado Razzetti and Charles Andekia Msuya (2002) [http://www-3.unipv.it/webshi/images/files/tanzie2002.pdf "Introduction"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716094052/http://www-3.unipv.it/webshi/images/files/tanzie2002.pdf |date=16 July 2020 }}, ''Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles of Arusha National Park''. Tanzania National Parks. p. 11</ref> Tanzania ina idadi kubwa ya simba duniani.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201908120146.html|title=Africa: Tanzania Has Largest Number of Lions in Africa, New Report Says|first=Edward Qorro in|last=Arusha|date=12 Agosti 2019|website=allAfrica.com|language=en}}</ref> Tanzania ilikuwa na alama 7.13/10 kwenye [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mwaka 2019, ilishika nafasi ya 54 duniani kati ya nchi 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|display-authors=1|year=2020|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|page=5978|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|issn=2041-1723|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.}}</ref> ==Serikali na Utawala== {{main|Mikoa ya Tanzania|Wilaya za Tanzania}} [[Muundo]] wa [[uongozi]] na [[utawala]] katika kipindi cha [[ukoloni]] ulizingatia mgawanyo wa [[madaraka]] baina ya mihimili mitatu ya [[dola]] yaani [[serikali]], [[bunge]] na [[mahakama]]. Tangu [[uhuru]], mgawanyo wa madaraka na uhusiano miongoni mwa mihimili hiyo uliimarishwa kwa kuzingatia wakati, mahitaji ya [[demokrasia]] na misingi ya [[utawala bora]] na umeainishwa pia katika [[katiba]] ya Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania Ibara ya 4 (1). Kuwepo kwa [[mfumo wa vyama vingi]] pia kulikuwa hatua ya kuendelea kuimarisha utawala wa ushiriki wa wananchi kadiri mahitaji ya upanuzi wa maono na [[falsafa]] [[duniani]]. [[Ugatuzi]], yaani mgawanyo wa kiutawala, unafuata Katiba ya nchi I 2.2. Tanzania imegawiwa kwa [[Mikoa ya Tanzania|mikoa]] 31. Kila [[mkoa]] huwa na [[wilaya]] ndani yake. Jumla ya wilaya ni 169, ambazo kati yake 34 ni miji. Ndani ya wilaya kuna ngazi za [[tarafa]] na [[kata]]. Chini ya kata kuna [[vijiji]] na wakati mwingine ngazi ya chini tena ambayo ni vitongoji. {| class="wikitable" !Mkoa !Makao Makuu !Mkoa !Makao Makuu !Ramani ya mikoa |- |[[Mkoa wa Arusha|Arusha]] |[[Arusha]] |[[Mkoa wa Mwanza|Mwanza]] |[[Mwanza]] | rowspan="15" |{{Tanzania_Regions_Labelled_Map|width=450}} |- |[[Mkoa wa Dar es Salaam|Dar es Salaam]] |[[Dar es Salaam]] |[[Mkoa wa Njombe|Njombe]] |[[Njombe]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Dodoma|Dodoma]] |[[Dodoma]] |[[Mkoa wa Pemba Kaskazini|Pemba Kaskazini]] |[[Wete]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Geita|Geita]] |[[Geita]] |[[Mkoa wa Pemba Kusini|Pemba Kusini]] |[[Chake Chake]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Iringa|Iringa]] |[[Iringa]] |[[Mkoa wa Pwani|Pwani]] |[[Kibaha]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Kagera|Kagera]] |[[Bukoba]] |[[Mkoa wa Rukwa|Rukwa]] |[[Sumbawanga]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Katavi|Katavi]] |[[Mpanda]] |[[Mkoa wa Ruvuma|Ruvuma]] |[[Songea]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Kigoma|Kigoma]] |[[Kigoma]] |[[Mkoa wa Shinyanga|Shinyanga]] |[[Shinyanga]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]] |[[Moshi]] |[[Mkoa wa Simiyu|Simiyu]] |[[Bariadi]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Lindi|Lindi]] |[[Lindi]] |[[Mkoa wa Singida|Singida]] |[[Singida]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Manyara|Manyara]] |[[Babati]] |[[Mkoa wa Tabora|Tabora]] |[[Tabora]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Mara|Mara]] |[[Musoma]] |[[Mkoa wa Tanga|Tanga]] |[[Tanga]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Mbeya|Mbeya]] |[[Mbeya]] |[[Mkoa wa Unguja Kusini|Zanzibar Kati/Kusini]] |[[Koani]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Morogoro|Morogoro]] |[[Morogoro]] |[[Mkoa wa Unguja Kaskazini|Unguja Kaskazini]] |[[Mkokotoni]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Mtwara|Mtwara]] |[[Mtwara]] |[[Mkoa wa Unguja Mjini Magharibi|Unguja Magharibi]] |[[Zanzibar]] |} === Miundo ya muungano === Tangu muungano wa Tanganyika na Zanzibar kufanyika mwaka 1964 Tanzania imekuwa na miundo ifuatayo: * Nchi inatawaliwa na [[serikali ya muungano]] ikitekeleza [[sheria]] zinazotolewa na [[bunge la Tanzania]]. * [[Tanganyika]] au Tanzania bara haina [[serikali]] wala [[bunge]] la pekee. * [[Zanzibar]] (visiwa vya [[Unguja]] na [[Kisiwa cha Pemba|Pemba]]) ina serikali na bunge lake vinavyoratibu mambo yasiyo ya muungano. Mambo yafuatayo yamekubalika kuwa shughuli za muungano: * Mambo ya nje * Jeshi * Polisi * Mamlaka ya dharura * Uraia * Uhamiaji * Biashara ya nje * Utumishi wa umma * Kodi ya mapato, forodha * Bandari, Usafiri wa anga, Posta na Simu == Demografia == {{Main|Demografia ya Tanzania}} [[File:Human_population_density_Tanzania.png|thumb|Msongamano wa watu nchini mwaka 2022.|300x300px]] Watu wa Tanzania hawaenei sawasawa. Katika maeneo makavu sana, kwa wastani kuna mtu mmoja tu kwa kilomita ya mraba (1/km²), lakini sehemu zenye [[rutuba]] za [[bara]], kuna watu 51 kwa kila kilomita ya mraba. Hatimaye huku [[Unguja]] kuna watu 134 kwa kilomita ya mraba na katika [[Mkoa wa Dar es Salaam]] ni 3,133 kwa kilomita ya mraba. Asilimia 70 hivi huishi [[kijiji|vijijini]], ingawa uhamiaji mijini unakwenda kasi.<ref>Athuman Mtulya (26 September 2013) "Report reveals rapid rural -urban migration". thecitizen.co.tz.</ref> ===Makabila=== Jamii nyingi za watu zimeishi na kushirikiana katika eneo la Tanzania bara kwa [[milenia]] nyingi. [[Picha:Sukump1.jpg|thumb|300px|Wasukuma ndio kabila kubwa zaidi nchini.]] Kati ya jamii hizo, nyingi zilikuja kutoka maeneo mengine ya Afrika. Nyingi katika jamii zilizohamia sehemu hii ziliingia katika makundi madogomadogo kwa [[amani]], ingawa ziko zilizoingia kwa njia ya [[uvamizi]] na [[vita]]. Baadhi ya jamii zilizovamiwa zilijihami na kuwazuia wahamiaji wasiendelee kuteka maeneo mengine. Kufikia mwaka [[1884]], wakati Wajerumani walipoanza harakati za kufanya sehemu hii ya Afrika kuwa [[koloni]] lao, kulikuwa na [[Kabila|makabila]] zaidi ya 120 katika eneo la Tanzania bara. Kuna [[Orodha ya makabila ya Tanzania|makabila 125 hivi]]. Makabila yenye watu zaidi ya [[milioni]] [[moja]] ni [[Wasukuma]], [[Wanyamwezi]], [[Wachaga]], [[Waha]], [[Wagogo]], [[Wahaya]], [[Wajaluo]] na [[Wamakonde]]. Jambo la pekee kuhusu jamii zilizoishi na zinazoendelea kuishi Tanzania ni kwamba wakazi asili wanawakilisha makundi yote makuu manne ya [[lugha]] barani Afrika.<ref>Ulrich Ammon; Norbert Dittmar; Klaus J. Mattheier (2006). Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1967–. ISBN 978-3-11-018418-1.</ref> 1. Idadi kubwa sana ya Watanzania ni wa jamii ya [[Wabantu]] (k.m. Wazaramo, Wapare na Wapogoro). 2. Nje ya hao, kuna [[Waniloti]], kwa mfano [[Wamasai]] na [[Wajaluo]] ambao wengi wao zaidi wanaishi [[Kenya]]. 3. Kundi lingine ni makabila ya [[Wakushi]] wanaoishi kaskazini mwa Tanzania; hao ni makabila ya [[Wairaqw]], [[Wafiome]], [[Wasi]] na [[Waburunge]]. 4. Kuna kundi la [[Wakhoisan]] wanaofanana na makabila ya [[Botswana]] na [[Namibia]]; wanaitwa [[Wasandawe]] . Hatimaye kuna [[Wahadzabe]] wachache ambao [[utafiti]] wa [[DNA]] umeonyesha hivi karibuni wana uhusiano wa asili na [[Watwa]] wa nchi za [[Afrika ya Kati]]. Pia kuna asilimia ndogo ya watu wenye asili ya nje ya bara la [[Afrika]], kwa mfano [[Wahindi]], [[Waarabu]], [[Waindochina]], [[Wafarsi]], [[Wachina]], [[Wagiriki]] na [[Waingereza]]. Hii ilisababishwa na karne za mchanganyiko wa mahitaji ya biashara yaliyofanywa na mabara ya [[Ulaya]] na [[Asia]] hapo [[Afrika]]. {{Makabila ya Tanzania}} === Lugha === {{main|Orodha ya lugha za Tanzania}} Nchini Tanzania kuna [[lugha]] za [[kabila|kikabila]] zaidi ya mia moja na ishirini, kwa kuwa kila kabila lina lugha yake. [[Kiswahili]] ndiyo [[lugha ya taifa]] na inazidi kuwa [[lugha mama]]<ref>Kadiri ya Ulrich Ammon; Norbert Dittmar; Klaus J. Mattheier (2006). Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1967. ISBN 978-3-11-018418-1 tayari Kiswahili ni lugha ya kwanza kwa asilimia 10 za wananchi</ref> kwa [[watoto]] wengi, hasa mijini.<ref>Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. 2010. pp. 1026–. ISBN 978-0-08-087775-4.</ref> Walau asilimia 90 za wakazi wanakitumia walau kama [[lugha ya pili]]. Kiswahili ni mojawapo kati ya [[lugha za Kibantu]]: hii imesaidia sana kukubaliwa kwa Kiswahili nchini, kwa sababu idadi kubwa ya Watanzania ni wasemaji wa lugha za [[Kibantu]]. Kiswahili kinatumika kama lugha baina ya watu wa makabila mbalimbali na kwa mambo rasmi; kwa hiyo ni lugha rasmi ya [[dhati]]. Baada ya [[uhuru]], [[Kiingereza]] (iliyokuwa lugha ya [[ukoloni|kikoloni]] kabla ya [[uhuru]]) iliendelea kutumika kwa mambo kadhaa rasmi na kwa [[elimu]] kuanzia [[sekondari]] ingawa sera mpya inataka Kiswahili kishike nafasi yake hadi [[chuo kikuu]];<ref>"Tanzania Ditches English In Education Overhaul Plan". AFK Insider. 17 February 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015.</ref> kwa hiyo ilichukuliwa kama lugha rasmi ya dhati pamoja na Kiswahili. Lakini utumizi rasmi wa Kiingereza umepungua katika milongo iliyopita, na sasa utumizi huu karibu umekwisha. Kwa hiyo siku hizi ni kawaida zaidi kuchukulia Kiswahili kama lugha rasmi ya dhati pekee. [[Sera]] mpya ya elimu inakusudia kufanya Kiswahili kuwa [[lugha ya kufundishia]] katika ngazi zote kufikia mwaka [[2024]]. === Dini === [[File:Cathedral of Arusha.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Kanisa kuu]] la Arusha]] {{Main|Dini nchini Tanzania}} Nchi haina [[dini rasmi]] na [[katiba]] ya Tanzania inatangaza [[uhuru wa dini]] kwa wote. Mara nyingi idadi ya wafuasi wa [[dini]] hutajwa kuwa [[theluthi]] moja [[Uislamu|Waislamu]], theluthi moja [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] na theluthi moja wafuasi wa [[dini za jadi]]. Lakini tangu [[uhuru]] swali la dini ya wananchi halijaulizwa tena katika [[sensa]], kwa hiyo kadirio la theluthi-theluthi inawezekana ni zaidi azimio la kisiasa. Kwenye funguvisiwa la [[Zanzibar]] idadi ya Waislamu huaminiwa kuwa takriban 97%. === Miji === [[Dar es Salaam]] ndilo [[jiji]] kubwa zaidi, lenye watu 5,383,728, na linaendelea kuwa makao ya [[ofisi]] nyingi za [[serikali]], [[bandari]] kuu, na [[kitovu]] cha [[biashara]]. [[Mji|Miji]] mingine ni kama vile [[Mwanza (mji)|Mwanza]] (1,004,521), [[Arusha (mji)|Arusha]] (616,631), [[Mbeya (mji)|Mbeya]] (541,603), [[Morogoro (mji)|Morogoro]] (471,409), [[Kahama (mji)|Kahama]] (453,654), [[Tanga (mji)|Tanga]] (393,429), [[Geita (mji)|Geita]] (361,671), [[Tabora (mji)|Tabora]] (308,741) na [[Sumbawanga (mji)|Sumbawanga]] (303,986).<ref>{{Cite report|title=Administrative Units Population Distribution Report|date=Desemba 2022|author=Ofisi ya Taifa ya Takwimu – Tanzania|language=en|url=https://www.nbs.go.tz/nbs/takwimu/Census2022/Administrative_units_Population_Distribution_Report_Tanzania_volume1a.pdf}}</ref> == Usafiri == {{Main|Usafiri wa Tanzania}} [[File:Magufuli Bus Terminus, Mbezi, Ubungo MC.jpg|350px|left|thumbnail| Kituo cha Mabasi cha Magufuli, Mbezi]] Usafiri nchini Tanzania ni hasa kwa njia ya [[barabara]]. Nyingine ni [[reli]] na [[Ndege (uanahewa)|ndege]]. Kwenye [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika|maziwa makubwa]] na [[pwani]] ya Bahari Hindi kuna pia usafiri wa [[meli]]. Hadi sasa idadi ya barabara za [[lami]] si kubwa. Kuna hasa njia nzuri kati ya [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Mbeya]] katika kusini-magharibi, Dodoma katika kitovu cha nchi, Arusha / Tanga katika kaskazini-mashariki. Kusini-Mashariki na Magharibi ya nchi kwa jumla haina barabara nzuri na [[mawasiliano]] ni magumu. Mashirika mawili ya reli yanayohudumia Tanzania: ni TRC ([[Shirika ya Reli Tanzania]] - ''Tanzania Railways Corporation'') na [[TAZARA]] (''Tanzania-Zambia Railways Corporation''). TRC imetawala reli ya kati kuanzia Dar es Salaam hadi [[Kigoma]] halafu reli ya Tanga kati ya Tanga na Arusha. Tazara imeunganisha Dar es Salaam na kusini ya nchi hadi Zambia. Zote hazikutunzwa vizuri na usafiri unakumbwa na huduma mbaya pamoja na [[ajali]]. Huduma kwa ndege zinatumia hasa viwanja vya ndege 11 vyenye barabara ya lami kwa ajili ya ndege, hasa [[Uwanja wa ndege wa kimataifa wa Julius Nyerere|Julius Nyerere/Dar es Salaam]], [[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro/Arusha-Moshi]] na [[Zanzibar]]-Kisauni. Pia kuna viwanja vingine vya ndege kama vile uwanja wa ndege wa Mwanza, Bukoba na Kigoma. Usafiri wa majini pia unafanyika hasa katika bahari ya Hindi, ingawa hakuna meli ya serikali hapo na mashirika binafsi hutoa huduma. Usafiri wa majini hufanyika pia katika maziwa ya Viktoria, Tanganyika na Nyasa. Miongoni mwa meli ni [[MV Bukoba]] iliyozama tarehe [[21 Mei]] [[1996]] pamoja na abiria karibu 1,000 na [[MV Nyerere]] iliyozama tarehe [[20 Septemba]] [[2018]] pamoja na abiria zaidi ya 200. Katika ziwa Tanganyika ipo meli ya Mv Liemba ambayo ilianza kutumika tangia kipindi cha ukoloni wa Wajerumani: inatoa huduma kati ya miji ya mwambao wa ziwa Tanganyika na nchi jirani. Mwaka 2017 ulianza ujenzi wa awamu ya kwanza ya njia ya [[geji sanifu]] nchini Tanzania inayolenga kuunganisha [[Dar es Salaam]] na [[Morogoro]].<ref>[http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Tanzania-railway-construction/2560-3801608-6plii9/index.html Turkish, Portuguese firms win bid to construct Tanzania’s SGR], tovuti ya theeastafrican.co.ke ya 6 Februari 2017, iliangaliwa Mei 2017</ref> Njia hii inatarajiwa kuendelea hadi [[Mwanza]] na hatimaye hadi [[Burundi]]. == Urithi wa Dunia == [[File:City of Kilwa, 1572.jpg|thumb|left|Mchoro wa mwaka [[1572]] ukionyesha mji wa [[Kilwa]] ulivyokuwa wakati huo.]] Mahali pafuatapo katika Tanzania pamepokewa katika orodha ya [[UNESCO]] ya "[[Urithi wa Dunia]]" (mwaka wa kukubaliwa – jina la mahali) * 1979 – Hifadhi ya Taifa [[Ngorongoro]]. * 1981 – [[Hifadhi ya Serengeti]]. * 1981 – Magofu ya [[Kilwa Kisiwani]] na Songo Mnara. * 1982 – Hifadhi ya Taifa [[Selous]]. * 1987 – Hifadhi ya Taifa [[Hifadhi ya Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]]. * 2000 – [[Mji Mkongwe]] wa [[Jiji la Zanzibar]] / [[Unguja]]. * 2006 – [[Michoro ya Kondoa]]. == Utamaduni na Sanaa == {{Main|Utamaduni wa Kitanzania}} === Muziki === {{Main|Muziki wa Tanzania}} Kuna aina zaidi ya tano za muziki nchini Tanzania, kama zilivyofafanuliwa na [[BASATA]] ni pamoja na [[Ngoma (muziki)|ngoma]] [[Ngoma za asili|(ngoma za asili]]), [[Muziki wa dansi|dansi]], [[kwaya]] (muziki wa injili), [[taarab]], na [[Bongo Flava|bongo flava]] ([[Muziki wa pop|pop]]/[[Hip hop ya Kitanzania|hip hop]]).<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i7riV5SvDe8C&newbks=0&hl=en|title=Performing the Nation: Swahili Music and Cultural Politics in Tanzania|last=Askew|first=Kelly|last2=Askew|first2=Professor Kelly|date=2002-07-28|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-02981-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVxVFJRiRO8C|title=Cultured States: Youth, Gender, and Modern Style in 1960s Dar Es Salaam|last=Ivaska|first=Andrew|date=2011-01-25|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-4770-5|language=en}}</ref> Ngoma ni muziki wa dansi wa kitamaduni, ngoma hutofautiana kati ya [[kabila]] na kabila.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XEeTAgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|title=The Garland Handbook of African Music|last=Stone|first=Ruth M.|date=2010-04-02|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-90001-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7EPcIVSHESEC&newbks=0&hl=en|title=Performance and Politics in Tanzania: The Nation on Stage|last=Edmondson|first=Laura|date=2007-07-20|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-11705-2|language=en}}</ref> Dansi ni muziki wa bendi unatokana na muziki wa [[soukous]] kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] (au "rumba ya Kikongo").<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q_lWEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|title=Songs and Politics in Eastern Africa|last=Njogu|first=Kimani|last2=Maupeu|first2=Herv|date=2007-10-15|publisher=African Books Collective|isbn=978-9987-08-108-0|language=en}}</ref> Taarab ni muziki wa Waafrika wa [[pwani]] uliopokea athira kutoka [[Utamaduni|tamaduni]] nyingi, hasa muziki wa [[Waarabu]] na [[Wahindi]]. Kimsingi ni uimbaji wa [[mashairi]] unaofuata muziki wa bendi.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q_lWEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|title=Songs and Politics in Eastern Africa|last=Njogu|first=Kimani|last2=Maupeu|first2=Herv|date=2007-10-15|publisher=African Books Collective|isbn=978-9987-08-108-0|language=en}}</ref> Kwaya ni muziki ambao asili yake ni [[Kanisa|kanisani]]. Bongo flava ni muziki wa pop wa Tanzania uliozaliwa na [[muziki wa kizazi kipya]], unajumuisha [[reggae]], [[R&B|RnB]], na [[Hip Hop|hip hop]], uliochanganywa na vionjo vya asili (flava) lakini tangu wakati huo umekua na kuwa muziki wa kipekee wa maeneo ya [[Maziwa Makuu ya Afrika|Maziwa Makuu]].<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Kerr|first=David|date=2018-01-02|title=From the margins to the mainstream: making and remaking an alternative music economy in Dar es Salaam|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13696815.2015.1125776|journal=Journal of African Cultural Studies|volume=30|issue=1|pages=65–80|doi=10.1080/13696815.2015.1125776|issn=1369-6815}}</ref> Asili mbalimbali za ushawishi zimesaidia kufanya bongo flava kuwa muziki maarufu zaidi Afrika Mashariki, na muziki mmojawapo kati ya ile maarufu zaidi katika bara la Afrika.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Suriano|first=M.|date=2011|title=Hip-Hop and Bongo Flavour Music in Contemporary Tanzania: Youths’ Experiences, Agency, Aspirations and Contradictions|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ad/article/view/74118|journal=Africa Development|language=en|volume=36|issue=3-4|pages=113–126|doi=10.4314/ad.v36i3-4|issn=0850-3907}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Perullo|first=Alex|date=2005|title=Hooligans and Heroes: Youth Identity and Hip-Hop in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4187688|journal=Africa Today|volume=51|issue=4|pages=75–101|issn=0001-9887}}</ref> [[Picha:SitiBintiSaad_(cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Mwimbaji wa Tanzania [[Siti Binti Saad]] ]] Tangu kuundwa kwa Tanzania hadi 1993, kurekodi na usambazaji wote wa muziki ulisimamiwa kikamilifu na [[Baraza la Sanaa Tanzania|BASATA]], hasa kupitia [[Radio Tanzania Dar Es Salaam|Redio Tanzania Dar es Salaam]] (RTD).<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8PdWEAAAQBAJ|title=Dar es Salaam. Histories from an Emerging African Metropolis|last=Brennan|first=James|last2=Burton|first2=Yus|date=2007-10-15|publisher=African Books Collective|isbn=978-9987-08-107-3|language=en}}</ref> Ni aina 4 tu za muziki za Kitanzania zilizoruhusiwa kurekodiwa au kutangazwa, ambazo wakati huo zilikuwa ngoma, taarab, kwaya na dansi. Sheria ya Huduma za Utangazaji ya 1993 iliruhusu mitandao ya kibinafsi ya matangazo na studio za kurekodi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date={{date|1994-06-11|mdy}}|type=Act|title=THE BROADCASTING SERVICES ACT, 1993|language=en|url=https://tadio.co.tz/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Tanzania-broadcasting-Act-6-of-1993-1.pdf|accessdate=2022-06-17|archive-date=2020-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927135508/https://tadio.co.tz/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Tanzania-broadcasting-Act-6-of-1993-1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Haya ni mojawapo ya mabadiliko muhimu zaidi katika tasnia ya muziki ya Tanzania tangu kuanzishwa kwa nchi miaka 30 kabla.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VePJDAAAQBAJ|title=Live from Dar es Salaam: Popular Music and Tanzania's Music Economy|last1=Perullo|first1=Alex|date=2011|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|isbn=978-0-253-00150-4|location=[[United States]]: [[Indiana]]|access-date=5 Juni 2022}}</ref> Miaka michache kabla ya Act ya 1993, muziki wa hip hop ulikuwa umeanza kuimarika katika miji ya Dar es Salaam, Mbeya, Arusha na Mwanza. Ilikuwa ikianza mageuzi kutoka kwenye hip hop ya Kiingereza huko Uzunguni, maeneo tajiri kama Oysterbay na Masaki pamoja na shule za kimataifa, hadi kizazi kipya [[Uswahilini]], vitongoji maskini na kutumia Kiswahili.<ref name="Saleh_J">{{cite web|last1=Nne|first1=Juma|title=Saleh J – Tanzanian Swahili rap pioneer|url=https://www.africanhiphop.com/saleh-j-tanzanian-swahili-rap-pioneer/|website=Africanhiphop.com|access-date=5 Juni 2022|language=en|date=2001-10-01}}</ref> Mara tu baada ya kufunguliwa kwa mawimbi ya redio, bongo flava ilizaliwa ikienea kwa haraka kote nchini, na katika Maziwa Makuu.<ref name="Kerr_18">{{cite journal|last1=Kerr|first1=David|date=2018-01-02|title=From the margins to the mainstream: making and remaking an alternative music economy in Dar es Salaam|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13696815.2015.1125776|journal=[[Journal of African Cultural Studies]]|language=en|publisher=[[Routledge]]|volume=30|issue=1|page=65-80|doi=10.1080/13696815.2015.1125776|issn=1369-6815}}</ref> === Fasihi === {{Main|Fasihi ya Tanzania}} Utamaduni wa kifasihi wa Tanzania kimsingi ni wa simulizi.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90d9pKhSjAIC|title=Culture and Customs of Tanzania|last=Otiso|first=Kefa M.|date=2013-01-24|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-08708-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|68}} Tanzu na vipera maaarufu vya [[Fasihi simulizi|fasihi simuliz]]<nowiki/>i ni pamoja na [[Ngano (hadithi)|ngano]], [[Shairi|mashairi]], [[mafumbo]], [[methali]] na [[nyimbo]].<ref name=":0" />{{rp|69}}  Sehemu kubwa zaidi ya fasihi simulizi iliyorekodiwa Tanzania ni ya Kiswahili, ingawa lugha za [[Orodha ya makabila ya Tanzania|makabila ya Tanzania]] zina mapokeo yake ya simulizi.  Fasihi simulizi ya nchi imekuwa ikipungua kwa sababu ya mabadiliko ya muundo wa jamii, na kufanya uwasilishaji wa fasihi simulizi kuwa mgumu zaidi, pia teknolojia za kisasa zinachangia kushushwa kwa thamani ya fasihi simulizi.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|68-9}} Utamaduni wa kuandika na kusoma [[vitabu]] umeenea nchini Tanzania. [[Fasihi andishi]] nyingi za Kitanzania ni za [[Kiswahili]] au [[Kiingereza]].<ref name=":0" /> {{rp|75}} Watu mashuhuri katika fasihi andishi ya Tanzania ni pamoja na [[Shaaban Robert]] (anatambulika kama baba wa [[fasihi ya Kiswahili]]), [[Muhammed Saley Farsy]], [[Faraji Katalambulla]], Adam Shafi Adam, [[Muhammed Said Abdulla|Muhammed Said Abdalla]], [[Said Ahmed Mohammed Khamis]], [[Mohamed Suleiman Mohamed]], [[Euphrase Kezilahabi]], [[Gabriel Ruhumbika]], [[Ebrahim Hussein]], [[May Materru Balisidya]], [[Fadhy Mtanga]], [[Abdulrazak Gurnah]], na [[Penina O. Mlama]].<ref name=":0" />{{rp|76-8}} [[Picha:Makonde elephant.jpg|thumb|150px|Bombwe la Kimakonde: Tembo]] [[File:Amani-TT4798.jpg|Mchoro wa [[Tingatinga (painting)|Tingatinga]]|thumb]] === Uchoraji na Uchongaji === Mitindo miwili ya sanaa ya Tanzania imepata kutambuliwa kimataifa.<ref name="Doling">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Tanzania Arts Directory|last=Doling|first=Tim|date=1999|publisher=Visiting Arts|isbn=9781902349114|pages=17|language=en}}</ref>   [[Uchoraji]] wa [[Tingatinga (uchoraji)|Tingatinga]] umejulikana tangu [[miaka ya 1970]]. Mtindo huo umepewa [[jina]] la [[mwanzilishi]] wake, mchoraji wa Kitanzania [[Edward Tingatinga|Edward Said Tingatinga]]. Kwa ujumla michoro ya Tingatinga inayoonyesha watu, wanyama, au maisha ya kila siku.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|13}}<ref name="Doling" /> Baada ya kifo cha Tingatinga mwaka wa 1972, wasanii wengine walikubali na kuendeleza mtindo wake, na aina hiyo sasa ndiyo mtindo muhimu zaidi unaolenga utalii katika maeneo ya Afrika Mashariki.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|113}}<ref name="Doling" /> [[Uchongaji]] wa [[mabombwe ya Kimakonde]] yamesifiwa tangu mwanzo wa [[karne ya 20]]. [[Wamakonde]] wengi wamehamia [[Dar es Salaam|Dar es salaam]] au [[Arusha]] wanapohudumia soko la [[watalii]] na soko la nje. === Michezo === {{Main|Michezo ya Tanzania}} Mchezo maarufu nchini Tanzania ni [[mpira wa miguu]]. Ingawa mpira wa miguu ([[kandanda]]) unaongoza kwa ufuasi mkubwa miongoni mwa vijana, michezo mingine kama vile [[mpira wa kikapu]], [[mchezo wa ngumi]] na [[riadha]] inazidi kuwa maarufu miongoni mwa watu.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tViQJkGh06YC&pg=PA36|title=Tanzania|last=Wairagala|first=Wakabi|date=2004|publisher=Gareth Stevens|isbn=978-0-8368-3119-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GoKnbA1c1DsC&pg=PA53|title=Tanzania in Pictures|last=Pritchett|first=Bev|date=2007-12-15|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=978-0-8225-8571-8|language=en}}</ref> Baraza la Michezo la Taifa ndicho chombo kinachosimamia michezo nchini chini ya Wizara ya Habari, Vijana, Michezo na Utamaduni.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=NSC should perfect all sports categories|url=https://www.tanzaniasports.com/nsc-should-perfect-all-sports-categories/|work=Tanzania Sports|date=2011-10-01|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Faili:Tanzania_National_Main_Stadium_Aerial.jpg|thumb|[[Uwanja wa Taifa (Tanzania)|Uwanja wa Taifa]] jijini [[Dar es Salaam]].]] [[Shirikisho la Mpira wa Miguu Tanzania]] ([[TFF]]) ni chombo kinachosimamia mpira wa miguu nchini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Member Association - Tanzania - FIFA.com|url=https://www.fifa.com/associations/association/tan/about|work=web.archive.org|date=2020-07-04|accessdate=2022-06-16|archivedate=2020-08-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823220736/https://www.fifa.com/associations/association/tan/about}}</ref> Vilabu maarufu vya soka la kulipwa jijini Dar es Salaam ni [[Young Africans S.C|Young Africans F.C]]. na [[Simba S.C.|Simba S.C]]. Wachezaji wa kandanda ambao wamechezea klabu kubwa za kigeni ni pamoja na [[Mbwana Samatta]], [[Kelvin John]], na [[Morice Abraham]]. Tanzania iliandaa [[Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika U-17 2019]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=U17 AFCON - Asante Sana Tanzania!!!|url=https://www.cafonline.com/news-center/news/u17-afcon-asante-sana-tanzania|work=CAFOnline.com|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en|author=CAF-Confedération Africaine du Football}}</ref> Soka la wanawake ni mchezo unaokuwa kwa kasi zaidi Tanzania. Utamaduni wa wanawake kucheza mpira wa miguu umeanza kueleweka kwa wengie. [[Timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Tanzania]], Taifa Queens ni bingwa wa [[Michuano ya CECAFA kwa Wanawake]] kwa mwaka 2016 na mwaka 2018.<ref>{{Citation|title=Tanzania win Cecafa Women's trophy|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/37409082|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB|access-date=2022-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Tanzania retain Cecafa Women's Cup|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/44987890|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB|access-date=2022-06-16}}</ref> Michuano hii huandaliwa na [[Shirikisho la Vyama vya Soka Afrika Mashariki na Kati]] (CECAFA). Timu ya taifa ya wanawake chini ya miaka 17 'Serengeti Girls' ilifuzu kucheza [[Michuano ya Kombe la Dunia la Wanawake]] nchini [[India]] mwaka 2022.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Serengeti Girls yatinga Kombe la Dunia|url=https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/michezo/serengeti-girls-yatinga-kombe-la-dunia-3839528|work=Mwananchi|accessdate=17 Desemba 2024|date=5 Juni 2022}}</ref> Hasheem Thabeet ni Mtanzania wa kwanza kucheza [[Chama cha Mpira wa Kikapu Marekani|Ligi ya Mpira wa Kikapu ya Marekani]] ([[NBA]]).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hasheem Thabeet Stats|url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/t/thabeha01.html|work=Basketball-Reference.com|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en|archivedate=2020-12-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207100221/https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/t/thabeha01.html}}</ref>[[Mwanariadha]] wa zamani wa Tanzania wa mbio za kati, [[Filbert Bayi|Filbert Bayi Sanka]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Filbert BAYI {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/tanzania/filbert-bayi-14347725|work=www.worldathletics.org|accessdate=2022-06-16}}</ref> mwaka 1974 aliboresha rekodi ya [[mbio ya mita 1500]], na mwaka wa [[1975]] aliboresha rekodi ya [[mbio ya maili moja]].<ref>{{Citation|title=1975 Miracle Mile: Filbert Bayi runs 3:51.0|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_oK3d7Ckh2o|language=sw-TZ|access-date=2022-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Bayi's record may be gone but it should never be forgotten|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/13143168.bayis-record-may-gone-never-forgotten/|work=HeraldScotland|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en}}</ref> Bado anashikilia rekodi ya Michezo ya Jumuiya ya Madola ya mita 1500. === Filamu === Tanzania ina tasnia maarufu ya [[filamu]] inayojulikana kwa jina la "[[Bongo Movie]]".<ref name="mfd">{{cite web|url=http://mfditanzania.com/swahiliwood-researching-tanzanias-film-industry/|title=Swahiliwood: Researching Tanzania's Film Industry - Media for Development International|website=mfditanzania.com|accessdate=2022-06-17|archivedate=2020-02-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206210925/http://mfditanzania.com/swahiliwood-researching-tanzanias-film-industry/}}</ref> Studio nyingi za utayarishaji filamu za Kitanzania ziko Dar es Salaam. Kabla ya uhuru wa Tanzania mwaka 1961, baadhi ya sinema za kigeni zilirekodiwa [[Tanganyika]] na [[Zanzibar (Jiji)|Zanzibar]]. [[Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la Zanzibar]] huandaa maonyesho ya filamu, warsha, muziki pamoja na sanaa zingine za maigizo. == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya Mawaziri Wakuu wa Tanzania]] * [[Orodha ya Mawaziri Wakuu wa Zanzibar]] * [[Orodha ya Magavana Wakuu wa Tanganyika]] * [[Orodha ya Masultan wa Zanzibar]] * [[Orodha ya watu maarufu wa Tanzania]] * [[Orodha ya mikoa ya Tanzania kwa eneo]] * [[Orodha ya mikoa ya Tanzania na Pato la Taifa]] * [[Orodha ya mikoa ya Tanzania na Maendeleo]] * [[Utawala wa Kijiji - Tanzania]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]] * [[Demografia ya Afrika]] * [[Uchumi wa Tanzania]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Lango|Tanzania}} {{Commons}} * {{Wikiatlas|Tanzania}} * {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Tanzania}} * [http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/tanzania/show-all.aspx Tanzania Corruption Profile] {{Wayback|url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/tanzania/show-all.aspx |date=20160812033656 }} from the [[Business-Anti-Corruption Portal|Business Ani-Corruption Portal]] {{Hoja Kuhusu Tanzania}} {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} {{Afrika}} {{African Union}} [[Jamii:Tanzania|*]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]] [[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Madola]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Maendeleo Kusini mwa Afrika]] [[Jamii:nchi]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] 00l9ivvfers2hbf3dc6n11zuvy3ms08 Isaac Newton 0 2106 1574252 1514766 2026-06-17T22:36:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574252 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg|thumbnail|Isaac Newton mwaka [[1689]].]] [[Picha:Newton-Principia-Mathematica 1-500x700.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Kitabu chake ''Principia Mathematica'', [[1686]].]] '''Isaac Newton''' ([[25 Desemba]] [[1642]] – [[20 Machi]] [[1727]]) alikuwa [[mwanahisabati]], [[mwanafizikia]] na [[mwanateolojia]] kutoka nchi ya [[Uingereza]]. Anakumbukwa [[duniani]] kote kutokana na michango yake mbalimbali katika [[sayansi]]. Ndiye aliyegundua [[tawi]] la [[kalkulasi]] (sambamba na [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]]), [[kanuni za mwendo]] na ya [[uvutano]]. Mchango mwingine wa Isaac Newton upo katika [[nadharia ya nuru]], akitumia [[mche]] kuonyesha jinsi [[rangi]] zinazounda [[nuru]] (kama zinavyoonekana kwenye [[upinde wa mvua]]) zinavyotokea. Alichangia pia [[elimuanga]] kwa kuboresha [[darubiniakisi]] iliyoleta matokeo mazuri. Alitambua ya kwamba kanuni za uvutano zinatawala pia mwendo wa [[sayari]]. Alitunga [[ramani ya nyota]] kufuatana na tafiti za [[Flamsteed]]. ==Elimu na imani== Newton alipata [[shahada]] yake ya kwanza mwaka [[1665]] na ile ya [[uzamili]] mwaka [[1668]]. Kwa kuwa alizaliwa katika [[familia]] ya [[Anglikana|Kianglikana]], alitumia [[muda]] mwingi kufanya [[utafiti]] wa [[Biblia]] na [[theolojia]] pia. Alilenga kupatanisha [[elimu]] ya [[sayansi]] na [[imani]] yake. Aliandika "Uvutano unaeleza miendo ya sayari lakini haiwezi kueleza ni nani aliyeanzisha miendo yake. [[Mungu]] anatawala mambo yote na yaliyopo na yanayoweza kuwepo". [[Tarehe]] [[10 Desemba]] [[1682]] alimuandikia [[Richard Bentley]]: "Siamini [[ulimwengu]] unaweza kuelezwa na sababu za [[maumbile]] tu, bali nalazimika kuuona kama [[tunda]] la [[hekima]] na [[ubunifu]] vya mmoja mwenye [[akili]]". Hata hivyo, yeye binafsi hakukubali mafundisho juu ya [[Utatu]] wa [[Mungu]]. ==Maandishi yake== * [http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/prism.php?id=43 Newton's works&nbsp;– full texts, at the Newton Project] * [http://web.nli.org.il/sites/NLI/English/collections/Humanities/Pages/newton.aspx The Newton Manuscripts at the National Library of Israel&nbsp;– the collection of all his religious writings] * {{Gutenberg author |id=Newton,+Isaac,+Sir | name=Isaac Newton}} * [http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/ ''Descartes, Space, and Body'' and ''A New Theory of Light and Colour''], modernised readable versions by Jonathan Bennett * [https://archive.org/stream/opticksoratreat00newtgoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''Opticks, or a Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflexions and Colours of Light''], full text on [[archive.org]] * [http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/newton "Newton Papers"]&nbsp;– Cambridge Digital Library * (1686) [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/15635 "A letter of Mr. Isaac Newton... containing his new theory about light and colors"] {{Wayback|url=http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/15635 |date=20201009103331 }}, ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society'', Vol. XVI, No. 179, pp.&nbsp;3057–3087.&nbsp;– digital facsimile at the [[Linda Hall Library]] * (1704) [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/3080 ''Opticks''] {{Wayback|url=http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/3080 |date=20201016062120 }}&nbsp;– digital facsimile at the [[Linda Hall Library]] * (1719) [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/33634 ''Optice''] {{Wayback|url=http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/33634 |date=20200908133047 }}&nbsp;– digital facsimile at the [[Linda Hall Library]] * (1729) [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/35921 ''Lectiones opticae''] {{Wayback|url=http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/35921 |date=20201027014312 }}&nbsp;– digital facsimile at the [[Linda Hall Library]] * (1749) [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/35293 ''Optices libri tres''] {{Wayback|url=http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/35293 |date=20200916232516 }}&nbsp;– digital facsimile at the [[Linda Hall Library]] ==Marejeo== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|last=Ball|first=W.W. Rouse|title=A Short Account of the History of Mathematics|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_P9-BUL-080|location=New York|publisher=Dover|date=1908|isbn=978-0-486-20630-1|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Christianson|first=Gale|title=In the Presence of the Creator: Isaac Newton & His Times|url=https://archive.org/details/inpresenceofcr00chri|location=New York|publisher=Free Press|date=1984|isbn=978-0-02-905190-0}} This well documented work provides, in particular, valuable information regarding Newton's knowledge of [[Patristics]] * {{cite journal|last=Craig|first=John|title=Isaac Newton&nbsp;– Crime Investigator|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1958-07-19_182_4629/page/148|journal=Nature|date=1958|volume=182|issue=4629|pages=149–52|doi=10.1038/182149a0|bibcode=1958Natur.182..149C}} * {{cite journal|last=Craig|first=John|title=Isaac Newton and the Counterfeiters|journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London |volume=18|issue=2|date=1963|pages=136–45|doi=10.1098/rsnr.1963.0017}} * {{cite book|last=Levenson|first=Thomas|title= Newton and the Counterfeiter: The Unknown Detective Career of the World's Greatest Scientist|url=https://archive.org/details/newtoncounterfei0000leve_g7m7|publisher=Mariner Books|date=2010|isbn=978-0-547-33604-6}} * {{cite book|last=Manuel|first=Frank E|title=A Portrait of Isaac Newton|url=https://archive.org/details/portraitofisaacn00manu|date=1968|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University, Cambridge, MA|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Stewart|first=James|title=Calculus: Concepts and Contexts|publisher=Cengage Learning|date=2009|isbn=978-0-495-55742-5|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|authorlink=Richard S. Westfall|last=Westfall|first=Richard S.|title=Never at Rest|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=1980|isbn=978-0-521-27435-7|ref=harv|url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%28westfall%29%20newton}} * {{cite book|last=Westfall|first=Richard S.|title=Isaac Newton|url=https://archive.org/details/isaacnewton0000west|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2007|isbn=978-0-19-921355-9|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Westfall|first=Richard S.|title=The Life of Isaac Newton|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=1994|isbn=978-0-521-47737-6|ref=harv|url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%28westfall%29%20newton}} * {{cite book|authorlink=Michael White (author)|title=Isaac Newton: The Last Sorcerer|first=Michael|last=White|publisher=Fourth Estate Limited|date=1997|isbn=978-1-85702-416-6|ref=harv}} {{refend}} ==Marejeo mengine== {{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{cite book|last=Andrade|first=E.N.De C.|title=Isaac Newton|publisher=Chanticleer Press|location=New York|date=1950|isbn=978-0-8414-3014-3}} * Bardi, Jason Socrates. ''The Calculus Wars: Newton, Leibniz, and the Greatest Mathematical Clash of All Time'' (2006) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/1560259922 excerpt and text search] * {{cite book|last=Bechler|first=Zev|title=Newton's Physics and the Conceptual Structure of the Scientific Revolution|date=1991|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-7923-1054-9}} * {{cite book|last=Bechler|first=Zev|title=Contemporary Newtonian Research (Studies in the History of Modern Science)(Volume 9)|date=2013|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-9400977174}} * Berlinski, David. ''Newton's Gift: How Sir Isaac Newton Unlocked the System of the World.'' (2000); isbn|0-684-84392-7 * Buchwald, Jed Z. and Cohen, I. Bernard (eds.) ''Isaac Newton's Natural Philosophy'', [[MIT Press]] (2001) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0262524252 excerpt and text search] * {{cite journal|last=Casini|first= P|title=Newton's Principia and the Philosophers of the Enlightenment|journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London|date=1988|volume=42|issue=1|pages=35–52|issn=0035-9149|doi=10.1098/rsnr.1988.0006|jstor=531368}} * {{cite book|last=Christianson|first=Gale E.|title=Isaac Newton and the Scientific Revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/isaacnewtonscie00chri|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|date=1996|isbn=978-0-19-530070-3}} See [https://www.amazon.com/dp/019530070X this site] for excerpt and text search. * {{cite book|last=Christianson|first=Gale|title=In the Presence of the Creator: Isaac Newton & His Times|url=https://archive.org/details/inpresenceofcr00chri|location=New York|publisher=Free Press|date=1984|isbn=978-0-02-905190-0}} * Cohen, I. Bernard and Smith, George E., ed. ''The Cambridge Companion to Newton.'' (2002). 500 pp. focuses on philosophical issues only; [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0521656966 excerpt and text search]; [https://www.questia.com/read/105054986 complete edition online] {{Wayback|url=https://www.questia.com/read/105054986 |date=20120526062059 }} * {{cite book|last=Cohen|first=I.B.|title=The Newtonian Revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/newtonianrevolut0000cohe_t6j4|date=1980|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-22964-7}} * {{cite book|last=Craig|first=John|title=Newton at the Mint|url=https://archive.org/details/newtonatmint0000crai|date=1946|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England}} * {{cite book|last=Dampier|first=William C.|last2=Dampier|first2=M.|title=Readings in the Literature of Science|url=https://archive.org/details/readingsinlitera0000damp|publisher=Harper & Row|location=New York|date=1959|isbn=978-0-486-42805-5}} * {{cite book|authorlink=Richard de Villamil|last=de Villamil|first= Richard|title=Newton, the Man|publisher=G.D. Knox|location=London, UK|date=1931}}&nbsp;– Preface by Albert Einstein. Reprinted by Johnson Reprint Corporation, New York (1972) * {{cite book|last=Dobbs|first=B.J.T.|title=The Foundations of Newton's Alchemy or "The Hunting of the Greene Lyon"|url=https://archive.org/details/foundationsofnew0000dobb_t3t1|date=1975|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge}} * [[Eamon Duffy]], "Far from the Tree" (review of Rob Iliffe, ''Priest of Nature: the Religious Worlds of Isaac Newton'', Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2017, ISBN|9780199995356), ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', vol. LXV, no. 4 (8 March 2018), pp. 28–29. * {{cite book|last=Gjertsen|first=Derek|title=The Newton Handbook|url=https://archive.org/details/newtonhandbook0000gjer|publisher=Routledge|location=London, UK|date=1986|isbn=978-0-7102-0279-6|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Gleick|first= James|title=Isaac Newton|url=https://archive.org/details/isaacnewton00glei|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|date=2003|isbn=978-0-375-42233-1}} * {{cite journal|last=Halley|first=E.|title=Review of Newton's Principia|date=1687|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=186|pages=291–97}} * [[Stephen Hawking|Hawking, Stephen]], ed. ''On the Shoulders of Giants''. {{isbn|0-7624-1348-4}} Places selections from Newton's ''Principia'' in the context of selected writings by Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Einstein * {{cite book|last=Herivel|first= J. W.|title=The Background to Newton's Principia. A Study of Newton's Dynamical Researches in the Years 1664–84|url=https://archive.org/details/backgroundtonewt0000heri|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|date=1965 }} * {{cite book|last=Iliffe |first=Rob |title=Priest of Nature: the religious worlds of Isaac Newton |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199995356 |year=2017 }} * {{cite book|author-link=John Maynard Keynes|last=Keynes|first= John Maynard |title=Essays in Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/essaysinbiograph0000keyn|publisher=W. W. Norton & Co |date=1963 |isbn=978-0-393-00189-1}} Keynes took a close interest in Newton and owned many of Newton's private papers. * {{cite book|last=Koyré|first= A |title=Newtonian Studies|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press|date=1965}} * Newton, Isaac. ''Papers and Letters in Natural Philosophy'', edited by [[I. Bernard Cohen]]. [[Harvard University Press]], 1958, 1978; {{isbn|0-674-46853-8}}. * Newton, Isaac (1642–1727). ''The Principia'': a new Translation, Guide by I. Bernard Cohen; {{isbn|0-520-08817-4}}, University of California (1999) * {{Rejea jarida|last=Pemberton|first=H.|title=A View of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophy|journal=The Physics Teacher|volume=4|issue=1|pages=8–9|date=1728|bibcode=1966PhTea...4....8M|doi=10.1119/1.2350900}} * {{cite book|last=Shamos|first= Morris H. |title=Great Experiments in Physics |url=https://archive.org/details/greatexperiments0000unse_r9f6|location=New York |publisher=Henry Holt and Company, Inc. |date=1959 |isbn=978-0-486-25346-6 }} * Shapley, Harlow, S. Rapport, and H. Wright. ''A Treasury of Science''; "Newtonia" pp.&nbsp;147–9; "Discoveries" pp.&nbsp;150–4. Harper & Bros., New York, (1946). * {{cite book|last=Simmons|first=J|title=The Giant Book of Scientists&nbsp;– The 100 Greatest Minds of all Time|location=Sydney|publisher=The Book Company|date=1996}} * {{cite book|last=Stukeley|first=W.|title=Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton's Life|publisher=Taylor and Francis|place=London, UK|date=1936}} (edited by A.H. White; originally published in 1752) * Trabue, J. “Ann and Arthur Storer of Calvert County, Maryland, Friends of Sir Isaac Newton,” ''[[The American Genealogist]]'' 79 (2004): 13–27. * {{cite book|last=Westfall|first=R.S.|title=Force in Newton's Physics: The Science of Dynamics in the Seventeenth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/forceinnewtonsph0000west|location=London, UK|publisher=Macdonald|date=1971|isbn=978-0-444-19611-8}} {{refend}} '''Dini''' {{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * Dobbs, Betty Jo Tetter. ''The Janus Faces of Genius: The Role of Alchemy in Newton's Thought.'' (1991), links the alchemy to Arianism * Force, James E., and Richard H. Popkin, eds. ''Newton and Religion: Context, Nature, and Influence.'' (1999), pp. xvii, 325; 13 papers by scholars using newly opened manuscripts * {{cite journal|last1=Pfizenmaier|first1=Thomas C.|date=January 1997|title = Was Isaac Newton an Arian?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-history-of-ideas_1997-01_58_1/page/57|jstor=3653988|journal=Journal of the History of Ideas | volume = 58|issue=1|pages=57–80|doi=10.1353/jhi.1997.0001|bibcode=1961JHI....22..215C}} * Ramati, Ayval. "The Hidden Truth of Creation: Newton's Method of Fluxions" ''British Journal for the History of Science'' 34: 417–38. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4028372 in JSTOR], argues that his calculus had a theological basis * Snobelen, Stephen "'God of Gods, and Lord of Lords': The Theology of Isaac Newton's General Scholium to the Principia", ''Osiris'' 2nd series, Vol. 16, (2001), pp.&nbsp;169–208 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/301985 in JSTOR] * {{cite journal|last1=Snobelen|first1=Stephen D.|title=Isaac Newton, Heretic: The Strategies of a Nicodemite|jstor=4027945|journal=British Journal for the History of Science|volume=32|pages=381–419|doi=10.1017/S0007087499003751|date=1999|issue=4}} * Wiles, Maurice. ''Archetypal Heresy. Arianism through the Centuries.'' (1996) 214 pages, with chapter 4 on eighteenth century England; pp.&nbsp;77–93 on Newton, [https://books.google.com/books?id=DGksMzk37hMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Arianism+through+the+Centuries%22 excerpt and text search]. {{refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons|Isaac Newton}} {{Sister project links|s=Author:Isaac Newton|wikt=no|n=no|b=Introduction to Astrophysics/Historical Context/Isaac Newton}} * [http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Newton.html ScienceWorld biography] by [[Eric Weisstein]] * [http://www.chlt.org/sandbox/lhl/dsb/page.50.a.php Dictionary of Scientific Biography] * [http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/prism.php?id=1 "The Newton Project"] * [https://makingscience.royalsociety.org/s/rs/people/fst01801333 Science in the Making] Isaac Newton's papers in the Royal Society's archives * [http://www.isaacnewton.ca/ "The Newton Project&nbsp;– Canada"] * [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/newton/ "Newton's Dark Secrets"]&nbsp;– [[Nova (TV series)|NOVA]] TV programme * from ''The [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]:'' ** [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/newton/ "Isaac Newton"], by George Smith ** [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/newton-principia/ "Newton's ''Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica''"], by George Smith ** [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/newton-philosophy/ "Newton's Philosophy"], by Andrew Janiak ** [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/newton-stm/ "Newton's views on space, time, and motion"], by Robert Rynasiewicz * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060207225233/http://tqnyc.org/NYC051308/index.htm "Newton's Castle"]&nbsp;– educational material * [http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/collections/newton "The Chymistry of Isaac Newton"], research on his alchemical writings * [https://archive.today/20030513080422/http://hss.fullerton.edu/philosophy/GeneralScholium.htm The "General Scholium" to Newton's ''Principia''] * Kandaswamy, Anand M. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081007101707/http://www.math.rutgers.edu/courses/436/Honors02/newton.html "''The Newton/Leibniz Conflict in Context''"] * [http://www.phaser.com/modules/historic/newton/index.html Newton's First ODE] {{Wayback|url=http://www.phaser.com/modules/historic/newton/index.html |date=20070705191603 }}&nbsp;– A study by on how Newton approximated the solutions of a first-order ODE using infinite series * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061213222519/http://www.ltrc.mcmaster.ca/newton/ "The Mind of Isaac Newton"]&nbsp;– images, audio, animations and interactive segments * [http://www.enlighteningscience.sussex.ac.uk/home Enlightening Science] Videos on Newton's biography, optics, physics, reception, and on his views on science and religion * [http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Newton.html Newton biography (University of St Andrews)] * The [[Linda Hall Library]] has digitized [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/search/searchterm/Canon%20Chronicus%20Aegyptiacus/field/title/mode/exact/conn/and/order/nosort Two copies of John Marsham's (1676) ''Canon Chronicus Aegyptiacus''] {{Wayback|url=http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/search/searchterm/Canon%20Chronicus%20Aegyptiacus/field/title/mode/exact/conn/and/order/nosort |date=20200920090207 }}, one of which was [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/philsci/id/139 owned by Isaac Newton] {{Wayback|url=http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/philsci/id/139 |date=20201013060423 }}, who marked salient passages by dog-earing the pages so that the corners acted as arrows. The books can be compared side-by-side to show what interested Newton. {{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Newton, Isaac}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1642]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1727]] [[Jamii:Wanafizikia wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wanateolojia wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wanahisabati wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wanaastronomia wa Uingereza]] gr6eikhf0xnikmazwf8rp2ir3xffudl Mlima Kenya 0 2772 1574195 1520917 2026-06-17T21:31:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574195 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Mount Kenya.jpg|thumb|300px|Mlima Kenya.]] '''Mlima Kenya''' (kwa [[Kikuyu (lugha)|Kikuyu]]: ''Kĩrĩnyaga''; kwa [[Kiembu]]: ''Kirenia''; kwa [[Kimaasai]]: ''Ol Donyo Keri''; kwa [[Kimeru (Kenya)|Kimeru]]: ''Kirimara'') ndio mrefu zaidi nchini [[Kenya]]. [[Mlima]] huo una [[urefu]] wa [[mita]] 5,199 na unatokana na [[volkeno]] zimwe, ikikadiriwa ya kwamba [[mlipuko wa volkeno|mlipuko]] wake wa mwisho ulitokea mnamo miaka [[milioni]] 2.6 hadi 3.1 iliyopita. [[Kilele|Vilele]] vyake vya juu vinaitwa [[Batian]] (m 5,199), [[Nelion]] (m 5,188) na Lenana (m 4,985). Kuna [[barafuto]] [[nane]] mlimani lakini zinapungua kila [[mwaka]] kutokana na kupanda kwa [[halijoto]] [[duniani]] na kupungua kwa [[usimbishaji]] kwa sababu ya kukatwa kwa [[miti]] mingi<ref>{{Citation|title=The vanishing snow of Mount Kenya|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/1056-824732-ikm5mjz/index.html|work=Daily Nation|language=en-UK|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=The vanishing glaciers of Mount Kenya|url=http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/The-vanishing--glaciers-of--Mount-Kenya--/434746-3516298-12ef2p/index.html|work=The East African|language=en-UK|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=Dying gods: Mt Kenya's disappearing glaciers spread violence below|date=2017-08-02|url=http://www.climatechangenews.com/2017/08/02/dying-gods-mt-kenyas-disappearing-glaciers-spread-violence/|work=Climate Home News|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref>. Mlima Kenya ni [[volkeno]] rusu iliyoumbwa takriban miaka milioni 3 baada ya kuumbika kwa [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika ya Mashariki]].<ref name="Rift">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/15/90/18/PDF/These_P.Nonnotte_web.pdf |author=Philippe Nonnotte |title= ''Étude volcano-tectonique de la zone de divergence Nord-Tanzanienne (terminaison sud du rift kenyan)'' - Caractérisation pétrologique et géochimique du volcanisme récent (8 Ma – Actuel) et du manteau source - Contraintes de mise en place thèse de doctorat de l'université de Bretagne occidentale, spécialité : géosciences marines}}</ref> Umekuwa na [[theluji]] kwa maelfu ya miaka. Theluji hiyo hufanya kuwe na mmomonyoko unaosababishwa na barafuto na kutengeneza mabonde<ref name=":1">{{Rejea jarida|last=Gregory|first=J. W.|date=1894-02-01|title=Contributions to the Geology of British East Africa.—Part I. The Glacial Geology of Mount Kenya|url=http://jgs.lyellcollection.org/content/50/1-4/515|journal=Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society|language=en|volume=50|issue=1-4|pages=515–530|doi=10.1144/GSL.JGS.1894.050.01-04.36|issn=0370-291X}}</ref>. Barafuto zimepungua kutoka 18 hadi 10<ref name=":0" />. Mlima huu ni [[chanzo]] muhimu cha [[maji]] kwa Kenya.<ref name="development" /> Habari kuhusu mlima zilifikishwa [[Ulaya]] mwaka [[1849]] na [[Ludwig Krapf]],<ref name="dutton" /> lakini [[jamii]] ya [[wanasayansi]] walibaki na wasiwasi kuhusu uwepo wa [[theluji]] karibu na [[ikweta]].<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/greatriftvalleyb00greg|title=The Great Rift Valley : being the narrative of a journey to Mount Kenya and Lake Baringo : with some account of the geology, natural history, anthropology and future prospects of British East Africa|last=Gregory|first=J. W. (John Walter)|date=1896|publisher=London : J. Murray|others=Smithsonian Libraries}}</ref> Uwepo wa Mlima Kenya ulithibitishwa mwaka [[1883]] na [[1887]]<ref name=":2">{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/discoveryoflakes02hhne|title=Discovery of lakes Rudolf and Stefanie; a narrative of Count Samuel Teleki's exploring & hunting expedition in eastern equatorial Africa in 1887 & 1888|last=Höhnel|first=Ludwig|last2=Teleki|first2=Samuel|last3=Bell|first3=Nancy R. E. Meugens|date=1894|publisher=London, Longmans, Green and Co.|others=Smithsonian Libraries}}</ref>. Ulipandwa na [[timu]] iliyoongozwa na Halford John Mackinder, mwaka [[1899]]<ref name=":3">{{Rejea jarida|last=Mackinder|first=H. J.|date=1900|title=A Journey to the Summit of Mount Kenya, British East Africa|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774261|journal=The Geographical Journal|volume=15|issue=5|pages=453–476|doi=10.2307/1774261}}</ref>. Leo Mlima Kenya hupandwa na [[Utalii|watalii]] na wanaopenda kupanda milima na [[miamba]].<ref name="map">{{cite map|publisher=EWP|title=Mount Kenya Map and Guide|url=http://www.ewpnet.com/Kenyamap.htm|edition=4th|year=2007|cartography=EWP|scale=1:50,000 with 1:25,000 inset|series=EWP Map Guides|isbn=9780906227961|access-date=2009-12-11|archive-date=2009-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227133844/http://www.ewpnet.com/Kenyamap.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mfumo wa [[ekolojia]] wa Mlima Kenya una aina tofauti za [[mimea]] na [[wanyama]].<ref name=":4">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37843815|title=Kirinyaga : a fable of Utopia|last=D.|first=Resnick, Michael|date=1998|publisher=Ballantine Pub. Group|isbn=0345417011|edition=1st ed|location=New York|oclc=37843815}}</ref> Mteremko hufunikwa na aina tofauti ya [[misitu]]. [[Spishi]] [[Asili|asilia]] ni kama vile [[Mwanzi (nyasi)|mianzi]], [[tai]] na [[pimbi]].<ref name="ecology" /> Kwa sababu hii, eneo la [[km2|<abbr>km<sup>2</sup></abbr>]] 715 linalozunguka mlima ni [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Mlima Kenya]] <ref name="uicn">{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/800.pdf | title= World Heritage Nomination - IUCN Technical Evaluation Mount Kenya (Kenya)}}</ref> na liliorodheshwa na [[UNESCO]] kama [[urithi wa dunia]] mwaka [[1997]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |url= http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=800 |title= Mount Kenya National Park/Natural Forest |accessdate= 2008-02-23 |author= United Nations |authorlink= United Nations |year= 2008 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061230202343/http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=800 |archivedate= 2006-12-30 }}</ref> Hifadhi hupokea [[wageni]] zaidi ya 15,000 kwa mwaka.<ref name="development" /> ==Etimolojia== Neno Kenya linaweza kuwa lilitokana na majina ambayo makabila wenyeji waliupatia Mlima Kenya. Wakikuyu; ''Kirinyaga'', Waembu; ''Kirenyaa'' na Wakamba''; Kiinyaa.'' Ludwig Krapf aliliandika jina kama Kenia na Kegnia, maneno ambayo yanaaminika kutoholewa kutoka neno la [[Kikamba]].<ref name="krapf_452">{{cite journal|last=Krapf|first=Johann Ludwig|authorlink=Johann Ludwig Krapf|date=13 Mei 1850|title=Extract from Krapf's diary|journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer|volume=i|pages=452}}</ref><ref name="foottit">{{cite book|title=Kenya|last=Foottit|first=Claire|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd|year=2006|isbn=1-84162-066-1|series=The Brade Travel Guide|origyear=2004}}</ref><ref name="Krapf" /> == Jiografia == ===Jiolojia=== [[Picha:Batian and Nelion.JPG|thumb|Vilele vya Mlima kenya. Vinaaminika kuwepo baada ya mmomonyoko kwa njia ya barafuto.<ref name="geology">{{cite book|title=Geology of the Mount Kenya Area|last=Baker|first=B. H.|publisher=Ministry of Natural Resources|year=1967|isbn=|series=Geological Survey of Kenya|doi=|authorlink=}}</ref>]] Mlima Kenya ni [[volkeno rusu]] iliyokuwa hai kati ya miaka milioni 2.6 na 3.1 iliyopita. [[Kasoko]] ya awali ilikuwa pengine katika urefu wa m 6,000, juu kuliko [[Kilimanjaro]]. Tangu izimike, kumekuwa na [[Kipindi cha barafu|vipindi viwili vya barafu]]. Barafuto za leo hazipiti m 4,650 juu ya [[Usawa bahari wastani|usawa wa bahari]]<ref name="map" />. Miteremko ya kitako cha mlima haijawahi kuwa na barafuto. Ni misitu na baadhi ya sehemu zikalimwa. Miteremko hiyo ina mabonde yenye umbo la V na [[Kijito|vijito]] vingi. Juu mlimani, katika eneo ambalo ni nyika, mabonde yenye umbo la U na vina vifupi. Mabonde hayo yaliumbwa na barafuto.<ref name="geology" /> Wakati volkeno ilipokuwa hai, kulikuwa na shughuli za kivolkeno mbali kiasi na mlima. Kaskazini mashariki, kando ya mlima kuna vizibo vingi vya volkeno na [[kreta]]. Kreta ya Ithanguni ndiyo kubwa zaidi. Inadhaniwa kuwa ilikuwa na theluji wakati huo. Hii inaweza kuonekana kwa kuwa kilele kimelainika. Vilima vidogo huonekana hapo kama ishara ya kwamba vilikuwa vizibo.<ref name="geology" /> Miamba inayounda Mlima Kenya ni pamoja na [[basalt]], [[rhomb porphyrite]], [[phonolite]], [[kenyte]] na [[trachyte]].<ref name="geology" /> Kenyte iliripotiwa mara ya kwanza mwaka 1900 na Gregory katika utafiti wake wa [[jiolojia]] ya Mlima Kenya.<ref name="gregory1900">{{cite journal | last= Gregory | first= J. W. | authorlink = John Walter Gregory | year=1900 | title = Contributions to the Geology of British East Africa.-Part II. The Geology of Mount Kenya | journal= Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society | volume=56 | issue= | pages = 205–222 | url = | accessdate=4th June 2007 | doi = 10.1144/GSL.JGS.1900.056.01-04.12 }}</ref> [[Joseph Thompson]] alipendekeza utafiti ufanyiwe Mlima Kenya mara ya kwanza mwaka 1883. Aliona mlima kutoka [[Tambarare ya Laikipia]] akaandika ilikuwa volkeno zimwe, kizibo kikionekana.<ref name="thomson" /> Hata hivyo, maoni yake hayakuaminiwa na wanasayansi wa magharibi, hasa baada ya mwaka 1887, wakati [[Teleki]] na [[von Höhnel]] walikwea mlima na kueleza walichokatia kauli kuwa kreta.<ref name="gregory" /> Mwaka 1893 msafara wa Gregory ulifika Barafuto ya Lewis, m 5,000. Alithibitisha kuwa volkeno ilikuwa imezimwa na kuwa kulikuwa na barafuto.<ref name="gregory" /><ref name="gregory1900" /> ===Vilele=== [[Picha:Mount Kenya Summit photomap-en.svg|thumb|right|300px|Vilele vikuu na barafuto kati mwa mlima.]] Asili ya vilele vingi ni shughuli za volkeno. Vilele vingi vimekaribia kati mwa mlima. Vinafanana na vilele vya [[Alpi]] kwa sababu ya mikunjo.<ref name="baker">[112]</ref> Kuvu, kuvumwani na mimea midogo ya milimani humea katika vilele vya kati.<ref name="ecology" /> Vizibo vya volkeno vimefunikwa kwa majivu ya volkeno na udongo.<ref name="speck">{{cite journal | last = Speck | first = Heinrich | coauthors = | title = Soils of the Mount Kenya Area: Their formation, ecology, and agricultural significance | journal = Mountain Research and Development | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 201–221 | publisher = | date = 1982 | url = http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0276-4741(198205)2%3A2%3C201%3ASOTMKA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8 | doi = 10.2307/3672965 | accessdate = 2007-06-21 | year = 1982 }}</ref> Vilele virefu zaidi ni Batian (m 5,199), Nelion (m 5,188) na Lenana (m 4,985).<ref name="map" /> Vilele na vizibo vingine ni pamoja na Piggot (m 4,957), Dutton (m 4,885), John (m 4,883), John Minor (m 4,875), Krapf Rognon (m 4,800), Peter (m 4,757), Slade (m 4,750) na Midget (m 4,700). Vyote vina miinuko inayotengeneza umbo kama la piramidi.<ref name="map" /><ref name="baker" /> Vilele maarufu vilivyo katika viunga vya mlima ni Terere (m 4,714) and Sendeyo (m 4,704).<ref name="map" /> Vilele vya Batian, Nelion na Lenana vimepewa majina ya Laibon Mbatian na wanawe ambao walikuwa Wamasai.<ref name="dutton" /> Kilele cha Terere pia kilipatiwa jina la kiongozi Mmasai. Majina mengine yalitoka kwa majina ya Wazungu wapelelezi, k.v. Shipton, Sommerfelt, Tilman, Dutton na Arthur. Kuna majina yaliyotoka kwa Wakenya na walowezi maarufu. Majina ya [[Mitume wa Yesu|mitume]] John na Peter yalitolewa na Arthur, aliyekuwa [[mmisionari]].<ref name="mck">{{cite book|title=The Mountain Club of Kenya Guide to Mount Kenya and Kilimanjaro|last=Allan|first=Iain|publisher=Mountain Club of Kenya|year=1981|isbn=978-9966985606|location=Nairobi}}</ref> <center><gallery> Picha:Batian Nelion and pt Slade in the foreground Mt Kenya.JPG|Batian (kushoto), Nelion (kulia), na Slade katika mandharimbele Picha:Pt Lenana Mt Kenya.JPG|Kilele cha lenana ndicho kimeinuka zaidi Picha:Krapf rognon and glacier after snowstorm.jpg|Krapf Rognon (m 4800) na Barafuto ya Krapf Picha:Hut tarn 4500m and Midget Peak Mt Kenya.JPG|Kilele cha Midget kinaweza kukwewa kwa siku moja Picha:Terere and Sendeyo.jpg|Vilele vya Terere na Sendeyo viko katika kiunga cha mlima </gallery></center> ===Barafuto=== [[Picha:MtKenya gletscher.jpg|thumb|200px|Barafuto ya Lewis ndio kubwa zaidi.]] Barafuto zinazidi kudidimia kila mwaka.<ref name="web">{{cite web | url= http://www.mck.or.ke/ | author=Mountain Club | title= Mountain Club of Kenya Homepage | accessdate=2007-05-26 }}</ref><ref name="glafot">''[http://www.sundogpublishing.com/Hastenrath/Announcement.html Recession ya Ikweta Glaciers.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sundogpublishing.com/Hastenrath/Announcement.html|date=20120214101403}}'' ''[http://www.sundogpublishing.com/Hastenrath/Announcement.html A Photo Documentation,] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sundogpublishing.com/Hastenrath/Announcement.html|date=20120214101403}}'' Hastenrath, S., 2008, Sundog Publishing, Madison, WI, ISBN 978-0-9729033-3-2, 144 pp.</ref> Kila mwaka, theluji inayolimbikika katika [[majira ya baridi]] ni kidogo kuliko inayoyeyuka katika [[majira ya joto]]. Inabashiriwa kuwa hali ikiendelea hivyo, Mlima Kenya hautakuwa na theluji miaka 30 itakayokuja<ref name=":0" /><ref name="guide" />. Kupungua kwa barafuto kunasababishwa na kuongezeka kwa halijoto au kubadilika kwa tabia ya usimbishaji.<ref name="benn">{{cite book |last = Benn |first = Doug |last1 = David |first1 = Evans |title = Glaciers and Glaciation |publisher = Arnold |year = 1997 |isbn = 978-0340584316}}</ref> Eneo la barafuto lilipimwa rasmi mara ya kwanza mwaka 1980 na kubainika kuwa ni 0.7 km<sup>2</sup> <ref name="glacierfluctuations">{{cite journal|last=Karlén|first=Wibjörn|year=1999|title=Glacier Fluctuations on Mount Kenya since ~6000 Cal. Years BP: Implications for Holocene Climate Change in Africa|url=http://www.ambio.kva.se|journal=Ambio|publisher=Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences|volume=28|issue=5|pages=409–418|coauthors=James L Fastook, Karin Holmgren, Maria Malmström, John A Matthews, Eric Odada, Jan Risberg, Gunhild Rosqvist, Per Sandgren, Aldo Shemesh and Lars-Ove Westerberg|month=Agosti|access-date=2021-01-17|archive-date=2005-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051231095818/http://www.ambio.kva.se/|dead-url=yes|=https://web.archive.org/web/20051231095818/http://www.ambio.kva.se/}}</ref>. Majina ya barafuto za Mlima Kenya kwa mzunguko wa akrabu kutoka kaskazini ni ni: # Northey # Krapf # Gregory # Lewis # Diamond # Darwin # Forel # Heim # Tyndall # Cesar # Josef ===Miundo ya kingo za barafuto=== Jalidi usiku hufanya kuwe na miundo ya kingo za kingo za barafuto. Kuna sentimita chache ardhi jalidi chini ya uso wa ardhi.<ref name="map" /><ref name="baker" /> Kupanuka na kupunguka kwa ardhi kwa sababu ya halijoto, hufanya mimea isiweze kumea katika kingo.<ref name="mck" /> ===Mito=== Mlima Kenya ni eneo kuu la vyanzo vya maji vya mito miwili mikubwa nchini Kenya: [[Mto Tana]] na [[Mto Ewaso Ng'iro|Mto Ewaso Ngiro Kaskazini]].<ref name="development">{{cite journal | last = Gichuki | first = Francis Ndegwa | title = Threats and Opportunities for Mountain Area Development in Kenya | journal = Ambio | volume = 28 | issue = 5 | pages = 430–435 | publisher = Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences | date = Agosti 1999 | url = http://www.ambio.kva.se | access-date = 2021-01-17 | archive-date = 2005-12-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051231095818/http://www.ambio.kva.se/ | dead-url = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20051231095818/http://www.ambio.kva.se/ }}</ref> Mfumo wa ekolojia wa Mlima Kenya huwapatia maji watu zaidi ya milioni 2.<ref name="development" /> Wiani wa vijito ni kubwa hasa katika miteremko ambayo haijawahi kuwa na barafuto.<ref name="baker_map">{{cite map | publisher =Edward Stanford Ltd | title =Geological Map of the Mount Kenya Area | url =http://eusoils.jrc.it/ESDB_Archive/EuDASM/Africa/maps/afr_kegmmka.htm | edition =1st | year =1966 | cartography =B. H. Baker, Geological Survey of Kenya | scale =1:125000 | series =Geological Survey of Kenya | accessdate = | accessmonth = | accessyear = | archivedate =2011-08-07 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110807171130/http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ESDB_Archive/EuDASM/Africa/maps/afr_kegmmka.htm }}</ref> Vijito na mito inayoanza Mlima Kenya humwaga maji ndani ya [[Mto Sagana (Kenya)|Mto Sagana]], Mto Tana na Mto Ewaso Ngiso Kaskazini moja kwa moja au kupitia mito mingine. <ref name="baker_map" /><ref name="mapandguide"> {{cite map|publisher=Andrew Wielochowski and Mark Savage|title=Mt Kenya 1:50000 Map and Guide|edition=1|year=1991|cartography=West Col Productions|scale=1:50000 with 1:25000 inset|isbn=0-906227-39-9}}</ref> ===Ekolojia=== Eneo la Mlima Kenya lina kanda tofauti za kiekolojia. Kila ukanda una sifa zake na spishi kuu ya mimea. Spishi nyingi zinazopatikana katika sehemu zilizo juu ya mlima zinapatikana pia katika maeneo mengine ya mlima na Afrika Mashariki.<ref name="ecology" /> Pia kuna tofauti kati ya kanda, kutegemea upande wa mlima na ukali wa mteremko. Kusini mashariki pa mlima ni sehemu nyevu kuliko kaskazini<ref name="glacierfluctuations" /> kwa hiyo, spishi nyingi za sehemu hiyo hutegemea unyevu kukua. Baadhi ya spishi, k.v. [[mianzi]], haziwezi kukua pande zote za mlima kwa sababu za tofauti za unyevu.<ref name="map" /> ====Kanda==== [[Picha:Mount Kenya Vegetation map en.svg|thumb|right|300px|Kuna kanda tofauti mimea kuzunguka Mlima Kenya ambayo inatofautiana kulingana na urefu na kipengele.]] Tabianchi hubadilika kulingana na mwinuko. Katika kitako cha mlima, udongo una rutuba na hivyo ni mzuri kwa ukulima. Ukulima ulikuwa ukifanyika hapo kwa miaka.<ref name="castro" /> Mlima Kenya umezungukwa na misitu. [[Uoto asilia|Uoto]] katika misitu unategemea kiwango cha mvua, na spishi hutofautiana zaidi kusini na kaskazini mwa mteremko.<ref name="dutton" /> Misitu katika kitako cha mlima hutishiwa na binadamu wanaokata miti ili watengeneze mbao na wanyakuzi ardhi.<ref name="castro" /> Juu ya misitu ni ukanda wa mianzi asilia. Ukanda huu huzunguka mlima isipokuwa sehemu ya kaskazini ambapo kuna upungufu wa mvua<ref name="mck" />. Ni vigumu kupata spishi nyingine za mimea hapo kwa sababu uoto wa mianzi ni mzito na huzuia mimea mingine kumea.<ref name="map" /> [[Picha:Timberline forest with lichens.jpg|thumb|left|Msitu wa mpaka wamiti.]] Juu ya ukanda wa mianzi ni ukanda wa mpaka wa miti. Miti hapa mara nyingi ni midogo kuliko miti katika misitu ya kitako cha mlima.<ref name="zonation"> {{cite journal | last = Niemelä | first = Tuomo | coauthors = Petri Pellikka | title = Zonation and characteristics of the vegetation of Mt. Kenya | journal = Expedition reports of the Department of Geography, University of Helsinki | volume = 40 | issue = | pages = 14–20 | publisher = | date = | year = 2004 | ISBN = 952-10-2077-6 }} </ref> Mahali miti haiwezi kuota ni nyika ya mlima, m 3,000. Mimea ya jenasi ''[[Erica]]'' hupatikana katika sehemu ya magharibi ambayo huwa nyevu. Vichaka na nyasi hupatikana katika sehemu kame ambayo hushuhudia moto wa pori.<ref name="mck" /> <ref name="castro" /> Kimo kinapoongezeka, halijoto hupungua zaidi na hewa hupungua, katika ukanda unaojulikana kama Alpi ya Kiafrika. Mazingira ya ukanda huo yanafanana tu na yale ya [[Aberdare|Safu ya Aberdare]]. <ref name="ecology" /> Mimea mingi ya ukanda huo imejirekebisha ili kuweza kukabili halihewa.<ref name="rosette">{{cite journal | last = Beck | first = Erwin | coauthors = Ernst-Detlef Schulze, Margot Senser and Renate Scheibe | title = Equilibrium freezing of leaf water and extracellular ice formation in Afroalpine 'giant rosette' plants | journal = Planta | volume = 162 | issue = | pages = 276–282 | publisher = | date = 1984 | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_planta_1984-09_162_3/page/276 | doi = 10.1007/BF00397450 | accessdate = }}</ref> Ukanda ulio juu ni ambapo barafuto zimedidimia. Mimea bado haijaweza kuota hapo.<ref name="ecology" /> ====Flora==== [[Picha:Senecio keniodendron2.jpg|thumb|right|Mimea kama ''[[Dendrosenecio keniodendron]]'' hufanya marekebisho ili iweze kuota.]] Mimea ya mlima hutofautiana na mwinuko na mwelekeo wa mlima.<ref name="tropicalalpine" /> Mwinuko unapoongezeka, mimea huwa na marekebisho spesheli ili kuhimili [[jalidi]] na miale ya [[urujuanimno]].<ref name="mck" /><ref name="zonation" /> Kwa mfano, mimea ya jenasi ''[[Carduus]]'', katika ukanda wa alpi ya kiafrika, hutumia majani kulinda jicho la ua kutokana na jalidi.<ref name="senecio">{{cite journal | last = Young | first = Truman P. | coauthors = Mary M. Peacock | title = Giant senecios and alpine vegetation of Mount Kenya | journal = Journal of Ecology | volume = 80 | issue = | pages = 141–148 | publisher = | date = 1992 | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-ecology_1992_80_1/page/141 | doi = | accessdate = }} </ref><ref name="rosette" /> [[Picha:Cape Hyrax Mt Kenya 1.JPG|left|thumb|[[Pimbi]] huweza kuishi katika maeneo yenye halihewa kali.]] ====Fauna==== Wanyama wengi hukaa katika kitako cha mlima penye halianga nzuri kidogo. Spishi za nyani, pimbi wa mitini, ndovu, nungunungu, nyati, fisi, mbuni, duma na simba huishi hapo.<ref name="map" /> Wanyama mamalia wachache, k.v. ''Sylvicapra grimmia'' na pimbi wa miamba wanaweza kuishi katika miinuko ya juu kidogo.<ref name="senecio" /><ref name="ecology" /> Spishi za ndege, k.v. chozi, kwenzi, tai na tumbusi hupatikana katika ukanda wa alpi ya kiafrika. Ndege ni muhimu katika mfumo wa ekolojia hiyo kwa kuwa wao husaidia katika mchavusho.<ref name="tropicalalpine">{{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Alan P. | coauthors = Truman P. Young | title = Tropical Alpine Plant Ecology | journal = Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics | volume = 18 | pages = 137–158 | date = 1987 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.001033}}</ref> ===Tabianchi=== Tabianchi ya Mlima Kenya ni ya milima ya ikweta ambayo Hedberg alieleza kuwa ni 'majira ya baridi kila usiku, majira ya joto kila mchana'. <ref name="hedberg1969">{{cite journal | last =Hedberg | first =O. | title = Evolution and speciation in a tropical high mountain flora | journal = Biological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 1 | pages = 135–148 | year = 1969 | doi =10.1111/j.1095-8312.1969.tb01816.x }}</ref> Mlima Kenya mojawapo ya vituo vya uchunguzi wa angahewa vya Global Atmospheric Watch.<ref name="globalatmospherestation">{{cite journal | last = Henne | first = Stephan | coauthors = Wolfgang Junkermann, Josiah M. Kariuki, John Aseyo and Jörg Klausen | title = Mount Kenya Global Atmosphere Watch Station (MKN): Installation and Meteorological Characterization | journal = Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology | volume = 47 | issue = 11 | pages = 2946–2962 | publisher = | date = Novemba 2008 | year = }}</ref> ====Misimu==== [[Picha:Sunrise over Mount Kenya.jpg|thumb|right|Katika msimu wa joto, asubuhi huwa baridi na bila mawingu. Adhuhuri inapofika, mawingu huziba vilele]] Mlima Kenya hushuhudia misimu miwili tofauti, [[Msimu wa joto (tropiki)|misimu ya joto]] na [[Msimu wa mvua|misimu ya mvua]], kama maeneo mengine ya Kenya.<ref name="climate_article">{{cite journal | last =Thompson | first = B. W. | title = The mean annual rainfall of Mount Kenya | journal = Weather | volume = 21 | pages = 48–49 | date = 1966 }}</ref> Miteremko ya mashariki kaskazini hupata mvua kubwa zaidi kwa kuwa uko katika [[Upande wa upepo|upande wa pepo]] za [[kusi]] ambazo huleta mvua kutoka [[Bahari ya Hindi|Bahari Hindi]]. Mvua hii huwezesha msitu uliosongamana katika upande huo. Katika miinuko ya juu, [[usimbishaji]] hufanyika kama theluji na kutengeneza barafuto.<ref name="spink">{{cite journal | last = Spink | first = Lieut.-Commander P. C. | title = Further Notes on the Kibo Inner Crater and Glaciers of Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya | journal = Geographical Journal | volume = 106 | issue = 5/6 | pages = 210–216 | publisher = The Royal Geographical Society | date = 1945 | doi = }} </ref> Misimu ya Mlima Kenya ni kama ifuatavyo<ref name="castro">{{cite book | last = Castro | first = Alfonso Peter | title = Facing Kirinyaga | url = https://archive.org/details/facingkirinyagas0000cast | year = 1995 | publisher = Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd. | location = London | isbn = 1-85339-253-7 }}</ref>: {|class="wikitable" |+ !Msimu !Wakati |- |Masika |Aprili-Juni/Julai |- |Vuli |Oktoba-Disemba |- |Joto/Kiangazi |Disemba/Januari-Februari<br>na<br>Julai/Agosti-Septemba |} ==Historia== ===Ugunduzi wa Wazungu=== [[Picha:Joseph Thomson.png|right|thumb|Joseph Thomson alithibitisha ugunduzi wa Krapf.]] Mlima Kenya ulikuwa kati ya vilele virefu [[Afrika]] kuonekana kwa mara ya kwanza na [[Mpelelezi|wapelelezi]] kutoka Ulaya. Wa kwanza kuuona alikuwa [[Johann Ludwig Krapf]], [[mmisionari]] [[Mjerumani]]<ref name="Krapf">{{cite book | last=Krapf | first=Johann Ludwig | authorlink=Johann Ludwig Krapf | title= Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa | year=1860 | publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd | location=London | isbn= }}</ref>, [[tarehe]] [[3 Desemba]] [[1849]]<ref name="dutton">{{cite book | last=Dutton | first=E.A.T. | authorlink= | title= Kenya Mountain |year=1929 |publisher=Jonathan Cape | location= London}}</ref>, kutoka [[Kitui]], mji ulio km 160 kutoka mlima<ref name="rough_guide">{{cite map | publisher=Rough Guide | title= Rough Guide Map Kenya | edition=9 | year=2006 | cartography=World Mapping Project | scale=1:900,000 | series=Rough Guide Map |isbn=1-84353-359-6 }}</ref>, baada ya ugunduzi wa [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]]. Krapf aliambiwa na [[watu]] wa [[kabila]] la [[Waembu]] kwamba walikuwa wakiuzunguka mlima lakini hawakuwa wamepaa juu kwa sababu ya [[baridi]] na [[theluji]].<ref name="Krapf" /> [[Wakikuyu]] walithibitisha haya yametukia. [[Picha:Samuel Teleki.jpg|thumb|left|Samuel Teleki, Mzungu wa kwanza kuweka mguu juu ya Mlima Kenya.]] Krapf pia alibainisha kwamba [[mito]] inayotoka Mlima Kenya, na mingine katika eneo la milima, ilikuwa mito ya kudumu. Akagundua kuwa lazima kuna chanzo cha maji mlimani, katika umbo la barafuto.<ref name="Krapf" /> Aliamini ni chanzo cha [[Mto Nili Nyeupe|Nili Nyeupe]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=Krapf | first=Johann Ludwig | authorlink=Johann Ludwig Krapf | title = Extract from Krapf's diary | date=13 Mei 1850 | journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer | volume=i | pages=345}}</ref> Mwaka [[1851]] Krapf akarudi Kitui. Yeye alisafiri km 65 karibu na mlima, lakini hakuweza kuuona tena. Mwaka 1877 Hildebrandt alikuwa katika eneo la Kitui na kusikia juu ya mlima, lakini pia hakuweza kuuona, hivyo watu walianza kumtuhumu Krapf.<ref name="gregory"> {{cite book | last=Gregory | first=John Walter |authorlink=John Walter Gregory | title=The Great Rift Valley | url=https://archive.org/details/greatriftvalley0000jwgr | origdate=1896 | year=1968 | publisher= Frank Cass & Co. Ltd | location=London}}</ref> Hatimaye, mwaka [[1883]], [[Joseph Thomson]] alipita upande wa magharibi wa mlima na Krapf alithibitisha madai yake.<ref name="thomson">{{cite book|title=Through Masai Land|url=https://archive.org/details/throughmasailand0000jose|last=Thomson|first=Joseph|publisher=Frank Cass & Co Ltd|year=1968|edition=3|location=London|authorlink=Joseph Thomson (explorer)|origdate=1885}}</ref> Hata hivyo, upelelezi rasmi wa kwanza ulifanyika mwaka 1887 na [[Samuel Teleki]] na [[Ludwig von Höhnel]]. Waliweza kufika mita 4,350 kwenye mteremko wa kusini magharibi<ref name=":2" />. Katika safari ya upelelezi huo, waliamini kuwa walikuwa wamegundua volkeno. Mwaka 1892, Teleki na von Höhnel walirudi upande wa mashariki, lakini hawakuweza kupitia msitu.<ref name="ecology">{{cite book | last=Coe | first=Malcolm James | title=The Ecology of the Alpine Zone of Mount Kenya | url=https://archive.org/details/ecologyofalpinez0017coem | year=1967 | publisher= Dr W. Junk | location=The Hague}}</ref> Hatimaye, mwaka 1893 timu ilisafiri kutoka pwani hadi [[Ziwa Baringo]] katika [[Bonde la Ufa]], ikiongozwa na [[John W. Gregory]], [[mwanajiolojia]] [[Mwingereza]]. Walikwea mlima hadi mita 4,730 na wakakaa masaa kadhaa katika Barafuto ya Lewis. Aliporudi [[Uingereza]], Gregory alichapisha [[majarida]] na [[hadithi]] ya mafanikio yake.<ref name="mck" /> George Kolb, [[daktari]] Mjerumani, alifanya safari mwaka 1894 na 1896 <ref name="mck" /> na alikuwa wa kwanza kufika nyika ya mlima upande wa mashariki. Tarehe 28 Julai 1899,<ref name=":3" /> Halford John Mackinder aliongoza kundi la wapelelezi 6 kutoka [[Ulaya]], 66 kutoka [[Uswahilini]], [[Wamaasai]] 2 na Wakikuyu 96<ref name=":3" />. Walipatana na matatizo mengi njiani<ref name=":3" />. Mackinder aliendelea kupanda mlima. Alikita kambi m 3,142<ref name=":3" /> katika Bonde la Höhnel. Alifanya jaribio la kwanza kufikia kilele tarehe [[30 Agosti]] pamoja na Brocherel na Ollier kupitia upande wa mashariki, lakini wakabakisha kupanda m 100 kutoka Kilele cha Nelion. Tarehe [[5 Septemba]], Hausberg, Ollier na Brocherel walifanya mzunguko kutafuta njia rahisi ila hawakuweza kupata. Tarehe [[11 Septemba]] Ollier na Brocherel walipanda Barafuto ya Darwin, lakini walilazimishwa kukatiza safari kutokana na [[dhoruba ya theluji]]<ref name=":3" />. Wakati Saunders alirudi kutoka Naivasha timu okozi, Mackinder, Ollier na Brocherel walijaribu kupanda kilele tena. Walifika kilele cha Batian saa sita mchana tarehe 13 Septemba, na walishuka kutumia njia ileile<ref name=":3" />. ===1900-1930=== Baada ya ukweaji wa kwanza, hakukuwa na safari nyingi za kukwea mlima. Upelelezi kabla ya [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia|Vita ya Kwanza ya Dunia]] ulikuwa ukifanywa na [[walowezi]] nchini Kenya, ambao hawakufanya upelelezi wa kisayansi. Misheni ya Kanisa la Uskoti ilipofunguliwa Chogoria[[Chogoria,|Chogoria,]], wamishonari kadhaa walikwea mlima lakini hakuna aliyefanikiwa kufikia vilele vya Batian au Nelion.<ref name="mck" /> Miti ya misitu ilikatwa ili kurahisisha safari ya kufikia vilele. Mwaka 1920, Arthur Fowell Buxton alijaribu kutengeneza njia kutoka kusini, na njia nyingine walikuja kutoka [[Nanyuki]] kaskazini, lakini njia iliyotumiwa zaidi ni ile ya Chogoria, kutoka mashariki, iliyotengenezwa na Ernest Carr.<ref name="mck" /> Mwishoni mwa Julai 1930, Shipton na Bill Tilman walikwea vilele vyote. Katika safari hii, Shipton na Tilman walijaribu kukwea vilele vingine, ikiwa ni pamoja na Petro, Dutton, Midget , Pigott na aidha Terere au Sendeyo.<ref name="cordee">{{cite book |last= Burns |first= Cameron |title= Kilimanjaro & Mount Kenya; A Climbing and Trekking Guide |year= 1998 |publisher= Cordee |location= Leicester |isbn= 1-871890-98-5}}</ref> ===1931 hadi leo=== Katika miaka ya 1930 ziara zilifanyika zaidi katika nyika ya mlima. Raymond Hook na Humphrey Slade walikwea ili wachore ramani ya mlima na wakapeleka samaki. Februari mwaka 1938, C Carol na Mtu Muthara wakawa mwanamke wa kwanza na Mwafrika wa kwanza mtawalia kupaa Nelion, katika ziara na Noel Symington, mwandishi wa ''The Night Climbers of Cambridge'', na tarehe [[5 Machi]] Una Cameron akawa mwanamke wa kwanza kupaa Batian.<ref name="mck" /> Wakati wa [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]] ziara za kukwea mlima zilididimia zaidi. Watu maarufu waliokwea katika wakati huo walikuwa wafungwa wa vitani Waitaliano, ambao walikuwa wamefungwa jela Nanyuki. Walitoroka na kupanda mlima kabla ya kurejea kambini.<ref name="picnic">{{cite book | last= Benuzzi | first= Felice | authorlink= | title=No Picnic on Mount Kenya: A Daring Escape, a Perilous Climb | origdate=1953 | year=2005 | publisher=The Lyons Press | location= | isbn=978-1592287246}}</ref> Mwaka 1949 eneo kupita m 3,400 lilifanywa [[Hifadhi ya taifa|hifadhi ya kitaifa]].<ref name="mck" /> Barabara ilijengwa kutoka [[Naro Moru]] ili kurahisisha safari ya kufikia nika ya mlima. Mwaka 1963, katika siku ya uhuru wa Kenya, Kisoi Munayo alikita bendera ya Kenya juu ya mlima. Mwaka 1997, mlima Kenya uliteuliwa kuwa eneo la urithi wa dunia na UNESCO.<ref name="unesco"/> ==Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Mlima Kenya== {{main|Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Mlima Kenya}} Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Mlima Kenya, ilianzishwa mwaka [[1949]]. Inahifadhi eneo linalozunguka mlima. Awali ilikuwa [[hifadhi ya misitu]].<ref name="kws_website">{{cite web |url= http://www.kws.org/mt-kenya.html |title= Mount Kenya National Park |accessdate= 2008-02-23 |author= Kenya Wildlife Service |authorlink= Kenya Wildlife Service |year= 2007 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070622045208/http://www.kws.org/mt-kenya.html |archivedate= 2007-06-22 }}</ref> Tangu [[Aprili]] [[1978]] eneo limeteuliwa kama Hifadhi ya Mazingira ya dunia UNESCO .<ref name="unep">{{cite web |url= http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/mt_kenya.html |title= Protected Areas and World Heritage |accessdate= 2008-02-23 |author= United Nations Environment Programme |authorlink= United Nations Environment Programme |year= 1998 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070212211303/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/mt_kenya.html |archivedate= 2007-02-12 }}</ref> [[Serikali ya Kenya]] ilikuwa na sababu nne za kuanzisha Hifadhi ya Taifa inayozunguka Mlima Kenya: umuhimu wa [[utalii]] kwa [[uchumi]], kuhifadhi eneo la uzuri, kuhifadhi [[viumbe hai]] ndani yake, na kuhifadhi [[Chanzo cha maji|vyanzo vya maji]] vinavyozunguka eneo.<ref name="development"/> ==Utamaduni== [[Picha:Mount Kenya Population map-fr.svg|right|thumb|Makazi ya makabila kabla ya taifa la Kenya.]] Makabila makuu wanaoishi kuzunguka Mlima Kenya ni [[Wakikuyu]], [[Wameru]], [[Waembu]] na [[Wamaasai]]. Hao wote huona mlima huo kama kipengele muhimu cha [[tamaduni]] zao. ===Wakikuyu=== [[Picha:Batian and Nelion in the background cropped.JPG|thumb|Makabila kadhaa wanaishi katika kitako cha mlima.|alt=|left]] [[Wakikuyu]] wanaishi kusini na magharibi mwa mlima.<ref name="ecology" /><ref name="Explorers">{{cite book |title= East African Explorers|url= https://archive.org/details/eastafricanexplo0000rich|last= Richards|first= Charles|authorlink= |coauthors= James Place|year= 1960|publisher= Oxford University Press|location= London}} </ref> Wao ni [[wakulima]] na hulima katika udongo mwekundu wa volkeno. Wakikuyu waamini kwamba Mungu wao, ''Ngai'' aliishi juu ya Mlima Kenya aliposhuka kutoka mbinguni.<ref name=":5">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=pPBtzgAACAAJ&dq=facing+mount+kenya&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwithfbKqbjdAhUD1BoKHWuEDS4Q6AEIJzAA|title=Facing Mount Kenya|last=Kenyatta|first=Jomo|date=2011-04-05|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=9781846555527|language=en}}</ref> Wao wanaamini kuwa mlima ni kiti cha enzi cha Ngai duniani. Ni mahali ambapo Gikuyu, baba wa kabila, alitumia kukutana na Mungu wao, Ngai.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="guide">{{cite|author=Kenya Wildlife Service|title=Mount Kenya Official Guidebook|publisher=Kenya Wildlife Service|year=2006|date=2006}}</ref> Jina kwa ajili ya Kikuyu Mlima Kenya ni ''Kĩrĩnyaga'' ([[Kirinyaga]]), tafsiri yake ikiwa ni mlima mweupe. Linatokana na weupe wa theluji<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Karangi|first=Matthew|date=2013-01-01|title=The gĩkũyũ religion and philosophy: A tool for understanding the current religio-political debates in Kenya|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291902121_The_gikuyu_religion_and_philosophy_A_tool_for_understanding_the_current_religio-political_debates_in_Kenya|volume=108|pages=612–622}}</ref>. Wazee wa Agikuyu husimulia kuwa Mlima Kenya uliundwa baada ya "Nyota" inayojulikana kama '''Riuki''' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mount Kenya Formation – Yamumbi|url=https://yamumbi.com/mount-kenya-formation/|accessdate=2023-08-24|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-08-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824204401/https://yamumbi.com/mount-kenya-formation/}}</ref>(kihalisi ikimaanisha -jiwe lililotoka angani) kugonga uso wa dunia. Athari hiyo ilizua mlipuko mkubwa na kufuatiwa na tetemeko la ardhi na mawimbi ya nje ya ulinganifu. Unyogovu ulioletwa na '''Riuki''' ulitoa ujiuji wa mawe (magma), majivu ya volkeno na uchafu wa ''riuki'' iliyosambaratika hadi juu. Riuki ikawa upachikaji wa miamba ya Mlima Kenya. Masimuliyi haya yanaambatana sambamba na maoni yaliyotolewa na wanajografia na wanajiolojia, ambao wamebatiza mawe ya mlima Kenya kwa jina '''[[:en:Kenyte|Kenyte]]'''. Kenyte inapatikana katika sehemu mbili tu duniani; kwenye Mlima Kenya na Antarctic katika Ncha ya Kusini. Kwa kupata '''Kenyte''' katika maeneo mawili tofauti, nadharia mpya ilisitawishwa, kwamba kimondo kikubwa kilipoingia kwenye angahewa ya dunia, kiligawanyika vipande viwili, kimoja kikigonga dunia kwenye ikweta katika Kenya ya kisasa na cha pili kilipiga Antaktika. ===Waembu=== [[Waembu]] wanaishi kusini-mashariki mwa Mlima Kenya,<ref name="ecology" /> na kuamini kuwa mlima ni nyumba ya Mungu wao, ''Ngai'' au ''Mwene Njeru''. Mlima ni takatifu, na walikuwa wakijenga nyumba zikiwa na milango iliyokuwa ikitazama mlima.<ref name="guide" /> Waembu wanauita ''kiri Njeru'', maana yake, mlima mweupe.<ref name="mck" /><ref name="cordee" /><ref name="guide" /> ===Wamasai=== [[Wamasai]] ni [[wahamahamaji]] ambao walitumia ardhi kaskazini ya mlima kulisha mifugo wao. Wanaamini kuwa mababu zao walishuka kutoka mlima mwanzoni mwa wakati.<ref name="guide" /> Wamasai waliuita ''Ol Donyo Keri'', ambalo linamaanisha 'mlima wa bakora au rangi nyingi' kudokeza theluji, misitu na mengineyo vinavyoonekana kutoka tambarare ya kandokando.<ref name="somjee">{{cite journal | last=Somjee | first=Sultan | year=2000 | title = Oral Traditions and Material Culture: An East Africa Experience | journal= Research in African Literatures | volume=31 | issue=4 | pages = 97–103 | url = http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/research_in_african_literatures/v031/31.4somjee.html | accessdate=2008-02-21 | doi = 10.2979/RAL.2000.31.4.97 }}</ref> Sala moja ya Wamasai kuhusu Mlima Kenya: {{Quote|Mungu bariki watoto wetu, wawe kama mkuyu wa Morintat, wakue na wapanuke, wawe kama Vilima vya Ngong, kama Mlima Kenya, kama Mlima Kilimanjaro na waongezeke. (tafsiri)|Ilikusanywa na Francis Sakuda wa Makumbusho ya Amani ya Oloshoibor<ref name=somjee/>}} ===Wameru=== [[Wameru]] wanaishi Mashariki na Kaskazini mwa mlima. Walilima na [[Ufugaji|kufuga]] katika sehemu yenye rutuba nyingi nchini Kenya. Jina la Mt. Kenya kwa [[Kimeru]] ni ''Kirimara'' (kutokana na weupe wa theluji).<ref name="witchmen">{{cite book |title= When We Began There Were Witchmen|last= Fadiman|first= Jeffrey A.|authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 1994|publisher= University of California Press|location= Berkeley|isbn= 0-520-08615-5|page= |pages= |url= http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft8199p24c/|accessdate= 2009-05-14}} </ref> ===Makabila mengine=== Wazungu wa kwanza kutembelea Mlima Kenya mara nyingi walileta wajumbe wa makabila mengine kama marafiki na mabawabu. Wengi wao hawakuwa na uzoefu wa baridi, au kuwahi kuona theluji. Maitikio yao mara nyingi zilikuwa za woga na tuhuma.{{Quote|Sifa nyingine ya wazanzibari ilionekana katika kambi ile ile. Asubuhi ilipofika, waume walikuja kuniarifu kwamba maji yale waliokuwa wamewacha ndani ya vyungu yalikuwa yamerogwa. Walisema kuwa ni meupe, na hayatikisiki; Fundi, aliyejulikana kuwa mwenye kuthubutu, alikuwa ameyagonga kwa kijiti na hayakutoka. Walinirai niyaangalie, nikawaambia wayaniletee. Wakakataa, hata hivyo, ili kuyagusa, wakanirai niende yalipokuwa. Kwa kweli, maji yalikuwa yameganda. Niliweka chungu juu ya jiko, nikatabiri kuwa yangegeuka kuwa maji tena. Tuliokuwa nao wakakaa karibu na kuyatazama; yalipoyeyuka, waliniambia kwa furaha kuwa shetani alikuwa amefukuzwa, na nikawaambia kuwa wangeweza kuyatumia maji tena; lakini punde nilipogeuka, waliyamwaga na kuchota mengine kutoka mto uliokuwa karibu. (tafsiri)|J W Gregory|''The Great Rift Valley''<ref name=gregory/>}} Ziara yake ya mwaka 1899, Mackinder alipatana na baadhi ya wanaume kutoka kabila la [[Wadorobo]].<ref name="ecology" /> ==Ukweaji mlima== Kuna njia nane za kutembea zinazoelekea kwenye kilele cha juu. Ni, kwa mzunguko wa akrabu, kutoka kaskazini, njia za Meru, Chogoria, Kamweti, Naro Moru, Burguret, Sirimon na Timau<ref name="map" />. Pia kuna njia inayozunguka vilele inayotumiwa kuunganisha njia tofauti. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ewpnet.com/eaimg/Mount_Kenya_general.htm|title=Mount Kenya - Introduction and Trekking Guide|date=2007-12-17|accessdate=2018-09-16|archivedate=2007-12-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217091034/http://www.ewpnet.com/eaimg/Mount_Kenya_general.htm}}</ref> Kati ya hizi, Chogoria, Naro Moru na Sirimon ndio hutumika zaidi na zina malango. Njia nyingine zinahitaji idhini maalum kutoka kwa [[Shirika la Huduma kwa Wanyama Pori ya Kenya|Huduma ya Wanyamapori Kenya]] ili kuzitumia. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya milima ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya milima ya Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya milima]] * [[Orodha ya Urithi wa Dunia katika Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya volkeno nchini Kenya]] == Marejeo == *Sir Halford Mackinder, ''The First ujio wa Mlima Kenya'' [KM Barbour, ed.], (London, 1991); hadithi ya ujio wa kwanza Batian, pamoja Mackinder's diary na baadhi ya Expedition's picha. Barbour discusses sababu Mackinder, ambaye aliandika na kuchapisha vitabu vingine, hawakuwa kuchapisha maelezo ya akaunti ya Expedition.<ref name="firstascent">{{cite book |title= The First Ascent of Mount Kenya |last= Mackinder |first= Halford John |authorlink= Halford John Mackinder |coauthors= Kenneth Michael Barbour |year= 1991 |publisher= Ohio University Press |location= |isbn= 1850651027 |page= |pages=287 |url= |accessdate= }} </ref> *Dutton EAT, [[Kenya Mountain|''Kenya Mountain'']] (London, 1929); akaunti ya Expedition Mlima Kenya mwaka 1926; illustreras.<ref name="dutton" /> *Vivienne de Watteville, ''Mwambie Dunia - kuzunguka na Reflections kati Tembo na Milima'' (London & New York, 1935); akaunti ya mwandishi wa ugenini katika kibanda kidogo katika kanda ya Ziwa na Ellis explorations yake ya Gorges Valley; illustreras .<ref name="wanderings">{{cite book |title= Speak to the Earth - Wanderings and Reflections among Elephants and Mountains |last= de Watteville |first= Vivienne |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 1986 |publisher= Methuen |location= |origyear= 1935 |edition= 2 |isbn= 0413602702 |page= |pages= 329 |url=https://archive.org/details/speaktoearthwand0000dewa_p9i0 |accessdate= }} </ref> *HW Tilman, theluji ''juu ya Ikweta'' (London, 1937); akaunti ya ujio wa kwanza (na Shipton) ya NW ridge na Nelion; illustreras.<ref name="snow">{{cite book |title= Snow on the Equator |last= Tilman |first= H. W. |authorlink= Bill Tilman |coauthors= |year= 1938 |publisher= The Macmillan Company |location= |isbn= |page= |pages= 265 |url=https://archive.org/details/snowonequator0000hwti |accessdate= }} </ref> *Eric Shipton, juu ''ya kwamba Mlima,'' (London, 1943); akaunti ya ujio wa kwanza (na Tilman) ya NW ridge na Nelion; illustreras.<ref name="uponthatmountain">{{cite book |title= Upon that Mountain |last= Shipton |first= Eric |authorlink= Eric Shipton |coauthors= |year= 1945 |publisher= Readers Union |location= |isbn= |page= |pages= 248 |url= |accessdate= }} </ref> *Felice Benuzzi, ''Fuga sul Kenya'' (Milano 1947) / [[No picnic juu ya Mlima Kenya|''No picnic juu ya Mlima Kenya'']] (London, 1952); a mountaineering classic, kuhusu wafungwa wa kivita tatu ambao kutoroka kutoka gerezani kambi yao mwaka 1943, hupanda mlima na sparse mgawo, improvised vifaa na hakuna ramani, na kisha ''kuvunja kurejea katika'' kambi yao gerezani.<ref name="picnic" /> *Roland Truffaut, ''Du Kenya au wa Kilimanjaro'' (Paris 1953) / ''Kutoka Kenya kwa Kilimanjaro'' (London, 1957); 1952 akaunti ya ujio wa Kifaransa N. uso wa Mt Kenya; illustreras.<ref name="dukenya">{{cite book |title=Du Kenya au Kilimanjaro: expédition française wau Kenya |last= Truffaut |first= Roland |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 1953 |publisher= Julliard |location= Paris |language= French |isbn= |page= |pages= 251 |url= |accessdate= }} </ref> *I. Allan, ''Guide to Mlima Kenya'' (1981; 1991; wengi updates); mamlaka ya kuongoza kwa njia ya peaks.<ref name="mck" /> *Hamish MacInnes, bei ''ya Adventure,'' (London, 1987); inajumuisha hadithi ya wiki-mrefu uokozi wa Gerd Judmeier baada yake kuanguka karibu na kilele cha Batian mapema katika miaka ya 1970.<ref name="priceofadventure">{{cite book | last= MacInnes | first= Hamish | authorlink= | title=The Price of Adventure | url= https://archive.org/details/priceofadventure0000maci | origdate= | year=1987 | publisher= Hodder & Stoughton | location= London | isbn=0340263237 }}</ref> *I. Allan, C. Kata, G. Boy, ''Snowcaps juu ya Ikweta'' (London, 1989); historia ya Afrika Mashariki milima na ascents yao, ikiwemo ya hivi karibuni zaidi pioneered njia; illustreras.<ref name="snowcaps">{{cite book |title= Snowcaps on the Equator: The Fabled Mountains of Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zaire |last= Ward |first= Clive |authorlink= |coauthors= Gordon Boy, Iain Allan |year= 1988 |publisher= Bodley Head |location= |isbn= 0370311264 |page= |pages= 192 |url= |accessdate= }}</ref> *Yohana Msomaji, ''Mlima Kenya'' (London, 1989); akaunti ya ujio wa Nelion, pamoja na Iain Allan kama mwongozo; illustreras.<ref name="reader"> {{cite book|title=Mount Kenya|url=https://archive.org/details/mountkenya0000read|last=Reader|first=John|publisher=Elm Tree Books|year=1989|ISBN=0-241-12486-7|location=London}} </ref> *M. Amin, D. Willetts, B. Tetley, ''On Mungu Mountain: The Story wa Mlima Kenya'' (London, 1991). A photographic maadhimisho ya mlima.<ref name="ongodsmountain">{{cite book |title= On God's Mountain: The Story of Mount Kenya |last= Amin |first= Mohamed |authorlink= |coauthors= Duncan Willetts, Brian Tetley |year= 1991 |publisher= Moorland |location= |isbn= |page= |pages= 192 |url= |accessdate= }} </ref> *''Kirinyaga'', [[Mike Resnick]], (1989).<ref name=":4" /> *[[Facing Mount Kenya, Jomo Kenyatta,|''Facing Mount Kenya,'' Jomo Kenyatta]], (1938); kitabu kuhusu Kikuyu.<ref name="facingmtkenya">{{cite book|title=Facing Mount Kenya|last=Kenyatta|first=Jomo|publisher=Secker and Warburg|year=1961|location=London|authorlink=Jomo Kenyatta}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Mount Kenya|Mount Kenya}} * [http://www.mountkenya.org/ Mount Kenya homepage] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mountkenya.org/ |date=20050906224754 }} * [http://www.mount-kenya.com/ Mount Kenya Information & Resource] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mount-kenya.com/ |date=20090319043845 }} * [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/800 UNESCO Mtindo Site Data Sheet juu ya Mlima Kenya] * [http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=-0.151405,37.312660&amp;spn=0.166014,0.234180&amp;t=k&amp;hl=en Satellite picture by Google Maps] * [http://www.kilimanjaro.cc/mkgeolog.htm Mount Kenya Jiolojia na Glasiolojia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kilimanjaro.cc/mkgeolog.htm |date=20100328152201 }} * [http://www.awf.org/section/safaris/samburu African Wildlife Foundation Safari Planner] * [http://www.mck.or.ke/ Mlima Club ya Kenya Homepage] * [http://www.mountkenyatrust.org/ Bill Woodley Mount Kenya Trust] * [http://www.animalorphanagekenya.org/ Mount Kenya Wildlife Conservancy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.animalorphanagekenya.org/ |date=20100613081648 }} * [http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft8199p24c/ Wakati tulianza, kulikuwa Witchmen] ''An Oral History kutoka Mlima Kenya'' (1993) Jeffrey Fadiman * [http://www.matthewpower.net/FEAT.KENYA.pdf Vizuka juu ya Mlima Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.matthewpower.net/FEAT.KENYA.pdf |date=20070929194948 }} Kifungu kutoka [[National Geographic Adventure]] magazine (2007) Mathayo Power * [http://www.kws.org/mt-kenya.html Kenya Wildlife Service's page on Mount Kenya National Park] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kws.org/mt-kenya.html |date=20070622045208 }} * [http://www.planetfear.com/articles/Frontier_Climbing_in_Kenya_446.html Frontier Climbing nchini Kenya] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130131175306/http://www.planetfear.com/articles/Frontier_Climbing_in_Kenya_446.html |date=2013-01-31 }} Article on wawili wa kwanza juu ya Hekalu Ascents * [http://www.hssonline.org/publications/Newsletter2008/NewsletterApril2008photoessay.html Afrika Mashariki ubeberu photo insha] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hssonline.org/publications/Newsletter2008/NewsletterApril2008photoessay.html |date=20080820084101 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kenya, Mlima}} [[Jamii:Milima ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Mlima Kenya]] [[Jamii:Volkeno za Kenya]] [[Jamii:Mahali pa Urithi wa Dunia katika Afrika]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Kenya]] a3a01vqe8wq26bdo8o719nowcfdsaaq Okavango 0 3110 1574165 1573131 2026-06-17T20:06:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto | jina = Mto wa Okavango | picha = Okavango River Sign.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = Feri juu ya mto Okavango nchini Botswana | chanzo = [[Nyanda za juu za Bié]] ([[Angola]]) | mdomo = | nchi = [[Angola]], [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]] | urefu = 1,600 km | kimo = 1,780 m | mkondo = 10,000,000,000 m³/mwaka (inaweza kukauka kwa muda) | eneo = 721.258 km² | mdomo = [[Delta ya barani]] katika [[jangwa]] la [[Kalahari]], [[Botswana]] | tawimito = | tawimito kulia = | tawimito kushoto = | watu = | miji = }} [[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Muonekano wa Mto Kavango ukiwa karibu na kambi ya kitalii ya Hakusembe nchini Namibia]] '''Okavango''' (pia: '''Kavango, Okovango'''; katika [[Angola]]: '''Kubango, Cubango''') ni [[mto]] mkubwa uliopo upande wa [[kusini]]-[[magharibi]] wa [[bara]] la [[Afrika]]. Unaanza nchini [[Angola]] katika [[milima ya Bié]] inapojulikana kwa [[jina]] la [[Kubango]]. Mwendo wake wa [[km]] 1600 ni kusini tu hadi [[jangwa]] la [[Kalahari]] unapoishia kwenye [[delta ya barani]]. Katika kusini ya Angola ni mpaka na [[Namibia]]. Unapita nchi ya Namibia mwanzoni wa [[kishoroba ya Caprivi]] na kuendelea [[Botswana]] Unapoishia jangwani katika [[delta]] yake. [[Chanzo (mto)|Chanzo]] cha mto ni kusini kwa [[mji]] wa [[Vila Nova]] (Angola) katika milima ya Bié kwenye [[kimo]] cha [[mita]] 1,780. Mwanzoni mwendo wake ni wa haraka kuna [[Maporomoko ya maji|maporomoko]] madogo. Halafu mto ni mpaka kati ya Angola na Namibia. Baada ya kupokea [[tawimto]] la [[mto Kwito|Kwito]] unaingia Namibia unapopita kanda nyembamba ya kishoroba ya Caprivi kwa kilomita chache. Kabla ya kuvuka mpaka wa Botswana mto unashuka mita 4 kwenye [[maporomoko ya Popa]]. Takriban km 70 ndani ya Botswana mwendo wa mto unapanuka na kugawanyika kuwa delta ya barani yenye zaidi ya [[km²]] 16,000. Ni [[mto]] wa nne kwa urefu katika ukanda wa [[Kusini mwa Afrika]], ukitiririka kuelekea kusini-mashariki kwa urefu wa [[kilomita]] 1,600. Mto huu unaanza katika urefu wa mita 1,300 juu ya usawa wa bahari kwenye nyanda za juu zenye mchanga nchini Angola, kisha unaenda kusini ambapo unaunda sehemu ya mpaka kati ya Angola na Namibia, kabla ya kuingia nchini Botswana. Tofauti na mito mingi, Kavango haumwagii maji yake baharini; badala yake, unaishia kwenye bonde la ndani lisilo na njia ya kutoka katika [[Jangwa la Kalahari]], ambapo unatengeneza [[delta]] ya Okavango. Delta hiyo imeorodheshwa na [[UNESCO]] kama [[urithi wa dunia]]. == Asili ya Jina == Mto huu unajulikana kwa jina la Okavango nchini [[Botswana]], kama ''Mto Cubango'' nchini [[Angola]], na kama Kavango nchini [[Namibia]].<ref name=mendelsohn/> Jina hilo linatokana na Wakavango, ambao ni jamii ya watu wanaoishi upande wa kaskazini mwa Namibia. Katika maandishi ya zamani ya [[Kiingereza]] mto huu uliandikwa Okovango, lakini tafiti nyingi za Namibia zinapendelea kutumia jina Kavango unaporejelea mto au mkoa huo. Mwanahistoria Andreas Eckl anabainisha kuwa kumbukumbu za ukoloni wa Kijerumani Kusini-Magharibi mwa Afrika zilitumia jina Okavango, lakini herufi ya mwanzo "O-" si ya kawaida katika lugha za kienyeji za Kavango, na badala yake inasemekana ilitokana na ushawishi wa [[Kijapan|Lugha ya Kiherero]].<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Mtiririko na chanzo kipya == Mito ya Cubango na Cuito ndiyo vyanzo vikuu vinavyolisha na kuamua uhai wa Delta ya Okavango.<ref name=mendelsohn>{{cite web | last=Mendelsohn | first=John | title=A River in Trouble | website=Conservation Namibia | date=9 September 2021 | url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php | access-date=8 January 2024}}</ref> Nchini Angola, uchomaji moto wa nyasi wa msimu husababisha kuziba kwa njia za juu za Mto Cuito na kupunguza mtiririko wa maji kwenda chini kwa sababu maji yanayokusanyika yanazama na kupotea kwenye mchanga.<ref name=into>{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwaka 2015, shirika la National Geographic lilianzisha mradi wa kulinda mfumo wa mto huu, na mwaka 2023 waligundua chanzo halisi cha asili cha mto huu. Chanzo hicho ni ardhi oevu yenye tabaka nene la matope (peatland) katika nyanda za juu za Angola, inayojulikana kwa lugha ya kiluchaze kama "Lisima Iya Mwono" ikimaanisha "Chanzo cha Uzima". Eneo hili lina kina cha zaidi ya futi 12 na linakadiriwa kushikilia mita za ujazo bilioni 423 za maji, likisambaza zaidi ya asilimia 95 ya maji yote ya bonde hili. Mnamo mwaka 2026, eneo hili lilitangazwa rasmi na Serikali ya Angola kuwa ardhi oevu yenye umuhimu wa kimataifa chini ya Mkataba wa Ramsar. kabla ya kuingia Botswana, mto huo unashuka kwa mita 4 kupitia mfululizo wa maporomoko madogo yanayoitwa Maporomoko ya Popa (Popa Falls). Wakati wa msimu wa mvua nyingi, maji yanayofurika huenda kwenye Mto Boteti na kuishia kwenye mabwawa ya chumvi ya Makgadikgadi, ambapo maelfu ya ndege aina ya heroe (flamingo) hukusanyika kila majira ya joto.<ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&mode=&order=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&mode=&order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Sehemu nyingine ya mtiririko wa mto huu hujaza [[Ziwa Ngami]]. == Mafuriko ya msimu == Kila msimu wa mvua, nchi ya Angola hupokea mvua mara tatu zaidi kuliko Botswana, hali inayofanya mto kusukuma kiasi kikubwa sana cha maji na kugeuza sehemu kubwa ya jangwa kuwa ardhi oevu. Ingawa mvua hizi hunyesha Angola mwezi Januari, maji huchukua mwezi mzima kusafiri kilomita 1,000 za kwanza za mto, na huchukua miezi mingine minne kuchuja kupitia mimea na njia nyingi za maji za delta. Kutokana na hali hiyo, mafuriko makubwa zaidi hutokea kati ya mwezi Juni na Agosti, kipindi ambacho ni cha kiangazi kikavu nchini Botswana. Wakati huo delta hupanuka na kuwa kubwa mara tatu zaidi ya ukubwa wake wa kawaida, jambo linalovutia maelfu ya wanyamapori kutoka maeneo ya mbali na kutengeneza moja ya mikusanyiko mikubwa zaidi ya [[wanyamapori]] barani Afrika.<ref name=":4">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Okavango Delta – Part 2 {{!}} |url=http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621102937/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ |archive-date=2018-06-21 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=blog.africabespoke.com |language=en-US |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Migogoro ya matumizi ya maji na mafuta == Kwa sababu nchi za Namibia na Botswana hukabiliwa na ukame wa mara kwa mara, pamekuwepo na wasiwasi wa migogoro kuhusu matumizi ya maji ya mto huu. Namibia ilijenga mfereji wa urefu wa kilomita 300 na kupendekeza mradi mwingine wa bomba la kilomita 250 ili kuchepua maji kutoka kwenye mto huo kwenda maeneo yake ya ndani ili kupunguza makali ya ukame.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWrEcl2ydzEC&pg=PA294|title=Resource Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa|last=Basedau|first=Matthias|date=2005-01-01|publisher=GIGA-Hamburg|isbn=978-3-928049-91-7|pages=294|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3ilzosWx4wC&pg=PA96|title=Management of Transboundary Rivers and Lakes|last1=Varis|first1=Olli|last2=Tortajada|first2=Cecilia|last3=Biswas|first3=Asit K.|date=2008-03-15|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-74928-8|pages=96|language=en}}</ref> Botswana inapinga hatua hiyo kwa kuwa inategemea sana Delta ya Okavango kwa ajili ya mapato ya utalii na vyanzo vya maji, ikidai asilimia 97 ya maji tayari inapotea kwa njia ya mvuke. Ili kutatua changamoto hizo, nchi za Angola, Namibia, na Botswana zilitia saini makubaliano ya pamoja mwaka 1994 ili kuunda Tume ya Kudumu ya Bonde la Mto Okavango (OKACOM) kwa ajili ya kushauriana kuhusu ugawaji wa rasilimali hizo.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Kuhusu utafiti wa mafuta, kampuni ya ReconAfrica kutoka Kanada ilipewa leseni ya kutafuta mafuta katika maeneo ya mkoa wa zamani wa Kavango nchini Namibia na Botswana, jambo lililoibua malalamiko kutoka kwa wanaharakati wa mazingira walio hofu uharibifu wa ikolojia ya eneo hilo. Hata hivyo, kampuni hiyo na serikali za nchi husika zimesisitiza kuwa taratibu zote za kisheria na tathmini ya mazingira zilifuatwa kikamilifu.<ref name=":5">{{cite web |title=ReconAfrica Environmental, Social, and Governance |url=https://reconafrica.com/our-sustainable-approach/environmental-social-governance/ |access-date=20 May 2021}}</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito mirefu ya Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Urithi wa Dunia katika Afrika]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af18.html Okavango Basin (Watersheds of Africa)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af18.html |date=20050415193038 }} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Angola]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Namibia]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Botswana]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mahali pa Urithi wa Dunia katika Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 2wtiqi45ymz3w2hcom7yx2gk78ynaov Marekani 0 4023 1574285 1546618 2026-06-17T23:19:41Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574285 wikitext text/x-wiki <i>{{about|nchi|bara|Amerika}}</i> {{Jedwali la nchi |jina_rasmi=Muungano wa Madola ya Amerika |jina_asili=''United States of America'' ([[Kiingereza]]) |bendera=Flag_of_the_United_States_(DoS_ECA_Color_Standard).svg |nembo=Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg |kaulimbiu="In God We Trust" |wimbo="[[Star spangled banner|The Star-Spangled Banner]]"<br>[[File:Star_Spangled_Banner_instrumental.ogg]] |ramani=USA orthographic.svg|mji_mkubwa=[[New York]] |mji_mkuu=[[Washington, D.C.]] |majiranukta1={{majiranukta|38|53|N|77|1|W|type:city}} |majiranukta2={{majiranukta|40|43|N|74|0|W|type:city}} |lugha_rasmi= [[Kiingereza]] |lugha_taifa=[[Kiingereza]] |serikali=[[Jamhuri ya shirikisho]] |muundo_uhuru='''Uhuru''' kutoka [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] |eneo_jumla=9 833 520<ref name="worldfactbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=United States}}</ref> |cheo_eneo=3 |maji=7.0<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state |title=The Water Area of Each State |date=8 Juni 2018}}</ref> |ardhi=9 147 593<ref name="worldfactbook"/> |watu_kadirio=335 893 238<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.commerce.gov/news/blog/2024/01/census-bureau-projects-us-and-world-populations-new-years-day|title=Census Bureau Projects U.S. and World Populations on New Year’s Day|date=3 Januari 2024}}</ref> |mwaka_kadirio=2024 |pato={{ongezeko}} USD trilioni 29.168<ref name="IMFWEO.US">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=111,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (United States) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=22 Oktoba 2024 |access-date=12 Februari 2024}}</ref> |mwaka_pato=2024 |pato_kwa_mtu={{ongezeko}} USD 86 601<ref name="IMFWEO.US"/> |pato_ppp={{ongezeko}} USD trilioni 29.168<ref name="IMFWEO.US"/> |pato_ppp_kwa_mtu={{ongezeko}} USD 86 601<ref name="IMFWEO.US"/> |mwaka_maendeleo=2023 |maendeleo={{ongezeko}} 0.938<ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[Mradi wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa]]|date=13 Machi 2024|access-date=22 Machi 2023|archive-date=19 Machi 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319085123/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx}}</ref> - {{juu sana}} |fedha=[[Dola ya Marekani]] |majira_saa=−4 hadi −12, +10, +11 |udereva=Kulia |msimbo_simu=1 |tovuti=https://www.usa.gov |tukio1=[[Tangazo la Uhuru la Marekani|Tangazo]] |tukio2=Muungano |tukio3=Kutambuliwa |tukio4=Katiba |tukio1_tarehe=4 Julai 1776 |tukio2_tarehe=1 Machi 1781 |tukio3_tarehe=3 Septemba 1783 |tukio4_tarehe=21 Juni 1788 |kiongozi1=[[Donald Trump]]|kiongozi2=[[JD Vance]]|cheo_kiongozi1=[[Rais wa Marekani|Rais]]|cheo_kiongozi2=Naibu Rais |gini={{PungukoChanya}} 41.3<ref name="worldfactbook"/> |mwaka_gini=2022 |msongamano=33.6}} '''Marekani''', rasmi '''Muungano wa Madola ya Amerika''' (Kiingereza: ''United States of America'', kifupi: ''USA'') ni [[nchi]] iliyomo [[Amerika Kaskazini]], na inapakana na [[Kanada]] upande wa [[kaskazini]] na [[Meksiko]] upande wa [[kusini]]. Inajumuisha [[jimbo|majimbo]] 50, [[Washington, D.C.|wilaya ya shirikisho]], na maeneo ya nje. [[California]] na [[Texas]] ndiyo majimbo yaliyokuwa na watu wengi zaidi. Marekani ina takriban watu milioni 340 na kuwa nchi ya tatu [[dunia|duniani]] kuwa na watu wengi sana. Aidha, ni [[nchi]] ya tatu kwa ukubwa [[dunia|duniani]], ikiwa na [[eneo]] la takriban kilomita za mraba milioni 9.8, ikienea kutoka [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] hadi [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]].[[Mji mkuu]] wa Marekani ni [[Washington DC]]. [[Los Angeles]], [[New York]] na [[Chicago]] ndio [[mji|miji]] mikubwa Marekani ina [[jiografia]] na hali ya hewa tofauti, ikianzia kwenye tundra ya [[Aktiki]] huko [[Alaska]] hadi fukwe za kitropiki huko [[Florida]] na [[Hawaii]]. Mandhari yake inajumuisha safu kuu za milima kama ''Rockies'' na ''Appalachians'', nyanda pana, na mito mikubwa kama [[Mississippi]] na [[Missouri (mto)]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Geography and Cartography of United States|url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/geography-and-cartography/geography-united-states|publisher=EBSCO|website=www.ebsco.com|access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=US History, Map, Flag and Population|author=Adam Gopnik|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States|publisher=Britannica|website=United States Geography|access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref> Nchi hii ina utajiri mkubwa wa [[rasilimali]] za asili na ina sekta kubwa za [[kilimo]], [[viwanda]], na [[teknolojia]] ambazo zinachangia hadhi yake kama uchumi mkubwa zaidi duniani kwa kipimo cha [[Pato la Taifa]] (GDP) la kawaida, na kituo kikuu cha uvumbuzi, [[utamaduni]], na nguvu za kijeshi. Marekani ilianzishwa mwaka 1776 kupitia [[Tangazo la Uhuru la Marekani]], kufuatia mapambano ya [[ukoloni|makoloni]] kumi na tatu dhidi ya utawala wa [[Uingereza]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=America Declaration of Independence|publisher=Archives|url=https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript|access-date=2026-03-16|website=www.archives.gov}}</ref> Tangu wakati huo, imepanuka kote [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] na kujitokeza kama nguvu ya [[dunia]], hasa baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia|vita vya dunia]] vya karne ya 20. Marekani ni jamhuri ya [[shirikisho]] inayozingatia [[katiba]] na [[demokrasia]] ya uwakilishi, yenye serikali inayotawaliwa na mfumo wa mizania ya madaraka kati ya matawi ya utendaji, kutunga [[sheria]], na [[mahakama]]. Ni mwanachama mwanzilishi wa mashirika ya kimataifa kama [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], [[NATO]], na [[Benki ya Dunia]], na inaendelea kucheza nafasi ya uongozi katika masuala ya [[siasa|kisiasa]], [[uchumi|kiuchumi]], na [[utamaduni|kitamaduni]] duniani. Marekani ina [[Uchumi wa Marekani|uchumi mkubwa ulioendelea]] na wenye sekta mbalimbali unaoendeshwa na [[huduma]], [[Viwanda|uzalishaji viwandani]], [[fedha]], [[teknolojia]], na >[[biashara]]. <ref name="OECD_US_Snapshot">{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/countries/united-states.html |title=OECD Economic Outlook: United States |website=OECD.org |publisher=OECD |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Nchi hiyo ni makao ya baadhi ya mashirika makubwa zaidi duniani pamoja na [[taasisi]] za [[fedha|kifedha]], huku vituo vikuu vya kiuchumi vikijumuisha [[Jiji la New York]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Chicago]], na [[San Francisco]]. Marekani ni kiongozi wa dunia katika utafiti wa [[sayansi|kisayansi]], [[elimu ya juu]], anga za juu, burudani, na [[teknolojia]] ya kidijitali, ambapo ''Bonde la Silicon'' hutumika kama kituo kikubwa cha kimataifa cha ubunifu wa [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]] na maendeleo ya programu za kompyuta. <ref name="WFB_US_Economy">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/#economy |title=United States - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 30, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 |archive-date=2025-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316043011/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/#economy |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kiutamaduni, Marekani ina sifa ya [[Marekani#Demografia|utofauti mkubwa wa kikabila, kilugha, na kidini]] uliotokana na karne nyingi za uhamiaji na mabadiliko ya idadi ya watu. <ref name="Pew_Diversity">{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/demographics/ |title=Demographics and Social Trends |website=pewresearch.org |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 |archive-date=2020-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203112715/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/demographics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Kiingereza]] ndiyo lugha kuu inayotumika kitaifa kwa vitendo, na lugha rasmi katika ngazi ya [[shirikisho]]. <ref name="Britannica_US_Culture">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States/Cultural-life |author=The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica |title=United States: Cultural life |website=Britannica |date=April 10, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> [[Utamaduni]] wa Marekani umeathiri sana dunia kupitia [[filamu]], [[muziki]], [[televisheni]], [[michezo]], [[fasihi]], na [[vyombo vya habari]] vya kidijitali. Nchi hiyo pia ina hifadhi nyingi za taifa, kumbukumbu za kihistoria, na taasisi za kitamaduni zilizo chini ya ulinzi wa taifa, zikionyesha utofauti wake wa mazingira na maendeleo yake ya kihistoria. <ref name="NPS_History">{{cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/index.htm |title=About Us: National Park Service |website=nps.gov |publisher=U.S. National Park Service |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> == Demografia == Kufikia katikati ya mwaka 2024, idadi ya Wakazi wa Marekani imefikia takriban milioni 340, ikionyesha ongezeko la asilimia 2.6 tangu Sensa ya 2020. Mandhari ya [[Demografia|kidemografia]] ya taifa hili inazidi kuwa mchanganyiko: [[Mzungu|Wazungu wasio wa asili ya Kihispania]] ni takriban asilimia 57.8, [[Wahispania]] au [[Walatino]] 18.7%, [[Watu weusi|Wamarekani Weusi]] 12.1%, na Wamarekani wa asili ya Asia 5.9%. Kiwango cha uzazi kimeshuka hadi wastani wa watoto 1.6 kwa kila mwanamke, chini ya kiwango cha kuzaliana kinachohitajika, huku umri wa wastani ukiwa umeongezeka hadi takriban miaka 39.1, jambo linaloonyesha wazi mwelekeo wa kuzeeka kwa idadi ya watu. Uhamiaji unabakia kuwa kichocheo kikuu cha ukuaji: mnamo 2024, karibu asilimia 84 ya ongezeko la idadi ya watu lilitokana na wahamiaji, huku jamii za Wahispania na Waasia zikionyesha ukuaji mkubwa (asilimia 9.7% na 13%, mtawalia). === Idadi ya wakazi === {| class="wikitable" |+ Historia ya idadi ya wakazi ! Mwaka !! Idadi ya watu</br>'Milioni !! Ukuaji (%) |- | 2020 || 331.5 || 0.4% |- | 2021 || 331.9 || 0.2% |- | 2022 || 333.3 || 0.6% |- | 2023 || 334.9 || 0.8% |- | 2024 || 340.1|| 1.0% |} === Kabila/Asili=== [[File:Largest Race and Ethnicity in United States (2020).jpg|thumb| Kabila na Asili Kubwa Zaidi nchini Marekani]] [[File:Most common ancestries in the United States.svg|thumb|250px|Asili ya kawaida nchini Marekani</br> {{legend|#0075ff|Marekani}} {{legend|#ff0000|Kijerumani}} {{legend|#ff7500|Meksiko}} {{legend|#007500|Kieire}} {{legend|#00ffff|Kiafrika}} {{legend|#7500ff|Kiitalia}} {{legend|#750075|Kiingereza}} {{legend|#ffff00|Kijapani}} {{legend|#d93190|Puerto Rico}}]] Kufikia mwaka 2025, [[Mzungu|Wazungu wasio wa Kihispania]] bado ndio kundi kubwa zaidi nchini Marekani, wakichukua takriban asilimia 57.6 ya idadi ya watu. [[Wahispania]] au [[Walatino]] ndio kundi la wachache linalokua kwa kasi zaidi, likiwakilisha takribani asilimia 19–20. [[Wamarekani weusi|Wamarekani Weusi au Waafrika Wamarekani]] wanaunda takribani asilimia 12–14 ya idadi ya watu. Wamarekani wenye asili ya Asia ni takriban watu milioni 22 (6.49%) kufikia katikati ya 2024. [[Chotara|Machotara]] pia ni kundi linaloongezeka kwa kasi, sasa wakiwa takriban asilimia 3–5 ya idadi ya watu. Makundi madogo zaidi ni pamoja na Wamarekani wa asili na Wakaazi wa Alaska (takribani asilimia 1–2) na Wenyeji wa Hawaii au Visiwa vya Pasifiki (chini ya asilimia 1). <ref>{{Cite Web|title=Ethnic composition in United States|website=www.usafacts.org|url=https://usafacts.org/data/topics/people-society/population-and-demographics/our-changing-population/ |accessdate=2025-03-27|lang=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! Kabila/Asili !! Asilimia |- | [[Mzungu|Wazungu]] (Wasio Wahispania) || 57.8% |- | Wahispania au Walatino || 18.9% |- | [[Wamarekani weusi|Weusi au Waafrika]] || 12.1% |- | [[Waasia]] || 6.0% |- | [[Machotara]] || 2.7% |- | Wenyeji wa Marekani/Alaska || 0.7% |- | Wenyeji wa Hawaii/Pasifiki || 0.2% |} === Lugha === Marekani ina [[mazingira]] yenye mchanganyiko mkubwa wa [[lugha]], ambapo zaidi ya [[lugha]] 350 huzungumzwa kote nchini. Takwimu za mwaka 2020 zinaonyesha kuwa asilimia 78 ya wakazi huzungumza [[Kiingereza]] pekee nyumbani, huku asilimia 22 wakitumia lugha nyingine. Kati ya kundi hili, [[Kihispania]] kinachukua asilimia 13, kikifuatwa na [[Kichina]] (1.1%), [[Kitagalog]] (0.6%), Kivietinamu (0.5%), [[Kiarabu]] (0.5%), [[Kifaransa]] (0.4%), [[Kikorea]] (0.3%) na [[Kirusi]] (0.3%). Lugha za kiasili zinabaki na sehemu ndogo chini ya 0.5%, huku Kinavajo kikiwa na wasemaji wengi zaidi. <ref>{{Cite Web|title=Lugha za Marekani|website=census.gov|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2022/12/languages-we-speak-in-united-states.html|accessdate=2025-02-10}}</ref> === Dini === [[File:Magen David Brooklyn.JPG|thumb|Sinagogi ya Magen David, New York]] [[Dini]] nchini Marekani inaonyesha mchanganyiko mkubwa wa imani na mwenendo wa kubadilika kwa muda. Kulingana na takwimu za hivi karibuni, asilimia 62 ya watu wazima wanajitambulisha kuwa [[Wakristo]] huku wengi wao wakiwa [[Waprotestanti]] (40%), [[Wakatoliki]] (19%), na makundi mengine ya Kikristo (3%). Asilimia 29 [[Wasio na dini|hawana uhusiano wa kidini]], kundi linalojumuisha [[Ukanamungu|wasiomwamini Mungu]] (5%), wanaotilia shaka (6%), na wasiokuwa na maelezo maalum (19%). Dini nyingine zisizo za Kikristo zinachukua asilimia 7, zikiwemo [[Wayahudi]] (2%), [[Waislamu]] (1%), [[Ubudha|Wabudha]] (1%), [[Wahindu]] (1%), na zingine ndogo zaidi. Hata hivyo, imani za kiroho zinabaki kuwa na ushawishi mpana, ambapo zaidi ya asilimia 80 ya watu wanaamini katika Mungu, roho au nguvu ya juu.<ref>{{Cite Web|title=Dini katika USA|website=pewresearch.org|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2022/09/13/how-u-s-religious-composition-has-changed-in-recent-decades/|accessdate=2025-02-10}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! Dini !! Asilimia |- | Ukristo || 63% |- | Wasiokuwa na dini || 29% |- | Uyahudi || 2% |- | Uislamu || 1% |- | Uhindu || 1% |- | Ubudha || 1% |- | Nyingine || 3% |} === Muundo wa Umri === Umri wa kati: miaka 38.5 (2021). {| class="wikitable" ! Kikundi cha umri !! Asilimia |- | 0–14 miaka || 18.2% |- | 15–64 miaka || 64.6% |- | 65+ miaka || 17.2% |} === Elimu === [[File:Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - panoramio.jpg|thumb|250px|Chuo cha Teknolojia cha Massachusetts]] [[Elimu]] nchini Marekani ina kiwango cha juu cha ushirikishwaji, ambapo takribani asilimia 91 ya watu wenye umri wa miaka 25 na zaidi wamekamilisha angalau [[elimu]] ya [[sekondari]], na karibu asilimia 38 wamehitimu [[elimu]] ya [[chuo kikuu]] au zaidi. Kati ya wakazi hao, asilimia 28 wana elimu ya sekondari pekee, 15 elimu ya chuo bila [[shahada]], 10 shahada ya kati (associate degree), 23 shahada ya kwanza, na 14 elimu ya juu zaidi kama shahada ya uzamili, kitaaluma au uzamivu. === Kipato na Umaskini === * Kipato cha kati kwa kaya: $70,784 (2021).<ref name=":0">{{Cite Web|title=Demografia za Marekani|url=https://usafacts.org/data/topics/people-society/population-and-demographics/our-changing-population/|accessdate=2025-02-10}}</ref> * Kiwango cha umaskini: 11.6% (2021).<ref name=":0" /> ===Watu maarufu === * [[Abraham Lincoln]] * [[Al Capone]] * [[Barack Obama]] * [[Beyoncé Knowles]] * [[Bill Gates]] * [[Bob Dylan]] * [[Donald Trump]] * [[Elvis Presley]] * [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] * [[George Gershwin]] * [[George Washington]] * [[Henry Ford]] * [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]] * [[John Kennedy]] * [[Louis Armstrong]] * [[Madonna (mwanamuziki)|Madonna]] * [[Malcolm X]] * [[Martin Luther King]] * [[Michael Jackson]] * [[Michael Jordan]] * [[Miles Davis]] * [[Oprah Winfrey]] * [[Rosa Parks]] * [[Steve Jobs]] * [[Thomas Edison]] * [[Thomas Jefferson]] * [[Walt Disney]] * [[William Edward Burghardt Du Bois]] == Jiografia == === Marekani bara === [[Picha:USATopographicalMap.jpg|right|thumb|600px|Picha kutoka angani ikionyesha majimbo 48 ya Marekani yanayopakana]] Eneo la Marekani lina ukubwa wa [[kilometa mraba]] 9,826,675 na liko hasa katika [[bara]] la Amerika Kaskazini kati ya Kanada upande wa [[kaskazini]] na Meksiko upande wa [[kusini]]. Marekani imeunganisha upana wote wa bara kutoka [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] hadi [[Pasifiki]], ikigawanywa kwa majimbo 48 yanayojitawala. Eneo hilo lagawiwa katikati na [[mto]] mkubwa [[Mississippi (mto)|Mississippi]] unaoanza mpakani kwa Kanada na kuishia katika [[Ghuba ya Meksiko]]. === Alaska === Jimbo la [[Alaska]] liko pia kwenye bara la Amerika Kaskazini upande wa kaskazini kutoka Kanada kuelekea [[Urusi]], lakini halipakani na jimbo lolote la Marekani. === Hawaii === [[Funguvisiwa]] la [[Hawaii]] ni jimbo la visiwani katika bahari ya Pasifiki. Ni jimbo la 50 na la mwisho mpaka sasa. === Visiwa vya ng'ambo vya Marekani === [[Maeneo ya ng'ambo ya Marekani]] ni visiwa kadhaa ambavyo ni maeneo ya Kimarekani ingawa si sehemu ya jimbo lolote. Zamani yalikuwa kama [[makoloni]] hata kama Marekani ilidai kutokuwa na [[ukoloni]]. Siku hizi maeneo haya yamepata viwango mbalimbali vya kujitawala. Kwa kawaida maeneo haya huchagua pia wawakilishi kwa ajili ya [[bunge]] la Marekani lakini wawakilishi hao si wabunge wa kawaida, bali wana haki ya kusema na kushauri tu bila [[haki ya kupiga kura]]. Visiwa muhimu kati ya hivyo ni kama ifuatavyo: * [[Puerto Rico]] ([[Karibi]]) * [[Visiwa vya Virgin vya Marekani]] (Karibi) * [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] ([[Pasifiki]]) * [[Guam]] (Pasifiki) ===Milima=== <sup>angalia: [[Orodha ya milima ya Marekani]]</sup> [[Safu ya milima]] ya [[Rocky Mountains]] inavuka Marekani yote kutoka kaskazini hadi kusini upande wa magharibi. ===Mito=== <sup>angalia: [[Orodha ya mito ya Marekani]]</sup> [[Mto]] mkubwa wa Marekani ni [[Mto Mississippi]]. == Historia== === Asili na Historia ya Awali === [[Picha:U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png|thumb|Uenezi wa nchi hatua kwa hatua.]] [[Historia ya awali]] inaanza na kilele cha [[Enzi ya barafu]], watu wa [[Asia]] walipoweka kuingia [[Alaska]] kupitia nchi kavu. Baada ya hapo watu hao na [[Mjukuu|wajukuu]] wao hawakuwa tena na uhusiano na wale wa "[[Dunia ya zamani]]" ([[Afrika]], Asia na [[Ulaya]]) mpaka walipofikiwa na [[Wazungu]] kutoka [[Norway]] ([[karne ya 10]]) na [[Christopher Columbus]] [[mwaka]] [[1492]]. Hao wakazi wa kwanza walikuwa [[wawindaji-wakusanyaji]]; wakifuata mawindo yao walifika taratibu hadi ncha ya [[kusini]] ya [[Amerika]] ([[Tierra del Fuego]]). Polepole [[utamaduni]] wa baadhi ya [[Kabila|makabila]], ingawa kwa kuchelewa kuliko Dunia ya zamani, ulifikia hadhi ya [[ustaarabu]], kama vile ule wa [[Mississippi]]. === Enzi ya Ukoloni na Kuanzishwa kwa Taifa === [[Safari]] za [[baharia]] Christopher Columbus kuanzia mwaka 1492, zilivuta hasa [[Hispania]], [[Ureno]] na halafu [[Uingereza]], [[Ufaransa]] na [[Uholanzi]] kujianzishia [[Koloni|makoloni]] ili kunyonya [[maliasili]] nyingi za "[[Dunia mpya]]". Kwa namna hiyo, [[mazingira]] ya Amerika yalibadilika kabisa mpaka zikatokea aina mpya za utamaduni na hatimaye [[Taifa|mataifa]] mapya, hasa kutokana na mchanganyiko ya wenyeji ([[Waindio]]) na [[walowezi]] kutoka Ulaya, halafu pia [[watumwa]] kutoka [[Afrika]]. Marekani ilianza kama muunganiko wa [[Koloni|makoloni]] ya [[Uingereza]] kwenye [[pwani]] ya [[mashariki]] ya [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] tangu [[karne ya 17]]. Walowezi kutoka [[Uingereza]] walijipatia ardhi wakipigana na wenyeji Waindio. === Upanuzi wa Karne ya 19 na Vita vya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe === Tangu [[karne ya 19]] wahamiaji walifika pia kutoka [[Asia]], hasa [[China]] na [[Japani]]. Katika vita dhidi ya [[Hispania]] na [[Meksiko]], Marekani ilipanua eneo lake kwenda [[kusini]]. [[Vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ya Marekani]] ilipigwa kuanzia [[1861]] hadi [[1865]] kati ya majimbo ya kusini na majimbo ya kaskazini nchini Marekani. Sababu mojawapo muhimu ya vita ilikuwa [[suala]] la [[utumwa]]. Majimbo ya kaskazini yaliwahi kupiga utumwa [[marufuku]] lakini majimbo ya kusini yaliendelea na [[sheria]] zilizoruhusu utumwa na [[Utajiri|matajiri]] wengi wa kusini walitegemea [[kazi]] ya watumwa hao. Mafarakano yalianza kuhusu swali kama madola mapya yaliyoanzishwa katika Amerika Kaskazini na kujiunga na Muungano yangeruhusiwa kukubali utumwa au la. Mwaka 1861 madola ya kusini-mashariki yalitangaza kujiondoa katika Muungano na kuanzisha "[[Shirikisho la Madola ya Marekani|Shirikisho la Madola ya Amerika]]". Vita vilianza na kudumu miaka minne na watu 650.000 walikufa, lakini mwishoni kaskazini ilishinda. Utumwa ulipigwa marufuku na watumwa walipewa [[haki]] za kiraia. Lakini watumwa wengi av awali waliendelea kuwa [[maskini]] na baada ya muda, sheria mpya katika majimbo ya kusini zilinyima haki nyingi za kiraia za [[Wamarekani weusi]] waliopaswa kuishi chini mfumo av [[ubaguzi wa rangi]]. [[File:New100front.jpg|right|thumb|[[Noti ya benki|Noti]] ya [[Dolar ya Marekani|Dola]] 100.]] Katika miongo iliyofuata, Marekani ilitwaa maeneo yaliyowahi kubaki chini ya [[mamlaka]] ya Waindio na kuyafanya maeneo yake. Katika [[Vita vya Marekani dhidi ya Hispania]] kwenye mwaka [[1898]] ilijipatia utawala juu ya [[Ufilipino]] na [[Puerto Rico]], makoloni ya awali ya [[Uhispania|Hispania]], na kuwa yenyewe nchi iliyotawala makoloni. === Wimbi la Uhamiaji na Sera za Kimataifa === Wahamiaji kwa [[milioni|mamilioni]] waliendelea kufika hasa kutoka Ulaya. Kabla ya mwaka [[1880]] idadi kubwa walitoka [[Ujerumani]], [[Eire]], Uingereza na [[Uskoti]], pamoja na [[Wachina]] waliotafuta kazi hasa [[California|Kalifornia]]. Baada ya mwaka 1880 hadi [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia|Vita Vikuu vya Kwanza vya Dunia]] ([[1914]]-[[1918]]) wengi walifika kutoka [[Ulaya ya Kusini]] na [[Ulaya ya Mashariki|ya Mashariki]], hasa [[Italia|Waitalia]], [[Wayahudi]] kutoka [[Milki ya Urusi]], [[Polandi|Wapolandi]] na wenyeji av nchi nyingine za [[Waslavi|Kislavi]]. Wahamiaji hao walileta pia [[Utamaduni|tamaduni]] zao na kukubali [[mshahara|mishahara]] midogo kuliko wenyeji waliowahi kufika mapema; hali hiyo ilileta mara kadhaa sheria zilizolenga kuweka mipaka; sheria ya mwaka [[1882]] ilikataa kufika kwa Wachina, sheria ya mwaka [[1922]] ililenga kupunguza [[idadi]] ya Waitalia, Wayahudi na watu av Ulaya ya Mashariki kwa kutaja mipaka kwa kila nchi ya [[asili]]<ref>[https://www.nps.gov/articles/closing-the-door-on-immigration.htm Closing the door on immigration], tovuti ya national Park service, Marekani, iliangaliwa Oktoba 2020</ref>. Katika [[siasa]] ya nje, Marekani iliwahi kutangaza tangu mwaka [[1823]] kwamba ilitazama [[Amerika]] yote kama eneo ambalo haikubali kuingiliwa na nchi za Ulaya; wakati ule makoloni mengi ya Amerika ya Kusini yalikuwa yakifaulu kupata uhuru kutoka Hispania, na Marekani ilitaka kusisitiza isingekubali kuingia kwa mataifa mengine ya Ulaya. Katika miongo iliyofuata [[uchumi]] av Marekani uliimarika pamoja na kukua kwa sekta ya [[Kiwanda|viwanda]] na [[wafanyabiashara]] wa Marekani walipanua [[biashara]] yao kimataifa; mnamo [[1854]] [[manowari]] za Marekani ziliilazimisha [[Japani]] kukubali kufunguliwa kwa [[ubalozi]] na kupokea wafanyabiashara. [[Meli]] za wafanyabiashara wa Marekani zilifika kote [[dunia|duniani]], tangu [[miaka ya 1830]] hadi [[Zanzibar]] ambako ubalozi mdogo ulifunguliwa mwaka [[1837]]<ref>Gilbert, Wesley. Our Man in Zanzibar: Richard Waters, American Consul (1837-1845), tasnifu 2011 kwenye Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/781d/d2e2510187a4c65055915b6a323a18c7419e.pdf online hapa] </ref>. Wakati wa vita dhidi ya Hispania Marekani ilihakikisha pia nafasi yake katika biashara ya [[China]] dhidi ya mipango ya mataifa ya Ulaya ya kuigawa nchi hiyo. === Karne ya 20: Vita Vikuu na Mdororo Mkuu === Mwaka [[1917]] Marekani iliingia katika Vita Vikuu vya Kwanza upande wa Uingereza na [[Ufaransa]]; baada ya vita [[rais]] [[Woodrow Wilson]] alishawishi [[Taifa|mataifa]] mengine kuanzisha [[Shirikisho la Mataifa]] lakini [[bunge]] lilizuia kuingia kwa Marekani katika [[umoja]] huo. [[Mdororo Mkuu]] wa mwaka [[1929]] ulileta matatizo makubwa kwa uchumi na hata [[njaa]] kwa [[raia]] wengi lakini ulileta pia siasa mpya ya "New Deal" chini ya rais [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] ambako kwa mara ya kwanza programu za kisiasa zilitumia [[Pato la taifa|mapato]] ya [[serikali]] kwa shabaha ya kusaidia idadi kubwa ya wananchi waliokuwa bila kazi, bila [[nyumba]] na bila [[kipato]]; [[Ujana|vijana]] kwa mamilioni waliajiriwa na serikali kwa kazi ya kujenga [[miundombinu]] ([[barabara]], [[Mfereji|mifereji]]) na kuboresha [[hifadhi za taifa]]. Mwaka [[1941]] Marekani iliingia katika [[Vita Vikuu vya Pili vya Dunia]] baada ya kushambuliwa na Japani na kupokea tangazo la vita kutoka Ujerumani. Uwezo wa kiuchumi av Marekani ulileta [[ushindi]] wa [[mataifa ya ushirikiano]]. Uwezo wake wa [[Sayansi|kisayansi]] ulipanuliwa na [[wanasayansi]] kama [[Albert Einstein]] waliopaswa kukimbia [[udikteta]] wa [[Adolf Hitler]] katika Ujerumani na kuiwezesha kutengeneza [[Mabomu ya nyuklia|mabomu ya kwanza ya nyuklia]] yaliyotumika mnamo [[Agosti]] [[1945]] kuteketeza [[Hiroshima]] na [[Nagasaki]]. === Vita Baridi na Mapambano ya Haki za Kiraia === Katika miongo ya [[vita baridi]] iliyofuata, Marekani ilikuwa taifa la kuongoza nchi zenye [[demokrasia]] na pia zile ambazo zilisimama upande wa [[ubepari]] tu bila demokrasia dhidi ya nchi za [[Ukomunisti|kikomunisti]] zilizoongozwa na [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]]. Mwanzo wa [[miaka ya 1960]] ilishindana na [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] katika [[mbio]] wa kuingia katika [[anga-nje]] ikafaulu kupeleka watu wa kwanza hadi [[Mwezi]] mnamo [[Agosti]] [[1969]]. Kutokana na ushindani na nchi za ukomunisti Marekani iliingia katika [[Vita ya Vietnam]] hadi kushindwa mwaka [[1975]]. Vilevile miaka ya 1960 ilikuwa kipindi cha mapambano kwa ajili ya haki za Wamarekani weusi, [[Mjukuu|wajukuu]] wa watumwa wa awali hasa kusini mwa Marekani. Sheria zilizotenganisha watu pamoja na matumizi ya [[shule]], [[Chuo|vyuo]], [[jengo|majengo]] na [[taasisi]] za [[burudani]] kulingana na [[rangi]] ya [[ngozi]], zilizozuia [[ndoa]] kati ya watu wa rangi tofauti na kuzuia watu maskini wasitumie haki za kiraia zilipigwa marufuku bila kuondoa tofauti katika uwezo wa kiuchumi kati ya [[kundi|makundi]] katika jamii. [[Mapinduzi]] ya [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]] ya [[kompyuta]] na [[intaneti]] yalienea Marekani haraka kushinda sehemu nyingine za Dunia. == Uchumi== [[File:View of Empire State Building from Rockefeller Center New York City dllu (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Manhattan]], [[New York]]]] [[Uchumi]] wa Marekani ndiyo mkubwa zaidi [[dunia|duniani]], ukiwa na sifa ya utofauti wake, ubunifu wa [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]], na kiwango cha juu cha uzalishaji. Unafanya kazi hasa kama [[uchumi]] wa soko mchanganyiko, ambapo sekta binafsi ina nafasi kubwa sambamba na udhibiti na uingiliaji wa [[serikali]]. Sekta kuu ni pamoja na [[huduma]], [[viwanda]], [[fedha]], [[afya]], na [[teknolojia]], huku sekta ya huduma ikichangia sehemu kubwa zaidi ya [[plt|pato la kiuchumi]]. Marekani pia ina utajiri mkubwa wa [[rasilimali]] asilia, unaochangia maendeleo ya sekta za [[nishati]], [[kilimo]], na uchimbaji madini. Sifa kuu ya [[uchumi]] wa Marekani ni uongozi wake katika ubunifu na biashara ya kimataifa. Nchi hii ni makazi ya baadhi ya makampuni makubwa zaidi [[dunia|duniani]], hasa katika maeneo kama ''Silicon Valley''. Uwekezaji mkubwa katika utafiti na maendeleo, pamoja na mfumo imara wa elimu ya juu, umewezesha maendeleo katika nyanja kama teknolojia ya taarifa, bioteknolojia, na anga na usafiri wa anga. Aidha, [[dola ya Marekani]] hutumika kama sarafu kuu ya akiba duniani, jambo linaloipa nchi nafasi ya kipekee katika fedha na biashara ya kimataifa. [[Biashara]] ya kimataifa ni sehemu muhimu ya [[uchumi]] wa Marekani, ikiwa na washirika wakubwa kama [[Kanada]], [[Meksiko]], [[China]], na [[Umoja wa Ulaya]]. Nchi hii husafirisha bidhaa kama [[mashine]], [[ndege]], na mazao ya kilimo, huku ikiagiza bidhaa za matumizi, vifaa vya kielektroniki, na malighafi. Zaidi ya hayo, Marekani ina mfumo uliokua sana wa [[fedha|kifedha]] na masoko ya mitaji unaoathiri [[uchumi]] wa dunia. Licha ya nguvu zake, [[uchumi]] huu unakabiliwa na changamoto kama pengo la kipato, deni la umma, na mabadiliko ya kiuchumi, lakini bado unasalia kuwa miongoni mwa uchumi wenye ushawishi mkubwa na wenye nguvu zaidi duniani. == Siasa == [[File:White House 02.jpg|thumb|White house, Washington DC]] Siasa nchini Marekani hufanya kazi chini ya mfumo wa [[serikali ya kiraisi|jamhuri ya kikatiba ya urais ya shirikisho]], ambapo mamlaka hugawanywa kati ya serikali kuu ya kitaifa na majimbo binafsi. <ref name="USA_Gov_Branches">{{cite web |url=https://www.usa.gov/branches-of-government |title=Branches of the U.S. Government |website=USA.gov |publisher=Official Guide to Government Information and Services |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Rais hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi na mkuu wa serikali na huchaguliwa kupitia mfumo wa Baraza la Wateule badala ya kura ya moja kwa moja ya kitaifa ya wananchi. <ref name="CFR_ElectoralCollege">{{cite web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/how-electoral-college-works-united-states |author=Lindsay Maizland |title=How the Electoral College Works in the United States |website=CFR.org |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |date=October 31, 2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mfumo wa kisiasa umejengwa juu ya mgawanyo wa mamlaka kati ya mihimili mitatu: utendaji, utungaji sheria, na mahakama, ambapo kila mmoja una majukumu ya kikatiba pamoja na mfumo wa kuzuiana na kusawazishana mamlaka ili kuzuia mkusanyiko wa madaraka. <ref name="Britannica_US_Gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/government-of-the-United-States |title=Government of the United States |website=Britannica |date=April 10, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Tawi ya kutunga sheria ni Bunge la Marekani, ambalo lina mabunge mawili: [[Bunge la taifa|Baraza la Wawakilishi]] na [[Seneti]]. Baraza la Wawakilishi linawakilisha maeneo ya uchaguzi kulingana na idadi ya watu, huku Seneti ikitoa uwakilishi sawa kwa kila jimbo kwa maseneta wawili kwa kila jimbo. <ref name="Senate_Gov_Role">{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/about/origins-foundations/senate-and-constitution/constitution.htm |title=The Senate and the Constitution |website=Senate.gov |publisher=United States Senate |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Bunge lina jukumu la kutunga sheria za shirikisho, kupitisha [[bajeti]], kutangaza vita, na kusimamia mhimili wa utendaji. Mhimili wa mahakama unaongozwa na Mahakama ya Juu, ambayo hutafsiri Katiba na kuchunguza uhalali wa sheria pamoja na vitendo vya serikali. <ref name="US_Courts_Role">{{cite web |url=https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/educational-resources/about-educational-outreach/activity-resources/about |title=About the Supreme Court |website=USCourts.gov |publisher=Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Mfumo wa kisiasa nchini humo unatawaliwa zaidi na mfumo wa vyama viwili, hasa Chama cha ''Democratic'' na Chama cha ''Republican''. Vyama hivi hushindana katika uchaguzi wa [[shirikisho]], majimbo, na serikali za mitaa, ingawa pia kuna vyama vingine vidogo. <ref name="LibraryOfCongress_Parties">{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/elections/political-parties/ |title=Political Parties - Elections |website=loc.gov |publisher=Library of Congress |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Uchaguzi hufanyika mara kwa mara, ukiwemo uchaguzi wa urais kila baada ya miaka minne na uchaguzi wa bunge kila baada ya miaka miwili kwa Baraza la Wawakilishi pamoja na mihula ya miaka sita inayobadilishana kwa Seneti. Kampeni za kisiasa huathiriwa sana na uchangishaji [[fedha]], [[vyombo vya habari]], maoni ya umma, na sheria za uchaguzi za majimbo. <ref name="FEC_Campaigns">{{cite web |url=https://www.fec.gov/introduction-campaign-finance/ |title=Introduction to campaign finance |website=fec.gov |publisher=Federal Election Commission |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Masuala makuu ya kisiasa nchini Marekani yanajumuisha [[Marekani#Uchumi|uchumi]], huduma za afya, uhamiaji, sera za kigeni, udhibiti wa [[silaha]], mabadiliko ya [[tabianchi]], na usawa wa kijamii. <ref name="Pew_Research_Issues">{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/02/29/americans-top-policy-priorities-for-2024/ |title=Americans’ Top Policy Priorities for 2024 |website=pewresearch.org |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=February 29, 2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mgawanyiko wa kisiasa kati ya vyama vikuu umeongezeka katika miongo ya hivi karibuni, na kusababisha tofauti kubwa za kiitikadi kuhusu sera mbalimbali. Licha ya hali hiyo, Marekani inaendelea kudumisha mfumo thabiti wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wenye uchaguzi wa mara kwa mara, taasisi huru, na ushiriki mkubwa wa raia kupitia kupiga kura, mijadala ya umma, na mapitio ya kimahakama. <ref name="FreedomHouse_US">{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/united-states/freedom-world/2024 |title=Freedom in the World 2024: United States |website=Freedom House |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya majimbo ya Marekani]] * [[Orodha ya Marais wa Marekani]] * [[Orodha ya chaguzi za Rais wa Marekani]] * [[Peace Corps]] * [[Jamii:Marekani]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] * [[Uchumi wa Marekani]] ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} == Bibliografia == {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |title=Regulating Wall Street: The Dodd-Frank Act and the New Architecture of Global Finance |ref=Acharya10 |first1=Viral V. |last1=Acharya |first2=Thomas F. |last2=Cooley |first3=Matthew P. |last3=Richardson |first4=Ingo |last4=Walter |page=592 |publisher=Wiley |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-470-76877-8}} * {{cite journal |last1=Barth |first1=James |first2=John |last2=Jahera |title=US Enacts Sweeping Financial Reform Legislation |ref=Barth10 |journal=Journal of Financial Economic Policy |volume=2 |issue=3 |year=2010 |pages=192–195 }} * {{cite book |last=Berkin |first=Carol |last2=Miller |first2=Christopher L. |last3=Cherny |first3=Robert W. |last4=Gormly |first4=James L. |title=Making America: A History of the United States, Volume I: To 1877 |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2007 |ref=Berkin |page=75}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/Making_America_Volume_1_To_1877_A_Histor.html?id=cyEI21RClZkC Book] * {{cite journal |last1=Bianchine |first1=Peter J. |journal=Allergy and Asthma Proceedings|last2=Russo |first2=Thomas A. |year=1992 |title=The Role of Epidemic Infectious Diseases in the Discovery of America |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=225–232 |ref=Bianchine |publisher=OceanSide Publications, Inc. |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ocean/aap/1992/00000013/00000005/art00002 |accessdate=September 9, 2012 }} * {{cite book |author1=Boyer, Paul S. |author2=Clark, Clifford E. Jr. |author3=Kett, Joseph F. |last4=Salisbury|first4=Neal|last5=Sitkoff|first5= Harvard|last6=Woloch|first6=Nancy |title=The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People |ref=Boyer |year=2007|publisher=Cengage Learning |page=588 |isbn=978-0-618-80161-9}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=9KT3lI76-0cC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |last=Clingan |first=Edmund |title=An Introduction to Modern Western Civilization |ref=Clingan |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-1-4620-5439-8}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=FS3TnrLu7y8C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |first=Colin G. |last=Calloway |title=New Worlds for All: Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press|JHU Press]] |ref=Calloway1998 |page=229 |isbn=978-0-8018-5959-5}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=edYbAZ7ECEoC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |last=Davis |first=Kenneth C. |title=Don't know much about the Civil War |url=https://archive.org/details/dontknowmuchabou00davi_1 |ref=Davis96 |publisher=William Marrow and Co. |location=New York |year=1996 |isbn=0-688-11814-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dontknowmuchabou00davi_1/page/518 518] }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Dphzw2cbaoQC&vq=1670&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |last=Daynes |first=Byron W. |last2=Sussman |first2=Glen |title=White House Politics and the Environment: Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush |url=https://archive.org/details/whitehousepoliti0000dayn |ref=Daynes |publisher=[[Texas A&M University Press]] |year=2010 |page=320 |isbn=978-1-60344-254-1 |quote=Presidential environmental policies, 1933–2009 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=HIOQ1FYHtcYC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |first= Sylvan G. |last=Feldstein |first2=Frank J., CFA |last2=Fabozzi |title=The Handbook of Municipal Bonds |ref=Feldstein |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]], January 13, 2011 |page=1376 |isbn=978-1-118-04494-0}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Juc4fb1Fx1cC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |last=Gold |first=Susan Dudley |title=United States V. Amistad: Slave Ship Mutiny |url=https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesvami0000gold |ref=Gold2006 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesvami0000gold/page/144 144] |isbn=978-0-7614-2143-6 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=mbV6kPGO4OAC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite journal |last1=Ferguson |first1=Thomas |last2=Rogers |first2=Joel |ref=Ferguson |year=1986 |title=The Myth of America's Turn to the Right |journal=[[The Atlantic]] |volume=257 |issue=5 |pages=43–53 |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/95dec/conbook/fergrt.htm |accessdate=March 11, 2013 |archive-date=2015-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104235329/http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/95dec/conbook/fergrt.htm |dead-url=yes }} * {{cite book |last=Fraser |first=Steve |first2=Gary |last2=Gerstle |ref=Fraser |title=The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order: 1930–1980 |series=American History: Political science |url=http://books.google.com/?id=yd4GqkP5XYgC&lpg=PA229 |year=1989 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-00607-9 |page=311 }} * {{cite book |last=Gordon |first=John Steele |ref=Gordon |title=An Empire of Wealth: The Epic History of American Economic Power |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofwealthth00gord |year=2004 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] }}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/An_Empire_of_Wealth.html?id=rmsUs_KDgHAC Book] * {{cite book |last=Graebner |first=Norman A. |last2=Burns |first2=Richard Dean |last3=Siracusa |first3=Joseph M. |ref=Burns2008 |title=Reagan, Bush, Gorbachev: Revisiting the End of the Cold War |url=http://books.google.com/?id=r71u_AgE7iYC&lpg=PA142 |year=2008 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |series=Praeger Security International Series |isbn=978-0-313-35241-6 |page=180 }} * {{cite book |last=Hughes |first=David |title=The British Chronicles |volume=1 |page=347 |year=2007 |publisher=Heritage Books |location=[[Westminster, Maryland|Westminster]], [[Maryland]]}} * {{cite book |last=Jacobs |first=Lawrence R. |title=Health Care Reform and American Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know: What Everyone Needs to Know |url=https://archive.org/details/healthcarereform0000jaco |ref=Jacobs10 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-978142-3 }} * {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Paul |ref=Johnson |title=A History of the American People |year=1997 |publisher=HarperCollins |pages=26–30}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/A_History_of_the_American_People.html?id=RXSVQjz1_tMC eBook version] * {{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Native American Wars and Warfare |series=[[Infobase Publishing|Facts on File]] library of American History |last=Kessel |first=William B. |last2=Wooster |first2=Robert |authorlink= |year=2005 |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-8160-3337-9 |page=398|ref=Kessel}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=laxSyAp89G4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{Rejea kitabu |last= Kolko |first= Gabriel |authorlink= Gabriel Kolko |year= 1988 |title= Confronting the Third World: United States Foreign Policy, 1945–1980 |url= https://archive.org/details/confrontingthird0000kolk |location= New York, NY |publisher= [[Pantheo n Books|Pantheon]] |ref= harv }} * {{cite book |last=Leckie |first=Robert | authorlink = Robert Leckie (author)|title=None died in vain: The Saga of the American Civil War |ref=Leckie |publisher=Harper-Collins |location=New York |year=1990 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nonediedinvainsa00leck/page/682 682] |isbn=0-06-016280-5}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=gvIeAAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |last= Leffler |first= Melvyn P. |authorlink= Melvyn P. Leffler |year= 2010 |chapter= The emergence of an American grand strategy, 1945–1952 |title= ''In Melvyn P. Leffler and [[Odd Arne Westad]], eds.,''The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume 1: Origins ''(pp.&nbsp;67–89)'' |location= Cambridge |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-83719-4 |ref= harv }} * {{cite book |last=Lemon |first=James T. |editor=Robert D. Mitchell |editor2=Paul A. Groves |title=North America: the historical geography of a changing continent |chapter=Colonial America in the 18th Century |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |year=1987 |ref=Lemon}}, [http://cascourses.uoregon.edu/geog471/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Lemon.pdf PDF] {{Wayback|url=http://cascourses.uoregon.edu/geog471/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Lemon.pdf |date=20130123135724 }} * {{cite book |last=Lien, Ph.D. |first=Arnold Johnson |title=Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law, Volume 54 |ref=Lien |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co., Agents, London; [[Columbia University]], New York |year=1913 |page=604 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=UYpVAAAAYAAJ }} * {{cite book |author=Karen Woods Weierman|title=One Nation, One Blood: Interracial Marriage In American Fiction, Scandal, And Law, 1820–1870 |url=https://archive.org/details/onenationonebloo0000weie|year=2005|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|isbn=978-1-55849-483-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/onenationonebloo0000weie/page/214 214]}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=24mIQuLBuN8C&pg=PA44 Book] * Website sources{{cite book |last=Levenstein |first=Harvey |title=Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet |url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionattabl0000leve_d6o6 |ref=Levenstein |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles |year=2003 |isbn=0-520-23439-1 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Mann |first1=Kaarin |year=2007 |ref=Mann |title=Interracial Marriage In Early America: Motivation and the Colonial Project |journal=Michigan Journal of History |issue=Fall |publisher=University of Michigan |url=http://www.umich.edu/~historyj/docs/2007-fall/Interracial_Marriage_in_Early_America_Mann.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515063053/http://www.umich.edu/~historyj/docs/2007-fall/Interracial_Marriage_in_Early_America_Mann.pdf |archivedate=2013-05-15 |deadurl=yes |access-date=2015-02-09 }} * {{cite book |last=Price |first=David A. |ref=Price |title=Love and Hate in Jamestown: John Smith, Pocahontas, and the Start of a New Nation |url=https://archive.org/details/lovehateinjamest00pric |publisher=Random House |year=2003}} [http://books.google.com/books?id=_EFbS_7fFcYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false eBook version] * {{cite book |last=Quirk |first=Joel |title=The Anti-Slavery Project: From the Slave Trade to Human Trafficking |url=https://archive.org/details/antislaveryproje0000quir |ref=Quirk |year=2011 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-4333-8 |page=344 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=qqxK4KlqKYMC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |last=Ranlet |first=Philip |title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850 |ref=Ranlet |publisher=North Eastern University Press |editor=Alden T. Vaughan |pages= |year=1999}} * {{cite book |last=Rausch |first=David A. |title=Native American Voices |url=https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanvo0000raus |ref=Rausch |publisher=Baker Books, Grand Rapids |page=[https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanvo0000raus/page/n180 180] |year=1994 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=iyZMeGMgIgEC&vq=triangle&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |last=Remini |first=Robert V. |title=The House: The History of the House of Representatives |url=https://archive.org/details/househistoryo00remi |ref=Remini |year=2007 |publisher=HarperCollins |pages=[https://archive.org/details/househistoryo00remi/page/2 2]–3 }}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/The_House.html?id=CAM6J6IoQFQC Book] * {{cite book |last=Ripper |first=Jason |title=American Stories: To 1877 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanstoriesl1877ripp |year=2008 |ref=Ripper2008 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanstoriesl1877ripp/page/n317 299] |isbn=978-0-7656-2903-6 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=vX-fYvoAeHwC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |last=Russell |first=John Henderson |title=The Free Negro in Virginia, 1619–1865 |url=https://archive.org/details/freenegroinvirgi31russ |ref=Russell1913 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University |year=1913 |page=196}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=G7AJAAAAIAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s E'Book] * {{cite book |last=Schneider |first= Dorothy |last2= Schneider |first2= Carl J. |title=Slavery in America |ref=Schneider |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2007 |page=554 |isbn=978-1-4381-0813-1}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=QlemwRTsY20C&vq=census&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |last=Schultz |first=David Andrew |title=Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofun0001schu |ref=Schultz |year=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |page=904 |isbn=978-1-4381-2677-7}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=f7m713xwK58C&vq=twenty+seven+times&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |last=Simonson |first=Peter |title=Refiguring Mass Communication: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/refiguringmassco0000simo |ref=Simonson |year=2010 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |quote=He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation's unofficial motto, ''e pluribus unum'', even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated. |location=Urbana |isbn=978-0-252-07705-0 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=N6lrAmPlbvIC&pg=PA79&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false Book] * {{cite book |last=Smith |first= Andrew F. |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America'' |ref=Smith2004 |publisher=New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 131–32. ISBN 0-19-515437-1}} * {{cite book |last=Soss |first=Joe |editor-last=Hacker |editor-first=Jacob S. |editor2-last=Mettler |editor2-first=Suzanne |ref=Soss |title=Remaking America: Democracy and Public Policy in an Age of Inequality |year=2010 |publisher=Russell Sage Foundation |isbn=978-1-61044-694-5 |pages=}}, [http://books.google.com/?id=JttyjBoyb3AC&lpg=PA12 Book] * {{cite book |ref=Tadman |last=Tadman |first=Michael |title=The Demographic Cost of Sugar: Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas |journal=American Historical Review |volume=105 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |issue=5}}, [http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2652029?uid=3739560&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&purchase-type=article&accessType=RR&sid=21102125115943&showMyJstorPss=false&seq=1&showAccess=true Article] * {{cite book |ref=Taylor |last=Taylor |first=Alan |title=American Colonies: The Settling of North America |publisher=Penguin Books, New York |editor=Eric Foner |year=2002 |isbn=0-670-87282-2}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=NPoAQRgkrOcC&vq=1670&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |last=Thornton |first=Russell |title=American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanindianho00thor_0 |series=Volume 186 of Civilization of the American Indian Series |year=1987 |ref=Thornton |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-2220-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanindianho00thor_0/page/49 49] }}, [http://books.google.com/?id=9iQYSQ9y60MC&lpg=PA49 Book] * {{cite book|last=Tooze|first=Adam|authorlink=Adam Tooze|year=2006|title=[[The Wages of Destruction|The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy]]|location=London|publisher=Allen Lane|isbn=978-0-7139-9566-4|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Vaughan |first=Alden T. |ref=Vaughan |title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850 |publisher=North Eastern University Press |page= |year=1999}} * {{cite book |last=Walton |first=Gary M. |last2=Rockoff |first2=Hugh |title=History of the American Economy |year=2009 |ref=Walton |publisher=Cengage Learning}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_the_American_Economy_With_Acc.html?id=lyhI1q_E4G0C Book] * {{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Daniel K. |year=2012 |ref=Williams |title=Questioning Conservatism's Ascendancy: A Reexamination of the Rightward Shift in Modern American Politics; {Reviews in American History} |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=325–331 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press }} * {{cite book | author=Winchester, Simon |title=The men who United the States |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602| year=2013|publisher=Harper Collins | isbn=978-0-06-207960-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602/page/198 198], 216, 251, 253 }} * {{cite book |last=Zinn |first=Howard |authorlink=Howard Zinn |title=[[A People's History of the United States]] |ref=Zinn |year=2005 |publisher=[[Harper Perennial|Harper Perennial Modern Classics]]|location= |isbn=0-06-083865-5 |pages=321–357}} {{refend}} * {{CIA World Factbook link|us|United States}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-16761057 United States], from the [[BBC News]] * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=US Key Development Forecasts for the United States] from [[International Futures]] ;Serikali * [http://www.usa.gov/ Official U.S. Government Web Portal] Gateway to government sites * [http://www.house.gov/ House] Official site of the United States House of Representatives * [http://www.senate.gov/ Senate] Official site of the United States Senate * [http://www.whitehouse.gov/ White House] Official site of the President of the United States ;Historia * [http://www.nationalcenter.org/HistoricalDocuments.html Historical Documents] Collected by the National Center for Public Policy Research * [http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm U.S. National Mottos: History and Constitutionality] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20061212193931/http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm |date=2006-12-12 }} Analysis by the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance * [http://www.historicalstatistics.org/index2.html USA] Collected links to historical data ;Ramani * [http://nationalatlas.gov/ National Atlas of the United States] {{Wayback|url=http://nationalatlas.gov/ |date=20060720093336 }} Official maps from the U.S. Department of the Interior * {{wikiatlas|the United States}} * [http://www.measureofamerica.org/maps/ Measure of America] A variety of mapped information relating to health, education, income, and demographics for the U.S. ;Vingine * {{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1217752.stm |title=''Country Profile: United States of America'' |ref=BBC18may |work=BBC News |location =London |date=April 22, 2008 |accessdate=May 18, 2008}} * {{cite web |author=Cohen, Eliot A. |ref=Cohen |location=Washington D.C. |url= http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/59919/eliot-a-cohen/history-and-the-hyperpower |title=''History and the Hyperpower'' |work=Foreign Affairs |date=July–August 2004 |accessdate=July 14, 2006}} * {{cite web |title=Slavery and the Slave Trade in Rhode Island |ref=Brown |url=http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/jcbexhibit/Pages/exhibSlavery.html}} * {{cite web |url= http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx |title=History of "In God We Trust" |ref=God |publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury |date=March 8, 2011 |accessdate=February 23, 2013}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.mchspa.org/body.htm |title=''Early History, Native Americans, and Early Settlers in Mercer County'' |year=427 |ref=Mercer |publisher=Mercer County Historical Society |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625185429/http://www.mchspa.org/body.htm |archivedate=2012-06-25 |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=2MjxPJ9W4gwC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite news |title=Looking back 20 years: Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War? |author=Nick Hayes |ref=Hayes |url=http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2009/11/looking-back-20-years-who-deserves-credit-ending-cold-war |newspaper=MinnPost |date=November 6, 2009 |accessdate=March 11, 2013}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/59e.asp |title=59e. The End of the Cold War |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=U.S. History.org |ref=ushistory13|publisher=Independence Hall Association |accessdate=March 10, 2013}} * {{cite book |last=Levy |first=Peter B. |ref=Levy1996 |title=Encyclopedia of the Reagan-Bush Years |url=http://books.google.com/?id=7veohk0fkLYC&lpg=PA88 |year=1996 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn= 978-0-313-29018-3 |page=442}} * {{cite journal |last1=Wallander |first1=Celeste A. |year=2003 |ref=Wallander2003 |title=Western Policy and the Demise of the Soviet Union |journal=[[Journal of Cold War Studies]] |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=137–177 |publisher=[[President and Fellows of Harvard College]] and the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] }} {{refend}} {{Marekani}} {{Amerika Kaskazini}} [[Jamii:Nchi za Amerika ya Kaskazini]] [[Jamii:Marekani| ]] [[Jamii:Nchi za G7]] [[Jamii:Nchi za G8]] [[Jamii:Nchi za G20]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] o9785mtoobw90wgybboyt2zeg0wny79 Martin Luther 0 5462 1574276 1500421 2026-06-17T23:01:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574276 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Martin_Luther,_1529.jpg|thumb|right|Martin Luther mwenye [[umri]] wa miaka 46]] '''Martin Luther''' ([[10 Novemba]] [[1483]] – [[18 Februari]] [[1546]]) alikuwa [[Mkristo]] [[mwanateolojia]] kutoka nchi ya [[Ujerumani]] maarufu kama [[mwanzilishi]] wa [[Uprotestanti]]. Kisha kushindana na [[Papa]] wa [[Roma]], na kutengwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki]], aliongoza [[Matengenezo ya Kiprotestanti]] yaliyosababisha mapema [[madhehebu]] mengi mapya kutokana na wazo kuu la kwamba [[Biblia]] inajitegemea na kumtosha kila anayesoma. Aliandika [[vitabu]] vingi, kutunga [[nyimbo]] kadhaa na hasa kutoa [[tafsiri]] maarufu ya [[Biblia ya Kikristo]] katika [[lugha]] ya [[Kijerumani]]. Athari yake imekuwa kubwa sana katika [[Kanisa]] na [[ulimwengu]] kwa jumla. ==Maisha== ===Utoto na ujana=== Alizaliwa mjini [[Eisleben]] katika familia ya Hans Luther na mke wake Margarethe. Hans Luther alitoka katika familia ya wakulima wadogo lakini alifaulu kupata mali katika migodi ya [[shaba]] ya Ujerumani ya Kati na kujenga maisha kama mchimba madini, mwenye tanuri ya kuyeyusha matapo na raia heshimiwa wa mji wake. Martin alikuwa mtoto wa kwanza akapokea jina kutokana na [[Mtakatifu Martin]] kwa sababu alizaliwa kwenye jioni ya sikuu ya mtakatifu huyu. Babake alitaka kumsomesha sheria kwa sababu uanasheria ulikuwa nafasi kwa vijana raia kufikia vyeo vikuu katika jamii chini ya tabaka ya makabaila wakubwa waliotawala. Martin alitumwa kusoma shule katika miji mitatu alipojifunza [[Kilatini]] na misingi mingine ya elimu. Mwaka 1501 akiwa na umri wa miaka 17 aliingia katika Chuo Kikuu cha Erfurt. Jinsi ilivyokuwa kawaida kwa fani zote alianza masomo ya kimsingi katika idara ya sanaa iliyofundisha "sanaa huru saba" (sarufi ya Kilatini, kuhotubisha, mitindo ya falsafa, [[hisabati]], [[jiometria]], [[muziki]] na [[astronomia]]). Mwaka 1505 alimaliza kipindi hiki kwa "magister artium". Sasa baba alimtegemea kuendelea na masomo ya sheria. Martin alianza masomo zake kwenye idara ya sheria hiko Erfurt mwaka uleule 1505. Baada ya wiki kadhaa alitembelea wazazi wake pale Mansfeld. Wakati wa kurudi alipatwa na [[|mvua ya radi|mvua kali ya radi]] akiwa njiani kwenye shamba pasipo na hifadhi. Katika [[hofu]] yake ya kupigwa na [[umeme]] wa [[radi]] alimwomba [[Mungu]] akaweka nadhiri kwamba akinusuriwa atamtolea Mungu maisha yake kabisa na kuwa [[mmonaki]]. ===Utawani=== [[Picha:Wittenberg Universität 18xx.jpg|thumb|left|Chuo kikuu cha Wittenberg]] Kwa sababu hiyo, ingawa hakuwa na [[wito]] huo, mwaka [[1505]] aliacha masomo ya sheria akajiunga na shirika la [[Waaugustino]] huko [[Erfurt]] akaweka [[nadhiri]] za [[Utawa|kitawa]], akasomeshwa [[elimu]] ya [[teolojia]], [[upadrisho|akapadrishwa]] haraka mwaka [[1507]], akachukua [[digrii]] na kuwa [[dokta]] wa [[fani]] hiyo, akawa [[mwalimu]] wa teolojia ya [[Biblia]] katika chuo kikuu cha [[Wittenberg]]. Katika nafasi hiyo alikazania ufafanuzi wa Maandiko matakatifu. [[Kanuni]] ya shirika pia ilikuwa inadai mmonaki asome na kutafakari Biblia, si kwa faida binafsi tu, bali pia kwa ajili ya wengine. Pamoja nayo, teolojia ya Luther iliathiriwa sana na ma[[babu wa Kanisa]], hasa [[Augustino]]. Pia alifaidika sana na waandishi wa kiroho wa [[karne ya 14]] na [[karne ya 15|15]], hasa [[Yohane Tauler]], halafu [[Yohane wa Staupitz]]; kumbe alikuwa na mtazamo hasi kuhusu [[teolojia ya shule]] ya [[Karne za Kati]]. Katika mafundisho yake alianza kujiuliza maswali kuhusu [[kiini]] cha [[imani]]. Alipoingia utawani alikuwa ametafuta [[amani]] ya kiroho kwa njia ya kujikana. Alisali amepiga ma[[goti]] [[usiku]] kucha na kumuomba Mungu amhurumie, akafunga [[chakula]] muda mrefu, hata akajipiga [[kiboko]] akitaka kuzuia ma[[wazo]] yenye [[dhambi]]. Lakini alishindwa kupata amani [[moyo]]ni. Hatimaye akasoma neno la [[Rom|Waroma]] 1:17: "Haki ya Mungu inadhihirishwa ndani ya Injili, toka imani hata imani; kama ilivyoandikwa: Mwenye haki ataishi kwa imani. (Kwa [[Kiswahili cha kisasa]]: Habari Njema inaonyesha wazi jinsi Mungu anavyowafanya watu wakubalike mbele yake; jambo hili hufanyika kwa imani, tangu mwanzo mpaka mwisho. Kama ilivyoandikwa: Mwenye kukubalika mbele yake Mungu kwa imani, ataishi)". Hapo Luther alianza kuelewa kwamba "Haki ya Mungu" si sheria yake inayomshtaki mwenye dhambi (alivyofundishwa mwenyewe), bali "haki ya Mungu" ni [[zawadi]] anayompa mtu mwenye dhambi na inayomwezesha kuishi kwa [[neema]]. [[Msalaba wa Yesu|Msalabani pa Kristo]] tunapata neema hii kwa imani tu. Baada ya kuelewa hayo akajisikia amezaliwa upya. Hakuweza tena kufundisha [[maadili]] mema ya Kanisa kuwa njia ya kukubaliwa na Mungu. Hatuhesabiwi haki tukiacha mabaya na kujaribu kutenda mema, kwa sababu kila Mkristo amekuwa mtu mpya kwa ndani, lakini bado yumo katika [[mwili]] wenye dhambi. Anaweza kutambua hali hiyo na kupokea neema ya Mungu kama zawadi. Baada ya kuipokea ataishi upya akijaribu kumshukuru Mungu kwa [[maisha]] yake yote: kwa mawazo, ma[[neno]] na ma[[tendo]] yake. Akianguka tena anapokea upya [[msamaha]] wa dhambi kwa njia ya kutubu. Mawazo hayo yalimuongoza polepole [[padri]] [[Mkatoliki]] Luther kujiuliza juu ya [[desturi]] nyingi za Kanisa, lililoorodhesha matendo yaliyohesabiwa kuwa yanaleta neema, na juu ya mafundisho mbalimbali. Alidhani mawazo yake hayo si mapya, bali kwamba ndiyo mafundisho ya [[Mtume Paulo]] na ya Agostino wa Hippo. Maandiko yao yakawa mwongozo wake. ===Chanzo cha kupinga mafundisho ya Kanisa=== [[Tatizo]] lilijiweka wazi Luther alipokutana na vyeti vya rehema kwa mara ya kwanza. [[Papa Julius II]] na [[Askofu]] mmoja Mjerumani walipatana kuendesha [[kampeni]] ya kuuza vyeti hivyo. Papa alihitaji [[hela]] kwa ajili ya [[ujenzi]] wa [[Basilika la Mt. Petro|kanisa jipya la Mt. Petro]] kule [[Roma]], ambalo mpaka leo ni kubwa kuliko yote duniani. Askofu alihitaji hela kulipia ma[[deni]] yaliyobaki kutokana na kuwahonga waliomchagua kuwa askofu. Basi, walipatana kumuita [[mhubiri]] kwa jina Tetzel aendeshe kampeni ya kuuza vyeti vya rehema wakigawana mapato. Mhubiri huyo alitangaza vyeti hivyo bila wasiwasi akisema vitawasaidia hata walioaga [[dunia]]. Mtu akimnunulia [[marehemu]] cheti kitamtoa mara moja katika [[moto]] wa [[toharani]] na kumrusha [[mbinguni]]. Katika [[huduma]] yake ya kipadri Luther alisikia Wakristo waliomuambia kwa [[furaha]] kuwa walisamehewa dhambi zao kwa kulipia vyeti vya rehema akaona jinsi watu wa kawaida walivyokimbilia kununua vyeti hivyo akashtuka. Hapo alianza kupinga mafundisho ya [[Kanisa Katoliki]] kuhusu [[stahili]] za matendo mema. Tarehe [[31 Oktoba]] [[1517]], alitolea kimaandishi [[orodha]] ya "[[Hoja]] 95 dhidi ya [[rehema]]" (kwa [[Kijerumani]]: ''95 Thesen wider den Ablass'') za kupinga mafundisho juu ya vyeti hivyo na mengineyo, akakaribisha [[wataalamu]] wote kujadiliana naye. Orodha hiyo [[uchapaji|ilipigwa chapa]] na kusambazwa kote Ujerumani. Wakristo na mapadri wengi wenye elimu wakaelewa na kukubali hoja zake. Viongozi wa Kanisa wakaona hatari wakajaribu kumtisha anyamaze, lakini alijitetea kwamba hafundishi kinyume cha imani. Miaka iliyofuata teolojia ya Luther ilikua haraka, ikisababisha mabishano mengine. Aliposhambuliwa alijitahidi kutetea msimamo wake na kujipatia watu wa kumuunga mkono dhidi ya waliotaka kumhukumu kuwa [[mzushi]]. Mengi yaliandikwa upande wake na dhidi yake, lakini mabishano pekee ya [[uso]] kwa uso yalifanyika huko [[Lipsia]] mwaka [[1519]], kati ya [[Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt]] na Luther upande mmoja, na [[mjumbe]] wa [[Papa]], kwa jina [[Yohane Eck]], upande wa pili. Ni hapo kwamba upinzani wa Luther dhidi ya mafundisho juu ya [[rehema]] ukaenea kupinga yale juu ya [[mamlaka]]. Mwanzoni Luther aliona mamlaka ya Biblia, mababu wa Kanisa na [[mapokeo]] yake wanaunda umoja. Hata tarehe [[13 Oktoba]] [[1518]], Luther alitamka rasmi, tena kwa nguvu, kwamba anakubaliana na Kanisa takatifu la Roma, ingawa hawezi kubadili msimamo bila kupata [[hakika]] ya kuwa amekosea. Tarehe [[22 Oktoba|22]] tena alisisitiza kuwa mafundisho yake hayapingani na [[ualimu]] wa [[Kanisa la Roma]]. Kumbe katika kubishana na Eck, alipotambua kwamba msimamo wa Kanisa ulivyoelezwa na wawakilishi wake unapingana na Biblia alivyoielewa mwenyewe, umoja huo ulivunjika. Ni kwamba Eck alifaulu kumuonyesha mafundisho yake yalivyopinga msimamo wa Kanisa. Ndipo tu Luther alitambua jambo hilo, lakini alidai Mapapa na [[Mitaguso]] wamekosea mara nyingi, hivyo yeye anataka kufuata Biblia. Wakatoliki hawakuwa wanapinga nafasi ya kwanza ya Biblia katika imani, bali [[ufafanuzi]] wake binafsi. Lakini Luther aliposhindwa kuona msingi wa ma[[tamko]] ya Roma katika Biblia alianza kumfikiria Papa kama [[Mpingakristo]], akaendelea kufundisha. Alipopelekewa [[barua]] ya Papa iliyomtishia kumtenga na Kanisa akaichoma moto mbele ya wanafunzi wake. Kwa hiyo tarehe [[3 Januari]] [[1521]] akatengwa akatangazwa kuwa mzushi. ===Baada ya kutengwa=== Hivyo Luther alitengwa na Kanisa, lakini wengi walimfuata. Mwaka huohuo Luther aliitwa mbele ya [[Bunge la Ujerumani]] ili ajitetee. Ni kwamba sheria za [[Dola Takatifu la Roma]] la Kijerumani zilidai mzushi akamatwe au hata auawe. Alipodaiwa na [[Bunge]] la [[Worms]] akane baadhi ya mafundisho yake, Luther akasimama mbele ya [[Mfalme mkuu]] na wakubwa wote akasema: "Nisipoonyeshwa kwa shuhuda za Biblia, na kwa hoja zinazoeleweka ya kwamba nimekosea, sitakana". Upande wake [[Kaisari]] [[Karolo V]] alitoa [[hotuba]] muhimu akijitambulisha kama mzao wa vizazi vingi vya [[watawala]] walioona daima ni [[wajibu]] wao kutetea imani katoliki «ili kuokoa watu» akasema naye ana wajibu huohuo. Alisisitiza kwamba mtawa mmoja anakosea anapodai kupinga Ukristo wa miaka [[elfu]]. Hivyo Bunge hilo ulimhukumu Luther na kuagiza watawala wa maeneo wakomeshe kwa kila namna [[uzushi]] aliouanzisha. Hata hivyo, kwa kuwa hoja za Luther zilikubaliwa na wengi nchini, [[agizo]] hilo halikutekelezwa. Alitangazwa kuwa [[adui]] wa Kanisa na wa [[serikali]] lakini aliruhusiwa kurudi [[Nyumba|nyumbani]]. Maisha yake yalikuwa hatarini lakini mtawala wa eneo lake alimlinda. Habari za Luther zilisikika kote [[Ulaya]] zikatokeza [[hamu]] ya [[urekebisho]] ya wengi, naye akashika nafasi muhimu zaidi na zaidi katika kubadili mafundisho na desturi vilivyoonekana kutegemea mamlaka ya [[binadamu]] tu na kupingana na Biblia kwa kiasi fulani. Ufafanuzi wa [[Injili]] uliotolewa na Luther ulifanya mapadri, wamonaki na wahubiri wengi zaidi na zaidi wauingize katika hotuba zao. [[Dalili]] za mabadiliko zilikuwa [[walei]] kupokea [[ekaristi]] kwa [[umbo|maumbo]] mawili, baadhi ya mapadri na watawa [[ndoa|kuoa]], taratibu za [[saumu|mafungo]] kuvunjwa, na pengine [[dharau]] dhidi ya [[picha takatifu]] na [[masalia]]. Katika miaka iliyofuata alizidi kuandika [[vitabu]] vingi juu ya [[Matengenezo ya Kiprotestanti|matengenezo]] ya Kanisa. Luther hakuwa na nia ya kuanzisha Kanisa jipya, bali alitaka kulirudisha lote kwenye [[msingi]] wa mafundisho ya Biblia alivyoyaelewa mwenyewe. Akaanza kupinga [[utajiri]] wa Kanisa na mamlaka ya Papa ilivyofundishwa wakati ule. Akapinga mafundisho ya utawa kuwa hali ya juu ya Ukristo. Watu wengi waliochoka hali mbaya ya Kanisa walisoma maandiko yake na kuwa na tumaini la matengenezo ya Kanisa zima. Ilipoonekana kwamba [[farakano]] litatokea, wengine wakaona afadhali kubaki ndani ya Kanisa kubwa. Mmojawao alikuwa mtaalamu mashuhuri [[Erasmo wa Rotterdam]] ([[Uholanzi]]). Luther, akishirikiana na wenzake kadhaa wa Wittenberg, alitafsiri Biblia kwa Kijerumani ili watu wengi zaidi waweze kuisoma na kushika msimamo katika Kanisa. Kwa ajili hiyo aliomba viongozi wa serikali kuunda kotekote [[shule]] na kuwafundisha [[wavulana]] na [[wasichana]], ambao [[wazazi]] wao walihimizwa sana kuwapeleka kusoma huko, akiwa na ma[[tumaini]] ya kwamba watu wenye elimu hawatafuata imani isiyo na msingi kama vyeti vya rehema. Kwa sababu hakukuwa na [[mpango]] wala [[muundo]] kwa ajili ya kuratibu urekebisho huo, hali ilikuwa tofauti kati ya eneo na eneo. Hapo ilionekana haja ya kupanga [[ziara]] kwenye makanisa, na hizo zilihitaji [[idhini]] ya watawala. Hapo mwaka [[1527]] watetezi wa Luther walimuomba mtawala wa [[Saxony-Anhalt|Sassonia]] aunde [[kamati]] maalumu, nayo ilianzisha aina ya [[utawala]] wa Kikanisa. [[Ungamo la Augsburg]] ni mafundisho yaliyotungwa mwaka [[1530]] wafuasi wake walipodaiwa kujieleza mbele ya Bunge ili kurudisha [[umoja wa Kanisa]]. Lengo lake lilikuwa kuendeleza matengenezo, lakini pia kudumisha umoja huo. Katika [[sehemu]] ya kwanza (1-21) linafafanua mafundisho ya Kilutheri namna ya kuonyesha kwamba hayapingani na yale ya «Kanisa Katoliki au ya Kanisa la Roma». Sehemu ya pili inazungumzia mabadiliko yaliyoanzishwa na watengenezaji ili kurekebisha mambo kadhaa yaliyotazamwa kama «maovu» (22-28), ikieleza haja ya mabadiliko hayo. Ungamo hilo ni thibitisho tosha la nia ya Walutheri wa kwanza ya kubaki ndani ya Kanisa pekee linaloonekana. Ni muhimu kujua kwamba Walutheri walisubiri hadi mwaka [[1535]] [[baraka|kubariki]] [[wachungaji]] wa kwao. Katika Ungamo la Augsburg walikuwa wametamka wako tayari kuwatii maaskofu ikiwa hao watakubali Injili ihubiriwe kadiri ya imani ya matengenezo yao. Kwa kuwa hiyo haikutokea, Walutheri walipaswa kuchaguaː ama kuendelea kutegemea upadrisho uliotolewa na maaskofu na hivyo kuacha kuhubiri namna mpya, ama kudumisha mahubiri hayo kwa kuweka wachungaji waliobarikiwa na wenzao, mbali na maaskofu. Hatimaye uamuzi ukawa huo wa pili, kwa kutegemea ufafanuzi fulani wa maneno ya Mtume Paulo. Kwa jumla mafundisho ya Luther yalikubalika katika sehemu kubwa ya Ujerumani na nchi za jirani. Watawala wa nchi hizo waliona sababu mbalimbali za kufuata [[ushauri]] wake. Wengi waliona nafasi ya kutoka katika utawala wa Kanisa la Papa ulioendana na ma[[dai]] ya [[fedha]]. Pia walichoka utawala wa [[Waitalia]] walioongoza Kanisa. Wengine waliona nafasi ya kujichukulia [[mali]] ya Kanisa kwani, ikiwa hilo linatakiwa kuacha utajiri wake, mali hiyo itapatikana kwa matumizi mengine. Wengine walivutwa zaidi na mafundisho ya kiroho yenye nguvu. Kanisa Katoliki pamoja na mfalme mkuu wa Ujerumani walijaribu kugandamiza wafuasi wa Luther, lakini watawala wengi wa maeneo mbalimbali walisimama upande wake. [[Nguvu]] ya serikali kuu ilidhoofishwa pia na [[vita]] dhidi ya [[Waturuki]] [[Waislamu]] walioshambulia mji wa [[Vienna]], [[makao makuu]] ya ufalme wa Ujerumani. Mfalme alihitaji msaada wa watawala wote, wakiwemo wale waliomfuata Luther. Huyo hakutaka kuleta farakano katika Kanisa, bali kulirudisha kwenye msingi wa [[Mitume wa Yesu]]. Kwa muda mrefu alikuwa na tumaini la kutokea [[Mtaguso Mkuu]] (mkutano wa Ukristo wote) utakaokubali mawazo yake. Alipoona matumaini hayo yameshindikana, alianza kutengeneza kanisa katika maeneo yaliyokubali mafundisho yake. Alitunza desturi za kale zilizopatana na Biblia akafuta zile alizoziona kuwa kinyume. Akafuta [[ibada]] zilizoendeshwa kwa ajili ya marehemu kwa msingi wa kulipia: hivyo akaangusha nguzo muhimu ya ki[[uchumi]] ya Kanisa la kale. Alifuta [[kipaumbele]] kwa mapadri na watawa katika Ukristo. Akafundisha ya kwamba kila Mkristo ameshakuwa [[kasisi]] katika [[ubatizo]] wake. Akafuta [[sharti]] la wachungaji [[useja|kutooa]]. Mwenyewe alitoka shirikani akamuoa [[sista]] aliyekimbia utawa akazaliana naye. Akasisitiza Wakristo wote wapewe mafundisho juu ya imani akatunga [[Katekisimu]]. Akadai ibada ziendeshwe katika [[lugha]] za watu, si tena katika [[Kilatini]], na mahubiri ya Biblia yawepo katika kila ibada. Aliona umuhimu wa wataalamu wa Biblia (walimu wa teolojia) kuwa na neno katika uongozi wa kanisa. Akadai wachungaji wawe wasomi waliopitia chuoni. Juu ya [[sakramenti]] aliweka masharti mawili: kwanza ni ibada zile tu zilizoamriwa na [[Yesu]] mwenyewe, pili ziwe zinatajwa katika Biblia. Alieleza sakramenti kuwa [[alama]] ya nje (kama vile [[maji]] ya ubatizo, [[mkate]] na [[divai]]) inayounganishwa na [[neno la Mungu]]. Kwa sababu hiyo alifundisha sakramenti kuwa [[mbili]] tu (Ubatizo na [[Chakula cha Bwana]]), si [[saba]] tena. Akapinga sana [[Ekaristi]] ([[Misa]]) kuwa [[sadaka]]. Juu ya [[Kitubio]] kuwa sakramenti aliyumba: mwanzoni alikubali kwani imeamriwa na [[Bwana]] Yesu, baadaye alikataa kwani hakina alama ya nje. Juu ya muundo wa Kanisa hakuwa na mawazo ya pekee. Kwake [[utaratibu]] wa nje ulikuwa jambo la pembeni, si [[lazima]] kwa [[wokovu]]. Kwake Kanisa lilikuwa hasa [[Mwili wa Kristo]] usioonekana na [[macho]] ambao umo ndani ya Kanisa linaloonekana. Akaona ni sawa Wakristo katika serikali wakilea Kanisa ambalo linajitawala chini ya [[usimamizi]] huo. Kumbe, katika maeneo yaliyofuata ushauri wake, Luther, bila kuwa na [[nia]] hiyo kweli, akafanya kanisa kuwa [[chombo]] cha serikali. Watawala wa maeneo mengi ya Ujerumani waliamua kutengeneza Kanisa kwenye msingi wa mafundisho ya Martin Luther. Makanisa hayo huitwa ya Kilutheri. Kwa jumla husisitiza mafundisho ya Katekisimu zilizotungwa naye. Mafundisho yake yalipofanywa kuwa rasmi, katika Ujerumani makanisa ya Kilutheri yaliendeshwa kama [[idara]] za serikali za sehemu za Kilutheri chini ya uongozi wa wataalamu wa teolojia, lakini katika [[karne ya 20]] kanisa na serikali zilitengana. Kumbe hali hiyo inadumu mpaka leo katika nchi za [[Skandinavia]] ([[Sweden]], [[Norway]], [[Denmark]] n.k.) ambapo [[Mfalme|wafalme]] waliamua kugeuza Kanisa zima la nchi zao kuwa la Kiinjili-Kilutheri. Ila Sweden [[Walutheri]] waliendelea na [[cheo]] cha uaskofu na desturi nyingi za Kanisa la kale, wakifanana zaidi na [[Waanglikana]] wa [[Uingereza]]. Baadaye [[madhehebu]] ya Kilutheri yalienea kule ambako Wajerumani na Waskandinavia walihamia, kama vile [[Marekani]]. [[Bara]]ni [[Afrika]] Walutheri wako hasa katika nchi zilizokuwa ma[[koloni]] ya Ujerumani, kama vile [[Tanzania]], [[Namibia]] na [[Kamerun]], lakini pia [[Ethiopia]]. Viongozi mbalimbali wakaiga mfano wa Luther, ila juhudi zao zikatofautiana: ndio mwanzo wa madhehebu mengine yanayoitwa ya "Kiinjili". Luther aliendelea kutoa mafundisho kwa ajili ya Kanisa linalofuata maagizo ya Mitume jinsi alivyoelewa mwenyewe<ref>"'Je, unadhani walimu wote wa zamani hawakujua? Je, babu zetu wote walikuwa wajinga? Je, wewe tu umeangazwa na Roho Mtakatifu siku hizi za mwisho? Je, Mungu aliacha taifa lake lipotee miaka mingi hivi?'... Mara ngapi moyo wangu ulidunda, uliniadhibu na kunikemea kwa hoja yake pekee na ya nguvu sana! 'Je, wewe tu una hekima, eti, wengine wote wanakosea na wamekosea muda mrefu hivi? Na ikiwa unakosea wewe na kuvuta watu wengi wakosee, wangapi watalaaniwa milele?" (Toleo la Weimar, 1883)</ref>. Katika [[juhudi]] zake za kumfuata Paulo aliweka pembeni hata baadhi ya vitabu vya Biblia, akidharau hasa [[Waraka wa Yakobo]]. Alipinga vikali [[Waprotestanti]] waliotofautiana naye juu ya ma[[suala]] kadhaa, akishindwa kukubali kwamba nao wanaweza kuelewa Biblia namna yao<ref>«Sikubali mafundisho yangu yahukumiwe na yeyote, hata kama ni malaika. Asiyekubali mafundisho yangu hawezi kufikia wokovu». (Toleo la Weimar X, P. II, 107, 8-11)</ref>. Alipokufa mwaka [[1546]] mafarakano ya kudumu yalikuwa yameshatokea katika Kanisa, si tu kati ya Wakatoliki na Walutheri, bali pia kati ya Waprotestanti waliotafsiri Biblia kwa namna tofautitofauti. ===Tathmini=== Vitabu vya Luther viliendelea kuwa na [[athari]] kubwa. Kati ya maandiko hayo mengi, muhimu ni hasa Katekisimu Ndogo, yaani mafundisho kwa ajili ya [[vijana]] Wakristo, na pia Katekisimu Kubwa kwa ajili ya wachungaji. Kwa jumla mafundisho yake yamekuwa muhimu katika madhehebu yote ya Kiprotestanti, si tu katika makanisa yanayoitwa ya "Kilutheri". Ndiye aliyefungua [[mlango]] walipopitia wengine waliojulikana baadaye kama [[Wabatisti]], [[Wakalvini]], Waanglikana n.k. lakini wote walitegemea sehemu za mafundisho yake. Hata Umoja wa Ndugu ([[Wamoravia]]) uliomtangulia, baadaye ulimfuata katika mafundisho kadhaa, kama vile juu ya sakramenti au juu ya neema ya Mungu. Wakristo, wawe Waprotestanti au Wakatoliki, hawawezi kukwepa [[nafsi]] na [[ujumbe]] wa mtu huyo mwenye [[hisia]] kali za kidini. Kilichomkosesha [[raha]] ni suala la Mungu, ambalo lilimtawala na kumsukuma katika safari ya maisha yake. “Nitawezaje kuwa na Mungu mwenye [[huruma]]?”: swali hilo lilikuwa linachoma moyo wake na kuathiri [[utafiti]] wake na mapambano yake ya ndani. Kwa Luther teolojia haikuwa suala la elimu tu, bali mapambano na nafsi yake kuhusu Mungu na hatimaye na Mungu mwenyewe. Swali hilo lililomtesa kwa muda mrefu lilijibiwa aliposoma [[Waraka kwa Waroma]], sura ya 3, mstari wa 24: "kwa zawadi ya [[neema]] ya Mungu, watu wote hukubaliwa kuwa waadilifu kwa njia ya [[Yesu Kristo]] anayewakomboa." Alimkuta huyo Mungu mwenye huruma katika Injili ya Yesu. Aliandika, «Katika Kristo msulubiwa vinapatikana teolojia halisi na [[ujuzi]] wa Mungu». Siku hizi Wakatoliki na Waprotestanti wanazidi kuelewana, kushirikiana na kuheshimiana. Wanatambua kwanza kinachowaunganisha ambacho ni zaidi ya kile kinachowatenga: kwanza imani ileile katika Mungu mmoja mwenye nafsi tatu, [[ufunuo]] wake, mafundisho makuu kuhusu wokovu n.k. Kuna [[ushirika]] halisi, ingawa si kamili, kati ya wale wote waliomuamini Yesu Kristo na kubatizwa. Hivyo Wakatoliki wanamuangalia Luther tofauti na zamani. Kwa kipindi kirefu cha maisha yake alikuwa Mkristo na padri wa Kanisa Katoliki. Kwa jumla kwa Wakatoliki ma[[fumbo]] ya imani yana pande mbili ambazo zisitenganishwe hata zikionekana kupingana: kumbe Luther alipenda kusisitiza mmoja na kukanusha mwingine. Hivyo kwa Wakatoliki mara nyingi alichokiri ni sahihi, alichokanusha si sahihi. Jinsi alivyopinga [[Upapa]] na sakramenti saba haiwezi kukubaliwa na Wakatoliki, lakini katika mambo kadhaa anaweza kueleweka. Tatizo lenyewe lililokuwa chanzo cha farakano lile, yaani vyeti vya rehema, miaka michache baadaye liliondolewa na Kanisa lenyewe. Mtaalamu mmoja alisema: “Luther asingetengwa na Kanisa Katoliki la leo, wala mwenyewe asingejitenga siku hizi". Walutheri wa leo wanakumbuka kwa masikitiko [[kauli]] za kikatili za Martin Luther dhidi ya [[Wayahudi]] zilizochangia [[chuki]] dhidi yao iliyofikia [[kilele]] chake katika [[karne ya 20]], Ujerumani wa [[Hitler]] ulipojaribu kuwamaliza wote. Wanalaumu pia [[dhuluma]] dhidi ya Wabatisti ambazo Martin Luther alizitetea kiteolojia. Tena wanasikitikia jinsi alivyohamasisha watawala kukomesha [[wakulima]] katika [[Vita vya wakulima|vita dhidi yao]]. Hatimaye hawawezi kukubali hoja zake za kumfanya Papa kuwa ndiye Mpingakristo, hata kama Mapapa walistahili [[lawama]] mbalimbali. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== [[File:Tomus secundus omnium operum.tif|thumb|''Tomus secundus omnium operum'', 1562]] * {{cite book |author = [[Martin Brecht]] |title=Luther. |url = https://archive.org/details/martinluther0003brec |author2=tr. James L. Schaaf, |publisher=Philadelphia: Fortress Press |year=1985–93 }} *{{cite book |author = Michael A. Mullett |title=Martin Luther |url = https://archive.org/details/martinluther0000mull |publisher=London: Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=9780415261685 }} *{{cite book |author = Michael A. Mullett (1986) |title=Luther |url = https://archive.org/details/luther0000mull_h9f5 |publisher=Methuen & Co (Lancashire Pamphlets) |year=1986 |isbn=0415109329 }} * {{cite book |author = Derek Wilson |title = Out of the Storm: The Life and Legacy of Martin Luther |url = https://archive.org/details/outofstormlifele0000wils |publisher = London: Hutchinson |year = 2007 |isbn = 9780091800017 }} ==Marejeo mengine== * Atkinson, James (1968). ''Martin Luther and the Birth of Protestantism'', in series, ''Pelican Book[s].'' Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin Books. 352 p. * Erikson, Erik H. (1958). ''Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History''. New York: W. W. Norton. * {{cite book |title=Martin Luther: Selections from his Writings|url=https://archive.org/details/martinluthersele00luth|last=Dillenberger |first=John |authorlink=John Dillenberger |author2= |year=1961 |publisher=Doubleday |location=Garden City, NY|oclc=165808}} * Friedenthal, Richard (1970). ''Luther, His Life and Times''. Trans. from the German by John Nowell. First American ed. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. viii, 566 p. ''N.B''.: Trans. of the author's ''Luther, sein Leben und seine Zeit''. * {{cite book |title=Martin Luther: Selections from his Writings|last=Lull |first=Timothy |authorlink=Timothy Lull |author2= |year=1989 |publisher=Fortress |location=Minneapolis |isbn=0-8006-3680-5}} *{{cite book |last1=Lull |first1=Timothy F. |last2=Nelson |first2=Derek R. |year=2015 |title=Resilient Reformer: The Life and Thought of Martin Luther |place=Minneapolis, MN |publisher=Fortress |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/40846 |subscription=yes |via=[[Project MUSE]] |isbn=978-1-4514-9415-0 |ref=harv}} * Kolb, Robert – Dingel, Irene – Batka, Ľubomír (eds.): ''The Oxford Handbook of Martin Luther's Theology''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. ISBN 978-0-19-960470-8. * Luther, M. ''The Bondage of the Will.'' Eds. [[J. I. Packer]] and [[O. R. Johnson]]. Old Tappan, N.J.: Revell, 1957. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/bondage-of-the-will/oclc/22724565?referer=brief_results OCLC 22724565]. * Luther, Martin (1974). ''Selected Political Writings'', ed. and with an introd. by J. M. Porter. Philadelphia: Fortress Press. ISBN 0-8006-1079-2 * ''Luther's Works'', 55 vols. Eds. [[H. T. Lehman]] and [[Jaroslav Pelikan|J. Pelikan]]. St Louis Missouri, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1955–86. Also on CD-ROM. Minneapolis and St Louis: Fortress Press and Concordia Publishing House, 2002. * Maritain, Jacques (1941). ''Three Reformers: Luther, Descartes, Rousseau''. New York: C. Scriber's Sons. N.B.: Reprint of the ed. published by Muhlenberg Press. * Nettl, Paul (1948). ''Luther and Music'', trans. by Frida Best and Ralph Wood. New York: Russell & Russell, 1967, cop. 1948. vii, 174 p. * [[Johann Michael Reu|Reu, Johann Michael]] (1917). ''Thirty-five Years of Luther Research''. Chicago: Wartburg Publishing House. * Schalk, Carl F. (1988). ''Luther on Music: Paradigms of Praise''. Saint Louis, Mo.: Concordia Publishing House. ISBN 0-570-01337-2 * Stang, William (1883). ''The Life of Martin Luther''. Eighth ed. New York: Pustet & Co. ''N.B''.: This is a work of Roman Catholic polemical nature. * Warren Washburn Florer, Ph.D (1912, 2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=yRDiAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Luther's Use of the Pre-Lutheran Versions of the Bible: Article 1''], George Wahr, The Ann Arbor Press, Ann Arbor, Mich. Reprint 2012: [[BiblioBazaar|Nabu Press]], ISBN 1278818197 ISBN 9781278818191 == Viungo vya nje == {{commons}} *[https://static1.squarespace.com/static/532ca86ce4b091b8426e7399/t/59c3a4bdbebafbb8fe57a669/1505993928584/enchiridion_swahili_katekisimo_ndogo.pdf Katekesimo Ndogo ya Martin Luther] {{Wayback|url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/532ca86ce4b091b8426e7399/t/59c3a4bdbebafbb8fe57a669/1505993928584/enchiridion_swahili_katekisimo_ndogo.pdf |date=20231120055959 }} (toleo la Kiswahili) * {{Gutenberg author |id=Luther,+Martin | name=Martin Luther}} * [http://www.luther.de/en/index.html Website about Martin Luther] * [http://digital.slub-dresden.de/id328043192 Commentarius in psalmos Davidis] Manuscript of Luther's first lecture as Professor of Theology at the University of Wittenberg, digital version at the Saxon State and University Library, Dresden (SLUB) * Martin Luther Collection: Early works attributed to Martin Luther, (285 titles). From the [http://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/ Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=p742DgAAQBAJ Robin Leaver: Luther's Liturgical Music] * [http://www.archiv-vegelahn.de/nachschlagwerke_luther.html Martin Luther - Eine Bibliographie (German)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.archiv-vegelahn.de/nachschlagwerke_luther.html |date=20051124103204 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Luther, Martin}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1483]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1546]] [[Jamii:Wanateolojia wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Mageuzo ya Kanisa]] [[Jamii:Uprotestanti]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Ujerumani]] d32zmwef2hbxko0px0legzkzqwstctk Nikaragua 0 5869 1574155 1467387 2026-06-17T18:40:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Country |native_name =''República de Nicaragua'' |conventional_long_name =Jamhuri ya Nikaragua |common_name =Nikaragua |image_flag =Flag of Nicaragua.svg |image_coat =Coat of arms of Nicaragua.svg |image_map = LocationNicaragua.png |national_motto = <small>Pro Mundi Beneficio <br />([[Kilatini]]: Kwa salama ya dunia)</small> |national_anthem =''[[Salve a ti, Nicaragua]]'' <br />''(Usalimiwe Nikaragua)'' |official_languages = [[Kihispania]] (kitaifa) <small>([[Kiingereza]], lugha 6 za kienyeji kimahali kwenye pwani ya [[Karibi]])</small> |capital =[[Managua]] |latd=12 |latm=9 |latNS=N |longd=86 |longm=16 |longEW=W |largest_city =[[Managua]] |government_type = Jamhuri |leader_titles = [[Rais wa Nikaragua|Rais]] |leader_names = [[Daniel Ortega]] |area_rank = ya 97 |area_magnitude =1 E10 |area=130,000 |areami²= 50,193 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |percent_water = 14.01 |population_estimate = 6,071,045 |population_estimate_rank = ya 108 |population_estimate_year =Julai 2012 |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density = 51 |population_densitymi² =114 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |population_density_rank =ya 155 |GDP_PPP = $20.996 billioni<!-- IMF --> |GDP_PPP_rank =ya 108 |GDP_PPP_year=2005 |GDP_PPP_per_capita =$3,636 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =ya 119 |sovereignty_type =[[Uhuru]] |sovereignty_note = kutoka [[Hispania]] |established_events = Imetangazwa <br /> Imetambuliwa |established_dates = <br /> [[15 Septemba]] [[1821]] <br /> [[25 Julai]] [[1850]] |HDI = 0.690 |HDI_rank =ya 112 |HDI_year = 2003 |HDI_category =<font color="#FFCC00">medium</font> |currency =[[Cordoba (pesa)|Cordoba]] |currency_code = NIO |country_code = |time_zone = |utc_offset =-6 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |cctld = [[.ni]] |calling_code = 505 |footnotes = }} [[Picha:Nicaragua rel 97.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Ramani ya Nikaragua]] '''Nikaragua''' ([[jina rasmi]]: '''Jamhuri ya Nikaragua''') ni nchi ya [[Amerika ya Kati]] inayopakana na [[Honduras]] kaskazini, [[Kosta Rika]] kusini, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, na [[Bahari ya Karibi]] mashariki. Ina idadi ya watu takriban milioni 6.36 kwa makadirio ya mwaka 2023. [[Managua]] ndiyo [[mji mkuu]] na jiji kubwa zaidi. Eneo lake ni takribani kilomita za mraba 130,370. Nikaragua imegawanywa katika mikoa 15 na mikoa miwili ya kujitawala katika pwani ya Karibi. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kihispania]], huku Krioli ya [[Kiingereza]], [[Kimiskito]], [[Kirama]], na [[Kisumo]] zikitumika katika maeneo ya pwani. Inajulikana kwa maziwa makubwa, milima ya volkeno, na urithi wake wa Kihispania uliochanganyikana na tamaduni za wenyeji. Jina la nchi linasemekana kuwa mchanganyiko wa jina la wakazi asilia walioitwa "Nikarao" na neno la Kihispania la "agua" (=maji) kutokana na ma[[ziwa]] makubwa mawili ya maji matamu nchini yanayoitwa [[Lago Managua]] na [[Lago Nicaragua]]. Maelezo mengine yanamtaja [[chifu]] wa wazalendo wakati wa kufika kwa [[Wahispania]] aliyeitwa "Nikarao". == Jiografia == Nikaragua ina [[volkeno]] nyingi; nyororo ya milima ya kivolkeno hufuata mstari wa pwani ya Pasifiki. Sehemu ya juu ni [[mlima]] [[Mogoton]] wenye [[kimo]] cha [[mita]] 2,438 juu ya [[UB]]. Eneo upande wa Karibi lina wakazi wachache sana: ni hasa eneo la misitu minene. == Historia == Nchi ilikuwa [[koloni]] la [[Hispania]] tangu mwaka [[1524]]. Mwaka [[1821]] iliachana na utawala wa Hispania pamoja na nchi jirani na kuingia katika [[Shirikisho la Amerika ya Kati]]. Tangu mwaka [[1854]] imekuwa nchi ya kujitegemea kabisa. == Wakazi == Wakazi walio wengi sana hukalia maeneo ya [[mji mkuu]] [[Managua]] na pwani ya Pasifiki. Sehemu kubwa (69 %) ni ma[[chotara]] kati ya wakazi asilia na Wazungu. 17% ni Wazungu. 9% wana asili ya [[Afrika]], wakikaa hasa kwenye pwani ya Bahari ya Karibi. [[Waindio]] ni asilimia 5. [[Lugha rasmi]] na kubwa zaidi ni [[Kihispania]], lakini si [[lugha]] pekee. Upande wa [[dini]], walio wengi ni [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] (84.4% kadiri ya [[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2015]]), hasa [[Wakatoliki]] (55%) na [[Waprotestanti]] (27.2%). 14.7% hawana dini yoyote. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] == Viungo vya nje == {{commons}} *[http://www.visitanicaragua.com Visit Nicaragua] {{Wayback|url=http://www.visitanicaragua.com/ |date=20070928160120 }} *[http://www.nicaraguaspanishschools.org/ Nicaragua Spanish Language Schools NSLS] *[http://www.fedbrain.com/world-economy/nicaragua/index.html Nicaragua Economy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fedbrain.com/world-economy/nicaragua/index.html |date=20160305070031 }} ; Taarifa za jumla *{{CIA_World_Factbook link|nu|Nicaragua}} *[http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/the-americas/nicaragua/business-corruption-in-nicaragua.aspx Nicaragua Corruption Profile] {{Wayback|url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/the-americas/nicaragua/business-corruption-in-nicaragua.aspx |date=20140324190742 }} from the [[Business-Anti-Corruption Portal|Business Anti-Corruption Portal]] *[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/nicaragua.htm Nicaragua] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/nicaragua.htm |date=20080607085335 }} at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' *{{dmoz|Regional/Central_America/Nicaragua}} *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1225218.stm Nicaragua profile] from the [[BBC News]] *{{Wikiatlas|Nicaragua}} *[http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/camerica/ni.htm Maps] from WorldAtlas.com *[http://www.nicaraguaportal.de/ Nicaraguaportal] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nicaraguaportal.de/ |date=20141107102704 }}: Official information of the Honorary Consulate of Nicaragua * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=NI Key Development Forecasts for Nicaragua] from [[International Futures]] ; Sanaa na utamaduni * [http://www.artenicaraguense.com Nicaraguan Art] {{Wayback|url=http://www.artenicaraguense.com/ |date=20190613012443 }} Art and Literature by Nicaraguans ; Mengineyo *The State of the World's Midwifery – [http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/country_info/profile/en_Nicaragua_SoWMy_Profile.pdf Nicaragua Country Profile] {{Wayback|url=http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/country_info/profile/en_Nicaragua_SoWMy_Profile.pdf |date=20130512152957 }} {{Amerika Kaskazini}} {{mbegu-jio-AmerikaKati}} {{Coord|13|-85|type:country|display=title}} [[Jamii:Nikaragua| ]] idnjmnfvxwb0s9u9skffictuomcu6fs Jamii:Papa 14 7620 1574463 1300554 2026-06-18T10:34:54Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574463 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[Jamii:Mapapa]] 9l5jt0jp3jbpy4bl26w1ja7stib7hzt Papa 0 7622 1574232 1417518 2026-06-17T22:15:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kwa|samaki anayeitwa kwa [[Kiswahili]] "papa"|papa (samaki)}} [[Faili:Popepiusix.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Papa Pius IX]], alishika cheo hicho kwa muda mrefu kuliko wote ([[1846]]-[[1878]]).]] '''Papa''' (kutoka [[neno]] la [[Kilatini]] lenye [[asili]] ya [[Kigiriki]], πάππας, ''pappas'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/pope |title=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |publisher=Education.yahoo.com |accessdate=2010-08-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606061848/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/pope |archivedate=2011-06-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nlp.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=pa/ppas |title=Liddell and Scott |publisher=Oxford University Press |accessdate=2013-02-18}}</ref>) ni [[jina]] linalotumika kawaida kumtaja [[askofu]] wa [[Roma]], [[kiongozi]] mkuu wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] [[Dunia|duniani]], ambalo ndilo kubwa kabisa kati ya [[madhehebu]] ya [[Ukristo]]. Kama [[mwandamizi]] wa [[Mtume Petro|Mtakatifu Petro]], mkuu wa [[Mitume wa Yesu|Mitume]] kumi na wawili wa [[Yesu]], anayeaminika kuongoza [[Kanisa la Roma]] hadi [[kifodini]] chake, Wakatoliki wanamchukulia Papa kuwa mwakilishi wa [[Masiya|Kristo]] duniani, akiwa [[ishara]] inayoonekana ya [[umoja]] na mwenye [[mamlaka]] ya juu katika masuala ya mafundisho ya [[imani]], [[maadili]], na uongozi wa [[Kanisa]].<ref name="section880">{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_P2A.HTM#PZ|work=[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]|title= Christ's Faithful - Hierarchy, Laity, Consecrated Life: The episcopal college and its head, the Pope|publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana|location=Vatican City|year=1993|accessdate=14 April 2013}}</ref> Papa anaishi katika Mji wa [[Vatikani]], [[dola]] huru lililozungukwa na mji wa [[Roma]]. Majukumu yake ni pamoja na kuteua maaskofu, kuongoza [[sinodi]] na [[Mtaguso|mitaguso]], kutoa [[Waraka|nyaraka]] rasmi za Kanisa kama vile waraka (encyclicals) na mahimizo ya kitume (apostolic exhortations), na kuliongoza Kanisa duniani katika [[utume]] wake wa [[uinjilishaji]] na utoaji wa misaada ya [[upendo]]. Kwa [[karne]] nyingi, nafasi ya Papa imepanuka kujumuisha ushirikiano wa [[diplomasia|kidiplomasia]] na viongozi wa mataifa na kushiriki katika masuala mapana ya kijamii na kibinadamu, huku akiendelea kuwa [[nguzo]] ya imani kwa zaidi ya Wakatoliki [[bilioni]] moja duniani kote. == Asili== Kiasili [[neno]] la [[Kilatini]] "Papa" linamaanisha "Baba", nalo likawa cheo kutokana na nia ya kumtaja askofu wa Roma kwa [[heshima]] ya pekee. Msingi wa heshima hiyo ni [[imani]] ya Wakatoliki kuwa askofu wa Roma ni [[mwandamizi]] wa [[Mtume Petro|Petro]], mkuu wa [[mitume wa Yesu]]. Wakatoliki huamini ya kwamba Petro alipewa na [[Yesu]] [[kazi]] ya kuongoza [[Kanisa]] lote kwa niaba yake na ya kwamba [[jukumu]] hilo linaendelea kati ya waandamizi wa Petro kwenye [[kiti]] cha askofu wa Roma ambacho kwa heshima kinaitwa [[Ukulu mtakatifu]]. ==Historia== Upapa ni kati ya vyeo vya zamani zaidi duniani na umeathiri sana [[historia]] ya [[binadamu]] kwa miaka karibu 2000.<ref>Collins, Roger. ''Keepers of the keys of heaven: a history of the papacy''. Introduction (One of the most enduring and influential of all human institutions, (...) No one who seeks to make sense of modern issues within Christendom - or, indeed, world history - can neglect the vital shaping role of the popes.) Basic Books. 2009. ISBN 978-0-465-01195-7.</ref>Athari hiyo iliweza kuwa nzuri au mbaya, kadiri ya matendo ya mhusika.<ref name="Faus">Faus, José Ignacio Gonzáles. "''Autoridade da Verdade - Momentos Obscuros do Magistério Eclesiástico''". Capítulo VIII: Os papas repartem terras - Pág.: 64-65 e Capítulo VI: O papa tem poder temporal absoluto – Pág.: 49-55. Edições Loyola. ISBN 85-15-01750-4. Embora Faus critique profundamente o poder temporal dos papas ("''Mais uma vez isso salienta um dos maiores inconvenientes do status político dos sucessores de Pedro''" - pág.: 64), ele também admite um papel secular positivo por parte dos papas ("''Não podemos negar que intervenções papais desse gênero evitaram mais de uma guerra na Europa''" - pág.: 65).</ref><ref name="Papal Arbitration">{{cathEncy|wstitle=Papal Arbitration|author=Jarrett, Bede}}</ref><ref>Such as regulating the [[colonization]] of the [[New World]]. See [[Treaty of Tordesillas]] and [[Inter caetera]].</ref> Kwa [[muda]] mrefu [[mamlaka]] ya Papa upande wa [[siasa]], hasa juu ya [[mikoa]] ya [[Italia ya Kati]], ilisababisha nchi nyingine na [[Ukoo|koo]] tajiri za Roma zijiingize katika [[uchaguzi]] ili kupitisha watu wao, hata wasiofaa. Upande mwingine, Mapapa waliathiriwa na [[utamaduni]] na [[mazingira]] ya nyakati zao, hasa tapo la [[Renaissance]], kiasi cha kuzama katika [[anasa]]. Baada ya [[Dola la Papa]] kutekwa na [[Ufalme wa Italia]] ([[1860]]-[[1870]]), Mapapa wameweza kushughulikia zaidi mambo ya kiroho na kujitokeza kwa [[ubora]].<ref>''História das Religiões. Crenças e práticas religiosas do século XII aos nossos dias''. Grandes Livros da Religião. Editora Folio. 2008. Pág.: 89, 156-157. ISBN 978-84-413-2489-3</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.suapesquisa.com/pesquisa/papa.htm |title=último Papa - Funções, eleição, o que representa, vestimentas, conclave, primeiro papa |publisher=Suapesquisa.com |accessdate=2013-02-18}}</ref>Kwa miaka ya karibuni inatosha kumfikiria [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] na mchango wake katika kuangusha [[ukomunisti]] katika [[Ulaya Mashariki]]. == Majina ya mapapa == [[Faili:FirmaPapaFrancisco.svg|thumb|alt=The signature of Pope Francis|[[Sahihi]] ya [[Papa Fransisko]].]] Papa huchaguliwa na ma[[kardinali]] wa Kanisa Katoliki baada ya mtangulizi wake kufa au kung'atuka. Baada ya kuchaguliwa papa mpya anaweza akajipatia [[jina]] jipya. Tangu tarehe [[13 Machi]] [[2013]] ni [[Papa Fransisko]], ambaye awali aliitwa [[Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], kutoka [[Argentina]]. Majina ya mapapa wengine wa Kanisa Katoliki yanapatikana katika [[orodha ya mapapa]]. == Mkuu wa Vatikano == Papa ni pia mkuu wa [[nchi huru]] ya [[Mji wa Vatikano]] iliyopo ndani ya [[mji]] wa Roma (ambao ni [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Italia]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/State_and_Government/ |title=Vatican City State - State and Government |publisher=Vaticanstate.va |accessdate=2010-08-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722082631/http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/State_and_Government/ |archivedate=2010-07-22 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722082631/http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/State_and_Government/ }}</ref> == Cheo cha "Papa" penginepo == Cheo cha Papa hutumiwa pia na baadhi ya [[madhehebu]] mengine ya [[Kikristo]] kwa viongozi wao, hasa kwa mkuu wa [[Kanisa la Kikopti]] huko [[Misri]]. == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya mapapa]] * [[Historia ya Kanisa]] * [[Historia ya Kanisa Katoliki]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Marejeo== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|title=One Faith, One Lord: A Study of Basic Catholic Belief|url=https://archive.org/details/onefaithonelords0000barr|last=Barry|first=Rev. Msgr. John F.|year=2002|publisher=William H. Sadlier|location=New York|isbn=0-8215-2207-8|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=A Concise History of the Catholic Church|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00boke|last=Bokenkotter|first=Thomas|year=2004|publisher=Doubleday |location=New York|isbn=0-385-50584-1|ref=harv}} * {{cite encyclopedia|last=Chadwick|first=Henry|authorlink=Henry Chadwick (theologian)|editor=John McManners|encyclopedia=The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity|title=The Early Christian Community|year=1990|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-822928-3|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Saints and Sinners, a History of the Popes|url=https://archive.org/details/saintssinnershis00duff|last=Duffy|first=Eamon|authorlink=Eamon Duffy|year=1997|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-07332-1|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Durant |first=William James |authorlink=Will Durant |title=[[The Age of Faith|The Story of Civilization]] |volume=IV. The Age of Faith: A History of Medieval Civilization - Christian, Islamic, and Judaic - from Constantine to Dante, A.D. 325-1300 |year=1950 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=0-671-01200-2 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Durant |first=William James |authorlink=Will Durant |title=[[The Reformation (Story of Civilization)|The Story of Civilization]] |volume=VI. The Reformation |year=1957 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=0-671-61050-3 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Franzen|first=August|coauthors=John Dolan|title=A History of the Church|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofchurch0000fran|publisher=Herder and Herder|year=1969|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Granfield |first=Patrick |title=The Limits of the Papacy: Authority and Autonomy in the Church |url=https://archive.org/details/limitsofpapacy00gran |year=1987 |publisher=Crossroad |location=New York |isbn=0-8245-0839-4 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Grisar |first=Hartmann |title=History of Rome and the Popes in the Middle Ages |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.87831 |year=1912 |publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner |location=London |oclc=11025456 |ref=harv}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis_en.html |title=Universi Dominici Gregis |last=John Paul II |first=Pope |authorlink=Pope John Paul II |date=22 February 1996 |publisher=[[Vatican Publishing House]]|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Kelly|first=J. N.|title=Oxford Dictionary of the Popes|year=1986|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-19-190935-1 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Kerr |first=William Shaw |authorlink=William Kerr (bishop) |title=A Handbook on the Papacy |year=1950 |publisher=Marshall, Morgan & Scott |location=London |oclc=51018118 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=The Catholic Church: A Short History|url=https://archive.org/details/catholicchurch00sama|last=Küng|first=Hans|authorlink=Hans Küng|year=2003|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-8129-6762-3|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |author=Loomis, Louise Ropes |title=The Book of the Popes (Liber Pontificalis): To the Pontificate of Gregory I |publisher=Evolution Publishing |location=Merchantville, New Jersey |origyear=1916 |year=2006 |isbn=1-889758-86-8|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Noble|first=Thomas|coauthors=Strauss, Barry|title=Western Civilization|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0618432825|year=2005|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|isbn=0-618-43277-9|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=A Short History of the Catholic Church|url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofca0000orla|last=Orlandis|first=José|authorlink=José Orlandis|year=1993|publisher=Scepter Publishers|isbn=1-85182-125-2|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Pastor|first=Ludwig von|title=The History of the Popes, from the Close of the Middle Ages: Drawn from the Secret Archives of the Vatican and Other Original Sources|url=https://archive.org/details/historypopesfro01pastgoog|year=1891–1930|publisher=J. Hodges|location=London|oclc=270566224|authorlink=Ludwig von Pastor|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Walsh |first=James Joseph |authorlink=James Joseph Walsh |title=The Popes and Science: The History of the Papal Relations to Science During the Middle Ages and Down to Our Own Time |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FltHAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover |year=1908 |publisher=Fordham University Press |location=New York |oclc=08015255 |ref=harv}} {{Refend}} ==Marejeo mengine== * {{cite book|last=Brusher|first=Joseph S.|title=Popes Through the Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/popesthroughages0000unse|year=1959|publisher=Van Nostrand|location=Princeton, N.J|oclc=742355324}} * {{cite book|last=Chamberlin|first=E. R.|title=The Bad Popes|year=1969|publisher=Dial Press|location=New York|oclc=647415773}} * {{cite book|last=Dollison|first=John|title=Pope-pourri|url=https://archive.org/details/popepourri00doll|year=1994|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|isbn=978-0-671-88615-8}} * {{cite book|last=Maxwell-Stuart|first=P. G.|title=Chronicle of the Popes: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Papacy from St. Peter to the Present |url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofpopes00maxw|year=1997|publisher=Thames and Hudson|location= London|isbn=0-500-01798-0}} * {{cite book|last=Norwich|first=John Julius |authorlink=John Julius Norwich |title=The Popes: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/popeshistory0000norw_o9h5|year=2011|publisher=Chatto & Windus|location=London|isbn=978-0-7011-8290-8}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://kolonisera.rymden.nu/pope/popes.php?l=1 Pope Endurance League - Sortable list of Popes] * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_Magisterium_Paparum.html Data Base of more than 23,000 documents of the Popes in latin and modern languages] * [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/index.htm The Holy See - The Holy Father]—website for the past and present Holy Fathers (since [[Papa Leo XIII]]) * [http://www.catholic.com/library/Origins_of_Peter_as_Pope.asp Origins of Peter as Pope] {{Wayback|url=http://www.catholic.com/library/Origins_of_Peter_as_Pope.asp |date=20110904055142 }} * [http://www.catholic.com/library/Authority_of_the_Pope_Part_1.asp The Authority of the Pope: Part I] {{Wayback|url=http://www.catholic.com/library/Authority_of_the_Pope_Part_1.asp |date=20110903231318 }} * [http://www.catholic.com/library/Authority_of_the_Pope_Part_2.asp The Authority of the Pope: Part II] {{Wayback|url=http://www.catholic.com/library/Authority_of_the_Pope_Part_2.asp |date=20110904055131 }} {{Commons}} {{mbegu-katoliki}} [[Jamii:Papa| ]] [[Jamii:Kanisa Katoliki]] [[Jamii:Viongozi wa Kikristo]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu]] [[Jamii:Kanisa Katoliki]] toznwo3fovy1p1v6epl7tpbmq2zi36g 1574341 1574232 2026-06-18T04:15:54Z Gayle157 73366 Completing bots task 1574341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kwa|samaki anayeitwa kwa [[Kiswahili]] "papa"|papa (samaki)}} [[Faili:Popepiusix.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Papa Pius IX]], alishika cheo hicho kwa muda mrefu kuliko wote ([[1846]]-[[1878]]).]] '''Papa''' (kutoka [[neno]] la [[Kilatini]] lenye [[asili]] ya [[Kigiriki]], πάππας, ''pappas'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/pope |title=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |publisher=Education.yahoo.com |accessdate=2010-08-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606061848/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/pope |archivedate=2011-06-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nlp.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=pa/ppas |title=Liddell and Scott |publisher=Oxford University Press |accessdate=2013-02-18}}</ref>) ni [[jina]] linalotumika kawaida kumtaja [[askofu]] wa [[Roma]], [[kiongozi]] mkuu wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] [[Dunia|duniani]], ambalo ndilo kubwa kabisa kati ya [[madhehebu]] ya [[Ukristo]]. Kama [[mwandamizi]] wa [[Mtume Petro|Mtakatifu Petro]], mkuu wa [[Mitume wa Yesu|Mitume]] kumi na wawili wa [[Yesu]], anayeaminika kuongoza [[Kanisa la Roma]] hadi [[kifodini]] chake, Wakatoliki wanamchukulia Papa kuwa mwakilishi wa [[Masiya|Kristo]] duniani, akiwa [[ishara]] inayoonekana ya [[umoja]] na mwenye [[mamlaka]] ya juu katika masuala ya mafundisho ya [[imani]], [[maadili]], na uongozi wa [[Kanisa]].<ref name="section880">{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_P2A.HTM#PZ|work=[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]|title= Christ's Faithful - Hierarchy, Laity, Consecrated Life: The episcopal college and its head, the Pope|publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana|location=Vatican City|year=1993|accessdate=14 April 2013}}</ref> Papa anaishi katika Mji wa [[Vatikani]], [[dola]] huru lililozungukwa na mji wa [[Roma]]. Majukumu yake ni pamoja na kuteua maaskofu, kuongoza [[sinodi]] na [[Mtaguso|mitaguso]], kutoa [[Waraka|nyaraka]] rasmi za Kanisa kama vile waraka (encyclicals) na mahimizo ya kitume (apostolic exhortations), na kuliongoza Kanisa duniani katika [[utume]] wake wa [[uinjilishaji]] na utoaji wa misaada ya [[upendo]]. Kwa [[karne]] nyingi, nafasi ya Papa imepanuka kujumuisha ushirikiano wa [[diplomasia|kidiplomasia]] na viongozi wa mataifa na kushiriki katika masuala mapana ya kijamii na kibinadamu, huku akiendelea kuwa [[nguzo]] ya imani kwa zaidi ya Wakatoliki [[bilioni]] moja duniani kote. == Asili== Kiasili [[neno]] la [[Kilatini]] "Papa" linamaanisha "Baba", nalo likawa cheo kutokana na nia ya kumtaja askofu wa Roma kwa [[heshima]] ya pekee. Msingi wa heshima hiyo ni [[imani]] ya Wakatoliki kuwa askofu wa Roma ni [[mwandamizi]] wa [[Mtume Petro|Petro]], mkuu wa [[mitume wa Yesu]]. Wakatoliki huamini ya kwamba Petro alipewa na [[Yesu]] [[kazi]] ya kuongoza [[Kanisa]] lote kwa niaba yake na ya kwamba [[jukumu]] hilo linaendelea kati ya waandamizi wa Petro kwenye [[kiti]] cha askofu wa Roma ambacho kwa heshima kinaitwa [[Ukulu mtakatifu]]. ==Historia== Upapa ni kati ya vyeo vya zamani zaidi duniani na umeathiri sana [[historia]] ya [[binadamu]] kwa miaka karibu 2000.<ref>Collins, Roger. ''Keepers of the keys of heaven: a history of the papacy''. Introduction (One of the most enduring and influential of all human institutions, (...) No one who seeks to make sense of modern issues within Christendom - or, indeed, world history - can neglect the vital shaping role of the popes.) Basic Books. 2009. ISBN 978-0-465-01195-7.</ref>Athari hiyo iliweza kuwa nzuri au mbaya, kadiri ya matendo ya mhusika.<ref name="Faus">Faus, José Ignacio Gonzáles. "''Autoridade da Verdade - Momentos Obscuros do Magistério Eclesiástico''". Capítulo VIII: Os papas repartem terras - Pág.: 64-65 e Capítulo VI: O papa tem poder temporal absoluto – Pág.: 49-55. Edições Loyola. ISBN 85-15-01750-4. Embora Faus critique profundamente o poder temporal dos papas ("''Mais uma vez isso salienta um dos maiores inconvenientes do status político dos sucessores de Pedro''" - pág.: 64), ele também admite um papel secular positivo por parte dos papas ("''Não podemos negar que intervenções papais desse gênero evitaram mais de uma guerra na Europa''" - pág.: 65).</ref><ref name="Papal Arbitration">{{cathEncy|wstitle=Papal Arbitration|author=Jarrett, Bede}}</ref><ref>Such as regulating the [[colonization]] of the [[New World]]. See [[Treaty of Tordesillas]] and [[Inter caetera]].</ref> Kwa [[muda]] mrefu [[mamlaka]] ya Papa upande wa [[siasa]], hasa juu ya [[mikoa]] ya [[Italia ya Kati]], ilisababisha nchi nyingine na [[Ukoo|koo]] tajiri za Roma zijiingize katika [[uchaguzi]] ili kupitisha watu wao, hata wasiofaa. Upande mwingine, Mapapa waliathiriwa na [[utamaduni]] na [[mazingira]] ya nyakati zao, hasa tapo la [[Renaissance]], kiasi cha kuzama katika [[anasa]]. Baada ya [[Dola la Papa]] kutekwa na [[Ufalme wa Italia]] ([[1860]]-[[1870]]), Mapapa wameweza kushughulikia zaidi mambo ya kiroho na kujitokeza kwa [[ubora]].<ref>''História das Religiões. Crenças e práticas religiosas do século XII aos nossos dias''. Grandes Livros da Religião. Editora Folio. 2008. Pág.: 89, 156-157. ISBN 978-84-413-2489-3</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.suapesquisa.com/pesquisa/papa.htm |title=último Papa - Funções, eleição, o que representa, vestimentas, conclave, primeiro papa |publisher=Suapesquisa.com |accessdate=2013-02-18}}</ref>Kwa miaka ya karibuni inatosha kumfikiria [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] na mchango wake katika kuangusha [[ukomunisti]] katika [[Ulaya Mashariki]]. == Majina ya mapapa == [[Faili:FirmaPapaFrancisco.svg|thumb|alt=The signature of Pope Francis|[[Sahihi]] ya [[Papa Fransisko]].]] Papa huchaguliwa na ma[[kardinali]] wa Kanisa Katoliki baada ya mtangulizi wake kufa au kung'atuka. Baada ya kuchaguliwa papa mpya anaweza akajipatia [[jina]] jipya. Tangu tarehe [[13 Machi]] [[2013]] ni [[Papa Fransisko]], ambaye awali aliitwa [[Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], kutoka [[Argentina]]. Majina ya mapapa wengine wa Kanisa Katoliki yanapatikana katika [[orodha ya mapapa]]. == Mkuu wa Vatikano == Papa ni pia mkuu wa [[nchi huru]] ya [[Mji wa Vatikano]] iliyopo ndani ya [[mji]] wa Roma (ambao ni [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Italia]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/State_and_Government/ |title=Vatican City State - State and Government |publisher=Vaticanstate.va |accessdate=2010-08-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722082631/http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/State_and_Government/ |archivedate=2010-07-22 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722082631/http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/State_and_Government/ }}</ref> == Cheo cha "Papa" penginepo == Cheo cha Papa hutumiwa pia na baadhi ya [[madhehebu]] mengine ya [[Kikristo]] kwa viongozi wao, hasa kwa mkuu wa [[Kanisa la Kikopti]] huko [[Misri]]. == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya mapapa]] * [[Historia ya Kanisa]] * [[Historia ya Kanisa Katoliki]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Marejeo== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|title=One Faith, One Lord: A Study of Basic Catholic Belief|url=https://archive.org/details/onefaithonelords0000barr|last=Barry|first=Rev. Msgr. John F.|year=2002|publisher=William H. Sadlier|location=New York|isbn=0-8215-2207-8|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=A Concise History of the Catholic Church|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00boke|last=Bokenkotter|first=Thomas|year=2004|publisher=Doubleday |location=New York|isbn=0-385-50584-1|ref=harv}} * {{cite encyclopedia|last=Chadwick|first=Henry|authorlink=Henry Chadwick (theologian)|editor=John McManners|encyclopedia=The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity|title=The Early Christian Community|year=1990|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-822928-3|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Saints and Sinners, a History of the Popes|url=https://archive.org/details/saintssinnershis00duff|last=Duffy|first=Eamon|authorlink=Eamon Duffy|year=1997|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-07332-1|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Durant |first=William James |authorlink=Will Durant |title=[[The Age of Faith|The Story of Civilization]] |volume=IV. The Age of Faith: A History of Medieval Civilization - Christian, Islamic, and Judaic - from Constantine to Dante, A.D. 325-1300 |year=1950 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=0-671-01200-2 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Durant |first=William James |authorlink=Will Durant |title=[[The Reformation (Story of Civilization)|The Story of Civilization]] |volume=VI. The Reformation |year=1957 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=0-671-61050-3 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Franzen|first=August|coauthors=John Dolan|title=A History of the Church|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofchurch0000fran|publisher=Herder and Herder|year=1969|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Granfield |first=Patrick |title=The Limits of the Papacy: Authority and Autonomy in the Church |url=https://archive.org/details/limitsofpapacy00gran |year=1987 |publisher=Crossroad |location=New York |isbn=0-8245-0839-4 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Grisar |first=Hartmann |title=History of Rome and the Popes in the Middle Ages |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.87831 |year=1912 |publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner |location=London |oclc=11025456 |ref=harv}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis_en.html |title=Universi Dominici Gregis |last=John Paul II |first=Pope |authorlink=Pope John Paul II |date=22 February 1996 |publisher=[[Vatican Publishing House]]|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Kelly|first=J. N.|title=Oxford Dictionary of the Popes|year=1986|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-19-190935-1 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Kerr |first=William Shaw |authorlink=William Kerr (bishop) |title=A Handbook on the Papacy |year=1950 |publisher=Marshall, Morgan & Scott |location=London |oclc=51018118 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=The Catholic Church: A Short History|url=https://archive.org/details/catholicchurch00sama|last=Küng|first=Hans|authorlink=Hans Küng|year=2003|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-8129-6762-3|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |author=Loomis, Louise Ropes |title=The Book of the Popes (Liber Pontificalis): To the Pontificate of Gregory I |publisher=Evolution Publishing |location=Merchantville, New Jersey |origyear=1916 |year=2006 |isbn=1-889758-86-8|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Noble|first=Thomas|coauthors=Strauss, Barry|title=Western Civilization|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0618432825|year=2005|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|isbn=0-618-43277-9|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=A Short History of the Catholic Church|url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofca0000orla|last=Orlandis|first=José|authorlink=José Orlandis|year=1993|publisher=Scepter Publishers|isbn=1-85182-125-2|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Pastor|first=Ludwig von|title=The History of the Popes, from the Close of the Middle Ages: Drawn from the Secret Archives of the Vatican and Other Original Sources|url=https://archive.org/details/historypopesfro01pastgoog|year=1891–1930|publisher=J. Hodges|location=London|oclc=270566224|authorlink=Ludwig von Pastor|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Walsh |first=James Joseph |authorlink=James Joseph Walsh |title=The Popes and Science: The History of the Papal Relations to Science During the Middle Ages and Down to Our Own Time |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FltHAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover |year=1908 |publisher=Fordham University Press |location=New York |oclc=08015255 |ref=harv}} {{Refend}} ==Marejeo mengine== * {{cite book|last=Brusher|first=Joseph S.|title=Popes Through the Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/popesthroughages0000unse|year=1959|publisher=Van Nostrand|location=Princeton, N.J|oclc=742355324}} * {{cite book|last=Chamberlin|first=E. R.|title=The Bad Popes|year=1969|publisher=Dial Press|location=New York|oclc=647415773}} * {{cite book|last=Dollison|first=John|title=Pope-pourri|url=https://archive.org/details/popepourri00doll|year=1994|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|isbn=978-0-671-88615-8}} * {{cite book|last=Maxwell-Stuart|first=P. G.|title=Chronicle of the Popes: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Papacy from St. Peter to the Present |url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofpopes00maxw|year=1997|publisher=Thames and Hudson|location= London|isbn=0-500-01798-0}} * {{cite book|last=Norwich|first=John Julius |authorlink=John Julius Norwich |title=The Popes: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/popeshistory0000norw_o9h5|year=2011|publisher=Chatto & Windus|location=London|isbn=978-0-7011-8290-8}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://kolonisera.rymden.nu/pope/popes.php?l=1 Pope Endurance League - Sortable list of Popes] * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_Magisterium_Paparum.html Data Base of more than 23,000 documents of the Popes in latin and modern languages] * [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/index.htm The Holy See - The Holy Father]—website for the past and present Holy Fathers (since [[Papa Leo XIII]]) * [http://www.catholic.com/library/Origins_of_Peter_as_Pope.asp Origins of Peter as Pope] {{Wayback|url=http://www.catholic.com/library/Origins_of_Peter_as_Pope.asp |date=20110904055142 }} * [http://www.catholic.com/library/Authority_of_the_Pope_Part_1.asp The Authority of the Pope: Part I] {{Wayback|url=http://www.catholic.com/library/Authority_of_the_Pope_Part_1.asp |date=20110903231318 }} * [http://www.catholic.com/library/Authority_of_the_Pope_Part_2.asp The Authority of the Pope: Part II] {{Wayback|url=http://www.catholic.com/library/Authority_of_the_Pope_Part_2.asp |date=20110904055131 }} {{Commons}} {{mbegu-katoliki}} [[Jamii:Mapapa| ]] [[Jamii:Kanisa Katoliki]] [[Jamii:Viongozi wa Kikristo]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu]] [[Jamii:Kanisa Katoliki]] leahjj90f7woo26ms3suedhxml90pkv Palestina 0 8746 1574231 1508787 2026-06-17T22:10:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Dola la Palestina | jina_asili = دولة فلسطين (''Dawlat Filasṭīn'') | bendera = Flag of Palestine.svg | nembo = Coat of arms of Palestine.svg | wimbo_wa_taifa = Fida'i | maelezo_wimbo = "Warrior" | ramani= State of Palestine (orthographic projection).svg | maelezo_ramani = Eneo la Palestina katika dunia |ramani2 = Palestine Base Map.png |maelezo_ramani2 = Ramani ya Palestina | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Jerusalem]] (inadaiwa rasmi), [[Ramallah]] (makao ya utawala) | jiji_kubwa = [[Gaza City]] (kabla ya 2023, hali ya sasa haijulikani) | lugha_rasmi = [[Kiarabu]] | makabila = Waarabu wa Palestina | dini = 80.73% Uislamu (71.21% Sunni, 0.09% Shia, 9.42% madhehebu mengine); 13.07% Uyahudi; 0.88% Ukristo; 0.05% Baha'i; 5.27% wasiokuwa na dini (akiwemo agnostic 5.18%, atheisti 0.09%) | jina_wakazi = Mpalestina | serikali = Jamhuri ya nusu-rais ya muda ya muungano | cheo_kiongozi1 = Rais | kiongozi1 = [[Mahmoud Abbas]] | cheo_kiongozi2 = Makamu wa Rais | kiongozi2 = [[Hussein al-Sheikh]] | cheo_kiongozi3 = Waziri Mkuu | kiongozi3 = [[Mohammad Mustafa]] | cheo_kiongozi4 = Spika wa Bunge | kiongozi4 = [[Aziz Dweik]] | bunge = [[Baraza la Kitaifa la Palestina]] | tukio1 = Tangazo la Uhuru | tukio1_tarehe = 15 Novemba 1988 | tukio2 = Azimio la UNGA (nchi mwanachama mtazamaji) | tukio2_tarehe = 29 Novemba 2012 | eneo_jumla = 6,020 km² | maji = 3.5% | eneo1 = Ukingo wa Magharibi – 5,655 km² | eneo2 = Ukanda wa Gaza – 365 km² | watu_kadirio = 5,483,450 | mwaka_kadirio = 2023 | msongamano = 731/km² | plt_ppp = $36.391 bilioni | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = $6,642 | plt = $18.109 bilioni | pato_kwa_mtu = $3,464 | hdi = 0.716 </br> - {{juu}} | mwaka_maendeleo = 2022 | gini = 33.7 | mwaka_gini = 2016 | fedha = Shekeli Mpya ya Israeli (ILS), Dola ya Jordan (JOD), Pauni ya Misri (EGP) | majira_saa = +2 | majira_saa_kiangazi = UTC+3 | muundo_tarehe = dd/mm/yyyy | upande_gari = Kushoto | msimbo_simu = 970 | tld = .ps }} '''Palestina''' (kwa [[Kiarabu]]: فلسطين‎ filasṭīn, falasṭīn; kutoka [[Kilatini]]: Palaestina; kwa [[Kiebrania]]: פלשתינה Palestina), rasmi kama '''Dola la Palestina''', ni nchi katika [[Mashariki ya Kati]], inayojumuisha maeneo mawili makuu: Ukingo wa Magharibi na [[Gaza]]. Ukingo wa Magharibi unapakana na [[Israeli]] upande wa magharibi na kaskazini, na [[Yordani]] upande wa mashariki, huku Ukanda wa [[Gaza]] unapakana na [[Israeli]] upande wa mashariki na kaskazini, na [[Misri]] upande wa kusini-magharibi. Nchi ina idadi ya watu takriban milioni 5.2, ikiwa ya 121 duniani. Mji wake mkubwa zaidi na wa kiutawala ni [[Ramallah]], huku [[Yerusalemu]] ya Mashariki ikidaiwa kama mji mkuu rasmi. Palestina imegawanyika katika mikoa mbalimbali. Inajulikana kwa historia yake ya kipekee ya [[dini|kidini]], maeneo matakatifu ya dini kuu tatu, na harakati za kitaifa kwa uhuru wa [[siasa|kisiasa]].<ref>{{Cite Web|title=Whats Palestine|url=https://www.pcrf.net/information-you-should-know/what-was-palestine-before-1948.html|website=www.pcrf.net|accessdate=2025-02-10|archive-date=2025-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206204946/https://www.pcrf.net/information-you-should-know/what-was-palestine-before-1948.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ramani na Matunzio == [[Picha:Palestinian authority map.gif|thumb|180px|left|Ramani ya maeneo yanayotazamiwa kuwa chini ya Mamlaka ya Kitaifa ya Palestina]] [[File:MiddleEast.A2003031.0820.250m.jpg|thumb|]] [[File:BritishMandatePalestine1920.png|thumb|]] [[File:Flag of Palestine - long triangle.svg|thumb|]] [[File:Jerusalem from mt olives.jpg|thumb|Yerusalemu kutoka Mlima wa Mizeituni]] [[File:1 Palestine Pound 1939 Obverse.jpg|thumb|]] [[File:عملة فلسطينية معدنية.jpg|thumb|]] [[File:British Mandate Palestinian passport.jpg|thumb|]] [[File:Palestine recognition only.svg|thumb|]] [[File:1759 map Holy Land and 12 Tribes.jpg|thumb|Palestina 1759]] [[File:Modern Palestine, Illustrated atlas, and modern history of the World, 1851.jpg|thumb|Palestina 1851]] [[File:1864 Johnson Map of Israel, Palestine, or the Holy Land - Geographicus - Palestine-j-64.jpg|thumb|Palestina 1864]] [[File:Map of Palestine in Russian, a. 1900.jpg|thumb|Palestina 1900]] [[File:Palestine according to Eusbius and Jerome - Smith 1915.jpg|thumb|Palestina 1915]] [[File:BritishMandatePalestine1920.png|thumb|Palestine 1920]] [[File:Palestine south 1924.jpg|thumb|Palestina 1924]] [[File:Palestina 1946.jpg|thumb|Palestina 1946]] [[File:UN Partition Plan Palestine.png|thumb|Palestina 1947]] '''Palestina''' (kwa [[Kiarabu]]: فلسطين‎ filasṭīn, falasṭīn; kutoka [[Kilatini]]: Palaestina; kwa [[Kiebrania]]: פלשתינה Palestina) ni [[jina]] la eneo lililoko upande wa [[Mashariki]] wa [[Bahari ya Mediteranea]] kati ya mkingo wa [[bahari]] hiyo na [[mto Yordani]]. ==Historia ya jina na eneo la Palestina hadi 1948== [[Asili]] ya jina ilikuwa nchi ya [[Wafilisti]] iliyokuwa kanda nyembamba ya [[ardhi]] karibu na [[pwani]] ya [[bahari]]. [[Waroma wa kale]] walitumia jina hilo kwa jumla ya jimbo lao katika sehemu hizi. Baada ya [[uvamizi]] wa [[Waarabu]] [[Waislamu]] jina liliendelea kutumiwa kwa [[umbo]] la Kiarabu "Filastin" na kutazamwa kama sehemu ya [[Shamu]] au Syria. Tangu [[mwaka]] [[1516]] eneo lilitawaliwa na [[Milki ya Osmani]]. Kwa muda mrefu maeneo ya Palestina yalikuwa sehemu ya [[kusini]] ya jimbo la [[Dameski]], na katika [[karne ya 19]] jimbo la pekee la [[Yerusalemu]] liliundwa. Baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]] [[Uingereza]] ulitawala eneo hili kama eneo la kukabidhiwa la [[Shirikisho la Mataifa]], na eneo hili lilikuwa pamoja na sehemu kubwa upande wa mashariki wa mto Yordani. Waingereza waligawa eneo katika sehemu [[mbili]] upande wa [[magharibi]] (Palestina yenyewe) na upande wa mashariki wa mto Yordani uliokuwa baadaye [[Yordani|milki ya Yordani]]. Kwenye sehemu ya magharibi iliyokuwa Palestina yenyewe kulikuwa na [[uhamiaji]] wa [[Wayahudi]] kutoka nchi za [[Ulaya]] ulioweka msingi kwa [[mapambano kati ya Israeli na Palestina]] ya baadaye. Mwaka [[1947]] [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] uliamua kugawa Palestina katika sehemu tatu zilizopangwa kama Dola la Kiyahudi, Dola la Kiarabu na Yerusalemu kama mji wa kimataifa. Lakini [[Wayahudi]] walitangaza [[uhuru]] wa Dola la Israeli. Wenyeji Waarabu walipinga azimio hili na [[vita]] ilitokea. Baada ya [[mkataba]] wa kusalimisha amri Israeli mpya ilikuwa na sehemu ya Palestina kubwa kuliko awali. [[Asilimia]] kubwa ya wakazi Waarabu wa sehemu zilizokuwa chini ya Israeli mpya walikimbia au walifukuzwa nje. [[Ukanda wa Gaza]] ulishikwa na [[Misri]] na [[Ukingo wa Magharibi wa Yordani]] ulitawaliwa na milki ya Yordani. ==Mapigano ya Wapalestina== {{main|Mapambano kati ya Israeli na Palestina}} Kati ya wakimbizi Waarabu waliokaa katika makambi huko Lebanoni, Syria, Yordani na Gaza kulikuwa na harakati ya kujielewa kama taifa la Wapalestina wakaunda vyama mbalimbali vya kupigania kurudi kwao lakini hii ilishindikana. Baada ya [[Vita ya siku 6]] mwaka 1967 Gaza na Ukingo wa Magharibi wa Yordani zilitwaliwa na jeshi la Israeli. Harakati ya Wapalestina Waarabu iliendelea kupigania uhuru. Mapigano haya yalipata namna ya usuluhisho kwa muda na katika [[mapatano ya Oslo]] mwaka [[1993]] yalianzishwa [[Mamlaka ya Kitaifa ya Palestina]] yaliyotangaza Dola la Palestina. ==Palestina mpya== Kwa sasa Palestina ni nchi katika mwendo wa kupata uhuru kamili lakini hakuna uhakika mwendo huu utakamilishwa lini. Maeneo ya Palestina yanatengwa kati ya sehemu chini ya serikali ya Palestina na maeneo yanayosimamiwa na [[Israeli]]. Maeneo haya yako kati ya [[mto Yordani]] na pwani ya [[Mediteranea]]: ni hasa [[Ukingo wa Magharibi wa Yordani]] na [[Ukanda wa Gaza]]. Mamlaka ya Kitaifa ya Palestina ina kiwango fulani cha madaraka ya kiserikali katika baadhi ya maeneo haya. Mamlaka hayo hutambuliwa na nchi nyingi za Waarabu kama [[serikali]] halisi. Jumuia ya kimataifa kwa ujumla imetambua mamlaka kwa viwango mbalimbali lakini si kama serikali kamili ya nchi huru. Hivyo Mamlaka ina kiti cha mtazamaji kwenye [[Umoja wa Mataifa]]. Maeneo ya Palestina ya sasa yamepakana na [[Israeli]], [[Yordani]] na [[Misri]]. Kanda la Gaza lina pwani kwenye [[Mediteranea]]. == Ramani za mabadiliko ya mipaka ya Palestina== <gallery> File: Proposals for the Mandate of Palestine 1916-19.svg|1 '''Mapendekezo ya 1916-22 ''': {{small|Mapendekezo matatu kwa utawala wa Palestina baada ya Vita Kuu ya Kwanza. Mstari mwekundi ni mpaka wa "International Administration" iliyopendekezwa katika [[Mapatano ya Sykes–Picot ya 1916]], mstari buluu uliokatwa ni pendekezo la 1919 la [[Shirika la Uzayuni]] kwenye Mkutano wa Paris 1919, Na mstari buluu mwembamba ni mipaka ya eneo la kukabidhiwa la Palestina chini ya mamlaka ya Uingereza 1923-48 }} File: Jewish and Arab Land Ownership in Mandatory Palestine, 1947.svg|2 '''Ardhi ya Kiyahudi 1947 ''': {{small|Ardhi iliyokuwa mali ya Wayahudi katika Eneo la kukabidhiwa la Palestina mnamo mwaka 1947. Idadi ya wakazi Wayahudi iliongezeka kuanzia watu 83,790 mwaka 1922 hadi 608,000 mwaka 1946.}} File: United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine map.svg|3'''Mpango wa Umoja wa Kimataifa kwa Ugawaji wa Palestina 1947 ''': {{small|Azimio la UM lilitaka kugawa Palestina kwa sehemu tatu: Dola la Kiyahudi (nyeupe), Dola la Kiarabu (Kijani) na Yerusalemu kama mji wa pekee. }} File: Palestinian Territories, 1948-67.svg|4 '''1948-67 ''': {{small|Baada ya vita ya uhuru wa Israeli Ukanda wa Gaza ulibaki chini ya Misri na [[Ukingo wa Magharibi ya Yordani]] chini ya milki ya Yordani. Yerusalemu iligawiwa kati ya Israeli na Yordani. }} File: Palestinian National Authority within Israel, 2013.svg|5 '''1993 hadi sasa''': {{small|Maeneo yaliyo chini ya Serikali ya Palestina.}} </gallery> == Tazama pia == * [[Mgongano kati ya Israeli na nchi za Waarabu]] * [[Mapambano kati ya Israeli na Palestina]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.palwatch.org/ Palestinian Media Watch – Timing and methods of the base of the Palestinian Authority] * [http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/ The Palestinian Basic Law – A collection of various propsals and amendments to the Basic Law of Palestine] * [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/mideast/cuvlm/Palestine.html Columbia University Libraries – ''Palestine''], directory category of the WWW-VL. *{{dmoz|Regional/Middle_East/Palestinian_Territory/Government|Palestinian Territory Government}} '''Serikali''' * [http://www.sis.gov.ps/english/index.html State Information Service] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sis.gov.ps/english/index.html |date=20030811082848 }} * [http://www.mop.gov.ps/ Ministry of Planning] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mop.gov.ps/ |date=20071011030018 }} * [http://www.minfo.ps/English/index.php?pagess=home Ministry of Information]{{Wayback|url=http://www.minfo.ps/English/index.php?pagess=home |date=20151016024351 }} *{{ar icon}} [http://www.moehe.gov.ps/ Ministry of Education and Higher Education] {{Wayback|url=http://www.moehe.gov.ps/ |date=20151031074554 }} * [http://www.moehe.gov.ps/ENG/index.html Ministry of Education and Higher Education] {{Wayback|url=http://www.moehe.gov.ps/ENG/index.html |date=20080511185526 }} * [https://web.archive.org/*/www.mol.gov.ps/english/index.html Ministry of Labor] (archive) *{{ar icon}} [http://www.pal-plc.org/ The Palestinian Legislative Council] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pal-plc.org/ |date=20160303202608 }} * [http://www.mne.gov.ps/DesktopDefault.aspx?lng=1 Ministry of the National Economy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mne.gov.ps/DesktopDefault.aspx?lng=1 |date=20151018041523 }} * [http://www.nad-plo.org/ Negotiations Affairs Department] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nad-plo.org/ |date=20200203072728 }} * [http://www.pecdar.org/ PECDAR – Palestinian Economic Council for Development and Reconstruction] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pecdar.org/ |date=20071211215011 }} * [http://www.palestine-pmc.com/ Palestine Media Center] {{Wayback|url=http://www.palestine-pmc.com/ |date=20151126214857 }}{{ar icon}} '''Israeli na Mamlaka ya Palestina''' * [http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/HumanitarianAid/Palestinians/Israel_Report_AHLC_Sept_2012.htm Measures Taken by Israel in Support of Developing the Palestinian Economy and Socio-Economic Structure] == Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Asia}} {{Mbegu-jio-Asia}} [[Jamii:Nchi za Asia]] [[Jamii:Palestina]] [[Jamii:Mashariki ya Kati]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] 3914bm7wdlydkj7yh6az941f8d9zkfj Orodha ya mapapa 0 11021 1574343 1467892 2026-06-18T04:16:27Z Gayle157 73366 Completing bots task 1574343 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Tafel paepste.jpg|thumb|Mapapa waliozikwa katika [[Basilika la Mt. Petro]], [[Vatikano]].]] Orodha hii inataja [[Mapapa]] wote wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. [[Jina rasmi]] la [[cheo]] hicho kwa [[Kilatini]] ni ''Episcopus Romanus'', maana yake ''[[Askofu]] wa [[Roma]]''. Inawezekana kuwa [[Hermannus Contractus]] alikuwa [[mwanahistoria]] wa kwanza kuorodhesha Mapapa bila kuacha pengo. Orodha yake ilikwenda hadi [[mwaka]] wa [[1049]] ikimtaja [[Papa Leo IX]] kama [[Papa]] wa 154. Kulingana na [[hesabu]] hiyo, [[Papa Fransisko]] alikuwa papa wa 268. Hadi sasa hakuna orodha rasmi ya Mapapa, ila [[kitabu]] cha ''[[Annuario Pontificio]]'' kinachotolewa na [[Vatikano]] kila [[mwaka]] kina orodha inayoangaliwa kama rasmi. Kulingana na kitabu hicho, Fransisko alikuwa Papa wa 266<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. == Orodha ya Mapapa == === Kuanzia 30 hadi 250 === <onlyinclude> {|class=prettytable ! width="18%" | Miaka ya Upapa ! width="14%" | Jina rasmi ! width="18%" | Jina la Kilatini ! width="15%" | Jina la kuzaliwa ! width="12%" | Mahali pa kuzaliwa ! width="23%" | Maelezo |- valign="top" | <small>[[30]] – [[64]]/[[67]]</small> | rowspan="2" | '''[[Mtume Petro|Petro]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Petro</small> | '''Petrus''', <small>Apostolus</small> | rowspan="2" | שמעון בן יונה <small>(Shimon ben Yona)<br/>Shimon Kipha, ΣΙΜΗΟΝ ΚΗΦΑΣ (Simeon Kephas - Simoni Mwamba - Simoni Petro)</small><br/> | rowspan="2" | <small>[[Bethsaida]], [[Galilaya]]</small> | <small>[[Mitume wa Yesu|Mtume]] wa [[Yesu]] ambaye alimpa [[ufunguo|funguo]] za [[Ufalme wa Mbinguni]], kufuatana na [[Injili ya Mathayo]] 16:18-19. [[Msalaba|Alisulubiwa]] [[kichwa]] chini [[miguu]] juu; [[sikukuu]] yake ni [[29 Juni]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[68]](?) – [[79]](?)</small> | '''[[Papa Linus|Linus]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Linus</small> | '''Linus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Linus</small> | <small>[[Toscana]] ([[Italia ya Kati]]) </small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[23 Septemba]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[80]](?) – [[92]]</small> | '''[[Papa Anacletus|Anacletus]]'''<br/><small>(Cletus)<br/>Mtakatifu Anacletus</small> | '''Anacletus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Anacletus</small> | <small>Roma au [[Ugiriki]]</small> | <small>[[Kifodini|Alifia dini]]; sikukuu yake ni [[26 Aprili]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small> [[92]] – [[96]]/[[99]]</small> | '''[[Papa Klementi I|Klementi I]]'''<br /><small>Mtakatifu Klemens I</small> | '''Clemens''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Roma]]</small> | <small>Alifia dini; sikukuu yake ni [[23 Novemba]]</small><includeonly> |}</includeonly></onlyinclude> |- valign="top" | <small>96/99 – [[108]]</small> | '''[[Papa Evaristus|Evaristus]]'''<br /><small>(Aristus)<br />Mtakatifu Evaristus</small> | '''Evaristus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Aristus</small> | Mgiriki | <small>Inasemekana alifia dini (ila haijathibitishwa); sikukuu yake ni [[26 Oktoba]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>108/[[109]] – [[116]]/[[119]]</small> | '''[[Papa Alexander I|Alexander I]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Alexander</small> | '''Alexander''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Alexander</small> | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[3 Mei]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[117]]/119 – [[126]]/[[128]]</small> | '''[[Papa Sixtus I|Sixtus I]]'''<br /><small>Mtakatifu Sixtus</small> | '''Xystus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[6 Aprili]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[127]]/128 – [[137]]/[[138]]</small> | '''[[Papa Telesphorus|Telesfori]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Telesfori</small> | '''Telesphorus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Ugiriki</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[5 Januari]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>138 – [[142]]/[[146]]</small> | '''[[Papa Hyginus|Hyginus]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Hyginus</small> | '''Hyginus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Ugiriki</small> | <small>Inasemekana alifia dini (ila haijathibitishwa); sikukuu yake ni [[11 Januari]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>142/146 – [[157]]/[[161]]</small> | '''[[Papa Pius I|Pius I]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Pius</small> | '''Pius''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Aquileia]], [[Friuli]], [[Italia]]</small> | <small>Alifia dini kwa [[Upanga|panga]]; sikukuu yake ni [[11 Julai]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>157 – [[163]]/[[168]]</small> | '''[[Papa Anicetus|Anicetus]]'''<br /><small>Mtakatifu Anicetus </small> | '''Anicetus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Emesa]], [[Syria]]</small> | <small>Inasemekana alifia dini (ila haijathibitishwa); sikukuu yake ni [[17 Aprili]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>166 hivi– [[170]]/[[177]]</small> | '''[[Papa Soter|Soter]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Soter</small> | '''Soterius''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Fondi]], [[Lazio]], Italia</small> | <small>Inasemekana alifia dini; sikukuu yake ni [[22 Aprili]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>171/177 – [[185]]/[[193]]</small> | '''[[Papa Eleuteri|Eleuteri]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Eleutherus</small> | '''Eleutherius''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Nikopoli]], [[Epyrus]]</small> | <small>Inasemekana alifia dini; sikukuu yake ni [[6 Mei]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[186]]/[[189]] – [[197]]/[[201]]</small> | '''[[Papa Viktor I|Viktor I]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Vikta</small> | '''Victor''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Afrika ya Kaskazini]]</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[28 Julai]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[198]]/201 – [[217]]/[[218]]</small> | '''[[Papa Zephyrinus|Zefirino]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Zefirino</small> | '''Zephyrinus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[20 Desemba]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>218 – [[222]]</small> | '''[[Papa Kalisti I|Kalisti I]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Kalisti I</small> | '''Callistus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | &nbsp; | <small>Alifia dini; sikukuu yake ni [[14 Oktoba]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>222 – [[230]]</small> | '''[[Papa Urban I|Urban I]]'''<br /><small>Mtakatifu Urban I</small> | '''Urbanus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[25 Mei]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[21 Julai]] [[230]] – [[28 Septemba]] [[235]]</small> | '''[[Papa Pontian|Ponsyano]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Ponsyano</small> | '''Pontianus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Alifia dini; sikukuu yake ni [[13 Agosti]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[21 Novemba]] 235 – [[3 Januari]] [[236]]</small> | '''[[Papa Anterus|Anterus]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Anterus</small> | '''Anterus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Ugiriki</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[3 Januari]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[10 Januari]] [[236]] – [[20 Januari]] [[250]]</small> | '''[[Papa Fabian|Fabiani]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Fabiani</small> | '''Fabianus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[20 Januari]]</small> |} === Kuanzia 251 hadi 514 === {|class=prettytable ! width="18%" | Miaka ya Upapa ! width="14%" | Jina rasmi ! width="18%" | Jina la Kilatini ! width="15%" | Jina la kuzaliwa ! width="12%" | Mahali pa kuzaliwa ! width="23%" | Maelezo |- valign="top" | <small>Machi [[251]] – Juni [[253]]</small> | '''[[Papa Korneli|Korneli]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Korneli</small> | '''Cornelius''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small> Sikukuu yake ni [[16 Septemba]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[25 Juni]] [[253]] – [[5 Machi]] [[254]]</small> | '''[[Papa Lucius I|Lucius I]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Lucius I</small> | '''Lucius''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[4 Machi]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[12 Machi]] [[254]] – [[2 Agosti]] [[257]]</small> | '''[[Papa Stefano I|Stefano I]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Stefano I</small> | '''Stephanus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Alifia dini kwa kukatwa kichwa; sikukuu yake ni [[2 Agosti]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[30 Agosti]] [[257]] – [[6 Agosti]] [[258]]</small> | '''[[Papa Sixtus II|Sixtus II]]'''<br /><small>Mtakatifu Sixtus II</small> | '''Xystus''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Ugiriki</small> | <small>Alifia dini kwa kukatwa kichwa; sikukuu yake ni [[7 Agosti]]</small></small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[22 Julai]] [[259]] – [[26 Desemba]] [[268]]</small> | '''[[Papa Dionysius|Dionysius]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Dionisi</small> | '''Dionysius''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>labda Ugiriki</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[26 Desemba]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[5 Januari]] [[269]] – [[30 Desemba]] [[274]]</small> | '''[[Papa Felix I|Felix I]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Felisi I</small> | '''Felix''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[30 Desemba]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[4 Januari]] [[275]] – [[7 Desemba]] [[283]]</small> | '''[[Papa Eutychian|Eutikiani]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Eutikiani</small> | '''Eutychianus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Luni]]</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[8 Desemba]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[17 Desemba]] [[283]] – [[22 Aprili]] [[296]]</small> | '''[[Papa Caius|Kaio]]'''<br /><small>Mtakatifu Kaio</small> | '''Caius''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Dalmatia]]</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[22 Aprili]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[30 Juni]] 296 – [[25 Oktoba]] [[304]]</small> | '''[[Papa Marcellinus|Marcellinus]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Marselino</small> | '''Marcellinus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[26 Aprili]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[306]] – [[16 Januari]] [[309]]</small> | '''[[Papa Marcellus I|Marcellus I]]'''<br /><small>Mtakatifu Marcellus I</small> | '''Marcellus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[16 Januari]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small> [[18 Aprili]] [[309]] – [[17 Agosti]] 309 hivi</small> | '''[[Papa Eusebius|Eusebius]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Eusebius</small> | '''Eusebius''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Ugiriki</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[26 Septemba]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[2 Julai]] [[311]] – [[10 Januari]] [[314]]</small> | '''[[Papa Miltiades|Miltiades]]'''<br/><small>Melchiades<br />Mtakatifu Melkiades</small> | '''Miltiades''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Afrika]]</small> | <small> Papa wakati wa [[Hati ya Milano]] kutolewa na [[Konstantino Mkuu]] ([[313]] [[BK]]). Sikukuu yake ni [[10 Januari]]</small></small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[31 Januari]] [[314]] – [[31 Desemba]] [[335]]</small> | '''[[Papa Sylvester I|Silvesta I]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Silvesta I</small> | '''Silvester''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[31 Desemba]] au [[2 Januari]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[18 Januari]] [[336]] – [[7 Oktoba]] [[336]]</small> | '''[[Papa Mark|Marko]]'''<br /><small>Mtakatifu Marko</small> | '''Marcus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[7 Oktoba]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[6 Februari]] [[337]] – [[12 Aprili]] [[352]]</small> | '''[[Papa Julius I|Julius I]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Julius</small> | '''Iulius''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[12 Aprili]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[17 Mei]] [[352]] – [[24 Septemba]] [[366]]</small> | '''[[Papa Liberius|Liberius]]''' | '''Liberius''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Papa wa kwanza ambaye haheshimiwi kama mtakatifu</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[1 Oktoba]] [[366]] – [[11 Desemba]] [[384]]</small> | '''[[Papa Damasus I|Damasus I]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Damasi I</small> | '''Damasus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Idanha-a-Nova]], Ureno</small> | <small> Papa wa kwanza kutoka [[Ureno]]. Sikukuu yake ni [[11 Desemba]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>Desemba [[384]] – [[26 Novemba]] [[399]]</small> | '''[[Papa Siricius|Siricius]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Sirisi</small> | Papa '''Siricius''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[26 Novemba]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[27 Novemba]] [[399]] – [[19 Desemba]] [[401]]</small> | '''[[Papa Anastasius I|Anastasius I]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Anastasi I</small> | Papa '''Anastasius''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[19 Desemba]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[22 Desemba]] [[401]] – [[12 Machi]] [[417]]</small> | '''[[Papa Innocent I|Inosenti I]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Inosenti I</small> | Papa '''Innocentius''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Albano]], Lazio</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[12 Machi]] au [[28 Julai]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[18 Machi]] [[417]] – [[26 Desemba]] [[418]]</small> | '''[[Papa Zosimus|Zosimus]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Zosimus</small> | Papa '''Zosimus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Ugiriki</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[27 Desemba]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>28/[[29 Desemba]] [[418]] – [[4 Septemba]] [[422]]</small> | '''[[Papa Boniface I|Bonifasi I]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Bonifasi I</small> | Papa '''Bonifacius''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[4 Septemba]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[10 Septemba]] [[422]] – [[27 Julai]] [[432]]</small> | '''[[Papa Celestine I|Selestini I]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Selestini I</small> | Papa '''Coelestinus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Campania]]</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[6 Aprili]] au [[8 Aprili]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[31 Julai]] [[432]] – [[19 Agosti]] [[440]]</small> | '''[[Papa Sixtus III|Sixtus III]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Sixtus III</small> | Papa '''Xystus''' Tertius, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[28 Machi]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[29 Septemba]] [[440]] – [[10 Novemba]] [[461]]</small> | '''[[Papa Leo I|Leo I]]'''<br /><small>Mtakatifu Leo I</small><br/><small>Leo Mkuu </small> | Papa '''Leo''' Magnus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Toscana]]</small> | <small>[[Mwalimu wa Kanisa]]. Alimshawishi [[Attila]] kuacha uvamizi wa Italia; sikukuu yake ni [[10 Novemba]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[19 Novemba]] [[461]] – [[29 Februari]] [[468]]</small> | '''[[Papa Hilarius|Hilarius]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Hilarius</small> | Papa '''Hilarius''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Sardegna]]</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[17 Novemba]] au [[28 Februari]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[3 Machi]] [[468]] – [[10 Machi]] [[483]]</small> | '''[[Papa Simplicius|Simplicius]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Simplisi</small> | Papa '''Simplicius''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Tivoli, Italia|Tivoli]], [[Italia]]</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[10 Machi]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[13 Machi]] [[483]] – [[25 Februari]] au [[1 Machi]] [[492]]</small> | '''[[Papa Felix III|Felix III]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Felisi III</small> | Papa '''Felix''' Tertius, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Pengine huhesabiwa kama Felix II. Sikukuu yake ni [[1 Machi]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[1 Machi]] [[492]] – [[21 Novemba]] [[496]]</small> | '''[[Papa Gelasius I|Gelasius I]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Gelasius I</small> | Papa '''Gelasius''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Afrika</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[21 Novemba]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[24 Novemba]] [[496]] – [[19 Novemba]] [[498]]</small> | '''[[Papa Anastasius II|Anastasius II]]''' | Papa '''Anastasius''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[22 Novemba]] [[498]] – [[19 Julai]] [[514]]</small> | '''[[Papa Symmachus|Simako]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Simako</small> | Papa '''Symmachus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Sardinia]]</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[19 Julai]]</small> |} === Kuanzia 514 hadi 752 === {|class=prettytable ! width="18%" | Miaka ya Upapa ! width="14%" | Jina rasmi ! width="18%" | Jina la Kilatini ! width="15%" | Jina la kuzaliwa ! width="12%" | Mahali pa kuzaliwa ! width="23%" | Maelezo |- valign="top" | <small>[[20 Julai]] [[514]] – [[6 Agosti]] [[523]]</small> | '''[[Papa Hormisdas|Hormisdas]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Hormisdas</small> | Papa '''Hormisdas''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>&nbsp;</small> | <small>[[Frosinone]], [[Lazio]], Italia</small> | <small>Baba mzazi wa Papa Silverius; sikukuu yake ni [[6 Agosti]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[13 Agosti]] [[523]] – [[18 Mei]] [[526]]</small> | '''[[Papa Yohane I|Yohane I]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Yohane I</small> | Papa '''Ioannes''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Toscana]], [[Italia ya Kati]]</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[18 Mei]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[12 Julai]] [[526]] – 20 au [[22 Septemba]] [[530]]</small> | '''[[Papa Felix IV|Felix IV]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Felisi IV</small> | Papa '''Felix''' Quartus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Samnium]] (Italia Kusini)</small> | <small>Mara nyingine huhesabiwa kama Felix III</small> |- valign="top" | <small>20 au [[22 Septemba]] [[530]] – [[17 Oktoba]] [[532]]</small> | '''[[Papa Boniface II|Bonifasi II]]''' | Papa '''Bonifacius''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Roma]]; wazazi wake walikuwa [[Waostrogothi]]</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[22 Septemba]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[2 Januari]] [[533]] – [[8 Mei]] [[535]]</small> | '''[[Papa Yohane II|Yohane II]]''' | Papa '''Ioannes''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Mercurius</small> | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Papa wa kwanza asiyetumia jina lake la kuzaliwa. Sababu ilikuwa kwamba “Mercurius” ni jina la [[Miungu|mungu wa Kiroma]]. |- valign="top" | <small>[[13 Mei]] [[535]] – [[22 Aprili]] [[536]]</small> | '''[[Papa Agapetus I|Agapiti I]]'''<br/><small>Agapitus<br />Mtakatifu Agapiti I</small> | Papa '''Agapetus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[22 Aprili]] au [[20 Septemba]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[8 Juni]] [[536]] – [[11 Novemba]] (?) [[537]]</small> | '''[[Papa Silverius|Silverius]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Silverius</small> | Papa '''Silverius''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Frosinone</small> | <small>Mwana wa [[Papa Hormisdas]], alipelekwa uhamishoni; sikukuu yake ni [[20 Juni]].</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[29 Machi]] [[537]] – [[7 Juni]] [[555]]</small> | '''[[Papa Vigilius|Vigilius]]''' | Papa '''Vigilius''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[16 Aprili]] [[556]] – [[4 Machi]] [[561]]</small> | '''[[Papa Pelagius I|Pelagius I]]''' | Papa '''Pelagius''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[17 Julai]] [[561]] – [[13 Julai]] [[574]]</small> | '''[[Papa Yohane III|Yohane III]]''' | Papa '''Ioannes''' Tertius, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Catelinus</small> | <small>&nbsp;</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[2 Juni]] [[575]] – [[30 Julai]] [[579]]</small> | '''[[Papa Benedikto I|Benedikto I]]''' | Papa '''Benedictus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[26 Novemba]] [[579]] – [[7 Februari]] [[590]]</small> | '''[[Papa Pelagius II|Pelagius II]]''' | Papa '''Pelagius''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[3 Septemba]] [[590]] – [[12 Machi]] [[604]]</small> | '''[[Papa Gregori I|Gregori I]]''', '''''[[Shirika la Mtakatifu Benedikto|O.S.B.]] (?)''''' <br /><small>Mtakatifu Gregori I<br/>Gregori Mkuu</small> | Papa '''Gregorius''' Magnus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Mwalimu wa Kanisa. Alikuwa Papa wa kwanza kupitia [[umonaki]] na kujiita ''"[[Servus servorum Dei]]"'' (yaani, Mtumishi wa watumishi wa Mungu) mbali ya ''"[[Pontifex Maximus]]"''. Sikukuu yake ni [[3 Septemba]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[13 Septemba]] (?) [[604]] – [[22 Februari]] [[606]]</small> | '''[[Papa Sabinian|Sabiniani]]'''<br /> | Papa '''Sabinianus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Blera]], [[Viterbo]], Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[19 Februari]] [[607]] – [[10 Novemba]] [[607]]</small> | '''[[Papa Boniface III|Bonifasi III]]''' | Papa '''Bonifacius''' Tertius, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[25 Agosti]] [[608]] – [[8 Mei]] [[615]]</small> | '''[[Papa Boniface IV|Bonifasi IV]]''', '''''[[Shirika la Mtakatifu Benedikto|O.S.B.]]'''''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Bonifasi IV</small> | Papa '''Bonifacius''' Quartus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Marsi]], Italia</small> | <small> Papa wa kwanza aliyetumia jina la Papa aliyemtangulia. Sikukuu yake ni [[25 Mei]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[19 Oktoba]] [[615]] – [[8 Novemba]] [[618]]</small> | '''[[Papa Adeodatus I|Adeodatus I]]''' | Papa '''Adeodatus''',<br />au Papa '''Deusdedit''' <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Mara nyingine huhesabiwa kama Deusdedit, halafu [[Papa Adeodatus II]] huitwa '''Papa Adeodatus''' bila [[namba]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[23 Desemba]] [[619]] – [[23 Oktoba]] [[625]]</small> | '''[[Papa Bonifasi V]]''' | Papa '''Bonifacius''' Quintus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Napoli]], Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[27 Oktoba]] [[625]] – [[12 Oktoba]] [[638]]</small> | '''[[Papa Honorius I|Honorius I]]''' | Papa '''Honorius''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Campania</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>Oktoba 638/[[28 Mei]] [[640]] – [[2 Agosti]] [[640]]</small> | '''[[Papa Severinus|Severinus]]''' | Papa '''Severinus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>Agosti au [[24 Desemba]] [[640]] – [[12 Oktoba]] [[642]]</small> | '''[[Papa Yohane IV|Yohane IV]]''' | Papa '''Ioannes''' Quartus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Zadar]], [[Dalmatia]], siku hizi [[Kroatia]]</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[12 Oktoba]] au [[24 Novemba]] [[642]] – [[14 Mei]] [[649]]</small> | '''[[Papa Theodoro I|Theodoro I]]''' | Papa '''Theodorus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Yerusalemu]], [[Israeli]]/[[Palestina]]</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[5 Julai]] [[649]] – [[16 Septemba]] [[655]]</small> | '''[[Papa Martin I|Martin I]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Martin I</small> | Papa '''Martinus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Todi]], [[Umbria]]</small> | <small>[[Mfiadini]]. Sikukuu yake ni [[13 Aprili]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[10 Agosti]] [[654]] – [[2 Juni]] [[657]]</small> | '''[[Papa Eugenio I|Eugenio I]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Eugenio I</small> | Papa '''Eugenius''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[2 Juni]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[30 Julai]] [[657]] – [[27 Januari]] [[672]]</small> | '''[[Papa Vitalian|Vitalian]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Vitalian</small> | Papa '''Vitalianus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Segni]], Lazio, Italia</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[27 Januari]] au [[23 Julai]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[11 Aprili]] [[672]] – [[16 Juni]] [[676]]</small> | '''[[Papa Adeodatus II|Adeodatus II]]''', '''''[[Shirika la Mtakatifu Benedikto|O.S.B.]]''''' | Papa '''Adeodatus''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Pengine huhesabiwa kama '''Papa Adeodatus''' (bila namba) ikiwa [[Papa Adeodatus I]] huitwa '''Papa Deusdedit'''</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[2 Novemba]] [[676]] – [[11 Aprili]] [[678]]</small> | '''[[Papa Donus|Donus]]''' | Papa '''Donus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[27 Juni]] [[678]] – [[10 Januari]] [[681]]</small> | '''[[Papa Agatho|Agatho]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Agatho</small> | Papa '''Agatho''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Sicilia]]</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[10 Januari]] au [[20 Februari]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[681]]/[[682]] – [[3 Julai]] [[683]]</small> | '''[[Papa Leo II|Leo II]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Leo II</small> | Papa '''Leo''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Sicilia]]</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[3 Julai]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[26 Juni]] [[684]] – [[8 Mei]] [[685]]</small> | '''[[Papa Benedikto II|Benedikto II]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Benedikto II</small> | Papa '''Benedictus''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[7 Mei]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[23 Julai]] [[685]] – [[2 Agosti]] [[686]]</small> | '''[[Papa Yohane V|Yohane V]]''' | Papa '''Ioannes''' Quintus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Syria]]</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[23 Oktoba]] [[686]] – [[21 Septemba]] [[687]]</small> | '''[[Papa Conon|Conon]]''' | Papa '''Conon''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>&nbsp;</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[15 Desemba]] [[687]] – [[7 Septemba]] [[701]]</small> | '''[[Papa Sergius I|Sergius I]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Sergius I</small> | Papa '''Sergius''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Sicilia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[30 Oktoba]] [[701]] – [[11 Januari]] [[705]]</small> | '''[[Papa Yohane VI|Yohane VI]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Yohane VI</small> | Papa '''Ioannes''' Sextus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[8 Septemba]]</small> | <small>Ugiriki</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[1 Machi]] [[705]] – [[18 Oktoba]] [[707]]</small> | '''[[Papa Yohane VII|Yohane VII]]''' | Papa '''Ioannes''' Septimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Ugiriki</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[15 Januari]] [[708]] – [[4 Februari]] [[708]]</small> | '''[[Papa Sisinnius|Sisinnius]]''' | Papa '''Sisinnius''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Syria</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[25 Machi]] [[708]] – [[9 Aprili]] [[715]]</small> | '''[[Papa Constantine|Konstantino]]''' | Papa '''Constantinus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Syria</small> | <small> Papa wa mwisho kutembelea [[Ugiriki]] hadi [[Yohane Paulo II]] mwaka [[2001]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[19 Mei]] [[715]] – [[11 Februari]] [[731]]</small> | '''[[Papa Gregori II|Gregori II]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Gregori II</small> | Papa '''Gregorius''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[11 Februari]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[18 Machi]] [[731]] – [[28 Novemba]] [[741]]</small> | '''[[Papa Gregori III|Gregori III]]''' | Papa '''Gregorius''' Tertius, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Syria</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[3 Desemba]] [[741]] – [[15 Machi]] [[752]]</small> | '''[[Papa Zakaria|Zakaria]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Zakaria</small> | Papa '''Zacharias''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Ugiriki</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[15 Machi]]</small> |} === Kuanzia 752 hadi 1003 === {|class=prettytable ! width="18%" | Miaka ya Upapa ! width="14%" | Jina rasmi ! width="18%" | Jina la Kilatini ! width="15%" | Jina la kuzaliwa ! width="12%" | Mahali pa kuzaliwa ! width="23%" | Maelezo |- valign="top" | <small>[[23 Machi]] [[752]] – [[25 Machi]] [[752]] Hakuwekwa [[wakfu]] kama Papa.</small> | '''[[Papa mteule Stefano]]''' | '''Stephanus''' | <small>&nbsp;</small> | <small>&nbsp;</small> | <small>Pengine huhesabiwa kama Stefano II. Alifariki siku [[tatu]] baada ya [[uchaguzi]] wake bila kuwekwa wakfu kama Papa. Aliingizwa katika orodha ya mapapa [[karne ya 16]] lakini aliondolewa tena mwaka [[1961]]. Kwa hiyo haangaliwi na Kanisa Katoliki kama papa.</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[26 Machi]] [[752]] – [[26 Aprili]] [[757]]</small> | '''[[Papa Stefano II|Stefano II]]''' | Papa '''Stephanus''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Mara nyingine huhesabiwa kama Stefano III</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[29 Mei]] (?) [[757]] – [[28 Juni]] [[767]]</small> | '''[[Papa Paulo I|Paulo I]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Paulo I</small> | Papa '''Paulus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[28 Juni]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[1 Agosti]] (?) [[767]] – [[24 Januari]] [[772]]</small> | '''[[Papa Stefano III|Stefano III]]''' | Papa '''Stephanus''' Tertius, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Sicilia</small> | <small>Pengine huhesabiwa kama Stefano IV</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[1 Februari]] (?) [[772]] – [[25 Desemba]] [[795]]</small> | '''[[Papa Adrian I|Adrian I]]''' | Papa '''Hadrianus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[26 Desemba]] [[795]] – [[12 Juni]] [[816]]</small> | '''[[Papa Leo III|Leo III]]''' | Papa '''Leo''' Tertius, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[22 Juni]] [[816]] – [[24 Januari]] [[817]]</small> | '''[[Papa Stefano IV|Stefano IV]]''' | Papa '''Stephanus''' Quartus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Pengine huhesabiwa kama Stefano V</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[25 Januari]] [[817]] – [[11 Februari]] [[824]]</small> | '''[[Papa Paskali I|Paskali I]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Paskali I</small> | Papa '''Paschalis''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[11 Februari]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[8 Mei]] [[824]] – Agosti [[827]]</small> | '''[[Papa Eugenio II|Eugenio II]]''' | Papa '''Eugenius''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>Agosti [[827]] – Septemba [[827]]</small> | '''[[Papa Valentine|Valentino]]''' | Papa '''Valentinus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small> [[827]]/[[828]] – [[25 Januari]] [[844]]</small> | '''[[Papa Gregori IV|Gregori IV]]''' | Papa '''Gregorius''' Quartus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[25 Januari]] [[844]] – [[27 Januari]] [[847]]</small> | '''[[Papa Sergius II|Sergius II]]''' | Papa '''Sergius''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>Januari 847 – [[17 Julai]] [[855]]</small> | '''[[Papa Leo IV|Leo IV]]''', '''''[[Shirika la Mtakatifu Benedikto|O.S.B.]]'''''<br /><small>Mtakatifu Leo IV</small> | Papa '''Leo''' Quartus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[17 Julai]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[855]] – [[17 Aprili]] [[858]]</small> | '''[[Papa Benedikto III|Benedikto III]]''' | Papa '''Benedictus''' Tertius, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[24 Aprili]] [[858]] – [[13 Novemba]] [[867]]</small> | '''[[Papa Nikolasi I|Nikolasi I]]'''<br/><small>Mtakatifu Nikolasi I</small><br /><small>Nikolasi Mkuu</small> | Papa '''Nicolaus''' Magnus <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[13 Novemba]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[14 Desemba]] [[867]] – [[14 Desemba]] [[872]]</small> | '''[[Papa Adrian II|Adrian II]]''' | Papa '''Hadrianus''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[14 Desemba]] [[872]] – [[16 Desemba]] [[882]]</small> | '''[[Papa Yohane VIII|Yohane VIII]]''' | Papa '''Ioannes''' Octavus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[16 Desemba]] [[882]] – [[15 Mei]] [[884]]</small> | '''[[Papa Marinus I|Marinus I]]''' | Papa '''Marinus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Gallese]], [[Viterbo]], Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[17 Mei]] [[884]] – Septemba [[885]] hivi</small> | '''[[Papa Adrian III|Adrian III]]'''<br /><small>Mtakatifu Adrian III</small> | Papa '''Hadrianus''' Tertius, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[8 Julai]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>Septemba 885 – [[14 Septemba]] [[891]]</small> | '''[[Papa Stefano V|Stefano V]]''' | Papa '''Stephanus''' Quintus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Pengine huhesabiwa kama Stefano VI</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[6 Oktoba]] [[891]] – [[4 Aprili]] [[896]]</small> | '''[[Papa Formosus|Formosus]]''' | Papa '''Formosus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Ostia]]</small> | <small></small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[11 Aprili]] [[896]] – [[26 Aprili]] [[896]]</small> | '''[[Papa Boniface VI|Bonifasi VI]]''' | Papa '''Bonifacius''' Sextus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[22 Mei]] [[896]] – Agosti [[897]]</small> | '''[[Papa Stefano VI|Stefano VI]]''' | Papa '''Stephanus''' Sextus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>&nbsp;</small> | <small>Pengine huhesabiwa kama Stefano VII</small> |- valign="top" | <small>Julai/Agosti 897 – Novemba 897</small> | '''[[Papa Romanus|Romanus]]''' | Papa '''Romanus''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Gallese, Viterbo, Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>Desemba 897 – [[897]]/[[898]]</small> | '''[[Papa Theodoro II|Theodoro II]]''' | Papa '''Theodorus''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma;</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>Januari [[898]] – Januari/Mei [[900]]</small> | '''[[Papa Yohane IX|Yohane IX]]''', '''''[[Shirika la Mtakatifu Benedikto|O.S.B.]]''''' | Papa '''Ioannes''' Nonus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Tivoli</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>900 – [[903]]</small> | '''[[Papa Benedikto IV|Benedikto IV]]''' | Papa '''Benedictus''' Quartus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>Julai 903 – Septemba 903</small> | '''[[Papa Leo V|Leo V]]''' | Papa '''Leo''' Quintus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Ardea]]</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[29 Januari]] [[904]] – [[14 Aprili]] [[911]]</small> | '''[[Papa Sergius III|Sergius III]]''' | Papa '''Sergius''' Tertius, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small> </small> |- valign="top" | <small> 911 – [[913]]</small> | '''[[Papa Anastasius III|Anastasius III]]''' | Papa '''Anastasius''' Tertius, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>Julai/Novemba 913 – Machi [[914]]</small> | '''[[Papa Lando|Lando]]''' | Papa '''Lando''', <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Sabina]], [[Italia]]</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>Machi/Aprili 914 – Mei/Juni [[928]]</small> | '''[[Papa Yohane X|Yohane X]]''' | Papa '''Ioannes''' Decimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>[[Tossignano]], [[Imola]], [[Emilia-Romagna]]</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>Mei/Juni 928 – Desemba 928/Januari [[929]]</small> | '''[[Papa Leo VI|Leo VI]]''' | Papa '''Leo''' Sextus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>Januari [[929]] – Februari [[931]]</small> | '''[[Papa Stefano VII|Stefano VII]]''' | Papa '''Stephanus''' Septimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Pengine huhesabiwa kama Stefano VIII</small> |- valign="top" | <small>Machi 931 – Januari [[936]]</small> | '''[[Papa Yohane XI|Yohane XI]]''' | Papa '''Ioannes''' Undecimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[Januari]] [[936]] – [[13 Julai]] [[939]]</small> | '''[[Papa Leo VII|Leo VII]]''', '''''[[Shirika la Mtakatifu Benedikto|O.S.B.]]''''' | Papa '''Leo''' Septimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[14 Julai]] [[939]] – Oktoba [[942]]</small> | '''[[Papa Stefano VIII|Stefano VIII]]''' | Papa '''Stephanus''' Octavus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Pengine huhesabiwa kama Stefano IX</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[30 Oktoba]] [[942]] – Mei [[946]]</small> | '''[[Papa Marinus II|Marinus II]]''' | Papa '''Marinus''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[10 Mei]] [[946]] – Desemba [[955]]</small> | '''[[Papa Agapetus II|Agapiti II]]''' | Papa '''Agapetus''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[16 Desemba]] [[955]] – [[14 Mei]] [[964]]</small> | '''[[Papa Yohane XII|Yohane XII]]''' | Papa '''Ioannes''' Duodecimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Octavian</small> | <small>&nbsp;</small> | <small> </small> |- valign="top" | <small>Julai [[964]] – [[1 Machi]] [[965]]</small> | '''[[Papa Leo VIII|Leo VIII]]''' | Papa '''Leo''' Octavus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Aliteuliwa na Mfalme Mkuu [[Otto I]] mwaka [[963]] dhidi ya [[Papa Yohane XII|Yohane XII]] na [[Papa Benedikto V|Benedikto V]]. Alibaki papa pekee baada ya kujiuzulu kwa Benedikto V. </small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[22 Mei]] [[964]] – [[23 Juni]] [[964]]</small> | '''[[Papa Benedikto V|Benedikto V]]''' | Papa '''Benedictus''' Quintus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | <small>Alichaguliwa na watu wa Roma baada ya [[kifo]] cha [[Papa Yohane XII|Yohane XII]], wakati [[Papa Leo VIII|Leo VIII]] alipoteuliwa na [[Mfalme Mkuu Otto]]; mwaka 964 Benedikto alijiuzulu na Leo alibaki Papa.</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[1 Oktoba]] [[965]] – [[6 Septemba]] [[972]]</small> | '''[[Papa Yohane XIII|Yohane XIII]]''' | Papa '''Ioannes''' Tertius Decimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>&nbsp;</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[19 Januari]] [[973]] – Juni [[974]]</small> | '''[[Papa Benedikto VI|Benedikto VI]]''' | Papa '''Benedictus''' Sextus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>&nbsp;</small> | <small>Aliuawa</small> |- valign="top" | <small>Oktoba 974 – [[10 Julai]] [[983]]</small> | '''[[Papa Benedikto VII|Benedikto VII]]''' | Papa '''Benedictus''' Septimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>&nbsp;</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>Desemba 983 – [[20 Agosti]] [[984]]</small> | '''[[Papa Yohane XIV|Yohane XIV]]''' | Papa '''Ioannes''' Quartus Decimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Pietro Campanora</small> | <small>[[Pavia]], [[Lombardia]], Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>Agosti [[985]] – Machi [[996]]</small> | '''[[Papa Yohane XV|Yohane XV]]''' | Papa '''Ioannes''' Quintus Decimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Roma</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[3 Mei]] [[996]] – [[18 Februari]] [[999]]</small> | '''[[Papa Gregori V|Gregori V]]''' | Papa '''Gregorius''' Quintus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Bruno wa [[Carinthia]]</small> | <small>&nbsp;</small> | <small> Papa wa kwanza kutoka [[Ujerumani]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[2 Aprili]] [[999]] – [[12 Mei]] [[1003]]</small> | '''[[Papa Sylvester II|Silvesta II]]''' | Papa '''Silvester''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Gerbert d'Aurillac</small> | <small>[[mkoa]] wa [[Auvergne]], [[Ufaransa]]</small> | <small> Papa wa kwanza kutoka Ufaransa</small> |} === Kuanzia 1003 hadi 1254 === {|class=prettytable ! width="18%" | Miaka ya Upapa ! width="14%" | Jina rasmi ! width="18%" | Jina la Kilatini ! width="15%" | Jina la kuzaliwa ! width="12%" | Mahali pa kuzaliwa ! width="23%" | Maelezo |- valign="top" | <small>Juni 1003 – Desemba 1003</small> | '''[[Papa Yohane XVII|Yohane XVII]]''' | Papa '''Ioannes''' Septimus Decimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Siccone</small> | <small>[[Roma]]</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[25 Desemba]] [[1003]] – Julai [[1009]]</small> | '''[[Papa Yohane XVIII|Yohane XVIII]]''' | Papa '''Ioannes''' Duodevicesimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Giovanni Fasano; Phasianus</small> | <small>[[Roma]]</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[31 Julai]] [[1009]] – [[12 Mei]] [[1012]]</small> | '''[[Papa Sergius IV|Sergius IV]]''' | Papa '''Sergius''' Quartus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Pietro Boccapecora</small> | <small>[[Roma]]</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[18 Mei]] [[1012]] – [[9 Aprili]] [[1024]]</small> | '''[[Papa Benedikto VIII|Benedikto VIII]]''' | Papa '''Benedictus''' Octavus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Theophylactus II, wa watawala wa Tusculum</small> | <small>[[Roma]]</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>Aprili/Mei 1024 – [[20 Oktoba]] [[1032]]</small> | '''[[Papa Yohane XIX|Yohane XIX]]''' | Papa '''Ioannes''' Undevicesimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Romanus, wa watawala wa Tusculum</small> | <small>[[Roma]]</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>1032 – [[1044]]</small> | '''[[Papa Benedikto IX|Benedikto IX]]''' | Papa '''Benedictus''' Nonus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Theophylactus III wa watawala wa Tusculum</small> | <small>[[Roma]]</small> | <small>awamu ya kwanza; alijiuzulu kwa kupewa [[fedha]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[1045]]</small> | '''[[Papa Sylvester III|Sylvester III]]''' | Papa '''Silvester''' Tertius, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Yohane, Askofu wa Sabina</small> | <small>[[Roma]]</small> | <small>Uchaguzi wake haukuthibitishwa, kwa hiyo haangaliwi kama papa rasmi.</small> |- valign="top" | <small>1045 – [[1046]]</small> | '''[[Papa Benedikto IX|Benedikto IX]]''' | Papa '''Benedictus''' Nonus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Theophylactus III wa watawala wa Tusculum</small> | <small>[[Roma]]</small> | <small>awamu ya pili; aliondolewa katika [[Mkutano wa Sutri]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>Aprili/Mei 1045 – [[20 Desemba]] [[1046]]</small> | '''[[Papa Gregori VI|Gregori VI]]''' | Papa '''Gregorius''' Sextus, <small>Episcopus Romanus </small> | <small>Johannes Gratianus</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Aliondolewa katika [[Mkutano wa Sutri]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[24 Desemba]] [[1046]] – [[9 Oktoba]] [[1047]]</small> | '''[[Papa Klementi II|Klementi II]]''' | Papa '''Clemens''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Suidger</small> | <small>[[Saxonia]], Ujerumani</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>Novemba 1047 – [[1048]]</small> | '''[[Papa Benedikto IX|Benedikto IX]]''' | Papa '''Benedictus''' Nonus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Theophylactus III wa watawala wa Tusculum</small> | &nbsp; | <small>awamu ya tatu; aliondolewa na Kanisa kabisa.</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[17 Julai]] [[1048]] – [[9 Agosti]] [[1048]]</small> | '''[[Papa Damasus II|Damasus II]]''' | Papa '''Damasus''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Poppo</small> | <small>[[Tirol]], [[Austria]]</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[12 Februari]] [[1049]] – [[19 Aprili]] [[1054]]</small> | '''[[Papa Leo IX|Leo IX]]'''<br /><small>Mtakatifu Leo IX</small> | Papa '''Leo''' Nonus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Bruno, Lodi wa Dagsbourg</small> | <small>[[Alsace]], Ufaransa</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[19 Aprili]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[13 Aprili]] [[1055]] – [[28 Julai]] [[1057]]</small> | '''[[Papa Viktor II|Vikta II]]''' | Papa '''Viktor''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Gebhard, [[Lodi wa Calw]], Tollenstein, na Hirschberg</small> | <small>Ujerumani</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[2 Agosti]] [[1057]] – [[29 Machi]] [[1058]]</small> | '''[[Papa Stefano IX|Stefano IX]]''', '''''[[Shirika la Mtakatifu Benedikto|O.S.B.]]''''' | Papa '''Stephanus''' Nonus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Frederic de Lorraine; Frederik wa Lorraine</small> | &nbsp; | <small>Pengine huhesabiwa kama Stefano X</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[6 Desemba]] [[1058]] – [[27 Julai]] [[1061]]</small> | '''[[Papa Nikolasi II|Nikolasi II]]''' | Papa '''Nicolaus''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small> Gérard de Bourgogne; Gerard wa [[Burgundy]] </small> | &nbsp; | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[30 Septemba]] [[1061]] – [[21 Aprili]] [[1073]]</small> | '''[[Papa Alexander II|Alexander II]]''' | Papa '''Alexander''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus </small> | <small>Anselmo da Baggio</small> | <small>[[Baggio]], [[Milano]], Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[22 Aprili]] [[1073]] – [[25 Mei]] [[1085]]</small> | '''[[Papa Gregori VII|Gregori VII]]''', '''''[[Shirika la Mtakatifu Benedikto|O.S.B.]]'''''<br /><small>Mtakatifu Gregori VII</small> | Papa '''Gregorius''' Septimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Hildebrand</small> | <small>[[Soana]], [[Toscana]], Italia</small> | <small>Aliweka mipaka ya matumizi ya neno ''"Papa"'' limaanishe Askofu wa Roma tu. Sikukuu yake ni [[25 Mei]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[24 Mei]] [[1086]] – [[16 Septemba]] [[1087]]</small> | '''[[Papa Viktor III|Vikta III]]''', '''''[[Shirika la Mtakatifu Benedikto|O.S.B.]]'''''<br /><small>Mwenye heri Viktor III</small> | Papa '''Viktor''' Tertius, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Desiderio; Desiderius; Dauferius</small> | <small>[[Italia ya Kusini]]</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[16 Septemba]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[12 Machi]] [[1088]] – [[29 Julai]] [[1099]]</small> | '''[[Papa Urban II|Urban II]]''', '''''[[Shirika la Mtakatifu Benedikto|O.S.B.]]'''''<br /><small>Mwenye heri Urban II</small> | Papa '''Urbanus''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Odo wa Lagery</small> | <small>[[Ufaransa]]</small> | <small>Alianzisha [[Vita vya msalaba]]. Sikukuu yake ni [[29 Julai]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[13 Agosti]] [[1099]] – [[21 Januari]] [[1118]]</small> | '''[[Papa Paskali II|Paskali II]]''', '''''[[O.S.B.]]''''' | Papa '''Paschalis''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Raniero</small> | <small>[[Romagna]], Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[24 Januari]] [[1118]] – [[28 Januari]] [[1119]]</small> | '''[[Papa Gelasius II|Gelasius II]]''', '''''[[Shirika la Mtakatifu Benedikto|O.S.B.]]''''' | Papa '''Gelasius''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Giovanni Coniulo</small> | <small>[[Gaeta]], Lazio, Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[2 Februari]] [[1119]] – [[13 Desemba]] [[1124]]</small> | '''[[Papa Kalisti II|Kalisti II]]''' | Papa '''Callistus''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Guido, [[Lodi wa Burgundy]]</small> | <small>[[Ufaransa]]</small> | <small>Alifungua [[Mtaguso wa kwanza wa Laterano]] mwaka [[1123]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[15 Desemba]] [[1124]] – [[13 Februari]] [[1130]]</small> | '''[[Papa Honorius II|Honorius II]]''' | Papa '''Honorius''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Lamberto Scannabecchi</small> | <small>[[Imola]], Romagna, Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[14 Februari]] [[1130]] – [[24 Septemba]] [[1143]]</small> | '''[[Papa Innocent II|Inosenti II]]''' | Papa '''Innocentius''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Gregorio Papareschi</small> | <small>[[Roma]], [[Italia]]</small> | <small>Alianzisha [[Mtaguso wa pili wa Laterano]], [[1139]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[26 Septemba]] [[1143]] – [[8 Machi]] [[1144]]</small> | '''[[Papa Celestine II|Selestini II]]''' | Papa '''Coelestinus''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Guido</small> | <small>[[Città di Castello]], [[Umbria]], Italia</small> | <small></small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[12 Machi]] [[1144]] – [[15 Machi]] [[1145]]</small> | '''[[Papa Lucius II|Lucius II]]''' | Papa '''Lucius''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Gerardo Caccianemici dal Orso</small> | <small>[[Bologna]], Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[15 Februari]] [[1145]] – [[8 Julai]] [[1153]]</small> | '''[[Papa Eugenio III|Eugenio III]]''', '''''[[Cistercians|O.Cist.]]'''''<br /><small>Mwenye heri Eugenio III</small> | Papa '''Eugenius''' Tertius, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Bernardo Pignatelli</small> | <small>[[Pisa]], Toskana, Italia</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[8 Julai]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[8 Julai]] [[1153]] – [[3 Desemba]] [[1154]]</small> | '''[[Papa Anastasius IV|Anastasius IV]]''' | Papa '''Anastasius''' Quartus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Corrado</small> | <small>Roma</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[4 Desemba]] [[1154]] – [[1 Septemba]] [[1159]]</small> | '''[[Papa Adrian IV|Adrian IV]]''', '''''[[Can.Reg.]]''''' | Papa '''Hadrianus''' Quartus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Nicholas Breakspear</small> | <small>[[Uingereza]]</small> | <small> Papa pekee kutoka Uingereza </small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[7 Septemba]] [[1159]] – [[30 Agosti]] [[1181]]</small> | '''[[Papa Alexander III|Alexander III]]''' | Papa '''Alexander''' Tertius, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Rolando Bandinelli</small> | <small>[[Siena]], Toskana, Italia</small> | <small>Alianzisha [[Mtaguso wa tatu wa Laterano]], [[1179]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[1 Septemba]] [[1181]] – [[25 Novemba]] [[1185]]</small> | '''[[Papa Lucius III|Lucius III]]''' | Papa '''Lucius''' Tertius, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Ubaldo Allucingoli</small> | <small>[[Lucca]], Toskana, Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[25 Novemba]] [[1185]] – [[19 Oktoba]] [[1187]]</small> | '''[[Papa Urban III|Urban III]]''' | Papa '''Urbanus''' Tertius, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Uberto Crivelli</small> | <small>[[Milano]], Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[21 Oktoba]] [[1187]] – [[17 Desemba]] [[1187]]</small> | '''[[Papa Gregori VIII|Gregori VIII]]''' | Papa '''Gregorius''' Octavus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Alberto di Morra</small> | <small>[[Benevento]], [[Campania]], Italia</small> | <small>Alishauri kuanzisha [[Vita vya msalaba]] vya tatu</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[19 Desemba]] [[1187]] – [[27 Machi]] [[1191]]</small> | '''[[Papa Klementi III|Klementi III]]''' | Papa '''Clemens''' Tertius, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Paulino Scolari</small> | <small>[[Roma]]</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[30 Machi]] [[1191]] – [[8 Januari]] [[1198]]</small> | '''[[Papa Celestine III|Selestini III]]''' | Papa '''Coelestinus''' Tertius, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Giacinto [[Orsini|Bobone]]</small> | <small>Roma</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[8 Januari]] [[1198]] – [[16 Julai]] [[1216]]</small> | '''[[Papa Innocent III|Inosenti III]]''' | Papa '''Innocentius''' Tertius, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Lotario dei Conti di [[Segni]]</small> | <small>[[Gavignano]], Lazio, Italia</small> | <small>Alianzisha [[Mtaguso wa nne wa Laterano]], [[1215]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[18 Julai]] [[1216]] – [[18 Machi]] [[1227]]</small> | '''[[Papa Honorius III|Honorius III]]''' | Papa '''Honorius''' Tertius, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Cencio Savelli</small> | <small>[[Roma]]</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[19 Machi]] [[1227]] – [[22 Agosti]] [[1241]]</small> | '''[[Papa Gregori IX|Gregori IX]]''' | Papa '''Gregorius''' Nonus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Ugolino dei Conti di [[Segni]]</small> | <small>[[Anagni]], Lazio, Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[25 Oktoba]] [[1241]] – [[10 Novemba]] [[1241]]</small> | '''[[Papa Celestine IV|Selestini IV]]''', | Papa '''Coelestinus''' Quartus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Goffredo Castiglioni</small> | <small>[[Milano]], Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[25 Juni]] [[1243]] – [[7 Desemba]] [[1254]]</small> | '''[[Papa Innocent IV|Inosenti IV]]''' | Papa '''Innocentius''' Quartus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Sinibaldo [[Fieschi]]</small> | <small>[[Genova]], Italia</small> | <small>Alifungua [[Mtaguso wa kwanza wa Lyon]], [[1245]]</small> |} === Kuanzia 1254 hadi 1503 === {|class=prettytable ! width="18%" | Miaka ya Upapa ! width="14%" | Jina rasmi ! width="18%" | Jina la Kilatini ! width="15%" | Jina la kuzaliwa ! width="12%" | Mahali pa kuzaliwa ! width="23%" | Maelezo |- valign="top" | <small>[[12 Desemba]] [[1254]] – [[25 Mei]] [[1261]]</small> | '''[[Papa Alexander IV|Alexander IV]]''' | Papa '''Alexander''' Quartus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Rinaldo dei Conti di Segni; Rinaldo [[Conti]]</small> | <small>Anagni, Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[29 Agosti]] [[1261]] – [[2 Oktoba]] [[1264]]</small> | '''[[Papa Urban IV|Urban IV]]''' | Papa '''Urbanus''' Quartus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small> Jacques Pantaléon</small> | <small>[[Troyes]], Ufaransa</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[5 Februari]] [[1265]] – [[29 Novemba]] [[1268]]</small> | '''[[Papa Klementi IV|Klementi IV]]''' | Papa '''Clemens''' Quartus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Gui Faucoi le Gros </small> | <small>Mtakatifu-Gilles, Ufaransa</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[29 Novemba]] [[1268]] – [[1 Septemba]] [[1271]]</small> | &nbsp; | <small>hakuna papa</small> | &nbsp; | &nbsp; | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[1 Septemba]] [[1271]] – [[10 Januari]] [[1276]]</small> | '''[[Papa Gregori X|Gregori X]]''', <br /><small>Mwenye heri Gregori X</small> | Papa '''Gregorius''' Decimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Tebaldo [[Visconti]]</small> | <small>[[Piacenza]], [[Emilia-Romagna]], Italia</small> | <small>Alianzisha [[Mtaguso wa pili wa Lyon]], 1274. Sikukuu yake ni [[10 Januari]].</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[21 Januari]] [[1276]] – [[22 Juni]] [[1276]]</small> | '''[[Papa Innocent V|Inosenti V]]''', '''''[[Shirika la Wahubiri|O.P.]]'''''<br /><small>Mwenye heri Inosenti V</small> | Papa '''Innocentius''' Quintus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Pierre de Tarentaise</small> | <small>[[Savoy]], Ufaransa</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[22 Juni]].</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[11 Julai]] [[1276]] – [[18 Agosti]] [[1276]]</small> | '''[[Papa Adrian V|Adrian V]]''' | Papa '''Hadrianus''' Quintus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Ottobuono [[Fieschi]]</small> | <small>Genova, Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[8 Septemba]] [[1276]] – [[20 Mei]] [[1277]]</small> | '''[[Papa Yohane XXI|Yohane XXI]]''' | Papa '''Ioannes''' Vicesimus Primus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Pedro Hispano</small> | <small>[[Lisbon]], Ureno</small> | <small>Alikufa [[maabara]] yake ya [[Sayansi|kisayansi]] ilipoporomoka. </small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[25 Novemba]] [[1277]] – [[22 Agosti]] [[1280]]</small> | '''[[Papa Nikolasi III|Nikolasi III]]''', | Papa '''Nicolaus''' Tertius, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Giovanni Gaetano [[Orsini]]</small> | <small>Roma, Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[22 Februari]] [[1281]] – [[28 Machi]] [[1285]]</small> | '''[[Papa Martin IV|Martin IV]]''' | Papa '''Martinus''' Quartus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Simon de Brion</small> | <small>[[Touraine]], Ufaransa</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[2 Aprili]] [[1285]] – [[3 Aprili]] [[1287]]</small> | '''[[Papa Honorius IV|Honorius IV]]''' | Papa '''Honorius''' Quartus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Giacomo Savelli</small> | <small>Roma, Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[22 Februari]] [[1288]] – [[4 Aprili]] [[1292]]</small> | '''[[Papa Nikolasi IV|Nikolasi IV]]''', '''''[[Ndugu Wadogo|O.F.M.]]''''' | Papa '''Nicolaus''' Quartus, <small>Episcopus Romanus </small> | <small>Girolamo Masci</small> | <small>[[Ascoli Piceno]], [[Marche]], Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[4 Aprili]] [[1292]] – [[5 Julai]] [[1294]]</small> | &nbsp; | <small>hakuna papa</small> | &nbsp; | &nbsp; | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[5 Julai]] [[1294]] – [[13 Desemba]] [[1294]]</small> | '''[[Papa Celestine V|Selestini V]]''', '''''[[Shirika la Mtakatifu Benedikto|O.S.B.]]'''''<br /><small>Mtakatifu Selestini V</small> | Papa '''Coelestinus''' Quintus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Pietro da Morrone</small> | <small>[[Molise]], Italia</small> | <small>Alijiuzulu. Sikukuu yake ni [[22 Juni]].</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[24 Desemba]] [[1294]] – [[11 Oktoba]] [[1303]]</small> | '''[[Papa Boniface VIII|Bonifasi VIII]]''' | Papa '''Bonifacius''' Octavus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Benedetto Caetani</small> | <small>Anagni, Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[22 Oktoba]] [[1303]] – [[7 Julai]] [[1304]]</small> | '''[[Papa Benedikto XI|Benedikto XI]]''', '''''[[Shirika la Wahubiri|O.P.]]'''''<br /><small>Mwenye heri Benedikto XI</small> | Papa '''Benedictus''' Undecimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Niccolò Boccasini</small> | <small>[[Treviso]], Italia</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[7 Julai]].</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[5 Juni]] [[1305]] – [[20 Aprili]] [[1314]]</small> | '''[[Papa Klementi V|Klementi V]]''' | Papa '''Clemens''' Quintus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Bertrand de Got </small> | <small>[[Bordeaux]], Ufaransa</small> | <small>[[Upapa wa Avignon]]. Alilazimishwa kufuta [[Shirika la Hekalu]] kwenye [[Mtaguso wa Vienne]], [[1311]]-[[1312]]. </small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[20 Aprili]] [[1314]] – [[7 Agosti]] [[1316]]</small> | &nbsp; | <small>hakuna papa</small> | &nbsp; | &nbsp; | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[7 Agosti]] [[1316]] – [[4 Desemba]] [[1334]]</small> | '''[[Papa Yohane XXII|Yohane XXII]]''' | Papa '''Ioannes''' Vicesimus Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Jacques d'Euse; Jacques Duèse </small> | <small>[[Cahors]], Ufaransa</small> | <small>[[Upapa wa Avignon]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[20 Desemba]] [[1334]] – [[25 Aprili]] [[1342]]</small> | '''[[Papa Benedikto XII|Benedikto XII]]''', '''''[[Cistercians|O.Cist.]]''''' | Papa '''Benedictus''' Duodecimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small> Jacques Fournier </small> | <small>[[Saverdun]], Ufaransa</small> | <small>[[Upapa wa Avignon]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[7 Mei]] [[1342]] – [[6 Desemba]] [[1352]]</small> | '''[[Papa Klementi VI|Klementi VI]]''' | Papa '''Clemens''' Sextus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Pierre Roger </small> | <small>[[Limoges]], Ufaransa</small> | <small>[[Upapa wa Avignon]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[18 Desemba]] [[1352]] – [[12 Septemba]] [[1362]]</small> | '''[[Papa Innocent VI|Inosenti VI]]''' | Papa '''Innocentius''' Sextus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Étienne Aubert; Stefano Aubert </small> | <small>[[Beyssac]], Ufaransa</small> | <small>[[Upapa wa Avignon]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[28 Septemba]] [[1362]] – [[19 Desemba]] [[1370]]</small> | '''[[Papa Urban V|Urban V]]''', '''''[[Shirika la Mtakatifu Benedikto|O.S.B.]]'''''<br /><small>Mwenye heri Urban V</small> | Papa '''Urbanus''' Quintus, <small>Episcopus</small> | <small>Guillaume Grimoard; Guillaume de Grimoard</small> | <small>[[Languedoc]], Ufaransa</small> | <small>[[Upapa wa Avignon]]. Sikukuu yake ni [[19 Desemba]].</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[30 Desemba]] [[1370]] – [[26 Machi]] [[1378]]</small> | '''[[Papa Gregori XI|Gregori XI]]''' | Papa '''Gregorius''' Undecimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Pierre Roger de Beaufort</small> | <small>Limoges, Ufaransa</small> | <small>[[Upapa wa Avignon]]; alirudi Roma</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[8 Aprili]] [[1378]] – [[15 Oktoba]] [[1389]]</small> | '''[[Papa Urban VI|Urban VI]]''' | Papa '''Urbanus''' Sextus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Bartolomeo [[Prignano]]</small> | <small>Napoli, Italia</small> | <small>[[Farakano la Magharibi]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[2 Novemba]] [[1389]] – [[1 Oktoba]] [[1404]]</small> | '''[[Papa Boniface IX|Boniface IX]]''' | Papa '''Bonifacius''' Nonus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Pietro Tomacelli</small> | <small>Napoli, Italia</small> | <small>[[Farakano la Magharibi]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[17 Oktoba]] [[1404]] – [[6 Novemba]] [[1406]]</small> | '''[[Papa Innocent VII|Inosenti VII]]''' | Papa '''Innocentius''' Septimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Cosimo Gentile Migliorati</small> | <small>[[Abruzzo]], Italia</small> | <small>[[Farakano la Magharibi]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[30 Novemba]] [[1406]] – [[4 Julai]] [[1415]]</small> | '''[[Papa Gregori XII|Gregori XII]]''' | Papa '''Gregorius''' Duodecimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Angelo [[Correr]]</small> | <small>[[Venice]], Italia</small> | <small>[[Farakano la Magharibi]]; alijiuzulu kwenye [[Mtaguso wa Konstanz]].</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[4 Julai]] [[1415]] – [[11 Novemba]] [[1417]]</small> | &nbsp; | <small>hakuna papa</small> | &nbsp; | &nbsp; | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[11 Novemba]] [[1417]] – [[20 Februari]] [[1431]]</small> | '''[[Papa Martin V|Martin V]]''' | Papa '''Martinus''' Quintus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Oddone [[Colonna]]</small> | <small>Roma, Italia</small> | <small>Alianzisha [[Mtaguso wa Basel]], 1431</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[3 Machi]] [[1431]] – [[23 Februari]] [[1447]]</small> | '''[[Papa Eugenio IV|Eugenio IV]]''', '''''[[Wakanoni|Can.Reg.]]''''' | Papa '''Eugenius''' Quartus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Gabriele Condulmer</small> | <small>Venice, Italia</small> | <small>Alimvisha taji [[Mfalme Mkuu Sigismund]] mjini [[Roma]] mwaka [[1433]]. |- valign="top" | <small>[[6 Machi]] [[1447]] – [[24 Machi]] [[1455]]</small> | '''[[Papa Nikolasi V|Nikolasi V]]''', | Papa '''Nicolaus''' Quintus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Tommaso Parentucelli</small> | <small>[[Sarzana]], [[Liguria]], Italia</small> | <small>Alimvisha taji [[Mfalme Mkuu Frederick III]] mjini Roma mwaka [[1452]].</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[8 Aprili]] [[1455]] – [[6 Agosti]] [[1458]]</small> | '''[[Papa Kalisti III|Kalisti III]]''' | Papa '''Callistus''' Tertius, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Alfonso de [[Borgia]]</small> | <small>[[Xàtiva]], [[Valencia]], [[Hispania]]</small> | <small> Papa wa kwanza kutoka [[Hispania]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[19 Agosti]] [[1458]] – [[15 Agosti]] [[1464]]</small> | '''[[Papa Pius II|Pius II]]''' | Papa '''Pius''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Enea Silvio Piccolomini</small> | <small>Siena, Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[30 Agosti]] [[1464]] – [[26 Julai]] [[1471]]</small> | '''[[Papa Paulo II|Paulo II]]''' | Papa '''Paulus''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus </small> | <small>Pietro Barbo</small> | <small>Venice, Italia</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[9 Agosti]] [[1471]] – [[12 Agosti]] [[1484]]</small> | '''[[Papa Sixtus IV|Sixtus IV]]''', '''''[[Ndugu Wadogo|O.F.M.]]''''' | Papa '''Xystus''' Quartus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Francesco [[della Rovere]]</small> | <small>[[Savona]], Italia</small> | <small>Aliagiza [[Kikanisa cha Sistina]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[29 Agosti]] [[1484]] – [[25 Julai]] [[1492]]</small> | '''[[Papa Innocent VIII|Inosenti VIII]]''' | Papa '''Innocentius''' Octavus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Giovanni Battista Cybo</small> | <small>Genova, Italia</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[11 Agosti]] [[1492]] – [[18 Agosti]] [[1503]]</small> | '''[[Papa Alexander VI|Alexander VI]]''' | Papa '''Alexander''' Sextus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Rodrigo de Lanzòl-[[Borgia]]</small> | <small>Xàtiva, Valencia, Hispania</small> | <small>Aligawa [[dunia]] yote isiyo [[Ulaya]] kati ya [[Hispania]] na [[Ureno]] mwaka [[1493]]. </small> |} === Kuanzia 1503 hadi 1758 === {|class=prettytable ! width="18%" | Miaka ya Upapa ! width="5%" | Picha ! width="14%" | Jina rasmi ! width="18%" | Jina la Kilatini ! width="15%" | Jina la kuzaliwa ! width="12%" | Mahali pa kuzaliwa ! width="23%" | Maelezo |- valign="top" | <small>[[22 Septemba]] [[1503]] – [[18 Oktoba]] [[1503]]</small> |[[Picha:PiusIII.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Pius III|Pius III]]''' | Papa '''Pius''' Tertius, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini</small> | <small>Siena, Toscana, Italia</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[31 Oktoba]] [[1503]] – [[21 Februari]] [[1513]]</small> |[[Picha:Pope_Julius_II.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Julius II|Julius II]]''', | Papa '''Iulius''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Giuliano [[della Rovere]]</small> | <small>[[Albissola]], Savona, Italia</small> | <small>[[Mpwa]] wa Sixtus IV; aliitisha [[Mtaguso wa tano wa Laterano]], [[1512]]. </small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[9 Machi]] [[1513]] – [[1 Desemba]] [[1521]]</small> |[[Picha:Pope-leo10.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Leo X|Leo X]]''' | Papa '''Leo''' Decimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici</small> | <small>[[Florence]], Italia</small> | <small>[[Mwana]] wa [[Lorenzo de Medici]], alimtenga [[Martin Luther]] na Kanisa. </small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[9 Januari]] [[1522]] – [[14 Septemba]] [[1523]]</small> |[[Picha:Hadrian VI.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Adrian VI|Adrian VI]]''' | Papa '''Hadrianus''' Sextus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Adriaan Floriszoon Boeyens</small> | <small>[[Utrecht]], [[Dola la Ujerumani]] (siku hizi ni [[Uholanzi]])</small> | <small> Papa pekee kutoka Uholanzi na wa mwisho asiye Mwitalia hadi [[Yohane Paulo II]] (mwaka [[1978]]). Alikuwa [[mwalimu]] wa [[Kaisari Karoli V]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[26 Novemba]] [[1523]] – [[25 Septemba]] [[1534]]</small> |[[Picha:Pope Clement VII.JPG|70px]] | '''[[Papa Klementi VII|Klementi VII]]''' | Papa '''Clemens''' Septimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Giulio di [[Giuliano di Piero de' Medici|Giuliano de' Medici]]</small> | <small>Florence, Italia</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[13 Oktoba]] [[1534]] – [[10 Novemba]] [[1549]]</small> |[[Picha:Portrait of Pope Paul III Farnese (by Titian) - National Museum of Capodimonte.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Paulo III|Paulo III]]''' | Papa '''Paulus''' Tertius, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Alessandro [[Farnese]]</small> | <small>[[Canino]], [[Viterbo]], Italia</small> | <small>Alifungua [[Mtaguso wa Trento]] mwaka [[1545]].</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[29 Novemba]] [[1549]] – [[29 Machi]] [[1555]]</small> |[[Picha:Julius III.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Julius III|Julius III]]''' | Papa '''Iulius''' Tertius, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte</small> | <small>Roma, Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[9 Aprili]] [[1555]] – [[30 Aprili]] au [[1 Mei]] [[1555]]</small> |[[Picha:Pope Marcellus II.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Marcello II|Marcello II]]''' | Papa '''Marcellus''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Marcello Cervini</small> | <small>[[Montefano]], [[Macerata]], Marche, Italia</small> | <small> </small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[23 Mei]] [[1555]] – [[18 Agosti]] [[1559]]</small> |[[Picha:Pope Paul IV.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Paulo IV|Paulo IV]]''' | Papa '''Paulus''' Quartus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Giovanni Pietro Carafa</small> | <small>[[Capriglia]], Campania, Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[26 Desemba]] [[1559]] – [[9 Desemba]] [[1565]]</small> |[[Picha:Pius4.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Pius IV|Pius IV]]''' | Papa '''Pius''' Quartus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Giovanni Angelo Medici</small> | <small>Milano, Italia</small> | <small>Alifungua upya [[Mtaguso wa Trento]] [[1562]], na kuumaliza mwaka [[1563]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[7 Januari]] [[1566]] – [[1 Mei]] [[1572]]</small> |[[Picha:El Greco 050.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Pius V|Pius V]]''', '''''[[Shirika la Wahubiri|O.P.]]'''''<br /><small>Mtakatifu Pius V</small> | Papa '''Pius''' Quintus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Michele Ghislieri</small> | <small>[[Bosco]], [[Alessandria]], Italia</small> | <small>Alimtenga [[Elizabeth I wa Uingereza]] na Kanisa, [[1570]]. Sikukuu yake ni [[30 Aprili]].</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[13 Mei]] [[1572]] – [[10 Aprili]] [[1585]]</small> |[[Picha:Gregory XIII.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Gregori XIII|Gregori XIII]]''' | Papa '''Gregorius''' Tertius Decimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Ugo Boncompagni</small> | <small>Bologna, Italia</small> | <small>Alibuni [[Kalenda ya Gregori]], [[1582]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[24 Aprili]] [[1585]] – [[27 Agosti]] [[1590]]</small> |[[Picha:(Albi) Cathédrale Sainte-Cécile - Trèsor - Portrait du pape Sixte V - PalissyIM81001477.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Sixtus V|Sixtus V]]''', '''''[[Wakonventuali|O.F.M. Conv.]]''''' | Papa '''Xystus''' Quintus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Felice Peretti</small> | <small>[[Grottammare]], Marche, Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[15 Septemba]] [[1590]] – [[27 Septemba]] [[1590]]</small> |[[Picha:Urban VII.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Urban VII|Urban VII]]''' | Papa '''Urbanus''' Septimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Giovanni Battista Castagna</small> | <small>Roma, Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[5 Desemba]] [[1590]] – 15 /[[16 Oktoba]] [[1591]]</small> |[[Picha:Gregory XIV.PNG|70px]] | '''[[Papa Gregori XIV|Gregori XIV]]''' | Papa '''Gregorius''' Quartus Decimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Niccolò Sfondrati</small> | <small>[[Cremona]], Lombardia, Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[29 Oktoba]] [[1591]] – [[30 Desemba]] [[1591]]</small> |[[Picha:Innocent9.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Innocent IX|Inosenti IX]]''' | Papa '''Innocentius''' Nonus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti</small> | <small>Bologna, Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[30 Januari]] [[1592]] – [[3 Machi]] [[1605]]</small> |[[Picha:Clem8.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Klementi VIII|Klementi VIII]]''' | Papa '''Clemens''' Octavus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Ippolito Aldobrandini</small> | <small>[[Fano]], Marche, Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[1 Aprili]] [[1605]] – [[27 Aprili]] [[1605]]</small> |[[Picha:B Leo XI.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Leo XI|Leo XI]]''' | Papa '''Leo''' Undecimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Alessandro Ottaviano de' [[Medici]]</small> | <small>Florence, Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[16 Mei]] [[1605]] – [[28 Januari]] [[1621]]</small> |[[Picha:Pope Paul V.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Paulo V|Paulo V]]''' | Papa '''Paulus''' Quintus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Camillo [[Borghese]]</small> | <small>Roma, Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[9 Februari]] [[1621]] – [[8 Julai]] [[1623]]</small> |[[Picha:Gregor XV.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Gregori XV|Gregori XV]]''' | Papa '''Gregorius''' Quintus Decimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Alessandro Ludovisi</small> | <small>Bologna, Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[6 Agosti]] [[1623]] – [[29 Julai]] [[1644]]</small> |[[Picha:Gian Lorenzo Bernini - Portrait d'Urbain VIII.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Urban VIII|Urban VIII]]''' | Papa '''Urbanus''' Octavus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Maffeo [[Barberini]]</small> | <small>Florence, Italia</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[15 Septemba]] [[1644]] – [[7 Januari]] [[1655]]</small> |[[Picha:Diego Velázquez 048.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Innocent X|Inosenti X]]''' | Papa '''Innocentius''' Decimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Giovanni Battista [[Pamphilj]]</small> | <small>Roma, Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[7 Aprili]] [[1655]] – [[22 Mei]] [[1667]]</small> |[[Picha:Alexander VII.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Alexander VII|Alexander VII]]''' | Papa '''Alexander''' Septimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Fabio [[Chigi]]</small> | <small>Siena, Toscana, Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[20 Juni]] [[1667]] – [[9 Desemba]] [[1669]]</small> |[[Picha:Pope Clement IX.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Klementi IX|Klementi IX]]''' | Papa '''Clemens''' Nonus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Giulio Rospigliosi</small> | <small>[[Pistoia]], Toscana, Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[29 Aprili]] [[1670]] – [[22 Julai]] [[1676]]</small> |[[Picha:Clement X.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Klementi X|Klementi X]]''' | Papa '''Clemens''' Decimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Emilio Altieri</small> | <small>Roma, Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[21 Septemba]] [[1676]] – 11/[[12 Agosti]] [[1689]]</small> |[[Picha:InnocentXI.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Innocent XI|Inosenti XI]]'''<br /><small>Mwenye heri Innocent XI</small> | Papa '''Innocentius''' Undecimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Benedetto Odescalchi</small> | <small>[[Como]], [[Lombardia]], Italia</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[22 Agosti]].</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[6 Oktoba]] [[1689]] – [[1 Februari]] [[1691]]</small> |[[Picha:Alexander VIII 1.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Alexander VIII|Alexander VIII]]''' | Papa '''Alexander''' Octavus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Pietro Vito Ottoboni</small> | <small>[[Padova]], [[Veneto]], Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[12 Julai]] [[1691]] – [[27 Septemba]] [[1700]]</small> |[[Picha:Pope Innocent XII.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Innocent XII|Inosenti XII]]''' | Papa '''Innocentius''' Duodecimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Antonio Pignatelli</small> | <small>[[Spinazzola]], [[Puglia]], Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[23 Novemba]] [[1700]] – [[19 Machi]] [[1721]]</small> |[[Picha:Clement XI.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Klementi XI|Klementi XI]]''' | Papa '''Clemens''' Undecimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Giovanni Francesco Albani</small> | <small>[[Urbino]], Marche, Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[8 Mei]] [[1721]] – [[7 Machi]] [[1724]]</small> |[[Picha:InnocientXIII.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Innocent XIII|Inosenti XIII]]''' | Papa '''Innocentius''' Tertius Decimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Michelangelo de’ Conti; Mikael Angelo [[Conti]]</small> | <small>[[Poli]], Lazio, Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[29 Mei]] [[1724]] – [[21 Februari]] [[1730]]</small> |[[Picha:PopebenedictXIII.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Benedikto XIII|Benedikto XIII]]''', '''''[[Shirika la Wahubiri|O.P.]]''''' | Papa '''Benedictus''' Tertius Decimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small> Pierfrancesco [[Orsini]]</small> | <small>[[Gravina]], Puglia, Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[12 Julai]] [[1730]] – [[6 Februari]] [[1740]]</small> |[[Picha:Pope Clement XII.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Klementi XII|Klementi XII]]''' | Papa '''Clemens''' Duodecimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Lorenzo [[Corsini]]</small> | <small>Florence, Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[17 Agosti]] [[1740]] – [[3 Mei]] [[1758]]</small> |[[Picha:Benoit XIV.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Benedikto XIV|Benedikto XIV]]''' | Papa '''Benedictus''' Quartus Decimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini</small> | <small>Bologna, Italia</small> | &nbsp; |} === Kuanzia 1758 hadi 2005 === {|class=prettytable ! width="18%" | Miaka ya Upapa ! width="5%" | Picha ! width="14%" | Jina rasmi ! width="18%" | Jina la Kilatini ! width="15%" | Jina la kuzaliwa ! width="12%" | Mahali pa kuzaliwa ! width="23%" | Maelezo |- valign="top" | <small>[[6 Julai]] [[1758]] – [[2 Februari]] [[1769]]</small> |[[Picha:Clement xii.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Klementi XIII|Klementi XIII]]''' | Papa '''Clemens''' Tertius Decimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Carlo della Torre Rezzonico</small> | <small>Venice, Veneto, Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[19 Mei]] [[1769]] – [[22 Septemba]] [[1774]]</small> |[[Picha:PopeClement-XIV.JPG|70px]] | '''[[Papa Klementi XIV|Klementi XIV]]''', '''''[[Wakonventuali|O.F.M. Conv.]]''''' | Papa '''Clemens''' Quartus Decimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli</small> | <small>[[Sant'Arcangelo di Romagna]], Italia</small> | <small>Alifuta [[Shirika la Yesu]]. |- valign="top" | <small>[[15 Februari]] [[1775]] – [[29 Agosti]] [[1799]]</small> |[[Picha:Popepiusvi.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Pius VI|Pius VI]]''' | Papa '''Pius''' Sextus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Giovanni Angelo Braschi</small> | <small>[[Cesena]], Italia</small> | <small>Alilaumu [[Mapinduzi ya Ufaransa]] na kufukuzwa na [[jeshi]] la Kifaransa kuanzia [[1798]] hadi kifo chake. |- valign="top" | <small>[[14 Machi]] [[1800]] – [[20 Agosti]] [[1823]]</small> |[[Picha:Jacques-Louis David 018.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Pius VII|Pius VII]]''', '''''[[Wabenedikto|O.S.B.]]''''' | Papa '''Pius''' Septimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Barnaba Chiaramonti</small> | <small>Cesena, Italia</small> | <small>Alifukuzwa na jeshi la Kifaransa kutoka [[1809]] hadi [[1814]].</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[28 Septemba]] [[1823]] – [[10 Februari]] [[1829]]</small> |[[Picha:Leo XII.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Leo XII|Leo XII]]''' | Papa '''Leo''' Duodecimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Annibale Sermattei della Genga</small> | <small>[[Fabriano]], Marche, Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[31 Machi]] [[1829]] – [[1 Desemba]] [[1830]]</small> |[[Picha:Popepiusviii.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Pius VIII|Pius VIII]]''' | Papa '''Pius''' Octavus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Francesco Saverio Castiglioni</small> | <small>[[Cingoli]], Marche, Italia</small> | &nbsp; |- valign="top" | <small>[[2 Februari]] [[1831]] – [[1 Juni]] [[1846]]</small> |[[Picha:Gregory XVI.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Gregori XVI|Gregori XVI]]''', '''''[[Wakamaldoli|O.S.B. Cam.]]''''' | Papa '''Gregorius''' Sextus Decimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small> Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari</small> | <small>[[Belluno]], Veneto, Italia</small> | <small> </small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[16 Juni]] [[1846]] – [[7 Februari]] [[1878]]</small> |[[Picha:Popepiusix.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Pius IX|Pius IX]]''', '<br /><small>Mwenye heri Pius IX</small> | Papa '''Pius''' Nonus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti</small> | <small>[[Senigallia]], Marche, Italia</small> | <small>Alifungua [[Mtaguso wa kwanza wa Vatikano]]. Sikukuu yake ni [[22 Juni]].</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[20 Februari]] [[1878]] – [[20 Julai]] [[1903]]</small> |[[Picha:Papst leo xiii a.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Leo XIII|Leo XIII]]''' | Papa '''Leo''' Tertius Decimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci</small> | <small>[[Carpineto Romano]], Lazio, Italia</small> | <small> </small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[4 Agosti]] [[1903]] – [[20 Agosti]] [[1914]]</small> |[[Picha:Pius X, by Ernest Walter Histed (retouched).jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Pius X|Pius X]]'''<br /><small>Mtakatifu Pius X</small> | Papa '''Pius''' Decimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto</small> | <small>[[Riese]], [[Treviso]], [[Veneto]], Italia</small> | <small>Sikukuu yake ni [[21 Agosti]].</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[3 Septemba]] [[1914]] – [[22 Januari]] [[1922]]</small> |[[Picha:Benedictus XV, by Nicola Perscheid, 1915 (retouched).jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Benedikto XV|Benedikto XV]]''' | Papa '''Benedictus''' Quintus Decimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Giacomo Della Chiesa</small> | <small>Genova, Italia</small> | <small> </small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[6 Februari]] [[1922]] – [[10 Februari]] [[1939]]</small> |[[Picha:Catalogus cleri dioeceseos Brunensis - 1930 - Photo of Pius XI.png|70px]] | '''[[Papa Pius XI|Pius XI]]''' | Papa '''Pius''' Undecimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Achille Ambrogio Damiano Ratti</small> | <small>Desio, Milan, Italia</small> | <small>Aliutia sahihi [[Mkataba wa Laterano]] na Italia ulioanzisha [[Vatikani]] kuwa nchi inayojitegemea.</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[2 Machi]] [[1939]] – [[9 Oktoba]] [[1958]]</small> |[[Picha:RADM Hogan with Pope Pius XII (the Pope).jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Pius XII|Pius XII]]''' <br /><small>[[Mtumishi wa Mungu]] Pius XII</small> | Papa '''Pius''' Duodecimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli</small> | <small>Roma, Italia</small> | <small> </small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[28 Oktoba]] [[1958]] – [[3 Juni]] [[1963]]</small> |[[Picha:Ioannes PP XXIII.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Yohane XXIII|Yohane XXIII]]'''<br /><small>Mtakatifu Yohane XXIII</small> | Papa '''Ioannes''' Vicesimus Tertius, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli</small> | <small>[[Sotto il Monte]], [[Bergamo]], Italia<small> | <small>Alifungua [[Mtaguso wa pili wa Vatikano]]; pengine huitwa "Papa Mwema". Sikukuu yake ni [[11 0ktoba]].</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[21 Juni]] [[1963]] – [[6 Agosti]] [[1978]]</small> |[[Picha:Paulus VI, by Fotografia Felici, 1969.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Paulo VI|Paulo VI]]''' <br /><small>Mtakatifu Paulo VI</small> | Papa '''Paulus''' Sextus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini</small> | <small>[[Concesio]], [[Brescia]], Italia</small> | <small> Papa wa mwisho aliyevishwa [[Taji la Papa|Tiara]]. Sikukuu yake ni [[26 Septemba]].</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[26 Agosti]] [[1978]] – [[28 Septemba]] [[1978]]</small> |[[Picha:Pope John Paul I .jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Yohane Paulo I|Yohane Paulo I]]''' <br /><small>Mwenye heri Yohane Paulo I</small> | Papa '''Ioannes Paulus''' Primus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Albino Luciani</small> | <small>Forno di Canale (sasa [[Canale d'Agordo]]), Veneto, Italia</small> | <small> Papa wa kwanza aliyetumia majina mawili.</small> |- valign="top" | <small>[[16 Oktoba]] [[1978]] – [[2 Aprili]] [[2005]]</small> |[[Picha:JohannesPaulII.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Yohane Paulo II|Yohane Paulo II]]'''<br /><small>Mtakatifu Yohane Paulo II | Papa '''Ioannes Paulus''' Secundus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Karol Józef Wojtyła</small> | <small>[[Wadowice]], [[Polandi]]</small> | <small>Papa wa kwanza kutoka [[Polandi]] na wa kwanza asiye Mwitalia baada ya miaka 455. Sikukuu yake ni [[22 Oktoba]].</small> |- valign="top" |} === Tangu 2005 hadi leo === {|class=prettytable ! width="18%" | Miaka ya Upapa ! width="5%" | Picha ! width="14%" | Jina rasmi ! width="18%" | Jina la Kilatini ! width="15%" | Jina la kuzaliwa ! width="12%" | Mahali pa kuzaliwa ! width="23%" | Maelezo |- valign="top" | <small> [[19 Aprili]] [[2005]] – [[28 Februari]] [[2013]]</small> |[[Picha:BentoXVI-30-10052007.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Benedikto XVI|Benedikto XVI]]''' | Papa '''Benedictus''' Sextus Decimus, <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Joseph Alois Ratzinger</small> | <small>[[Marktl am Inn]], [[Bavaria]], [[Ujerumani]]</small> | <small> Papa wa kwanza kutoka Ujerumani tangu [[Papa Adrian VI]] mwaka 1523. (Adrian VI alizungumza [[Kijerumani]] na kuzaliwa sehemu ya [[Dola la Ujerumani]], ambayo lakini siku hizi ni ndani ya Uholanzi; papa Mjerumani aliyemtangulia alikuwa [[Papa Stefano IX|Stefano IX]].) Aling'atuka. </small> |- valign="top" | <small> [[13 Machi]] [[2013]] – [[21 Aprili]] [[2025]]</small> |[[Picha:Franciscus in 2015.jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Fransisko|Fransisko]], ''[[S.I.]]''''' | Papa '''Franciscus''', ''S.I.'' <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Jorge Mario Bergoglio</small> | <small>[[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]</small> | <small> Papa wa kwanza kutoka [[Amerika]]</small> |- valign="top" | <small> [[8 Mei]] [[2025]] – hadi sasa </small> |[[Picha:León XIV (cropped).jpg|70px]] | '''[[Papa Leo XIV|Leo XIV]], ''[[O.S.A.]]''''' | Papa '''Leo XIV''', ''O.S.A.'' <small>Episcopus Romanus</small> | <small>Robert Francis Prevost</small> | <small>[[Chicago]], [[Marekani]]</small> | <small> Papa wa kwanza kutoka [[Amerika Kaskazini]]</small> |} ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} == Marejeo == * Yohane N.D. Kelly, ''The Oxford Dictionary of Popes'', Oxford University Press, 1986. * AA.VV., ''Enciclopedia dei Papi'', Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana, 2000. * Pontificia Amministrazione della Patriarcale Basilica di San Paolo, ''I Papi. Venti secoli di storia'', Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2002. == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12272b.htm Catholic Encyclopedia] * [http://www.gcatholic.com/dioceses/diocese/Roma0.htm Habari za “Giga-Catholic”] [[Jamii:Kanisa Katoliki]] [[Jamii:Mapapa|*]] [[Jamii:Orodha za watu|Papa]] 3jp5k9mojm6wkqylk7hq054t17d7ggj Papa Nikolasi V 0 11463 1574360 1470856 2026-06-18T04:28:33Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: [[Category:Papa]] → [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574360 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Nicolaus V - Serie Gioviana.jpg|thumb|right|Papa Nikolasi V.]] '''Papa Nikolasi V''' ([[15 Novemba]] [[1397]] &ndash; [[24 Machi]] [[1455]]) alikuwa [[Papa]] kuanzia [[tarehe]] [[6 Machi|6]]/[[19 Machi]] [[1447]] hadi [[kifo]] chake<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alitokea [[Sarzana]], [[Italia]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. [[Jina]] lake la kuzaliwa lilikuwa ''Tommaso Parentucelli''. Alimfuata [[Papa Eugenio IV]] akafuatwa na [[Papa Kalisti III]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Orodha ya Mapapa]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11058a.htm Papa Nikolasi V katika ''Kamusi Elezo ya Kikatoliki''] {{Mapapa}} {{Mbegu-Papa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nikolasi V}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1397]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1455]] [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki wa Italia]] cq4kbek9cqhztydqt1d63uszb4v5xc2 Papa Gregori XII 0 11467 1574353 1523213 2026-06-18T04:27:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: [[Category:Papa]] → [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574353 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Girolamo Muziano – Portrait of Pope Gregory XII (Musei Vaticani).jpg|thumb|right|Papa Gregori XII.]] '''Papa Gregori XII''' (kwa [[Kilatini]]: ''Gregorius XII''; kwa [[Kiitalia]]: ''Gregorio XII''; [[1326]]/[[1345]] - [[18 Oktoba]] [[1417]]) alikuwa [[Papa]] kuanzia [[tarehe]] [[30 Novemba]]/[[19 Desemba]] [[1406]] hadi tarehe [[4 Julai]] [[1415]] chake<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alitokea [[Venezia]], [[Italia]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. [[Jina]] lake la kuzaliwa lilikuwa ''Angelo Corraro, Corario, au Correr''. Alimfuata [[Papa Inosenti VII]]. Alikubali kujiuzulu ili kumaliza [[Farakano la Kanisa la Magharibi]] (''Western Schism'') akafuatwa na [[Papa Martino V]]. Baada ya kupinga madai ya wapinzani wake, [[Papa Benedikto XIII]] wa Avignon na mapapa wa Pisa, [[antipapa Alexander V|Alexander V]] na [[antipapa Yohane XXIII|Yohane XXIII]], akitamani kuleta umoja ndani ya Kanisa, kwa hiari yake alijiuzulu mnamo [[1415]] ili kumaliza mpasuko huo. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|last=Riccoboni|first=Bartolomea|title=Life and Death in a Venetian Convent: the chronicle and necrology of Corpus Domini, 1395–1436|url=https://archive.org/details/lifedeathinvenet0000ricc|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|year=2000|isbn=0-226-71789-5|location=Chicago & London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lifedeathinvenet0000ricc/page/n89 60]–63}}</ref> ==Tazama pia== *[[Orodha ya Mapapa]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07001a.htm Papa Gregori XII katika ''Kamusi Elezo ya Kikatoliki''] {{Mapapa}} {{Mbegu-Papa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gregori XII}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa karne ya 14]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1417]] [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki wa Italia]] egjvka8rsw2lhnxtyot7lg9ymulfjyl Papa Gregori XI 0 11572 1574352 1217044 2026-06-18T04:27:13Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: [[Category:Papa]] → [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574352 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Portrait of Pope Gregory XI.png|thumb|right|Papa Gregori XI.]] '''Papa Gregori XI''' (takriban [[1336]] &ndash; [[26 Machi]] [[1378]]) alikuwa [[Papa]] kuanzia [[tarehe]] [[30 Desemba]]/[[3 Januari]] [[1370]] hadi [[kifo]] chake<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alitokea [[Rosiers de d'Egletons]], [[Ufaransa]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. [[Jina]] lake la kuzaliwa lilikuwa ''Pierre Roger de Beaufort''. Alimfuata [[Papa Urbano V]] akafuatwa na [[Papa Urbano VI]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Orodha ya Mapapa]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06799a.htm Papa Gregori XI katika ''Kamusi Elezo ya Kikatoliki''] {{Mapapa}} {{Mbegu-Papa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gregori XI}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1336]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1378]] [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ufaransa]] dv83uycc64ot96g5rwod0x2sofolbgc Papa Nikolasi IV 0 11598 1574359 1470855 2026-06-18T04:28:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: [[Category:Papa]] → [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574359 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Pope Nicholas IV.jpg|thumb|right|Papa Nikolasi I.]] '''Papa Nikolasi IV, [[O.F.M.]]''' ([[30 Septemba]] [[1227]] &ndash; [[4 Aprili]] [[1292]]) alikuwa [[Papa]] kuanzia [[tarehe]] [[22 Februari]] [[1288]] hadi [[kifo]] chake<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alitokea [[Lisciano]], [[Ascoli Piceno]], [[Italia]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. [[Jina]] lake la kuzaliwa lilikuwa '''Girolamo Masci'''. Alikuwa [[mtawa]] wa shirika la [[Ndugu Wadogo]], halafu mkuu wake kama [[mwandamizi]] wa [[Bonaventura wa Bagnoregio]]. Alimfuata [[Papa Honori IV]] akafuatwa na [[Papa Selestini V]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Orodha ya Mapapa]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11057a.htm Kuhusu Papa Nikolasi IV katika Kamusi Elezo ya Kikatoliki] {{Mapapa}} {{Mbegu-Papa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nikolasi IV}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1227]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1292]] [[Jamii:Wafransisko]] [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki wa Italia]] 6qzhisbmu4xmcwhxj75e2wdv1ry5a76 Papa Honorius IV 0 11599 1574354 1470818 2026-06-18T04:27:33Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: [[Category:Papa]] → [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574354 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Santa Maria in Aracoeli; Grabmal Giovanna Aldobrandeschi (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|Papa Honori IV.]] '''Papa Honorius IV''' (takriban [[1210]] &ndash; [[3 Aprili]] [[1287]]) alikuwa [[Papa]] kuanzia [[tarehe]] [[2 Aprili]]/[[20 Mei]] [[1285]] hadi [[kifo]] chake<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alitokea [[Roma]], [[Italia]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. [[Jina]] lake la kuzaliwa lilikuwa ''Giacomo Savelli''. Alimfuata [[Papa Martino IV]] akafuatwa na [[Papa Nikolasi IV]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Orodha ya Mapapa]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07459a.htm Kuhusu Papa Honorius IV katika Kamusi Elezo ya Kikatoliki] {{Mapapa}} {{Mbegu-Papa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Honorius IV}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1210]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1287]] [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Roma]] 97hnuy383ntc6x5hi8z72aizjkskbi5 Papa Klementi III 0 11622 1574355 1470830 2026-06-18T04:27:43Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: [[Category:Papa]] → [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574355 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:B Clemens III.jpg|thumb|right|Papa Klementi III.]] '''Papa Klementi III''' (alifariki mnamo [[Machi]] [[1191]]) alikuwa [[Papa]] kuanzia [[tarehe]] [[19 Desemba|19]]/[[20 Desemba]] [[1187]] hadi [[kifo]] chake<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alitokea [[Roma]], [[Italia]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. [[Jina]] lake la kuzaliwa lilikuwa ''Paulo Scolari''. Alimfuata [[Papa Gregori VIII]] akafuatwa na [[Papa Selestini III]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Orodha ya Mapapa]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04018a.htm Papa Klementi III katika ''Kamusi Elezo ya Kikatoliki''] {{Mapapa}} {{Mbegu-Papa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Klementi III}} [[Category:Waliofariki 1191]] [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Roma]] hjygq3svnq8n8qdmozbajhs65nlkeg5 Papa Alexander II 0 11744 1574347 1470770 2026-06-18T04:26:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: [[Category:Papa]] → [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574347 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Papa alessandro II.jpg|thumb|right|Papa Aleksanda II.]] '''Papa Alexander II''' ([[21 Aprili]] [[1073]]) alikuwa [[Papa]] kuanzia [[tarehe]] [[30 Septemba]] au [[1 Oktoba]] [[1061]] hadi [[kifo]] chake<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alitokea [[Baggio]], [[Milano]], [[Italia]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. [[Jina]] lake la kuzaliwa lilikuwa ''Anselmo''. Alimfuata [[Papa Nikolasi II]] akafuatwa na [[Papa Gregori VII]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Orodha ya Mapapa]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01286a.htm Papa Alexander II katika ''Kamusi Elezo ya Kikatoliki''] {{Mapapa}} {{Mbegu-Papa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Alexander II}} [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1073]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki wa Italia]] h2xguqpr5dz6mchb8qw736fr3syudem Papa Benedikto IX 0 11752 1574215 1573309 2026-06-17T21:53:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574215 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Pope Benedict IX Illustration.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Papa Benedikto IX.]] '''Papa Benedikto IX''' ([[1012]] hivi – mwishoni mwa [[1055]] au [[Januari]] [[1056]]) alipata kuwa [[Papa]] mara tatu: ya kwanza tangu [[Agosti]]/[[Septemba]] [[1032]] hadi [[Septemba]] [[1044]], ya pili tangu [[10 Machi]] hadi [[1 Mei]] [[1045]], na ya tatu tangu [[Oktoba]] [[1047]] hadi [[Agosti]] [[1048]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. [[Jina]] lake la kuzaliwa lilikuwa ''Theophylactus'' wa [[ukoo]] wa [[watawala]] wa Tusculum, [[Roma]], [[Italia]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>.. Alimfuata mara ya kwanza [[Papa Yohane XIX]], ya pili [[Papa Silvester III]], na ya tatu [[Papa Klementi II]]. Kila mara alifukuzwa [[madaraka]]ni kwa sababu ya matendo yake maovu<ref>Historian [[R. L. Poole]] suggests that the accusations directed against him be understood in the context that they were perpetrated by virulent political enemies. {{cite book |last1=Poole |first1=Reginald |title=Benedict IX and Gregory VI |url=https://archive.org/details/benedictixgregor00pooluoft |date=1921 |page=[https://archive.org/details/benedictixgregor00pooluoft/page/n18 15]}}</ref> ila mara moja aliuza [[cheo]] chake, tendo la pekee kabisa katika [[historia ya Kanisa]]<ref>Benedict IX refused to appear on charges of [[simony]] in 1049 and was [[excommunicated]].</ref>. Hatimaye alifuatwa na [[Papa Damaso II]]<ref>Benedict IX's eventual fate is obscure, but he seems to have given up his claims to the papal throne. [[Leo IX]] may have lifted the ban on him. Benedict IX was buried in the Abbey of [[Grottaferrata]] c. 1056. According to the [[abbot]], Saint [[Bartholomew of Grottaferrata]], he was penitent and turned away from the sins he committed as [[pontiff]].</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Orodha ya Mapapa]] ==Maandishi yake== *[http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_1032-1045-_Benedictus_IX.html [[Opera Omnia]] ilivyotolewa na [[Migne]] katika [[Patrologia Latina]] pamoja na faharasa] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02429a.htm Papa Benedikto IX katika ''Kamusi Elezo ya Kikatoliki''] {{Mapapa}} {{mbegu-Papa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Benedikto IX}} [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1012]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1055]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Roma]] 0pvdpx42ij2fapy6qzdlbku15kqie12 Pirenei 0 12498 1574300 1301006 2026-06-18T00:19:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574300 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Central pyrenees.jpg|thumb|Pirenei za kati zinavyoonekana kutoka Pic du Midi de Bigorre]] [[Picha:Pyrenees summit in summer.jpg|thumb|Pirenei wakati wa kiangazi]] '''Pirenei''' ([[Kifaransa]]: ''Pyrénées''; [[Kihispania]]: ''Pirineos'') ni safu ya milima katika Ulaya ya kusini-magharibi inayotenganisha nchi za [[Ufaransa]] na [[Hispania]]. Zina urefu wa kilomita 430 kati ya [[bahari ya Atlantiki]] na [[bahari ya Mediteranea]]. Pirenei za kati ni sehemu ya juu kuna milima 200 yenye kimo cha zaidi ya mita 3000. Mingi ina [[barafu]] na [[theluji]] ya kudumu hata kama [[barafuto]] zinarudi nyuma. Milima mikubwa ni hasa * Pico d'Aneto au Pic de Néthou yenye mita 3,404 * Mont Posets yenye mita 3,375 * Mont Perdu au Monte Perdido au Mont Perdut ("mlima uliopotea") 3,355 m (11,007&nbsp;ft). Katika historia Pirenei zilikuwa kizuizi cha usafiri hivyo pia mpaka muhimu wa kisiasa. Mipito ni michache tena mikali. Katikati ya milima iko utemi wa [[Andorra]] iliyobaki kama nchi ya pekee kwa sababu ya tabia ya milima iliyozuia nchi kubwa jirani zisiimeze. == Tovuti za Nje == {{commons|Pyrenees|Pyrenees}} * [http://www.spain.info/TourSpain/Grandes%20Rutas/Recorridos/Rutas/0/Pirineos?language=en Great Routes: Pirineos]{{Wayback|url=http://www.spain.info/TourSpain/Grandes%20Rutas/Recorridos/Rutas/0/Pirineos?language=en |date=20070627043443 }}, from a website of the Instituto de Turismo de España * [http://www.parc-pyrenees.com/index_english.htm Official website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.parc-pyrenees.com/index_english.htm |date=20060305120107 }} of ''France's Pyrenees National Park'' * [http://staff.washington.edu/fullercw/bike/pyrenees/index.html Photos of Pyrenees] {{Wayback|url=http://staff.washington.edu/fullercw/bike/pyrenees/index.html |date=20051205003306 }} from a geodynamics researcher at the University of Washington * [http://www.steephill.tv/galleries/2005/high-pyrenees/ Cycling the French High Pyrenees] and [http://www.steephill.tv/galleries/2005/ariege-pyrenees/ Ariege Pyrenees] photos and video by [http://www.steephill.tv steephill.tv bike travelogue] * [http://www.frenchentree.com/languedoc-aude-pyrenees-orientales The Aude and Pyrénées-Orientales] Online resource for the Aude & Pyrénées-Orientales departments of the Languedoc-Roussillon. {{mbegu-jio-Ulaya}} [[Jamii:Hispania]] [[Jamii:Milima ya Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Andorra]] gfjxsklhxh7z59od9odosepdf2h56zw Papa Yohane VIII 0 12515 1574374 1470902 2026-06-18T04:30:50Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: [[Category:Papa]] → [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574374 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Pope John VIII Illustration.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Papa Yohane VIII.]] '''Papa Yohane VIII''' alikuwa [[Papa]] kuanzia [[tarehe]] [[14 Desemba]] [[872]] hadi [[kifo]] chake tarehe [[16 Desemba]] [[882]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alitokea [[Roma]], [[Lazio]], [[Italia]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alimfuata [[Papa Adriano II]] akafuatwa na [[Papa Marinus I]]. Anatazamwa kama mmoja kati ya Mapapa bora wa [[karne ya 9]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Orodha ya Mapapa]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08423c.htm Papa Yohane VIII katika ''Kamusi Elezo ya Kikatoliki''] * Fred E. Engreen, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2854614 "Pope John the Eighth and the Arabs," ''Speculum''], '''20''' (1945), pp.&nbsp;318–330 {{Mapapa}} {{mbegu-Papa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Yohane VIII}} [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Category:Waliofariki 882]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Roma]] f5f7v1c85qth48zf3ggdzqnkwpfzsud Papa Gregori IV 0 12536 1574351 1470802 2026-06-18T04:27:03Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: [[Category:Papa]] → [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574351 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Gregory-IV Raban-Maur.jpg|thumb|right|Papa Gregori IV.]] '''Papa Gregori IV''' alikuwa [[Papa]] kuanzia mnamo [[Septemba]] [[827]] au [[tarehe]] [[29 Machi]] [[828]] hadi [[kifo]] chake tarehe [[25 Januari]] [[844]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alitokea [[Roma]], [[Lazio]], [[Italia]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alimfuata [[Papa Valentino]] akafuatwa na [[Papa Sergio II]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Orodha ya Mapapa]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06789b.htm Papa Gregori IV katika ''Kamusi Elezo ya Kikatoliki''] {{Mapapa}} {{mbegu-Papa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gregori IV}} [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Category:Waliofariki 844]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Roma]] cp1haa2egg2xw3zidh49g002ajqol9d Papa Stefano II 0 12545 1574367 1470886 2026-06-18T04:29:33Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: [[Category:Papa]] → [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574367 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:La donacion de Pipino el Breve al Papa Esteban II.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Papa Stefano II akipokea zawadi ya [[Pipino Mfupi]].]] '''Papa Stefano II''' alikuwa [[Papa]] kuanzia [[tarehe]] [[26 Machi]] [[752]] hadi [[kifo]] chake tarehe [[26 Aprili]] [[757]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alitokea [[Roma]], [[Lazio]], [[Italia]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref> katika [[familia]] Orsini<ref>Norwich, J. J. "The Popes: A History", p. 756. 2011</ref><ref>George L. Williams, ''Papal Genealogy'', (McFarland & Company, 2004), 215.</ref>. Alimfuata [[Papa Zakaria]] akafuatwa na [[Papa Paulo I]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Orodha ya Mapapa]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14288c.htm Kuhusu Papa Stefano II katika Kamusi Elezo ya Kikatoliki] *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14257a.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'']: Papal States, section 3: Collapse of the Byzantine Power in Central Italy *[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/lorsch1.html Medieval Sourcebook:] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/lorsch1.html |date=20110522052302 }} Annals of Lorsch {{Mapapa}} {{mbegu-Papa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Stefano II}} [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 714]] [[Category:Waliofariki 757]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Roma]] 21zidsjaq77kjdmml12iiv8sl9t62at Papa Yohane V 0 12555 1574373 1216712 2026-06-18T04:30:39Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: [[Category:Papa]] → [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574373 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Johannes V.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Papa Yohane V.]] '''Papa Yohane V''' alikuwa [[Papa]] kuanzia [[tarehe]] [[23 Julai]] [[685]] hadi [[kifo]] chake [[tarehe]] [[2 Agosti]] [[686]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alitokea [[Syria]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alimfuata [[Papa Benedikto II]] akafuatwa na [[Papa Konon]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Orodha ya Mapapa]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== *Ekonomou, Andrew J. 2007. ''Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes: Eastern influences on Rome and the papacy from Gregory the Great to Zacharias, A.D. 590–752''. Lexington Books. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08422c.htm Kuhusu Papa Yohane V katika Kamusi Elezo ya Kikatoliki] {{Mapapa}} {{mbegu-Papa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Yohane V}} [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Category:Waliofariki 686]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Syria]] bf78tetubkx182icmjs35r5ov7rjpvw Papa Vitalian 0 12563 1574370 1523235 2026-06-18T04:30:03Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: [[Category:Papa]] → [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574370 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Pope Vitalian.jpg|thumb|right|Papa Vitalian.]] '''Papa Vitalian''' alikuwa [[Papa]] kuanzia [[tarehe]] [[30 Julai]] [[657]] hadi [[kifo]] chake [[tarehe]] [[27 Januari]] [[672]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alitokea [[Segni]], [[Lazio]], [[Italia]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. [[Jina]] la [[baba]] yake lilikuwa Anastasius<ref name=miranda>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios655-ii.htm |title=Miranda, Salvatore. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church", Florida International University |accessdate=2022-05-04 |archivedate=2018-01-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102235508/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios655-ii.htm }}</ref>. Alimfuata [[Papa Eugenio I]] akafuatwa na [[Papa Adeodato II]]. Kama Papa Eugenio I alijaribu kurudisha uhusiano mzuri na [[Dola la Roma Mashariki]] na [[Patriarki]] wa [[Konstantinopoli]] kuhusu [[uzushi]] uliofundisha kwamba [[Yesu]] hakuwa na [[utashi]] wa [[binadamu|kibinadamu]], lakini suala lilieleweka tu baadaye, katika [[Mtaguso wa tatu wa Konstantinopoli]] ([[680]]-[[681]]) uliolaani uzushi huo. Alifaulu kuimarisha uhusiano na [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wa [[Uingereza]] <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/38750</ref> kupitia [[sinodi ya Whitby]]<ref>Sir [[Frank Stenton]], ''Anglo-Saxon England'', third edition (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971), pp. 123, 130</ref> na [[Theodori wa Canterbury|Theodoro wa Tarso]]<ref>Stenton, ''Anglo-Saxon England'', p. 131</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Kanisa Katoliki]] linaadhimisha [[sikukuu]] yake tarehe [[27 Januari]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>, lakini [[Waorthodoksi]] tarehe [[23 Julai]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] *[[Orodha ya Mapapa]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons}} *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15484b.htm Kuhusu Papa Vitalian katika Kamusi Elezo ya Kikatoliki] {{Mapapa}} {{mbegu-Papa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Vitalian}} [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Category:Waliofariki 672]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Italia]] kj0bot6gixjbevjw6vikbwgqqz3vdio Papa Martin I 0 12565 1574358 1464233 2026-06-18T04:28:13Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: [[Category:Papa]] → [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574358 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Pope Martin I.jpg|thumb|right|Mt. Martino I.]] '''Papa Martin I''' alikuwa [[Papa]] kuanzia [[tarehe]] [[5 Julai]] [[649]] hadi [[kifodini]] chake tarehe [[16 Septemba]] [[655]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alitokea [[Todi]], [[Umbria]], [[Italia]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alimfuata [[Papa Theodor I]] akafuatwa na [[Papa Eugenio I]]. Baada ya kuwa [[balozi wa Papa]] Theodori I huko [[Konstantinopoli]], alichaguliwa kuwa [[mwandamizi]] wake bila kibali cha [[Kaizari|kaisari]] wa [[Ufalme wa Byzanti|Dola la Roma Mashariki]]. Kwa kuwa katika [[Mtaguso wa Laterano (649)]] na baada yake alipinga [[uzushi]] ulioungwa mkono na kaisari [[Constantius II|Konstans II]], wa kwamba [[Yesu]] alikuwa na [[utashi]] wa [[mungu|Kimungu]] tu, bila ule wa [[binadamu|kibinadamu]], hatimaye katika [[kanisa kuu la Roma]] akakamatwa na kupelekwa Konstantinopoli kama mfungwa, halafu uhamishoni sehemu za [[Ukraine|Ukraina]] kusini, alipofariki baada ya miaka miwili ya mateso<ref>{{cite book|last=Norwich|first=John J.|title=Byzantium: The Early Centuries.|year=1988|place=London|publisher=Penguin|isbn=0-670-80251-4|pages=317–8}}</ref><ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/26750</ref>. Ndiyo sababu tangu kale anaheshimiwa kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake ni tarehe [[13 Aprili]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] *[[Orodha ya Mapapa]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * Masomo ya Breviari - Sikukuu za Bwana, za Bikira Maria na za Watakatifu - Ndanda Mission Press 1978, uk 116-118 * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 129 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 110-111 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== * {{cite book | last=Bury|first=John Bagnell |author-link=John Bagnell Bury | title= History of the Later Roman Empire Vols. I & II |location=London | publisher=Macmillan & Co., Ltd. | year=2005|isbn=978-1402183683}} * {{cite book|last=Ekonomou|first=Andrew J.|year=2007|title=Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes: Eastern influences on Rome and the papacy from Gregory the Great to Zacharias, A.D. 590–752|publisher=Lexington Books}} * {{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=Pope St. Martin I|last=Mershman|first=Francis}} * {{cite book|last=Richards|first=Jeffrey|title=The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/popespapacyinear0000rich|year=1979|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul}} * {{cite book|last=Siecienski|first=Anthony Edward|year=2010|title=The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=auT8VbgOe48C|isbn=9780195372045}} * West, Charles (2019), '“And how, if you are a Christian, can you hate the emperor?” Reading a Seventh-Century Scandal in Carolingian Francia', ed. Karina Kellermann, Alheydis Plassmann and Christian Schwermann (Bonn, 2019), https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:27953 ==Viungo vya nje== {{commonscat|Martinus I|Martin I}} *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09723c.htm Kuhusu Papa Martin I katika Kamusi Elezo ya Kikatoliki] *[http://saints.sqpn.com/saintm28.htm Pope Saint Martin I in Patron Saints Index] {{Wayback|url=http://saints.sqpn.com/saintm28.htm |date=20080720163929 }} *[http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/consistories-vii.htm#MartinI Papa Martino I] {{Wayback|url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/consistories-vii.htm#MartinI |date=20180213221631 }} * [http://www.stpetersbasilica.info/Exterior/Colonnades/Saints/St%20Martin-113/StMartin.htm Colonnade Saints in St Peter's Square] {{Mapapa}} {{mbegu-Papa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Martino I}} [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 595]] [[Category:Waliofariki 655]] [[Jamii:Wafiadini Wakatoliki]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Italia]] 1vf9p6v62sbinc9qof1jees98n7cejv Papa Theodor I 0 12567 1574369 1532856 2026-06-18T04:29:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: [[Category:Papa]] → [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574369 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Theodorus I.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Papa Theodori I.]] '''Papa Theodor I''' alikuwa [[Papa]] kuanzia [[tarehe]] [[12 Oktoba]]/[[24 Novemba]] [[642]] hadi [[kifo]] chake tarehe [[14 Mei]] [[649]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Mzaliwa wa [[Yerusalemu]] ([[Israeli]])<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref> ambapo [[baba]] yake alipata kuwa [[askofu]] <ref name="(bibliothecarius)1602">{{cite book|author=Anastasius (bibliothecarius)|title=Bibliothecarii Historia, de vitis romanorvm pontificvm|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3ZLAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA67|year=1602|publisher=in typographeio I. Albini|pages=67|quote=Theodorus, natione Grecus, ex patre Theodoro episcopo de civitate Hierusolima}}</ref>, alikimbilia [[Roma]] [[Waislamu]] walipoteka [[Nchi Takatifu]]<ref>{{cite book|author1=Paul F. Bradshaw|title=New SCM Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship|date=2013|publisher=Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd|isbn=9780334049326|page=5}}</ref>. Alimfuata [[Papa Yohane IV]] akafuatwa na [[Papa Martin I]]. Alipinga [[uzushi]] wa waliokanusha [[Yesu]] kuwa na [[utashi]] wa kibinadamu na kwa ajili hiyo aliandaa [[Mtaguso wa Laterano (649)|Mtaguso wa Laterano wa mwaka 649]] akishirikiana na [[Maksimo Muungamadini]]. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake inaadhimishwa tarehe [[18 Mei]].<ref>[http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/3247/sxsaintinfo.aspx Ὁ Ἅγιος Θεόδωρος ὁ Ἱερομάρτυρας Ἐπίσκοπος Ρώμης]. 18 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.</ref> ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] *[[Orodha ya Mapapa]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== *[[Ekonomou, Andrew J.]] 2007. ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zomZk6DbFTIC&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes: Eastern influences on Rome and the papacy from Gregory the Great to Zacharias, A.D. 590-752]''. Lexington Books. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14570a.htm Kuhusu Papa Theodor I katika Kamusi Elezo ya Kikatoliki] *[http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/consistories-vii.htm Makardinali wa Kanisa Katoliki] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/consistories-vii.htm |date=20180213221631 }} {{Mapapa}} {{mbegu-Papa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Theodori I}} [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Category:Waliofariki 649]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Israeli]] dqge896rc71p2l9clamalnzdgqxsih6 Papa Yohane IV 0 12568 1574372 1337650 2026-06-18T04:30:29Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: [[Category:Papa]] → [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574372 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Murner History Cod Karlsruhe 3117 (crop).jpg|thumb|right|150px|Papa Yohane IV.]] '''Papa Yohane IV''' alikuwa [[Papa]] kuanzia [[Agosti]] au [[tarehe]] [[24 Desemba]] [[640]] hadi [[kifo]] chake tarehe [[12 Oktoba]] [[642]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alitokea [[Dalmatia]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. [[Jina]] la [[baba]] yake lilikuwa Venantius. Alimfuata [[Papa Severino]] akafuatwa na [[Papa Theodori I]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Orodha ya Mapapa]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== *Sereno Detoni, ''Giovanni IV. Papa dalmata'', Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2006 ISBN 978-88-209-7889-1<br /> *Luciano Rota, ''I Papi Caio e Giovanni IV'', in ''Istria e Dalmazia. Uomini e tempi'', II, ''Dalmazia'', Udine, Del Bianco 1992 ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08422b.htm Kuhusu Papa Yohane IV katika Kamusi Elezo ya Kikatoliki] *[http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/consistories-vii.htm Makardinali wa Kanisa Katoliki] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/consistories-vii.htm |date=20180213221631 }} {{Mapapa}} {{mbegu-Papa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Yohane IV}} [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Category:Waliofariki 642]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Kroatia]] tgmk1zy3bkgk68og0vbk3lv4cvnne6q Papa Severino 0 12586 1574364 1470882 2026-06-18T04:29:03Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: [[Category:Papa]] → [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574364 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Severinopapa.jpg|thumb|200px|Papa Severino.]] '''Papa Severino''' alikuwa [[Papa]] kuanzia [[Oktoba]] [[638]] au [[tarehe]] [[28 Mei]] [[640]] hadi [[kifo]] chake tarehe [[2 Agosti]] [[640]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alitokea [[Roma]], [[Italia]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. [[Jina]] la [[baba]] yake lilikuwa Abienus. Alimfuata [[Papa Honori I]] akafuatwa na [[Papa Yohane IV]]. Ingawa Severino alikuwa amechaguliwa mnamo Oktoba [[638]], ilichukua zaidi ya [[mwaka]] mmoja na nusu kupata [[kibali]] cha [[Kaisari]] wa [[Bizanti]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Orodha ya Mapapa]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13742c.htm Kuhusu Papa Severino katika Kamusi Elezo ya Kikatoliki] {{Mapapa}} {{mbegu-Papa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Severino}} [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Category:Waliofariki 640]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Roma]] h2igclog47upi6v43j7dulogwr3p5e0 Papa Pelagio II 0 12625 1574361 1470868 2026-06-18T04:28:43Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: [[Category:Papa]] → [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574361 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:PopePelagiusII.jpg|thumb|right|Papa Pelagio II.]] '''Papa Pelagio II''' alikuwa [[Papa]] kuanzia [[tarehe]] [[26 Novemba]] [[579]] hadi [[kifo]] chake tarehe [[7 Februari]] [[590]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alitokea [[Roma]], [[Italia]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alimfuata [[Papa Benedikto I]] akafuatwa na [[Papa Gregori I]]. Alifariki kwa [[tauni]] iliyofika [[mji wa Roma]] mwisho wa [[mwaka]] [[589]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Orodha ya Mapapa]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== * Duffy, Eamon. ''Saints and Sinners: A History of the Popes'', Yale University Press, 2001. pp 62–63. ISBN 0-300-09165-6 * Maxwell-Stuart, P. G. ''Chronicle of the Popes: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Papacy from St. Peter to the Present'', Thames & Hudson, 2002, p.&nbsp;47. ISBN 0-500-01798-0. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11603a.htm Kuhusu Papa Pelagio II katika Kamusi Elezo ya Kikatoliki] {{Mapapa}} {{mbegu-Papa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pelagio II}} [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Category:Waliofariki 590]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Roma]] 7vofh5li3k0ci2doovkitqigz8d59lk Papa Agapeto I 0 12639 1574344 1532905 2026-06-18T04:17:20Z Gayle157 73366 1574344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox saint |jina=Papa Agapeto I |tarehe ya kuzaliwa= |death_date= |feast_day= |venerated_in= |picha=Agapitus I.jpg |imagesize= |maelezo ya picha=Mt. Agapeto I |birth_place= |death_place= |titles= |beatified_date= |beatified_place= |beatified_by= |canonized_date= |canonized_place= |canonized_by= |attributes= |patronage= |major_shrine= |suppressed_date= |issues= }} '''Papa Agapeto I''' alikuwa [[Papa]] kuanzia tarehe [[13 Mei]] [[535]] hadi [[kifo]] chake [[tarehe]] [[22 Aprili]] [[536]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alitokea [[Roma]], [[Italia]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alimfuata [[Papa Yohane II]] akafuatwa na [[Papa Silverio]]. Alidai kwa nguvu Papa achaguliwe na [[Kleri|waklero]] wa Roma bila kuingiliwa na yeyote na hadhi ya [[Kanisa]] iheshimiwe popote pale. [[Mfalme]] wa [[Wagoti]] [[Teodoto]] alimtuma [[Konstantinopoli]] kwa [[Kaizari|kaisari]] [[Justiniani I]], na huko alisimama imara dhidi ya [[Waario]], pia alimwondoa madarakani [[Anthimus I]], [[askofu mkuu]] wa [[Trabzon]] ([[Uturuki]]) aliyehamishimiwa na [[serikali]] kuwa [[Patriarki]] wa [[Konstantinopoli]], kutokana na mafunzo yake yaliyoangaliwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] kuwa ya [[uzushi]]. Badala yake alimweka [[wakfu]] [[Mena wa Konstantinopoli]] akafariki huko <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/51150</ref>. Zimetufikia [[barua]] zake nne <ref>Mansi, ''Concilia'', viii. pp. 846–850</ref> Muda si mrefu baada ya kifo chake alianza kuheshimiwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki|Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kuwa [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake ni [[tarehe]] ya kifo chake<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] *[[Orodha ya Mapapa]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== * {{Citation|last=Dudden|first=Frederick H.|title=Gregory the Great|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co|location=London|year=1905}} *Louise Ropes Loomis, ''The Book of Popes'' '''(Liber Pontificalis)'''. Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. ISBN 1-889758-86-8 (Reprint of the 1916 edition. English translation with scholarly footnotes, and illustrations). * {{citation | last=Martindale | first=John R. | last2=Jones | first2=A.H.M. | last3=Morris | first3=John | title=The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Volume III: AD 527–641 | year=1992 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0521201608 | url = http://books.google.gr/books?id=fBImqkpzQPsC}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons category|Agapetus I}} *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01202c.htm Kuhusu Papa Agapeto I katika Kamusi Elezo ya Kikatoliki] *[https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/de/holy-father/agapito-i.html 57. Popes of the Catholic Church] {{Mapapa}} {{mbegu-Papa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Agapeto I}} [[Category:Mapapa]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 490]] [[Category:Waliofariki 536]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Italia]] m51mvpp3ii4g2xsm6esboth9u476vp6 Papa Felix IV 0 12645 1574350 1346545 2026-06-18T04:26:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: [[Category:Papa]] → [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574350 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Mosaic_of_Felix_IV_(III)_in_Santi_Cosma_e_Damiano,_Rome,_Italy_(527–530).jpg|thumb|right|[[Mozaiki]] ya Mt. Felisi IV.]] '''Papa Felix IV''' ([[490]] hivi - [[20 Septemba|20]]/[[22 Septemba]] [[530]]) alikuwa [[Papa]] kuanzia [[tarehe]] [[12 Julai]] [[526]] hadi [[kifo]] chake<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alitokea [[Campania]], [[Italia]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. [[Baba]] yake aliitwa Castorius. Alimfuata [[Papa Yohane I]] akafuatwa na [[Papa Bonifasi II]]. Alichaguliwa kwa kumridhisha [[mfalme]] [[Theodoriko Mkuu]] akaweza kupata kwake [[fadhili]] mbalimbali kwa [[Kanisa Katoliki]]<ref name="ce">{{CathEncy|wstitle= Pope St. Felix IV|author=Kirsch, Johann Peter}}</ref>. Mfalme alipofariki [[mwaka]] uleule, Felix aliweza kuendesha [[Kanisa]] kwa [[uhuru]] zaidi<ref name="Coulombe p. 93">Coulombe, Vicars of Christ: A History of the Popes, MJF Books, p. 93</ref>. Aligeuza [[hekalu|mahekalu]] mawili ya [[Dini za jadi|Kipagani]] ya [[Roma|mjini Roma]] kuwa [[basilika]] la Wat. [[Kosma mfiadini|Kosma]] na [[Damiano mfiadini|Damiani]] na alipigania sana [[imani sahihi]]<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/89054</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake ni tarehe [[12 Oktoba]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] *[[Orodha ya Mapapa]] *[[Mababu wa Kanisa]] ==Maandishi yake== * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_0526-0530-_Felix_IV,_Sanctus.html Opera Omnia katika [[Patrologia Latina]] ya [[Migne]].] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06031a.htm Kuhusu Papa Felix IV katika Kamusi Elezo ya Kikatoliki.] *[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/liberpontificalis.html Fontes Latinae de papis usque ad annum 530] *[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/liberpontificalis1.html#XLIII. Liber pontificalis] {{Mapapa}} {{mbegu-Papa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Felisi IV}} [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 490]] [[Category:Waliofariki 530]] [[jamii:Mababu wa Kanisa]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Italia]] m0fwjl5hxkgl1irxdiwtpj8z375cyky Papa Yohane I 0 12646 1574371 1423851 2026-06-18T04:30:13Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: [[Category:Papa]] → [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574371 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Papa Ioannes I.jpg|thumb|right|Mt. Yohane I.]] '''Papa Yohane I''' alikuwa [[Papa]] kuanzia [[tarehe]] [[13 Agosti]] [[523]] hadi [[kifo]] chake tarehe [[18 Mei]] [[526]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alitokea [[Toscana]], [[Italia]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alimfuata [[Papa Hormisdas]] akafuatwa na [[Papa Felisi IV]]. Alitumwa na [[mfalme]] [[Theodoriko Mkuu]] kwa [[Kaizari|Kaisari]] [[Yustino I]] wa [[Konstantinopoli]]<ref>''[[Anonymus Valesianus]]'', 15.90; translated by J.C. Rolfe, ''Ammianus Marcellinus'' (Harvard: Loeb Classical Library, 1972), vol. 3 p. 565</ref><ref>Raymond Davis (translator), ''The Book of Pontiffs (Liber Pontificalis)'', first edition (Liverpool: University of Liverpool Press, 1989), p. 49</ref> ili [[Ario|Waario]] wasiendelee [[dhuluma|kudhulumiwa]]. Alikuwa Papa wa kwanza kuadhimisha [[sadaka]] ya [[Pasaka ya Kikristo|Pasaka]] katika [[mji]] huo. Ingawa alifaulu walau kiasi katika lengo la mfalme, aliporudi Italia alifungwa naye hadi akafa kwa magumu yaliyompata [[gereza|gerezani]] <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/27250</ref>. Tangu kale ameheshimiwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki|Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake ni tarehe 18 Mei<ref>''[[Martyrologium Romanum]]: ex Decreto Sacrosancti oecumenici Concilii Vaticani II instauratum auctoritate Ioannis Pauli P.P. II promulgatum'', Romae 2001, ISBN 8820972107</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] *[[Orodha ya Mapapa]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 169 ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08421a.htm Kuhusu Papa Yohane I katika Kamusi Elezo ya Kikatoliki] *[http://saints.sqpn.com/saintj37.htm Patron Saints Index:] {{Wayback|url=http://saints.sqpn.com/saintj37.htm |date=20090521091642 }} *[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/liberpontificalis.html Fontes Latinae de papis usque ad annum 530] (Papa [[Felix IV]]) *[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/liberpontificalis1.html#XLIII. Liber pontificalis] {{Mapapa}} {{mbegu-Papa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Yohane I}} [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 470]] [[Category:Waliofariki 526]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Italia]] 6zjfc5v9p6nd2r0s96iz227lzxwgkni Papa Damaso I 0 12664 1574220 1573330 2026-06-17T21:58:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574220 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Saintdamasus.jpg|thumb|right|Papa Damaso I.]] '''Papa Damaso I''' (takriban [[304]] – [[11 Desemba]] [[384]]) alikuwa [[Papa]] kuanzia [[tarehe]] [[1 Oktoba]] [[366]] hadi [[kifo]] chake<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.html/ index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alitokea [[Roma]], [[Italia]]. [[Jina]] lake la kuzaliwa pia lilikuwa Damasus. Alimfuata [[Papa Liberius]] akafuatwa na [[Papa Siricius]]. Kati ya magumu ya nyakati zake, aliitisha sinodi mbalimbali ili kutetea [[Imani sahihi|imani]] ya [[Mtaguso wa kwanza wa Nisea]] dhidi ya [[farakano|mafarakano]] na [[uzushi]]. Pia alimuagiza [[Jeromu]] kutafsiri katika [[Kilatini]] [[vitabu]] vitakatifu vya [[Biblia ya Kikristo]], naye mwenyewe aliheshimu [[kaburi|makaburi]] ya [[Mfiadini|wafiadini]] kwa kuyapamba kwa [[Shairi|mashairi]] <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/30350</ref>. Mchango wake mkubwa zaidi ni kuthibitisha [[kanuni ya Biblia]] kama ilivyo hadi leo katika [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki|Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake ni [[11 Desemba]].<ref>''[[Martyrologium Romanum]]: ex Decreto Sacrosancti oecumenici Concilii Vaticani II instauratum auctoritate Ioannis Pauli P.P. II promulgatum'', Romae 2001, ISBN 8820972107</ref>. ==Athari yake katika suala la Deuterokanoni== Vitabu vya [[Deuterokanoni]] vilihesabiwa rasmi kuwa sehemu ya [[Biblia]] hasa kuanzia [[Hati ya Damasi]] au ''De explanatione fidei'', iliyotolewa na Papa Damasus I mwaka [[382]] ([http://catho.org/9.php?d=bxk#a4j kwa Kilatini]). [[Tafsiri]] ya [[Kilatini]] ya [[Hieronimo]] kilichoitwa [[Vulgata]] ilipata kuwa toleo muhimu katika Kanisa Katoliki hadi leo. Hieronimo mwenyewe alipotafsiri Biblia upya katika Kilatini alisema vitabu vya Septuaginta kama [[Kitabu cha Hekima]], [[Kitabu cha Yoshua bin Sira]], [[Kitabu cha Yudith]] na [[Kitabu cha Tobiti]] havistahili kuwemo katika Biblia lakini alivitafsiri ndani ya Vulgata kufuatana na maelekezo wa Papa Damaso I aliyemuagiza kazi.<ref>"Hic prologus Scripturarum quasi galeatum principium omnibus libris, quos de hebraeo vertimus in latinum, convenire potest, ut scire valeamus, quicquid extra hos est, inter apocrifa seponendum. Igitur Sapientia, quae vulgo Salomonis inscribitur, et Iesu filii Sirach liber et Iudith et Tobias et Pastor non sunt canone. Macchabeorum primum librum hebraicum repperi, secundus graecus est, quod et ex ipsa φράσιν probari potest." (Hieronimo katika "Prologus Galeatus" au utangulizi kwa vitabu vya Samueli na Wafalme katika Vulgata)</ref> Orodha hiyo ya Papa Damaso I ilipata nguvu [[Afrika Kaskazini]] kutokana na [[Agostino wa Hippo]] kuifanya ipitishwe na [[Mtaguso]] wa [[Hippo]] ([[393]]), Mtaguso wa Tatu wa [[Kartago]] ([[397]]) na Mtaguso wa Nne wa Kartago ([[419]]). Wakati huohuo [[Papa Inosenti I]] aliituma kwa [[askofu]] Exuperius wa [[Toulouse]] ([[405]]). Baadaye [[Mtaguso wa Firenze]] ([[1442]]) na [[Mtaguso wa Trento]] ([[1546]]) ilivitambua rasmi kuwa sehemu za Biblia kamili kwa Kanisa Katoliki. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] *[[Orodha ya Mapapa]] *[[Mababu wa Kanisa]] ==Maandishi yake== *[http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_0366-0383-_Damasus_I,_Sanctus.html ''Opera Omnia'' by Migne Patrologia] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 444-445 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 384 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== *{{cite book|first=Henry |last=Chadwick |title=The Pelican History of the Church – 1: The Early Church|year=1964 |url=https://archive.org/details/pelicanhistoryof0000owen }} *{{cite book|first=Williston |last=Walker|title=A History of the Christian Church|url=https://archive.org/details/historychristian00walk }} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category-inline|Damasus I}} *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04613a.htm Kuhusu Papa Damaso I katika Kamusi Elezo ya Kikatoliki] {{Mapapa}} {{mbegu-Papa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Damaso I}} [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 304]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 384]] [[jamii:Mababu wa Kanisa]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Italia]] bvhik4bklihnbic6bmptvujd1jma3zl Papa Miltiades 0 12669 1574272 1573431 2026-06-17T22:59:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574272 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Pope Miltiades.jpg|thumb|right|Papa Miltiades.]] '''Papa Miltiades''' alikuwa [[Papa]] kuanzia [[tarehe]] [[2 Julai]] [[311]] hadi [[kifo]] chake tarehe [[10 Januari]] [[314]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Kadiri ya ''[[Liber Pontificalis]]'', Miltiades alikuwa na [[asili]] ya [[Afrika]]<ref>https://dacb.org/stories/tunisia/militiades/</ref>, ingawa aliweza pia kuwa mtu wa [[Roma]].<ref>Richard P. McBrien, ''Lives of the Popes'', (HarperCollins, 2000), 56.</ref> Alimfuata [[Papa Eusebius]] akafuatwa na [[Papa Silvester I]]. Alifurahia [[amani]] ambayo [[Kanisa]] lilirudishiwa na [[kaisari]] [[Konstantino Mkuu]], na ingawa alipingwa sana na Wadonati, alishughulikia kwa [[busara]] [[Upatanisho|upatanisho]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. Wakati wa Upapa wake [[Hati ya Milano]] iliwapa wananchi [[uhuru wa dini]] ([[313]]) na [[Kanisa]] lilirudishiwa [[mali]] yake iliyotaifishwa. Alipinga fundisho la [[Donato Mkuu|Donatus wa Carthago]] la kwamba [[mapadri]] na [[Askofu|maaskofu]] walioasi [[ubatizo|wabatizwe]] tena. Uaumuzi huo wa Sinodi ya Laterano (313) haukumaliza uenezi wa farakano la Donato katika [[Afrika Kaskazini]]. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa tarehe ya kifo chake<ref>''Martyrologium Romanum: ex Decreto Sacrosancti oecumenici Concilii Vaticani II instauratum auctoritate Ioannis Pauli P.P. II promulgatum'', Romae 2001, ISBN 8820972107</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] *[[Orodha ya Mapapa]] *[[Mababu wa Kanisa]] == Maandishi yake == * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_0311-0314-_Miltiades_(Melchiades),_Sanctus.html Opera Omnia] == Tanbihi == {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Burris |first=Ronald D. |date=2012 |title=Where Is the Church?: Martyrdom, Persecution, and Baptism in North Africa from the Second to the Fifth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/whereischurchmar0000burr |location=Eugene, OR |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=9781608998081 }} * {{cite book |title=Calendarium Romanum |location=Vatican |publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana |date=1969 |ref={{harvid|Calendarium Romanum|1969}}}} * {{cite book |last=De Clerq |first=Victor Cyril |date=1954 |title=Ossius of Cordova: A Contribution to the History of the Constantinian Period |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Catholic University of America Press }} * {{cite book |last=Finn |first=Thomas M. |date=2004 |title=Quodvultdeus of Carthage: The Creedal Homilies |url=https://archive.org/details/quodvultdeusofca0000quod |location=Mahwah, New Jersey |publisher=The Newman Press |isbn=9780809105724 }} * {{cite book |last=Gibbon |first=Edward |date=2008 |title=The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire |location=New York City|publisher=Cosimo, Inc. |isbn=9781605201221 }} * {{cite book |last=Green |first=Bernard |date=2010 |title=Christianity in Ancient Rome: The First Three Centuries |url=https://archive.org/details/christianityinan0000gree |location=London |publisher=T&T Clark International |isbn=9780567032508 }} * {{cite book |last=Kirsch |first=Johann Peter |date=1909 |chapter=Eusebius, Pope St. |editor1-last=Herbermann |editor1-first=Charles G. |editor2-last=Pace |editor2-first=Edward A. |editor3-last=Pallen |editor-first3=Condé B. |editor4-last=Shahan |editor4-first=Thomas J. |editor5-last=Wyne |editor5-first=John J. |title=The Catholic Encyclopedia |volume=5 |location=New York |publisher=Encyclopedia Press, Inc. }} * {{cite book |last=Kirsch |first=Johann Peter |date=1912 |chapter=Marcellinus, Pope St. |editor1-last=Herbermann |editor1-first=Charles G. |editor2-last=Pace |editor2-first=Edward A. |editor3-last=Pallen |editor-first3=Condé B. |editor4-last=Shahan |editor4-first=Thomas J. |editor5-last=Wyne |editor5-first=John J. |title=The Catholic Encyclopedia |volume=9 |location=New York |publisher=Encyclopedia Press, Inc. }} * {{cite book |last=Kirsch |first=Johann Peter |date=1913 |chapter=Miltiades, Pope St. |editor1-last=Herbermann |editor1-first=Charles G. |editor2-last=Pace |editor2-first=Edward A. |editor3-last=Pallen |editor-first3=Condé B. |editor4-last=Shahan |editor4-first=Thomas J. |editor5-last=Wyne |editor5-first=John J. |title=The Catholic Encyclopedia |volume=10 |location=New York |publisher=Encyclopedia Press, Inc. }} * {{cite book |last=Lenski |first=Noel Emmanuel |date=2012 |title=The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107013407 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Levillain |editor-first=Philippe |date=2002 |title=The Papacy: an Encyclopedia |volume=2 |location=New York City |publisher=Routledge }} * {{cite book |last=Malveaux |first=Ethan |date=2015 |title=The Color Line: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/colorlinehistory0000malv |location=Bloomington, IN |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |isbn=9781503527591 }} * {{cite book |title=Martyrologium Romanum |location=Vatican |publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana |date=2001 |isbn=978-8820972103 |ref={{harvid|Martyrologium Romanum|2001}}}} * {{cite book |last=McBrien |first=Richard P. |date=2000 |title=Lives of the Popes |location=New York, NY |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=9780060653040 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/livesofpopes00mcbr }} * {{cite book |last=O'Malley |first=John |date=2009 |title=A History of the Popes: From Peter to the Present |location=Lanham, MD |publisher=Government Institutes |isbn=9781580512299 }} * {{cite book |last=Serralda |first=Vincent |last2=Huard |first2=André |date=1984 |title=Le Berbère – lumière de l'Occident |trans-title=The Berbers – the Light of the West |location=Paris |publisher=Nouvelles Editions Latines |language=fr |isbn=9782723302395 }} * {{cite book |last=White |first=Cynthia |date=2007 |title=The Emergence of Christianity |url=https://archive.org/details/emergenceofchris0000whit_v8i4 |location=Westport, CT |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=9780313327995 }} {{Refend}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10318a.htm Kuhusu Papa Miltiades katika Kamusi Elezo ya Kikatoliki] * [http://plaza.ufl.edu/dmorgan/Articles/const-bishop-j-relig-history-v26-i1-p1.pdf ''Historical "Gift of Constantine"'':] {{Wayback|url=http://plaza.ufl.edu/dmorgan/Articles/const-bishop-j-relig-history-v26-i1-p1.pdf |date=20060924205626 }} Journal Article Concerning Miltiades and Constantine {{Mapapa}} {{mbegu-Papa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Miltiades}} [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa karne ya 3]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 314]] [[jamii:Mababu wa Kanisa]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Algeria]] p56ez998n8bg5efmgjqqrzg5q38f8al Papa Marcellinus 0 12672 1574357 1217856 2026-06-18T04:28:03Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: [[Category:Papa]] → [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574357 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Marcellinus.jpg|thumb|250pix|right]] '''Papa Marselino''' alikuwa [[Papa]] kuanzia [[tarehe]] [[30 Juni]] [[296]] hadi [[kifo]] chake tarehe [[25 Oktoba]] [[304]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alitokea [[Roma]], [[Italia]]<ref name="ce"/>. Alimfuata [[Papa Kayo]] akafuatwa na [[Papa Marcellus I]]. Tangu [[mwaka]] [[302]], [[Kanisa]] liliteseka sana chini ya [[Kaisari Diokletiano]], aliyechochewa na [[Kaizari|kaisari]] [[Galerius]]. Ilisemekana kwamba Marcellinus pia aliyumba kwa [[muda]] mfupi, ila [[Agostino wa Hippo|Augustino]] alikanusha taarifa hiyo<ref name="ce">[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09637d.htm Kirsch, Johann Peter. "Pope Saint Marcellinus." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 28 September 2017</ref>. Ikiwa Marcellino [[kifodini|aliuawa]] au kufa kwa [[uzee]], hakuna uhakika<ref>{{EB1911|wstitle=Marcellinus, St|inline=1}}</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa kama [[mtakatifu]]<ref name=CR>Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 1969), p.121</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yake kwa [[Wakatoliki]] ni [[26 Aprili]] (ingawa hatajwi tena katika [[Martyrologium Romanum]]<ref>''Martyrologium Romanum: ex Decreto Sacrosancti oecumenici Concilii Vaticani II instauratum auctoritate Ioannis Pauli P.P. II promulgatum'', Romae 2001, ISBN 8820972107</ref>) ila kwa [[Waorthodoksi]] ni tarehe [[7 Juni]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] *[[Orodha ya Mapapa]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== * ''Liber Pontificalis'' ed. [[Louis Duchesne|Duchesne]], I, 6-7; * [[Giovanni Battista de Rossi]], ''Roma Sotterranea'', III, 46 tav. V; * ''Codex Bernensis'' ed. De Rossi-Duchesne, 129; * [[Karl Joseph von Hefele]], ''Konziliengeschichte'', I, 2 Aufl. 143-45; * Quentin, ''Les martyrologes historiques'', 103, sq.; * [[Catholic Encyclopedia]], Volume IX, New York, 1910, Robert Appleton Company; * De Castro, ''Difesa della causa di S. Marcellino'', I, Pont. Rom., Roma, 1819; * [[Rudolph von Langen]], ''Geschichte der römischen Kirche'', I, 370-372; * [[Paul Allard]], ''Histoire des persécutions'', IV, 376-379; * Duchesne, ''Histoire ancienne de l'Eglise'', II, 92 sq.; * Marucchi, ''Il sepolcro del papa Marcellino nel cimitero di Priscilla'' in Nuovo Bull. di archeol. crist., 1907, 115 sq. * Claudio Rendina, ''I Papi. Storia e segreti'', Newton & Compton, Roma, 1983 ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Marcellinus}} *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09637d.htm Kuhusu Papa Marcellino katika Kamusi Elezo ya Kikatoliki] *[http://www.stpetersbasilica.info/Exterior/Colonnades/Saints/St%20Marcellinus-115/StMarcellinus.htm Colonnade Statue in St Peter's Square] {{Mapapa}} {{mbegu-Papa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Marselino}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa karne ya 3]] [[Category:Waliofariki 304]] [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Italia]] 1sb9cri4vp945c0ps2ttdoqvvcuvyyl Papa Sixtus II 0 12678 1574365 1536546 2026-06-18T04:29:13Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: [[Category:Papa]] → [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574365 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:PopesixtusII.jpg|thumb|right|Kuuawa kwa Papa Sixtus II na ma[[shemasi]] wake 6.]] '''Papa Sixtus II''' alikuwa [[Papa]] kuanzia [[tarehe]] [[30 Agosti]] [[257]] hadi [[kifodini]] chake tarehe [[6 Agosti]] [[258]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alitokea [[Ugiriki]]<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|last1=Smith|first1=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LTb6zWm5PMcC|title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary Of Christian Antiquities (in 9 Volumes)|last2=Cheetham|first2=Samuel|date=2005|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7268-111-1|pages=936|language=en}}</ref>. Alimfuata [[Papa Stefano I]] akafuatwa na [[Papa Dionysius]]. Alirudisha [[umoja]] na [[kanisa|makanisa]] [[ukristo wa Mashariki|ya Mashariki]] na [[Afrika Kaskazini]] uliowahi kuhatarishwa na misimamo tofauti kuhusu [[ubatizo]] uliotolewa na waliojitenga na [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. Alikamatwa akihubiria [[ndugu]] wa [[imani]] juu ya [[sheria]] za [[Mungu]] wakati wa adhimisho la [[ekaristi]]<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/28650</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]] pamoja na [[Shemasi|mashemasi]] wake [[sita]]: Januari, Vinsenti, Magnus, Stefano<ref>Masomo ya Breviari - Sikukuu za Bwana, za Bikira Maria na za Watakatifu - Ndanda Mission Press 1978, uk 271-273</ref>, mbali ya Agapito na Felisisimi waliouawa siku hiyohiyo sehemu nyingine chini ya [[kaisari]] [[Kaizari Valerian|Valeriani]]<ref name="cathenc">{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Pope St. Sixtus II}}</ref>. Katika [[Kanuni ya Kirumi]] anatajwa pamoja na shemasi wake wa saba, [[Laurenti Mfiadini|Laurenti]], aliyeuawa siku tatu baadaye. [[Sikukuu]] yake ni tarehe [[7 Agosti]]<ref>''[[Martyrologium Romanum]]: ex Decreto Sacrosancti oecumenici Concilii Vaticani II instauratum auctoritate Ioannis Pauli P.P. II promulgatum'', Romae 2001, ISBN 8820972107</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] *[[Orodha ya Mapapa]] *[[Mababu wa Kanisa]] ==Maandishi yake== *[http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_0257-0258-_Sixtus_II,_Sanctus,_Martyr.html Opera Omnia] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 270-271 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 231-232 ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Sixtus II}} *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14031c.htm Kuhusu Papa Sixtus II katika Kamusi Elezo ya Kikatoliki] *[http://www.bartleby.com/210/8/062.html "St. Xystus, or Sixtus II., Pope and Martyr"], ''Butler's Lives of the Saints'' {{Mapapa}} {{mbegu-Papa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sisto II}} [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Jamii:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[jamii:Mababu wa Kanisa]] [[Category:Waliofariki 258]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Ugiriki]] iybrsjvv9lrxztkdu7j5scxjhoay0vk Papa Stefano I 0 12679 1574366 1325421 2026-06-18T04:29:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: [[Category:Papa]] → [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574366 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Stephen I.jpg|thumb|right|220px|]] '''Papa Stefano I''' alikuwa [[Papa]] kuanzia [[tarehe]] [[12 Machi]] [[254]] hadi [[kifodini]] chake [[tarehe]] [[2 Agosti]] [[257]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref><ref name="ce">Mann, Horace (1912). "Pope St. Stephen I" in ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref>. Alitokea [[Roma]], [[Italia]], ingawa aliweza kuwa na [[asili]] ya [[Ugiriki]]. Alimfuata [[Papa Lucius I]] akafuatwa na [[Papa Sisto II]]. Alifundisha kwamba [[ubatizo|waliobatizwa]] na [[madhehebu]] yaliyojitenga na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] wameungana na [[Masiya|Kristo]] moja kwa moja, hivyo hawahitaji wala hawatakiwi kubatizwa tena<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/89023</ref>, tofauti na walivyodai baadhi ya [[Askofu|maaskofu]], hasa wa [[Afrika ya Kaskazini|Afrika Kaskazini]]. Baadaye msimamo wake ulienea kote katika [[Kanisa la Kilatini]]. Inasimuliwa kwamba aliuawa na ma[[askari]] wa [[Kaisari Valerian]] wakati wa [[Misa]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=VpvI5TAp08IC&pg=PA39&dq=%22Pope+Stephen%22&lr=&cd=13#v=onepage&q=%22Pope%20Stephen%22&f=false The golden legend: readings on the saints] By Jacobus de Voragine, William Granger Ryan</ref> . Tangu kale anaheshimiwa kama [[mtakatifu]], pengine [[mfiadini]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake ni tarehe 2 Agosti <ref>"Martyrologium Romanum" (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2001 ISBN 88-209-7210-7)</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] *[[Orodha ya Mapapa]] *[[Mababu wa Kanisa]] ==Maandishi yake== *[http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_0254-0257-_Stephanus_I,_Sanctus.html Opera Omnia] ==Marejeo== <references /> ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons category|Stephanus I|Stephen I}} *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14288a.htm Kuhusu Papa Stefano I katika Kamusi Elezo ya Kikatoliki] *[http://www.bartleby.com/210/8/021.html "St. Stephen, Pope and Martyr"], ''Butler's Lives of the Saints'' {{Mapapa}} {{mbegu-Papa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Stefano I}} [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Category:Waliofariki 257]] [[jamii:Mababu wa Kanisa]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Italia]] 23i5kpko6ve3ijsbt9jeqyf36z0ujsq Papa Lucius I 0 12680 1574356 1415203 2026-06-18T04:27:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: [[Category:Papa]] → [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574356 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Lucius I.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Papa Lucius I.]] '''Papa Lucius I''' alikuwa [[Papa]] kuanzia [[Juni]] au [[Julai]] [[253]] hadi [[kifo]] chake [[tarehe]] [[5 Machi]] [[254]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alitokea [[Roma]], [[Italia]]. Alimfuata [[Papa Kornelio]] akafuatwa na [[Papa Stefano I]]. Kwa [[imani]] yake kwa [[Masiya|Kristo]], mara baada ya kuwekwa [[wakfu]] alipelekwa uhamishoni, lakini aliwahi kurudishwa, akatoa [[ushahidi]] wake kwa kukabili kwa [[upole]] na [[busara]] matatizo ya wakati wake<ref name="ce">Kirsch, Johann Peter (1910). "Pope St. Lucius I" in ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref><ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/43900</ref>. [[Sipriani mfiadini|Sipriani wa Carthago]] alimsifu <ref> (see Epist. lxviii. 5)</ref> kwa kukataa [[itikadi kali|msimamo mkali]] wa wafuasi wa [[Novasyano]] dhidi ya waliowahi kuasi ili kuokoa [[uhai]] wao. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa kama [[mtakatifu]], hasa tarehe ya kifo chake<ref>''Martyrologium Romanum: ex Decreto Sacrosancti oecumenici Concilii Vaticani II instauratum auctoritate Ioannis Pauli P.P. II promulgatum'', Romae 2001, ISBN 8820972107</ref><ref>He is commemorated in the [[Roman Martyrology]] in the following terms: "In the cemetery of Callistus on the Via Appia, Rome, burial of Saint Lucius, Pope, successor of Saint Cornelius. For his faith in Christ he suffered exile and acted as an outstanding confessor of the faith, with moderation and prudence, in the difficult times that were his." In Latin: "Romae via Appia in coemeterio Callisti, depositio sancti Lucii, papae, qui, sancti Cornelii successor, pro Christi fide exsilium passus est et, fidei confessor eximius, in angustiis tempestatibus suis moderatione ac prudentia se gessit" [''Martyrologium Romanum'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2001 ISBN|978-88-209-7210-3), die 5 martii].</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] *[[Orodha ya Mapapa]] *[[Mababu wa Kanisa]] ==Maandishi yake== *[http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_0253-0254-_Lucius_I,_Sanctus.html Opera Omnia] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09411a.htm Kuhusu Papa Lucius I katika Kamusi Elezo ya Kikatoliki] {{Mapapa}} {{mbegu-Papa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lucius I}} [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Category:Waliofariki 254]] [[jamii:Mababu wa Kanisa]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Italia]] ga56vy0v0t3axbxi54tnyi5kl8zffkb Papa Fabian 0 12694 1574349 1537448 2026-06-18T04:26:43Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: [[Category:Papa]] → [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574349 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Fabian Sebastian 1490.jpg|thumb|right|Papa Fabian na Mtakatifu Sebastian.]] '''Papa Fabian''' alikuwa [[Papa]] kuanzia [[mwaka]] [[236]] hadi [[kifodini]] chake [[tarehe]] [[20 Januari]] [[250]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alitokea [[Roma]], [[Italia]]. Alimfuata [[Papa Antero]] akafuatwa na [[Papa Kornelio]]. Alichaguliwa akiwa bado [[mlei]]<ref name="Attwater">{{cite book |last1 = Attwater |first1 = Donald |first2 = Catherine Rachel |last2 = John |title = The Penguin Dictionary of Saints |edition = 3rd |location = New York |publisher = Penguin Books |year = 1993 |isbn = 0-14-051312-4 }}</ref>, akatoa mfano mtukufu wa [[imani]] na [[maadili]] <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/25750</ref>. Aliongoza [[Kanisa]] miaka mingi katika hali ya utulivu, hasa chini ya [[kaisari]] [[Philippus Mwarabu|Filipo Mwarabu]] ambaye anasemekana [[Ubatizo|alibatizwa]] naye<ref name ="EB">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Fabian, Saint |volume= 10 | page= 113}}</ref>. Kadiri ya [[wanahistoria]] [[Wakristo]]<ref>Gregory, ''Historia Francorum'' I §30, giving as his source the Martyrdom of [[Saturnin]].</ref><ref>The ''[[Roman Martyrology|Vetus Martyrologium Romanum]]'' (1961) under Die 18 Decembris: Quintodecimo Kalendas Januarii: "Turonis, in Gallia, Sancti Gatiani Episcopi, qui, a Sancto Fabiano Papa primus ejusdem civitatis Episcopus ordinatus est, et multis clarus miracolis obdormivit in Domino".</ref>, chini ya [[kaisari]] [[Decius]] ([[250]] BK), Papa Fabian alituma maaskofu 7 kutoka [[Roma]] kwenda [[Gallia]] (Ufaransa wa leo) wakahubiri [[Injili]]: [[Grasyano wa Tours|Grasyano]] huko Tours, [[Trofimo wa Arles|Trofimo]] huko [[Arles]], [[Paulo wa Narbonne|Paulo]] huko [[Narbonne]], [[Saturnini wa Toulouse|Saturnini]] huko [[Toulouse]], [[Denis wa Paris|Denis]] huko [[Paris]], [[Austremoni]] huko [[Clermont-Ferrand|Clermont]] na [[Martial wa Limoges|Martial]] huko [[Limoges]]. Hatimaye alifia [[dini]] yake katika [[dhuluma]] ya kaisari Decius. [[Sipriani mfiadini|Sipriano]] wa [[Karthago]] alisifu [[ushindi]] wake na kwamba alitoa kielelezo bora cha [[uongozi]]<ref>Fabian was highly esteemed by [[Cyprian]]. Cyprian's letter to Fabian's successor, [[Pope Cornelius|Cornelius]], calls him "incomparable" and says that the glory of his martyrdom answered the purity and holiness of his life (Cyprian, ''Epistle'' 30).</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]]<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Pope St. Fabian}}</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yake ni tarehe [[20 Januari]]<ref>''[[Martyrologium Romanum]]: ex Decreto Sacrosancti oecumenici Concilii Vaticani II instauratum auctoritate Ioannis Pauli P.P. II promulgatum'', Romae 2001, ISBN 8820972107</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] *[[Orodha ya Mapapa]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 26 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 20 * Maurice Soseleje, Kalendari yetu – Maisha ya Watakatifu – Toleo la pili – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1986 – ISBN 9976-63-112-X, uk. 13 ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons category|Fabianus}} *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05742d.htm Kuhusu Papa Fabian katika Kamusi Elezo ya Kikatoliki] *[http://www.stpetersbasilica.info/Exterior/Colonnades/Saints/St%20Fabian-78/StFabian.htm Colonnade Statue in St Peter's Square] {{Mapapa}} {{mbegu-Papa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fabiani}} [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Category:Waliofariki 250]] [[Jamii:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Italia]] srav1qkpjrbvr2t14uj58un0oxizp91 Papa Antero 0 12695 1574348 1536494 2026-06-18T04:26:33Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: [[Category:Papa]] → [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox saint |jina=Papa Antero |birth_date= |death_date= |feast_day= |venerated_in= |picha=Pope Anterus.jpg |imagesize= |maelezo ya picha='''Papa Antero |birth_place= |death_place= |titles= |beatified_date= |beatified_place= |beatified_by= |canonized_date= |canonized_place= |canonized_by= |attributes= |patronage= |major_shrine= |suppressed_date= |issues= }} '''Papa Antero''' alikuwa [[Papa]] kuanzia [[tarehe]] [[21 Novemba]] [[235]] hadi [[kifo]] chake tarehe [[3 Januari]] [[236]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref>. Alikuwa na [[asili]] ya [[Ugiriki]]<ref name=montor>{{cite book | last =de Montor | first = Artaud | title = The Lives and Times of the Popes: Including the Complete Gallery of Portraits of the Pontiffs Reproduced from Effigies Pontificum Romanorum Dominici Basae : Being a Series of Volumes Giving the History of the World During the Christian Era | publisher = The Catholic Publication Society of America | year = 1911 | location = New York | pages = 49–50 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kJoYAAAAYAAJ&q=petilia+policastro&pg=PA49 | oclc = 7533337}}</ref>. Alimfuata [[Papa Ponsyano]] akafuatwa na [[Papa Fabiano]]. Anaheshimiwa kama [[mtakatifu]], ila hakuna hakika kama [[mfiadini|alifia dini]]<ref name=montor/> au la <ref name=Lev>{{cite book | last = Levillain | first = Philippe |author2=O'Malley, John W. | title = The Papacy: An Encyclopedia | publisher = [[Routledge]] | year = 2002 | location = London | pages = [https://archive.org/details/papacy00phil_1/page/63 63], 557 | url =https://archive.org/details/papacy00phil_1 | url-access = registration | isbn =978-0-415-92230-2}}</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa kwenye [[tarehe]] ya kifo chake<ref>''Martyrologium Romanum: ex Decreto Sacrosancti oecumenici Concilii Vaticani II instauratum auctoritate Ioannis Pauli P.P. II promulgatum'', Romae 2001, ISBN 8820972107</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] *[[Orodha ya Mapapa]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons category|Anterus|Pope Anterus}} *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01553a.htm Kuhusu Papa Antero katika Kamusi Elezo ya Kikatoliki] {{Mapapa}} {{mbegu-Papa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Antero}} [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa karne ya 2]] [[Category:Waliofariki 236]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Ugiriki]] reexeko9yezlj179dihg26p0etdqhi5 Fonetiki 0 12964 1574240 1506830 2026-06-17T22:25:08Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574240 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fonetiki''' (kutoka [[Kiingereza]] "Phonetics") ni [[tawi]] la [[sayansi]] ya [[isimu]]. Inashughulikia [[uchunguzi]] wa [[sauti]] za [[lugha]] za [[binadamu]], pamoja na utamkaji na usikiaji wake. Kwa ujumla, fonetiki ni tawi la isimu linalochunguza jinsi sauti zinavyozalishwa, zinavyosafirishwa na zinavyomfikia msikilizaji. [[Etimolojia]] ya [[neno]] fonetiki imebeba [[dhana]] [[mbili]]: foni na etiki. Foni humaanisha sauti, ilihali etiki ni dhana pana kidogo. [[Kitamkwa|Vitamkwa]] huandikwa kwa kutumia [[alfabeti ya kifonetiki ya kimataifa]] (au [[kifupi]] cha [[jina]] lake kwa [[Kiingereza]], ''International Phonetic Alphabet''). Fonetiki inagawanyika katika: * fonetiki akustika * fonetiki maabara (au fonetiki majaribio) * fonetiki masikizi * fonetiki matamshi * fonetiki tibamatamshi ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Marejeo == ===Ya Kiswahili=== * [[TUKI]] 1990, "Kamusi Sanifu ya Isimu na Lugha", [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]] * Massamba, David 2004, "Kamusi ya Isimu na Falsafa ya Lugha", Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam ===Mengineyo=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=Abercrombie|first=D.|year=1967|title=Elements of General Phonetics|url=https://archive.org/details/elementsofgenera0000aber|place=Edinburgh|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Catford|first=J. C. |title=A Practical Introduction to Phonetics|url=https://archive.org/details/practicalintrodu00catf|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=2nd|isbn=0-19-924635-1|ref=harv}} * {{cite journal|last=Halle|first=Morris | year = 1983 | title = On Distinctive Features and their articulatory implementation|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_natural-language-linguistic-theory_1983_1_1/page/91| journal = Natural Language and Linguistic Theory| volume = 1| number = 1| pages = 91 - 105|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|author=International Phonetic Association|year=1999|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofintern0000inte|publisher=Cambridge University Press|ref=harv}} * {{cite book| last1=Jakobson|first1=Roman|first2=Gunnar |last2=Fant |first3=Morris |last3=Halle|year=1976|title=Preliminaries to Speech Analysis: The Distinctive Features and their Correlates|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=0-262-60001-3|ref={{sfnref|Jakobson, Fant, and Halle|1976}}}} * {{cite journal|last=Jones|first=Daniel|year=1948|title=The London school of phonetics|journal=Zeitschrift für Phonetik|volume=11|number=3/4|pages=127 - 135|ref=harv}} (Reprinted in {{cite book|editor1-first=W. E. |editor1-last=Jones|editor2-first=J.|editor2-last=Laver|title=Phonetics in Linguistics|url=https://archive.org/details/phoneticsinlingu00jone |publisher=Longman|year=1973|pages=[https://archive.org/details/phoneticsinlingu00jone/page/180 180]–186}}) * {{cite book| last=Kingston |first=John |year=2007|chapter=The Phonetics-Phonology Interface|title=The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology| url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehandboo0000unse_h4q0 |editor-first=Paul|editor-last=DeLacy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-84879-2|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Ladefoged|first=Peter|year=2005|title=A Course in Phonetics|url=https://archive.org/details/courseinphonetic0000pete|place=Boston|publisher=Thomson/Wadsworth|edition=5th|isbn=1-413-00688-4|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Ladefoged|first=Peter|first2=Ian|last2=Maddieson|year=1996|title=The Sounds of the World’s Languages|url=https://archive.org/details/soundsofworldsla0000lade|place=Oxford|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=0-631-19815-6|ref={{sfnref|Ladefoged and Maddieson|1996}}}} * {{cite book|last1=O'Connor|first1=J.D.|title=Phonetics|date=1973|publisher=Pelican|isbn=978-0140215601|pages=16-17|ref=harv}} * {{cite book | title=Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction | url=https://archive.org/details/contemporaryling0005unse | last=O'Grady | first=William| edition=5th | publisher=Bedford/St. Martin's | year=2005 | isbn=0-312-41936-8|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Stearns|first=Peter|title=World Civilizations|year=2001|publisher=Longman|location=New York|isbn=0-321-04479-7|edition=3rd|author2=Adas, Michael |author3=Schwartz, Stuart |author4= Gilbert, Marc Jason|ref=harv}} * {{cite book| last=Trask|first=R.L.|authorlink=Larry Trask|year=1996|title=A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology| url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofphon0000tras|place=Abingdon|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-11261-3|ref=harv}} {{refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.phonetique.info the Web Site of the Phonetic Sciences Laboratory of the Université de Montréal.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.phonetique.info/ |date=20090223193923 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153309/http://isphs.org/main.htm The International Society of Phonetic Sciences (ISPhS)] *[http://www.peterroach.net/glossary.html A little encyclopedia of phonetics], Peter Roach. (pdf) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050402150951/http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Summer_2004/ling001/lecture2.html The sounds and sound patterns of language] U Penn *[https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/sites/default/files/IPA_Kiel_2015.pdf Official IPA chart] (International Phonetic Association) *[http://sail.usc.edu/span/rtmri_ipa/ Real-time MRI videos of the articulation of speech sounds, from the USC Speech Articulation and kNowledge (SPAN) Group] {{Wayback|url=http://sail.usc.edu/span/rtmri_ipa/ |date=20180402043504 }} *[http://www.unc.edu/~jlsmith/pht-url.html Extensive collection of phonetics resources on the Web] {{Wayback|url=http://www.unc.edu/~jlsmith/pht-url.html |date=20180825101030 }} (University of North Carolina) *[http://www.elloandfriends.uni-osnabrueck.de/wikis/1/show?n=PhoneticsandPhonology.PhoneticsandPhonology Phonetics and Phonology] {{Wayback|url=http://www.elloandfriends.uni-osnabrueck.de/wikis/1/show?n=PhoneticsandPhonology.PhoneticsandPhonology |date=20100520013620 }} (University of Osnabrück) *[http://www.peterroach.net/practical-phonetic-training.html A note on practical phonetic training] {{mbegu-lugha}} [[Jamii:Isimu]] 0se2ebh0ufogqdqcp2cofra7rz7fc63 Edwin McMillan 0 13048 1574275 1291623 2026-06-17T23:01:48Z Ollin Masa 89330 1574275 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] [[Picha:Edwin McMillan Nobel.jpg|thumb|'''Edwin Mattison McMillan''' (1951)]] '''Edwin Mattison McMillan''' ([[18 Septemba]] [[1907]] – [[7 Septemba]] [[1991]]) alikuwa mwanakemia kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Hasa anajulikana kwa kugundua [[elementi]] ya [[neptunium]]. Mwaka wa [[1951]], pamoja na [[Glenn Seaborg]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Kemia]]'''. {{DEFAULTSORT:McMillan, Edwin}} {{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1907]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1991]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Kemia]] 3vts3eark7xesrmb0ked9swb51kk7tu Leonardo da Vinci 0 13687 1574188 1506807 2026-06-17T21:23:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mtu Mashuhuri |jina = Leonardo da Vinci |picha = Possible Self-Portrait of Leonardo da Vinci.jpg |caption = Leonardo da Vinci alivyojichora |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = [[15 Aprili]] [[1452]] |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufa = [[2 Mei]] [[1519]] |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anajulikana_kwa_ajili_ya = |kazi_yake = [[mwanahisabati]], [[mhandisi]], [[mwanasayansi]], [[mgunduzi]], [[mwanaanatomi]], [[mchoraji]], [[mchongaji]], [[msanifuujenzi]], [[mwanabotania]], [[mwanamuziki]] na [[mwandishi]] |utaifa = [[Italia]] }} '''Leonardo Da Vinci''' ([[Vinci]], [[Toscana]], [[Italia]], [[15 Aprili]] [[1452]] – [[Amboise]], [[Ufaransa]], [[2 Mei]] [[1519]]) alikuwa [[mtu]] mwenye [[kipaji|vipaji]] vingi<ref name=genius>Vasari, Boltraffio, Castiglione, "Anonimo" Gaddiano, Berensen, Taine, Fuseli, Rio, Bortolon, etc as quoted in della Chiesa, see Bibliography</ref> kutoka nchini [[Italia]]. Kifupi, alikuwa [[mwanahisabati]], [[mhandisi]], [[mwanasayansi]], [[mgunduzi]], [[mwanaanatomi]], [[mchoraji]], [[mchongaji]], [[msanifuujenzi]], [[mwanabotania]], [[mwanamuziki]] na [[mwandishi]]. Ndiye mwakilishi bora wa [[tapo]] la [[Renaissance]]. Leonardo alikuwa mdadisi wa kila [[uasilia|kitu asilia]]. Alitaka kujua kila kitu kinavyofanya kazi. Alikuwa hodari sana katika kusoma, kuunda na kutengeneza vitu vya aina mbalimbali tena vya kupendeza.<ref name=HG> {{citation | first = Helen | last = Gardner | title = Art through the Ages | year = 1970 | publisher = Harcourt, Brace and World }}</ref> Mwanahistoria wa [[sanaa]] [[Helen Gardner]] alisema hakuna mtu aliyewahi kuwa kama yeye kwa sababu alikuwa na [[shauku]] na vitu vingi sana: "...[[Akili]] yake na [[utu]] wake vinaonekana kuwa zaidi ya mtu, ni mtu wa ajabu na tofauti". Leonardo siku zote alikuwa akifiria kugundua mambo mapya. Vitu vingi alivyogundua havikuwahi kufanywa. Hata hivyo, tunajua fikra zake, kwa sababu aliweka kwenye vijitabu na kuandika na kuvichora mara kwa mara. Baadhi ya [[nadharia]] alizofikiria ni pamoja na [[helikopta]], [[kifaru (jeshi)|kifaru]], [[baiskeli]], [[kikokotoo]], [[roboti]] na vifaa vinavyogeuza [[nishati ya jua]] kuwa [[umeme]]. Leonardo aliweza kufanya vitu vya aina nyingi vya kijanja, lakini alikuwa maarufu sana kama mchoraji. Watu wengi hufikiria kwamba Leonardo alikuwa mmoja kati ya wachoraji bora wa [[historia]] yote. Amefanya michoro mingi sana. Miongoni mwa [[picha]] zake, mbili zilizo maarufu zaidi duniani ni ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' na ''[[Karamu ya mwisho]]''. [[Mchoro]] mwingine unaojulikana sana ni ''Vitruvian Man''. Unajulikana sana hata [[Homer Simpson]] na [[Garfield]] ambazo zilichorwa kwa [[mraba]] na [[mzunguko]] ili kuonekana kama mchoro. == Maisha == === Utoto, 1452–1466 === [[Picha:Study of a Tuscan Landscape.jpg|thumb|Mchoro uliojulikana awali wa Leonardo, Arno Valley, (1473) - [[Uffizi]], Florence, Italia.]] Leonardo alizaliwa tarehe [[15 Aprili]] [[1452]], mkoani [[Toscana]], katika mji mdogo wa [[kilima]]ni wa Vinci, katika ma[[bonde]] ya [[Mto Arno]], karibu na [[Florence]] nchini [[Italia]]. [[Babu]] yake, Ser Antonio, anajivunia kwa kuweka kumbukumbu ya maelezo. Wazazi wa Leonardo walikuwa [[ndoa|hawajaoana]]. Baba yake alikuwa [[mwanasheria]], Messer Piero Fruosino di Antonio da Vinci.<ref name=AV> {{citation | first = Alessandro | last = Vezzosi | title = Leonardo da Vinci: Renaissance Man }}</ref><ref name=Chiesa>Angela Ottino della Chiesa, ''The Complete Paintings of Leonardo da Vinci''</ref> Mama yake, Caterina, alikuwa mhudumu. Yawezekana alikuwa [[mtumwa]] kutoka [[Mashariki ya Kati]].<ref>According to Alessandro Vezzosi, Head of the Leonardo Museum in Vinci, Piero may have owned a Middle Eastern slave called Caterina. A study of Leonardo's fingerprint suggests that he may have had Middle Eatern blood.[http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2006Dec01/0,4670,LeonardoapossFingerprint,00.html Experts Reconstruct Leonardo Fingerprint]" 12 Desemba 2001</ref><ref> {{citation | url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/01/AR2006120100961_pf.html | title = Experts Reconstruct Leonardo Fingerprint | publisher = The Associated Press | accessdate = 2007-12-14 }}</ref> [[Jina]] kamili la Leonardo lilikuwa "Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci", ambalo lina manaa ya "Leonardo, mtoto wa Bwana Piero kutoka Vinci". Leonardo alitumia miaka yake mitano ya awali akiishi katika nyumba ya [[shamba]]ni na mama yake. Halafu akaja kuishi Vinci na baba yake, [[mke]] wa baba yake aliyeitwa Albiera, ma[[bibi]]/ma[[babu]] zake na [[mjomba|wajomba]] zake, Francesco. Wakati Leonardo ameshakua, aliandika vitu viwili tu kuhusu maisha yake ya [[utoto]]ni. Alikumbuka kwamba alivyokuwa amelala kwenye [[kitanda]] chake cha watoto nje ya nyumba yao [[ndege]] mkubwa alikuwa akipaa na kumzungukazunguka juu yake. [[Mkia|Mikia]] yake ikawa inamfutafuta sura yake.<ref name= LB> {{citation | first = Liana | last = Bortolon | title = The Life and Times of Leonardo | publisher = Paul Hamlyn | publication-place=London | year = 1967 }}</ref> Kumbukumbu nyingine muhimu ya Leonardo ilikuwa vipi aligundua [[pango]] milimani wakati anapeleleza. Alikuwa na [[hofu]] kubwa sana huenda kukawa na [[kiumbe]] kikubwa cha ajabu kimejificha mle ndani ya pango. Lakini pia alikuwa na hamu na shauku ya kujua kilichopo mle ndani. [[Giorgio Vasari]] aliandika kuhusu maisha ya Leonardo kwa ufupi baada ya [[kifo]] chake. Ameelezea [[hadithi]] za kuvutia kibao kuhusu [[utundu]] aliokuwa nao Leonardo. Anasema kwamba Leonardo alichora [[bamba]] la [[taarifa]] la [[mbao-mzunguko]] likiwa na picha ya mijoka inayotema [[moto]]. Messer Piero alichukua michoro ya mwanawe hadi Florence na kuiuza kwa wauzaji wa [[bidhaa]] za kisanaa.<ref name="Vasari">Giorgio Vasari, ''Lives of the Artists'', 1568; this edition Penguin Classics, trans. George Bull 1965, ISBN 0-14-044164-6</ref> ===Ujana na utu uzima=== [[Picha:Andrea_del_Verrocchio,_Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Baptism_of_Christ_-_Uffizi.jpg|thumb|left|220px|''[[The Baptism of Christ (Verrocchio)|Ubatizo wa Kristo]]'' kadiri ya Verrocchio na Leonardo (1472–1475) — [[Uffizi]].]] Leonardo alianza kuchora tangu yungali bado [[kijana]]. Alifunzwa usanii na mchongaji na mchoraji [[Verrocchio]]. Sehemu kubwa ya maisha yake alimtumikia [[tajiri]] mmoja maarufu wa Italia. Mwaka [[1516]] Leonardo alikwenda [[Amboise]], Ufaransa, baada ya kupata [[mwaliko]] kutoka kwa mfalme [[Fransisko I]]. Kati ya mizigo aliyosafiri nayo ulikuwemo mchoro maarufu wa [[Monalisa]]. Leonardo aliishi mjini Amboise, katika [[nyumba]] yake nzuri aliyopewa na [[Mfalme]] huyo wa [[Ufaransa]], miaka yake ya mwisho, toka mwaka huo mpaka mwaka [[1519]]. [[Afya]] yake haikuwa nzuri kwa sababu alipatwa na [[ugonjwa]] wa [[kiharusi]] toka mwaka [[1517]], lakini taarifa za ugonjwa wake zikatolewa [[wiki]] chache kabla ya kifo chake. === Kifo === Alifariki huko Amboise tarehe 2 Mei 1519 akiwa na [[umri]] wa miaka 67, akazikwa St. Hubert. == Tanbihi == {{Marejeo}} ==Marejeo== * {{cite book | author = Daniel Arasse| title = Leonardo da Vinci | url = https://archive.org/details/leonardodavincir0000aras| publisher = Konecky & Konecky | year = 1997 | isbn = 1-56852-198-7}} * {{cite book | author = [[Michael Baxandall]] | title = Painting and Experience in Fifteenth Century Italy | year = 1974 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | isbn = 0-19-881329-5}} * {{cite book | author=Andrea Bayer | url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/96665|title=Painters of reality: the legacy of Leonardo and Caravaggio in Lombardy | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=2004 | isbn=978-1-58839-116-2}} * {{cite book | author = Fred Bérence | title = Léonard de Vinci, L'homme et son oeuvre | publisher = Somogy | year = 1965 | id = Dépot légal 4° trimestre 1965}} * {{cite book | author = Luciano Berti | title = The Uffizi | year = 1971 | publisher = Scala}} * {{cite book | author = Liana Bortolon| title = The Life and Times of Leonardo | publisher = Paul Hamlyn, London | year = 1967 | id = }} * {{cite book | author = Hugh Brigstoke| title = The Oxford Companion the Western Art | url = https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_r1z5| publisher = U.S.: Oxford University Press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-19-866203-3}} * {{cite book | author = Gene A. Brucker| title = Renaissance Florence | url = https://archive.org/details/renaissanceflore00bruc| publisher = Wiley and Sons| year = 1969 | isbn = 0-471-11370-0}} * {{cite book | author = [[Fritjof Capra]] | title = The Science of Leonardo | url = https://archive.org/details/scienceofleonard00capr | publisher = Doubleday | location = U.S. | year = 2007 |isbn = 978-0-385-51390-6}} * {{cite book | author = Cennino Cennini | title = Il Libro Dell'arte O Trattato Della Pittui | publisher = BiblioBazaar | location = U.S. | year = 2009 |isbn = 978-1-103-39032-8}} * {{cite book | author = Angela Ottino della Chiesa| title = The Complete Paintings of Leonardo da Vinci | publisher = Penguin Classics of World Art series | year = 1967 | isbn = 0-14-008649-8}} * {{cite book | author = Simona Cremante | title = Leonardo da Vinci: Artist, Scientist, Inventor | publisher = Giunti | year = 2005 | isbn = 88-09-03891-6}} * {{cite book | author = Frederich Hartt| title = A History of Italian Renaissance Art | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofitalian0000hart_h8b7| publisher = Thames and Hudson | year = 1970 | isbn = 0-500-23136-2}} * {{cite book | author = [[Martin Kemp (art historian)|Martin Kemp]]| title = Leonardo | url = https://archive.org/details/leonardo00kemp| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 2004 | isbn = 0-19-280644-0}} * {{cite book | url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/84801/rec/2|title=Leonardo da Vinci: anatomical drawings from the Royal Library, Windsor Castle | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1983 | isbn=978-0-87099-362-6}} * {{cite book| author = Mario Lucertini, Ana Millan Gasca, Fernando Nicolo | title = Technological Concepts and Mathematical Models in the Evolution of Modern Engineering Systems| url = https://archive.org/details/technologicalcon0000unse | work = | publisher = Birkhauser| year = 2004| isbn = 3-7643-6940-X}} * {{cite book | author = John N. Lupia| title = The Secret Revealed: How to Look at [[Italian Renaissance Painting]] | publisher = Medieval and Renaissance Times, Vol. 1, no. 2 (Summer, 1994): 6–17 | issn = 1075–2110}} * {{cite book | author = Andrew Martindale| title = The Rise of the Artist | url = https://archive.org/details/riseofartistinmi0000mart_a6t2| publisher = Thames and Hudson | year = 1972 | isbn = 0-500-56006-4}} * {{cite book | author = [[Roger Masters]] | title = Machiavelli, Leonardo and the Science of Power | url = https://archive.org/details/machiavellileona0000mast | publisher = University of Notre Dame Press | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-268-01433-7}} * {{cite book | author = [[Roger Masters]] | title = Fortune is a River: Leonardo Da Vinci and Niccolò Machiavelli's Magnificent Dream to Change the Course of Florentine History | url = https://archive.org/details/fortuneisriverle0000mast | publisher = Simon & Schuster | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-452-28090-7}} * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/gri_33125000944930|author=Müntz, Eugène |year= 1898|title=Leonardo da Vinci. Artist, Thinker, and Man of Science. Volume 1|publisher=William Heinemann|place=London}} * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/gri_33125000944922|author=Müntz, Eugène |year= 1898|title=Leonardo da Vinci. Artist, Thinker, and Man of Science. Volume 2|publisher=William Heinemann|place=London}} * {{cite book | author = Charles D. O'Malley and J. B. de C. M. Sounders | title = Leonardo on the Human Body: The Anatomical, Physiological, and Embryological Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. With Translations, Emendations and a Biographical Introduction | publisher = Henry Schuman, New York | year = 1952 | id = }} * {{cite book | author = Charles Nicholl | authorlink = Charles Nicholl (author) | title = [[Leonardo da Vinci: The Flights of the Mind]] | publisher = Penguin | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-14-029681-6}} * {{cite book | author = Sherwin B. Nuland | authorlink = Sherwin B. Nuland | title = Leonardo Da Vinci | url = https://archive.org/details/leonardodavinci0000nula | publisher = Phoenix Press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-7538-1269-X}} * {{cite book | author =A.E. Popham | authorlink = Arthur E. Popham | title = The Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci | publisher = Jonathan Cape | year = 1946 | isbn = 0-224-60462-7}} * {{cite book | author =Shana Priwer & Cynthia Phillips | title = The Everything Da Vinci Book: Explore the Life and Times of the Ultimate Renaissance Man | url =https://archive.org/details/everythingdavinc0000phil | publisher = Adams Media | year = 2006 | isbn = 1-59869-101-5}} * {{cite book | author = Ilan Rachum| title = The Renaissance, an Illustrated Encyclopedia'' | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780706408577| publisher = Octopus | year = 1979 | isbn = 0-7064-0857-8}} * {{cite book | author = [[Jean Paul Richter]] | title = The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci | url = https://archive.org/details/notebooksofleona01leon | publisher = Dover | year = 1970 | isbn = 0-486-22572-0}} volume 2: ISBN 0-486-22573-9. A reprint of [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/5000 the original 1883 edition]. * {{cite book | author = Marco Rosci| title = Leonardo | publisher = Bay Books Pty Ltd| year = 1977 | isbn = 0-85835-176-5}} * {{cite book | author = Paolo Rossi| title = The Birth of Modern Science | url = https://archive.org/details/birthofmodernsci0000ross| publisher = Blackwell Publishing| year = 2001 | isbn = 0-631-22711-3}} * {{cite book | author = Bruno Santi | title = Leonardo da Vinci | url = https://archive.org/details/leonardodavinci0000unse_r9r4 | publisher = Scala / Riverside | year = 1990}} * {{cite book |author = Theophilus | title = On Divers Arts |url = https://archive.org/details/ondiversartstrea00theo | publisher = University of Chicago Press | location=U.S. |year = 1963 | isbn = 978-0-226-79482-2}} * {{cite book | author = Jack Wasserman | title = Leonardo da Vinci | url = https://archive.org/details/leonardo0000leon | publisher = Abrams | year = 1975 | isbn = 0-8109-0262-1}} * {{cite book | author = [[Giorgio Vasari]]| title = Lives of the Artists'' | publisher = Penguin Classics, trans. George Bull 1965| year = 1568 | isbn = 0-14-044164-6}} * {{cite book | first = Hugh Ross | last = Williamson | authorlink = Hugh Ross Williamson | title = Lorenzo the Magnificent | url = https://archive.org/details/lorenzomagnifice0000ross | year = 1974 | publisher = Michael Joseph | isbn = 0-7181-1204-0}} * {{cite book | author = Emanuel Winternitz | title=Leonardo Da Vinci As a Musician | url = https://archive.org/details/leonardodavincia0000wint | year=1982 | publisher=Yale University Press | location=U.S. | isbn=978-0-300-02631-3}} * {{cite book | author = [[Alessandro Vezzosi]] | title = Leonardo da Vinci: Renaissance Man | url = https://archive.org/details/leonardodavincir0000vezz | publisher = Thames & Hudson Ltd, London | year = 1997 |edition=English translation | isbn = 0-500-30081-X}} * {{cite book | author = Frank Zollner | title = Leonardo da Vinci: The Complete Paintings and Drawings | publisher = Taschen | year = 2003 | isbn = 3-8228-1734-1}} [The chapter "The Graphic Works" is by Frank Zollner & Johannes Nathan]. ==Viungo vya Nje== {{Sister project links|wikt=no|v=no|n=no|b=no|s=Author:Leonardo da Vinci}} * [[s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Leonardo da Vinci|Leonardo da Vinci]]" in the 1913 ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' * [http://leonardovirginoftherocks.blogspot.com/ Leonardo da Vinci and ''the Virgin of the Rocks'', A different point of view] {{Wayback|url=http://leonardovirginoftherocks.blogspot.com/ |date=20180703103754 }} * {{Gutenberg author |id=Leonardo+da+Vinci | name=Leonardo da Vinci}} * {{gutenberg|no=7785|name=Leonardo da Vinci'' by Maurice Walter Brockwell'}} * [http://www.sacred-texts.com/aor/dv/index.htm Complete text & images of Richter's translation of the Notebooks] * [http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/l/leonardo/ Web Gallery of Leonardo Paintings] * [http://www.drawingsofleonardo.org/ Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci] * [http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,,1860869,00.html Da Vinci Decoded] Article from ''[[The Guardian]]'' * [http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/view/id/235 The true face of Leonardo Da Vinci?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/view/id/235 |date=20080626075636 }} * [http://www.ivu.org/history/davinci/hurwitz.html Leonardo da Vinci's Ethical Vegetarianism] * [http://fulltextarchive.com/page/The-Notebooks-of-Leonardo-Da-Vinci-Complete1/ The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/leonardo Leonardo da Vinci at BBC Science] * [http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/sideshow/exclusive-500-old-leonardo-da-vinci-sculpture-horse-201456519.html Yahoo news, 500-year-old Leonardo da Vinci sculpture 'Horse and Rider' unveiled] * [http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/exhibitions/leonardo-da-vinci-anatomist Leonardo da Vinci: Anatomist] The Queen's Gallery, Buckingham Palace, Friday, 4 May 2012 to Sunday, 7 October 2012. High-resolution anatomical drawings. *[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/90258 ''Leonardo da Vinci, Master Draftsman''], Catalog of an exhibition held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Jan. 22-Mar. 30, 2003. {{mbegu-mwanasayansi}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Da Vinci, Leonardo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1452]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1519]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Italia]] 1eh2vza32jzl9x1cr5fffd6f584ixx1 Klemens wa Aleksandria 0 14734 1574294 1534995 2026-06-17T23:36:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574294 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Clement alexandrin.jpg|thumb|Klemens wa Aleksandria (150-211/216).]] '''Titus Flavius Clemens''' (anayejulikana zaidi kama '''Klemens wa Aleksandria'''; kwa [[Kigiriki]]: Κλήμης Αλεξανδρεύς, Klemes Alexandreus; [[Athens]], [[150]] hivi; [[Aleksandria]], [[215]] hivi) alikuwa [[mwanafalsafa]] na [[mwanateolojia]] wa [[Ukristo]] katika [[mji]] wa [[Aleksandria]] ([[Misri]]) mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 3]]<ref>https://dacb.org/stories/egypt/clement-of-alex/</ref>. Huhesabiwa kati ya walimu muhimu wa [[Kanisa]] la kwanza. Anaheshimiwa na [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]], [[Waanglikana]] na wengineo kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[4 Desemba]]<ref>https://catholicsaints.info/saint-clement-of-alexandria/</ref>. ==Maisha== [[File:Klementos Alexandreos ta heuriskomena.tif|thumb|Opera omnia, 1715]] Klemens alikuwa mwenyeji wa [[Ugiriki]] aliyezaliwa katika [[familia]] ya [[wapagani]] matajiri mjini [[Athens]]. Baada ya kupokea [[imani]] ya Kikristo, alisafiri akitembelea walimu Wakristo katika nchi mbalimbali kama vile Ugiriki, [[Italia]] na [[Palestina]] hadi Misri. Huko alipewa nafasi ya kufundisha kwenye [[Chuo cha Kikristo cha Aleksandria]] akishirikiana na mwanzilishi wake [[Panteno]]. Jitihada ya Klemens ilikuwa kupatanisha imani ya Kikristo na dhana za [[falsafa]] ya Kigiriki. Alifaulu kufafanua Ukristo kwa wasomi wapagani na kuvuta wengi kwenye imani yake mpya. Klemens alikuwa ndiye mwalimu wa [[Origene]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] *[[Mababu wa Kanisa]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Maandishi== *[http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20_30_0150-0207-_Clemens_Alessandrinus,_Sanctus.html [[Opera Omnia]] by [[Migne]] [[Patrologia Graeca]] with analytical indexes and concordances] *[http://www.piney.com/MuClement.html#P2694_785619 Clement's Protrepticus] {{Wayback|url=http://www.piney.com/MuClement.html#P2694_785619 |date=20130516035028 }} *[http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-02/anf02-50.htm#TopOfPage Clement's Stromateis] *[http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-02/anf02-52.htm Clement's Paedagogus] *[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers2/ANF-02/anf02-77.htm#P10196_2863283 Hypotyposes] ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * Maurice Soseleje, Kalendari yetu – Maisha ya Watakatifu – Toleo la pili – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1986 – ISBN 9976-63-112-X, uk. 92-93 ==Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== *{{cite book|last=Ashwin-Siejkowski|first=Piotr|title=Clement of Alexandria on trial: the evidence of "heresy" from Photius' Bibliotheca|year=2010|publisher=BRILL|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-17627-0}} *{{cite book|last=Berger|first=Teresa|title=Gender Differences and the Making of Liturgical History: Lifting a Veil on Liturgy's Past. Teresa Berger|url=https://archive.org/details/genderdifference0000berg|year=2011|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|location=London|isbn=978-1-4094-2698-1}} *{{cite journal|last=Bucur|first=Bogdan G.|title=The Other Clement of Alexandria: Cosmic Hierarchy and Interiorized Apocalypticism|journal=Vigiliae Christianae|year=2006|month=August|volume=60|issue=3|pages=251–268|jstor=20474764}} *{{cite book|last=Burrus|first=Virginia|title=Late Ancient Christianity|url=https://archive.org/details/lateancientchris0002virg|year=2010|publisher=Fortress Press|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-8006-9720-4}} *{{cite book|last=Clark|first=Elizabeth Ann|title=Reading renunciation: asceticism and Scripture in early Christianity|url=https://archive.org/details/readingrenunciat0000clar|year=1999|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|isbn=978-0-691-00512-6}} *{{cite journal|last=Daniélou|first=Jean|title=Les traditions secrètes des Apôtres|journal=Eranos Jahrbuch|year=1962|issue=31}} *{{cite book|last=Droge|first=Arthur J.|title=Homer or Moses?: early Christian interpretations of the history of culture|url=https://archive.org/details/homerormosesearl0000drog|year=1989|publisher=Mohr Siebeck|location=Tuebingen|isbn=978-3-16-145354-0}} *{{cite book|last=Ferguson|first=John|title=Clement of Alexandria|url=https://archive.org/details/clementofalexand00ferg|year=1974|publisher=Ardent Media|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8057-2231-4}} *{{cite book|last=Grant|first=Robert McQueen|title=Gods and the One God|year=1988|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|location=Louisville|isbn=978-0-664-25011-9}} *{{cite book|last=Hägg|first=Henny Fiskå|title=Clement of Alexandria and the beginnings of Christian apophaticism|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-928808-3}} *{{cite book|last=Heid|first=Stefan|title=Celibacy in the early Church: the beginnings of a discipline of obligatory continence for clerics in East and West|url=https://archive.org/details/celibacyinearlyc0000heid|year=2000|publisher=Ignatius Press|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-0-89870-800-4}} *{{cite book|last=Itter|first=Andrew C.|title=Esoteric teaching in the Stromateis of Clement of Alexandria|url=https://archive.org/details/esotericteaching0097itte|year=2009|publisher=BRILL|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-17482-5}} *{{cite book|last=Irvine|first=Martin|title=The Making of Textual Culture: 'Grammatica' and Literary Theory 350–1100|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-03199-8}} *{{cite book|last=de Jáuregui|first=Miguel Herrero|title=Orphism and Christianity in late antiquity|year=2010|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-11-020633-3}} *{{cite book|last=Karavites|first=Peter|title=Evil, freedom, and the road to perfection in Clement of Alexandria|url=https://archive.org/details/evilfreedomroadt0000kara|year=1999|publisher=BRILL|location=Ledien|isbn=978-90-04-11238-4}} *{{cite book|last=Kaye|first=John|title=Some account of the writings and opinions of Clement of Alexandria|url=https://archive.org/details/someaccountofwr00kaye|year=1835|publisher=J.G. & F. Rivington|location=London}} *{{cite book|last=Kochuthara|first=Shaji George|title=The concept of sexual pleasure in the Catholic moral tradition|year=2007|publisher=Gregorian University Press|location=Rome|isbn=978-88-7839-100-0}} *{{cite book|last=Ma|first=Wonsuk (ed.)|title=The spirit and spirituality: essays in honour of Russell P. Spittler, Volume 4|year=2004|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8264-7162-8}} *{{cite book|last=Murphy|first=Mable Gant|title=Nature allusions in the works of Clement of Alexandria|year=1941|publisher=The Catholic University of America Press|location=Washington D.C.}} *{{cite book|last=Ogliari|first=Donato|title=Gratia et certamen: the relationship between grace and free will in the discussion of Augustine with the so-called semipelagians|url=https://archive.org/details/gratiaetcertamen0000ogli|year=2003|publisher=Peeters Publishers|location=Leuven|isbn=978-90-429-1351-6}} *{{cite journal|last=Outler|first=Albert C.|title=The "Platonism" of Clement of Alexandria|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-religion_1940-07_20_3/page/217|journal=The Journal of Religion|year=1940|month=July|volume=20|issue=3|pages=217–240}} *{{cite journal|last=Osborn|first=Eric|title=Arguments for Faith in Clement of Alexandria|journal=Vigiliae Christianae|year=1994|month=March|volume=48|issue=1|pages=1–24}} *{{cite book|last=Osborn|first=Eric|title=Clement of Alexandria|url=https://archive.org/details/clementofalexand0000eric|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-09081-0}} *{{cite book|last=Schaff|first=Philip (ed.)|title=Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers Volume I – Eusebius: Church History, Life of Constantine the Great, Oration in Praise of Constantine|year=2007|publisher=Cosimo|isbn=978-1-60206-508-6}} *{{cite journal|last=Seymour|first=Charles|title=On Choosing Hell|journal=Religious Studies|year=1997|month=September|volume=3|issue=33|pages=249–266|jstor=20008103}} *{{cite book|title=International Theological Commission, Volume 2|url=https://archive.org/details/textsdocuments190000unse_t2x6|year=2009|publisher=Ignatius Press|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1-58617-226-8|first=Michael (ed.)|last= Sharkey}} *{{cite book|last=Verhey|first=Allen|title=The Christian Art of Dying: Learning from Jesus|url=https://archive.org/details/christianartofdy0000verh|year=2011|publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|location=Grand Rapids|isbn=978-0-8028-6672-1}} *{{cite book|last=Young|first=Richard A.|title=Is God a vegetarian?: Christianity, vegetarianism, and animal rights|url=https://archive.org/details/isgodvegetarianc0000youn|year=1999|publisher=Open Court Publishing|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-8126-9393-5}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04045a.htm "Clement of Alexandria"] by Francis P. Havey, in the [[Catholic Encyclopedia]], 1908. *Reinhold Koltz, ''Titi Flaui Clementis Alexandrini opera omnia'' (E.B. Schwickerti, Lipsiae 1831), Vol. [http://books.google.gr/books?id=iaoBAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD+%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1&cad=5#v=onepage&q=&f=false 1], [http://books.google.gr/books?id=JSsQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:06C8OSvn_pp7dryfXjE#v=onepage&q=&f=false 2], [http://books.google.gr/books?id=RSsQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:06C8OSvn_pp7dryfXjE#v=onepage&q=&f=false 3], and [http://books.google.gr/books?id=lisQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:06C8OSvn_pp7dryfXjE#v=onepage&q=&f=false 4]. *[http://www.bennozuiddam.com/The%20role%20and%20view%20of%20Scripture%20in%20Clemens%20of%20Alexandria.pdf The role and view of Scripture in Clement of Alexandria] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bennozuiddam.com/The%20role%20and%20view%20of%20Scripture%20in%20Clemens%20of%20Alexandria.pdf |date=20140319062649 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Klemens wa Aleksandria}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 150]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 215]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ugiriki ya Kale]] [[Jamii:Wanateolojia wa Ugiriki]] [[Jamii:Wanateolojia wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Mababu wa Kanisa]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Ugiriki]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Misri]] r6oefbrdk8zg5v54f7mdzaegkvdoeee Sean Kingston 0 14756 1574386 1300986 2026-06-18T05:51:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Msanii muziki | rangi = Khaki | jina = Sean Kingston | picha = Sean Kingston Shout Awards.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina la kiraia = Kisean Anderson | jina la kisanii = Sean Kingston | alizaliwa = [[3 Februari]] [[1990]] | alikufa = | nchi = [[Marekani]]-[[Jamaika]] | aina ya muziki = Reggae<br /> pop<br />pop rap | kazi yake = Mwanamuziki | miaka ya kazi = 2007 - hadi leo | ameshirikiana na = Buju Banton<br /> J. R. Rotem<br /> Paula DeAnda | ala = | kampuni = Beluga Heights<br /> Epic<br /> Koch }} '''Kisean Anderson''' (amezaliwa tar. [[3 Februari]] [[1990]] mjini [[Miami]], [[Florida]], [[Marekani]]) anafahamika zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii kama Sean Kingston, ni rapa na mwimbaji wa raggae wa [[Jamaika|Kijamaika]]-[[Marekani]]. Japokuwa, Sean alizaliwa Marekani, lakini makuzi yake yote yalikuwa mjini [[Kingston (Jamaika)|Kingston]], [[Jamaika]], aliondoka Marekani akiwa na umri wa miaka sita. Jina hilo analo tumia la "Sean Kingston" amemaanisha kuwa kama anatoa heshima kwa Kingston, Jamaika. Sean vile vle ana urafiki mkubwa na baadhi ya waimba Reggae maarufu nchini Jamaika ([[Buju Banton]]) ambaye pia ndiye aliyemshauri Sean kujiusisha na maswala ya muziki. == Albamu alizotoa == * [[Orodha ya albamu za Sean Kingston|Makala kuu ya albamu za Sean Kingston]] === Nyimbo maarufu === * 2007: "Beautiful Girls" * 2007: "Me Love" * 2007: "Take You There" * 2007: "There's Nothin'" (featuring Paula DeAnda) * 2007: "Gotta Move Faster" === Nyimbo alizoshiriki === * 2007: "Love Like This" <small>(Natasha Bedingfield akishrikiana na Sean Kingston)</small> * 2007: "Big Girls Don't Cry (nyimbo ya Fergie)|Big Girls Don't Cry (Remix)" <small>(Fergie (mwimbaji) |Fergie akishrikiana na Sean Kingston)</small> * 2007: "What Is It" <small>(Baby Bash akishrikiana na Sean Kingston)</small> === Nyimbo alizokuwa mgeni mwalikwa === * 2007 "Love Like This (nyimbo ya Natasha Bedingfield ) Love Like This" (Natasha Bedingfield akishrikiana na Sean Kingston) * 2007 "Big Girls Don't Cry (nyimbo ya Fergie) Big Girls Don't Cry (Remix)" (Fergie (mwimbaji |Fergie akishrikiana na Sean Kingston) * 2007 "Too Young" (Lil Fizz akishrikiana na Sean Kingston) * 2007 "Shorty Got Back" (Eric akishrikiana na Francisco na Sean Kingston) * 2007 "Doin' Dat" (Clyde Carson akishrikiana na Sean Kingston) * 2007 "Like This (nyimbo ya MIMS ) Like This (remix)" (MIMS akishrikiana na She Dirty, Sean Kingston, Red Cafe, na N.O.R.E.) * 2007 "Real D-Boy" (Triple C akishrikiana na Sean Kingston) * 2007 "Welcome two My Hood" (Ya Boy akishrikiana na Sean Kingston) * 2007 "Dollar Bill (Remix)" (Red Cafe akishrikiana na Jermaine Dupri, Juelz Santana, Sean Kingston na Busta Rhymes) * 2007 "Smile" (Lil Wayne akishrikiana na Sean Kingston) * 2008 "Gangster" (Bun B akishrikiana na Sean Kingston) (imeshatangazwa kuwa nyimbo hiyo kuwa itatolewa pamoja na albamu ya ''2 Trill'') == Tuzo/Uteuzi == * Tuzo ya MOBO ** 2007: Mwimbaji bora wa Reggae * Tuzo ya Teen Choice ** 2007: Choice R&B nyimbo "Beautiful Girls" ** 2007: Choice Summer nyimbo "Beautiful Girls" (imeteuliwa kuwa nyimbo bora) == Marejeo == # https://web.archive.org/web/20090205071614/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/bio/index.jsp?pid=852865 # https://web.archive.org/web/20090706000049/http://www.nypost.com/seven/08122007/business/no_rap_turf_war_here_business_.htm == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.seankingston.com Tovuti rasmi ya Sean Kingston] * [http://www.seankingstonuk.com Tovuti rasmi ya Sean Kingston katika UK] {{Wayback|url=http://www.seankingstonuk.com/ |date=20180805154854 }} * [http://www.kochentertainment.com/sean_kingston.htm Sean Kingston's Koch Records page] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kochentertainment.com/sean_kingston.htm |date=20080501104613 }} * {{MySpace|seankingston}} * [http://www.seankingston.se Officiella SonyBMG sidan på Svenska] {{Wayback|url=http://www.seankingston.se/ |date=20180323065706 }} * [http://www.djbooth.net/index/interviews/entry/sean-kingston-interview/ DJBooth.net Interview] {{Wayback|url=http://www.djbooth.net/index/interviews/entry/sean-kingston-interview/ |date=20080705134014 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070817023056/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/feature/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003617939 Exclusive Music Interview] {{Sean Kingston}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kingston, Sean}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Jamaika]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1990]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 7k0uu83ytq6wvhuh47xz0jwa31asn9e Party of National Unity (Kenya) 0 14833 1574247 1339388 2026-06-17T22:30:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574247 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Party of National Unity''' ([[kifupi]]: PNU; pia: '''Chama cha Umoja wa Kitaifa''') ni muungano wa vyama vya kisiasa nchini [[Kenya]] ulioanzishwa [[tarehe]] [[16 Septemba]] [[2007]] kabla ya [[uchaguzi mkuu]] wa [[rais]] na [[bunge]]. Kusudi lake lilikuwa kuunganisha vikundi vyote vilivyosimama upande wa rais [[Mwai Kibaki]] aliyejiandaa kugombea urais mara ya pili dhidi ya upinzani wa [[Orange Democratic Movement]] (ODM). Rais [[Mwai Kibaki]] wa Kenya alitangaza muungano huo mpya na akasema kuwa angeweza kugombea kiti cha urais na chama hicho katika [[uchaguzi wa Kenya wa Desemba 2007]] lakini tangu kimekuwa chama cha kisiasa katika haki yake yenyewe, kufuatia masharti yaliyowekwa na kielezo cha Vyama vya Siasa kilichopitishwa Kenya mwaka 2008. == Muhtasari == PNU ilianzia kama muungano wa vyama kadhaa, vikiwemo: [[KANU]], [[NARC-Kenya]], [[Ford-Kenya]], [[FORD-People]], [[Democratic Party]], [[Shirikisho]] na vingine. Rais Mwai Kibaki tu ndiye angekuwa mhusika binafsi wa PNU kando ya ushiriki wa vyama vyote husika. PNU iliundwa muda mfupi kabla ya uchaguzi wa mwezi Desemba 2007. Hadi mwanzo wa Septemba haikuwa wazi ni tiketi ya chama gani rais angetumia katika uchaguzi. Katika [[uchaguzi wa mwaka 2002]], Kibaki alikuwa mgombea wa [[National Rainbow Coalition]] (NARC), ambayo ilikuwa tangu imetengana. NARC ya hapo awali ilikuwa kisheria katika mikono ya Charity Ngilu ambaye hakutaka kujiunga na kibaki kwa jitihada jipya. Washirika wa kibaki walikuwa wameshajitoa NARC na kuunda NARC-Kenya ambayo haikuwafurahisha wanasiasa kadhaa wa muhimu katika Serikali ya Muungano ya Kibaki ambayo ilikuwa imewachukuwa wanasiasa waliokuwa wa upinzani hapo awali na bado walivishikilia vyama vyao kama [[KANU]] au [[Ford-Kenya.]].<ref> [http://www.jaluo.com/wangwach/200709/Miguna_Miguna090307.html Kibaki's re-election bid in disarray as Raila takes charge of ODM - Jaluo dot Kom newsletter 4-09-2008]</ref> ==Vyama shiriki katika PNU== Vyama vifuatavyo vilitangazwa kuwa vimeunga mkono katika PNU [http://www.pnuparty.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pnuparty.com/ |date=20080102233633 }}: * [[KANU]] * [[Shirikisho Party]] * [[Sisi Kwa Sisi]] * [[Safina]] * [[NARC-Kenya]] * [[Democratic Party of Kenya]] * [[FORD-Kenya]] * [[Mazingira Party]] Vyama vingine ambavyo havikutajwa kwenye tovuti rasmi vilishiriki pia kama, kwa mfano, [[Ford-Asili]], [[FORD-People]] na vingine vidogo. ==Miundo== Wakati ilianzishwa, mwaka 2007, chama kilikuwa na [[Mwai Kibaki]] kama mwanachama wa kibinafsi, na vyama vyote vingine husika vilijiunga kama shirika binafsi. Hata hivyo, katikati ya 2008 chama hiki kilianza kuwa na uchaguzi ndogo ndogo ili waweze kuwa na miungo halisi ili iwe chama katika haki yake yenyewe. Ingawa majaribio ya kufanya vyama-husika vijiunge na PNU yalishindwa. muundo wa uongozi wa chama una ya kiongozi wa chama, Mwenyekiti wa Taifa, Katibu Mkuu, na Wenyeviti wa Mikoa.<ref>http://www.nation.co.ke/News/politics/-/1064/504584/-/yi3kmwz/-/index.html</ref><ref>http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/504624/-/u0n6x5/-/index.html</ref> ==Maandalizi ya chama kipya== PNU iliundwa haraka inaonekana bila maandalizi mazuri. Hadi mwanzo wa Septemba 2007 haikueleweka Kibaki atagombea urais kupitia chama gani. Chama cha NARC kilichokuwa chombo cha Kibaki mwaka 2002 ilikuwa mkononi mwa mwenyekiti wake [[Charity Ngilu]] asiyeonyesha dalili la kumwunga Kibako mkono. Wanasiasa wengi wa upande wa Kibaki waliwahi kuacha NARC na kujenga badala yake NARC-Kenya lakini kikundi hiki hakikujenga uhusiano mzuri na wanasiasa wa serikali ya umoja wa kitaifa walionekana kuwa muhimu kwa Kibaki kama vile [[Simon Nyachae]] wa FORD-Kenya au [[Njenga Karume]] wa KANU.<ref>[http://www.jaluo.com/wangwach/200709/Miguna_Miguna090307.html KIBAKI'S RE-ELECTION BID IN DISARAY (1.Sept. 2007]</ref> ==Mapatano ya awali== Hivyo PNU iliundwa katika muda mfupi. Mipango ya awali ilikuwa kumpigania Kibaki kama rais na kuwa na wagombea wa pamoja kwa bunge na ngazi ya miji na tarafa. KANU ilikubaliwa kuwa na wagombea wake wa pekee kwa ajili ya bunge. ==Ukosefu wa umoja== Lakini baadaye vyama vingine vilisisitiza pia kuwa na wabunge wao kwa jina la chama. Kwa hiyo FORD-Kenya, Mazingira, Sisi kwa Sisi na NARC-Kenya vilipeleka wagombea wao mahali pengi pamoja na wagombe katika jina la PNU. Kwa hiyo palikuwa na mashindano mahali mbalimbali kati ya vyama vilivyokubaliana kuwa PNU. ==Uchaguzi Mkuu wa 2007 == Maandalizi duni ya chama hiki yalijitokeza katika harakati za uteuzi wa viti vya bunge. Awali, wanachama wa PNU walikubali wagombea wa viti vya bunge wajisajili chini ya PNU, isipokuwa KANU, ambayo iliruhusiwa kusajili wanachama wake pekee.<ref>''The Standard,'' 11 Oktoba 2007: [http://eastandard.net/news/?id=1143975837 PNU kukubaliana juu ya usajilishaji wa pamoja] {{Wayback|url=http://eastandard.net/news/?id=1143975837 |date=20150123085407 }}</ref> Hata hivyo, mkataba huu haukusonga mbele. Kama matokeo, baadhi ya wagombea-hasa kutoka chama cha Kibaki cha awali cha Democratic Party-walitumia tiketi ya PNU na wengine walitumia tiketi za vyama husika. Katika majimbo kadhaa wanachama-husika wa PNU walijipata wakigombea kiti kimoja. ==Matokeo ya uchaguzi 2007== Kwa jumla PNU haikufaulu kupata viti vingi bungeni kadiri ya matokeo yaliyopatikana hadi 3 Januari 2008. Vilukuwa 43 kati ya 210 kulingana na 99 vya wapinzani wao wakuu, ODM na 15 kwa [[ODM-K]]. Viongozi wengi hasa mawaziri wa serikali ya umoja wa kitaifa walishindwa kushika viti bungeni. Pamoja na vyama vingine vilivyoungana mkono kumpigania Kibaki idadi iliweza kufikia wabunge kama 78. Tarehe 28 Februari 2008 kupitia timu ya upatanishi iliyoongozwa na [[Katibu Mkuu]] wa zamani wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] [[Kofi Annan]], serikali ya PNU ilifikia mkataba na ODM ya [[Raila Odinga]] kugawana madaraka. [[Mpango]] wa [[kugawana madaraka]] ulikuwa wa kwanza wa aina yake barani [[Afrika]]. == Tangu mwaka 2008== Tangu uchaguzi wa 2007, PNU imejiandikisha kama chama halisi cha kisiasa ikiwa na [[George Saitoti]] kama [[mwenyekiti]] na [[Mwai Kibaki]] kama kiongozi wa chama, kitu kilichowafadhaisha wanachama wengi. ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo}} == Marejeo == * ''International Herald Tribune,'' 16 Septemba 2007: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080119123552/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/09/16/africa/AF-POL-Kenya-Elections.php Kenyan president announces new party affiliation for re-election bid] * ''BBC News,'' 16 Septemba 2007: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6997659.stm Kenya president eyes re-election] == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.pnuparty.com PNUparty.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pnuparty.com/ |date=20080102233633 }} * [http://www.pnudiaspora.com/index-0.aspx PNU Diaspora] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pnudiaspora.com/index-0.aspx |date=20071128103824 }} * [http://kenyavotes.org/node/93 Manifesto ya PNU 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20080807113855/http://kenyavotes.org/node/93 |date=2008-08-07 }} * [http://kenyavotes.org/candidates/116 PNU 2007 Parliamentary Candidates]{{Wayback|url=http://kenyavotes.org/candidates/116 |date=20120209165501 }} {{Kenyan political parties}} {{mbegu-siasa}} [[Jamii:Vyama vya kisiasa Kenya]] gyc06e1fs1573mmqufjk67amzmdui7e Kitabu cha Ezekieli 0 16587 1574086 1331601 2026-06-17T13:54:48Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1574086 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Doré Bible Ezechielovo vidění.JPG|270px|thumb|right|Moja ya njozi 4 za Ezekieli.]] '''Kitabu cha Ezekieli''' kinamhusu mmojawapo kati ya [[manabii]] muhimu zaidi wa [[Agano la Kale]], [[nabii Ezekieli|Ezekieli]], aliyefanya [[kazi]] ya [[unabii]] miaka [[592 KK|592]]-[[570 KK|570]] hivi [[K.K.]], kadiri ya [[ushahidi]] wa [[kitabu]] chake. Kama vitabu vingine vyote vya [[Biblia]], hiki pia kinatakiwa kisomwe katika mfululizo wa [[historia ya wokovu]] ili kukielewa kadiri ya maendeleo ya [[ufunuo]] wa [[Mungu]] kwa [[binadamu]]. == Mazingira == Baada ya maangamizi ya [[Yerusalemu]], polepole [[Wayahudi]] waliohamishiwa [[Babeli]] waliweza kujitafutia kazi (kwanza [[kilimo]], halafu [[biashara]]), wakafaulu sana, hata wengine wakawa [[watumishi]] wa [[serikali]]. Lakini upande wa [[dini]] walikuwa hatarini, kwa sababu [[imani]] ya Mwisraeli inategemea [[taifa]], nchi na [[hekalu]] ambavyo vyote vilikuwa vimeharibika. Kwa ajili yao [[Mungu]] akatuma tena manabii, hasa Ezekieli ambaye anaonekana kuwa alihamishwa mapema tangu mwaka [[598 K.K.]] pamoja na [[viongozi]] wengine 8,000 hivi. Habari zake tunazipata katika [[kitabu]] chake tu, anapotajwa kwa [[jina]] mara [[tatu]], kumbe kwa kawaida [[Mungu]] anamuita “binadamu”. Kabla hajahamishwa aliweza kumfahamu [[nabii Yeremia]], na kweli aliathiriwa na [[ujumbe]] wake ambao aliuunga mkono na kuuendeleza. == Kazi ya Ezekieli == Alifanya [[unabii]] wake hukohuko [[Uhamisho wa Babeli|uhamishoni]], ingawa [[ujumbe]] wake uliwalenga waliobaki [[ufalme wa Yuda|Yuda]] pia. Kwanza aliwatolea maneno ya [[hukumu]] ili [[toba|watubu]] kabla hawajaangamia, lakini baadaye akawapa maneno ya [[faraja]] wasikate tamaa. Katika kuwahakikishia kuwa wataanza upya nchini kwao aliwapa maelekezo yote kwa ajili hiyo. Kwa namna ya pekee, akiwa [[kuhani]], kama vile Yeremia, katika kitabu chake alishughulika sana na [[hekalu]] na mambo ya [[ibada]]. Upande mwingine alianzisha mtindo mpya wa unabii ambao unaitwa wa Kiapokaliptiko (kilele chake ni [[Ufunuo wa Yohane]]) na ambao hauhusu tena matukio madogomadogo ya sasa, bali kwa [[njozi]] za ajabuajabu unaonyesha maana ya [[historia]] yote mpaka mwisho. [[Njozi]] 4 anazozisimulia kinaganaga na zisizosahaulika ([[utukufu]] wa Mungu kuhama [[hekalu]], utukufu huo kurudi hekaluni, hekalu kutokwa na [[maji]] yenye uwezo wa kuponya hata [[Bahari ya Kifo]], hatimaye [[mifupa]] mikavu kusimama na kuishi tena) zinachukua nafasi kubwa katika kitabu chake na kwa [[mafumbo]] yake yanavutia [[ubunifu]] wetu ujitahidi kuelewa yaliyofichika katika mifano, [[tarakimu]], [[rangi]] n.k. [[Dini ya Kiyahudi]] mpaka leo inategemea sana [[kazi]] aliyoifanya Ezekieli ya kukazia utekelezaji wa [[Torati]] hata pasipo [[uhuru wa kisiasa]]. Muhimu kwake ni kwamba [[Wayahudi]] popote walipo wamtukuze [[Mwenyezi Mungu]] kwa kufuata [[sheria]] yake. Tena alitabiri kuwa Mungu tu atawawezesha kufanya hivyo kwa kugeuza [[Moyo|mioyo]] yao migumu kama [[mawe]] yadunde kama ile ya [[nyama]], au vizuri zaidi kwa kuwatia [[moyo]] mpya na [[roho]] mpya wazishike [[amri]] zake (11:17-20; 36:26). Mungu atawaokoa kabla hawajatubu ili [[jina]] lake litukuzwe katika [[watu]] wake: [[wokovu]] anaouleta hautegemei matendo mema ya binadamu, bali muungano wa Mungu na wale walioitwa kwa jina lake (16:58-63). Hakuna kitabu kinachosisitiza [[utukufu]] wa Mungu kuliko hicho. == Tanbihi == {{Reflist|20em}} == Marejeo == {{Refbegin}} *{{Cite book |last =Bandstra |first =Barry L |title =Reading the Old Testament: an introduction to the Hebrew Bible |publisher =Wadsworth |year =2004 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=vRY9mTUZKJcC&pg=PA489 |isbn =9780495391050 }} *{{Cite book |last =Blenkinsopp|first=Joseph |title =A history of prophecy in Israel |publisher =Westminster John Knox Press |year =1996 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=6P9YEd9lXeAC&pg=PA166 |isbn =9780664256395 }} *{{Cite book |last =Blenkinsopp |first =Joseph |title =Ezekiel |publisher =Westminster John Knox |year =1990 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=8Cneqfa8VJ0C&q=commentary+Ezekiel |isbn =9780664237554 }} *{{Cite book |last =Block |first =Daniel I. |title =The Book of Ezekiel: chapters 1–24, Volume 1 |publisher =Eerdmans |year =1997 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=0GF0EUpEAkEC&q=The+Book+of+Ezekiel:+chapters+1-24++By+Daniel+Isaac+Block&pg=PA606 |isbn =9780802825353 }} *{{Cite book |last =Block |first =Daniel I. |title =The Book of Ezekiel: chapters 25–48, Volume 2 |publisher =Eerdmans |year =1998 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=uYemhagtCpgC&q=The+Book+of+Ezekiel:+chapters+25-48+Daniel+Isaac+Block&pg=PA478 |isbn =9780802825360 }} *{{Cite book |last =Brueggemann |first =Walter |title =Reverberations of faith: a theological handbook of Old Testament themes |publisher =Westminster John Knox |year =2002 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=dBJQ71RIpdMC&q=theological+handbook+of+Old+Testament+themes |isbn =9780664222314 }} *{{Cite book |last =Buitenwerf |first =Riuewerd |chapter =The Gog and Magog Tradition in Ezekiel 20:8 |editor1-last =De Jonge |editor1-first =H. J. |editor2-last =Tromp |editor2-first =Johannes |title =The Book of Ezekiel and Its Influence |publisher =Ashgate Publishing |year =2007 |chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DAyzzK7COmoC&q=The+Gog+and+Magog+Tradition+in+Ezekiel&pg=PA165 |isbn =9780754655831 }} *{{Cite book |last =Bullock |first =C. Hassell |title =An Introduction to the Old Testament Prophetic Books |publisher =Moody Press |year =1986 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=KabKHP4qZMIC&q=An+Introduction+to+the+Old+Testament+Prophetic+Books++By+C.+Hassell+Bullock |isbn =9781575674360 }} *{{Cite book |last =Clements |first =Ronald E |title =Ezekiel |publisher =Westminster John Knox Press |year =1996 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=cB5WoWI3FRAC&q=Ezekiel++By+Ronald+Ernest+Clements&pg=PA216 |isbn =9780664252724 }} * {{cite book|last=Conard |first=Mark T. |year=2006 |chapter=Symbolism, Meaning, and Nihilism in ''Pulp Fiction'' |title=The Philosophy of Film Noir |location=Lexington |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |isbn=0-8131-2377-1}} *{{Cite book |last =Drinkard |first =Joel F. Jr. |chapter =Ezekiel |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=liEw0D4Va2YC&q=The+Prophets++Watson+E.+Mills |title =The Prophets |isbn =9780865545090 |date =1996 |publisher =Mercer University Press }} *{{Cite book |last =Eichrodt |first =Walther E |title =Ezekiel |publisher =Westminster John Knox Press |year =1996 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=bb3xAlU8A-sC&q=Eichrodt&pg=PR5 |isbn =9780664227661 }} *{{Cite book |last =Goldingay |first =John A. |chapter =Ezekiel |chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=Ezekiel+John+A.+Goldingay+Introduction&pg=PA623 |editor =James D. G. Dunn, John William Rogerson |title =Eerdmans Bible Commentary |publisher =Eerdmans |year =2003 |isbn =9780802837110 }} *{{Cite journal |last=Halperin |first=David J. |date=January 1976 |title=The Exegetical Character of Ezek. X 9-17 |journal=[[Vetus Testamentum]] |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] on behalf of the [[International Organization for the Study of the Old Testament]] |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=129–141 |doi=10.1163/156853376X00286 |eissn=1568-5330 |issn=0042-4935 |jstor=1517382 |s2cid=170312460}} *{{Cite book |last =Henning III |first =Emil Heller |title =''Ezekiel's Temple: A Scriptural Framework Illustrating the Covenant of Grace. '' |publisher =Xulon |year =2012 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=X6OZnAEACAAJ&q=Emil+Heller+Henning |isbn =9781626975132 }} *{{Cite book |last =Joyce |first =Paul M. |title =Ezekiel: A Commentary |publisher =Continuum |year =2009 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=LRepfsso2p0C&q=commentary+Ezekiel |isbn =9780567483614 }} *{{Cite book |last1 =Kugler |first1 =Robert |last2 =Hartin |first2 =Patrick |title =The Old Testament between theology and history: a critical survey |publisher =Eerdmans |year =2009 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=L8WbXbPjxpoC&q=Robert+Kugler,+Patrick+Hartin |isbn =9780802846365 }} *{{Cite book |last1 =Levin |first1 =Christoph L |title =The Old testament: a brief introduction |publisher =Princeton University Press |year =2005 |url =https://archive.org/details/oldtestamentbrie00levi |url-access =registration |isbn =9780691113944 }} *{{Cite book |last =McKeating |first =Henry |title =Ezekiel |publisher =Continuum |year =1993 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=t9S4HMXgFMoC&q=mckeating+ezekiel |isbn =9781850754282 }} *{{Cite book |last =Muddiman |first =John |chapter =The So-Called Bridal Bath... |editor1-last =De Jonge |editor1-first =H.J. |editor2-last =Tromp |editor2-first =Johannes |title =The Book of Ezekiel and Its Influence |publisher =Ashgate Publishing |year =2007 |chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DAyzzK7COmoC&q=The+So-Called+Bridal+Bath&pg=PA139 |isbn =9780754655831 }} *{{Cite book |last =Petersen |first =David L |title =The prophetic literature: an introduction |publisher =John Knox Press |year =2002 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9zLXRhNl9MC&q=The+prophetic+literature:+an+introduction++By+David+L.+Petersen |isbn =9780664254537 }} *{{Cite book |last =Redditt |first = Paul L. |title =Introduction to the Prophets |publisher =Eerdmans |year =2008 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=bKM_VJt9e3kC&q=Introduction+to+the+Prophets++By+Paul+L.+Redditt |isbn =9780802828965 }} *{{Cite book |last =Sweeney |first =Marvin A. |chapter =The Latter Prophets |chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC&q=The+Latter+Prophets+Isaiah%2C+Jeremiah%2C+Ezekiel+Marvin+A.+Sweeney&pg=PA69 |editor =Steven L. McKenzie, Matt Patrick Graham |title =The Hebrew Bible today: an introduction to critical issues |publisher =Westminster John Knox Press |year =1998 |isbn =9780664256524 }} * {{cite book|last=Thomas |first=Brian |year=2003 |title=VideoHound's Dragon: Asian Action & Cult Flicks |location=Canton, Michigan |publisher=Visible Ink Press |isbn=1-57859-141-4}} {{Refend}} == Viungo vya nje == '''Tafsiri''' * [http://www.ecmarsh.com/lxx/Jezekiel/index.htm English Translation of the Greek Septuagint Bible: Ezekiel] * [http://www.chabad.org/library/archive/LibraryArchive2.asp?AID=16098 Yechezkiel from Chabad.org] * [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=ezekiel;&version=49; BibleGateway] (various translations) {{Biblia AK}} {{mbegu-Biblia}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ezekieli}} [[Jamii:Vitabu vya Agano la Kale]] hgrnl33o5py6fa1nfynno4tggmif8o4 1574152 1574086 2026-06-17T18:05:58Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 22 template(s) replaced. 1574152 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Doré Bible Ezechielovo vidění.JPG|270px|thumb|right|Moja ya njozi 4 za Ezekieli.]] '''Kitabu cha Ezekieli''' kinamhusu mmojawapo kati ya [[manabii]] muhimu zaidi wa [[Agano la Kale]], [[nabii Ezekieli|Ezekieli]], aliyefanya [[kazi]] ya [[unabii]] miaka [[592 KK|592]]-[[570 KK|570]] hivi [[K.K.]], kadiri ya [[ushahidi]] wa [[kitabu]] chake. Kama vitabu vingine vyote vya [[Biblia]], hiki pia kinatakiwa kisomwe katika mfululizo wa [[historia ya wokovu]] ili kukielewa kadiri ya maendeleo ya [[ufunuo]] wa [[Mungu]] kwa [[binadamu]]. == Mazingira == Baada ya maangamizi ya [[Yerusalemu]], polepole [[Wayahudi]] waliohamishiwa [[Babeli]] waliweza kujitafutia kazi (kwanza [[kilimo]], halafu [[biashara]]), wakafaulu sana, hata wengine wakawa [[watumishi]] wa [[serikali]]. Lakini upande wa [[dini]] walikuwa hatarini, kwa sababu [[imani]] ya Mwisraeli inategemea [[taifa]], nchi na [[hekalu]] ambavyo vyote vilikuwa vimeharibika. Kwa ajili yao [[Mungu]] akatuma tena manabii, hasa Ezekieli ambaye anaonekana kuwa alihamishwa mapema tangu mwaka [[598 K.K.]] pamoja na [[viongozi]] wengine 8,000 hivi. Habari zake tunazipata katika [[kitabu]] chake tu, anapotajwa kwa [[jina]] mara [[tatu]], kumbe kwa kawaida [[Mungu]] anamuita “binadamu”. Kabla hajahamishwa aliweza kumfahamu [[nabii Yeremia]], na kweli aliathiriwa na [[ujumbe]] wake ambao aliuunga mkono na kuuendeleza. == Kazi ya Ezekieli == Alifanya [[unabii]] wake hukohuko [[Uhamisho wa Babeli|uhamishoni]], ingawa [[ujumbe]] wake uliwalenga waliobaki [[ufalme wa Yuda|Yuda]] pia. Kwanza aliwatolea maneno ya [[hukumu]] ili [[toba|watubu]] kabla hawajaangamia, lakini baadaye akawapa maneno ya [[faraja]] wasikate tamaa. Katika kuwahakikishia kuwa wataanza upya nchini kwao aliwapa maelekezo yote kwa ajili hiyo. Kwa namna ya pekee, akiwa [[kuhani]], kama vile Yeremia, katika kitabu chake alishughulika sana na [[hekalu]] na mambo ya [[ibada]]. Upande mwingine alianzisha mtindo mpya wa unabii ambao unaitwa wa Kiapokaliptiko (kilele chake ni [[Ufunuo wa Yohane]]) na ambao hauhusu tena matukio madogomadogo ya sasa, bali kwa [[njozi]] za ajabuajabu unaonyesha maana ya [[historia]] yote mpaka mwisho. [[Njozi]] 4 anazozisimulia kinaganaga na zisizosahaulika ([[utukufu]] wa Mungu kuhama [[hekalu]], utukufu huo kurudi hekaluni, hekalu kutokwa na [[maji]] yenye uwezo wa kuponya hata [[Bahari ya Kifo]], hatimaye [[mifupa]] mikavu kusimama na kuishi tena) zinachukua nafasi kubwa katika kitabu chake na kwa [[mafumbo]] yake yanavutia [[ubunifu]] wetu ujitahidi kuelewa yaliyofichika katika mifano, [[tarakimu]], [[rangi]] n.k. [[Dini ya Kiyahudi]] mpaka leo inategemea sana [[kazi]] aliyoifanya Ezekieli ya kukazia utekelezaji wa [[Torati]] hata pasipo [[uhuru wa kisiasa]]. Muhimu kwake ni kwamba [[Wayahudi]] popote walipo wamtukuze [[Mwenyezi Mungu]] kwa kufuata [[sheria]] yake. Tena alitabiri kuwa Mungu tu atawawezesha kufanya hivyo kwa kugeuza [[Moyo|mioyo]] yao migumu kama [[mawe]] yadunde kama ile ya [[nyama]], au vizuri zaidi kwa kuwatia [[moyo]] mpya na [[roho]] mpya wazishike [[amri]] zake (11:17-20; 36:26). Mungu atawaokoa kabla hawajatubu ili [[jina]] lake litukuzwe katika [[watu]] wake: [[wokovu]] anaouleta hautegemei matendo mema ya binadamu, bali muungano wa Mungu na wale walioitwa kwa jina lake (16:58-63). Hakuna kitabu kinachosisitiza [[utukufu]] wa Mungu kuliko hicho. == Tanbihi == {{Reflist|20em}} == Marejeo == {{Refbegin}} *{{Rejea kitabu |last =Bandstra |first =Barry L |title =Reading the Old Testament: an introduction to the Hebrew Bible |publisher =Wadsworth |year =2004 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=vRY9mTUZKJcC&pg=PA489 |isbn =9780495391050 }} *{{Rejea kitabu |last =Blenkinsopp|first=Joseph |title =A history of prophecy in Israel |publisher =Westminster John Knox Press |year =1996 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=6P9YEd9lXeAC&pg=PA166 |isbn =9780664256395 }} *{{Rejea kitabu |last =Blenkinsopp |first =Joseph |title =Ezekiel |publisher =Westminster John Knox |year =1990 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=8Cneqfa8VJ0C&q=commentary+Ezekiel |isbn =9780664237554 }} *{{Rejea kitabu |last =Block |first =Daniel I. |title =The Book of Ezekiel: chapters 1–24, Volume 1 |publisher =Eerdmans |year =1997 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=0GF0EUpEAkEC&q=The+Book+of+Ezekiel:+chapters+1-24++By+Daniel+Isaac+Block&pg=PA606 |isbn =9780802825353 }} *{{Rejea kitabu |last =Block |first =Daniel I. |title =The Book of Ezekiel: chapters 25–48, Volume 2 |publisher =Eerdmans |year =1998 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=uYemhagtCpgC&q=The+Book+of+Ezekiel:+chapters+25-48+Daniel+Isaac+Block&pg=PA478 |isbn =9780802825360 }} *{{Rejea kitabu |last =Brueggemann |first =Walter |title =Reverberations of faith: a theological handbook of Old Testament themes |publisher =Westminster John Knox |year =2002 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=dBJQ71RIpdMC&q=theological+handbook+of+Old+Testament+themes |isbn =9780664222314 }} *{{Rejea kitabu |last =Buitenwerf |first =Riuewerd |chapter =The Gog and Magog Tradition in Ezekiel 20:8 |editor1-last =De Jonge |editor1-first =H. J. |editor2-last =Tromp |editor2-first =Johannes |title =The Book of Ezekiel and Its Influence |publisher =Ashgate Publishing |year =2007 |chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DAyzzK7COmoC&q=The+Gog+and+Magog+Tradition+in+Ezekiel&pg=PA165 |isbn =9780754655831 }} *{{Rejea kitabu |last =Bullock |first =C. Hassell |title =An Introduction to the Old Testament Prophetic Books |publisher =Moody Press |year =1986 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=KabKHP4qZMIC&q=An+Introduction+to+the+Old+Testament+Prophetic+Books++By+C.+Hassell+Bullock |isbn =9781575674360 }} *{{Rejea kitabu |last =Clements |first =Ronald E |title =Ezekiel |publisher =Westminster John Knox Press |year =1996 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=cB5WoWI3FRAC&q=Ezekiel++By+Ronald+Ernest+Clements&pg=PA216 |isbn =9780664252724 }} * {{cite book|last=Conard |first=Mark T. |year=2006 |chapter=Symbolism, Meaning, and Nihilism in ''Pulp Fiction'' |title=The Philosophy of Film Noir |location=Lexington |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |isbn=0-8131-2377-1}} *{{Rejea kitabu |last =Drinkard |first =Joel F. Jr. |chapter =Ezekiel |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=liEw0D4Va2YC&q=The+Prophets++Watson+E.+Mills |title =The Prophets |isbn =9780865545090 |date =1996 |publisher =Mercer University Press }} *{{Rejea kitabu |last =Eichrodt |first =Walther E |title =Ezekiel |publisher =Westminster John Knox Press |year =1996 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=bb3xAlU8A-sC&q=Eichrodt&pg=PR5 |isbn =9780664227661 }} *{{Rejea kitabu |last =Goldingay |first =John A. |chapter =Ezekiel |chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=Ezekiel+John+A.+Goldingay+Introduction&pg=PA623 |editor =James D. G. Dunn, John William Rogerson |title =Eerdmans Bible Commentary |publisher =Eerdmans |year =2003 |isbn =9780802837110 }} *{{Rejea jarida |last=Halperin |first=David J. |date=January 1976 |title=The Exegetical Character of Ezek. X 9-17 |journal=[[Vetus Testamentum]] |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] on behalf of the [[International Organization for the Study of the Old Testament]] |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=129–141 |doi=10.1163/156853376X00286 |eissn=1568-5330 |issn=0042-4935 |jstor=1517382 |s2cid=170312460}} *{{Rejea kitabu |last =Henning III |first =Emil Heller |title =''Ezekiel's Temple: A Scriptural Framework Illustrating the Covenant of Grace. '' |publisher =Xulon |year =2012 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=X6OZnAEACAAJ&q=Emil+Heller+Henning |isbn =9781626975132 }} *{{Rejea kitabu |last =Joyce |first =Paul M. |title =Ezekiel: A Commentary |publisher =Continuum |year =2009 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=LRepfsso2p0C&q=commentary+Ezekiel |isbn =9780567483614 }} *{{Rejea kitabu |last1 =Kugler |first1 =Robert |last2 =Hartin |first2 =Patrick |title =The Old Testament between theology and history: a critical survey |publisher =Eerdmans |year =2009 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=L8WbXbPjxpoC&q=Robert+Kugler,+Patrick+Hartin |isbn =9780802846365 }} *{{Rejea kitabu |last1 =Levin |first1 =Christoph L |title =The Old testament: a brief introduction |publisher =Princeton University Press |year =2005 |url =https://archive.org/details/oldtestamentbrie00levi |url-access =registration |isbn =9780691113944 }} *{{Rejea kitabu |last =McKeating |first =Henry |title =Ezekiel |publisher =Continuum |year =1993 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=t9S4HMXgFMoC&q=mckeating+ezekiel |isbn =9781850754282 }} *{{Rejea kitabu |last =Muddiman |first =John |chapter =The So-Called Bridal Bath... |editor1-last =De Jonge |editor1-first =H.J. |editor2-last =Tromp |editor2-first =Johannes |title =The Book of Ezekiel and Its Influence |publisher =Ashgate Publishing |year =2007 |chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DAyzzK7COmoC&q=The+So-Called+Bridal+Bath&pg=PA139 |isbn =9780754655831 }} *{{Rejea kitabu |last =Petersen |first =David L |title =The prophetic literature: an introduction |publisher =John Knox Press |year =2002 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9zLXRhNl9MC&q=The+prophetic+literature:+an+introduction++By+David+L.+Petersen |isbn =9780664254537 }} *{{Rejea kitabu |last =Redditt |first = Paul L. |title =Introduction to the Prophets |publisher =Eerdmans |year =2008 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=bKM_VJt9e3kC&q=Introduction+to+the+Prophets++By+Paul+L.+Redditt |isbn =9780802828965 }} *{{Rejea kitabu |last =Sweeney |first =Marvin A. |chapter =The Latter Prophets |chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC&q=The+Latter+Prophets+Isaiah%2C+Jeremiah%2C+Ezekiel+Marvin+A.+Sweeney&pg=PA69 |editor =Steven L. McKenzie, Matt Patrick Graham |title =The Hebrew Bible today: an introduction to critical issues |publisher =Westminster John Knox Press |year =1998 |isbn =9780664256524 }} * {{cite book|last=Thomas |first=Brian |year=2003 |title=VideoHound's Dragon: Asian Action & Cult Flicks |location=Canton, Michigan |publisher=Visible Ink Press |isbn=1-57859-141-4}} {{Refend}} == Viungo vya nje == '''Tafsiri''' * [http://www.ecmarsh.com/lxx/Jezekiel/index.htm English Translation of the Greek Septuagint Bible: Ezekiel] * [http://www.chabad.org/library/archive/LibraryArchive2.asp?AID=16098 Yechezkiel from Chabad.org] * [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=ezekiel;&version=49; BibleGateway] (various translations) {{Biblia AK}} {{mbegu-Biblia}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ezekieli}} [[Jamii:Vitabu vya Agano la Kale]] 2c3xwygf3nvj1u48jlm18kvhw5vuw7q Thomas More 0 16789 1574279 1536685 2026-06-17T23:07:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574279 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Portrait of Thomas More by Hans Holbein d. J. in the Frick Collection.jpg|thumb|right|Thomas More]] '''Thomas More''' ([[7 Februari]] [[1478]] – [[6 Julai]] [[1535]]) alikuwa [[mwanasheria]] kutoka [[Uingereza]]. [[Papa Leo XIII]] alimtangaza [[mwenye heri]] [[tarehe]] [[29 Desemba]] [[1886]], halafu [[Papa Pius XI]] alimtangaza kuwa [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]] tarehe [[19 Mei]] [[1935]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake inaadhimishwa pamoja na ile ya [[John Fisher]] [[tarehe]] [[22 Juni]] kufuatana na [[kalenda]] rasmi ya [[Kanisa Katoliki]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>, na [[6 Julai]] katika [[Jumuiya Anglikana]]. == Maisha == Thomas More alizaliwa katika [[mji]] wa [[London]] tarehe [[7 Februari]] mwaka 1478. Alisoma katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford]] nchini [[Uingereza]], akaoa na kupata [[Mtoto|watoto]] wanne. Aliteuliwa kuwa Mkuu wa [[Mahakama]] wa Uingereza. Aliandika [[Kitabu|vitabu]] kadhaa kuhusu mambo ya kiserikali, na vingine vya kutetea [[imani]] ya Kanisa Katoliki. Pamoja na [[Mt. John Fisher]] alishindana na [[Mfalme]] [[Henri VIII]] kuhusu suala la kuivunja [[ndoa]] ya huyo mfalme. Kwa [[amri]] ya Henri, wote wawili waliopinga kuvunjwa kwa ndoa yake walifungwa [[gereza|gerezani]] na kuuawa kwa kukatwa [[kichwa]], kwanza John Fisher tarehe 22 Juni, halafu Thomas More tarehe [[6 Julai]], mwaka [[1535]]<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/27900</ref><ref>Sehemu ya [[barua]] aliyomuandikia [[binti]] yake imetafsiriwa kwa [[Kiswahili]] katika Masomo ya Breviari - Sikukuu za Bwana, za Bikira Maria na za Watakatifu - Ndanda Mission Press 1978, uk 197-198</ref>. ==Sala yake== Bwana mwema, utujalie neema ya kuyafanyia kazi yale tunayokuomba. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Maandishi yake== Tanbihi: “CW” inarejelea [[Yale Edition of the Complete Works of St. Thomas More]] (New Haven and London 1963–1997) ===Yaliyotolewa akiwa hai (mwaka)=== * ''A Merry Jest'' (c. 1516) (CW 1) * ''[[Utopia (book)|Utopia]]'' (1516) (CW 4) * ''Latin Poems'' (1518, 1520) (CW 3, Pt.2) * ''Letter to Brixius'' (1520) (CW 3, Pt. 2, App C) * ''Responsio ad Lutherum'' (1523) (CW 5) * ''A Dialogue Concerning Heresies'' (1529, 1530) (CW 6) * ''Supplication of Souls'' (1529) (CW 7) * ''Letter Against Frith'' (1532) (CW 7) * ''The Confutation of Tyndale's Answer'' (1532, 1533) (CW 8) * ''Apology'' (1533) (CW 9) * ''Debellation of Salem and Bizance'' (1533) (CW 10) * ''The Answer to a Poisoned Book'' (1533) (CW 11) ===Yaliyotolewa baada ya kifo chake (mwaka wa utungaji)=== * ''The History of King Richard III'' (c. 1513–1518) (CW 2 & 15) * ''The Four Last Things'' (c. 1522) (CW 1) * ''A Dialogue of Comfort Against Tribulation'' (1534) (CW 12) * ''Treatise Upon the Passion'' (1534) (CW 13) * ''Treatise on the Blessed Body'' (1535) (CW 13) * ''Instructions and Prayers'' (1535) (CW 13) * ''De Tristitia Christi'' (1535) (CW 14) ===Tafsiri=== * ''Translations of Lucian'' (many dates 1506–1534) (CW 3, Pt.1) * ''The Life of Pico della Mirandola'' (c. 1510) (CW 1) ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 214-215 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 180-181 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== ===Maisha=== * {{cite book | author=Chambers, R.W. | title = Thomas More | year = 1935 | publisher=Harcourt, Brace | isbn= | authorlink = R.W. Chambers}} * {{cite book | author=More, Cresacre | title = The Life of Sir Thomas More by His Great-Grandson}}[http://books.google.com/books?id=eGqYcgB7d5IC&pg=PA344&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false] * {{cite book | author=Brady, Charles A. | title = Stage of Fools: A Novel of Sir Thomas More | url=https://archive.org/details/stageoffools0000unse | year = 1953 | publisher=Dutton | isbn = }} * {{cite book | author=Basset, Bernard, S.J. | title = Born for Friendship: The Spirit of Sir Thomas More | year = 1965 | location = London | publisher=Burns and Oates | isbn = }} * {{cite book | author=Reynolds, E. E. | title = The Trialet of St Thomas More | url=https://archive.org/details/trialofstthomasm0000eere_g8v9 | year = 1964 | isbn = }} * {{cite book | author=Reynolds, E. E. | title = Thomas More and Erasmus | url=https://archive.org/details/thomasmoreerasmu00reyn | year = 1965 | isbn = }} * {{cite book | author=Guy, John | title = The Public Career of Sir Thomas More | url=https://archive.org/details/publiccareerofsi0000guyj | year = 1980 | isbn = 978-0-300-02546-0 | authorlink = John Guy (historian)}} * {{cite book | author=Ridley, Jasper | title = Statesman and Saint: Cardinal Wolsey, Sir Thomas More, and the Politics of Henry VIII | url=https://archive.org/details/statesmansaintca00ridl | year = 1983 | isbn = 0-670-48905-0 | authorlink = Jasper Ridley}} * {{cite book | author=Marius, Richard | title = Thomas More: A Biography | url=https://archive.org/details/thomasmorebiogra00mari | year = 1984 | isbn = | authorlink = Richard Marius }} * {{cite book | author=Wegemer, Gerard | title = Thomas More: A Portrait of Courage | year = 1985 | isbn = 978-1-889334-12-7 | authorlink = Gerard Wegemer}} * {{cite book | author=Ackroyd, Peter | title = The Life of Thomas More | url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofthomasmore0000ackr | year = 1999 | isbn = | authorlink = Peter Ackroyd }} * {{cite book | author=Guy, John | title = Thomas More | url=https://archive.org/details/thomasmore0000guyj | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-340-73138-3}} * {{cite book | author=Guy, John | title = A Daughter's Love: Thomas More and his daughter Meg | url=https://archive.org/details/daughterslovetho0000guyj_j0f0 | year = 2009 | isbn = }} * {{cite book | last = Berglar | first = Peter | authorlink = Peter Berglar | title = Thomas More: a lonely voice against the power of the state | publisher = Scepter Publishers | location = New York | year = 2009 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=5eAN_FrS2o4C | isbn = 978-1-59417-073-7 }} * Wegemer, Gerard. ''Thomas More on Statesmanship'' (1996) ===Historia=== * Gushurst-Moore, André. "A Man for All Eras: Recent Books on Thomas More" ''Political Science Reviewer'', 2004, Vol. 33, pp 90–143 * Guy, John. "The Search for the Historical Thomas More," ''History Review'' (2000) pp 15+ ===Vyanzo vikuu=== * More, Thomas. [[Yale Edition of the Complete Works of St. Thomas More]] (New Haven and London 1963–1997) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/search/ref=sr_adv_b/?search-alias=stripbooks&unfiltered=1&field-keywords=&field-author=&field-title=Yale+Edition+of+the+Complete+Works+of+St.+Thomas+More&field-isbn=&field-publisher=&node=&field-p_n_condition-type=&field-feature_browse-bin=&field-subject=&field-language=&field-dateop=&field-datemod=&field-dateyear=&sort=relevanceexprank&Adv-Srch-Books-Submit.x=0&Adv-Srch-Books-Submit.y=0 links] * [[William Roper (biographer)|Roper, William]]. ''The Life of Sir Thomas More (1556)'' ed. by Gerard B. Wegemer and Stephen W. Smith (Center for Thomas More Studies, 2003)[http://www.thomasmorestudies.org/docs/Roper.pdf] {{Wayback|url=http://www.thomasmorestudies.org/docs/Roper.pdf |date=20120608192245 }} * More, Thomas. ''Utopia'' (Norton Critical Editions) ed. by George M. Logan and Robert M. Adams (3rd. ed. 2010) * More, Thomas. ''Saint Thomas More: Selected Writings'' ed. by John F. Thornton (2003) * More, Thomas. ''The Last Letters of Thomas More'' ed. by Alvaro de Silva (2001) ==Viungo vya nje== {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons category|Thomas More}} * [http://thomasmorestudies.org/ The Center for Thomas More Studies] at the [[University of Dallas]] * [http://www.thomasmore.co.uk Thomas More Chambers] – The Chambers of Mr [[Geoffrey Cox]] QC, MP. * [http://www.thomasmorestudies.org/library.html Thomas More Studies database] {{Wayback|url=http://www.thomasmorestudies.org/library.html |date=20120620162041 }}: contains several of More's English works, including dialogues, early poetry and letters, as well as journal articles and biographical material * {{gutenberg author | id=Thomas_More | name=Thomas More}} * {{Gutenberg | no=4243 | name=Sir Thomas More, or, Colloquies on the Progress and Prospects of Society | title = Southey, Robert (1774–1843)}} * {{Gutenberg | no=1547 | title=Sir Thomas More | name=Sir Thomas More by William Shakespeare (spurious and doubtful works)}} * [http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/wood.htm ''Sir Thomas More: A Man for One Season''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/wood.htm |date=20120712231111 }}, essay by [[James Wood (critic)|James Wood]]. Presents a critical view of More's religious intolerance * [http://www.richard111.com/sir_thomas_more.htm More and ''The History of Richard&nbsp;III''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.richard111.com/sir_thomas_more.htm |date=20021227164855 }} * [http://www.marxists.org/archive/kautsky/1888/more/index.htm ''Thomas More and his Utopia''] by [[Karl Kautsky]] * [http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/21cc/utopia/more1/moreutopia.html Thomas More and Utopias] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/21cc/utopia/more1/moreutopia.html |date=20201107040338 }} – a learning resource from the British Library * [http://www.thomasmoreinstitute.org.uk/?q=node/34 ''Integrity and Conscience in the Life and Thought of Thomas More''] by Professor [[Gerard Wegemer]] * {{CathEncy|wstitle=St. Thomas More}} * {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-56176}} * [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6848 body] and [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=27568996 head] of Thomas More at [http://www.findagrave.com/ Find A Grave] * [http://saints.sqpn.com/saint-thomas-more Patron Saints Index entry] – Saint Thomas More biography, prayers, quotes, Catholic devotions to him. * [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/more/more.html Trial of Sir Thomas More] {{Wayback|url=http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/more/more.html |date=20090605011041 }} at the [[University of Missouri-Kansas City]] (UMKC) School of Law {{Mbegu-Mkristo}} {{DEFAULTSORT:More, Thomas}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1478]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1535]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wafiadini Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Uingereza]] 7jkpz24btx19pqa3wzavlio619q79yv Ovid 0 17073 1574210 1369524 2026-06-17T21:48:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574210 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Publius Ovidius Naso.jpg|thumb|170 px|Ovidi]] '''Publius Ovidius Naso''' (* [[20 Machi]] [[43 KK]] - † mnamo [[17]] BK) anayejulikana kwa jina fupi la '''Ovid''' alikuwa mshairi wa [[Roma ya Kale]]. Alizaliwa Italia alipoishi hadi Kaisari Augusto aliamua kumwondoa katika Italia akapewa amri kuishi katika jimbo la [[Dacia]] ([[Romania]] ya leo). Pamoja na [[Virgili]] na [[Horatius]] atazamiwa kama mmojawapo wa washairi wakuu wa Roma ya Kale. Mengi alichoandika yalihusu mapenzi. [[Picha:Ovidius Metamorphosis - George Sandy's 1632 edition.jpg|thumb|right|Ukurasa wa kwanza wa toleo la Kiingereza la Ovid la mwaka 1632]] === Kazi za Ovid (tarehe za kutolewa) === * ''Amores'' ("mapenzi"), vitabu vitano, mnamo 10 KK * ''Metamorphoses'', ("Mabadiliko"), vitabu 15, mnamo 8 BK. * ''Medicamina Faciei Feminae'' ("Sanaa ya Urembo"), mistari 100 imehifadhiwa, mnamo 5 KK. * ''Remedia Amoris'' ("Dawa la mapenzi"), kitabu 1, mnamo 5 KK. * ''Heroides'' ("Nyaraka za washujaa wa kike wa kale"), barua 21; barua 1-5 mnamo 5 KK; barua 16–21 mnamo 4 - 8 BK. * ''Ars Amatoria'' ("Sanaa ya mapenzi"), vitabu 3, mnamo 2 KK. * ''Fasti'' ("Sikukuu"), vitabu 6 kuhusu miezi 6 ya kwanza ya mwaka vyenye habari nyini juu ya [[kalenda ya Kiroma]]; vilikamilishwa mnamo 8 BK na kutolewa mnamo 15 BK. * ''Ibis'' ("Utakwenda"), shiri, mnamo 9 BK. * ''Tristia'' ("huzuni"), vitabu 5, mnamo 10 BK. * ''Epistulae ex Ponto'' ("Nyara kutoka Bahari Mweusi"), vitabu 4, mnamo 10 BK. == Viungo vya Nje == {{Commonscat|Ovid}} * [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/latin/ovid/notes.html University of Virginia, "Ovid Illustrated: The Renaissance Reception of Ovid in Image and Text"] * '''Matoleo ya Kilatini na Kiingereza''' ** [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/perscoll?.submit=Change&collection=Perseus:collection:Greco-Roman&type=text&lang=Any&lookup=Ovidius Perseus/Tufts: P. Ovidius Naso] ''Amores'', ''Ars Amatoria'', ''Heroides'' (on this site called ''Epistulae''), ''Metamorphoses'', ''Remedia Amoris''. Enhanced brower. Not downloadable. ** [http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/ovid Sacred Texts Archive: Ovid] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/ovid |date=20121022220609 }} ''Amores'', ''Ars Amatoria'', ''Medicamina Faciei Femineae'', ''Metamorphoses'', ''Remedia Amoris''. ** [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/PA6519xM3xB8/ The Metamorphoses of Publius Ovidius Naso] {{Wayback|url=http://fax.libs.uga.edu/PA6519xM3xB8/ |date=20070722000211 }}; elucidated by an analysis and explanation of the fables, together with English notes, historical, mythological and critical, and illustrated by pictorial embellishments: with a dictionary, giving the meaning of all the words with critical exactness. By [[Nathan Covington Brooks]]. Publisher: New York, [[A. S. Barnes]] & co.; Cincinnati, H. W. Derby & co., 1857 ''(a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; [[DjVu]] & [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/PA6519xM3xB8/1f/metamorphoses_of_ovid.pdf layered PDF] {{Wayback|url=http://fax.libs.uga.edu/PA6519xM3xB8/1f/metamorphoses_of_ovid.pdf |date=20060305180551 }} format)'' * '''Kilatini pekee''' ** [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ovid.html Latin Library: Ovid] ''Amores'', ''Ars Amatoria'', ''Epistulae ex Ponto'', ''Fasti'', ''Heroides'', ''Ibis'', ''Metamorphoses'', ''Remedia Amoris'', ''Tristia''. ** [http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/8738 Gutenberg Project: Fasti] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/8738 |date=20041009200659 }} With introduction and extensive notes in English by Thomas Keightley. Plain text version. ** [http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/Aut281.HTM Works by Ovid] * '''Kiingereza tu''' ** [http://www.tonykline.co.uk New translations by A. S. Kline] ''Amores'', ''Ars Amatoria'', ''Epistulae ex Ponto'', ''Fasti'', ''Heroides'', ''Ibis'', ''Medicamina Faciei Femineae'', ''Metamorphoses'', ''Remedia Amoris'', ''Tristia'' with enhanced browsing facility, downloadable in HTML, PDF, or MS Word DOC formats. Site also includes wide selection of works by other authors. ** [http://www.fieralingue.it/modules/poetsonpoets/corner.php?pa=printpage&pid=13 Two translations from Ovid's ''Amores'' by Jon Corelis.]{{Wayback|url=http://www.fieralingue.it/modules/poetsonpoets/corner.php?pa=printpage&pid=13 |date=20260113181656 }} ** [http://romanelegy.atspace.com/ English translations of Ovid's ''Amores'' with introductory essay and notes by Jon Corelis] {{Wayback|url=http://romanelegy.atspace.com/ |date=20091201042004 }} ** [http://www.myspace.com/publius_ovid_naso Some English translations of Ovid by famous literary figures] * '''Commentary''' ** [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0061;layout=;loc=1.1;query=toc Perseus/Tufts: Commentary on the ''Heroides'' of Ovid] {{BD|43 KK|17|Ovid}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Roma ya Kale]] n1fm2n1gsjgxethqsar0c53lxwbjvc8 Kitabu cha Danieli 0 17303 1574092 1331605 2026-06-17T14:00:20Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1574092 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Daniel's_Answer_to_the_King,_by_Briton_Riviere,_GMIII_MCAG_1937_123-001.jpg/2|thumb|Danieli katika pango la simba.]] '''Kitabu cha Danieli''' ni kimojawapo kati ya [[vitabu]] vya [[Tanakh]] yaani [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]] ambamo kimo katika [[kundi]] la tatu na la mwisho, Ketuvim). Awali kiliandikwa katika [[lugha]] [[mbili]]: [[Kiebrania]] na [[Kiaramu]]. Kimepokea jina lake kutokana na [[mhusika]] wake ambaye ni [[nabii Danieli|Danieli]], ilhali kinasimulia habari zake katika milango 6 ya kwanza halafu maono yake Danieli katika milango 7-12. [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wengi wanafuata [[tafsiri]] ya [[Septuaginta]] yenye nyongeza mbalimbali kwa lugha ya [[Kigiriki]] na kukipanga kati ya vitabu vya [[manabii]] baada ya [[Kitabu cha Ezekieli]] katika [[Biblia ya Kikristo]]. Kama vitabu vingine vyote vya [[Biblia]], hiki pia kinatakiwa kisomwe katika mfululizo wa [[historia ya wokovu]] ili kukielewa kadiri ya maendeleo ya [[ufunuo]] wa [[Mungu]] kwa [[binadamu]]. == Maana ya jina == Tafsiri ya kawaida ya [[jina]] la [[mhusika]] mkuu, Danieli mwenye [[hekima]], ni ''Mungu ni hakimu wangu''. == Habari za Danieli == Kadiri ya kitabu, Danieli alipokuwa [[kijana]] alipelekwa [[Uhamisho wa Babeli|uhamishoni]] [[Babuloni]], ambako hekima yake ya pekee ilimvutia [[mfalme]] [[Nebukadneza II]] na kumpatia [[cheo]] katika [[ikulu]]. Sifa yake ilimwezesha kuendelea na cheo chake hata baada ya [[mji]] huo kutekwa na [[Wamedi]] na [[Waajemi]] ([[539 KK]]), ambapo alipendwa hasa na [[mfalme Dario]]<ref>Dario Mmedi anayetajwa hapa hajulikani kihistoria; ni mtawala tofauti na [[Dario I]] aliyetawala baada ya Koreishi Mkuu.</ref> ingawa alikataa [[amri]] zilizokwenda kinyume cha [[imani]] na [[maadili]] ya [[Torati]] ya [[taifa]] lake, [[Israeli]]. Mtu mwenye hekima aitwaye Danieli alitajwa mapema hata nje ya Biblia katika eneo la [[Mashariki ya Kati]]. [[Wataalamu]] wengi wa Biblia siku hizi hawakubali habari hizi kuwa za ki[[historia]] kutokana na makosa mengi kuhusu [[watu]] na matukio. Vilevile hawakubali matabiri yake kuwa za ki[[nabii]], kwa maana kitabu kinaonekana kimeandikwa na watu mbalimbali na nyakati mbalimbali hadi kikakamilika katika [[Karne ya 2 KK|karne ya 2]] [[K.K.]] kilipokusudiwa kutegemeza [[Wayahudi]] washike kama yeye msimamo katika [[dhuluma]] za mfalme [[Antioko Epifane]] zilizowakabili kama vinavyoeleza [[vitabu vya Wamakabayo]]. Kwa sababu hiyo mtindo wake ni wa kiapokaliptiko, kama vitabu vingi vya wakati huo, kuanzia sehemu za [[Kitabu cha Ezekieli|Ezekieli]] hadi [[kitabu cha Ufunuo]] == Mgawanyo wa kitabu == Sura sita za kwanza zinasimulia [[hadithi]] za [[maisha]] ya Danieli. Sura sita zinazofuata zinaleta [[njozi]] nyingi za [[usiku]]. Sura za 13 na 14 ni sehemu za nyongeza kati ya [[Deuterokanoni]]. == Ujumbe == Kwa Wakristo ni muhimu hasa maneno ya kitabu juu ya ''[[Mwana wa Adamu]]'', jina la mtu wa [[Mbingu|kimbingu]] lililotumiwa sana na [[Yesu]] kujitambulisha. Vilevile ni muhimu fundisho lake la wazi kuhusu [[ufufuko]] wa watu wote na hali [[mbili]] tofauti za [[milele]] zitakazokana na [[hukumu]] juu yao. Ni hatua ya maana katika [[maendeleo]] ya [[ufunuo]] kuhusu [[vikomo vya binadamu]]. ==Sala katika sehemu za Kigiriki== ===Sala ya Azaria (Dan 3:37-40)=== "Sisi, Ee Bwana, tumekuwa duni kuliko maìtaifa mengine yote, na kudhulumiwa leo katika ulimwengu wote kwa sababu ya dhambi zetu. Sasa hakuna mfalme wala nabii wala kiongozi; hakuna dhabihu wala kafara wala sadaka wala uvumba, wala mahali pa kukutolea dhabihu na kuona rehema. Lakini kwa moyo uliovunjika na kwa roho nyenyekevu tukubaliwe nawe, na sadaka yetu iwe machoni pako leo kama dhabihu za kondoo waume na ng’ombe, na kama kondoo wanono elfu kumi. Nasi tukufuate kwa unyofu, maana wanaokutumaini Wewe hawataaibika". ===Sala za vijana watatu (Dan 3:52-56)=== "Umehimidiwa, Ee Bwana, Mungu wa baba zetu, wastahili kusifiwa na kuadhimishwa milele. Limehimidiwa jina lako takatifu, tukufu. lastahili kusifiwa na kuadhimishwa milele. Umehimidiwa katika hekalu la fahari yako takatifu, wastahili kusifiwa na kutukuzwa milele. Umehimidiwa juu ya kiti cha ufalme wako. wastahili kusifiwa na kuadhimishwa milele. Umehimidiwa utazamaye vilindi, uketiye juu ya makerubi, wastahili kusifiwa na kuadhimishwa milele. Umehimidiwa katika anga la mbinguni, wastahili kusifiwa na kutukuzwa milele". == Tanbihi == {{Marejeo}} ==Marejeo== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book | last = Bandstra | first = Barry L. | title = Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible | year = 2008 | publisher = Wadsworth Publishing Company | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vRY9mTUZKJcC | isbn = 978-0-495-39105-0 }} * {{Cite book | last = Bar | first = Shaul | title = A Letter That Has Not Been Read: Dreams in the Hebrew Bible | year = 2001 | publisher = Hebrew Union College Press | location = Cincinnati | isbn = 978-0-87820-424-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zs3gup4iFu4C }} * {{Cite book | last = Boyer | first = Paul S. | title = When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FyTeW7vQ8K4C | year = 1992 | publisher = Harvard University Press | isbn = 978-0-674-95129-7 }} * {{cite book | last = Brettler | first = Mark Zvi | title = How To Read the Bible | year = 2005 | publisher = Jewish Publication Society | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=39nQafdJ_ssC | isbn = 978-0-8276-1001-9 }} * {{Cite book | last = Carroll | first = John T. | chapter = Eschatology | editor1-last = Freedman | editor1-first = David Noel | editor2-last = Myers | editor2-first = Allen C. | title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible | year = 2000 | publisher = Eerdmans | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA422 | isbn = 978-90-5356-503-2 }} * {{Cite book | last = Cohen | first = Shaye J.D. | title = From the Maccabees to the Mishnah | year = 2002 | publisher = Westminster John Knox Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=H5hLLIrh6n8C | isbn = 978-0-664-22743-2 }} * {{Cite book | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | title = Daniel: With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature | year = 1984 | publisher = Eerdmans | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9r_Zs7T1nCMC | isbn = 978-0-8028-0020-6 }} * {{Cite book | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | title = Daniel | year = 1993 | publisher = Fortress | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=H9XYAAAAMAAJ | isbn = 978-0-8006-6040-6 }} * {{Cite book | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | title = The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature | year = 1998 | publisher = Eerdmans | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PxjNsMrzI-kC&pg=PA103 | isbn = 978-0-8028-4371-5 }} * {{Cite book | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | title = Seers, Sibyls, and Sages in Hellenistic-Roman Judaism | year = 2001 | publisher = BRILL | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=M8s3cp97b-AC | isbn = 978-0-391-04110-3 }} * {{Cite book | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | chapter = Current Issues in the Study of Daniel | editor1-last = Collins | editor1-first = John J. | editor2-last = Flint | editor2-first = Peter W. | editor3-last = VanEpps | editor3-first = Cameron | title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception | year = 2002 | publisher = BRILL | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA2 | isbn = 978-90-04-11675-7 }} * {{Cite book | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | chapter = From Prophecy to Apocalypticism: The Expectation of the End | editor1-last = McGinn | editor1-first = Bernard | editor2-last = Collins | editor2-first = John J. | editor3-last = Stein | editor3-first = Stephen J. | title = The Continuum History of Apocalypticism | year = 2003 | publisher = Continuum | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7UlbWioOV7sC&pg=PA64 | isbn = 978-0-8264-1520-2 }} * {{Cite book | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | chapter = Daniel | editor1-last = Lieb | editor1-first = Michael | editor2-last = Mason | editor2-first = Emma | editor3-last = Roberts | editor3-first = Jonathan | title = The Oxford Handbook of the Reception History of the Bible | year = 2013 | publisher = Oxford UNiversity Press | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jgPn26iYzagC&pg=PP140 | isbn = 978-0-19-164918-9 }} * {{Cite book | last = Crawford | first = Sidnie White | chapter = Apocalyptic | editor1-last = Freedman | editor1-first = David Noel | editor2-last = Myers | editor2-first = Allen C. | title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible | year = 2000 | publisher = Eerdmans | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA73 | isbn = 978-90-5356-503-2 }} * {{Cite book | last1 = Cross | first1 = Frank Leslie | last2 = Livingstone | first2 = Elizabeth A. | title = The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church | year = 2005 | publisher = Oxford University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA452 | isbn = 978-0-19-280290-3 }} * {{Cite book | last = Davies | first = Philip | chapter = Apocalyptic | editor1-last = Rogerson | editor1-first = J. W. | editor2-last = Lieu | editor2-first = Judith M. | title = The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies | year = 2006 | publisher = Oxford Handbooks Online | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eKZYMifS1fAC | isbn = 978-0-19-925425-5 }} * {{Cite book | last = DeChant | first = Dell | chapter = Apocalyptic Communities | editor1-last = Neusner | editor1-first = Jacob | title = World Religions in America: An Introduction | year = 2009 | publisher = Westminster John Knox Press | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=34vGv_HDGG8C&pg=PA237 | isbn = 978-1-61164-047-2 }} * {{cite book|last=Dines|first=Jennifer M.|editor-last=Knibb|editor-first=Michael A.|editor-link=Michael A. Knibb|title=The Septuagint|series=Understanding the Bible and Its World|edition=1st|publisher=T&T Clark|location=London|year=2004|isbn=0-567-08464-7}} * {{Cite book | last = Doukhan | first = Jacques | title = Secrets of Daniel: wisdom and dreams of a Jewish prince in exile | publisher = Review and Herald Pub Assoc | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hXSW1QBB2KIC | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-8280-1424-3 }} * {{Cite book | last = Dunn | first = James D.G. | chapter = The Danilic Son of Man in the New Testament | editor1-last = Collins | editor1-first = John J. | editor2-last = Flint | editor2-first = Peter W. | editor3-last = VanEpps | editor3-first = Cameron | title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception | year = 2002 | publisher = BRILL | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kvtbNQtMqEUC&pg=PA545 | isbn = 978-0-391-04128-8 }} * {{cite book | last=Dunn | first=James Douglas Grant | title=Jesus Remembered: Christianity in the Making, Volume 1 | publisher=Eerdmans Publishing Company | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-8028-3931-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4qpnvoautgC&pg=PA730 | page=730}} * {{Cite book | last = Godden | first = Malcolm | chapter = Biblical Literature" The Old Testament | editor1-last = Godden and | editor1-first = Malcolm | editor2-last = Lapidge | editor2-first = Michael | title = The Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature | year = 2013 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7QH3AQAAQBAJ&q=%22highest+reach+of+man%22 | isbn = 978-1-107-46921-1 }} * {{Cite book | last = Grabbe | first = Lester L. | author-link = Lester L. Grabbe | editor1-last = Collins | editor1-first = John J. | editor2-last = Flint | editor2-first = Peter W. | series = Supplements to Vetus Testamentum | volume = 1 | title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception | chapter = A Dan(iel) For All Seasons: For Whom Was Daniel Important? | publisher = Koninklijke Brill | location = Leiden, Netherlands | year = 2001 | isbn = 90-04-11675-3 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA229 }} * {{Cite book | last = Grabbe | first = Lester L. | title = Judaic Religion in the Second Temple Period: Belief and Practice from the Exile to Yavneh | year = 2002 | publisher = Routledge | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ES2oy3IHBx0C&pg=PA282 | isbn = 978-0-203-46101-3 }} * {{Cite book | last = Grabbe | first = Lester L. | title = An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism: History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah, the Maccabees, Hillel, and Jesus | year = 2010 | publisher = Continuum | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=i89-9fdNUcAC | isbn = 978-0-567-55248-8 }} * {{Cite book | last = Hammer | first = Raymond | title = The Book of Daniel | year = 1976 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=w0VmxeM472EC | isbn = 978-0-521-09765-9 }} * {{Cite book | last = Harrington | first = Daniel J. | title = Invitation to the Apocrypha | year = 1999 | publisher = Eerdmans | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=L6zJG-9BZMQC | isbn = 978-0-8028-4633-4 }} * {{Cite book | last = Hill | first = Andrew E. | chapter = Daniel | editor1-last = Garland | editor1-first = David E. | editor2-last = Longman | editor2-first = Tremper | title = Daniel—Malachi | year = 2009 | publisher = Zondervan | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_VWQlEQGW-oC&pg=PT247 | isbn = 978-0-310-59054-5 }} * {{Cite book | last = Hill | first = Charles E. | chapter = Antichrist | editor1-last = Freedman | editor1-first = David Noel | editor2-last = Myers | editor2-first = Allen C. | title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible | year = 2000 | publisher = Eerdmans | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA67 | isbn = 978-90-5356-503-2 }} * {{Cite book | last = Horsley | first = Richard A. | title = Scribes, Visionaries, and the Politics of Second Temple Judea | year = 2007 | publisher = Presbyterian Publishing Corp | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ukojCH-hlVYC | isbn = 978-0-664-22991-7 }} * {{Cite book |last=Kent |first=Charles Foster |title=The Origin and Permanent Value of the Old Testament |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |year=1906 |location=New York |page=214 |language=English}} * {{Cite book | last = Knibb | first = Michael | chapter = The Book of Daniel in its Context | editor1-last = Collins | editor1-first = John J. | editor2-last = Flint | editor2-first = Peter W. | editor3-last = VanEpps | editor3-first = Cameron | title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception | year = 2002 | publisher = BRILL | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA2 | isbn = 978-90-04-11675-7 }} * {{cite web | last=Lerner | first=Robert E. | title=Description, End Times, Eschatology, Prophecy, & Examples | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | date=20 July 1998 | url=https://www.britannica.com/art/apocalyptic-literature | access-date=22 June 2025}} * {{cite book | last=Lester | first=G. Brooke | title=Daniel Evokes Isaiah: Allusive Characterization of Foreign Rule in the Hebrew-Aramaic Book of Daniel | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | series=The Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies | year=2015 | isbn=978-0-567-65856-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TTClCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 | page=23}} * {{cite book | last = Levine | first = Amy-Jill | chapter = Daniel | editor1-last = Coogan | editor1-first = Michael D. | editor2-last = Brettler | editor2-first = Marc Z. | editor3-last = Newsom | editor3-first = Carol A. | title = The new Oxford annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books: New Revised Standard Version | year = 2010 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jTYdAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1235 | isbn = 978-0-19-937050-4 }} * {{Cite book | last = Lucas | first = Ernest C. | chapter = Daniel, Book of | editor1-last = Vanhoozer | editor1-first = Kevin J. | editor2-last = Bartholomew | editor2-first = Craig G. | editor3-last = Treier | editor3-first = Daniel J. | title = Dictionary for Theological Interpretation of the Bible | year = 2005 | publisher = Baker Academic | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=I8UWJohMGUIC | isbn = 978-0-8010-2694-2 }} * {{Cite book | last1 = Matthews | first1 = Victor H. | last2 = Moyer | first2 = James C. | title = The Old Testament: Text and Context | year = 2012 | publisher = Baker Books | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rU_dAldCk6gC | isbn = 978-0-8010-4835-7 }} * {{cite book | last1 = McDonald | first1 = Lee Martin | title = Formation of the Bible: the Story of the Church's Canon | date = 2012 | publisher = Hendrickson Publishers | location = Peabody, MA | isbn = 978-1-59856-838-7 | page = 57 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4SuRX3APsukC&pg=PP1 }} * {{Cite book | last1 = Miller | first1 = Steven R. | title = Daniel | year = 1994 | publisher = B&H Publishing Group | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=r3D6niEj9_sC&q=steven+r.+miller+daniel | isbn = 978-0-8054-0118-9 }} * {{Cite book | last1 = Niskanen | first1 = Paul | title = The Human and the Divine in History: Herodotus and the Book of Daniel | year = 2004 | publisher = Continuum | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=G0YFSrClQOkC | isbn = 978-0-567-08213-8 }} * {{cite book | editor-last=Sharp | editor-first=Carolyn | last=Portier-Young | first=Anathea E. | title=The Oxford Handbook of the Prophets | publisher=Oxford University Press | series=Oxford Handbooks | year=2016 | isbn=978-0-19-985956-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uu_mDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA229 | page=229}} * {{Cite book | last = Provan | first = Iain | chapter = Daniel | editor1-last = Dunn | editor1-first = James D.G. | editor2-last = Rogerson | editor2-first = John William | title = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible | publisher = Eerdmans | year = 2003 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA665 | isbn = 978-0-8028-3711-0 }} * {{Cite book | last = Redditt | first = Paul L. | title = Introduction to the Prophets | year = 2008 | publisher = Eerdmans | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bKM_VJt9e3kC&pg=PA188 | isbn = 978-0-8028-2896-5 }} * {{Cite book | last = Reid | first = Stephen Breck | chapter = Daniel, Book of | editor1-last = Freedman | editor1-first = David Noel | editor2-last = Myers | editor2-first = Allen C. | title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible | publisher = Eerdmans | year = 2000 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC | isbn = 978-90-5356-503-2 }} * {{Cite book | last = Rowland | first = Christopher | chapter = Apocalyptic Literature | editor1-last = Hass | editor1-first = Andrew | editor2-last = Jasper | editor2-first = David | editor3-last = Jay | editor3-first = Elisabeth | title = The Oxford Handbook of English Literature and Theology | year = 2007 | publisher = Oxford University Press | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bKG12u11z2AC&pg=PA344 | isbn = 978-0-19-927197-9 }} * {{Cite book | last1 = Ryken | first1 = Leland | last2 = Wilhoit | first2 = Jim | last3 = Longman | first3 = Tremper | title = Dictionary of Biblical Imagery | year = 1998 | publisher = InterVarsity Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qjEYEjVVEosC | isbn = 978-0-8308-6733-2 }} * {{Cite book | last1 = Ryken | first1 = Leland | last2 = Longman | first2 = Tremper | title = The Complete Literary Guide to the Bible | year = 2010 | publisher = Zondervan | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=A2GCDsFC3XMC | isbn = 978-0-310-87742-4 }} * {{Cite book | last = Sacchi | first = Paolo | title = The History of the Second Temple Period | year = 2004 | publisher = Continuum | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yGNyKdnpMa0C | isbn = 978-0-567-04450-1 }} * {{cite book | last = Schwartz | first = Daniel R. | title = Studies in the Jewish Background of Christianity | year = 1992 | publisher = Mohr Siebeck | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rd5OB4PtlCUC&pg=PA110 | isbn = 978-3-16-145798-2 }} * {{cite book | last = Seow | first = C.L. |author-link = Choon-Leong Seow | title = Daniel | year = 2003 | publisher = Westminster John Knox Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nuLapFR3AX4C | isbn = 978-0-664-25675-3 }} * {{Cite book | last = Schiffman | first = Lawrence H. | title = From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism | year = 1991 | publisher = KTAV Publishing House | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3kWYHyBb4C8C | isbn = 978-0-88125-372-6 }} * {{Cite book | last = Spencer | first = Richard A. | chapter = Additions to Daniel | editor1-last = Mills | editor1-first = Watson E. | editor2-last = Wilson | editor2-first = Richard F. | title = The Deuterocanonicals/Apocrypha | year = 2002 | publisher = Mercer University Press | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=doqYxT-1RzEC&pg=PA89 | isbn = 978-0-86554-510-6 }} * {{cite book | last=Theophilos | first=Michael P. | title=The Abomination of Desolation in Matthew 24.15 | publisher=Bloomsbury Academic | series=T & T Clark library of biblical studies | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-567-55468-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my3zsgYkaisC&pg=PA163 | page=163}} * {{Cite book | last = Towner | first = W. Sibley | title = Daniel | year = 1984 | publisher = Westminster John Knox Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=F8EEY610xeAC | isbn = 978-0-664-23756-1 }} *{{cite book | editor-last=McConville | editor-first=Gordon J. | editor-last2=Boda | editor-first2=Mark J. | last=Tucker Jr. | first=W. D. | title=Dictionary of the Old Testament: Prophets: A Compendium Of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship | publisher=Inter-Varsity Press | year=2020 | isbn=978-1-78974-038-7 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GfnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT211 | orig-date=2012 | page=unpaginated | chapter=Daniel: History of Interpretation}} * {{Cite book | last = VanderKam | first = James C. | title = The Dead Sea Scrolls Today | year = 2010 | publisher = Eerdmans | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=i2i5haDHAygC | isbn = 978-0-8028-6435-2 }} * {{Cite book | last1 = VanderKam | first1 = James C. | last2 = Flint | first2 = Peter | title = The meaning of the Dead Sea scrolls: their significance for understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity | year = 2013 | publisher = HarperCollins | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kT0PAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT146 | isbn = 978-0-06-224330-0 }} * {{Cite book | last = Waters | first = Matt | title = Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BC | year = 2014 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=__xGAgAAQBAJ | isbn = 978-1-107-65272-9 }} * {{Cite book | last = Weber | first = Timothy P. | chapter = Millennialism | editor1-last = Walls | editor1-first = Jerry L. | title = The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology | year = 2007 | publisher = Oxford University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=N1XYXMTe1jYC | isbn = 978-0-19-974248-6 }} * {{Cite book | last = Wesselius | first = Jan-Wim | chapter = The Writing of Daniel | editor1-last = Collins | editor1-first = John J. | editor2-last = Flint | editor2-first = Peter W. | editor3-last = VanEpps | editor3-first = Cameron | title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception | year = 2002 | publisher = BRILL | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kvtbNQtMqEUC | isbn = 978-0-391-04128-8 }} {{refend}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|Book of Daniel}} {{Wikisource|Daniel (Bible)|Daniel}} {{Wikiquote}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050411205600/https://www.chabad.org/library/archive/LibraryArchive2.asp?AID=15773 Daniel (Judaica Press) *] translation [with [[Rashi]]'s commentary] at Chabad.org * [[King James Version|Bible, King James Version]] ({{Cite web|title = Bible, King James Version|url = http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/k/kjv/kjv-idx?type=DIV1&byte=3297390|website = quod.lib.umich.edu|access-date = 2016-01-17}}) Book of Daniel * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050206114043/http://www.anova.org/sev/htm/hb/27_daniel.htm ''Daniel'' at The Great Books *] (New Revised Standard Version) {{Biblia AK}} {{mbegu-Biblia}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Danieli}} [[Jamii:Vitabu vya Agano la Kale]] lcflot6veoqsszj8nlg49cdoesm8shy 1574094 1574092 2026-06-17T14:02:45Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1574094 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Songe Nabuchodonosor statue.jpg|thumb|Ndoto ya Nebukadneza II: sanamu ya kutisha (mchoro wa Ufaransa, karne ya 15).]] '''Kitabu cha Danieli''' ni kimojawapo kati ya [[vitabu]] vya [[Tanakh]] yaani [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]] ambamo kimo katika [[kundi]] la tatu na la mwisho, Ketuvim). Awali kiliandikwa katika [[lugha]] [[mbili]]: [[Kiebrania]] na [[Kiaramu]]. Kimepokea jina lake kutokana na [[mhusika]] wake ambaye ni [[nabii Danieli|Danieli]], ilhali kinasimulia habari zake katika milango 6 ya kwanza halafu maono yake Danieli katika milango 7-12. [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wengi wanafuata [[tafsiri]] ya [[Septuaginta]] yenye nyongeza mbalimbali kwa lugha ya [[Kigiriki]] na kukipanga kati ya vitabu vya [[manabii]] baada ya [[Kitabu cha Ezekieli]] katika [[Biblia ya Kikristo]]. Kama vitabu vingine vyote vya [[Biblia]], hiki pia kinatakiwa kisomwe katika mfululizo wa [[historia ya wokovu]] ili kukielewa kadiri ya maendeleo ya [[ufunuo]] wa [[Mungu]] kwa [[binadamu]]. == Maana ya jina == Tafsiri ya kawaida ya [[jina]] la [[mhusika]] mkuu, Danieli mwenye [[hekima]], ni ''Mungu ni hakimu wangu''. == Habari za Danieli == Kadiri ya kitabu, Danieli alipokuwa [[kijana]] alipelekwa [[Uhamisho wa Babeli|uhamishoni]] [[Babuloni]], ambako hekima yake ya pekee ilimvutia [[mfalme]] [[Nebukadneza II]] na kumpatia [[cheo]] katika [[ikulu]]. Sifa yake ilimwezesha kuendelea na cheo chake hata baada ya [[mji]] huo kutekwa na [[Wamedi]] na [[Waajemi]] ([[539 KK]]), ambapo alipendwa hasa na [[mfalme Dario]]<ref>Dario Mmedi anayetajwa hapa hajulikani kihistoria; ni mtawala tofauti na [[Dario I]] aliyetawala baada ya Koreishi Mkuu.</ref> ingawa alikataa [[amri]] zilizokwenda kinyume cha [[imani]] na [[maadili]] ya [[Torati]] ya [[taifa]] lake, [[Israeli]]. Mtu mwenye hekima aitwaye Danieli alitajwa mapema hata nje ya Biblia katika eneo la [[Mashariki ya Kati]]. [[Wataalamu]] wengi wa Biblia siku hizi hawakubali habari hizi kuwa za ki[[historia]] kutokana na makosa mengi kuhusu [[watu]] na matukio. Vilevile hawakubali matabiri yake kuwa za ki[[nabii]], kwa maana kitabu kinaonekana kimeandikwa na watu mbalimbali na nyakati mbalimbali hadi kikakamilika katika [[Karne ya 2 KK|karne ya 2]] [[K.K.]] kilipokusudiwa kutegemeza [[Wayahudi]] washike kama yeye msimamo katika [[dhuluma]] za mfalme [[Antioko Epifane]] zilizowakabili kama vinavyoeleza [[vitabu vya Wamakabayo]]. Kwa sababu hiyo mtindo wake ni wa kiapokaliptiko, kama vitabu vingi vya wakati huo, kuanzia sehemu za [[Kitabu cha Ezekieli|Ezekieli]] hadi [[kitabu cha Ufunuo]] == Mgawanyo wa kitabu == Sura sita za kwanza zinasimulia [[hadithi]] za [[maisha]] ya Danieli. Sura sita zinazofuata zinaleta [[njozi]] nyingi za [[usiku]]. Sura za 13 na 14 ni sehemu za nyongeza kati ya [[Deuterokanoni]]. == Ujumbe == Kwa Wakristo ni muhimu hasa maneno ya kitabu juu ya ''[[Mwana wa Adamu]]'', jina la mtu wa [[Mbingu|kimbingu]] lililotumiwa sana na [[Yesu]] kujitambulisha. Vilevile ni muhimu fundisho lake la wazi kuhusu [[ufufuko]] wa watu wote na hali [[mbili]] tofauti za [[milele]] zitakazokana na [[hukumu]] juu yao. Ni hatua ya maana katika [[maendeleo]] ya [[ufunuo]] kuhusu [[vikomo vya binadamu]]. ==Sala katika sehemu za Kigiriki== ===Sala ya Azaria (Dan 3:37-40)=== "Sisi, Ee Bwana, tumekuwa duni kuliko maìtaifa mengine yote, na kudhulumiwa leo katika ulimwengu wote kwa sababu ya dhambi zetu. Sasa hakuna mfalme wala nabii wala kiongozi; hakuna dhabihu wala kafara wala sadaka wala uvumba, wala mahali pa kukutolea dhabihu na kuona rehema. Lakini kwa moyo uliovunjika na kwa roho nyenyekevu tukubaliwe nawe, na sadaka yetu iwe machoni pako leo kama dhabihu za kondoo waume na ng’ombe, na kama kondoo wanono elfu kumi. Nasi tukufuate kwa unyofu, maana wanaokutumaini Wewe hawataaibika". ===Sala za vijana watatu (Dan 3:52-56)=== "Umehimidiwa, Ee Bwana, Mungu wa baba zetu, wastahili kusifiwa na kuadhimishwa milele. Limehimidiwa jina lako takatifu, tukufu. lastahili kusifiwa na kuadhimishwa milele. Umehimidiwa katika hekalu la fahari yako takatifu, wastahili kusifiwa na kutukuzwa milele. Umehimidiwa juu ya kiti cha ufalme wako. wastahili kusifiwa na kuadhimishwa milele. Umehimidiwa utazamaye vilindi, uketiye juu ya makerubi, wastahili kusifiwa na kuadhimishwa milele. Umehimidiwa katika anga la mbinguni, wastahili kusifiwa na kutukuzwa milele". == Tanbihi == {{Marejeo}} ==Marejeo== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book | last = Bandstra | first = Barry L. | title = Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible | year = 2008 | publisher = Wadsworth Publishing Company | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vRY9mTUZKJcC | isbn = 978-0-495-39105-0 }} * {{Cite book | last = Bar | first = Shaul | title = A Letter That Has Not Been Read: Dreams in the Hebrew Bible | year = 2001 | publisher = Hebrew Union College Press | location = Cincinnati | isbn = 978-0-87820-424-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zs3gup4iFu4C }} * {{Cite book | last = Boyer | first = Paul S. | title = When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FyTeW7vQ8K4C | year = 1992 | publisher = Harvard University Press | isbn = 978-0-674-95129-7 }} * {{cite book | last = Brettler | first = Mark Zvi | title = How To Read the Bible | year = 2005 | publisher = Jewish Publication Society | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=39nQafdJ_ssC | isbn = 978-0-8276-1001-9 }} * {{Cite book | last = Carroll | first = John T. | chapter = Eschatology | editor1-last = Freedman | editor1-first = David Noel | editor2-last = Myers | editor2-first = Allen C. | title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible | year = 2000 | publisher = Eerdmans | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA422 | isbn = 978-90-5356-503-2 }} * {{Cite book | last = Cohen | first = Shaye J.D. | title = From the Maccabees to the Mishnah | year = 2002 | publisher = Westminster John Knox Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=H5hLLIrh6n8C | isbn = 978-0-664-22743-2 }} * {{Cite book | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | title = Daniel: With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature | year = 1984 | publisher = Eerdmans | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9r_Zs7T1nCMC | isbn = 978-0-8028-0020-6 }} * {{Cite book | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | title = Daniel | year = 1993 | publisher = Fortress | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=H9XYAAAAMAAJ | isbn = 978-0-8006-6040-6 }} * {{Cite book | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | title = The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature | year = 1998 | publisher = Eerdmans | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PxjNsMrzI-kC&pg=PA103 | isbn = 978-0-8028-4371-5 }} * {{Cite book | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | title = Seers, Sibyls, and Sages in Hellenistic-Roman Judaism | year = 2001 | publisher = BRILL | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=M8s3cp97b-AC | isbn = 978-0-391-04110-3 }} * {{Cite book | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | chapter = Current Issues in the Study of Daniel | editor1-last = Collins | editor1-first = John J. | editor2-last = Flint | editor2-first = Peter W. | editor3-last = VanEpps | editor3-first = Cameron | title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception | year = 2002 | publisher = BRILL | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA2 | isbn = 978-90-04-11675-7 }} * {{Cite book | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | chapter = From Prophecy to Apocalypticism: The Expectation of the End | editor1-last = McGinn | editor1-first = Bernard | editor2-last = Collins | editor2-first = John J. | editor3-last = Stein | editor3-first = Stephen J. | title = The Continuum History of Apocalypticism | year = 2003 | publisher = Continuum | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7UlbWioOV7sC&pg=PA64 | isbn = 978-0-8264-1520-2 }} * {{Cite book | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | chapter = Daniel | editor1-last = Lieb | editor1-first = Michael | editor2-last = Mason | editor2-first = Emma | editor3-last = Roberts | editor3-first = Jonathan | title = The Oxford Handbook of the Reception History of the Bible | year = 2013 | publisher = Oxford UNiversity Press | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jgPn26iYzagC&pg=PP140 | isbn = 978-0-19-164918-9 }} * {{Cite book | last = Crawford | first = Sidnie White | chapter = Apocalyptic | editor1-last = Freedman | editor1-first = David Noel | editor2-last = Myers | editor2-first = Allen C. | title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible | year = 2000 | publisher = Eerdmans | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA73 | isbn = 978-90-5356-503-2 }} * {{Cite book | last1 = Cross | first1 = Frank Leslie | last2 = Livingstone | first2 = Elizabeth A. | title = The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church | year = 2005 | publisher = Oxford University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA452 | isbn = 978-0-19-280290-3 }} * {{Cite book | last = Davies | first = Philip | chapter = Apocalyptic | editor1-last = Rogerson | editor1-first = J. W. | editor2-last = Lieu | editor2-first = Judith M. | title = The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies | year = 2006 | publisher = Oxford Handbooks Online | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eKZYMifS1fAC | isbn = 978-0-19-925425-5 }} * {{Cite book | last = DeChant | first = Dell | chapter = Apocalyptic Communities | editor1-last = Neusner | editor1-first = Jacob | title = World Religions in America: An Introduction | year = 2009 | publisher = Westminster John Knox Press | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=34vGv_HDGG8C&pg=PA237 | isbn = 978-1-61164-047-2 }} * {{cite book|last=Dines|first=Jennifer M.|editor-last=Knibb|editor-first=Michael A.|editor-link=Michael A. Knibb|title=The Septuagint|series=Understanding the Bible and Its World|edition=1st|publisher=T&T Clark|location=London|year=2004|isbn=0-567-08464-7}} * {{Cite book | last = Doukhan | first = Jacques | title = Secrets of Daniel: wisdom and dreams of a Jewish prince in exile | publisher = Review and Herald Pub Assoc | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hXSW1QBB2KIC | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-8280-1424-3 }} * {{Cite book | last = Dunn | first = James D.G. | chapter = The Danilic Son of Man in the New Testament | editor1-last = Collins | editor1-first = John J. | editor2-last = Flint | editor2-first = Peter W. | editor3-last = VanEpps | editor3-first = Cameron | title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception | year = 2002 | publisher = BRILL | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kvtbNQtMqEUC&pg=PA545 | isbn = 978-0-391-04128-8 }} * {{cite book | last=Dunn | first=James Douglas Grant | title=Jesus Remembered: Christianity in the Making, Volume 1 | publisher=Eerdmans Publishing Company | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-8028-3931-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4qpnvoautgC&pg=PA730 | page=730}} * {{Cite book | last = Godden | first = Malcolm | chapter = Biblical Literature" The Old Testament | editor1-last = Godden and | editor1-first = Malcolm | editor2-last = Lapidge | editor2-first = Michael | title = The Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature | year = 2013 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7QH3AQAAQBAJ&q=%22highest+reach+of+man%22 | isbn = 978-1-107-46921-1 }} * {{Cite book | last = Grabbe | first = Lester L. | author-link = Lester L. Grabbe | editor1-last = Collins | editor1-first = John J. | editor2-last = Flint | editor2-first = Peter W. | series = Supplements to Vetus Testamentum | volume = 1 | title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception | chapter = A Dan(iel) For All Seasons: For Whom Was Daniel Important? | publisher = Koninklijke Brill | location = Leiden, Netherlands | year = 2001 | isbn = 90-04-11675-3 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA229 }} * {{Cite book | last = Grabbe | first = Lester L. | title = Judaic Religion in the Second Temple Period: Belief and Practice from the Exile to Yavneh | year = 2002 | publisher = Routledge | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ES2oy3IHBx0C&pg=PA282 | isbn = 978-0-203-46101-3 }} * {{Cite book | last = Grabbe | first = Lester L. | title = An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism: History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah, the Maccabees, Hillel, and Jesus | year = 2010 | publisher = Continuum | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=i89-9fdNUcAC | isbn = 978-0-567-55248-8 }} * {{Cite book | last = Hammer | first = Raymond | title = The Book of Daniel | year = 1976 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=w0VmxeM472EC | isbn = 978-0-521-09765-9 }} * {{Cite book | last = Harrington | first = Daniel J. | title = Invitation to the Apocrypha | year = 1999 | publisher = Eerdmans | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=L6zJG-9BZMQC | isbn = 978-0-8028-4633-4 }} * {{Cite book | last = Hill | first = Andrew E. | chapter = Daniel | editor1-last = Garland | editor1-first = David E. | editor2-last = Longman | editor2-first = Tremper | title = Daniel—Malachi | year = 2009 | publisher = Zondervan | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_VWQlEQGW-oC&pg=PT247 | isbn = 978-0-310-59054-5 }} * {{Cite book | last = Hill | first = Charles E. | chapter = Antichrist | editor1-last = Freedman | editor1-first = David Noel | editor2-last = Myers | editor2-first = Allen C. | title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible | year = 2000 | publisher = Eerdmans | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA67 | isbn = 978-90-5356-503-2 }} * {{Cite book | last = Horsley | first = Richard A. | title = Scribes, Visionaries, and the Politics of Second Temple Judea | year = 2007 | publisher = Presbyterian Publishing Corp | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ukojCH-hlVYC | isbn = 978-0-664-22991-7 }} * {{Cite book |last=Kent |first=Charles Foster |title=The Origin and Permanent Value of the Old Testament |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |year=1906 |location=New York |page=214 |language=English}} * {{Cite book | last = Knibb | first = Michael | chapter = The Book of Daniel in its Context | editor1-last = Collins | editor1-first = John J. | editor2-last = Flint | editor2-first = Peter W. | editor3-last = VanEpps | editor3-first = Cameron | title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception | year = 2002 | publisher = BRILL | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA2 | isbn = 978-90-04-11675-7 }} * {{cite web | last=Lerner | first=Robert E. | title=Description, End Times, Eschatology, Prophecy, & Examples | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | date=20 July 1998 | url=https://www.britannica.com/art/apocalyptic-literature | access-date=22 June 2025}} * {{cite book | last=Lester | first=G. Brooke | title=Daniel Evokes Isaiah: Allusive Characterization of Foreign Rule in the Hebrew-Aramaic Book of Daniel | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | series=The Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies | year=2015 | isbn=978-0-567-65856-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TTClCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 | page=23}} * {{cite book | last = Levine | first = Amy-Jill | chapter = Daniel | editor1-last = Coogan | editor1-first = Michael D. | editor2-last = Brettler | editor2-first = Marc Z. | editor3-last = Newsom | editor3-first = Carol A. | title = The new Oxford annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books: New Revised Standard Version | year = 2010 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jTYdAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1235 | isbn = 978-0-19-937050-4 }} * {{Cite book | last = Lucas | first = Ernest C. | chapter = Daniel, Book of | editor1-last = Vanhoozer | editor1-first = Kevin J. | editor2-last = Bartholomew | editor2-first = Craig G. | editor3-last = Treier | editor3-first = Daniel J. | title = Dictionary for Theological Interpretation of the Bible | year = 2005 | publisher = Baker Academic | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=I8UWJohMGUIC | isbn = 978-0-8010-2694-2 }} * {{Cite book | last1 = Matthews | first1 = Victor H. | last2 = Moyer | first2 = James C. | title = The Old Testament: Text and Context | year = 2012 | publisher = Baker Books | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rU_dAldCk6gC | isbn = 978-0-8010-4835-7 }} * {{cite book | last1 = McDonald | first1 = Lee Martin | title = Formation of the Bible: the Story of the Church's Canon | date = 2012 | publisher = Hendrickson Publishers | location = Peabody, MA | isbn = 978-1-59856-838-7 | page = 57 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4SuRX3APsukC&pg=PP1 }} * {{Cite book | last1 = Miller | first1 = Steven R. | title = Daniel | year = 1994 | publisher = B&H Publishing Group | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=r3D6niEj9_sC&q=steven+r.+miller+daniel | isbn = 978-0-8054-0118-9 }} * {{Cite book | last1 = Niskanen | first1 = Paul | title = The Human and the Divine in History: Herodotus and the Book of Daniel | year = 2004 | publisher = Continuum | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=G0YFSrClQOkC | isbn = 978-0-567-08213-8 }} * {{cite book | editor-last=Sharp | editor-first=Carolyn | last=Portier-Young | first=Anathea E. | title=The Oxford Handbook of the Prophets | publisher=Oxford University Press | series=Oxford Handbooks | year=2016 | isbn=978-0-19-985956-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uu_mDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA229 | page=229}} * {{Cite book | last = Provan | first = Iain | chapter = Daniel | editor1-last = Dunn | editor1-first = James D.G. | editor2-last = Rogerson | editor2-first = John William | title = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible | publisher = Eerdmans | year = 2003 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA665 | isbn = 978-0-8028-3711-0 }} * {{Cite book | last = Redditt | first = Paul L. | title = Introduction to the Prophets | year = 2008 | publisher = Eerdmans | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bKM_VJt9e3kC&pg=PA188 | isbn = 978-0-8028-2896-5 }} * {{Cite book | last = Reid | first = Stephen Breck | chapter = Daniel, Book of | editor1-last = Freedman | editor1-first = David Noel | editor2-last = Myers | editor2-first = Allen C. | title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible | publisher = Eerdmans | year = 2000 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC | isbn = 978-90-5356-503-2 }} * {{Cite book | last = Rowland | first = Christopher | chapter = Apocalyptic Literature | editor1-last = Hass | editor1-first = Andrew | editor2-last = Jasper | editor2-first = David | editor3-last = Jay | editor3-first = Elisabeth | title = The Oxford Handbook of English Literature and Theology | year = 2007 | publisher = Oxford University Press | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bKG12u11z2AC&pg=PA344 | isbn = 978-0-19-927197-9 }} * {{Cite book | last1 = Ryken | first1 = Leland | last2 = Wilhoit | first2 = Jim | last3 = Longman | first3 = Tremper | title = Dictionary of Biblical Imagery | year = 1998 | publisher = InterVarsity Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qjEYEjVVEosC | isbn = 978-0-8308-6733-2 }} * {{Cite book | last1 = Ryken | first1 = Leland | last2 = Longman | first2 = Tremper | title = The Complete Literary Guide to the Bible | year = 2010 | publisher = Zondervan | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=A2GCDsFC3XMC | isbn = 978-0-310-87742-4 }} * {{Cite book | last = Sacchi | first = Paolo | title = The History of the Second Temple Period | year = 2004 | publisher = Continuum | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yGNyKdnpMa0C | isbn = 978-0-567-04450-1 }} * {{cite book | last = Schwartz | first = Daniel R. | title = Studies in the Jewish Background of Christianity | year = 1992 | publisher = Mohr Siebeck | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rd5OB4PtlCUC&pg=PA110 | isbn = 978-3-16-145798-2 }} * {{cite book | last = Seow | first = C.L. |author-link = Choon-Leong Seow | title = Daniel | year = 2003 | publisher = Westminster John Knox Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nuLapFR3AX4C | isbn = 978-0-664-25675-3 }} * {{Cite book | last = Schiffman | first = Lawrence H. | title = From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism | year = 1991 | publisher = KTAV Publishing House | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3kWYHyBb4C8C | isbn = 978-0-88125-372-6 }} * {{Cite book | last = Spencer | first = Richard A. | chapter = Additions to Daniel | editor1-last = Mills | editor1-first = Watson E. | editor2-last = Wilson | editor2-first = Richard F. | title = The Deuterocanonicals/Apocrypha | year = 2002 | publisher = Mercer University Press | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=doqYxT-1RzEC&pg=PA89 | isbn = 978-0-86554-510-6 }} * {{cite book | last=Theophilos | first=Michael P. | title=The Abomination of Desolation in Matthew 24.15 | publisher=Bloomsbury Academic | series=T & T Clark library of biblical studies | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-567-55468-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my3zsgYkaisC&pg=PA163 | page=163}} * {{Cite book | last = Towner | first = W. Sibley | title = Daniel | year = 1984 | publisher = Westminster John Knox Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=F8EEY610xeAC | isbn = 978-0-664-23756-1 }} *{{cite book | editor-last=McConville | editor-first=Gordon J. | editor-last2=Boda | editor-first2=Mark J. | last=Tucker Jr. | first=W. D. | title=Dictionary of the Old Testament: Prophets: A Compendium Of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship | publisher=Inter-Varsity Press | year=2020 | isbn=978-1-78974-038-7 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GfnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT211 | orig-date=2012 | page=unpaginated | chapter=Daniel: History of Interpretation}} * {{Cite book | last = VanderKam | first = James C. | title = The Dead Sea Scrolls Today | year = 2010 | publisher = Eerdmans | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=i2i5haDHAygC | isbn = 978-0-8028-6435-2 }} * {{Cite book | last1 = VanderKam | first1 = James C. | last2 = Flint | first2 = Peter | title = The meaning of the Dead Sea scrolls: their significance for understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity | year = 2013 | publisher = HarperCollins | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kT0PAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT146 | isbn = 978-0-06-224330-0 }} * {{Cite book | last = Waters | first = Matt | title = Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BC | year = 2014 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=__xGAgAAQBAJ | isbn = 978-1-107-65272-9 }} * {{Cite book | last = Weber | first = Timothy P. | chapter = Millennialism | editor1-last = Walls | editor1-first = Jerry L. | title = The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology | year = 2007 | publisher = Oxford University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=N1XYXMTe1jYC | isbn = 978-0-19-974248-6 }} * {{Cite book | last = Wesselius | first = Jan-Wim | chapter = The Writing of Daniel | editor1-last = Collins | editor1-first = John J. | editor2-last = Flint | editor2-first = Peter W. | editor3-last = VanEpps | editor3-first = Cameron | title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception | year = 2002 | publisher = BRILL | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kvtbNQtMqEUC | isbn = 978-0-391-04128-8 }} {{refend}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|Book of Daniel}} {{Wikisource|Daniel (Bible)|Daniel}} {{Wikiquote}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050411205600/https://www.chabad.org/library/archive/LibraryArchive2.asp?AID=15773 Daniel (Judaica Press) *] translation [with [[Rashi]]'s commentary] at Chabad.org * [[King James Version|Bible, King James Version]] ({{Cite web|title = Bible, King James Version|url = http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/k/kjv/kjv-idx?type=DIV1&byte=3297390|website = quod.lib.umich.edu|access-date = 2016-01-17}}) Book of Daniel * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050206114043/http://www.anova.org/sev/htm/hb/27_daniel.htm ''Daniel'' at The Great Books *] (New Revised Standard Version) {{Biblia AK}} {{mbegu-Biblia}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Danieli}} [[Jamii:Vitabu vya Agano la Kale]] lccttgyw75rozi8lc1uzwesscweia0y 1574151 1574094 2026-06-17T18:05:48Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 49 template(s) replaced. 1574151 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Songe Nabuchodonosor statue.jpg|thumb|Ndoto ya Nebukadneza II: sanamu ya kutisha (mchoro wa Ufaransa, karne ya 15).]] '''Kitabu cha Danieli''' ni kimojawapo kati ya [[vitabu]] vya [[Tanakh]] yaani [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]] ambamo kimo katika [[kundi]] la tatu na la mwisho, Ketuvim). Awali kiliandikwa katika [[lugha]] [[mbili]]: [[Kiebrania]] na [[Kiaramu]]. Kimepokea jina lake kutokana na [[mhusika]] wake ambaye ni [[nabii Danieli|Danieli]], ilhali kinasimulia habari zake katika milango 6 ya kwanza halafu maono yake Danieli katika milango 7-12. [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wengi wanafuata [[tafsiri]] ya [[Septuaginta]] yenye nyongeza mbalimbali kwa lugha ya [[Kigiriki]] na kukipanga kati ya vitabu vya [[manabii]] baada ya [[Kitabu cha Ezekieli]] katika [[Biblia ya Kikristo]]. Kama vitabu vingine vyote vya [[Biblia]], hiki pia kinatakiwa kisomwe katika mfululizo wa [[historia ya wokovu]] ili kukielewa kadiri ya maendeleo ya [[ufunuo]] wa [[Mungu]] kwa [[binadamu]]. == Maana ya jina == Tafsiri ya kawaida ya [[jina]] la [[mhusika]] mkuu, Danieli mwenye [[hekima]], ni ''Mungu ni hakimu wangu''. == Habari za Danieli == Kadiri ya kitabu, Danieli alipokuwa [[kijana]] alipelekwa [[Uhamisho wa Babeli|uhamishoni]] [[Babuloni]], ambako hekima yake ya pekee ilimvutia [[mfalme]] [[Nebukadneza II]] na kumpatia [[cheo]] katika [[ikulu]]. Sifa yake ilimwezesha kuendelea na cheo chake hata baada ya [[mji]] huo kutekwa na [[Wamedi]] na [[Waajemi]] ([[539 KK]]), ambapo alipendwa hasa na [[mfalme Dario]]<ref>Dario Mmedi anayetajwa hapa hajulikani kihistoria; ni mtawala tofauti na [[Dario I]] aliyetawala baada ya Koreishi Mkuu.</ref> ingawa alikataa [[amri]] zilizokwenda kinyume cha [[imani]] na [[maadili]] ya [[Torati]] ya [[taifa]] lake, [[Israeli]]. Mtu mwenye hekima aitwaye Danieli alitajwa mapema hata nje ya Biblia katika eneo la [[Mashariki ya Kati]]. [[Wataalamu]] wengi wa Biblia siku hizi hawakubali habari hizi kuwa za ki[[historia]] kutokana na makosa mengi kuhusu [[watu]] na matukio. Vilevile hawakubali matabiri yake kuwa za ki[[nabii]], kwa maana kitabu kinaonekana kimeandikwa na watu mbalimbali na nyakati mbalimbali hadi kikakamilika katika [[Karne ya 2 KK|karne ya 2]] [[K.K.]] kilipokusudiwa kutegemeza [[Wayahudi]] washike kama yeye msimamo katika [[dhuluma]] za mfalme [[Antioko Epifane]] zilizowakabili kama vinavyoeleza [[vitabu vya Wamakabayo]]. Kwa sababu hiyo mtindo wake ni wa kiapokaliptiko, kama vitabu vingi vya wakati huo, kuanzia sehemu za [[Kitabu cha Ezekieli|Ezekieli]] hadi [[kitabu cha Ufunuo]] == Mgawanyo wa kitabu == Sura sita za kwanza zinasimulia [[hadithi]] za [[maisha]] ya Danieli. Sura sita zinazofuata zinaleta [[njozi]] nyingi za [[usiku]]. Sura za 13 na 14 ni sehemu za nyongeza kati ya [[Deuterokanoni]]. == Ujumbe == Kwa Wakristo ni muhimu hasa maneno ya kitabu juu ya ''[[Mwana wa Adamu]]'', jina la mtu wa [[Mbingu|kimbingu]] lililotumiwa sana na [[Yesu]] kujitambulisha. Vilevile ni muhimu fundisho lake la wazi kuhusu [[ufufuko]] wa watu wote na hali [[mbili]] tofauti za [[milele]] zitakazokana na [[hukumu]] juu yao. Ni hatua ya maana katika [[maendeleo]] ya [[ufunuo]] kuhusu [[vikomo vya binadamu]]. ==Sala katika sehemu za Kigiriki== ===Sala ya Azaria (Dan 3:37-40)=== "Sisi, Ee Bwana, tumekuwa duni kuliko maìtaifa mengine yote, na kudhulumiwa leo katika ulimwengu wote kwa sababu ya dhambi zetu. Sasa hakuna mfalme wala nabii wala kiongozi; hakuna dhabihu wala kafara wala sadaka wala uvumba, wala mahali pa kukutolea dhabihu na kuona rehema. Lakini kwa moyo uliovunjika na kwa roho nyenyekevu tukubaliwe nawe, na sadaka yetu iwe machoni pako leo kama dhabihu za kondoo waume na ng’ombe, na kama kondoo wanono elfu kumi. Nasi tukufuate kwa unyofu, maana wanaokutumaini Wewe hawataaibika". ===Sala za vijana watatu (Dan 3:52-56)=== "Umehimidiwa, Ee Bwana, Mungu wa baba zetu, wastahili kusifiwa na kuadhimishwa milele. Limehimidiwa jina lako takatifu, tukufu. lastahili kusifiwa na kuadhimishwa milele. Umehimidiwa katika hekalu la fahari yako takatifu, wastahili kusifiwa na kutukuzwa milele. Umehimidiwa juu ya kiti cha ufalme wako. wastahili kusifiwa na kuadhimishwa milele. Umehimidiwa utazamaye vilindi, uketiye juu ya makerubi, wastahili kusifiwa na kuadhimishwa milele. Umehimidiwa katika anga la mbinguni, wastahili kusifiwa na kutukuzwa milele". == Tanbihi == {{Marejeo}} ==Marejeo== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Bandstra | first = Barry L. | title = Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible | year = 2008 | publisher = Wadsworth Publishing Company | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vRY9mTUZKJcC | isbn = 978-0-495-39105-0 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Bar | first = Shaul | title = A Letter That Has Not Been Read: Dreams in the Hebrew Bible | year = 2001 | publisher = Hebrew Union College Press | location = Cincinnati | isbn = 978-0-87820-424-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zs3gup4iFu4C }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Boyer | first = Paul S. | title = When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FyTeW7vQ8K4C | year = 1992 | publisher = Harvard University Press | isbn = 978-0-674-95129-7 }} * {{cite book | last = Brettler | first = Mark Zvi | title = How To Read the Bible | year = 2005 | publisher = Jewish Publication Society | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=39nQafdJ_ssC | isbn = 978-0-8276-1001-9 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Carroll | first = John T. | chapter = Eschatology | editor1-last = Freedman | editor1-first = David Noel | editor2-last = Myers | editor2-first = Allen C. | title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible | year = 2000 | publisher = Eerdmans | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA422 | isbn = 978-90-5356-503-2 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Cohen | first = Shaye J.D. | title = From the Maccabees to the Mishnah | year = 2002 | publisher = Westminster John Knox Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=H5hLLIrh6n8C | isbn = 978-0-664-22743-2 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | title = Daniel: With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature | year = 1984 | publisher = Eerdmans | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9r_Zs7T1nCMC | isbn = 978-0-8028-0020-6 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | title = Daniel | year = 1993 | publisher = Fortress | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=H9XYAAAAMAAJ | isbn = 978-0-8006-6040-6 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | title = The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature | year = 1998 | publisher = Eerdmans | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PxjNsMrzI-kC&pg=PA103 | isbn = 978-0-8028-4371-5 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | title = Seers, Sibyls, and Sages in Hellenistic-Roman Judaism | year = 2001 | publisher = BRILL | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=M8s3cp97b-AC | isbn = 978-0-391-04110-3 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | chapter = Current Issues in the Study of Daniel | editor1-last = Collins | editor1-first = John J. | editor2-last = Flint | editor2-first = Peter W. | editor3-last = VanEpps | editor3-first = Cameron | title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception | year = 2002 | publisher = BRILL | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA2 | isbn = 978-90-04-11675-7 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | chapter = From Prophecy to Apocalypticism: The Expectation of the End | editor1-last = McGinn | editor1-first = Bernard | editor2-last = Collins | editor2-first = John J. | editor3-last = Stein | editor3-first = Stephen J. | title = The Continuum History of Apocalypticism | year = 2003 | publisher = Continuum | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7UlbWioOV7sC&pg=PA64 | isbn = 978-0-8264-1520-2 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | chapter = Daniel | editor1-last = Lieb | editor1-first = Michael | editor2-last = Mason | editor2-first = Emma | editor3-last = Roberts | editor3-first = Jonathan | title = The Oxford Handbook of the Reception History of the Bible | year = 2013 | publisher = Oxford UNiversity Press | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jgPn26iYzagC&pg=PP140 | isbn = 978-0-19-164918-9 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Crawford | first = Sidnie White | chapter = Apocalyptic | editor1-last = Freedman | editor1-first = David Noel | editor2-last = Myers | editor2-first = Allen C. | title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible | year = 2000 | publisher = Eerdmans | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA73 | isbn = 978-90-5356-503-2 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last1 = Cross | first1 = Frank Leslie | last2 = Livingstone | first2 = Elizabeth A. | title = The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church | year = 2005 | publisher = Oxford University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA452 | isbn = 978-0-19-280290-3 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Davies | first = Philip | chapter = Apocalyptic | editor1-last = Rogerson | editor1-first = J. W. | editor2-last = Lieu | editor2-first = Judith M. | title = The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies | year = 2006 | publisher = Oxford Handbooks Online | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eKZYMifS1fAC | isbn = 978-0-19-925425-5 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = DeChant | first = Dell | chapter = Apocalyptic Communities | editor1-last = Neusner | editor1-first = Jacob | title = World Religions in America: An Introduction | year = 2009 | publisher = Westminster John Knox Press | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=34vGv_HDGG8C&pg=PA237 | isbn = 978-1-61164-047-2 }} * {{cite book|last=Dines|first=Jennifer M.|editor-last=Knibb|editor-first=Michael A.|editor-link=Michael A. Knibb|title=The Septuagint|series=Understanding the Bible and Its World|edition=1st|publisher=T&T Clark|location=London|year=2004|isbn=0-567-08464-7}} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Doukhan | first = Jacques | title = Secrets of Daniel: wisdom and dreams of a Jewish prince in exile | publisher = Review and Herald Pub Assoc | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hXSW1QBB2KIC | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-8280-1424-3 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Dunn | first = James D.G. | chapter = The Danilic Son of Man in the New Testament | editor1-last = Collins | editor1-first = John J. | editor2-last = Flint | editor2-first = Peter W. | editor3-last = VanEpps | editor3-first = Cameron | title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception | year = 2002 | publisher = BRILL | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kvtbNQtMqEUC&pg=PA545 | isbn = 978-0-391-04128-8 }} * {{cite book | last=Dunn | first=James Douglas Grant | title=Jesus Remembered: Christianity in the Making, Volume 1 | publisher=Eerdmans Publishing Company | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-8028-3931-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4qpnvoautgC&pg=PA730 | page=730}} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Godden | first = Malcolm | chapter = Biblical Literature" The Old Testament | editor1-last = Godden and | editor1-first = Malcolm | editor2-last = Lapidge | editor2-first = Michael | title = The Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature | year = 2013 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7QH3AQAAQBAJ&q=%22highest+reach+of+man%22 | isbn = 978-1-107-46921-1 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Grabbe | first = Lester L. | author-link = Lester L. Grabbe | editor1-last = Collins | editor1-first = John J. | editor2-last = Flint | editor2-first = Peter W. | series = Supplements to Vetus Testamentum | volume = 1 | title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception | chapter = A Dan(iel) For All Seasons: For Whom Was Daniel Important? | publisher = Koninklijke Brill | location = Leiden, Netherlands | year = 2001 | isbn = 90-04-11675-3 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA229 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Grabbe | first = Lester L. | title = Judaic Religion in the Second Temple Period: Belief and Practice from the Exile to Yavneh | year = 2002 | publisher = Routledge | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ES2oy3IHBx0C&pg=PA282 | isbn = 978-0-203-46101-3 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Grabbe | first = Lester L. | title = An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism: History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah, the Maccabees, Hillel, and Jesus | year = 2010 | publisher = Continuum | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=i89-9fdNUcAC | isbn = 978-0-567-55248-8 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Hammer | first = Raymond | title = The Book of Daniel | year = 1976 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=w0VmxeM472EC | isbn = 978-0-521-09765-9 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Harrington | first = Daniel J. | title = Invitation to the Apocrypha | year = 1999 | publisher = Eerdmans | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=L6zJG-9BZMQC | isbn = 978-0-8028-4633-4 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Hill | first = Andrew E. | chapter = Daniel | editor1-last = Garland | editor1-first = David E. | editor2-last = Longman | editor2-first = Tremper | title = Daniel—Malachi | year = 2009 | publisher = Zondervan | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_VWQlEQGW-oC&pg=PT247 | isbn = 978-0-310-59054-5 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Hill | first = Charles E. | chapter = Antichrist | editor1-last = Freedman | editor1-first = David Noel | editor2-last = Myers | editor2-first = Allen C. | title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible | year = 2000 | publisher = Eerdmans | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA67 | isbn = 978-90-5356-503-2 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Horsley | first = Richard A. | title = Scribes, Visionaries, and the Politics of Second Temple Judea | year = 2007 | publisher = Presbyterian Publishing Corp | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ukojCH-hlVYC | isbn = 978-0-664-22991-7 }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Kent |first=Charles Foster |title=The Origin and Permanent Value of the Old Testament |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |year=1906 |location=New York |page=214 |language=English}} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Knibb | first = Michael | chapter = The Book of Daniel in its Context | editor1-last = Collins | editor1-first = John J. | editor2-last = Flint | editor2-first = Peter W. | editor3-last = VanEpps | editor3-first = Cameron | title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception | year = 2002 | publisher = BRILL | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA2 | isbn = 978-90-04-11675-7 }} * {{cite web | last=Lerner | first=Robert E. | title=Description, End Times, Eschatology, Prophecy, & Examples | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | date=20 July 1998 | url=https://www.britannica.com/art/apocalyptic-literature | access-date=22 June 2025}} * {{cite book | last=Lester | first=G. Brooke | title=Daniel Evokes Isaiah: Allusive Characterization of Foreign Rule in the Hebrew-Aramaic Book of Daniel | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | series=The Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies | year=2015 | isbn=978-0-567-65856-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TTClCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 | page=23}} * {{cite book | last = Levine | first = Amy-Jill | chapter = Daniel | editor1-last = Coogan | editor1-first = Michael D. | editor2-last = Brettler | editor2-first = Marc Z. | editor3-last = Newsom | editor3-first = Carol A. | title = The new Oxford annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books: New Revised Standard Version | year = 2010 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jTYdAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1235 | isbn = 978-0-19-937050-4 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Lucas | first = Ernest C. | chapter = Daniel, Book of | editor1-last = Vanhoozer | editor1-first = Kevin J. | editor2-last = Bartholomew | editor2-first = Craig G. | editor3-last = Treier | editor3-first = Daniel J. | title = Dictionary for Theological Interpretation of the Bible | year = 2005 | publisher = Baker Academic | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=I8UWJohMGUIC | isbn = 978-0-8010-2694-2 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last1 = Matthews | first1 = Victor H. | last2 = Moyer | first2 = James C. | title = The Old Testament: Text and Context | year = 2012 | publisher = Baker Books | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rU_dAldCk6gC | isbn = 978-0-8010-4835-7 }} * {{cite book | last1 = McDonald | first1 = Lee Martin | title = Formation of the Bible: the Story of the Church's Canon | date = 2012 | publisher = Hendrickson Publishers | location = Peabody, MA | isbn = 978-1-59856-838-7 | page = 57 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4SuRX3APsukC&pg=PP1 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last1 = Miller | first1 = Steven R. | title = Daniel | year = 1994 | publisher = B&H Publishing Group | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=r3D6niEj9_sC&q=steven+r.+miller+daniel | isbn = 978-0-8054-0118-9 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last1 = Niskanen | first1 = Paul | title = The Human and the Divine in History: Herodotus and the Book of Daniel | year = 2004 | publisher = Continuum | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=G0YFSrClQOkC | isbn = 978-0-567-08213-8 }} * {{cite book | editor-last=Sharp | editor-first=Carolyn | last=Portier-Young | first=Anathea E. | title=The Oxford Handbook of the Prophets | publisher=Oxford University Press | series=Oxford Handbooks | year=2016 | isbn=978-0-19-985956-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uu_mDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA229 | page=229}} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Provan | first = Iain | chapter = Daniel | editor1-last = Dunn | editor1-first = James D.G. | editor2-last = Rogerson | editor2-first = John William | title = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible | publisher = Eerdmans | year = 2003 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA665 | isbn = 978-0-8028-3711-0 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Redditt | first = Paul L. | title = Introduction to the Prophets | year = 2008 | publisher = Eerdmans | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bKM_VJt9e3kC&pg=PA188 | isbn = 978-0-8028-2896-5 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Reid | first = Stephen Breck | chapter = Daniel, Book of | editor1-last = Freedman | editor1-first = David Noel | editor2-last = Myers | editor2-first = Allen C. | title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible | publisher = Eerdmans | year = 2000 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC | isbn = 978-90-5356-503-2 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Rowland | first = Christopher | chapter = Apocalyptic Literature | editor1-last = Hass | editor1-first = Andrew | editor2-last = Jasper | editor2-first = David | editor3-last = Jay | editor3-first = Elisabeth | title = The Oxford Handbook of English Literature and Theology | year = 2007 | publisher = Oxford University Press | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bKG12u11z2AC&pg=PA344 | isbn = 978-0-19-927197-9 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last1 = Ryken | first1 = Leland | last2 = Wilhoit | first2 = Jim | last3 = Longman | first3 = Tremper | title = Dictionary of Biblical Imagery | year = 1998 | publisher = InterVarsity Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qjEYEjVVEosC | isbn = 978-0-8308-6733-2 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last1 = Ryken | first1 = Leland | last2 = Longman | first2 = Tremper | title = The Complete Literary Guide to the Bible | year = 2010 | publisher = Zondervan | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=A2GCDsFC3XMC | isbn = 978-0-310-87742-4 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Sacchi | first = Paolo | title = The History of the Second Temple Period | year = 2004 | publisher = Continuum | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yGNyKdnpMa0C | isbn = 978-0-567-04450-1 }} * {{cite book | last = Schwartz | first = Daniel R. | title = Studies in the Jewish Background of Christianity | year = 1992 | publisher = Mohr Siebeck | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rd5OB4PtlCUC&pg=PA110 | isbn = 978-3-16-145798-2 }} * {{cite book | last = Seow | first = C.L. |author-link = Choon-Leong Seow | title = Daniel | year = 2003 | publisher = Westminster John Knox Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nuLapFR3AX4C | isbn = 978-0-664-25675-3 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Schiffman | first = Lawrence H. | title = From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism | year = 1991 | publisher = KTAV Publishing House | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3kWYHyBb4C8C | isbn = 978-0-88125-372-6 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Spencer | first = Richard A. | chapter = Additions to Daniel | editor1-last = Mills | editor1-first = Watson E. | editor2-last = Wilson | editor2-first = Richard F. | title = The Deuterocanonicals/Apocrypha | year = 2002 | publisher = Mercer University Press | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=doqYxT-1RzEC&pg=PA89 | isbn = 978-0-86554-510-6 }} * {{cite book | last=Theophilos | first=Michael P. | title=The Abomination of Desolation in Matthew 24.15 | publisher=Bloomsbury Academic | series=T & T Clark library of biblical studies | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-567-55468-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my3zsgYkaisC&pg=PA163 | page=163}} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Towner | first = W. Sibley | title = Daniel | year = 1984 | publisher = Westminster John Knox Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=F8EEY610xeAC | isbn = 978-0-664-23756-1 }} *{{cite book | editor-last=McConville | editor-first=Gordon J. | editor-last2=Boda | editor-first2=Mark J. | last=Tucker Jr. | first=W. D. | title=Dictionary of the Old Testament: Prophets: A Compendium Of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship | publisher=Inter-Varsity Press | year=2020 | isbn=978-1-78974-038-7 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GfnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT211 | orig-date=2012 | page=unpaginated | chapter=Daniel: History of Interpretation}} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = VanderKam | first = James C. | title = The Dead Sea Scrolls Today | year = 2010 | publisher = Eerdmans | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=i2i5haDHAygC | isbn = 978-0-8028-6435-2 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last1 = VanderKam | first1 = James C. | last2 = Flint | first2 = Peter | title = The meaning of the Dead Sea scrolls: their significance for understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity | year = 2013 | publisher = HarperCollins | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kT0PAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT146 | isbn = 978-0-06-224330-0 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Waters | first = Matt | title = Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BC | year = 2014 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=__xGAgAAQBAJ | isbn = 978-1-107-65272-9 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Weber | first = Timothy P. | chapter = Millennialism | editor1-last = Walls | editor1-first = Jerry L. | title = The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology | year = 2007 | publisher = Oxford University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=N1XYXMTe1jYC | isbn = 978-0-19-974248-6 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Wesselius | first = Jan-Wim | chapter = The Writing of Daniel | editor1-last = Collins | editor1-first = John J. | editor2-last = Flint | editor2-first = Peter W. | editor3-last = VanEpps | editor3-first = Cameron | title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception | year = 2002 | publisher = BRILL | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kvtbNQtMqEUC | isbn = 978-0-391-04128-8 }} {{refend}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|Book of Daniel}} {{Wikisource|Daniel (Bible)|Daniel}} {{Wikiquote}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050411205600/https://www.chabad.org/library/archive/LibraryArchive2.asp?AID=15773 Daniel (Judaica Press) *] translation [with [[Rashi]]'s commentary] at Chabad.org * [[King James Version|Bible, King James Version]] ({{Rejea tovuti|title = Bible, King James Version|url = http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/k/kjv/kjv-idx?type=DIV1&byte=3297390|website = quod.lib.umich.edu|access-date = 2016-01-17}}) Book of Daniel * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050206114043/http://www.anova.org/sev/htm/hb/27_daniel.htm ''Daniel'' at The Great Books *] (New Revised Standard Version) {{Biblia AK}} {{mbegu-Biblia}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Danieli}} [[Jamii:Vitabu vya Agano la Kale]] alzk11vk36egs6zggocw9ahlungo984 1574212 1574151 2026-06-17T21:50:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574212 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Songe Nabuchodonosor statue.jpg|thumb|Ndoto ya Nebukadneza II: sanamu ya kutisha (mchoro wa Ufaransa, karne ya 15).]] '''Kitabu cha Danieli''' ni kimojawapo kati ya [[vitabu]] vya [[Tanakh]] yaani [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]] ambamo kimo katika [[kundi]] la tatu na la mwisho, Ketuvim). Awali kiliandikwa katika [[lugha]] [[mbili]]: [[Kiebrania]] na [[Kiaramu]]. Kimepokea jina lake kutokana na [[mhusika]] wake ambaye ni [[nabii Danieli|Danieli]], ilhali kinasimulia habari zake katika milango 6 ya kwanza halafu maono yake Danieli katika milango 7-12. [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wengi wanafuata [[tafsiri]] ya [[Septuaginta]] yenye nyongeza mbalimbali kwa lugha ya [[Kigiriki]] na kukipanga kati ya vitabu vya [[manabii]] baada ya [[Kitabu cha Ezekieli]] katika [[Biblia ya Kikristo]]. Kama vitabu vingine vyote vya [[Biblia]], hiki pia kinatakiwa kisomwe katika mfululizo wa [[historia ya wokovu]] ili kukielewa kadiri ya maendeleo ya [[ufunuo]] wa [[Mungu]] kwa [[binadamu]]. == Maana ya jina == Tafsiri ya kawaida ya [[jina]] la [[mhusika]] mkuu, Danieli mwenye [[hekima]], ni ''Mungu ni hakimu wangu''. == Habari za Danieli == Kadiri ya kitabu, Danieli alipokuwa [[kijana]] alipelekwa [[Uhamisho wa Babeli|uhamishoni]] [[Babuloni]], ambako hekima yake ya pekee ilimvutia [[mfalme]] [[Nebukadneza II]] na kumpatia [[cheo]] katika [[ikulu]]. Sifa yake ilimwezesha kuendelea na cheo chake hata baada ya [[mji]] huo kutekwa na [[Wamedi]] na [[Waajemi]] ([[539 KK]]), ambapo alipendwa hasa na [[mfalme Dario]]<ref>Dario Mmedi anayetajwa hapa hajulikani kihistoria; ni mtawala tofauti na [[Dario I]] aliyetawala baada ya Koreishi Mkuu.</ref> ingawa alikataa [[amri]] zilizokwenda kinyume cha [[imani]] na [[maadili]] ya [[Torati]] ya [[taifa]] lake, [[Israeli]]. Mtu mwenye hekima aitwaye Danieli alitajwa mapema hata nje ya Biblia katika eneo la [[Mashariki ya Kati]]. [[Wataalamu]] wengi wa Biblia siku hizi hawakubali habari hizi kuwa za ki[[historia]] kutokana na makosa mengi kuhusu [[watu]] na matukio. Vilevile hawakubali matabiri yake kuwa za ki[[nabii]], kwa maana kitabu kinaonekana kimeandikwa na watu mbalimbali na nyakati mbalimbali hadi kikakamilika katika [[Karne ya 2 KK|karne ya 2]] [[K.K.]] kilipokusudiwa kutegemeza [[Wayahudi]] washike kama yeye msimamo katika [[dhuluma]] za mfalme [[Antioko Epifane]] zilizowakabili kama vinavyoeleza [[vitabu vya Wamakabayo]]. Kwa sababu hiyo mtindo wake ni wa kiapokaliptiko, kama vitabu vingi vya wakati huo, kuanzia sehemu za [[Kitabu cha Ezekieli|Ezekieli]] hadi [[kitabu cha Ufunuo]] == Mgawanyo wa kitabu == Sura sita za kwanza zinasimulia [[hadithi]] za [[maisha]] ya Danieli. Sura sita zinazofuata zinaleta [[njozi]] nyingi za [[usiku]]. Sura za 13 na 14 ni sehemu za nyongeza kati ya [[Deuterokanoni]]. == Ujumbe == Kwa Wakristo ni muhimu hasa maneno ya kitabu juu ya ''[[Mwana wa Adamu]]'', jina la mtu wa [[Mbingu|kimbingu]] lililotumiwa sana na [[Yesu]] kujitambulisha. Vilevile ni muhimu fundisho lake la wazi kuhusu [[ufufuko]] wa watu wote na hali [[mbili]] tofauti za [[milele]] zitakazokana na [[hukumu]] juu yao. Ni hatua ya maana katika [[maendeleo]] ya [[ufunuo]] kuhusu [[vikomo vya binadamu]]. ==Sala katika sehemu za Kigiriki== ===Sala ya Azaria (Dan 3:37-40)=== "Sisi, Ee Bwana, tumekuwa duni kuliko maìtaifa mengine yote, na kudhulumiwa leo katika ulimwengu wote kwa sababu ya dhambi zetu. Sasa hakuna mfalme wala nabii wala kiongozi; hakuna dhabihu wala kafara wala sadaka wala uvumba, wala mahali pa kukutolea dhabihu na kuona rehema. Lakini kwa moyo uliovunjika na kwa roho nyenyekevu tukubaliwe nawe, na sadaka yetu iwe machoni pako leo kama dhabihu za kondoo waume na ng’ombe, na kama kondoo wanono elfu kumi. Nasi tukufuate kwa unyofu, maana wanaokutumaini Wewe hawataaibika". ===Sala za vijana watatu (Dan 3:52-56)=== "Umehimidiwa, Ee Bwana, Mungu wa baba zetu, wastahili kusifiwa na kuadhimishwa milele. Limehimidiwa jina lako takatifu, tukufu. lastahili kusifiwa na kuadhimishwa milele. Umehimidiwa katika hekalu la fahari yako takatifu, wastahili kusifiwa na kutukuzwa milele. Umehimidiwa juu ya kiti cha ufalme wako. wastahili kusifiwa na kuadhimishwa milele. Umehimidiwa utazamaye vilindi, uketiye juu ya makerubi, wastahili kusifiwa na kuadhimishwa milele. Umehimidiwa katika anga la mbinguni, wastahili kusifiwa na kutukuzwa milele". == Tanbihi == {{Marejeo}} ==Marejeo== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Bandstra | first = Barry L. | title = Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible | year = 2008 | publisher = Wadsworth Publishing Company | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vRY9mTUZKJcC | isbn = 978-0-495-39105-0 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Bar | first = Shaul | title = A Letter That Has Not Been Read: Dreams in the Hebrew Bible | year = 2001 | publisher = Hebrew Union College Press | location = Cincinnati | isbn = 978-0-87820-424-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zs3gup4iFu4C }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Boyer | first = Paul S. | title = When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FyTeW7vQ8K4C | year = 1992 | publisher = Harvard University Press | isbn = 978-0-674-95129-7 }} * {{cite book | last = Brettler | first = Mark Zvi | title = How To Read the Bible | year = 2005 | publisher = Jewish Publication Society | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=39nQafdJ_ssC | isbn = 978-0-8276-1001-9 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Carroll | first = John T. | chapter = Eschatology | editor1-last = Freedman | editor1-first = David Noel | editor2-last = Myers | editor2-first = Allen C. | title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible | year = 2000 | publisher = Eerdmans | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA422 | isbn = 978-90-5356-503-2 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Cohen | first = Shaye J.D. | title = From the Maccabees to the Mishnah | year = 2002 | publisher = Westminster John Knox Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=H5hLLIrh6n8C | isbn = 978-0-664-22743-2 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | title = Daniel: With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature | year = 1984 | publisher = Eerdmans | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9r_Zs7T1nCMC | isbn = 978-0-8028-0020-6 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | title = Daniel | year = 1993 | publisher = Fortress | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=H9XYAAAAMAAJ | isbn = 978-0-8006-6040-6 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | title = The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature | year = 1998 | publisher = Eerdmans | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PxjNsMrzI-kC&pg=PA103 | isbn = 978-0-8028-4371-5 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | title = Seers, Sibyls, and Sages in Hellenistic-Roman Judaism | year = 2001 | publisher = BRILL | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=M8s3cp97b-AC | isbn = 978-0-391-04110-3 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | chapter = Current Issues in the Study of Daniel | editor1-last = Collins | editor1-first = John J. | editor2-last = Flint | editor2-first = Peter W. | editor3-last = VanEpps | editor3-first = Cameron | title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception | year = 2002 | publisher = BRILL | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA2 | isbn = 978-90-04-11675-7 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | chapter = From Prophecy to Apocalypticism: The Expectation of the End | editor1-last = McGinn | editor1-first = Bernard | editor2-last = Collins | editor2-first = John J. | editor3-last = Stein | editor3-first = Stephen J. | title = The Continuum History of Apocalypticism | year = 2003 | publisher = Continuum | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7UlbWioOV7sC&pg=PA64 | isbn = 978-0-8264-1520-2 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | chapter = Daniel | editor1-last = Lieb | editor1-first = Michael | editor2-last = Mason | editor2-first = Emma | editor3-last = Roberts | editor3-first = Jonathan | title = The Oxford Handbook of the Reception History of the Bible | year = 2013 | publisher = Oxford UNiversity Press | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jgPn26iYzagC&pg=PP140 | isbn = 978-0-19-164918-9 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Crawford | first = Sidnie White | chapter = Apocalyptic | editor1-last = Freedman | editor1-first = David Noel | editor2-last = Myers | editor2-first = Allen C. | title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible | year = 2000 | publisher = Eerdmans | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA73 | isbn = 978-90-5356-503-2 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last1 = Cross | first1 = Frank Leslie | last2 = Livingstone | first2 = Elizabeth A. | title = The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church | year = 2005 | publisher = Oxford University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA452 | isbn = 978-0-19-280290-3 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Davies | first = Philip | chapter = Apocalyptic | editor1-last = Rogerson | editor1-first = J. W. | editor2-last = Lieu | editor2-first = Judith M. | title = The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies | year = 2006 | publisher = Oxford Handbooks Online | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eKZYMifS1fAC | isbn = 978-0-19-925425-5 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = DeChant | first = Dell | chapter = Apocalyptic Communities | editor1-last = Neusner | editor1-first = Jacob | title = World Religions in America: An Introduction | year = 2009 | publisher = Westminster John Knox Press | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=34vGv_HDGG8C&pg=PA237 | isbn = 978-1-61164-047-2 }} * {{cite book|last=Dines|first=Jennifer M.|editor-last=Knibb|editor-first=Michael A.|editor-link=Michael A. Knibb|title=The Septuagint|url=https://archive.org/details/septuagint0000dine|series=Understanding the Bible and Its World|edition=1st|publisher=T&T Clark|location=London|year=2004|isbn=0-567-08464-7}} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Doukhan | first = Jacques | title = Secrets of Daniel: wisdom and dreams of a Jewish prince in exile | publisher = Review and Herald Pub Assoc | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hXSW1QBB2KIC | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-8280-1424-3 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Dunn | first = James D.G. | chapter = The Danilic Son of Man in the New Testament | editor1-last = Collins | editor1-first = John J. | editor2-last = Flint | editor2-first = Peter W. | editor3-last = VanEpps | editor3-first = Cameron | title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception | year = 2002 | publisher = BRILL | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kvtbNQtMqEUC&pg=PA545 | isbn = 978-0-391-04128-8 }} * {{cite book | last=Dunn | first=James Douglas Grant | title=Jesus Remembered: Christianity in the Making, Volume 1 | publisher=Eerdmans Publishing Company | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-8028-3931-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4qpnvoautgC&pg=PA730 | page=730}} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Godden | first = Malcolm | chapter = Biblical Literature" The Old Testament | editor1-last = Godden and | editor1-first = Malcolm | editor2-last = Lapidge | editor2-first = Michael | title = The Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature | year = 2013 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7QH3AQAAQBAJ&q=%22highest+reach+of+man%22 | isbn = 978-1-107-46921-1 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Grabbe | first = Lester L. | author-link = Lester L. Grabbe | editor1-last = Collins | editor1-first = John J. | editor2-last = Flint | editor2-first = Peter W. | series = Supplements to Vetus Testamentum | volume = 1 | title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception | chapter = A Dan(iel) For All Seasons: For Whom Was Daniel Important? | publisher = Koninklijke Brill | location = Leiden, Netherlands | year = 2001 | isbn = 90-04-11675-3 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA229 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Grabbe | first = Lester L. | title = Judaic Religion in the Second Temple Period: Belief and Practice from the Exile to Yavneh | year = 2002 | publisher = Routledge | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ES2oy3IHBx0C&pg=PA282 | isbn = 978-0-203-46101-3 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Grabbe | first = Lester L. | title = An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism: History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah, the Maccabees, Hillel, and Jesus | year = 2010 | publisher = Continuum | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=i89-9fdNUcAC | isbn = 978-0-567-55248-8 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Hammer | first = Raymond | title = The Book of Daniel | year = 1976 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=w0VmxeM472EC | isbn = 978-0-521-09765-9 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Harrington | first = Daniel J. | title = Invitation to the Apocrypha | year = 1999 | publisher = Eerdmans | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=L6zJG-9BZMQC | isbn = 978-0-8028-4633-4 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Hill | first = Andrew E. | chapter = Daniel | editor1-last = Garland | editor1-first = David E. | editor2-last = Longman | editor2-first = Tremper | title = Daniel—Malachi | year = 2009 | publisher = Zondervan | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_VWQlEQGW-oC&pg=PT247 | isbn = 978-0-310-59054-5 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Hill | first = Charles E. | chapter = Antichrist | editor1-last = Freedman | editor1-first = David Noel | editor2-last = Myers | editor2-first = Allen C. | title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible | year = 2000 | publisher = Eerdmans | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA67 | isbn = 978-90-5356-503-2 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Horsley | first = Richard A. | title = Scribes, Visionaries, and the Politics of Second Temple Judea | year = 2007 | publisher = Presbyterian Publishing Corp | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ukojCH-hlVYC | isbn = 978-0-664-22991-7 }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Kent |first=Charles Foster |title=The Origin and Permanent Value of the Old Testament |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |year=1906 |location=New York |page=214 |language=English}} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Knibb | first = Michael | chapter = The Book of Daniel in its Context | editor1-last = Collins | editor1-first = John J. | editor2-last = Flint | editor2-first = Peter W. | editor3-last = VanEpps | editor3-first = Cameron | title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception | year = 2002 | publisher = BRILL | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA2 | isbn = 978-90-04-11675-7 }} * {{cite web | last=Lerner | first=Robert E. | title=Description, End Times, Eschatology, Prophecy, & Examples | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | date=20 July 1998 | url=https://www.britannica.com/art/apocalyptic-literature | access-date=22 June 2025}} * {{cite book | last=Lester | first=G. Brooke | title=Daniel Evokes Isaiah: Allusive Characterization of Foreign Rule in the Hebrew-Aramaic Book of Daniel | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | series=The Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies | year=2015 | isbn=978-0-567-65856-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TTClCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 | page=23}} * {{cite book | last = Levine | first = Amy-Jill | chapter = Daniel | editor1-last = Coogan | editor1-first = Michael D. | editor2-last = Brettler | editor2-first = Marc Z. | editor3-last = Newsom | editor3-first = Carol A. | title = The new Oxford annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books: New Revised Standard Version | year = 2010 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jTYdAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1235 | isbn = 978-0-19-937050-4 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Lucas | first = Ernest C. | chapter = Daniel, Book of | editor1-last = Vanhoozer | editor1-first = Kevin J. | editor2-last = Bartholomew | editor2-first = Craig G. | editor3-last = Treier | editor3-first = Daniel J. | title = Dictionary for Theological Interpretation of the Bible | year = 2005 | publisher = Baker Academic | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=I8UWJohMGUIC | isbn = 978-0-8010-2694-2 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last1 = Matthews | first1 = Victor H. | last2 = Moyer | first2 = James C. | title = The Old Testament: Text and Context | year = 2012 | publisher = Baker Books | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rU_dAldCk6gC | isbn = 978-0-8010-4835-7 }} * {{cite book | last1 = McDonald | first1 = Lee Martin | title = Formation of the Bible: the Story of the Church's Canon | date = 2012 | publisher = Hendrickson Publishers | location = Peabody, MA | isbn = 978-1-59856-838-7 | page = 57 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4SuRX3APsukC&pg=PP1 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last1 = Miller | first1 = Steven R. | title = Daniel | year = 1994 | publisher = B&H Publishing Group | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=r3D6niEj9_sC&q=steven+r.+miller+daniel | isbn = 978-0-8054-0118-9 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last1 = Niskanen | first1 = Paul | title = The Human and the Divine in History: Herodotus and the Book of Daniel | year = 2004 | publisher = Continuum | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=G0YFSrClQOkC | isbn = 978-0-567-08213-8 }} * {{cite book | editor-last=Sharp | editor-first=Carolyn | last=Portier-Young | first=Anathea E. | title=The Oxford Handbook of the Prophets | publisher=Oxford University Press | series=Oxford Handbooks | year=2016 | isbn=978-0-19-985956-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uu_mDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA229 | page=229}} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Provan | first = Iain | chapter = Daniel | editor1-last = Dunn | editor1-first = James D.G. | editor2-last = Rogerson | editor2-first = John William | title = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible | publisher = Eerdmans | year = 2003 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA665 | isbn = 978-0-8028-3711-0 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Redditt | first = Paul L. | title = Introduction to the Prophets | year = 2008 | publisher = Eerdmans | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bKM_VJt9e3kC&pg=PA188 | isbn = 978-0-8028-2896-5 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Reid | first = Stephen Breck | chapter = Daniel, Book of | editor1-last = Freedman | editor1-first = David Noel | editor2-last = Myers | editor2-first = Allen C. | title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible | publisher = Eerdmans | year = 2000 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC | isbn = 978-90-5356-503-2 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Rowland | first = Christopher | chapter = Apocalyptic Literature | editor1-last = Hass | editor1-first = Andrew | editor2-last = Jasper | editor2-first = David | editor3-last = Jay | editor3-first = Elisabeth | title = The Oxford Handbook of English Literature and Theology | year = 2007 | publisher = Oxford University Press | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bKG12u11z2AC&pg=PA344 | isbn = 978-0-19-927197-9 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last1 = Ryken | first1 = Leland | last2 = Wilhoit | first2 = Jim | last3 = Longman | first3 = Tremper | title = Dictionary of Biblical Imagery | year = 1998 | publisher = InterVarsity Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qjEYEjVVEosC | isbn = 978-0-8308-6733-2 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last1 = Ryken | first1 = Leland | last2 = Longman | first2 = Tremper | title = The Complete Literary Guide to the Bible | year = 2010 | publisher = Zondervan | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=A2GCDsFC3XMC | isbn = 978-0-310-87742-4 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Sacchi | first = Paolo | title = The History of the Second Temple Period | year = 2004 | publisher = Continuum | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yGNyKdnpMa0C | isbn = 978-0-567-04450-1 }} * {{cite book | last = Schwartz | first = Daniel R. | title = Studies in the Jewish Background of Christianity | year = 1992 | publisher = Mohr Siebeck | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rd5OB4PtlCUC&pg=PA110 | isbn = 978-3-16-145798-2 }} * {{cite book | last = Seow | first = C.L. |author-link = Choon-Leong Seow | title = Daniel | year = 2003 | publisher = Westminster John Knox Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nuLapFR3AX4C | isbn = 978-0-664-25675-3 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Schiffman | first = Lawrence H. | title = From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism | year = 1991 | publisher = KTAV Publishing House | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3kWYHyBb4C8C | isbn = 978-0-88125-372-6 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Spencer | first = Richard A. | chapter = Additions to Daniel | editor1-last = Mills | editor1-first = Watson E. | editor2-last = Wilson | editor2-first = Richard F. | title = The Deuterocanonicals/Apocrypha | year = 2002 | publisher = Mercer University Press | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=doqYxT-1RzEC&pg=PA89 | isbn = 978-0-86554-510-6 }} * {{cite book | last=Theophilos | first=Michael P. | title=The Abomination of Desolation in Matthew 24.15 | publisher=Bloomsbury Academic | series=T & T Clark library of biblical studies | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-567-55468-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my3zsgYkaisC&pg=PA163 | page=163}} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Towner | first = W. Sibley | title = Daniel | year = 1984 | publisher = Westminster John Knox Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=F8EEY610xeAC | isbn = 978-0-664-23756-1 }} *{{cite book | editor-last=McConville | editor-first=Gordon J. | editor-last2=Boda | editor-first2=Mark J. | last=Tucker Jr. | first=W. D. | title=Dictionary of the Old Testament: Prophets: A Compendium Of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship | publisher=Inter-Varsity Press | year=2020 | isbn=978-1-78974-038-7 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GfnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT211 | orig-date=2012 | page=unpaginated | chapter=Daniel: History of Interpretation}} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = VanderKam | first = James C. | title = The Dead Sea Scrolls Today | year = 2010 | publisher = Eerdmans | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=i2i5haDHAygC | isbn = 978-0-8028-6435-2 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last1 = VanderKam | first1 = James C. | last2 = Flint | first2 = Peter | title = The meaning of the Dead Sea scrolls: their significance for understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity | year = 2013 | publisher = HarperCollins | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kT0PAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT146 | isbn = 978-0-06-224330-0 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Waters | first = Matt | title = Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BC | year = 2014 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=__xGAgAAQBAJ | isbn = 978-1-107-65272-9 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Weber | first = Timothy P. | chapter = Millennialism | editor1-last = Walls | editor1-first = Jerry L. | title = The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology | year = 2007 | publisher = Oxford University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=N1XYXMTe1jYC | isbn = 978-0-19-974248-6 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Wesselius | first = Jan-Wim | chapter = The Writing of Daniel | editor1-last = Collins | editor1-first = John J. | editor2-last = Flint | editor2-first = Peter W. | editor3-last = VanEpps | editor3-first = Cameron | title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception | year = 2002 | publisher = BRILL | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kvtbNQtMqEUC | isbn = 978-0-391-04128-8 }} {{refend}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|Book of Daniel}} {{Wikisource|Daniel (Bible)|Daniel}} {{Wikiquote}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050411205600/https://www.chabad.org/library/archive/LibraryArchive2.asp?AID=15773 Daniel (Judaica Press) *] translation [with [[Rashi]]'s commentary] at Chabad.org * [[King James Version|Bible, King James Version]] ({{Rejea tovuti|title = Bible, King James Version|url = http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/k/kjv/kjv-idx?type=DIV1&byte=3297390|website = quod.lib.umich.edu|access-date = 2016-01-17}}) Book of Daniel * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050206114043/http://www.anova.org/sev/htm/hb/27_daniel.htm ''Daniel'' at The Great Books *] (New Revised Standard Version) {{Biblia AK}} {{mbegu-Biblia}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Danieli}} [[Jamii:Vitabu vya Agano la Kale]] aufj2n8fyl5i59azttpxyvg6375f9xb That's the Way It Is 0 21124 1574492 1526999 2026-06-18T11:51:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single | Jina = That's The Way It Is | Cover = Ttwii1.jpg | Msanii = [[Celine Dion|Céline Dion]] | Albamu = [[All the Way… A Decade of Song]] | Imetolewa = [[1 Novemba]] [[1999]] | Muundo = [[CD single]], [[:en:12-inch single|12" single]] | Imerekodiwa = Paradise Sounds, Cheiron Studios | Aina = [[Pop]] | Urefu = 4:01 | Studio = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Epic Records|Epic]] | Mtunzi = [[Max Martin]], [[Kristian Lundin]], [[Andreas Carlsson]] | Mtayarishaji = Max Martin, Kristian Lundin | Certification = Platinamu <small>(Sweden)</small><br />Dhahabu<small>(Australia, Ubelgiji, Ujerumani)</small><br />Fedha<small>(Ufaransa)</small> | Single iliyopita = "Dans un autre monde" <br />(1999) | Single ya sasa = "That's the Way It Is" <br />(1999) | Single ijayo = "Then You Look at Me" <br />(1999) | }} "'''That's the Way It Is'''" ni single kiongozi katika albamu ya [[Celine Dion|Céline Dion]] ya muziki mchanganyiko ya ''[[All the Way… A Decade of Song]]'', iliyotolewa mnamo tar. [[1 Novemba]] [[1999]].<ref>{{cite book | author=Glatzer, Jenna| title=Céline Dion: For Keeps | url=https://archive.org/details/celinedionforkee0000glat| publisher=Andrews McMeel Publishing| year=2005 | isbn=0-7407-5559-5}}</ref> Ilitungwa na kutayarishwa chini ya kikosi cha watayarishaji wa Kisweden [[Max Martin]] na [[Kristian Lundin]], ambao wamewahi kuandika vibao vikali vya wasanii kama vile [['N Sync]], [[Backstreet Boys]] na [[Britney Spears]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.celinedion.com/celinedion/english/music.cgi?album_id=14&song_id=10 |title=Céline Dion<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2009-02-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213140734/http://www.celinedion.com/celinedion/english/music.cgi?album_id=14&song_id=10 |archivedate=2007-12-13 }}</ref> Céline Dion aliimba wimbo huu laivu na kundi zima la muziki wa pop na R&B la 'N Sync, wakati wa kipindi chake maalum cha TV ya [[:en:CBS|CBS]] mnamo 1999. Pia alishawahi kuumba wimbo huu tena wa "That's the Way It Is" kunako 1999 wakati wa ugawaji wa Tuzo za Billboard maarufu kama [[Billboard Music Award]]s na pia mwishoni mwa sherehe za [[Let's Talk About Love Tour]]. ==Muundo na orodha ya nyimbo== '''Australia/Ulaya/Japani/UK CD single''' # "That's the Way It Is" – 4:01 # "I Met an Angel (On Christmas Day)" – 3:20 '''Australian/Ulaya/UK CD maxi single''' # "That's the Way It Is" – 4:01 # "I Met an Angel (On Christmas Day)" – 3:20 # "[[My Heart Will Go On]]" (live) – 5:23 '''UK CD maxi single #2''' # "That's the Way It Is" – 4:01 # "That's the Way It Is" (Metro club remix) – 5:28 # "Another Year Has Gone By" – 3:24 '''U.S. CD maxi single''' # "That's the Way It Is" – 4:01 # "That's the Way It Is" (Metro club remix) – 5:28 # "[[I Want You to Need Me]]" ([[Thunderpuss]] radio mix) – 4:32 # "I Want You to Need Me" (Thunderpuss club mix) – 8:10 ==Toleo rasmi== # "That's the Way It Is" (Metro mix edit) – 3:12 # "That's the Way It Is" (Metro mix) – 3:20 # "That's the Way It Is" (Metro club remix) – 5:28 # "That's the Way It Is" (toleo la albamu) – 4:01 ==Chati== {|class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati (1999) !align="center"|Nafasi<br />iliyoshika |- |align="left"|Australian Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/chartifacts.htm Australian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|14 |- |align="left"|Austrian Singles Chart<ref>[http://oe3.orf.at/charts/ Austrian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|8 |- |align="left"|Belgian Flanders Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/nl/weekchart.asp?cat=s Belgian Flanders Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|17 |- |align="left"|Belgian Wallonia Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/fr/weekchart.asp?cat=s Belgian Wallonia Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|7 |- |align="left"|Canadian Singles Chart<ref>[http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/SINGLES.html Canadian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|13 |- |align="left"|Canadian Adult Contemporary Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.radioandrecords.com/Formats/Charts/Canada_AC_Chart.asp |title=Canadian Adult Contemporary Chart |accessdate=2009-02-13 |archivedate=2009-02-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214182611/http://www.radioandrecords.com/Formats/Charts/Canada_AC_Chart.asp }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Dutch Singles Chart<ref>[http://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=s Dutch Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|7 |- |align="left"|European Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=European+Hot+100+Singles |title=European Singles Chart |accessdate=2009-02-13 |archivedate=2009-05-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525060721/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=European+Hot+100+Singles }}</ref> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|Finnish Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.yle.fi/lista/listat/albumit.php Finnish Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|French Singles Chart |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|German Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |title=German Singles Chart |accessdate=2009-02-13 |archive-date=2010-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821222725/http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|8 |- |align="left"|Irish Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.irma.ie/aucharts.asp |title=Irish Singles Chart |accessdate=2009-02-13 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/63bnsE67I?url=http://www.irma.ie/aucharts.asp |archivedate=2011-12-01 }}</ref> |align="center"|12 |- |align="left"|Italian Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.fimi.it/classifiche.asp?idtipo_classifica=3 |title=Italian Singles Chart |accessdate=2009-02-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050301091055/http://www.fimi.it/classifiche.asp?idtipo_classifica=3 |archivedate=2005-03-01 }}</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|New Zealand Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |title=New Zealand Singles Chart |accessdate=2009-02-13 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5PkfqxTDF?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |archivedate=2007-06-21 |https://www.webcitation.org/5wChHAS9r?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |=https://www.webcitation.org/5wChHAS9r?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp }}</ref> |align="center"|7 |- |align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ifpi.no/sok/index_charts.htm |title=Norwegian Singles Chart |accessdate=2009-02-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722125118/http://www.ifpi.no/sok/index_charts.htm |archivedate=2012-07-22 }}</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|Spanish Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://promusicae.es/english.html |title=Spanish Singles Chart |accessdate=2009-02-13 |archive-date=2012-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316035943/http://promusicae.es/english.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|7 |- |align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>[http://swedishcharts.com/weekchart.asp?cat=s Swedish Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|Swiss Singles Chart<ref>[http://hitparade.ch/weekchart.asp?cat=s Swiss Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|5 |- |align="left"|UK Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.theofficialcharts.com/top40_singles.php UK Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|12 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=The+Billboard+Hot+100 |title=Billboard Hot 100 |accessdate=2009-02-13 |archivedate=2008-01-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080106162106/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=The+Billboard+Hot+100 }}</ref> |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Hot+Adult+Contemporary+Tracks |title=Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks |accessdate=2009-02-13 |archivedate=2009-02-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205003911/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Hot+Adult+Contemporary+Tracks }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Hot+Adult+Top+40+Tracks |title=Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks |accessdate=2009-02-13 |archivedate=2008-06-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621091521/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Hot+Adult+Top+40+Tracks }}</ref> |align="center"|5 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Dance Singles Sales<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Hot+Dance+Singles+Sales |title=Hot Dance Singles Sales |accessdate=2009-02-13 |archivedate=2009-05-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512153045/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Hot+Dance+Singles+Sales }}</ref> |align="center"|7 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Latin Pop Airplay<ref>[http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/currentsingles.jsp Hot Latin Pop Airplay]</ref> |align="center"|19 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Latin Tropical Airplay<ref>[http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/currentsingles.jsp Latin Tropical Airplay]</ref> |align="center"|17 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Rhythmic Top 40<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/top40_index.jsp |title=Rhythmic Top 40 |accessdate=2012-05-25 |archive-date=2009-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529041006/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/top40_index.jsp |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|40 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Top 40 Mainstream<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Mainstream+Top+40 |title=Top 40 Mainstream |accessdate=2009-02-13 |archivedate=2009-05-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520035709/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Mainstream+Top+40 }}</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Top 40 Tracks<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Pop+100+Airplay |title=Top 40 Tracks |accessdate=2009-02-13 |archivedate=2009-02-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205003847/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Pop+100+Airplay }}</ref> |align="center"|3 |} ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Celine Dion]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 1999]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo zilizotungwa na Max Martin]] mhtq30x3h6kg9ucq3zjk0amwcgbgog2 Hoboken, New Jersey 0 25571 1574221 1122145 2026-06-17T21:59:51Z Jmabel 90309 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Hoboken NJ photo D Ramey Logan.jpg]] → [[File:Hoboken NJ photo Don Ramey Logan.jpg]] [[c:Special:PermanentLink/1232765674#Mass_rename_requested]] 1574221 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Hoboken NJ photo Don Ramey Logan.jpg|thumbnail|right|280px|Muonekano wa Mji wa Hoboken, New Jersey]] {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Hoboken |picha_ya_satelite = Pier A Park lawn & gazebo Hoboken NJ.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = ''Frank Sinatra Park'' katika Hoboken (na [[Jengo la Empire State]] katika Manhattan) |pushpin_map = Marekani |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa mji wa Hoboken katika Marekani |settlement_type = Mji |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Marekani]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Orodha ya majimbo ya Marekani|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[New Jersey]] |subdivision_type2 = [[:en:List of counties in New Jersey|Wilaya]] |subdivision_name2 = [[:en:Hudson County, New Jersey|Hudson]] |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 39,853 |latd=40 |latm=44 |lats=41 |latNS=N |longd=74 |longm=1 |longs=59 |longEW=W |website = http://www.hobokennj.org/ }} [[Picha:HobokenNASA.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Hoboken, New Jersey]] '''Hoboken''' ni mji wa [[Marekani]] katika [[jimbo]] la [[New Jersey]]. Kwa mujibu wa sensa iliyofanyika mnamo mwaka wa 2006, mji una wakazi wapatao 40,000 wanaoishi katika mji huu. Mji upo m 9 kutoka [[juu ya usawa wa bahari]]. Eneo lake ni 5.1 [[Kilomita ya mraba|km²]]. {{commons}} {{mbegu-jio-new-jersey}} [[Jamii:Miji ya New Jersey]] [[Jamii:Mto Hudson]] [[Jamii:New York City]] [[Jamii:Hudson County, New Jersey]] a82rycdluslwwfmjby77mjxwzyi8d8q Rock with You 0 25797 1574332 1524533 2026-06-18T03:20:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single | Jina = Rock With You | Cover = Rock With You.jpg | Msanii = [[Michael Jackson]] | Albamu = [[Off the Wall]] | B-side = | Imetolewa = [[3 Novemba]] [[1979]] | Muundo = [[wimbo|7"]] | Imerekodiwa = [[1979]] | Aina = [[Disco]], [[Rhythm na blues|R&B]], [[muziki wa soul|Soul]] | Urefu = 3:39 | Studio = [[Epic Records]] | Mtunzi = [[Rod Temperton]] | Mtayarishaji = [[Michael Jackson]] na [[Quincy Jones]] | Single iliyopita = "[[Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough]]"<br />(1979) | Single ya sasa = "'''Rock with You'''"<br />(1979) | Single ijayo = "[[Off the Wall (wimbo)|Off the Wall]]"<br />(1980) | Misc = }} "'''Rock with You'''" ni wimbo uliotolewa kunako tar. [[3 Novemba]] [[1979]], ukiwa kama wimbo wa pili kutoka katika albamu ya tano ya mwimbaji wa [[Marekani|Kimarekani]] [[Michael Jackson]], ''[[Off the Wall]]''. Wimbo ulitungwa na mmoja kati ya wanachama wa bendi ya [[Heatwave]] [[Rod Temperton]], na kupelekea kumsaidia Jackson uwe wimbo kwanza na bora katika miaka ya 1980. Ripoti hizo zilitolewa na gazeti la ''[[Billboard (gazeti)|Billboard]]''. Wimbo ulishika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati za muziki wa [[pop]] na [[Rhythm na blues|R&B]] na kuwa miongoni mwa single za Jackson zilizopendwa zaidi. Muziki wa video wa wimbo huu unamwonyesha Jackson akiwa kwenye tabasamu zuuri huku akiwa amevaa suti ya kumelemeta na picha za mataa ya kung'aa kwa nyuma. Kwa mujibu wa Billboard, wimbo huu ulikuwa wa nne kwa ubora katika miaka ya 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=The+Billboard+Hot+100&g=Year-end+Singles&year=1980 |title=The Billboard Hot 100 - 1980 |accessdate=2012-07-29 |archive-date=2007-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121005544/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=The+Billboard+Hot+100&g=Year-end+Singles&year=1980 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Chati == {|class="wikitable" !align="left"|Chati (1979) !align="center"|Nafasi<br />Iliyoshika |- |align="left"|[[Australian Singles Chart]] |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|[[Canadian Singles Chart]] |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|[[German Singles Chart]] |align="center"|58 |- |align="left"|[[French Singles Chart]] |align="center"|59 |- |align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]] |align="center"|11 |- |align="left"|[[Italian Singles Chart]] |align="center"|9 |- |align="left"|Spanish Singles Chart |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]] |align="center"|7 |- |align="left"|US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] |align="center"|1 |- !align="left"|Chati (2009) !align="center"|Nafasi<br />Iliyoshika |- |[[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Singles Chart]] |align="center"|36 |- |align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]] |align="center"|54 |- |U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Digital Songs]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/michael-jackson-breaks-billboard-charts-1003989310.story |title=Billboard.com - Michael Jackson breaks Billboard charts |accessdate=2009-07-14 |archivedate=2009-07-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704213541/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/michael-jackson-breaks-billboard-charts-1003989310.story }}</ref> |align=center|17 |- |} == Orodha ya nyimbo == === UK single === # "Rock with You" - 3:20 # "Get on the Floor" - 4:57 ==== U.S. single ==== # "Rock with You" - 3:20 # "Working Day and Night" - 5:04 === ''Visionary'' single === ;CD side # "Rock with You" (7" edit) - 3:23 # "Rock with You" (Masters at Work Remix) - 5:33 ;Upande wa DVD # "Rock with You" (muziki wa video) == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya Nje == * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7hK3Y1Ehv9c Official YouTube video] {{Michael Jackson singles}} {{Mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 1979]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Michael Jackson]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo zilizotayarishwa na Quincy Jones]] tu82p4ic8sbw3kcn96pnv4iremxqgqt 1574423 1574332 2026-06-18T09:44:04Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1574423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single | Jina = Rock With You | Cover = Rock With You.jpg | Msanii = [[Michael Jackson]] | Albamu = [[Off the Wall]] | B-side = | Imetolewa = [[3 Novemba]] [[1979]] | Muundo = [[wimbo|7"]] | Imerekodiwa = [[1979]] | Aina = [[Disco]], [[Rhythm na blues|R&B]], [[muziki wa soul|Soul]] | Urefu = 3:39 | Studio = [[Epic Records]] | Mtunzi = [[Rod Temperton]] | Mtayarishaji = [[Michael Jackson]] na [[Quincy Jones]] | Single iliyopita = "[[Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough]]"<br />(1979) | Single ya sasa = "'''Rock with You'''"<br />(1979) | Single ijayo = "[[Off the Wall (wimbo)|Off the Wall]]"<br />(1980) | Misc = }} "'''Rock with You'''" ni wimbo uliotolewa kunako tar. [[3 Novemba]] [[1979]], ukiwa kama wimbo wa pili kutoka katika albamu ya tano ya mwimbaji wa [[Marekani|Kimarekani]] [[Michael Jackson]], ''[[Off the Wall]]''. Wimbo ulitungwa na mmoja kati ya wanachama wa bendi ya [[Heatwave]] [[Rod Temperton]], na kupelekea kumsaidia Jackson uwe wimbo kwanza na bora katika miaka ya 1980. Ripoti hizo zilitolewa na gazeti la ''[[Billboard (gazeti)|Billboard]]''. Wimbo ulishika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati za muziki wa [[pop]] na [[Rhythm na blues|R&B]] na kuwa miongoni mwa single za Jackson zilizopendwa zaidi. Muziki wa video wa wimbo huu unamwonyesha Jackson akiwa kwenye tabasamu zuuri huku akiwa amevaa suti ya kumelemeta na picha za mataa ya kung'aa kwa nyuma. Kwa mujibu wa Billboard, wimbo huu ulikuwa wa nne kwa ubora katika miaka ya 1980.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=The+Billboard+Hot+100&g=Year-end+Singles&year=1980 |title=The Billboard Hot 100 - 1980 |accessdate=2012-07-29 |archive-date=2007-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121005544/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=The+Billboard+Hot+100&g=Year-end+Singles&year=1980 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Chati == {|class="wikitable" !align="left"|Chati (1979) !align="center"|Nafasi<br />Iliyoshika |- |align="left"|[[Australian Singles Chart]] |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|[[Canadian Singles Chart]] |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|[[German Singles Chart]] |align="center"|58 |- |align="left"|[[French Singles Chart]] |align="center"|59 |- |align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]] |align="center"|11 |- |align="left"|[[Italian Singles Chart]] |align="center"|9 |- |align="left"|Spanish Singles Chart |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]] |align="center"|7 |- |align="left"|US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] |align="center"|1 |- !align="left"|Chati (2009) !align="center"|Nafasi<br />Iliyoshika |- |[[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Singles Chart]] |align="center"|36 |- |align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]] |align="center"|54 |- |U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Digital Songs]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/michael-jackson-breaks-billboard-charts-1003989310.story |title=Billboard.com - Michael Jackson breaks Billboard charts |accessdate=2009-07-14 |archivedate=2009-07-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704213541/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/michael-jackson-breaks-billboard-charts-1003989310.story }}</ref> |align=center|17 |- |} == Orodha ya nyimbo == === UK single === # "Rock with You" - 3:20 # "Get on the Floor" - 4:57 ==== U.S. single ==== # "Rock with You" - 3:20 # "Working Day and Night" - 5:04 === ''Visionary'' single === ;CD side # "Rock with You" (7" edit) - 3:23 # "Rock with You" (Masters at Work Remix) - 5:33 ;Upande wa DVD # "Rock with You" (muziki wa video) == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya Nje == * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7hK3Y1Ehv9c Official YouTube video] {{Michael Jackson singles}} {{Mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 1979]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Michael Jackson]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo zilizotayarishwa na Quincy Jones]] 12syi5mzo0dfixd6f212ovni9kjv7rg Saumu 0 30236 1574385 1405542 2026-06-18T05:41:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574385 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:EmaciatedBuddha.JPG|thumb|right|[[Sura]] ya [[Buddha]] aliyekonda kutokana na juhudi zake kali. [[Gandhara]], [[karne ya 2]] au [[Karne ya 3|ya 3]] [[BK]], [[British Museum]].]] [[Faili:Fasting.JPG|250px|thumb|right|Mwisho wa mfungo [[mskiti]]ni.]] '''Saumu''' (kutoka [[neno]] la [[Kiarabu]] صوم, ''sawm'', linalotokana na [[Kiaramu]] ܨܘܡܐ, ''ṣawmā''. Maana yake ni "kujikatalia", kama [[neno]] la [[Kiebrania]] ''tsom'')<ref>[http://www.muslimliving.org/Sawm/sawm.htm Fasting (Sawm)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.muslimliving.org/Sawm/sawm.htm |date=20120722023317 }}, muslimliving.org</ref> ni tendo la kujinyima [[chakula]] kwa sababu za kidini, ili kuweka [[roho]] huru kutoka [[utawala]] wa [[mwili]] wake, iweze kuinuka kwa [[Mungu]] na [[tafakuri|kutafakari]] kwa urahisi zaidi. Kuna pia ma[[lengo]] mengine ya saumu, kama vile [[mshikamano|kushikamana]] na ma[[fukara]]. ==Katika dini== Karibu [[dini]] zote zinafundisha umuhimu wa saumu, lakini namna ya kufunga chakula ni tofauti. ===Uyahudi=== [[Uyahudi]], [[madhehebu]] mengi ya [[Ukristo]] na hasa [[Uislamu]] vina siku maalumu za [[toba]] zinazodai kufunga. ===Ukristo=== [[Yesu]], aliyefunga [[jangwa]]ni [[siku]] [[arubaini]] mfululizo, aliwaelekeza wafuasi wake hasa namna ya kufunga, akiwadai wasijitafutie [[sifa]] kwa [[binadamu]] wenzao. Katika [[Matendo ya Mitume]] tunaweza kusoma juu ya mafungo yaliyoendana na [[sala]] katika [[jumuia]] za kwanza za [[Kanisa]]. Matendo ya toba yanazingatiwa bado hasa na [[watawa]], kwa namna ya pekee [[wamonaki]]. ===Uislamu=== Waislamu wanapaswa kufunga chakula na [[kinywaji]], yakiwemo [[maji]], kuanzia [[alfajiri]] hadi [[magharibi]] [[mwezi]] mzima wa [[Ramadhani]]. Saumu za sunna ni saumu yoyote ambayo si ya lazima, ila mtu anaifunga ili kujikurubisha kwa Mwenyezi Mungu. Saumu ina fadhila kubwa sana, na thawabu nyingi mno, tena maradufu, na kwa hakika Mwenyezi Mungu ameinasibisha saumu kwake yeye kwa ajili ya kuipa utukufu na kuitukuza. Katika [[Hadithi]] Al-Qudsy iliyopokewa na swahaba Abu Hurayrah, anasema: Amesema Mtume wa Mwenyezi Mungu: “kila tendo la mwanadamu huongezwa malipo ya wema wake mara kumi ya mfano wa jema hilo alilolitenda mpaka hufikia kuongezwa (huku kwa malipo ya wema huo) hadi nyogeza mara sabiini. Anasema Mwenyezi Mungu Mtukufu: Isipokuwa saumu, kwani hiyo saumu ni yangu mimi, na mimi ndiye mwenye kutoa malipo yake; (mja wangu) anaacha matamanio yake na chakula chake kwa ajili yangu. Katika kufunga saumu kuna furaha mbili: furaha (ya kwanza) ni pale anapofungua saumu aliyefunga, na furaha (ya pili) ni wakati (aliyefunga) atakapokutana na Mola wake. Na harufu inayotoka kwenye kinywa cha aliyefunga ni nzuri sana mbele ya Mwenyezi Mungu kushinda harufu ya miski”.<small>[Imepokewa na Bukhari na Muslim.]</small><<ref>[https://www.al-feqh.com/sw/saumu-funga-za-sunnah] </ref> Baadhi ya fadhila za saumu katika Uislamu: "Asema Mwenyezi Mungu: Enyi mloamini! Mmeandikiwa Saumu, kama waliyo andkikwa walio kuwa kabla yenu ili mpate kucha mungu.(Mfunge) siku maalumu za kuhisabika.na atakaye kuwa miongoni mwenu mgonjwa au yumo safarini basi atimiza hisabu katika siku nyingine. Na wale wasio weza watoe fidiya kwa kumlisha masikini na atakaye fanya wema kwa kujitolea, Basi ni bora kwake na Mkifunga ni bora kwenu kama mnajua". <small>(Al-Baqarah- Aya 183: 185)</small><ref>https://www.al-feqh.com/sw/fadhila-za-saumu-na-hukumu-zake</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [https://www.al-feqh.com/sw Saumu katika Uislamu] {{mbegu-dini}} [[Jamii:Dini]] [[Jamii:Maisha ya kiroho]] e2lww18wfu81va6i1bbsuepn8v3093k Raekwon 0 31395 1574309 1523978 2026-06-18T01:29:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist |Jina = Raekwon The Chef |Background = solo_singer |Jina la kuzaliwa = Corey Woods |Img = Rae gotta get a plate now.JPG |Img_capt = |Amezaliwa = |Asili yake = [[New York City]], [[New York]], [[United States]] |Aina = [[Hip hop]] |Miaka ya kazi = 1993 - mpaka sasa |Studio = [[Loud Records|Loud]], [[Universal Records|Universal]], [[Aftermath Entertainment|Aftermath]], [[EMI]]<br>[[Legion of D.O.O.M.]] | Ameshirikiana na = [[Wu-Tang Clan]] |Tovuti = [http://www.myspace.com/raekwon www.myspace.com/raekwon] }} '''Corey Woods''' (amezaliwa [[12 Januari]], [[1970]]) ni msanii wa [[muziki wa hip hop|rap na hip hop]] kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Anafahamika zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii kama '''Raekwon''' (pia huitwa "Raekwon the Chef"). Huyu ni mmoja kati ya wanaounda kundi zima la muziki wa hip la [[Wu-Tang Clan]]. Alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza akiwa kama msanii wa kujitegemea mnamo mwaka wa 1995. Albamu ilikwenda kwa jina la ''[[Only Built 4 Cuban Linx...]]'', na akaendelea kufanya shughuli zake akiwa kama msanii wa kujitegemea huku akiwa na washikaji zake wa Wu-Tang Clan. Mnamo mwaka wa 2009, Raekwon ametoa toleo la pili la albamu yake ya kwanza na kuipa sifa ileile, ''[[Only Built 4 Cuban Linx... Pt. II]]''. ==Diskografia== ===Albamu=== {|class="wikitable" |- !rowspan="2"| Mwaka !rowspan="2"| Jina !colspan="3"| Nafasi ya Chati<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/raekwon-p144748|title=Raekwon > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums|publisher=allmusic|accessdate=2009-09-18}}</ref> !rowspan="2"| RIAA certifications<ref>{{cite web|url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=raekwon&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&Imetolewaate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&Studio=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2009&sort=CertificationDate&perPage=25|title=Gold & Platinum - Raekwon|publisher=RIAA|accessdate=2008-09-08}}</ref> |- !width="40"|<small>[[Billboard 200|U.S.]]</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|U.S. R&B]]</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Top Rap Albums|U.S. Rap]]</small> |- |1995 |'''''[[Only Built 4 Cuban Linx...]]''''' * Imetolewa: 1 Agosti 1995 * Studio: [[Loud Records|Loud]] |align="center"|4 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|* |align=center|Gold |- |1999 |'''''[[Immobilarity]]''''' * Imetolewa: 16 Novemba 1999 * Studio: Loud |align="center"|9 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|* |align=center|Gold |- |2003 |'''''[[The Lex Diamond Story]]''''' * Imetolewa: 16 Desemba 2003 * Studio: [[Universal Music Group|Universal]] |align="center"|102 |align="center"|18 |align="center"|* |align=center|- |- |2009 |'''''[[Only Built 4 Cuban Linx… Pt. II|Only Built 4 Cuban Linx... Pt. II]]''''' * Imetolewa: 8 Septemba 2009 * Studio: [[EMI]] |align="center"|4 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|2 |align=center|210,000<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.9931/title.hip-hop-album-sales-the-week-ending-10-4-2009 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-11-05 |archive-date=2009-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030230629/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.9931/title.hip-hop-album-sales-the-week-ending-10-4-2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} ===Kandamseto=== {| class="wikitable" ! width="350"|Jina la Albamu ! width="150" align="center"|Tarehe ya Kutolewa |- |''Only Built 4 the Streets'' |2003 |- |''Heroin Only'' |2006 |- |''R.A.G.U. (Rae and Ghost United)'' |2006 |- |''The Vatican Mixtape Vol. 1'' |2007 |- |''The Vatican Mixtape Vol. 2: The DaVinci Code'' |2007 |- |''The Vatican Mixtape Vol. 3: House of Wax'' |2007 |- |''R.A.G.U. Vol. 2 (Raekwon and Ghostface United Pt. 2)'' |2008 |- |''Blood On Chefs Apron'' |2009 |- |''Staten Go Hard''<ref>[http://www.welivethis.com/newsfeed/2009/03/23/raekwon-staten-hard-mixtape-cover Raekwon - Staten Go Hard Mixtape] {{Wayback|url=http://www.welivethis.com/newsfeed/2009/03/23/raekwon-staten-hard-mixtape-cover |date=20090327145117 }}. ''WeLiveThis.com''. Accessed [[23 Machi]] [[2009]]</ref> |2009 |} ===Single zake=== {|class="wikitable" |- !rowspan="2"| Mwaka !rowspan="2"| Jina !colspan="3"| Nafasi ya Chati !rowspan=2|Albamu |- !width="40"|<small>[[Billboard Hot 100|U.S.]]</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|U.S. R&B]]</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Hot Rap Tracks|U.S. Rap]]</small> |- |1994 |"[[Heaven & Hell]]" <small>(akimshirikisha [[Ghostface Killah]])</small> |align=center|— |align=center|102<ref>{{citation|title=Bubbling Under Hot R&B Singles|date=1995-01-14|work=Billboard|volume=107|number=2|page=19|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tQsEAAAAMBAJ}}</ref> |align=center|32 |align=left|''Fresh'' soundtrack and ''Only Built 4 Cuban Linx...'' |- |rowspan=2|1995 |"Incarcerated Scarfaces" / "[[Ice Cream]]" <small>(akimshirikisha Ghostface Killah, [[Method Man]], na [[Cappadonna]])</small> |align=center|37 |align=center|37 |align=center|5 |align=left rowspan=2|''Only Built 4 Cuban Linx...'' |- |"Glaciers of Ice" <small>(akimshirikisha Ghostface Killah, [[Masta Killa]], and [[Blue Raspberry]])</small>/ "[[Criminology (song)|Criminology]]" <small>(akimshirikisha Ghostface Killah)</small> |align=center|43 |align=center|32 |align=center|5 |- |1999 |"Live From New York" |align=center|— |align=center|— |align=center|30 |align=left|''Immobiliarity'' |- |2003 |"Smith Bros." |align=center|— |align=center|— |align=center|— |align=left rowspan=2|''The Lex Diamond Story'' |- |2004 |"The Hood" <small>(akimshirikisha [[Tiffany Villarreal]])</small> |align=center|— |align=center|— |align=center|— |- |rowspan=3|2009 |"New Wu" <small>(akimshirikisha Ghostface Killah and Method Man)</small> |align=center|— |align=center|— |align=center|— |align=left rowspan=2|''Only Built 4 Cuban Linx... Part II'' |- |"House of Flying Daggers" <small>(akimshirikisha GZA, Method Man, Inspectah Deck, Ghostface Killah)</small> |align=center|— |align=center|— |align=center|— |- |"Catalina" <small>(akimshirikisha [[Lyfe Jennings]])</small> |align=center|— |align=center|— |align=center|— |- |} ====Akiwa kama mwimbaji mshirikishwa==== {|class="wikitable" |- !rowspan="2"| Mwaka !rowspan="2"| Jina !colspan="3"| Nafasi ya Chati !rowspan=2|Albamu |- !width="40"|<small>U.S.</small> !width="40"|<small>U.S. R&B</small> !width="40"|<small>U.S. Rap</small> |- |2000 |"Apollo Kids" <small>(Ghostface Killah akimshirikisha Raekwon)</small> |align=center|— |align=center|121 |align=center|32 |''[[Supreme Clientele]]'' |- |2001 |"[[Never Be the Same Again]]" <small>(Ghostface Killah akimshirikisha [[Carl Thomas]] na Raekwon)</small> |align=center|— |align=center|65 |align=center|21 |''[[Bulletproof Wallets]]'' |- |2008 |"[[Royal Flush]]" <small>([[Big Boi]] akimshirikisha [[Andre 3000]] na Raekwon)</small> |align=center|— |align=center|68 |align=center|— |''Sir Luscious Left Foot: The Son of Chico Dusty'' |- |} ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * {{Myspace|raekwon}} * [http://www.wutangcorp.com/ Wu-Tang Clan website] * [http://hhcdigital.net/blog1/2009/05/14/hhc-digital-002/ HHC Digital interview with Raekwon about 'Only Built 4 Cuban Linx 2']{{Wayback|url=http://hhcdigital.net/blog1/2009/05/14/hhc-digital-002/ |date=20091117204214 }} * {{IMDb name|id=0706095|name=Raekwon}} * [http://blacksheepmag.com/issue/hip-hop/features-and-interviews/373-the-new-wu Raekwon video interview] {{Wayback|url=http://blacksheepmag.com/issue/hip-hop/features-and-interviews/373-the-new-wu |date=20090822201330 }} Agosti 2009 on Black Sheep Magazine * [http://mixeryrawdeluxe.tv/index.php/News/Index/style/pastshows/id/5427 Raekwon video interview] {{Wayback|url=http://mixeryrawdeluxe.tv/index.php/News/Index/style/pastshows/id/5427 |date=20090922190714 }} Septemba 2009 / Only Built 4 Cuban Linx 2 {{Raekwon}} {{Wu-Tang Clan}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-USA}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanachama wa Wu-Tang Clan]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Aftermath Entertainment]] 4wb77ipfzwnchl1zx4y5knelyx0xq74 Pembetatu ya Bermuda 0 32575 1574227 1497901 2026-06-17T22:05:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 7 books for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574227 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Bermuda Triangle.png|thumb|300px| ]] '''Pembetatu ya Bermuda''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''Bermuda Triangle'') ni eneo la [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] pande zote mbili za [[ikweta]] mbele ya [[pwani]] ya [[Amerika Kaskazini]], baina ya [[Florida]], [[Puerto Rico]] na [[visiwa]] vya [[Bermuda]]. Pembe ya kaskazini inaingia katika [[Bahari ya Sargasso]]. Tangu mwaka 1964 jina la "Pembetatu ya Bermuda" lilibuniwa na kusambazwa na [[waandishi wa habari]] wakijaribu kueleza kupotea kwa [[boti]], [[meli]] na [[Ndege (uanahewa)|ndege]] katika eneo hili<ref>Gaddis, Vincent (1964), "The Deadly Bermuda Triangle", Argosy</ref>. [[Kitabu]] cha [[Charles Berlitz]] cha mwaka 1974 "The Bermuda Triangle ("<ref>Berlitz, Charles (1974). The Bermuda Triangle (1st ed.). Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-04114-4.</ref> kiliuzwa mara [[milioni]] na kusambaza habari za eneo lililoaminiwa kuwa na hatari za pekee. Inadaiwa kutoweka kwa ndege na meli katika hali isiyojulikana ambayo haiwezi kuelezewa kama [[makosa ya binadamu]], [[uharamia]], hitilafu ya vifaa, au [[maafa ya asilia]]. [[Tamaduni]] maarufu zinahusisha kutoweka huku na jambo lisilo la kawaida ambalo haliwezi kuelezewa kwa njia za kisayansi, kutanguliwa kwa [[sheria]] za [[fizikia]], au shughuli za [[viumbe visivyo vya kawaida]]. <ref name="Cochran,2003">{{cite journal | last = Cochran-Smith | first = Marilyn | year = 2003 | title = Bermuda Triangle: dichotomy, mythology, and amnesia | journal = Journal of Teacher Education | volume = 54 | doi = 10.1177/0022487103256793 | page = 275 }}</ref> Nyaraka nyingi hufunua, hata hivyo, kwamba sehemu kubwa ya madai ya matukio haya ya kidude hayajaripotiwa kwa makini au baadaye yalirembeshwa na waandishi, na mashirika rasmi mbalimbali yamesema kwamba [[idadi]] na aina za kutoweka katika eneo hili ni sawa na eneo lolote la [[bahari]]. <ref name="Bermuda Triangle =Introduction">{{cite web | url = http://www.bermuda-triangle.org/html/introduction.html | title = Introduction | publisher = [http://www.bermuda-triangle.org Bermuda Triangle] }}</ref> <ref name="Bermuda Triangle Aircraft Losses">{{cite web | url = http://www.bermuda-triangle.org/html/aircraft_losses.html | title = Aircraft Losses | publisher = [http://www.bermuda-triangle.org Bermuda Triangle] }}</ref> <ref name="Bermuda Triangle Missing Vessels">{{cite web | url = http://www.bermuda-triangle.org/html/missing_vessels.html | title = Missing Vessels | publisher = [http://www.bermuda-triangle.org Bermuda Triangle] | accessdate = 2009-12-01 | archive-date = 2016-03-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160314034145/http://www.bermuda-triangle.org/html/missing_vessels.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> == Eneo la Pembetatu == Mipaka ya Pembetatu imetanda hadi kwenye [[Straits ya Florida]], [[Bahamas]] na eneo zima la kisiwa cha Karibiani na mashariki ya Atlantika hadi [[Azori]]; wengine huiongeza hadi kwenye [[Ghuba ya Meksiko]]. Mipaka inayojulikana sana ya pembe tatu katika kazi za uandishi ina ncha zake mahali fulani kwenye pwani ya Atlantiki [[Miami]], [[San Juan]], [[Puerto Rico]], na Atlantiki ya katikati ya kisiwa cha [[Bermuda]], huku ajali nyingi zikitokea kando ya mpaka wa kusini karibu na Bahamas Straits ya Florida. Eneo hili ni mojawapo ya njia zinazotumiwa sana na meli ulimwenguni, huku meli zikivuka eneo hili kila siku ili kwenda bandari katika Amerika, [[Ulaya]], na Visiwa vya Karibiani. Meli za vinjari pia ni nyingi,na dau za raha mara kwa mara hupitia hapa kwenda kati ya Florida na visiwa. Pia ni njia inayopitiwa sana na ndege za kibiashara na kibinafsi zikielekea Florida, Karibiani, na [[Amerika ya Kusini]] kutoka kwa pointi zilizoko kaskazini. == Historia == === Chimbuko === Madai ya awali kabisa kuhusu kutoweka kusio kwa kawaida katika eneo la Bermuda yatokea katika makala ya 16 Septemba 1950 [[Associated Press]] yaliyoandikwa na EVW Jones. <ref name="Jones,1950">{{cite newspaper | title = ''unknown title'', newspaper articles | agency = Associated Press | author = E.V.W. Jones | date = 16 Septemba 1950 }}</ref> Miaka miwili baadaye, jalida la ''[[fate]]'' lilichapisha "Sea Mystery At Our Back Door ", <ref name="Sand,1952">{{cite journal | title = Sea Mystery At Our Back Door | author = George X. Sand | journal = [[Fate (magazine)|Fate]] | month = Oktoba| year=1952}}</ref> makala fupi yaliyoandikwa na George X.Sand yaliyohusu kutoweka kwa ndege na meli kadhaa, zikiwemo kupotewa kwa [[Flight 19]], ya kundi la tano la [[la mabaharia wa US TBM Avenge]] wakurusha mabomu waliokuwa katika misheni ya mafunzo Makala ya Sand yalikuwa ya kwanza kuweka vilivyo eneo linalojulikana sasa la pembe tatu ambapo kutoweka huku kulitokea. Flight 19 peke yake ilishughulukiwa katika toleo la Aprili 1962 la jalida la ''American Legion ''. <ref name="Eckert,1962">{{cite journal | title = The Lost Patrol | journal = American Legion | author = Allen W. Eckert | month = Aprili| year=1962}}</ref> Ilidaiwa kuwa kiongozi wa ndege alisikia akisema "Tunaingia njia ya maji meupe, hakuna kitu kinachonekana kuwa sahihi. Hatujui tuko wapi sisi, maji ni ya kijani kibichi, si meupe." Pia alidai kuwa maafisa katika bodi ya uchunguzi wa mabaharia walisema kuwa ndege "ilienda kwa Mirihi." Makala ya Sand yalikuwa ya kwanza kupendekeza jambo la kimiujiza kwa tukio la Flight 19. Februari 1964 katika toleo la [[Argosy, makala ya Vincent Gaddis]] "The Deadly Bermuda Triangle" alisema kuwa Flight 19 na kutoweka kwingine kulikuwa sehemu ya mtindo wa matukio ya ajabu katika eneo hili. <ref name="Gaddis,1964"/> Mwaka ujao, Gaddis aliezea na kupanua makala haya katika kitabu, ''Invisible Horizons.'' <ref name="Gaddis,1965">{{cite book | title = Invisible Horizons | url = https://archive.org/details/invisiblehorizon0000vinc | author = Vincent Gaddis | year = 1965 }}</ref> Wengine wangefuata na kazi zao, wakitilia nguvu wazo la Gaddis: John Wallace Spencer ''(Limbo wa Lost,'' 1969, repr. 1973); <ref name="Spencer,1969"/> [[Charles Berlitz]] ''(The Bermuda Triangle'', 1974); <ref name="Berlitz,1974"/> [[Richard Winer]] ''(The Devil's Triangle,'' 1974), <ref name="Winer,1974"/> na wengine wengi, wote wakitilia maanani baadhi ya vipengele vya kimiujiza sawa na ilivyoainishwa na Eckert. <ref name="Eckert, 2004">{{cite journal | url = http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-12789881_ITM | title = Strange fish: the scientifiction of Charles F. Berlitz, 1913–2003 | journal = Skeptic | location = Altadena, CA | date = Machi 2004 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180553/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-12789881_ITM | archivedate = 2007-09-30 | access-date = 2009-12-01 | dead-url = no }}</ref> === Larry Kusche === [[Lawrence David Kusche]], mtafiti wa maktaba kutoka [[chuo kikuu cha Arizona State]] na mwandishi wa ''The Bermuda Triangle mystery: Solved'' (1975) <ref name="Kusche,1975"/> alisema kuwa madai mengi ya mwaandishi Gaddis na ya waandishi wa baadaye mara nyingi yalikuwa yakitiwa chumvi, ya uwongo au yasiyoweza kuthibitishwa. Utafiti Kusche's yalifunua mambo kadhaa yasiyo sahihi na yasiyofuatana na maelezo ya Berlitz na kauli kutoka kwa mashahidi wenye kuyaona, washiriki, na wengine waliohusika katika matukio ya awali. Kusche alibainisha matukio ambapo habari muhimu zilizowekwa kisiri hazikuripotiwa, kama kupotea kwa mwanadau aliyekuwa akizunguka ulimwengu [[Donald Crowhurst]], ambao Berlitz alikuwa ameiwasilisha kama kilinge, licha ya ushahidi wa wazi uliokuwa kinyume na hayo. Mfano mwingine alikuwa meli ya kubeba madini ambayo Berlitz alielezea kwa iliopotea kama siku tatu bila ya alama kutoka kwa bandari ya ''Atlantiki'' wakati ilikuwa imepotea siku tatu kutoka kwa bandari kwa jina lilo hilo katika Bahari ya ''Pasifiki.'' Kusche pia alisema kuwa asilimia kubwa ya matukio ambayo yalisababisha kuangazwa sana kwa vilinge vya Pembetatu yalitokea nje yake. Utafiti wake mara nyingi alikuwa wa njia rahisi: yeye angepitia magazeti ya wakati wa kuripotiwa kwa matukio na kupata taarifa juu ya uwezekano wa matukio husika kama hali ya hewa isiyo ya kawaida, ambayo hayakuwa kamwe yametajwa kwenye hadithi za upotevu . Kusche alihitimisha kuwa: * Idadi ya meli na ndege zilizoripotiwa kupotea katika eneo hili hazikuwa nyingi zaidi kuliko, ya kiwango kilichoripotiwa, katika sehemu nyingine yoyote ya bahari. * Katika eneo linakuwa mara kwa mara na [[dhoruba]] za [[kitropiki]], idadi matukio ya kupotea iliyoteke ilikuwa, kwa sehemu kubwa, isiyo ya kiwango kisicho cha kawaida wala, isiyowezekana, wala ya kilinge; Aidha, Berlitz na waandishi wengine wangekosa mara nyingi kutaja dhoruba kama hizi. * Idadi yenyewe imekuwa imetiwa chumvi na utafiti dhaifu. Mashua iliyotajwa kama imepotea ingeripotiwa, lakini mwishowe (kama imechelewa) kurudi kwake bandari kulikuwa hakuliripotiwi. * Baadhi ya kupotea kulikuwa kwa kweli, kamwe hakujatokea. Mojawapo wa kuanguka kwa ndege kulisemekana kutokea mwaka wa 1937 kando ya [[ufua wa Daytona , Florida]], mbele ya mamia ya mashahidi; lakini uchunguzi wa majarida ya huko hakuonyesha chochote. * Hadithi ya Pembetatu ya Bermuda ni kilinge cha kuundwa, kilichoanzishwa na kuenezwa na waandishi ambao kwa makusudi kwa kutojua walitumia kauli sizosahihi, hoja zisizokamili, na sizo na zilizotakiwa kutoa mwasho mkubwa. <ref name="Kusche,1975" (277)=""/> === Majibu zaidi === Wakati kipindi cha televisheni ya Channel 4 ya Uingereza cha "The Bermuda Triangle" (c. 1992) kilikuwa kiinatayarishwa na John Simmons kwa vipindi vya Equinox Geofilms , mwanabaharia wa bima [[Lloyd wa London]] aliulizwa ikiwa idadi kubwa isiyo ya kawaida ya meli ilikuwa imezama katika eneo la Pembetatu ya Bermuda. Lloyd wa London alionyesha kuwa idadi kubwa ya meli haikuwa imezama huko. <ref name="WoodsHole Bermuda"/> Rekodi ya [[Coast Guard katika pwani ya Marekani]] ilithibitisha hitimisho lao. Kwa kweli, idadi ya kupotea kunakodhania ni ya kiwango kisicho na umuhimu wowote ikizingatiwa idadi ya meli na ndege ambazo hupitia hapa kila mara. <ref name="Kusche,1975"/> Coast Guard ya pwani pia wanashuku kuwepo kwa Pembetatu, akibainishwa kwamba wao hukusanya na kuchapisha, kupitia maoni yao, kiasi kikubwa cha nyaraka ambazo haziambatani na mengi ya matukio yaliyoandikwa na waandishi juu ya Pembetatu. Katika tukio moja kama hilo l 1972 lilishirikisha mlipuko na kuzama kwa tanka ya [[SS]] ''[[V.A .Fogg]]'' katika Ghuba ya Mexico, Coast Guard ilipiga picha mabaki na kupata miili kadhaa, <ref name="USCG Fogg">{{cite web | url = http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-m/moa/boards/vafog.pdf | title = V A Fogg | format = PDF | publisher = USCG }}</ref>tofauti na mwandishi mmoja wa Pembetatu aliyedai kuwa miili yote ilikuwa imetoweka, isipokuwa wa nahodha, ambaye alikutwa ameketi katika dawati la chumba chake, akishikilia kikombe cha kahawa. <ref name="Spencer,1969"/> Tukio la [[Nova]] / [[Horizon]]''The Case of the Bermuda Triangle'' (1976-06-27) ilikosolewa sana, na kusemekana kuwa "Wakati tumeenda nyuma kwa chanzo cha asili au watu wanaohusika, kilinge huvukiza. Sayansi haina haja ya kujibu maswali kuhusu Pembetatu sababu si halali kwanza. ... Meli na ndege kwenye Pembetatu huwa katika hali sawa na mahali pengine ulimwenguni. <ref name="NOVA,1976">{{cite episode | series = [[NOVA (TV series)|NOVA]] / [[Horizon (BBC TV series)|Horizon]] | title = The Case of the Bermuda Triangle | airdate = 1976-06-27 | network = PBS }}</ref> Watafiti wenye shaka, kama vile Ernest Taves <ref name="Taves,1978">{{cite journal | last = Taves|first=Ernest | title = | journal = [[The Skeptical Inquirer]] | year = 1978 | volume = 111 | issue = 1 | pages = p.75–76 }}</ref> na Barry Singer, <ref name="Singer,1979">{{cite journal | last = Singer|first=Barry | title = | journal = The Humanist | volume = XXXIX | issue = 3 | year = 1979 | pages = p.44–45 }}</ref> walibainisha jinsi vilenge na mambo haya yasiyo ya kawainda ni maarufu sana na yenye faida. Hii imepelekea kuundwa kwa kiasi kikubwa cha nyenzo juu ya mada kama vile Pembetatu ya Bermuda. Waliweza pia kuonyesha kuwa baadhi ya maudhui yanayoenda kinyume na mambo haya yasiyoweza kuelezewa kisayansi mara nyingi ni ya kupotosha au yasiyo na usahihi, lakini wazalishaji wake huendelea kuyauza. Vile vile, wao wamedai kwamba, soko lina upendeleo kwa vitabu, vipindi vya TV , nk ambazo zinaunga mkono kilinge cha Pembetatu, dhidi ya nyenzo zilizofanyiwa utafiti vizuri kama vinaonyesha kushuku maoni haya. Hatimaye, kama Pembetatu inadhaniwa kuvuka ardhi, kama sehemu za Puerto Rico, [[Bahamas]], au Bermuda yenyewe, hakuna ushahidi kwa kutokea kwa magari au watu waliokwenye nchi kavu. {{Fact|date=Machi 2009}} Mji wa [[Freeport]], ulio ndani ya Pembetatu, huwa na eneo kubwa la meli uwanja wa ndege ambao kila mwaka hushughulikia safari za ndege 50000, na hutembelea na watalii zaidi ya milioni moja kila mwaka. == Maelezo ya maajabu == Waandishi wa Pembetatu umetumia idadi kadhaa za dhana ya miujiza kuelezea matukio. Moja ya maelezo hushikilia lawama juu teknolojia iliyobaki kutoka hadithi za bara la [[Atlantis]] iliyopotea. Wakati mwingine iliyounganishwa na hadithi ya Atlantis ni mwamba ulizoma ilipokuwa ukiundwa unayjulikana kama [[Bimini Road]] kando ya kisiwa cha [[Bimini]] katika Bahamas, ambayo ipo katika Pembetatu kulingana na baadhi ya ufafanuzi. Wafuasi wa mtabiri [[Edgar Cayce]] wameuchukulia utabiri wake kuwa ushahidi wa Atlantis ungepatikana mwaka wa 1968 kama anaomaanisha ugunduzi wa Bimini Road. Waumini huelezea uundaji kama barabara, ukuta, au muundo mwingine, ingawa wanajiolojia huichukulia kuwa ni wa asili ya kiasili. Waandishi wengine wanahusisha matukio na [[UFO]]. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://ufos.about.com/od/classicufocases/a/bermudatriangle.htm |title=UFO over Bermuda Triangle |publisher=Ufos.about.com |date=2008-06-29 |accessdate=2009-06-01 |archivedate=2017-01-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108094343/http://ufos.about.com/od/classicufocases/a/bermudatriangle.htm }}</ref> Wazo hili lilitumiwa na [[Steven Spielberg]] kwa filamu yake ya chuku ya [[kisayansi]] [[Close Encounters of the Third Kind]], ambayo huangazia kupotea kwa Flight 19 kama utekajinyara na viumbe vya mbali. [[Charles Berlitz]], mjukuu wa mwanalugha maarufu na mwandishi wa vitabu mbalimbali vya ziada juu ya jambo hili lisilo la kawaida, anashikilia sambamba maelezo yake ya ajabu , na amehusisha kotoweka katika Pembetatu na nguvu zisizo za kawaida. <ref name="Berlitz,1974"/> == Maelezo ya asili == === Tofauti kwenye dira === Matatizo ya [[dira]] ni mojawapo ya misemo iliyotajwa sana katika matukio mengi ya Pembetatu. Wakati baadhi ya watu wanaamini kwamba mambo yasiyo ya kawaida kwenye usumaku wa kawaida yanaweza kuwepo katika eneo hilo, <ref name="USNAVY">{{cite web|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq8-1.htm|title=Bermuda Triangle|publisher=US Navy|accessdate=2009-05-26|archivedate=2002-08-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020802035846/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq8-1.htm}}</ref> laikini mambo haya yasiyo ya kawaida hayajaonyeshwa kuwepo. Dira zina [[usumaku]] wa kiasili [[tofauti]] na [[ncha za usumaku]]. Kwa mfano, katika [[Marekani]] mahali pekee ambapo [[usumaku (dira) wa kaskazini]] na [[kaskazini]] ya [[kijiografia (kweli)]] zipo sawa katika mstari unatoka kutoka [[Wisconsin]]hadi [[Ghuba ya Meksiko.]] Wanabaharia wamefahamu hili kwa karne nyingi. Lakini umma waweza usiwe na ujuzi huu, na hudhani kuna kitu cha ajabu kuhusu dira "kubadilika" katika eneo kubwa kama Pembetatu, ambalo kwa kawaida hutokea. <ref name="Kusche,1975"/> === Uharibifu wa makusudi === Matendo ya makusudi ya uharibifu yanaweza kuwa katika makundi mawili: matendo yatakanayo na vita, na vitendo vya uharamia. Rekodi katika faili za adui zimeangaliwa dhidi ya kutoweka kwingi; wakati kuzama kwingi kumekuwa kukihusishwa na washabulizi wa baharini au monawari za kivita wakati wa [[Vita]] vya [[Dunia]] na kumbukumbu yake kuwekwa katika logi ya vitabu vya amri mbalimbali , kuzama kwingine kwingi ambako kumetuhumiwa kuwa katika kitengo hiki hakujathibitishwa Inatuhumiwa kuwa kutoweka kwa USS ''Cyclops'' katika 1918, vile vile meli za aina moja nayo ''Proteus'' na ''Nerea'' wakati wa [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]], kulihusishwa na monawari za kivita, lakini hakuna kiungo kama hicho kilichopatikana kwenye rekodi ya Kijerumani. [[Uharamia]], kama inavyofafanuliwa ni kuteka meli au mashua ndogo hadi kwenye maji makuu, ni tendo ambalo linaendelea hadi wa leo. Wakati uharamia wa meli za shehena wizi unatendeka zaidi katika Pasifiki ya magharibi na bahari ya Hindi, walanguzi wa dawa za kulevya huiba boti za radhi kwa kwa ajili ya kufanya magendo, na huenda wanahusika katika kutoweka kwa mabaharia na mashua katika Karibiani. [[Uharamia kwenye Karibiani]]ulikuwa jambo la kawaida kutoka 1560 hadi 1760, na maharamia maarufu walikuwa ni pamoja na Edward Teach [[(Blackbeard)]] na [[Jean Lafitte.]] {{Fact|date=Mei 2009}} [[Picha:Gulfstream1.jpg|thumb|upright|Sanamu yenye rangi za uongo ya kijito cha ghumba kinach opitia kaskazini hadi magharibi mwa Atlantiki. (NASA)]] === Fumbu la Ghuba === [[Fumbu la Ghuba]] ni maburuzo ya bahari yanayoanzia katika [[Ghuba ya Meksiko]] na kisha kupitia [[Strait]] ya [[Florida]] katika Atlantiki ya Kaskazini. Kwa kiini, ni mto ndani ya bahari, na, kama mto, linaweza na kubeba vitu vinavyoelea. Ina kasi ya baharini ya hadi {{convert|2.5|m/s|mph}} <ref>{{cite web|last=Phillips|first=Pamela|title=The Gulf Stream|url=http://fermi.jhuapl.edu/student/phillips/|publisher=USNA/Johns Hopkins|accessdate=2007-08-02}}</ref> Ndege ndogo inayopaaa majini au mashua iliyo na injini yeneye taabu inaweza kubebwa na kupelekwa mbali na mahali inaporipotiwa kuwa kwa sasa. === Makosa ya binadamu === Moja ya maelezo mengi yaliyotolewa kwenye maoni rasmi dhidi ya kutoweka kwa ndege au chombo ni makosa ya binadamu. <ref name="NATGEO">{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/12/1205_021205_bermudatriangle.html|title=Bermuda Triangle: Behind the Intrigue|publisher=National Geographic|accessdate=2009-05-26}}</ref> Iwe kwa makusudi au ajali, binadamu wamekuwa wakijulikana kwa kufanya makosa yanayosababisha janga, na hasara ndani ya Pembetatu ya Bermuda na hili si jambo lenye utata. Kwa mfano, Coast Guard ilitaja ukosefu wa mafunzo ya kutosha kwa ajili ya kusafisha mabaki ya tete ya [[benzene]] kama sababu ya kupotea kwa meli ya SS ''VA Fogg'' mwaka wa 1972 {{Fact|date=Mei 2009}} Ukaidi wa binadamu waweza kuwa ulisababishwa mfanyabiashara Harvey Conover kupoteza mashua yake, ya ''Revonoc,'' alipokuwa akishira ndani ya meno ya dhoruba iliyokuwa kusini mwa Florida manamo 1 Januari 1958. <ref name="CaptainScott">{{cite book|last=Scott|first=Captain Thomas A. |title=Histories & Mysteries: The Shipwrecks of Key Largo|year=1994|url=https://archive.org/details/historiesmysteri0000scot}}</ref> Kutoweka kwingi kumekosa hitimisho kutokana na ukosefu wa mabaki ambayo yangeweza kuangaliwa kwa makini, jambo ambalo limetajwa katika taarifa nyingi rasmi . === Vimbunga === [[Vimbunga]] ni dhoruba zenye nguvu ambazo hutokea kwenye maji ya kitropiki , na kihistoria zimekuwa zikisababisha kupotea kwa maelfu ya maisha mabilioni ya dola katika uharibifu. Kuzama kwa [[Francisco de Bobadilla]] meli ya Kihispania mwaka 1502 kulikuwa mfano wa kwanza iliyoandikwa wa uharibifu wa kimbunga. Dhoruba hizi zimekuwa kwa kipindi kirefu zikisababisha idadi kubwa ya matukio yanayohusiana na Pembetatu. === Msombo maji maji wa Methane === [[Picha:Worldwide_distribution_of_gas_hydrates_1996.jpg|thumb|Usambazaji ulimwenguni uliothibitisha au kudhaniwa wa gesi yenye msombo majimaji kando ya ufuo, 1996.Nyenzo: USGS]] Maelezo ya baadhi ya kutoweka ina lenga kuwepo kwa maeneo makubwa ya [[msombo maji maji wa methane]] (aina ya gesi ya kiasili) katika [[bara rafu.]] <ref name="Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Document #616279">{{cite web | url = http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=616279 | title = Office of Scientific & Technical Information, OSTI, U.S. Department of Energy, DOE | publisher = OTSI }}</ref> Majaribioya maabara yalifanyika Australia yana thibitisha kuwa povu zaweza , kuzamisha meli dogo kwa kupunguza wiani wa maji; <ref name="Monash,2003">{{cite web | url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3226787/ | title = Could methane bubbles sink ships? | publisher = Monash Univ. | accessdate = 2009-12-01 | archivedate = 2012-06-24 | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/68f6HUxuD?url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3226787/ }}</ref> mabaki yoyote yapoelea hivyo basi yanaweza kubebwa kwa haraka nakutawanywa na [[fumbu la Ghuba .]] Imekuwa ikifikiriwa kwamba [[mripuko]] wa methane (wakati mwingine huitwa [[" vulukano za matope "]]) zinaweza kutengeneza maeneo ya maji ambayo yana upovu ambao hauna tena uwezo wa kutoa [[uwezo wa kuelea]] wa kutosha kwa meli. Kama hili lingetokea, eneo kama hili linapojitengeneza na kuzungukia meli inaweza kuifanya izame kwa haraka sana na bila onyo. Machapisho mengi ya [[USGS]] yanaelezea kuwepo kwa hifadhi kubwa ya masombo majimaji yaliyo chini ya bahari duniani kote, ikiwa ni pamoja na eneo la [[Ridge Blake]]], lilio kando ya kusini mashariki mwa pwani ya [[Marekani]]. <ref name="WoodsHole papers">{{cite web | url = http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/project-pages/hydrates/usgspubs.html | title = Appearance and distribution of the gas hydrate reflection in the Blake Ridge region, offshore southeastern United States | id = MF-1252. | author = Paull, C.K. and W.P., D., 1981, | work = Gas Hydrates at the USGS | publisher = Woods Hole | year = 1981 | accessdate = 2009-12-01 | archive-date = 2012-02-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120218231421/http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/project-pages/hydrates/usgspubs.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> Hata hivyo, kulingana baadhi ya majarida yao mengine , hakuna mfumuo mkubwa wa gesi ya msombo majimaji unaoaaminika kuwa ulitokea katika Pembetatu ya Bermuda kwa kipindi cha miaka 15,000. <ref name="WoodsHole Bermuda">{{cite web | url = http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/project-pages/hydrates/bermuda.html | title = Bermuda Triangle | work = Gas Hydrates at the USGS | publisher = Woods Hole | accessdate = 2009-12-01 | archive-date = 2012-10-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121023070855/http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/project-pages/hydrates/bermuda.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> Ni lazima pia ibainishwe kuwa maeneo mengine ya msombo maji maji wa chini ya bahari hajaripotiwa kusababisha matukio yanayofanana na ya Pembetatu ya Bermuda, pia kwamba povu za chini ya bahari hazingeweza kusababisha kutoweka kwa ndege. === Mawimbi yenye Utwana === Katika bahari mbalimbali duniani kote, [[mawimbi yenye utwana]] yamesababisha meli kuzama <ref> http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/11/science/11wave.html?8dpc</ref> na meli za mafuta kupinduka. Mawimbi haya yamekuwa yakichukuliwa kuwa fumbo na hadi hivi karibuni yalikuwa yanaaminika kuwa hadithi tu. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMOKQL26WD_index_0.html |title=ESA Portal - Ship-sinking monster waves revealed by ESA satellites |publisher=Esa.int |date=1995-01-01 |accessdate=2009-06-01}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livescience.com/strangenews/080804-rogue-waves.html |title=Secret to Towering Rogue Waves Revealed |publisher=LiveScience |date=2008-08-04 |accessdate=2009-06-01}}</ref> Hata hivyo, mawimbi yenye utwana hayawezi kusababisha kutoweka kwa ndege. == Matukio yanayojulikana sana == === Flight 19 === [[Picha:TBF (Avengers) flying in formation.jpg|upright|thumb|Ndege ya US Navy TBF Grumman Avenger, sawa na Flight 19. Hii picha imekuwa ikitumiwa na waandishi wengi wa Pembetatu ili kuonyesha Flight 19 yenyewe. (Mabaharia wa US)]] [[Flight 19]] ilikuwa ni ndege ya mafunzo ya warusha bomu wa [[TBM Avenger]] iliyotoweka mnamo 5 Desemba 1945 ikiwa juu ya Atlantiki. Njia ya kijeshi ya ndege hii ilikuwa imepangwa kuwachukua hadi mashariki kwa maili 120, kaskazini kwa maili 73, na kisha nyuma juu ya maili 120 za mwisho ya mrengo ambao ungewarudisha hadi kwa kituo chao cha kivita, lakini kamwe hawakurudi. Hisia zinapatianwa kwamba safari hii ya ndege ilikumbana na jambo lisilo la kawaida la usomi wa dira omen na masomo, na kwamba ndege ulifanyika siku ya utulivu chini ya usimamizi wa mtaalamu wa majaribio, Luteni Carroll Charles Taylor. Nyongeza kwa intrigue ni kwamba ripoti ya ajali ya navy ilikuwa ascribed na "sababu au sababu haijulikani." Inaaminika kwamba mama Taylor alitaka kuokoa mwanawe sifa, hivyo yeye tukawafanya wao kuandika "sababu haijulikani" wakati hasa Taylor NW kilomita 50 kutoka na alikodhani alikuwa. <ref name="the_disappearance_of_flight_19">{{cite web | url = http://www.bermuda-triangle.org/html/the_disappearance_of_flight_19.html | title = The Disappearance of Flight 19 | publisher = [http://www.bermuda-triangle.org Bermuda Triangle] }}</ref> Nyongeza kwa siri, na kutafuta na kuokoa [[Mariner ndege]] na 13-mtu crew mara dispatched na misaada ya missing Squadron, lakini kamwe Mariner yenyewe mara alisikia kutoka tena. Baadaye, kulikuwa na taarifa kutoka Tanker Cruising off pwani ya Florida wa kinachoonekana mlipuko saa kuhusu wakati Mariner ingekuwa juu ya doria. Wakati ukweli wa msingi wa toleo la kimsingi la hadithi hii inauwezekano wa kuwa sahihi, baadhi ya maelezo muhimu yanakosa. Hali ya hewa ilikuwa yenye dhoruba mwishoni mwa tukio, na taarifa ya mabaharia na rekodi zilizondikwa za mazungumzo kati ya Taylor na marubani wengine wa Flight 19 hayakuonyesha matatizo yoyote ya usumaku. [77] <ref name="the_disappearance_of_flight_19"/> === ''Mary Celeste'' === Kuachwa kwa njia ya kiajabu kwa [[brigantine Maria Celeste]] ya tani 282 1872 mara nyingi lakini kwa njia inayokosa usahihi imehusishwa na Pembetatu, baada ya meli hii kuachwa kando ya pwani ya [[Ureno.]] Kuna uwezekano wa tukio hili kuchanganywa na kupotewa kwa meli inayofanana kwa jina na hii, ''Mari Celeste,'' ya tani 207 [[iliypkuwa ikienda kwa kutumia mvuke]] ambayo iligonga[[tendeguu]] kuzama kwa haraka katika pwani ya Bermuda tarehe 13 Septemba 1864. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shipwreckexpo.com/bermudashipwrecksmariceleste.htm |title=Mari Celeste Wreck |publisher=Shipwreckexpo.com |accessdate=2009-06-01 |archivedate=2009-02-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215121203/http://www.shipwreckexpo.com/bermudashipwrecksmariceleste.htm }}</ref> <ref name="Berg,2000"/> Kusche alibainisha kuwa masuala mengi ya "ukweli" kuhusu tukio hilo yalikuwa hasa kuhusu ''Marie Celeste,'' meli ya tamthiliya kutoka hadithi fupi ya [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] [[" Wazo la J. Habakuk Jephson's "]] (yenye misingi halisi ya tukio la ''Maria Celeste'', lakini iliyotamithiliwa). === ''Ellen Austin'' === ''Ellen Austin'' ainadhaniwa ilipata na meli, iliyokuwa imewekwa kwenye ubao wa tuzo wa mabaharia, na akajaribu kuenda nayo New York mwaka 1881. Kulingana na hadithi, meli hii ilitoweka; wengine wanafanunua kuwa meli ilitokea tena bila ya mabaharia, kisha kupotea tena na mabaharia wengine juu ya ubao. Ilipotazamwa kwenye rekodi za [[Lloyd ya London]] alithibitika kuwepo kwa ''Meta,'' iliyojengwa katika mwaka wa 1854 na kwamba mnamo 1880 ''Meta'' ilibadilishwa jina na kuitwa ''Ellen Austin.'' Hakuna majeruhi yanaorodheshwa ya chombo hiki, au chombo chochote wakati ule, ambayo ingeonyesha idadi kubwa ya watu waliokosekana ambao waliwekwa ndani ya meli ambayo ilitoweka baadaye. <ref name="Bermuda Triangle, Ellen Austin">{{cite web | url = http://bermuda-triangle.org/html/ellen_austin.html | title = Ellen Austin | publisher = [http://www.bermuda-triangle.org Bermuda Triangle] | accessdate = 2009-12-01 | archive-date = 2016-04-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160407001129/http://www.bermuda-triangle.org/html/ellen_austin.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> === USS ''Cyclops'' === Tukio hili lilosababisha mojawapo ya kupotewa kukubwa kwa maisha katika historia ya manajeshi wa majini wa US isiyohusiana na kupambana katika vita ilitokea wakati [[USS Cyclops,|USS ''Cyclops,'']] chini ya uongoxi wa [[Lt Cdr GW Worley]], ilitoweka bila ya ishara ikiwa na mabaharia 309 wakati karibu na baada ya 4 Machi 1918, baada ya kutoka kwa kisiwa cha [[Barbados.]] Ingawa hakuna ushahidi wenye nguvu kwa nadharia yoyote,nyingi ya nadharia zinazojitegemea zipo, baadhi zikizilaumu dhoruba, baadhi kuzama, na baadhi kupendekeza kuwa [[anafaa kulaumiwa kwa kutoweka kwa meli hii. |anafaa kulaumiwa kwa kutoweka kwa meli hii. <ref name="DMerrill">{{cite web | url = http://website.lineone.net/~dmerrill/html/bermuda_triangle.html | title = Bermuda triangle | publisher = D Merrill | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20021124223248/http://website.lineone.net/~dmerrill/html/bermuda_triangle.html | archivedate = 2002-11-24 | accessdate = 2009-12-01 }}</ref> <ref name="Bermuda Cruises">{{cite web | url = http://www.bermudacruises.net/bermuda-information/myths_folklore.htm | title = Myths and Folklore of Bermuda | publisher = Bermuda Cruises | accessdate = 2009-12-01 | archiveurl = https://archive.today/20090610083610/http://www.bermudacruises.net/bermuda-information/myths_folklore.htm | archivedate = 2009-06-10 }}</ref>]] === Theodosia Burr Alston === [[Theodosia Burr Alston]] alikuwa binti wa Makamu wa Rais wa zamani wa Marekani [[Haruni Burr.]] Kutoweka kwake kumekuwa kukitajwa angalau kwa mara moja kama kunakohusiano na Pembetatu. <ref name="Jeffrey,1975"/> Yeye alikuwa abiria kwenye ''Patriot'', ambayo walipanda kutoka [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]], South Carolinakuenda [[New York]] tarehe 30 Desemba 1812, na hawajahi kusikia tena. Njia iliyopangwa iko kando kanisa ya mfumo yote hata iliyopanuliwa ya Bermuda. Uharamia na [[Vita ya 1812]] zimetolewa kama maelezo, vilevile kama nadharia inamweka katika Texas, kando kabisa ya Pembetatu. === ''Spray'' === [[S.V. Spray|'''S.V. ''Spray'' ''']] ilikuwa mashua ya uvuvi iliyoachwa iliyoundwa tena kama meli ya baharini na [[Joshua Slocum]] na akaitumia kukamilisha mzunguko wa kwanza wa ulimwengu na mtu mmoja, kati ya 1895 na 1898. Mwaka 1909, Slocum aling'oa nanga kutoka Vineyard Haven kwenda hadi Venezuela. Yeye wala ''Spray'' hajawahi kuonekana tena. Hakuna ushahidi kuwa walikuwa katika Pembetatu ya Bermuda walipotoweka, wala hakuna ushahidi wowote wa shughuli zisizokuwa za kawaida. Mashua alidhaniwa kuwa katika hali duni na mashua ngumu kuendesha ambayo ustadi wa Slocum's ungedhibiti. <ref name="Kusche,1975"/> [[Picha:deering2.jpg|left|thumb|Schooner Carroll A. Deering, kama inavyonekana kutoka taa za kuangalia meli za Cape tarehe 29 Januari 1921, siku mbili kabla ya ilipoonekana imeachwa katika Carolina ya Kaskazini. (US Coast Guard)]] === ''Carroll A. Deering'' === Meli kubwa ya milingoti mitano iliyojengwa katika 1919, ''[[Carroll A. Deering]]'' ilipatikana imeachwa kwenye ukingo mngumu wa bahari katika Diamond Shoals, karibu na [[Cape Hatteras, Carolina ya Kaskazini]] tarehe 31 Januari 1921. Fununu na zaidi za wakati huo zilionyesha ''Deering'' ilikuwa mwathiriwa wa uharamia, ulio na uwezekano wa kuhusiana na biashara haramu wakati wa [[Vikwazo]], na uwezekano wa kushirikisha meli nyingine, SS ''Hewitt,'' ambayo ilitoweka wakati sawa na huo. Masaa machache tu baadaye, meli inayotumia mvuke isiyojulikana ilipita karibu na mwangaza wa meli kando ya njia ya ''Deering,'' na kupuuza ishara zote kutoka kwa mwangaza huu wa meli. Inakusudiwa kuwa huenda ''Hewitt'' ndiyo ilikuwa meli hii ya kilinge, na kuna uwezekano ilihusika katika kutoweka kwa mabaharia wa ''Deering''. <ref name="Deering">{{cite web | url = http://www.graveyardoftheatlantic.com/Deering/CADeeringHome.html | title = Carroll A Deering | publisher = Graveyard of the Atlantic | accessdate = 2009-12-01 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20050828190605/http://graveyardoftheatlantic.com/Deering/CADeeringHome.html | archivedate = 2005-08-28 }}</ref> === Douglas DC-3 === Tarehe 28 Desemba 1948, ndege ya [[Douglas DC-3]] , nambari [[NC16002]], ilipotea wakati ikiwa kwenye safari ya kutoka San Juan, Puerto Rico, kwenda Miami. Hakuna ishara ya ndege au watu 32 waliokuwa kwa ndege hii waliowahi kupatikana. Nyaraka zilizoandikwa na Bodi ya wahandisi wa mambo ya ndege kutokana na uchunguzi wake, sababu ya karibu iliyosababisha kutoweka kwa ndege hii ulipatikana, lakini haikugusia kamwe na waandishi Pembetatu: ndege za ndege zilikaguliwa na kupatikana kuwa na nduvu ya chini, lakini zikamrishwa kurundishwa ndani ya ndege bila kutiwa nguvu tena na rubani walipokuwa San Juan. Iwe au siyo hili amabalo lilisababisha kupotea kabisa kwa umeme kamwe hakutawahi kujulikana. Hata hivyo, kwa vile ndege za injini za pistoni hutegemea [[usumaku]] kutoa cheche kwa mitungi yao bali ya mfumo wa kuwasha unaoutumia betri inayopatiwa nguvu na [[nyonga]], hii si nadharia ya kushawishi sana. <ref name="Aviation Safety DC3">{{cite web | url = http://www.avsaf.org/reports/US/1948.12.28_AirborneTransport_DouglasDC-3.pdf#search=%22Airborne%20Transport%2C%20December%2028%2C%201948%2C%20Miami%2C%20Florida%22 | title = Airborne Transport, Miami, December 1948 | publisher = Aviation Safety | format = PDF | accessdate = 2009-12-01 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070103193538/http://www.avsaf.org/reports/US/1948.12.28_AirborneTransport_DouglasDC-3.pdf#search=%22Airborne%20Transport%2C%20December%2028%2C%201948%2C%20Miami%2C%20Florida%22 | archivedate = 2007-01-03 }}</ref> === ''Star Tiger'' na ''Star Ariel'' === [[G-AHNP Star Tiger|G-AHNP ''Star Tiger'']] ilitoweka tarehe 30 Januari 1948 ikiwa safarini kutoka Azori kwenda Bermuda; [[G-AGRE Star Ariel|G-AGRE ''Star Ariel'']] ilitoweka tarehe 17 Januari 1949, ikiwa safarini kutoka Bermuda kuelekea [[Kingston, Jamaika.]] Zote zilikuwa ndege za abiria za ina ya [[Avrò Tudor IV]] zilizoendeshwa na [[British Airways ya Amerika ya Kusini.]] <ref name="Bermuda Triangle, Tudors">{{cite web | url = http://www.bermuda-triangle.org/html/the_tudors.html | title = The Tudors | publisher = [http://www.bermuda-triangle.org Bermuda Triangle] }}</ref> Ndege zote zilikuwa zikiendeshwa katika anuwai za mipaka yao na makosa madogo au hitilafu ya vifaa ingezifanya kukosa kufikia kisiwa hicho kidogo. Ndege moja haikusikika kwa muda mrefu kabla ya kuingia Pembetatu. <ref name="Kusche,1975"/> === KC-135 Stratotankers === Tarehe 28 Agosti 1963 jozi ya ndege za [[US Air Force KC-135 Stratotanker]] zigongana na kuanguka kwenye Atlantiki. Mfumo wa hadithi ya Pembetatu (Winer, Berlitz, Gaddis <ref name="Gaddis,1964"/> <ref name="Berlitz,1974"/> <ref name="Winer,1974"/> unaelezea ya kwamba ndege hizi hazikugongana na kuanguka, lakini kulikuwa maeneo mawili tofauti ya ajali, yaliyotengwa kwa {{convert|160|mi|km}} wa maji. Hata hivyo,utafiti wa Kusche <ref name="Kusche,1975"/> ulionyesha kwamba toleo ya ripoti ambayo haijaorodheshwa ya uchunguzi wa Air Force ilisema kuwa eneo la mabaki ya eneo la pili la "ajali" ilichunguzwa na meli ya uokozi na utafiti, na kukuta kuwa yalikuwa [[kwekwe za baharini]]na [[ubao]] zilizofunganishwa pamoja katika [[kitu kama mpira kilichokuwa kinaelea]] . === ''SS Marine Sulphur Queen'' === ''[[SS Marine Sulphur Queen]],'' [[meli ya tanki ya T2]]iliyobandilishwa kutoka kwa meli ya kubeba mafuta hadi kuwa ya kubeba [[sulfuri]] ,iliyosikika mara ya mwisho kutoka tarehe 4 Februari 1963 ikiwa na mabaharia 39 karibu na Florida. ''Marine Sulphur Queen'' kilikuwa chombo cha kwanza kilichotajwa katika jalida la Vincent Gaddi '1964 kwenye makala ya ''Argosy'' , <ref name="Gaddis,1964">{{cite journal | title = The Deadly Bermuda Triangle | url = http://www.physics.smu.edu/~pseudo/BermudaTriangle/vincentgaddis.txt | month = Februari| year=1964 | journal = [[Argosy (magazine)|Argosy]] | author = Vincent Gaddis | pages = 28–29, 116–118. }}</ref> lakini alihitimisha kuwa "ilienda mahali pasipojulikana", licha ya ripoti ya Coast Guard ambayo licha ya kutoa kumbukumbu ya historia ya kudumishwa kubaya kwa meli, lakini pia ilitangaza kwamba kilikuwa ni chombo kisichofaa kutumika kamwe baharini na kuwa kamwe hangestahili kwenda baharini. <ref name="USCG Sulphur Queen">{{cite web | url = http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-m/moa/boards/marsulqueen.pdf | title = Marine Sulphur Queen | publisher = USCG | format = PDF }}</ref> <ref name="Time Sulphur Queen">{{cite news | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/printout/0,8816,896573,00.html | title = The Queen with the Weak Back | publisher = TIME | archiveurl = https://archive.today/20120912115201/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/printout/0,8816,896573,00.html | archivedate = 2012-09-12 | accessdate = 2009-12-01 }}</ref> === ''Raifuku Maru'' === Moja ya matukio maarufu zaidi katika Pembetatu ilifanyika mwaka 1921 (wengine wanasema miaka michache baadaye), wakati chombo cha Kijapani ''[[Raifuku Maru]]'' (wakati mwingine kitambuliwa kimakosa kama ''Raikuke Maru)'' kilizama na mikono yote baada ya kutuma ishara za usaidizi ambazo zinadaiwa zilisema "Hatari kama kisu sasa. Njoo haraka! ", Au" Ni kama kisu, njoo haraka! " Hili limesababisha waandishi kubashiri "kisu" kilikuwa nini, na uwezekano mkubwa ukiwa ni [[mpukurutiko wa maji]] (Winer). Katika hali halisi meli haikuwa mahali pa karibu na Pembetatu, wala neno "kisu" sehemu ya ishara za usaidizi za meli ( "Sasa hatari sana. Njoo haraka. "); Akiwa imetoka Boston kuenda Hamburg, Ujerumani, tarehe 21 Aprili 1925, ilijipata katika dhoruba kali na kuzama katika Atlantiki ya Kaskazini wakati mwingine meli nyingine, [[RMS Homeric,|RMS ''Homeric,'']] ilijaribu kuwaokoa bila ya kufaulu. <ref name="Nova,1976">{{cite episode | series = [[NOVA (TV series)|NOVA]] / [[Horizon (BBC TV series)|Horizon]] | title = ''The Case of the Bermuda Triangle'' | airdate = 1976-06-27|network=PBS }}</ref> === ''Connemara IV'' === Meli ya radhi ilipatikana kando katika Atlantiki kusini ya Bermuda tarehe 26 Septemba 1955, na kwa kawaida inaelezewa kuwa katika hadithi za (Berlitz, Winer <ref name="Berlitz,1974"/> <ref name="Winer,1974"/> kwamba mahabaria walitoweka ilihali meli ilinusurika ikiwa baharini wakati wa tufani tatu. [[msimu wa tufani la Atlantiki mwaka wa 1955]]unaorodhesha moja tu ya [[dhoruba]] iliyokuja karibu na Bermuda kuelekea mwisho wa Agosti, tufani kwa jina "Edith"; wa wengine, "Flora" ilikuwa pia mbali upande wa mashariki, na "Katie" ilifika baada ya meli kupatikana. Ilithibitisha kwamba ''Connemara IV'' ilikuwa tupu na katika bandari wakati "Edith" iliposababisha meli kufunguka na kuingia baharini. <ref name="Kusche,1975"/> === Carolyn Cascio === Cessna iliyoendeshwa na [[Carolyn Cascio]], tarehe 7 Juni 1964, ambayo abiria mmoja, alijaribu kusafiri kutoka Nassau, Bahamas hadi Cocburn, kisiwa cha Grand Turk. Ndege ilishuhudiwa na wathibiti wa trafiki wa hewani kwenye uwanja wa ndege wa Cockburn kuwa ilizunguka kisiwani kwa dakika 30, na baadaye inakusudiwa ilienda kwa kisiwa kingine. Majaribio yote kutoka ardhini kuwasiliana na Cascio kwenye redio yalishindwa. == Waandishi wa Pembetatu == Matukio marufu ya Pembetatu yaliyotajwa hapo juu, mbali na nyaraka rasmi, yametokana na kazi zifuatazo. Baadhi ya matukio yaliyotajwa kama yaliyotokea ndani ya Pembetatu hupatikana ''tu'' katika vyanzo hivi: * {{cite book | title = Into the Bermuda Triangle: Pursuing the Truth Behind the World's Greatest Mystery | author = Gian J. Quasar | publisher = International Marine / Ragged Mountain Press | year = 2003 | isbn = 0-07-142640-X | edition = (Reprinted in paperback (2005) ISBN 0-07-145217-6) | ref = Quasar,2003 }} * <ref name="Berlitz,1974">{{cite book | title = The Bermuda Triangle | url = https://archive.org/details/bermudatriangle00berl | author = Charles Berlitz | isbn = 0-385-04114-4 | publisher = Doubleday | year = 1974 | edition = 1st }}</ref> {{cite book | title = The Bermuda Triangle | url = https://archive.org/details/bermudatriangle00berl | author = Charles Berlitz | isbn = 0-385-04114-4 | publisher = Doubleday | year = 1974 | edition = 1st | ref = Berlitz,1974 }} * <ref name="Kusche,1975">{{cite book | title = The Bermuda Triangle Mystery Solved | year = 1975 | author = Lawrence David Kusche | isbn = 0-87975-971-2 | publisher = Prometheus Books | location = Buffalo }}</ref> {{cite book | title = The Bermuda Triangle Mystery Solved | year = 1975 | author = Lawrence David Kusche | isbn = 0-87975-971-2 | ref = Kusche,1975 | publisher = Prometheus Books | location = Buffalo }} * <ref name="Spencer,1969">{{cite book | title = Limbo Of The Lost | url = https://archive.org/details/bwb_S0-ABF-425 | author = John Wallace Spencer | isbn = 0-686-10658-X | year = 1969 }}</ref> {{cite book | title = Limbo Of The Lost | url = https://archive.org/details/bwb_S0-ABF-425 | author = John Wallace Spencer | isbn = 0-686-10658-X | year = 1969 | ref = Spencer,1969 }} * {{cite book | title = The Evidence for the Bermuda Triangle | url = https://archive.org/details/evidenceforbermu0000grou | year = 1984 | author = David Group | isbn = 0-85030-413-X | ref = Group,1984 | publisher = Aquarian Press | location = Wellingborough, Northamptonshire }} * <ref name="Berg,2000">{{cite book | title = Bermuda Shipwrecks | year = 2000 | author = Daniel Berg | isbn = 0-9616167-4-1 | publisher = Aqua Explorers | location = East Rockaway, N.Y. }}</ref> {{cite book | title = Bermuda Shipwrecks | year = 2000 | author = Daniel Berg | isbn = 0-9616167-4-1 | ref = Berg,2000 | publisher = Aqua Explorers | location = East Rockaway, N.Y. }} * <ref name="Winer,1974">{{cite book | title = The Devil's Triangle | url = https://archive.org/details/devilstriangle00wine | year = 1974 | author = [[Richard Winer]] | isbn = 0553106880 }}</ref> {{cite book | title = The Devil's Triangle | url = https://archive.org/details/devilstriangle00wine | year = 1974 | author = [[Richard Winer]] | isbn = 0553106880 | ref = Winer,1974 }} * {{cite book | title = The Devil's Triangle | url = https://archive.org/details/devilstriangle0002rich | year = 1975 | author = Richard Winer | isbn = 0553024647 | ref = Winer,1975 }} * <ref name="Jeffrey,1975">{{cite book | title = The Bermuda Triangle | url = https://archive.org/details/bermudatriangle00jeff | year = 1975 | author = Adi-Kent Thomas Jeffrey | isbn = 0446599611 | ref = Jeffrey,1975 }}</ref> {{cite book | title = The Bermuda Triangle | url = https://archive.org/details/bermudatriangle00jeff | year = 1975 | author = Adi-Kent Thomas Jeffrey | isbn = 0446599611 | ref = Jeffrey,1975 }} == Marejeo == {{Marejeo|2}} == Vyanzo vingine == <div class="references-small"> === Makala ya Gazeti === ProQuest [http://proquest.umi.com ] ina nyenzo za gazeti za chanzo ya matukio mengi, yaliyohifadhiwa katika. mtindo wa Pdf. Magazeti haya ni pamoja na New York Times, Washington Post, na Katiba ya Atlanta. Kupata tovuti hii, usajili inahitajika, kwa kawaida kupitia maktaba iliyounganishwa na chuo au chuo kikuu. </div> ==== [[Flight 19]] ==== * "Great Hunt On For 27 Navy Fliers Missing In Five Planes Off Florida," New York Times, 7 Desemba 1945. * "Wide Hunt Kwa Wanaume 27 Planes Katika Navy sita," Washington Post, 7 Desemba 1945. * "Fire Signals Seen In Area Of Lost Men," Washington Post, 9 Desemba 1945. ==== ''[[Raifuku Maru]]'' ==== * "Japanese Ships Sinks With A Crew Of 38; Liners Unable To Aid," New York Times, 22 Aprili 1925. * "Passengers Differ On Homeric Effort To Save Sinking Ship," New York Times, 23 Aprili 1925. * "Kapteni Homeric fann By Skippers," New York Times, 24 Aprili 1925. * "Liner Je drabbat Katika jaribio Rescue," New York Times, 25 Aprili 1925. ==== SS ''Cotopaxi'' ==== * "Lloyd's posts Cotopaxi As "Missing," New York Times, 7 Januari 1926. * "Efforts To Locate Missing Ship Fail," Washington Post, 6 Desemba 1925. * "Lighthouse Keepers Seek Missing Ship," Washington Post, 7 Desemba 1925. * "53 On Missing Craft Are Reported Saved," Washington Post, 13 Desemba 1925. ==== ''[[USS Cyclops (AC-4)]]'' ==== * "Cold High Winds Do $25,000 Damage," Washington Post, 11 Machi 1918. * "Collier Overdue A Month," New York Times, 15 Aprili 1918. * "More Ships Hunt For Missing Cyclops," New York Times, 16 Aprili 1918. * "Haven't Given Up Hope For Cyclops," New York Times, 17 Aprili 1918. * "Collier Cyclops Is Lost; 293 Persons On Board; Enemy Blow Suspected," Washington Post, 15 Aprili 1918. * "U.S. Consul Gottschalk Coming To Enter The War," Washington Post, 15 Aprili 1918. * "Cyclops Skipper Teuton, 'Tis Said," Washington Post, 16 Aprili 1918. * "Fate Of Ship Baffles," Washington Post, 16 Aprili 1918. * "Steamer Met Gale On Cyclops' Course," Washington Post, 19 Aprili 1918. ==== ''[[Carroll A. Deering]]'' ==== * "Piracy Suspected In Disappearance Of 3 American Ships," New York Times, 21 Juni 1921. * "Bath Owners Skeptical," New York Times, 22 Juni 1921. Piera Antonella * "Deering Skipper's Wife Caused Investigation," New York Times, 22 Juni 1921. * "More Ships Added To Mystery List," New York Times, 22 Juni 1921. * "Hunt On For Pirates," Washington Post, 21 Juni 1921 * "Comb Seas For Ships," Washington Post, 22 Juni 1921. * "Port Of Missing Ships Claims 3000 Yearly," Washington Post, 10 Julai 1921. ==== Mabaki ==== * "'Wreckreation' Was The Name Of The Game That Flourished 100 Years Ago," New York Times, 30 Machi 1969. ==== SS ''Suduffco'' ==== * "To Search For Missing Freighter," New York Times, 11 Aprili 1926. * "Abandon Hope For Ship," New York Times, 28 Aprili 1926. ==== ''Star Tiger'' na ''Star Ariel'' ==== * "Hope Wanes in Sea Search For 28 Aboard Lost Airliner," New York Times, 31 Januari 1948. * "72 Planes Search Sea For Airliner,"New York Times, 19 Januari 1949. ==== Kutoweka kwa DC-3 Airliner [[NC16002]] ==== * "30-Passenger Airliner Disappears In Flight From San Juan To Miami," New York Times, 29 Desemba 1948. * "Check Cuba Report Of Missing Airliner,"New York Times, 30 Desemba 1948. * "Airliner Hunt Extended," New York Times, 31 Desemba 1948. ==== Harvey Conover na ''Revonoc'' ==== * "Search Continuing For Conover Yawl," New York Times, 8 Januari 1958. * Yacht Search Goes On," New York Times, 9 Januari 1958. * "Yacht Search Pressed," New York Times, 10 Januari 1958. * "Yacht Search Pressed," New York Times, 15 Januari 1958. ==== KC-135 Stratotankers ==== * "Second Area Of Debris Found In Hunt For Jets," New York Times, 31 Agosti 1963. * "Hunt For Tanker Jets Halted," New York Times, 3 Septemba 1963. * "Planes Debris Found In Jet Tanker Hunt,"Washington Post, 30 Agosti 1963. ==== B-52 Bomber ''(Pogo 22)'' ==== * "U.S.-Canada Test Of Air Defence A Success," New York Times, 16 Oktoba 1961. * "Hunt For Lost B-52 Bomber Pushed In New Area," New York Times, 17 Oktoba 1961. * "Bomber Hunt Pressed," New York Times, 18 Oktoba 1961. * "Bomber Search Continuing," New York Times, 19 Oktoba 1961. * "Hunt For Bomber Ends," New York Times, 20 Oktoba 1961. ==== Mkataba chombo ''Sno'Boy'' ==== * "Plane Hunting Boat Sights Body In Sea," New York Times, 7 Julai 1963. * "Search Abandoned For 40 On Vessel Lost In Caribbean," New York Times, 11 Julai 1963. * "Search Continues For Vessel With 55 Aboard In Caribbean," Washington Post, 6 Julai 1963. * "Body Found In Search For Fishing Boat," Washington Post, 7 Julai 1963. ==== [[SS Marine Sulphur Queen]] ==== * "Tanker Lost In Atlantic; 39 Aboard," Washington Post, 9 Februari 1963. * "Debris Sighted In Plane Search For Tanker Missing Off Florida," New York Times, 11 Februari 1963. * "2.5 Million Is Asked In Sea Disaster," Washington Post, 19 Februari 1963. * "Vanishing Of Ship Ruled A Mystery," New York Times, 14 Aprili 1964. * "Families Of 39 Lost At Sea Begin $20-Million Suit Here," New York Times, 4 Juni 1969. * "10-Year Rift Over Lost Ship Near End," New York Times, 4 Februari 1973. ==== SS ''Sylvia Yale Ossa'' ==== * "Ship And 37 Vanish In Bermuda Triangle On Voyage To U.S.," New York Times, 18 Oktoba 1976. * "Ship Missing In Bermuda Triangle Now Presumed To Be Lost At Sea," New York Times, 19 Oktoba 1976. * "Distress Signal Heard From American Sailor Missing For 17 Days," New York Times, 31 Oktoba 1976. === Wavuti === Wavuti zifuatazo aidha zina nyenzo za tovuti ambazo zinatilia nguvu mifumo marufu ya Pembetatu ya Bermuda, au nyaraka rasmi zilizochapishwa kutoka kwa sehemu ya kesi au uchunguzi, kama ule uliofanywa na jeshi la baharini la Marekani au United States Coast Guard. Nakala ya baadhi ya maoni hayako kwenye mtandao na huenda hayakuagizwa; kwa mfano, kutoeka kwa Flight 19 au USS Cyclops zinaweza kuagizwa moja kwa moja kutoka kituo cha Historia cha Marekani. * [http://www.physics.smu.edu/~pseudo/BermudaTriangle/vincentgaddis.txt Nakala ya Februari, 1964 jalida la Argosy makala ya Vincent Gaddis] * [http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-m/moa/reportindexcas.htm Kumbukumbu ya data ya United States Coast Guard ya ripoti tofauti zilizochaguliwa na maoni tofauti] * [http://www.bermuda-triangle.org Tovuti ya mwanahistoria na mtafiti wa Bermuda Triangle Gian Quasar] * [http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq8-1.htm Kituo cha historia cha wanajeshi wa baharini wa Marekani Bermuda Triangle FAQ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq8-1.htm |date=20020802035846 }} * [http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq8-2.htm historia ya Wanabaharia wa US / ''The Bermuda Triangle: Startling New Secrets'' ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq8-2.htm |date=20060709202845 }}[[filamu ya Sci Fi Channel]] (Novemba 2005) * [http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq15-1.htm Kituo cha histoia cha wanabaharia: kutoweka kwa Flight 19] {{Wayback|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq15-1.htm |date=20090413074152 }} * [http://www.docksideconsultants.com/wavessup.html juu ya upotevu mzito wa meli katika bahari] {{Wayback|url=http://www.docksideconsultants.com/wavessup.html |date=20090227044434 }} * [http://www.aquaexplorers.com/Bermuda_shipwrecks.htm Mabaki ya meli ya Bermuda ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aquaexplorers.com/Bermuda_shipwrecks.htm |date=20090212131417 }} * [http://uwex.us/wreckinfo.html Ukurasa unaoorodhesha mabaki ya meli wa Muungano wa Wapelelezi wa chini ya bahari] {{Wayback|url=http://uwex.us/wreckinfo.html |date=20090213174934 }} * [http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/ Kamusi ya Meli za kivita za mabaharia wa Marekani] {{Wayback|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/ |date=20060130095752 }} * [http://www.bermuda-triangle.org/html/aircraft_losses.html Orodha ya ndege zilizotoweka] === Vitabu === Nyingi ya kazi zilizotajwa hapa hazijachapishwa. Nakala zinaweza kupatikana katika maktaba ya mtaa wako, au kununuliwa katika masoko ya vitabu, au kupitia E-Bay au Amazon.com. Ikumbukwe kwamba vitabu hivi mara nyingi ndivyo chanzo ''pekee'' cha nyenzo ya baadhi ya matukio ambayo yamefanyika ndani ya Pembetatu. * ''Into the Bermuda Triangle: Pursuing the Truth Behind the World's Greatest Mystery '' na [[Gian J. Quasar]], International Marine / Ragged Mountain Press (2003) ISBN 0-07-142640-X; ina orodha ya meli zilitoweka kama zilivyofanyiwa utafiti katika kumbukumbu rasmi. (Ilichapishwa tena katika Paperback (2005) ISBN 0-07-145217-6). * ''The Bermuda Triangle'' Charles Berlitz (ISBN 0-385-04114-4): sasa hakuna iliyochapishwa, hata hivyo, kuna vitabu vingine vingi vinavyopatikana kuhusu nyenzo hii, mara nyingi hadithi ni ile ile. * ''Mystery of Bermuda Triangle Solved'' (1975). Lawrence Daudi Kusche (ISBN 0-87975-971-2) * ''Limbo Of The Lost,'' John Wallace Spencer (ISBN 0-686-10658-X) * ''The Evidence for the Bermuda Triangle'' (1984), Daudi Group (ISBN 0-85030-413-X) * ''The Final Flight,'' (2006), Tony Blackman (ISBN 0-9553856-0-1) Ikumbukwe kwamba kitabu hiki ni kazi ya tamthilia. * ''Bermuda Shipwrecks,'' (2000), Daniel Berg (ISBN 0-9616167-4-1) * ''The Devil's Triangle'' (1974), [[Richard Winer]] (ISBN 0-553-10688-0); hiki kitabu kiliuza vizuri zaidi ya nakala milioni moja mwishoni mwa mwaka wake wa kwanza; hadi sasa kumekuwa na chapisho angalau 17. * ''The Devil's Triangle'' (1975), Richard Winer (ISBN 0-553-02464-7) * ''From the Devil's Triangle to the Devil's Jaw'' (1977), Richard Winer (ISBN 0-553-10860-3) * ''Ghost Ships: True Stories of Nautical Nightmares, Hauntings, and disasters'' (2000), Richard Winer (ISBN 0-425-17548-0) * ''The Bermuda Triangle'' (1975) na Adi-Kent Thomas Jeffrey (ISBN 0-446-59961-1) == Viungo vya nje == * {{cite web | url = http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-m/moa/reportindexcas.htm | publisher = United States Coast Guard | title = Kumbukumbu ya repoti na maoni yaliyochaguliwa }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.bermuda-triangle.org | publisher = Gian Quasar, author of ''Into the Bermuda Triangle: Pursuing the Truth Behind the World's Greatest Mystery'' | title = Kilinge kikumbwa cha Pembetatu ya Bermuda }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq8-1.htm | publisher = US Navy Historical Center | title = Bermuda Triangle FAQ | accessdate = 2009-12-01 | archivedate = 2002-08-02 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20020802035846/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq8-1.htm }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq8-2.htm | publisher = US Navy Historical Center | title = Ordha ya vitabu iliyochaguliwa | accessdate = 2009-12-01 | archivedate = 2006-07-09 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060709202845/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq8-2.htm }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq15-1.htm | publisher = US Navy Historical Center | title = Kutoweka kwa Flight 19 | accessdate = 2009-12-01 | archivedate = 2009-04-13 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090413074152/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq15-1.htm }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.docksideconsultants.com/wavessup.html | title = Juu ya kutoweka kwa meli nzito baharini | accessdate = 2009-12-01 | archivedate = 2009-02-27 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090227044434/http://docksideconsultants.com/wavessup.html }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.aquaexplorers.com/Bermuda_shipwrecks.htm | title = Mabaki ya meli ya Bermuda | accessdate = 2009-12-01 | archivedate = 2009-02-12 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090212131417/http://aquaexplorers.com/Bermuda_shipwrecks.htm }} * {{cite web | url = http://uwex.us/wreckinfo.html | author = [[Michael C. Barnette|Barnette, Michael C.]] | publisher = Association of Underwater Explorers | title = Ukurusa wenye orodha ya mabaki ya meli | accessdate = 2009-12-01 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090213174934/http://uwex.us/wreckinfo.html | archivedate = 2009-02-13 }} {{coord|25|N|71|W|scale:10000000_type:waterbody|display=title}} [[Jamii:Hadithi]] 8koj7g5vpwjhj0o89q1u5ek6bsfqq1j Orodha ya vyama vya kisiasa nchini Kenya 0 32608 1574193 1349351 2026-06-17T21:28:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574193 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Orodha ya vyama vya kisiasa nchini Kenya''' inatokana na nchi hiyo kufuata [[mfumo wa vyama vingi]]. [[Kenya]] ilikuwa na vyama vya kisiasa vilivyosajiliwa zaidi ya 160 kufikia mwezi Novemba mwaka wa [[2007]] lakini kufuatia kupitishwa kwa sheria maalum ya vyama vya siasa tarehe [[31 Desemba]] [[2008]], [[idadi]] ya vyama vilivyoandikishwa ilipungua hadi 38 huku vyama kadhaa vikiongezewa muda wa kujilinganisha na sheria hii mpya.<ref name="bdafrica.com"> Unregistered political parties handed a lifeline http://www.bdafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=12116&amp;Itemid=5822</ref><ref name="bdafrica.com"/><ref name="nation.co.ke">30 parties meet deadline for new law http://www.nation.co.ke/News/politics/-/1064/509254/-/yi06h3z/-/index.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/News/politics/-/1064/509254/-/yi06h3z/-/index.html |date=20111004191129 }}</ref><ref name="nation.co.ke"/> ==Vyama== ===Vyama vilivyopewa cheti cha kusajiliwa=== * [[National Super Alliance]] * [[Party of National Unity (Kenya)|Party of National Unity]] * [[Kenya National Congress]] * [[National Vision Party]] * [[PNU Alliance]] * [[Restore and Build Kenya]] * [[New Ford–Kenya]] * [[Forum for the Restoration of Democracy–People]] * [[Mazingira Green Party of Kenya]] * [[Sisi Kwa Sisi]] * [[Nuru Party]] * [[National Rainbow Coalition–Kenya]] * [[Grand National Union of Kenya]] * [[United Democratic Forum (Kenya)|United Democratic Forum]] * [[Mwangaza Party of Kenya]] * [[Orange Democratic Movement]] * [[Labour Party of Kenya]] * [[Kenya National Congress]] * [[Party of Action (Kenya)|Party of Action]] * [[Party of Independent Candidates (Kenya)|Party of Independent Candidates]] * [[Democratic Party (Kenya)|Democratic Party of Kenya]] ===Vyama vinavyongoja cheti cha kusajiliwa=== * [[Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-People]] * [[Kenya Social Congress]] * Mkenya Solidarity Movement * [[Kenya African National Union]] * [[United Democratic Movement (Kenya)|United Democratic Movement]] * [[Safina]] * Chama Cha Mwanainchi * Party of Hope * People's Party of Kenya * Progressive Party of Kenya * Kenya African Democratic Union- Asili * Agano Party * The Independent Party * National Agenda Party of Kenya * Conservative Party of Kenya * Progressive Party of Kenya * National Alliance of Kenya * [[National Rainbow Coalition]] * [[United Republican Party (Kenya)| United Republican Party]] * [[Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-Kenya]] * [[Social Democratic Party of Kenya]] * Maendeleo Party <ref>Leaders keep supporters guessing on parties as registration deadline passes ,Daily Nation 30-04-2012</ref> ===Vyama vya kihistoria=== * [[Kenya African Democratic Union]] (KADU) * [[Kenya People's Union]] (KPU) * [[Liberal Democratic Party (Kenya)|Liberal Democratic Party]] LDP (Kenya) ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.iiec.or.ke Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission | Republic of Kenya]{{Wayback|url=http://www.iiec.or.ke/ |date=20120406191355 }} {{Hoja Kuhusu Kenya}} [[Jamii:Orodha]] [[Jamii:Vyama vya kisiasa Kenya|!]] 93wuysmroi3zoe83c2gqwcdlnw5s3tg Mapenzi 0 32925 1574177 1519220 2026-06-17T21:12:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574177 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Two left hands forming a heart shape.jpg|thumb|right|Mikono miwili ikiunganika kutengenezea umbo la moyo.]] '''Mapenzi''' ni [[neno]] la [[Kiswahili]] linalojumlisha [[idadi]] kadhaa ya [[hisia]], kuanzia [[mahaba]], [[pendo]] hadi [[upendo]] wa [[Mungu|Kimungu]]. Ni kwamba [[kitenzi]] "kupenda" kinaweza kurejelea aina za hisia, hali na mitazamo tofautitofauti, kuanzia [[ridhaa]] ya jumla ya [[kitu]] ("Napenda [[chakula]] hiki"), hadi [[mvuto]] mkali kati ya [[binadamu]] ("Nampenda [[mume]] wangu"). [[Uanuwai]] wa [[matumizi]] na [[maana]], pamoja na [[utata]] wa hisia zinazohusika, hufanya kuwe na [[ugumu]] katika [[ufafanuzi]], hata kulingana na hali nyingine za kihisia. Ki[[dhahania]], ''mapenzi'' kwa kawaida yanarejelea [[hisia za ndani]], zisizoelezeka, za kudumu kwa mwingine, yakishirikisha hisia tofauti, kutoka [[hamu]] na [[urafiki]] wa kimahaba hadi ukaribu wa kihisia wa [[kifamilia]] na [[kitaamuli]], usioelekea kabisa [[ngono]]<ref name="PlatonicSchool">{{cite book |last=Kristeller |first=Paul Oskar |title=Renaissance Thought and the Arts: Collected Essays |url=https://archive.org/details/renaissancethoug0000kris_x1t4 |publisher=Princeton University |year=1980 |isbn=0-691-02010-8}}</ref> na hata [[umoja]] wa kina au [[ibada]] ya [[upendo]] wa ki[[dini]]. <ref name="Gita"> {{cite book |last= Mascaró |first=Juan |title=The Bhagavad Gita |url= https://archive.org/details/bhagavadgita0000unse_r9w2 |publisher=Penguin Classics |year=2003 |isbn=0-140-44918-3}} (J. Mascaró, translator)</ref> Mapenzi katika aina zake mbalimbali husimamia [[mafungamano]] na, kutokana na umuhimu wake mkuu katika [[saikolojia]], ni mojawapo ya [[maudhui]] yanayopatikana sana katika [[sanaa]]. ==Ufafanuzi== [[File:Columpio Veracruz 059.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Mapenzi ya kindugu ([[250]]-[[900]] [[BK]]). Jumba la ukumbusho la Anthropolojia katika [[Xalapa]], [[Veracruz]], [[Mexico]].]] Wakati yanapojadiliwa kidhahania, ''mapenzi'' kwa kawaida yanarejelea pendo kati ya watu, hisia alizonazo mtu kuhusu mtu mwingine. Ingawa [[desturi]] au [[chanzo]] cha mapenzi ni [[suala]] ambalo hujadiliwa mara kwa mara, sura tofauti ya neno hili zinaweza kuwekwa wazi kwa kuamua nini si mapenzi: *kama njia ya kawaida ya kuonyesha [[hisia chanya]] (aina kubwa ya kupenda), mapenzi kwa kawaida hugonganishwa na [[chuki]] (au [[kutojali]]); *kama pendo ambalo linaegemea zaidi kwenye uhusiano wa kirafiki kuliko wa kingono, mapenzi kwa kawaida hugonganishwa na [[tamaa]]; na *kama uhusiano kati ya watu, unaohusisha mahaba, mapenzi hugonganishwa na [[urafiki]], ingawa neno ''mapenzi'' linaweza kutumika pia kwa urafiki wa karibu katika miktadha fulanifulani. Neno la [[Kiingereza]] "love" linaweza kuwa na maana zinazohusiana lakini tofauti kadiri ya miktadha. Kumbe, [[lugha]] nyingine huweza kutumia maneno mbalimbali kueleza [[dhana]] tofauti ambazo Kiingereza hutumia neno "love" tu kurejelea; mfano mmoja ni wingi wa maneno ya [[Kigiriki]] yanayorejelea "mapendo". Tofauti za [[utamaduni]] katika kufafanua mapenzi, hufanya liwe jambo gumu kutoa [[ufafanuzi]] wowote. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Kay |first=Paul |title=What is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-anthropologist_1984-03_86_1/page/65 |journal=American Anthropologist |series=New Series |volume=86 |issue=1 |month=Machi |year=1984 |pages=65&ndash;79 |doi=10.1525/aa.1984.86.1.02a00050}}</ref> Aidha, mawazo kuhusu mapenzi yamebadilika sana kadiri ya wakati. Baadhi ya [[wanahistoria]] wanahusisha dhana za kisasa za mapenzi ya kimahaba na [[Ulaya]] wakati au baada ya [[Karne za Kati]], ingawa kuwepo kwa mahusiano ya kimahaba kabla ya wakati huo kunaonyeshwa na [[ushairi]] wa kimapenzi wa kale. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.TrueOpenLove.org/reference/AncientLovePoetry.html |title=Ancient Love Poetry |accessdate=2021-07-17 |archivedate=2007-09-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930072056/http://www.trueopenlove.org/reference/AncientLovePoetry.html }}</ref> Kuna [[mithali]] kadhaa kuhusu mapenzi, mojawapo ikiwa ile ya [[Vergilio]] ya kuwa "Pendo hushinda yote" na ile ya kundi la [[Beatles]] "[[All you need is love]]" (Unachohitaji ni mapenzi tu). [[Mwanafalsafa]] [[Gottfried Leibniz]] alisema mapenzi ni "kuwa na [[furaha]] tele kutokana na furaha ya mwingine." <ref>{{cite web |url=http://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Confessio_philosophi |first=Gottfried |last=Leibniz |title=Confessio philosophi |publisher=Wikisource edition |accessdate=Mar 25, 2009}}</ref> ==Mapenzi yasiyohusu mtu maalum== Mtu anaweza kusema anapenda [[nchi]], [[kanuni]] au [[shabaha]] maalumu ikiwa anaithamini sana na kuizingatia kwa makini. Vilevile, katika [[huduma za huruma]] na [[kazi za kujitolea]] "upendo" wa kazi unaweza kutokana na mapenzi yasiyohusishwa na kitu pamoja na [[utu]] na [[imani]] za ki[[siasa]] badala ya mapenzi kati ya watu. Watu pia wanaweza "kupenda" vitu, [[wanyama]], au [[shughuli]] ikiwa watajitolea kujihusisha na vitu vile. Kukiwa na [[tamaa ya kingono]] pia, hali hiyo inaitwa [[parafilia]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | last = DiscoveryHealth | first = | title = Paraphilia | url = http://health.discovery.com/centers/sex/sexpedia/paraphilia.html | accessdate = 2007-12-16 | archivedate = 2007-12-12 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071212105714/http://health.discovery.com/centers/sex/sexpedia/paraphilia.html }}</ref> ==Mapenzi kati ya watu== [[File:Frank Bernard Dicksee - Romeo and Juliet, 1884.jpg|thumb|Wapenzi [[Romeo na Julieta]] walivyochorwa na [[Frank Dicksee]].]] Mapenzi kati ya watu wawili ni hisia za nguvu kuliko ''kumpenda'' mwingine kwa jumla. Mapenzi yasiyotuzwa ni hisia za mapenzi ambazo haziwezi kulipwa au kurudishwa. Mapenzi kama hayo yanaweza kuwepo kati ya [[wanafamilia]], marafiki, na [[wanandoa]]. Pia kuna matatizo kadhaa ya kisaikolojia yanayohusiana na mapenzi. Tangu kale [[historia]], [[falsafa]] na [[dini]] ndizo [[taaluma]] ambazo zimewaza sana suala la mapenzi. Katika [[karne ya 20]], [[sayansi]] ya [[saikolojia]] imeandika mambo mengi juu ya suala hili. Katika miaka ya karibuni, [[saikolojia ya mabadiliko]], [[biolojia ya mabadiliko]], [[anthropolojia]], [[sayansi ya nyuro]] na [[biolojia]] zimezidisha [[ufahamu]] juu ya mapenzi. ===Msingi wa kikemia=== Biolojia ya [[jinsia]] huona mapenzi kama [[hisia]] za [[mamalia]], sawa na [[njaa]] au [[kiu]].<ref name="Lewis">{{cite book | last = Lewis | first = Thomas | coauthors = Amini, F., & Lannon, R. | title = A General Theory of Love | url = https://archive.org/details/generaltheoryof00lewi | publisher = Random House | year = 2000 |isbn=0-375-70922-3}}</ref> [[Helen Fisher]], [[mtaalamu]] wa [[mada]] ya mapenzi, amegawa mapenzi katika sehemu tatu zinazolingana: tamaa, mvuto na pendo. Tamaa huwafunua watu kwa wengine; mvuto wa kimahaba huwahamasisha kuzingatia [[nguvu]] yao kwa kuhusiana kingono; na pendo linahusisha kustahimili mwenzako (au [[mtoto]]) kwa muda wa kutosha kumlea. [[Tamaa]] ni hamu ya mwanzo ya ngono ambayo inaendana na kutolewa kwa wingi kwa [[kemikali]] kama vile [[testosterone]] na [[estrogen]]. Athari hizo huwa hazikai zaidi ya wiki chache au miezi michache. [[Pendo]] ni hamu ya binafsi na ya kimahaba zaidi inayoelekezwa kwa mtu maalum wa kuhusiana kingono, ambayo hutokana na tamaa wakati wajibu kwa mtu huyo unakua. [[Utafiti]] uliofanywa hivi karibuni na [[Sayansi ya nyuro]] umeonyesha kuwa kadiri watu wanavyoendelea kupendana, [[ubongo]] huwa unatoa aina fulani za kemikali, ikiwa ni pamoja na 'pheromones', 'dopamine', 'norepinephrine', na 'serotonin', ambazo hufanya kazi sawa na 'amphetamines', kuchochea [[kiini cha furaha]] kwenye ubongo na kusababisha ongezeko la [[mapigo ya moyo]], kupoteza [[hamu ya kula]] na kulala, na hisia kali za [[msisimko]]. Utafiti umeonyesha kwamba hatua hiyo kwa jumla hudumu kuanzia mwaka mmoja na nusu hadi miaka mitatu. <ref name="human">{{cite book |last=Winston |first=Robert |year=2004 |title=Human |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]}}</ref> Kwa kuwa hatua za tamaa na mvuto huendelea kwa muda tu, hatua ya tatu inahitajika kuelezea mahusiano ya muda mrefu. [[Upendo]] ni [[maingiliano]] ambayo hukuza mahusiano ya kudumu kwa miaka na hata miongo mingi. Upendo kwa jumla umejengwa kwenye [[wajibu]] kama vile [[ndoa]] na [[watoto]], au kuheshimiana kirafiki kulikojengwa kwenye mambo kama vitu mnavyovipenda. Upendo umehusishwa na kuwepo kwa viwango vya juu vya kemikali ('oxytocin' na 'vasopressin') ikilinganishwa na mahusiano ya muda mfupi. <ref name="human"></ref> [[Enzo Emanuele]] na wenzake walieleza kuwa [[molekuli]] ya [[protini]] inayojulikana kama chanzo cha ukuaji wa neva (nerve growth factor = NGF) ina viwango vya juu wakati watu wanapoanza kupendana, lakini viwango hivyo hurudi kwenye vipimo vya awali baada ya mwaka mmoja. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Emanuele, E. |coauthor=Polliti, P.; Bianchi, M.; Minoretti, P.; Bertona, M.; & Geroldi, D |year=2005 |title=Raised plasma nerve growth factor levels associated with early-stage romantic love |url=http://www.biopsychiatry.com/lovengf.htm |journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology |volume=Sept. 05}}</ref> ===Msingi wa kisaikolojia=== [[File:Sri Lankan woman and child.jpg|thumb|250px|Bibi na mjukuu, [[Sri Lanka]].]] Saikolojia inaonyesha mapenzi kama jambo tambuzi na la kijamii. [[Mwanasaikolojia]] [[Robert Sternberg]] alibuni [[nadharia ya miraba mitatu ya mapenzi]] akasema mapenzi yana vipengele vitatu tofauti: urafiki, kujitoa, na [[uchu]]. Urafiki ni aina ambayo watu wawili huambiana [[siri]] na mambo kadhaa kuhusu [[maisha]] yao binafsi. Kuwajibika, kwa upande mwingine, ni matumaini kuwa uhusiano huo utadumu. Aina ya mwisho na inayopatikana sana ni mvuto wa kingono au uchu. Mapenzi ya uchu ni kama yanavyoonyeshwa katika kupumbazwa kimapenzi pamoja na mapenzi ya kimahaba. Aina zote za mapenzi hutazamwa kama mchanganyiko tofauti wa vipengele hivyo vitatu. Mwanasaikolojia kutoka [[Marekani]], [[Zick Rubin]] alijaribu kutumia [[saikometriki]]. Kazi yake inasema kuwa mapenzi yamejengwa na vipengele vitatu: upendo, kujali na urafiki. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Rubin |first=Zick |title=Measurement of Romantic Love |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-personality-and-social-psychology_1970-10_16_2/page/265 |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=16 |pages=265&ndash;27 |year=1970 |doi=10.1037/h0029841}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |last=Rubin |first=Zick |title=Liking and Loving: an invitation to social psychology |url=https://archive.org/details/likinglovinginvi00rubi |location=New York |publisher=Holt, Rinehart & Winston |year=1973}}</ref> Kufuatia maendeleo katika [[nadharia za umeme]], kama vile [[sheria ya Coulomb]] ambayo ilionyesha kuwa [[nguvu chanya]] na [[nguvu hasi]] huvutiana, milinganisho katika maisha ya binadamu ilifanywa, kama vile "vitu vilivyo kinyume kuvutiana." Katika karne ya 20, utafiti juu ya mahusiano ya kingono miongoni mwa binadamu umepata kwa jumla kuwa jambo hili si kweli kuhusu tabia za watu kwa sababu hao kwa kawaida kuwapenda wale walio na sifa zinazofanana na zao. Hata hivyo, katika nyanja chache zisizo za kawaida na maalumu, kama vile [[mifumo ya kinga]], inaonekana kwamba binadamu hupendelea binadamu ambao ni tofauti nao (mfano, walio na mfumo wa orthojoni), kwa kuwa jambo hili litasababisha kupata mtoto ambaye ana sifa bora za pande zote mbili. <ref>{{cite book | last = Berscheid | first = Ellen | coauthors = Walster, Elaine, H.| title = Interpersonal Attraction | url = https://archive.org/details/interpersonalatt0000elle | publisher = Addison-Wesley Publishing Co | year = 1969 | id = CCCN 69-17443 }}</ref> Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, [[nadharia]] mbalimbali za [[maingiliano ya binadamu]] zimebuniwa na kuelezewa kwa kuzingatia upendo, mahusiano, maingiliano, na mivuto. Baadhi ya wataalamu wa Magharibi hugawanywa katika vipengele viwili vikuu, chenye utu na chenye kujipenda. Mtazamo huo umewakilishwa na [[Scott Peck]], ambaye anasema kuwa mapenzi ni mchanganyiko wa "wasiwasi kuhusu ukuaji kiroho wa mwingine," na kujipenda sahili. <ref name="peck">{{cite book | title=The Road Less Traveled | url=https://archive.org/details/roadlesstraveled00peck_571 | isbn=0-671-25067-1 | last=Peck | first=Scott | publisher=Simon & Schuster | year=1978 | page=[https://archive.org/details/roadlesstraveled00peck_571/page/n166 169]}}</ref> Kwa pamoja, mapenzi ni shughuli, si hisia tu. ===Ulinganifu wa mifumo ya kisayansi=== Mifumo ya kibiolojia ya mapenzi huyatazama kama msukumo wa kimamalia, sawa na [[njaa]] au [[kiu]]<ref name="Lewis"></ref>, kumbe saikolojia huyatazama kama jambo linalotegemea zaidi jamii na utamaduni. Pengine kuna [[chembe]] za [[ukweli]] katika mitazamo yote miwili. Hakika mapenzi huathiriwa na [[homoni]], na jinsi watu hufikiri na kutenda katika mapenzi huathiriwa na mawazo yao kuhusu hayo. Mtazamo wa kawaida katika [[biolojia]] ni kwamba kuna misukumo miwili mikuu katika mapenzi: [[mvuto wa kingono]] na [[pendo]]. Pendo kati ya watu wazima huchukuliwa kufanya kazi kwa kuzingatia kanuni sawa na zile zinazomfanya [[mtoto mchanga]] kumpenda mama yake. Mtazamo wa [[jadi]] wa kisaikolojia huangalia mapenzi kama muungano wa [[mapenzi ya kimwenzi]] na [[mapenzi ya kiuchu]]. Mapenzi ya kiuchu ni hamu kubwa, na mara nyingi huandamana na [[mhemko wa kimwili]] (kupumua kwa nguvu, mpigo wa moyo wa kasi); [[mapenzi ya kimwenzi]] ni mapenzi na hisia za kirafiki zisizoandamana na mhemko wa kimwili. Uchunguzi umeonyesha kuwa ubongo wa waliopumbazwa na mapenzi unafanana na ule wa wenye [[ugonjwa wa akili]]. Mapenzi huanzisha shughuli katika eneo la ubongo sawa na njaa, kiu, na [[hamu ya madawa]]. Mapenzi mapya, kwa hiyo, yanaweza kuegemea upande wa mwili kuliko wa hisia. Kadiri wakati unavyopita, athari hizo zinazotokana na mapenzi hukomaa, na maeneo mbalimbali ya ubongo yanaamshwa, hasa yale yanayohusiana na ahadi za muda mrefu. ==Mitazamo ya kitamaduni== ===Uajemi=== : :: ::: ::::''Hata baada ya muda huu wote'' :::::''Jua haliambii ardhi, "ninakudai."'' ::::::''Angalia kinachotokea na Upendo kama huo!'' '''' : :: ::: :::: - ''Linaangaza mbingu nzima.'' (Hafiz) [[Maulana Rumi]], [[Hafez]] na [[Sa'di]] ni ishara za uchu na mapenzi ambazo huwasilishwa na lugha na [[utamaduni wa Kiajemi]]. Neno la Kiajemi linalorejelea mapenzi ni ''eshgh,'' lililotokana na la Kiarabu ''Ishq.'' Katika utamaduni wa Kiajemi, kila kitu kinazungukwa na mapenzi na yote huwa ni kwa ajili ya mapenzi, kuanzia kupenda marafiki na familia, mabibi na mabwana, na hatimaye kufikia upendo wa Kimungu ambao ndio lengo halisi la maisha. Zaidi ya karne saba zilizopita, Sa'di aliandika: : :: ::: ::::''Watoto wa Adamu ni viungo vya mwili mmoja'' :::::''Baada ya kuumbwa kwa kiini kimoja.'' ::::::''Wakati msiba wa wakati unaathiri kiungo kimoja'' :::::::''Viungo hivyo vingine haviwezi kuwa na amani.'' ::::::::''Ikiwa hauna huruma kwa matatizo ya wengine'' :::::::::''Wewe hustahili kuitwa kwa jina la "mtu."'' ===China na tamaduni za jirani=== [[File:Love zh.svg|thumb|The traditional Chinese character for love (愛) consists of a heart (middle) inside of "accept," "feel," or "perceive," which shows a graceful emotion.]] [[Ukonfusio]] kwa desturi ulisisitiza wajibu, mwelekeo na tendo katika uhusiano (km wema kutoka kwa wazazi, [[utiifu wa mzazi]] kutoka kwa watoto, uaminifu kwa mfalme, na kadhalika) kuliko mapenzi yenyewe. Katika kuzingatia hayo, dhana ya "mapenzi" umekuja tu hivi majuzi kutoka [[Ustaarabu wa magharibi|Magharibi]]. Hata hivyo, ''[[Ren]]'' (仁) inaweza kuonekana kama wema wa mapenzi, ambayo ni sehemu muhimu ya maisha ya kimaadili, na lazima ifuatwe na wote. [[Mozi]] alibuni dhana ya ''Ai'' (爱) iliyotokana na ile ya Kikonfusio ''Ren,'' ambayo inakaribiana zaidi na ile ya kimagharibi ya mapenzi bia. Badala ya kuonyesha mitazamo tofauti kwa watu tofauti, dhana ya [[Mohism]] inasisitiza kumpenda kila mtu, si marafiki au familia pekee, bila kuzingatia kama wao pia watafanya hivyo. Katika lugha ya [[Kichina]] na [[tamaduni za kisasa]], istilahi kadhaa hutumiwa kurejelea dhana ya mapenzi: *''Ai'' (爱) ni kitenzi (km ''Wo Ai Ni'' 我爱你, au "Ninakupenda") na istilahi (kama ''Ai Qing'' 爱情, au "Mapenzi ya Kimahaba"). Neno hili ndilo ambalo linatumiwa sana kurejelea mapenzi, na linaweza kuwa na maana mbalimbali katika mazingira tofauti, kama ilivyo katika Kiingereza. Tangu mwaka 1949, eneo la Bara China limekuwa likitumia neno ''[[wikt:airen|Ai Ren]]'' (爱人, asilia lililomaanisha "mpenzi") kama neno kuu la "mke/mume" (wakati maneno tofauti ya "bibi" na "bwana" yalidumishwa, yalikosa kusisitizwa ili kukuza usawa wa kijinsia); neno ''Ai Renouce '' lina maana dhahania hasi nchini China, jambo ambalo bado linajitokeza miongoni mwa wengi nchini [[Taiwan.]] *Istilahi ''Lian'' (恋) inaelezea hali kupenda na kutegemea ya mtu binafsi inayotokana na mapenzi, na kwa hivyo huwa halitumiki sana likiwa peke yake. Mara nyingi huwa linatumiwa hasa kuelezea mapenzi ya kimahaba au kingono, kama vile "kuwa katika mapenzi" (恋爱, ''Lian Ai),'' "mpenzi" (恋人, ''Lian Ren)'' au [["ushoga"]] (同性恋, ''Tong Xing Lian).'' *Istilahi ''Qing'' (情), au "hisia", mara nyingi inaonyesha "mapenzi" katika muktadha sahihi. Linapotumiwa pamoja na ''Ai'' (爱) neno hili hasa huwa linatumiwa kuelezea mapenzi ya kimahaba, kama katika ''Ai Qing'' 爱情. ''Qing Ren'' (情人) ni istilali ingine inayorejelea "mpenzi", ikimaanisha kuwa kumekuwa na uhusiano wa kingono . *Istilahi ''Gănqíng'' (感情) inajumuisha hisia zilizoko na upendo ambao umekua kutokana na kuwa na uhusiano wa karibu. Ujenzi wa ''gănqíng'' hii, au maingiliano, kwa hivyo ni muhimu katika kuanzisha na kudumisha mapenzi. *''[[Yuanfen]]'' (缘份) ni muungano wa kudura. Mwanzo wa uhusiano wa maana (uwe wa kimahaba au kirafiki) huwa unafikiriwa kuwa mara nyingi unategemea ''yuanfen.'' Mtazamo sawa na huu katika Kiingereza ni "hatima" au "kudura". ===Japani=== Katika [[Ubudha wa Kijapani]], neno ''ai'' (爱) linarejelea mapenzi ya uchu na kujali, na hamu ya msingi. Inaweza kukua kuelekea ama ubinafsi au kutokuwa na ubinafsi na kutaalamika. ''[[Amae]]'' (甘え), neno la Kijapani lenye maana ya "kujihusisha na utegemezi," ni sehemu ya [[utamaduni wa Ujapani]] wa kumlea mtoto. Akina mama wa Kijapani wanatarajiwa kukumbatia na kuendekeza watoto wao, na watoto wanatarajiwa kuwatuza mama zao kwa kuwashikilia na kuwahudumia. Baadhi ya [[wanasosholojia]] wamependekeza kuwa maingiliano ya kijamii ya Kijapani katika maisha ya baadaye yamejengeka juu ya 'amae' ya mama kwa mtoto. ===Ugiriki wa kale=== [[Ugiriki ya Kale]] ina maneno mbalimbali na tofauti: ''philia, eros, agape, storge na xenia.'' Hata hivyo, imekuwa vigumu kihistoria kutofautisha kabisa maana za maneno hayo ya Kigiriki (kama ilivyo kwa lugha nyingine nyingi). Tafsiri ya [[Biblia]] ya Ugiriki ya kale ina mifano ya [[kitenzi]] ''agapo'' kikiwa na maana sawa na ''[[phileo]].'' ''[[Agape]]'' inamaanisha mapenzi'' katika Ugiriki ya sasa kisasa. Neno ''S'agapo'' linamaanisha ''Ninakupenda'' katika Kigiriki. Neno ''agapo'' ni kitenzi ''Ninapenda.'' Kwa jumla linarejelea [[aina]] ya mapenzi ambayo ni "safi", badala ya mvuto wa kimwili unaopendekezwa na ''eros.'' Hata hivyo, kuna baadhi ya mifano ya ''agape'' inayotumika kuleta maana sawa na ''eros.'' Pia imetafsiriwa kama "upendo wa nafsi." ''[[Eros]]'' ni mapenzi ya kimahaba, yaliyo na shauku na hamu. Neno la Kigiriki ''erota'' linamaanisha ''katika mapenzi.'' Ingawa mapenzi ya eros kwa kawaida huwa yanahisiwa kwa mtu, kwa kutafakari yanakuwa ni kuthamini uzuri ndani ya mtu, au hata inakuwa ni kuthamini [[uzuri]] wenyewe. Mapenzi ya eros husaidia nafsi kukumbuka ujuzi wa uzuri na huchangia katika ufahamu wa ukweli wa kiroho. Wapenzi na wanafalsafa wote huchochewa na eros kutafuta ukweli. Baadhi ya tafsiri huyaorodhesha kama "mapenzi ya mwili." ''[[Philia]]'' kama mapenzi ya [[wema]] yasiyo na uchu, ilikuwa ni dhana iliyobuniwa na [[Aristotle]]. Inahusisha uaminifu kwa marafiki, familia na jamii, na inahitaji wema, usawa, na kufahamiana. Philia huchochewa na kwa sababu za kiutendaji; mmoja au wawili wa wahusika kufaidika na uhusiano. Inaweza pia kumaanisha "mapenzi ya akili." ''[[Storge]]'' ni mapenzi ya kawaida, kama wanayohisi wazazi kwa watoto wao. ''[[Xenia]]'' (ξενία ''xenía),'' ukarimu, ulikuwa jambo muhimu sana katika Ugiriki wa kale. Ulikuwa karibu na urafiki wa kitaambiko ulioanzishwa kati ya mwenyeji na mgeni wake, ambao hapo awali wangekuwa hawafahamiani. Mwenyeji alimlisha na kumpatia mgeni malazi, na mgeni alitarajiwa kulipia kwa shukrani pekee. Umuhimu wa jambo hili unaweza kuonekana kupitia [[visasili]] vya Kigiriki, hasa vile vya [[Homer]] ambavyo ni [[Iliad]] na [[Odyssey]]. ===Uturuki=== Katika [[Kituruki]], neno "mapenzi" huwa na maana kadhaa. Mtu anaweza kumpenda Mungu, mtu, wazazi, au familia. Lakini mtu huyo anaweza "kupenda" mtu mmoja tu kutoka jinsia tofauti na yake, jambo ambalo wao hulipatia neno "aşk", yaani mapenzi kwa maana za kimahaba na kingono pekee. Ikiwa Mturuki atasema kuwa yeye anampenda (aşk) mtu, si aina ya mapenzi ambayo mtu anaweza kuhisi kwa wazazi wake, ni ya mtu mmoja tu, na inaonyesha [[ashiki]] kuu. Neno hili hupatikana kwenye [[lugha za Kiturki]], kama zile za [[Azerbaijani]] (Esq) na [[Kazakh]] (ғашық). ===Roma ya Kale (Kilatini)=== [[Lugha]] ya [[Kilatini]] ina vitenzi mbalimbali vinavyolingana na neno la Kiingereza "love." ''Amare'' ndilo neno msingi la ''mapenzi,'' na bado ndilo linalotumiwa kwenye [[Kiitalia]] hadi leo. [[Warumi]] walilitumia kurejelea uhusiano wa kirafiki na wakimahaba au kingono. Kutoka kitenzi hiki tunapata ''amans-'' mpenzi, amator, "mpenzi wa kitaalamu," mara nyingi likiwa na wazo la ziada la uzinzi - na ''amica,'' "mpenzi", na mara nyingi hutumiwa kitafsida kurejelea [[kahaba]]. Neno linalolingana ni ''amor'' (umuhimu wa neno hili kwa Warumi unaonyeshwa katika ukweli kwamba, jina la mji [[Rome-]], katika Kilatini: ''Roma-linaweza'' kutazamwa kama [[anagramu]] ya ''amor,'' neno ambalo lilitumika kama jina la siri la mji katika duru pana nyakati za zamani), <ref> Thomas Köves-Zulauf, Reden und Schweigen, München, 1972.</ref> na ambalo ni pia linatumika katika wingi kuashiria mahusiano ya kimapenzi na matukio ya kingono. Kutoka kwenye kiini kile bado tunapata ''amicus'' - "rafiki" na ''Amicitia,'' "urafiki" (unaojengwa kwenye ushirika, na kulingana wakati mwingine kwa karibu na "uwiwa" au "ushawishi"). [[Cicero]] aliandika makala inayoitwa ''[[de Amicitia]],'' ambayo inazungumzia wazo hili kwa urefu fulani. [[Ovid]] aliandika mwongozo wa kupendana uitwao ''[[Ars Amatoria]]'' ambao unazungumzia, kwa kina, kila kitu kutoka masuala ya uhusiano nje ya ndoa hadi masuala ya wazazi wanaomnyima mtu uhuru. Wakati mwingine Kilatini hutumia neno ''Amare'' katika sehemu ambazo huzua utata. Hata hivyo, katika Kilatini kwa jumla kuna maneno ''placere'' au ''delectāre,'' ambayo hutumiwa zaidi katika miktadha isiyo rasmi, na neno la mwisho la ''delectāre'' likitumiwa mara nyingi katika ushairi wa kimapenzi wa [[Catullus]]. Neno ''Diligere'' mara nyingi linazua wazo la "kuwa na upendo wa," "kuheshimu," na kwa nadra sana hutumiwa kurejelea mapenzi ya kimahaba. Neno hili linaweza kufaa kuelezea urafiki wa watu wawili. [[Nomino]] inayolingana ''diligentia,'' hata hivyo, ina maana ya "bidii" au "uangalifu," na ina uhusiano mdogo sana wa kisemantiki na kitenzi hicho. ''Observare'' ni kisawe cha ''diligere;'' licha ya kuwa na asili moja na Kiingereza, kitenzi hicho na nomino inayolingana, ''observantia,'' mara nyingi huashiria "heshima" au "upendo." Neno ''[[Caritas]]'' hutumika katika tafsiri za Kilatini za [[Biblia ya Kikristo]] kwa maana ya "upendo wenye hisani"; maana hiyo, hata hivyo, haipatikani katika [[maandiko ya Kirumi]] ya [[Upagani|Kipagani]]. ==Maoni ya dini== ===Dini za Kiabrahamu === [[File:Ahava.jpg|thumb|left|200px|"LOVE sculpture" 1977 ya Robert Indiana, 'spelling ahava in Israel']] ====Uyahudi==== Katika [[Kiyahudi]], Ahava ndilo neno linalotumika sana kurejelea upendo kati ya watu na upendo wa Mungu. [[Uyahudi]] unatumia ufafanuzi mpana wa upendo, kati ya watu na kati ya mtu na Mungu. Kuhusu upendo kati ya watu, [[Torati]] inasema, "Mpende jirani yako kama ujipendavyo" ([[Mambo ya Walawi]] 19:18). Kuhusu upendo wa pili, mtu ameamuriwa kumpenda Mungu "kwa moyo wako wote, kwa roho yako yote na kwa nguvu zako zote" ([[Kumb]] 6:5), zilizochukuliwa na [[Mishna]] ([[ufafanuzi]] wa [[sheria)]] za Wayahudi kurejelea mema, mtu kuwa tayari kutoa maisha yake kama dhabihu badala ya kutenda makosa fulani makubwa, mtu kuwa tayari kutoa mali yake yote kama sadaka, na kumshukuru Mungu licha ya mashaka (Berakhoth 9:5). [[Fasihi ya Marabi]] hutofautiana katika jinsi upendo huu unaweza kuendelezwa, kwa mfano, kwa kutafakari matendo ya Mungu au kushuhudia makuu yaliyoumbwa. Na kuhusu upendo kati ya washirika wa ndoa, jambo hili huchukuliwa kama kiungo muhimu cha maisha: "Ishi maisha na mke umpendaye" [[Kitabu cha Mhubiri]] 9:9). Kitabu cha [[Biblia]] ''[[Wimbo Ulio Bora]]'' huchukuliwa kama [[fumbo]] la upendo wa kindoa kati ya Mungu na taifa lake, lakini kwa kawaida wasomaji hukiona kama wimbo wa mapenzi. [[Rabi]] [[Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler]] ([[karne ya 20]]) hunukuliwa mara nyingi kwa kufafanua upendo kwa mtazamo wa Wayahudi unaosema upendo ni "kutoa bila kutarajia kupokea" (kutoka ''Michtav'' ''me-Eliyahu,'' Vol. 1). ====Ukristo==== [[File:Giovanni Baglione - The Divine Eros Defeats the Earthly Eros.jpg|thumb|right|Mapenzi matakatifu dhidi ya mapenzi ya kiulimwengu, mchoro wa [[Giovanni Baglione]] wa mwaka [[1602]]-[[1603]].]] Uelewa wa [[Ukristo]] unasema kwamba [[upendo]] hutoka kwa [[Mungu]]. Mapenzi ya [[mwanamume]] na [[mwanamke]] ("eros" katika Kigiriki) na mapenzi yasiyo na ubinafsi kwa wengine ("agape") mara nyingi hulinganishwwa kama mapenzi ya "kupaa" na "kushuka", lakini hatimaye ni jambo moja. <ref name="vatican1">{{cite web |url=http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20051225_deus-caritas-est_en.html |author=Pope Benedict XVI |title=papal encyclical, Deus Caritas Est.}}</ref> Kuna maneno kadhaa ya Kigiriki yanayorejelea "mapenzi" ambayo yanatajwa katika duru za Wakristo. * ''[[Agape]]'': Katika [[Agano Jipya]], agape ni ya [[hisani]], isiyo na [[ubinafsi]] wala ma[[sharti]]. Ni mapenzi ya [[wazazi]], ambayo yanajenga [[wema]] katika [[dunia]], ni vile [[Mungu]] anavyoonekana kuwapenda wanadamu, na huonekana kama aina ya mapenzi ambayo Wakristo hutamani kuonyesha kwa mtu mwingine. * ''[[Phileo]]'': Pia katika Agano Jipya, ''phileo'' ni itikio la binadamu kwa kitu ambacho hufurahisha. Pia yanajulikana kama "mapenzi ya kindugu." * Maneno mengine mawili yanayorejelea mapenzi katika lugha ya Kigiriki ambayo ni: ''[[eros]]'' (mapenzi ya kingono) na ''[[storge]]'' (mapenzi ya mtoto kwa mzazi), hayakutumika katika [[Agano Jipya]]. [[Wakristo]] wanaamini kwamba ''kumpenda Mungu kwa moyo wako wote, akili, na nguvu na kumpenda [[jirani]] yako kama ujipendavyo'' ni mambo mawili muhimu katika maisha, [[amri kuu]] ya [[Torati]], kulingana na mafundisho na maisha ya [[Yesu]] (taz. [[Injili ya Marko]] sura ya 12, Aya 28-34). [[Mtakatifu]] [[Agostino wa Hipo]] aliyafupisha haya alipoandika ''"Umpende Mungu, halafu ufanye utakavyo."'' [[Mtume Paulo]] alitukuza upendo kama kitu muhimu kulilo vyote. Huku akielezea upendo katika [[shairi]] maarufu katika [[Waraka wa kwanza kwa Wakorintho]] aliandika, ''"Upendo huvumilia, upendo ni mwema,'' ''hauna wivu, haujivuni, hauna kiburi.'' ''Si ufidhuli, hauna majivuno, haukasirishwi kwa haraka, hauhesabu mabaya uliotendewa.'' ''Upendo haufurahii maovu bali hufurahia ukweli.'' ''Upendo daima hulinda, daima huamini, daima huwa na matumaini, na daima huvumilia."'' ([[1 Kor]] 13:4-7). [[Mtume Yohane]] aliandika, ''"Kwa maana Mungu aliupenda ulimwengu hata akamtoa [[Mwana]] wake wa pekee, ili kila mtu amwaminiye asipotee bali awe na [[uzima wa milele]].'' '' Maana Mungu hakumtuma Mwanawe ulimwenguni ili auhukumu [[ulimwengu]], bali ulimwengu uokolewe katika yeye.'' ''Kila mtu amwaminiye hahukumiwi, lakini yeyote asiyemuamini tayari ana hatia kwa sababu yeye hajaamini [[jina]] la [[Mwana pekee wa Mungu]]."'' ([[Yoh]] 3:16-18). Yohane pia aliandika, ''"Marafiki zangu, hebu tupendane kwani upendo hutoka kwa Mungu.'' ''Kila mtu anayependa amezaliwa wa Mungu na anamjua Mungu.'' ''Yeyote asiyependa hamjui Mungu, kwa sababu Mungu ni upendo."'' ([[1 Yoh]] 4:7-8). Mtakatifu Augustino anasema ni lazima mtu aweze kutambua tofauti kati ya upendo na tamaa. Tamaa ni kujihusisha katika jambo kupindukia, bali kupenda na kupendwa ndilo jambo ambalo amelitafuta maisha yake yote. Hata anasema, ''"Nilikuwa nimependana na upendo."'' Hatimaye, akawa anampenda Mungu na kupendwa naye. Augustino anasema kuwa yule anayeweza kukupenda kwa ukweli na [[ukamilifu]] ni Mungu, kwa sababu upendo kwa binadamu unaruhusu [[udhaifu]] kama vile ''"[[wivu]], [[wasiwasi]], [[hofu]], [[hasira]], na [[ushindani]]."'' Kulingana na Augustino, kumpenda Mungu ni ''"kufikia amani ambayo ni yako."'' ([[Maungamo ya Mtakatifu Augustino]]). [[Wanateolojia]] Wakristo humwona Mungu kama chanzo cha upendo, ambao huonekana katika binadamu na mahusiano yao ya upendo. Msomi mkubwa wa Biblia [[C. S. Lewis]] aliandika kitabu kinachoitwa ''[[The Four Loves]].'' [[Papa Benedikto XVI]] aliandika [[waraka]] wake wa kwanza kuhusu [["Mungu ni upendo"]]. Humo alisema kuwa mwanadamu, aliyeumbwa kwa mfano wa Mungu ambaye ni upendo, anaweza kupenda; kujitoa kwa Mungu na wengine ([[agape]]) na kwa kupokea na kuhisi upendo wa Mungu kupitia [[tafakuri]] (Eros). Maisha haya ya upendo, kulingana na yeye, ni maisha ya watakatifu kama [[Bikira Maria]] na [[Mama Teresa]] wa [[Kolkata]] na ni mwelekeo ambao Wakristo huchukua wanapoamini kuwa Mungu anawapenda. <ref name="vatican1"></ref> ====Uislamu na Uarabu==== Kwa kiwango fulani, mapenzi hayahusishi mtazamo wa Kiislamu wa maisha kama undugubia ambao unahusisha wale wote ambao wanashika [[imani]] ya Kiislamu. Hakuna sehemu inayosema Mungu ni upendo, lakini miongoni mwa majina 99 ya [[Allah]], kuna jina ''Al-Wadud,'' au "Anayependa," ambalo hupatikana katika Sura 11:90 na vilevile Sura 85:14. Linamtaja Mungu kama "aliyejaa fadhili." Wale wote ambao wanaamini wana mapenzi ya Mungu, lakini kwa kiasi gani au juhudi zipi amemfurahisha Mungu inamtegemea mtu binafsi. ''[[Ishq]],'' au mapenzi ya kiungu, ni msisitizo wa [[Usufi]]. [[Wasufi]] huamini kwamba mapenzi ni makadirio ya kiini cha Mungu kwa ulimwengu. Mungu anatamani kutambua uzuri, na kama mtu aangaliavyo kwenye kioo ili kujiona, Mungu "hujiangalia" kwenye mienendo ya asili. Kwa kuwa kila kitu kinaonyesha Mungu, shule ya usufi huzingatia kuona uzuri ndani ya kinachoonekana kuwa kibaya. Usufi mara nyingi unajulikana kama dini ya upendo. Mungu katika usufi hutajwa kwa majina matatu makuu, ambayo ni mpenzi, mpendwa, na kipenzi, na neno la mwisho kati ya maneno haya likijitokeza sana katika ushairi wa kisufi. Mtazamo wa kawaida wa Usufi ni kwamba kupitia mapenzi, wanadamu wanaweza kurudia usafi na neema yao ya awali. Watakatifu wa Usufi wanasifika kwa kuwa "walevi" kutokana na upendo wao wa Mungu; ndio maana mvinyo unatajwa sana katika mashairi na muziki wa kisufi. ===Dini za Mashariki=== ====Ubudha==== Katika [[Ubudha]], [[K&amp;#257;ma]] ni mapenzi ya kimihemko na kingono. Ni kikwazo katika njia ya [[kutaalamika]], kwani yana ubinafsi. ''[[Karu&amp;#7751;ā]]'' ni huruma na rehema, ambayo hupunguza mateso ya wengine. Huenda sambamba na hekima na ni muhimu kwa kutaalamika. ''Adveṣa'' na ''[[Metta]]'' ni mapenzi ya ukarimu. Mapenzi haya hayana masharti na yanahitaji mtu kwa kiasi fulani awe amejikubali. Mapenzi haya ni tofauti kabisa na yale ya kawaida, ambayo kwa kawaida huwa yanahusu upendo na ngono na ambayo ni nadra yawepo bila kujifikiria. Badala yake, katika Ubudha inarejelea uhisani wa ustawi wa wengine usio wa kibinafsi. Maadili ya [[Bodhisattva]] katika Ubudha wa Mahayana yanahusisha kujinyima kamili ili kuchukua mzigo wa mateso ya dunia. Kichocheo kikuu alicho nacho mtu ili kuchukua njia ya Bodhisattva ni wazo la wokovu ndani yake, mapenzi ya kiutu kwa viumbe wote. ====Uhindu==== Katika [[Ubanyani]], ''[[k&amp;#257;ma]]'' ni mapenzi matamu ya kingono, yaliyohuishwa na mungu [[Kamadeva.]] Kwa shule nyingi za kihindu, huu ndio mwisho wa tatu ''[[(artha)]]'' katika maisha. Mara nyingi [[Kamadeva]] huonyeshwa pichani kashika [[upinde]] wa [[miwa]] na [[mshale]] wa [[maua;]] yeye huweza hata kubebwa na kasuku mkubwa. Yeye huwa ameandamana na mke wake [[rati na sahibu wake Vasanta]], mkubwa wa msimu wa kuchipua Sanamu za mawe za Kaama na rati zinaweza kuonekana kwenye mlango wa hekalu ya Chenna Keshava katika [[Belur]], huko [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. ''Määrä'' ni jina lingine la ''kama.'' Tofauti na ''kama, prema'' {{ndash}} au ''Prem'' {{ndash}} yanarejelea mapenzi yaliyoinuliwa. ''[[Karuna]]'' ni huruma na rehema, ambazo humchochea mtu kusaidia kupunguza mateso ya wengine. [[Bhakti]] ni istilahi ya ''Kisanskriti'', inayomaanisha "mapenzi ya ibada kwa Mungu mkuu." Mtu anayefuata ''bhakti'' anaitwa ''bhakta.'' Waandishi wa [[Kihindi]], wanateolojia, wanafalsafa wametambua aina tisa za ''[[bhakti]]'', ambazo zinaweza kupatikana katika kitabu cha [[Bhagavata Purana]] and works cha [[Tulsidas.]] Kazi ya kifalsafa ''[[Narada Bhakti Sutra]]'' iliyoandikwa na [[mwandishi]] asiyejulikana (anayefikiriwa kuwa [[Narada]]), inatambua aina [[kumi na moja]] za mapenzi. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{Mapendo}} ==Vyanzo== *{{cite book|last=Chadwick|first=Henry|title=Saint Augustine Confessions|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998}} *{{cite book|last=Fisher|first=Helen|title=Why We Love: the Nature and Chemistry of Romantic Love|year=2004|url=https://archive.org/details/whywelove00hele}} *{{cite book|last=Singer|first=Irving|title=The Nature of Love|subtitle=in three volumes|publisher=Random House|year=1966|edition= v.1 reprinted and later volumes from The University of Chicago Press, 1984|isbn=0-226-76094-4}} *{{cite journal|author=Sternberg, R.J.|title=A triangular theory of love|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-review_1986-01_93_1/page/n124|year=1986|journal=Psychological Review|volume=93|page=119&ndash;135|doi=10.1037/0033-295X.93.2.119}} *{{cite journal|author=Sternberg, R.J.|title=Liking versus loving: A comparative evaluation of theories|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-bulletin_1987-11_102_3/page/331|year=1987|journal=Psychological Bulletin|volume=102|page=331&ndash;345|doi=10.1037/0033-2909.102.3.331}} *{{cite book|last=Tennov|first=Dorothy|title=Love and Limerence: the Experience of Being in Love|url=https://archive.org/details/lovelimerence00tenn|location=New York|publisher=Stein and Day|year=1979|isbn=0-812-86134-5}} *{{cite book|author=Wood Samuel E., Ellen Wood and Denise Boyd|title=The World of Psychology|edition=5th|year=2005|publisher=Pearson Education|page=402&ndash;403}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Wiktionary|affect|affective}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080414121753/http://personality-project.org/revelle/publications/gilboa.pdf Personality and the Structure of Affective Responses] * {{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.brianlynchmd.com/AT/resources.htm |title=Affect and Script Theory - Silvan S. Tomkins |first=Brian |last=Lynch |access-date=2008-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915175735/http://www.brianlynchmd.com/AT/resources.htm |archive-date=15 September 2008 |url-status=dead |accessdate=2023-02-19 |archivedate=2008-09-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915175735/http://www.brianlynchmd.com/AT/resources.htm }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101121194322/http://www2.bc.edu/~russeljm/publications/Russell1980.pdf Circumplex Model of Affect] * [http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/bul/99/2/229.pdf Affect and Memory] [[Jamii:Jinsia]] [[Jamii:Saikolojia]] [[Jamii:Maadili]] h5rp1v6ulr2mge5z3ourfxuqmfbwmbv Somo la Uchumi 0 33085 1574410 1569202 2026-06-18T08:55:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[File:Ballard Farmers' Market - vegetables.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Muuzaji]] [[mboga]] [[soko|sokoni]].]] '''Somo la uchumi''' ni [[sayansi ya jamii]] ambayo hutafiti [[uzalishaji]], [[usambazaji]], na matumizi ya [[bidhaa]] na [[huduma]]. [[Neno]] ''[[uchumi]]'' linatokana na [[kitenzi]] "kuchuma". [[Jina]] la [[Kiingereza]] ''economy'' linatokana na neno la [[Kigiriki cha Kale]] ''oikonomia'' lenye maana ya "usimamizi wa kaya, utawala" (kutoka oikos, "nyumba" + nomos, "desturi" au "sheria"), kwa hiyo "sheria za nyumba (kaya)".<ref name="etymology">{{cite web | last = Harper | first = Douglas | authorlink = Douglas Harper | title = Online Etymology Dictionary&nbsp;— Economy | month = Novemba | year = 2001 | url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=economy | dateformat = mdy | accessdate=27 Oktoba 2007}}</ref> Aina za masomo ya kiuchumi ya kisasa zilizotokana na somo pana la uchumi wa kisiasa katika miaka ya mwisho ya karne ya 19, kutokana na matamanio ya kuchukua mwelekeo jarabati unaofaa zaidi sayansi za kiasilia.<ref name="Clark"> Clark, B. (1998). ''Kisiasa-uchumi: A Comparative strategi.'' Westport, CT: Preager.</ref> Ufafanuzi unaojumuisha mengi ya masomo ya kiuchumi ya kisasa ni ule wa [[Lionel Robbins]] katika insha yake: “Insha Juu ya Asili na Umuhimu wa Uchumi wa Kisayansi."<ref> {{cite book | last = Robbins | first = Lionel | authorlink = Lionel Robbins | title = An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science | publisher = Macmillan and Co., Limited | year = 1945 | location = London | url = http://www.mises.org/books/robbinsessay2.pdf|format=PDF}} s. 16</ref> Uhaba unamaanisha kuwa rasilimali zinazopatikana hazitoshelezi mahitaji yote. Ikiwa hakuna uhaba na kuna matumizi badala ya rasilimali zinazopatikana, basi hakuna shida ya kiuchumi. Hivyo somo lililofafanuliwa linahusu utafiti wa chaguzi kama vile zinavyobadilishwa na vishawishi na rasilimali. Somo la uchumi linalenga kufafanua vile uchumi hufanya kazi na vile viungo vya kiuchumi hufanya kazi pamoja. Uchambuzi wa kiuchumi huhusisha sehemu zote za jamii, katika biashara, fedha na serikali, na hata katika uhalifu,<ref> [[Friedman, Daudi D.]] (2002). [http://www.econlib.org/LIBRARY/Enc/Crime.html "Uhalifu,"] ''The kortfattad Encyclopedia wa Uchumi.'' Ilitumiwa 31 Oktoba 2006. </ref> [[elimu]], [[familia]], [[afya]], [[sheria]], [[siasa]], dini,<ref>Iannaccone, Laurence R. (1998). "Utangulizi wa Uchumi wa Dini," ''Journal of Economic Fasihi,'' 36 (3), [https://web.archive.org/web/20110715171833/http://www.religionomics.com/old/erel/S2-Archives/Iannaccone%20-%20Introduction%20to%20the%20Economics%20of%20Religion.pdf uk. 1465-1495..]</ref> [[taasisi za kijamii]], vita,<ref>[[Nordhaus, William D.]] (2002). "The Economic mshahara wa Vita na Iraq", katika ''Vita na Iraq: Gharama, mshahara, na Alternatives,'' [http://nordhaus.econ.yale.edu/AAAS_War_Iraq_2.pdf uk. 51-85.] {{Wayback|url=http://nordhaus.econ.yale.edu/AAAS_War_Iraq_2.pdf |date=20070202005510 }} American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Cambridge, MA. Accessed 21 Oktoba 2007.</ref> na [[sayansi.]]<ref>Arthur M. Diamond, Jr (2008). "sayansi, uchumi wa," [[The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics,|''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics,'' ]] 2nd Edition, Basingstoke na New York: [[Macmillan Palgrave.]] Pre-chapisho [https://web.archive.org/web/20120311140511/http://cba.unomaha.edu/faculty/adiamond/WEB/DiamondPDFs/PalgraveEconSci07.pdf cached ccpy.]</ref> Hoja inayoendelea kukua ya somo la kiuchumi katika sayansi ya kijamii imeelezwa kuwa ubeberu wa kiuchumi.<ref> [[Becker, Gary S.]] (1976). ''Approach ya Uchumi kwa Binadamu Behavior.'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=iwEOFKSKbMgC&dq=%22The+Economic+Approach+to+Human+Behavior%22+Introduction&lr=&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 Links] to arrow-page viewable sura. University of Chicago Press.</ref> Tofauti za kawaida huelezwa baina ya jinsi mbalimbali za somo la kiuchumi: baina ya uchumi chanya (kueleza “kile kilichoko”) na uchumi unaozidi kuongezeka (kueleza “kile kinachostahili kuwa”) au baina ya [[uchumi]] nadharia na uchumi wa kivitendo au baina ya uchumi uliotanda (ulio “halisi” unaojihusisha na “uwiano wa fikira-ubinafsi-msawazo”) na uchumi usio asilia (“badilishi” zaidi unaoshughulika na “uwiano wa taasisi-historia-muundo wa kijamii"<ref> Davis, John B. (2006 "Heterodox Uchumi, ya marknadsfragmentering ya Mainstream, na Wikipedia Individual Analysis," katika ''Future Directions in Heterodox Uchumi.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.</ref>). Hata hivyo tofauti ya kimsingi ya kiada baina ya “uchumi wa kiwango cha chini” (microeconomics), ambao unaotafiti tabia ya kiuchumi ya viungo (pamoja na watu binafsi na makampuni) na “uchumi wa kiwango cha juu” (macroeconomics), ambao hushughulikia maswala ya ukosefu wa ajira, mfumuko wa bei, sera ya fedha na hazina kwa uchumi wote. ===Kuanguka kwa soko=== [[File:Smokestack in Detroit.jpg|right|thumb|Pollution can be a simple example of market failure. If costs of production are not borne by producers but are by the environment, accident victims or others, then prices are distorted.|alt = A smokestack ikitoa moshi]] Maneno “kuanguka kwa soko” hujumuisha matatizo kadha wa kadha ambayo hudhoofisha fikira za kawaida za kiuchumi. Ingawa wanauchumi huorodhesha kuanguka kwa soko katika makundi tofauti,<ref> Rej. Barr (2004) uk. 72-79, ambao orodha ya soko kwa kushindwa ni kushindwa melded dhana ya kiuchumi, ambayo ni (1) wazalishaji kama bei takers (yaani uwepo wa oligopoly au monopol; lakini kwa nini hili si bidhaa ya yafuatayo?) (2) sawa nguvu za walaji (kile ajira wanasheria wito wa usawa wa biashara nguvu) (3) kukamilisha masoko (4) mali ya umma (5) nje ya madhara (yaani externalities?) (6) kuongeza anarudi wadogo (yaani vitendo monopol) (7) kamilifu habari.</ref> makundi yafuatayo hupatikana kutokana na nakala kuu.<ref> Stiglitz (2000) Ch.4, inasema vyanzo vya kushindwa soko inaweza enumerated kama [[asili monopol, habari de skillnader, incomplete masoko, externalities]], hali [[nzuri ya umma]] na [[uchumi]] störningar.</ref> Makundi asili yanayotawala shughuli za soko, au dhana zinazoambatana za kundi tawala “tendaji” au “la ustadi”, huhusisha ulegevu wa ushindani katika kuthibiti wazalishaji. Tatizo hili huelezwa kama hali ambapo ikiwa bidhaa itaendelea kuzalishwa zaidi, basi mapato yanakuwa ya kiwango cha juu. Hii humaanishwa kuwa hali hii humfaidi tu mzalishaji mmoja. Kutolingana kwa habari hutokea pale kikundi kimoja kina maelezo zaidi au bora zaidi kuliko kingine. Kuwepo kwa kutolingana kwa habari huzua matatizo kama shida za kimaadili, na uteuzi mbaya, ambayo hutafitiwa katika nadharia ya mkataba. Uchumi wa habari hufungamana na maswala mengi, ambayo ni pamoja na fedha, bima na sheria ya mkataba, na maamuzi chini ya hali za hatari na ukosefu wa uhakika.<ref>Lippman, SS, na JJ McCall (2001). "Habari, Uchumi wa," [[International Encyclopedia wa Social Sciences & Behavioral,|''International Encyclopedia wa Social Sciences & Behavioral,'' ]] uk. 7480-7486. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7MRM-4MT09VJ-1KS&_rdoc=16&_hierId=151000134&_refWorkId=21&_explode=151000131,151000134&_fmt=summary&_orig=na&_docanchor=&_idxType=SC&view=c&_ct=28&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=748a6fddc8a0c1b70f58f6d282af81fd Abstract.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7MRM-4MT09VJ-1KS&_rdoc=16&_hierId=151000134&_refWorkId=21&_explode=151000131,151000134&_fmt=summary&_orig=na&_docanchor=&_idxType=SC&view=c&_ct=28&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=748a6fddc8a0c1b70f58f6d282af81fd |date=20080926130228 }}</ref> Masoko yasiyokamilika ni jina ambalo hutumika katika hali ambapo wanunuzi na wauzi hawana habari ya kutosha kuhusu hali ya mwingine ilikuweza kuweka bei ya bidhaa au kutoa huduma ipasavyo. Huku kikitokana na makala ya George Akerlof ya Market for Lemons, kiolezo cha kutoa mfano ni kile cha soko yenye hila ya magari yaliyotumika. Wateja wasiokuwa na uwezo wa kujua iwapo wananunua “limau” watasukuma bei ya wastani chini zaidi kuliko ile bei inayostahili kwa ya gari nzuri iliyotumika. Kwa njia hii, bei inaweza kutoonyesha thamani ya kweli. Bidhaa za umma ni bidhaa ambazo zina uhaba katika soko la kawaida. Jinsi za kutambua hali hii ni kuwa watu wanaweza kutumia bidhaa hizi pasi na kuzilipia na kuwa zaidi ya mtu mmoja anaweza kutumia bidhaa hii kwa wakati mmoja. Vipengele vya nje huzuka pale ambapo kuna gharama au faida za juu za kijamii kutoka kwa uzalishaji au utumiaji ambavyo havidhihiriki katika bei za soko. Kwa mfano, uchafuzi wa hewa unaweza kuzua kipengele cha nje kisichofaa, na elimu inaweza kuzua kipengele cha nje kilicho na manufaa (kupungua kwa uhalifu, na kadhalika.). Serikali mara nyingi hulipisha kodi kwa na kuweka vizuizi kwa bidhaa zilizo na vepengele vya nje visivyofaa katika jitihada za kurekebisha mwenendo wa bei unaosababishwa na vipengel hivi vya nje.<ref> [[Laffont, JJ]] (1987). "Externalities", ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 2, uk 263-65.</ref> Nadharia ya kimsingi ya mahitaji-na-ugavi hutabiri msawazo lakini si kasi ya urekebishaji wa mabadiliko ya msawazo kutokana na mabadiliko katika mahitaji na ugavi.<ref>[[Blaug, Marko]] (2007). "The Social Sciences: Economics". ''The New Encyclopaedia Britannica'' v. 27, uk 347. Chicago. ISBN 0852294239</ref> Katika sehemu nyingi, aina fulani ya utobadilikaji wa bei hukubalika ili kueleza sababu ya viwango, na wala si bei, na kurekebisha kwa muda mfupi mabadiliko katika upande wa mahitaji au ule wa ugavi. Hii hujumuisha uchambuzi wa kawaida wa maisha ya biashara katika somo la uchumi wa kiwango cha juu. Uchambuzi mara nyingi huhusisha sababu za kutobadilika huku kwa bei na athari zake katika kufikia msawazo unaokisiwa kwa muda mrefu. Mifano ya kutobadilika kwa bei katika masoko fulani ni pamoja na viwango vya marupurupu katika soko la ajira na bei zilizowekwa katika masoko ambayo hayana ushindani kamili. Ukosefu wa kuimarika kwa uchumi wa kiwango cha juu, unaozungumziwa hapa chini, ni chanzo muhimu cha kuanguka kwa soko, ambapo kupotea kwa uthabiti wa biashara kwa ujumla au mshtuko wan je unaweza kusitisha uzalishaji na usambazaji, na hivyo kudhoofisha masoko ambayo yalikuwa yameimarika hapo awali. Baadhi ya masomo yaliyochanganuliwa ya kiuchumi hushughulika na kuanguka kwa masoko kuliko mengine. Uchumi wa sekta ya umma ni mfano mmoja, kwani iwapo masoko huanguka, basi aina fulani ya uthibiti au mpango wa serikali ndilo jibu. Nyingi za chumi za kimazingira huhusisha vipengele vya nje au “mabaya ya umma". Aina za sera hujumuisha vithibiti ambavyo huonyesha uchambuzi wa gharama-faida au ufumbuzi wa masoko ambao hubadili motisha, kama vile ada za uchafuzi wa mazingira au udhihirishaji upya wa haki za kumiliki mali.<ref> Kneese, Allen K., na Clifford S. Russell (1987). "Environmental Economics", ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 2, uk. 159-64.</ref><ref> Samuelson, Paulo A., na [[William D. Nordhaus]] (2004). ''Economics,'' ch. 18, "kulinda mazingira." McGraw-Hill.</ref> ===Makampuni=== [[File:Sao Paulo Stock Exchange.jpg|thumb|right| In Virtual Markets, buyer and seller are not present and trade via intermediates and electronic information. Pictured: São Paulo Stock Exchange.|alt = watu wawili kukaa saa kompyuta wachunguzi na taarifa ya fedha]] Mojawapo ya fikira kuhusu masoko yaliyo na ushindani kamili ni kuwa kunao wazalishaji wengi, hamna baina yao anayeweza kushawishi mabadiliko ya bei wala kufanya kazi pasi na kuzingatia masharti ya soko. Hata hivyo, katika hali halisi, watu hawafanyi biashara tu kwa soko, huwa wanafanya kazi na kuzalisha katika makampuni. Aina za makampuni ni mashirika, ubia na amana. Kwa mujibu wa Ronald Coase, watu huanza kupanga uzalishaji wao katika makampuni wakati gharama za kufanya biashara huwa za chini kuliko wakati wafanyapo shughuli hizi sokoni.<ref> Coase, [[asili ya Firm|''asili ya Firm'' ]] (1937)</ref> Makampuni hujumuisha kazi na mtaji, na zinaweza kupata faida nyingi zaidi za upanuzi ( wakati kuzalisha vitu viwili zaidi ni nafuu zaidi kuliko kuzalisha kitu kimoja) kuliko kufanya biashara ya kitu kimoja katika soko. Uchumi wa ajira hutafuta kuelewa utendakazi wa soko na mienendo ya ajira. Masoko ya ajira hufanya kazi kupitia kwa mwingiliano wa wafanyakazi na waajiri. Uchumi wa ajira huangalia watoaji wa huduma za kazi (wafanyakazi), wanaohitaji huduma za kazi (waajiri), na juhudi za kuelewa mifumo inayotokea ya marupurupu na mapato mengine kutokana na kazi na ya ajira na ukosefu wa ajira. Matumizi halisi ni pamoja na kusaidia katika ubuni wa utumizi kamili wa sera.<ref> [[Freeman, RB]] (1987). "Kazi Economics", ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 3, uk. 72-76.</ref> Mpagilio wa viwanda hutafiti tabia za mikakati ya makampuni, miundo ya soko na maingiliano yao. Miundo ya kawaida ya masoko iliyotafitiwa ni pamoja na ushindani kamili, ushindani ulio na kundi moja lililo na sehemu kubwa ya shughuli za soko, na aina nyingi ya makundi kadhaa yanayomiliki sehemu kubwa ya soko, na kundi moja linalomiliki sehemu kubwa ya soko.<ref> Schmalensee, Richard (1987). "Viwanda Organization", ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 2, uk. 803-808.</ref> Uchumi wa kifedha, huitwao mara nyingi fedha, hushughulika na ugavi wa rasilimali za kifedha katika mazingira ambayo hayana uhakika (au yaliyo na hatari fulani). Kwa hivyo, zingatio lake ni katika utendakazi wa masoko ya kifedha, uwekaji wa gharama katika vifaa vya kiuchumi, na miundo ya kifedha ya makampuni.<ref> [[Ross, Stephen A.]] (1987). "Fedha", ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 2, uk. 322-26.</ref> Uchumi wa usimamizi hulinganisha uchambuzi wa uchumi wa kiwango cha chini na maamuzi maalumu katika makampuni ya biashara au vitengo vya usimamizi. Uchumi huu hutegemea sana sana na mbinu za kujumuisha wingi kama vile utafiti wa utendakazi na utaratibishaji na kutoka kwa mbinu za takwimu kama vile uchambuzi wa kuridi nyuma katika hali ya ukosefu wa uhakika na habari kamilifu. Hoja ya kuunganisha ni jaribio la kuimarisha ufanisi wa maamuzi ya kibiashara, ikiwemo kupunguza iwezekanavyo kwa bei ya kitengo na kuongeza iwezekanavyo kwa faida, kulingana na malengo ya kampuni na vikwazo vinavyotokana na teknolojia na hali ya soko.<ref> NA (2007). "usimamizi uchumi". {{cite book | title=The New Encyclopaedia Britannica| date=| pages=v. 7, p. 757| publisher=The New Encyclopaedia Britannica| location=Chicago| isbn=0852294239}}</ref><ref> Hughes, Alan (1987). "Usimamizi Capitalism", [[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]] v. 3, uk. 293-96.</ref> ===Sekta ya umma=== Fedha za umma ni sehemu ya uchumi ambayo hushughulika na ubuni wa bajeti ya mapato na matumizi ya kitengo cha sekta ya umma, kwa kawaida serikali. Mada hii hushughulikia maswala kama vile malipo ya ushuru (ni nani hasa analipa ushuru fulani), uchambuzi wa gharama-faida wa mipango ya serikali, athari juu ya ufanisi wa kiuchumi na ugavi wa mapato katika aina tofauti za matumizi na ushuru, na siasa za kifedha. Jambo hili la mwisho, ambalo ni kipengele cha nadharia ya chaguo ya umma, hubuni tabia ya sekta ya umma kama mfano wa uchumi wa kiwango cha chini, unaohusisha maingiliano ya wapiga kura wanaojali maslahi yao wenyewe, wanasiasa, na wafanyakazi wa serikali au mashirika mengine.<ref> [[Musgrave, RA]] (1987). "Fedha", ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 3, uk. 1055-60.</ref> Wingi wa uchumi ni wa manufaa, kwani hutafuta kueleza na kutabiri matukio ya kiuchumi. Uchumi wa kuamua thamani (normative economics) hujihusisha na kubaini lililo zuri au baya kiuchumi. Uchumi wa ustawi ni tawi la uchumi wa kuamua thamani unaotumia ustadi wa uchumi wa kiwango cha chini ili kubainisha kwa wakati huo huo ufanisi wa ugavi katika uchumi na ugavi wa mapato unaohusishwa nao. Huwa unajaribu kupima ustawi wa jamii kwa kuchunguza shughuli za kiuchumi za watu wanaobuni jamii.<ref> Feldman, Allan M. (1987). "Ustawi Economics", ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 4, uk. 889-95.</ref> ==Uchumi wa kiwango cha juu== [[File:Circulation in macroeconomics.svg|thumb|250px|A depiction of the circular flow of income|alt = A graph depicting "Mzunguko katika Microeconomics"]] Uchumi wa kiwango cha juu huchunguza uchumi mzima ilikueleza mikusanyiko mipana na mwingiliano wao “kutoka juu hadi chini,” yaani, kwa kutumia aina iliyorahisishwa ya nadharia ya msawazo wa ujumla.<ref> Blaug, Marko (2007). "Social Sciences De: Economics," ''The New Encyclopaedia Britannica,'' v. 27, s. 345.</ref> Mikusanyiko kama hiyo ni pamoja na mapato na mazao ya kitaifa, kiwango cha ukosefu wa ajira, na mfumuko wa bei na mikusanyiko midogo kama jumla ya matumizi na matumizi ya uwekezaji na vipengele vyake. Somo hili hutafiti pia athari za sera ya hazina na sera ya kifedha. Tangu angalau miaka ya 1960, uchumi wa kiwango cha juu umekuwa na ujumuishaji zaidi na hivyo kuwa na sekta za aina ya uchumi wa kiwango cha chini, ikiwemo uwiano wa akili wa washikadau, utumiaji wa ufanisi wa habari ya soko, na ushindani usio kamilifu.<ref> [[Ng, Yew-Kwang]] (1992). "Biashara kujiamini na Kuzuia Unyogovu: A Mesoeconomic Perspective," ''American Economic Review'' 82 (2), uk. 365-371. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8282%28199205%2982%3A2%3C365%3ABCADPA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-4&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage ]</ref> Jambo hili huzungumzia wasiwasi wa muda mrefu juu ya ukosefu wa uthabiti katika maendeleo ya mada hiyo hiyo.<ref> Howitt, Peter M. (1987). "Uchumi: Uhusiano na Microeconomics". {{cite book | title=[[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]], pp. 273–76| publisher=Macmillan and Stockton| location=London and New York| isbn=0-333-37235-2 | author=edited by John Eatwell, Murray Milgate, Peter Newman. | year=1987}}</ref> Uchambuzi wa uchumi wa kiwango cha juu huzingatia vipengele vinavyoathiri kiwango cha muda mrefu na ukuaji wa mapato ya kitaifa. Vipengele kama hivyo ni pamoja na ukusanyaji wa mtaji, mabadiliko ya kiteknolojia na ukuaji idadi ya wafanyakazi.<ref> Blaug, Marko (2007). "The Social Sciences: Economics," uchumi, ''The New Encyclopaedia Britannica,'' v. 27, s. 349.</ref><ref> Blanchard, Olivier Jean (1987). "Neoclassical sammanfattande", [[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]] v. 3, uk. 634-36.</ref> ===Ukuaji=== [[File:Gdp real growth rate 2007 CIA Factbook.PNG|thumb|300px|World map showing GDP real growth rates for 2008|alt = A dunia ramani na nchi mwekundu katika vivuli tofauti ya machungwa]] ''Uchumi wa ukuaji '' hutafiti vipengele vinavyoeleza ukuaji wa kiuchumi – ongezeko la pembejeo kwa kila mkazo wa nchi katika muda mrefu. Vipengele hivyo hivyo hutumika kueleza tofauti katika ''kiwango'' cha mapato kwa mtu ''baina ya'' nchi, hasa kwa nini baadhi ya nchi hukua kwa kasi kuliko zingine, na ikiwa nchi hukutana katika viwango sawa vya ukuaji. Vipengele vilivyochunguzwa zaidi ni pamoja na viwango cha uwekezaji, ukuaji wa idadi ya watu, na mabadiliko ya kiteknolojia. Vipengele hivi huwakilishwa katika namna ya nadharia au ujarabati (kama ilivyo katika miundo ya urasimimpya na ukuaji wa kindani) na katika ukuaji wa uhasibu.<ref>Samuelson, Paulo A., na William D. Nordhaus (2004). [[Uchumi,|''Uchumi,'']] ch. 27, "The Mchakato wa ukuaji wa kiuchumi" McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-287205-5.</ref><ref> [[Uzawa, H.]] (1987). "Models wa Kukuza Uchumi", [[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]] v. 3, uk. 483-89.</ref> ===Mzunguko wa Biashara=== Uchumi wa unyogofu ndio ulikuwa kichocheo cha ubuni wa “uchumi wa kiwango cha juu” kama kitengo tofauti cha somo la uchumi. Wakati wa Unyogofu Mkuu wa miaka ya 1930, John Maynard Keynes aliandika kitabu kiitwacho ''[[The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money]]'' ambacho kiliorodhesha nadharia muhumu za uchumi wa Keneshia. Keynes alishikilia kuwa mahitaji ya jumla kwa bidhaa yanaweza kutotosha katika nyakati za kurudi nyuma katika ukuaji wa kiuchumi, huku matokeo yake yakiwa ni ukosefu wa ajira wa kiwango cha juu sana na ukosefu wa mapato yaliyokisiwa. Kwa hiyo alitetea kuwekwa kwa sera tendaji na sekta ya umma, kukiwemo kuwekwa kwa sera ya hazina na benki kuu na kuwekwa kwa sera ya kifedha na serikali ili kuimarisha mapato katika muda wa mzunguko wa biashara.<ref>{{cite book | last = Sullivan | first = arthur | authorlink = Arthur O' Sullivan | coauthors = Steven M. Sheffrin | title = Economics: Principles in action | publisher = Prentice Hall | date = 2003 | location = Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 | pages = 396 | url = https://www.savvas.com/index.cfm?locator=PSZu4y&PMDbSiteId=2781&PMDbSolutionId=6724&PMDbSubSolutionId=&PMDbCategoryId=815&PMDbSubCategoryId=24843&PMDbSubjectAreaId=&PMDbProgramId=23061 | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-13-063085-3 | access-date = 2021-02-24 | archive-date = 2016-12-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161220014709/https://www.savvas.com/index.cfm?locator=PSZu4y&PMDbSiteId=2781&PMDbSolutionId=6724&PMDbSubSolutionId=&PMDbCategoryId=815&PMDbSubCategoryId=24843&PMDbSubjectAreaId=&PMDbProgramId=23061 | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Kwa hivyo, hitimisho muhimu la uchumi wa Keneshia ni kuwa, katika hali fulani, hakuna ustadi wa moja kwa moja unaosogeza mapato na ajira kuelekea viwango vya uwepo wa ajira kwa wafanyakazi wote. [[Muundo wa John Hicks wa IS/LM umekuwa ndiyo tafsiri yenye ushawishi mkuu zaidi wa Nadharia ya Kiujumla.|Muundo wa John Hicks wa IS/LM umekuwa ndiyo tafsiri yenye ushawishi mkuu zaidi wa ''Nadharia ya Kiujumla.'' ]] Jinsi miaka imeendelea kupita, ndivyo kueleweka kwa mzunguko wa biashara kumegawika katika matawi mbalimbali ya mawazo, yanayohusika na au kutofautiana na Ukeneshia. [[]]Muhtasari wa urasimimpya huashiria mapatano ya uchumi wa Keneshia na ule wa urasimimpya, huku ukisema kuwa Ukeneshia unafaa katika muda mfupi, huku uchumi ukifuata nadharia ya urasimimpya katika muda mrefu. Mfumo wa Mpya wa urasimi hukosoa maoni ya Keneshia juu ya mzunguko wa kibiashara. Unahitimisha kuwa dhana ya Friedman ya mapato ya kudumu juu ya matumizi, “mageuzi ya matarajio yaendayo na mawazo"<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100705024756/http://www.economics.harvard.edu/files/faculty/40_Macroeconomist_as_Scientist.pdf The Statesman na Macroeconomist kama Mhandisi,] Gregory Mankiw, Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard, Mei 2006</ref> yaliyoongozwa na Robert Lucas, na nadharia ya mzunguko halisi wa biashara. Kwa kinyume, mfumo Mpya wa Keneshia hushikilia matarajio ya kimawazo, ingawa hushikilia aina mbalimbali za kuanguka kwa masoko. Ukeneshia Mpya hasa hushikilia kuwa bei na marupurupu “havibadiliki”, kumaanisha kuwa havibadiliki moja kwa moja kulingana na hali ya kiuchumi. Kwa hivyo, urasimi mpya hushikilia kuwa bei na marupurupu hufikia ajira kwa kila mtu moja kwa moja, huku Wakeneshia wapya huona ajira kwa watu wote ikifikiwa tu baada ya muda mrefu, na hivyo kuhitaji sera za serikali na benki kuu kwa sababu “muda mrefu” haupo mbali sana. ===Mfumuko wa bei na sera ya kifedha=== [[File:BMC 06.jpg|thumb|right|A 640 BCE one-third stater electrum coin from Lydia, shown larger. One of the first standardized coins.|alt = mbele na nyuma ya sarafu. A kiumbe's kichwa ni juu ya mbele.]] [[Pesa]] ni ''njia ya malipo ya mwisho '' ya bidhaa katika mingi ya mifumo ya bei na kitengo cha akaunti ambacho hutumika kwa kawaida kwa kuweka bei. Hujumuisha sarafu ambazo zinashukiliwa na umma usio benki na amana ambazo zinaweza kulipwa na pesa. Mfumo huu umeelezwa kuwa mkataba wa kijamii, kama lugha, inayofaa mmoja kwa sababu inawafaa wengine. Kama chombo cha ubadilishanaji, pesa huwezesha biashara. Kazi yake ya kiuchumi inaweza kutofautishwa na ubadilishanaji wa bidhaa (ubadilishanaji ambao hauhusishi pesa). Huku kukiwa na aina tofauti tofauti za bidhaa zilizozalishwa na wazalishaji maalum, ubadilishanaji wa bidhaa unaweza kuhitaji bahati mara dufu ambayo ni ngumu kupata kulingana na vitu vya kubadilisha, kwa mfano tufaha na kitabu. Pesa inaweza kupunguza gharama ya ubadilishanaji kwa sababu ya kukubalika kwake kwa urahisi. Hivyo, huwa ni nafuu zaidi kwa muuzaji kukubali pesa katika ubadilishanaji, kuliko mazao ambayo mnunuzi huzalisha.<ref> [[Tobin, James]] (1992). "Pesa" (Money kama Social Institution na Utawala wa Umma), ''The New Palgrave Dictionary wa Fedha na Money,'' v. 2, uk. 770-71.</ref> Katika kiwango cha uchumi, nadharia na ushahidi vinalingana sawa sawa na uhusiano wa manufaa unaotoka kwa jumla ya usambazaji wa pesa kelekea kwa bei ya siku hiyo na jumla ya mapato na kiwango cha bei ya kawaida. Kwa sababu hii, usimamizi wa usambazaji wa pesa ni kipengele muhimu cha sera ya kifedha.<ref> [[Milton Friedman]] (1987). "Quantity Nadharia ya Fedha", ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 4, uk. 15-19.</ref><ref> Samuelson, Paulo A., na William D. Nordhaus (2004). ''Uchumi,'' ch. 2, "Money: The Lubroicant ya Exchange" sehemu, ch. 33, TIN. 33-3.</ref> ===Sera ya hazina na uratibishaji=== Uhasibu wa kitaifa ni mbinu ya kujumlisha mkusanyiko wa shughuli za kibiashara katika taifa. Akaunti za taifa ni mifumo ya uhasibu ya ncha mbili za kuweka hesabu ambayo hutoa hatua za kiundani zilizo na maelezo bayana kama hayo. Akaunti hizi ni pamoja na akaunti za kitaifa za mapato na bidhaa (NIPA), ambazo hutoa makadirio ya thamani ya pesa ya mazao na mapato kwa mwaka au robo. NIPA huruhusu kufuatilia kwa utendakazi wa uchumi na vipengele vyake kupitia kwa mizunguko ya kibiashara au katika vipindi virefu zaidi. Takwimu za bei zinaweza kuruhusu kutofautisha kwa bei ya siku kutoka kwa bei halisi, yaani, kurekebisha jumla ya pesa kwa mabadiliko ya bei kupitia vipindi vya nyakati.<ref> Usher, D. (1987), "Real Mapato", ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 4, uk 104.</ref><ref> [[Sen, Amartya]] (1979), "The Ustawi Msingi wa Real Mapato Linganisho: A Survey," ''Journal of Economic Fasihi,'' 17 (1), p [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-0515%28197903%2917%3A1%3C1%3ATWBORI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-6&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage s. 1-45.]</ref> Akaunti za kitaifa hujumuisha pia kipimo cha mitaji ya hisa, utajiri wa taifa, na mtiririko wa mtaji wa kimataifa.<ref name="Ruggles"> Ruggles, Nancy D. (1987), "Social Accounting". {{cite book | title=[[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]] | pages=v. 3, 377| publisher=Macmillan and Stockton| location=London and New York| isbn=0-333-37235-2 | author=edited by John Eatwell, Murray Milgate, Peter Newman. | year=1987}}</ref> ==Uchumi wa kimataifa== Biashara ya kimataifa hutafiti vigezo vya mtiririko wa bidhaa-na-huduma kupitia mipaka ya kimataifa. Hushughulika pia ukubwa na usambazaji wa faida kutoka kwa biashara. Utendakazi wa sera hujumuisha kukisiwa kwa kubadilika kwa viwango vya ushuru na sehemu ya haki ya kibiashara. Fedha ya kimataifa ni kitengo cha uchumi wa kiwango cha juu kinachodadisi mtiririko wa mtaji kupitia mipaka ya kimataifa, na athari za mabadiliko katika viwango vya ubadilishaji. Kuongezeka biashara ya bidhaa, huduma na mtaji baina ya nchi ni athari kuu ya utandawazi wa leo.<ref> Anderson, James E. (2008). "Nadharia ya Biashara ya Kimataifa", [[The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition.|''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition.'' ]]''[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_I000263&q=international%20economics&topicid=&result_number=14 Abstract.]'' </ref><ref>Venables, A. (2001), "International Trade: Economic Integration," [[International Encyclopedia wa Social Sciences & Behavioral,|International Encyclopedia wa Social Sciences & ''Behavioral,'' ]] ''uk. 7843-7848.'' ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7MRM-4MT09VJ-1KT&_rdoc=11&_hierId=151000136&_refWorkId=21&_explode=151000131,151000136&_fmt=high&_orig=na&_docanchor=&_idxType=SC&view=c&_ct=14&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=47bbf40341b26c67ef404dffbbba46a8. Abstract.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7MRM-4MT09VJ-1KT&_rdoc=11&_hierId=151000136&_refWorkId=21&_explode=151000131,151000136&_fmt=high&_orig=na&_docanchor=&_idxType=SC&view=c&_ct=14&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=47bbf40341b26c67ef404dffbbba46a8. |date=20080926171815 }}''</ref><ref> Obstfeld, Maurice (2008). "Kimataifa ya Fedha", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd ''Edition.'' ''[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_I000169&q=international%20finance&topicid=&result_number=1 Abstract.]'' </ref> [[File:GDP PPP Per Capita IMF 2008.png|thumb|300px|World map showing GDP (PPP) per capita.|alt = A dunia ramani na nchi mbalimbali colored colors.]] Kitengo tofauti cha ''[[uchumi wa ustawi]]'' huchunguza vipengele vya uchumi vilivyo katika mchakato wa ustawi katika nchi zilizo na mapato ya chini huku kikizingatia kwa ubadilishaji wa mifumo, ufukara, na ukuaji wa uchumi. Mielekeo katika uchumi wa ustawi mara nyingi hujumuisha vipengele vya kijamii na vya kisiasa.<ref> Kengele, Clive (1987). "Maendeleo ya Uchumi", [[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]] V. 1, uk. 818-26.</ref><ref> Blaug, Marko (2007). "The Social Sciences: Economics," Kukuza Uchumi na maendeleo, ''The New Encyclopaedia Britannica,'' v. 27, s. 351. Chicago.</ref> Mifumo ya kiuchumi ni tawi la uchumi linalotafiti mbinu na taasisi ambazo jamii hutumia kubaini umiliki, usimamizi, na ugavi wa rasilimali za kiuchumi. ''Mfumo'' wa ''kiuchumi'' wa jamii ni kitengo cha utafiti. Katika mifumo ya kisasa katika nchi tofauti za upindi wa uratibishaji ni mifumo ya kisoshialisti na kikapitalisti, ambako wingi wa uzalishaji hutokea katika mashirika yanayosimamiwa na serikali na yale ya kibinafsi mtawalia. Baina ya makundi haya mawili kunao chumi zilizochanganyika. Jambo linalotokea katika makundi haya yote ni mwingiliano vishawishi vya kiuchumi na kisiasa, ambavyo huelezwa kwa upana kuwa uchumi wa kisiasa. ''[[Mifumo linganifu ya kiuchumi]]'' hutafiti utendakazi na tabia ya chumi au mifumo tofauti.<ref> [[Heilbroner, Robert Yale]] na Peter J. Boettke (2007). "Uchumi Systems", ''The New Encyclopaedia Britannica,'' aya ya 17, uk. 908-15.</ref><ref> NA (2007). "mfumo wa kiuchumi," ''Encyclopaedia Britannica online'' kortfattad Encyclopedia [http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9363397 entry.]</ref> ==Uchumi katika utekelezi== Uchumi wa sasa uliotanda, kama kitengo rasmi cha mifano cha hisabati, unaweza pia kuitwa uchumi wa kihisabati.<ref name="Colander2007"></ref> Uchumi huu hutegemea vifaa vya masomo ya kihisabati ya calculus, linear algebra, takwimu, nadharia ya bahati, na sayansi ya kompyuta.<ref> [[Debreu, Gerard]] (1987). "Mathematical Economics", ''The [[New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]]'' v. 3, uk. 401-03.</ref> Wanauchumi wa kitaalamu hutarajiwa kujua vifaa hivi, ingawa wanauchumi wote huwa na utaalamu, na baadhi yao huwa wataalamu wa uchumikihisabati na mbinu za kihisabati huku wengine wakiwa wataalamu katika vitengo vingine ambavyo havina hesabu nyingi. Wanauchumi wa mfumo wa heterodox hutilia hisabati msisitizo mchache, na baadhi ya wanauchumi wa kihistoria, wakiwemo Adam Smith na Joseph Schumpeter, hawajakuwa wanahisabati. Mawazo ya kiuchumi huhusisha ujuzi wa akili kuhusu dhana za kiuchumi, na wanauchumi hujaribu kuchambua hadi pale wanagundua matokeo ambayo hayakutarajiwa. ===Nadharia=== Nadharia ya uchumi iliyotanda hutegemea mifumo ya kiuchumi ya kihisabati ambayo haitegemei uzoevu, ambayo hutumia dhana kadha wa kadha. Nadharia huendelea mbele na wazo la ''[[vipengele vingine vikibaki vilivyo]],'' ambalo humaanisha kumudu vipengele vingine jinsi vilivyo ila kile kimoja kinachozingatiwa. Katika kubuni nadharia, lengo ni kupata zile ambazo kwa uchache ni rahisi kwa matakwa ya habari, sahihi zaidi katika utabiri wake, na za faida kubwa katika uzalishaji wa utafiti zaidi kuliko nadharia zilizokuwepo awali.<ref> [[Milton Friedman]] (1953). [["The Methodolojia wa Positive Uchumi,"]] ''Insha katika Positive Economics,'' University of Chicago Press, uk 10.</ref> Katika uchumi wa kiwango cha chini, dhana kuu ni pamoja na ugavi na mahitaji, upembezoni, nadharia ya chaguo la kutokana na mawazo, gharama ya fursa, vikwazo vya kibajeti, utumiaji na nadharia ya kampuni.<ref> Boland, Lawrence A. (1987). "Methodolojia", [[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]] v. 3, uk. 455-58.</ref><ref name="Dissension"> {{cite journal | author=Frey, Bruno S., Werner W. Pommerehne, Friedrich Schneider, and Guy Gilbert. | title=Consensus and Dissension Among Economists: An Empirical Inquiry| journal=American Economic Review| year=1984| volume=74| issue=5|pages= p[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002–8282%28198412%2974%3A5%3C986%3ACADAEA%3E2.0.CO%3B2–E&size=LARGE p. 986–994] }} Accessed on 2007/03/17.</ref> [[Mifumo ya mapema ya uchumi wa kiwango cha juu ilizinhatia kubuni uhusiano baina ya vipengele jumuishi, lakini kwa vile uhusiano ulionekana kubadilika katika wakati wanauchumi walishurutishwa kutumia wakfu za kiwango cha chini kama msingi wa mifumo yao.]] Dhana za uchumi wa kiwango cha chini ambazo zimekwishatajwa huwa na nafasi muhimu katika mifumo ya uchumi wa kiwango cha juu – kwa mfano, katika nadharia ya kifedha, nadharia ya viwango ya pesa hutabiri kuwa kuongezeka katika usambazaji wa pesa huongeza mfumuko wa bei, na mfumuko wa bei hufikiriwa kushawishika na matarajio ya kifikira. Katika uchumi wa ustawi, ukuaji wa polepole katika mataifa yanayostawi unetabiriwa mara nyingine kwa sababu ya kupungua kwa mapato ya pembezoni kutoka kwa uwekezaji na mtaji, na hali hii imeonekana katika mataifa manne ya Kiasia yajulikanayo kama Four Asian Tigers. Mara nyingine dhana ya kiuchumi huwa tu ni ya ''[[kueleza jinsi ya kitu]]'' na wala si ya ''kihisabati.'' <ref> Quirk, James (1987). "Kvalitativa Economics", ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 4, uk. 1-3.</ref> Maonyesho ya kubainisha fikira za kiuchumi mara nyingi hutumia michoro ya pande mbili ili kuonyesha husiano za kinadharia. Katika kiwango cha juu cha ujumuishaji, maandishi ya Paul Samuelson ''[[Foundations of Economic Analysis]]'' (1947) yalitumia mbinu za kihisabati kueleza nadharia, hasa jinsi ya kuweka kwa kiwango cha juu zaidi uhusiano wa kitabia wa vipengele tekelezi ili kufikia msawazo. Kitabu hicho kilizingatia kuchunguza kundi la taarifa lijulikanalo kama ''semi za kinadharia zenye maana katika utekelezi'' katika uchumi, ambazo ni semi za kinadharia ambazo zinaweza kupingwa na takwimu za ujarabati.<ref name="Foundations">{{cite book | title=[[Foundations of Economic Analysis]], Enlarged Edition| last=Samuelson| first=Paul A.| authorlink=Paul Samuelson| date=1947, 1983| pages=[https://archive.org/details/foundationsofeco0000samu/page/4 4]| publisher=Harvard University Press| location=Boston| isbn=978–0674313019}}</ref> ===Utafiti wa ujarabati=== Nadharia za kiuchumi mara nyingi huchunguzwa kijarabati, sanasana kwa kutumia uchumukihisabati kutumia takwimu za kiuchumi.<ref> Hashem, M. Pesaren (1987). "Econometrics," [[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]] v. 2, uk 8.</ref> Majaribio ya kuthibitiwa yanayopatikana sanasana katika sayansi za kiasili ni magumu na hayapatikana sana katika somo la kiuchumi<ref>sannolikheten, econometrics na ukweli: kwa njia ya econometrics By Hugo A. Keuzenkamp Published by Cambridge University Press, 2000 ISBN 0521553598, 9780521553599 Kurasa 312, ukurasa wa 13: "... katika uchumi, ni nadra kudhibitiwa majaribio na majaribio kudhibitiwa reproducible hata hivyo zaidi ..."</ref>,na badala yake takwimu za upana hutafitiwa kwa kufanyiwa uchunguzi; aina hii ya uchunguzi huonekana na wengi kuwa rahisi kuliko ile ya majaribio ya kuthibitiwa, na mahitimisho huwa kwa kawaida yasiyo na uhakika kamili. Idadi ya sheria zilizovumbuliwa na somo la kiuchumi ni ya chini ikilinganishwa na ile ya sayansi asilia.{{citation needed|date=Juni 2009}} Mbinu za kutumia takwimu kama vile uchambuzi wa kurudi nyuma ni za kawaida. Watekelezaji hutumia mbinu kama hizo kukisia ukubwa, umuhimu wa kiuchumi, na umuhimu wa takwimu (“nguvu za ishara”) za mahusiano yaliyokisiwa na kuratibisha kelele kutoka kwa vipengele vingine. Kwa njia hiyo, dhana inaweza kukubaliwa, ingawa kwa jinsi ya makisio na wala si uhakika. Kukubalika hutegemea dhana zinazoweza kuwekewa uongo ambazo zilimudu majaribio. Utumiaji wa mbinu zinazokubalika kwa kawaida hauna haja ya kutoa hitimisho la mwisho. Au hata makubaliano juu ya swala fulani, ikiwa lilikuwa na majaribio tofauti, takwimu tofauti, na imani za awali. Ukosoaji unaolenga viwango vya kitaalamu na ukosefu wa kufanana katika matokeo huwa ni masharti zaidi dhidi ya uonevu, upotovu, na ujumuisha wa kiwango cha juu mno,<ref name="Dissension"></ref><ref> Blaug, Marko (2007). "The Social Sciences: Economics" (Utaratibu wa inference na kupima nadharia), ''The New Encyclopaedia Britannica,'' v. 27, s. 347.</ref> ingawa wingi wa utafiti wa kiuchumi umekosolewa kwa ukosefu wa kufanana katika matokeo, na nakala za kifahari zimekosolewa kwa kutowezesha urudiaji wa matokeo yaliyofanana kwa kutoa nambari za kificho na takwimu.<ref name="McCullough2007">{{cite journal | author = McCullough, B.D. | year = 2007 | title = Got Replicability | journal = The Journal of Money, Banking and Credit Archive. Econ Journal Watch | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = 326–337 | url = http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/McCulloughAbstractSeptember2007.pdf | accessdate = 2008-06-07 | format = PDF | archive-date = 2008-06-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080625054132/http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/McCulloughAbstractSeptember2007.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Kama ilivyo katika nadharia, matumizi ya takwimu za majaribio huwa yamefunguka yenyewe kwa uchambuzi wa kukosolewa,<ref> Kennedy, Peter (2003). ''A Guide to Econometrics,'' 5th ed., "Amri Kumi 21.2 ya Applied Econometrics," uk. 390-96 [http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=B8I5SP69e4kC&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&ots=w8xiZdkYWb&sig=_YKfXmJbK4-F3H4zsMl8N-U5BGo#PRA1-PA390,M1 (Sammandrag).]</ref><ref> McCloskey, Deirdre N. na Stephen T. Ziliak (1996). "The Standard Error ya Regressions," ''Journal of Economic Fasihi,'' 34 (1), uk. [http://www.deirdremccloskey.com/docs/pdf/Article_189.pdf 97-114.] </ref><ref>Hoover, Kevin D., na Marko V. Siegler (2008). "Sauti na hasira na McCloskey Testing Maana katika Uchumi," ''Journal of Economic Methodolojia,'' 15 (1), uk. 1-37 [https://web.archive.org/web/20080527204129/http://129.3.20.41/econ-wp/em/papers/0511/0511018.pdf (2005 prepubication Programme).] Reply ya McCloskey na Ziliak na rejoinder, uk. 39-68.</ref> ingawa ufafanuzi muhimu wa nakala juu ya uchumi katika jedwali za kifahari kama vile ''[[American Economic Review]]'' umepungua kwa kiwango kikubwa katika miaka 40 iliyopita.<ref name="Coelho2005">{{cite journal | author = Coelho, P.R.P. | coauthors = De Worken-eley Iii, F.; McClure, J.E. | year = 2005 | title = Decline in Critical Commentary, 1963–2004 | journal = Econ Journal Watch | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 355–361 | url = http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/CoelhoetalAbstractAugust2005.pdf | accessdate = 2008-06-10 | format = PDF | archive-date = 2008-06-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080625054129/http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/CoelhoetalAbstractAugust2005.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> .[116] Jambo hili limehusishwa na motisha ya majedwali ya kutaka kuongeza nukuu ili kuorodheshwa katika nafasi nzuri kwenye Fahirisi ya Nukuu za Sayansi ya Kijamii - Social Science Citation Index (SSCI).<ref name="Whaples2006">{{cite journal | author = Whaples, R. | year = 2006 | title = The Costs of Critical Commentary in Economics Journals | journal = Econ Journal Watch | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 275–282 | url = http://ideas.repec.org/a/ejw/volone/2006275-282.html | accessdate = 2008-06-10 | archive-date = 2008-01-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080129025046/http://ideas.repec.org/a/ejw/volone/2006275-282.html | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Katika uchumi tekelezi, mifumo ya pembejeo na mapato itumiayo mbinu za utaratibishaji wa kunyooka (linear programming) ni ya kawaida mno. Viwango vikubwa vya takwimu hupitishwa katika mipangilio ya kompyuta ili kuchambua matokeo ya sera fulani; IMPLAN ni mfano mmoja maarufu. Uchumi wa majaribio umeimarisha utumiaji wa majaribio ya kuthibitiwa ya kisayansi. Hali hii imepunguza tofauti ya kutoka jadi baina ya uchumi na sayansi asili wa kukubalia majaribio ya vipengele vilivyofikiriwa hapo awali kuwa dhana.<ref> [Bastable, CF] (1925). "Experimental Utaratibu katika Uchumi," ''Palgrave's Dictionary of Economics,'' reprinted katika ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics'' (1987, v. 2, p. 241.</ref><ref> [[Smith, Vernon L.]] (1987), "Experimental Utaratibu katika Economics", ii. ''Palgrave Mpya: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 2, uk. 241-42.</ref> Katika visa kadhaa majaribio haya yamegundua kuwa dhana huwa si sahihi hasa; kwa mfano mchezo wa hatima ulionyesha kuwa watu hukataa matoleo ambayo hayatoshani. Katika uchumi wa kitabia, wanasaikolojia Daniel Kahneman na Amos Tversky wameshinda Matuzo ya Nobel ya kiuchumi kwa kazi ya uvumbuzi wa kijarabati wa uonevu wa kimawazo na jibu lililo karibu zaidi na jibu halisi (heuristics). Majaribio ya ujarabati yanayofanana na hayo hufanywa katika somo la uchumi wa kiubongo (neuroeconomics). Mfano mwingine ni wazo la chaguzi za kibinafsi dhidi ya mfumo ambao huchunguza chaguzi binafsi, za kutaka ustawi wa wengine na za ushirikiano.<ref>Fehr, Ernst, na Urs Fischbacher (2003). "Asili ya Binadamu Altruism," ''Nature'' 425, 23 Oktoba, [http://www.kabbalah.info/forums/arosa/engmaterials/Altruism/Ernst_Fehr___Urs_Fischbacher__The_Nature_of_Human_Altruism.pdf uk. 785-791.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kabbalah.info/forums/arosa/engmaterials/Altruism/Ernst_Fehr___Urs_Fischbacher__The_Nature_of_Human_Altruism.pdf |date=20130828121217 }}</ref><ref>Sigmund, Karl, Ernst Fehr, na Martin A. Nowak (2002), "The Economics ya Fair Play," ''kisayansi Marekani,'' 286 (1) Januari, [http://www.scribd.com/word/full/2188440?access_key=key-2ejknqyx744p0e6mcc21 uk. 82-87.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.scribd.com/word/full/2188440?access_key=key-2ejknqyx744p0e6mcc21 |date=20120521062428 }}</ref> Ustadi huu umesababisha wengine kusema kuwa uchumi ni “sayansi halisi.".<ref name="Imperialism">{{cite journal| author=Lazear, Edward P.| title=Economic Imperialism| journal=American Economic Review| year=2000| volume=115| issue=1|pages= p[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0033–5533%28200002%29115%3A1%3C99%3AEI%3E2.0.CO%3B2–W&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage p. 99–994]| unused_data=Quarterly Journal of Economics }}</ref> ===Nadharia ya bahati=== Nadharia ya bahati ni tawi la hisabati tekelezi ambalo hutafiti mwingiliano wa mbinu baina ya vipengele tekelezi. Katika mbinu za bahati, vipengele tekelezi huchagua mbinu ambazo zitaongeza mapato yao, ukilinganisha na mbini ambazo vipengele vingine huchagua. Nadhari hii hutoa mfumo rasmi wa mwelekeo kwa hali za kijamii ambapo wafanya maamuzi huingiliana na watendaji wengine. Nadharia ya bahati hujumuishwa mielekeo ya kuongeza yaliyobuniwa ili kutafiti soko kama vile mfumo wa ugavi na mahitaji. Somo hili lilitokana na kitabu cha urasimi cha 1944 kiitwacho ''[[Theory of Games and Economic Behavior]]'' kilichoandikwa na John von Neumann na Oskar Morgenstern. Somo hili limepata utekelezi wa kiwango kikubwa kiasi katika sehemu nyingi nje ya uchumi vile inavyofikiriwa, ambayo ni pamoja na ubuni wa ustadi wa kinyuklia, maadili, sayanzi ya kisiasa na nadharia ya mageuzi.<ref> [[Aumann, RJ]] (1987). "Game Theory", [[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]] v. 2, uk. 460-82.</ref> ===Taaluma=== Kufanywa taaluma kwa uchumi, jinsi inavyoonekana katika ongezeko la masomo ya daraja ya pili ya vyuo vikuu katika somo hilo, kumeelezwa kuwa “badiliko kuu katika somo la uchumi tangu miaka ya 1900".<ref> [[O. Ashenfelter]] (2001), "Uchumi: Overview," The Profession wa Uchumi, ''[[International Encyclopedia wa Social Sciences & Behavioral]],'' v. 6, uk 4159.</ref> Idadi kubwa ya vyuo vikuu vya kutajika na taasisi nyingi huwa na somo kuu, kitivo, au idara kuu ambapo shahada za kielimu hutolewa katika somo hili, iwe ni kwa masomo ya sanaa huria, biashara, au kwa masomo ya taaluma. Tuzo la Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (kwa usemi, Tuzo la Nobel katika Uchumi) ni tuzo ambalo hutolewa kwa mwanauchumi kila mwaka kwa mchango mkuu wa kimawazo katika somo hili. Katika sekta ya kibinafsi, wanauchumi wataalamu huajiriwa kama washauri na katika sekta, inayojumuisha uhifadhi katika benki na maswala ya kifedha. Wanauchumi pia hufanya kazi katika idara na mashirika ya serikali, kama vile Hazina ya kitaifa, Benki Kuu au Afisi ya Takwimu. ==Somo la uchumi na masomo mengine== Uchumi ni mojawapo ya sayansi za kijamii baina ya zingine kadhaa na huwa na matawi yanayopakana na masomo mengine, yakiwemo jiografia ya kiuchumi, historia ya kiuchumi, uchaguzi wa umma, uchumi na nisharti, uchumi wa utamaduni, na uchumi wa taasisi. Sheria na uchumi au utafiti wa kiuchumi wa sheria, ni mwelekeo wa nadharia ya kisheria ambao hutumia mbinu za kiuchumia katika sheria. Somo hili hujumuisha utumizi wa dhana za kiuchumi ili kueleza athari za kanuni za kisheria, kubainisha ni kanuni zipi za kisheria zilizo na ufanisi wa kiuchumi, na kutabiri ni kanuni za kisheria zinazweza kuwa.<ref> [[Friedman, Daudi]] (1987). "Sheria na Uchumi," ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 3, uk 144.</ref><ref>[[Posner, Richard A.]] (1972). ''Kiuchumi Uchambuzi wa sheria.'' Aspen, 7 ed., 2007) ISBN 978-0-735-56354-4.</ref> Makala ya mafundisho yaliyoandikwa na Ronald Coase na kuchapishwa mnamo 1961 yalipendekeza kuwa sheria za umiliki wa mali zilizodhihirishwa vyema hushinda matatizo yanayotokana na vipengele vua nje.<ref> [[Coase, Ronald]], "The Problem of Social Cost", ''[[The Journal wa Sheria na Uchumi]]'' Vol.3, No.1 (1960). Suala hili kwa kweli mara iliyochapishwa mwaka 1961.</ref> Uchumi wa kiasiasa ni utafiti unaojumuisha masomo mengi kwa kuchanganya uchumi, sheria, na sayansi ya kisiasa ili kueleza jinsi taasisi za kisiasa , mazingira ya kisiasa, ma mfumo wa kiuchumi (ukapitalisti, usoshialisti, mchanganyiko) hushawishiana. Unatafiti maswali kama vile jinsi makundi yanayotawala shughuli za soko, tabia ya kutafuta manufaa ya kibinafsi kwa madhara ya wengine, na vipengele vya nje vinafaa kuathiri sera ya serikali.<ref> Groenwegen (1987, p.906)</ref><ref> Anne O. Krueger, "The Political Economy ya Kodi-Kutafuta Society," ''American Economic Review,'' 64 (3), Juni 1974, pp.291-303</ref> [[Wanahistoria wametumia uchumi wa kisiasa kutafiti njia za wakati uliopita ambazo watu na makundi yaliyo na maslahi yanayofanana ya kiuchumi wametumia siasa ili kuleta mabadiliko ambayo yanafaidi maslahi yao.|Wanahistoria wametumia ''uchumi wa kisiasa '' kutafiti njia za wakati uliopita ambazo watu na makundi yaliyo na maslahi yanayofanana ya kiuchumi wametumia siasa ili kuleta mabadiliko ambayo yanafaidi maslahi yao.<ref> McCoy, Drew R. "Jamhuri ya ndoto: Siasa Ecocomy katika Jeffersonian Amerika ", Chapel Hill, Chuo Kikuu cha North Carolina, 1980.</ref>]][[Somo la Uchumi#cite note-76|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[76]</span>]] [[Uchumi wa nishati ni sehemu pana ya somo la kisayansi inayojumuisha mada zinazohusiana na ugavi wa nishati na mahitaji ya nishati.]] [[]]Georgescu-Roegen alianzisha upya dhana ya entropy aliyoihusisha na uchumi na nishati kutoka kwa somo la ubadilishaji wa nishati la thermodynamics, huku akiitofautisha na kile alichoona kuwa msingi wa kiufundi wa uchumi wa urasimimpya unaotokana na fizkia ya Newton. Kazi yake ilichangia kwa kiwango kikubwa kwa somo la uchumi wa kubadilisha nishati kuwa kazi na joto na kwa uchumi wa kiikolojia. Vilevile alifanya kazi ya kimsingi ambayo iliendelea na kuwa uchumi wa mageuzi.<ref> Cleveland, C. na Ruta, M. 1997. Wakati, ambapo, na kwa kiasi gani kufanya mipaka biophysical inverka mchakato wa kiuchumi? Utafiti wa Georgescu-Roegen's mchango kiikolojia uchumi. ''Ecological Economics'' 22: 203-223.</ref><ref> Daly, H. 1995. On Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen's kuchangia uchumi: An obituary insha. ''Ecological Economics'' 13: 149-54.</ref><ref> MAYUMI, K. 1995. Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen (1906-1994): en admirable epistemologist. ''Strukturella Change na Uchumi Dynamics'' 6: 115-120.</ref><ref> MAYUMI, K. na Gowdy, JM (eds.) 1999. ''Bioeconomics na Sustainability: Essays katika Heshima ya Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen.'' Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.</ref><ref> MAYUMI, K. 2001. ''Chanzo cha Ecological Economics: The Bioeconomics ya Georgescu-Roegen.'' London: Routledge.</ref> ==Ukosoaji wa somo la kiuchumi== "Sayansi duni” ni jina badala lililo la kudharau litumikalo kwa uchumi na lililobuniwa na mwanahistoria wa enzi ya Victoria Thomas Carlyle katika karne ya 19. Mara nyingi, husemekana kuwa Carlyle aliupatia uchumi jina la utani la “sayansi duni” kama jibu kwa maandishi karne ya 18 ya Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus, ambaye alitabiri kwa hofu kuwa njaa ingetokea, vile matarajio ya ukuaji wa idadi ya watu yangezidi ongezeko la usambazaji wa chakula. Mafundisho ya Malthus hatimaye yalijulikana chini ya mwavuli wa maneno “Dhana Duni ya Malthus". Utabiri wake ulisitishwa na uboreshaji mkubwa ambao haukuwa umetarajiwa katika ufanisi wa uzalishaji wa vyakula katika karne ya 20; ilhali mwisho wa hatari ambao aliutabiri unabaki kuwa uwezekano ambao haukubaliki na wengine, ikiwa uzuli wa binadamu utashindwa kumudu ongezeko la idadi ya watu.<ref> {{cite book |last= Malthus |first= Thomas Robert |editor= |others= |title= An Essay on the Principle of Population, As It Affects the Future Improvement of Society, with Remarks on the Speculations of Mr. Godwin, M. Condorcet, and Other Writers |url= http://www.econlib.org/library/Malthus/malPop.html |accessdate= 2008-06-28 |edition= 1st |year= 1798 |publisher= J Johnson |location= London |chapter= Chapter II }} </ref> Baadhi ya wanauchumi kama vile John Stuart Mill au Leon Walras, wamedumisha fikira kuwa uzalishaji wa mali haufai kuunganishwa na usambazaji wake. Uzalishaji ni kitengo cha “uchumi tekelezi” huku usambazaji ukiwa ni aina ya “uchumi wa kijamii” na sana sana huwa ni swala la mamlaka na siasa.<ref> ''Mwanzo wa Kiuchumi Ideas,'' Guy Routh (1989)</ref> Katika ''The Wealth of Nations,'' [[Adam Smith]] anazungumzia masuala mengi ambayo kwa sasa ni mada ya mjadala na mabishano. Smith alishambuliwa mara kadhaa makundi ya watu waliojihusisha na siasa ambao hujaribu kutukia ushawishi wao kuishurutisha serikali kufanya vile watakavyo. Katika enzi ya Smith, haya yaliitwa makundi ya wafitini, lakini kwa sasa hujulikana sana kama maslahi maalum, jina ambalo linaweza kujumuisha wafanyakazi wa mabenki, mashirika ya makampuni, makundi yanayotawala kwa wazi shughuli za soko, kikundi kimoja kinachotawala shughuli za soko, vyama vya wafanyakazi na makundi mengine.<ref>Se Noam Chomsky ''(Kuelewa Power),'' [http://www.understandingpower.com/Chapter5.htm#f1 ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.understandingpower.com/Chapter5.htm#f1 |date=20081014032025 }} katika Smith's mkazo juu ya vita katika darasa Utajiri wa Mataifa</ref> Uchumi halisi, kama sayansi ya kijamii, huwa huru kutoka kwa vitendo vya kisiasa vya serikali yoyote au mashirika mengine yanayofanya uamuzi, hata hivyo, wabuni wengi wa sera au watu binafsi walio na vyeo vikubwa sana ambavyo vinaweza kuwa na ushawishi katika maisha ya watu wengine wana sifa ya kutumia bila mpangilio wowote dhana nyingi sana za kiuchumi na maneno matupu kama chombo cha kuhalalisha ajenda na mifumo ya maadili, na huwa hawakomeshi usemi wao kwa maswala yanayohusu majukumu waliyo nayo.{{citation needed|date=Julai 2009}} wa karibu wa nadharia na utekelezi wa kiuchumi na siasa <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070611105040/http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/rps/rps2006/rp2006-148.pdf Utafiti Paper No 2006/148 Maadili, Rhetoric na Siasa ya Post-migogoro Ujenzi Jinsi Je Dhana ya Jamii ContractHelp kwetu Kuelewa jinsi ya kufanya kazi ya Amani?][http://web.archive.org/web/20070611105040/http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/rps/rps2006/rp2006-148.pdf Sirkku J. Hellsten, PG.]</ref> [138] ni swala la utata ambalo linaweza kuingilia au kupotosha hata yale malengo ya kiuchumi yasiyo na madai hata kidogo, na huchanganyishwa mara nyingi na ajenda maalum za kijamii na mifumo ya maadili.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.stratapub.com/Hahn/preface.htm |title=Kisiasa Mawasiliano: Rhetoric, Serikali, na Wananchi, toleo la pili, Dan F. Hahn |accessdate=2009-12-08 |archive-date=2011-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126163521/http://www.stratapub.com/Hahn/preface.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Katika ''Steady State Economics'' 1977, [[Herman Daly alisema kuwa kunao maswala ambayo hayawiani kimantiki baina ya msisitizo unaowekwa kwa ongezeko la idadi ya watu na upatikanaji mdogo wa maliasilia.|Herman Daly alisema kuwa kunao maswala ambayo hayawiani kimantiki baina ya msisitizo unaowekwa kwa ongezeko la idadi ya watu na upatikanaji mdogo wa maliasilia.<ref>http://dieoff.org/page88.htm {{Wayback|url=http://dieoff.org/page88.htm |date=20070703030456 }} Steady-State Uchumi, kwa Herman Daly</ref>]][[Somo la Uchumi#cite note-87|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[87]</span>]] Masuala kama uhuru wa benki kuu, sera za benki kuu na ufasaha wa kunena katika usemi wa magavana wa benki kuu au nguzo za sera za uchumi wa kiwango cha juu<ref>Johan Scholvinck, Mkurugenzi wa Idara ya Umoja wa Mataifa kwa ajili ya Sera na Maendeleo ya Jamii katika New York, [http://www.icsw.org/publications/sdr/2002-june/un-division.htm Making ya Uchunguzi kwa Ujumuishaji wa Sera ya Kijamii na Uchumi,] {{Wayback|url=http://www.icsw.org/publications/sdr/2002-june/un-division.htm |date=20071118193838 }} The Social Development Review</ref>[[(fedha]] na [[sera ya fedha)]] ya [[Marekani]], ni mwelekeo wa msuguano na kukosolewa. <ref> Bernd Hayo (Georgetown University & [[Chuo Kikuu cha Bonn]]), [http://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwpma/0103006.html Je Sisi Really Need Benki Kuu ya Uhuru?][http://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwpma/0103006.html A Critical Re-mtihani,] mawazo katika Idara ya Uchumi, Chuo cha Sanaa na Sayansi Liberal, Chuo Kikuu cha Connecticut</ref> <ref> Gabriel Mangano (Centre Walras-Pareto, Chuo Kikuu cha Lausanne BFSH 1, 1015 Lausanne, Uswisi, na London School of Economics), Upimaji wa Benki Kuu ya Uhuru: A Tale of Subjectivity na matokeo yake, Oxford Uchumi Papers. 1998; 50: 468-492</ref> <ref> Friedrich Heinemann, [http://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/zewdip/4553.html Je Lipa kwa Watch Central Bankers 'midomo?][http://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/zewdip/4553.html Det Taarifa Content ya ECB liknande,] mawazo katika Idara ya Uchumi, Chuo cha Sanaa na Sayansi Liberal, Chuo Kikuu cha Connecticut</ref> <ref> Stephen G. Cecchetti, [http://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/6306.html Benki Kuu Policy Rules: Conceptual Masuala na Vitendo Considerations,] mawazo katika Idara ya Uchumi, Chuo cha Sanaa na Sayansi Liberal, Chuo Kikuu cha Connecticut</ref> [[Deirdre McCloskey amesema kuwa utafiti mwingi wa kijarabati wa kiuchumi huripotiwa visivyofaa, na ingawa ukosoaju wake umepokelewa vyema, yeye na Stephen Ziliak wamedai kuwa utekelezaji haujaboreshwa.|Deirdre McCloskey amesema kuwa utafiti mwingi wa kijarabati wa kiuchumi huripotiwa visivyofaa, na ingawa ukosoaju wake umepokelewa vyema, yeye na Stephen Ziliak wamedai kuwa utekelezaji haujaboreshwa.<ref name="Ziliak2004">{{cite journal | author = Ziliak, S.T. | coauthors = [[Deirdre McCloskey|McCloskey, D.N.]] | year = 2004 | title = Size Matters: The Standard Error of Regressions in the American Economic Review | journal = Econ Journal Watch | volume = 1 | issue = 2 | pages = 331–358 | url =http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/ZiliakMcCloskeyAugust2004.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/ZiliakMcCloskeyAugust2004.pdf |date=20080625054144 }} | accessdate = 2008-06-10|format=PDF}}</ref>]][[Somo la Uchumi#cite note-Ziliak2004-93|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[93]</span>]] Madai haya ya nyuma ni ya utata.<ref Name=>{{cite journal | author = | year = | title = Sound and Fury: McCloskey and Significance Testing in Economics | url = http://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwpem/0511018.html | accessdate = 2008-06-10}}</ref> Utafiti wa shirika la International Monetary Fund wa mwaka wa 2002 ulizingatia “utabiri wa makubaliano” (utabiri wa makundi makubwa ya wanauchumi) ambao ulifanywa awali kabla ya kurudi nyuma kwa uchumi kwa mataifa 60 tofauti katika miaka ya 90; katika 97% ya visa wanauchumia hawakutabiri mpunguo kwa mwaka mmoja kabla ya tukio. Katika visa vile vya nadra ambako wanauchumi walitabiri kwa mafanikio kurudi nyuma kwa uchumi, walikadiria makali yake kwa kiwango cha chini mno.<ref> "Jinsi Korrekta Je Sekta Binafsi Forecasts? Msalaba-Country ushahidi kutoka Consensus Forecasts wa Kukuza Uchumi Output ", kwa Prakash Loungani, Shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa (IMF), Desemba 2002</ref>. ===Ukosoaji wa dhana=== Uchumi umekuwa mada ya ukosoaji hadi hutegemea dhana ambazo hazina uhakika, haziwezi kuthibitishwa na zimerahisishwa visivyofaaa, kwa wakati mwingine kwa sababu dhana hizi hutumia hisabati zinazovutia. Mifano ni pamoja na habari kamilifu, uimarishaji wa faida kwa kiwango cha juu zaidi na chaguzi za kimawazo.<ref> Rappaport, Steven (1996). "Abstraction na Unrealistic antaganden katika Uchumi," ''Journal of Economic Methodolojia,'' 3 (2), uk. 215-236. [http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a739439848~db=all Abstract,] (1998). ''Reality katika mifano na Uchumi.'' Edward Elgar, s. 6, ch. 6-8.</ref><ref> Friedman, Milton (1953), "The Methodolojia wa Positive Uchumi," ''Insha katika Positive Economics,'' University of Chicago Press, uk. 14-15, 22,, 31.</ref><ref> Boland, Lawrence A. (2008). "Antaganden Albamu alizotoa", [[The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition|''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition'' ]] [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_A000231&q=assumption&topicid=&result_number=1 Best abstract.] Accessed 30 Mei 2008.</ref> Baadhi ya nadharia za kisasa za kiuchumi zimezingatia kuzungumzia matatizo haya kupitia kwa matawi madogo ya somo hili yanayoibuka kama vile uchumi wa taarifa, uchumi wa tabia, na uchumi wa utata, huku Geoffrey Hodgson akitabiri mabadiliko makubwa katika mwelekeo uliotanda wa kiuchumi. Hata hivyo, wanauchumi maarufu wa uchumi uliotanda kama vile Keynes<ref> {{cite journal | last = Keynes | first = J. M. | authorlink = J.M. Keynes | coauthors = | title = Alfred Marshall 1842–1924 | journal = The Economic Journal | volume = 34 | issue = 135 | pages = 333,356 | publisher = | location = | month = Septemba | year = 1924 | url =http://www.jstor.org/stable/2222645 | doi =10.2307/2222645 | id = | accessdate = 2008-04-19}} </ref>na Joskow, pamoja na wanauchumi wa kiheteredoksi, wametoa maoni kuwa kiwango kikubwa cha uchumi huwa ni cha kidhana na wala si cha kihisabati, na huwa ni vigumu kuweka mifumo na kuurasmisha kwa kutumia mbinu za kihisabati. Katika majadiliano juu ya utafiti wa makundi ya kutawal shughuli za soko, Paul Joskow alionyesha mnamo 1975 kuwa katika utekelezi, wanafunzi wenye bidii wa uchumi halisi, huwa na mazoea ya kutumia “mifumo isiyo rasmi” inayotokana na vipengele vya maelezo ambavyo hutumiwa katika sekta maalum. Joskow aliamini sana kuwa kazi muhimu ya kutafiti makundi yanayotawala shughuli za soko ilifanya kupitia uchunguzi usio rasmi huku mifumo rasmi ilikuwa “ikionyeshwa kwa madaha baada yakazi ''[[kumalizika]]'' ". Alidai kuwa mifumo rasmi kwa kiasi kikubwa haikuwa na maana katika kazi ya ujarabati, vilevile, na kuwa kipengele muhimu kilicho msingi wa nadharia ya kampuni, tabia, kilipuuzwa.<ref> {{cite journal | last = Joskow | first = Paul | authorlink =Paul Joskow | coauthors = | title = Firm Decision-making Policy and Oligopoly Theory | journal = The American Economic Review | volume = 65 | issue = 2, Papers and Proceedings of the Eighty-seventh Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association | pages = 270–279, Particularly 271 | publisher = | location = | month = Mei | year = 1975 | url =http://www.jstor.org/stable/1818864 | doi = | id = | accessdate = 2008-04-19}} </ref> Licha ya wasiwasi huu, masomo ya daraja ya pili ya vyuo vikuu yameendelea kuwa ya kiufundi na kihisabati.<ref name="Textbooks2004">{{cite journal | author = Johansson D. | year = 2004 | title = Economics without Entrepreneurship or Institutions: A Vocabulary Analysis of Graduate Textbooks | journal = Econ Journal Watch | volume = 1 | issue = 3 | pages = 515–538 | url = http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/JohanssonPractice1December2004.pdf | accessdate = 2008-06-07 | format = PDF | archive-date = 2008-06-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080625054127/http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/JohanssonPractice1December2004.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Ingawa nyingi ya kazi ya kimsingi ya utafiti wa kiuchumi katika historia ulihusu dhana na wala si hisabati, kwa sasa huwa ni vigumu zaidi kupata uwezekano wa kuchapisha nakala isiyo ya kihisabati katika jedwali mashuhuri. Kuona ukweli kwa upande wa baadhi ya wanafunzi kuhusu kuzingatia kwa uchumi kwa vitu ambavyo haviwezi kushikika na vya ufundi kumesababisha kuzuka kwa kundi la uchumi wa baada ya hali ya autism, ambao ulianza Ufaransa mnamo 2000. [[David Colander]], mtetezi wa uchumi tata, amezungumzia vilevile kwa kukosoa mbinu za kihisabati za kiuchumi, ambazo anahusisha na mfumo wa chuo cha MIT kwa uchumi, kinyume cha ule wa Chicago (ingawa anasema pia kuwa mfumo wa Chicago hauwezi tena kuitwa ulio na maono ya kiakili). Anaamini kuwa mapendekezo ya sera kutokana na mfumo wa maono ya kiakili ya Chicago yalichangia kushuka kwa uchumi wa maono ya kiakili. Anasema pia kuwa amewahi kukutana na wanauchumi wenza ambao wamekataa katakata kujadiliana kuhusu uchumi wa kusisimua pasipo na mfumo rasmi, na anaamini kuwa mifumo mara nyingine huzuia maono ya mawazo.<ref> Colander, D. (1998). Confessions of an Economic Gadfly. Katika [http://books.google.com/books?id=F8zynA594DUC ''Passion na Craft.'' ] uk. 39-55.</ref> Hivi karibuni zaidi, hata hivyo, ameandikwa kuwa uchumi wa kiheterodoksi, ambao mara nyingi huchukua zaidi mwelekeo wa maono ya kimawazo, unafaa kushirikiana na wanahisabati na kuwa wa kihisabati zaidi.<ref name="Colander2007"> Colander, D. (2007). [http://ideas.repec.org/p/mdl/mdlpap/0724.html Heterodox pluralism na Uchumi: Mapendekezo kwa ajili ya "Ndani ya Kuingiza" Heterodoxy]</ref> "Uchumi uliotanda ni mfumo wa kirasmi”, anaandika, na kinachohitajika si kupungua kwa hisabati wala ni kuongezeka kwa viwango vya hisabati. Anaeleza kuwa baadhi ya mada zinazozingatiwa na wanauchumi wa kiheterodoksi, kama vile umuhimu wa taasisi au ukosefu wa uhakika, zinatafitiwa kwa sasa kupitia mifumo ya kihisabati bila kutaja kazi iliyofanya na wanauchumi wa kiheterodoksi. Uchumi mpya wa taasisi, kwa mfano, huchunguza taasisi kihisababti bila kuhusisha sana somo linatokana kwa kiasi kikubwa na kiheterodoksi la uchumi wa taasisi. Katika hotuba yake ya Tuzo la Nobel ya 1974, Friedrich Hayek, anayejulikana kwa uhusiano wake wa karibu na mfumo wa kiheterodoksi wa uchumi wa Kiaustria, alilaumu kutofaulu kwa sera za ushauri wa kiuchumi kwa maelekeo ya kuiga utaratibu wa kihisabati unaotumika kwa sayansi asilia bila kupambanua au kutumia mbinu za kisayansi. Anatoa hoja kuwa hata matukio ya kiuchumi ambayo yametafitiwa kwa kiwango kikubwa, kama vile ukosefu wa ajir akatika soko, huwa kwa kindani na utata mkubwa kuliko matukio kama hayo katika somo la sayansi asilia ambako mbinu zilibuniwa hapo awali. Vilevile, nadharia na takwimu huwa mara nyingi havidhihiriki na hushughulikwa kulingana na ''mwelekeo '' wa mabadiliko yanayohitajika, na wala si ukubwa wake.<ref name="Hayek"> {{Rejea tovuti|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1974/hayek-lecture.html#not1|title=The Pretence of Knowledge |accessdate=2007-09-26|publisher=Nobleprize.org|year=1974|author=[[Friedrich Hayek|Hayek, Friedrich A.]]|work=Lecture to the Memory of Alfred Nobel}} paragraphs 2, 4, 5, na 7-10.</ref> Kwa upande mmoja kwa sababu ya ukosoaji, uchumi umepatwa na uratibishaji wa hali ya juu na ufafanuzi wa dhana na mbinu tangu miaka ya 1940, ambao baadhi yake imeelekea katika utekelezaji wa mbinu ya kidhana na kimawazo (hypothetico-deductive method) katika kueleza matokeo ya dunia halisi.<ref> Blaug, Marko (2007). "The Social Sciences: Economics" (Postwar maendeleo, metoder Eusebio katika uchumi wa kisasa), ''The New Encyclopaedia Britannica,'' aya ya 27, uk. 346-47.</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Historia ya Uchumi]] ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo|colwidth=30em}} ==Marejeo== * [[Barr, Nicholas]] (2004) ''Uchumi wa Welfare State,'' 4th ed., Oxford University Press * [[Stiglitz, Joseph]] (2000) ''Uchumi wa Sekta ya Umma,'' 3rd ed., Norton Press ==Viungo vya nje== {{sisterlinks}} ;Habari za ujumla * {{dmoz|Science/Social_Sciences/Economics/|Economics}} * [http://www.oswego.edu/~economic/journals.htm Uchumi katika Open Directory Project] {{Wayback|url=http://www.oswego.edu/~economic/journals.htm |date=20130710110240 }} * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109547/economics Uchumi] katika Encyclopædia Britannica. * [http://www.intute.ac.uk/socialsciences/economics/ Intute: Economics:] {{Wayback|url=http://www.intute.ac.uk/socialsciences/economics/ |date=20070512014346 }} Orodha ya anwani ya tovuti ya vyuo vikuu vya Uingereza. * [http://repec.org/ Nakala za Utafiti katika Somo la Uchumi (RePEc)] * [http://rfe.org/ Vifaa Kwa Wanauchumi :] {{Wayback|url=http://rfe.org/ |date=20130511055542 }} Mwongozo unaodhaminiwa na Chama cha Kiuchumi cha Marekani ulio na vifaa zaidi ya 2000 vya Tovuti kutoka "Data" to "Neat Stuff,". ;Taasisi na mashirika * [http://www.cepr.net/ Center for Economic and Policy Research (Marekani)] * [http://edirc.repec.org/ Economics Departments, Institutes and Research Centers in the World] * [http://www.oecd.org/statistics/ Organization For Co-operation and Economic Development (OECD) Statistics] * [http://unstats.un.org/unsd United Nations Statistics Division] * [http://www.worldbank.org/data/ World Bank Data] * [http://www.wto.org World Trade Organization] ;Zana za masomo * [http://www.oswego.edu/~economic/newbooks.htm Mwongozo wa vitabu vya kiada kadha wa kadha katika tovuti] {{Wayback|url=http://www.oswego.edu/~economic/newbooks.htm |date=20130812211719 }} * [http://eh.net/atp/ Sehemu ya Ask The Professor] {{Wayback|url=http://eh.net/atp/ |date=20071026005606 }} ya EH.Net Economic History Services * [http://economics.about.com/ Uchumi katika About.com] {{Wayback|url=http://economics.about.com/ |date=20070602020408 }} * [[b:Economics|Vitabu vya kiada vya kiuchumi katika Wikibooks]] * [http://www.econguru.com/introduction_to_economics/ Introduction to Economics:] Dibaji fupi ya uchumi wa kimsingi iliyopewa leseni na Creative commons * [http://www.merlot.org/merlot/materials.htm?category=2216 Zana za masomo za MERLOT: Economics:] {{Wayback|url=http://www.merlot.org/merlot/materials.htm?category=2216 |date=20130614190857 }} Hakiki iliyo Marekani ya vifaa vya masomo * [http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Economics/index.htm MIT OpenCourseWare: Economics:] {{Wayback|url=http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Economics/index.htm |date=20100505004829 }} Makavazi ya zana za masomo kutoka kwa kozi za MIT * [http://www.economicsnetwork.ac.uk/links/othertl.htm Zana za kusoma na kufundisha zilizo katika tovuti, hakiki za] UK Economics Network, picha, maelezo ya maneno na vifaa vingine * [http://homepage.newschool.edu/het/thought.htm Mifumo ya mawazo:] {{Wayback|url=http://homepage.newschool.edu/het/thought.htm |date=20040805133647 }} Linganisha mifumo ya kiuchumi mbalimbali juu ya maswala fulani * [http://www.econlib.org/ Maktaba ya Uchumi na Uhuru (EconLib):] Vitabu vya Somo la Uchumi, Makala, Blogi (EconLog), Podcasts (EconTalk) {{sayansi}} [[Category:Uchumi]] [[Category:Elimu jamii]] [[Jamii:Sayansi]] p4cgeaind6ithlhf1w3wvpr1dag13fd Ruth Bosibori 0 33746 1574337 1524773 2026-06-18T04:00:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574337 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ruth Bisibori Nyangau.jpg|thumb|200px|Ruth Bosibori]] '''Ruth Bosibori Nyangau''' (pia huandikwa '''Ruth Bisibori'''; alizaliwa [[Bosiango]], karibu na [[Kisii]], [[2 Januari]] [[1988]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] [[Mkenya]] anayekimbia katika mashindano ya umbali wa kati na ni [[mtaalamu]] katika shindano la [[steeplechase mita 3,000]]. Mwezi [[Julai]] [[2007]] alikuwa mshindi wa kwanza wa mashindano ya All-Africa Games, kwani ilishindaniwa mara ya kwanza mwaka huo. Mwezi Agosti mwaka uo huo alimaliza wa nne katika [[Mashindano ya dunia]] katika [[rekodi ya dunia ya wanariadha wachanga]] ya dakika 9:25.25. Rekodi ya awali ilikuwa 9:30.70 ilikuwa imewekwa na [[Melissa Rollison.]] <ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=O/ageGroup=J/season=0/gender=W/discipline=3KSC/legal=A/index.html IAAF top orodha - 3000 mita Steeplechase Junior]</ref>. Alimaliza wa tatu katika mashindano ya [[Mabingwa wa Afrika mwaka 2008]]. Bosibori alianza kukimbia mwaka 2003 alipokuwa katika chuo cha upili cha Kebirichi. Aliajiriwa na [[Polisi wa Kenya]] baada ya kushinda michuano ya mkoa mwaka 2007. Amezoea kukimbia [[miguu]] mitupu.<ref>Japan Times, 29 Agosti 2007: ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929091229/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/rss/sp20070829t5.html Worlds notebook; Day 4]''</ref> Alishinda tuzo la Mwanariadha wa kike ambaye ana ahadi zaidi mwaka 2007 katika sherehe za Kenya Sports Personality of the Year<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.soyaawards.com/winners.html |title=Soya Awards - 2007 winners |accessdate=2009-12-18 |archivedate=2008-09-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913034301/http://soyaawards.com/winners.html }}</ref> Kocha wake ni [[Dan Muchoki]] <ref>IAAF: 4 Agosti 2007: [http://www.iaaf.org/news/athletes/newsid=40761.html Focus on Africa - Ruta BOSIBORI] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/athletes/newsid=40761.html |date=20100102110214 }}</ref> == Mafanikio == {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor="cccccc" !mwaka !Mchuano !Ukumbi !Tokeo !Ziada |- | rowspan="2"|2007 | [[All-Africa Games]] | [[Alger, Algeria]] | bgcolor="gold" align="center"| 1 | 3000 m steeple |- | [[World Championships]] | [[Osaka, Japan]] | align="center"| 4 | [[3000 m steeple]] |- | rowspan="3"|[[2008]] | [[African Championships]] | [[Addis Ababa, Ethiopia]] | bgcolor="cc9966" align="center"| 3 | 3000 m steeple |- | [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] | [[Beijing, Uchina]] | align="center"| 6 | [[3000 m steeple]] |- | [[World Athletics Final]] | [[Stuttgart, Ujerumani]] | bgcolor="cc9966" align="center"| 3 | 3000 m steeple |- | rowspan="2"|[[2009]] | [[World Championships]] | [[Berlin, Ujerumani]] | align="center"| 7 | [[3000 m steeple]] |- | [[World Athletics Final]] | [[Thessaloniki, Grekland]] | bgcolor="gold" align="center"| 1 | 3000 m s'chase |} ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo}} ==Marejeo== * {{iaaf name|id=237048}} * [http://www.pacesportsmanagement.com/athlete_profile.asp?id=247 Pace Sports Management] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pacesportsmanagement.com/athlete_profile.asp?id=247 |date=20070928000820 }} {{mbegu-mtu}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bosibori, Ruth}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1988]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa umbali wa kati]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha katika Olimpiki ya 2008]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Olimpiki wa Kenya]] fseiw9vo4dziga7748uldqcklz2whxk Jamii:Picha za Papa 14 33866 1574381 342769 2026-06-18T04:50:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: [[Jamii:Papa]]/[[Category:Papa]] → [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574381 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Picha za watu]] [[Jamii:Mapapa]] pycu1f77jiq8s33pybyhirxgl3cdh3g Philip Emeagwali 0 34199 1574296 1523613 2026-06-17T23:50:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mtu Mashuhuri |jina = Philip Emeagwali |picha = Philip Emeagwali with scribbled Exxon-Mobil equations.jpg |caption = Philip Emeagwali |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = [[23 Agosti]] [[1954]] |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufa = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anajulikana_kwa_ajili_ya = |kazi_yake = [[mhandisi]], [[mwanasayansi wa kompyuta]] na [[mwanajiolojia]] |utaifa = [[Nigeria]] }} '''Philip Emeagwali''' (amezaliwa [[23 Agosti]] [[1954]]) ni [[mhandisi]], [[mwanasayansi wa kompyuta]] na [[mwanajiolojia]] wa [[kabila]] la [[Igbo]] kutoka [[Nigeria]] ambaye alikuwa mmoja wa washindi wawili wa [[Tuzo]] la mwaka wa 1989 la [[Gordon Bell]], zawadi kutoka [[IEEE]], kwa matumizi yake ya [[kompyuta yenye nguvu zaidi]] - mashine ilitokuwa na visindukaji 65000 - iliyosaidia katika uchambuzi maeneo ya petroli . ==Wasifu== Emeagwali alizaliwa katika [[Akure]], Nigeria tarehe 23 Agosti 1954.<ref name="born">Hamilton, Janice. ''Nigeria katika Picha.'' Page 70</ref> Aliacha shule mwaka wa 1967 kwa sababu ya [[vita vya Biafra]]. Wakati alipofikisha miaka kumi na nne, alitumbukizwa ndani ya jeshi la[[Biafra]]. Baada ya vita alimaliza masomo sawa na ya shule ya upilikwa kujifunza na alienda Marekani kusoma katika chuo kikuu chini ya udhamini. Kwa kweli, Emeagwali alisomea Uingereza baada ya kutoka Afrika. Alikwenda Marekani baadaye. Alipata shahada ya hisabati kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Oregon]] mwaka wa 1977. Alipata Shahada ya bwana katika uhandisi wa mazingira kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha George Washington]] mwaka wa 1981, na shahada nyingine ya bwana ya Hisabati kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Maryland, College Park]] mwaka wa 1986. Yeye pia alipewa shahada ya uhandisi wa bahari, pwani na marina kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha George Washingt mwaka huo. Alikuwa pia anafanya kazi kama [[mhandisi]] katika [[Ofisi ya Ardhi]] katika Wyoming [[reclamation]] katika kipindi hiki. ==Tuzo== Emeagwali alipokea $ 1.000 <ref>[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19970012353_1997018248.pdf Gordon Bell Nobel Lectures]</ref> mwaka wa 1989 katika tuzo la [[Gordon Bell Nobel]], kwa kuzingatia maombi ya [[CM-2]] kompyuta ya kuhifadhi mafuta. Alishinda katika Kigezo cha "bei / utendaji" , kwa takwimu ya utendaji ya400 [[Mflops]] / $ 1m iliyokuwa sabamba na utendaji wa Gflops 3.1. (kiingizi kilichoshinda katika kigezo cha "utendaji kilele " mwaka huo, pia kwa ajili ya usindikaji wa ujumbe ulio na uhusiano wa mafuta katika CM-2 - iliyofanikiwa na Gflops 6 , au 500 Mflops / $ 1m, lakini majaji waliamua kutopatiana tuzo zote mbili kwa timu moja .) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.sc2000.org/bell/pastawrd.htm |title=Washindi wa Tuzo la Gordon Kengele Bell 1987-1999 |accessdate=2009-12-31 |archivedate=2015-09-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926185006/http://www.sc2000.org/bell/pastawrd.htm }}</ref> Huu mfumo ulikuwa programu ya kwanza kutumia mbinu ya pseudo-time katika mtindo wa kuhifadhi.<ref name="siam"> [http://emeagwali.com/society/society-for-industrial-and-applied-mathematics/SIAM-news-oil-industry-problem.html Washindi wote wa Gordon Bell watatua tatizo la mafuta,] SIAM News '''23''' (3), 1990; iliyoandikwa katika tovuti ya Emeagwali.</ref> Mbali na zawadi yenyewe, hakuna ushahidi kuwa kazi ya Emeagwali iliwahi kubaliwa kuchapishwa katika maandiko ya kisayansi, wala kwamba alikuwa na madhara yoyote ya kudumu kwenye uwanja wa [[utendaji wa juu wa kompyuta]] au [[maendeleo ya Mdahalishi.]] <ref> Kwanzia Desemba 2009, hakuna [http://dblp.uni-trier.de/ Bibliografia ya Sayansi ya Kompyuta ,] ya [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/ CiteSeer Utafiti Index,] wala [http://scholar.google.com/ Orodha ya Google] zina rekodi yoyote aidha kwa machapisho ya kisayansi ya Emeagwali mwenyewe, au kumbukumbu ya mbinu na matokeo yake na wasomi au watafiti katika sekta .</ref> Wala hana utambulizi wowote kulingana na matokeo yake. (Hata hivyo ana [[alama]] Marekani kwa jina la tovuti yake, "EMEAGWALI.COM".) <ref> [http://tarr.uspto.gov/tarr?regser=serial&amp;entry=78956022&amp;action=Request+Status EMEAGWALI.COM rekodi katika US na Alama ya Ofisi]</ref> Hata hivyo, zaidi ya miaka ishirini , yeye amepokea tuzo nyingi zaidi na kutambulika kutokana na ushindi wake wa tuzo la Bell Nobel ,<ref> [http://emeagwali.com/awards/awards.html Orodha ya Tuzo katika emeagwali.com, pamoja na picha]</ref> kuanzia mmoja kutoka [[Benki]] ya [[Dunia]] - [[IMF]] Klabu ya Afrika na kuchaguliwa kama Mwafrika wa 35 mashuhuri ( Mwanasayansi Mwafrika Mashuhuri) wa wakati wote "katika utafiti uliofanywa na jarida la ''[[New African]]'' .<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.africasia.com/newafrican/na.php?ID=385&back_month=36 |title=" Waafrika 100 mashuhuri wa wakati wote", ''Afrika Mpya ,'' Agosti 2004 |accessdate=2021-01-20 |archivedate=2007-07-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706034847/http://www.africasia.com/newafrican/na.php?ID=385&back_month=36 }}</ref> Mafanikio yake yalinukuliwa katika hotuba na [[Bill Clinton]] kama mfano wa vile Wanigeria wanaweza kufanya wakipewa nafasi.<ref>[10] ^ [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-8228484564915781123 , ''mazungumzo ya Bill Clinton katika Kikao cha Bunge ya Nigeria mjini Abuja,'' Agosti 2000] [https://web.archive.org/web/20130806191145/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2889/is_35_36/ai_67645146/pg_5 (Transcript)]</ref> Yeye pia ni hulka wa mara kwa mara katika makala ya mwezi ya [[Historia ya mtu mweusi]] katika [[vyombo vya habari.]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://edition.cnn.com/fyi/interactive/specials/bhm/story/black.innovators.html |title="Watafiti wsanaopita mipaka", CNNfyi.com, Februari 9, 2001 |accessdate=2009-12-31 |archive-date=2010-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053943/http://edition.cnn.com/fyi/interactive/specials/bhm/story/black.innovators.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.time.com/time/2007/blackhistmth/bios/04.html |title="Filipo Emeagwali: hatua bora", ''TIME'' Kipengele cha jarida ya mwezi ya Black History , 8 Februari 2007 |accessdate=2007-02-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210060520/http://www.time.com/time/2007/blackhistmth/bios/04.html |archivedate=2007-02-10 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210060520/http://www.time.com/time/2007/blackhistmth/bios/04.html }}</ref> ==Kesi mahakamani== Emeagwali alisomea shahada ya Ph.D. katika Chuo Kikuu cha Michigan kutoka mwaka wa 1987 hadi 1991. Hoja zake hazikukubaliwa na kamati ya watahini wa ndani na nje na hivyo hakupata shahada. Emeagwali alianzisha kesi mahakamani, na kusema kuwa uamuzi huo ulikuwa ukiukaji wa haki za kiraia na kwamba chuo hiki kikuu kilikuwa na ubaguzi kwa sababu ya rangi yake. Kesi hiyo ilifutiliwa mbali, kama ilivyokuwa rufaa katika ya Mahakama ya Michigan ya Rufaa.<ref>[http://www.michbar.org/opinions/appeals/1999/102999/5473.html Maamuzi ya Mahakama ya Rufaa ya Michigan, ''Emeagwali v. Chuo Kikuu cha Michigan,'' Oktoba 1999] {{Wayback|url=http://www.michbar.org/opinions/appeals/1999/102999/5473.html |date=20141027063941 }} [http://www.findarticles.com/cf_dls/m0DXK/22_16/58614840/p1/article.jhtml (muhtasari makala)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.findarticles.com/cf_dls/m0DXK/22_16/58614840/p1/article.jhtml |date=20130806191041 }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.emeagwali.com emeagwali.com] - Tovuti binafsi ya Emeagwali . * [http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/history_center/biography/emeagwali.html Wasifu wa Emeagwali kutoka IEEE] * [http://magazine.biafranigeriaworld.com/cezeilo/2003nov09.html "Kujipandisha Cheo na kujipatia amri: Utumiaji vibaya wa Mamlaka. ] {{Wayback|url=http://magazine.biafranigeriaworld.com/cezeilo/2003nov09.html |date=20040628120729 }} * [http://magazine.biafranigeriaworld.com/cezeilo/2003nov09.html Part II: 'Baba wa mdahalishi' ", ''BiafraNigeriaWorld,'' Novemba 2003] {{Wayback|url=http://magazine.biafranigeriaworld.com/cezeilo/2003nov09.html |date=20040628120729 }} - makala yanayochunguza madai ya Emeagwali na kusema si ya haki " {{DEFAULTSORT:Emeagwali, Philip}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1954]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigbo]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Akure]] ehzuvyf5g0272saep7psyhj6n9ljih9 Sudan Kusini 0 34294 1574448 1530272 2026-06-18T09:51:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Sudan Kusini | jina_asili = ''Republic of South Sudan'' | bendera = Flag of South Sudan.svg | nembo = Coat of arms of South Sudan.svg | kaulimbiu = ''Justice, Liberty, Prosperity'' ([[Kiingereza]]: "Haki, Uhuru, Ustawi") | wimbo = ''South Sudan Oyee!'' | ramani = South Sudan (orthographic projection).svg | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Juba]] | majiranukta1 = | majiranukta2 = | lugha_rasmi = [[Kiingereza]] | lugha_taifa = | kiongozi1 = [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]] | kiongozi2 = [[Riek Machar]] | cheo_kiongozi1 = [[Rais]] | cheo_kiongozi2 = [[Makamu wa Rais]] wa Kwanza | muundo_uhuru = '''Historia''' | tukio1 = Azimio la Uhuru | tukio2 = [[Kura ya maoni ya uhuru wa Sudan Kusini, 2011|Kura ya Maoni ya Uhuru]] | tukio3 = Uhuru kutoka Sudan | tukio4 = | tukio1_tarehe = 16 Desemba 2005 | tukio2_tarehe = 9 Januari 2011 | tukio3_tarehe = 9 Julai 2011 | tukio4_tarehe = | eneo_jumla = 619,745 | cheo_eneo = 41 | maji = 5.19% | ardhi = | watu_kadirio = 11,088,796 | mwaka_kadirio = 2023 | msongamano = 18 | plt_ppp = {{increase}} $15.26 bilioni | plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $960 | cheo_plt_kwa_mtu = | plt = {{increase}} $5.31 bilioni | mwaka_pato = 2025 | plt_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $334 | cheo_plt = | cheo_plt_kwa_mtu = | mwaka_hdi = 2022 | hdi = {{decrease}} 0.381 {{chini}} | gini = | mwaka_gini = | fedha = [[Pauni ya Sudan Kusini]] (SSP) | majira_saa = +2 (CAT) | udereva = Kulia | msimbo_simu = 211 | tld = .ss }} '''Sudan Kusini''' ([[jina rasmi]]: '''Jamhuri ya Sudan Kusini''') ni nchi katika [[Afrika]] ya Kati-Mashariki, iliyopakana na [[Sudan]] kaskazini, [[Ethiopia]] mashariki, [[Kenya]] kusini-mashariki, [[Uganda]] Kusini, [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] kusini-magharibi, na [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] magharibi. Ina idadi ya watu takriban milioni 12.7, ikiwa ya 80 duniani. [[Jiji]] lake kubwa zaidi na [[mji mkuu]] ni [[Juba, Sudan|Juba]]. Sudan Kusini ina muundo wa [[shirikisho]] la [[Jimbo|majimbo]] 10. Inajulikana kama taifa changa zaidi duniani, baada ya kujipatia uhuru kutoka Sudan mwaka 2011. [[Historia ya Sudan Kusini]] imejikita katika vipindi virefu vya migogoro na jitihada za kujipatia uhuru. Kwa miongo mingi, eneo hili lilishiriki katika vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe na Sudan, vilivyochochewa na migogoro ya [[kabila|kikabila]], [[dini|kidini]], na [[siasa|kisiasa]]. Migogoro hii ilisababisha wakimbizi wengi, vifo vya binadamu, na kusitasita kwa [[uchumi]], jambo lililofanya maendeleo kuwa changamoto kubwa hata baada ya uhuru. Makubaliano ya Amani Kamili ya 2005 yaliweka msingi wa uhuru wa ndani na hatimaye yalisababisha kura ya maoni ya mwaka 2011, ambapo wananchi wa Sudan Kusini walipiga kura kwa wingi kuhitaji kutengana na [[Sudan]], na kuwa taifa huru rasmi mnamo Julai 9, 2011. Nchi hii ina rasilimali nyingi za asili, hasa mafuta, ambayo ni msingi wa uchumi wake. [[Kilimo]] pia kina mchango mkubwa, ambapo mashamba ya kujikimu na ufugaji wa mifugo husaidia maisha ya wengi wa Wasudani Kusini. Hata hivyo, migogoro ya mara kwa mara, upungufu wa miundombinu, na upatikanaji mdogo wa [[elimu]] na huduma za afya vimekwamisha maendeleo ya [[uchumi|kiuchumi]]. Misaada ya kimataifa na ushirikiano wa kikanda bado ni muhimu huku Sudan Kusini ikijitahidi kuimarisha taasisi zake za [[siasa|kisiasa]], kujenga upya uchumi wake, na kuendeleza amani na mshikamano wa [[jamii|kijamii]] kati ya makabila yake mbalimbali. == Nchi mpya == Hatua hiyo ilitokana na kura ya mwezi wa Januari 2011, ambako wakazi wa Sudan Kusini walipiga [[kura]] juu ya swali la kujitenga na Sudan wakaamua karibu kwa [[kauli moja]] (98.83%) kuwa nchi huru. Tofauti kubwa kati ya pande hizo ilikuwa kwamba katika Sudan yenyewe idadi kubwa ya watu wamekuwa [[Waislamu]] na [[utamaduni]] wao una mchaganyiko wa tabia za Kiarabu na Kiafrika pamoja na usambazaji mkubwa wa [[lugha]] ya [[Kiarabu]]. Kumbe kusini kuna Waislamu wachache, wengi ni wafuasi wa [[dini za jadi]] au ni [[Wakristo]]. Ki[[uchumi]] na ki[[elimu]] kusini wako nyuma sana kulingana na kaskazini. Tangu upatikane uhuru, nchi imeendelea kuvurugwa na [[vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] na kwa sasa inashika nafasi ya kwanza katika [[orodha ya nchi dhaifu]]. Hata hivyo, mnamo Machi [[2016]] imefaulu kujiunga na [[Jumuia ya Afrika Mashariki]] kama mwanachama wa sita. [[Mji mkuu]] ni Juba, wenye wakazi 1,118,233. [[Uchumi]] unategemea [[kilimo]] vijijini na cha kujikimu, lakini mwanzoni mwa mwaka 2005, uchumi alianza mpito wa kutoka vijijini na mijini katika Sudan Kusini kumeonekana [[maendeleo]] kupindukia. == Historia == {{main|Historia ya Sudan Kusini}} [[Picha:John Garang.jpg|thumb|150px]left|[[John Garang]], aliyekuwa [[Rais]] wa kwanza wa Sudan Kusini kabla ya uhuru na Makamu wa kwanza wa Rais wa Sudan, baada ya kuongoza wanamgambo wa Sudan ya Kusini kupigania [[uhuru]] wa majimbo ya kusini.]] Kuna [[nyaraka]] chache sana za [[historia]] ya mikoa ya kusini mpaka mwanzo wa utawala wa [[Misri]] upande wa kaskazini mapema [[1820]] na baadaye kuendelezwa kwa [[biashara ya utumwa]] kuingia kusini. Kabla ya wakati huo, habari zote zinapatikana kwa misingi ya [[historia simulizi]]. Kulingana na [[mila]] hizo, [[Waniloti]] ([[Wadinka]], [[Nuer]], [[Shilluk]]) na wengine waliingia kusini mwa Sudan kwa mara ya kwanza wakati fulani kabla ya [[karne ya 10]]. Katika kipindi cha kati ya [[karne ya 15]] na [[karne ya 19]], [[uhamiaji]] wa makabila, hasa kutoka eneo la [[Bahr al Ghazal]], ulileta watu hao katika maeneo yao ya sasa. Makabila yasiyo ya Kiniloti, yaani [[Waazande]], ambao waliingia Sudan Kusini katika [[karne ya 16]], waliunda jimbo kubwa zaidi katika kanda hii. Katika [[karne ya 18]], Waavungara waliingia na kwa haraka wakaweka mamlaka yao juu ya Waazande. Utawala huo ulikaa kwa muda bila kupingwa mpaka kuwasili kwa Waingereza mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 19]]. Vizuizi vya kijiografia viliwalinda watu wa kusini kutokana na kuenea kwa Uislamu, na kuwawezesha kurejesha turathi zao za kijamii na kitamaduni na urithi wao wa kisiasa na taasisi za kidini. [[Misri]], chini ya utawala wa [[Khedive Ismail Pasha]], ilijaribu kwa mara ya kwanza kuikoloni kanda hiyo katika [[miaka ya 1870]], na kuanzisha jimbo la [[Equatoria]] katika sehemu ya kusini. [[Gavana]] wa kwanza wa Misri alikuwa [[Samwel Baker]], aliyeanza kuhudumu mwaka [[1869]], akifuatiwa na [[Charles George Gordon]] mwaka [[1874]] na [[Emin Pasha]] mnamo [[1878]]. [[Muhammad Ahmad ibn Abd Allah Al-Mahdi|Maasi ya Mahdi]] ya [[miaka ya 1880]] yaliuyumbisha mkoa huu mchanga, na Equatoria ilikoma kuwepo kama milki ya Misri mwaka [[1889]]. Makazi muhimu katika Equatoria yalikuwa pamoja na [[Lado]], [[Gondokoro]], [[Dufile]] na [[Wadelai]]. Sudan Kusini ilitawaliwa kama eneo la pekee wakati wa [[ukoloni]] wa Kiingereza hadi [[1947]] ilipounganishwa na kaskazini kama nchi moja bila kuwauliza wenyeji. Wakati wa [[uhuru]] wa Sudan mwaka [[1956]] viongozi wa kusini walidai [[haki ya kujitawala]] ndani ya [[taifa]] jipya, lakini mapatano yalishindikana na hali hiyo ilisababishwa kutokea kwa [[vita]] ya [[Anyanya]] kati ya 1956 na [[1972]]. Baada ya kipindi cha [[amani]], vita vilianza upya mwaka [[1983]] wakati [[kanali]] [[John Garang]] alipounda [[SPLA]] dhidi ya badiliko la Sudan kutangazwa [[nchi ya Kiislamu]]. Vita hivyo vya pili vilikwisha mwaka [[2005]] kwa [[mkataba wa amani]] ulioacha kusini kama sehemu ya kujitawala ndani ya Sudan hadi ipigwe kura juu ya swali la kujitenga iliyopangwa kwa mwaka 2011. Nchi imeathiriwa vibaya na vita mbili za Anyanya na pia [[Vita vya Pili vya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe vya Sudan|Vita ya Pili ya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe ya Sudan]] iliyopiganaiwa na harakati ya SPLA kwa karibu miaka 21 dhidi ya serikali ya Khartoum. Vita hiyo ilileta uharibifu mkubwa na kusababisha kuhama lwa watu wengi kutoka makazi yao. Zaidi ya watu milioni 2.5 wameuawa, zaidi ya milioni 5 kuachwa bila makao na wengine kuwa wahamiaji wa ndani, na kuwa [[wakimbizi]] kwa sababu ya vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe na sababu zingine zinazohusiana na vita. Baada ya kifo cha [[John Garang]], majeshi ya [[Southern Sudan Army]] na [[South Sudan Defense Force]] (SSDF) yalisitisha uhasama wao na kuungana mnamo Januari [[2006]], chini ya [[Azimio la Juba]]. SSDF ilianzishwa na Makamu wa Rais wa sasa wa Sudan Kusini, Dkt. [[Riek Machar]]. Chini ya Azimio la Juba, Jenerali Matip akawa Naibu Kamanda Mkuu wa Jeshi la Sudan Kusini, na vikosi vyake vya SSDF kuingizwa katika Jeshi la Sudan Kusini, na kuongezea safu yake kutoka 50,000 hadi 309,000. Jumla ikawa askari 359,000. Wote sasa ni jeshi moja linalojulikana kama Jeshi la Sudan Kusini. Jenerali Oyay Deng Ajak aliteuliwa kuwa Ofisa-mkuu-wa-Watumishi wa Jeshi la Sudan Kusini, hadi Mei 2009 wakati alipompisha Meja Jenerali James Hoth Mai<ref> http://www.newsudanvision.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=1715:developing-story-major-general-james-hoth-mai-appointed-spla-new-chief-of-staff &amp; Itemid = 6</ref>. Mbali na Katiba ya Mpito ya Jamhuri ya Sudan <ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.sudan-embassy.de/c_Sudan.pdf|title=Interim National Constitution of the Republic of Sudan, 2005}}</ref>, Katiba ya Mpito ya Sudan Kusini ya 2005 iliwekwa kuwa sheria kuu <ref>{{citeweb|url=http://gurtong.brandx.eu/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=1atewJwi6UU%3d&tabid=341|title=Interim Constitution of Southern Sudan of 2005}}</ref> ya Sudan Kusini. Katiba imeweka Tawi Kuu linaloongozwa na [[Rais]] ambaye ni Mkuu wa Nchi, Mkuu wa Serikali, na Kamanda Mkuu wa [[Sudan People's Liberation Army]]. [[John Garang]], mwanzilishi wa SPLA / M alikuwa Rais wa kwanza hadi kifo chake tarehe [[30 Julai]] [[2005]]. [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]], naibu wake, aliapishwa kama [[Makamu wa Kwanza wa Rais wa Sudan]] na [[Rais]] wa Serikali ya Sudan Kusini tarehe [[11 Agosti]] 2005. [[Riek Machar]] aliingia mahala pake kama [[Makamu wa Rais]]. Nguvu za kuunda sheria ziko mikononi mwa serikali na [[Bunge la pamoja la Sudan Kusini]]. Katiba pia imeweka [[mahakama]] huru, chombo cha juu kabisa kikiwa [[Mahakama Kuu]]. ==Jiografia== [[File:South Sudan sat.jpg|thumb|350px|[[Picha]] ya nchi kutoka [[satelaiti]].]] [[File:SouthSudanStatesandAdministrativeAreas.svg|thumb|upright=2.05|Majimbo 10 ya Sudan Kusini yalivyotokana na [[wilaya]] 3 za Sudan {{legend|#9BCD9B|[[Bahr el Ghazal]]}} {{legend|#7AC5CD|[[Equatoria]]}} {{legend|#EEE685|[[Greater Upper Nile]]}}.]] [[File:28 States of South Sudan.png|thumb|450px|Majimbo 28 yaliyotangazwa mwaka 2015.]] Hadi mwaka [[2020]] nchi ilikuwa na majimbo 32: #[[Aweil (jimbo)|Aweil]] #[[Aweil East (jimbo)|Aweil East]] #[[Eastern Lakes (jimbo)|Eastern Lakes]] #[[Gogrial (jimbo)|Gogrial]] #[[Gok (jimbo)|Gok]] #[[Lol (jimbo)|Lol]] #[[Tonj (jimbo)|Tonj]] #[[Twic (jimbo)|Twic]] #[[Wau (jimbo)|Wau]] #[[Western Lakes (jimbo)|Western Lakes]] #[[Amadi (jimbo)|Amadi]] #[[Gbudwe (jimbo)|Gbudwe]] #[[Imatong (jimbo)|Imatong]] #[[Jubek (jimbo)|Jubek]] #[[Maridi (jimbo)|Maridi]] #[[Kapoeta (jimbo)|Kapoeta]] #[[Tambura (jimbo)|Tumbura]] #[[Terekeka (jimbo)|Terekeka]] #[[Yei River (jimbo)|Yei River]] #[[Boma (jimbo)|Boma]] #[[Central Upper Nile (jimbo)|Central Upper Nile]] #[[Akobo (jimbo)|Akobo]] #[[Northern Upper Nile (jimbo)|Northern Upper Nile]] #[[Jonglei (jimbo)|Jonglei]] #[[Latjoor (jimbo)|Latjoor]] #[[Maiwut (jimbo)|Maiwut]] #[[Northern Liech (jimbo)|Northern Liech]] #[[Ruweng (jimbo)|Ruweng]] #[[Southern Liech (jimbo)|Southern Liech]] #[[Bieh (jimbo)|Bieh]] #[[Fashoda (jimbo)|Fashoda]] #[[Fangak (jimbo)|Fangak]] Maeneo matatu ya [[Milima ya Nuba]], [[Abyei]] na [[Nile ya Buluu]] kiutamaduni na kisiasa ni sehemu za Sudan Kusini lakini kwa mujibu wa [[CPA]] yatakuwa na utawala tofauti mpaka [[kura ya maoni]] ambayo ifanyike juu ya kujiunga na Sudan Kusini au kubaki chini ya utawala wa Sudan. Lakini kuna wasiwasi kama Sudan itaitisha kura za namna hiyo. Baada ya hapo, Sudan Kusini inajumuisha [[majimbo]] kumi ambayo kihistoria yanaunda mikoa mitatu ya Bahr el Ghazal, Equatoria, na Nile ya juu. {{Columns |width=160px |col1 = * Bahr al-Ghazal * [[Maziwa, Sudan Kusini|Maziwa]] * [[Bahr al-Ghazal Kaskazini]] * [[Warab]] * [[Bahr al-Ghazal Magharibi]] |col2 = * Nile ya Juu ** [[Nile ya Kijuu|Nile ya Juu]] ** [[Junqali|Jonglei]] ** [[Umoja, Sudan Kusini|Umoja]] |col3 = * Equatoria ** [[Equatoria ya Kati]] ** [[Equatoria Mashariki]] ** [[Equatoria Magharibi]] }} == Demografia == [[File:South Sudan 034.jpg|thumb|upright|Mwanamke mzawa.]] [[File:Village in South Sudan.jpg|thumb|Nyumba za kijijini.]] Inakubaliwa na wengi kuwa kabila kubwa zaidi Sudan Kusini ni [[Wadinka]] (40%), ikifuatiwa na [[Wanuer]] (20%) na [[Waazande]] (10%), kisha [[Wabari]], [[Washilluk]], [[Waacholi]], [[Wamurle]], [[Wanubi]], [[Wakuku]], [[Wafunj]], [[Wamaban]], [[Wazandi]], [[Waoduk]] na wengineo. ==== Sensa ya Tano ya Watu na Makazi ya Sudan (2008) ==== "Sensa ya Tano ya Watu na Makazi ya Sudan" nzima, ilifanywa mwezi Aprili [[2008]]. Hata hivyo matokeo ya sensa yalikataliwa na viongozi wa Sudan ya Kusini kwa makisio kuwa "Ofisi kuu ya Takwimu mjini [[Khartoum]] ilikataa kutoa takwimu za kitaifa za sensa ya Sudan kwa kituo cha Sudan kusini cha Sensa, takwimu na tathmini." <ref>{{citenews|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article31746|title=South Sudan parliament throw outs census results|work=SudanTribune|date=8 Julai 2009|accessdate=2010-01-02|archivedate=2014-07-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712230242/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article31746}}</ref> Sensa ya Sudan Kusini ilionyesha kuwa idadi ya watu ilikuwa million 8.26<ref name="epro">{{citenews|url=http://www.enoughproject.org/blogs/s-sudan-census-bureau-releases-official-results-amidst-ongoing-census-controversy|title=S. Sudan Census Bureau Releases Official Results Amidst Ongoing Census Controversy|work=!enough The project to end genocide and crimes against humanity|date=8 Juni 2009|first=Maggie|last=Fick}}</ref> hata hivyo Rais [[Salva Kiir]] "alishuku kuwa takwimu zilikuwa zinapunguzwa katika baadhi ya maeneo na kuongezwa katika mengine, na hivyo kufanya Hesabu ya mwisho "kutokubalika"." <ref name="newvis">{{citenews|url=http://www.newsudanvision.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1677:southern-sudanese-officials-decry-unfortunate-announcement-of-census-results&catid=1:sudan-news-stories&Itemid=6|title=Southern Sudanese officials decry ‘unfortunate’ announcement of census results|work=The New Sudan Vision|date=10 Mei 2009|first=Marvis|last=Birungi|accessdate=2010-01-02|archivedate=2011-07-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714174659/http://www.newsudanvision.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1677:southern-sudanese-officials-decry-unfortunate-announcement-of-census-results&catid=1:sudan-news-stories&Itemid=6}}</ref> Alidai pia kuwa idadi ya watu wa Sudan Kusini ilikuwa thuluthi moja ya watu wa Sudan, ilhali sensa ilionyesha kuwa ni asilimia 22 pekee<ref name="epro"/>. Ilisemekana pia kuwa watu wengi wa Sudan Kusini hawakuhesabiwa "kutokana na hali ya hewa mbaya, hali mbaya ya mitandao ya mawasiliano na usafirishaji, na baadhi ya maeneo yalikuwa hayafikiki, na watu wengi kutoka Sudan Kusini walikuwa uhamishoni katika nchi jirani na kupelekea 'matokeo yasiyokubalika', kulingana [na] mamlaka ya Sudan Kusini<ref name="newvis"/>. Mshauri Mkuu wa kiufundi wa [[Marekani]] wa sensa ya Kusini pia alisema wasajili wa sensa pengine walifikia asilimia 89 pekee ya wakazi<ref>{{citenews|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=103124761|title=Ethnic Divisions Complicate Sudan's Census|work=NPR|first=Gwen|last=Thompkins|date=15 Aprili 2009}}</ref>. ==== Sensa mpya ==== Mwaka [[2009]] Sudan ilianza upya sensa ya Sudan Kusini kabla ya [[kura ya maoni ya uhuru wa Sudan Kusini, 2011]], ambayo ilisemekana pia kujumuisha Wanasudan Kusini walio nchi zingine. Hata hivyo harakati hii ilikashifiwa kwani iliziacha nje nchi zenye idadi kubwa ya watu kutoka Sudan Kusini, na badala yake kuhesabu nchi ambapo idadi hii ilikuwa ndogo<ref>{{citenews|url=http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/south-sudan-claims-northern-sudans-census-dishonest|title=South Sudan says Northern Sudan's census dishonest|work=Radio Nederland Wereldomroep|date=6 Novemba 2009|accessdate=2010-01-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724170053/http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/south-sudan-claims-northern-sudans-census-dishonest|archivedate=2011-07-24}}</ref>. Kadirio la mwaka [[2016]] lilikuwa kwamba wakazi ni 12,230,730<ref>"World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision". ESA.UN.org (custom data acquired via website). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 10 September 2017.</ref>. === Lugha === Sudan Kusini inajumuisha zaidi ya makabila 200 yakizungumza [[lugha]] 60 zinazopatikana hasa katika Sudan ya Kusini na nyingine kutoka nchi jirani za Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, Sudan na nyingine (angalia [[Orodha ya lugha za Sudan Kusini]]). [[Lugha rasmi]] ni [[Kiingereza]], pamoja na kutambulika kwa lugha mbalimbali za mitaa katika majimbo au miji. [[Kiswahili]] kinapangiwa kuenezwa nchini, hasa baada ya Sudan Kusini kujiunga na Jumuia ya Afrika Mashariki. Lugha tatu kubwa za Kiafrika zinazotumika Sudan Kusini ni [[Kidinka]] (wazungumzaji 3,000,000), [[Kinuer]] (wazungumzaji 1,599,000), na [[Kishilluk]] (zaidi ya wazungumzaji 1,000,000). [[Kinuer]] kinazungumzwa katika Bentiu, Nasir, Akobo, Maywuut n.k. na Kishilluk inazunguzmwa katika [[Upper Nile]] au katika Ufalme wa Shilluk; [[Kiarabu cha Juba]] kinazungumzwa karibu katika kila sehemu ya Sudan Kusini lakini hasa katika majimbo ya [[Equatoria Mashariki]], [[Equatoria Magharibi]] na [[Bahr al-Ghazal Magharibi]]. [[Lugha za Wanubi]] zinazungumzwa sana katika [[milima ya Nuba]]. [[Lugha]] ya [[Kiuduk]] huzungumzwa na [[Wauduk]], na pia baadhi ya majirani zao. [[Kima]] cha [[uwezo wa kusoma]] katika Sudan Kusini mwaka 2006 kilikuwa kinakadiriwa kufikia [[asilimia]] 37 kwa [[wanaume]], 12 kwa [[wanawake]] au 24 kwa jumla kama wastani. === Dini === Watu wa Sudan Kusini hufuata zaidi [[Ukristo]] (asilimia 60.5, wengi wakiwa wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na [[Anglikana]], yakiwemo pia [[Wakalvini]] na [[madhehebu]] mengine mengi madogo zaidi<ref name="hope">{{citeweb|url=http://www.hopeforthefutureinternational.org/about-southern-sudan-christianity.php|title=Christianity in Southern Sudan|work=Hope for the Future International}}</ref>) na [[dini asilia za Kiafrika]] (32.9%). [[Uislamu]] unafuatwa na 6.2%. == Uchumi == Sehemu kubwa ya [[bajeti]] ya [[serikali]] inatoka katika [[pesa]] za [[mafuta]]. Mafuta na [[rasilimali]] nyingine za [[madini]] za Sudan Kusini zinaweza kupatikana karibu kila mahali, lakini [[Bentiu]] inajulikana kama jimbo lenye utajiri wa mafuta. === Mafuta === Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, [[uchimbaji]] wa kiasi muhimu na makampuni ya kigeni umeanza huko Sudan Kusini, na kuinua hadhi yake ya kijiografia na ya kisiasa. Khartoum ilipogawanya Sudan katika vitalu, takriban asilimia 85 ya mafuta zilitoka Kusini. Vitalu 1, 2, na 4 hudhibitiwa na kampuni kubwa zaidi kutoka ng'ambo, inayoitwa [[Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company]] (GNPOC). Vitalu vingine vinavyotoa mafuta katika Kusini ni vitalu 3 na 7 katika Upper Nile ya Mashariki. Kitalu kingine muhimu cha Kusini, kiitwacho Kitalu B, kinadaiwa na wadau kadhaa. Total ya Ufaransa ilipatiwa kandarasi ya kitalu hicho chenye kilomita mraba 90,000 katika [[miaka ya 1980]] lakini tangu wakati huo imefanya kazi chache huku ikidai "force majeure". Vipengele mbalimbali vya SPLM vilitoa kitalu hiki au sehemu zake kwa wadau wengine wa Sudan Kusini. Mikataba kadhaa kama hii iliyofanywa kabla ya Naivasha ilidhalilishwa wakati kiongozi wa SPLM / A John Garang de Mabior alipoondoka mamlakani. Sehemu ya CPA kuhusu ugavi wa mali inasema kwamba mikataba yote iliyotiwa saini kabla ya CPA itasalia; haitakuwa kuangaliwa upya na Tume ya Kitaifa ya Mafuta (NPC), tume iliyoanzishwa na CPA na inayojumuisha Khartoum na wawakilishi wa kusini na uenyekiti wa ushirikiano baina ya Rais [[Al-Bashir]] wa Khartoum na Rais Kiir wa Sudan Kusini. Hata hivyo, CPA haielezi bayana nani ana uwezo wa kutia saini mikataba ya kabla ya CPA. Pande zote mbili za Khartoum na Sudan Kusini zimewahi kujaribu kudai uwezo wa kutia saini makubaliano chini ya haki ya "self determination" iliyopewa upande wa kusini ambayo ilitangaza mnamo 19 Septemba 2009 katika nchi zaidi ya 105 duniani kote. === Hali ya binadamu === Sudan Kusini ilikiri kuwa na baadhi ya [[viashiria]] vya [[afya]] vibaya zaidi duniani<ref name="sudantribune">Ross, Emma (28 Januari 2004). [http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article1616 Southern Sudan as unique combination of worst diseases in the world] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article1616 |date=20140408090727 }}. ''[[Sudan Tribune]]'' .</ref>. <ref> Moszynski, Peter (23 Julai 2005). [http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/331/7510/179 Conference plans rebuilding of Southern Sudan's health service.] ''[[BMJ]]'' .</ref> Mwaka [[2004]], kulikuwa na ma[[daktari]] wapasuaji watatu tu kutumikia Sudan Kusini yote, na [[hospitali]] sawa tatu, na katika baadhi ya maeneo hayo kuna [[daktari]] mmoja tu kwa kila watu 500,000<ref name="sudantribune"/>. Kufikia wakati wa [[Mkataba Mwafaka wa Amani]] wa 2005, mahitaji ya kiutu katika Sudan Kusini yalikuwa makubwa. Hata hivyo, mashirika ya kibinadamu chini ya uongozi wa Ofisi ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa ya Kuratibu Masuala ya Kibinadamu]] (OCHA) yaliweza kuhakikisha kuna [[fedha]] za kutosha kuleta nafuu kwa wakazi. Pamoja na misaada ya dharura na [[maendeleo]], miradi ya kibinadamu ilijumuishwa katika Mpango wa Kazi wa 2007 wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] na washirika wake. Mnamo [[2007]], OCHA (chini ya uongozi wa [[Eliane Duthoit)]] ilianza awamu ya kumalizia Kusini mwa Sudan mahitaji ya kibinadamu polepole lakini kwa kugeuka juu ya udhibiti wa kufufua na maendeleo ya shughuli za NGOs na mashirika ya kijamii. <ref> [http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=71676 SUDAN: Peace bolsters security in the south]. [[IRIN.]] 18 Aprili 2007.</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Sudan]] * [[Jumuia ya Afrika Mashariki]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]] * [[Demografia ya Afrika]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo|2}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120529043623/http://www.gossmission.org/goss/ Serikali ya Sudan Kusini] * [http://www.sslagoss.org/ Bunge la Sudan Kusini] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sslagoss.org/ |date=20121117043005 }} * [http://www.splmtoday.com/ Tovuti rasmi ya SPLM] {{Wayback|url=http://www.splmtoday.com/ |date=20210426215721 }} * [http://www.helpsudaninternational.org/about/index.html / HELPSudan International] {{Wayback|url=http://www.helpsudaninternational.org/about/index.html |date=20090413045550 }}, lililoanzishwa na wavulana waliopotea wanaoishi Chicago ambao wanadhamiria kuboresha jamii za Sudan kusini kwa kuanzisha shule na kutoa rasilimali za afya na maji safi * [http://www.gurtong.org/resourcecenter/gov/GOSS_Structure.asp Tovuti ya Habari za kisiasa] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gurtong.org/resourcecenter/gov/GOSS_Structure.asp |date=20080403124452 }} * [http://www.southsudannation.com/ Tovuti ya Uhuru wa Kusini] {{Wayback|url=http://www.southsudannation.com/ |date=20080707034057 }} * Makala ya [http://www.iss.europa.eu/nc/actualites/actualite/article/post-2011-scenarios-in-sudanbrwhat-role-for-the-eu/ Post-2011 scenarios in Sudan: What role for the EU?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iss.europa.eu/nc/actualites/actualite/article/post-2011-scenarios-in-sudanbrwhat-role-for-the-eu/ |date=20091231040834 }}, na Suliman Baldo, Maria Gabrielsen, Fabienne Hara, Damien Helly, Fouad Hikmat, Michael Kevane, Roland Marchal, Tim Murithi, Luka Patey, Report No 6, Novemba 2009, [[Taasisi ya Umoja wa Ulaya kwa Mafunzo ya Usalama]] * [http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/unmis/ Misheni ya Umoja wa Mataifa nchini Sudan] * [http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1306 North/South Sudan Abyei Boundary Tribunal] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1306 |date=20111120214016 }} pamoja na Aliyekuwa Rais wa ICJ Mheshimiwa [[Stephen M. Schwebel]] na Makamu wa Rais Mheshimiwa [[Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh]] na [http://www.pca-cpa.org/shownews.asp?ac=view&amp;nws_id=211&amp;pag_id=1261 3 Julai 2008] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pca-cpa.org/shownews.asp?ac=view&nws_id=211&pag_id=1261 |date=20100602001858 }} na [http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article28587 UN SRSG for Sudan Praises Abyei Progress of 11 Septemba 2008] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article28587 |date=20121123114829 }} na [http://www.pca-cpa.org/shownews.asp?ac=view&amp;pag_id=1261&amp;nws_id=212 Vyama Deposit Arbitration Abyei Mkataba na Designate Agents ya 2 Oktoba 2008] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pca-cpa.org/shownews.asp?ac=view&pag_id=1261&nws_id=212 |date=20100602012942 }} na [http://www.globalarbitrationreview.com/news/article/14904/dupuy-preside-sudan-dispute 31 Oktoba 2008] na [http://www.pca-cpa.org/shownews.asp?ac=view&amp;pag_id=1261&amp;nws_id=251 Norway's kuchangia katika Mfuko PCA Kaskazini na Sudan Kusini ya 18 Desemba 2008] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pca-cpa.org/shownews.asp?ac=view&pag_id=1261&nws_id=251 |date=20100602001850 }} na [http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article29937 Sudan välkomnar Rais Obama wa Marekani 22 Januari 2009] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article29937 |date=20121123114842 }} na ya [[White House]] na [http://www.pca-cpa.org/shownews.asp?nws_id=255&amp;pag_id=1261&amp;ac=view Mahakama ya Abyei's Schedule kwa Written Pleadings na Oral kusikia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pca-cpa.org/shownews.asp?nws_id=255&pag_id=1261&ac=view |date=20100602004404 }} na [http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1318 kusikia Abyei Schedule, 18-23 Aprili 2009] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1318 |date=20090426185146 }} na [http://www.globalarbitrationreview.com/news/article/15231/sudan-hearing-proceeds-following-expense-row/ Abyei kusikia Expense Row Kufuatia Mapato ya 17 Aprili 2009] na [http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article30897 simulizi kusikia ya Abyei Arbitration Begins tarehe 18 Aprili 2009] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article30897 |date=20121123114836 }} na [http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1306 Final Abyei Boundary tuzo ya 22 Julai 2009] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1306 |date=20111120214016 }} na [http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=31544&amp;Cr=Abyei&amp;Cr1 UNSG Ban Ki-Moon's Statement] [http://www.un.org/apps/sg/sgstats.asp?nid=3990 lovordar Abyei tuzo] na [https://web.archive.org/web/20090728171111/http://www.voanews.com/english/Africa/2009-07-23-voa6.cfm Tawala Abyei Hague Final] [http://www.euronews.net/2009/07/22/north-and-south-sudan-agree-oil-region-deal/ huwafufua Big Amani Matumaini ya Sudan] {{Wayback|url=http://www.euronews.net/2009/07/22/north-and-south-sudan-agree-oil-region-deal/ |date=20100214065238 }} na [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8162690.stm BBC] na [http://www.globalarbitrationreview.com/news/article/14904/dupuy-preside-sudan-dispute/ Går] {{Wayback|url=http://www.globalarbitrationreview.com/news/article/14904/dupuy-preside-sudan-dispute/ |date=20110711101541 }} na [http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/eCache/DEF/10/881.TGFuZz1FTg.html Justice Portal] {{Wayback|url=http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/eCache/DEF/10/881.TGFuZz1FTg.html |date=20110716163221 }} na [http://www.gossmission.org/goss/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=928&amp;Itemid=1 SPLM-NPC Pamoja Statement tuzo ya Abyei's Utekelezaji] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gossmission.org/goss/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=928&Itemid=1 |date=20110716080719 }} na [http://www.gossmission.org/goss/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=926&amp;Itemid=1 USA, EU na rangi Karibu PCA uamuzi juu ya Abyei]na{{Wayback|url=http://www.gossmission.org/goss/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=926&Itemid=1 |date=20160306222545 }} na [http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?mot99 Abyei Boundary Arbitration Homepage] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?mot99 |date=20100102233156 }} * [http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/newsroom/latest-news/?view=PressS&amp;id=11813900 Maadhimisho ya Mkataba Mwafaka wa Amani kati ya Sudan Kaskazini na Kusini ya 7 Januari 2009] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/newsroom/latest-news/?view=PressS&id=11813900 |date=20090715230606 }} * [http://www.iss.co.za/AF/profiles/Sudan/darfur/compax/ Mkataba Mwafaka wa Amani] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iss.co.za/AF/profiles/Sudan/darfur/compax/ |date=20051030022221 }} * [http://www.usip.org/pubs/usipeace_briefings/2005/1026_sudan.html Resolving Boundary Dispute in Sudan's Abyei Region] {{Wayback|url=http://www.usip.org/pubs/usipeace_briefings/2005/1026_sudan.html |date=20070614122743 }} [[US Institute of Peace Briefing]], Oktober 2005 * [http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/collections/nuer/ The Nuer Field Notes] - kusanyiko kwenye interneti wa vidokezo vya lugha vilivyoandikwa na Eleanor Vandevort, ambaye alikuwa mmishenari katika Sudan Kusini kati ya 1949 na 1963. Tovuti pia inajumuisha kitabu cha Bi Vandevort A Leopard Tamed na picha zilizochukuliwa Sudan kusini. * [http://www.johndaufoundation.org/ Wakfu wa Sudan wa John Dau] {{Wayback|url=http://www.johndaufoundation.org/ |date=20150906142908 }} Mojawapo ya hadithi za "Lost Boys of Sudan", John Dau anabadilisha sura ya huduma ya afya ya Sudan Kusini kwa ujenzi wa na ustawishaji wa kliniki za afya. * [http://www.alertnet.org/db/crisisprofiles/SD_PEA.htm?v=in_detail Crisis briefing on the fragile peace in south Sudan] {{Wayback|url=http://www.alertnet.org/db/crisisprofiles/SD_PEA.htm?v=in_detail |date=20091109043358 }} kutoka [[Reuters AlertNet]] {{Coord|4|51|N|31|36|E|source:svwiki_region:SD|display=title}} {{Afrika}} {{African Union}} [[Jamii:Sudan Kusini]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]] [[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]] [[Jamii:Siasa ya Sudan]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Sudan Kusini]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] 1qkxlzjrazp057cqbm9r3bposdzzi4y Nchi inayoendelea 0 34441 1574287 1521970 2026-06-17T23:24:58Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574287 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nchi inayoendelea''' ni [[neno]] linalotumika kuashiria [[taifa]] lenye [[kiwango]] cha chini cha nyenzo za uendelezi. Hakuna [[ufafanuzi]] hata mmoja wa neno hilo unaokubalika kimataifa, na viwango vya [[maendeleo]] vinaweza tofautiana kati ya nchi zinazosemekana kuwa zimeendelea, huku baadhi ya nchi zinazoendelea zikiwa na viwango vya juu vya maisha.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sullivan|first=Arthur|coauthors=Steven M. Sheffrin|title=Economics: Principles in Action|publisher=Prentice Hall|date=2003|location=Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458|pages=471|url=https://www.savvas.com/index.cfm?locator=PSZu4y&PMDbSiteId=2781&PMDbSolutionId=6724&PMDbSubSolutionId=&PMDbCategoryId=815&PMDbSubCategoryId=24843&PMDbSubjectAreaId=&PMDbProgramId=23061|isbn=0-13-063085-3|access-date=2021-02-24|archive-date=2016-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220014709/https://www.savvas.com/index.cfm?locator=PSZu4y&PMDbSiteId=2781&PMDbSolutionId=6724&PMDbSubSolutionId=&PMDbCategoryId=815&PMDbSubCategoryId=24843&PMDbSubjectAreaId=&PMDbProgramId=23061|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="UN"/> Baadhi ya [[mashirika ya kimataifa]] kama [[Benki ya Dunia]] hutumia [[uainishaji]] wa kihesabu pekee. Benki ya Dunia huchukulia nchi zote zenye mapato ya chini na ya wastani kama "zinazostawi". Katika uainishaji wake wa hivi karibuni, [[uchumi]] wa nchi uligawanywa kwa kutumia [[Pato la Taifa]] kwa kila mwananchi. Mwaka wa 2008, Pato la Taifa kwa kila mwananchi chini ya [[Dolar ya Marekani|$]] 11,905 zilihesabiwa kama zinazostawi<ref name="WB">{{Rejea tovuti | url = http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20420458~menuPK:64133156~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html | title = Country Classification | work = [[Benki ya Dunia]] | accessdate = 20 Julai 2009}}</ref>. [[Taasisi]] nyingine hutumia fasili zisizokuwa maalumu sana. Nchi zenye uchumi ulioendelea zaidi kuliko nyingine zinazoendelea, lakini ambazo bado hazijaonyesha kikamilifu [[ishara]] za [[nchi iliyostawi]] huwekwa pamoja katika [[kundi]] la [[nchi zenye viwanda vingi]]. <ref name="Globalization">{{cite book|title=Globalization and the Transformation of Foreign Economic Policy|url=https://archive.org/details/globalizationtra0000bozy|author=Paweł Bożyk|chapter= Newly Industrialized Countries|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd|year=2006|isbn=0-75-464638-6}}</ref> <ref name="Limits">{{cite book| title=The Limits of Convergence|author=Mauro F. Guillén|chapter=Multinationals, Ideology, and Organized Labor|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2003|isbn=0-69-111633-4}}</ref><ref name="AIA">{{cite book|title=Geography, An Integrated Approach|url=https://archive.org/details/geographyintegra0000waug|first=David| last=Waugh|chapter=Manufacturing industries (chapter 19), World development (chapter 22)|pages=[https://archive.org/details/geographyintegra0000waug/page/563 563], 576–579, 633, and 640|publisher =Nelson Thornes Ltd.|year=3rd edition 2000|isbn=0-17-444706-X}}</ref> <ref name="Principles">{{cite book|title=Principles of Economics |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781426634543 |first=N. Gregory|last=Mankiw|year=4th Edition 2007|isbn=0-32-422472-9}}</ref> == Ufafanuzi == [[Faili:2021-22_UN_Human_Development_Report.svg|thumb|310x310px|2021-22 UN Human Development Report]] [[Kofi Annan]], aliyekuwa [[Katibu Mkuu]] wa Umoja wa Mataifa, alifafanua nchi iliyostawi kama ifuatavyo: "Nchi iliyostawi ni nchi ambayo inaruhusu wananchi wake wote kufurahia [[maisha]] ya [[uhuru]] na [[afya]] katika [[mazingira]] salama." <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.unescap.org/unis/press/G_05_00.htm |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-01-04 |archivedate=2009-08-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090808082724/http://www.unescap.org/unis/press/G_05_00.htm }}</ref> Lakini kulingana na [[Divisheni ya Takwimu ya Umoja wa Mataifa]], : Hakuna mfumo uliowekwa wa kutoa jina la "iliyostawi" na "inayostawi" kwa nchi au maeneo katika mfumo wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]]. <ref name="UN">{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#ftnc|title=Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings (footnote C)|date=revised 17 Oktoba 2008|publisher=[[United Nations]] Statistics Division|accessdate=2008-12-30}}</ref> Na inabainisha kuwa : Kuweko kwa majina "iliyostawi" na "inayostawi" kuna lengo la kurahisisha shughuli za kufanya [[takwimu]] na si lazima kuhukumu hatua ilizopiga nchi au eneo fulani katika mchakato wa maendeleo<ref> http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm</ref>. Umoja wa Mataifa unabainisha pia : Katika mazoea ya kawaida, [[Japan]] katika [[Asia]], [[Kanada]] na [[Marekani]] kaskazini mwa [[Amerika]], [[Australia]] na [[New Zealand]] katika [[Oceania]], na [[Ulaya]] zinachukuliwa kama kanda au maeneo "yalizostawi". Katika takwimu za [[biashara ya kimataifa]], [[Shirika la Forodha la Africa Kusini]] pia huchukuliwa kama eneo lililostawi na [[Israeli]] kama nchi iliyostawi; nchi zinazotokana na [[Yugoslavia]] ya zamani, isipokuwa [[Slovenia]], huchukuliwa kama nchi zinazostawi; na nchi za [[Ulaya mashariki]] na [[Jumuiya ya Mataifa Huru]] (code 172) Ulaya hazijajumuishwa aidha kama zilizostawi au zinazostawi<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#ftnc|title=Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings (footnote C)|date=revised 17 Oktoba 2008|publisher=[[United Nations]] Statistics Division|accessdate=2008-12-30}}</ref>. Kulingana na uainishaji wa [[IMF]] kabla ya Aprili 2004, nchi zote za [[Ulaya Mashariki]] (pamoja na nchi za [[Ulaya ya Kati]] ambazo zimo katika "Kikundi cha Ulaya Mashariki" katika taasisi za UN) pamoja na [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] (USSR) nchi za [[Asia ya Kati]] ([[Kazakhstan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]] na [[Turkmenistan]]) na [[Mongolia]], hazikujumuishwa katika aidha maeneo yaliyostawi au yanayostawi, bali zilijulikana kama "nchi katika mpito"; hata hivyo kwa sasa huonekana (katika ripoti za kimataifa) kama "nchi zinazostawi". Katika [[karne ya 21]] kundi la awali la [[Four Asia Tigers]] <ref name="tigers">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.businesspme.com/uk/articles/economics/78/East-Asian-Tigers-.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-01-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224061819/http://www.businesspme.com/uk/articles/economics/78/East-Asian-Tigers-.html |archivedate=2010-12-24 }}</ref> ([[Hong Kong]], <ref name="tigers"/> <ref name="qq">[28] ^ [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/weodata/groups.htm#ae IMF Advanced Economies List.][http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/weodata/groups.htm#ae World Economic Outlook, Database-WEO Groups and Aggregates Information, Aprili 2009.]</ref> [[Singapore]], <ref name="tigers"/> <ref name="qq"/> [[Korea ya Kusini]], <ref name="tigers"/> <ref name="qq"/> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1018.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-01-04 |archivedate=2010-06-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617013500/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1018.html }}</ref> <ref> http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/98c62f1c-850f-11dd-b148-0000779fd18c.html</ref> na [[Taiwan]] <ref name="tigers"/> <ref name="qq"/> ni kufikiriwa "yaliyoendelea" kanda au maeneo, pamoja na [[Kupro]], <ref name="qq"/> [[Israeli]], <ref name="qq"/> [[Malta]], <ref name="qq"/> na [[Slovenia]], <ref name="qq"/> ni kufikiriwa "nchi mpya zilizoendelea". IMF hutumia mfumo wa uainishaji unaozingatia: "(1) kiwango cha mapato per capita, (2) mauzo ya mseto, na (3) shahada ya ushirikiano katika mfumo wa kifedha wa kimataifa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti | url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/faq.htm#q4b | title = Q. How does the WEO categorize advanced versus emerging and developing economies? | work = [[International Monetary Fund]] | accessdate = 20 Julai 2009 }}</ref> Benki ya Dunia huainisha nchi katika vikundi vinne vya mapato. Nchi za mapato ya chini zina Pato la Taifa kwa Kila mwananchi la US $ 975 au chini. Mapato ya chini katikati ni nchi zenye Pato la Taifa kwa Kila mwananchi la US $ 976 - $ 3,855. Nchi za Mapato ya Juu katikati ni nchi zenye Pato la Taifa kwa Kila mwananchi la US $ 3,856 - $ 11,905. Nchi za mapato ya Juu ni zile zenye pato zaidi ya $ 11,906. Benki ya Dunia huainisha nchi zote zenye mapato ya katikati na ya chini kama zinazostawi lakini inabainisha kuwa, "Matumizi wa neno hili ni kwa kurahisisha kazi tu; na hayakunuiwa kuashiria kuwa nchi zote katika kundi hilo zinapata maendeleo sawa au kwamba nchi zingine zimefikia kiwango kinachotakikana au mwisho wa hatua za maendeleo. Uainisho kwa mapato haumaanishi hicho ndicho kiwango haswa cha maendeleo kwa wakati huu<ref name="WB"/>. == Vipimo na dhana ya maendeleo == Maendeleo ya nchi hupimwa kwa kutumia takwimu kama vile mapato [[kwa Kila mwananchi (GDP)]], urefu unaotarajiwa wa maisha, kiwango cha [[kujua kusoma]] na kadhalika. UN imeanzisha [[HDI]], kiashiria cha jumla cha takwimu zilizotolewa hapo juu, ili kupima kiwango cha maendeleo ya katika nchi mahali takwimu zinapatikana. Nchi zinazostawi kwa ujumla huwa ni [[nchi]] ambazo hazijapata mafanikio muhimu katikaa [[sekta ya viwanda]] ikilinganishwa na idadi ya raia wake, na ambazo, mara nyingi huwa na hali ya wastani au chini ya [[kiwango cha maisha]]. Kuna [[uhusiano]] mkubwa kati ya mapato ya chini na kiwango cha juu cha ukuaji wa idadi ya watu. Maneno yanayotumika kujadili nchi zinazostawi hurejelea nia na miundo ya wanayoyatumia maneno haya. Maneno mengine yanayotumiwa wakati mwingine ni nchia ambazo hazijaendelea sana (LDCs), nchi ambazo zimeendelea kidogo zaidi (LEDCs), "mataifa yasiyoendelea" au mataifa ya [[Dunia ya Tatu]] na "mataifa ambayo hayajastawi kiviwanda". Kinyume na hayo, upande ule mwingine unaitwa [[nchi zilizostawi, nchi zilizoendelea zaidi kiuchumi]] (MEDCs), mataifa ya [[Dunia ya Kwanza]] na "mataifa yaliyostawi kiviwanda". Ili kudhibiti neno la [[tasfida]] la ''zinazostawi'', [[mashirika ya kimataifa]] yameanza kutumia neno [[Nchi ambayo haijastawi kiuchumi]] (LEDCs) kwa mataifa maskini ambayo hayawezi kuonekana kama yanayostawi. Yaani, LEDCs ndio [[kundi]] maskini zaidi kati ya LDCs. Hii inaweza kudhibiti dhidi ya imani kuwa kiwango cha maisha katika nchi zote zinazostawi ni sawa. Dhana ya taifa linalostawi inapatikana, chini ya neno moja au lingine, katika mifumo ya kinadharia kadhaa yenye mitazamo tofauti - kwa mfano, nadharia za [[ukombozi kutoka ukoloni]], [[teolojia ya ukombozi]], [[Umarksi]], kupinga [[ubeberu]], na [[uchumi wa kisiasa]]. == Mapungufu ya neno 'nchi inayostawi' == Kuna ukosoaji kwa matumizi ya neno 'nchi inayostawi'. Jina hilo linadokeza kuwa chini kwa 'nchi inayostawi' ikilinganishwa na 'nchi iliyostawi', ambalo nchi nyingi kama hizo hazipendelei. Huchukulia kuna haja ya 'kustawi' kwa mtazamo wa 'Magharibi' wa maendeleo ya kiuchumi ambayo nchi nyingi, kama vile Cuba, zimechagua kutofuata. Hivyo basi Cuba inabakia kuainishwa kama nchi 'inayoendelea' kutokana na pato lake dogo la taifa lakini ina kiwango cha chini cha vifo vya watoto wachanga na kiwango cha elimu cha juu kuliko Marekani<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html|accessdate=2010-01-04|archivedate=2008-08-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080812233855/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html}}</ref>. Neno 'inayostawi' linadokeza kuwa na mwendo na haibainishi kwamba maendeleo yanaweza kuwa yanashuka au kusimama katika baadhi ya nchi, hasa zile za [[kusini mwa Afrika]] yaliyoathirika zaidi na [[VVU]] / [[UKIMWI]]. Jina hili linadokeza usawa kati ya nchi hizo ambazo zinatofautiana sana. Pia linadokeza usawa katika nchi hizo ilhali utajiri na afya vya vikundi vilivyo tajiri na maskini vinatofautiana sana. Hakuna kitu kama nchi zinazoendelea na zilizoendelea katika Umoja wa Mataifa, lakini kuna Faharisi ya Maendeleo ya Binadamu, ambayo imejumuishwa Katika Ripoti ya Maendeleo ya Binadamu ya Mpango wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa, iliyoandaliwa kwa msingi wa tathmini ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya 2021 na kuchapishwa mnamo Septemba 8, 2022.<ref>https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2021-22</ref> Ramani hii inaonyesha nchi zilizo na Faharisi ya Juu Sana ya Maendeleo ya Binadamu (nchi zilizoendelea) zilizoangaziwa kwa rangi nyeusi zaidi, na kwa Faharisi ya Maendeleo ya Binadamu ya kati na ya chini (inayoendelea) — nyepesi na ya chini kabisa (iliyoendelea kidogo) — nyepesi zaidi. == Orodha ya nchi zinazoibukia na zinazostawi (kulingana na toleo la IMF) == [[Picha:Imf-advanced-un-least-developed-2008.svg|thumb|311x311px|Uainishaji wa IMF na Umoja wa Mataifa; buluu: nchi zilizoendelea, chungwa: nchi zinazoendelea; nyekundu: nchi zinazobaki nyuma; kijivu: nchi zisizopangwa katika kundi lolote.]]<div class="references"> Nchi zifuatazo zinachukuliwa kama ''zinazoibukia na kustawi kiuchumi'' kulingana na ripoti ya mtazamo wa uchumi wa dunia ya [[Shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa]] ya Oktoba 2009<ref> [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/groups.htm#oem IMF Emerging and Developing Economies List.][http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/groups.htm#oem World Economic Outlook Database, Oktoba 2009.]</ref>. {| | * {{flag|Afghanistan}} * {{flag|Albania}} * {{flag|Algeria}} * {{flag|Angola}} * {{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}} * {{flag|Argentina}} * {{flag|Armenia}} * {{flag|Azerbaijan}} * {{flag|The Bahamas}} * {{flag|Bahrain}} * {{flag|Bangladesh}} * {{flag|Barbados}} * {{flag|Belarus}} * {{flag|Belize}} * {{flag|Benin}} * {{flag|Bhutan}} * {{flag|Bolivia}} * {{flag|Botswana}} * {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} * {{flag|Brazil}} * {{flag|Bulgaria}} * {{flag|Burkina Faso}} * {{flag|Burma}} * {{flag|Burundi}} * {{flag|Cambodia}} * {{flag|Cameroon}} * {{flag|Cape Verde}} * {{flag|Central African Republic}} * {{flag|Chad}} * {{flag|Chile}} * {{flag|China}} * {{flag|Colombia}} * {{flag|Comoros}} * {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} * {{flag|Republic of the Congo}} * {{flag|Costa Rica}} * {{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}} * {{flag|Croatia}} * {{flag|Djibouti}} * {{flag|Dominica}} * {{flag|Dominican Republic}} * {{flag|Ecuador}} * {{flag|Egypt}} * {{flag|El Salvador}} * {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} * {{flag|Estonia}} * {{flag|Eritrea}} * {{flag|Ethiopia}} * {{flag|Fiji}} * {{flag|Gabon}} * {{flag|Gambia}} * {{flag|Georgia}} | * {{flag|Ghana}} * {{flag|Grenada}} * {{flag|Guatemala}} * {{flag|Guinea}} * {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}} * {{flag|Guyana}} * {{flag|Haiti}} * {{flag|Honduras}} * {{flag|Hungary}} * {{flag|Indonesia}} * {{flag|India}} * {{flag|Iran}} * {{flag|Iraq}} * {{flag|Jamaica}} * {{flag|Jordan}} * {{flag|Kazakhstan}} * {{flag|Kenya}} * {{flag|Kiribati}} * {{flag|Kuwait}} * {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} * {{flag|Laos}} * {{flag|Latvia}} * {{flag|Lebanon}} * {{flag|Lesotho}} * {{flag|Liberia}} * {{flag|Libya}} * {{flag|Lithuania}} * {{flag|Macedonia}} * {{flag|Madagascar}} * {{flag|Malawi}} * {{flag|Malaysia}} * {{flag|Maldives}} * {{flag|Mali}} * {{flag|Marshall Islands}}<ref name="imf">[133] ^ [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/weodata/groups.htm World Economic Outlook], [[International Monetary Fund]], Aprili 2009, aya ya pili, Mpya 9-11.</ref> * {{flag|Mauritania}} * {{flag|Mauritius}} * {{flag|Mexico}} * {{flag|Micronesia}}<ref name="imf"/> * {{flag|Moldova}} * {{flag|Mongolia}} * {{flag|Montenegro}} * {{flag|Morocco}} * {{flag|Mozambique}} * {{flag|Namibia}} * {{flag|Nauru}} * {{flag|Nepal}} * {{flag|Nicaragua}} * {{flag|Niger}} * {{flag|Nigeria}} * {{flag|Oman}} * {{flag|Pakistan}} * {{flag|Palau}}<ref name="imf"/> | * {{flag|Panama}} * {{flag|Papua New Guinea}} * {{flag|Paraguay}} * {{flag|Peru}} * {{flag|Philippines}} * {{flag|Poland}} * {{flag|Qatar}} * {{flag|Romania}} * {{flag|Russia}} * {{flag|Rwanda}} * {{flag|Samoa}} * {{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}} * {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} * {{flag|Senegal}} * {{flag|Serbia}} * {{flag|Seychelles}} * {{flag|Sierra Leone}} * {{flag|Solomon Islands}} * {{flag|South Africa}} * {{flag|Somalia}} * {{flag|Sri Lanka}} * {{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} * {{flag|Saint Lucia}} * {{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} * {{flag|Sudan}} * {{flag|Suriname}} * {{flag|Swaziland}} * {{flag|Syria}} * {{flag|Tajikistan}} * {{flag|Tanzania}} * {{flag|Thailand}} * {{flag|Timor-Leste}} * {{flag|Togo}} * {{flag|Tonga}} * {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} * {{flag|Tunisia}} * {{flag|Turkey}} * {{flag|Turkmenistan}} * {{flag|Tuvalu}} * {{flag|Uganda}} * {{flag|Ukraine}} * {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} * {{flag|Uruguay}} * {{flag|Uzbekistan}} * {{flag|Vanuatu}} * {{flag|Venezuela}} * {{flag|Vietnam}} * {{flag|Yemen}} * {{flag|Zambia}} * {{flag|Zimbabwe}} |} </div> === Nchi zinazostawi ambazo hazikutajwa na IMF === * {{flag|Cuba}} * {{flag|North Korea}} == Uainishaji na majina ya nchi == Nchi mara nyingi huwekwa ndani ya makundi manne hafifu ya maendeleo. Kila kikundi kinajumuisha nchi zilizotajwa katika makala yake. Neno "taifa linalostawi", sio lebo ya aina maalumu au sawa ya tatizo. # [[Nchi zilizostawi kiviwanda hivi karibuni]] (NICs) ni mataifa ambayo uchumi wake una maendeleo ya juu zaidi kuliko yale yaliyo katika nchi zinazostawi, lakini bado bila ishara kamili za maendeleo ya nchi.<ref name="Globalization"/><ref name="Limits"/> <ref name="AIA"/><ref name="Principles"/> NIC ni kikundi katikati ya nchi zinazostawi na zilizostawi. Kinajumuisha [[Brazil]], [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]], [[India]], [[Malaysia]], [[Mexico]], [[Ufilipino]], [[Afrika Kusini]], [[Thailand]] na [[Uturuki]]. # [[Masoko Makubwa yanayojitokeza]] (BEM), lebo yenye maana kadhaa. [[Jeffrey Garten]] alitambua, [[Brazili]], [[Argentina]], [[Mexico]], [[Afrika Kusini]], [[Polandi]], [[Uturuki]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]], na [[Korea Kusini]] kama mataifa ya BEM kumi bora. # Nchi zenye muda mrefu wa vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe au kuvunjika pakubwa kwa utawala wa sheria ( "[[nchi zilizofeli]]") (km [[Afghanistan]], [[Haiti]], [[Pakistan]], [[Somalia]], [[Myanmar]], [[Iraq]], [[Zimbabwe]]) au zilizo na udikteta usiojali maedeleo([[Korea Kaskazini]]) . # Baadhi ya nchi zinazostawi zimeainishwa kama "nchi zilizostawi" kama vile [[Afrika Kusini]] na [[Uturuki]] na [[CIA]]; na [[Antigua na Barbuda]], [[Bahamas]], [[Bahrain]], [[Barbados]], [[Brunei]], [[Estonia]], [[Guinea ya Ikweta]], [[Kuwait]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia]], na [[Trinidad na Tobago]] kuainishwa hivyo na Benki ya Dunia. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo|2}} {{South-South}} [[Jamii:Uchumi]] [[Jamii:Maendeleo]] [[Jamii:Orodha za nchi]] 42icqmib9nw5tqjc7vjx6vp1abhomye Maana ya maisha 0 35059 1574249 1564527 2026-06-17T22:31:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574249 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gauguin - Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? (1897-98).jpg|thumb|right|355px|''Tumetoka Wapi? Sisi ni Nani? Tunakwenda Wapi?''<br />Mmojawapo kati ya michoro maarufu ya msanii [[Paul Gauguin]] wa kipindi cha baada ya [[uimpreshonisti]].]] '''Maana ya maisha''' ni mojawapo kati ya ma[[suala]] makuu kuhusu [[thamani]], [[madhumuni]] na umuhimu wa [[binadamu]] kuwepo [[duniani]] na wa [[maisha]] kwa jumla. Suala hilo linaweza kujitokeza katika ma[[swali]] mengi tofauti yanayohusiana, kama vile ''Mbona tumekuwepo?'', ''Maisha yanahusu nini?'' na ''Ni nini maana ya haya yote?'' Binadamu anajiuliza maswali kama hayo hasa anapokabiliana na [[kifo]], kwa mfano [[msiba]] wa [[ndugu]] au [[rafiki]]. Limekuwa suala kuu la [[udadisi]] wa [[sayansi]], [[falsafa]] na [[teolojia]] tangu zamani. Kumekuwa na [[idadi]] kubwa ya majibu kwa maswali hayo kutoka asili mbalimbali ki[[itikadi]] na ki[[utamaduni]]. Maana ya maisha imechanganyikana kwa undani na [[dhana]] za falsafa na [[imani]] za [[dini]] na hugusia masuala mengine mengi, kama vile [[ontolojia]], [[tunu]], [[kusudi]], [[maadili]], [[hiari]], uwepo wa [[Mungu]], [[roho]], na kinachoendelea baada ya maisha haya kwisha. Michango ya sayansi kawaida ni ya moja kwa moja na inaeleza [[uhalisia]] kutokana na mambo yanayopimika kuhusu [[ulimwengu]]; sayansi inatoa [[muktadha]] na mipaka kwa mazungumzo kuhusu [[mada]] zinazohusika. Mbadala ni mtazamo wa kifalsafa unaokabili swali: "Ni nini maana ya maisha 'yangu'?" Thamani ya swali linalohusu kusudi la maisha huweza kuwiana na kuupata [[ukweli]] wa mwisho, au [[hisia]] za [[umoja]] na [[utakatifu]]. ==Maswali na marejeo yake== [[File:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 038-crop.jpg|thumb|150px|right|''Mwanafalsafa akitafakari'' alivyochorwa na [[msanii]] [[Rembrandt]].]] Maswali kuhusu maana ya maisha yameulizwa kwa njia mbalimbali zenye upana, yakiwemo yafuatayo: *Maana ya maisha ni nini? Nini maana ya haya yote? Sisi ni nani? <ref name="Westphal">{{cite book |author=Jonathan Westphal |title=Philosophical Propositions: An Introduction to Philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/philosophicalpro0000west |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |isbn=0415170532}}</ref><ref name="Nozick">{{cite book |author=[[Robert Nozick]] |title=[[Philosophical Explanations]] |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1981 |isbn=0674664795}}</ref><ref name="Jewell">{{cite book |author=Albert Jewell |title=Ageing, Spirituality and Well-Being |publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers |year=2003 |isbn=184310167X}}</ref><ref name="WITMOL">{{cite web |title=Question of the Month: What Is The Meaning Of Life? |work=[[Philosophy Now]] |publisher=Issue 59 |url=http://www.philosophynow.org/issue59/59question.htm |accessdate=2007-07-26}}</ref><ref name="Yeffeth">{{cite book |author=Glenn Yeffeth |title=The Anthology at the End of the Universe: Leading Science Fiction Authors on Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy |url=https://archive.org/details/anthologyatendof0000unse |publisher=BenBella Books, Inc |year=2005 |isbn=1932100563}}</ref><ref name="Seaman">{{cite book |author=David Seaman |title=The Real Meaning of Life |url=https://archive.org/details/realmeaningoflif0000unse |publisher=New World Library |year=2005 |isbn=1577315146}}</ref><ref name="Baggini">{{cite book |author=[[Julian Baggini]] |title=What's It All About? Philosophy and the Meaning of Life |url=https://archive.org/details/whatsitallaboutp0000bagg |publisher=Granta Books |month=Septemba | year=2004 |location=USA |isbn=1862076618}} </ref> *Kwa nini tumekuwepo? Sababu ya sisi kuwa hapa ni nini? <ref name="Baggini" /><ref name="Thiemann & Placher">{{cite book |author=[[Ronald F. Thiemann]]; William Carl Placher |title=Why Are We Here?: Everyday Questions and the Christian Life |url=https://archive.org/details/whyarewehereever0000unse |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |year=1998 |isbn=1563382369}}</ref><ref name="Marcellino">{{cite book |author=Dennis Marcellino |title=Why Are We Here?: The Scientific Answer to this Age-old Question (that you don't need to be a scientist to understand) |publisher=Lighthouse Pub |year=1996 |isbn=0945272103}}</ref><ref name="Curtiss">{{cite book |author=F. Homer Curtiss |title=Why Are We Here |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=0766138992}}</ref><ref name="Badke">{{cite book |author= William B. Badke |title=The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Meaning of Everything |url= https://archive.org/details/hitchhikersguide00badk |publisher=Kregel Publications |year=2005 |isbn=0825420695}}</ref><ref name="Hua">{{cite book |author=Hsuan Hua |title=Words of Wisdom: Beginning Buddhism |publisher=Dharma Realm Buddhist Association |year=2003 |isbn=0881393029}}</ref> *Asili ya [[uhai]] ni nini? <ref name="Davies">{{cite book |author=[[Paul Davies]] |title=The Fifth Miracle: The Search for the Origin and Meaning of Life |publisher=Simon & Schuster |date=Machi 2000 |url=http://www.simonsays.com/content/book.cfm?tab=1&pid=410133 |accessdate=2007-07-26 |isbn=0-684-86309-X}}</ref><ref name="Fadul">{{cite book |author=[[Jose Fadul]] |title=Lessons in Chess, Lessons in Life: Application of the Psychology of the Game in Real Life |publisher=Lulu Press |date= 2008 |isbn=978-0-557-02158-1}}</ref> *Hali ya maisha ni nini? Ukweli ni nini? <ref name="Davies" /><ref name="Christiansen & Baum & Bass-Haugen">{{cite book |author=Charles Christiansen; Carolyn Manville Baum; Julie Bass-Haugen |title=Occupational Therapy: Performance, Participation, and Well-Being |url=https://archive.org/details/occupationalther0000unse_n5j8 |publisher=SLACK Incorporated |year=2005 |isbn=1556425309}}</ref><ref name="Walker">{{cite book |author=[[Evan Harris Walker]] |title=The Physics of Consciousness: The Quantum Mind and the Meaning of Life |url=https://archive.org/details/physicsofconscio0000walk |publisher=Perseus Books |year=2000 |isbn=0738204366}}</ref> * Madhumuni ya maisha ya mtu ni nini? <ref name="WITMOL" /><ref name="Baggini" /><ref name="Christiansen & Baum & Bass-Haugen" /><ref name="warren">{{cite book |author=[[Rick Warren]] |title=[[The Purpose Driven Life|The Purpose Driven Life: What on Earth Am I Here For?]] |publisher=Zondervan |year=2002 |isbn=0310255252}}</ref><ref name="Krishnamurti">{{cite book |author=[[Jiddu Krishnamurti]] |title=What Are You Doing With Your Life? |url=https://archive.org/details/whatareyoudoingw0000kris |publisher=Krishnamurti Foundation of America |year=2001 |isbn=188800424X}}</ref> *Maana ya maisha ni nini? <ref name="Krishnamurti" /> *Cha maana na cha thamani maishani ni nini? <ref name="Fadul" /><ref name="UIUC">{{cite web |last=Puolimatka |first=Tapio |coauthors=Airaksinen, Timo |title=Education and the Meaning of Life |work=Philosophy of Education |publisher=[[University of Helsinki]] |date=2002 |url=http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/EPS/PES-Yearbook/2001/tapio%2001.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-07-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926154148/http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/EPS/PES-Yearbook/2001/tapio%2001.pdf |archivedate=2007-09-26 }}</ref> *Thamani ya maisha ni nini? <ref name="Fadul" /><ref name="Van Hooft">{{cite book |author=Stan Van Hooft |title=Life, Death, and Subjectivity: Moral Sources in Bioethics |url=https://archive.org/details/lifedeathsubject0000hoof |publisher=Rodopi |year=2004 |isbn=9042019123}}</ref> *Sababu ya kuishi ni nini? Kwa nini tunaishi? <ref name="Hua" /><ref name="Fadul" /><ref name="Shafer-Landau & Cuneo">{{cite book |author=Russ Shafer-Landau; Terence Cuneo |title=Foundations of Ethics: An Anthology |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=2007 |isbn=1405129514}}</ref> ==Uchunguzi wa kisayansi== [[File:DNA Overview.png|thumb|left|140px|[[DNA]] ambayo ina maelekezo ya ki[[jenitikia]] kwa ajili ya [[maendeleo]] na [[utendaji]] wa [[uhai|viumbe hai vyote]].]] Kwamba [[sayansi]] inaweza kutusaidia kuelewa zaidi masuala ya msingi (kama vile maana ya maisha) inazua mabishano mengi katika jamii za sayansi na [[falsafa ya sayansi]]. Hata hivyo, sayansi inaweza kutupa muktadha fulani na huyaweka mipaka kadhaa mazungumzo kuhusu mada kama hizo. ===Umuhimu wa kisaikolojia na thamani katika maisha=== Sayansi huenda ikashindwa kutuambia nini ni cha thamani maishani, lakini baadhi ya [[fani]] zake hugusia maswali yanayohusiana: watafiti katika [[saikolojia chanya]] hutafuta sababu zinazoleta hali ya ndani ya 'kuridhika na maisha',<ref>E. Diener, J.J. Sapyta, E. Suh (1998). "Subjective Well-Being Is Essential to Well-Being." ''Psychological Inquiry'', Lawrence Earlbaum</ref> kujihusisha kikamilifu katika shughuli,<ref>Csíkszentmihályi, Mihály (1990). ''Flow: The Balls of Optimal Experience''. New York: Harper and Row. ISBN 0-06-092043-2.</ref> kutoa mchango mkubwa zaidi kwa kutumia [[vipawa]] vya binafsi,<ref>Peterson, Christopher; Seligman, Martin (2004). ''Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516701-5.</ref><ref>Seligman, M.E.P. (2002). ''Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfillment.'' New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-2297-0 (Paperback edition, 2004, Free Press, ISBN 0-7432-2298-9)</ref>n.k. Aina moja ya mfumo wa thamani iliyopendekezwa na [[wataalamu]] wa [[elimunafsia ya jamii]], iitwayo kwa upana "Nadharia ya Kupambana na Mambo ya Kutisha", inasema kwamba maana yote ya binadamu inatokana na [[hofu]] ya msingi ya [[kifo]], ambapo maadili yanachaguliwa yanapotusaidia kuepukana na kumbukumbu ya kifo. [[Sayansi]] ya [[nyurolojia]] imetunga [[nadharia]] ya [[malipo]], [[raha]] na [[msukumo]] katika masuala ya ki[[mwili]] kama shughuli za kupitisha [[ujumbe za kinyuro]]. Ikiwa mtu anaamini kwamba maana ya maisha ni kufanya raha ziwe nyingi iwezekanavyo, basi nadharia zinatoa [[utabiri]] unaozidi kuongezeka, kuhusu jinsi ya kufanya ili kufanikisha hilo. [[Somo la kijamii]] linapima thamani katika ngazi ya kijamii kwa kubuni nadharia kama vile nadharia ya thamani kanuni n.k. ===Asili na hali ya maisha kibiolojia=== Nadharia ya [[mageuko ya spishi]] haijaribu kuelezea asili ya [[uhai]], bali [[mchakato]] ambao viumbe tofauti vimepitia katika kipindi chote cha [[historia]] ya [[dunia]] kupitia [[mabadiliko ya ghafla ya kijenetikia]] na [[uteuzi wa kiasili]]<ref>[[Charles Darwin]] (1859). ''[[On the Origin of Species]]''.</ref> Mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 20]], kwa kuzingatia ufahamu wa mabadiliko ya [[viumbehai]] unaotegemea [[jeni]] hasa, [[wanabiolojia]] [[George C. Williams]], [[Richard Dawkins]], [[David Haig]] na wengineo, walihitimisha kwamba ikiwa kuna kazi msingi ya maisha, ni kujinakilisha kwa [[DNA]] na kuendelea kuwa hai kwa jeni za mtu.<ref name="Dawkins selfish gene">{{cite book |author=[[Richard Dawkins]] |title=[[The Selfish Gene]] |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1976 |isbn=019857519X}}</ref><ref name="Dawkins river">{{cite book |author=[[Richard Dawkins]] |title=[[River out of Eden]] |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |year=1995 |isbn=0-465-06990-8}}</ref> Ingawa [[wanasayansi]] wameyachunguza maisha yalivyo [[duniani]], kuyafafanua bayana bado ni changamoto.<ref>[http://www.astrobio.net/news/article226 Astrobiology Magazine: Defining Life]</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.nbi.dk/~emmeche/cePubl/97e.defLife.v3f.html |title=Defining Life, Explaining Emergence<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2010-01-15 |archivedate=2012-03-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314095044/http://www.nbi.dk/~emmeche/cePubl/97e.defLife.v3f.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Schrödinger | first = Erwin | title = What is Life? | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1944 | isbn = 0-521-42708-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Margulis | first = Lynn | coauthors = Sagan, Dorion | title = What is Life? | publisher = University of California Press | year = 1995 | isbn = 0-520-22021-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Lovelock | first = James | title = Gaia – a New Look at Life on Earth | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0-19-286218-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Avery | first = John | title = Information Theory and Evolution | url = https://archive.org/details/informationtheor0000aver | publisher = World Scientific | year = 2003 | isbn = 9812383999}}</ref> [[Wanabiolojia]] kwa jumla wanakubaliana kwamba viumbe mbalimbali ni mifumo inayojipanga inayosimamia mazingira ya ndani ili kudumisha hali hii ya mpango, shughuli za kimetaboli hutumika kutoa nishati, na [[uzazi]] unaruhusu uhai kuendelea kwa vizazi vingi. Kwa kawaida, [[umbile]] huwa sikivu kwa [[uchochezi]] na habari za kijenetikia, hivyo huelekea kubadilika kutoka [[kizazi]] hadi kizazi ili kuruhusu marekebisho kupitia mabadiliko ya mwili. Sifa hizo huongeza nafasi ya kuishi ya kiumbe binafsi na wazao wake kwa mtiririko huo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.una.edu/pdavis/BI%20101/Overview%20Fall%202004.htm |title=How to Define Life |accessdate=2008-10-17 |last=Davison |first=Paul G. |publisher=The University of North Alabama |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101024755/http://www2.una.edu/pdavis/BI%20101/Overview%20Fall%202004.htm |archivedate=2008-11-01 }}</ref><ref>Witzany, G. (2007). The Logos of the Bios 2. Bio-Communication. Helsinki, Umweb.</ref> Viwakala visivyokuwa vya [[seli]] vinavyozaana, hasa [[virusi]], kwa jumla havitazamwi kama viumbehai kwa sababu haviwezi kuzaana kwa "kujitegemea" au kuendesha shughuli za kimetaboliki. [[Pambano]] hilo ni tatizo, ingawa baadhi ya [[vimelea]] na visimbayonti vya ndani ya mwili pia vinaweza kuishi kwa kujitegemea. [[Astrobiolojia]] inajihusisha na uwezekano wa kuwa na aina tofauti ya [[viumbe hai]] katika [[ulimwengu]] mwingine, kama vile miundo ya kujinakilisha kutoka vifaa vingine visivyo DNA. ===Asili na hatima ya ulimwengu=== [[File:CMB Timeline300 no WMAP.jpg|right|268px|thumb|[[Upanuzi wa kimetriki wa nafasi]]. Enzi ya kupanda ni kupanuka kwa kivuto cha kimetriki kilichoko upande wa kushoto.]] Ingawa dhana ya [[Mlipuko mkuu]] ilipotolewa mara ya kwanza ilipambana na [[shaka]] kwa wingi, pia kutokana na uhusiano na imani ya dini ya [[uumbaji]], baadaye imekuja kuungwa mkono na [[uchunguzi]] kadhaa wa kujitegemea.<ref>{{cite book | author = Helge Kragh | title = Cosmology and Controversy | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 1996 | isbn=069100546X}}</ref> Hata hivyo, [[fizikia]] ya sasa inaweza kuelezea tu ulimwengu ulivyokuwa mapema, [[sekunde]] 10 baada ya kutokea. [[Wanafizikia]] wengi wamedadisi nini inaweza kuwa imetangulia, na jinsi ulimwengu ulivyoanza.<ref name="Prantzos & Lyle">{{cite book |author=Nikos Prantzos; Stephen Lyle |title=Our Cosmic Future: Humanity's Fate in the Universe |url=https://archive.org/details/ourcosmicfutureh0000pran |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=052177098X}}</ref> Baadhi ya wanafizikia hudhani kuwa Mlipuko mkuu ulitokea kwa [[bahati]] tu, pamoja na uwepo wa ulimwengu maridhawa.<ref name="Edwards">{{cite book |author=Rem B. Edwards |title=What Caused the Big Bang? |url=https://archive.org/details/whatcausedbigban0000edwa |publisher=Rodopi |year=2001 |isbn=9042014075}}</ref> Hata hivyo, haijalishi jinsi ulimwengu ulivyokuja kuwepo, hatima ya binadamu katika ulimwengu huu ni [[maangamizi]] kwani - hata kama ubinadamu utaishi muda mrefu - uhai wa kibiolojia hatimaye yatashindwa kujiendeleza.<ref name="Prantzos & Lyle" /> ===Maswali ya sayansi kuhusu akili=== Hali ya kweli na asili ya [[fahamu]] na [[akili]] yenyewe pia vinajadiliwa sana katika sayansi. Suala la [[hiari]] pia linaonekana kuwa na umuhimu wa msingi. Masuala hayo hupatikana zaidi katika nyanja za [[sayansi koginitivu]], [[nyurolojia]] na [[falsafa ya akili]], ingawa baadhi ya wanabiolojia wa [[maendeleo ya uhai]] na [[wanafizikia wa kinadharia]] pia wameliashiria sana suala hilo.<ref name="Whitehouse">{{cite book |author=Harvey Whitehouse |title=The Debated Mind: Evolutionary Psychology Versus Ethnography |publisher=Berg Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=1859734278}}</ref><ref name="Gray">{{cite book |author=[[Jeffrey Alan Gray]] |title=Consciousness: Creeping Up on the Hard Problem |url=https://archive.org/details/conciousnesscree0000jeff |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |isbn=0198520905}}</ref><ref name="Barrow, Davies, Harper">{{cite book |author=[[John D. Barrow]]; [[Paul Davies|Paul C. W. Davies]]; Charles L. Harper |title=Science and Ultimate Reality: Quantum Theory, Cosmology and Complexity |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=052183113X}}</ref><ref name="Barrow, Davies, Harper" /> mara nyingi zikijumuisha idadi kubwa ya mitazamo ya ziada.<ref name="Millay, Heinze">{{cite book |author=Jean Millay; Ruth-Inge Heinze |title=Multidimensional Mind: Remote Viewing in Hyperspace |url=https://archive.org/details/multidimensional0000mill |publisher=North Atlantic Books |year=1999 |isbn=1556433069}}</ref> [[File:Ascent of the Blessed.jpg|125px|right|thumb|''Kuinuka kwa Watakatifu'' ni [[picha]] iliyochorwa na [[msanii]] [[Hieronymus Bosch]]. Inaonyesha sehemu inayofanana na [[pango]] lenye [[mwanga]] na watu wa kiroho, mara nyingi hutajwa katika ripoti za waliokikaribia kifo.]] Mbinu nyingine, kwa vile Mfano wa Rasimu Nyingi, hudai kwamba fahamu inaweza kuelezwa kikamilifu na nyurolojia, kupitia utendaji kazi wa [[ubongo]] na [[nyuroni]] zake.<ref name="Gray" /><ref name="Churchland">{{cite book |author=[[Paul Churchland|Paul M. Churchland]] |title=A Neurocomputational Perspective: The Nature of Mind and the Structure of Science |publisher= MIT Press |year=1989 |isbn=0262531062}}</ref><ref name="Dennett">{{cite book |author=[[Daniel Dennett|Daniel Clement Dennett]] |title=[[Consciousness Explained]] |publisher=Little, Brown and Co. |year=1991 |isbn=0316180661}}</ref> Nadharia za [[sumakuumeme]] za fahamu zinasema eneo la sumakuumeme linalotokana na [[ubongo]] ndilo hasa linalobeba [[fahamu zoefu]]. Hata hivyo kuna kutokubaliana kuhusu kutekelezwa kwa nadharia kama hiyo inayohusu utendaji kazi kwingine kwa akili.<ref>J. McFadden (2002) "[http://www.mindcontrolforums.com/news/electromagnetic-field-theory-of-consciousness.htm Synchronous Firing and Its Influence on the Brain's Electromagnetic Field: Evidence for an Electromagnetic Field Theory of Consciousness] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mindcontrolforums.com/news/electromagnetic-field-theory-of-consciousness.htm |date=20051218171922 }}". ''Journal of Consciousness Studies'' '''9''' (4) pp. 23-50.</ref><ref name="Buccheri & Di Gesù & Saniga">{{cite book |author=R. Buccheri; V. Di Gesù; Metod Saniga |title=Studies on the Structure of Time: From Physics to Psycho(patho)logy |publisher=Springer |year=2000 |isbn=030646439X}}</ref> Nadharia za akili za ki[[kwontamu]] hutumia [[nadharia ya kwontamu]] kuelezea baadhi ya sifa za akili. <ref name="Bohm & Hiley">{{cite book |author=[[David Bohm]]; Basil J. Hiley |title=The Undivided Universe: An Ontological Interpretation of Quantum Theory |publisher=Routledge |year=1993 |isbn=0415065887}}</ref><ref name="Bruce">{{cite book |author=Alexandra Bruce |title=Beyond the Bleep: The Definitive Unauthorized Guide to What the Bleep Do We Know!? |url=https://archive.org/details/beyondbleep00alex |publisher=The Disinformation Company |year=2005 |isbn=1932857222}}</ref><ref name="Bohm & Hiley" /><ref name="Libet, Freeman, Sutherland">{{cite book |author=Benjamin Libet; Anthony Freeman; Keith Sutherland |title=The Volitional Brain: Towards a Neuroscience of Free Will |url=https://archive.org/details/volitionalbraint0000unse |publisher=Imprint Academic |year=1999 |isbn=0907845118}}</ref> Ikitegemea hoja ya maelezo ya akili yasiyoweza kugusika, baadhi ya watu wamependekeza uwepo wa [[fahamu ya kikosmiki]], wakidai kwamba fahamu kwa kweli ndiyo "msingi wa yote kuwepo".<ref name="Walker"/><ref name="Bruce" /><ref name="Ho">{{cite book |author=[[Mae-Wan Ho]] |title=The Rainbow and the Worm: The Physics of Organisms |url=https://archive.org/details/rainbowwormphysi0000maew |publisher=World Scientific |year=1998 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/rainbowwormphysi0000maew/page/218 218]–231 |isbn=9810234279}}</ref> Wanaounga mkono mtazamo huo wanaelezea matukio yasiyo ya kawaida, hasa uwezo wa kuhisi usio wa kawaida na uwezo wa kuyasoma mawazo, kama [[ushahidi]] wa uwepo wa fahamu ya juu isiyoeleweka. Ili kuthibitisha uwepo wa mambo hayo yasiyo ya kawaida, wana[[elimunafsia]] wa mambo yasiyo ya kawaida wamefanya ma[[jaribio]] mbalimbali. Uchambuzi unaoangalia mambo yote yaliyopo unaonyesha kuwa [[asilimia]] ya wenye nguvu zisizo za kawaida (ingawa ndogo sana) imebaki thabiti.<ref name=Radnin97>{{cite book |last=Radin |first=Dean |authorlink = |title=The Conscious Universe: The Scientific Truth of Psychic Phenomena |url=https://archive.org/details/consciousunivers00radi_0 |publisher=HarperSanFrancisco |year=1997 |isbn=0062515020}}</ref> Ingawa baadhi ya [[wachambuzi wakosoaji]] wanahisi somo la [[elimunafsia isiyo ya kawaida]] kuwa sayansi, hawaridhishwi na matokeo ya majaribio yake.<ref name=Alcock03>{{cite journal |last=Alcock |first=James E. |authorlink= |coauthors=Jahn, Robert G. |title=Give the Null Hypothesis a Chance |journal=Journal of Consciousness Studies |volume=10 |issue=6-7 |pages=29–50 |year=2003 |url=http://www.imprint.co.uk/pdf/Alcock-editorial.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-07-30 |archive-date=2007-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810173433/http://www.imprint.co.uk/pdf/Alcock-editorial.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name=Hyman>{{cite journal |last=Hyman |first=Ray |title=Evaluation of the program on anomalous mental phenomena |journal=The Journal of Parapsychology |volume=59 |issue=1 |year=1995 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2320/is_n4_v59/ai_18445600 |accessdate=2007-07-30 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120709142606/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2320/is_n4_v59/ai_18445600/ |archivedate=2012-07-09 |=https://archive.today/20120709142606/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2320/is_n4_v59/ai_18445600/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Wanaochunguza mambo haya upya, wanabaki na [[wasiwasi]] kwamba matokeo yanayoonekana kuwa na mafanikio huenda yakawa yanatokana na [[utaratibu]] mbaya, na watafiti wasiokuwa na mafunzo ya kutosha, au mbinu hafifu.<ref name=Akers>{{cite paper |author=Akers, C. |title=Methodological Criticisms of Parapsychology, Advances in Parapsychological Research 4 |publisher=PesquisaPSI |year=1986 |url=http://www.pesquisapsi.com/books/advances4/7_Methodological_Criticisms.html |accessdate=2007-07-30 |journal= |archive-date=2007-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223348/http://www.pesquisapsi.com/books/advances4/7_Methodological_Criticisms.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite paper |author=Child, I.L. |title=Criticism in Experimental Parapsychology, Advances in Parapsychological Research 5 |publisher=PesquisaPSI |year=1987 |url=http://www.pesquisapsi.com/books/advances5/6_Criticism_in_Experimental.html |accessdate=2007-07-30 |journal= |archive-date=2007-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223410/http://www.pesquisapsi.com/books/advances5/6_Criticism_in_Experimental.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Wiseman |first=Richard |authorlink= |coauthors=Smith, Matthew, et al. |title=Exploring possible sender-to-experimenter acoustic leakage in the PRL autoganzfeld experiments - Psychophysical Research Laboratories |journal=The Journal of Parapsychology |year=1996 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2320/is_n2_v60/ai_18960809 |accessdate=2007-07-30 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120709230555/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2320/is_n2_v60/ai_18960809/ |archivedate=2012-07-09 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Lobach |first=E. |coauthors=Bierman, D. |title=The Invisible Gaze: Three Attempts to Replicate Sheldrake's Staring Effects |work=Proceedings of the 47th PA Convention |url=http://www.parapsych.org/papers/07.pdf |year=2004 |pages=77–90 |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-07-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810173433/https://www.parapsych.org/papers/07.pdf |archivedate=2007-08-10 }}</ref> ==Mitazamo ya kifalsafa== Mitazamo ya falsafa kuhusu maana ya maisha ni [[itikadi]] ambazo huelezea maisha kupitia suala la maadili au dhana zinazofafanuliwa na binadamu. ===Falsafa za Kale za Ugiriki=== [[File:Sanzio 01 Plato Aristotle.jpg|thumb|160px|right|Plato na Aristotle katika ''[[Shule ya Athene]]'', [[mchoro wa ukutani]] wa [[msanii]] [[Raffaello]].]] ====Uplato==== [[Plato]] alikuwa mmoja wa [[wanafalsafa]] wa mwanzo, na mwenye ushawishi mwingi hadi leo, hasa kwa uhalisia kuhusu uwepo wa malimwengu. Katika [[Nadharia ya Maumbo]], malimwengu hayapo kimwili, lakini yapo katika maumbo ya ki[[mbingu]]. Katika ''[[Jamhuri ya Plato|Jamhuri]]'' mazungumzo ya [[mhusika]] wa [[mwalimu]] wake [[Sokrates]] yanaelezea Umbo la Zuri, jambo la kimaadili, hali kamili ya [[uzuri]], hivyo basi kipimo cha ujumla cha [[haki]]. Katika falsafa ya Plato, maana ya maisha ni kufikia umbo la juu zaidi la [[elimu]], ambalo ni Umbo la Zuri, ambapo mambo yote mema na ya haki yanatoa umuhimu na thamani. Binadamu wana [[wajibu]] wa kuyatekeleza mazuri, lakini hakuna yeyote anayeweza kufanikiwa katika [[harakati]] hiyo bila fikira za kifalsafa, ambazo zinaruhusu elimu ya kweli. ====Uaristoteli==== [[Aristotle]], [[mwanafunzi]] wa [[Plato]], alikuwa mwanafalsafa mwingine wa mapema, mwenye ushawishi mkubwa, ambaye alisema kuwa maarifa ya maadili si ya ''hakika'' kama [[metafizikia]] na [[somo la maarifa]], lakini ni ''maarifa ya kijumla''. Kwa sababu si [[fani]] ya kinadharia, inambidi mtu asome na afanye mazoezi ili awe 'mzuri', kwa hiyo mtu angekuwa [[mwema]], hangeweza kusoma tu [[fadhila]] ni nini, ingembidi awe na fadhila, kupitia juhudi za kiadili. Kufanya hili, Aristotle alifafanua kitendo kilicho cha fadhila: "Kila tajriba na kila swali, na vilevile kila tendo na chaguo la tendo, linadhaniwa kuwa na uzuri fulani kama lengo lake. Ndiyo sababu lile zuri limefafanuliwa ifaavyo kama lengo la bidii yote [...]<br>Kila kitu hufanywa na lengo, na lengo hilo ni "zuri". ([[Maadili ya Kinikomakea]] 1.1). Hata hivyo, ikiwa kitendo A kinafanyika ili kufikia lengo B, kisha lengo B pia litakuwa na lengo (lengo C), na lengo C pia litakuwa na lengo, hivyo muundo huo utaendelea mpaka kitu kiusimamishe. [[Suluhisho]] la Aristotle ni ''[[Wema mkuu]]'', ambao ni wa kuwaniwa kwa ajili yake pekee, ni lengo lake lenyewe. Wema mkuu hauwaniwi kwa ajili ya kufikia mema mengine, na mema yote yanawaniwa kwa ajili yake. Hili linahusisha kufikia "[[eudemonia]]", ambayo kwa kawaida hutafsiriwa kama "furaha", "ustawi", "kutokosa chochote muhimu", na "ubora". ====Falsafa ya Shaka==== Katika [[Ugiriki ya Kale]] [[wanafalsafa wa shaka]] walisema kuwa lengo la maisha ni kuishi kwa fadhila yanayowiana na [[viumbe]] wengine. Furaha inatokana na kujitegemea na kuusimamia mtazamo wa kiakili; mateso yanatokana na maamuzi ya [[uongo]] kuhusu thamani, ambayo husababisha hisia mbaya na tabia ya [[uhasama]]. Maisha ya shaka yanakataa tamaa za kawaida za [[mali]], [[nguvu]], [[afya]], na [[umaarufu]], kwa kuwa huru kutoka vitu vinavyopatikana katika kuyatafuta ya kawaida.<ref>Kidd, I., "''Cynicism''," in ''The Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy.'' (ed. [[J. O. Urmson]] and [[Jonathan Rée]]), Routledge. (2005)</ref><ref>Long, A. A., "''The Socratic Tradition: Diogenes, Crates, and Hellenistic Ethics,''" in ''The Cynics: The Cynic Movement in Antiquity and Its Legacy.'' (ed. Branham and Goulet-Cazé), University of California Press, (1996).</ref> Kama viumbe wenye [[uwezo wa kufikiria]], watu wanaweza kufanikisha furaha kupitia mafunzo kabambe, kwa kuishi katika njia iliyo ya kiasili kwao. [[Dunia]] ni ya kila mtu kwa kiwango sawa, hivyo [[mateso]] yanasababishwa na uamuzi wa uongo kuhusu kile ambacho ni cha thamani na kile ambacho hakina maana kulingana na [[tamaduni]] na itikadi za [[jamii]]. ====Ukurene==== Falsafa ya [[Ukurene]], iliyoanzishwa na [[Aristipo wa Kurene]], ilikuwa [[shule]] ya zamani ya [[sokrates|Kisokrate]] iliyotia maanani upande mmoja tu wa mafundisho ya Sokrates - kwamba furaha ni tokeo la mwisho la hatua za kimaadili na kwamba radhi ni zuri kuu; hivyo basi mtazamo wa dunia wa kuipenda raha pekee ambapo kutimiza tamaa za mwili ni za faida kuliko radhi ya akili. Wakurene walipendelea kutimiza tamaa haraka kuliko faida inayopatikana baada ya kusubiri kipindi kirefu; kunyimwa ni huzuni mbaya.<ref>"Cyrenaics." Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The University of Tennessee At Martin. 4 Nov. 2007 <http://www.iep.utm.edu/>.</ref><ref>"The Cyrenaics and the Origin of Hedonism." Hedonism.org. BLTC. 4 Nov. 2007 <http://www.hedonism.org {{Wayback|url=http://www.hedonism.org/ |date=20200522152806 }}>.</ref> ====Uepikuro==== [[File:Epicurus Louvre.jpg|left|thumb|132px|Mchongo wa [[Epikuro]] akimuegemea [[mwanafunzi]] wake Metrodorus katika [[makavazi]] ya [[Louvre]].]] Kwa [[Epikuro]], jambo zuri kuliko yote ni kutafuta raha za wastani, kupata [[utulivu]] na kuwa huru kutoka hofu (“ataraxia”) kupitia maarifa, [[urafiki]] na [[wema]], kuishi kwa kujichunga; maumivu ya kimwili (“aponia”) hayapo kupitia maarifa ya mtu kuhusu hali ya dunia na mipaka ya matamanio ya mtu. Vikiwa pamoja, uhuru kutoka maumivu na uhuru kutoka hofu ndiyo furaha kuu. Kukusifu kwake kufurahia [[anasa]] ambazo hazijapita kiasi kunakaribia dhana ya "kujiepusha" na raha zote kama vile [[ngono]] na anasa: <blockquote>Tunaposema... kuwa radhi ndio mwisho na lengo, hatumaanishi raha za upotevu au raha za kimwili, jinsi tunavyoeleweka na wachache kwa ujinga, ubaguzi au udanganyifu wa makusudi. Tukisema radhi tunamaanisha kutokuwepo kwa maumivu mwilini na taabu katika nafsi. Si kwa mfululizo wa [[ulevi]] na kuponda raha, si kwa tamaa ya ngono, wala kufurahia utamu wa [[samaki]], na vyakula vingine vitamu kutoka [[meza]] iliyojaa vinono, ambavyo huzalisha maisha mazuri; ni fikira za kimakini, kutafuta nje ya misingi ya kila uchaguzi na kuepuka, na kuikataa mitazamo ambayo hufanya shida kubwa kuichukua nafsi.<ref>Epicurus, "Letter to Menoeceus", contained in Diogenes Laertius, ''Lives of Eminent Philosophers'', Book X</ref></blockquote> Maana ya Kiepikuro ya maisha inakanusha kutokufa na dhana ya maisha mengine mbali na haya ya duniani; kuna nafsi, lakini inaweza kufa kama mwili. Hakuna maisha baada ya kifo, ingawa mtu hatakiwi kuogopa kifo, kwa sababu "Kifo si chochote kwetu, kwani yale ambao hunywea, ni bila hisia, na kile ambacho hakina hisia si chochote kwetu."<ref name="Russel">[[Bertrand Russell]] (1946). ''[[History of Western Philosophy (Russell)|A History of Western Philosophy]]'', New York: Simon and Schuster; London: George Allen and Unwin</ref> ====Falsafa ya uvumilivu==== [[Falsafa ya uvumilivu]] hufunza kwamba kuishi kulingana na fikira njema ni kuwa katika uwiano na mpango wa ulimwengu wa Kimungu, unaotokana na mtu kufahamu ''[[logos]]'', ''fikira'' ya ulimwengu wote, thamani muhimu inayopatikana kwa wote. Maana ya maisha ni ''uhuru kutoka mateso'' (kwa [[Kigiriki]]: απαθεια, ''apatheia ''). Mashauri ya moja kwa moja ya falsafa ya uvumilivu ni fadhila, fikira na [[sheria ya kimaumbile]], zinazojumuisha kuendeleza kujidhibiti kibinafsi na [[ujasiri]] wa kiakili kama njia za kuzishinda [[hisia haribifu]]. Mwenye kuifuata falsafa ya uvumilivu hanuii kuzizima hisia, bali kuepuka shida za kihisia, kwa kuendeleza uamuzi wazi na utulivu wa ndani kupitia uzoefu makini wa kimantiki, kutafakari, na kuziweka fikira pamoja. Msingi wa kimaadili wa falsafa ya uvumilivu ni kuwa "zuri liko katika hali ya nafsi", yenyewe inaonyeshwa katika [[hekima]] na kujidhibiti, hivyo kuboresha ustawi wa kiroho: "Fadhila" inatokana na "nia" ambayo inawiana na maumbile."<ref name="Russel" /> Kanuni inatumika katika uhusiano wa kibinafsi, yaani: "kuwa huru kutokana na hasira na wivu".<ref name="Russel" /> ===Falsafa ya Mwangaza=== [[Falsafa ya Mwangaza|Enzi ya Kutaalamika]] na ile ya [[ukoloni]] zote [[mbili]] zilibadilisha hali ya falsafa ya [[Ulaya]] na kuieneza [[dunia]]ni kote. [[Ibada]] na kumnyenyekea [[Mungu]] viligeuka kuwa dhana za [[haki za binadamu]] zisizoweza kunyimwa na dhana ya uwezo wake mkuu wa kifikira. Maadili ya ulimwengu mzima ya [[upendo]] na [[huruma]] yaligeuka dhana za kiraia za [[uhuru]], [[usawa]], na [[uraia]]. Maana ya maisha pia yalibadilika, ikiacha kidogo kuhimiza uhusiano na Mungu na kusisitiza uhusiano kati ya watu binafsi na jamii yao. Kipindi hicho kilijaa nadharia zinazolinganisha kuwepo kwa maana na utaratibu wa kijamii. ====Uhuru kutoka mipango ya kiuchumi ya jamii==== Uhuru kutoka mipango ya kiuchumi ya kijamii ni seti ya mawazo yaliyoibuka katika [[karne za 17]] na [[karne ya 18|18]], kwa sababu ya migogoro iliyochukua nafasi kubwa barani Ulaya kati ya waliozidi kuwa ma[[tajiri]], pamoja na utaratibu wa viongozi matajiri, na watu wa dini. Uhuru kutoka mipango ya kiuchumi ya kijamii ulionyesha binadamu kama viumbe wenye [[haki]] walizozaliwa nazo na wasizowezwa kunyimwa (pamoja na haki ya mtu kubaki na [[mali]] inayotokana na kazi yake binafsi), na ulitafuta mbinu za kupima haki kuwa sawa katika jamii yote. Kijumla, [[uhuru binafsi]] ulitazamwa kuwa lengo kuu,<ref>A: "'Liberalism' is defined as a social ethic that advocates liberty, and equality in general." – [[C. A. J. (Tony) Coady]] ''Distributive Justice'', A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy, editors Goodin, Robert E. and Pettit, Philip. Blackwell Publishing, 1995, p.440. B: "Liberty is not a means to a higher political end. It is itself the highest political end." – [[John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton|Lord Acton]]</ref> kwa sababu ya kudhani kwamba kupitia hakikisho la uhuru tu haki nyingine zilizojikita kwa ndani zitakapolindwa. Kuna aina nyingi za dhana ya uhuru kutoka mipango ya kiuchumi ya kijamii, lakini dhana zao kuu kuhusu maana ya maisha zinaambatana na dhana tatu za msingi. Wanafalsafa wa awali kama vile [[John Locke]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] na [[Adam Smith]] waliona binadamu akianza katika hali ya kimaumbile, kisha akitafuta maana kupitia [[ajira]] na mali, na kutumia [[mkataba wa kijamii|mikataba ya kijamii]] ili kujenga mazingira ambayo yanasaidia juhudi hizo. ====Ukanti==== [[File:Immanuel Kant (portrait).jpg|right|125px|thumb|[[Immanuel Kant]] anafahamika kama mmoja wa wanafalsafa wenye ushawishi mwingi zaidi katika kipindi cha mwisho cha [[Enzi ya Kutaalamika|Kutaalamika]].]] [[Ukanti]] ni falsafa iliyo na msingi katika [[maandishi]] ya kimaadili, ya [[somo la maarifa]] na ya ki[[metafizikia]] ya [[Immanuel Kant]]. Kant anajulikana kwa [[nadharia ya uwajibikaji]] ambayo msingi ni wajibu mmoja wa kimaadili, "dhana ya lazima bila kujalisha", inayotokana na dhana ya [[uwajibikaji]]. Wakanti wanaamini kuwa vitendo vyote vinafanywa kulingana na lengo au kanuni fulani isiyobainika wazi, na kuwa ili vitendo viwe adili, ni lazima viambatane na dhana ya lazima bila kujalisha. Kifupi, [[mtihani]] ni kwamba lazima mmoja afanye lengo litumike ulimwenguni kote, kisha angalia kama bado itawezekana kulitekeleza duniani. Katika [[kitabu]] chake, ''Kazi ya msingi'', Kant anatoa mfano wa mtu ambaye anataka kukopa [[pesa]] bila nia ya kuzirudisha. Huu ni utata kwa sababu kama ingalikuwa hatua ya wote ulimwenguni, hakuna mtu ambaye angemkopesha mwingine, tena kwani yeye angejua kwamba hangerudishiwa pesa hizo. Lengo la hatua hii, anasema Kant, linaleta matokeo ya mkanganyiko katika matazamio (na hivyo linapingana na wajibu kamili). Kant pia alikanusha kwamba matokeo ya tendo huchangia kwa njia yoyote thamani ya kimaadili ya tendo, hoja yake ikiwa kwamba ulimwengu wa kimwili upo nje ya udhibiti kamili wa mtu na hivyo mtu hawezi kuwajibika kwa matukio yanayofanyika hapo. ===Falsafa za [[karne ya 19]]=== ====Falsafa ya faida==== [[File:Jeremy Bentham by Henry William Pickersgill detail.jpg|right|thumb|120px|Jeremy Bentham]] Asili ya [[falsafa ya faida]] inaweza kurudi nyuma sana hadi [[Epikuro]], lakini, kama shule ya mawazo, inahusishwa na [[Jeremy Bentham]],<ref>Rosen, Frederick (2003). ''Classical Utilitarianism from Hume to Mill''. Routledge, pg. 28. ISBN 0415220947 "It was Hume and Bentham who then reasserted most strongly the Epicurean doctrine concerning utility as the basis of justice."</ref> ambaye aligundua kuwa ''asili imemweka mtu chini ya utawala wa mabwana wawili wa kujitegemea, maumivu na raha''. Basi, kutokana na busara hiyo ya kimaadili, na kuiunda ''Sheria ya Utumizi'', ''kwamba wema ni chochote ambacho huleta furaha nyingi zaidi kwa idadi kubwa zaidi ya watu''. Alifafanua maana ya maisha kama "kanuni ya furaha nyingi zaidi". [[Jeremy Bentham]] aliungwa mkono sana na [[James Mill]], mwanafalsafa muhimu katika siku zake, na baba yake [[John Stuart Mill]]. Mill mdogo alifunzwa kulingana na kanuni za Bentham, pamoja na kunakili na kufupisha maandishi mengi ya baba yake.<ref name="Mill">Mill, John Stuart. 'On Liberty', ed. Himmelfarb. Penguin Classics, 1974, Ed.'s introduction, p.11.</ref> ====Umaksi==== Kulingana na [[Umaksi]] na [[Ukomunisti]], maana ya maisha ni kutumikiana katika [[amani]] na kwa [[uadilifu]] kama wanadamu walio sawa na wenye haki. ====Ubatilivyote==== [[Ubatilivyote]] ni falsafa inayokataa madai kuwa yeyote ana [[maarifa]] na ukweli, na hivyo inapeleleza umuhimu wa kuishi bila ukweli unaoweza kujulikana. Badala ya kusisitiza kwamba maadili yanabadilika kulingana na mtu, na huenda yasipewe sababu, [[mbatilivyote]] anasema: "Hakuna kitu chenye thamani", maadili hayana thamani, hutumika tu kama maadili bandii ya jamii. [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] aliutambulisha ubatilivyote kama kuifanya dunia kuwa tupu, hasa kuhusu uwepo wa binadamu, wa maana, wa kusudi, wa ukweli wa kueleweka, na wa thamani muhimu; kwa ufupi, ubatili wa vyote ni mchakato wa "kuyafanya maadili makuu yasiwe na thamani".<ref name="Bindé">{{cite book|author=Jérôme Bindé|title=The Future Of Values: 21st-Century Talks|publisher=Berghahn Books|year=2004|isbn=1571814426}}</ref> Ubatilivyote ni kama matokeo ya wazo kwamba [[kifo cha Mungu|Mungu amekufa]], na kusisitiza kwamba hicho ni kitu kilichokuwa kinafaa kushindwa.<ref name="Reginster">{{cite book |author=Bernard Reginster |title=The Affirmation of Life: Nietzsche on Overcoming Nihilism |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2006 |isbn=0674021991}}</ref> Kwa [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], maisha ni ya thamani tu ikiwa kuna malengo yanayomshawishi mtu kuishi. Hivyo, aliona falsafa ya ubatilivyote ("yote ambayo hufanyika ni ubatili") kama bila malengo. Alikana kujiepusha na anasa, kwa sababu kufanya hivyo kunakanusha kuishi katika ulimwengu; alikanusha kuwa maadili ni malengo ya ukweli, ambayo kifikira ni ahadi za lazima zinazotumika ulimwenguni kote: tathmini zetu ni tafsiri, na si tafakari za dunia, kama ilivyo kwa kweli, na basi, dhana zote hufanyika kupitia mtazamo fulani.<ref name="Reginster" /> [[File:MARTIN John Great Day of His Wrath.jpg|thumb|left|''Mwisho wa Dunia'', picha iliyochorwa na msanii [[John Martin]].]] [[Martin Heidegger]], kama Nietzsche, aliona "kifo cha Mungu" kuwa chanzo cha ubatilivyote kuibuka: <blockquote>Kama Mungu, ambaye ndiye lengo na msingi unaozidi yale yanayoweza kuhisika, na wa ukweli wote, amekufa; kama ulimwengu unaozidi yanayoweza kuhisika wa mawazo umeumizwa kwa kupoteza nguvu zake za lazima za kujijenga juu, na juu ya hayo, za kuipa nguvu zaidi, basi hakuna chochote kinachobaki ambacho mtu anaweza kushikilia, na ambacho anaweza tumia kuitafuta njia.<ref>Heidegger, "The Word of Nietzsche," 61.</ref></blockquote><ref name="Bindé" /> Heidegger, ===Falsafa za [[karne ya 20]]=== Kipindi cha sasa kimeyaona mabadiliko makuu katika dhana ya hali ya binadamu. Sayansi ya kisasa imefanikiwa kuandika upya uhusiano kati ya wanadamu na ulimwengu halisia, [[maendeleo]] katika [[matibabu]] na [[teknolojia]] yametufanya tuwe huru kutoka [[maradhi]] ya vipindi vya awali, na falsafa - hasa kufuatia mgeuko wa kilugha - ilibadilisha jinsi uhusiano kati ya watu unavyotazamwa. Maswali kuhusu maana ya maisha pia yamekabiliwa na mabadiliko makuu, kutoka majaribio ya kutazama upya kuwepo kwa binadamu kupitia biolojia na sayansi kwa jumla (kama katika [[#upragmatiki|upragmatiki]] na [[#uchanya wa kimantiki|uchanya wa kimantiki]]), hadi jitihada za kinadharia kuhusu kufanya maana kama shughuli ([[#udhanaishi|udhanaishi]], utu wa kidunia). ====Upragmatiki==== [[Upragmatiki]], ulianzishwa mwishoni mwa karne ya 19 nchini [[Marekani]] ukidokeza kwamba ukweli ''ni katika kukabiliana na mazingira tu'' na kwamba ''matokeo'' pia ni sehemu za ukweli. Isitoshe, upragmatiki unadokeza kwamba ''chochote'' muhimu na chenye vitendo si kweli daima, akisema kwamba kile ambacho huchangia zaidi mema ya binadamu wengi katika kipindi cha muda mrefu ndicho kweli. Katika mazoezi, madai ya kinadharia lazima ''yathibitishwe kwa vitendo'', yaani lazima mtu aweze kutabiri na kupima madai, na kwamba, mwishowe, mahitaji ya watu yanapaswa kuongoza uchunguzi wa kisomi wa binadamu. Wanafalsafa wa Kipragmatiki wanadokeza kwamba kuyaelewa maisha kupitia vitu vinavyotendwa ni muhimu kuliko kutafuta dhana ya kiakili ambayo ni vigumu kuwekwa katika vitendo kuhusu maisha. [[William James]] alisema ukweli unaweza kufanywa, lakini hauwezi kutafutwa.<ref name="James">{{cite book|author=[[William James]]|title=The Meaning of Truth|publisher=Prometheus Books|year=1909|isbn=1-57392-138-6}}</ref><ref name="Corti">{{cite book|author=Walter Robert Corti|title=The Philosophy of William James|publisher=Meiner Verlag|year=1976|isbn=3787303529}}</ref> Kwa Wapragmatiki, maana ya maisha yanajulikana tu kupitia uzoefu. ====Udhanaishi==== Kila [[mwanamume]] na kila [[mwanamke]] anaumba maana ya maisha yake; maisha hayadhamiriwi na Mungu mwenye nguvu kuliko binadamu au [[mamlaka]] ya kidunia, bali kila mtu yuko huru. Kwa hiyo, mambo muhimu yanayomuendesha mtu kimaadili ni ''vitendo'', ''uhuru'' na ''uamuzi''. Hivyo, [[udhanaishi]] unapinga ufikiriaji na uchanya. Katika kutafuta maana ya maisha, mdhanaishi anatazama mahali ambapo watu hupata maana ya maisha, ambapo katika kutumia fikira tu kama chanzo cha maana ni pungufu. Upungufu huibua hisia za wasiwasi na hofu, zinazohisika katika kukabiliana na [[uhuru]] mkuu, na kuambatana na mwamko kuhusu kifo. Kwa mdhanaishi, kuwepo kunatangulia kiini; kiini cha maisha ya mtu huja tu baada ya mtu kuwa. [[Søren Kierkegaard]] aliunda neno "mruko wa kiimani", akidokeza kuwa maisha yamejaa mkanganyiko, na mtu lazima aunde maadili yake katika ulimwengu usiojali. Mtu anaweza kuishi maisha yenye maana (yasiyo na kukata tamaa wala wasiwasi) kwa kufanya ahadi kwa vyovyote kuhusu kitu kilicho na mwisho, na kujitolea kwa maisha hayo ya kufanya ahadi, licha ya mazingira magumu yaliyojikita katika kufanya hivyo.<ref name="Hall">{{cite book|author=Amy Laura Hall|title=Kierkegaard and the Treachery of Love|url=https://archive.org/details/kierkegaardtreac0000hall|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|isbn=0521893119}}</ref> [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] alijibu: "Ni nini maana ya maisha?" kwa kubainisha kuwa maisha ya mtu yanaonyesha nia yake, na kwamba nia (maisha) kiendeshaji kisichokuwa na lengo, kisichofuata fikira na kinachokuwa chungu. [[Wokovu]], [[ukombozi]], na kuepuka mateso yamo katika kutafakari mambo mazuri, kuhurumia wengine, na kujieupusha na anasa.<ref name="Jacquette">{{cite book|author=Dale Jacquette|title=Schopenhauer, Philosophy, and the Arts|url=https://archive.org/details/schopenhauerphil0000unse_f1d6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1996|isbn=0521473888}}</ref><ref name="Murray">{{cite book|author=Durno Murray|title=Nietzsche's Affirmative Morality|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1999|isbn=3110166011}}</ref> ====Ukanganyikaji==== [[Albert Camus]], mwanafalsafa wa [[Kifaransa]] toka [[Algeria]], ambaye mara nyingi anahusianishwa na [[udhanaishi]] lakini alilikataa neno hilo kabisa,<ref>{{cite book |last=Solomon |first=Robert C. |authorlink=Robert C. Solomon |title=From Rationalism to Existentialism: The Existentialists and Their Nineteenth Century Backgrounds |url=https://archive.org/details/fromrationalismt0000solo_j5e7 |publisher=[[Rowman and Littlefield]] |date=2001 |page=[https://archive.org/details/fromrationalismt0000solo_j5e7/page/245 245] |isbn=074251241X}}</ref> ni maarufu kwa kudokeza nadharia yake ya mkanganyiko. Mkanganyo wa hali ya binadamu ni kwamba watu wanatafuta maadili ya nje na maana katika dunia ambayo haina maana yoyote, na ambayo haiwajali. Camus anaandika kuhusu wabatilivyote wa thamani kama Meusrault,<ref>Camus (1946) ''L'Etranger''</ref> na pia kuhusu maadili katika ulimwengu wa kuyabatili yote, kwamba watu wanaweza badala yake kujitahidi kuwa "wabatilivyote wa kishujaa", wanaoishi na hadhi wanapopambana na mkanganyiko, kuishi kwa "utakatifu wa kidunia", [[mshikamano wa kindugu]], na kuuasi na kupambana dhidi ya kutojali kwa dunia.<ref>Camus (1955) ''The Myth of Sisyphus''</ref> Kulingana na [[ukanganyikaji]], kuna ukosefu wa umoja wa kimsingi unaotokana na kuwepo kwa ushirikiano wa binadamu na ulimwengu. Mtu ana hamu ya mpango, maana, na kusudi katika maisha, lakini ulimwengu haujali na hauna maana; mkanganyo unatokana na mgogoro huu. Kama viumbe vinavyotafuta matumaini katika dunia isiyokuwa na maana, Camus anasema kuwa binadamu wana njia tatu za kuutatua mtanziko. *[[Kujiua]]: ufumbuzi wa kwanza wa mtanziko ni mtu kuyakomesha maisha yake. Camus anakataa chaguo hili kama la woga. * [[Imani]] ya dini katika Ulimwengu Upitao Fikira: imani ya namna hiyo huenda ikadokeza kuwepo kwa ulimwengu ambao umezidi huu wa kukanganya, na, kwa hivyo, una maana. Camus anauita ufumbuzi huo "kujiua kifalsafa" na anaukataa kwa sababu ni sawa na kuangamizwa kwa fikira, ambayo kwa maoni yake ni [[janga]] sawa na kujiua kimwili. *Kukubali mkanganyo: kwa Camus, huu tu ndio ufumbuzi wa kweli. Ni kukubali na hata kukumbatia mkanganyo wa maisha na kuendelea kuishi. Mkanganyo ni tabia muhimu ya hali ya kibinadamu, na njia pekee ya kweli ya kukabiliana na hili ni kulikubali kwa ujasiri. Kulingana na Camus, tunaweza "kuishi maisha bora zaidi ikiwa hayana maana."<ref>[http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/camus.htm#SSH5a.i Albert Camus at the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] Accessed Mei 25th, 2009</ref> ====Utu wa Kidunia==== [[File:HumanismSymbol.PNG|120px|left|thumb| Picha ya "binadamu mwenye furaha" ishara ya Utu wa Kidunia.]] Kulingana na [[Utu wa Kidunia]], wanadamu walitokana na kuzaana katika maendeleo ya mabadiliko ambayo hayakuongozwa kama sehemu muhimu ya maumbile, ambayo huishi yenyewe.<ref name=humanifesto1>{{cite web |title=[[Humanist Manifesto I]]] [http://www.americanhumanist.org/about/manifesto1.html url=http://www.americanhumanist.org/about/manifesto1.html |work=American Humanist Association |year=1933 |accessdate=2007-07-26}}</ref><ref name=humanifesto2>{{cite web |title=[[Humanist Manifesto II]]] [http://www.americanhumanist.org/about/manifesto2.html work=American Humanist Association |year=1973 |url=http://www.americanhumanist.org/about/manifesto2.html |accessdate=2007-08-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809102124/http://www.americanhumanist.org/about/manifesto2.html |archivedate=2007-08-09 }}</ref> Maarifa hayatoki katika vyanzo vyenye nguvu visivyo vya kawaida, lakini kutoka uchunguzi wa binadamu, majaribio, na uchambuzi wa kimantiki ([[mbinu ya kisayansi]]): asili ya [[ulimwengu]] ni kile ambacho watu huitambua kuwa hivyo.<ref name=humanifesto1 /> Aidha, [[maadili]] na ukweli vinalengwa kwa njia ya uchunguzi wa kiakili<ref name=humanifesto1 /> na yanatokana na mahitaji ya binadamu na hamu kama ilivyopimwa na uzoefu, yaani kupitia akili yenye uchambuzi.<ref name=humanifesto3>{{cite web |title=[[Humanist Manifesto III]]] [http://www.americanhumanist.org/3/HumandItsAspirations.php work=American Humanist Association |year=2003 |url=http://www.americanhumanist.org/3/HumandItsAspirations.php |accessdate=2007-08-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809103515/http://www.americanhumanist.org/3/HumandItsAspirations.php |archivedate=2007-08-09 }}</ref><ref name=CDSH>{{cite web |title=[[A Secular Humanist Declaration]]] [http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=main&page=declaration work=Council for Democratic and Secular Humanism (now the Council for Secular Humanism) |year=1980 |url=http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=main&page=declaration |accessdate=2007-08-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080817084107/http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=main&page=declaration |archivedate=2008-08-17 }}</ref> "Kulingana na yale tunayojua, tabia za mtu kiujumla ni [chanzo] cha kiumbe cha kibiolojia kinachoendesha shughuli zake katika muktadha wa kijamii na wa kiutamaduni."<ref name=humanifesto2 /> Watu huamua kusudi la binadamu, bila ya ushawishi wa Kimungu; ni tabia ya binadamu, hisia ya kijumla, ambayo ni lengo la maisha ya binadamu. Utu wa Kidunia unataka kuendeleza na kutimiza ubinadamu:<ref name=humanifesto1 /> "Utu husisitiza [[uwezo]] wetu, na [[uwajibikaji]] wetu, kuishi maisha adili yenye [[utimilifu]] wa binafsi yanayolenga mema makuu ya ubinadamu".<ref name=humanifesto3 /> [[Wanautu]] huendeleza kufunguliwa kifikra ili kuyashughulikia [[maslahi]] ya binafsi na yenye manufaa kwa watu wote. Furaha ya mtu binafsi inahusishwa kwa njia isiyoweza kubadilishwa na ustawi wa binadamu wengine, kwa sababu sisi ni wanyama wanaolazimika kuishi katika jamii, ambayo hupata maana kutokana na uhusiano wa karibu, na kwa sababu maendeleo ya kiutamaduni humnufaisha kila mtu katika [[utamaduni]].<ref name=humanifesto2 /><ref name=humanifesto3 /> Falsafa ndogo za Utu wa Baadaye na Utu Unaopita Yote (ambazo wakati mwingine hutumiwa [[kimbadala]]) ni upanuzi wa [[maadili ya kiutu]]. Mtu anapaswa kutafuta maendeleo ya ubinadamu na ya maisha yote kwa kiasi kikubwa iwezekanavyo ili kupatanisha Utu wa Kirainasansi na utamaduni wa karne ya 20 wa sayasansi na teknolojia. Hivyo, kila kiumbe hai ana haki ya kuamua "maana ya maisha binafsi" kwa mtazamo wa kijamii na kibinafsi.<ref>{{cite web| author=[[Nick Bostrom]] |title=Transhumanist Values |work=[[Oxford University]] |year=2005 |url=http://www.nickbostrom.com/ethics/values.html |accessdate=2007-07-28}}</ref> Kutoka mtazamo wa kiutu na kielimunafsia ya kupunguza maumivu, suala la maana ya maisha pia linaweza kutafsiriwa tena kama "Ni nini maana ya maisha "yangu"?"<ref>Irvin Yalom, ''Existential Psychotherapy'', 1980</ref> Badala ya kujifunga na swali la kidini au la kikozmiki kuhusu madhumuni makuu, mbinu hii inapendekeza kwamba swali hili ni la binafsi sana. Kuna majibu mengi ya kimatibabu ya kupunguza maumivu kwa swali hili, kwa mfano [[Viktor Frankl]] anadokeza kuwa dhana ya "Kutowaza", ambayo kwa kiasi kikubwa hutafsiriwa kama kukoma kutafakari bila mwisho juu ya ubinafsi, badala ya kujishughulisha na maisha. Kwa ujumla, mwitikio wa matibabu ya kuyapunguza maumivu ni kwamba swali la maana ya maisha huvukiza ikiwa mtu anajishughulisha kikamilifu na maisha. Swali kisha linabadilika kuwa wasiwasi maalum zaidi kama vile "Ni upotovu upi unaonisumbua?", "Ni nini kinachozuia uwezo wangu kufurahia vitu?", "Mbona mimi huwasahau wapendwa wangu?". Angalia pia Matibabu ya Kupunguza Maumivu ya Kidhanaishi kadiri ya [[Irvin Yalom]]. ====Uchanya wa kimantiki==== Wachanya wa kimantiki huuliza: ''Ni nini maana ya maisha?'' na ''Ya nini kuuliza?''<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Richard Taylor (philosopher)|Richard Taylor]] |title=Good and Evil |url=https://archive.org/details/goodevilnewdirec0000tayl_m1p2 |pages="The Meaning of Life" (Chapter 5) |publisher=Macmillan Publishing Company |month=Januari | year=1970 |isbn=0026166909}}</ref><ref>Wohlgennant, Rudolph. (1981). "Has the Question about the Meaning of Life any Meaning?" (Chapter 4). In E. Morscher, ed., ''Philosophie als Wissenschaft''.</ref> ''Kama hakuna maadili yanayolengwa, basi, hiyo ni kusema maisha hayana maana?''<ref>{{cite book |last=McNaughton |first=David |month=Agosti | year=1988 |title=Moral Vision: An Introduction to Ethics |url=https://archive.org/details/moralvisionintro0000mcna |pages="Moral Freedom and the Meaning of Life" (Section 1.5) |publisher=Oxford: Blackwell Publishing |isbn=0631159452}}</ref> [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] na wachanya wa kimantiki walisema: "Linapoulizwa kilugha, swali ni batili"; kwa sababu, maishani taarifa ya "maana ya x", kawaida inaashiria madhara ya x, au umuhimu wa x, au kile ambacho ni dhahiri kuhusu x na kadhalika, kwa hivyo, wakati dhana ya maana ni sawa na "x", katika taarifa ya "maana ya x", taarifa inakuwa ya kujirudia, na kwa hiyo ya kipuuzi, au inaweza kutaja kama ukweli kwamba maisha ya kibiolojia ni muhimu ili kuwa na maana maishani. Mambo (watu, matukio) katika maisha ya mtu yanaweza kuwa na maana kama sehemu ya uzima, lakini maana isiyobainika ya maisha hayo, yenyewe, mbali na mambo hayo, haiwezi kubainika. Maisha ya mtu yana maana (kwake mwenyewe na kwa wengine) kama matukio ya maisha yanayotokana na mafanikio yake, urithi, familia, na kadhalika, lakini, kusema kwamba maisha yenyewe yana maana ni matumizi mabaya ya lugha, kwani yoyote yaliyo muhimu, au ya mwisho, ni muhimu tu "katika" maisha (kwa walio hai), hivyo basi kuifanya taarifa iwe ya kimakosa. [[Bertrand Russell]] aliandika kwamba ingawa alipata kwamba chuki yake ya mateso haikuwa kama chuki yake ya [[mboga]] ya [[brokoli]], hakupata utaratibu wowote wa kuridhisha, na wa kupimika wa kuthibitisha hili:<ref name="Russel"/> <blockquote> Tunapojaribu kuwa na uhakika, kuhusu kile tunachomaanisha tunaposema kuwa hiki au kile ni "tunu", tunajikuta katika matatizo makubwa sana. Tamko la Bentham, kwamba radhi ndiyo Zuri, lilizua upinzani mkali, na ilisemekana kuwa falsafa ya [[nguruwe]]. Yeye na wapinzani wake walishindwa kuibua hoja zozote. Katika swali la kisayansi, ushahidi unaweza kupatikana kutoka pande zote mbili, na mwishowe, upande mmoja unabainika kuwa na hoja bora au, kama hili halitokei, swali linabaki kama halijajibiwa. Lakini katika swali, kuhusu ikiwa hili, au hilo, ndilo mwisho Mzuri, hakuna ushahidi, kwa vyovyote vile; kila mtetezi anaweza kupendekeza tu hoja kulingana na hisia zake, na kutumia vifaa vya ushawishi ambavyo vitaibua hisia sawa katika wengine... Maswali kuhusu "maadili" - yaani, kuhusu kile ambacho chenyewe ni kizuri au kibaya, bila kutilia maanani madhara yake - yanapatikana nje ya uwanja wa sayansi, jinsi watetezi wa dini wanavyodai kwa msisitizo. Nadhani kwamba, katika hili, wako sawa, lakini mimi napata hitimisho zaidi, ambalo hao hawapati, kwamba maswali kuhusu "maadili" yanapatikana kabisa nje ya uwanja wa maarifa. Hiyo ni kusema, tunaposema kwamba hili au lile lina "thamani", sisi tunaeleza tu hisia zetu wenyewe, si ukweli, ambao bado ungalikuwa kweli ikiwa hisia zetu za binafsi zingalikuwa tofauti.<ref>[[Bertrand Russell]] (1961). [http://www.solstice.us/russell/science-ethics.html ''Science and Ethics''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.solstice.us/russell/science-ethics.html |date=20071114144956 }}</ref></blockquote> ====Baada ya Usasa==== Falsafa ya [[Baada ya Usasa]] - tukizungumza kwa upana- inaona hali ya binadamu ikiwa kama iliyojengwa na lugha, au na miundo na taasisi za jamii ya kibinadamu. Ikitofautiana na aina nyingine za falsafa, ni nadra kwa falsafa ya Baada ya [[Usasa]] kutafuta maana zinazopatikana kabla ya tendo au zilizojikita kwa undani katika uwepo wa binadamu. Badala yake inalenga kuchunguza au kukosoa maana zilizopewa ili kuzitafakari au kuzirekebisha upya. Chochote kinachofana na 'maana ya maisha', katika maana ya falsafa hiyo, kinaweza kueleweka tu ndani ya muundo wa kijamii na wa kilugha, na lazima ufuatwe kama kimbilio kutoka miundo ya nguvu ambayo tayari imejikita katika aina zote za hotuba na mwingiliano. Kama kanuni, wanafalsafa wa Baada ya Usasa wanatazama mwamko wa vikwazo vya lugha kama muhimu kuvikwepa vikwazo vivyo, lakini wananadharia tofauti wana maoni mbalimbali kuhusu asili ya mchakato huu: kutoka ujenzi wa [[dharura]] wa maana na watu binafsi (kama katika falsafa ya Kuharibu Yaliyojengwa) hadi kwa nadharia ambamo watu ni upanuzi wa kimsingi wa lugha na jamii, bila uhuru halisi (kama katika falsafa ya Baada ya Muundo). Kiujumla, falsafa ya Baada ya Usasa inatafuta maana kwa kuangalia miundo ya msingi ambayo inaunda au kulazimisha maana, kuliko yale yanayoonekana kiepifenomenali duniani. ====Dhana ya Uhisia==== Kulingana na dhana ya kihisia, maana kuu ya maisha ni kupata kutosheleza hisia za kibinadamu. Wafuasi wa falsafa hiyo wanaamini kuwa vitendo vyote maishani ni matokeo ya hisia na hasa haja ya kuzaa. Uwepo wa mtu binafsi huwa chanzo cha kuzaa na unamfanya binadamu kutafuta lengo la kuzaa maishani kwa kuufuata mzunguko. Haraka inasisitiza kuwa watu wanapofikiria kwa kina, watapata kuwa lengo kuu la matendo yote wafanyayo ni kuvutia watu wa [[jinsia]] nyingine. Dhana kuu ya uhisia inaweza kufuatwa hivi: <blockquote> Kama inayokubalika kuwa watu hufunzwa kujifunza shuleni. Kwa nini tusome kwa bidii? Ili tufuzu mitihani. Kwa nini tufuzu mitihani? Ili tuweze kuenda chuo kikuu? Kwa nini tuweze kuenda chuo kikuu? Ili tuweze kupata kazi nzuri? Kwa nini tupate kazi nzuri? Ili tuwe na mali. Kwa nini tuwe na mali? Ili tununue magari mazuri; ili tununue nyumba nzuri; ili tununue bidhaa nzuri. Kwa nini vitu vyote vizuri kumfanya mtu aonekana mzuri? Mwishowe kuvutia watu wa jinsia nyingine, kutosheleza haja ya msingi ya kuzaa na kuendeleza familia ya kibinadamu. </blockquote> Wanahisia hutumia mawazo hayo kuendeleza dhana kuwa matukio yote ya kibinadamu yanaweza kuelezwa kwa kutumia lengo letu la kuzaa: Kwa nini watu wanapinga sana ndoa baina ya watu wa jinsia moja? Kwa sababu watu katika jozi la namna hiyo hawawezi kuzaa Kwa nini watu hupendana? Kwa sababu upendo husababisha ngono, ambayo huchangia ustawi wa [[spishi]] ya binadamu Kwa nini akina mama hupenda watoto hata kama hawajazaliwa bado? Kwa sababu inachangia kutunza na kuongeza idadi ya binadamu Kwa nini watu wengi hupinga [[utoaji mimba]]? Kwa sababu inazuia uzazi Kwa nini ma[[daktari]] wengi sana na matibabu mengi? Ili kutunza idadi ya watu Kwa nini [[uuaji]] ni hatia kubwa sana? Kwa sababu kuua kunapunguza idadi ya watu ====Upanthei wa kiasilia==== Kulingana na [[upanthei]] wa kiasilia, maana ya maisha ni kutunza viumbe na mazingira. ==Mitazamo ya kidini== ===Dini za Asia ya Kusini=== ====Falsafa za Kihindu==== [[File:Golden Aum.png|left|thumb|110px|[[Aum]] ya [[dhahabu]] iliyoandikwa katika [[Devanagari]]. Aum ni takatifu katika [[dini]] za [[Uhindu]], [[Ujaini]] na [[Ubuddha]].]] [[Uhindu]] ni jamii ya kidini inayojumuisha itikadi na desturi nyingi. Kwa sababu Uhindu ulikuwa njia ya kuonyesha maisha yenye maana tangu jadi, wakati ambapo hapakuwa na haja ya kutaja Uhindi kama dini tofauti, mafundisho ya Uhindu ni nyongeza na yanayowiana kiasili, kiujumla yasiyo ya kipekee, yenye kudokeza tu na yenye maudhui ya kuvumiliana.<ref name=weightman>{{Harvard reference | author= Simon Weightman | year=1998 | title=The new Penguin handbook of living religions |editor = Hinnells, John (Ed.) | publisher= [[Penguin books]] |chapter= Hinduism | isbn=0-140-51480-5}}</ref> Wengi wanaamini kwamba ātman (roho, nafsi), nafsi ya kweli ya mtu, ni ya [[milele]].<ref name="monierwilliams">{{Harvard reference | author= [[Monier Monier-Williams]] | year=1974 | title=Brahmanism and Hinduism: Or, Religious Thought and Life in India, as Based on the Veda and Other Sacred Books of the Hindus | publisher= Adamant Media Corporation |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=U5IBXA4UpT0C&dq=isbn:1421265311 |accessdate=2007-07-08 |series=Elibron Classics | isbn=1421265311}}</ref>. Kwa sehemu, hili linatokana na imani ya Kihindu kwamba maendeleo ya kiroho hufanyika katika maisha mengi, na malengo yanafaa kuwiana na hali ya maendeleo ya mtu binafsi. Kuna malengo manne ya maisha ya binadamu, yanayojulikana kama purusharthas (yamepangwa kuanzia lile dogo zaidi hadi lile kuu): Kama (kazi, upendo na radhi ya kingono), Artha (mali), Dharma (haki, maadili), na Moksha (ukombozi kutoka mzunguko wa kuzaliwa upya).<ref>For dharma, artha, and kama as "brahmanic householder values" see: Flood (1996), p. 17.</ref><ref>For the ''Dharma Śāstras'' as discussing the "four main goals of life" (dharma, artha, {{IAST|kāma}}, and moksha) see: Hopkins, p. 78.</ref><ref>For definition of the term पुरुष-अर्थ ({{IAST|puruṣa-artha}}) as "any of the four principal objects of human life, i.e. {{lang|sa|धर्म}}, {{lang|sa|अर्थ}}, {{lang|sa|काम}}, and {{lang|sa|मोक्ष}}" see: Apte, p. 626, middle column, compound #1.</ref> Katika shule zote za Uhindu, maana ya maisha imefungwa ndani ya dhana za karma (kitendo chenye matokeo), samsara (mzunguko wa kuzaliwa na kuzaliwa upya), na moksha (ukombozi). Kuwepo kunaaminika kuwa maendeleo ya atman kupitia vipindi vingi vya maisha, na maendeleo yake ya mwisho kuelekea ukombozi kutoka karma. Malengo hasa ya maisha kwa jumla husongeshwa chini ya (mazoea) pana ya yoga au dharma (kuishi kisahihi) ambayo yanakusudiwa kujenga kuzaliwa kupya kuzuri zaidi, ingawa hayo pia kwa ujumla ni matendo chanya katika maisha haya. Shule za jadi za Uhindu mara nyingi huabudu Madeva ambao ni dhihirisho ya Ishvara (Mungu wa kibinafsi au wa kuchaguliwa). =====Uhindu wa Advaita na Dvaita===== Shule za baadaye zilizitafsiri upya veda kuzingatia Brahman, "Yule Asiye na Wa Pili",<ref name=bhaskaranandaessential>{{Harvard reference | last=Bhaskarananda | first=Swami | year=1994 | title=The Essentials of Hinduism: a comprehensive overview of the world's oldest religion | place=Seattle, WA | publisher=Viveka Press | isbn=1-884852-02-5}}</ref> kama kielelezo muhimu kinachomfanana Mungu. Katika Advaita Vedanta ya kimoni, atman hatimaye haitofautishwi na brahman, na lengo la maisha ni kujua au kutambua kwamba (nafsi) ya mtu ya atman inafanana na Brahman.<ref>{{Harvard reference | last= Vivekananda | first=Swami | authorlink=Swami Vivekananda | year=1987 | title=Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda | place=Calcutta | publisher= Advaita Ashrama | isbn=81-85301-75-1}}</ref> Kwa Maupanishadi, yeyote anayefahamu kikamilifu atman, kama msingi wa ubinafsi, anajitambua na Brahman, na hivyo, anapata Mokasha (ukombozi, uhuru).<ref name="monierwilliams"/><ref name="werner">{{Harvard reference | last= Werner | first=Karel | year=1994 | title=A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism | place=Richmond, Surrey | editor = Hinnells, John (Ed.) | publisher= Curzon Press | chapter= Hinduism | isbn=0-7007-0279-2}}</ref><ref>See also the Vedic statement "ayam ātmā brahma" (This [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] is [[Brahman]])</ref> Dvaita Vedanta yenye pande mbili na shule zingine za bhakti zina tafsiri yenye pande mbili. Brahaman anaonekana kama kiumbe kikuu chenye tabia na sifa wazi. Atman inategemea Brahman kwa kuwepo kwake; maana ya maisha ni kupata Moksha kupitia upendo wa Mungu na neema yake.<ref name="werner" /> =====Uvaishnavi===== Tawi lingine la Uhindu ni Uvaishnavi, ambapo Vishnu ndiye Mungu mkuu. Si shule zote za Uvaishnavi hufunza maana ya maisha, lakini Gaudiya Vaishnavism, kwa mfano, hufunza Achintya Bheda Abheda inayomaanisha Kumuabudu Mungu tofauti na Mungu pekee wa kweli na wakati huo huo ikitambua umoja muhimu wa nafsi zote, huku viumbe vyote hai ni sehemu za milele za Mungu mkuu aitwaye Krsna. Mtazamo wa kikatiba wa kiumbe hai ni kumtumikia Mungu na upendo na kujali. Huduma bila malipo isiyositishwa na isiyosukumwa na chochote kwa Krsna na wafuasi wake ndiyo maana ya maisha katika hali uhuru. Sisi tupo katika Dunia ya kinafsi tukimtumikia Krsna kwa furaha huku tukifahamu vyema kuwa sisi ni roho za kinafsi na tunayo maisha ya milele. Kwa sababu ya kumchukia Krsna na kwa sababu ya mapenzi yetu ya kutaka kuwa na anasa m,bali na Krsnatupo katika Dunia hii ambapo tunapitia mzunguko unaojirudiarudia wa kuzaliwa, magonjwa, uzee na kifo katika miili tuliyopata ya spishi 8.4 za kimaisha, tukihama kutoka mwili mmoja hadi mwingine kulingana na karma yetu na mapenzi yetu. Lengo la maisha ya binadamu haswa ni kufikiria zaidi ya njia ya kinyama ya kula, kulala, kufanya mapenzi na kulinda na kufuata akili ya juu zaidi ili kuanzisha upya uhusiano na Krsna, Baba yetu wa milele, ambaye kutoka kwake vyote vilitoka, ambaye ndiye mwezeshaji na mwenye kuangamiza. Maandiko yaliyoonyehswa kwetu kama vile Bhagavad-Gita na Srimad Bhagavatam yanafunza kuwa Sambandha (Mimi ni nani? Mungu ni nani? Uhusiano kati ya Mungu na mimi ni upi?) na Abhideya (mchakato wa kuanzisha uhusiano ulipotea na Mungu kupitia michakato 9 ya Bhakti - Huduma ya Maombi) na Prayojana - matokeo - kupata upendo wa Mungu. Mchakato rahisi zaidi ni kuimba maha Bhakti "Hare Krsna Hare Krsna KRsna Krsna Hare Hare - Hare Rama Hare Rama Rama Rama Hare Hare" pamoja na wafuasi wa Mungu. Huku maana ya maisha yakiwa kuanzisha upya uhusiano ulioisha na Mungu anayewapenda watu wote, lengo la uumbaji ni kutumia rasilimali kurudi nyumbani kwa Mungu, Dunia ya milele ya kinafsi inayoitwa Goloka Vrindavana - milki ya Mungu. ====Ujaini==== [[Ujaini]] ni dini iliyoanza katika Uhindi ya kale, mfumo wake wa kimaadili unakuza nidhamu ya kibinafsi kushinda yote mengine. Kupitia kuyafuata mafundisho ya kujiepusha na anasa zote, ya ujaini, binadamu anapata kutaalamika (maarifa kamili). Ujaini unaugawanya ulimwengu katika viumbe vilivyohai na visivyohai. Wakati tu visivyohai vinavyoshikilia vyenye uhai ndipo mateso hutokea. Kwa hivyo, furaha ni matokeo ya utekaji-kibinafsi na uhuru kutoka kwa vitu vya nje. Maana ya maisha basi huweza kusemwa kuwa kutumia mwili unaoonekana kupata utambuzi wa kibinafsi na neema..<ref>Shah, Natubhai. ''Jainism: The World of Conquerors.'' Sussex Academic Press, 1998.</ref> Wajaini huamini kwamba kila binadamu anawajibika kwa matendo yake na viumbe wote hai wana roho ya milele, jīva. Wajaini wanaamini nafsi zote ni sawa kwa sababu zote zinamiliki uwezekano wa kufanywa ziwe huru na kufikia Moksha. Mtazamo wa Kijanini wa karma ni kwamba kila hatua, kila neno, kila wazo linazalisha, mbali na yanayoonekana, matokeo yasiyoonekana, na yanayopita fikira kwa nafsi. Ujaini unajumuisha kushikilia vikali ahimsa (au ''ahinsā''), mbinu ya aina ya Kusitisha Vurugu ambayo huzidi kwa mbali ulaji mboga. Wajaini wanakikataa chakula kilichopatikana kwa ukatili usiohitajika. Wengi wana mazoezi ya maisha sawa na ulaji mboga pekee kutokana na vurugu ya mashamba ya maziwa ya kisasa, na wengine huepukana na mboga za mizizi katika maakuli yao ili kulinda maisha ya mimea ambayo wao hula.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.retoday.org.uk/pdfs/dre/viren.pdf |title=Viren, Jain |accessdate=2007-06-14 |publisher=[http://www.retoday.org.uk/ RE Today] |format=PDF |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614110256/http://www.retoday.org.uk/pdfs/dre/viren.pdf |archivedate=2007-06-14 }}</ref> ====Ubudha==== =====Ubudha wa Mapema===== Ubudha ni mafundisho yasiyo na pande mbili, ambapo kichwa, chombo, na hatua yote ni huonekana yakiwa si ya kweli. Wabudha wanaamini kwamba maisha kwa undani yamejaa mateso au kuchanganyikiwa. Hilo si kumaanisha kwamba hakuna raha maishani, lakini kwamba raha hii haisababishi furaha ya milele. Mateso yanasababishwa na kuvishikilia vitu vinavyonekana na kuguzika au visivyoonekana na visivyokuguzika ambavyo mwishowe husababisha mtu kuzaliwa tena na tena katika mzunguko wa kuwepo. Sutra na tantra za Kibudha haziongei kuhusu "maana ya maisha" au "madhumuni ya maisha", bali huzungumzia kuhusu uwezo wa maisha ya binadamu wa kukomesha mateso kupitia kujiepusha na tamaa na kushikilia dhana fulani. Mateso yanaweza kushindwa kupitia shughuli za binadamu, tu kwa kuondoa sababu ya mateso. Kufikia na kutimiza kutopenda raha ni mchakato wa ngazi nyingi ambazo hatimaye matokeo yake ni hali ya Nirvana. Nirvana inamaanisha uhuru kutoka mateso na kuzaliwa upya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebigview.com/buddhism/fourtruths.html |title=The Four Noble Truths |publisher=Thebigview.com |date= |accessdate=2009-11-06}}</ref> [[File:Dharma Wheel.svg|thumb|120px|left|Gurudumu la dharmacakra lenye sehemu nane]] Ubudha wa Kitheravada kwa jumla unadhaniwa kuwa karibu na mazoezi ya mapema ya Wabudha. Unakuza dhana ya Vibhajjavada (Pali), maana ya moja kwa moja "Kufunzwa kwa Uchambuzi", ambao Unasema kwamba lazima ufahamu utokane na uzoefu wa anAyenuia kuupata, uchunguzi makini, na kufikiria badala ya kutumia imani ya kipofu. Hata hivyo, mapokeo ya Kitheravadin pia yanasisitiza kuutilia maanani ushauri wa wenye busara, hasa ikizingatiwa kuwa ushauri huo na tathmini ya uzoefu wa kibinafsi kuwa vipimo viwili ambavyo vinafaa kutumiwa kuyapima mazoea. Lengo la Kitheravadin ni ukombozi (au uhuru) kutoka mateso, kulingana na Kweli Nne Adimu. Hili linapatikana katika kuipata Nirvana,au kufunguliwa ambao pia husitisha 0}mzunguko unaorudiwa wa kuzaliwa, uzee, maradhi na kifo. =====Ubudha wa Kimahayana===== Shule za Ubudha wa Kimahayana zinasita kusisitiza mtazamo wa jadi (ambao bado unatekelezwa katika Kitheravada) wa kuachiliwa kutoka Mateso (Dukkha) ta kibinafsi na kufikia Mwamko (Nirvana). Katika Mahayana, Budha huonekana kama kiumbe wa milele, asiyebadilika, asiyeeleweka, na ambaye yupo kila mahali. Misingi mikuu ya mafundisho ya Kimahayana imejikita katika uwezekano wa ukombozi kutoka mateso wa viumbe vyote, na kuwepo kwa Budha-asili apitaye fikira , ambaye ni kiini cha Budha wa milele aliopo, lakini aliyejificha na asiyetambulika, katika viumbe wote. Shule za kifalsafa za Ubudha wa Kimahayana, kama vile Chan / Zen na shule za Utibeti wa vajrayana na Shingon, hufunza wazi kwamba boddhisattva lazima wajiepushe na ukombozi kamili, wajiruhusu wenyewe kuzaliwa tena ulimwenguni hadi viumbe wote wapate kutaalamika. Shule za kiibada kama vile Ubhuda wa Ardhi Takatifu hutafuta msaada wa mabudha wa mbinguni - watu binafsi ambao wametumia maisha yao wakikusanya karma chanya, na kuutumia mkusanyiko huo kuwasaidia wote. ====Kalasinga==== [[File:Khanda.svg|thumb|110px|left|Ishara ya kidini ya Khanda, ambayo ni ishara muhimu ya dini ya Kalasinga.]] Dini yenye Mungu mmoja ya [[Kalasinga]] ilianzishwa na [[Guru]] [[Nanak Dev]]. Neno "Kalasinga" linamaanisha mwanafunzi, kuashiria kwamba wafuasi wataishi maisha yao milele wakijifunza. Mfumo huu wa falsafa ya dini na kueleza imejulikana tangu jadi kama Gurmat (maana yake shauri la maguru) au Sikh Dharma. Wafuasi wa Kalasinga wametakaswa kuyafuata mafundisho ya maguru wa Sikh kumi, au viongozi wa kutaalamika, na pia maandiko matakatifu yaitwayo Gurū Granth Sāhib yanayojumuisha maandiko mbalimbali yaliyochaguliwa na wanafalsafa wengi kutoka mazingira mbalimbali ya kijamii, kiuchumi na kidini. Maguru wa Kikalasinga hutuambia kwamba wokovu unaweza kupatikana kwa kuzifuata njia mbalimbali za kiroho, kwa hivyo si Wakalasinga pekee wanaopata wokovu: "Bwana anakaa ndani ya kila moyo, na kila moyo una njia yake yenyewe ya kumfikia."<ref name="Singh">{{cite book |author=Daljeet Singh |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur |publisher=Language Dept., Punjab |year=1971}}</ref> Wakalasinga huamini kwamba watu wote ni muhimu mbele ya Mungu.<ref name="Mayled">{{cite book |author=Jon Mayled |title=Modern World Religions: Sikhism |publisher=Harcourt Heinemann |year=2002 |isbn=0435336266}}</ref> Wakalasinga hupima maadili yao ya kitabia na ya kiroho na kuyatafuta maarifa, na lengo la kukuza maisha ya amani na usawa, na pia yenye hatua chanya.<ref>[http://www.sikhcoalition.org The Sikh Coalition]</ref> Sifa muhimu na tofauti ya Kalasinga ni dhana ya Mungu isiyo ya kumtazama Mungu akiwa na umbo fulani, kiasi kwamba mtu anaweza kumtafsiri Mungu kama Ulimwengu wenyewe (upanthei). Kalasinga kwa hivyo inayaona maisha kama fursa ya kumuelewa huyu Mungu na pia kuugundua uungu ambao upo katika kila mmoja. Ingawa ufahamu kamili wa Mungu unazidi ubinadamu,<ref name="p252">{{cite book | last=Parrinder | first=Geoffrey | authorlink=Geoffrey Parrinder | year=1971 | title=World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present | publisher=Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited | location=United States | isbn = 0-87196-129-6}}</ref> Guru Nanak alielezea Mungu kama asiye eleweka kikamilifu, na kusisitiza kwamba Mungu lazima aonekana kutoka kwa "jicho la ndani", au "moyo", wa binadamu: wanaoamini lazima watafakari ili kuelekea kutaalamika. Nanak alihimiza ufunuo kupitia kutafakari, kwani kutumika kwake kila wakati kunaruhusu kuwepo kwa mawasiliano kati ya Mungu na binadamu.<ref name="p252"/> ===Dini za Mashariki ya mbali=== ====Ushinto==== [[File:Shinto_torii_vermillion.svg|thumb|right|100px|Shinto torii, mlango wa kitamaduni wa Kijapani]] [[Ushinto]] ni dini iliyoanzia [[Ujapani]]. Neno Shinto linamaananisha "njia ya kami", lakini kwa ufasaha zaidi, linaweza kumaanisha "sehemu yenye njia nyingi ambapo kami anachagua njia yake". Njia yenye sehemu nyingi ya 'kimungu' inaashiria kwamba ulimwengu wote ni roho ya kimungu. Msingi wa nia huru kuichagua njia ya mmoja, inamaanisha kwamba maisha ni mchakato wa ubunifu. Ushinto Unayataka maisha ya kuishi, siyo ya kufa. [[Ushinto]] unakitazama kifo kama uchafuzi na inatazama maisha kama eneo ambapo roho ya kimungu inanuia kujitakasa yenyewe kwa kujiendeleza inavyostahili. Ushinto unayataka maisha ya kibinafsi ya kibinadamu kuendelezwa milele duniani kama ushindi wa roho ya kimungu katika kuhifadhi tabia yake ya usawa kwa hali ya juu kabisa. Kuwepo kwa uovu duniani, kama inavyodokezwa na Ushinto, hakupingi hali ya kimungu kwa kuweka juu ya uungu jukumu la kuweza kuyapunguza mateso ya binadamu huku ikikataa kufanya hivyo. Mateso ya maisha ni mateso ya roho ya kimungu katika kuyatafuta mafanikio katika ulimwengu unaolenga usawa.<ref name="Mason">{{cite book |author=J. W. T. Mason |title=The Meaning of Shinto |publisher= Trafford Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=1412245516}}</ref> ====Utao==== [[File:Yin yang.svg|right|thumb|100px|''Taijitu'' ni ishara ya umoja wa vinyume vya yin na yang.]] Kosmojenia ya Watao inasisitiza haja ya viumbe wote wenye fahamu na watu wote kurudi kwa mwanzo au kuungana na Umoja wa Ulimwengu kupitia njia ya kujikuza na kujitambua. Wahumini wote wanapaswa kuelewa na kuwiana na mwisho wa kikweli. Wanaamini yote awali yalikuwa kutoka Taiji na Tao, na maana maishani kwa wahumini ni wao kugundua hali ya muda mfupi ya kuwepo. "Kujiangalia tu kindani ndio kunaoweza basi kutusaidia kupata sababu zetu za undani kabisa za kuishi...jibu rahisi limo humu ndani yetu."<ref name="Ming-Dao">{{cite book |author=Ming-Dao Deng |title=Scholar Warrior: An Introduction to the Tao in Everyday Life |url=https://archive.org/details/scholarwarriorin0000deng |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1990}}</ref> ====Ukonfusio==== [[Ukonfusio]] unatambua hali ya binadamu kulingana na mahitaji ya nidhamu na [[elimu]]. Kwa sababu binadamu anaendeshewa na ushawishi mzuri na mbaya, Wakonfiuso huona lengo katika kupata tabia nzuri kupitia uhusiano wa nguvu na kufikiria na pia kukanusha nishati hasi. Msisitizo huu wa maisha ya kawaida unaonekana katika msemo wa mwanachuoni wa Kikonfiuso Tu Wei-Ming, "tunaweza kutambua maana kuu ya maisha katika kuwepo kwa kawaida kwa binadamu."<ref>Tu, Wei-Ming. ''Confucian Thought: Selfhood as Creative Transformation.'' Albany: State University of New York Press, 1985.</ref> ====Dini mpya==== Kuna harakati nyingi mpya za kidini katika Asia ya Mashariki, baadhi yao zikiwa na mamilioni ya wafuasi: Chondogyo, Tenrikyo, Cao Đài, na Seicho-No-ie. Dini mpya kawaida zina maelezo ya kipekee kuhusu maana ya maisha. Kwa mfano, katika Tenrikyo, mtu anatarajiwa kuishi Maisha ya Furaha kwa kushiriki katika mazoea yanayokuza furaha yake binafsi na pia ya watu wengine. ===Dini za Magharibi na Mashariki ya Kati=== ====Uzoroastro==== [[Uzoroastro]] ni dini na falsafa inayopata jina lake kutoka kwa [[nabii]] wake [[Zoroaster]], ambayo labda iliathiri imani za [[Uyahudi]] na dini zilitokana na Uyahudi. Wazoroastro wanaamini ulimwengu na Mungu apitaye fikra, [[Ahura Mazda]], ambaye [[ibada]] yote inaelekezwa kwake. Kiumbe cha Azhura Mazda ni asha, ukweli na mpango ambao unazozana na kinyume chake, druj, uwongo na machafuko. Kwa sababu binadamu wana hiari, ni lazima wawe na uwajibikaji kwa maadili wanayoyachagua. Kwa kutumia hiari, watu lazima wawe na jukumu tendaji katika mgogoro wa dunia nzima, wawe na mawazo mema, maneno mema na matendo mema ili kuhakikisha furaha na kuepuka machafuko. ====Uyahudi==== Kipengele muhimu zaidi cha Uyahudi ni ibada ya [[Mungu]] mmoja anayejua yote, mwenye nguvu kuliko wote, ambaye ni [[mkarimu]] kila wakati, anayepita fikra zote, na ambaye [[uumbaji|aliumba]] ulimwengu na anautawala. Kulingana na Uyahudi wa awali, Mungu alifanya [[agano]] na [[Waisraeli]] katika [[mlima Sinai]], alipowapa sheria na amri zake zinazopatikana katika [[Torati]]. Katika Uyahudi wa Kirabi, Torati inajumuisha maandishi ya [[Torati]] na sheria ya [[mapokeo ya mdomo]] (iliyoandikwa baadaye kama maandiko matakatifu). Katika mtazamo wa ulimwengu wa Kiyahudi, maana ya maisha ni kumtumikia Mungu pekee wa kweli na kujiandaa kwa [[ulimwengu ujao]].<ref name="Cohn-Sherbok">{{cite book |author=Dan Cohn-Sherbok |title=Judaism: History, Belief, and Practice |url=https://archive.org/details/judaismhistorybe0000cohn |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |isbn=0415236614}}</ref><ref name="Heschel">{{cite book |author=Abraham Joshua Heschel |title=Heavenly Torah: As Refracted Through the Generations |url=https://archive.org/details/heavenlytorahasr0000hesc |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |year=2005 |isbn=0826408028}}</ref> Fikira za "Olam Haba"<ref name="Shuchat">{{cite book |author=Wilfred Shuchat |title=The Garden of Eden & the Struggle to Be Human: According to the Midrash Rabbah |publisher=Devora Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=1932687319}}</ref> Inahusu kujiinua kiroho, ni mtu kutumia "Olam Hazeh" (dunia hii) kwa kuunganika na Mungu na kujiandaa kwa "Olam Haba" (ulimwengu ujao). <ref name="Braham">{{cite book |author=Randolph L. Braham |title=Contemporary Views on the Holocaust |url=https://archive.org/details/contemporaryview0000unse_n9q0 |publisher=Springer |year=1983 |isbn=089838141X}}</ref> ====Ukristo==== [[File:Das Jüngste Gericht (Memling).jpg|thumb|right|240px|[[Picha]] ya [[Hans Memling]] inayoitwa ''[[Hukumu ya Mwisho]]'', inaonyesha [[Malaika mkuu]] [[Mikaeli]] akipima nafsi na kuwafukuza waliohukumiwa kuelekea [[jehanamu]].]] Ingawa [[Ukristo]] una mizizi yake katika Uyahudi, na unafanana sana na [[ontolojia]] ya Uyahudi, imani kuu ya Ukristo inatokana na mafundisho ya [[Yesu Kristo]] yaliyotolewa katika [[Agano Jipya]]. Kusudi la maisha kwa Mkristo ni kutafuta [[wokovu]] wa Kimungu kupitia [[neema]] ya Mungu iliyoletwa na [[Yesu]] ([[Yoh]] 11:26). Agano Jipya linaongea kuhusu Mungu kutaka uhusiano na binadamu wote katika maisha haya na yale yajao, jambo ambalo linaweza kufanyika tu kama [[dhambi]] za mtu zimesamehewa ([[Yoh]] 3:16-21), ([[2 Pet]] 3:9). Katika mtazamo wa Kikristo, watu waliumbwa katika hali njema kwa mfano wa Mungu, lakini kuanguka kwao ([[dhambi ya asili]]) kulisababisha wanaozaliwa kuirithi dhambi hiyo. [[Sadaka]] ya [[Yesu Kristo]] ya upendo, kifo na ufufuko hutoa njia ya kuishinda hali hiyo chafu ([[Rum]] 6:23). Njia ya kufanya hivyo inatofautiana kati ya [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali ya Wakristo, lakini yote yanategemea imani kwa Yesu, kazi yake [[msalaba]]ni na [[ufufuko wa Yesu|kufufuka kwake]] kama msingi wa uhusiano mpya na Mungu. Chini ya mtazamo wa Ukristo, watu wanafanywa waadilifu kupitia imani katika [[kafara]] ya Yesu kufa msalabani. [[Injili]] inafundisha kwamba, kupitia imani hiyo, kizuizi ambacho dhambi imeunda kati ya mtu na Mungu kinaondolewa, ili kumruhusu Mungu kuwageuza watu na kuweka ndani yao [[moyo mpya]] unaotii mapenzi yake, na uwezo wa kutii hivyo. Hii ndiyo maana inayoashiriwa na maneno 'kuzaliwa upya' au 'kuokolewa'. Jambo hili linatofautisha sana Ukristo na dini nyingine ambazo zinadai kwamba waumini ni waadilifu kwake Mungu kwa kushikamana na mwongozo au sheria waliyopewa na Mungu. Katika "[[Katekisimu]] Fupi ya [[Westminster]]", swali la kwanza ni: "Ni nini lengo kuu la binadamu?". Jibu ni: "Lengo kuu la binadamu ni kumtukuza Mungu na kufurahi naye milele. Mungu anataka mtu atii sheria ya maadili aliyomwonyesha akisema tumpende Bwana Mungu wetu kwa moyo wetu wote, kwa roho yetu yote, kwa nguvu zetu zote, na kwa akili zetu zote; na majirani wetu kama sisi wenyewe".<ref>{{cite web |title=The Westminster Shorter Catechism |url=http://www.creeds.net/reformed/Westminster/shorter_catechism.html |accessdate=2008-03-21 |archivedate=2008-03-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311000717/http://www.creeds.net/reformed/Westminster/shorter_catechism.html }}</ref> Katekisimu ya [[Baltimore]] inajibu swali, "Kwa nini Mungu amekuumba?" ikisema "Mungu ameniumba ili nimjue, nimpende na kumtumikia katika dunia hii, na kuwa na heri pamoja naye milele mbinguni."<ref>{{cite web |title=The Baltimore Catechism |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/balt/balt1.htm |accessdate=2008-06-12}}</ref> [[Mtume Paulo]] alijibu swali hilo katika hotuba yake kwenye [[Areopago]] mjini [[Athene]]: "Kutokana na mtu mmoja (Mungu) alifanya kila taifa la wanadamu, ili waishi duniani kote; akapima nyakati hasa zilizowekwa kwao na mahali ambapo wanapaswa kuishi. Mungu alifanya hivyo ili binadamu amtafute kama kwa kupapasa ili kumpata, ingawa hayupo mbali na kila mmojawetu. ([[Mdo]] 17:26-27)<ref>[[Bible]], [[Acts]] 17:26-27, [[NKJV]]</ref> ====Uislamu==== Katika [[Uislamu]], lengo kuu la maisha ya binadamu ni kumtumikia [[Allah]] (kwa Kiarabu sawa na "Mungu") na kukaa na miongozo ya Kimungu iliyofafanuliwa katika [[Qur'an]] na [[Mapokeo ya Mtume]]. Maisha ya duniani ni [[mtihani]] tu ambao huamua maisha ya mtu baada ya kifo, katika Jannat (Mbinguni) au katika Jahannum (Kuzimu). Kwa ajili ya radhi ya Mwenyezi Mungu, kupitia Qur'ani, lazima Waislamu wote waamini katika Mungu, ufunuo wake, malaika wake, wajumbe wake, na katika "Siku ya Kiyama".<ref>{{cite quran|2|4|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|2|285|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|4|136|style=ref}}</ref> Qur'an inaelezea madhumuni ya uumbaji kama ifuatavyo: "Heri yeye ambaye mkononi mwake ana ufalme, yeye ana nguvu juu ya kila kitu, ambaye aliumba mauti na uhai ili apate kuchunguza nani kati yenu ndiye bora katika matendo, na yeye ni mwenyezi, Mwenye kusamehe "(Qur'an67 :1-2) na" 'Mimi tu niliumba malaika na binadamu kuniabudu Mimi "(Qur'an 51:56). Ibada inashuhudia kuwepo kwa umoja wa Mungu katika uongozi wake, majina yake, na sifa yake. maisha ya Duniani ni mtihani; jinsi mtu anavyotenda huamua kama nafsi ya mtu inakwenda Jannat (Mbinguni) au Jahannam (Motoni). [[Nguzo Tano za Kiislamu]] ni [[wajibu]] wa kila Muislamu; yaani: [[Shahadah]] ([[ungamo la imani]]); [[Salah]] (Maombi); [[Zakah]] (ukarimu); [[Sawm]] (kufunga wakati wa Ramadhan) na [[Hajj]] ([[Hija]] kwenda [[Makka]]).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Pillars of Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=2007-05-02}}</ref> Zinatokana na maandiko ya [[Hadith]], hasa ya [[Sahih Al-Bukhari]] na [[Sahih Muslim]]. Imani ni tofauti kati ya Kalam. Dhana ya Kisunni ya mwisho wa safari iliyoamuliwa awali ni amri ya Kimungu;<ref>{{Muslim|1|1}}</ref> aidha, dhana ya Kishi'a ya nafsi kuwa na mahali pa kwenda kabla ya kifo ni haki ya Kimungu; katika mtazamo wa Kisufi unaoeleweka na wachache Ulimwengu upo tu kwa radhi ya Mungu; Uumbaji ni mchezo mkubwa, ambapo Mwenyezi Mungu ndiye tuzo kuu.<ref name="Yusuf Ali">{{cite book |author=[[Abdullah Yusuf Ali]] |title=[[Qur'an|The Holy Qur'an]] |publisher=Wordsworth Editions |year=2000 |isbn=1853267821}}</ref><ref name="Yusuf Ali" /> ====Imani ya Bahá'í==== [[Imani ya Bahai]] inasisitiza umoja wa ubinadamu.<ref>{{Citation | year = 2007 | title = "Bahaism." The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language | volume = Fourth Edition | publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company | url = http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bahaism}}</ref> Kwa Wabahá'í, madhumuni ya maisha ni kukua kiroho na kutoa huduma kwa ubinadamu. Binadamu wanatazamwa kama viumbe wa kiroho kwa undani. Maisha ya watu katika dunia hii tunayoishi hutoa fursa zilizopanuliwa za kukua, kukuza sifa na fadhila za Kimungu, na manabii walitumwa na Mungu kuwezesha hili.<ref>{{cite book |last = Smith |first = P. |year = 1999 |title = A Concise Encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith |publisher = Oneworld Publications |location = Oxford, UK |pages = 325–328|isbn = 1851681841 }}</ref><ref>For a more detailed Bahá'í perspective, see {{Citation | title = "The Purpose of Life" Bahá'í Topics An Information Resource of the Bahá'í International Community| url = http://info.bahai.org/article-1-4-0-6.html}}</ref> ==Katika sanaa== Siri ya maisha na maana yake ni jambo linalorudiwa mara nyingi katika utamaduni maarufu, unaoonyeshwa katika [[burudani]] ya [[vyombo vya habari]] na aina mbalimbali za [[sanaa]]. [[File:Charles Allan Gilbert - All is Vanity.jpg|thumb|120px|''Yote ni bure'', picha ya [[Charles Allan Gilbert]], ni mfano wa ''vanitas''. Inaonyesha mwanamke akitazama uso wake katika kioo, lakini vyote vimepangwa ili kuifanya picha ya kifuvu kuonekana.]] Katika mfululizo maarufu wa vitabu vya kuchekesha vya [[Douglas Adams]] kwa jina "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy", Jibu la Swali Kuu la Maisha, Ulimwengu, na Yote lina ufumbuzi wa kinambari wa 42, ambayo ilipatikana baada ya muda wa zaidi ya miaka milioni saba na nusu kupitia tarakilishi yenye nguvu kubwa kwa jina "Deep Thought". Baada ya kunganyika kwingi kutoka wazao wa waumbaji wake, "Deep Thought" anaelezea kuwa tatizo ni kuwa hawajui Swali Kuu, na ingewabidi kujenga [[kompyuta]] yenye nguvu zaidi ili kulibainisha. Kompyuta inaonyeshwa kuwa [[Dunia]], ambayo, baada ya kuhesabu kwa miaka milioni, inaharibiwa ili kuunda Barabara ya Kiulimwengu dakika tano kabla ya kukamilisha kufanya hesabu.<ref name="Yeffeth"/><ref name="Baggini" /><ref name="Badke"/><ref name="Adams H2G2 book1">{{cite book|title=[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (book)|The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]|author=[[Douglas Adams]]|published=1979|isbn=0-330-25864-8|year=1979|publisher=Pan Books|location=London}}</ref> Katika Maisha, Ulimwengu na Kila kitu, inathibitishwa kwa kweli kuwa 42 ndilo Jibu Kuu, na kwamba haiwezekani kwa Jibu Kuu na Swali Kuu kujulikana katika ulimwengu mmoja, kwani zitafutana na kuuchukua ulimwengu, na kubadilishwa na kitu cha maajabu zaidi,(mhusika mmoja, Prak, anapendekeza kwamba hili huenda likawa limetokea tayari).<ref name="Adams H2G2 book3">{{cite book|isbn=0-330-26738-8|title=[[Life, the Universe and Everything]]|author=[[Douglas Adams]]|published=1982|year=1982|publisher=Pan|location=London}}</ref> Hatimaye, katika matumaini kwamba fahamu yake ina swali, Arthur Dent anajaribu kuliwaza swali, na anapata "unapata nini ukizidisha sita mara tisa?", Pengine ni dhana isiyosahihi, kwani kuwasili kwa "Golgafrinchans" katika Dunia ya kabla ya historia ingeharibu mchakato wa kuhesabu.<ref name="Adams H2G2 book2">{{cite book|title=[[The Restaurant at the End of the Universe]]|author=[[Douglas Adams]]|date=1 Januari 1980|isbn=0-345-39181-0|publisher=Ballantine Books|location=New York}}</ref> Hata hivyo, Dent, Fenchurch, na Marvin anayekaribia kufa waliona ujumbe wa mwisho wa Mungu kwa uumbaji wake: "Sisi tunaomba msamaha kwa shida tuliyowaletea".<ref name="Adams H2G2 book4">{{cite book|isbn=0-330-28700-1|title=[[So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish]]|author=[[Douglas Adams]]|published=1984|year=1985|publisher=Pan|location=London}}</ref> [[File:HamletSkullHCSealous.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Hamlet na fuvu la kichwa la Yorick]] Katika maana ya maisha ya Monty Python,kuna kugusia kwingi kwa maana ya maisha. Katika "Sehemu ya VI B: Maana ya Maisha" mwanamke anayefanya kazi ya kusafisha anaelezea "Maisha ni mchezo, wakati mwingine unashinda au kushindwa" na baadaye mtu wa kupelekea watu vyakula hotelini anaelezea falsafa yake ya kibinafsi "Dunia ni pahali pazuri. Lazima uende ndani yake, na upende kila mtu, usiwachukie watu. Lazima hujaribu na kumfanya kila mtu awe na furaha, na upeleke amani na ridhaa kokote uendapo.<ref name="useless website">[http://www.intriguing.com/mp/_scripts/meanlife.asp Monty Python's Completely Useless Web Site: Monty Python's The Meaning Of Life: Complete Script]</ref> Katika mwisho wa filamu, tunaweza kumuona Michael Palin akipewa bahasha, anaifungua, na kupea watazamaji 'maana ya maisha': "Basi, si kitu maalumu sana. Uh, jaribu kuwa mzuri kwa watu, epuka kula mafuta, soma kitabu kizuri kila wakati, pata kutembea, na jaribu kuishi pamoja kwa amani na utulivu na watu wa Imani zote na mataifa yote.<ref name="useless website" /><ref name="Burnham">{{cite book |author=Terry Burnham |title=Mean Markets and Lizard Brains: How to Profit from the New Science of Irrationality |url=https://archive.org/details/meanmarketslizar0000burn |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2005 |isbn=0471716952}}</ref><ref name="Fernandez">{{cite book |author=Yolanda Fernandez |title=In Their Shoes: Examining the Issue of Empathy and Its Place in the Treatment of Offenders |url=https://archive.org/details/intheirshoes0000unse |publisher=Wood 'N' Barnes Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=1885473486}}</ref> Katika kipindi kimoja cha "The Simpsons" kilichoitwa "Homer the Heretic", mfano wa Mungu unakubali kumwambia Homer maana ya maisha, lakini majina ya wahusika wa kipindi yanaanza kuonekana anapoanza kusema ni nini. Mapema katika kipindi hicho, Homer anaanzisha dini yake mwenyewe, ambapo anajaribu kumwabudu Mungu kwa njia yake mwenyewe, baadaye akimwwambia Moe kwamba dini hiyo haina kuzimu na haina kupiga magoti. Hata hivyo, Homer anaiacha kwa haraka dini yake ya anasa na ubinafsi baada baada ya nyumba yake kunusurika kuchomeka, akitafsiri moto kama ishara ya kulipiza kisasi kwa kimungu, na kuita "O Mwenye Nguvu za Kuumiza, nionyeshe nani wa kuumiza, naye ataumizwa." Ned anamfariji Homer kuwa moto haukuwa kisasi cha Mungu na Lovejoy anaelezea kwamba Mungu alikuwa "akifanya kazi katika mioyo ya marafiki na majirani wako walipokuja kukusaidia."<ref name="Pinsky">{{cite book|author=Mark I. Pinsky|title=The Gospel According To The Simpsons: The Spiritual Life Of The World's Most Animated Family|url=https://archive.org/details/gospelaccordingt00mark|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=2001|isbn=0664224199}}</ref> Mwishoni mwa "The Matrix Revolutions", Smith anahitimsha kwamba "madhumuni ya maisha ni kuisha" na anakusudia kuharakisha lengo hilo.<ref name="Lawrence">{{cite book|author=Matt Lawrence|title=Like a Splinter in Your Mind: The Philosophy Behind the Matrix Trilogy|url=https://archive.org/details/likesplinterinyo0000lawr|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|year=2004|isbn=1405125241}}</ref> [[The Matrix (series)|''The Matrix'' series]]. Mfululizo wa filamu wa "The Matrix" pia unatoa wazo la "wanaoishi katika ukweli uliobuniwa" na swali linalohusika na wazo hilo ikiwa kuwepo huko kunafaa kutazamwa kama kusiokuwa na maana, katika njia inayoweza kulinganishwa na Hadithi fupi yenye mafunzo ya pango ya Plato na jinsi baadhi ya mifumo ya imani hutazama ukweli, kama Ubuddha au Uaginostiki.<ref>Christopher Grau (2005). Philosophers Explore the Matrix. Oxford University Press.</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Maadili]] * [[Maisha]] * [[Ubora wa maisha]] * [[Uhai]] * [[Ulimwengu]] * [[Teleolojia]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist|2}} ==Viungo vya nje== ===Jumla=== * [http://meaningoflife.tv/ Meaningsoflife.tv] &ndash; Video discussions on the ultimate meaning of life with various religious and philosophical leaders. *[http://www.erinstoddard.com/meaningoflife.html Meaning of life”] {{Wayback|url=http://www.erinstoddard.com/meaningoflife.html |date=20100104110401 }} * [http://yudkowsky.net/tmol-faq/meaningoflife.html Frequently Asked Questions about the Meaning of Life] {{Wayback|url=http://yudkowsky.net/tmol-faq/meaningoflife.html |date=20070927211431 }} * [http://www.benbest.com/lifeext/whylife.html Why Life Extension &mdash; or Why Live at All?] ===Kisayansi=== * [http://www.meaningandhappiness.com/ Meaning and Happiness] &ndash; Research on meaning and happiness from the perspective of [[Positive psychology]]. ===Kifalsafa=== * [http://www.einstein-website.de/z_biography/credo.html Einstein's credo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.einstein-website.de/z_biography/credo.html |date=20220311035821 }} * [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/life-meaning/ "The Meaning of Life" in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy] * [http://rationalphilosophy.net/meaning-of-life/ An Objective Philosophy: Why We Exist?] {{Wayback|url=http://rationalphilosophy.net/meaning-of-life/ |date=20080514151238 }} &ndash; by Martin G. Walker. *[http://eneida.over-blog.net/ Hedonism & Meaning of life] {{Wayback|url=http://eneida.over-blog.net/ |date=20080626035211 }} *[http://journal.ilovephilosophy.com/Article/The-Logic-of-Existential-Meaning/217 The Logic of Existential Meaning] {{Wayback|url=http://journal.ilovephilosophy.com/Article/The-Logic-of-Existential-Meaning/217 |date=20070709004210 }} * [http://myweb.dal.ca/kernohan/godless A Guide for the Godless: The Secular Path to Meaning] {{Wayback|url=http://myweb.dal.ca/kernohan/godless |date=20110706174824 }} * [http://www.originofhumannature.ca The Origin of Human Nature, A Zen Buddhist Looks a Evolution] {{Wayback|url=http://www.originofhumannature.ca/ |date=20090113141910 }} by [[Albert Low]] ===Kiroho=== * [http://www.motherearthnews.com/Alternative-Energy/1978-07-01/A-Guide-for-Perplexed.aspx A Guide for the Perplexed (excerpt included)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.motherearthnews.com/Alternative-Energy/1978-07-01/A-Guide-for-Perplexed.aspx |date=20071210070232 }} &ndash; by [[E. F. Schumacher]] * [http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/MeaningofLife.htm The Meaning of Life (from a Jewish perspective)] &ndash; by Rabbi [[Noah Weinberg]] * [http://www.what-buddha-taught.net/Books2/Dhammananda_Human_Life.htm Human Life] {{Wayback|url=http://www.what-buddha-taught.net/Books2/Dhammananda_Human_Life.htm |date=20091205205727 }} &ndash; by [[K. Sri Dhammananda]] * [http://www.what-buddha-taught.net/Books/Bhikkhu_Buddhadasa_Handbook_for_Mankind.pdf Handbook for Mankind] {{Wayback|url=http://www.what-buddha-taught.net/Books/Bhikkhu_Buddhadasa_Handbook_for_Mankind.pdf |date=20081216225943 }} &ndash; by [[Buddhadasa Bhikkhu]] * [http://www.mormon.org Answers to Life's questions] &ndash; by [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] * [http://www.humanmindmap.net Human life on earth - A Spiritual Perspective] {{Wayback|url=http://www.humanmindmap.net/ |date=20170913154041 }} &ndash; by [[New age]] [[Jamii:Dini]] [[Jamii:Falsafa]] [[Jamii:Elimu jamii]] 26c7qua757xclet30254dqeel6afeyw PCD 0 35479 1574217 1523140 2026-06-17T21:54:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | Jina = PCD | Type = studio | Msanii = [[Pussycat Dolls]] | Cover = PCDalbum.jpg | Maelezo = Kasha ya albamu ya PCD | Imetolewa = 12 Septemba 2005 | Imerekodiwa = 2004-2005 | Aina = [[pop music|Pop]], [[dance-pop]], [[contemporary R&B|R&B]] | Urefu = | Lugha = [[Kiingereza]], [[Kihispania]] | Studio = [[A&M Records|A&M]] | Mtayarishaji = [[Timbaland]], [[Rich Harrison]], [[Cee-Lo|Cee-Lo Green]], [[Polow da Don]], [[Sean Garrett]], [[will.i.am]], [[Ron Fair]], Young Smoke, [[Siobhan Fahey]], [[Kwamé (rapper)|Kwamé]], [[Robin Antin]] | Review = =*[[Allmusic]] {{Rating|3|5}} [http://www.allmusic.com/album/pcd-r790977 link] * [[Robert Christgau]] {{Rating-Christgau|hm1}} [http://robertchristgau.com/get_artist.php?id=5647&name=The+Pussycat+Dolls link] | Tarehe = | Albamu iliyopita = | Albamu ya sasa = '''''PCD'''''<br />(2005) | Albamu ijayo = ''[[Doll Domination]]'' <br />(2008) | Misc = {{Singles |Jina = PCD |Type = Studio |Single 1 = [[Don't Cha]] |Single 1 tarehe = Juni 2005 |Single 2 = [[Stickwitu]] |Single 2 tarehe = Septemba 2005 |Single 3 = [[Beep (song)|Beep]] |Single 3 tarehe = Januari 2006 |Single 4 = [[Buttons (song)|Buttons]] |Single 4 tarehe = Mei 2006 |Single 5 = [[I Don't Need a Man]] |Single 5 tarehe = Septemba 2006 |Single 6 = [[Wait a Minute (Pussycat Dolls song)|Wait a Minute]] |SIngle 6 tarehe = Novemba 2006 }}}} '''''PCD''''' ni albamu ya kwanza ya kundi la wanamuziki: Pussycat Dolls, iliyotolewa mnamo 13 Septemba 2005 nchini [[Marekani]]. Albamu hii ilipata mafanikio kwa kuuza zaidi ya nakala milioni saba kote duniani.<ref>[http://www.torontosun.com/Entertainment/Music/2007/03/26/3836178-sun.html http://www.torontosun.com/Entertainment/Music/2007/03/26/3836178-sun.html] {{Wayback|url=http://www.torontosun.com/Entertainment/Music/2007/03/26/3836178-sun.html |date=20080619104635 }} ''Torontosun.com'' Retrieved on 05-30-07</ref> Albamu hii ilipata mauzo ya nakala 536,340 nchini [[Uingereza]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.togerland.com/index.php?showtopic=28390 |title=Top 50 Albums in the UK (2006) |accessdate=2010-01-20 |archivedate=2011-07-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717065611/http://www.togerland.com/index.php?showtopic=28390 }}</ref> mnamo 2006 na mauzo ya nakala 574,000 mnamo 2005, kwa jumla mauzo ya milioni 1.1 nchunu [[Uingereza]]. == Nyimbo zake == # "[[Don't Cha]]" (featuring [[Busta Rhymes]]) <small>([[Cee-Lo|Callaway]], [[Sir Mix-a-Lot|Ray]], [[Busta Rhymes|Smith]]) – 4:32</small> # "[[Beep (song)|Beep]]" (featuring [[will.i.am]]) <small>([[will.i.am|Adams]], [[Kara DioGuardi|DioGuardi]], [[Jeff Lynne|Lynne]]) – 3:48</small> # "[[Wait a Minute (The Pussycat Dolls song)|Wait a Minute]]" (featuring [[Timbaland]]) <small>([[Timbaland|Mosley]], [[Keri Hilson|Hilson]]) – 3:41</small> # "[[Stickwitu]]" <small>(Frannie Golde, Livingston, Robert D. Palmer) – 3:26</small> # "[[Buttons (song)|Buttons]]" <small>([[Sean Garrett|Garrett]], Jones, Perry, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Scherzinger]]) – 3:45</small> # "[[I Don't Need a Man]]" <small>([[VV Brown|Brown]], [[Rich Harrison|Harrison]], Scherzinger, DioGuardi) – 3:39</small> # "Hot Stuff (I Want You Back)" <small>(Peter Bellotte, [[Harold Faltermeyer|Faltermeyer]], Keith Forsey, [[Siobhan Fahey|Fahey]]) – 3:46</small> # "How Many Times, How Many Lies" <small>([[Diane Warren|Warren]]) – 3:55</small> # "Bite the Dust" <small>(Hilson, [[Kwamé (rapper)|Kwamé]]) – 3:32</small> # "Right Now" <small>([[Herbie Mann|Mann]], [[Carl Sigman|Sigman]]) – 2:27</small> # "Tainted Love"/"Where Did Our Love Go" <small>([[Ed Cobb|Cobb]]/[[Holland-Dozier-Holland]]) – 3:25</small> # "Feelin' Good" <small>([[Anthony Newley|Newley]], [[Leslie Bricusse|Bricusse]]) – 4:19</small> === Nyimbo za ziada === # "Sway" <small>(Pablo Beltran Ruiz, [[Norman Gimbel|Gimbel]]) – 3:12</small> # "Flirt" <small>(Scherzinger, DioGuardi, [[Greg Wells|Wells]]) – 2:56</small> # "We Went as Far as We Felt Like Going" <small>([[Bob Crewe]], [[Kenny Nolan]]) - 3:50</small> <small>(Japan only)</small> === Nyimbo za ziada(Wal-Mart) === # "Buttons" <small>(featuring [[Snoop Dogg]])</small> – 3:52 # "Wait a Minute" <small>([[ringtone]])</small> – 0:30 # "He Always Answers" <small>(ringback tone)</small> – 0:40 # "Vibrate off the Table" <small>(ringtone)</small> – 0:39 # "Freaky Fun Message" <small>([[voicemail]] ID)</small> – 0:19 # "Buttons" '''<small>(live video)</small> # PCD [[cell phone]] [[computer wallpaper|wallpapers]] === Nyimbo walizoimba kwenye Tour === {{Infobox album | Jina = PCD: Tour Edition | Cover = | Aina = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[dance-pop]], [[electropop]] | Type = studio | Msanii = [[The Pussycat Dolls]] | Imetolewa = 9 Oktoba 2006 | Length = | Studio = [[Interscope]] | Albamu iliyopita = ''PCD'' <br />(2005) | Albamu ya sasa = ''PCD: Tour Edition'' <br />(2005) | Albamu ijayo = ''[[Doll Domination]]'' <br />(2008) | Misc = }} # "Sway" – 3:12 # "Flirt" – 2:56 # "Stickwitu" (Avant Mix) <small>(featuring [[Avant]])</small> – 3:18 # "Buttons" (Final Edit Version) <small>(featuring [[Snoop Dogg]])</small> – 3:52 # "Don't Cha" (More Booty) <small>(featuring [[Busta Rhymes]])</small> – 4:48 # "Hot Stuff (I Want You Back)" (Remix) – 4:36 # "He Always Answers" (Ringback Tone) – 0:40 # "Vibrate off the Table" (Ringtone) – 0:39 # "Freaky Fun Message" (Voicemail ID) – 0:19 # "PCD" (Text Alert) – 0:06 == Uzalishaji == * Photography: James White * Package design: Julian Peploe * Publicist: Dave Tomberlin * Mastered: [[Brian Gardner]] * Artist development: [[Michelle Thomas]] * Executive Producer: [[Ron Fair]], [[Jimmy Iovine]] * Co-Executive Producer: [[Robin Antin]] * Management: Jeff Haddad * Management Coordinator: Jeff Norskog * Lead and Background Vocals: [[Nicole Scherzinger]] * Additional Lead and Background Vocals: [[Carmit Bachar]], [[Melody Thornton]], Kaya Jones (on "[[Sway]]" and "We Went as Far as We Felt Like Going") * Additional Background Vocals: [[Jessica Sutta]], [[Ashley Roberts]], [[Kimberly Wyatt]] == Chati == {| class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati !align="left"|Namba !align="left"|Mauzo !align="left"|Thibitisho |- |align="left"|Australia Albums Chart |align="center"|8 |align="center"|210,000 |align="left"|3x Platinum<ref>[http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupagesARIACharts-Accreditations-2007Albums.htm Australian Database]</ref> |- |align="left"|Austria Albums Chart |align="center"|8 |align="center"|210,000 |align="left"|Gold<ref>[http://www.ifpi.at/?section=goldplatin Austrian Database]</ref> |- |align="left"|Belgium Albums Chart |align="center"|6 |align="center"|25,000 |align="left"|Gold |- |align="left"|Brazil Albums Chart |align="center"|1 |align="center"|110,000 |align="left"|2x Plantium |- |align="left"|[[CRIA|Canadian Albums Chart]] |align="center"|2 |align="center"|200,000 |align="left"|2x Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.cria.ca/gold/0207_g.php |title=CRIA Gold & Platinum certifications for Februari 2007 |accessdate=2010-01-20 |archivedate=2012-02-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208025415/http://www.cria.ca/gold/0207_g.php }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Czech Republic Album Chart |align="center"|9 |align="center"|— |align="left"|— |- |align="left"|Danish Album Charts |align="center"|13 |align="center"|— |align="left"|— |- |align="left"|Finnish Album Chart |align="center"|29 |align="center"|— |align="left"|— |- |align="left"|France Album Chart |align="center"|23 |align="center"|160.300+ |align="left"|2xGold<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.disqueenfrance.com/certifications/album.asp?suite=10&forme_certif=8&annee=24 |title=French Database |accessdate=2010-01-20 |archivedate=2008-12-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212093421/http://www.disqueenfrance.com/certifications/album.asp?suite=10&forme_certif=8&annee=24 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|German Albums Chart |align="center"|6 |align="center"|200,000 |align="left"|Platinum<ref>[http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/?action=1&strSuche=PCD German Database]</ref> |- |align="left"|Hungary Albums Chart |align="center"|1 |align="center"|6,000 |align="left"|Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.mahasz.hu/m/?menu=arany_es_platinalemezek&menu2=adatbazis&ev=2006 |title=Hungarian Database |accessdate=2010-01-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224063634/http://www.mahasz.hu/m/?menu=arany_es_platinalemezek&menu2=adatbazis&ev=2006 |archivedate=2008-12-24 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Irish Albums Chart |align="center"|1 |align="center"|40,000 |align="left"|2x Platinum<ref>[http://www.irishcharts.ie/awards/multi_platinum06.htm Irish Database]</ref> |- |align="left"|Korea Albums Chart |align="center"|13 |align="center"|7,000 |align="left"|Gold<ref>http://fanofmusic.free.fr/Site-Charts-KoreaDatabaseUK.htm</ref> |- |align="left"|Mexican International Albums Chart<ref>[http://www.mixup.com.mx/mixup/subdept_portada.asp?subdept_id=100 "Top 10 Albums - International Album Chart"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mixup.com.mx/mixup/subdept_portada.asp?subdept_id=100 |date=20070323003141 }}. 24 Aprili 2006. Retrieved 24 Aprili 2006.</ref> |align="center"|5 |align="center"|— |align="left"|—<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.amprofon.com.mx/certificaciones.php?item=menuCert&contenido=certificados |title=Mexican Database |accessdate=2010-01-20 |archivedate=2010-04-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412161601/http://www.amprofon.com.mx/certificaciones.php?item=menuCert&contenido=certificados }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Netherlands Album Chart |align="center"|5 |align="center"|35,000+ |align="left"|Gold<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60461#resultaat |title=Dutch Database |accessdate=2010-01-20 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5mlJ5UrTg?url=http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60461#resultaat |archivedate=2010-01-13 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|New Zealand Albums Chart |align="center"|1 |align="center"|30,000 |align="left"|2x Platinum |- |align="left"|Norwegian Album Chart |align="center"|10 |align="center"|— |align="left"|— |- |align="left"|Portugal Albums Chart |align="center"|12 |align="center"|10,000 |align="left"|Gold{{Citation needed|date=Mei 2008}} |- |align="left"|Russian Albums Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://2m-online.ru/gold_n_platinum/detail.php?COUNTRY=5075 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-01-20 |archivedate=2009-01-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124001149/http://2m-online.ru/gold_n_platinum/detail.php?COUNTRY=5075 }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |align="center"|100,000 |align="left"|5x Platinum |- |align="left"|Spanish Album Chart |align="center"|27 |align="center"|60.000+ |align="left"|Gold |- |align="left"|[[Sverigetopplistan|Swedish Albums Chart]] |align="center"|21 |align="center"|— |align="left"|— |- |align="left"|Swiss Album Chart |align="center"|9 |align="center"|15,000+ |align="left"|Gold<ref>[http://www.swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=2006]</ref> |- |align="left"|UK Top 75 Albums Chart |align="center"|7 |align="center"|1,246,769 |align="left"|3x Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=32634 |title=The BPI |accessdate=2010-01-20 |archivedate=2008-03-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320061935/http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=32634 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard 200]] Albums Chart |align="center"|5 |align="center"|2,900,000+<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003825438 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2012-07-19 |archive-date=2012-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023205513/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003825438 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="left"|3x Platinum |- |align="left"|U.S. Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums Chart |align="center"|7 |align="center"|— |align="left"|— |- |} <sup>1</sup> Last certified: 27 Januari 2006 == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Albamu za 2005]] k65axzzhk6s9uw7w6dnb4z3zmjufpro 1574270 1574217 2026-06-17T22:56:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1574270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | Jina = PCD | Type = studio | Msanii = [[Pussycat Dolls]] | Cover = PCDalbum.jpg | Maelezo = Kasha ya albamu ya PCD | Imetolewa = 12 Septemba 2005 | Imerekodiwa = 2004-2005 | Aina = [[pop music|Pop]], [[dance-pop]], [[contemporary R&B|R&B]] | Urefu = | Lugha = [[Kiingereza]], [[Kihispania]] | Studio = [[A&M Records|A&M]] | Mtayarishaji = [[Timbaland]], [[Rich Harrison]], [[Cee-Lo|Cee-Lo Green]], [[Polow da Don]], [[Sean Garrett]], [[will.i.am]], [[Ron Fair]], Young Smoke, [[Siobhan Fahey]], [[Kwamé (rapper)|Kwamé]], [[Robin Antin]] | Review = =*[[Allmusic]] {{Rating|3|5}} [http://www.allmusic.com/album/pcd-r790977 link] * [[Robert Christgau]] {{Rating-Christgau|hm1}} [http://robertchristgau.com/get_artist.php?id=5647&name=The+Pussycat+Dolls link] | Tarehe = | Albamu iliyopita = | Albamu ya sasa = '''''PCD'''''<br />(2005) | Albamu ijayo = ''[[Doll Domination]]'' <br />(2008) | Misc = {{Singles |Jina = PCD |Type = Studio |Single 1 = [[Don't Cha]] |Single 1 tarehe = Juni 2005 |Single 2 = [[Stickwitu]] |Single 2 tarehe = Septemba 2005 |Single 3 = [[Beep (song)|Beep]] |Single 3 tarehe = Januari 2006 |Single 4 = [[Buttons (song)|Buttons]] |Single 4 tarehe = Mei 2006 |Single 5 = [[I Don't Need a Man]] |Single 5 tarehe = Septemba 2006 |Single 6 = [[Wait a Minute (Pussycat Dolls song)|Wait a Minute]] |SIngle 6 tarehe = Novemba 2006 }}}} '''''PCD''''' ni albamu ya kwanza ya kundi la wanamuziki: Pussycat Dolls, iliyotolewa mnamo 13 Septemba 2005 nchini [[Marekani]]. Albamu hii ilipata mafanikio kwa kuuza zaidi ya nakala milioni saba kote duniani.<ref>[http://www.torontosun.com/Entertainment/Music/2007/03/26/3836178-sun.html http://www.torontosun.com/Entertainment/Music/2007/03/26/3836178-sun.html] {{Wayback|url=http://www.torontosun.com/Entertainment/Music/2007/03/26/3836178-sun.html |date=20080619104635 }} ''Torontosun.com'' Retrieved on 05-30-07</ref> Albamu hii ilipata mauzo ya nakala 536,340 nchini [[Uingereza]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.togerland.com/index.php?showtopic=28390 |title=Top 50 Albums in the UK (2006) |accessdate=2010-01-20 |archivedate=2011-07-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717065611/http://www.togerland.com/index.php?showtopic=28390 }}</ref> mnamo 2006 na mauzo ya nakala 574,000 mnamo 2005, kwa jumla mauzo ya milioni 1.1 nchunu [[Uingereza]]. == Nyimbo zake == # "[[Don't Cha]]" (featuring [[Busta Rhymes]]) <small>([[Cee-Lo|Callaway]], [[Sir Mix-a-Lot|Ray]], [[Busta Rhymes|Smith]]) – 4:32</small> # "[[Beep (song)|Beep]]" (featuring [[will.i.am]]) <small>([[will.i.am|Adams]], [[Kara DioGuardi|DioGuardi]], [[Jeff Lynne|Lynne]]) – 3:48</small> # "[[Wait a Minute (The Pussycat Dolls song)|Wait a Minute]]" (featuring [[Timbaland]]) <small>([[Timbaland|Mosley]], [[Keri Hilson|Hilson]]) – 3:41</small> # "[[Stickwitu]]" <small>(Frannie Golde, Livingston, Robert D. Palmer) – 3:26</small> # "[[Buttons (song)|Buttons]]" <small>([[Sean Garrett|Garrett]], Jones, Perry, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Scherzinger]]) – 3:45</small> # "[[I Don't Need a Man]]" <small>([[VV Brown|Brown]], [[Rich Harrison|Harrison]], Scherzinger, DioGuardi) – 3:39</small> # "Hot Stuff (I Want You Back)" <small>(Peter Bellotte, [[Harold Faltermeyer|Faltermeyer]], Keith Forsey, [[Siobhan Fahey|Fahey]]) – 3:46</small> # "How Many Times, How Many Lies" <small>([[Diane Warren|Warren]]) – 3:55</small> # "Bite the Dust" <small>(Hilson, [[Kwamé (rapper)|Kwamé]]) – 3:32</small> # "Right Now" <small>([[Herbie Mann|Mann]], [[Carl Sigman|Sigman]]) – 2:27</small> # "Tainted Love"/"Where Did Our Love Go" <small>([[Ed Cobb|Cobb]]/[[Holland-Dozier-Holland]]) – 3:25</small> # "Feelin' Good" <small>([[Anthony Newley|Newley]], [[Leslie Bricusse|Bricusse]]) – 4:19</small> === Nyimbo za ziada === # "Sway" <small>(Pablo Beltran Ruiz, [[Norman Gimbel|Gimbel]]) – 3:12</small> # "Flirt" <small>(Scherzinger, DioGuardi, [[Greg Wells|Wells]]) – 2:56</small> # "We Went as Far as We Felt Like Going" <small>([[Bob Crewe]], [[Kenny Nolan]]) - 3:50</small> <small>(Japan only)</small> === Nyimbo za ziada(Wal-Mart) === # "Buttons" <small>(featuring [[Snoop Dogg]])</small> – 3:52 # "Wait a Minute" <small>([[ringtone]])</small> – 0:30 # "He Always Answers" <small>(ringback tone)</small> – 0:40 # "Vibrate off the Table" <small>(ringtone)</small> – 0:39 # "Freaky Fun Message" <small>([[voicemail]] ID)</small> – 0:19 # "Buttons" '''<small>(live video)</small> # PCD [[cell phone]] [[computer wallpaper|wallpapers]] === Nyimbo walizoimba kwenye Tour === {{Infobox album | Jina = PCD: Tour Edition | Cover = | Aina = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[dance-pop]], [[electropop]] | Type = studio | Msanii = [[The Pussycat Dolls]] | Imetolewa = 9 Oktoba 2006 | Length = | Studio = [[Interscope]] | Albamu iliyopita = ''PCD'' <br />(2005) | Albamu ya sasa = ''PCD: Tour Edition'' <br />(2005) | Albamu ijayo = ''[[Doll Domination]]'' <br />(2008) | Misc = }} # "Sway" – 3:12 # "Flirt" – 2:56 # "Stickwitu" (Avant Mix) <small>(featuring [[Avant]])</small> – 3:18 # "Buttons" (Final Edit Version) <small>(featuring [[Snoop Dogg]])</small> – 3:52 # "Don't Cha" (More Booty) <small>(featuring [[Busta Rhymes]])</small> – 4:48 # "Hot Stuff (I Want You Back)" (Remix) – 4:36 # "He Always Answers" (Ringback Tone) – 0:40 # "Vibrate off the Table" (Ringtone) – 0:39 # "Freaky Fun Message" (Voicemail ID) – 0:19 # "PCD" (Text Alert) – 0:06 == Uzalishaji == * Photography: James White * Package design: Julian Peploe * Publicist: Dave Tomberlin * Mastered: [[Brian Gardner]] * Artist development: [[Michelle Thomas]] * Executive Producer: [[Ron Fair]], [[Jimmy Iovine]] * Co-Executive Producer: [[Robin Antin]] * Management: Jeff Haddad * Management Coordinator: Jeff Norskog * Lead and Background Vocals: [[Nicole Scherzinger]] * Additional Lead and Background Vocals: [[Carmit Bachar]], [[Melody Thornton]], Kaya Jones (on "[[Sway]]" and "We Went as Far as We Felt Like Going") * Additional Background Vocals: [[Jessica Sutta]], [[Ashley Roberts]], [[Kimberly Wyatt]] == Chati == {| class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati !align="left"|Namba !align="left"|Mauzo !align="left"|Thibitisho |- |align="left"|Australia Albums Chart |align="center"|8 |align="center"|210,000 |align="left"|3x Platinum<ref>[http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupagesARIACharts-Accreditations-2007Albums.htm Australian Database]</ref> |- |align="left"|Austria Albums Chart |align="center"|8 |align="center"|210,000 |align="left"|Gold<ref>[http://www.ifpi.at/?section=goldplatin Austrian Database]</ref> |- |align="left"|Belgium Albums Chart |align="center"|6 |align="center"|25,000 |align="left"|Gold |- |align="left"|Brazil Albums Chart |align="center"|1 |align="center"|110,000 |align="left"|2x Plantium |- |align="left"|[[CRIA|Canadian Albums Chart]] |align="center"|2 |align="center"|200,000 |align="left"|2x Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.cria.ca/gold/0207_g.php |title=CRIA Gold & Platinum certifications for Februari 2007 |accessdate=2010-01-20 |archivedate=2012-02-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208025415/http://www.cria.ca/gold/0207_g.php }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Czech Republic Album Chart |align="center"|9 |align="center"|— |align="left"|— |- |align="left"|Danish Album Charts |align="center"|13 |align="center"|— |align="left"|— |- |align="left"|Finnish Album Chart |align="center"|29 |align="center"|— |align="left"|— |- |align="left"|France Album Chart |align="center"|23 |align="center"|160.300+ |align="left"|2xGold<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.disqueenfrance.com/certifications/album.asp?suite=10&forme_certif=8&annee=24 |title=French Database |accessdate=2010-01-20 |archivedate=2008-12-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212093421/http://www.disqueenfrance.com/certifications/album.asp?suite=10&forme_certif=8&annee=24 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|German Albums Chart |align="center"|6 |align="center"|200,000 |align="left"|Platinum<ref>[http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/?action=1&strSuche=PCD German Database]</ref> |- |align="left"|Hungary Albums Chart |align="center"|1 |align="center"|6,000 |align="left"|Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.mahasz.hu/m/?menu=arany_es_platinalemezek&menu2=adatbazis&ev=2006 |title=Hungarian Database |accessdate=2010-01-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224063634/http://www.mahasz.hu/m/?menu=arany_es_platinalemezek&menu2=adatbazis&ev=2006 |archivedate=2008-12-24 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Irish Albums Chart |align="center"|1 |align="center"|40,000 |align="left"|2x Platinum<ref>[http://www.irishcharts.ie/awards/multi_platinum06.htm Irish Database]</ref> |- |align="left"|Korea Albums Chart |align="center"|13 |align="center"|7,000 |align="left"|Gold<ref>http://fanofmusic.free.fr/Site-Charts-KoreaDatabaseUK.htm</ref> |- |align="left"|Mexican International Albums Chart<ref>[http://www.mixup.com.mx/mixup/subdept_portada.asp?subdept_id=100 "Top 10 Albums - International Album Chart"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mixup.com.mx/mixup/subdept_portada.asp?subdept_id=100 |date=20070323003141 }}. 24 Aprili 2006. Retrieved 24 Aprili 2006.</ref> |align="center"|5 |align="center"|— |align="left"|—<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.amprofon.com.mx/certificaciones.php?item=menuCert&contenido=certificados |title=Mexican Database |accessdate=2010-01-20 |archivedate=2010-04-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412161601/http://www.amprofon.com.mx/certificaciones.php?item=menuCert&contenido=certificados }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Netherlands Album Chart |align="center"|5 |align="center"|35,000+ |align="left"|Gold<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60461#resultaat |title=Dutch Database |accessdate=2010-01-20 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5mlJ5UrTg?url=http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60461#resultaat |archivedate=2010-01-13 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|New Zealand Albums Chart |align="center"|1 |align="center"|30,000 |align="left"|2x Platinum |- |align="left"|Norwegian Album Chart |align="center"|10 |align="center"|— |align="left"|— |- |align="left"|Portugal Albums Chart |align="center"|12 |align="center"|10,000 |align="left"|Gold{{Citation needed|date=Mei 2008}} |- |align="left"|Russian Albums Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://2m-online.ru/gold_n_platinum/detail.php?COUNTRY=5075 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-01-20 |archivedate=2009-01-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124001149/http://2m-online.ru/gold_n_platinum/detail.php?COUNTRY=5075 }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |align="center"|100,000 |align="left"|5x Platinum |- |align="left"|Spanish Album Chart |align="center"|27 |align="center"|60.000+ |align="left"|Gold |- |align="left"|[[Sverigetopplistan|Swedish Albums Chart]] |align="center"|21 |align="center"|— |align="left"|— |- |align="left"|Swiss Album Chart |align="center"|9 |align="center"|15,000+ |align="left"|Gold<ref>[http://www.swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=2006]</ref> |- |align="left"|UK Top 75 Albums Chart |align="center"|7 |align="center"|1,246,769 |align="left"|3x Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=32634 |title=The BPI |accessdate=2010-01-20 |archivedate=2008-03-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320061935/http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=32634 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard 200]] Albums Chart |align="center"|5 |align="center"|2,900,000+<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003825438 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2012-07-19 |archive-date=2012-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023205513/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003825438 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="left"|3x Platinum |- |align="left"|U.S. Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums Chart |align="center"|7 |align="center"|— |align="left"|— |- |} <sup>1</sup> Last certified: 27 Januari 2006 == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Albamu za 2005]] ejohg5ik1xjnzjk1lfi60hcek63w6zu One Sweet Day 0 35904 1574172 1522935 2026-06-17T20:42:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single | Jina = One Sweet Day | Cover = Mariahcareysingle osd.jpg | Msanii = [[Mariah Carey]] featuring [[Boyz II Men]] | Albamu = [[Daydream]] | Imetolewa = 14 Novemba 1995 | Muundo = [[CD single]], [[cassette single]], [[Gramophone record|7" single]], [[12-inch single|12" single]] | Imerekodiwa = 1995 | Aina = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[R&B]], [[Tribute]] | Uefu = 4:41 | Studo = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | Mtunzi = Mariah Carey, [[Walter Afanasieff]], [[Wanya Morris]], [[Nathan Morris]], [[Shawn Stockman]], [[Michael McCary]] | Mtayarishaji = Walter Afanasieff, Mariah Carey | Certification = 2x Platinum <small>(U.S.)</small><br />Platinum <small>(Australia, New Zealand)</small><br />Gold <small>(Norway)</small> <br />Silver <small>(France, UK)</small> | Singe iliyopita = "Vibin'"<br />(1995) | Single ya sasa = "'''One Sweet Day'''"<br />(1995) | Single ijayo = "I Remember"<br />(1995) }} "'''One Sweet Day'''" ni wimbo uliorekodiwa na mwimbaji wa nchini [[Marekani]], [[Mariah Carey]], kwa kushirikiana na kundi la vijana wa [[Boys II Men]]. Wimb huu umeandikwa na Carey mwenyewe kwa kushirikiana na, [[Walter Afanasieff]] pamoja na kundi la Boyz II Men linalowajumuisha [[Wanya Morris]], [[Shawn Stockman]], [[Nathan Morris]], na [[Michael McCary]]. Wimbo huu ulitayarishwa na Carey mwenyewe kwa kushirikiana an Afanasieff kwa ajili ya albamu ya sita ya Carey iliyokwenda kwa jina la ''[[Daydream]]'', ambapo single hii ilitoka kama singe ya pili kutoka katika albamu hii na ilitoka mwaka 1995. Albamu hii ilishikilia rekodi ya kuwa single iliyowahi kukaa katika nafasi ya kwanza kwa kipindi kirefu zaidi katika chati ya nchini Marekani, ya [[Billboard Hot 100]] kwa kufanikiwa kukaa kwa takribani wiki kumi na sita. Na pia wimbo huu ni moja kati ya nyimbo zilizowahi kufanya vizuri zaidi kwa kutoka kwa Carey na kundi la Boyz II Men. Wimbo huu ulifanikiwa kufika katika nafasi ya 29, katika chati ya ''[[Billboard]]'' inayojumuisha nyimbo 100 bora.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/specials/hot100/charts/top100-titles-30.shtml |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2012-05-25 |archive-date=2009-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512033253/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/specials/hot100/charts/top100-titles-30.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kuhusu rekodi hii == Kutungwa kwa wimbo wa "One Sweet Day" kuliamasishwa na kifo cha mtayarishaji wa nyimbo wa [[C+C Music Factory]] na mwanachama wa kundi hilo [[David Cole]], na pia mpiga gitaa wa Carey wa muda mrefu zaidi aliyeitwa " [[Def Leppard]] na [[Steve Clark]], mwaka 1991. Wakati wakijaribu kutafuta msanii kwa ajili ya kushirikiana nae katika kutengeneza wimbo huu, kundi la Boyz II Men, ndipo Carey alipogundua kuwa, kundi hili lilikuwa limepeleka maombi katika mkurugenzi wake ambaye aliuwawa wakati walipokuwa katika ziara.Ndipo walipoamua kujumuisha wimbo wa Boys II Men pamoja na ule wa Carey na kutengenneza wimbo mmoja ulioitwa ''One Sweet Day'' ==Mapokezi== ===Mapokezi ya kibiashara=== Single hii, imekuwa single ya kumi kutoka kwa Carey kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya [[Billboard]] na kwa upande wa kundi la Boyz II Men, ulikuwa ni wimbo wa nne, kuwahi kukaa katika chati hii kwa kipindi cha takribani majuma kumi na sita yaani kuanzia katahe 26 Novemba 1995 hadi tarehe 16 Machi 199. Lakini hapo awali kundi la Boyz II Men liliwahi kushika rekodi hii, kwa wimbo wa ''[[End of the Road]]'' mwa mwaka 1992 kukaa katika chati hiyo kwa majuma kumi na tatu , wakati wimbo wa ''[[I'll Make Love toYou]]'' wa mwaka 1994 kukaa kwa kiasi cha mjuma kumi na nne. Halikadhalika wimbo wa ''[[The Boy Is Mine]]'' ulioimbwa na [[Brandy]] pamoja na [[Monica]] , ambao baadae ulikuja kuimbwa na [[Whitney Houston]] wa [[I Will Always Love You]] ni miongoni mwa nyimbo zilizowahi kufanya vizuri katika chati hii. Kwa upande wa Carey, wimbo wa ''[[We Belong Together]]'' uliotoka mwaka 2005, na wimbo kutoka katika kundi la [[Black Eyed Peas]] wa mwaka 2009 ulioitwa ''[[I Got Feeling]]'' pia ni miongoni mwa nyimbo ziizowahi kukaa katika chati ya muziki kwa kiasi cha wiki kumi na nne. Single ya ''One Sweet Day'' ilichukua nafasi ya wimbo wa ''[[Exhale]]''kutoka kwa Witney Houston, lakini badae wimbo huu ulitolewa na wimbo ''[[Because You Loved Me]]'' kutoka kwa [[Celine Dion]] Single hii iliingia moja kwa moja hadi katika nafasi ya kwanza, na hivyo kummfanya Carey kuwa mwananuziki wa kwanza kufikisha nyimbo zaidi ya moja moja kwa moja katika nafasi ya kwanza mfululizo. == Video ya muziki == Video ya single hii iliongozwa na [[Larry Jordan]], imetengenezwa na picha za Carey kiwa na Boyz II Men wakiwa wananaadika na kurekodi wimbo huu katika studio. Ilikuwa vigumu kwa waimbaji hawa kupanga muda kwa ajili ya kutengeneza wimbo huu. == Orodha ya nyimbo na orodha == '''Worldwide CD single''' # "One Sweet Day" (Album Version) # "One Sweet Day" (Live Version) '''Japanese CD maxi-single''' # "One Sweet Day" (Album Version) # "One Sweet Day" (Live Version) # "[[Open Arms (Journey song)#Mariah Carey version|Open Arms]]" '''UK CD maxi-single #1''' # "One Sweet Day" (Album Version) # "One Sweet Day" (Sweet A Cappella) # "One Sweet Day" (A Cappella) # "One Sweet Day" (Chucky's Remix) # "One Sweet Day" (Live Version) '''UK CD maxi-single #2''' # "One Sweet Day" (Album Version) # "[[Fantasy (Mariah Carey song)|Fantasy]]" (Def Drums Mix) # "[[Joy to the World]]" (Celebration Mix) # "Joy to the World" (Club Mix) '''U.S. CD maxi-single''' # "One Sweet Day" (Album Version) # "One Sweet Day" (Sweet A Cappella) # "One Sweet Day" (A Cappella) # "One Sweet Day" (Chucky's Remix) # "One Sweet Day" (Live Version) # "[[Fantasy (Mariah Carey song)|Fantasy]]" (Def Drums Mix) == Chati == {|class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati (1995) !align="center"|Ilipata<br>nafasi |- |align="left"|Australian Singles Chart<ref>[http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?key=3138&cat=s Australian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|Austrian Singles Chart<ref>[http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s Austrian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|25 |- |align="left"|Belgian Flandres Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s Belgian Flanders Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|8 |- |align="left"|Belgian Wallonia Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/fr/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s Belgian Wallonia Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|8 |- |align="left"|Canadian Singles Chart<ref>[http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/SINGLES.html Canadian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|Dutch Singles Chart<ref>[http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s Dutch Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|European Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=European+Hot+100+Singles |title=European Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archivedate=2009-05-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525060721/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=European+Hot+100+Singles }}</ref> |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|Finnish Singles Chart<ref>[http://finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s Finnish Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|16 |- |align="left"|French Singles Chart<ref>[http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s French Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|5 |- |align="left"|German Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |title=German Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archive-date=2010-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821222725/http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|25 |- |align="left"|Irish Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement Irish Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|Japanese Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/js/w/ Japanese Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|87 |- |align="left"|New Zealand Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s |title=New Zealand Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412011756/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s |archivedate=2012-04-12 |https://web.archive.org/web/20120412011756/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s |=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412011756/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart<ref>[http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s Norwegian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>[http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s Swedish Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|7 |- |align="left"|Swiss Singles Chart<ref>[http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s Swiss Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|12 |- |align="left"|UK Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.everyhit.co.uk/ UK Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref name="Billboard">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=1110917 |title=Artist Chart History - Mariah Carey |accessdate=2008-04-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404032413/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=1110917 |archivedate=2008-04-04 }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|2 |} ===Mauzo=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- ! Msambazaji ! Mauzo ! Certification |- | [[Australian Recording Industry Association|Australia]] | 75,000+ | Platinum |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 200,000+ | Silver |- | [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand]] | 15,000+ | Platinum |- | [[Norway]] | 10,000+ | Gold |- | [[British Phonographic Industry|United Kingdom]] | 250,000+ | Silver |- | [[Recording Industry Association of America|United States]] | 2,000,000+ | 2x Platinum |- {{col-end}} == Tazama pia == * [[List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1995 (U.S.)]] * [[List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1996 (U.S.)]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo|2}} {{Mariah Carey}} {{Mariah Carey singles}} <br /> {{Boyz II Men}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 1995]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Mariah Carey]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Boyz II Men]] qwrhnqld5ws96maskq2jgjqhg3p2m2o 1574267 1574172 2026-06-17T22:53:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1574267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single | Jina = One Sweet Day | Cover = Mariahcareysingle osd.jpg | Msanii = [[Mariah Carey]] featuring [[Boyz II Men]] | Albamu = [[Daydream]] | Imetolewa = 14 Novemba 1995 | Muundo = [[CD single]], [[cassette single]], [[Gramophone record|7" single]], [[12-inch single|12" single]] | Imerekodiwa = 1995 | Aina = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[R&B]], [[Tribute]] | Uefu = 4:41 | Studo = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | Mtunzi = Mariah Carey, [[Walter Afanasieff]], [[Wanya Morris]], [[Nathan Morris]], [[Shawn Stockman]], [[Michael McCary]] | Mtayarishaji = Walter Afanasieff, Mariah Carey | Certification = 2x Platinum <small>(U.S.)</small><br />Platinum <small>(Australia, New Zealand)</small><br />Gold <small>(Norway)</small> <br />Silver <small>(France, UK)</small> | Singe iliyopita = "Vibin'"<br />(1995) | Single ya sasa = "'''One Sweet Day'''"<br />(1995) | Single ijayo = "I Remember"<br />(1995) }} "'''One Sweet Day'''" ni wimbo uliorekodiwa na mwimbaji wa nchini [[Marekani]], [[Mariah Carey]], kwa kushirikiana na kundi la vijana wa [[Boys II Men]]. Wimb huu umeandikwa na Carey mwenyewe kwa kushirikiana na, [[Walter Afanasieff]] pamoja na kundi la Boyz II Men linalowajumuisha [[Wanya Morris]], [[Shawn Stockman]], [[Nathan Morris]], na [[Michael McCary]]. Wimbo huu ulitayarishwa na Carey mwenyewe kwa kushirikiana an Afanasieff kwa ajili ya albamu ya sita ya Carey iliyokwenda kwa jina la ''[[Daydream]]'', ambapo single hii ilitoka kama singe ya pili kutoka katika albamu hii na ilitoka mwaka 1995. Albamu hii ilishikilia rekodi ya kuwa single iliyowahi kukaa katika nafasi ya kwanza kwa kipindi kirefu zaidi katika chati ya nchini Marekani, ya [[Billboard Hot 100]] kwa kufanikiwa kukaa kwa takribani wiki kumi na sita. Na pia wimbo huu ni moja kati ya nyimbo zilizowahi kufanya vizuri zaidi kwa kutoka kwa Carey na kundi la Boyz II Men. Wimbo huu ulifanikiwa kufika katika nafasi ya 29, katika chati ya ''[[Billboard]]'' inayojumuisha nyimbo 100 bora.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/specials/hot100/charts/top100-titles-30.shtml |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2012-05-25 |archive-date=2009-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512033253/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/specials/hot100/charts/top100-titles-30.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kuhusu rekodi hii == Kutungwa kwa wimbo wa "One Sweet Day" kuliamasishwa na kifo cha mtayarishaji wa nyimbo wa [[C+C Music Factory]] na mwanachama wa kundi hilo [[David Cole]], na pia mpiga gitaa wa Carey wa muda mrefu zaidi aliyeitwa " [[Def Leppard]] na [[Steve Clark]], mwaka 1991. Wakati wakijaribu kutafuta msanii kwa ajili ya kushirikiana nae katika kutengeneza wimbo huu, kundi la Boyz II Men, ndipo Carey alipogundua kuwa, kundi hili lilikuwa limepeleka maombi katika mkurugenzi wake ambaye aliuwawa wakati walipokuwa katika ziara.Ndipo walipoamua kujumuisha wimbo wa Boys II Men pamoja na ule wa Carey na kutengenneza wimbo mmoja ulioitwa ''One Sweet Day'' ==Mapokezi== ===Mapokezi ya kibiashara=== Single hii, imekuwa single ya kumi kutoka kwa Carey kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya [[Billboard]] na kwa upande wa kundi la Boyz II Men, ulikuwa ni wimbo wa nne, kuwahi kukaa katika chati hii kwa kipindi cha takribani majuma kumi na sita yaani kuanzia katahe 26 Novemba 1995 hadi tarehe 16 Machi 199. Lakini hapo awali kundi la Boyz II Men liliwahi kushika rekodi hii, kwa wimbo wa ''[[End of the Road]]'' mwa mwaka 1992 kukaa katika chati hiyo kwa majuma kumi na tatu , wakati wimbo wa ''[[I'll Make Love toYou]]'' wa mwaka 1994 kukaa kwa kiasi cha mjuma kumi na nne. Halikadhalika wimbo wa ''[[The Boy Is Mine]]'' ulioimbwa na [[Brandy]] pamoja na [[Monica]] , ambao baadae ulikuja kuimbwa na [[Whitney Houston]] wa [[I Will Always Love You]] ni miongoni mwa nyimbo zilizowahi kufanya vizuri katika chati hii. Kwa upande wa Carey, wimbo wa ''[[We Belong Together]]'' uliotoka mwaka 2005, na wimbo kutoka katika kundi la [[Black Eyed Peas]] wa mwaka 2009 ulioitwa ''[[I Got Feeling]]'' pia ni miongoni mwa nyimbo ziizowahi kukaa katika chati ya muziki kwa kiasi cha wiki kumi na nne. Single ya ''One Sweet Day'' ilichukua nafasi ya wimbo wa ''[[Exhale]]''kutoka kwa Witney Houston, lakini badae wimbo huu ulitolewa na wimbo ''[[Because You Loved Me]]'' kutoka kwa [[Celine Dion]] Single hii iliingia moja kwa moja hadi katika nafasi ya kwanza, na hivyo kummfanya Carey kuwa mwananuziki wa kwanza kufikisha nyimbo zaidi ya moja moja kwa moja katika nafasi ya kwanza mfululizo. == Video ya muziki == Video ya single hii iliongozwa na [[Larry Jordan]], imetengenezwa na picha za Carey kiwa na Boyz II Men wakiwa wananaadika na kurekodi wimbo huu katika studio. Ilikuwa vigumu kwa waimbaji hawa kupanga muda kwa ajili ya kutengeneza wimbo huu. == Orodha ya nyimbo na orodha == '''Worldwide CD single''' # "One Sweet Day" (Album Version) # "One Sweet Day" (Live Version) '''Japanese CD maxi-single''' # "One Sweet Day" (Album Version) # "One Sweet Day" (Live Version) # "[[Open Arms (Journey song)#Mariah Carey version|Open Arms]]" '''UK CD maxi-single #1''' # "One Sweet Day" (Album Version) # "One Sweet Day" (Sweet A Cappella) # "One Sweet Day" (A Cappella) # "One Sweet Day" (Chucky's Remix) # "One Sweet Day" (Live Version) '''UK CD maxi-single #2''' # "One Sweet Day" (Album Version) # "[[Fantasy (Mariah Carey song)|Fantasy]]" (Def Drums Mix) # "[[Joy to the World]]" (Celebration Mix) # "Joy to the World" (Club Mix) '''U.S. CD maxi-single''' # "One Sweet Day" (Album Version) # "One Sweet Day" (Sweet A Cappella) # "One Sweet Day" (A Cappella) # "One Sweet Day" (Chucky's Remix) # "One Sweet Day" (Live Version) # "[[Fantasy (Mariah Carey song)|Fantasy]]" (Def Drums Mix) == Chati == {|class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati (1995) !align="center"|Ilipata<br>nafasi |- |align="left"|Australian Singles Chart<ref>[http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?key=3138&cat=s Australian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|Austrian Singles Chart<ref>[http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s Austrian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|25 |- |align="left"|Belgian Flandres Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s Belgian Flanders Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|8 |- |align="left"|Belgian Wallonia Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/fr/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s Belgian Wallonia Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|8 |- |align="left"|Canadian Singles Chart<ref>[http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/SINGLES.html Canadian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|Dutch Singles Chart<ref>[http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s Dutch Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|European Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=European+Hot+100+Singles |title=European Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archivedate=2009-05-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525060721/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=European+Hot+100+Singles }}</ref> |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|Finnish Singles Chart<ref>[http://finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s Finnish Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|16 |- |align="left"|French Singles Chart<ref>[http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s French Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|5 |- |align="left"|German Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |title=German Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archive-date=2010-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821222725/http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|25 |- |align="left"|Irish Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement Irish Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|Japanese Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/js/w/ Japanese Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|87 |- |align="left"|New Zealand Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s |title=New Zealand Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412011756/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s |archivedate=2012-04-12 |https://web.archive.org/web/20120412011756/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s |=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412011756/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart<ref>[http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s Norwegian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>[http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s Swedish Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|7 |- |align="left"|Swiss Singles Chart<ref>[http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s Swiss Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|12 |- |align="left"|UK Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.everyhit.co.uk/ UK Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref name="Billboard">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=1110917 |title=Artist Chart History - Mariah Carey |accessdate=2008-04-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404032413/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=1110917 |archivedate=2008-04-04 }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|2 |} ===Mauzo=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- ! Msambazaji ! Mauzo ! Certification |- | [[Australian Recording Industry Association|Australia]] | 75,000+ | Platinum |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 200,000+ | Silver |- | [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand]] | 15,000+ | Platinum |- | [[Norway]] | 10,000+ | Gold |- | [[British Phonographic Industry|United Kingdom]] | 250,000+ | Silver |- | [[Recording Industry Association of America|United States]] | 2,000,000+ | 2x Platinum |- {{col-end}} == Tazama pia == * [[List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1995 (U.S.)]] * [[List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1996 (U.S.)]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo|2}} {{Mariah Carey}} {{Mariah Carey singles}} <br /> {{Boyz II Men}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 1995]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Mariah Carey]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Boyz II Men]] 6w67o0jqc73l51gq2gbwoyi8pgtebh5 Sochi 0 36813 1574408 970632 2026-06-18T08:44:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Jiji la Sochi |picha_ya_satelite = View on Sotsji from black sea.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = Sochi |pushpin_map = |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa mji wa Sochi katika Urusi |settlement_type = Jiji |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Urusi]] |subdivision_type1 = [[:Jamii:Mikoa ya Urusi|Mkoa]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Krasnodar Krai]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 328809 |latd=40 |latm=53 |lats=16 |latNS=N |longd=74 |longm=2 |longs=53 |longEW=W |website = [http://www.sochiadm.ru/ www.sochiadm.ru] }} [[Picha:Sochi sea port.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Bandari ya Sochi]] '''Sochi''' ni mji wa [[Urusi]] katika [[mkoa]] wa [[Krasnodar Krai]]. Kwa mujibu wa sensa iliyofanyika mnamo mwaka wa 2002, mji una wakazi wapatao 330,000 wanaoishi katika mji huu. Mji upo m 30 kutoka [[juu ya usawa wa bahari]]. == Viungo vya nje == * {{ru}} [http://www.sochiadm.ru/ Tovuti rasmi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sochiadm.ru/ |date=20190617015948 }} {{Miji ya Urusi}} {{commons}} {{mbegu-jio-Urusi}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Urusi]] [[Jamii:Bahari Nyeusi]] [[Jamii:Krasnodar Krai]] 1huicpz25h9r9ecolgpibuirddu5vb4 Nokia 1110 0 37237 1574160 1207575 2026-06-17T19:04:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574160 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Nokia 1110 DG 01.jpg|right|thumb|Simu ya Nokia 1110]] Simu ya '''Nokia 1110''' na '''Nokia 1110i''' ni simu zilizotengenezwa na kampuni ya Nokia na 1110 ilitolewa mnamo 2005; na 1110i ikatolewa mnamo 2006. Simu hizi zilitengenezwa kwa makusudio ya kutumiwa na watu wenye maisha duni na ambao hawajawahi kutumia simu maishani mwao. Kulingana na kampuni ya Nokia, simu ya 1110i ina manufaa ya urahisi wa kuitumia na inayouzwa kwa bei rahisi.<ref name="nokia">{{cite web|url=http://www.nokia.com/A4136001?newsid=1057672 | title=Nokia Press Release (June 19, 2006)}}</ref><ref>[http://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/afx/2005/06/02/afx2072449.html Nokia launches two new handsets as part of its strategy for growth markets] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/afx/2005/06/02/afx2072449.html |date=20071209232004 }}, forbes.com, 2 Juni 2005. Accessed on line 4 Desemba 2007.</ref> Simu hizi mbili zinafanana na [[Nokia 1100]]. Simu hii ililengwa kwa nchi ambazo zinaendelea.<ref name="bweek">{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/blog/asiatech/archives/2007/01/india_blows_by.html |title=India Blows by China in Mobile Phone Market Growth |accessdate=2007-07-03 |last=Bremner |first=Brian |date=2007-01-30 |publisher=BusinessWeek (McGraw Hill)|quote= ''All this explains why global handset makers such as Nokia, Motorola and Samsung are shifting product development efforts and marketing strategies to emerging markets [..] Nokia, which has invested heavily in emerging markets, late last year slashed the price of its basic monochrome model —the Nokia 1110 [and] has three phones in the sub-$50 range.''}}</ref> == Yaliyomo == * Saa * Michezo * Betri yenye uwezo wa kumudu saa 5 * Mchezo mpya ya SNAKE XENZIA * Ufutaji rahisi wa ujumbe mfupi * Kasha lake huweza kubadilishwa kwa rangi tofauti. == Viungo vya nje == * [http://europe.nokia.com/link?cid=EDITORIAL_10167 Manufacturer link] {{Wayback|url=http://europe.nokia.com/link?cid=EDITORIAL_10167 |date=20090526012143 }} == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Simu za Nokia]] qnxbld7xfjh22mwjfqebvqavjstjy3b Ijumaa Kuu 0 37308 1574216 1514564 2026-06-17T21:54:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574216 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Agias Triados frescos cross.jpg|thumb|[[Msalaba]] wa Ijumaa Kuu kwenye [[Monasteri]] ya [[Utatu Mtakatifu]], [[Meteora]], [[Ugiriki]].]] {{Mwaka wa liturujia}} [[Picha:Crucifixion by Theophanes the Cretan.jpg|thumb|[[Picha takatifu]] ya [[karne ya 16]] ikionyesha tendo la kumsulubu [[Yesu]] kadiri ya [[Theofane wa Krete]] ([[Stavronikita Monastery]], [[Mlima Athos]], Ugiriki).]] [[Picha:Ecce Mass, Good Friday, Our Lady of Lourdes, Philadelphia.jpg|thumb|left|Siku ya Ijumaa Kuu [[Wakatoliki]] wanapokea [[ekaristi]] ingawa [[Misa]] haiadhimishwi (Our Lady of Lourdes, [[Philadelphia]], [[Marekani]]).]] [[Picha:GoodFr CroosWay Colloseo.jpg|thumb|[[Njia ya Msalaba]] ikiadhimishwa kwenye [[Koloseo]] mjini [[Roma]] siku ya Ijumaa Kuu. Mwishoni, [[Papa]] anatoa neno.]] [[Picha:Christ Carrying the Cross 1580.jpg|thumb|left|200 px|[[Mchoro]] wa [[El Greco]] ukimuonyesha ''Yesu akibeba msalaba'', [[1580]].]] [[Picha:Gold embroidery example.jpg|thumb|left|[[Epitafyo]] ya [[Waorthodoksi|Kiorthodoksi]] ikionyesha [[mwili]] wa Yesu ukizikwa.]] [[Picha:Epitaphios Peleka.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Epitafyo ikichukuliwa katika [[maandamano]].]] '''Ijumaa Kuu''' ni [[siku]] ya [[Ijumaa]] inayotangulia [[Pasaka ya Kikristo|Pasaka]] ambapo [[Wakristo]] wengi [[duniani]]<ref name="RipleyDana1883">{{cite book|last1=Ripley|first1=George|last2=Dana|first2=Charles Anderson|title=The American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary for General Knowledge|year=1883|publisher=D. Appleton and Company|language=en |page=101|quote=The Protestant Episcopal, Lutheran, and Reformed churches, as well as many Methodists, observe the day by fasting and special services.}}</ref><ref name="Pfatteicher1990"/><ref name="JacobsHaas1899"/> wanaadhimisha na kushiriki<ref name="Bulg">{{Rejea kitabu |last = Bulgakov |first = Sergei V. |year = 1900 |title = Handbook for Church Servers |edition = 2nd |page = 543 |chapter = Great Friday |place = Kharkov |publisher = Tr. Archpriest Eugene D. Tarris |url = http://transfig.orthodoxws.com/files/Bulgakov/0543.pdf |access-date = 6 April 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215940/http://transfig.orthodoxws.com/files/Bulgakov/0543.pdf |archive-date = 3 March 2016 |url-status = dead }}</ref> [[kifo]] cha [[Yesu Kristo]] [[Msalaba|msalabani]]<ref>{{cite web |title=What is the significance of Good Friday? |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/lifestyle/what-is-the-significance-of-good-friday |publisher=[[The Free Press Journal]] |access-date=3 April 2021 |language=English |date=2 April 2021 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003013129/https://www.freepressjournal.in/lifestyle/what-is-the-significance-of-good-friday |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Franklin M. Segler |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSRHbo_RfLoC&pg=PA226 |title=Christian Worship: Its Theology And Practice |author2=Randall Bradley |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8054-4067-6 |page=226 |access-date=13 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003004835/https://books.google.com/books?id=fSRHbo_RfLoC&pg=PA226 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gilman |first1=Daniel Coit |title=The New International Encyclopaedia |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_mTxOAAAAYAAJ |last2=Peck |first2=Harry Thurston |last3=Colby |first3=Frank Moore |date=1903 |publisher=Dodd, Mead and Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_mTxOAAAAYAAJ/page/77 77] |language=en |quote=Good Friday is also known as Black Friday in the Western Church, because on that day clerical vestments and altar draperies are black.}}</ref>. Katika [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali, kama [[Kanisa Katoliki]]<ref name="vatican.va">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html|title=Sacrosanctum concilium|access-date=17 April 2017|archive-date=21 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221180735/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html|url-status=live}}</ref> na [[Waorthodoksi|Makanisa ya Kiorthodoksi]]<ref name="Bulg"/>, lakini pia [[Waanglikana]]<ref name="Armentrout2000">{{cite book|last=Armentrout|first=Don S.|title=An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Church Publishing, Inc.|language=en|isbn=9780898697018|page=139}}</ref>, [[Wamethodisti]]<ref name="RipleyDana1883"/><ref name="BaysWacker2010">{{cite book|last1=Bays|first1=Daniel H|last2=Wacker|first2=Grant|title=The Foreign Missionary Enterprise at Home: Explorations in North American Cultural History|year=2010|publisher=University of Alabama Press|isbn=978-0817356408|page=277}}</ref> na [[Walutheri]] <ref name="Pfatteicher1990">{{cite book|last=Pfatteicher|first=Philip H.|title=Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship: Lutheran Liturgy in Its Ecumenical Context|url=https://archive.org/details/commentaryonluth0000pfat|year=1990|publisher=Augsburg Fortress Publishers|language=en |isbn=978-0800603922|pages=[https://archive.org/details/commentaryonluth0000pfat/page/222 223]–244, 260|quote=The Good Friday fast became the principal fast in the calendar, and even after the Reformation in Germany many Lutherans who observed no other fast scrupulously kept Good Friday with strict fasting.}}</ref><ref name="JacobsHaas1899">{{cite book|last1=Jacobs|first1=Henry Eyster|last2=Haas|first2=John Augustus William|title=The Lutheran Cyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/lutherancycloped0000henr|year=1899|publisher=Scribner|language=en|page=[https://archive.org/details/lutherancycloped0000henr/page/110 110]|quote=By many Lutherans Good Friday is observed as a strict fast. The lessons on Ash Wednesday emphasize the proper idea of the fast. The Sundays in Lent receive their names from the first words of their Introits in the Latin service, Invocavit, Reminiscere, Oculi, Lcetare, Judica.}}</ref> ni pia siku ya [[Saumu|kufunga chakula]]. Kufuatana na taarifa za [[Injili]] [[nne]] katika [[Biblia ya Kikristo]], [[Yesu]] [[Msalaba wa Yesu|alisulubiwa]] siku kabla ya [[Sabato]] ([[Jumamosi]]), yaani Ijumaa. Mahali pa kumsulubisha palikuwa [[kilima]] cha [[Golgotha]] kilichokuwepo wakati ule nje ya [[Ukuta|kuta]] za [[mji]] wa [[Yerusalemu]]. ==Tarehe== Kadiri ya [[Injili]] ya [[Mtume Yohane]], kesho yake ilikuwa Sabato na pia [[Pasaka ya Kiyahudi|Pasaka]], jambo lisilotokea kila mwaka. Kwa sababu hiyo [[wataalamu]] mbalimbali wameweza kukadiria ilikuwa [[tarehe]] [[7 Aprili]] [[30]]. [[Sikukuu]] hii haina tarehe thabiti katika [[kalenda]] ya kawaida. Ilhali hutangulia Pasaka inafuata pia mabadiliko ya tarehe za Pasaka. Pamoja na [[mapokeo]] yaliyo tofauti kati ya [[Ukristo wa Magharibi]] ([[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waprotestanti]] wengi) na [[Ukristo wa Mashariki]] ([[makanisa ya Kiorthodoksi]] na [[Wakatoliki wa Mashariki]]), kuna tarehe [[mbili]] tofauti za Pasaka, na hivyo pia kila mwaka kuna tarehe mbili tofauti za Ijumaa Kuu. {| class="wikitable" |- class="hintergrundfarbe6" ! Mwaka !! Ukristo wa<br />[[Kanisa la Magharibi|Magharibi]] !! Ukristo wa<br />[[Ukristo wa Mashariki|Mashariki]] |- |2025|| 18 Aprili || 18 Aprili |- |2026|| 03 Aprili || 10 Aprili |- |2027|| 26 Machi || 30 Aprili |- |2028|| 14 Aprili || 14 Aprili |} ==Katika liturujia ya makanisa== Ijumaa kuu ni sehemu ya [[Juma Kuu]] linaloanza kwa adhimisho la [[Yesu]] kuingia mji huo akishangiliwa kama [[mfalme wa Wayahudi]] (yaani [[Masiya]] au [[Kristo]]). Adhimisho hilo linafanyika mwanzoni mwa [[wiki]], yaani [[Jumapili ya matawi]]. Ijumaa kuu ni pia sehemu ya [[siku tatu kuu za Pasaka]] zinazoadhimisha mateso na [[Msalaba wa Yesu|kifo chake]] ([[Ijumaa]]), kulala [[Kaburi|kaburini]] ([[Jumamosi]]), na hatimaye [[ufufuko wa Yesu|kufufuka]] kwa [[utukufu]] ([[Jumapili]]), kwa ufupi: #Yesu mteswa, #mzikwa na #mfufuka. Ili kuelewa vema namna ya kuhesabu hizo siku tatu, ni lazima kujua kwamba kwa [[Wayahudi]] siku inaanza [[Jua]] linapotua, hivyo Ijumaa Kuu ilianza na [[usiku]] uliofuata [[Alhamisi kuu]], [[Jumamosi kuu]] ilianza na usiku uliofuata Ijumaa, na [[Dominika]] ya Pasaka ilianza na usiku uliofuata Jumamosi. Pia walihesabu siku hata kama haikutimiza saa 24: basi, kwa kuwa Yesu alikufa Ijumaa [[alasiri]], saa 3 hivi kabla ya jua kutua, kwao ilikuwa siku ya kwanza; Jumamosi nzima Yesu alibaki kaburini, ndiyo siku ya pili; usiku wa kuamkia Jumapili Yesu akafufuka, saa kadhaa baada ya jua kutua tena; ndiyo sababu [[Agano Jipya]] linatangaza alifufuka siku ya tatu. ==Ibada nje ya liturujia== Wakatoliki wengi, mbali ya kushiriki liturujia ya Kifo cha Yesu, siku hiyo wanafuata [[Njia ya Msalaba]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=When is Good Friday 2020 - and why is it celebrated? |last=Baddeley |first=Nicole |work=Bracknell News |date= April 2020|access-date=29 March 2024 |url= https://www.bracknellnews.co.uk/news/18350899.good-friday-2020---celebrated/}}</ref> na pengine wanafanya [[maandamano]] na [[sanamu]] ya [[maiti]] ya Yesu na ile ya [[Bikira Maria wa Mateso]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Good Friday processions in Malta: What, how and where? |author=Edward |work=MaltaUncovered.com |date= 4 April 2016|access-date=29 March 2024 |url= https://www.maltauncovered.com/culture/good-friday-processions-malta/}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Easter Week in Italy |last=Bakerjian |first=Martha |work=Martha's Italy |access-date=29 March 2024 |url= https://www.marthasitaly.com/articles/119/easter-week-italy}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Eight Filipinos nailed to crosses as Easter crucifixion re-enactments resume |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=7 April 2023 |agency=Associated Press |access-date=29 March 2024 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/07/easter-crucifixion-reenactments-resume-in-philippines-after-three-year-covid-pause}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Voices: 'Jesus is crying!' Memories of my island's 'Viernes Santos' |last=Guadalupe |first=Patricia |work=NBC News |date=14 April 2017 |access-date=29 March 2024 |url= https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/voices-jesus-crying-memories-viernes-santos-island-n746251}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Photos: Holy Week Processions in Spain |last=Taylor |first=Alan |work=The Atlantic |date=5 April 2023 |access-date=29 March 2024 |url= https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2023/04/photos-holy-week-processions-spain/673637/}}</ref>. Miaka ya mwisho imeenea duniani kote ibada ya [[Huruma ya Mungu]] inayodai Ijumaa Kuu ianze [[novena]] itakayokamilika Dominika ya Pili ya Pasaka iliyotangazwa na [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] kuwa sikukuu ya Huruma ya Mungu<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.milosierdzie.pl/index.php/en/the-devotion-to-the-divine-mercy.html |title=Sanctuary of the Divine Mercy |access-date=28 April 2019 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515041244/https://www.milosierdzie.pl/index.php/en/the-devotion-to-the-divine-mercy.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://saint-faustina.net/swieto_milosierdzia/nowenna/novena.htm |title=Saint Faustina |access-date=28 April 2019 |archive-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428125543/http://saint-faustina.net/swieto_milosierdzia/nowenna/novena.htm |url-status=usurped }}</ref>. Kwa [[desturi]] iliyoenea kuanzia [[karne ya 16]], hasa Waanglikana<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/?id=PWYMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA51&dq=seven+last+words+from+the+cross+Good+Friday+Anglican#v=onepage&q=seven%20last%20words%20from%20the%20cross%20Good%20Friday%20Anglican&f=false |title=The Encyclopædia Americana: a library of universal knowledge, Volume 13|year=1919|publisher=[[Encyclopedia Americana]]|accessdate=1 April 2012|quote=The 'Three Hours' Devotion, borrowed from Roman usage, with meditation on the 'seven last words' from the Cross, and held from 12 till 3, when our Lord hung on the Cross, is a service of Good Friday that meets with increasing acceptance among the Anglicans.}}</ref> siku hiyo wanahubiriwa kuhusu [[Maneno saba]] ya mwisho ya Yesu akiwa msalabani<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=QHz5czNrWlYC&pg=PA191&dq=seven+last+words+from+the+cross+Good+Friday+Methodist#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Echoes from Calvary: meditations on Franz Joseph Haydn's The seven last words of Christ, Volume 1|date=Feb 25, 2005|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |accessdate= 1 April 2012|quote=Interestingly, the Methodist ''Book of Worship'' adopted by the General Conference of 1964 presented two services for Good Friday: a Three Hours' Service for the afternoon and a Good Friday evening service that includes the "Adoration at the Cross" (the Gospel, Deprecations, and Adoration of the Cross) but omits a communion service, which would be the Methodist equivalent of the Mass of the Presanctified.|author=Richard Young|isbn=978-0742543843}}</ref><ref>''Jesus of Nazareth'' by W. Mccrocklin 2006 ISBN 1-59781-863-1 p. 134</ref><ref>''The Seven Last Words From The Cross'' by Fleming Rutledge 2004 ISBN 0-8028-2786-1 pp. 8–10</ref>. ==Katika kalenda za serikali== Nchi nyingi huheshimu siku hiyo kwa kuruhusu [[wafanyakazi]] wapumzike<ref>{{cite book|title=Harper's New Monthly Magazine, Volume 36, Issue 214|year=1868|publisher=Harper & Brothers|page=521|quote=In England Good-Friday and Christmas are the only close holidays of the year when the shops are all closed and the churches opened.}}</ref>, na pengine kuzuia [[michezo]] mbalimbali inayopingana na [[huzuni]] ya msiba huo. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} ==Marejeo== *{{cite book|chapter=[[s:Sermons from the Latins/Sermon 24|Good Friday: The Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ.]] |title=Sermons from the Latins|year=1902|publisher= Benziger Brothers|first=Robert|last=Bellarmine|author-link=Robert Bellarmine}} *{{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia |wstitle=Good Friday |volume=6 |first=Thomas Patrick|last=Gilmartin}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|Good Friday}} * [http://www.biblegateway.com/resources/commentaries/IVP-NT/Luke/Trial-Death-Jesus Commentary on Luke's account of the trial and death of Jesus from InterVarsity Press] * [http://www.request.org.uk/main/festivals/friday/friday00.htm Good Friday on RE:Quest] {{Wayback|url=http://www.request.org.uk/main/festivals/friday/friday00.htm |date=20090417121219 }} * [http://www.oca.org/OCchapter.asp?SID=2&ID=74 The Eastern Orthodox commemoration of Holy Friday] {{Wayback|url=http://www.oca.org/OCchapter.asp?SID=2&ID=74 |date=20110607102453 }} * [http://www.transfigcathedral.org/faith/Bulgakov/0543.pdf Great Friday] {{Wayback|url=http://www.transfigcathedral.org/faith/Bulgakov/0543.pdf |date=20110424223624 }} instructions from S. V. Bulgakov's ''Handbook for Church Servers'' ([[Waorthodoksi Warusi]]) * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06643a.htm "Good Friday"] article from ''[[The Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' * [http://www.holidayyear.com/holidays/good-friday.html Good Friday Celebrations] {{Wayback|url=http://www.holidayyear.com/holidays/good-friday.html |date=20100107145830 }} * [http://www.liturgies.net/Lent/GoodFriday.htm Episcopal Good Friday Service] * [http://www.mapc.com/html/03_worship/PDF/2008-03-21a-Good%20Friday.pdf Presbyterian Good Friday Service] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mapc.com/html/03_worship/PDF/2008-03-21a-Good%20Friday.pdf |date=20090325002942 }} * [http://www.st-takla.org/Feastes-&-Special-Events/Feasts-Holy-Lent_Al-Soum-Al-Kebeer-&-Pascha.html Good Friday hymns] at [http://St-Takla.org St-Takla.org] ([[Wakopti]]) * [http://www.textweek.com/festivals/friday.htm The Text This Week: Good Friday] {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Jamii:Liturujia]] [[Jamii:Mwaka wa Kanisa]] dcnlo0bhd2ukykifyp1iaazajtlm1yu SMS Königsberg 0 39696 1574339 1398482 2026-06-18T04:10:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{makala nzuri sana}} [[Picha:Bundesarchiv Bild 105-DOA3002, Deutsch-Ostafrika, Kreuzer Königsberg.jpg|thumb|250px|SMS Königsberg huko Daressalaam 1914]] '''SMS Königsberg''' <ref>SMS ni kifupi cha Kijerumani "Seiner Majestät Schiff" sawa na Kiingereza "HMS - His/Her Majesty's Ship" yaani manowari ya mfalme maana yake manowari ya jeshi la wanamaji</ref> ''(tamka ke-niks-barg)'' ilikuwa [[manowari]] ya Kijerumani iliyoshiriki katika mapigano ya [[vita kuu ya kwanza ya dunia]] katika Afrika ya Mashariki. Bodi yake inakaa hadi leo chini ya maji kwenye mdomo wa [[mto Rufiji]] ilipozamishwa. Ujenzi wa Königsberg ulimalizika mwaka 1906 mjini [[Hamburg]]. Jina lilitolewa kwa heshima ya mji wa [[Königsberg]] katika [[Ujerumani]] jimbo la [[Prussia Mashariki]]. Ilisukumwa na [[injini ya mvuke]] iliyoendeshwa kwa makaa. Ukubwa wake ilikuwa [[tani GT]] 3390 t. Kiasili ilifanya kazi katika [[Bahari ya Kaskazini]] na [[Bahari ya Baltiki]] hasa iliongozana mara kadhaa na meli ya kifalme ya [[Kaisari Wilhelm II]]. ==Kufika Afrika ya Mashariki== Mwaka 1914 ilitumwa itembelee koloni ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]] chini ya amri ya nahodha Max Loof. Ilipofika ilikuwa manowari ya kwanza ya kisasa ya wakati wake iliyofika Daressalaam ikaitwa na wenyeji "manowari ya bomba tatu" kutokana na [[dohani]] zake tatu. SMS Königsberg ilifika tareke 6 Juni 1914 na mwezi uleule katika Ulaya mfalme mteule wa [[Austria-Hungaria]] aliuawa na mgaidi Mserbia katika mji wa [[Sarayevo]]. Kwa hiyo hali ya siasa ya kimataifa ikawa mbaya ilikuwa wakati wa maandalizi ya vita kuu ya kwanza. Mwisho wa Julai ilipoonekana ya kwamba vita kati ya Austria-Hungaria na [[Serbia]] italeta pia mapigano kati ya Ujerumani na mataifa mengine SMS Königsberg ilifuata amri zilizoandaliwa ikaondoka katika bandari ya Daressalaam na kusubiri baharini habari kama [[Uingereza]] itaingia vitani dhidi ya Ujerumani na Austria-Hungaria. Königsberg ilikuwa manowari kubwa ya pekee ya Ujerumani katika [[Bahari ya Hindi|Bahari Hindi]] wakati Waingereza walikuwa na manowari mengi huko [[Afrika Kusini]] na hasa Uhindi. Manowari tatu za Waingereza kutoka Afrika Kusini zilipelekwa Afrika ya MAshariki zikasubiri nje ya Daressalaam walikuwa na amri ya kuzuia Königsberg ndani ya bandari au kuifuata kila mahali kwa sababu nao Waingereza walitegemea vita inaweza kuanza kila siku wakaona Köniberg ingekuwa hatari kwa meli za Kiingereza katika Bahari Hindi. Lakini katika usiku wa 1 Agosti SMS Königsberg ilifaulu kupita kwenye manowari za Kiingereza ma kwa kutumia mbio mkuu ikakimbia hadi Waingereza walishindwa kuiona tena. ==Vita ya bahari Hindi== Tarehe 5 Agosti SMS Königsberg ilipokea kwa njia ya simu hewa habari za hali ya vita iliyoanzishwa siku ileile. Wakati ule ilikuwa mbele ya rasi Gardafui ya Somalia. Akiba yake ya makaa mawe ilikuwa imepungua mno kutokana na mbio mkubwa katika mashindano na Waingereza mbele ya Daressalaam. Tar 5 Agosti ilikutana na meli ya Kiingereza City of Winchester iliyobeba majani ya chai kutoka Uhindi ikaikamata ikachukua makaa mawe yake na kuizamisha. Matatizo ya makaa yaliendelea lakini meli kadhaa za Kijerumani ziliweza kukutana na manowari na kuipatia kiasi cha makaa yao. Ikaona manowari za kiingereza kwa mbali ikaamua kuelekea kusini tena. Tar. 30 Agosti ilivamia bandari ndogo ya Majunga kwenye koloni ya Kifaransa ya [[Madagaska]]. Lakini haikukuta meli yoyote ikaondoka tena bila mapigano na Wafaransa walifikiri ilikuwa manowari ya Kiingereza. ==Kimbilio katika delta yya Rufiji== Kapteni Loof aliamua kutafuta kimbilio katika [[delta]] ya mto Rufiji; Wajerumani pekee walijua ya kwamba mkono mmoja wa delta hii ulikuwa na kimo cha kutosha kwa manowari yake lakini hii ilikuwa siri alitegemea ya kwamba Waingereza wasingemtafuta hapa. Kwa hiyo tar. 3 Septemba Königsberg pamoja na meli moja ya Kijerumani iliyobeba makaa zikaingia mdomo wa Rufiji. Hapa waliweza kufungua injini na kufanya matengenezo kadhaa za lazima pia kuwasiliana na serikali ya koloni ya Kijerumani iliyofikiri ya kwamba Königsberg ilizamishwa tayari. ==Kuzamisha HMS Pegasus== Tarehe 19 Septemba 1914 Kapteni Loof alipokea taarifa ya kwamba manowari kubwa ya Kiingereza ilifika bandari ya Zanzibar. Loof aliamua kushambulia manowari hii iliokuwa peke yake. Kwa msaada wa nahodha Mjerumani aliyejua pande zote za pwani vizuri alifika mbele ya Zanzibar wakati wa usiku na saa ya alfajiri iliona manowari ya Kiingereza SMS Pegasus kwenye bandari ya Zanzibar. Mara moja Königsberg ilianza kufyatulia risasi kwa bunduki zake ikazamisha Pegasus katika muda wa dakika 20. Pegasus ilishindwa kujitetea ipasavyo kwa sababu ilikuwa Zanzibar kwa matengenezo ya injini yake ilishindwa kukimbia hata kidogo. Königsberg ikaendelea kufyatulia risasi kadhaa kwa mnara wa kituo cha redio ya hewani ya Zanzibar ikarudi Rufiji. Kwa bahati mbaya ikapata tena tatizo la injini kwa sababu pistoni moja ilivunjika na Loof alipaswa kusubiri hadi karahana za Daressalam ziliweza kutengeneza spea. [[Picha:Bundesarchiv Bild 105-DOA3012, Deutsch-Ostafrika, Kreuzer Königsberg.jpg|thumb|200px|SMS Königsberg baada ya vita katika maji ya Rufiji]] [[Picha:HMS_Pegasus_QF_4_inch_gun.jpg|thumb|200px|Mtalii na bunduki ya Königsberg mbele ya Boma la Yesu, Mombasa]] ==Mwisho katika Rufiji== Waingereza walituma mara moja kikosi cha manowari kutoka Uhindi wakatafuta Königsberg. Walibahatishwa kukamata meli moja ya Kijerumani wakakuta risiti ya mzigo wa makaa uliowahi kupokelewa na SMS Königsberg kwenye kituo cha [[Salale]] iliyoko katika eneo la delta ya Rufiji. Waingereza walipeleka kikosi cha wanamaji kwa pwani waliopanda miti wakafaulu kuona milingoti ya Königsberg kwa mbali. Sasa manowari wa Waingereza walikusanyika mbele ya delta ya Rufiji na kusubiri lakini walishindwa kuona Königsberg hivyo waliendelea kufyatulia risasi bila kuwa uhakika. Wakaendelea kuzamisha meli moja katika mkono wa mto ulipokaa SMS Königsberg kwa shabaha ya kuziba njia hii. Hata hivyo SMS Königsberg haikuwa na uwezo wa kutoka kutokana na uhaba wa makaa. Hali hii iliendela kwa miezi tisa hadi Julai 1915. 10 Januari 1915 Waingereza walivamia [[kisiwa cha Mafia]] iliyokuwa na wanajeshi Wajerumani na Waafrika 23 pekee. Walijenga kiwanja cha ndege wakaleta ndege kadhaa zilizoendelea kupeleleza [[delta]] kutoka angani. Wajerumani walipeleka wanajeshi katika delta kwa lengo la kuzuia wanamaji kuikaribia Königsberg kwa miguu. Mwezi wa Juni 1915 manowari mbili ndogo aina ya [[monitor (manowari)|monitor]] yenye bunduki kubwa zilifika mbele ya Rufiji zilizovutwa hapa kutoka Uingereza. Hizi monitor ziliweza kuingia katika mkono moja wa Rufiji zikaanza kufyatulia Königsberg zikipokea taarifa kutoka ndege zilizotazama jinsi gani risasi zililengwa vema au la. Katika mashambulio mawili tarehe 6 na 11 Julai Königsberg ilipigwa vibaya mara kadhaa. Wakati wa 11 Julai Wajerumani walikosa risasi za kutosha na mapigo ya Waingereza zilisababisha hasara kubwa. Katika hali hii kapteni Loof aliamua kuondoa bunduki na vifaa vyote vilivyoweza kutumiwa kwenye nchi kavu kutoka manowari yake na kuizamisha mtoni. Baada ya kuzamisha meli sitaha yake bado ilikuwa juu ya maji kutokana na kimo kidogo cha maji na Wajeruamni walirudi kwa muda wa siku nyingu na kuchukua vitu vingi. ==Habari za baadaye== Bunduki kubwa 10 zilibadilishwa kuwa bunduki za nchi kavu kwa kuzifunga juu ya magurudumu zikawa bunduki kubwa katika vita iliyofuata. Mara kadhaa zilipigana na bunduki kutoka HMS Pegasus zilizookolewa kutoka manowari ile iliyozamishwa na Königsberg huko Zanzibar na kutumiwa pia kwa vita ya nchi kavu. Wanamaji 350 ziliingizwa katika jeshi la kutetea koloni ya Kijerumani chini ya kamanda [[Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck]]. Kati ya hao wote ni 32 pekee waliorudi Ujerumani baada ya vita wengine walikufa. Bunduki kadhaa zilikamatwa baadaye na Waingereza. Moja iko kama maonyesho na kumbukumbu ya kihistoria mbele ya [[Boma la Yesu]] huko [[Mombasa]] pamoja na bunduki kutoka HMS Pegasus. Nyingine iko [[Pretoria]] (Afrika Kusini) mbele ya ikulu. Sehemu za juu za SMS Königsberg zilionekana kwenye Rufiji wakati wa [[maji ya kupwa]] hadi miaka ya 1970 lakini bodi yake iliendelea kuzama chini katika matope ya mto na sasa haionekani tena. ==Marejeo== <references/> == Marejeo ya Nje== {{Commons|SMS Königsberg}} * [http://www.richthofen.com/konigsberg/summary/index.htm The Königsberg incident (tovuti The war Times Journal)] * [http://www.worldwar1.co.uk/konigsbe.html Tovuti ya Kiingereza SMS Konigsberg kwenye tovuti ya "World War 1 Naval Combat"] * [http://www.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de/sms_koenigsberg_1.htm Tovuti ya Kijerumani kuhusu Königsberg yenye picha kadhaa]{{Wayback|url=http://www.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de/sms_koenigsberg_1.htm |date=20100404084252 }} * [http://www.battleships-cruisers.co.uk/koenigsberg.htm#Konigsberg Picha za SMS Königsberg] [[Jamii:Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia|SMS Konigsberg]] [[Jamii:Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani|SMS Konigsberg]] 0t5yj9fkmngt5hz71kzop9o4n5f5bm0 Orodha ya benki barani Amerika 0 40777 1574173 1300984 2026-06-17T21:04:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOC right}} Hii ni '''[[orodha ya benki]] [[Bara|barani]] [[Amerika]]'''. ==[[Amerika]]== ==={{flag|Argentina}}=== ==={{flag|Bahamas}}=== ====Mabenki==== *[[Benki ya Bahamas Kimataifa]] ====Defunct mabenki==== *[[Benki Kuu ya London na Montreal]] ==={{flag|Barbados}}=== ====Benki Kuu==== *[[Benki Kuu Barbados]] ====Mabenki==== *[[Barbados National Bank]] (BNB) *[[Benki RBTT Barbados mdogo]] ====Maendeleo ya mabenki==== *[[Caribbean Development Bank]] (CDB) ====Kigeni-inayomilikiwa mabenki==== *Benki ya Butterfield; tawi la [[Benki ya Butterfield]] *Benki RBTT Barbados Limited; tanzu ya [[RBTT Financial Holdings Limited]] (RBTT) *Royal Bank of Canada; tawi ya [[Royal Bank ya Kanada]] (RBC) *Scotiabank; tawi [[Scotiabank]] *[[FirstCaribbean International Bank]] (FCIB); tanzu ya [[CIBC]] === {{flag|Belize}} === * [[Benki Kuu ya Belize]] * [[Belize Bank]] Ltd * [[Scotiabank]] (Belize tawi) * [[Alliance Benki ya Belize Limited]] * [[Atlantic Benki]] ==={{flag|Bermuda}}=== *[[Ya Benki Kuu ya NT Butterfield &amp; Mwana Limited]] *[[Benki ya HSBC Bermuda Limited]] *[[Capital G Bank Limited]] *[[Bermuda Commercial Bank Limited]] ==={{flag|Brazil}}=== ====Benki Kuu==== *[[Benki Kuu ya Brazili]] ====Meja binafsi inayomilikiwa mabenki==== *[[Banco Itaú Unibanco]] *[[Bradesco]] *[[Banco Safra]] *[[Banco Prosper]] ====Benki inayomilikiwa na serikali==== *[[Brasil Banco kufanya]] *[[Banrisul]] (state-inayomilikiwa) *[[Caixa Econômica Shirikisho]] *[[Banestes]] (state-inayomilikiwa) =====Sammanslagna===== *Ukosefu kwa [[Bandepe Banco Real]] *[[Banerj]] Ukosefu kwa [[Itaú]] *[[Bemge]] Ukosefu kwa [[Itaú]] ====Kigeni-inayomilikiwa mabenki==== *[[Banco Real]] Owned by [[ABN omer;]] umiliki mapenzi uhamisho [[Banco Santander Banespa]] *[[Citibank (Citigroup)]] *[[Benki ya HSBC Brasil]] *[[Banco Santander Banespa]], inayomilikiwa [[Banco Santander]] ====Sammanslagna au defunct mabenki==== *[[BBVA]] (Brazil oparesheni unaopatikana kwa [[Bradesco)]] *[[BCN (Bradesco)]] *Ukosefu kwa [[Bamerindus HSBC]] *[[Banco Bandeirantes]] Ukosefu kwa [[Caixa Geral de Depósitos]], baadaye sammanslagna na [[Unibanco]] *[[Banco Boavista (BCN)]] *[[Banco Economico (BBVA)]] *[[Banco Mercantil Finasa (Bradesco)]] *[[Banco Meridional (Banco Santander Banespa)]] *[[Banco Nacional (Unibanco)]] *[[Banco Sudameris (ABN omer)]] *[[BankBoston]] Brazil oparesheni unaopatikana kwa [[Itaú)]] *Ukosefu kwa [[Banorte Banco Bandeirantes]] ==={{flag|Canada}}=== ====Benki Kuu==== *[[Benki Kuu ya Kanada]] ====Big Five mabenki==== *[[Royal Bank ya Kanada]] *[[TD Benki Financial Group]] *[[Scotiabank]] *[[Benki ya Montreal]] *[[CIBC]] ====Benki nyingine==== *[[Alberta Hazina Matawi]] *[[AMEX Benki Kuu ya Kanada]] *[[Canada Benki ya Magharibi]] *[[Canadian Tire Financial Services]] *[[Wananchi Benki Kuu ya Kanada]] *[[Benki ya kwanza ya Mataifa ya Kanada]] *[[ING Benki Kuu ya Kanada]] *[[Benki ya HSBC Kanada]] *[[Laurentian Benki Kuu ya Kanada]] *[[National Bank of Kanada]] *[[Rais's Choice Financial]] *[[Magharibi ya Benki Kuu ya Kanada]] *[[ICICI Benki Kuu ya Kanada]] ====Defunct au sammanslagna mabenki==== {| width="95%" | *[[Bank of British Columbia]] *[[Benki ya Watu]] *[[Benki ya Toronto]] *[[Banque canadienne nationale]] *[[Provincial Benki Kuu ya Kanada / Banque provinciale du Kanada]] *[[Canada Bank of Commerce]] | *[[Canada Commercial Bank]] *[[Kanada Trust]] *[[City na Wilaya ya Benki ya Savings Montreal - Banque d'Epargne]] *[[Continental Benki Kuu ya Kanada]] *[[Benki ya Dominion]] *[[Mkulima wa Benki Kuu ya York, Upper Kanada]] *[[Home Benki]] | *[[Imperial Benki Kuu ya Kanada]] *[[Lloyds Benki Kuu ya Kanada]] *[[Manulife Benki Kuu ya Kanada]] *[[Molson Benki]] *[[NBD Kanada]] *[[Northland Benki]] *[[Standard Chartered Benki Kuu ya Kanada]] | *[[Sterling Benki]] *[[Benki ya umoja]] *[[Sotto Benki Kuu ya Kanada]] *[[BCP Benki Kuu ya Kanada]] (Benki Kuu ya Montreal) |} ==={{flag|Chile}}=== ====Benki Kuu==== *[[Benki Kuu ya Chile]] ====Benki inayomilikiwa na serikali==== *[[BancoEstado]] ====Mabenki==== {| width="95%" | *[[Benki omer ABN Chile]] *[[Banco Bice]] *[[Banco Bilbao Viscaya Argentaria (BBV)]] *[[Banco de Chile]] *[[Banco de kreditkort e Inversiones]] | *[[Banco del Desarrollo]] *[[Banco Edwards-Citi]] *[[Banco Falabella]] *[[Banco Internacional]] *[[Banco Itaú-Chile]] | *[[Banco Paris]] *[[Banco Penta]] *[[Banco Ripley]] *[[Banco Santander Chile]] *[[Banco Usalama]] | *[[Corpbanca]] *[[Deutsche Bank Chile]] *[[Benki ya HSBC Chile]] *[[Rabobank]] *[[Scotiabank Sud americano]] |} ====Benki za kigeni na repesentation==== *[[Banco de la Nacion Ajentina]] *[[Brasil Banco kufanya]] *[[Benki ya JP Morgan Chase]] *[[Benki Kuu ya Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ]] ====Sammanslagna au defunct mabenki==== *[[BankBoston]] (Chile operesheni sammanslagna na [[Banco Itaú)]] *[[Citibank-Chile]] (Chile operesheni sammanslagna na [[Banco de Chile)]] *[[Banco de A. Edwards]] (sammanslagna na [[Banco de Chile)]] *[[Banco de Santiago]] (sammanslagna na [[Banco Santander)]] *[[Banco Sud americano]] (sammanslagna pamoja [[Chile Scotiabank-)]] ==={{flag|Colombia}}=== ====Benki Kuu==== *[[Banco de la Republica]] ====Mabenki==== {| width="95%" | *[[Banagrario]] *[[Bancamia]] *[[AVVillas]] *[[Caja Social]] *[[Colmena]] *[[Banco de Bogota]] *[[Banco de Occidente]] *[[Banco line]] *[[Santander Kolombia]] | *[[Bancolombia]] *[[BBVA Kolombia]] *[[Citibank Kolombia]] *[[Colpatria]] *[[Davivienda]] *[[GBN Sudameris]] *[[Helm]] *[[HSBC Kolombia]] *[[Procredit]] *[[RBS Kolombia]] |} ==={{flag|Costa Rica}}=== ====Benki Kuu==== *[[Banco Central de Costa Rica]] ====Benki inayomilikiwa na serikali==== *[[Banco Nacional de Costa Rica]] *[[Banco de Costa Rica]] *[[Banco kreditkort Agricola de Cartago]] *[[BICSA]] ====Mabenki==== *[http://www.bancocathay.com Banco Cathay de Costa Rica] *[[HSBC Costa Rica]] *[[Banco Uno]] Owned by Citigroup *[[Bac San José]] Owned by GE Capitals *[[Banco Improsa]] *[[Banca Promérica]] *[[Banco Lafise]] *[[Banco BCT]] *[[Scotiabank]] *[[Banco Cuscatlan]] Owned by Citigroup ==={{flag|Dominica}}=== ====Mabenki==== *[[Benki ya Taifa ya Dominika (NBD)]] ====Matawi ya benki za kigeni==== *[[Benki Kuu ya Nova Scotia]] (SCOTIABANK) *[[Royal Bank ya Kanada]] (RBC) ====Kigeni-inayomilikiwa mabenki==== *[[FirstCaribbean International Bank]] (FCIB); tanzu ya [[CIBC]] ====Offshore mabenki==== *[[Griffon Benki]] ==={{flag|Grenada}}=== ====Mabenki==== *[[Grenada Co-operative Bank]] (TU lokalt OWNED BANK) ====Matawi ya benki za kigeni==== *[[Benki Kuu ya Nova Scotia]] (SCOTIABANK) *[[Benki RBTT Grenada Limited]] *[[Jamhuri Bank (Grenada) Limited]] ====Kigeni-inayomilikiwa mabenki==== *[[FirstCaribbean International Bank]] (FCIB); tanzu ya [[CIBC]] ==={{flag|Jamaica}}=== ====Benki Kuu==== *[[Benki ya Jamaika]] ====Mabenki==== ===== Lokalt inayomilikiwa mabenki===== *Global kwanza Benki (Mzazi - [http://www.gracekennedy.com Grace Kennedy)] ===== Tanzu / tawi la kigeni enheten===== *[http://www.jamaica.scotiabank.com Ya Benki Kuu ya Nova Scotia] (Mzazi - [http://www.scotiabank.com SCOTIABANK)] *[http://www.citibank.com/jamaica/homepage Citibank Jamaika] {{Wayback|url=http://www.citibank.com/jamaica/homepage |date=20100623061135 }} (Mzazi - [http://www.citibank.com Citibank)] *Caribbean kwanza International Bank (Parent - [http://www.firstcaribbeanbank.com CIBC)] *[http://www.jncb.com Taifa ya Biashara ya Jamaika] (Mzazi - [http://www.portlandholdings.com Portland Holdings)] *RBTT Jamaika Limited (Mzazi - [http://www.rbtt.com Benki Kuu ya Royal Trinidad &amp; Tobago)] ====Wafanyabiashara wa benki==== =====Lokalt inayomilikiwa mabenki===== *[http://www.capital-credit-mbank.com/ Capital &amp; Credit Wafanyabiashara wa Benki Kuu] {{Wayback|url=http://www.capital-credit-mbank.com/ |date=20090725050913 }} [http://www.capital-credit.com (Mzazi-Capital &amp; Credit Financial Group)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.capital-credit.com/ |date=20010330190946 }} *[http://www.mfg-trust.com MF &amp; G Trust &amp; Fedha] () *[http://www.gopancaribbean.com/pancaribbean.dti?page=pcmb Wafanyabiashara PanCaribbean Benki]{{Wayback|url=http://www.gopancaribbean.com/pancaribbean.dti?page=pcmb |date=20080226192526 }} () =====Tanzu / tawi la kigeni enheten===== *[http://www.scotiadbg.com/ Scotia DBG] {{Wayback|url=http://www.scotiadbg.com/ |date=20100212224203 }} (Mzazi - [http://www.jamaica.scotiabank.com Benki Kuu ya Nova Scotia)] ==={{flag|Mexico}}=== ====Benki Kuu==== *[[Banco de México]] ====Mexican mabenki==== {| width="95%" | *[[Banca Mifel]] *[[Banco Autofin]] *[[Banco Amigo]] *[[Banca Afirme]] *[[Banco Multiva]] *[[Bansi SA]] *[[Banco Ahorro Famsa]] | *[[Bancoppel]] *[[Banco Monex]] *[[Banco Azteca]] *[[Banco del Bajio]] *[[Banco Inbursa]] *[[Banco Interacciones]] *[[Banco Invex]] *[[Banco Ve X +]] | *[[Banorte]] *[[Banregio]] *[[Ixe Banco]] *[[Banco Compartamos]] *[[Actinver]] *[[Banco facil]] (Chedraui) |} ====Kigeni-inayomilikiwa mabenki==== *[[BBVA Bancomer]] *[[Banamex Citibank]] *[[Banco Santander]], zamani Banco Santander Serfin *[[Banco Volkswagen Meksiko]] *[[Banco Wal-Mart de Meksiko Adelante]] *[[HSBC Meksiko]] *[[Mitsubishi Benki]] *[[Scotiabank]] Inverlat *[[ING Bank]] *[[Benki ya UBS]] ====Maendeleo ya mabenki==== *[[Bancomext]], SNC (Export - kuagiza benki) *[[Banjercito]], SNC (Jeshi) *[[Banobras]], SNC (mradi Subnational na fedha) *[[Bansefi]], SNC *[[Financiera Vijijini]] (Kilimo) *[[Nafin]], SNC *[[SHF]], SNC (Mortgage) ====Defunct mabenki==== *Banca Confia (imeshindwa); unaopatikana kwa [[Citibank]] na sasa kufyonzwa ndani [[Banamex]] *Banca Cremi (kununuliwa na akawa Banco Union) *Banca Promex (kuanza kama Banco de Zamora) *Banca Serfin (sammanslagna na [[Banco Santander Mexicano);]] kufyonzwa ndani [[Banco Santander Serfin]] *Banco Central Mexicano (wameshindwa, mapema karne XX) *Banco de London, México y Sudamérica (Mexican kwanza benki, baadaye Banca Serfin) *Banco del Atlántico (kununuliwa kwa BITAL, BITAL baadaye kuendelezwa na [[HSBC)]] *Banco del Centro (kununuliwa kwa [[Banorte)]] *Banco del Sureste *Banco Hipotecario *Banco Internacional (kununuliwa kwa Waziri na akawa BITAL) *Banco Mexicano Somex (kununuliwa kwa Invermexico na akawa Banco Mexicano) *Banco Mexicano (kununuliwa kwa [[Banco]] Banco [[Santander]] na akawa Santander Mexicano); sasa sehemu ya [[Banco Santander]] *Banco Mercantil Mexicano (sammanslagna kwa Nacional Mexicano Banco Banco kuunda Nacional de México, 1884) *Banco Nacional Mexicano (sammanslagna na Mercantil Banco Banco Mexicano kuunda Nacional de México, 1884) *Banco Sofimex *Banco Union (alishindwa na kununuliwa kwa [[Banorte)]] *Bancreser (baadaye Bancrecer) *Banpaís *Banpeco *Banoro *Banrural *[[BBVA]] Probursa (sammanslagna na [[Bancomer]] na akawa [[BBVA Bancomer)]] *BCH *BITAL (kuendelezwa na [[HSBC)]] *Kreditkort Méxicano *Comermex (kununuliwa kwa Inverlat akawa Comermex Inverlat) *Multibanco Mercantil de México *Multibanco Mercantil Probursa (baadaye [[BBVA Probursa)]] *[[Tillsyn Bank]] (kuchukuliwa juu kwa Actinver SA) ==={{flag|Panama}}=== '''Benki za biashara za mitaa''' *[[Banco Mkuu (a koncentrationen kati Banco Banco Mkuu na Continental)]] *[[Global Benki]] *[[Multibank]] *[[Metrobank]] *[[Banco Universal]] *[[Banvivienda (sehemu ya Mundial Grupo)]] *[[Bancafé]] *[[Banco Aliado]] *[[Credicorp Benki]] '''Benki inayomilikiwa na serikali''' *[[Banco Nacional de Panama]] *[[Caja de Ahorros]] *[[Banco de Desarrollo Agropecuario]] '''Kigeni-inayomilikiwa mabenki''' *HSBC (a koncentrationen Benki Kuu kubwa Panama kundi Grupo Banistmo na HSBC Panama) *Citibank (a dotterbolag Citigroup ambayo sammanslagna pamoja na Banco Banco Uno Cuscatlan) *[[Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria]] *[[Banco Atlántico Panama]] (a dotterbolag Banco Santander) *[[Scotiabank]] ==={{flag|Peru}}=== ====Benki Kuu==== *[[Banco Central de Reserva del Perú]] ====Mabenki==== {| width="95%" | *[[Banco Azteca]] *[[BCP]] *[[BBVA]] Banco Continental *[[Scotiabank]] *[[Utlåningen mellan]] *[[HSBC]] *[[Citibank]] *[[Santander]] *[[Standard Chartered]] | *[[Deutsche Bank]] *[[Banco Interamericano de Finanzas]] *[[Banco Financiero]] *[[Banco de Comercio]] *[[Mibanco]] *[[Banco Falabella]] *[[Banco Ripley]] *[[Banco del Trabajo]] |} ====Maendeleo ya mabenki==== *[[Banco de Materiales]] *[[Agrobanco]] ====Defunct mabenki==== {| width="95%" | *[[Banco Wiese Sudameris]] <br>Kuuzwa kwa na rebranded kama Scotiabank mwaka 2006 *[[Banco Sudamericano]] <br>Kuuzwa kwa na rebranded kama Scotiabank mwaka 2006 *[[Banco Santander]] <br>Operations katika Peru unaopatikana kwa Banco de kreditkort del Peru (Santander anarudi Peru mwaka 2007) *[[BankBoston]] <br>Peruvian oparesheni unaopatikana kwa Banco de kreditkort del Peru *[[Banco de Lima Sudameris]] <br>Sammanslagna pamoja na Wiese Banco Banco rebranded kama Wiese Sudameris *[[NBK Benki]] *[[Banco del País]] *[[Banco Republica]] *[[Bancosur]] <br>Sammanslagna pamoja na Santander Banco Banco Santander rebranded kama Hispano Kati *[[Banco Solventa]] | *[[Serbanco]] *[[Banco Latino]] <br>Operations unaopatikana kwa utlåningen mellan *[[Banco Interandino]] <br>Ukosefu na Banco Santander *[[Banco Mercantil]] <br>Ukosefu na Banco Santander *[[Banco del Progreso]] *[[Banco de Desarrollo]] *[[Banco line del Peru]] *[[Banco CCC]] | *[[Surmeban]] *[[Banpeco]] *[[Bancoop]] *[[Banco Agrario]] *[[Banco Hipotecario]] *[[Viwanda Banco del Peru]] *[[Banco Minero]] *[[Banco comercial del Peru]] |} ==={{flag|Saint Lucia}}=== ====Mabenki==== *[[National Bank of 1 St Lucia]] *[[Benki ya Saint Lucia]] ====Matawi ya benki za kigeni==== *[[Benki Kuu ya Nova Scotia]] (SCOTIABANK) *[[Royal Bank ya Kanada]] (RBC) ====Kigeni-inayomilikiwa mabenki==== *[[FirstCaribbean International Bank]] (FCIB); tanzu ya [[CIBC]] ==={{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}=== ====Mitaa mabenki==== *[[Benki ya Nova Scotia]] *[[Benki ya kwanza ya Kimataifa Caribbean]] *[[Taifa Commercial Bank (faili) Limited]] *[[Benki RBTT Caribbean Ltd]] ====Offshore mabenki==== *[[Loyal Bank Limited]] *[[United Bank Limited]] *[[Benki european Commerce]] *[[Safe Harbor Bank Ltd]] *[[Mwenendo Bank Ltd]] *[[Benki ya Milenia Inc]] ==={{flag|Suriname}}=== *[[Surinaamsche de Benki]] ==={{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}=== *[[Benki ya Wananchi kwanza]] *[[Royal Bank ya Trinidad na Tobago (RBTT)]] ==={{flag|United States}}=== == Angalia Pia == * [[Benki Kuu]] * [[Commercial Bank]] * [[Muungano ya Mikopo]] * [[Benki ya Uwekezaji]] ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Orodha za benki]] jtm04bqbj2ixw3cpjhv0qr286792g4f Saikolojia ya Kimatibabu 0 55730 1574362 1555187 2026-06-18T04:28:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Saikolojia ya Kimatibabu''' ni muungano wa sayansi, nadharia na maarifa ya kiafya kwa madhumuni ya kuelewa, kuzuia, na kupunguza dhiki au utendakazi mbaya wa kisaikolojia na kuendeleza ustawi wa dhahania na maendeleo ya kibinafsi.<ref name="apa1"> Ushirika wa Marekani wa Kisaikolojia, Idara ya 12, [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div12/aboutcp.html Kuhusu Saikolojia ya Kimatibabu]</ref><ref name="plante"> Plante, Thomas. mwaka wa(2005). ''Saikolojia ya kiafya ya kisasa .'' New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-47276-X</ref> Muhimu katika huduma yake ni tathmini ya kisaikolojia na matibabu ya kisaikolojia, ingawa pia wanasaikolojia ya kimatibabu pia hushiriki katika utafiti, mafunzo, ushauri, kutoa ushahidi, na kuendeleza mipango na utawala.<ref name="brain"> Brain, Christine. (2002). ''Saikolojia ya Juu: matumizi, masuala na mitazamo.'' Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes. ISBN 0-17-490058-9</ref> Katika nchi nyingi, saikolojia ya kimatibabu ni taaluma iliyothibitiwa ya afya ya akili. Ulingo huu mara nyingi huchukuliwa kuwa ulianza katika 1896 kwa ufunguzi wa kwanza wa kliniki ya kisaikolojia katika Chuo Kikuu cha Pennsylvania naye Lightner Witmer. Katika nusu ya kwanza ya karne ya 20, saikolojia ya kimatibabu ilikuwa ikilenga tathmini ya kisaikolojia, huku matibabu yakiwapewa umuhimu kidogo. Hii ilibadilika baada ya miaka ya 1940 wakati wa Vita Vikuu vya Pili vya Dunia kusababisha ongezeko kubwa la mahitaji ya idadi ya matabibu walihitimu. Tangu wakati huo, mifumo miwili mikuu ya elimu imeundwa-ya Ph.D. mtaalamu-sayansi mfano (kulenga juu ya utafiti) na Psy.D. mfumo wa muuguzi-msomi (unaolenga matibabu ya kiafya). Wanasaikolojia wa kiafya sasa wanachukuliwa kuwa wataalamu katika kutoa matibabu ya kisaikolojia, na kwa ujumla hujifunza katika nadharia nne za kimsingi usomi wa kisaikolojia wa vipengele vya tabia ya binadamu, kibinadamu, tiba ya kitabia / utambuzi wa kitabia, na tiba ya [[mifumo]] au ya familia. ==Historia== [[File:Phrenology1.jpg|thumb|left|Mengi ya matibabu katika karne ya 18 ya dhiki ya kisaikolojia yalikuwa na msingi mawazo yasiyo ya kisayansi kamili, kama vile kutafsiri tabia ya mtu kutokana na umbo la kichwa chake.]] Ingawa saikolojia ya kisayansi ya kisasa, husemekana iliasisiwa kwa ufunguzi wa maabara ya kwanza ya kisaikolojia 1879 na Wilhelm Wundt, jitihada za kuunda mbinu za kuchunguza na kutibu shida za kiakili zilikuwepo kwa muda mrefu. Mifumo iliyorekodiwa ya kwanza ilikuwa ni mchanganyiko wa dini, uchawi na/au mitazamo ya kimatibabu.<ref name="benjamin"> Benjamin, Ludy. (2007). ''Historia fupi ya Saikolojia ya kisasa.'' Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-3206-0</ref> Mifano ya mapema ya madaktari hao ni pamoja na Patañjali, Padmasambhava,<ref> T. Clifford na Samuel Wiser (1984), ''Tibetan Wabuda dawa na psychiatry'' </ref> Rhazes, [[Ibn Sina|Avicenna]],<ref> Afzal Iqbal na AJ Arberry, ''Maisha na kazi ya Jalaluddin Rumi,'' s. 94.</ref> na Rumi.<ref> Rumi (1995) alitolewa kama mfano katika Zokav (2001), p. 47.</ref> Mapema katika karne ya 19, mtu angeweza kuchunguzwa kichwa, kwa hali halisi, kwa kutumia taaluma ya umbo la fuvu, masomo ya utu kwa kutumia umbo la fuvu. Matibabu ya aina nyingine maarufu ni pamoja na fisionomia utafiti wa umbo la uso na upumbazaji, matibabu ya Mesmer kwa kutumia sumaku. Imani za kiroho na "uponyaji akili" wake Phineas Quimby pia zilikuwa maarufu.<ref name="benjamin2"> Benjamin, Ludy. mwaka wa(2005). Historia ya saikolojia ya kimatibabu kama taaluma nchini Marekani (na kuchungulia hatma yake). ''Mapitio ya kila mwaka ya Saikolojia ya Kimatibabu,'' 1, 1-30.</ref> Hatimaye jamii ya kisayansi ilikuja kukufuru njia hizi zote, wanasaikolojia wa kielimu pia hawakujihusisha na aina mbaya ya ugonjwa wa akili. Eneo hilo tayari lilikuwa likishughulikiwa na ulingo uliokuwa unakuwa wa saikolojia na nyurolojia katika harakati ya hifadhi.<ref name="benjamin"></ref> Haikuwa hadi mwisho wa karne ya 19, karibu wakati [[Sigmund Freud]] alipoanzisha "tiba ya kuzungumza" huko [[Vienna]], ndipo matumizi ya kwanza ya kiafya ya saikolojia yalianza. ===Saikolojia ya kimatibabu ya mapema=== Kufikia nusu ya pili ya 1800, utafiti wa kisayansi wa saikolojia ulikuwa unaimarika vyema katika maabara ya vyuo vikuu. Ingawa kulikuwa na sauti chache zilizotawanyika zikitoa wito wa saikolojia yenye matumizi, jamii ya kisaikolojia kwa ujumla ilidharau wazo hili na kusisitiza kuwa sayansi "safi" kuwa tu matumizi yanayostahili.<ref name="benjamin"></ref> Hii ilibadilika wakati Lightner Witmer (1867-1956), mwanafunzi wa zamani wa Wundt na mkuu wa idara ya saikolojia katika Chuo Kikuu cha Pennsylvania, alipokubali kutibu kijana ambaye alikuwa na matatizo na herufi. Mafanikio ya matibabu yake yalipelekea kwa ufunguzi wa kwanza wa kliniki ya kisaikolojia huko Penn naye Witmer katika 1896, wenye lengo la kuwasaidia watoto wenye ulemavu wa kujifunza.<ref name="heiden"> Alessandri, M., Heiden, L., &amp; Dunbar-Welter, M. (1995). "Historia na Muhtasari" katika Heiden, Hersen, Michel Lynda &amp; (eds.), ''Utangulizi kwa Saikolojia ya Kimatibabu.'' New York: Plenum Press. ISBN 0-306-44877-7</ref> Miaka kumi baadaye katika 1907, Witmer alianzisha jarida la kwanza katika fani hii, ''Zahanati ya Kisaikolojia,'' ambapo neno "saikolojia ya kimatibabu" lilianzishwa, ambayo hufafanuliwa kama "utafiti wa watu, kwa maangalizi au majaribio, kwa nia ya kuendeleza mabadiliko".<ref name="compass"> Compas, Bruce &amp; Gotlib, Ian. (2002). ''Kuanzishwa kwa Saikolojia ya Kimatibabu.'' New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Elimu ya Juu. ISBN 0-07-012491-4</ref> Fani haikufuata mfano wa Witmer haraka, lakini kufikia 1914, kulikuwa na kliniki 26 sawia katika Marekani <ref name="evans"> Evans, Rand. (1999). [http://www.apa.org/monitor/dec99/ss12.html Saikolojia ilianzishwa na kukuzwa katika utata.] ''APA Monitor,'' 30 (11),.</ref> Hata vile saikolojia ya kimatibabu ilivyokuwa ikikua, kushughulikia masuala sugu ya dhiki kubwa ya akili ilisalia kuwa kazi ya wanasaikayatria na wananyurolojia.<ref name="routh"> Routh, Donald. (1994). ''Saikolojia ya Kimatibabu tangu 1917: Sayansi, utendaji, na Maandalizi.'' New York: Plenum Press. ISBN 0-306-44452-6</ref> Hata hivyo, wanasaikolojia wa kimatibabu waliendelea kuingia katika eneo hili kutokana na kuongezeka kwa ujuzi wao katika uchunguzi wa kisaikolojia. Sifa ya wanasaikolojia kama wataalamu wa tathmini iliimarishwa wakati wa [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia|Vita Vikuu vya 1 vya Dunia]] kwa maendelezo ya vipimo viwili vya akili, ''Jeshi Alpha'' na ''Jeshi Beta'' (upimaji wa ujuzi usio na usemi na wenye usemi, mtawalia), ambayo ingeweza kutumika na makundi makubwa ya makurutu.<ref name="benjamin2"></ref><ref name="heiden"></ref> Kutokana na ufanisi kwa sehemu kubwa wa vipimo hivi, tathmini ilikuja kuwa nidhamu ya msingi ya saikolojia kiafya kwa robo karne iliyofuatia, wakati vita vingine viliposukuma fani kwenda katika matibabu. ===Mashirika ya Awali ya Kitaalamu=== Fani ilianza kujipanga chini ya jina la "Saikolojia ya Kimatibabu" katika 1917 kwa kuanzishwa kwa Shirika la Marekani la Saikolojia ya Kimatibabu. Hiki kilikuwepo hadi 1919 tu, ambapo Shirika la Marekani la Kisaikolojia (lililoanzishwa naye G. Stanley Hall katika 1892) lilipoanzisha sehemu ya Saikolojia ya Kimatibabu, ambayo ilitoa vyeti hadi 1927. <ref name="evans"></ref> Ukuaji katika fani ulikuwa wa polepole kwa muda wa miaka michache iliyofuatia wakati mashirika mbalimbali yasiyohusiana ya kisaikolojia yalipoungana pamoja kama Chama cha Marekani cha Saikolojia ya Mpakato mnamo 1930, ambayo ilifanya kazi kama jukwaa la kimsingi kwa wanasaikolojia mpaka baada ya Vita Kuu vya Pili vya Dunia wakati APA ilipojipanga upya.<ref name="apa100"> Shirika la Kisaikolojia la Marekani. (1999). [http://www.apa.org/monitor/dec99/ss13.html APA: kuunganisha wanasaikolojia kwa zaidi ya miaka 100]. ''APA Monitor Online,'' 30 (11).</ref> Katika 1945, APA iliunda kile sasa kiitwacho Idara 12, mgawanyo wake wa saikolojia ya kimatibabu, ambayo bado ni shirika linaloongoza katika fani. Jamii za Kisaikolojia na vyama katika nchi nyingine zinazozungumza Kiingereza zilianzisha migawanyiko sawa, ikiwa ni pamoja na Uingereza, Canada, Australia na New Zealand. ===Vita Vikuu vya II na kuunganishwa kwa matibabu=== Wakati [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia|Vita Vikuu vya II]] vilipoanza jeshi tena lilitoa mwito kwa wanasaikolojia wa kimatibabu. Kama vile askari walipoanza kurudi kutoka mapambano, wanasaikolojia walianza kuona dalili ya kiwewe cha kisaikolojia kilichoitwa "mshtuko Mkuu" (hatimaye ilikuja kuitwa ugonjwa unaotokana na kiwewe) ambao ulikuwa bora kutibiwa haraka iwezekanavyo.<ref name="heiden"></ref> Kwa sababu madaktari (madaktari wa akili wakiwemo) walikuwa walikuwa na mzigo mzito sana katika kutibu majeraha ya kimwili, wanasaikolojia waliitwa kusaidia kutibu hali hii.<ref name="reisman"> Reisman, John. (1991). ''Historia ya Saikolojia ya Kimatibabu.'' Uingereza: Taylor Francis. ISBN 1-56032-188-1</ref> Wakati huo huo, wanasaikolojia wa kike (ambao walikuwa wametengwa kutoka kwa jitihada ya kivita) waliunda Baraza la Taifa la Wanasaikolojia Wanawake wakiwa na lengo la kusaidia jamii kukabiliana na dhiki za vita na kutoa ushauri kwa akina mama vijana juu ya kulea watoto.<ref name="compass"></ref> Baada ya vita, Utawala wa Askari Wastaafu katika Marekani ulifanya uwekezaji mkubwa sana katika kuanzisha programu za mafunzo kwa viwango vya udaktari katika saikolojia ya kimatibabu ili kusaidia kutibu maelfu ya askari wastaafu waliohitaji huduma. Hii ilisababisha, Marekani kutoka kutokuwa na mipango ya chuo kikuu rasmi katika saikolojia ya kimatibabu katika 1946 hadi zaidi ya nusu ya Ph.D zote katika saikolojia katika 1950 kutuzwa katika saikolojia ya kimatibabu.<ref name="compass"></ref> Vita Vikuu vya Pili vya Dunia vilisaidia kuleta mabadiliko makubwa kwa saikolojia ya kimatibabu, sio tu Marekani lakini pia kimataifa. Elimu ya uzamili ya saikolojia ilianza kuongeza matibabu ya saikolojia kwa sayansi na utafiti kulingana na mwelekeo wa mwanasayansi-muuguzi wa 1947, unaojulikana leo ''kama'' mfano wa ''Boulder,'' kwa programu Ph.D. za katika saikolojia ya kimatibabu.<ref> Routh, Donald. mwaka wa (2000). Mafunzo ya Saikolojia ya Kimatibabu : Historia ya Mawazo na Desturi Kabla ya 1946. ''Mwansaikolojia Mmarekani, 55 (2),'' 236.</ref> Saikolojia ya kiafya nchini [[Ufalme wa Muungano|Uingereza]] ilikua sawia na Marekani baada ya Vita vya Pili vya Dunia, katika muktadha wa Afya ya Uingereza<ref name="whatis"> Hall, John &amp; Llewelyn, Susan. mwaka wa (2006) ''Saikolojia ya Kimatibabu ni nini?'' Toleo la 4. Uingereza: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-856689-1</ref> sifa, viwango, na mishahara pamoja na kusimamiwa na Jamii ya Uingereza ya Kisaikolojia.<ref> Henry, David. (1959). Saikolojia ya Kimatibabu nje ya nchi. ''Mwanasaikolojia Mmarekani , 14 (9),'' 601-604.</ref> ===Maendelezo ya shahada ya Udaktari wa Saikolojia=== Kufikia miaka ya 1960, matibabu ya shida ya akili yalikuwa yamejumuishwa ndani ya saikolojia ya kimatibabu, lakini kwa wengi mfumo wa elimu ya Ph.D. haukutoa mafunzo muhimu kwa wale waliopende katika utendaji badala ya utafiti. Kulikuwa na hoja iliyokuwa ikienea ikisema fani ya saikolojia nchini Marekani ilikuwa imekua kwa kiwango kilichoruhudu mafunzo rasmi katika huduma ya kimatibabu. Dhana ya shahada ya utekelezaji ilijadiliwa katika 1965 na kupata kibali cha kiasi kwa ajili ya mpango wa majaribio katika Chuo Kikuu cha Illinois iliyokuwa ianze mwaka wa 1968.<ref name="murray"> Murray, Bridget. mwaka wa (2000). [http://www.apa.org/monitor/jan00/ed1.html Shahada ambayo karibu isiwepo:Kukua kwa PsyD]. ''Monitor ikizungumzia Saikolojia, 31 (1).'' </ref> Programu nyingine kadhaa sawia na hiyo zilianzishwa baada kidogo, na mnamo 1973, katika Mkutano wa pazia katika Mafunzo ya Kitaalamu katika Saikolojia, Mfumo wa Madaktari Watekelezi wa Saikolojia ya Kimatibabu ''Mfumo wa Pazia-Iliyosababisha'' Daktari wa Saikolojia (Psy.D.) shahada ilitambuliwa.<ref name="norcrosspsyd">Norcross, J. &amp; Castle, P. (2002). [http://www.psichi.org/pubs/articles/article_171.asp Kutathmini Psy.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.psichi.org/pubs/articles/article_171.asp |date=20090218104417 }}[http://www.psichi.org/pubs/articles/article_171.asp D: Mambo.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.psichi.org/pubs/articles/article_171.asp |date=20090218104417 }} ''Jicho katika Psi Chim , 7 (1),'' 22-26.</ref> Ingawa mafunzo yangeendelea kuhusisha ujuzi wa utafiti na ufahamu wa kisayansi wa saikolojia, dhamira ilikuwa kuzalisha wataalamu sawa kimafunzo, sawa na mipango katika dawa, udaktari wa meno, na sheria. Programu ya kwanza iliyopangwa kulingana na kielelezo cha Psy.D. ulioanzishwa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Rutgers.<ref name="murray"></ref> Leo, karibu nusu ya wanafunzi wote wa Marekani wa mafunzo ya uzamili wamejisajili katika saikolojia ya kimatibabu ya programu za Psy.D.<ref name="norcrosspsyd"></ref> ===Taaluma inayobadilika=== Tangu miaka ya 1970, saikolojia ya kimatibabu imeendelea kukua kuwa fani imara na fani ya kielimu na utafiti. Ingawa idadi kamili ya watekelezaji wa saikolojia ya kimatibabu haijulikani, inakadiriwa kuwa kati ya 1974 na 1990, idadi katika Marekani iliongezeka kutoka 20,000 hadi 63,000.<ref> Menninger, Roy na Nemiah, John. mwaka wa (2000). ''Saikayatria ya Marekani baada ya Vita Kuu ya II: 1944-1994.'' Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. ISBN 0-88048-866-2</ref> Wanasaikolojia wa kiafya wanaendelea kuwa wataalam katika tathmini ya tiba ya shida ya akili huku wakipanua mtazamo wao kushughulikia masuala ya jerontolojia, michezo, na mfumo wa makosa ya jinai ukitaja chache. Eneo moja muhimu ni saikolojia ya afya, sehemu iliyotoa ongezeko kubwa sana la ajira kwa wanasaikolojia wa kiafya katika muongo uliopita.<ref name="benjamin2"></ref> Mabadiliko mengine makubwa ni pamoja na matokeo ya huduma iliyosimamiwa katika huduma ya afya ya akili, na kuongezeka kwa umuhimu wa utambuzi wa elimu zinazohusiana na watu wenye tamaduni mbalimbali, na kujitokeza kwa haki ya kuagiza dawa za shida ya akili. ==Utekelezaji wa Kitaalamu== Wanasaikolojia wa kiafya wanaweza kutoa huduma mbalimbali za kitaaluma, ikiwa ni pamoja na:<ref name="compass"></ref> * Kusimamia na kutafsiri tathmini na upimaji wa kisaikolojia * Kufanya utafiti wa kisaikolojia * Mashauriano (hasa na shule na biashara) * Maendelezo ya mipango ya kuzuia na matibabu * Usimamizi wa mpango * Kutoa ushahidi wa kitaalam(saikolojia ya uchunguzi) * Kutoa tiba ya kisaikolojia (matibabu ya kisaikolojia) * Kufundisha Katika utekelezaji, wanasaikolojia wa kimatibabu wanaweza kufanya kazi na watu binafsi, wapenzi, familia, au vikundi katika mazingira mbalimbali , ikiwa ni pamoja na kliniki za kibinafsi, hospitali, mashirika ya afya ya akili, shule, biashara, na mashirika yasiyo ya kifaida. Wansaikolojia wa kiafya ambao hushiriki katika utafiti na kufundisha hufanya hivyo katika mazingira ya chuo au chuo kikuu. Wanasaikolojia ya kimatibabu pia wanaweza kuchagua kubobea katika sehemu moja ya fani-sehemu za kawaida za ubobeaji, ambazo baadhi zinaweza kupata vyeti vya bodi,<ref>[35] ^Bodi ya Marekani ya Saikolojia ya Kitaalam, [http://www.abpp.org/abpp_certification_specialties.htm Tunu za kitaalam katika Saikolojia ya Kitaalam] {{Wayback|url=http://www.abpp.org/abpp_certification_specialties.htm |date=20090217170400 }}</ref> ni pamoja na: * Watoto na vijana wanaobalehe * Familia na ushauri juu uhusiano * Saikolojia ya Mahakama * Afya * Matatizo ya kinyurosaikolojia * Shirika na biashara * Shule * Matatizo maalum (km kiwewe, utegemezi, kula, kulala, ngono, unyogovu wa kiafya, wasiwasi, au woga) * Michezo ==Mafunzo na vyeti vya kufanyia kazi== [[File:Penn campus 2.jpg|thumb|250px|Chuo Kikuu cha Pennsylvania kilikuwa cha kwanza kutoa elimu rasmi katika saikolojia ya kimatibabu.]] anasaikolojia wa kiafya husoma mpango wa kijumla katika saikolojia pamoja na mafunzo ya uzamili na/au kupata ajira na usimamizi wa kimatibabu. Urefu wa mafunzo unatofautiana duniani kote, kuanzia miaka minne pamoja na utekelezaji uliosimamiwa<ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20080819231047/http://www.deakin.edu.au/hmnbs/psychology/pdf-docs/pathways-melb.pdf Njia za kujiandikisha kama mwanasaikolojia pamoja na mwansaikolojia wa k kliniki katika Australia]</ref> na udaktari wa miaka mitatu hadi sita ambao inajumlisha kufanya kazi.<ref> [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div12/aboutcp.html APA: Kuhusu saikolojia ya kimatibabu]</ref> Huko Marekani, karibu nusu ya wanafunzi wote wazamili wa saikolojia ya kimatibabu wanapata mafunzo ya programu za Ph.D.-mfumo unaosisitiza utafiti-na nusu nyingine katika programu ya Psy.D., ambayo ina mwelekeo unaogemea zaidi katika utekelezaji (sawa na shahada za taaluma ya utabibu na sheria).<ref name="norcrosspsyd"></ref> Mifumo yote imepewa vibali na Shirika la Marekani la Kisaikolojia<ref>[40] ^APA. (2005 [http://www.apa.org/ed/accreditation/qrg_doctoral.html Miongozo na Kanuni kwa Kukubalika kwa Miradi katika Saikolojia ya Kitaalam: Muongozo wa haraka kwa Programu za udaktari] .</ref> na jamii za kisaikolojia nyingine nyingi zinazozungumza Kiingereza. Idadi ndogo ya vyuo hutoa programu katika saikolojia ya kimatibabu zenye vibali zinazotunukiwa shahada ya uzamili, ambazo kwa kawaida huchukua miaka 2-3 baada ya shahada ya kwanza. Nchini Uingereza, wanasaikolojia ya kimatibabu hufanya shahada ya Udaktari wa Saikolojia ya Kimatibabu (D.Clin.Psych.), Ambayo ni shahada ya udaktari yenye sehemu za kimatibabu na utafiti. Hii ni programu yenye malipo ya miaka mitatu iliyofanywa wakati wote iliyofadhiliwa na mpango wa Taifa wa Huduma ya Afya (NHS) na iliyokuwa katika vyuo vikuu na NHS. Kuingia katika programu hizi kuna ushindani mkubwa, na inahitaji angalau miaka mitatu ya kiwango cha shahada ya kwanza katika saikolojia pamoja na aina fulani ya uzoefu, kwa kawaida katika NHS kama Mwanasaikolojia Msaidizi au kwa usomi kama msaidizi wa utafiti. Ni kawaida kwa wagombeaji kutuma maombi mara kadhaa kabla ya kukubaliwa kwenye mafunzo kwani kila mwaka ni mmoja kati ya watano ya wagombeaji ndio wanaokubaliwa kila mwaka.<ref>[41] ^ Cheshire, K. &amp; Pilgrim, D. (2004). ''Utangulizi mfupi kwa saikolojia ya kimatibabu'' London, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. ISBN 0-7619-4768-X</ref> Digrii hizi za kisaikolojia ya kimatibabu zimepewa vibali na Shirika la Kisaikolojia Uingereza na Baraza la Taaluma ya Afya(HPC). HPC ni msimazi wa kisheria kwa wanasaikolojia watekelezi nchini Uingereza. Wale ambao hukamilisha shahada za digrii ya udaktari wa saikolojia ya kimatibabu wanauwezo wa kuomba kusajiliwa kwa HPC kama wanasaikolojia wa kiafya. Kufanya kazi ya saikolojia ya kimatibabu kunahitaji leseni nchini Marekani, Canada, Uingereza, na nchi nyingi nyingine. Ingawa kila moja ya majimbo ya Marekani yanatofautiana kidogo katika mahitaji na leseni, kuna mambo ya kawaida matatu:<ref name="ASPPB">{{cite web|url=http://www.asppb.org/|title=Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards|accessdate=2007-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222185047/http://asppb.org/|archivedate=2011-02-22}}</ref> # Kuhitimu kutoka shule yenye kibali na shahada mwafaka # Kukamilisha kwa kazi ya kiafya iliyosimamiwa au uanagenzi # Kupita mtihani wa kuandikwa na katika baadhi ya majimbo, mtihani simulizi Bodi zote za majimbo ya Marekani na Kanada za kutoa leseni ni wanachama wa Shirika la Nchi na Majimbo la Bodi ya Saikolojia (ASPPB) ambayo iliunda na kusimamia Mitihani ya Utekelezaji wa Kitaalam katika Saikolojia(EPPP). Majimbo mengi yanahitaji mitihani mingine mbali na EPPP, kama vile mtihani wa nadharia na filosofia ya sheria(yaani sheria ya afya ya akili) na/au mtihani kimazungumzo.<ref name="ASPPB"></ref> Majimbo mengi pia yanahitaji idadi fulani ya wasili za elimu kwa kila mwaka ili kuthibitisha upya leseni zao, ambayo inaweza kupatikana kwa njia mbalimbali, kama vile kwenda madarasa yaliyokaguliwa na kuhudhuria semina zilizokubaliwa. Wanasaikolojia wa kiafya wanatakiwa kuwa na leseni ya Mwanasaikolojia ili kufanya kazi, ingawa leseni zinaweza kupatikana kwa kiwango cha shahada ya uzamili, kama vile Mshauri wa Ndoa na Familia (MFT), Mtaalamu wa Ushauri mwenye Leseni (LPC), na leseni ya Mshirika wa Kisaikolojia (LPA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.psychotherapyguild.com/disciplines.html|title=Professional Disciplines|accessdate=2008-12-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208112351/http://www.psychotherapyguild.com/disciplines.html|archivedate=2008-12-08}}</ref> Katika Uingereza usajili kama mwanasaikolojia wa kimatibabu na Baraza la Taaluma za Afya (HPC)ni muhimu. HPC ni msimazi wa kisheria wa madaktari wa kisaikolojia nchini Uingereza. Nchini Uingereza majina yafuatayo yamezuiliwa kisheria "mwanasaikolojia aliyesajiliwa" na "mwanasaikolojia mtekelezi"; kwa kuongezea cheo cha kitaalamu "mwanasaikolojia wa kiafya" pia kunazuiwa na sheria. ==Tathmini== Eneo muhimu la utaalamu kwa wanasaikolojia wa kiafya wengi ni tathmini ya kisaikolojia, na kuna dalili kwamba karibu 91% ya wanasaikojia hushiriki katika utekelezaji huu muhimu.<ref name="groth"> Groth-Marnat, G. (2003). ''kitabu cha Tathmini ya ya Kisaikolojia,'' toleo la 4. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &amp; Sons. ISBN 0-471-41979-6</ref> Tathmini hiyo kwa kawaida hufanyika ili kupata mwanga na kutengeneza nadharia kuhusu matatizo ya kisaikolojia au kitabia. Kwa hivyo, matokeo ya tathmini hiyo kwa kawaida hutumika kuunda maoni ya ujumla (badala ya kutambua) katika kutoa habari kwa mipango ya kutibu. Mbinu zinahusisha hatua rasmi za kupima, mahojiano, kupitia upya kumbukumbu za zamani, uchunguzi wa kliniki, na uchunguzi wa kimwili.<ref name="plante"></ref> Kuna mamia ya njia tofauti za tathmini, ingawa ni chache tu zimeonyeshwa kuwa na ukweli wa juu (yaani, vipimo kweli vinapima kile vinavyodai kupima) na za kutegemewa (yaani, thabiti). Vipimo hivi kwa ujumla huwa chini ya mojawapo ya aina mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na zifuatazo: * '''Werevu na vipimo vya mafanikio''' - vipimo hivi vimeundwa maalum ili kupima aina fulani ya utendajikazi wa akili katika utambuzi (mara nyingi hujulikana kama IQ) ikilinganishwa na kundi la kawaida. Majaribio haya, kama vile WISC-IV, hujaribu kupima sifa kama ya ufahamu wa jumla, ujuzi wa kimaneno, kumbukumbu, kadiri ya umakini, kufikiria kimantiki, na ufahamu wa maono/mahala. vipimo kadhaa vimeonyeshwa kutabiri kwa usahihi aina fulani ya utekelezaji, hasa wa kimasomo.<ref name="groth"></ref> * '''Vipimo vya Kitabia''' - Uchunguzi wa [[tabia]] unalenga kuelezea mwelekeo wa tabia, mawazo, na hisia. Hivyo kwa jumla huwa katika makundi mawili: lengo na kukisia. Vipimo vya lengo, kama vile MMPI(Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory), vina msingi wa majibu yaliyoelekezwa kama ndiyo / hapana, ukweli / uongo, au kipimo cha kukadiria -ambacho kinaruhusu kuhesabiwa kwa alama ambayo inaweza kulinganishwa na kundi linalochukuliwa kuwa la kawaida. Vipimo vya kukadiria, kama vile jaribio la Rorschach la tone la wino mara nyingi huruhusu majibu wazi, mara nyingi hutegemea skumizi tata, hufikiriwa kuwa huonyesha mienendo ya kisaikolojia isiyo ya kifahamu. * '''Vipimo vya Nyurosaikolojia''' - Vipimo vya Nyurosaikolojia vinahusisha kazi zilizoundwa maalum kutumiwa kupima kazi za kisaikolojia zinazojulikana kuhusishwa na sehemu maalum ya muundo wa ubongo au njia. Hizo kwa kawaida hutumika kutathmini uharibifu baada ya kuumia au ugonjwa unaojulikana kuathiri utendajikazi wa utambuzi wa ubongo, au wakati inapotumika katika utafiti, ili kulinganisha uwezo wa nyurosaikolojia kati ya makundi ya majaribio. * '''Uchunguzi wa Kiafya''' - Wanasaikolojia wa kiafya pia wana mafunzo ya kukusanya data kwa kuchunguza tabia. Mahojiano ya kiafya ni sehemu muhimu ya tathmini, wakati wa kutumia zana nyingine rasmi, ambazo zinaweza kuajiri mfumo wenye muundo au usio na muundo. Tathmini kama hiyo inaangalia baadhi ya maeneo, kama vile kuonekana kwa ujumla na tabia, hisia na kuathiri, mtazamo, ufahamu, maelekezo, mtizamo, kumbukumbu, na maudhui ya mawasiliano. Mfano mmoja wa mahojiano rasmi ya kiakili ni majaribio ya hali ya akili, ambayo mara nyingi hutumika katika taaluma ya tiba ya magonjwa ya akili kama chombo cha uchunguzi kwa ajili ya matibabu au kupima zaidi.<ref name="groth"></ref> ===Utambuzi wa Kiuguzi=== Baada ya tathmini, wanasaikolojia wa kiafya mara nyingi hutoa hisia za utambuzi. Nchi nyingi hutumia ''International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems'' yaani (ICD-10) ilhali Marekani mara nyingi hutumia ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders'' (toleo IV-TR la DSM ). Zote hudhania dhana za kimatibabu na sheria, na hali ya kuwa kuna matatizo ya vikundi ambayo yanaweza kutambuliwa kwa kuwekwa kwa orodha ya vigezo vya maelezo.<ref name="jablensky"> Jablensky, Assen. mwaka wa(2005). Vikundi, vipimo na vitangulizi: masuala nyeti ya Uainishaji wa akili. ''Saikopatholojia, 38 (4),'' 201</ref> Mifano kadhaa mipya inajadiliwa, ikiwemo " mtindo wa vipimo" mifano ya ujarabati iliyothibitishwa ya tofauti za binadamu (kama vile mitindo mitano ya vipengele vya kitabia<ref name="widiger">[53] ^ Widiger, Thomas &amp; Trull, Timothy. (2007). Gandunia katika Ainisho wa matatizo ya nafsi: kusonga kuelekea kwa mtindo wa pande. ''Mwanasaikolojia Mmarekani, 62 (2),'' 71-83.</ref><ref name="jablensky"></ref>) na "muundo wa kisaikolojia", itakayochukulia maanani zaidi hali zinazobadilika, kati ya dhahania na zenye lengo.<ref> Mundt, Christoph &amp; Backenstrass, Matthias. mwaka wa(2005). Matibabu ya Kisaikolojia na Uainishaji: Kisaikolojia, saikodamiki, na nyanja ya utambuzi. ''Saikopatholojia, 38 (4),'' 219</ref> Watetezi wa miundo hii wanadai kwamba wangeweza kutoa utambuzi wenye unyumbufu zaidi na matumizi ya kiafya bila kutegemea dhana ya matibabu ya ugonjwa. Hata hivyo, pia wanakubali kuwa miundo hiyo si imara vya kutosha kuweza kutumika sana, na inapaswa kuendelea kuimarishwa. Baadhi wanasaikolojia wa kiafya mara nyingi huwa hawajaribu kutambua, lakini hutumia ''kuandaa'' ramani ya matatizo ambayo mgonjwa au mteja anapitia, inayojumuisha kuwekwa hatarini, kusababisha na kutunza (kudumisha) vipengele.<ref> Kinderman, P. na Lobban, F. (2000) Misombo inayobadilika: Kutoa habari ngumu kwa wateja. ''Matibabu ya Kisaikolojia ya Kitabia na Kitambuzi, 28 (3),'' 307-310</ref> ==Nadharia za Kiafya na kuchukua Hatua== Matibabu ya shida ya akili yanahusisha uhusiano rasmi kati ya mtu binafsi na mtaalamu, mteja kwa kawaida ni, wanandoa, familia, au kikundi-ambayo inatumia seti ya taratibu zenye nia ya kuunda muungano wa tiba, kuchunguza hali ya matatizo ya kisaikolojia, na kuhimiza njia mpya za kufikiria, kuhisi, au za kitabia.<ref name="gabbard"></ref><ref name="plante"></ref> Matabibu wana hatua nyingi mbalimbali za kibinafsi za kufuata, mara nyingi wakiongozwa na mafunzo yao-kwa mfano, tiba ya utambuzi wa tabia (CBT) Tabibu anaweza kutumia shiti za kazi kurekodi utambuzi unaosababisha dhiki, mtathmini wa hali ya akili anaweza kuhamasisha ushirikiano huru, wakati mwanasaikolojia mwenye mafunzo katika mbinu ya Gestalt anaweza kuzingatia mwingiliano wa mara moja kati ya mteja na mtaalamu. Wanasaikolojia wa kiafya kwa ujumla huegemeza kazi yao kwa ushahidi wa kitafiti na matokeo ya majaribio na vilevile juu ya uamuzi unaotokana na mafunzo ya kiafya. Ingawa kuna idadi kubwa ya mifumo ya matibabu yaliyotambuliwa, tofauti zao zinaweza mara kwa mara kujumuishwa kwa vipimo viwili : ufahamu dhidi ya hatua na katika kikao dhidi ya nje ya kikao.<ref name="compass"></ref> * Maarifa- inatilia mkazo kwa kupata ufahamu zaidi juu ya msingi wa motisha ya mawazo na hisia za mtu (kama mfano tiba ya kisaiklojia ya kumsaidia mtu kupata nafuu kutokana na dhiki ya hisia) * Kuchukua hatua - kunazingatia jinsi ya kufanya mabadiliko ya jinsi mtu anavyofikiria na kutenda (kwa mfano tiba inayozingatia ufumbuzi, tiba ya utambuzi wa kitabia) * Katika kikao - kuingilia kunaegemea mwingiliano wa hapa-na-sasa kati ya mteja na mtaalamu (kwa mfano tiba ya kibinadamu, tiba ya Gestalt) * Nje ya kikao-- sehemu kubwa ya kazi ya matibabu inanuiwa kutokea nje ya kikao (km matumizi ya vitabu kusuluhisha shida za kihisia au kitabia, tiba ya hisia na tabia za kimantiki) Mbinu zinazotumika pia ni tofauti kulingana na idadi ya watu watakaokuwa wakitumukiwa pamoja na mazingira na hali ya tatizo. Tiba itakuwa tofauti sana kati, tuseme, mtoto aliyeteseka, mtu mzima mwenye kufadhaika lakini mwenye utendajikazi mzuri, kundi la watu wanaopata nafuu kutokana na utegemezi wa dutu, na mfungwa anayeugua wazimu. Mambo mengine yanayokuwa na majukumu muhimu katika mchakato wa tiba kwa shida ya akili ni pamoja na mazingira, utamaduni, umri, utendajikazi wa utambuzi, motisha, na Muda (yaani mfupi au mrefu matibabu).<ref name="gabbard"></ref><ref name="laroche"> La Roche, Martin. (2005 Muktadha wa kiutamaduni na utaratibu matibabu ya Kisaikolojia: Kuelekea matibabu ya kisaikolojia yanayotilia mila maanani. ''Jarida la Kuunganishwa kwa Matibabu ya Kisaikolojia, 15 (2),'' 169-185</ref> ===Matapo manne makuu=== Fani inatawaliwa katika misingi ya mafunzo na matapo manne makuu ya utekelezaji: kutumia mazungumzo ili kumtibu mtu kutokana na dhiki ya kihisia, kibinadamu, tabia / utambuzi tabia, na tiba ya mifumo au familia.<ref name="plante"></ref> ====Kumtibu mtu kutokana na dhiki ya kihisia==== Mtazamo wa saikodinamiki ulikuwa kutokana na tathmini ya kisaikolojia yake [[Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud.]] Lengo la msingi la tathmini ya kisaikolojia ni kufanya isofahamu kuwa na fahamu-ili kumjuza mteja wake juu ya haja zake za kimsingi (yaani zile zinazohusiana na mbali za ulinzi zinazotumika kuyathibiti. <ref name="gabbard"> Gabbard, Glen. mwaka wa(2005). ''Saikayatria ya Kisaikodaimiki katika Matumizi ya Kiafya,'' 4 Ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. ISBN 1-58562-185-4</ref> Zana muhimu za mchakato wa tibanafsia ni matumizi ya muungano huru na uchunguzi wa ubadilishanaji wa mteja kuelekea kwa mtaalamu, hufafanuliwa kama tabia ya kuchukua mawazo yasiyo fahamu au hisia kumhusu mtu muhimu (kwa mfano mzazi) na "kuzihamisha" kwenda kwa mtu mwingine. Mabadiliko makubwa katika tibanafsia yake Freud yanayoendelezwa kwa sasa ni pamoja na saikolojia binafsi, saikolojia nafsi, na nadharia ya mahusiano ya vifaa. Maelekezo haya ya jumla sasa huwa chini ya mwavuli wa istiliahi '' saikolojia saikodamiki,'' na maudhui ya kawaida ikiwa ni pamoja na uchunguzi wa ubadilishanaji na ulinzi, na kuongezeka kwa nguvu ya fahamu, na hulenga jinsi maendeleo ya mapema utotoni yameumba hali ya kisaikolojia ya mteja.<ref name="gabbard"></ref> ====Kibinadamu==== Saikolojia ya kibinadamu ilianzishwa katika miaka ya 1950 kama mmenyuko kwa umwenendo na uchunguzi nafsia, kwa kiasi kikubwa kutokana na tiba ilimpa mtu-kipaombele yake Carl Rogers (mara nyingi hujulikana kama Rogerian Therapy) na saikolojia ya uwepo zilizotengenezwa nao Victor Frankl na Rollo May.<ref name="plante"></ref> Rogers aliamini kuwa mteja alihitaji mambo matatu tu kutoka kwa tabibu ili kuonyesha kuimarika kwa hali yake-uwiano, kujihisi vizuri bila masharti, na kuelewa kwa huruma.<ref> McMillan, Michael. (2004). ''Njia inayomlenga mtu ya mabadiliko ya kimatibabu.'' London, Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. ISBN 0-7619-4868-6</ref> Kwa kutumia fenomenolojia, inayopatikana kwa ajili ya masomo mawili na aina ya nafsi ya kwanza, mbinu ya kibinadamu inajaribu kupata picha nzima ya mtu na sio sehemu zilizogawanyika vipande vipande za utu.<ref> Rowan, John. mwaka wa(2001). ''Raha ya Kawaida:Njia ya kufikia Ukwel ya Saikolojia ya kibinadamu.'' London, UK: Brunner-Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23633-9</ref> Hali hii ya uzima inaunganisha pamoja lengo lingine la kawaida la utaratibu wa kibinadamu katika saikolojia ya kimatibabu, ambayo ni ya kutafuta muungano wa mtu mzima, pia hujulikana kama ''kujithamini.'' Kwa mujibu wa kufikiria kibinadamu,<ref name="Schneider"> Schneider, K., Bugental, J., &amp; Pierson, J. ((2001). ''Kitabu cha saikolojia ya kibinadamu: pande zinazo katika nadharia ya utafiti, na mazoezi,'' 2 ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. ISBN 978-0-7619-2121-9</ref> kila mtu binafsi tayari ana uwezo wa kindani na rasilimali ambayo inaweza kumsaidia kujenga hulka na dhana binafsi nzuri zaidi. Jukumu la mwanasaikolojia wa kibinadamu ni kumsaidia mtu kutumia rasilimali hizi kupitia uhusiano wa matibabu. ====Tabia na Utambuzi tabia ==== Tiba ya utambuzi wa kitabia (CBT) ilitokana na kuunganishwa kwa matibabu ya utambuzi na tiba ya hisia za kimantiki na tabia, zote mbili zilikua kutoka kwa saikolojia tambuzi na utabia. CBT ina misingi yake katika nadharia inayosema kwamba jinsi sisi hufikiria (utambuzi), jinsi tunavyojisikia (hisia), na jinsi tunavyotenda (tabia) vinahusiana na kuingiliana katika njia ngumu kuelewa. Kwa mtazamo huu, baadhi ya njia zisizofanya kazi za kutafsiri na kutathmini dunia (mara nyingi kwa njia ya ''vielelezo'' au ''imani)'' inaweza kuchangia kwa dhiki ya kihisia au kusababisha matatizo ya kitabia. Lengo la tiba tambuzi za tabia nyingi ni kugundua na kutambua njia za upendeleo, na zisizofanya kazi za kuhusiana au kujibu na kupitia njia mbalimbali kusaidia wateja kuzishinda shida hizi kwa njia itakayosababisha hali zao kuimarika.<ref> Beck, A., Davis, D., na Freeman, A. (2007). '' Tiba Tambuzi ya ugonjwa wa Nafsi,'' 2 Ed. New York: Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1-59385-476-8</ref> Kuna mbinu nyingi zinazotumika, kama vile upunguzaji fahamu kwa utaratibu, maswali yanayojibiwa na aliyeyauliza, na kuhifadhi rekodi ya uchunguzi wa utambuzi. Mbinu zilizobadilishwa ziko chini ya jamii ya CBT pia zimeendelezwa, ikiwa ni pamoja na tiba ya tabia tafakari na tiba ya utambuzi inayoegemea uangalifu.<ref>[75] ^ Chama cha Tiba ya tabia Utambuzi. mwaka wa (2006) Ellis Albert mara nyingi hutajwa kama "babu" ya CBT kwa ajili ya kazi yake mashuhuri katika fani hii. [http://www.aabt.org/What%20are/What%20Are%20Behavioral%20and%20Cognitive%20Therapies.html CBT ni nini?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aabt.org/What%20are/What%20Are%20Behavioral%20and%20Cognitive%20Therapies.html |date=20101115004811 }}. Ilirudishwa 2007/03/04.</ref> Tiba ya tabia ni desturi iliyo na mengi. Imetafitiwa vizuri na ina msingi imara wa ushahidi. Mizizi yake iko katika umwenendo. Katika tiba ya kitabia, matukio katika mazingira hutabiri vile sisi hufikiria na kuhisi. Tabia zetu zinaweka masharti kwa mazingira kurudisha maoni kwake. Wakati mwingine maoni hupelekea tabia kuongezeka-kuimarisha na wakati mwingine hupelekea tabia kupunguka-adhabu. Mara nyingi matabibu wa tabia huitwa wachambuzi wa tabia inayotumika. Wamesomea maeneo mengi kutoka ulemavu wa ukuaji hadi unyogovu na matatizo ya kiwewe. Katika eneo la afya ya akili na utegemezi, makala ya hivi karibuni yaliangalia orodha ya APA utendaji ulioimarika na unaoonyesha ahadi za ukuaji na kupata idadi fulani inayozingatia kanuni za kufaa na hali ya mhojiwa.<ref>{{cite journal |author= O'Donohue W, Ferguson KE |year=2006 |title= Evidence-based practice in psychology and behavior analysis |journal= Behav Analyst Today |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=335–50 |url=http://baojournal.com|format=PDF}}</ref> Mbinu nyingi za tathmini zimetokana njia hii ikiwa ni pamoja na uchambuzi wa utendajikazi (saikolojia), ambayo imepata lengo kuu katika mfumo wa shule. Aidha, hatua mbalimbali za kuingilia kati zimetokana na utamaduni huu ikiwa ni pamoja na kuimarisha mfumo wa jamii kwa ajili ya kutibu utegemezi, tiba ya Kukubalika na kujitolea, uchambuzi wa matibabu ya kisaikolojia ya utendajikazi , ikiwa ni pamoja na tiba ya kitabia ya kitafakari na kuwezesha tabia. Aidha, mbinu maalum kama vile usimamizi wa dharura na matibabu yaonekanayo yametokana na utamaduni huu. ====Tiba ya mifumo au familia==== Tiba ya mifumo au familia inafanya kazi na wapenzi na familia, na inatilia mkazo uhusiano wa familia kama jambo muhimu katika afya ya kisaikolojia. Lengo kuu huwa kwa mienendo kati ya watu, hasa katika suala la jinsi mabadiliko kwa mtu mmoja yataathiri mfumo mzima.<ref> Bitter, J. &amp; Corey, G. ((2001). "Tiba ya Mifumo ya Familia" kwa Gerald Corey (: toleo), ''Nadharia na utekelezaji wa ushauri nasaha na matibabu ya kisaikolojia.'' Belmost, CA: Brooks / Cole.'''' </ref> Tiba kwa hivyo inafanywa na wanachama wengi iwezekanavyo wa "mfumo" wakiwemo. Malengo yanaweza kuwa pamoja na kuboresha mawasiliano, kuweka majukumu ya afya, kuuunda simulizi mbadala, na kushughulikia matatizo ya kitabia. Wachangiaji ni pamoja na John Gottman, Jay Haley, Sue Johnson, na Virginia Satir. ===Mikondo mingine muhimu ya matibabu=== Kuna mikondo au aina kadhaa za matibabu ya kisaikolojia inayotambuliwa- orodha iliyo chini inawakilisha aina chache mashuhuri ambazo hazikutajwa hapo juu. Ingawa zote huwa na mbinu za utekelezaji zitumiwazo na matabibu, hizi kwa ujumla zinafahamika zaidi kwa kutoa mfumo wa nadharia na falsafa ambao huongoza tabibu katika kazi yake na mteja. *'''Uwepo''' - Tiba ya kisaikolojia ya uwepo inadai kwamba watu kwa kiasi kikubwa huwa huru kuchagua sisi ni nani na jinsi ya kutafsiri na kuingiliana na ulimwengu. Ina nia ya kumsaidia mteja kupata maana ya ndani zaidi katika maisha na kukubali wajibu katika kuishi. Kwa hivyo, inashughulikia masuala ya msingi ya maisha, kama vile kifo, upweke, na uhuru. Tabibu husisitiza mteja ana uwezo wa kujifahamu, hiari ya kufanya uchaguzi kwa sasa, kuunda utambulisho wa nafsia na mahusiano ya kijamii, kuleta maana, na kukabiliana na wasiwasi wa asili wa kuishi.<ref> Van Deurzen, Emmy. (2002). ''Ushauri wa Uwepo &amp; Matibabu ya Kisaikolojia katika Utekelezaji.'' London, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. ISBN 0-7619-6223-9</ref> Waandishi wa muhimu katika tiba ya uwepo ni pamoja na Rollo May, Victor Frankl, James Bugental, na Irvin Yalom.<p>Tiba moja mashuhuri iliyokuwa kutokana na matibabu ya uwepo ni tiba ya Gestalt, hasa iliyoanzishwa na Fritz Perls katika miaka ya 1950. Inajulikana vizuri kwa ajili ya mbinu zilizoundwa ili kuongeza aina mbalimbali ya utambuzi nafsia- maarufu sana labda ni "mbinu ya kiti tupu "-ambazo kwa ujumla zinalengwa kuchunguza upinzani kwa "kuwasiliana halisi", kutatua migogoro ya ndani, na kumsaidia mteja kukamilisha "shughuli ambayo haijamalizika".<ref name="woldt"> Woldt, Ansel na Toman, Sarah. mwaka wa(2005). ''Tiba ya Gestalt : Historia, nadharia, na utekelezaji.'' Thousand Oaks, CA. : Sage Publications. ISBN 0-7619-2791-3</ref></p> * '''Baada-usasa''' - saikolojia ya baada-usasa inasema kuwa uzoefu wa hali halisi ni ujenzi wa dhahania ambao umejengwa juu ya lugha, mazingira ya kijamii, na historia, na bila ukweli wa kimsingi.<ref> Slife, B., Barlow, S. na Williams, R. ((2001). ''Masuala muhimu katika matibabu ya kisaikolojia: kutafsiri mawazo mapya katika utekelezaji.'' London: SAGE. ISBN 0-7619-2080-3</ref> Kwa vile "ugonjwa wa akili" na "afya ya akili" havitambuliwi kuwa na lengo, hali halisi zinazoweza kufafanuliwa, mwanasaikolojia wa kisasa badala yake anaona lengo madhubuti la tiba kama kitu kinachoundwa kati ya mteja na mtaalamu.<ref> Blatner, Adam. (1997). [http://www.blatner.com/adam/level2/pmodpsy198.htm Maana halisi ya Baada ya Sasa kwa Matibabu ya Kisaikolojia]. ''Saikolojia ya kibinafsi, 53 (4),'' 476-482.</ref> Aina ya matibabu ya kisaikolojia ya kisasa ni pamoja na matibabu simulizi, [[matibabu yenye msingi wa]] ufumbuzi, na tiba ya ufasaha. * '''Zaidi ya binafsi''' - mtazamo wa zaidi ya binafsi unazingatia zaidi kijisehemu cha [[Maisha ya kiroho|kiroho]] katika maisha ya binadamu.<ref> Boorstein, Seymour. mwaka wa (1996). ''Matibabu ya Kisaikolojia Kati ya Watu Wengi.'' Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-2835-4</ref> Si seti ya mbinu bali ni nia ya kumsaidia mteja kuchunguza mambo ya kiroho na/au kuzidi hali za fahamu. Pia inajihusisha na kuwasaidia wateja kufikia uwezo wao wa hali ya juu. Waandishi wa muhimu katika eneo hili ni pamoja na Ken Wilber, Abrahamu Maslow, Stanislav Grof, John Welwood, David Brazier na Roberto Assagioli. ===Mitazamo mingine === * '''Wingi-tamaduni ''' - Ingawa nadharia ya msingi ya saikolojia ina mizizi katika utamaduni wa Ulaya, kuna utambuzi unaokua kuwa kuna tofauti kati ya makabila na makundi mbalimbali ya kijamii na kwamba mifumo ya matibabu ya kisaikolojia yana haja ya kutilia maanani zaidi tofauti hizo.<ref name="laroche"></ref> Zaidi, vizazi vifuatazo uhamiaji wa wahamiaji vitakuwa na mchanganyiko wa tamaduni mbili au zaidi- ikiwa ni pamoja na mambo kutoka kwa wazazi na jamii jirani-na utaratibu huu wa ubadilishanaji tamaduni unaweza kuwa na jukumu kuu katika matibabu (na inaweza kuwa yenyewe ni tatizo linalowasilishwa). Utamaduni huathiri mawazo kuhusu mabadiliko, kutafuta msaada, mahali maalum pa kudhibiti mamlaka, na umuhimu wa mtu binafsi dhidi ya kundi, yote ambayo inaweza kusababisha mgongano na hali zilizotambulika katika tawala za nadharia na vitendo vya matibabu ya kisaikolojia.<ref> Young, Mark. mwaka wa(2005). ''Kujifunza Taaluma ya Kusaidia,'' 3 ed. Ch. 4, "Kumsaidia mtu ambaye ni tofauti." Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. ISBN 0-13-111753-X</ref> Kwa hivyo, kuna harakati inayokua ya kuunganisha maarifa ya utamaduni wa vikundi mbalimbali ili kufahamisha utendaji wa matibabu katika njia bora zaidi kimila na njia yenye ufanisi zaidi.<ref name="price"> Price, Michael. (2008). mambo ya utamaduni : kukisia asili ya wateja na maadili husaidia kwa matibabu bora zaidi. ''Monitor juu ya Saikolojia, 39 (7),'' 52-53.</ref> * '''Ufeministi''' - tiba ya wanawake ni mwelekeo unaotokana na tofauti kati ya asili ya nadharia ya kisaikolojia nyingi (ambazo zina waandishi wa kiume) na wengi wa watu wanaotafuta ushauri kuwa wanawake. Inalenga masuala ya jamii, utamaduni, na sababu za kisiasa na ufumbuzi yanayokabiliwa katika mchakato wa ushauri. Inamhimiza mteja waziwazi kushiriki katika ulimwengu kwa njia ya kijamii na kisiasa zaidi.<ref> Hill, Márcia na Ballou, Maria. mwaka wa(2005). ''Msingi na hali ya usoni ya matibabu ya wanawake.'' New York: Haworth Press. ISBN 0-7890-0201-9</ref> * '''Saikolojia chanya ''' - saikolojia Chanya ni utafiti wa kisayansi wa furaha ya binadamu na ustawi, ambao ulianza kupata kasi mnamo 1998 kutokana na wito wa Martin Seligman,<ref> Seligman, Martin na Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly. mwaka wa (2000). saikolojia Chanya : Utangulizi. ''Mwanasaikolojia Mmarekani , 55 (1),'' 5-14.</ref> kwa wakati huo rais wa APA. Historia ya saikolojia inaonyesha kwamba fani imekuwa kimsingi imejitolea kushughulikia ugonjwa wa akili kuliko ustawi ya akili. Lengo kuu la Saikolojia chanya inayotumika, kwa hiyo, ni kuongeza uzuri wa maisha yale mtu anayopitia na uwezo wa kustawi kwa kukuza mambo kama matumaini juu ya siku zijazo, hisia za mtiririko katika wakati wa sasa, na sifa za kibinafsi kama ujasiri uvumilivu, na kuwajali wengine.<ref> Snyder, C. na Lopez, S. ((2001). ''Kitabu cha Saikolojia Chanya.'' New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513533-4</ref><ref> Linley, Alex, et al. mwaka wa (2006) saikolojia Chanya : Zamani, sasa, na (inawezekana) usoni. ''Jarida la Saikolojia chanya, 1 (1),'' 3-16.</ref> Kwa sasa kuna ushahidi wa awali wa kuonyesha kwamba kwa kukuza sehemu tatu za Seligman za furaha -hisia chanya (maisha mazuri), ushiriki (maisha husika), na maana (maisha yenye maana)-tiba chanya inaweza kupungua unyogovu wa kiafya.<ref> Seligman, M., Rashid, T., &amp; Parks, A. (mwaka wa (2006) Matibabu Chanya ya Kisaikolojia. ''Mwanasaikolojia Mmarekani, 61 (8),'' 774-788.</ref> ===Kuunganisha=== atika miongo michache iliyopita, kumekuwa na harakati zinazokua kwa kujumuisha mbinu mbalimbali za tiba, hasa kwa ongezeko la ufahamu wa utamaduni, jinsia, kiroho, na masuala ya aina ya kijinsia. Wanasaikolojia wa kiafya wanaanza kuangalia uwezo na udhaifu mbalimbali wa kila mwelekeo wakati huku pia wakifanya kazi na fani zinazohusiana, kama vile sayansi ya neva, sayansi ya jeni, baiolojia ya kubadilika, na taaluma ya athari za dawa za magonjwa ya akili. Matokeo yake ni kuongezeka kwa utekezaji wa mseto wa nadharia, huku wansaikolojia wakijifunza mifumo mbalimbali na mbinu za tiba zenye ufanisi zaidi kwa nia ya kutoa suluhisho bora kwa tatizo lolote.<ref> Norcross, John na Goldfried, Marvin. (2005 Mustakabali wa ushirikiano wa matibabu ya kisaikolojia: Meza iliyozunguka. ''Jarida la muungano wa matibabu ya kisaikolojia, 15 (4),'' 392</ref> ==Maadili ya kitaaluma== Fani ya saikolojia kiafya katika nchi nyingi iko chini ya kanuni za maadili. Nchini Marekani, maadili ya kitaalamu kwa kiasi kikubwa hufafanuliwa na ''Kanuni za Maadili'' za APA, ambazo ni tano: vitendo vinavyoimarisha wengine na kutotenda madhara, uaminifu na uwajibikaji, Uaminifu, haki, na kuheshima Haki za Watu na Adhima.<ref name="apa3"></ref> Mambo kindani yanashughulikia jinsi ya kutatua masuala ya kimaadili, uwezo, uhusiano wa kibinadamu, kwa siri na usiri, matangazo, kumbukumbu, ada, mafunzo, utafiti, kuchapisha, tathmini, na tiba. ==Ulinganishi na taaluma nyingine za afya ya akili== ===Saikiatria=== [[File:Prozac.jpg|thumb|200px|Fluoxetine hydrochloride, iliyoitwa Prozac naye Lilly, ni dawa dhidi ya mfadhaiko ya kawaida kuagizwa na wanasaikayatria. Kuna harakati ndogo lakini inayoongezeka ya kutoa uhuru wa kuagiza kwa wanasaikolojia waliohitimu.]] Ingawa wanasaikolojia wa kiafya na wataalamu wa saikolojia wanaweza kusemekana kuwa na lengo sawa la msingi- kupunguza dhiki ya akili-mafunzo yao, mtazamo, na mbinu mara nyingi ni tofauti kabisa. Pengine tofauti kubwa zaidi ni kwamba wanasaikayatria wana leseni za utabibu. Kwa hivyo, mara nyingi wanasaikiatria hutumia mifumo ya matibabu kutathmini matatizo ya kisaikolojia (yaani, wale wanaowatibu huonekana kama wagonjwa walio na ugonjwa) na hutegemea dawa za akili kama njia kuu ya kushughulikia ugonjwa <ref> Graybar, S. &amp; Leonard, L. (2005), ''Jarida la Marekani la Matibabu ya Kisaikolojia, 59 (1),'' 1-19.</ref> -ingawa wengi pia hutumia matibabu ya kisaikolojia. Wanasaikayatria na wansaikolojia wa kimatibabu (ambao ni wanasaikolojia wa kiafya ambao pia wana leseni za kuagiza) wana uwezo wa kufanya majaribio ya kimwili, kuagiza na kutafsiri vipimo vya maabara na EEG, na wanaweza kuagiza masomo ya kupima ubongo kama vile CT au CAT, MRI, na ubainishaji wa PET. Wanasaikolojia wa kiafya kwa ujumla hawatoi maagizo ya dawa, ingawa kuna harakati za kukua kwa psychologists kuwa na marupurupu maagizo.<ref> Klusman, Lawrence. mwaka wa(2001). Wanasaikolojia wanaotoa maagizo na mahitaji ya wagonjwa ya kimatibabu, Masomo Kutoka Saikayatria ya Kiafya. ''Saikolojia ya Kitaalam: Utafiti na Utekelezaji, 32 (5),'' 496.</ref> Haki hizi za kimatibabu zinahitaji mafunzo na elimu ya ziada. Hadi sasa, wanasaikolojia wa kimatibabu wanaweza kuagiza dawa za akili katika [[Guam]], [[New Mexico]], na Louisiana na wanasaikolojia wa kijeshi.<ref> Halloway, Jennifer. (2004). [http://www.apa.org/monitor/jun04/gaining.html kupata elimu kuagiza]. ''Monitor juu ya Saikolojia, 35 (6) p.22..'' </ref> ===Saikolojia ya ushauri=== Wanasaikolojia wa shauri hutafiti na kutumia njia nyingi za kusaidia na zana kama wanasaikolojia wa kiafya, ikiwa ni pamoja na matibabu ya kisaikolojia na tathmini. Kijadi, wanasikolojia wa ushauri huwasaidia watu kwa kile kinachoweza kuzingatiwa kuwa matatizo ya kisaikolojia ya kawaida au wastani -kama vile hisia za wasiwasi au huzuni unaosababishwa na mabadiliko makubwa au matukio maishani.<ref name="brain"></ref><ref name="compass"></ref> Wanasaikolojia wengi wa ushauri pia hupewa mafunzo maalum katika tathmini ya kazi, tiba ya kikundi, na ushauri wa uhusiano, ingawa baadhi ya wanasaikolojia wa ushauri pia hufanya kazi na matatizo makubwa zaidi ambayo wanasaikolojia wa kiafya wamepewa mafunzo kuyashughulikia, kama vile shida ya akili au kichaa. Kuna programu chache uzamili za saikolojia ya ushauri kuliko zile za saikolojia ya kimatibabu na mara nyingi huwa chini ya idara ya elimu badala ya saikolojia. Taaluma hizi mbili zinaweza kupatikana zinaweza kupatikana zikifanya kazi katika mazingira yote sawa lakini wanasaikolojia wa ushauri mara nyingi zaidi hufanya kazi katika vituo vya ushauri vya vyuo vikuu ikilinganishwa na wanasaikolojkia wa kiafya wanaokuwa katika hospitali na utendaji wa kibinafsi.<ref>Norcross, John. mwaka wa (2000). [http://www.psichi.org/pubs/articles/article_73.asp saikolojia ya kimatibabu dhidi ya ushauri : Nini tofauti?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.psichi.org/pubs/articles/article_73.asp |date=20090217174446 }} ''Jicho katika Psi Chi, 5 (1),'' 20-22.</ref> Taaluma hizi mbili zinaingilia sana na tofauti baina yao inaendelea kupungua. ===Saikolojia ya Shule=== Wanasaikolojia wa shule kimsingi wanahusika na ustawi wa kielimu, kijamii na kihisia wa watoto na vijana katika mazingira ya kishule. Nchini Uingereza, ni inayojulikana kama "wanasaikolojia elimu". Kama wanasaikoloijia wa kiafya (na ushauri), wanasaikolojia wa shule wenye shahada za udaktari wanastahiki kupata leseni kama wanasaikolojia wa huduma za afya, na wengi hufanya kazi katika kliniki za kibinafsi. Tofauti na wanasaikolojia wa kiafya, watapewa mafunzo zaidi katika elimu, maendeleo ya mtoto na tabia, na saikolojia ya kujifunza. Digrii za kawaida ni pamoja na Shahada ya Mtaalamu wa Elimu (Ed.S.), Daktari wa Falsafa (Ph.D.), na Daktari wa Elimu (Ed.D.). Majukumu ya kikazi ya kijadi ya wanasaikolojia wa shule wanaofanya kazi katika mazingira ya shule yametilia mkazo zaidi juu ya tathmini ya wanafunzi kuamua kustahiki kwao kwa ajili ya kupata huduma maalum ya elimu katika shule, na kwa kushauriana na walimu na wataalamu wengine wa shule ili kubuni na kutekeleza maingilio kwa niaba ya wanafunzi. Majukumu mengine makubwa pia yanajumuisha kutoa huduma kwa mtu binafsi ama kikundi cha watoto na familia zao, kuandaa mipango ya kuzuia (km kwa kupunguza kuacha shule), kutathmini mipango ya shule, na kufanya kazi na walimu na watendaji ili kusaidia kuongeza ufanisi wa mafundisho, katika darasa na kimfumo.<ref>Silva, Arlene. (2003). ''[http://www.nasponline.org/about_sp/whatis.aspx Je, nani ndio wanasaikolojia wa shule?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nasponline.org/about_sp/whatis.aspx |date=20140823194130 }}'' . Muungano wa Kitaifa wa Wanasaikolojia wa Shule.</ref><ref> Ushirika wa Marekani wa Kisaikolojia (nd). ''[http://www.apa.org/crsppp/schpsych.html Nyaraka za Maelezo ya Saikolojia ya Shule]'' . Ushirika wa Kisaikolojia Marekani Association.</ref> ===Matibabu ya kazi ya kijamii=== Wafanyakazi wa kijamii hutoa huduma mbalimbali, kwa ujumla zinazohusiana na matatizo ya kijamii, vyanzo vyao, na ufumbuzi. Wakiwa na mafunzo maalum, wafanyakazi wa kijamii pia wanaweza kutoa ushauri wa kisaikolojia (katika Marekani na Kanada), pamoja na kazi zaidi ya jadi ya jamii. Shahada ya uzamili katika Kazi ya Kijamii nchini Marekani ni mpango wenye wasili sitini unaochukua miaka miwili, na unaojumuisha angalau mwaka mmoja wa masomo ya utendaji katika fani (miaka miwili kwa matabibu). ===Matibabu ya utendaji=== Tiba ya utendajimara nyingi hufupishwa kama OT-ni "matumizi au shughuli za ubunifu katika matibabu au ukarabati kwa watu walemavu kimwili, kitambuzi, au kihisia".<ref>[109] ^Kamusi ya Lugha ya Kiingereza ya Urithi wa Marekani: Toleo la Nne. mwaka wa (2000). [http://www.bartleby.com/61/19/O0021900.html "Tiba ya Kazini ."] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/19/O0021900.html |date=20081208123505 }}</ref> Kwa kawaida sana, matabibu hufanya kazi na watu wenye ulemavu ili kuwawezesha kuongeza ujuzi na uwezo wao. Matabibu wa tiba ya kazi ni wataalamu wenye ujuzi ambao elimu yao inajumuisha utafiti wa ukuaji wa binadamu na maendeleo ikitilia mkazo maalum vipengele vya mazingira vya kimwili, kihisia, kisaikolojia, kijamii na kiitikadi, kitambuzi vya ugonjwa na majeraha. Wao kwa kawaida hufanya kazi pamoja na wanasaikolojia wa kiafya katika mazingira kama vile ya wagonjwa wa kulazwa na wagonjwa wasiolazwa wa afya ya akili,kliniki za usimamizi wa maumivu, kliniki za shida za kula, na huduma za maendeleo ya watoto. OT hutumia makundi ya kusaidiana, vikao binafsi vya ushauri, na njia zinazotegema utendi ili kushughulikia dalili za shida za akili na kuongeza uwezo wa utendajikazi katika maisha. ==Ukosoaji na ubishi== Saikolojia ya kimatibabu ni fani iliyo na sehemu nyingi na kumekuwa na mvutano unarudiwarudiwa juu ya kiwango ambacho utendaji wa kiafya ungethibitiwa kwa matibabu yanayoungwa mkono na utafiti wa kijarabati.<ref name="observing"> Pilgram, D. &amp; Treacher, A. (1992) Saikolojia ya Kimatibabu ikiangalia. Routledge, London &amp; USA / Canada. ISBN 0-415-04632-7</ref> Licha ya baadhi ya ushahidi kuonyesha kuwa aina zote kubwa za kimatibabu zina ufanisi karibu sawa,<ref> Leichsenring, Falk &amp; Leibing, Eric. (2003). Ufanisi wa Matibabu ya Kisaikodainamiki tabia ya kitambuzi katika kutibu matatizo ya nafsi: tathmini. Jarida la Marekani , 160 (7), 1223-1233.</ref><ref> Reisner, Andrew. mwaka wa(2005). Vipengele vya kawaida, matibabu yaliyokubalika kijarabati, na mifumo ya mabadiliko ya kimatibabu. Rekodi ya kimatibabu , 55 (3), 377-400.</ref> bado kuna mjadala kuhusu effektiva ya aina ya matibabu mbalimbali katika matumizi ya saikolojia ya kimatibabu.<ref> Lilienfeld, Scott et al. (2002). ''Sayansi na dhana katika Saikolojia ya kiafya.'' New York: Guilford Press. ISBN 1-57230-828-1</ref> Imeripotiwa kwamba saikolojia ya kimatibabu imejishirikisha kinadra na vikundi vya wateja na huelekea kubinafsisha matatizo inayopelekea kutotiliwa maanani kwa masuala ya kiuchumi, kisiasa na kijamii masuala ya usawa, ambayo yanaweza kuwa si wajibu wa mteja.<ref name="observing"></ref> Imesemekana kuwa utendaji wa tiba za kiafya ni inevitably akamtibu na usawa nguvu, ambayo inaweza kutumika kwa ajili ya mema na mabaya.<ref> Kyuken, W. (1999) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=11657486 Mamlaka na saikolojia ya kimatibabu: mfumo wa kutatua masuala yanayohusiana matatizo ya mamlaka kimaadili.] ''Ethics Behav.'' 1999; 9 (1) :21-37.</ref> Harakati muhimu ya kisaikolojia imesema kuwa saikolojia ya kimatibabu, na nyingine na taaluma nyingine zinazounda kundi la"psy", mara nyingi hushindwa kushirikisha au kushughulikia kutokuwa na usawa wa mamlaka na tofauti za mamlaka na inaweza kuwa na jukumu kubwa katika jamii kwenye udhibiti wa maadili ya ukosefu, kukaidi, na kukosa utulivu.<ref> Smail, D. [http://www.davidsmail.freeuk.com/introfra.htm Mamlaka, Wajibu na Uhuru.] Toleo la Intanet.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ispn-psych.org/docs/11-01prescriptive-authority.pdf|title=International Society of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurses. (2001). ''Response to Clinical Psychologists Prescribing Psychotropic Medications''|accessdate=2007-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614091424/http://www.ispn-psych.org/docs/11-01prescriptive-authority.pdf|archivedate=2007-06-14}}</ref> Uhariri wa Oktoba 2009 katika jarida la ''Asili'' unaonyesha kwamba idadi kubwa ya wataalamu wa saikolojia ya kimatibabu nchini Marekani hufikiria kuwa ushahidi wa kisayansi"si muhimu kama wao binafsi - kwamba hauzidi uzoefu - wao wa kiafya".<ref>[119] ^ Asili 461, 847 (15 Oktoba 2009) | Doi: 10.1038/461847a; Ilichapishwa mtandaoni 14 Oktoba 2009</ref> ==Majarida ya Saikolojia ya Kimatibabu== Ifuatayo inawakilisha (haijakamilika) orodha ya majarida muhimu katika au yanayohusiana na fani ya saikolojia ya kimatibabu: [http://www.apa.org/journals/by_subject.html#basic majarida kijarabati yaliyochapishwa na APA] ==Wenye ushawishi mkubwa== {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * Aaron Beck * Abraham Maslow * Albert Bandura * Albert Ellis * Alfred Adler * Anna Freud * Carl Gustav Jung * Carl Rogers * David Shakow * Donald Woods Winnicott * Erich Fromm * Erik H. Erikson * Fritz Perls * George Kelly * Gordon Allport * Hans Eysenck * Harry Stack Sullivan * Heinz Kohut * Irvin Yalom * James Bugental * John Bowlby * John Gottman * Joseph Wolpe * Karen Horney * Lightner Witmer * Milton H. Erickson * Otto F. Kernberg * Otto Rank * Robert Yerkes * Rollo May * Ronald David Laing * [[Sigmund Freud]] * Stanislav Grof * Marsha M. Linehan * Martin Seligman * Mary Ainsworth * Melanie Klein * Shoma Morita * Viktor Frankl * Wilhelm Reich {{colend}} ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo|colwidth=30em}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Wikiquotepar|Category:Psychology|Psychology}} * [http://www.aacpsy.org/ Shule ya Kimarekani ya Saikolojia ya Kimatibabu] * [http://www.aamft.org/ Chama cha Marekani cha Tiba ya Ndoa na Familia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aamft.org/ |date=20091024032013 }} * [http://www.abpp.org/ Bodi ya Taaluma ya Saikolojia ya Marekani ] * [http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/loi/clinpsy/ Mapitio ya kila mwaka ya Saikolojia ya Kimatibabu] {{Wayback|url=http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/loi/clinpsy/ |date=20090120001426 }} * [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div12/homepage.html Shirika la APA la Saikolojia ya Kimatibabu (Idara ya 12)] * [http://psycholocareersblog.com Blogu ya Kazi za Saikolojia] {{Wayback|url=http://psycholocareersblog.com/ |date=20110715125840 }} Makala na bidhaa nyingine nzuri kuhusu Kazi katika Saikolojia * [http://www.asppb.org/ Muungano wa Bodi za Majimbo na Mikoa ya Saikolojia (ASPPB)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.asppb.org/ |date=20110222185047 }} * [http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos056.htm Habari kwenye fani ya saikolojia kutoka Idara ya Marekani ya Kazi, Ofisi ya Takwimu za Kazi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos056.htm |date=20120104133612 }} * [http://www.iscp.org/ Jamii ya kimataifa ya Saikolojia ya Kimatibabu] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iscp.org/ |date=20061211023100 }} * [http://www.psychiatrist.com/ Jarida la Saikayatria ya Kiafya] * [http://www.nami.org/ NAMI: Muungano wa Nchi Kuhusu ugonjwa wa akili] * [http://www.nimh.nih.gov/ Taasisi ya Taifa ya Afya ya Akili] * [http://dictionary-psychology.com Saikolojia ] [[Category:afya]] [[Category:saikolojia]] czxlhhac3igagnyhprhle0pj6sfmyoq Rais wa Nigeria 0 57047 1574311 1337307 2026-06-18T01:32:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574311 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bola Tinubu portrait (cropped).jpg|thumb|Rais wa Nigeria Bola Tinubu]] '''Rais wa Nigeria''' ni [[mkuu wa dola]] wa [[Shirikisho la Jamhuri ya Nigeria]] na kiongozi wa serikali. Vyeo vyake ni "Rais wa Shirikisho la Jamhuri ya Nigeria" na [[Amiri Jeshi Mkuu]] wa jeshi la Nigeria. Rais wa sasa ni [[Bola Tinubu]]. ==Masharti== Kila mtu anaweza kuchaguliwa kuwa rais wa Nigeria kama * yeye ni raia wa Nigeria * umri wake ni miaka 40 au zaidi * ni mwanachama wa chama cha kisiasa nchini na kukubaliwa na chama hiki Kufuatana na katiba anaweza kuhudumia awamu mbili za miaka minne akichaguliwa tena baada ya awamu ya kwanza. ==Madaraka ya rais wa Nigeria== Kufuatana na katiba rais huwa na madaraka yafuatayo: * kukubali na kutia sahihi sheria zilizopitishwa bungeni * kurudisha sheria bungeni akiwa na mashaka kama sheria inalingana na katiba * kupeleka sheria mbele ya mahakama kuu itakayoamua kama inalingana na katiba * kuitisha bunge kwa makao maalumu kwa shughuli za pekee * kusimamika maafisa kufuatana na katiba au sheria * kusimamika kamati za utafiti * kuitisha kura ya wananchi kulingana na sheria * kupokea na kutambua mabalozi wa nchi za nje * kusimamika mabalozi * kusamehe wakosaji waliohukumiwa na mahakama ==Orodha ya wakuu wa dola na maraisi wa Nigeria== Katika orodha ifuatayo kuna majina ya watu waliokuwa wakuu wa dola nchini Nigeria tangu uhuru katika mwaka 1960: {| class="prettytable" width="100%" |- class="hintergrundfarbe8" ! rowspan="2" | Jina | colspan="3" | '''Tarehe za uraisi''' | rowspan="2" | '''Alikotoka''' |- class="hintergrundfarbe8" ! Mwanzo ! Mwisho ! Namna ya kumaliza kipindi |- | [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] (Waziri Mkuu) | [[1 Oktoba]] [[1960]] | [[15 Januari]] [[1966]] | rowspan="2" | Alipinduliwa na jeshi | [[Northern People’s Congress]] |- | [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] | [[1 Oktoba]] [[1963]] | [[16 Januari]] [[1966]] | [[National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons]] |- | [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] | [[16 Januari]] [[1966]] | [[29 Julai]] [[1966]] | Alipinduliwa na jeshi | [[jeshi]]ni |- | [[Yakubu Gowon]] | [[1 Agosti]] [[1966]] | [[26 Julai]] [[1975]] | Alipinduliwa na jeshi | Jeshini |- | [[Murtala Mohammed]] | [[29 Julai]] [[1975]] | [[13 Februari]] [[1976]] | Kifo baada ya kujeruhiwa na waasi wa kijeshi | Jeshini |- | [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] | [[13 Februari]] [[1976]] | [[1 Oktoba]] [[1979]] | Alishindwa katika uchaguzi | Jeshini |- | [[Shehu Shagari]] | [[1 Oktoba]] [[1979]] | [[31 Desemba]] [[1983]] | Alipinduliwa na jeshi | [[National Party of Nigeria]] |- | [[Muhammadu Buhari]] | [[31 Desemba]] [[1983]] | [[27 Agosti]] [[1985]] | Alipinduliwa na jeshi | Jeshini |- | [[Ibrahim Babangida]] | [[27 Agosti]] [[1985]] | [[26 Agosti]] [[1993]] | alijiuzulu | Jeshini |- | [[Ernest Shonekan]] | [[26 Agosti]] [[1993]] | [[17 Novemba]] [[1993]] | alijiuzulu | (bila chama) |- | [[Sani Abacha]] | [[17 Novemba]] [[1993]] | [[8 Juni]] [[1998]] | Kifo | Jeshini |- | [[Abdulsalami Abubakar]] | [[8 Juni]] [[1998]] | [[29 Mei]] [[1999]] | Alishindwa katika uchaguzi | Jeshini |- | [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] | [[29 Mei]] [[1999]] | [[29 Mei]] [[2007]] | Alishindwa katika uchaguzi | [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]] |- | [[Umaru Yar'Adua]] | [[29 Mei]] [[2007]] | [[5 Mei]] [[2010]] | Kifo | [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]] |- | [[Goodluck Jonathan]] | [[5 Mei]] [[2010]] | [[29 Mei]] [[2015]] | | [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]] |- | [[Muhammadu Buhari]] | [[29 Mei]] [[2015]] | [[29 Mei]] [[2023]] | | [[All Progressives Congress]] |- | [[Bola Tinubu]] | [[29 Mei]] [[2023]] | | | [[All Progressives Congress]] |} == Viungo vya Nje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121202085018/http://www.terra.es/personal2/monolith/nigeria.htm Liste mit Porträts] [[Jamii:Siasa ya Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Viongozi wa Afrika]] ode9z1hkulckh4ikrioas63n7n85vuo Wamakabayo 0 60145 1574098 1095009 2026-06-17T14:14:44Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1574098 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Maccabean dynasty.PNG|right|400px|thumb|Wazao wa Matatia.]] [[File:Judea Judas Makk.PNG|thumb|230px|Israeli chini ya Yuda Mmakabayo.]] [[File:Judea Jonathan Makk.PNG|thumb|230px|Uenezi wake chini ya [[Yonathani Mmakabayo]].]] [[File:Judea Simon Makk.PNG|thumb|230px|Uenezi wake chini ya [[Simoni Mmakabayo]].]] '''Wamakabayo''' (kwa [[Kiebrania]] '''מכבים''' au '''מקבים''', ''Makabim'' au '''Maqabim'''; kwa [[Kigiriki]] '''Μακκαβαῖοι''') walikuwa [[familia]] ya [[shujaa|mashujaa]] wa [[Israeli]] walioongoza mapigano dhidi ya [[dola la Waseleuki]] ili kupata [[uhuru wa dini]] na hatimaye [[uhuru]] wa [[taifa]] upande wa [[siasa]] pia. Mashujaa hao walikuwa [[kuhani]] [[Matatia Mmakabayo]] na [[Mtoto|wanae]] watano waliopokezana kushika [[uongozi]] kuanzia [[Yuda Mmakabayo]] Habari zao zinasimuliwa katika [[kitabu cha kwanza cha Wamakabayo]] na [[kitabu cha pili cha Wamakabayo]] vilivyoandikwa na watu tofauti katika [[karne II KK]] na ambavyo vyote viwili ni kati ya vile vya [[Deuterokanoni]] vinavyokubaliwa na [[Wakristo]] wengi kama sehemu ya [[Biblia]]. Ushujaa wao unasifiwa pia na [[waraka kwa Waebrania]] kama kielelezo cha [[imani]]. Pia kuna vitabu vingine viwili juu yao ([[Wamakabayo III]] na [[Wamakabayo IV]]) ambavyo havimo katika toleo la [[Septuaginta]] wala katika [[Biblia ya Kikristo]]. [[Ukoo]] wao ([[Wahasmonei]]) ulitawala [[Yudea]] tangu [[mwaka]] [[164 KK]] hadi [[63 KK]], wakisisitiza [[dini]] ya [[Uyahudi]] na kupunguza athari ya [[ustaarabu]] wa [[Ugiriki wa kale]] kati ya [[Wayahudi]]. ===Mazingira yao: uenezi wa utamaduni wa Kiyunani ([[333 KK|333]]-63 KK)=== Kwa muda mfupi sana [[Aleksanda Mkuu]] wa [[Makedonia]] ([[Ulaya]] Kusini Mashariki) aliteka [[Asia]] (mpaka [[India]]) na [[Misri]]. Kuanzia hapo [[utamaduni]] na [[lugha]] ya [[Kiyunani]] vikaenea pote, hata kwa Wayahudi wengi, hasa waliotawanyika kuishi nje ya nchi yao. Chini ya [[utawala]] wa Kiyunani [[unabii]] ukaja kwisha ([[1Mak]] 9:27): badala yake yalitolewa [[maandiko ya kiapokaliptiko]] (hasa [[kitabu cha Danieli]] ambacho ni kama [[Ufunuo wa Yohane|Ufunuo]] wa [[Agano la Kale]]), [[hadithi]] ([[Kitabu cha Yona|Yona]], [[Kitabu cha Tobiti|Tobiti]], [[Kitabu cha Esta|Esta]], [[Kitabu cha Yudith|Yudithi]]) na [[vitabu vya hekima]] ([[Kitabu cha Mhubiri|Mhubiri]], [[Kitabu cha Yoshua bin Sira|Yoshua bin Sira]], [[Kitabu cha Hekima|Hekima]]). Humo tunaona [[maendeleo ya ufunuo]], hasa kwa sababu Wayahudi wengi walianza kusadiki [[ufufuko]] wa wafu na mengineyo. Nguvu ya imani hiyo iliwasaidia kukabili [[dhuluma]] na [[kifo]] ([[2Mak]] 7:1-41) chini ya [[Antioko Epifane]] ([[175 KK]] - [[164 KK]]) aliyetaka kuwalazimisha waache kufuata [[Torati]] ili wajilinganishe na watu wengine. Tena akijidai kuwa tokeo la [[Mungu]] Mkuu alijenga [[altare]] kwa mungu wake ndani ya [[hekalu la Yerusalemu]]. Hapo Wayahudi wakaanza kupigania uhuru wao wa kidini na wa kisiasa chini ya ukoo wa Wamakabayo, ambao kwa imani na ushujaa mkubwa wakafaulu kushinda [[Jeshi|majeshi]] ya kutisha (1Mak 3:18-22), kutakasa [[hekalu]] (1Mak 4:36-61) na kurudisha [[ufalme wa Israeli]] mpaka baada ya [[Warumi]] kuweka Uyahudi chini ya himaya yao (63 KK). Ndiyo asili ya kundi la [[Mafarisayo]] (yaani “waliojitenga”), walioshika kwa bidii Torati kadiri ya [[mapokeo]] ya [[walimu wa sheria]], wengi wao wakiwa [[walei]]. Kwa jumla walileta [[uamsho]] wa kiroho kati ya Wayahudi, lakini walidharau wenzao wasiojua [[Maandiko Matakatifu]]. Pia walishindana sana na [[Masadukayo]] kuhusu masuala ya dini na ya siasa hata kusababisha mauaji; kwa kuwa Masadukayo (waliokuwa na nguvu kati ya makuhani) walikataa mafundisho hayo mapya huku wakishika Torati tu. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== * Bickerman, Elias J. 1979. ''The God of the Maccabees: Studies on the Meaning and Origin of the Maccabean Revolt.'' Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. * Cohen, Shaye J. D. 1987. ''From the Maccabees to the Mishnah.'' Philadelphia: Westminster. * Grabbe, Lester L. 2010. ''An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism: History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah, the Maccabees, Hillel, and Jesus.'' London: T & T Clark. * Harrington, Daniel J. 1988. ''The Maccabean Revolt: Anatomy of a Biblical Revolution.'' Wilmington, Delaware: Michael Glazier. * Johnson, Sara Raup. 2004. ''Historical Fictions and Hellenistic Jewish Identity: Third Maccabees In Its Cultural Context.'' Berkeley: University of California Press. * {{cite journal |last1=Stewart |first1=Tyler A. |title=Jewish Paideia: Greek Education in the Letter of Aristeas and 2 Maccabees |journal=Journal for the Study of Judaism |date=18 April 2017 |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=182–202 |doi=10.1163/15700631-12340146 |jstor=26551205 }} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Maccabees}} {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Maccabees |viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= }} * [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=17&letter=M&search=Maccabees Jewish Encyclopedia: Maccabees, The] * {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Maccabees |volume=17 |pages=197–198 |first=William |last=Fairweather |short=1}} * [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=17&letter=M&search=Maccabees Jewish Encyclopedia: Maccabees, The] * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08344a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Jerusalem (Before A.D. 71)] * [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Maccabees 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica: Maccabees] {{mbegu-historia}} [[Category:Historia ya Israeli]] [[Category:Vita vya dini]] [[Category:Watu wa Biblia]] hogbiugk9v18wbcxk74860leim37sxz Paka Miguu-myeusi 0 63149 1574223 1485515 2026-06-17T22:02:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Uainishaji | rangi = #D3D3A4 | jina = Paka Miguu-myeusi | picha = Black-footed cat, Zoo Wuppertal, July 2009.jpg | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = Paka Miguu-myeusi (''Felis nigripes'') | himaya = [[Mnyama|Animalia]] (Wanyama) | faila = [[Chordate|Chordata]] (Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni) | ngeli = [[Mammalia]] (Wanyama wenye viwele) | oda = [[Carnivora]] (Wanyama mbua) | nusuoda = [[Feliformia]] (Wanyama kama [[paka]]) | familia = [[Felidae]] (Wanyama walio na mnasaba na paka) | nusufamilia = [[Felinae]] (Wanyama wanaofanana na paka) | jenasi = ''[[Felis]]'' | bingwa_wa_jenasi = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 | spishi = ''[[Felis nigripes|F. nigripes]]'' | bingwa_wa_spishi = [[William John Burchell|Burchell]], 1824 | ramani = Black-footed Cat area.png | upana_wa_ramani = 250px | maelezo_ya_ramani = Msambao wa paka miguu-myeusi }} '''Paka miguu-myeusi''' (''Felis nigripes'') ni [[mnyama mbuai]] wa [[nusufamilia]] [[Felinae]] katika [[familia (biolojia)|familia]] [[Felidae]]. Paka huyu ni mdogo kuliko paka wengine wa [[Afrika]]<ref>Wozencraft, W. Christopher (2005). "Order Carnivora (pp. 532-628)". In Wilson, Don E., and Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494</ref> na anatokea maeneo makavu ya kusi-magharibi ya [[bara]]. ==Picha== <gallery> Felis nigripes 5.JPG|Katika bustani ya wanyama BlackFootedCat56.jpg|Katika bustani ya wanyama Felis nigripes 11.JPG|Paka aonyesha nyayo zake nyeusi Felis nigripes 9.JPG|Kichwa </gallery> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Felis nigripes}} {{wikispecies|Felis nigripes}} * [http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/8542/0 Orodha Nyekundu ya IUCN ya Spishi Zinazotishiwa] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/8542/0 |date=20110921025716 }} * [http://black-footed-cat.wild-cat.org Chaa ya Paka Miguu-myeusi: Taarifa kuhusu utafiti wa nje wa paka miguu-myeusi katika [[Afrika Kusini]]] * [http://lynx.uio.no/lynx/catsgportal/cat-website/catfolk/nigripe1.htm IUCN/SSC Akaunti za Chaa ya Wataalamu wa Paka: Paka miguu-myeusi (''Felis nigripes'')] * [http://www.arkive.org/black-footed-cat/felis-nigripes/ Taarifa za spishi za Arkive: ''Paka miguu-myeusi''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.arkive.org/black-footed-cat/felis-nigripes/ |date=20100316105414 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120819022634/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/25.shtml BBC Science & Nature: ''Black-footed cat, small-spotted cat''] * [http://www.animalinfo.org/species/carnivor/felinigr.htm Taarifa za wanyama: ''Felis nigripes''] {{mbegu-mnyama}} [[Jamii:Paka na jamaa]] [[Jamii:Wanyama wa Afrika]] tlm20xyznuj1aaxvaerjwkkrouu87s0 Historia ya Kanisa Katoliki 0 64652 1574180 1448504 2026-06-17T21:18:08Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kanisa Katoliki}} '''Historia ya Kanisa Katoliki''' inahusu [[Kanisa]] [[Kanisa Katoliki|hilo]] lililo la zamani ([[Waorthodoksi]] na [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] wanashiriki [[sifa]] hiyo) na kubwa kuliko [[madhehebu]] yote ya [[Ukristo]], hivyo [[historia]] yake inashika sehemu muhimu ya [[historia ya Kanisa]] lote [[dunia|duniani]] tangu lilipoanza [[mwaka]] [[30]] hivi [[BK]] hadi leo. Baada ya [[Yesu Kristo]] kuhubiri na kukusanya [[wafuasi]] kati ya [[Wayahudi]] wa [[karne ya 1]], hao walitumwa naye duniani kote, hasa [[wanaume]] 12 aliowaita [[Mitume wa Yesu|Mitume]], yaani "waliotumwa". [[mwandamizi|Waandamizi]] wao katika [[uongozi]] wa [[Kanisa]] walianza kuitwa [[Askofu|maaskofu]], na kati yao yule wa [[Roma]] alizidi kushika [[Papa|nafasi ya pekee]] kwa sababu [[Mtume Petro]] [[kifodini|alifia dini]] katika [[mji]] huo kutokana na [[dhuluma]] dhidi ya Ukristo ambayo ilianzishwa na [[Kaisari Nero]] ([[mwaka]] [[64]]) na kuendelea kwa [[kwikwi]] hadi ilipokomeshwa na [[Kaisari]] [[Konstantino Mkuu]] aliyetangaza huko [[Milano]] [[uhuru wa dini]] kwa wananchi wote ([[313]]). [[Mateso ya Wakristo|Dhuluma hiyo]] haikufaulu kuzuia uenezi wa [[dini]] hiyo mpya katika [[dola la Roma]]. Mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 2]], maaskofu walianza kukusanyika katika [[sinodi]] ili kuamua kuhusu masuala ya [[imani]] n.k. Mwaka [[325]] Konstantino aliitisha huko [[Nisea]] [[mtaguso mkuu]] [[Mtaguso wa kwanza wa Nisea|wa kwanza]] wa maaskofu wote ili kurudisha [[umoja wa Kanisa]] uliovurugwa na [[uzushi]] wa [[Ario]] kuhusu [[Yesu Kristo]]. Mwaka [[380]] Kaisari [[Theodosius I]] alifanya Ukristo wa Kikatoliki kuwa [[dini rasmi]] ya [[dola]] hilo kubwa lililoendelea kwa namna tofauti [[mashariki]] na [[magharibi]] kwa [[karne]] nyingi zilizofuata. [[Ushindi]] huo ulifanya wengi watamani [[cheo|vyeo]] ndani ya Kanisa, kwa kuwa viliendana sasa na [[heshima]] na [[mali]]: hivyo [[ubora]] ulipungua. Kabla yake [[Armenia]] ilikuwa nchi ya kwanza kupokea Ukristo kama [[dini ya taifa]] ([[301]]). Ushindani kati ya [[dayosisi|majimbo]] makuu muhimu zaidi (Roma, [[Konstantinopoli]], [[Aleksandria]], [[Antiokia]] na [[Yerusalemu]]) ulisababisha ma[[farakano]] makuu ([[431]], [[451]], [[1054]]) yaliyoacha Kanisa Katoliki katika [[Ulaya magharibi]] karibu peke yake. Huko, katika fujo iliyosababishwa na ma[[kabila]] yasiyostaarabika ya [[Wajerumaniki]] [[Uhamisho mkuu wa Ulaya|walioteka maeneo yote ya magharibi]], Kanisa lilichukua [[Wajibu|jukumu]] la kuokoa [[ustaarabu]] wa [[Ugiriki wa Kale]] na [[Roma ya Kale]] uliokwishaathiriwa na Ukristo kwa kiasi kikubwa. Katika [[juhudi]] hizo, [[monasteri]] za [[Wabenedikto]] na [[wamisionari]] waliotumwa katika [[Ulaya]] nzima walitoa mchango mkubwa, pamoja na ule wa [[Karolo Mkuu]], [[mfalme]] wa [[Wafaranki]], kabila la Kijerumaniki muhimu zaidi katika historia, ambalo lilikuwa la kwanza kuingia Kanisa Katoliki moja kwa moja bila kupitia Ukristo wa Kiario. Karolo alitawazwa na [[Papa Leo III]] kuwa Kaisari wa magharibi ([[800]]). Ushirikiano kati ya Mapapa na Makaisari wa [[Dola Takatifu la Kiroma]] ([[Ujerumani]] wa leo na nchi za kandokando) ulikuwa na mafanikio kadhaa na matatizo mengi zaidi na zaidi. Baada ya [[Uislamu]] kuanza katika [[karne ya 7]] na kuteka maeneo mengi ya Kikristo, Kanisa Katoliki liliona [[wajibu]] wake kuitikia maombi ya Wakristo waliohitaji msaada dhidi ya dhuluma iliyolenga kuwafanya [[kusilimu|wasilimu]]. Ndiyo chanzo cha [[Vita vya msalaba]] vilivyotawala karne zilizofuata. Wengi wanaona [[karne ya 13]] kuwa [[kilele]] cha [[tunda|matunda]] wa Kanisa Katoliki katika kulea upya Ulaya magharibi kwa kuzaa hasa [[mashirika ya ombaomba]] ya [[Fransisko wa Asizi]] na [[Dominiko Guzman]], [[mitindo]] mipya ya [[sanaa]], pamoja na [[vyuo vikuu]] walipostawi [[walimu wa Kanisa]] kama [[Thoma wa Akwino]] na [[Bonaventura]]. [[Utaifa]], uliotokea Ulaya magharibi kuanzia [[ufalme]] wa [[Ufaransa]] katika [[karne ya 14]], ulivuruga umoja wa Kanisa kiasi kwamba kwanza Mapapa waliishi [[Avignon]], mbali na Roma, kwa miaka 69 ([[1309]]-[[1378]]), halafu kwa miaka 38 (1378-[[1409]]) kukawa na [[Farakano la Kanisa la Magharibi]], waamini wengine wakimfuata Papa wa Roma na wengine [[Antipapa]] wa Avignon wakidhani ndiye Papa wa kweli. Mambo hayo na makwazo mengine, yaliyofanya wengi wadai bila mafanikio [[urekebisho]] wa Kanisa tangu karne za nyuma, hatimaye yalichangia katika [[karne ya 16]] kutokea kwa [[Matengenezo ya Kiprotestanti]] ambayo yalitenga na Papa sehemu kubwa ya [[Ulaya Kaskazini]] na kuvunjikavunjika katika [[madhehebu]] mengi. Hapo juhudi za [[urekebisho wa Kikatoliki]] ziliongezeka na kuleta hali mpya hasa baada ya [[Mtaguso wa Trento]] ([[1545]]-[[1563]]). Kabla ya hapo, [[uvumbuzi]] wa njia za baharini za kufikia [[Amerika]] ([[1492]]), [[bara]] lililokuwa halijulikani na Wakristo, na [[Asia mashariki]], ulichochea upya [[umisionari]]. Kwa kuwa nchi zilizoshika kwa kiasi kikubwa maeneo mapya duniani kote wakati huo zilikuwa za Kikatoliki ([[Hispania]] na [[Ureno]]), Kanisa kwa kutumia hasa [[utawa|mashirika ya kitawa]] liliweza kufidia upungufu uliosababishwa na Uprotestanti. [[Upinzani]] dhidi yake uliojitokeza katika Matengenezo hayo, ulizidi kupata nguvu katika [[Zama za Mwangaza]] na [[Mapinduzi ya Kifaransa]] ([[karne ya 18]]), halafu katika [[Ukomunisti]] ulioenea kutoka [[Urusi]] hadi [[Theluthi|thuluthi]] moja ya dunia ([[karne ya 20]]) na kuua Wakatoliki [[milioni]] kadhaa (mbali na Waorthodoksi wengi zaidi). Mbele ya changamoto hizo, [[Mtaguso wa pili wa Vatikano]] ([[1962]]-[[1965]]) ulielekeza njia mpya za kuendeleza Ukristo katika ulimwengu wa kisasa. Kwa mtazamo wa [[imani]], historia hiyo yote inaonyesha upande mmoja [[udhaifu]] na [[ukosefu]] wa Wakatoliki hata katika ngazi za uongozi, lakini pia uwezo wa [[neema]] ya [[Mungu]] wa kuleta [[watakatifu]] wapya katika mazingira yoyote. ==Tazama pia== * [[Historia ya Kanisa]] == Marejeo == *{{cite book|author=Aguilar, Mario|title=The History and Politics of Latin American Theology, Volume 1|location=London|publisher=SCM Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0334040231}} *{{cite book|author=Armstrong, Alastair|title=The European Reformation|location=London|publisher=Heinemann|year=2002|isbn=0435327100}} *{{cite book|title=Early Modern Italy|url=https://archive.org/details/earlymodernitaly0000blac|last=Black|first=Christopher|authorlink=Christopher Black|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0415214343}} *{{cite book|title=A Concise History of the Catholic Church|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00boke|last=Bokenkotter|first=Thomas|year=2004|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=0385505841}} *{{cite book|last=Casey|first=James|title=Early Modern Spain: A Social History (Social History of Modern Europe)|url=https://archive.org/details/earlymodernspain0000case|publisher=Routledge|year=1999|isbn=0415206871}} *[[Henry Chadwick (theologian)|Chadwick, Henry]] (1990), "The Early Christian Community", in McManners, John, ''The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity'', Oxford University Press, pp.&nbsp;20&ndash;61, ISBN 0198229283 *{{cite book|last=Chadwick|first=Owen|title=A History of Christianity|publisher=Barnes & Noble|year=1995|isbn=0760773327}} *{{cite book|last=Chadwick|first=Owen|title=The Reformation|url=https://archive.org/details/reformation0000chad_z8f9|publisher=Penguin|year=1964, 1990|isbn=0140137572}} *{{cite book|last= Collins|first=Michael|coauthors=Price, Mathew A.|title=The Story of Christianity|url= https://archive.org/details/storyofchristian0000coll|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|year=1999|isbn=0-7513-0467-0}} *{{cite book|title=The Cambridge Modern History|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgemodern05benigoog|last=Edward|first=John Emerich|authorlink=John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton|year=1908|publisher=Macmillan & Co. ltd., original from Harvard University|isbn=0674025857}} *{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity|last=Fahlbusch|first=Erwin|year=2007|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|url=http://books.google.com/?id=7ly4DgtT3LkC&pg=PA729&dq=old+catholic+church,+origin|isbn=0802824153}} *{{cite book|last=Franzen|first=August|coauthors=Remigius Bäumer; Roland Fröhlich|title=Kleine Kirchengeschichte|publisher=Herder|location=Freiburg|year=2000|isbn=9783451268960|language=German}}''(quoted as Franzen)'' *[[Eamon Duffy|Duffy, Eamon]] (1997). ''Saints and Sinners, a History of the Popes.'' Yale University Press. ISBN 0-3000-7332-1. *{{cite book|title=A History of the Church in Latin America|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofchurchi0000duss|last=Dussel|first=Enrique|authorlink=Enrique Dussel|year=1981|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|isbn=0802821316}} *{{cite book|last=Franzen|first=August|coauthors=Remigius Bäumer;|title=Papstgeschichte|publisher=Herder|location=Freiburg|year=1988|isbn=345108578X|language=German}}''(quoted as Franzen, Papstgeschichte)'' *{{cite book|title=The English Reformation Revised|url=https://archive.org/details/englishreformati00chri|last=Haigh |first=Christopher|year=1987|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-33631-7}} *{{cite book|title=Geography of Religion|url=https://archive.org/details/geographyofrelig0000hitc_r6d0|last=Hitchcock|first=Susan Tyler|coauthors=[[John Esposito]]|year=2004|publisher=National Geographic Society|isbn=0-7922-7313-3}} *{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Robert H.|authorlink=Robert H. Jackson (political scientist)|title=From Savages to Subjects: Missions in the History of the American Southwest|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_076560597|publisher=ME Sharpe, Inc|year=2000|isbn=9780765605979}} *{{cite book|title=Ireland Her Own|url=https://archive.org/details/irelandherownout0000taja|last=Jackson|first=T.A.|year=1991|publisher=Lawrence & Wishart|isbn=0853157359}} *{{cite book|title=The Native Peoples of North America|url=https://archive.org/details/nativepeoplesofn0000joha_j8g1|last=Johansen|first=Bruce|year=2006|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=0813538998}} *{{cite book|last=Kamen|first= Henry|title=The Spanish Inquisition|year=1997|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|location=London|isbn=0-297-81719-1}} *{{cite book|title=Mission to Paradise: The Story of Junipero Serra and the Missions of California|last=King|first=Kenneth|authorlink=Kenneth King (historian)|year=1975|url=http://books.google.com/?id=R_o8AAAAIAAJ&dq=junipero+serra&q=death+of+indians+by+disease|publisher=Society of California Pioneers}} *{{cite book|title=A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 1450&ndash;1990|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofchristi00unse_0|last=Koschorke|first=Klaus|coauthors=Ludwig, Frieder; Delgado, Mariano|year=2007|publisher=Wm B Eerdmans Publishing Co|isbn=978-0-8028-2889-7}} *{{cite book|last=Langan|first=Thomas|authorlink=Thomas Langan|title=The Catholic Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/catholictraditio00lang_0|publisher=University of Missouri Press|year=1998|isbn=9780826260963}} *{{cite book|last=Le Goff|first=Jacques|authorlink=Jacques Le Goff|title=Medieval Civilization|url=https://archive.org/details/medievalciviliza0000lego_l6n6|publisher=Barnes & Noble|year=2000|isbn=978-0-7607-1652-6}} *{{cite book |title= Creeds of the Churches|last=Leith|first=John|authorlink=John H. Leith|year=1963|publisher=Aldine Publishing Co|url=http://books.google.com/?id=fOaXP-CjPOIC&pg=PA143&lpg=PA143&dq=first+vatican+council|isbn=0664240577}} *[[Diarmaid MacCulloch|MacCulloch, Diarmaid]] (2010). ''Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years.'' Viking. ISBN 9780670021260. originally published 2009 by Allen Lane, as ''A History of Christianity'' *[[Ramsay MacMullen|MacMullen, Ramsay]] (1984), ''Christianizing the Roman Empire: (A.D. 100–400).'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, ISBN 9780585381206 *Markus, Robert (1990), "From Rome to the Barbarian Kingdom (339&ndash;700)", in McManners, John, ''The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity'', Oxford University Press, pp.&nbsp;62&ndash;91, ISBN 0198229283 *{{cite book|last=McManners|first=John|authorlink=John McManners|year=1990|title=The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate00mcma|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0198229283}} *{{cite book|title=The Roman Catholic Church, An Illustrated History|url=https://archive.org/details/romancatholicchu0000norm|last=Norman|first=Edward|authorlink=Edward Norman|year=2007|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25251-6}} *{{cite book|title=A Short History of the Catholic Church|last=Orlandis|first=Jose|authorlink=Jose Orlandis|year=1993|publisher=Scepter Publishers|url=http://books.google.com/?id=M8kjqryq8dIC&dq=catholic+church+and+world+history&pg=PP1&q=Catholic+church+and+world+history&cd=1|isbn=1851821252}} *{{cite book|last=Pham|first=John Peter|title=Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession|url=https://archive.org/details/heirsoffisherman0000john|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=0195178343}} *{{cite book|title=The First Crusaders|url=https://archive.org/details/firstcrusaders1000jona|last=Riley-Smith|first=Jonathan|authorlink=Jonathan Riley-Smith|year=1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780511003080}} *{{cite book|title= Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo|last=Scheina |first=Robert L.|year=2007|publisher=Brassey's|url=http://books.google.com/?id=8aWQ_7oKJfkC&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33&dq=cristero+war+priests+killed|isbn=1574884522}} *{{cite book|last=Samora|first=Julian|last2=Simon|first2=Patricia Vandel|last3=Candelaria|first3=Cordelia|last4=Pulido|first4=Alberto L|title=A History of the Mexican-American People|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmexican00samo|publisher=University of Notre Dame Press|year=1993|isbn=9780268010973}} *{{cite book|last= Schama|first= Simon|authorlink= Simon Schama|title= A History of Britain 1: At the Edge of the World?|origyear=2000|year=2003|publisher=[[BBC|BBC Worldwide]]|location=London|isbn=0 56 348714 3|pages=309&ndash;11|chapter= Burning Convictions}} *{{cite book|title=A Dictionary of Political Thought|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofpoli0000scru_h0g0|last=Scruton|first=Roger|authorlink=Roger Scruton|year=1996 |publisher=Macmillan|isbn=0330280996}} *{{cite book|title=Church and State in Early Modern England, 1509-1640|url=https://archive.org/details/churchstateinear0000solt|last=Solt|first=Leo Frank|authorlink=Leo Frank Solt|year=1990|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0195059794}} *{{cite book|last= Stacy|first=Lee|title=Mexico and the United States|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|year= 2003|isbn=0761474021}} *{{cite book|title=A People Adrift: The Crisis of the Roman Catholic Church in America|url=https://archive.org/details/peopleadriftcris0000stei|first=Peter|last=Steinfels|authorlink=Peter Steinfels|year=2003|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=0-68-483663-7}} *{{cite book|title=God's War: A New History of the Crusades|url=https://archive.org/details/godswarnewhistor00tyer|last=Tyerman|first=Christopher|year=2006|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=0674023870}} *{{cite book|title=The Catholic Church Through the Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/catholicchurchth0000vidm|last=Vidmar|first=John|authorlink=John Vidmar|year=2005|publisher=Paulist Press|isbn=0809142341}} *{{cite book|title=John Paul II: A Light for the World, Essays and Reflections on the Papacy of|last=Walsh|first=Mary Ann|coauthors=Thavis, John|year=2003|url=http://books.google.com/?id=pWkVkkWcNIUC&pg=PA62&lpg=PA62&dq=john+paul+ii+no+place+in+priesthood+for+those+who+would+abuse+children|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=1580511422}} *{{cite book|title=How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization|url=https://archive.org/details/howcatholicchurc0000wood|last=Woods Jr |first=Thomas|authorlink=Thomas Woods|year=2005|publisher=Regnery Publishing, Inc|isbn=0-89526-038-7}} *{{cite book|title=FDR, The Vatican and the Roman Catholic Church in America, 1933&ndash;1945|last=Woolner |first=David|year=2003|url=http://books.google.com/?id=jMvaoXvJ4VcC&dq=role+of+catholic+church+during+world+war+ii&pg=PP1&q=Role+of+Catholic+Church+during+World+War+II&cd=2 |publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-88-209-7908-9}} {{mbegu-katoliki}} [[Category:Historia ya Kanisa]] [[Category:Historia ya Ukristo]] [[Jamii:Kanisa Katoliki]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Ulaya]] 01zc4q1bsz0iurlj0dyy5lh25tf85e3 Jamii:Hati za Mapapa 14 65094 1574377 746581 2026-06-18T04:50:13Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: [[Jamii:Papa]]/[[Category:Papa]] → [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574377 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Jamii:Kanisa Katoliki]] e4btxkn8kzug0gv3l6htb3rdha49n6k Gregori wa Nisa 0 66164 1574226 1537087 2026-06-17T22:04:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574226 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Gregory of Nyssa.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Mt. Gregori wa Nisa<br />(picha ya ukutani wa [[karne ya 14t]], [[Chora Church]], [[Istanbul]], [[Uturuki]].)]] '''Gregori wa Nisa''' ([[Neocaesarea]], leo [[Niksar]], nchini [[Uturuki]], [[335]] &ndash; [[Nisa]], leo nchini Uturuki, [[395]]) alikuwa [[askofu]] wa Nisa miaka [[372]] - [[376]], halafu [[378]] hadi [[kifo]] chake. Gregori, pamoja na kaka yake [[Basili Mkuu]] na rafiki yao [[Gregori wa Nazianzo]] wanatajwa kama [[Mababu wa Kapadokia]]. Gregori hakuwa na kipaji cha uongozi cha kaka yake Basili, wala hakuathiri [[Kanisa]] kama Gregori wa Nazianzo, lakini alikuwa na [[akili]] na [[elimu]] kubwa zilizomwezesha kuchangia sana [[teolojia]] kuhusu [[Utatu]] na [[maisha ya kiroho]]. Kwa sababu ya kushika [[imani sahihi]], [[Kaizari|kaisari]] [[Valens]], mfuasi wa [[Ario]], alimfukuza [[Dayosisi|jimboni]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. Anaheshimiwa kama [[mtakatifu]] na [[Kanisa Katoliki]], [[Waorthodoksi]], [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]], [[Walutheri]] na [[Waanglikana]] siku tofautitofauti. Katika [[Kanisa la Kilatini]] ni [[tarehe]] [[10 Januari]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Sala yake== Ee Mchungaji mwema, unakwenda wapi kuchunga, wewe unayebeba mabegani kundi lako lote? Kwa kuwa [[Kondoo-kaya|kondoo]] yule pekee anawakilisha ubinadamu wote uliobeba mabegani mwako. Unionyeshe mahali pa pumziko, unifikishe kwenye majani mema ya kunilisha, uniite kwa jina, ili mimi pia, niliye kondoo, niweze kusikia sauti yako na kwa hiyo niweze kupata [[uzima wa milele]]: “Unionyeshe mpenzi wa roho yangu”. Ndivyo ninavyokuita, kwa kuwa jina lako liko juu ya kila jina na uelewa, wala ulimwengu wote wa viumbe wenye akili hauwezi kulitaja nakulielewa. Basi, jina lako, ambamo wema wako unajitokeza, unawakilisha upendo wa roho yangu kwako. Kwa kuwa ningewezaje kutokupenda, baada ya wewe kunipenda mno? Ulinipenda hivi hata ukatoa uhai wako kwa kundi la malisho yako. Haiwezekani kufikiria upendo mkuu kuliko huo. Umelipa wokovu wangu kwa uhai wako. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] *[[Mababu wa Kanisa]] ==Maandishi yake== [[File:De virginitate V00110 00000008.tif|thumb|''De virginitate'']] [[Maandishi]] yake yote katika [[lugha]] asili ya [[Kigiriki]] pamoja na ufafanuzi wa Kilatini yanapatikana katika mfululizo ''Gregorii Nysseni Opera'': *Vol. 1 - {{cite book|title=Contra Eunomium libri I et II|year=2002|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-03007-7|editors=[[Werner Jaeger]]}} *Vol. 2 - {{cite book|title=Contra Eunomium liber III|year=2002|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-03934-6|editors=Werner Jaeger}} *Vol. 3/1 - {{cite book|title=Opera dogmatica minora, pars I|year=1958|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-04788-4|editors=Friedrich Muller}} *Vol. 3/2 - {{cite book|title=Opera dogmatica minora, pars II|year=1987|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-07003-5|editors=K. Kenneth Downing, Jacobus A. McDonough, S.J. Hadwiga Hörner}} *Vol. 3/3 - ''Opera dogmatica minora, pars III'' - currently unavailable. *Vol. 3/4 - {{cite book|title=Opera dogmatica minora, pars IV|year=1996|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-10348-1|editors=Ekkehard Mühlenberg}} *Vol. 3/5 - {{cite book|title=Opera dogmatica minora, pars V|year=2008|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-13314-3|editors=Ekkehard Mühlenberg}} *Vol. 4/1 - {{cite book|title=Opera exegetica In Genesim, pars I|year=2009|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-13315-0|editors=Hubert Drobner}} *Vol. 4/2 - ''Opera exegetica In Genesim, pars II'' - currently unavailable. *Vol. 5 - {{cite book|title=In Inscriptiones Psalmorum: In Sextum Psalmum: In Ecclesiasten Homiliae|year=1986|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-08186-4|editors=J. McDonough, P. Alexander}} *Vol. 6 - {{cite book|title=In Canticum Canticorum|year=1986|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-08187-1|editors=H. Langerbeck}} *Vol. 7/1 - {{cite book|title=Opera exegetica In Exodum et Novum Testamentum, pars 1|year=2009|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-00747-5|editors=John F. Callahan}} *Vol. 7/2 - {{cite book|title=Opera exegetica In Exodum et Novum Testamentum, pars 2|year=1992|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-09598-4|editors=John F. Callahan}} *Vol. 8/1 - {{cite book|title=Opera ascetica et Epistulae, pars 1|year=1986|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-08188-8|editors=Werner Jaeger, J.P. Cavarnos, V.W. Callahan}} *Vol. 8/2 - {{cite book|title=Opera ascetica et Epistulae, pars 2|year=2002|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-11182-0|editors=Giorgio Pasquali}} *Vol. 9 - {{cite book|title=Sermones, pars 1|year=1992|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-00750-5|editors=G. Heil, A. van Heck, E. Gebhardt, A. Spira}} *Vol. 10/1 - {{cite book|title=Sermones, pars 2|year=1990|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-08123-9|editors=G. Heil, J. P. Cavarnos, O. Lendle}} *Vol. 10/2 - {{cite book|title=Sermones, pars 3|year=1996|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-10442-6|editors=Ernestus Rhein, Friedhelm Mann, Dörte Teske, Hilda Polack}} ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * Maurice Soseleje, Kalendari yetu – Maisha ya Watakatifu – Toleo la pili – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1986 – ISBN 9976-63-112-X, uk. 28 ==Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== *{{cite book|title=The perennial tradition of Neoplatonism|year=1997|publisher=Leuven University Press|isbn=978-90-6186-847-7|editor=John J. Cleary}} *{{cite book|title=Re-thinking Gregory of Nyssa|year=2003|publisher=Willey-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-0637-5|author=Sarah Coakley et al.}} *{{cite journal|author=Jean Daniélou|title=Le mariage de Grégoire de Nysse et la chronologie de sa vie|journal=Revue d' Etudes Augustiniennes et Patristiques|year=1956|volume=2|pages=71–78|url=http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/2042/617/1/56_II_1_2_07.pdf|access-date=2012-07-27|archive-date=2005-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051020235735/http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/2042/617/1/56_II_1_2_07.pdf|dead-url=yes}} *{{cite book|title=The Trinity: an interdisciplinary symposium on the Trinity|url=https://archive.org/details/trinityinterdisc0000unse|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-924612-0|editors=Stephen T. Davis, Daniel Kendall, Gerald O'Collins}} *{{cite book|author=Robert Jenson|title=The Triune Identity: God According to the Gospel|year=2002|publisher=Wipf & Stock|isbn=978-1-57910-962-2}} *{{cite book|author=Duane H. Larson|title=Times of the trinity: a proposal for theistic cosmology|year=1995|publisher=P. Lang|isbn=978-0-8204-2706-5}} *{{cite book|author=Morwenna Ludlow|title=Universal salvation: eschatology in the thought of Gregory of Nyssa and Karl Rahner|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-827022-5|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=D_U1887kuFgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=gregory+of+nyssa+universal+salvation&hl=en&sa=X&ei=l8MZT-69L7SPsALC-fW8Cw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false}} *{{cite book|author=Morwenna Ludlow|title=Gregory of Nyssa : ancient and (post)modern|url=https://archive.org/details/gregoryofnyssaan0000ludl|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-928076-6}} *{{cite book|title=The Brill dictionary of Gregory of Nyssa|year=2009|publisher=BRILL|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-16965-4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lD3zg6t4y7MC&pg=PA103&dq=gregory+of+nyssa+biography&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zwYUT4SzE8bn0QGF6t2pAw&ved=0CFwQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q&f=false|editors=Giulio Maspero, Lucas F. Mateo Seco}} *Metropolitan Hierotheos of Nafpaktos, [http://www.pelagia.org/htm/b24.en.life_after_death.01.htm Life after Death] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pelagia.org/htm/b24.en.life_after_death.01.htm |date=20111229090752 }}. Retrieved 22 Januari 2012. *{{cite journal|last=Pfister|first=J. Emile|title=A Biographical Note: The Brothers and Sisters of St. Gregory of Nyssa|journal=Vigiliae Christianae|year=1964|month=Juni|volume=18|issue=2|pages=108–113}} *{{cite book|author=Raymond Van Dam|title=Kingdom of snow: Roman rule and Greek culture in Cappadocia|year=2002|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-3681-1}} *{{cite book|author=Raymond Van Dam|title=Becoming Christian: the conversion of Roman Cappadocia|year=2003|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-3738-2}} *{{cite book|title=Portraits of spiritual authority: religious power in early Christianity, Byzantium, and the Christian Orient|year=1999|publisher=BRILL|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-11459-3|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=F9n0s4m_vucC&pg=PA120&dq=gregory+of+nyssa+athens&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6RQUT_jEL6f50gHLzZn_Ag&ved=0CF4Q6AEwBw#v=onepage&q&f=false|authors=John W. Watt, Jan Willem Drijvers}} ==Marejeo mengine== *{{cite book|last=Azkoul|first=Michael|title=St. Gregory of Nyssa and the tradition of the fathers|url=https://archive.org/details/stgregoryofnyssa0000azko|year=1995|publisher=E. Mellen Press|location=Lewiston, NY|isbn=0-7734-8993-2}} *{{cite book|last=Maspero|first=Giulio|title=Trinity and man - Gregory of Nyssa's Ad Ablabium|url=https://archive.org/details/trinitymangregor0000masp|year=2007|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-474-2079-8}} *{{cite book|last=Meredith|first=Anthony|title=The Cappadocians|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9760881411128|year=1995|publisher=St. Vladimir's Seminary Press|location=Crestwood, NY|isbn=0-88141-112-4}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.sage.edu/faculty/salomd/nyssa/index.html Gregory of Nyssa Home Page] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sage.edu/faculty/salomd/nyssa/index.html |date=20080513192134 }}, including many English translations of his writings. * {{CathEncy|wstitle=St. Gregory of Nyssa}} * [http://www.iep.utm.edu/g/gregoryn.htm Gregory of Nyssa] from "[[The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]" * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20_30_0330-0395-_Gregorius_Nyssenus,_Sanctus.html Opera Omnia] by [[Migne]], ''[[Patrologia Graeca]]'' with analytical indexes. * [http://www.orthodoxphotos.com/cgi-bin/photo.pl?path=Holy_Relics/Various&file=6.jpg Relics of St. Gregory of Nyssa] {{Wayback|url=http://www.orthodoxphotos.com/cgi-bin/photo.pl?path=Holy_Relics%2FVarious&file=6.jpg |date=20080229131725 }} * [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf205.html Schaff's ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'' (online), including the works of St. Gregory] * [http://earlyfathers.com/gregory-of-nyssa/ Early Church Fathers: Gregory of Nyssa] {{Wayback|url=http://earlyfathers.com/gregory-of-nyssa/ |date=20110815100818 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gregori wa Nisa}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 335]] [[Category:Waliofariki 395]] [[Category:Wamonaki]] [[Category:Wanafalsafa wa Ugiriki ya Kale]] [[Category:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Category:Mababu wa Kanisa]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Uturuki]] aqta78tkbhaod1wsvb86qp560o45zfa Patrologia Latina 0 66242 1574265 1483900 2026-06-17T22:51:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574265 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Patrologia Latina''''' ni mkusanyo mkubwa wa maandishi ya [[Mababu wa Kanisa]] na waandishi wengine wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] waliotumia [[lugha]] ya [[Kilatini]]. Ulitolewa na [[Jacques-Paul Migne]] kati ya mwaka [[1844]] na [[1855]], ukifuatwa na [[faharasa]] kati ya mwaka [[1862]] na [[1865]]. ''Patrologia Latina'' ni sehemu ya kwanza ya ''Patrologiae Cursus Completus'', ikifuatwa na ''[[Patrologia Graeca]]''. ''Patrologia Latina'' inaleta katika magombo 217 maandishi ya miaka zaidi ya 1000 kuanzia [[Tertullianus]] hadi [[Papa Innocent III]]. ==Yaliyomo== {|class="wikitable" |- ! Vol. !Waandishi |- | 1–2 || [[Tertuliani]] |- | 3–5 || [[Minucius Felix]], [[Pope Dionysius of Alexandria|Dionysius Alexandrinus]], [[Papa Korneli]], [[Novatianus]], [[Papa Stefano I]], [[Sipriani mfiadini]], [[Arnobius|Arnobius Afer]], [[Dionysius Alexandrinus]], [[Commodianus|Commodianus Gazaeus]] |- | 6–7 || [[Lactantius]] |- | 8 || [[Constantine I|Constantinus I]], [[Victorinus of Pettau|Victorinus Petavionensis]] |- | 9–10 || [[Hilari wa Poitiers]] |- | 11 || [[Zeno wa Verona]], [[Optatus wa Milevi]] |- | 12 || [[Eusebi wa Vercelli]], [[Julius Firmicus Maternus|Firmicus Maternus]] |- | 13 || [[Papa Damasus I]], [[Pasiano]], [[Lusiferi wa Cagliari]] |- | 14–17 || [[Ambrosi wa Milano]] |- | 18 || [[Ulfilas|Ulfilas Gothorum]], [[Papa Symmachus]], [[Martino wa Tours]], [[Tichonius]] |- | 19 || [[Juvencus]], [[Coelius Sedulius|Sedulius Coelius]], [[Publilius Optatianus Porfirius|Optatianus]], [[Severus Rhetor]], [[Faltonia Betitia Proba|Faltonia Proba]] |- | 20 || [[Sulpicius Severus]], [[Paulinus Mediolanensis]], [[Faustus Manichaeus]], [[Papa Innocent I|Innocentius I]] |- | 21 || [[Tyrannius Rufinus|Rufinus Aquileiensis]], [[Pelagius|Pelagius haeresiarcha]] |- | 22–30 || [[Jeromu]] |- | 31 || [[Flavius Lucius Dexter]], [[Paulus Orosius]] |- | 32–47 || [[Agostino wa Hippo]] |- | 48 || [[Marius Mercator]] |- | 49–50 || [[Yohane Kasiano]] |- | 51 || [[Prospa wa Akwitania]] |- | 52 || [[Petro Krisologo]] |- | 53 || [[Claudianus Mamertus|Mamertus Claudianus]], [[Salvian|Salvianus Massiliensis]], [[Arnobius the Younger|Arnobius junior]], [[Patrick wa Ireland]] |- | 54–56 || [[Papa Leo I]] |- | 57 || [[Masimo wa Torino]] |- | 58 || [[Papa Hilarius]], [[Papa Simplicius]], [[Papa Felix III]] |- | 59 || [[Papa Gelasius I]], [[Avitus of Vienne|Avitus Viennensis]], [[Faustinus of Brescia|Faustinus]] |- | 60 || [[Aurelius Prudentius]], [[Dracontius]] |- | 61 || [[Paulino wa Nola]], [[Orientius]], [[Auspicius Tullensis]] |- | 62 || [[Paschasius Diaconus]], [[Sanctus Symmachus]], [[Peter the Deacon|Petrus Diaconus]], [[Virgilius Tapsensis]], [[Leo I Magnus]], [[Mtaguso wa Kalsedonia|Concilium Chalcedonense]], [[Athanasius]], [[Rusticus Helpidius]], [[Eugyppius Africae]] |- | 63 || [[Severini Boesyo|Boetius]], [[Felix Ennodius|Ennodius Felix]], [[Trifolius presbyter]], [[Papa Hormisdas|Hormisdas I]], [[Elpis]] |- | 64 || [[Severini Boesyo|Boetius]] |- | 65 || [[Fulgentius of Ruspe|Fulgentius Ruspensis]], [[Papa Felix IV|Felix IV]], [[Papa Boniface II|Bonifacius II]] |- | 66 || [[Benedikto wa Nursia|Benedictus pater monachorum Occidentalium]] |- | 67 || [[Dionysius Exiguus]], [[Viventiolus|Viventiolus Lugdunensis]], [[Trojanus Santonensis]], [[Pontianus Africae]], [[Caesarius of Arles|Caesarius Arelatensis]], [[Fulgentius Ferrandus]] |- | 68 || [[Primasius Adrumetanus]], [[Arator]], [[Nicetius|Nicetius Trevirensis]], [[Aurelianus Arelatensis]] |- | 69–70 || [[Cassiodorus]] |- | 71 || [[Gregory of Tours|Gregorius Turonensis]] |- | 72 || [[Papa Pelagius II|Pelagius II]], [[Papa John II|Joannes II]], [[Papa Benedict I|Benedictus I]] |- | 73–74 || Vitae Patrum |- | 75–78 || [[Papa Gregori I|Gregorius I]] |- | 79 || [[Eutropius of Valencia|Eutropius Episcopus]], [[Papa Gregori I|Gregorius I]], [[Paterius]] (Notarius Gregorii I), [[Alulphus|Alulfus Tornacensis]] |- | 80 || Auctores VI-VII saec. <small>([[Maximus Caesaraugustanus Episcopus]], [[Eutropius of Valencia|Eutropius Episcopus]], [[Tarra Monachus]], [[Dinothus Abbas]], [[Dynamus Patricius]], [[Augustinus Apostolus Anglorum]], [[SS Bonifacius IV]], [[Concilium Romanum III]], [[Bulgaranus]], [[Paulus Emeritanus Diaconus]], [[Tamaius De Vargas. Thomas]], [[Gondemarus Rex Gothorum]], [[Marcus Cassinensis]], [[Warnaharius Lingonensis Episcopus]], [[Kolumbani|Columbanus Hibernus]], [[Alphanus Beneventianus Episcopus]], [[Aileranus Scoto Hibernus]], [[Ethelbertus Anglorum]], [[SS Adeodatus I]], [[Sisebutus Gothorum]], [[Bertichramnus Cenomanensis]], [[Protandius Vesuntinus Archiepiscopus]], [[SS Bonifacius V]], [[Sonniatus Rhemensis Archiepiscopus]], [[Verus Ruthenensis Episcopus]], [[Chlotarius II Francorum Rex]], [[SS Honorius I]], [[Dagobertus Francorum Rex]], [[Hadoinudus Cenomanensis Episcopus]], [[Sulpicius Bituricensis Episcopus]], [[Autbertus Cameracensis]], [[SS Ioannes IV]], [[Eutrandus Ticinensis Diaconus]], [[Victor Carthaginensis Episcopus]], [[Braulio Caesaraugustiani]], [[Taio Caesaraugustianus Episcopus]])</small> |- | 81–84 || [[Isidori wa Sivilia|Isidorus Hispalensis]] |- | 85–86 || [[Liturujia ya Toledo|Liturgia Mozarabica]] |- | 87 || Auctores VII saec. |- | 88 || [[Venantius Fortunatus]], [[Crisconius Africanus]] |- | 89 || [[Papa Sergius I|Sergius I]], [[Papa John VI|Joannes VI]], [[Felix Ravennatensis]], [[Bonifacius Moguntinus]] |- | 90–95 || [[Beda Mheshimiwa|Beda]] |- | 96 || [[Ildephonsus of Toledo|Hildefonsus Toletanus]], [[Julian of Toledo|Julianus Toletanus]], [[Papa Leo II|Leo II]] |- | 97–98 || [[Karolo Mkuu|Carolus Magnus]], [[Louis I of France|Ludovicus I]], [[Lothair I|Lotharius]], [[Rudolph I, King of Burgundy|Rudolphus I]] |- | 99 || [[Saint Paulinus II|Paulinus Aquileiensis]], [[Theodore of Tarsus|Theodorus Cantuariensis]] |- | 100–101 || [[Alcuin]]us |- | 102 || [[Smaragdus S. Michaelis]] |- | 103 || [[Benedikto wa Aniane|Benedictus Anianensis]], [[Sedulius Scotus]] |- | 104 || [[Agobard|Agobardus Lugdunensis]], [[Einhard|Eginhardus]], [[Claudius of Turin|Claudius Taurinensis]], [[Louis the Pious|Ludovicus Pius]] |- | 105 || [[Theodulf of Orléans|Theodulfus Aurelianensis]], [[Eigil Fuldensis]], [[Saint Dungal|Dungalus reclusus]], [[Ermoldus Nigellus]], [[Symphosius Amalarius]] |- | 106 || [[Papa Gregori IV|Gregorius IV]], [[Papa Sergius II|Sergius II]], [[Jonas of Orléans|Jonas Aurelianensis]], [[Freculphus|Freculphus Lexoviensis]], [[Frotharius, Bishop of Toul|Frotharius Tullensis]] |- | 107–112 || [[Rabanus Maurus]] |- | 113–114 || [[Walafrid Strabo|Walafridus Strabo]], [[Glossa Ordinaria]] |- | 115 || [[Papa Leo IV|Leo IV]], [[Papa Benedikto III|Benedictus III]], [[Eulogius Toletanus]], [[Prudentius Trecensis]], [[Angelomus Lexoviensis]] |- | 116–118 || [[Haymo of Halberstadt|Haymo Halberstatensis]] |- | 119 || [[Papa Nicholas I|Nicolaus I]], [[Florus of Lyon|Florus Lugdunensis]], [[Lupus Ferrariensis]] |- | 120 || [[Radbertus|Paschasius Radbertus]] |- | 121 || [[Ratramnus|Ratramnus Corbeiensis]], [[Aeneas Parisiensis]], [[Remigius Lugdunensis]], [[Wandalbertus Prumiensis]], [[Álvaro of Córdoba|Paulus Alvarus Cordubensis]], [[Gottschalk (theologian)|Gotteschalcus Orbacensis]] |- | 122 || [[Johannes Scotus Eriugena|Joannes Scotus]] |- | 123 || [[Ado (archbishop)|Ado Viennensis]] |- | 124 || [[Usuardus Sangermanii]], [[Charles the Bald|Carolus II Calvus]] |- | 125–126 || [[Hincmar, Archbishop of Reims|Hincmarus Rhemensis]] |- | 127–129 || [[Anastasius Bibliothecarius|Anastasius bibliothecarius]] |- | 130 || [[Isidorus Mercator]] |- | 131 || [[Remigius of Auxerre|Remigius Antissiodorensis]], [[Notker of St Gall|Notkerus Balbulus]] |- | 132 || [[Regino of Prüm|Regino Prumiensis]], [[Hucbald|Hucbaldus S. Amandi]] |- | 133 || [[Odo of Cluny|Odo Cluniacensis]] |- | 134 || [[Atto of Vercelli|Atto Vercellensis]] |- | 135 || [[Flodoard|Flodoardus Remensis]], [[Papa John XIII|Joannes XIII]] |- | 136 || [[Ratherius|Ratherius Veronensis]], [[Liutprand of Cremona|Liutprandus Cremonensis]] |- | 137 || [[Hrosvit of Gandersheim|Hrothsuita Gandersheimensis]], [[Widukindus Corbeiensis]], [[Dunstan|Dunstanus Cantuariensis]], [[Adso Dervensis]], [[Joannes S. Arnulfi Metensis]] |- | 138 || [[Richerus|Richerus S. Remigii]] |- | 139 || [[Papa Sylvester II|Sylvester II (Gerbertus)]], [[Aimoin|Aimoinus Floriacensis]], [[Abbo of Fleury|Abbo Floriacensis]], [[Thietmar of Merseburg|Thietmarus Merseburgensis]] |- | 140 || [[Burchard of Worms|Burchardus Wormaciensis]], [[Henri II|Henricus II imperator]], [[Adelboldus Trajectensis]], [[Thangmarus Hildesheimensis]] |- | 141 || [[Fulbert of Chartres|Fulbertus Carnotensis]], [[Guido Aretinus]], [[Papa John XIX|Joannes XIX]] |- | 142 || [[Bruno Herbipolensis]], [[Odilo of Cluny|Odilo Cluniacensis]], [[Berno of Reichenau|Berno Augiae Divitis]] |- | 143 || [[Hermann of Reichenau|Hermannus Contractus]], [[Humbert of Mourmoutiers|Humbertus Silvae Candidae]], [[Papa Leo IX|Leo IX]] |- | 144–145 || [[Petro Damiani|Petrus Damianus]] |- | 146 || [[Othlonus S. Emmerammi]], [[Adam of Bremen|Adamus Bremensis]], [[Gundecharus Eichstetensis]], [[Lambert of Hersfeld|Lambertus Hersfeldensis]], [[Petrus Malleacensis]] |- | 147 || [[Joannes Abrincensis]], [[Bertholdus Constantiensis]], [[Bruno Magdeburgensis]], [[Marianus Scotus|Marianus Scottus]], [[Landulfus Mediolanensis]], [[Alfano I, Archbishop of Salerno|Alphanus Salernitanus]] |- | 148 || [[Papa Gregory VII|Gregorius VII]] |- | 149 || [[Papa Victor III|Victor III]], [[Anselm of Lucca|Anselmus Lucensis]], [[Willelmus Calculus]] |- | 150 || [[Lanfranc|Lanfrancus Cantuariensis]], [[Herluinus Beccensis]], [[Willelmus Beccensis Abbas]], [[Boso Beccensis Abbas]], [[Theobaldus Beccensis Abbas]], [[Letardus Beccensis Abbas]], [[Augustino wa Canterbury|Augustinus Cantuariensis Episcopus]], [[Bonizio Sutrensis Placentinus Episcopus]], [[Guillelmus Metensis Abbas]], [[Wilhelmus Hirsaugensis Abbas]], [[Herimannus Metensis Episcopus]], [[Theodoricus S Audoeni Monachus]], [[Guido Farfensis Abbas]], [[Aribo Scholasticus]], [[Henricus Pomposianus Clericus]], [[Robertus De Tumbalena Abbas]], [[Gerardus Cameracensis Episcopus II]], [[Reynaldus Remensis Archiepiscopus I]], [[Joannes Cotto]], [[Fulco Corbeiensis Abbas]], [[Gillebertus Elnonensis Monachus]], [[Willelmus Clusiensis Monachus]], [[Durandus Claromontanus Episcopus]], [[Hemming of Worcester|Hemmingus Wigorniensis Monachus]], [[Radbodus Tornacensis Episcopus]], [[Agano Augustodunensis Episcopus]], [[Oldaricus Praepositus]], [[Bernardus Lutevensis Episcopus]], [[Fulcoius Meldensis Subdiaconus]], [[Constantinus Africanus Casinensis]], [[Deusdedit Cardinalis]], [[Willelmus Pictavensis Archidiaconus]], [[John of Garland|Joannes De Garlandia]], [[Rufinus Episcopus]] |- | 151 || [[Papa Urban II|Urbanus II]] |- | 152–153 || [[Bruno wa Cologne|Bruno Carthusianorum]] |- | 154 || [[Hugh of Flavigny|Hugo Flaviniacensis]], [[Ekkehard of Aura|Ekkehardus Uraugiensis]], [[Wolphelmus Brunwillerensis]] |- | 155 || [[Godfrey of Bouillon|Godefridus Bullonius]], [[Radulfus Ardens]], [[Lupus Protospatharius|Lupus Protospatarius]] |- | 156 || [[Guibert of Nogent|Guibertus S. Mariae de Novigento]] |- | 157 || [[Geoffrey of Vendôme|Goffridus Vindocinensis]], [[Thiofridus Efternacensis]], [[Petrus Alphonsi|Petrus Alphonsus]] |- | 158–159 || [[Anselm wa Canterbury|Anselmus Cantuariensis]] |- | 160 || [[Sigebert of Gembloux|Sigebertus Gemblacensis]] |- | 161 || [[Ivo of Chartres|Ivo Carnotensis]] |- | 162 || [[Ivo of Chartres|Ivo Carnotensis]], [[Grossolano|Petrus Chrysolanus]], [[Anselm of Laon|Anselmus Laudunensis]] |- | 163 || [[Papa Paschal II|Paschalis II]], [[Papa Gelasius II|Gelasius II]], [[Papa Calixtus II|Calixtus II]] |- | 164–165 || [[Bruno Astensis]] |- | 166 || [[Baldric of Dol|Baldricus Dolensis]], [[Papa Honorius II|Honorius II]], [[Cosmas of Prague|Cosmas Pragensis]] |- | 167–170 || [[Rupertus Tuitensis]] |- | 171 || [[Hildebert|Hildebertus Turonensis]], [[Marbodius of Rennes|Marbodus Redonensis]] |- | 172 || [[Honorius Augustodunensis]] |- | 173 || [[Leo wa Ostia|Leo Marsicanus]], [[Peter the Deacon (chronicler)|Petrus diaconus]], [[Rodulfus S. Trudonis]] |- | 174 || [[Godefridus Admontensis]] |- | 175–177 || [[Hugh of St Victor|Hugo de S. Victore]] |- | 178 || [[Peter Abelard|Petrus Abaelardus]] |- | 179 || [[William of Malmesbury|Willelmus Malmesburiensis]] |- | 180 || [[Papa Eugenius III|Eugenius III]], [[William of St-Thierry|Guillelmus S. Theodorici]] |- | 181 || [[Hervé de Bourg-Dieu|Herveus Burgidolensis]] |- | 182–185 || [[Bernardo wa Clairvaux|Bernardus Claraevallensis]] |- | 186 || [[Abbot Suger|Sugerius S. Dionysii]], [[Robert Pullus|Robertus Pullus]], [[Zacharias Chrysopolitanus]] |- | 187 || [[Gratian (jurist)|Gratianus]] |- | 188 || [[Orderic Vitalis|Ordericus Vitalis]], [[Papa Anastasius IV|Anastasius IV]], [[Papa Adrian IV|Adrianus IV]] |- | 189 || [[Peter the Venerable|Petrus Venerabilis]] |- | 190 || [[Thomas Becket|Thomas Cantuariensis]], [[Herbertus de Boseham]], [[Gilbert Foliot|Gilbertus Foliot]] |- | 191–192 || [[Peter Lombard|Petrus Lombardus]] |- | 193 || [[Walter of St Victor|Garnerius S. Victoris]], [[Gerhohus Reicherspergensis]] |- | 194 || Gerhohus Reicherspergensis, [[Hugo Pictavinus]], [[Isaac of Stella|Isaac de Stella]], [[Alcherus Claraevallensis]] |- | 195 || [[Ailred of Rievaulx|Aelredus Rievallensis]], [[Wolbero S. Pantaleonis]], [[Elizabeth of Schönau|Elisabeth Schonaugiensis]] |- | 196 || [[Richard of St Victor|Richardus S. Victoris]] |- | 197 || [[Hildegarda wa Bingen|Hildegardis abbatissa]] |- | 198 || [[Adam of Dryburgh|Adamus Scotus]], [[Petrus Comestor]], [[Godfrey of Viterbo|Godefridus Viterbiensis]] |- | 199 || [[John of Salisbury|Joannes Saresberiensis]] |- | 200 || [[Papa Alexander III|Alexander III]] |- | 201 || [[Arnulf of Lisieux|Arnulfus Lexoviensis]], [[William of Tyre|Guillelmus Tyrensis]] |- | 202 || [[Peter Cellensis|Petrus Cellensis]], [[Papa Urban III|Urbanus III]], [[Papa Gregory VIII|Gregorius VIII]], [[Hugo Etherianis|Hugo Eterianus]], [[Gilbert Foliot|Gilbertus Foliot]] |- | 203 || [[Philippus de Harveng]] |- | 204 || [[Reinerus S. Laurentii Leodiensis]], [[Papa Clement III|Clemens III]] |- | 205 || [[Peter Cantor|Petrus Cantor]] |- | 206 || [[Papa Celestine III|Coelestinus III]], [[Thomas Cisterciensis]], [[Joannes Algrinus]] |- | 207 || [[Peter of Blois|Petrus Blesensis]] |- | 208 || [[Martinus Legionensis]] |- | 209 || Martinus Legionensis, [[Wilhelmus Daniae]], [[Walter of Châtillon|Gualterus de Castellione]] |- | 210 || [[Alain de Lille|Alanus de Insulis]] |- | 211 || [[Stephen of Tournai|Stephanus Tornacensis]], [[Peter of Poitiers|Petrus Pictaviensis]], [[Adam of Perseigne|Adamus Perseniae]] |- | 212 || [[Hélinand of Froidmont|Helinandus Frigidi Montis]], [[Guntherus Cisterciensis]], [[Odo de Soliaco]] |- | 213 || [[Sicardus Cremonensis]], [[Petrus Sarnensis]] |- | 214–217 || [[Papa Innocent III|Innocentius III]] |- | 218–221 || Indices |} ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo}} ==Tazama pia== * [[Patrologia Graeca]] * [[Patrologia Orientalis]] * [[Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum]] * [[Corpus Christianorum]] * [[Mababu wa Kanisa]] ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://latina.patristica.net Complete catalog of downloadable PDFs of ''PL'' volumes in Google Books and Archive] * [http://www.luc.edu/faculty/mhooker/google_books-bible_judaism_christianity.html#migne_PL Catalog of ''PL'' volumes in Google Books], by Mischa Hooker * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/25_10_MPL.html Patrologia Latina Digitalized Database] at Documenta Catholica Omnia * [http://pld.chadwyck.co.uk Patrologia Latina Database] {{Wayback|url=http://pld.chadwyck.co.uk/ |date=20190331092536 }} (subscription required) * {{fr}} [http://www.patristique.org Many latin and greek editions with translation in french.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.patristique.org/ |date=20090429035347 }} * [http://plgo.info/resources/migne_pl.htm A comprehensive catalog of ''PL'' volumes in Google Books and Gallica]{{Wayback|url=http://plgo.info/resources/migne_pl.htm |date=20100927100125 }}, where was included duplicated imprints, with the year and the edition of each volume founded [Migne and/or Garnier brothers], by Francisco Arriaga [Updated 11 Mei 2010]. [[Category:Mababu wa Kanisa]] [[Category:Waandishi wa Kilatini]] [[Jamii:Fasihi ya Kilatini]] cobv4m5un4wpqdtp7x1klsr2ooidwwm Stefano wa Hungaria 0 66445 1574414 1532609 2026-06-18T09:21:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574414 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:StefanIHongarije.jpeg|thumb|right|190px|Mt. Stefano wa Hungaria.]] '''Stefano I wa Hungaria''' (kwa [[Kihungaria]] '''István'''; kwa [[Kilatini]] '''Stephanus'''; [[Esztergom]], [[Hungaria]], [[967]] au [[969]] au [[975]] &ndash; Esztergom <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.bgrg.sulinet.hu/tant/inf/verseny/Kecskemet/SAMANDOB/g44.htm |title=István halála |accessdate=2012-09-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212204014/http://www.bgrg.sulinet.hu/tant/inf/verseny/Kecskemet/SAMANDOB/g44.htm |archivedate=2009-02-12 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.esztergom.hu/files/DownloadFile?topic=esztergom\files.nsf&did=5554837333692F42C12573020035815A&filename=esztergom_delivarosresz_szabalyozasi_terv.pdf Esztergom.hu]</ref><ref>[http://mek.oszk.hu/04000/04092/html/ Hankó Ildikó: Királyaink Tömegsírban]</ref> au [[Székesfehérvár]], [[15 Agosti]] [[1038]]) kabla [[ubatizo|hajabatizwa]] aliitwa '''Vajk''' na kuwa Mtawala mkuu wa Wahungaria ([[997]] – [[1000]]). [[Papa Silvester II|Papa Silvesta II]] alimfanya [[mfalme]] wa kwanza wa [[Hungaria]] (1000&ndash;[[1038]]). Hapo alieneza sana ufalme wake pamoja na [[Kanisa Katoliki]], akilipanga upya na kulipatia mali na [[monasteri]] ili kufanya wananchi wake, aliowatawala kwa [[haki]] na [[amani]], wajiunge nalo <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/28850</ref>. [[Papa Gregori VII]] alimtangaza [[mtakatifu]] pamoja na [[Mtoto|mwanae]], [[Emeriko wa Hungaria]] na [[Jeradi Sagredo]], [[uinjilishaji|mwinjilishaji]] wa nchi hiyo, [[tarehe]] [[20 Agosti]] [[1083]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa tarehe [[16 Agosti]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * Masomo ya Breviari - Sikukuu za Bwana, za Bikira Maria na za Watakatifu - Ndanda Mission Press 1978, uk 289-291 * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 282-283 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 245 ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons}} *[http://www.cryingvoice.com/Christianity/HunIstvan.html Stephen I, the First Christian Hungarian King] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cryingvoice.com/Christianity/HunIstvan.html |date=20160122053500 }} (CryingVoice.com) *[http://english.mnb.hu/Engine.aspx?page=mnben_notes&ContentID=3325 His picture on the Hungarian 10,000 forint banknote] {{Wayback|url=http://english.mnb.hu/Engine.aspx?page=mnben_notes&ContentID=3325 |date=20100710053110 }} *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/889207.stm a BBC report on Saint Stephen's day celebrations in Hungary] *[http://videoactive.eu/VideoActive/VideoDetails.do?id=VA_NAVA20080225083519984&sw=&curitem=undefined&curpage=undefined Procession of the Holy Right Hand of St. Stephen on Videoactive]{{Wayback|url=http://videoactive.eu/VideoActive/VideoDetails.do?id=VA_NAVA20080225083519984&sw=&curitem=undefined&curpage=undefined |date=20110720173333 }} *{{CathEncy|wstitle=St. Stephen (2)}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 967]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1038]] [[Category:Wafalme wa Hungaria]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Hungaria]] 7hwlauvdggi0nenquj01jeyw0dc3yk1 Unene wa kupindukia 0 69849 1574268 1529969 2026-06-17T22:55:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease |Name = Obesity |Image = Obesity-waist_circumference.svg |Alt = Three silhouettes depicting the outlines of a normal sized (left), overweight (middle), and obese person (right). |Caption = Silhouettes and waist circumferences representing normal, overweight, and obese |DiseasesDB = 9099 |ICD10 = {{ICD10|E|66| |e|65}} |ICD9 = {{ICD9|E|66| |e|278}} |MedlinePlus = 003101 |OMIM = 601665 |eMedicineSubj = med |eMedicineTopic =1653 |MeshName = Obesity |MeshNumber = C23.888.144.699.500 | }} '''Unene wa kupindukia''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]] "obesity" kutokana na [[neno]] la [[Kilatini]] ''obesitas'', linalomaanisha "gumu, nono au nene” <ref name=etymol>''Ēsus'' is the past participle of ''edere'' (to eat), with ''ob'' (over) added to it. {{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=obesity |title=Online Etymology Dictionary: Obesity |work=Douglas Harper|accessdate=December 31, 2008}}; ''[[Kamusi ya Kingereza ya Oxford]]'' ilichapisha kutumika kwake kwa mara ya kwanza mnamo mwaka wa 1611 na [[Randle Cotgrave]]. {{cite web |url=http://www.oed.com/ |title=Obesity, n |work=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] 2008|accessdate=March 21, 2009}}</ref>; [[jina la kisayansi]] kwa [[Kilatini]] ni "adipositas") ni hali mbaya ambapo [[mafuta ya ziada ya mwili]] hulimbikizana hadi kiwango kinachoweza kuathiri vikubwa [[afya]], ikipelekea ongezeko la [[maradhi]] na kupungua kwa [[matarajio ya kuishi]]. <ref name="WHO 2000 p.6">WHO 2000 p.6</ref><ref name=HaslamJames/> [[Kipimo]] cha [[mwili]] kuwa mnene na mzito mno ni [[uwiano]] kati ya [[urefu]] wa mtu na [[uzito]] wake. Watu hutajika kuwa na unene wa kupindukia wakati [[nambapeo ya mata ya mwili]] (NMM), kipimo kinachopatikana kwa kugawanya [[uzito]] wa mtu kwa [[kilogramu]] kwa mraba wa [[urefu]] wake katika [[mita]], kimezidi 30&nbsp;kg/m<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="WHO 2000 p.9">WHO 2000 p.9</ref> Kuwa mneme mno kunaleta [[hatari]] ningi kwa [[afya]] na kusababisha au kuongeza uwezekano wa [[magonjwa]] kama vile: * [[Shinikizo la juu la damu]] * Ugonjwa wa [[kisukari]] * [[Maradhi ya moyo]] * [[Ugonjwa wa kupooza]] * Shida za kupumua na [[pumu]]<ref>http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/24118.php</ref><ref name=HaslamJames/> * Matatizo ya viungo vya [[miguu]] na ya [[uti wa mgongo]] * [[Maradhi ya mishipa]], * [[Apnea pingani ya usingizi]] * [[Osteoathritisi]]<ref name=HaslamJames/>. Watu wakinenepa mno hufa mapema na kuwa na magonjwa mengi kuliko watu wembamba wanaokula kiasi tu, jinsi wanavyohitaji [[chakula]]. Tatizo la unene [[duniani]] hukumba [[wanaume]] zaidi ya [[wanawake]]. Unene wa kupindukia mara nyingi husababishwa na ujumuisho wa kula chakula kilicho na nguvu nyingi, ukosefu wa [[mazoezi ya mwili]], na [[urithi]] wa [[jeni]] maalumu, ingawa visa vichache vina msingi wa jeni, matatizo ya [[kiendrosini]], [[matibabu]] au [[maradhi ya akili]]. Ushahidi wa kuthibitisha dhana kuwa baadhi ya watu hunenepa ingawa hula kiasi kidogo hautoshi; kwa wastani, watu wanene hutumia nguvu nyingi kuliko watu wenye mwili mdogo kwa sababu ya nguvu zinazohitajika kuimarisha [[mata]] kubwa ya mwili.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kushner, Robert |title=Treatment of the Obese Patient (Contemporary Endocrinology) |publisher=Humana Press |location=Totowa, NJ|year=2007 |page=158 |isbn=1-59745-400-1 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=vWjK5etS7PMC&pg=PA121&lpg=PA121&dq=measurement+of+metabolism+in+obese+Bessesen |doi= |accessdate=April 5, 2009}}</ref><ref name=Anes2000>{{cite journal |author=Adams JP, Murphy PG |title=Obesity in anaesthesia and intensive care |journal=Br J Anaesth |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=91–108 |year=2000 |month=July |pmid=10927998 |doi= 10.1093/bja/85.1.91|url=http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/85/1/91}}</ref> [[Chakula bora]] na [[mazoezi ya mwili]] ndiyo njia kuu za kutibu unene wa kupindukia. Ubora wa chakula unaweza kuimarishwa kwa kutumia vyakula vilivyo na nguvu nyingi, kama vile vyakula vilivyo na kiwango cha juu cha mafuta na [[sukari]], na kwa kutumia [[unyuzi wa chakula]] kwa wingi zaidi. [[Dawa za kukabiliana na unene]] zinaweza kutumiwa kupunguza hamu ya chakula au kuzuia ufyonzaji wa mafuta, huku mtu akila chakula kinachofaa. Iwapo chakula bora, mazoezi na matibabu hayatoshi, [[mpira wa utumboni]] unaweza kusaidia kupunguza uzito wa mwili, au [[upasuaji]] unaweza kufanywa ili kupunguza ukubwa na/au urefu wa matumbo. Upasuaji huo hupelekea mtu [[kushiba]] upesi na kupunguza uwezo wa kufyonza [[virutubishi]] vilivyomo katika chakula.<ref>NICE 2006 p.10–11</ref><ref name=balloon2008>{{cite journal |author=Imaz I, Martínez-Cervell C, García-Alvarez EE, Sendra-Gutiérrez JM, González-Enríquez J |title=Safety and effectiveness of the intragastric balloon for obesity. Uchanganuzi wa kina|journal=Obes Surg |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=841–6 |year=2008 |month=July |pmid=18459025|doi=10.1007/s11695-007-9331-8}}</ref> Unene wa kupindukia ni [[kisababishi kinachozuilika cha kifo]] kilicho kikuu ulimwenguni kote, huku kiwango chake cha [[ueneaji]] kikiongezeka kwa watu wazima na [[watoto]]. Viongozi huamini kuwa hili ni mojawapo ya matatizo makuu zaidi ya [[afya ya umma]] katika [[karne ya 21]].<ref name=Barn1999>{{cite journal |author=Barness LA, Opitz JM, Gilbert-Barness E |title=Obesity: genetic, molecular, and environmental aspects |journal=Am. J. Med. Genet. A|volume=143A |issue=24 |pages=3016–34 |year=2007 |month=December |pmid=18000969 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.32035 |url=}}</ref> Unene wa kupindukia hufedheheshwa katika sehemu nyingi za [[ulimwengu]] wa kisasa (hasa katika [[Ustaarabu wa Magharibi]]<ref>Huko wengine wanalazimika kutumia vifaa maalum (butt wipers]) kushililia karatasi shashi wakiwa msalani</ref>), ingawa hali hii ilitazamwa na watu wengi kama [[ishara]] ya [[utajiri]] na afya bora katika nyakati za awali za [[historia]], na pia huonekana hivyo katika baadhi ya sehemu za [[dunia]].<ref name=HaslamJames/><ref name=Woodhouse/> ==Uainishaji== Unene wa kupindukia ni hali ya kimatibabu ambapo [[mafuta ya mwili]] ya ziada hulimbikizana hadi kiwango kinachoathiri afya kwa vikubwa.<ref name="WHO 2000 p.6"/> Hali hii hufasiliwa kwa [[Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili]] na kukadiriwa zaidi kwa kupima ugawaji wa mafuta kupitia kwa uwiano wa kiuno na nyonga na ujumla wa vipengele hatari vya magonjwa ya mishipa na moyo.<ref>{{cite journal |journal= Nutr J |year=2007 |volume=6 |page=32 |title= Measurement and Definitions of Obesity In Childhood and Adolescence: A field guide for the uninitiated |author= Sweeting HN|doi=10.1186/1475-2891-6-32|pmid=17963490 |url=http://www.nutritionj.com/content/6/1/32 |pmc= 2164947|issue=1}}</ref><ref>NHLBI p.xiv</ref> Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili kinahusiana kwa karibu na asilimia ya mafuta ya mwili na jumla ya mafuta ya mwili.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gray DS, Fujioka K |title=Use of relative weight and Body Mass Index for the determination of adiposity |journal=J Clin Epidemiol |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=545–50 |year=1991 |pmid=2037859 |doi= 10.1016/0895-4356(91)90218-X|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-epidemiology_1991_44_6/page/545}}</ref> [[File:Obesity6.JPG|thumb|kushoto|alt=mtazamo wa mbele na upande wa kiwiliwili cha mwanamume aliye "mnene kupindukia". Alama za kuvutika kwa ngozi zinaonekana pamoja na jinakomastia.|Mwanamume "mnene kupindukia" aliye na Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili cha 47&nbsp;kg/m<sup>2</sup>: uzito 146&nbsp;kg (322&nbsp;lb), urefu sentimita 177&nbsp; (5&nbsp;ft 10&nbsp;in)]] Katika [[watoto]], uzito ulio bora hutofautiana kwa sababu ya [[umri]] na [[jinsia]]. Katika watoto na [[vijana]] [[baleghe]], unene wa kupindukia hufasiliwa si kwa [[nambari]] kamili, lakini kulingana na kundi la kawaida la wakati huo, hivi kwamba unene wa kupindukia ni wa Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili kilichozidi [[asilimia]] 95 <ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/childrens_BMI/about_childrens_BMI.htm |title=Healthy Weight: Assessing Your Weight: BMI: About BMI for Children and Teens|publisher=[[Center for disease control and prevention]]|accessdate=April 6, 2009}}</ref>Data ya marejeleo ambayo ilitumiwa kukadiria hesabu hii ni ya kutoka mwaka 1963 hadi 1994, hivyo haijaathiriwa na ongezeko la uzito la hivi karibuni.<ref name="Flegal KM, Ogden CL, Wei R, Kuczmarski RL, Johnson CL 2001 1086–93">{{cite journal |author=Flegal KM, Ogden CL, Wei R, Kuczmarski RL, Johnson CL|title=Prevalence of overweight in US children: comparison of US growth charts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention with other reference values for body mass index |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=73 |issue=6|pages=1086–93 |year=2001 |month=June |pmid=11382664 |doi= |url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/73/6/1086}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style = "float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center" |- ! BMI !! Classification |- |width=50%| < 18.5 ||underweight |- |18.5–24.9 || normal weight |- |25.0–29.9 || overweight |- |30.0–34.9 || class I obesity |- |35.0–39.9 || class II obesity |- |≥ 40.0 || &nbsp;&nbsp;class III obesity&nbsp;&nbsp; |} Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili hukadiriwa kwa kugawanya uzito wa mtu kwa kipeo cha uzito wake, na kwa kawaida huandikwa aidha kwa [[Mfumo wa mita]] au kwa [[vipimo vya Marekani]]: :Metric:<math>BMI=kilograms/meters^2</math> :US customary and [[Imperial System|imperial]]: <math>BMI=lb*703/in^2</math> ambapo <math>lb</math> ni uzito wa mtu katika [[pauni (uzito)|pauni]] na<math>in</math> ni urefu wa mtu katika inchi. Fasili zinazotumika mara nyingi, ambazo zilitolewa na [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] mwaka wa 1997 na kuchapishwa mwaka wa 2000, hutoa ukadiriaji kama ilivyoorodheshwa katika jedwali lililo upande wa kulia.<ref name="WHO 2000 p.9"/> Baadhi ya mashirika yamerekebisha kidogo fasili zilizotolewa na SAD. Habari ya kiupasuaji hugawanya unene wa kupindukia wa "daraja la 3" katika vikundi zaidi, ambavyo ukadiriaji wake ungali unakumbwa na utata.<ref name=morbid2007>{{cite journal|author=Sturm R |title=Increases in morbid obesity in the USA: 2000–2005 |journal=Public Health |volume=121 |issue=7|pages=492–6 |year=2007 |month=July |pmid=17399752 |pmc=2864630 |doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2007.01.006 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_public-health_2007-07_121_7/page/492}}</ref> * Any BMI ≥ 35 or 40 is ''severe obesity'' * A BMI of ≥ 35 or 40–44.9 or 49.9 is ''morbid obesity'' * A BMI of ≥ 45 or 50 is ''super obesity'' Kwa sababu watu wa asili ya [[Asia]] wameendelea kuathiriwa vibaya katika kiwango cha KUM cha chini kuliko kile cha [[Wazungu]], baadhi ya [[mataifa]] yamefasili upya unene wa kupindukia; [[Wajapani]] wameufasili kama kiwango chochote cha KUM kinachozidi 25<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kanazawa M, Yoshiike N, Osaka T, Numba Y, Zimmet P, Inoue S |title=Criteria and classification of obesity in Japan and Asia-Oceania|journal=Asia Pac J Clin Nutr |volume=11 Suppl 8 |issue= |pages=S732–S737 |year=2002 |month=December |pmid=12534701|doi= 10.1046/j.1440-6047.11.s8.19.x|url=}}</ref> huku [[China]] ikitumia kipimo cha KUM cha juu ya 28.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bei-Fan Z |title=Predictive values of body mass index and waist circumference for risk factors of certain related diseases in Chinese adults: study on optimal cut-off points of body mass index and waist circumference in Chinese adults |journal=Asia Pac J Clin Nutr |volume=11 Suppl 8 |issue= |pages=S685–93 |year=2002 |month=December|pmid=12534691 |doi= 10.1046/j.1440-6047.11.s8.9.x|url= |author2=Cooperative Meta-Analysis Group of Working Group on Obesity in China}}</ref> ==Madhara ya kiafya== Uzito uliozidi huhusianishwa na [[magonjwa]] mengi, hasa [[magonjwa ya moyo]] na [[mishipa]], [[kisukari aina ya 2]], [[apnea pingani ya usingizi]], aina fulani za [[saratani]], [[osteoathritisi]]<ref name=HaslamJames/> na [[pumu]]<ref>http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/24118.php</ref><ref name=HaslamJames/>. Matokeo yake ni kwamba unene wa kupindukia umetambulika kupunguza [[matarajio ya kuishi]].<ref name=HaslamJames/> ===Hatari ya kufa=== {{Double image|right|MenBMIMort.png|200|WomenBMIMort.png|200|alt=(Left) A graph showing how the risk of death varies with BMI. The lowest risk is found at a BMI of 20 to 25 and increases in both directions. (Right) A graph showing how the risk of death varies with BMI. The lowest risk is found at a BMI of 20 to 25 and increases in both directions.|Relative risk of death over 10 years for White men (left) and women (right) who have never smoked in the United States by BMI.<ref name=NEJM10>{{cite journal |author=Berrington de Gonzalez A |title=Body-Mass Index and Mortality among 1.46 Million White Adults |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=363 |issue=23 |pages=2211–9 |year=2010|month=December |pmid=21121834 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1000367 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2010-12-02_363_23/page/2210|pmc=3066051 |author-separator=,|display-authors=3}}</ref>||}} Unene wa kupindukia ni kati ya [[visababishi vya kifo vinavyozuilika]] kote ulimwenguni.<ref name=Barn1999/><ref>{{cite journal|author=Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL |title=Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000|journal=JAMA |volume=291 |issue=10 |pages=1238–45 |year=2004 |month=March |pmid=15010446 |doi=10.1001/jama.291.10.1238|url=http://www.csdp.org/research/1238.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name=Allison>{{cite journal |author=Allison DB, Fontaine KR, [[JoAnn E. Manson|Manson JE]], Stevens J, VanItallie TB |title=Annual deaths attributable to obesity in the United States |journal=JAMA |volume=282 |issue=16 |pages=1530–8 |year=1999 |month=October |pmid=10546692 |doi= 10.1001/jama.282.16.1530|url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/282/16/1530}}</ref> Utafiti mkuu wa Ulaya na Marekani umeonyesha kuwa hatari ya kufa iko chini zaidi katika kiwango cha KUM cha 20–25 kg/m<sup>2</sup><ref name=NEJM10/><ref name=Lancet2009>{{cite journal |author=Whitlock G |title=Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies |journal=Lancet |volume=373 |issue=9669 |pages=1083–96 |year=2009|month=March |pmid=19299006 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60318-4 |url= |pmc=2662372 |author-separator=,|author2=Lewington S |author3=Sherliker P |display-authors=3 |last4=Sherliker |first4=P |last5=Clarke |first5=R|last6=Emberson |first6=J |last7=Halsey |first7=J |last8=Qizilbash |first8=N |last9=Collins |first9=R}}</ref> katika watu wasiovuta sigara na 24–27 kg/m<sup>2</sup> katika watu wanaoendelea kuvuta sigara, huku hatari hii ikiongezeka na mabadiliko kuelekea pande zote mbili.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Calle EE, Thun MJ, Petrelli JM, Rodriguez C, Heath CW |title=Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. adults |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=341 |issue=15 |pages=1097–105|year=1999 |month=October |pmid=10511607 |doi= 10.1056/NEJM199910073411501|url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/341/15/1097}}</ref><ref name=Euro2008>{{cite journal |author=Pischon T |title=General and abdominal adiposity and risk of death in Europe |journal=N. Engl. J. Med.|volume=359 |issue=20 |pages=2105–20 |year=2008 |month=November |pmid=19005195 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0801891 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2008-11-13_359_20/page/2104|author-separator=, |author2=Boeing H |author3=Hoffmann K |display-authors=3 |last4=Bergmann |first4=M. |last5=Schulze|first5=M.B. |last6=Overvad |first6=K. |last7=Van Der Schouw |first7=Y.T. |last8=Spencer |first8=E. |last9=Moons|first9=K.G.M.}}</ref>Kipimo cha Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili cha zaidi ya 32 kimehusishwa na ongezeko la mara mbili la vifo kwa wanawake kwa muda wa miaka 16.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Manson JE |title=Body weight and mortality among women |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_the-new-england-journal-of-medicine_1995-09-14_333_11/page/n57 |journal=N. Engl. J. Med.|volume=333 |issue=11 |pages=677–85 |year=1995 |pmid=7637744| doi = 10.1056/NEJM199509143331101 |author-separator=,|author2=Willett WC |author3=Stampfer MJ |display-authors=3 |last4=Colditz |first4=Graham A. |last5=Hunter|first5=David J. |last6=Hankinson |first6=Susan E. |last7=Hennekens |first7=Charles H. |last8=Speizer |first8=Frank E.}}</ref> Nchini Marekani, inakisiwa kuwa unene wa kupindukia husababisha zaidi ya vifo 111,909 hadi 365,000 kila mwaka,<ref name=HaslamJames>{{cite journal |author=Haslam DW, James WP|title=Obesity |journal=Lancet |volume=366 |issue=9492|pages=1197–209 |year=2005 |pmid=16198769 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67483-1}}</ref><ref name=Allison/> huku milioni 1 (7.7%) ya vifo katika nchi za Ulaya husababishwa na uzito uliozidi.<ref name=EuroG2008/><ref name=Euro2007>{{cite journal|author=Fried M |title=Inter-disciplinary European guidelines on surgery of severe obesity |journal=Int J Obes (Lond)|volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=569–77 |year=2007 |month=April |pmid=17325689 |doi=10.1038/sj.ijo.0803560 |url=|author-separator=, |author2=Hainer V |author3=Basdevant A |display-authors=3 |last4=Buchwald |first4=H |last5=Deitel|first5=M |last6=Finer |first6=N |last7=Greve |first7=J W M |last8=Horber |first8=F |last9=Mathus-Vliegen|first9=E}}</ref> Kwa wastani, unene hupunguza muda wa maisha miaka 6 hadi 7:<ref name=HaslamJames/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Peeters A, Barendregt JJ, Willekens F, Mackenbach JP, Al Mamun A, Bonneux L |title=Obesity in adulthood and its consequences for life expectancy: A life-table analysis |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=138 |issue=1 |pages=24–32 |year=2003 |month=January |pmid=12513041 |doi=|url=http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/138/1/24 | format=PDF |last7=Nedcom}}</ref>Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili cha 30–35 hupunguza miaka 2 hadi 4 matarajio ya kuishi<ref name=Lancet2009/> ilhali unene uliokithiri (Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili&nbsp;>&nbsp;40) hupunguza miaka 10 matarajio ya kuishi <ref name=Lancet2009/> ===Hali ya kuugua=== Unene wa kupindukia huongeza hatari ya hali nyingi za kimwili na kiakili. Ambatani hizi kwa kawaida huonyeshwa sana katika [[dalili]] za magonjwa ya [[metaboli]],<ref name=HaslamJames/> kama: [[kisukari aina ya 2]], [[shinikizo la juu la damu]], [[kolestro]], and [[hypertriglyceridemia]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Grundy SM |title=Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=89 |issue=6 |pages=2595–600|year=2004 |pmid=15181029 |doi=10.1210/jc.2004-0372}}</ref> Matatizo aidha husababishwa na unene moja kwa moja au kwa njia isiyo ya moja kwa moja inayohusiana kupitia utaratibu ulio na sababu sawa kama vile [[lishe duni]] au [[uzembe maishani]]. Uhusiano mkuu kati ya unene na hali maalum inatofautiana. Mojawapo ni [[kisukari aina ya 2]]. Mafuta ya ziada mwilini ndiyo kisababishi cha 64% ya kisukari kwa wanaume na 77% kwa wanawake.<ref>Seidell 2005 p.9</ref> Madhara ya kiafya huwa katika vikundi viwili vipana: * yale yanayotokana na madhara ya kiasi cha mafuta kilichozidi (kama vile [[osteoarthritisi]], [[apnea pingani ya usingizi]], kutengwa na jamii) na * yale yanayotokana na idadi iliyozidi ya [[seli za mafuta]] ([[kisukari]], [[saratani]], [[ugonjwa wa moyo na mishipa ya damu]], [[ugonjwa wa maini iliyo na mafuta usiohusiana na pombe]]).<ref name=HaslamJames/><ref name=Bray2004>{{cite journal |author=Bray GA |title=Medical consequences of obesity |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=89 |issue=6 |pages=2583–9 |year=2004 |pmid=15181027|doi=10.1210/jc.2004-0535}}</ref>Ongezeko la mafuta katika mwili hugeuza hali ambavyo mwili huitikia [[insulini]] hata kusababisha [[kupinga insulini]]. Ongezeko la mafuta pia husababisha [[inflamesheni]],<ref>{{cite journal|author=Shoelson SE, Herrero L, Naaz A |title=Obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gastroenterology_2007-05_132_6/page/2169 |journal=Gastroenterology|volume=132 |issue=6 |pages=2169–80 |year=2007 |month=May |pmid=17498510|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.059}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Shoelson SE, Lee J, Goldfine AB|title=Inflammation and insulin resistance |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=116 |issue=7 |pages=1793–801 |year=2006|month=July |pmid=16823477 |pmc=1483173 |doi=10.1172/JCI29069 |url=http://www.jci.org/articles/view/29069}}</ref> na kuandaa [[thrombosi]].<ref name=Bray2004/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Dentali F, Squizzato A, Ageno W|title=The metabolic syndrome as a risk factor for venous and arterial thrombosis |journal=Semin. Thromb. Hemost.|volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=451–7 |year=2009 |month=July |pmid=19739035 |doi=10.1055/s-0029-1234140}}</ref> ===Fumbo kuhusu kuendeleza uhai=== Ingawa madhara ya kiafya ya unene wa kupindukia miongoni mwa jumla ya watu imeungwa mkono na ushahidi uliopo, matokeo ya kiafya katika vikundi mahususi yanaonekana kuboreka kwa kiwango cha Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili kinachoongezeka. Tukio hilo linajulikana kama fumbo kuhusu kuendelea kuishi kwa watu walio na unene wa kupindukia.<ref name=Schmidt2007>{{cite journal |author=Schmidt DS, Salahudeen AK |title=Obesity-survival paradox-still a controversy? |journal=Semin Dial |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=486–92 |year=2007 |pmid=17991192|doi=10.1111/j.1525-139X.2007.00349.x}}</ref> Mara ya kwanza fumbo hili lilielezwa mwaka 1999, likiwakumba watu wenye unene wa kupindukia waliokuwa wakisafishwa damu,<ref name=Schmidt2007/> kisha kupatikana katika watu waliokuwa na [[mshtuko wa moyo]] na [[ugonjwa wa ateri za pembeni]] (UAP).<ref name=paradox2003>{{cite journal |author=|title=Behavioral counseling in primary care to promote a healthcite journal y diet: recommendations and rationale |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2003-06-15_67_12/page/2572|journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=67 |issue=12 |pages=2573–6 |year=2003 |month=June |pmid=12825847 |doi= |author1= U.S. Preventive Services Task Force }}</ref> Katika watu waliokuwa na mshtuko wa moyo, wale wenye kipimo cha Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili cha kati ya 30.0. na 34.9 walikuwa na kima cha vifo cha chini kuliko wenye uzito wa kawaida. Hii ni kwa sababu watu mara nyingi hupoteza uzito kadiri wanavyoendelea kuwa wagonjwa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Habbu A, Lakkis NM, Dokainish H |title=The obesity paradox: Fact or fiction?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-cardiology_2006-10-01_98_7/page/944 |journal=Am. J. Cardiol. |volume=98 |issue=7 |pages=944–8 |year=2006 |month=October |pmid=16996880|doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.04.039}}</ref> Matokeo sawa na haya yamepatikana katika aina nyingine za magonjwa ya moyo. Watu walio na unene wa kupindukia wa daraja la 1 na magonjwa ya moyo hawana kima cha matatizo ya moyo kuliko watu walio na uzito wa kawaida ambao wana matatizo ya moyo. Hata hivyo, katika watu walio na viwango vikubwa zaidi vya unene, hatari ya kutokea kwa matatizo ya ziada huongezeka.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Romero-Corral A |title=Association of bodyweight with total mortality and with cardiovascular events in coronary artery disease: A systematic review of cohort studies |journal=Lancet |volume=368|issue=9536 |pages=666–78 |year=2006 |pmid=16920472 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69251-9 |author-separator=,|author2=Montori VM |author3=Somers VK |display-authors=3 |last4=Korinek |first4=Josef |last5=Thomas |first5=Randal J|last6=Allison |first6=Thomas G |last7=Mookadam |first7=Farouk |last8=Lopez-Jimenez|first8=Francisco}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Oreopoulos A, Padwal R, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Fonarow GC, Norris CM, McAlister FA |title=Body mass index and mortality in heart failure: A meta-analysis |journal=Am. Heart J. |volume=156|issue=1 |pages=13–22 |year=2008 |month=July |pmid=18585492 |doi=10.1016/j.ahj.2008.02.014 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-heart-journal_2008-07_156_1/page/13}}</ref> Hata baada ya [[upasuaji wa kipenyo cha moyo]], hakuna ongezeko la vifo linalotambulika katika watu walio na uzito mkubwa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Oreopoulos A, Padwal R, Norris CM, Mullen JC, Pretorius V, Kalantar-Zadeh K|title=Effect of obesity on short- and long-term mortality postcoronary revascularization: A meta-analysis|journal=Obesity (Silver Spring) |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=442–50 |year=2008 |month=February |pmid=18239657|doi=10.1038/oby.2007.36}}</ref> Utafiti mmoja ulionyesha kuwa ongezeko la muda wa kuishi kwa watu wenye unene wa kupindukia husababishwa na matibabu madhubuti ambao watu hao hupata baada ya tukio la tatizo la moyo.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Diercks DB | title=The obesity paradox in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: Results from the Can Rapid risk stratification of Unstable angina patients Suppress ADverse outcomes with Early implementation of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines Quality Improvement Initiative | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-heart-journal_2006-07_152_1/page/140 | journal=Am Heart J | year=2006 | month=July | volume=152 |issue=1 | pages=140–8 | pmid=16824844 | doi=10.1016/j.ahj.2005.09.024| author-separator=,| author2=Roe MT|author3=Mulgund J| display-authors=3| last4=Pollack| first4=Charles V.| last5=Kirk| first5=J. Douglas| last6=Gibler|first6=W. Brian| last7=Ohman| first7=E. Magnus| last8=Smith| first8=Sidney C.| last9=Boden| first9=William E.}}</ref> Utafiti mwingine unaonyesha kuwa mtu anapouchukulia kwa makini [[ugonjwa wa muda mrefu wa kuzibika kwa mapafu]] (COPD) kwa walio na PDA, manufaa ya unene wa kupindukia hayapo tena.<ref name=paradox2003/> ==Visababishi== Katikia kiwango cha mtu binafsi, ujumlisho wa kula [[chakula kinachotoa nguvu]] na kutofanya [[mazoezi ya kimwili]] hudhaniwa kusababisha visa vingi zaidi vya unene wa kupindukia.<ref name=CADG2006/>Matukio machache sana husababishwa hasa na jeni, sababu za kimatibabu au ugonjwa wa akili.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bleich S, Cutler D, Murray C, Adams A |title=Why is the developed world obese? |journal=Annu Rev Public Health |volume=29 |pages=273–95 |year=2008 |pmid=18173389|doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090954}}</ref> Kinyume na matarajio, inakisiwa kuwa viwango vya unene wa kupindukia vinavyoongezeka katika jamii vinasababishwa na urahisi wa kupata chakula kinachovutia,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Drewnowski A, Specter SE|title=Poverty and obesity: the role of energy density and energy costs |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=79 |issue=1|pages=6–16 |year=2004 |month=January |pmid=14684391 |doi= |url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/79/1/6}}</ref>ongezeko la kutegemea gari na uzalishaji wa bidhaa kwa kutumia mitambo.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nestle M, Jacobson MF|title=Halting the obesity epidemic: a public health policy approach |journal=Public Health Rep |volume=115 |issue=1|pages=12–24 |year=2000 |pmid=10968581 |pmc=1308552 |doi= 10.1093/phr/115.1.12|url=}}</ref><ref name=James2008>{{cite journal |author=James WP |title=The fundamental drivers of the obesity epidemic |journal=Obes Rev |volume=9 |issue= Suppl 1 |pages=6–13 |year=2008 |month=March |pmid=18307693 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00432.x}}</ref> Uhakiki mmoja wa 2006 ulionyesha mambo mengine kumi yanayochangia katika ongezeko la unene wa kupindukia wa hivi majuzi: # kukosa usingizi wa kutosha, # [[matatizo ya mfumo wa mwili]] ([[vichafuzi vya mazingira]] vinavyotatiza umetaboli wa lipidi), # upungufu wa mabadiliko ya halijoto ya mazingira, # upungufu wa viwango vya [[kuvuta sigara]], kwa sababu uvutaji sigara hugandamiza hamu ya chakula, # kuendelea kutumia dawa zinazoweza kusababisha ongezeko la uzito wa mwili (kwa mfano, [[dawa ya kuzuia magonjwa ya akili yasiyo ya kawaida]]), # ongezeko la vikundi vya kikabila na umri vinavyoweza kukita zaidi, # ujauzito wa miaka ya uzeeni (jambo ambalo linaweza kusababisha hatari ya unene wa kupindukia katika watoto), # hatari za [[jenetikia|kijenetikia]]zinazoweza kupitishwa kutoka kizazi hadi kingine, # [[uteuzi wa kiasili]] kwa watu wenye kima cha juu zaidi cha Kielezo cha Uzito wa Mwili, na # [[kujamiiana kiubaguzi]] jambo ambalo huongeza vipengele hatari vya unene wa kupindukia (hii inaweza kuongezea idadi ya watu wanene sana kwa kuongezea kiwango cha tofauti kati ya idadi ya watu na uzito).<ref name="pmid16801930">{{cite journal|author=Keith SW |title=Putative contributors to the secular increase in obesity: Exploring the roads less traveled|journal=Int J Obes (Lond) |volume=30 |issue=11 |pages=1585–94 |year=2006 |pmid=16801930 |doi=10.1038/sj.ijo.0803326|url=http://www.nature.com/ijo/journal/v30/n11/full/0803326a.html |author-separator=, |author2=Redden DT|author3=Katzmarzyk PT |display-authors=3 |last4=Boggiano |first4=M M |last5=Hanlon |first5=E C |last6=Benca |first6=R M |last7=Ruden |first7=D |last8=Pietrobelli |first8=A |last9=Barger |first9=J L}}</ref> Ingawa kuna utafiti wa kutosha unaoonyesha jinsi taratibu hizi zinavyopelekea ongezeko la kutokea kwa unene wa kupindukia, utafiti huu bado haujaweza kutoa hitimisho kamili. Watafiti walioufanya wanasema kuwa inawezekana kuwa taratibu hizi zina athari ya kiwango cha chini kuliko zile zilizojadiliwa katika aya iliyotangulia. ===Chakula bora=== {{Double image|right|World map of Energy consumption 1961,2.svg|200|World map of Energy consumption 2001-2003.svg|200|alt=(Left) A world map with countries colored to reflect the food energy consumption of their people in 1961. North America, Europe, and Australia have relatively high intake, while Africa and Asia consume much less.(Right) A world map with countries colored to reflect the food energy consumption of their people in 2001–2003. Consumption in North America, Europe, and Australia has increased with respect to previous levels in 1971 Food consumption has also increased substantially in many parts of Asia. However, food consumption in Africa remains low.|Map of dietary energy availability per person per day in 1961 (left) and 2001–2003 (right) in kcal/person/day. {{Multicol}} {{legend|#b3b3b3|no data}} {{legend|#ffff65|<1600}} {{legend|#fff200|1600–1800}} {{legend|#ffdc00|1800–2000}} {{legend|#ffc600|2000–2200}} {{legend|#ffb000|2200–2400}} {{legend|#ff9a00|2400–2600}} {{Multicol-break}} {{legend|#ff8400|2600–2800}} {{legend|#ff6e00|2800–3000}} {{legend|#ff5800|3000–3200}} {{legend|#ff4200|3200–3400}} {{legend|#ff2c00|3400–3600}} {{legend|#cb0000|>3600}} {{Multicol-end}} ||}} [[File:World Per Person Energy Consumption.png|thumb|alt=A graph showing a gradual increase in global food energy consumption per person per day between 1961 and 2002.|Average per capita energy consumption of the world from 1961 to 2002<ref name=Earth09>{{cite web |url=http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/index.php?theme=8&variable_ID=212&action=select_countries |title=EarthTrends: Nutrition: Calorie supply per capita |work=World Resources Institute |accessdate=Oct. 18, 2009}}</ref>]] Kima cha ugavi wa nguvu za kimlo kwa kila mtu hutofautiana pakubwa katika maeneo na nchi mbali mbali. Kima hiki pia kimebadilika pakubwa kwa muda mrefu sasa.<ref name=Earth09/> Kutoka mwanzoni wa miaka ya 1970 hadi mwishoni wa kiaka ya 1990, wastani wa kalori kwa kila mtu kila siku (kiwango cha chakula kilichonunuliwa) uliongezeka katika maeneo yote duniani ila Mashariki mwa Uropa. Nchi ya Marekani ilikuwa na kima cha juu zaidi cha upatikanaji, ikiwa ni [[kalori]] 3,654 kwa kila mtu katika mwaka wa 1996. Kima hiki kiliongezeka zaidi hadi 3,754 katika mwaka wa 2003.<ref name=Earth09/> Katika miaka ya mwisho ya 1990 Uropa ilikuwa na kalori &nbsp3,394; kwa kila mtu. Katika maeneo yanayostawi kiuchumi ya Asia kulikuwa na kalori&nbsp2,648; kwa kila mtu na katika kusin mwa jangwa la Sahara, watu walikuwa na kalori &nbsp 2,176;kwa kila mtu.<ref name=Earth09/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/1470965/USDA-frsept99b|title=USDA: frsept99b |work=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=January 10, 2009}}</ref> Jumla ya kalori inayotumika imetambulika kuwa inahusiana na unene wa kupindukia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-003-x/2009004/article/10933-eng.htm |title=Diet composition and obesity among Canadian adults |work=Statistics Canada |accessdate=}}</ref> Upatikanaji mkubwa wa vielekezo kuhusu lishe<ref>{{cite web |author=National Control for Health Statistics | title=Nutrition For Everyone | publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | url=http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/nutrition/nutrition_for_everyone | accessdate=2008-07-09}}</ref>haujafaulu kutatua shida za kula kupita kiasi na uamuzi mbaya kuhusu lishe.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Marantz PR, Bird ED, Alderman MH |title=A call for higher standards of evidence for dietary guidelines |journal=Am J Prev Med|volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=234–40 |year=2008 |month=March |pmid=18312812 |doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2007.11.017|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-preventive-medicine_2008-03_34_3/page/234}}</ref> Kutoka mwaka wa 1971 hadi 2000, viwango vya unene wa kupindukia viliongezeka kutoka 14.5% hadi 30.9%.<ref name=Flegal2002>{{cite journal | author=Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL| title=Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2000 | journal=JAMA | year=2002 | month=October | volume=288| pages=1723–1727 |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/288/14/1723 | doi=10.1001/jama.288.14.1723 | pmid=12365955 |issue=14}}</ref> Katika kipindi hicho pia, wastani wa matumizi ya chakula kinachotoa nguvu yaliongezeka. Katika wanawake, wastani wa ongezeko hili ulikuwa kalori 335 kwa siku (1,542 mwaka wa 1971 na kalori 1,877 mwaka wa 2004), ilhali katika wanaume, wastani katika ongezeko hilo ulikuwa kalori 168 kwa siku (kalori 2,450 mwaka wa 1971 na kalori 2,618 mwaka wa 2004). Kiwango kikubwa cha nguvu hizi za ziada kilitokana na ongezeko la kutumia [[kabohidrati]] badala ya mafuta.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Wright JD, Kennedy-Stephenson J, Wang CY, McDowell MA, Johnson CL |title=Trends in intake of energy and macronutrients—United States, 1971–2000 | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep |year=2004 | month=February | volume=53 | issue=4 | pages=80–2 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5304a3.htm | pmid=14762332}}</ref> Vyanzo vya msingi vya kabohidrati hizi za ziada ni vinywaji vilivyo na sukari ambavyo vinakadiriwa kusababisha karibu 25% ya nguvu za kila siku katika vijana wakomavu Marekani, <ref name=Caballero>{{cite journal |author=Caballero B |title=The global epidemic of obesity: An overview|journal=Epidemiol Rev |volume=29 |issue= |pages=1–5 |year=2007 |pmid=17569676 |doi=10.1093/epirev/mxm012 |url=}}</ref>na [[chipsi]] za [[viazi]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mozaffarian|first=D|coauthors=Hao, T, Rimm, EB, Willett, WC, Hu, FB|title=Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2011-06-23_364_25/page/2392|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=2011 Jun 23|volume=364|issue=25|pages=2392–404|pmid=21696306|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1014296|pmc=3151731}}</ref> Utumiaji wa vinywaji vilivyo na sukari unaaminika kuchangia katika ongezeko la viwango vya unene wa kupindukia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB |title=Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review work=Statistics Canada | J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=274–88 |year=2006 |month=August |pmid=16895873 |doi=|url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/84/2/274 |pmc=3210834}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Olsen NJ, Heitmann BL |title=Intake of calorically sweetened beverages and obesity |journal=Obes Rev |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=68–75|year=2009 |month=January |pmid=18764885 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00523.x |url=}}</ref> Jinsi jamii nyingi zinavyoendelea kutegemea [[nguvu nyingi za chakula]], viwango vikubwa vya chakula na vyakula duni, ndivyo uhusiano wa utumiaji wa vyakula duni na unene wa kupindukia unavyoendelea kusababisha madhara. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Rosenheck R|title=Fast food consumption and increased caloric intake: a systematic review of a trajectory towards weight gain and obesity risk |journal=Obes Rev |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=535–47 |year=2008 |month=November |pmid=18346099|doi=10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00477.x |url=}}</ref> Nchini Marekani, utumiaji wa vyakula duni uliongezeka mara tatu huku utumiaji wa chakula chenye nguvu ukiongezeka mara nne kati ya mwaka 1977 na 1995.<ref>{{cite book |author=Lin BH, Guthrie J and Frazao E |editor=Frazão E |title=Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 750: America's Eating Habits: Changes and Consequences |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aib750/ |year=1999 |publisher=US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service |location=Washington, DC |pages=213–239 |chapter=Nutrient contribution of food away from home |access-date=2013-11-28 |archive-date=2002-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020611183104/http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aib750/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Sera za kilimo]] na [[ufundisanifu]] zinazozingatia mazingira nchini Marekani na barani Uropa zimesababisha kushuka kwa bei ya vyakula. Kule Marekani, hatua ya kupunguza bei ya mahindi, soya, ngano na mchele kupitia bili ya ukulima ya Marekani imepelekea kushuka kwa bei ya chakula cha viwandani ikilinganishwa na matunda na mboga.<ref>{{cite news|author=Pollan, Michael|title=You Are What You Grow|work=New York Times|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/22/magazine/22wwlnlede.t.html?ex=1186027200&en=bbe0f6a2c10e3b3c&ei=5070|date= 22 April 2007|accessdate= 2007-07-30}}</ref> Wakati mwingi, watu wanene kupindukia hawaripoti vyema jinsi wanavyotumia chakula ikilinganishwa na wale walio na uzito wa kawaida.<ref>Kopelman and Caterson 2005:324.</ref> Utafiti huu ni kwa mujibu wa uchunguzi wa watu uliofanyika katika chumba cha kipima kalori <ref>{{cite web|title=Metabolism alone doesn't explain how thin people stay thin |publisher=The Medical Post|work=John Schieszer|format=registration required}}</ref> na kwa kutazama moja kwa moja. ===Mwenendo wa kuzembea=== [[Mwenendo wa kuzembea]] huchangia pakubwa katika unene wa kupindukia.<ref>Seidell 2005 p.10</ref> Kote ulimwenguni, watu wengi wamegeukia kazi isiyohusisha nguvu nyingi za kimwili<ref name=WHO2009>{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/facts/obesity/en/ |title=WHO: Obesity and overweight |work=[[World Health Organization]] |accessdate=January 10, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218104805/http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/facts/obesity/en/ |archivedate=2008-12-18 }}</ref><ref name=WHOExercise>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_inactivity/en/index.html |title=WHO &#124; Physical Inactivity: A Global Public Health Problem |work=[[World Health Organization]] |accessdate=February 22, 2009}}</ref><ref name=Ness2006>{{cite journal |author=Ness-Abramof R, Apovian CM |title=Diet modification for treatment and prevention of obesity |journal=Endocrine |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=5–9 |year=2006 |month=February |pmid=16622287|doi=10.1385/ENDO:29:1:135 |url=}}</ref> na kwa wakati huu angalau 60% ya idadi ya watu duniani hupata mazoezi yasiyotosheleza.<ref name=WHOExercise/> Hii hasa ni kwa sababu ya ongezeko la kutumia mitambo katika uchukuzi, na teknologia inayosaidia sana kikazi huko nyumbani.T<ref name=WHO2009/><ref name=WHOExercise/><ref name=Ness2006/> Katika watoto, viwango vya kufanya mazoezi vinaonekana kushuka kwa sababu ya kutotembea sana na kutohusika katika somo la mazoezi ya mwili.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Salmon J, Timperio A |title=Prevalence, trends and environmental influences on child and youthphysical activity |journal=Med Sport Sci |volume=50 |issue= |pages=183–99 |year=2007 |pmid=17387258|doi=10.1159/000101391 |series=Medicine and Sport Science |isbn=978-3-318-01396-2 }}</ref> Mienendo ya dunia katika burudani ambapo watu huusika moja kwa moja[[mazoezi ya mwili]] inaendelea kufifia. [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] linaonyesha kuwa, ulimwenguni kote, watu wanaendelea kuhusika katika burudani isiyohusisha maoezi, ilhali katika utafiti mmoja huko Finland<ref>{{cite journal |author=Borodulin K, Laatikainen T, Juolevi A, Jousilahti P |title=Thirty-year trends of physical activity in relation to age, calendar time and birth cohort in Finnish adults |journal=Eur J Public Health |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=339–44 |year=2008|month=June |pmid=17875578 |doi=10.1093/eurpub/ckm092 |url=}}</ref> ulionyesha ongezeko, ilhali utafiti mwingine huko Marekani ulionyesha kuwa mazoezi katika burudani hayajabadilika sana.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Brownson RC, Boehmer TK, Luke DA |title=Declining rates of physical activity in the United States: what are the contributors?|journal=Annu Rev Public Health |volume=26 |issue= |pages=421–43 |year=2005 |pmid=15760296|doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144437 |url=}}</ref> Katika watoto na watu wazima, kuna uhusiano kati ya kutazama runinga na hatari ya unene wa kupindukia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gortmaker SL, Must A, Sobol AM, Peterson K, Colditz GA, Dietz WH |title=Television viewing as a cause of increasing obesity among children in the United States, 1986–1990 |journal=Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med |volume=150 |issue=4 |pages=356–62 |year=1996 |month=April |pmid=8634729|doi=10.1001/archpedi.1996.02170290022003}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Vioque J, Torres A, Quiles J |title=Time spent watching television, sleep duration and obesity in adults living in Valencia, Spain |journal=Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. |volume=24 |issue=12 |pages=1683–8 |year=2000 |month=December |pmid=11126224 |doi= 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801434|url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Tucker LA, Bagwell M |title=Television viewing and obesity in adult females |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=81 |issue=7 |pages=908–11 |year=1991 |month=July|pmid=2053671 |pmc=1405200 |doi= 10.2105/AJPH.81.7.908|url=http://www.ajph.org/cgi/reprint/81/7/908 |format=PDF}}</ref> Ukaguzi ulitambua kuwa 63 kati ya tafiti 73 (86%) zilionyesha ongezeko katika kiwango cha unene wa kupindukia wa utotoni pindi watoto wanavyofikia vyombo vya mawasiliano, huku viwango hivi vikiongezeka kulingana na muda unaotumika kutazama runinga.ref>{{cite web |url=http://ipsdweb.ipsd.org/uploads/IPPC/CSM%20Media%20Health%20Report.pdf |title=Media + Child and Adolescent Health: A Systematic Review |publisher=Common Sense Media |year=2008 |format=PDF |work=Ezekiel J. Emanuel |accessdate=April 6, 2009 |archive-date=2012-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122070205/http://ipsdweb.ipsd.org/uploads/IPPC/CSM%20Media%20Health%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Usomijeni=== [[File:La monstrua desnuda (1680), de Juan Carreño de Miranda..jpg|thumb|wima|alt=Mchoro wa msichana mweusi wa kike mwenye nywele nyeusi, mashavu ya waridi aliye uchi akiegemea meza. Msichana huyu ameshika zabibu na majani ya zabibu katika mkono wake wa kushoto ambayo yamezifunika jenitalia zake.| Mchoro uliochorwa mwaka wa 1680 na [[Juan Carreno de Miranda]], wa msichana aliyedhaniwa kuwa na [[sindromu ya Prader-Will]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esst.org/newsletter2000.htm |title=Case Study: Cataplexy and SOREMPs Without Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Prader Willi Syndrome. Is This the Beginning of Narcolepsy in a Five Year Old?|author=Mary Jones|publisher=European Society of Sleep Technologists|accessdate=April 6, 2009}}</ref>]] Kama magonjwa mengine mengi, unene wa kupindukia hutokana na mwingiliano kati ya vipengele vya kijeni na vya kimazingira. [[Upolimofi]] katika [[jeni]] nyingi zinazodhibiti [[hamu ya kula[[]] na [[umetaboli]]hupelekea unene wa kupindukia wakati nguvu za kutosha zinazotoka katika chakula zinapatikana. Katika mwaka wa 2006, zaidi ya 41 za sehemu hizi zimehusishwa na kuendelea kwa unene wa kupindukia wakati mazingira mwafaka yanapokuwepo.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Poirier P |title=Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss |journal=Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=968–76 |year=2006 |month=May |pmid=16627822 |doi=10.1161/01.ATV.0000216787.85457.f3|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_arteriosclerosis-thrombosis-and-vascular-biology_2006-05_26_5/page/968|author-separator=, |author2=Giles TD |author3=Bray GA |display-authors=3 |last4=Hong |first4=Y |last5=Stern|first5=JS |last6=Pi-Sunyer |first6=FX |last7=Eckel |first7=RH}}</ref> Watu walio na aina mbili za[[jeni ya FTO]] (jeni inayohusishwa na wingi wa mafuta na unene wa kupindukia) wamepatikana kwa wastani kuwa na uzito wa kilogramu 3-4]] &nbsp; zaidi na huwa katika hatari mara1.67 zaidi ya kukumbwa na unene wa kupindukia wakilinganishwa na wale wasio na hatari hii [[aleli]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Loos RJ, Bouchard C |title=FTO: the first gene contributing to common forms of human obesity |journal=Obes Rev |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=246–50|year=2008 |month=May |pmid=18373508 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00481.x |url=}}</ref> Asilimia ya unene wa kupindukia unaoweza kuhusishwa visababishi vya kijeni ni ya kubadilika kutoka 6% hadi 85% kulingana na idadi ya watu waliochunguzwa.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Yang W, Kelly T, He J |title=Genetic epidemiology of obesity |journal=Epidemiol Rev |volume=29 |issue=|pages=49–61 |year=2007 |pmid=17566051 |doi=10.1093/epirev/mxm004}}</ref> Unene wa kupindukia ni kipengele kikuu katika sindromu kadhaa kama vile [[sindromu ya Prader-Willi]], [[sindromu ya Bardet-Biedl]], [[sindromu ya Cohen]], na [[sindromu ya MOMO]]. Neno unene wa kupindukia usiosababishwa na sindromu hutumika wakati mwingine kuzitenga hali hizi.<ref name="pmid19506576">{{cite journal |author=Walley AJ, Asher JE, Froguel P |title=The genetic contribution to non-syndromic human obesity |journal=Nat. Rev. Genet. |volume= 10|issue= 7|pages= 431–42|year=2009|month=June |pmid=19506576 |doi=10.1038/nrg2594 |url=}}</ref> Kwa watu walio na mwanzo mkali wa mapema wa unene wa kupindukia (unaofasiliwa na mwanzo kabla ya umri wa miaka 10&nbsp; na kielezo cha uzani wa mwili zaidi ya tatu [[standard deviation]] zaidi ya kawaida), 7% huwa na kipimo kimoja cha mgeuko papale <ref>{{cite journal |author=Farooqi S, O'Rahilly S |title=Genetics of obesity in humans |journal=Endocr. Rev. |volume=27 |issue=7 |pages=710–18 |year=2006 |month=December |pmid=17122358 |doi=10.1210/er.2006-0040 |url=http://edrv.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/7/710 |access-date=2013-11-28 |archive-date=2010-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710170521/http://edrv.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/7/710 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Tafiti zilizolenga mitindo ya urithi badala ya jeni maalum zimetambua kuwa asilimia 80 ya watoto wa watu wawili walio wanene kupindukia walikuwa vilevile na unene wa kupindukia, ikilinganishwa na asilimia chini ya 10 ya watoto wa wazazi wawili waliokuwa na uzito wa kawaida.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kolata,Gina |title=Rethinking thin: The new science of weight loss&nbsp;– and the myths and realities of dieting |publisher=Picador |location= |year=2007 |page=122|isbn=0-312-42785-9}}</ref> [[Nadharia tete ya jeni yenye mafanikio]] hudai kuwa watu wana uwezekano mkubwa wa kupatwa na unene wa kupindukia kutokana na ukosefu wa chakula wakati wa mageuko ya binadamu. Uwezo wao wa kujinufaisha katika vipindi visivyo vya kawaida vya wingi kwa kuweka nguvu kama mafuta unaweza kuwafaa katika nyakati ambapo upatikanaji wa chakula si yakini na watu walio na hifadhi kubwa ya mafuta wanaweza kuwa na uwezekano mkubwa wa kuongoka[[njaa]]. Hata hivyo, huenda jamii zilizo na chakula kwa wingi zisizoee kujiwekea mafuta.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chakravarthy MV, Booth FW |title=Eating, exercise, and "thrifty" genotypes: Connecting the dots toward an evolutionary understanding of modern chronic diseases |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-applied-physiology_2004-01_96_1/page/3 |journal=J. Appl. Physiol.|volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=3–10 |year=2004 |pmid=14660491 |doi=10.1152/japplphysiol.00757.2003}}</ref> Nadharia hii imeweza kukosolewa sana na kupelelea kupendekezwa kwa nadharia zingine za kimageuko kama vile [[nadharia tete ya jeni isiyo na mkondo]] na[[fenotipu yenye mafanikio|nadharia tete ya fenotipu yenye mafanikio]]zilizopendekezwa. <ref>{{cite doi|10.1038/ijo.2009.175}}</ref><ref>{{cite doi|10.1002/ajhb.21100}}</ref> ===Maradhi mengine=== Maradhi mengine ya mwili na akili na dawa za kifamasia zinazotumiwa kuyatibu zinaweza kuongeza hatari ya unene wa kupindukia. Maradhi yanayoongeza hatari ya unene huo ni sindromu kadhaa za kijenetikia zisizo za kawaida (zilizoorodheshwa hapo juu) na aidha magonjwa mengine ya kuzaliwa nayo au ya kujitokeza baada ya kuzaliwa: [[uhipothiroidi]], [[Sindromu ya Cushing]], [[kukosa homoni ya kukua]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rosén T, Bosaeus I, Tölli J, Lindstedt G, Bengtsson BA |title=Increased body fat mass and decreased extracellular fluid volume in adults with growth hormone deficiency |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-endocrinology_1993-01_38_1/page/63 |journal=Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |year=1993 |pmid=8435887| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1993.tb00974.x}}</ref> na [[matatizo ya kula]]: [[matatizo ya kula yatokanayo na ulevi]] na [[sindromu ya kula usiku]].<ref name=HaslamJames/>.Hata hivyo, unene wa kupindukia hauchukuliwi kuwa tatizo la kiakili na kwa hiyo haujaorodheshwa katika Mwongozo wa Utambuzi na Takwimu za Maradhi ya Akili (DSM-IVR) kama maradhi ya akili.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Zametkin AJ, Zoon CK, Klein HW, Munson S |title=Psychiatric aspects of child and adolescent obesity: a review of the past 10 years |journal=J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=134–50 |year=2004 |month=February |pmid=14726719|doi=10.1097/00004583-200402000-00008}}</ref> Hatari ya uzito wa kupita kiasi na unene wa kupindukia iko juu kwa wagonjwa walio na maradhi ya akili kuliko kwa watu ambao hawana maradhi ya akili.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Chiles C, van Wattum PJ |title=Psychiatric aspects of the obesity crisis | journal=Psychiatr Times | year=2010 | volume=27 | issue=4 |pages=47–51}}</ref> Matibabu mengine yanaweza kusababisha kuongezeka kwa uzito au mabadiliko katika [[mchanganyiko wa mwili]]; nayo ni [[insulini]], [[salfonyilurea]], [[thiasolidinedioni]], [[dawa za magonjwa ya kiakili]], [[dawa ya unyogovu]], [[glucocorticoids|steroidi]], aina nyingine za [[dawa za mitukutiko]] ([[fenitoini]] na [[valproeati]]), [[pisotifeni]], na za [[uzuiaji mimba wa kihomoni]].<ref name=HaslamJames/> ===Vigezo vya kijamii=== Ingawa athari za kijenetiki ni muhimu katika kuelewa unene wa kupindukia, haziwezi kuwajibikia mkondo uliopo wa ongezeko katika nchi fulani au duniani.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Yach D, Stuckler D, Brownell KD |title=Epidemiologic and economic consequences of the global epidemics of obesity and diabetes |journal=Nat. Med. |volume=12 |issue=1|pages=62–6 |year=2006 |month=January |pmid=16397571 |doi=10.1038/nm0106-62 |url=}}</ref> Ingawa imekubalika kuwa utumizi wa nguvu zaidi ya kiasi kinachostahili kutumika husababisha unene wa kupindukia kibinafsi, kisababishi cha mageuko katika vipengele hivi viwili kwa kiwango cha jamii hujadiliwa sana. Kuna nadharia kadhaa zinazohusu visababishi vya unene wa kupindukia. Hata hivyo, nadharia nyingi zimeshikilia kuwa unene husababishwa na mchanganyiko wa vipengele tofauti. Uhusiano kati ya [[hadhi ya kijamii]] na Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili huwa tofauti ulimwenguni. Tathmini katika mwaka wa 1989 ilionyesha kuwa wanawake wenye hadhi ya juu ya kijamii katika nchi zinazostawii walikuwa na uwezekano mdogo wa kukumbwa na unene wa kupindukia. Hakuna tofauti muhimu zilizoonekana miongoni mwa wanaume wa hadhi tofauti za kijamii. Katika nchi zinazostawi, wanawake, wanaume na watoto kutoka katika hadhi ya juu ya kijamii walikuwa na viwango vikubwa vya unene wa kupindukia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sobal J, Stunkard AJ |title=Socioeconomic status and obesity: A review of the literature |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-bulletin_1989-03_105_2/page/260 |journal=Psychol Bull |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=260–75 |year=1989 |month=March |pmid=2648443|doi=10.1037/0033-2909.105.2.260}}</ref>. Toleo la tathmini hii uliofanyika mwaka wa 2007 ulionyesha uhusiano uo huo lakini ulikuwa dhaifu. Upungufu katika uthabiti wa uhusiano huo ulihisika kuwa uliotokana na [[utandawazi]].<ref name=McLaren2007>{{cite journal |author=McLaren L |title=Socioeconomic status and obesity |journal=Epidemiol Rev|volume=29 |issue= |pages=29–48 |year=2007 |pmid=17478442 |doi=10.1093/epirev/mxm001}}</ref> Katika nchi zilizostawi, viwango vya unene wa kupindukia kwa watu wazima, na asilimia ya watoto waliobalehe walio na uzani wa kupindukia vinahusiana na [[tofauti za kiuchumi|tofauti za kimapato]]. Uhusiano kama huu hunekana katika majimbo ya Marekani: watu wengi wazima, hata walio katika matabaka ya juu katika jamii wana unene wa kupindukia hata katika majimbo yaliyo na tofauti za kimapato.<ref name="spirit">{{cite book|title=[[The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better]]|last1=Wilkinson|first1=Richard|authorlink1=Richard G. Wilkinson|last2=Pickett|first2=Kate|publisher=Allen Lane|location=London|isbn=978-1-84614-039-6|year=2009|pages=91–101|url=http://www.equalitytrust.org.uk/why/evidence/obesity}}</ref> Maelezo mengi yametolewa yakilinganisha Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili na hadhi ya kijamii. Inadhaniwa mwilia mwilizo wa kumudu vyakula bora zaidi, nao huwa katika shinikizo zaidi la kusalia wembamba kutoka kwa jamii, na wana nafasi na matumaini makubwa ya kudumisha [[siha njema ya kimwili]]. Katika [[nchi zisizostawi]] inaaminika kuwa uwezo wa kumudu chakula, utumizi mkubwa wa nguvu katika kufanya kazi za sulubu, na tamaduni zinazothamini miili mikubwa huchangia katika kuleta mitindo hii.<ref name=McLaren2007/> Mitazamo inayoshikiliwa na watu kuhusu ukubwa wa mwili maishani pia inaweza kuchangia unene wa kupindukia. Uhusiano wa mabadiliko katika Kielezo cha Uzani wa Mwili kwa muda mrefu umeonekana miongoni mwa marafiki, ndugu na wachumba.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Christakis NA, [[James H. Fowler|Fowler JH]] |title=The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network over 32 Years |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2007-07-26_357_4/page/370 |journal= New England Journal of Medicine|volume=357 |issue=4|pages=370–379 |year=2007 |pmid=17652652 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsa066082}}</ref> Stress and perceived low social status appear to increase risk of obesity.<ref name="spirit" /><ref>{{cite journal|author=Bjornstop P|title=Do stress reactions cause abdominal obesity and comorbidities?|journal=Obesity Reviews|volume=2|issue=2|pages=73–86|year=2001|doi=10.1046/j.1467-789x.2001.00027.x|pmid=12119665}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Goodman E, Adler NE, Daniels SR, Morrison JA, Slap GB, Dolan LM|title=Impact of objective and subjective social status on obesity in a biracial cohort of adolescents|journal=Obesity Reviews|volume=11|issue=8|pages=1018–26|year=2003|pmid=12917508|doi=10.1038/oby.2003.140}}</ref> Uvutaji sigara huathiri pakubwa uzani wa mtu. Watu wanaokoma kuvuta sigara huongeza uzito kwa wastani wa kilo 4.4&nbsp; 9.7&nbsp;lb) katika wanaume na kilo 5.0&nbsp;(11.0&nbsp;lb) katika wanawake kwa muda wa miaka kumi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Flegal KM, Troiano RP, Pamuk ER, Kuczmarski RJ, Campbell SM |title=The influence of smoking cessation on the prevalence of overweight in the United States |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=333 |issue=18 |pages=1165–70 |year=1995 |month=November |pmid=7565970 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199511023331801 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/333/18/1165 |access-date=2013-11-28 |archive-date=2003-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030405192136/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/333/18/1165 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Hata hivo mabadiliko katika viwango vya uvutaji yamekuwa na matokeo duni kwa viwango vya jumla vya unene wa kupindukia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chiolero A, Faeh D, Paccaud F, Cornuz J |title=Consequences of smoking for body weight, body fat distribution, and insulin resistance|journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=801–9 |date=1 April 2008|pmid=18400700|url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/87/4/801 }}</ref> Nchini Marekani, idadi ya watoto alionao mtu inahusiana na hatarisho lao la unene wa kupindukia. Hatari ya mwanamke huongezeka kwa 7% kwa kila mtoto, ilhali hatarisho la mwanamume huongezeka kwa 4%.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Weng HH, Bastian LA, Taylor DH, Moser BK, Ostbye T |title=Number of children associated with obesity in middle-aged women and men: results from the health and retirement study |journal=J Women's Health (Larchmt) |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=85–91 |year=2004|pmid=15006281 |doi=10.1089/154099904322836492}}</ref> Hii inaweza kuelezwa kwa kiasi fulani kutokana na ukweli kwamba kuwa na watoto wanaokutegemea hupunguza shughuli za kimwili kwa wazazi katika nchi za Ulaya na Marekani.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bellows-Riecken KH, Rhodes RE |title=A birth of inactivity? A review of physical activity and parenthood |journal=Prev Med |volume=46|issue=2 |pages=99–110 |year=2008 |month=February |pmid=17919713 |doi=10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.08.003}}</ref> Katika nchi zinazostawi, ukuaji wa miji unachangia katika kiwango kinachoongezeka cha unene wa kupindukia. Nchini [[Uchina]]viwango vya jumla vya unene wa kupindukia viko chini ya asilimia 5; hata hivyo, katika miji mingine, viwango vya unene wa kupindukia ni zaidi ya asilimia 20.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/media/en/gsfs_obesity.pdf |title=Obesity and Overweight |format=PDF|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |accessdate=February 22, 2009}}</ref> [[Utapiamlo]] mwanzoni mwa maisha umeaminika kuchangia katika viwango vinavyoongezeka vya unene wa kupindukia katika[[nchi zinazostawi]].<ref name=DC2001>{{cite journal |author=Caballero B |title=Introduction. Symposium: Obesity in developing countries: biological and ecological factors |journal=J. Nutr. |volume=131 |issue=3 |pages=866S–870S |year=2001|month=March |pmid=11238776 |doi= |url=http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/131/3/866S}}</ref>Mabadiliko ya endokrini yanayotokea katika vipindi vya utapiamlo yanaweza kuendeleza uhifadhiwaji wa mafuta mara tu chakula zaidi kiletacho nguvu kinapopatikana.<ref name=DC2001/> Sawa na data za [[epidemiolojia tambuzi|epidemiolojia tambuzi]], na tafiti nyingi huthibitisha kuwa unene wa kupindukia unahusiana na upungufu katika utambuzi. <ref name="Smith2011"> {{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00920.x|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00920.x/abstract|doi_brokendate=1-1-2012|author1=<Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.>}}</ref> Iwapo unene wa kupindukia husababisha upungufu katika utambuzi kwa vyovyote vile bado haijulikani kwa sasa. ===Vikolezo viambukizi=== Utafiti wa jinsi vikolezo viambukizi vinavyoathiri umetaboli ungali katika hatua zake za kwanza. [[Flora ya utumbo]] imeonekana kutofautiana kati ya watu wembamba na wale walio na unene wa kupindukia. Kuna ishara kuwa flora ya utumbo katika watu wanene kupindukia na wale wembamba inaweza kuathiri uwezo wa umetaboli. Mabadiliko haya dhahiri katika uwezo wa umetaboli yanaaminika kuchangia kwa kiwango kikubwa katika kuvuna nguvu zinazosababisha unene wa kupindukia. Iwapo tofauti hizi ndizo visababishi vya moja kwa moja au ndiyo matokeo ya unene wa kupindukia, bado haijabainishwa kwa kiasi kisichopotosha<ref>{{cite journal |author=DiBaise JK, Zhang H, Crowell MD, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Decker GA, Rittmann BE |title=Gut microbiota and its possible relationship with obesity |journal=Mayo Clinic proceedings. Mayo Clinic |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=460–9 |year=2008 |month=April |pmid=18380992|doi=10.4065/83.4.460}}</ref> Uhusiano kati ya [[virusi]] na unene wa kupindukia umeonekana kwa wanadamu na spishi kadhaa za wanyama. Kiasi ambacho ushirikiano huu unaweza kuwa umechangia katika kuongezeka kwa kiwango cha unene wa kupindukia bado hakijabainishwa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Falagas ME, Kompoti M |title=Obesity and infection |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=6 |issue=7|pages=438–46 |year=2006 |month=July |pmid=16790384 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70523-0 |url=}}</ref> ==Pathofiziolojia== [[File:Fatmouse.jpg|thumb|alt=Panya wawili weupe wenye masikio yanayotoshana, macho meusi na pua za waridi. Hata hivyo upana wa mwili wa panya aliye kushoto ni takribani mara tatu zaidi ya ule wa panya wa kulia aliye na ukubwa wa kawaida.|Ulinganisho wa panya asiyeweza kutoa [[leptini]] na hatimaye kupelekea unene wa kupindukia (kushoto) na panya wa kawaida (kulia)]] Flier anafupisha taratibu nyingi za [[pathofiziolojia]] zinazohusika katika ukuaji na udhibiti wa unene wa kupindukia.<ref name="flier">{{cite journal | author=Flier JS | title=Obesity wars: Molecular progress confronts an expanding epidemic Molecular progress confronts an expanding epidemic | journal=Cell | year=2004 | pages=337–50 | volume=116 | issue=2 | pmid=14744442 | doi = 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)01081-X}}</ref> Kitengo hiki cha utafiti kilikuwa hakijaangaziwa hadi mwaka wa 1994[[leptini]] ilipogunduliwa. Tangu ugunduzi huu ulipofanyika, taratibu zingine nyingi za homoni zinazohusika katika udhibiti wa [[hamu ya kula]] na ulaji, mitindo ya uhifadhi ya [[tishu ya mafuta]] na ukuaji wa [[ukinzani kwa insulini zimefumbuliwa]]. Tangu kuvumbuliwa kwa leptini, [[grelin]], [[insulini]], [[oreksini]], [[PYY 3-36]], [[kolesistokinini]],[[adiponektini]], na vipengele vinginevyo zimechunguzwa. [[Adipokini]] ni chembe zinazoundwa na tishu ya mafuta; utendakazi wake unadhaniwa kubadilisha magonjwa mengi yanayohusiana na unene wa kupindukia. Inachukuliwa kuwa leptini na grelini hufanya kazi pamoja katika jinsi zinavyoathiri hamu ya kula; huku grelini, inayotolewa na tumbo, ikirekebisha uthibiti wa muda mfupi wa hamu ya kula (yaani kula wakati ambapo tumbo liko tupu na kukoma tumbo inapotanuka). Leptini hutolewa na tishu ya mafuta kuchochea hifadhi za mafuta mwilini na kupatanisha uthibiti wa muda mrefu wa hamu ya kula (yaani, kula kwa wingi ambapo hifadhi za mafuta ziko chini na kula kiasi kidogo zinapokuwa juu). Ingawa utoaji wa leptini unaweza kufaa katika kikundi kidogo cha watu wenye unene wa kupindukia walio na upungufu wa leptini, watu wengi wenye unene huu hufikiriwa kuwa wenye ukinzani wa leptini na wamepatikana kuwa na viwango vya juu vya leptini.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Hamann A, Matthaei S |title=Regulation of energy balance by leptin |journal=Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes|volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=293–300 |year=1996 |pmid=8886745 |doi=10.1055/s-0029-1211457}}</ref> Ukinzani huu hufikiriwa kueleza kwa kiasi fulani sababu inayofanya utoaji wa leptini usionekane kufaa katika kukandamiza hamu ya kula kwa watu wengi walio na unene wa kupindukia.<ref name="flier"/> [[File:Leptin.png|thumb|kushoto|alt=Modeli ya mitazamo mitatu iliyo na jozi mbili za nguzo mkabala zilizopinda na kushikanishwa pamoja kwenye miisho na sehemu zingine zilizopangwa katika mistari.||Kielelezo cha molekuli ya leptini]] Ingawa leptini na grelini hutolewa pembezoni, zinadhibiti hamu ya kula kupitia jinsi zinavyoathiri[[mfumo mkuu wa neva]]. Hasa, leptini na grelini, na homoni zingine zinazohusiana na hamu ya kula huichochea [[hipothalamasi]], sehemu ya ubongo iliyo muhimu zaidi katika kudhibiti ulaji na utumiaji wa nguvu. Kuna mizunguko kadhaa katika hipothalamasi inayochangia kwenye jukumu lake katika kuongeza na kudumisha hamu ya kula, ambapo[[melanokotini]] ndiyo njia inayoeleweka vizuri sana.<ref name="flier"/> Mzunguko huu huanzia katika sehemu ya hipothalamasi iitwayo [[kiini akueti]], ambayo matokeo yake huenda kwenye [[hipothalamasi ya pembeni]] na [[hipothalamasi inayotambua shibe]], sehemu za ubongo zinazodhibiti kula na shibe mtawalia.<ref>{{cite book |author=Boulpaep, Emile L.; Boron, Walter F. |title=Medical physiologya: A cellular and molecular approach |url=https://archive.org/details/medicalphysiolog0000boro_a6j9 |publisher=Saunders|location=Philadelphia |year=2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/medicalphysiolog0000boro_a6j9/page/n1227 1227]|isbn=0-7216-3256-4}}</ref> Kiini akueti kina makundi mawili tofauti ya [[nyuroni]].<ref name="flier"/> Kundi la kwanza hudhirisha [[nuropeptaidi Y]] na [[peptaidi inayohusiana na agouti]] kwa pamoja na kuchangia katika kuichochea hipothalamasi ya pembeni na kuikandamiza hipothalamasi inayotambua shibe. Kundi la pili hudhihirisha [[pro-opiomelanokotini]] na [[nakala inayodhitiwa na kokeni na amfetamini]] (NIKA) na huchangia katika kuichochea hipothalamasi inayotambua shibe na kuikandamiza hipothalamasi ya pembeni. Kwa hiyo, nyuroni za nuropetaidi Y/peptaidi inayohusiana na agouti (NPY/AgRP) huchochea kula na kuzuia kushiba, ilhali nuroni za POMC/NIKA huchochea kushiba na kuzuia kula. Makundi yote mawili ya nuroni za kiini akueti nuroni hudhibitiwa kwa kiasi fulani na leptini. Leptini hukandamiza kundi la nuropetaidi Y/peptaidi inayohusiana na agouti (NPY/AgRP) huku ikilichochea kundi la POMC/NIKA. Kwa hivyo, ukosefu wa uchochelezi wa leptini, iwe ni kutokana na ukosefu wa leptini au ukinzani kwa leptin, hupelekea kula zaidi na inaweza kusababisha unene wa kupindukia wa kijenetikia na wa kupatikana maishani.<ref name="flier"/> {{clear}} ==Afya ya umma== [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] (WHO) linatabiri kuwa hivi karibuni, [[uzito wa kupita kiasi]] na unene wa kupindukia unaweza kuchukua nafasi ya matatizo ya jadi ya [[afya ya umma]] kama vile [[utapiamlo]] na [[magonjwa ya kuambukiza]] kama visababishi vikuu vya afya duni.<ref>{{cite book |author=Loscalzo, Joseph; Fauci, Anthony S.; Braunwald, Eugene; Dennis L. Kasper; Hauser, Stephen L; Longo, Dan L. |title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |location=|year=2008 |pages= |isbn=0-07-146633-9 |oclc=|doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> Unene wa kupindukia ni tatizo la afya ya umma na la kisera kwa sababu yaueneaji wake, gharama na athari za kiafya.<ref>{{cite book | author=Satcher D | title=The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity | year=2001 | publisher=U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of Surgeon General | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44206/|isbn=978-0-16-051005-2}}</ref> Juhudi za afya ya umma hulenga kuelewa na kurekebisha mazingira yanayochangia kukithiri kwa unene wa kupindukia miongoni mwa watu. Suluhisho hutazamia kubadilisha mambo yanayosababisha utumiaji zaidi wa vyakula viletavyo nguvu na kukandamiza shughuli/mazoezi ya mwili. Juhudi ni programu za milo zinazofadhiliwa na serikali katika shule, kupunguza uuzaji wa[[chakula visivyo bora]] kwa watoto, <ref>{{cite news | author=Brook Barnes | title=Limiting Ads of Junk Food to Children |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/18/business/18food.html | work=New York Times | date=2007-07-18 |accessdate=2008-07-24}}</ref> na kupunguza upatikanaji wa vinywanji vyenye sukari katika shule.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.healthfinder.gov/news/newsstory.aspx?docID=625759 |title=Fewer Sugary Drinks Key to Weight Loss -healthfinder.gov |work=U.S.. Department of Health and Human Services |accessdate=Oct 18,2009 |archivedate=2012-11-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116045620/http://www.healthfinder.gov/news/newsstory.aspx?docID=625759 }}</ref> Juhudi zimefanywa katika uundaji wa mazingira ya miji ili kuongeza ufikiaji wa bustani na kutengeneza njia za waendao kwa miguu.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Brennan Ramirez LK | title=Indicators of activity-friendly communities: An evidence-based consensus process | journal=Am J Prev Med | year=2006 | month=December | issue=6 | pages=530–32 | pmid=17169714 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-preventive-medicine_2006-12_31_6/page/530|doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2006.07.026 | volume=31 | author-separator=, | author2=Hoehner CM | author3=Brownson RC |display-authors=3 | last4=Cook | first4=R | last5=Orleans | first5=C | last6=Hollander | first6=M | last7=Barker |first7=D | last8=Bors | first8=P | last9=Ewing | first9=R}}</ref> Nchi nyingi pamoja na vikundi vimechapisha ripoti zinazohusu unene wa kupindukia. Mnamo mwaka wa 1998, miongozo ya kwanza ya serikali ya shirikisho ya Marekani ilichapishwa kwa jina "Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report" (Mwongozo wa Kitabibu kuhusu Utambuzi, Utathmini na Matibabu ya Unene na Unene wa Kupindukia katika Watu Wazima).<ref>{{cite book |author=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute|title=Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults|publisher=International Medical Publishing, Inc |location=|year= 1998 |isbn=1-58808-002-1 |oclc=|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/ob_gdlns.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2006 [[Mfumo wa Unene wa Kupindukia wa Kanada]] ulichapisha "Canadian Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) on the Management and Prevention of Obesity in Adults and Children" [Taratibu za Kitabibu za Kanada zinazohusu Udhibiti na uzuiaji wa Unene wa Kupindukia kwa Watu Wazima na Watoto] Huu ni utaratibu wa kina unaozingatia ushahidi ili kushughulikia udhibiti na uzuiaji wa uzani wa kupita kiasi na unene wa kupindukia kwa watu wazima na watoto.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lau DC, Douketis JD, Morrison KM, Hramiak IM, Sharma AM, Ur E |title=2006 Canadian clinical practice guidelines on the management and prevention of obesity in adults and children summary |journal=CMAJ |volume=176 |issue=8|pages=S1–13 |year=2007 |month=April |pmid=17420481 |pmc=1839777|doi=10.1503/cmaj.061409 |url=http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/176/8/S1}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2004 nchini Uingereza, [[Chuo cha Mafizishiani cha Royal]], [[Kitengo cha Afya ya Umma]] na [[Chuo cha Pediatria na Afya ya Watoto]] vilitoa ripoti, “Kuhifadhi Matatizo", iliyodokeza kuhusu kuongezeka kwa tatizo la unene wa kupindukia nchini Uingereza. <ref>{{cite book |title=Storing up problems; the medical case for a slimmer nation |date=2004-02-11|publisher=Royal College of Physicians |location= London|isbn=1-86016-200-2 |author=}}</ref> Mwaka huohuo, Kamati Teule ya Afya ya Bunge la Uingereza ilichapisha "uchunguzi wake wa kina zaidi [...] uliowahi kufanywa kuhusu athari ya unene wa kupindukia kwa afya na jamii nchini Uingereza na njia mwafaka zinazoweza kutumiwa katika kutatua tatizo hili.<ref name =GB2004>{{cite book |author=Great Britain Parliament House of Commons Health Committee |title=Obesity– Volume 1 – HCP 23-I, Third Report of session 2003–04. Report, together with formal minutes|url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmhealth/23/2302.htm|accessdate=2007-12-17|year=2004 |month=May|publisher=TSO (The Stationery Office)|location=London, UK|isbn=978-0-215-01737-6}}</ref> Mwaka wa 2006, [[Taasisi ya Kitaifa ya Afya na Ubora wa Kitabibu]] ilitoa utaratibu wa kutambua na kutibu unene wa kupindukia na vilevile athari za kisera kwa mashirika yasiyo ya kiafya kama vile mabaraza ya mitaa<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG43NICEGuideline.pdf |title=Obesity: guidance on the prevention, identification, assessment and management of overweight and obesity in adults and children|publisher=[[National Health Services]] (NHS)|year= 2006|format=PDF |work=National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence(NICE)|accessdate=April 8, 2009}}</ref> Ripoti iliyotolewa na Bwana [[Derek Wanless]] mwaka wa 2007 kwa [[Hazina ya Mfalme]] ilionya kuwa iwapo hatua zaidi hazitachukuliwa, unene wa kupindukia una uwezo wa kulemaza [[Huduma ya Afya ya Kitaifa]]kifedha.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wanless |first=Sir Derek |coauthors=John Appleby, Anthony Harrison, Darshan Patel|title=Our Future Health Secured? A review of NHS funding and performance|url=http://www.kingsfund.org.uk/research/publications/our_future.html|accessdate=2007-12-17 |year=2007 |publisher=The King's Fund|location=London, UK |isbn=1-85717-562-X}}</ref> Hatua za kina zinabuniwa ili kuthibiti viwango vinavyoongezeka vya unene wa kupindukia. Mfumo wa Sera ya Kukabiliana na Unene wa Kupindukia hugawanya hatua kwa sera za ‘juu’, sera za ‘katikati’ na sera za ‘chini’. Sera za ‘juu’ zinalenga kubadilisha jamii, sera za ‘kati’ hujaribu kubadilisha mienendo ya watutu ili kuzuia unene wa kupindukia nazo sera za ‘chini’ hujaribu kuwahudumia wale ambao tayari wameathirika.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sacks G, Swinburn B, Lawrence M|title=Obesity Policy Action framework and analysis grids for a comprehensive policy approach to reducing obesity|journal=Obes Rev |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=76–86 |year=2009 |month=January|pmid=18761640|doi=10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00524.x |url=}}</ref> ==Udhibiti== [[File:Obesity Med2008.JPG|thumb|alt=Kifurushi cha kadibodi kinachotumika kupakia aina mbili za dawa zinazotumika kutibu unene wa kupindukia. Orlistat imeonyeshwa hapo juu chini ya jina la chapa la Xenical kwa kifurushi cheupe kilicho na nembo ya Roche kwa kona hapo chini upande wa kulia (jina Roche lililo kwenye pembe sita). Sibutramine iko hapo chini, chini ya chapa Meridia. Kifurushi kina rangi nyeupe upande wa juu na samawati upande wa chini zilizotenganishwa na utepe wa kupima. Herufi A ya Abbott iko kwenye nusu ya chini ya kifurushi.|kulia|[[Orlistat]] (Xenical), tiba inayotumika sana katika kutibu unene wa kupindukia, na [[sibutramine]](Meridia) dawa iliyoondolewa hivi karibuni kutokana na athari zake kwa moyo]] Matibabu makuu ya unene wa kupindukia ni [[kudhibiti jinsi unavyokula]] and [[mazoezi ya mwili]].<ref name=CADG2006>{{cite journal|author=Lau DC, Douketis JD, Morrison KM, Hramiak IM, Sharma AM, Ur E |title=2006 Canadian clinical practice guidelines on the management and prevention of obesity in adults and children summary |journal=CMAJ |volume=176 |issue=8|pages=S1–13 |year=2007 |month=April |pmid=17420481 |pmc=1839777 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.061409 |url=}}</ref>Mipango ya lishe inaweza kupelekea [[kupoteza uzito]]kwa kipindi cha muda mfupi<ref name=Strychar>{{cite journal |author=Strychar I |title=Diet in the management of weight loss |journal=CMAJ |volume=174 |issue=1 |pages=56–63 |year=2006 |month=January |pmid=16389240|pmc=1319349 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.045037 |url=http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/174/1/56}}</ref> lakini kudumisha kiwango hiki cha kupoteza uzito mara nyingi huwa vigumu na hivyo huhitaji kudumisha mwenendo wa maisha ya mazoezi ya kimwili na kula chakula kilicho na kiwango cha chini cha nguvu.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Shick SM, Wing RR, Klem ML, McGuire MT, Hill JO, Seagle H|title=Persons successful at long-term weight loss and maintenance continue to consume a low-energy, low-fat diet|journal=J Am Diet Assoc |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=408–13 |year=1998 |month=April |pmid=9550162|doi=10.1016/S0002-8223(98)00093-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Tate DF, Jeffery RW, Sherwood NE, Wing RR|title=Long-term weight losses associated with prescription of higher physical activity goals. Are higher levels of physical activity protective against weight regain? |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=954–9|date=1 April 2007|pmid=17413092 |url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/85/4/954}}</ref>Kufanikiwa kudumisha kiwango cha kupoteza uzani na mabadiliko katika mienenbo ni chini mno kati ya asilimia 2 - asilimia 20.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Wing, Rena R; Phelan, Suzanne|title=Science-Based Solutions to Obesity: What are the Roles of Academia, Government, Industry, and Health Care? Proceedings of a symposium, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 10–11 March 2004 and Anaheim, California, USA, 2 October 2004 |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=82 |issue=1 Suppl |pages=207S–273S |date=1 July 2005|pmid=16002825|url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/82/1/222S }}</ref>Mabadiliko ya kilishe na kimienendo ni muhimu katika kudhibiti uongezaji wa kupita kiasi wa uzani katika [[ujauzito]] na kuboresha hali ya mama na mtoto.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Thangaratinam|first=S|coauthors=Rogozinska, E; Jolly, K; Glinkowski, S; Roseboom, T; Tomlinson, JW; Kunz, R; Mol, BW; Coomarasamy, A; Khan, KS|title=Effects of interventions in pregnancy on maternal weight and obstetric outcomes: meta-analysis of randomised evidence|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=2012 May 16|volume=344|pages=e2088|pmid=22596383|pmc=3355191|doi=10.1136/bmj.e2088}}</ref> Aina moja ya dawa, [[Orlistat]] (Xenical), inapatikana kwa urahisi na imeidhinishwa kwa matumizi ya muda mrefu. Hata hivyo, kupoteza uzito ni jambo la kadri kwa wastani wa kilogramu 2.9 &nbsp;kg (6.4&nbsp;lb) kwa mwaka 1 hadi 4&nbsp;na kuna habari kidogo kuhusu jinsi dawa hizi zinavyoathiri matatizo ya muda mrefu ya unene wa kupindukia.<ref name=Orli07>{{cite journal |author=Rucker D, Padwal R, Li SK, Curioni C, Lau DC |title=Long term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight: updated meta-analysis |journal=BMJ|volume=335 |issue=7631 |pages=1194–99 |year=2007 |pmid=18006966 |doi=10.1136/bmj.39385.413113.25|url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/335/7631/1194 |pmc=2128668}}</ref> Matumizi yake yanahusiana na viwango vya juu vya athari kwa utumbo <ref name=Orli07/> and concerns have been raised about negative effects on the kidneys.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wood|first=Shelley|title=Diet Drug Orlistat Linked to Kidney, Pancreas Injuries|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/740855?src=mp&spon=30|work=Medscape|publisher=Medscape News|accessdate=26 April 2011}}</ref> Aina zingine mbili za dawa pia zinapatikana [[Lorcaserin]](Belviq) hupelekea upotezaji wa uzito kwa wastani kilogramu 3.1&nbsp; (asilimia 3 ya uzani wa mwili) zaidi ya plasebo kwa muda wa mwaka mmoja.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bays|first=HE|title=Lorcaserin: drug profile and illustrative model of the regulatory challenges of weight-loss drug development|journal=Expert review of cardiovascular therapy|date=2011 Mar|volume=9|issue=3|pages=265–77|pmid=21438803|doi=10.1586/erc.10.22}}</ref> Mchanganyiko wa [[Phentermine/topiramate|phentermine na topiramate]] (Qsymia) pia ni bora kwa kiwango fulani.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bays HE, Gadde KM |title=Phentermine/topiramate for weight reduction and treatment of adverse metabolic consequences in obesity |journal=Drugs Today |volume=47 |issue=12 |pages=903–14 |year=2011 |month=December|pmid=22348915 |doi=10.1358/dot.2011.47.12.1718738 |url=}}</ref> Njia mwafaka zaidi ya kutibu unene wa kupindukia ni [[upasuaji wa kibariatriki]]. Upasuaji kwa mujibu wa unene mkali wa kupindukia unahusiana na upotezaji wa uzito kwa muda mrefu na upunguaji katika vifo kwa ujumla. Utafiti mmoja ulitambua upotezaji wa uzito wa kati wa asilimia 14 na 25 (kulingana na utaratibu uliofuatwa) kwa miaka 10&nbsp; na upunguaji wa asilimia 29 katika vifo vitokanavyo na unene huu ikilinganishwa na hatua za kawaida za upotezaji wa uzito.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sjöström L |title=Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=357 |issue=8 |pages=741–52 |year=2007 |month=August|pmid=17715408 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa066254 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2007-08-23_357_8/page/740|author-separator=, |author2=Narbro K |author3=Sjöström CD|display-authors=3 |last4=Karason |first4=Kristjan |last5=Larsson |first5=Bo |last6=Wedel |first6=Hans |last7=Lystig|first7=Ted |last8=Sullivan |first8=Marianne |last9=Bouchard |first9=Claude}}</ref> Hata hivyo, kutokana na gharama yake na hatari ya matatizo, watafiti wanatafuta tiba zingine mwafaka ilhali zisizo na madhara. {{clear}} ==Epidemiolojia== {{Double image|right|World map of Male Obesity, 2008.svg|200|World map of Female Obesity, 2008.svg|200|World obesity prevalence among males (left) and females (right).<ref name=IOTF2008>{{cite web|url=http://www.iotf.org/database/documents/GlobalPrevalenceofAdultObesity16thDecember08.pdf |title=Global Prevalence of Adult Obesity |format=PDF |work=[[International Obesity Taskforce]] |accessdate=January 29, 2008}}</ref> {{Multicol}} {{legend|#ffff65|<5%}} {{legend|#fff200|5–10%}} {{legend|#ffdc00|10–15%}} {{Multicol-break}} {{legend|#ffc600|15–20%}} {{legend|#ffb000|20–25%}} {{legend|#ff9a00|25–30%}} {{Multicol-break}} {{legend|#ff8400|30–35%}} {{legend|#ff6e00|35–40%}} {{legend|#ff5800|40–45%}} {{Multicol-break}} {{legend|#ff4200|45–50%}} {{legend|#ff2c00|50–55%}} {{legend|#cb0000|>55%}} {{Multicol-end}} |alt=A map of the world with countries colored to reflect the percentage of men who are obese. Obese males and females have higher prevalence (above 30%) in the U.S. and some Middle Eastern and Oceanian countries, medium prevalence in the rest of North America and Europe, and lower prevalence (<5%) in most of Asia and Africa.||}} Kabla ya [[karne ya 20]], unene wa kupindukia ulikuwa wa nadra;<ref name=Haslam2007/> in 1997 the WHO formally recognized obesity as a global epidemic.<ref name=Caballero/> As of 2005 the WHO estimates that at least 400&nbsp;million adults (9.8%) are obese, with higher rates among women than men.<ref name=WHO2009a>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/index.html |title=Obesity and overweight |work=World Health Organization |accessdate=April 8, 2009}}</ref> Kiwango cha unene wa kupindukia pia huongezeka kulingana na umri kwa angalau kufikia umri wa miaka 50 au 60&nbsp; <ref>Seidell 2005 p.5</ref> na unene mkali wa kupindukia nchini Marekani, Australia, na Canada unaongezeka haraka kuliko kiwango cha jumla cha unene wa kupindukia.<ref name=morbid2007/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Howard, Natasha J.|title=Severe obesity: Investigating the socio-demographics within the extremes of body mass index |journal=Obesity Research &Clinical Practice |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=51–59 |year=2008|month=March |pmid=|doi=10.1016/j.orcp.2008.01.001 |url= |first2=A |first3=T |first4=C |last2=Taylor |last3=Gill|last4=Chittleborough}}</ref><ref name=Tjepkema2005>{{cite book | author=Tjepkema M | chapter=Measured Obesity–Adult obesity in Canada: Measured height and weight | title=Nutrition: Findings from the Canadian Community Health Survey |publisher=Statistics Canada | date=2005-07-06 | location=Ottawa, Ontario |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-620-m/2005001/article/adults-adultes/8060-eng.htm}}</ref> Ijapokuwa uliwahi kuchukuliwa kama tatizo la nchi zilizo na mapato ya juu pekee, viwango vya unene wa kupindukia vinaongezeka ulimwenguni kote na kudhuru nchi zilizostaw na aidha zinazostawi<ref name=EuroG2008>{{cite journal |author=Tsigosa Constantine |title=Management of Obesity in Adults: European Clinical Practice Guidelines |journal=The European Journal of Obesity |volume=1 |year=2008 |month=April |pmid=20054170 |doi=10.1159/000126822 |url=http://www.gojaznost.org/gs/dodatak/OMTFManagementofObesityinAdults2008.pdf |first2=Vojtech |issue=2 |first3=Arnaud |first4=Nick |first5=Martin |first6=Elisabeth |first7=Dragan |first8=Maximo |first9=Gabriela |pages=106–16 |last2=Hainer |last3=Basdevant |last4=Finer |last5=Fried |last6=Mathus-Vliegen |last7=Micic |last8=Maislos |last9=Roman |access-date=2013-11-28 |archive-date=2012-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426034913/http://www.gojaznost.org/gs/dodatak/OMTFManagementofObesityinAdults2008.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>.Ongezeko hili limeonekana sana katika maeneo ya miji.<ref name=WHO2009a/> Sehemu inayobakia ulimwenguni ambayo unene wa kupindukia sio jambo la kawaida ni[[mataifa ya kusini mwa sahara]].<ref name=HaslamJames/> {{clear}} ==Historia== [[File:Charles Mellin zugeschr - Porträt eines Herrn - Gemäldegalerie Berlin.jpg|thumb|wima|alt=Mwanamume mwenye unene zaidi wa kupindukia aliye na kidevu chenye sehemu mbili, masharubu, na kuvalia nguo nyeusi huku akiwa na kitara kwenye upande wake wa kushoto.|Katika[[Enzi za Kati]] na[[kipindi cha mvuvumko]], mara nyingi unene wa kupindukia ulionekana kama ishara ya utajiri na ulikuwa umekithiri kwa tabaka aali: ''The Tuscan General [[Alessandro del Borro]]'', attributed to Charles Mellin, 1645<ref name=Zach2003>{{cite journal |author=Zachary Bloomgarden |title=Prevention of Obesity and Diabetes |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=26 |pages=3172–3178 |year=2003|pmid= 14578257|doi= 10.2337/diacare.26.11.3172|url=http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/26/11/3172.full|issue=11}}</ref>]] [[File:Venus von Willendorf 01.jpg|thumb|wima|alt= Kisanamu kilichochongwa kutoka kwa jiwe kilionyesha mwanamke mwenye unene wa kupindukia.|''[[Venus of Willendorf]]'' kilichotengenezwa 24,000–22,000 BC]] [[Wagiriki]] ndio waliokuwa wa kwanza kutambua unene wa kupindukia kama tatizo la kiafya.<ref name=Haslam2007>{{cite journal|author=Haslam D |title=Obesity: a medical history |journal=Obes Rev |volume=8 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=31–6 |year=2007|month=March |pmid=17316298 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00314.x |url=}}</ref> [["Hippocrates]] aliandika kuwa "Unene wa kupindukia si ugonjwa kivyake tu, bali ni dalili ya magonjwa mengine".<ref name=HaslamJames/> Daktari Mhindi wa upasuaji [[Sushruta]] (karne ya 6 BCE) alihusisha unene wa kupindukia na kisukari na matatizo ya moyo.<ref name=Dwivedi&Dwivedi07/> He recommended physical work to help cure it and its side effects.<ref name=Dwivedi&Dwivedi07>{{cite web |url=http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf |format=PDF |title=History of Medicine: Sushruta – the Clinician –Teacher par Excellence |accessdate=2008-09-19 |work=Dwivedi, Girish & Dwivedi, Shridhar |publisher= |year=2007 |archivedate=2008-10-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010045900/http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf |=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010045900/http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf }}</ref>Katika historia ya watu, wanadamu wamekumbwa sana na ukosefu wa chakula.<ref>{{cite book |author=Theodore Mazzone; Giamila Fantuzzi |title=Adipose Tissue And Adipokines in Health And Disease (Nutrition and Health) |publisher=Humana Press|location=Totowa, NJ |year=2006 |page=222 |isbn=1-58829-721-7 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref>Kwa hivyo, kihistoria, unene wa kupindukia umeonekana kama ishara ya utajiri na ustawi. Ulikuwa umekithiri kwa maafisa wakuu barani Uropa katika [[Enzi za Kati]] na [[Kipindi cha Mvuvumko]]<ref name=Zach2003/> as well as in Ancient East Asian civilizations.<ref>Keller p. 49</ref> Kwa kuwepo kwa mwanzo wa [[mvuvumko wa viwanda]], iligunduliwa kuwa uwezo wa kijeshi na kiuchumi wa mataifa ulitegemea ukubwa wa mwili na nguvu za wanajeshi na wafanyikazi.<ref name=Caballero/> Kuongeza wastani wa kielezo cha uzito wa mwili kutoka kile kinachofikiriwa kuwa uzito wa chini hadi kwa kile kilicho anuwai ya kawaida kulichangia pakubwa katika ustawi wa jamii zilizo na viwanda.<ref name=Caballero/> Kutokana na hayo, kimo na uzito viliongezeka katika karne ya 19&nbsp; katika nchi zilizostawi. Katika karne ya 20, watu walipofikia kikamilifu uwezo wao wa kijenetiki wa kimo, uzito ulianza kuongezeka sana zaidi ya kimo na kupelekea unene wa kupindukia.<ref name=Caballero/>Katika miaka ya 1950, kuongezeka kwa utajiri katika nchi zilizostawi kulipunguza vifo vya watoto. Hata hivyo, uzito ulipoongezeka, ugonjwa wa moyo na figo ulikithiri.<ref name=Caballero/><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.2105/AJPH.42.9.1116 | author=Breslow L |title=Public Health Aspects of Weight Control | journal=Am J Public Health Nations Health | year=1952 | month=September| volume=42 | issue=9 | pages=1116–20 | pmid=12976585 | pmc=1526346}}</ref> Katika kipindi hiki, kampuni za bima ziligundua uhusiano kati ya uzito na matarajio ya muda wa kuishi na hivyo basi zikaongeza malipo ya bima kwa walio na unene wa kupindukia.<ref name=HaslamJames/> Tamaduni nyingi katika historia zimeona unene wa kupindukia kama ambayo inatokana na makosa ya kimienendo. Mwigizaji aliyekuwa na ''obesus'' au mafuta katika[[uigizaji wa Kigriki]] aliwakilisha ulafi na utani. Katika nyakati za Ukristo, chakula kilichukuliwa kama njia inayoelekeza kwenye dhambi za [[uzembe]]na[[tamaa]].<ref name=Woodhouse/> Katika tamaduni za kisasa za Ulaya na Marekani, unene wa kupita kiasi unachukuliwa kama jambo lisilovutia na unene wa kupindukia mara nyingi huhusishwa na mambo kadhaa mabaya yasiyo na uasili. Watu wa umri tofauti wanaweza kufedheheshwa na kulengwa na wadhalimu au kutengwa na wenzao. Unene wa kupindukia kwa mara nyingine ni sababu ya ubaguzi<ref name=Bias2001>{{cite journal |author=Puhl R, Brownell KD |title=Bias, discrimination, and obesity|journal=Obes. Res. |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=788–805 |year=2001 |month=December |pmid=11743063|doi=10.1038/oby.2001.108 |url=}}</ref> Fahamu za umma katika jamii ya Ulaya na Marekani kuhusu uzito bora wa mwili zinatofautiana na zile zinazohusu uzito unaofikiriwa kuwa bora &nbsp;– na zote zimebadilika tangu mwanzo wa karne ya 20. Uzito unaochukuliwa kuwa bora umekuwa chini tangu miaka ya 1920. Marekani uliongezeka kwa asilimia 2 kutoka mwaka wa 1922 hadi 1999 ilhali wastani wa uzito wao ulipungua kwa asilimia 12.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Rubinstein S, Caballero B |title=Is Miss America an undernourished role model? |journal=JAMA |volume=283|issue=12 |page=1569 |year=2000 |pmid=10735392 |doi= 10.1001/jama.283.12.1569|url=}}</ref> Kwa upande mwingine, mitazamo ya watu kuhusu uzito bora imebadilika na kuchukua mkondo pinzani. Nchini Uingereza, uzito ambapo watu walijiona kuwa na uzito wa kupita kiasi ulikuwa juu kwa kiasi cha haja katika mwaka wa 2007 kuliko 1999.<ref name=John2008>{{cite journal|author=Johnson F, Cooke L, Croker H, Wardle J |title=Changing perceptions of weight in Great Britain: comparison of two population surveys |journal=BMJ |volume=337 |issue= |pages=a494 |year=2008 |pmid=18617488 |pmc=2500200 |doi= 10.1136/bmj.a494|url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/337/jul10_1/a494}}</ref> Mabadiliko haya yanaaminika kusababishwa na viwango vinavyoongezeka vya uadiposi (unene), hali inayopelekekea ukubalifu wa mafuta ya ziada mwilini kama jambo la kawaida.<ref name=John2008/> Unene wa kupindukia ungali unachukuliwa kuwa ishara ya utajiri na ufanisi katika sehemu nyingi za [[Afrika]]. Hili limekuwa jambo la kawaida hasa tangu kuzuka kwa janga la [[VVU]]lilianza. <ref name=HaslamJames/> ==Sanaa== Sanaa ya kwanza ya uchongaji iliyoleta mfano wa mwili wa binadamu kati ya miaka 20,000 - 35,000 &nbsp; iliyopita ilionyesha wanawake walio na unene wa kupindukia. Baadhi ya watu huihusisha [[sanamu ya Zuhura]]na juhudi za kusisitiza uwezo wa kuzaa ilhali wengine huhisi kuwa wao husimamia “unene” kwa watu wa wakati huo.<ref name=Woodhouse/> Hata hivyo, unene wa kupindukia haupo katika sanaa ya Wagiriki na Waroma, yamkini kwa kudumisha ulimbwende wao kwa mujibu wa kiasi. Haya yaliendelea katika sehemu kubwa ya historia ya ukristo barani Uropa ambapo wale tu walio na mapato ya chini wakichukuliwa kuwa wenye unene wa kupindukia.<ref name=Woodhouse/> Katika [[Kipindi cha Mvuvumko]], baadhi ya watu katika tabaka la juu walianza kuuringia ukubwa wao jinsi inavyoonekana katika picha za Henry wa nane na Alessandro del Borro.<ref name=Woodhouse>{{cite journal |author=Woodhouse R |title=Obesity in art: A brief overview |journal=Front Horm Res |volume=36 |issue= |pages=271–86 |year=2008 |isbn=978-3-8055-8429-6|pmid=18230908 |doi=10.1159/000115370 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=nXRU4Ea1aMkC&pg=PA271&lpg=PA271&dq=Obesity+in+art:+a+brief+overview |series=Frontiers of Hormone Research}}</ref>[[Peter Paul Rubens|Rubens]] (1577–1640) alionyesha wanawake wenye miili mikubwa katika picha zake, ambapo anatoa neno [[Rubenesque]]. Hata hivyo, wanawake hawa bado walilidumisha umbo la shisha na uhusiano wake na uwezo wa kuzaa.<ref name=Fumento>{{cite book |author=Fumento, Michael |title=The Fat of the Land: Our Health Crisis and How Overweight Americans Can Help Themselves |url=https://archive.org/details/fatofland00mich |publisher=Penguin (Non-Classics) |year=1997|page=[https://archive.org/details/fatofland00mich/page/n153 126]|isbn=0-14-026144-3}}</ref> Katika karne ya 19 &nbsp; mitazamo kuhusu unene wa kupindukia ilibadilika katika nchi za Ulaya na Amerika. Baada ya karne kadhaa ambapo unene wa kupindukia ulihusiana na mali na hadhi ya kijamii katika jamii, wembamba ulianza kuonekana kama kipimo kifaacho.<ref name=Woodhouse/> ==Jamii na utamaduni== ===Athari za kiuchumi=== Pamoja na athari zake za kiafya, unene wa kupindukia husababisha matatizo mengi yakiwemo ugumu katika ajira <ref name="Puhl R. p.29">Puhl R., Henderson K., and Brownell K. 2005 p.29</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ehb.2009.01.008|author=Johansson E, Bockerman P, Kiiskinen U, Heliovaara M |title=Obesity and labour market success in Finland: The difference between having a high BMI and being fat |journal=Economics and Human Biology |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=36–45|year=2009 |pmid=19249259}}</ref> na gharama za juu za biashara. Athari hizi zinazikumba sekta zote za jamii kutoka kwa watu binafsi, hadi kwa mashirika, na hadi kwa serikali. Katika mwaka wa 2005, gharama za kimatibabu zinazoweza kuhusishwa na unene wa kupindukia nchini Marekani zilikuwa takribani dola bilioni &nbsp;190.2 &nbsp; au asilimia 20.6 ya gharama zote za kimatibabu,<ref name=medical-costs>{{cite journal|coauthors=John Cawley, Chad Meyerhoefer|title=The medical care costs of obesity: An instrumental variables approach|journal=Journal of Health Economics|year=2012|month=January|volume=31|issue=1|pages=219–230|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629611001366|accessdate=2 August 2012|doi=10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.10.003|pmid=22094013|last1=Cawley|first1=J}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|author=Finkelstein EA, Fiebelkorn IA, Wang G |title=National medical spending attributable to overweight and obesity: How much, and who's paying |journal= Health Affairs|volume=Online |issue=May |pages=|date=1 January 2003|url=http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/full/hlthaff.w3.219v1/DC1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/economic_consequences.htm |title=Obesity and overweight: Economic consequences | publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] | date=22 May 2007 |accessdate=2007-09-05}}</ref> while the cost of obesity in Canada was estimated at CA$2 billion in 1997 (2.4% of total health costs).<ref name="CADG2006"/> Jumla ya gharama ya unene wa kupindukia nchini Kanada ilikuwa imekadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 2 za Australia katika mwaka wa 2005. Waustralia walio na uzito wa kupita kiasi na wanene kupindukia pia walipokea dola za Australia bilioni 35.6 kama ruzuku kutoka kwa serikali.<ref name=MJA2009>{{Rejea jarida|title=The cost of overweight and obesity in Australia|url=http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/192_05_010310/col10841_fm.html|year=2009|author=Colagiuri, Stephen|journal=The Medical Journal of Australia|accessdate=2011-06-18|last2=Lee|first2=Crystal M. Y.|last3=Colagiuri|first3=Ruth|display-authors=4|author5=<Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.>}}</ref> Kadiri ya gharama ya bidhaa za lishe imekadiriwa kuwa kati ya dola bilioni 40&nbsp; hadi dola bilioni 100&nbsp&nbsp; nchini Marekani pekee.<ref>{{cite news | last = Cummings | first = Laura|title = The diet business: Banking on failure|publisher = BBC News| date = 5 February 2003| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2725943.stm| accessdate = 25 February 2009}}</ref> Miradi ya kuzuia unene wa kupindukia imezinduliwa ili kupunguza gharama ya kutibu magonjwa yanayohusiana na unene huu. Hata hivyo, jinsi watu wanavyoendelea kuishi ndivyo wanavyogharamika zaidi. Kwa hivyo, watafiti huafiki kuwa kupunguza unene wa kupindukia kunaweza kuidumisha afya ya umma lakini huenda isipunguze gharama ya jumla ya afya..<ref>{{cite journal |author=van Baal PH |title=Lifetime Medical Costs of Obesity: Prevention No Cure for Increasing Health Expenditure |journal=PLoS Med. |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=e29 |year=2008 |month=February |pmid=18254654 |pmc=2225430 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050029 |url=http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050029 |author-separator=, |author2=Polder JJ |author3=de Wit GA |display-authors=3 |last4=Hoogenveen |first4=Rudolf T. |last5=Feenstra |first5=Talitha L. |last6=Boshuizen |first6=Hendriek C. |last7=Engelfriet |first7=Peter M. |last8=Brouwer |first8=Werner B. F. |access-date=2013-11-28 |archive-date=2015-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111110729/http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050029 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Wide Chair.jpg|thumb|kushoto|alt= Kiti cha ziada kipana kando ya viti kadhaa vyenye ukubwa wa kawaida.|Ni sharti huduma ziwazingatie watu walio na unene wa kupindukia kwa vifaa maalumu kama vile viti vipana.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bakewell J|title=Bariatric furniture: Considerations for use|journal=Int J Ther Rehabil|issue=7|pages=329–33|year=2007|url=http://www.ijtr.co.uk/cgi-bin/go.pl/library/article.cgi?uid=23858;article=IJTR_14_7_329_333|volume=14|access-date=2013-11-28|archive-date=2011-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008202913/http://www.ijtr.co.uk/cgi-bin/go.pl/library/article.cgi?uid=23858;article=IJTR_14_7_329_333|dead-url=yes}}</ref>]] Unene wa kupindukia unaweza kusababisha fedheha ya kijamii na ugumu katika ajira.<ref name="Puhl R. p.29"/> Wakilinganishwa na wenzao walio na uzito wa kawaida, wafanyikazi walio na unene wa kupindukia kwa wastani wana viwango vya juu vya kutokuwa kazini kwao na huchukua likizo ya udhaifu mara kwa mara na kupelekea kuongezeka kwa gharama upande wa waajiri na kupunguka kwa tija.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Neovius K, Johansson K, Kark M, Neovius M|title=Obesity status and sick leave: a systematic review |journal=Obes Rev |volume=10|issue=1 |pages=17–27 |year=2009|month=January |pmid=18778315 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00521.x |url=}}</ref> Utafiti wa kuwachunguza wafanyikazi wa chuo kikuu cha Duke ulionyesha kuwa watu walio na kielezo cha uzito wa mwili zaidi ya 40 walijiandikisha kufidiwa katika [[fidia ya wafanyikazi]] mara mbili zaidi ya wale ambao kielezo chao cha uzito wa mwili kilikuwa 18.5-24.9. Pia siku zao za kutofika kazini kwao zilikuwa zaidi ya mara 12&nbsp; ikilinganishwa na wenzao wasio na kielezo cha juu cha uzito wa mwili. Majeraha ya mara kwa mara katika kikundi hiki yalitokana na kuanguka na kunyanyuka hivyo ikiathiri miguu, vifundo vya mikono au mikono, na migongo.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ostbye T, Dement JM, Krause KM|title=Obesity and workers' compensation: Results from the Duke Health and Safety Surveillance System |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=167 |issue=8|pages=766–73|year=2007 |pmid=17452538 |doi=10.1001/archinte.167.8.766}}</ref> Bodi ya Bima ya Wafanyikazi katika Jimbo la Alabama nchini Marekani iliidhinisha mpango tata wa kuwatoza wafanyikazi walio na unene wa kupindukia dola 25 kila mwezi iwapo hawachukui hatua za kuupunguza uzito wao na kudumisha afya yao. Hatua hizi zilianza Januari 2010 na zinalenga wale walio na Kielezo cha Uzito wa Mwili cha zaidi ya kilo 35 &nbsp;kwa kila mita <sup>2</sup> wanaokosa kuboresha afya yao baada ya mwaka mmoja.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webmd.com/diet/news/20080825/alabama-obesity-penalty-stirs-debate |title=Alabama "Obesity Penalty" Stirs Debate |work=Don Fernandez |accessdate=April 5, 2009}}</ref> Utafiti fulani umeonyesha kuwa watu walio na unene wa kupindukia wana uwezekano mdogo wa kuajiriwa na pia wana uwezekano mdogo wa kupandishwa cheo.<ref name=Bias2001/> Watu hawa pia hulipwa mshahara wa chini kuliko wenzao wasio na unene huu wa kupindukia kwa kazi sawa. Wanawake na wanaume walio na unene wa kupindukia kwa wastani hupata asilimia 6 na 3 chini mtawalia.<ref>Puhl R., Henderson K., and Brownell K. 2005 p.30</ref> Nyanja mahususi kama vile shirika la ndege, afya na nyanja za vyakula, zina matatizo maalumu. Kutokana na viwango vinavyoongezeka vya unene wa kupindukia, mashirika ya ndege yanakumbwa na gharama ya juu ya mafuta na shinikizo la kuongeza upana wa viti.<ref>{{cite web | author=Lisa DiCarlo| url=http://www.forbes.com/2002/10/24/cx_ld_1024obese.html |title=Why Airlines Can't Cut The Fat|work=Forbes.com|date=2002-10-24 | accessdate=2008-07-23}}</ref> Katika mwaka wa 2000, uzito wa ziada wa abiria wenye unene wa kupindukia uliyagharimu mashirika ya ndege dola za Marekani milioni 275&nbsp;.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Dannenberg AL, Burton DC, Jackson RJ |title=Economic and environmental costs of obesity: The impact on airlines |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-preventive-medicine_2004-10_27_3/page/264 |journal=American journal of preventive medicine|volume=27 |issue=3 |page=264|year=2004 |pmid=15450642 |doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2004.06.004}}</ref> Ulimwengu wa afya umelazimika kuwekeza katika vifaa maalumu vya kuwashughulikia wagonjwa walio na unene zaidi wa kupindukia vikiwemo vifaa maalumu vya kunyanyua na [[ambyulensi ya kibariatriki]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Diet/obese-health-care-bariatric-ambulances/story?id=7981746|title=Who Should Pay for Obese Health Care?|author=Lauren Cox|publisher=ABC News|date=July 2, 2009|accessdate=2012-08-06}}</ref>Gharama za hoteli zimeongezwa na mahakama kwa shutma za kusababisha unene wa kupindukia.<ref name=Govtrack>{{cite web | url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h109-554 | title=109th U.S. Congress (2005–2006) H.R. 554: 109th U.S. Congress (2005–2006) H.R. 554: Personal Responsibility in Food Consumption Act of 2005 | publisher=GovTrack.us | accessdate=2008-07-24 | archivedate=2008-11-01 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101192335/http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h109-554 }}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2005, bunge la Marekani lilijadili utungaji sheria ya kuzuia kesi za raia dhidi ya sekta ya vyakula kwa mujibu wa unene wa kupindukia; hata hivyo, haikufanikiwa kuwa sheria..<ref name=Govtrack/> ===Ukubalifu wa ukubwa=== [[File:PresidentTaftTelephoneCrop.jpg|thumb|150px|kulia|kulia|Rais wa Marekani [[William Howard Taft]] alidhihakiwa mara nyingi kwa kuwa na uzito wa kupita kiasi]] Lengo kuu la vuguvugu la ukubalifu wa unene ni kupunguza ubaguzi dhidi ya watu walio na unene na uzito wa kupindukia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.capitalnaafa.org/whatisnaafa.html |title=What is NAAFA |work=[[National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance]] |accessdate=February 17, 2009 |archivedate=2009-03-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312001218/http://www.capitalnaafa.org/whatisnaafa.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.size-acceptance.org/mission.html |title=ISAA Mission Statement |work=[[International Size Acceptance Association]] |accessdate=February 17, 2009 |archive-date=2009-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225005852/http://www.size-acceptance.org/mission.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hata hivyo, wengine katika vuguvugu hilo pia wanajaribu kupinga uhusiano uliothibitishwa kati ya unene wa kupindukia na athari mbaya za kiafya.<ref name=Pulver2007>{{cite book |author=Pulver, Adam |title=An Imperfect Fit: Obesity, Public Health, and Disability Anti-Discrimination Law |publisher=Social Science Electronic Publishing |location= |year=2007 |pages= |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1316106|accessdate=January 13, 2009}}</ref> Kunayo mashirika kadhaa yanayoendeleza ukubalifu wa unene wa kupindukia. Umaarufu wa mashirika haya umeongezeka katika nusu ya hivi karibuni ya karne ya 20 &nbsp;.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Neumark-Sztainer D |title=The weight dilemma: a range of philosophical perspectives |journal=Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. |volume=23 Suppl 2 |issue= |pages=S31–7|year=1999 |month=March |pmid=10340803 |doi= 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800857|url=}}</ref>Shirika la Kitaifa la Kuendeleza Ukubalifu wa Unene]] nchini Marekani [[lilianzishwa mwaka wa 1969 na hujieleza kama shirika la haki za raia linalolenga kukomesha ubaguzi wa ukubwa.<ref>{{cite | author=National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance | url=http://www.naafaonline.com/dev2/ | title=We come in all sizes | publisher=NAAFA | year=2008 | accessdate=2008-07-29 | archivedate=2018-12-26 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226125112/https://www.naafaonline.com/dev2/%20 }}</ref> Hata hivyo, uhamasishaji juu ya unene umebaki harakati za pembeni.<ref>[http://www.bitchmagazine.org/article/big-trouble Big Trouble | Bitch Magazine<!--Bot-generated title-->] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bitchmagazine.org/article/big-trouble |date=20121226160246 }}, bitchmagazine.org</ref> [[Shirika la Kimataifa la Ukubalifu wa Ukubwa]]ni [[shirika lisilo la kiserikali]] lililoanzishwa mnamo mwaka wa 1997. Shirika hili ni la kimataifa na hueleza lengo lake kama kuendeleza ukubalifu wa ukubwa na kusaidia kukomesha ubaguzi kwa misingi ya uzito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.size-acceptance.org/ |title=International Size Acceptance Association – ISAA |work=International Size Acceptance Association |accessdate=January 13, 2009 |archive-date=2009-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105165710/http://size-acceptance.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Vikundi hivi mara nyingi hupigania kutambulika kwa unene wa kupindukia kama ulemavu chini ya [[Sheria ya Wamarekani Walio na Ulemavu]] Hata hivyo, mfumo wa kisheria wa Marekani umeamua kuwa gharama zitakazokuwa za afya ya umma zinazidi faida za kueindeleza sheria hii ya dhidi ya ubaguzi kujumlisha unene wa kupindukia.<ref name=Pulver2007/> ==Unene wa utotoni== Kielezo cha Uzito wa Mwili mwafaka hutofautiana kulingana na umri na jinsia ya mtoto. Unene katika watoto na vijana huelezwa kama Kielezo cha Uzito wa Mwili cha zaidi ya &nbsp;[[asilimia]].<ref name="cdc.gov"/>95. Data ya marejeo yenye ndio mzingi wa asilimia hizi ni kutoka 1963 hadi 1994 na hivyo haijaathiriwa na ongezeko la kiwango cha unene cha hivi karibuni.<ref name="Flegal KM, Ogden CL, Wei R, Kuczmarski RL, Johnson CL 2001 1086–93"/> Unene wa utotoni umefika kiwango cha mlipuko katika karne ya 21 &nbsp;, kukiwa na ongezeko la kiwango katika nchi zimeendelea na zinazoendelea. Kima cha unene kwa wavulana chini Kanada imeongezeka kutoka 11% miaka ya 1980s hadi zaidi ya 30% miaka ya 1990, bali kwa kipindi cha muda huu kiwango kiliongezeka kutoka 4 hadi 14% katika watoto wa Brazili.<ref name=flynn2006/> Kama ilivyo na unene katika watu wazima, hali nyingi tofauti huchangia kwa viwango vingi ongezeko la unene utotoni. Ubadilishaji wa lishe na upungufu wa mazoezi ya mwili huaminika kuwa ndizo visababishi viwili vya hivi karibu muhimu zaidi vya ongezeko la viwango.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dollman J, Norton K, Norton L |title=Evidence for secular trends in children's physical activity behaviour |journal=Br J Sports Med |volume=39 |issue=12 |pages=892–7; discussion 897 |year=2005|month=December |pmid=16306494 |pmc=1725088 |doi=10.1136/bjsm.2004.016675 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-sports-medicine_2005-12_39_12/page/892}}</ref> Kwa sababu unene wa utotoni huendelea hadi wakati wa utu uzima na unahusishwa na magonjwa mengi yanayodumu, watoto walio wanene mara nyingi huchunguzwa[[shinikizo la juu la damu]], [[Ugonjwa wa kisukari]], [[hipalipidimia]], na [[ini yenye mafuta]].<ref name=CADG2006/> Matibabu yanayotumika kwa watoto hasa ni hatua ya hali ya maisha na mbinu za mwenendo, hata hivyo bidii za kuongezea mazoezi kwa watoto zimekuwa na mafanikio madogo.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Metcalf|first=B.|coauthors=Henley, W.; Wilkin, T.|title=Effectiveness of intervention on physical activity of children: systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials with objectively measured outcomes (EarlyBird 54)|journal=BMJ|date=27 September 2012|volume=345|issue=sep27 1|pages=e5888–e5888|doi=10.1136/bmj.e5888}}</ref>Nchini Marekani, dawa hazikubaliwi na Muungano wa Chakula na Dawa kutumika katika kikundi hiki cha umri.<ref name=flynn2006>{{cite journal |author=Flynn MA |title=Reducing obesity and related chronic disease risk in children and youth: a synthesis of evidence with 'best practice' recommendations|journal=Obes Rev |volume=7 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=7–66 |year=2006 |month=February |pmid=16371076|doi=10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00242.x |url= |author-separator=, |author2=McNeil DA |author3=Maloff B |display-authors=3|last4=Mutasingwa |first4=D. |last5=Wu |first5=M. |last6=Ford |first6=C. |last7=Tough |first7=S. C.}}</ref> ==Katika wanyama== Unono katika [[mifugo]] ni jambo la kawaida katika nchi nyingi. Kiwango cha unono uliozidi katika mbwa kule Marekani ni kutoka 23% hadi 41%, 5.1% yao wakiwa ni wanono.<ref name=Lund2006>{{cite journal|author=Lund Elizabeth M.|title=Prevalence and Risk Factors for Obesity in Adult Dogs from Private US Veterinary Practices|journal=Intern J Appl Res Vet Med|volume=4|issue=2|pages=177–86|year=2006|pmid= |doi= |url=http://www.jarvm.com/articles/Vol4Iss2/Lund.pdf}}</ref>Rates of obesity in cats was slightly higher at 6.4%.<ref name= Lund2006/>Nchini Australia kiwango cha unene wa kupindukia katika mbwa kwa muktadha wa utabibu wa mifugo imepatikana kuwa 7.6%.<ref>{{cite journal |author=McGreevy PD, Thomson PC, Pride C, Fawcett A, Grassi T, Jones B|title=Prevalence of obesity in dogs examined by Australian veterinary practices and the risk factors involved|journal=Vet. Rec.|volume=156|issue=22|pages=695–702|year=2005|month=May |pmid=15923551|doi= |url=}}</ref> Hatari za unono kwa mbwa inahusiana na unene wa wamiliki; hata hivyo, hakuna uhusiano kama huo baina ya [[paka]] na wamiliki.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nijland ML, Stam F, Seidell JC|title= Overweight in dogs, but not in cats, is related to overweight in their owners|journal=Public Health Nutr|volume=13|issue= 1|pages= 1–5|year=2009|month=June|pmid=19545467|doi=10.1017/S136898000999022X|url= }}</ref> ==Tazama pia== *[[Jon Brower Minnoch]] *[[Manuel Uribe]] *[[Mayra Rosales]] *[[Walter Hudson]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Marejeo== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite journal | doi = 10.1079/BJN2002739 | last1 = Bhargava | first1 = Alok | last2 = Guthrie | first2 = J. | year = 2002 | title = Unhealthy eating habits, physical exercise and macronutrient intakes are predictors of anthropometric indicators in the Women's Health Trial: Feasibility Study in Minority Populations | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-nutrition_2002-12_88_6/page/719 | journal = British Journal of Nutrition | volume = 88 | issue = 6 | pages = 719–728 | pmid = 12493094 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Bhargava | first1 = Alok | year = 2006 | title = Fiber intakes and anthropometric measures are predictors of circulating hormone, triglyceride, and cholesterol concentration in the Women's Health Trial | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-nutrition_2006-08_136_8/page/2249 | journal = Journal of Nutrition | volume = 136 | issue = 8 | pages = 2249–2254 | pmid = 16857849 }} * Jebb S. and Wells J. Measuring body composition in adults and children In:{{cite book|author=Peter G. Kopelman, Ian D. Caterson, Michael J. Stock, William H. Dietz|title=Clinical obesity in adults and children: In Adults and Children|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|location=|year=2005|pages=[https://archive.org/details/clinicalobesityi02edunse/page/12 12]–28|isbn=1-4051-1672-2|url=https://archive.org/details/clinicalobesityi02edunse}} * Kopelman P., Caterson I. An overview of obesity management In:{{cite book|author=Peter G. Kopelman, Ian D. Caterson, Michael J. Stock, William H. Dietz|title=Clinical obesity in adults and children: In Adults and Children|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|location=|year=2005|pages=[https://archive.org/details/clinicalobesityi02edunse/page/319 319]–326|isbn=1-4051-1672-2|url=https://archive.org/details/clinicalobesityi02edunse}} * {{cite book |author=[[National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute]] (NHLBI) |title=Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults |publisher=International Medical Publishing, Inc |location= |year=1998 |pages= |isbn=1-58808-002-1 |oclc= |url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/ob_gdlns.pdf |format=PDF }} * {{cite web|url=http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG43NICEGuideline.pdf|title=Obesity: guidance on the prevention, identification, assessment and management of overweight and obesity in adults and children|publisher=[[National Health Services]] (NHS)|year=2006|format=PDF|work=[[National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence]](NICE)|accessdate=April 8, 2009}} * Puhl R., Henderson K., and Brownell K. Social consequences of obesity In:{{cite book|author=Peter G. Kopelman, Ian D. Caterson, Michael J. Stock, William H. Dietz|title=Clinical obesity in adults and children: In Adults and Children|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|location=|year=2005|pages=[https://archive.org/details/clinicalobesityi02edunse/page/29 29]–45|isbn=1-4051-1672-2|url=https://archive.org/details/clinicalobesityi02edunse}} * Seidell JC. Epidemiology — definition and classification of obesity In:{{cite book|author=Peter G. Kopelman, Ian D. Caterson, Michael J. Stock, William H. Dietz|title=Clinical obesity in adults and children: In Adults and Children|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|location=|year=2005|pages=[https://archive.org/details/clinicalobesityi02edunse/page/3 3]–11|isbn=1-4051-1672-2|url=https://archive.org/details/clinicalobesityi02edunse}} * {{cite book | author=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) | title=Technical report series 894: Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic. | location=Geneva | publisher=World Health Organization | year=2000 | url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_894_(part1).pdf | format=PDF | isbn=92-4-120894-5 | access-date=2013-11-28 | archive-date=2015-05-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501075305/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_894_(part1).pdf | dead-url=yes }} {{Refend}} ==Marejeo mengine== {{Refbegin}} * {{dmoz|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Nutritional_and_Metabolic_Disorders/Obesity/}} * {{cite book |author=Fumento, Michael | authorlink=Michael Fumento | title=The Fat of the Land: Our Health Crises and How Overweight Americans can Help Themselves |url=https://archive.org/details/fatoflandourheal0000mich |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New York |year=1997|isbn=0-14-026144-3}} * {{cite book |author=Keller, Kathleen |title=Encyclopedia of Obesity |publisher=Sage Publications, Inc|location=Thousand Oaks, Calif |year=2008 |isbn=1-4129-5238-7 |oclc= |url=http://books.google.com/?id=aRp2rJrEqZsC&dq=IOTF+obesity+map|doi= |accessdate=}} * {{cite book |author=Kolata, Gina | authorlink=Gina Kolata |title=Rethinking Thin: The new science of weight loss –and the myths and realities of dieting |url=https://archive.org/details/rethinkingthinne0000kola_i1w5 |publisher=Picador |location= |year=2007 |pages= |isbn=0-312-42785-9}} * {{cite book|author=Kopelman, Peter G.|title=Clinical obesity in adults and children: In Adults and Children|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|location= |year=2005|page=493 |isbn=1-4051-1672-2|url=http://books.google.com/?id=u7RvldSr5M0C&pg=PA87&dq=80+percent+of+the+offspring+of+two+obese+parents+become+obese}} * {{cite book |author=Levy-Navarro, Elena |title=The Culture of Obesity in Early and Late Modernity |url=https://archive.org/details/cultureofobesity0000levy |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location= |year=2008 |pages= |isbn=0-230-60123-5}} * {{cite book |author=Pool, Robert |title=Fat: Fighting the Obesity Epidemic |url=https://archive.org/details/fatfightingobesi00pool |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford, UK |year=2001 |pages= |isbn=0-19-511853-7}} {{Refend}} == Viungo vya nje == {{commonscat|Obesity}} {{Sister project links|display=Obesity}} * [http://www.refugees.org/uploadedfiles/Participate/National_Programs/Healthy_Refugees/Brochures/Swahili-Obesity.pdf Unene ni nini] {{Wayback|url=http://www.refugees.org/uploadedfiles/Participate/National_Programs/Healthy_Refugees/Brochures/Swahili-Obesity.pdf |date=20090331130222 }} * [http://www.refugees.org/uploadedfiles/Participate/National_Programs/Healthy_Refugees/Brochures/Swahili-ChildhoodObesity.pdf Unene utotoni] {{Wayback|url=http://www.refugees.org/uploadedfiles/Participate/National_Programs/Healthy_Refugees/Brochures/Swahili-ChildhoodObesity.pdf |date=20090331130208 }} * [https://dmoztools.net/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Nutritional_and_Metabolic_Disorders/Obesity/ Unene kwenye tovuti ya DMOZ] {{Wayback|url=https://dmoztools.net/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Nutritional_and_Metabolic_Disorders/Obesity/ |date=20171112194539 }} [[Jamii:Afya]] [[Jamii:Magonjwa]] [[Jamii:Chakula]] 0fz2uibulmft471oevvq60ttkmb53cc Herode Antipa 0 70008 1574198 1479566 2026-06-17T21:34:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mtu |rangi = |jina =Herode Antipa |picha =Jesus-och-Herodes.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha =''Yesu mbele ya Herode Antipa'' kadiri ya [[Albrecht Dürer]], [[1509]]. |jina la kuzaliwa = |alizaliwa = |alikufa = |nchi = |kazi yake =alikuwa mtawala wa [[Galilaya]] |ndoa = |wazazi = |watoto = |tovuti rasmi = }} '''Herode Antipa''' (kwa [[Kigiriki]] Ἡρῴδης Ἀντίπατρος, ''Hērǭdēs Antipatros'') alikuwa mtawala wa [[Galilaya]] na [[Perea]] katika [[karne ya 1]]. Alizaliwa na [[mfalme]] [[Herode Mkuu]] kabla ya mwaka [[20 KK]] &ndash; akafariki uhamishoni<ref>Josephus, ''War'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+BJ+2.181 2.183].</ref> baada ya mwaka [[39]] [[BK]]). Anajulikana hasa kutokana na habari zake zinazosimuliwa katika [[Agano Jipya]] ambamo [[Injili]], hasa ile ya [[Luka]] zinaeleza alivyoagiza [[Yohane Mbatizaji]] akatwe [[kichwa]] na alivyomrudisha [[Yesu]] kwa [[Ponsyo Pilato]] siku ya [[Ijumaa Kuu]] ya mwaka [[30]] hivi. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist|2}} ==Marejeo== ;Ya zamani <div class="references-small"> *[[Biblia]]: [[Zaburi]] 2:2; [[Injili ya Mathayo]] 14:1-11; [[Injili ya Marko]] 6:14-28; [[Injili ya Luka]] 3:1, 3:19-20, 8:3, 9:7-9, 13:31-33, 23:5-16; [[Injili ya Yohane]] 6:1, 21:1; [[Matendo ya Mitume]] 4:26, 13:1. *[[Cassius Dio]] [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/59*.html#8.2 59.8.2], [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/59*.html#27.2 59.27.2&ndash;3]. *[[Yosefu Flavius]], ''[[Antiquities of the Jews|Antiquities]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+17.1 17&ndash;18], ''[[The Wars of the Jews|War]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+BJ+1.1 1&ndash;2]. *''[[Injili ya Petro]]'' [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/gospelpeter.html 1]. *[[Philo]], ''[http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book40.html On the Embassy to Gaius]'' 299&ndash;305. *[[Suetonius]], ''[[On the Life of the Caesars#Life of Caligula|Caligula]]'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Caligula*.html#14.3 14.3]. </div> ;Ya kisasa <div class="references-small"> *{{cite book |last=Bond |first=Helen K. |title=Pontius Pilate in History and Interpretation |url=https://archive.org/details/pontiuspilatehis00bond |series=Society for New Testament Studies monograph series |year=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-63114-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/pontiuspilatehis00bond/page/n174 149] }} *{{cite journal |last=Bruce |first=F. F. |authorlink=F. F. Bruce |year=1963/1965 |title=Herod Antipas, Tetrarch of Galilee and Peraea |journal=Annual of Leeds University Oriental Society |volume=5 |pages=6&ndash;23 |url=http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/herod_bruce.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-10-19 |archive-date=2017-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120190207/https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/herod_bruce.pdf |dead-url=yes }} *{{cite web |last=Goodacre |first=Mark |authorlink=Mark Goodacre |url=http://ntweblog.blogspot.com/2004/05/herod-antipas-in-passion-of-christ.html |title=Herod Antipas in The Passion of the Christ |accessdate=2009-06-08 |date=May 1, 2004 |work=NT Blog }} *{{cite book |last=Hoehner |first=Harold W. |authorlink=Harold Hoehner |editor=Ernst Bammel (ed.) |title=The Trial of Jesus: Cambridge Studies in Honour of [[C. F. D. Moule]] |series=Studies in Biblical Theology |year=1970 |publisher=SCM Press |location=London |isbn=0-334-01678-9 |pages=84&ndash;90 |chapter=Why Did Pilate Hand Jesus Over to Antipas? |chapterurl=http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/antipas_hoehner.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-10-19 |archive-date=2007-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021142354/http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/antipas_hoehner.pdf |dead-url=yes }} *{{cite book |last=Jensen |first=Morten Hørning |title=Herod Antipas in Galilee: The Literary and Archaeological Sources on the Reign of Herod Antipas and its Socio-economic Impact on Galilee |url=https://archive.org/details/herodantipasgali00jens |series=Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament |year=2006 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |location=Tübingen |isbn=3-16-148967-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/herodantipasgali00jens/page/n133 121] }}; 2nd rev. ed. (Tübingen, Mohr Siebeck, 2010) Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2.Reihe (WUNT II), 215. *{{cite book |last=Lane Fox |first=Robin |authorlink=Robin Lane Fox |title=The Unauthorized Version: Truth and Fiction in the Bible |url=https://archive.org/details/unauthorizedvers0000lane |year=1991 |publisher=Viking |location=London |isbn=0-670-82412-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/unauthorizedvers0000lane/page/297 297] }} *{{cite encyclopedia|last=Milwitzky |first=William |editor=[[Isidore Singer]] ''et al.'' |encyclopedia=[[Jewish Encyclopedia]] |title=Antipas (Herod Antipas) |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1597&letter=A |accessdate=2007-10-19 |year=1901–1906 |publisher=Funk & Wagnalls |location=New York |pages=638&ndash;639 }} *{{cite book |last=Schürer |first=Emil |authorlink=Emil Schürer |others=revised and edited by [[Geza Vermes]], [[Fergus Millar]] and Matthew Black |title=The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ: Volume I |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp0001schr_s8i4 |edition=revised English |year=1973 |publisher=T&T Clark |location=Edinburgh |isbn=0-567-02242-0 }} Pages 340&ndash;353 treat Antipas' reign. *{{cite book |last=Sherwin-White |first=A. N. |authorlink=A. N. Sherwin-White |title=Roman Society and Roman Law in the New Testament |url=https://archive.org/details/romansocietyroma0000ansh |year=1963 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn=0-8010-8148-3 }} ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons category}} *[http://virtualreligion.net/iho/antipas.html Galilee under Antipas] and [http://virtualreligion.net/iho/antipas_2.html Antipas] entries in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith {{Watawala wa Israeli ya Kale}} {{mbegu-mtu-Biblia}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa karne ya 1 KK]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki karne ya 1]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Biblia]] [[Jamii:Yohane Mbatizaji]] [[Jamii:Yesu Kristo]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Israeli]] s660h2eozaazzs06hyoiz5h1m8zlz6h Hipoliti wa Roma 0 70103 1574228 1537476 2026-06-17T22:08:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574228 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Hippolytus martyrdom.jpg|thumb|right|300px|''Kifodini cha Mt. Hipoliti''.]] '''Hipoliti wa Roma''' ([[170]]–[[235]]) alikuwa [[mwanateolojia]] muhimu zaidi wa [[Kanisa la Roma]] katika [[karne ya 3]]. Labda alizaliwa [[mji|mjini]] [[Roma]]<ref>Trigilio, John; Brighenti, Kenneth. [http://books.google.it/books?id=ZtYHF3Ck1VEC&pg=PT82&d#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Saints For Dummies.''] For Dummies, 2010. p. 82. Web. 20 Apr. 2011.</ref>, lakini alipendelea kuandika kwa [[Kigiriki]] kuliko kwa [[Kilatini]] ambacho kilikuwa kinazidi kutumika katika [[Kanisa]] hilo badala ya [[lugha ya kimataifa]] iliyotumika tangu wakati wa [[Mitume]] [[Mtume Petro|Petro]] na [[Mtume Paulo|Paulo]]. Inasemekana alianza kushindana na ma[[papa]] wa wakati wake kuhusu [[toba]] ya [[walioasi]] katika [[dhuluma]] za [[serikali]] ya [[Dola la Roma]] dhidi ya [[Wakristo]]. Anatajwa kama [[antipapa]] wa kwanza kwa kuanzisha [[farakano]] <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/92196</ref>. Hata hivyo habari hiyo na nyingine nyingi juu yake hazina hakika. Hatimaye alipatana na [[Papa Pontian]] wakiwa uhamishoni katika [[kisiwa]] cha [[Sardinia]] walipofia [[dini]] yao. Ndiyo sababu tangu kale anaheshimiwa kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]], hasa [[tarehe]] [[13 Agosti]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref> ambayo ndiyo [[sikukuu]] yake. ==Umuhimu wake== [[Maandishi]] yake yana umuhimu mkubwa upande wa [[teolojia]], wa [[liturujia]] na wa [[sheria za Kanisa]] vilevile. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] *[[Mababu wa Kanisa]] == Tanbihi == <references/> ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 278 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 238-239 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== *[[Hans Achelis]], ''Hippolytstudien'' (Leipzig, 1897) *[[Adhémar d'Ales]], ''La Théologie de Saint Hippolyte'' (Paris, 1906). (G.K.) *[[Christian Charles Josias Bunsen|Bunsen]], ''Hippolytus and his Age'' (1852, 2nd ed., 1854; Ger. ed., 1853) *{{cite book|last=Cross |first=F. L. |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000unse_f0e0 | year=2005 | publisher=Oxford University Press}} *[[Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger|Döllinger]], ''Hippolytus und Kallistus'' (Regensb. 1853; Eng. transl., Edinb., 1876) *[[Gerhard Ficker]], ''Studien zur Hippolytfrage'' (Leipzig, 1893) *{{cite book|last=Froom|first=Le Roy Edwin |authorlink = Le Roy Froom |title=The Prophetic Faith of Our fathers, Vol. 1 |year=1948|publisher=Review and Herald Publishing Association}} *{{cite book|last=Hippolytus |first= |title=Commentary on Daniel, '''The Ante-Nicene Fathers''', Vol 5 | year=170–236}} *{{cite book|last=Hippolytus |first= |title=Treatise on Christ and Antichrist, '''The Ante-Nicene Fathers''', Vol 5 | year=170–236b}} * Hippolytus, ''The Treatise on the Apostolic Tradition of St. Hippolytus of Rome, Bishop and Martyr''. Trans Gregory Dix. (London: Alban Press, 1992) *[[J. B. Lightfoot]], ''The Apostolic Fathers'' vol. i, part ii (London, 1889–1890). *{{cite book|last=Mansfeld |first=Jaap |title=Prolegomena: Questions to be Settled before the Study of an Author or a Text | year=1997 | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers}} *[[Karl Johannes Neumann]], ''Hippolytus von Rom in seiner Stellung zu Staat und Welt'', part i (Leipzig, 1902) *{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Yancy W.|title=Hippolytus' Commentary On the Song of Songs in Social and Critical Context|year=2008|publisher=Brite Divinity School at Texas Christian University}} == Marejeo mengine == *{{cite book|last=Brent|first=Allen|title=Hippolytus and the Roman church in the third century : communities in tension before the emergence of a monarch-bishop|url=https://archive.org/details/hippolytusromanc0000bren|year=1995|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=90-04-10245-0}} *{{cite book|last=Cerrato|first=J. A.|title=Hippolytus between East and West : the commentaries and the provenance of the corpus|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-924696-3}} *{{cite book|last=Eusebius|title=The Ecclesiastical History and the Martyrs of Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/ecclesiasticalhi02euse|year=1927|publisher=Macmillan|location=London|others=Hugh Jackson Lawlor and John Ernest Leonard Oulton, trans}} *{{cite book|last=Grant|first=Robert|title=Augustus to Constantine: The Thrust of the Christian Movement into the Roman World|url=https://archive.org/details/augustustoconsta00gran|year=1970|publisher=Harper and Row|location=New York}} *{{cite book|last=Hippolytus|editor-last=Easton|editor-first=Burton Scott|title=The Apostolic Tradition of Hippolytus|year=1934|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York}} *Hippolytus (2001). ''On the Apostolic Tradition: an English Version with Introd. and Commentary'' by Alistair Stewart-Sykes, in ''Popular Patristics Series''. Crestwood, N.Y.: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 0-88141-233-3 *{{cite book|last=Mansfeld|first=Jaap|title=Heresiography in context : Hippolytus' Elenchos as a source for Greek philosophy|url=https://archive.org/details/heresiographyinc0000mans|year=1992|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=90-04-09616-7}} *{{cite book|last=Quasten|first=Johannes|title=Patrology: the Anti-Nicene literature after Irenaeus|year=1953|publisher=Newman|location=Westminster, MD}} *{{cite book|editor1-last=Roberts|editor1-first=Alexander|editor2-last=Donaldson|editor2-first=Sir James|editor3-last=Coxe|editor3-first=A. Cleveland|title=The Ante-Nicene fathers : Translations of the writings of the fathers down to A.D. 325: Hippolytus, Cyprian, Caius, Novatian, appendix|volume=5|year=1971|publisher=Eerdmans|location=Grand Rapids, MI}} *{{cite book|last=Wordsworth|first=Christopher|title=St. Hippolytus and the Church of Rome in the Early Part of the Third Century|url=http://www.archive.org/details/sthippolytuschur00wordrich|year=1880|publisher=Rivingtons|location=London|edition=2nd}} == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf05.iii.html Ante Nicene Fathers Vol. 5: Fathers of the Third Century: Hippolytus, Cyprian, Caius, Novatian, Appendix]. *[http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0521.htm Against Noetus] *[http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0501.htm Refutation of All Heresies] *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07360c.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Hippolytus of Rome] *[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9040545/Saint-Hippolytus-of-Rome Encyclopaedia Britannica, Hippolytus of Rome] *[http://www.bombaxo.com/hippolytus.html The Apostolic Tradition of Hippolytus of Rome] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bombaxo.com/hippolytus.html |date=20110708082106 }} *[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=100351 Hieromartyr Hippolytus the Pope of Rome] (January 30) Orthodox [[icon]] and [[synaxarion]] *[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=102288 Martyr Hippolytus of Rome] (August 13) *[http://www.westsrbdio.org/prolog/my.html?month=August&day=13 The Holy Martyr Hippolytus] {{Wayback|url=http://www.westsrbdio.org/prolog/my.html?month=August&day=13 |date=20110612083856 }} the ''Prologue from Ochrid'' by [[Nikolai Velimirovic]] *[http://www.archive.org/details/philosophumenaor01hippuoft Philosophumena; or, The refutation of all heresies, formerly attributed to Origen of Alexandria, but now to Hippolytus, bishop and martyr, who flourished about 220 A.D. Translated from the text of Cruice] at the Internet Archive. *[http://saints.sqpn.com/sainth36.htm Patron Saints Index: Hippolytus] {{Wayback|url=http://saints.sqpn.com/sainth36.htm |date=20080324021353 }} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Category:Waliofariki 170]] [[Category:Waliofariki 235]] [[Jamii:mapadri]] [[Category:Mababu wa Kanisa]] [[Jamii:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Italia]] ni9iz4hav5giv2ko078w0ogob4v05u8 Kaisari Kaligula 0 70910 1574219 1366154 2026-06-17T21:55:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574219 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Gaius Caesar Caligula.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sanamu]] ya [[marumaru]] ya Caligula huko [[Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek]], [[Copenhagen]], [[Denmark]].]] '''Kaisari Kaligula''' ([[jina]] kamili kwa [[Kilatini]]: Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus<ref>In [[Classical Latin]], Caligula's name would be inscribed as GAIVS IVLIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS.</ref>, Caligula likiwa jina la kupachikwa) alikuwa [[mtawala]] wa [[Dola la Roma]] toka mwaka [[37]] hadi [[41]] [[BK]]. Mzao wa [[nasaba ya Julio-Klaudio]], alizaliwa [[Anzio]], (leo [[Mkoa|mkoani]] [[Lazio]], [[Italia]], tarehe [[31 Agosti]] [[12]] na kuuawa tarehe [[22 Januari]] 41. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya Makaizari wa Roma]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Marejeo== ===Vyanzo vikuu=== *[[Cassius Dio]], ''[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/59*.html Roman History]'', Book 59 * [[Yosefu Flavius]], ''[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/josephus/works/files/works.html Antiquities of the Jews]'', (trans. W.Whiston), Books XVIII–XIX * [[Filo wa Aleksandria]], (trans. C.D.Yonge, London, H. G. Bohn, 1854–1890): **''[http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/yonge/book40.html On the Embassy to Gaius]'' **''[http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/yonge/book36.html Flaccus]'' * [[Seneka Mdogo]] **''[http://www.stoics.com/seneca_essays_book_1.html On Firmness]'' **''[http://www.stoics.com/seneca_essays_book_1.html On Anger]'' **''[http://www.stoics.com/seneca_essays_book_2.html To Marcia, On Consolation]'' **''[http://www.stoics.com/seneca_essays_book_2.html On Tranquility of Mind]'' **''[http://www.stoics.com/seneca_essays_book_2.html On the Shortness of Life]'' **''[http://www.stoics.com/seneca_essays_book_2.html To Polybius, On Consolation]'' **''[http://www.stoics.com/seneca_essays_book_2.html To Helvia, On Consolation]'' **''[http://www.stoics.com/seneca_essays_book_3.html On Benefits]'' **''[http://www.stoics.com/seneca_epistles_book_1.html On the Terrors of Death]'' (Epistle IV) **''[http://www.stoics.com/seneca_epistles_book_2.html On Taking One's Own Life]'' (Epistle LXXVII) **''[http://www.stoics.com/seneca_epistles_book_3.html On the Value of Advice]'' (Epistle XCIV) *[[Suetonius]], ''[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Caligula*.html The Lives of Twelve Caesars]'', Life of Caligula *[[Tacitus]], ''[http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Tacitus/TacitusAnnals06.html Annals]'', Book 6 ===Vyanzo vingine=== *{{cite book|last=Balsdon|first=V. D.|title=The Emperor Gaius|url=https://archive.org/details/emperorgaiuscali0000jpvd|year=1934|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford}} *{{cite book|last= Barrett|first=Anthony A.|title=Caligula: the corruption of power| location=London|publisher=Batsford|year=1989|isbn=0-7134-5487-3}} *{{cite book|last=Grant|first=Michael|authorlink=Michael_Grant_(author)|title=The Twelve Caesars|year=1979|publisher=Penguin Books|location=New York|isbn=0-14-044072-0}} *{{cite book|last=Hurley|first=Donna W.|title=An Historical and Historiographical Commentary on Suetonius' Life of C. Caligula|location=Atlanta|publisher=Scholars Press|year=1993}} *{{cite journal|last=Sandison|first=A. T.|title=The Madness of the Emperor Caligula|journal=Medical History|year=1958|volume=2|pages=202–209}} *{{cite book|last=Wilcox|first=Amanda |chapter=Nature's Monster: Caligula as exemplum in Seneca's Dialogues| editor1-first=Ineke|editor1-last=Sluiter|editor2-first=Ralph M.|editor2-last=Rosen|title=Kakos: Badness and Anti-value in Classical Antiquity|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|year=2008| series=Mnemosyne: Supplements. History and Archaeology of Classical Antiquity|volume=307}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons|Caligula}} *[http://www.digitalsculpture.org/caligula/index.html The portrait of Caligula in the Digital Sculpture Project] *[http://british-history.net/roman-britain/caligula-attempts-to-conquer-britain-40-a-d/ Caligula Attempts to Conquer Britain in AD 40] {{Wayback|url=http://british-history.net/roman-britain/caligula-attempts-to-conquer-britain-40-a-d/ |date=20130611035036 }} *[http://www.roman-emperors.org/gaius.htm Biography from De Imperatoribus Romanis] {{Wayback|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/gaius.htm |date=20050818165849 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20091020102156/http://geocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/7094/caligula.html Biography of Gaius Caligula] *[http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mcaligula.html Straight Dope article] {{Wayback|url=http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mcaligula.html |date=20070430000305 }} *[http://www.romansonline.com/Persns.asp?IntID=3&Ename=Caligula Caligula] {{Wayback|url=http://www.romansonline.com/Persns.asp?IntID=3&Ename=Caligula |date=20070224114705 }} *[http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/caligula.html A chronological account of his reign] {{Wayback|url=http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/caligula.html |date=20070423131748 }} *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/caligula.shtml Caligula] at [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ BBC History] {{mbegu-Kaizari-Roma}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 12]] [[Category:Waliofariki 41]] [[Category:Makaizari wa Roma]] 8x3jvuicp9fkzukg0v7tj5gujvsnw0e Mapambano kati ya Israeli na Palestina 0 71520 1574190 1534030 2026-06-17T21:26:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574190 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bridge Crossing.jpg|thumb|Jeshi la Misri likivuka Mfereji wa Suez tarehe 7 Oktoba 1973.]] '''Mapambano kati ya Israeli na Palestina''' ni [[ugomvi]] baina ya nchi ya [[Israeli]] na wakazi wa [[Palestina]] unaoathiri pia uhusiano na nchi jirani. Ugomvi huu ulianza katika [[karne ya 20]] baina ya wakazi [[Wayahudi]] na [[Waarabu]] wa maeneo ambayo leo hii yako chini ya Israeli na [[Mamlaka ya Kitaifa ya Palestina]]. Ulisababisha tayari [[vita]] sita kati ya nchi ya [[Israeli]] tangu kuundwa kwake mwaka [[1948]] na jirani zake za [[Kiarabu]]. Mapambano yanaendelea, hayajapata [[suluhisho]] hadi sasa. Mapambano yalianza wakati wa kuongezeka kwa [[uhamiaji]] wa Wayahudi katika maeneo ya [[Palestina]] yaliyokaliwa na Waarabu. Kuundwa kwa Dola la Israeli kulisababisha vita ya kwanza baina ya Israeli mypa na nchi zote za jirani. Hivyo ilikuwa pia chanzo cha [[mgongano kati ya Israeli na nchi za Waarabu]] kwa jumla. ==Msingi katika [[itikadi]]== Mapambano hayo si ya kijeshi tu, bali yanaanza upande wa [[siasa]] na pia upande wa [[dini]]. Wayahudi wa [[Ulaya]] waliokuwa wahamiaji wa kwanza kuja Palestina waliona uhamiaji wao kama kurudi kwenye nchi ya ma[[babu]] wao kwenye mahali ambako [[taifa]] lao litazaliwa upya. Sehemu ya Wayahudi waliona mwendo wao si kurudi tu kwenye ardhi ya mababu kama taifa lakini pia [[utimiaji]] wa [[sala]] ya Kiyahudi yenye ombi la "kuonana katika [[Yerusalemu]] [[mwaka]] ujao". Mpaka leo wengine wanaona jambo hilo kutokana na ahadi za [[Mungu]] kwa taifa lao kadiri ya [[Tanakh]] (yaani [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]]). Kumbe wakazi Waarabu wa Palestina waliona uhamiaji wa wageni kutoka Ulaya kama [[harakati]] ya ki[[koloni]] iliyolenga kutwaa [[ardhi]] yao. Tena [[Waislamu]] kadhaa wanaona ya kwamba, tangu itwaliwe na [[jeshi]] la [[Uislamu]] katika [[karne ya 7]] ardhi ya Palestina - Israeli imekuwa nchi ya Kiislamu inayopaswa kutawaliwa na [[serikali]] ya Waislamu daima. [[Wakristo]] hawakuwa wengi, tena wamezidi kupungua kwa kuhama kutokana na ugumu wa hali yao wanaojisikia kubaguliwa kama kundi dogo hata kati ya Wapalestina. ==Historia== ===Utangulizi: Pogromu, Uhamiaji na Uzayuni=== [[Picha:Theodor Herzl retouched.jpg|thumbnail|200px|Theodor Herzl, mwanzilishaji wa Uzayuni.]] [[file:Second aliyah Pioneers in Migdal 1912 in kuffiyeh.jpg|thumb|200px|Wahamiaji Wayahudi kwenye Kibbutz ya Migdal wakati wa kazi shambani mwaka 1912]] Katika [[karne ya 19]] idadi kubwa ya Wayahudi waliishi katika maeneo kadhaa ya [[Milki ya Urusi]] <ref>katika nchi za kisasa za [[Polandi]], [[Belarus]] na [[Ukraine]] zilizokuwa chini ya [[Tsar]] wa [[Urusi]] wakati ule</ref> yaliyotwaliwa na [[milki]] hiyo mnamo [[1800]]. [[Uadui]] dhidi ya Wayahudi ulitokea dhidi ya utawala wa Kirusi <ref>Maeneo penye Wayahudi wengi yalikuwa chini ya milki ya Polandi hadi [[kugawanyika kwa Polandi]] kati ya majirani yake. Wayahudi waliowahi kuwa na [[uhuru]] fulani katika Polandi walijikuta chini ya [[utawala]] wa Kirusi. Warusi ambao hawakuzoea Wayahudi wengi waliwabana [[wananchi]] wapya hao kwa [[sheria za ubaguzi]].</ref> Kuanzia mwaka [[1880]] kulitokea [[ghasia]] mbalimbali ambako Wayahudi walishambuliwa katika miji ya Urusi. [[Wimbi]] la pili la ghasia hizo zilizoitwa [[pogromu]] likatokea mwaka [[1905]], ambapo Wayahudi zaidi ya 2000 waliuawa mjini [[Odessa]] <ref>Ukraine ya leo</ref>. Wakati ule Wayahudi wa Urusi walianza kuhamia nje: wengi wao walikwenda [[Marekani]], lakini wachache walielekea Palestina. Mapogromu yalikuwa pia chanzo cha harakati mpya ya [[Uzayuni]] (''Zionism'') kati ya Wayahudi wa Ulaya. Uzayuni ulilenga kuwapa Wayahudi eneo maalum ili wapate kujenga upya taifa katika dola lao wenyewe, ambako wangekuwa [[wenyeji]], si kundi la pekee katikati ya watu waliowadharau. Mwaka [[1896]] [[Theodor Herzl]] ([[1860]]-[[1904]]) aliandika kitabu "[[Dola la Wayahudi]]" alimodai kuundwa dola la pekee kwa ajili ya Wayahudi. [[Mkutano]] wa kwanza wa wafuasi wake ulichagua [[jina]] la "Zayuni" ambalo lilikuwa jina asilia la [[mlima]] wa [[hekalu]] mjini Yerusalemu; wakachagua jina hilo kwa sababu linataja mahali patakatifu zaidi pa [[Uyahudi]]. Mkutano huo uliazimia kuwa "Uzayuni unalenga kuunda [[makazi]] salama yaliyokubaliwa [[rasmi]] kwa ajili ya taifa la Kiyahudi katika nchi ya Palestina". Wazayuni walikusanya [[pesa]] kote Ulaya wakanunua ardhi katika Palestina na kuanzisha vijiji kwa ajili ya Wayahudi waliohima huko. [[Picha:Milki ya Osmani 1914.png|300px|thumbnail|Palestina katika Milki ya Osmani mwaka 1914]] ===Tamko la Balfour na chanzo cha mapambano=== [[Vita ya Kwanza ya Dunia]] ilikwamisha mipango yote kwa sababu Palestina ilikuwa sehemu ya [[Milki ya Osmani]] iliyoshiriki katika vita pamoja na [[Ujerumani]] na [[Austria]] dhidi ya Urusi, [[Ufaransa]] na [[Uingereza]]. Mwaka [[1917]] wakati ambapo jeshi la Uingereza lilifaulu kusogea mbele kutoka [[Misri]] na kuingia Palestina, [[waziri wa mambo ya nje]] [[Arthur James Balfour]] alitoa [[tamko la Balfour]] yaani [[tamko]] rasmi kuwa Uingereza inataka kusaidia mipango ya kuanzisha makazi ya Kiyahudi katika Palestina. Wakati uleule Waingereza waliwaahidi Waarabu kuundwa kwa dola la Kiarabu kwenye maeneo yaliyokaliwa nao katika Milki ya Osmani. Lakini wakati huohuo walipatana na Ufaransa kuhusu ugawaji wa maeneo ya Kiarabu ya Milki ya Osmani. Kwenye [[mkutano wa amani wa Paris]] wa mwaka [[1919]], ulioandaa [[Mkataba wa Versailles]], [[mwakilishi]] wa Waarabu, [[Faisal bin Hussein bin Ali al-Hashimi]], alipatana na mwakilishi wa [[Wazayuni]], [[Chaim Weizmann]], kuwa anakubali [[uhamisho]] wa Wayahudi kuja Palestina, na Palestina kuwa eneo la pekee tofauti na Dola la Waarabu ambayo Faisal alilenga kujenga [[Uarabuni]] pamoja na [[Syria]] na [[Irak]]. [[Haki]] za wakazi Waarabu zilitakiwa kulindwa na [[maendeleo]] ya pamoja kati ya wakazi Waarabu na Wayahudi kujengwa. Lakini Uingereza na Ufaransa waliendelea kugawa [[Mashariki ya Kati]], hivyo Waarabu wengi hawakusikia ya kwamba mapatano ya Faisal yalikuwa na [[umuhimu]] tena. Baada ya vita Uingereza ilichukua utawala wa Palestina kama [[eneo la kudhaminiwa]] kwa [[niaba]] ya [[Shirikisho la Mataifa]]. Idadi ya Wayahudi waliofika kutoka nchi za Ulaya iliongezeka, lakini bado Wayahudi wengi walihamia Marekani, si Palestina. Hata hivyo shirika za Uzayuni ziliendelea kununua ardhi, kuanzisha vijiji vya [[Ujamaa]] vilivyoitwa [[Kibbutz]] hata [[Tel Aviv]] ilikua kama mji wa Kiyahudi kandokando ya [[Yafo]] ya Kiarabu. Mnamo 1931 asilimia 17 ya wakazi wa Palestina walikuwa Wayahudi. Katika Palestina [[mufti]] mkuu wa Yerusalemu, [[Mohammed Amin al-Husseini]], alichukua [[uongozi]] wa Waarabu akapinga kufika kwa Wayahudi wapya. Serikali ya Kiingereza ilisitasita kuamua juu ya msimamo wake - haikuzuia kufika kwa Wayahudi, lakini haikuwasaidia kujiimarisha nchini. Ma[[shambulio]] dhidi ya Wayahudi yalianza mwaka [[1921]]. Mwaka [[1929]] Wayahudi 67 waliuawa mjini [[Hebron]]. Kati ya [[1936]] na [[1939]] kulitokea ghasia kubwa ya Waarabu dhidi ya [[polisi]] na jeshi la Kiingereza na dhidi ya makazi ya Wayahudi. Uingereza ulifaulu kukandamiza ghasia hii kwa jeshi lake. Kati ya Wayahudi vikundi vyenye [[silaha]] vilianzishwa vilivyolenga kutetea vijiji vya Kiyahudi na kulipiza [[kisasi]] kwa mashambulio. Vikundi hivyo viliendelea baadaye kuwa [[chanzo]] cha [[jeshi la Israeli]]. Siasa ya chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi iliyoendeshwa na [[Chama cha Nazi]] chini ya [[dikteta]] [[Adolf Hitler]] katika Ujerumani na nchi nyingine za Ulaya iliongeza namba ya Wayahudi waliopaswa kuondoka kwao Ulaya. Miaka baada ya [[1933]] takriban [[wakimbizi]] Wayahudi 250,000 walifika Palestina - hii ilikuwa [[sababu]] moja ya ghasia ya Waarabu miaka [[1936]]-[[1939]]. Hadi mwaka [[1945]] Wayahudi walikuwa asilimia 33 ya wakazi wote wa Palestina. Baada ya [[vita kuu ya pili]] kulikuwa na [[laki]] za Wayahudi waliowekwa huru kutoka [[makambi ya KZ]] na wengi wao walielekea Palestina. Hapo Serikali ya Uingereza, iliyosita kuamua kama ilitaka kutekeleza [[ahadi]] zake kwa Waarabu au kwa Wayahudi, iliomba [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] kuamua juu ya [[hatua]] zijazo kwa ajili ya Palestina, maana ilikuwa eneo la kudhaminiwa na [[asili]] ya mamlaka hii ilikuwa imepita kutoka Shirikisho la Mataifa kwenda [[Umoja wa Mataifa]].<ref>Umoja wa Mataifa uliundwa wakati wa Vita Kuu ya Pili kama maungano ya mataifa yote yaliyopiga vita dhidi ya Ujerumani na [[Japani]]. Shirikisho la Mataifa lilijifuta yenyewe mwaka [[1946]] na kukabidhi [[shughuli]] zake zote kwa UM</ref>. ===Kuundwa kwa Dola la Israeli=== [[Picha:UN Partition Plan For Palestine 1947.svg|300px|thumbnail|Mpango wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa mwaka 1947 ya kugawa Palestina]] Mwaka [[1947]] [[Mkutano Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa]] ulipigia [[kura]] [[mpango]] wa [[ugawaji]] wa Palestina. Mataifa 33 yalipiga kura ya [[ndiyo]], 13 [[hapana]], 10 hayakusimama upande wowote. Hivyo eneo la Palestina lilitakiwa kugawiwa kwa dola la Kiyahudi, dola la Kiarabu na mji wa Yerusalemu. Mamlaka ya Uingereza yalitakiwa kwisha tarehe [[14 Mei]] [[1948]]. Waarabu walipinga ugawaji kwa kudokeza ya kwamba mpango wa ugawaji haukuwa [[adili]] kwa sababu zifuatazo. Mwaka 1947 Palestina ilikuwa na wakazi 1,845,000. Watu 1,237,000 au [[theluthi]] mbili walikuwa Waarabu, wakati watu 608,000 tu au theluthi moja walikuwa Wayahudi. Kumbe Dola la Kiyahudi lilitakiwa kupokea [[asilimia]] 56 cha ardhi, pamoja na maeneo yaliyofaa zaidi kwa [[kilimo]] ingawa [[mali]] ya Kiyahudi wakati ule ilikuwa asilimia 7 tu ya ardhi yote ya Palestina. Katika eneo la Dola la Kiyahudi takriban 40% ya wakazi wangekuwa Waarabu. Sehemu kubwa ya ardhi katika sehemu ya Dola la Kiarabu ilikuwa mlimani na haikufaa vema kwa ajili ya kilimo. Wawakilishi wa Kiyahudi walisema idadi ya Wayahudi itaongezeka [[haraka]] kutokana na uhamiaji wa Wayahudi wengine - wakati ule walikuwa bado laki za Wayahudi katika makambi katika nchi za Ulaya, ni hao ambao hawakuuawa na Wajerumani katika [[Holocaust]]. Mara baada ya azimio la UM, mapigano yalianza katika Palestina na kuwa [[vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] nchini. Vikundi vya [[wanamgambo]] wa Kiarabu vilishambulia makazi ya Kiyahudi kote nchini. Wayahudi pia walikuwa na vikundi vya wanamgambo. Tarehe [[14 Mei]] mkutano wa wawakilishi Wayahudi ulitangaza Dola la Israeli kama nchi mpya. Waingereza waliondoa jeshi lao. Tarehe [[15 Mei]] 1948 majeshi ya Misri, [[Yordani]], [[Lebanoni]], Syria na Irak yaliingia Palestina yakatwaa maeneo ya Kiarabu na kushambulia makazi ya Kiyahudi. Katika vita ya miezi 10 jeshi la Israeli lilifaulu kusimamisha wapinzani na kuwarudisha nyuma. Jeshi la Kiarabu pekee lenye [[uwezo]] lilikuwa Kikosi Arabu cha Yordani. Wakati wa kusimamisha mapigano Israeli ilikuwa imeongezeka maeneo yake ikatawala asilimia 78 za eneo la kukabidhiwa la awali yaani maeneo yote yaliyowahi kukusudiwa na Umoja wa Mataifa kwa ajili ya Dola la Kiyahudi pamoja na nusu ya maeneo yaliyokusudiwa kwa ajili ya Dola la Kiarabu. [[Ukanda wa Gaza]] ulitawaliwa na Misri na [[Ukingo wa Magharibi]] wa [[Yordani (mto)]] pamoja na mji wa kale wa Yerusalemu ukawa chini ya milki ya Yordani. Zaidi ya wakazi Waarabu 700.000 walilazimika kuondoka au walimkimbia kutoka miji na vijiji vyao, wakikaa nje ya maeneo yaliyotawaliwa sasa na Israeli. Waarabu 150,000 hivi walibaki ndani ya maeneo haya sasa kama [[raia]] Waarabu wa Israeli. Baada ya vita Israeli ilikataa kurudi kwa waliokuwa nje. Ndiyo asili ya Wakimbizi Wapalestina wanaoishi Syria, Lebanoni, Yordani na Misri, pamoja na hao wanaoendelea kukaa katika ma[[kambi]] katika maeneo ya Gaza na Ukingo wa Magharibi. Madola yote ya Waarabu isipokuwa milki ya Yordani yalikataa kuwapa wakimbizi hao haki za [[uraia]], na kwa hiyo hadi leo wajukuu wamebaki kama wakimbizi katika nchi za kigeni bila uraia; wakisafiri wanatumia vitambulisho vilivyotolewa na [[UM]], wanakosa haki ya kutafuta kazi au kushiriki katika siasa kama raia wa kawaida, hata kama [[familia]] zimeshaishi katika nchi hizo hadi [[kizazi]] cha tatu au nne. ===Wapalestina baada ya 1948=== [[Jumuiya ya Nchi za Kiarabu]] ilianzisha [[taasisi]] iliyoitwa "Serikali kwa Palestina yote" ([[ing.]] All-Palestine Government, [[ar.]] حكومة عموم فلسطين ''hukumat 'umum Filastin'') wakati wa vita (1948) iliyotambuliwa na nchi za Kiarabu isipokuwa milki ya Yordani. Ilikuwa na [[mamlaka]] fulani katika Ukanda wa Gaza pekee, ikafanya kazi chini ya [[usimamizi]] wa Misri na mwisho wa 1948 ilipelekwa [[Kairo]] ikafutwa na serikali ya Misri mwaka [[1959]]. Taasisi mpya ikaundwa mwaka [[1964]] kwa [[azimio]] la Jumuiya ya Nchi za Kiarabu ikaitwa PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization, [[ar.]]: منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية‎ [[munaẓẓamat at-taḥrīr al-filasṭīniyyah) ambayo ni maungano ya vikundi mbalimbali ya Kipalestina. [[Shabaha]] yake ilikuwa "ukombozi wa Palestina". Serikali ya Misri ilikuwa na [[athira]] kubwa katika PLO. Harakati ya [[Fatah]] mwanzoni haikushiriki. PLO iliendesha vikundi vya wanamgambo ya [[Fedayin]] Wapalestina walioshambulia mipaka ya Israel mara kwa mara. Yordani na Israeli (kwa Wapalestina walioweza kubaki kwao) zilikuwa nchi pekee zilizowapa Wapalestina uraia, lakini katika nchi nyingine walibaki kama wakimbizi bila uraia. Makambi yao yaliangaliwa na shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa linaloitwa [[UNRWA]]. ===Israel na majirani hadi 1973=== [[Picha:Baada ya Vita ya Siku Sita 1967.png|thumbnail|300px|Maeneo yaliyotwaliwa na Israeli baada ya vita ya siku 6 mwaka 1967 hadi mapatano ya Misri 1973]] Baada ya vita ya 1948-1949 nchi jirani zilikataa kutambua dola la Israeli. Hali ya vita ikaendelea ingawa bila mapigano kati ya majeshi makubwa. Wanamgambo wa Wafedayin Wapalestina waliendelea kuvuka [[mpaka]] kutoka makambi ya wakimbizi na kushambulia vijiji vya Kiyahudi. Wanamgambo hao walipata mara nyingi silaha na mafunzo kutoka kwa majeshi ya Misri na Syria. Vita ya 1948-1949 ilisababisha ghasia na mashambulio dhidi ya Wayahudi walioishi katika nchi za Kiarabu. Nchi kadhaa za Kiarabu ziliweka sheria za ubaguzi dhidi ya Wayahudi. Hivyo katika miaka baada ya kuundwa kwa Israeli karibu Wayahudi wote waliondoka au walifukuzwa katika nchi za Kiarabu na kufika kama wakimbizi katika Israel, Marekani au Ulaya. Jumla ya wakimbizi hao Wayahudi karibu ililingana na idadi ya Waarabu waliofukuzwa kutoka Palestina. Hivyo idadi ya wananchi Wayahudi wa Israeli iliongezeka sana. [[Uhusiano]] mbaya kati ya Israeli na majirani Waarabu ulisababisha vita zaidi. Mwaka [[1956]] Israeli ilishambulia Misri katika [[vita ya Suez]] kufuatana na mpango wa pamoja na Ufaransa na Uingereza baada ya kuona [[ununuzi]] wa silaha nyingi na Misri. Mwaka [[1967]] jeshi la Misri lilikusanya vikosi vingi vya jeshi lake katika [[rasi ya Sinai]] ikafukuza [[walinzi wa amani wa UM]] na kufunga [[mlango wa Tiran]] hivyo kuzuia [[usafiri]] wa [[meli]] baina ya Israeli na [[Bahari Hindi]]. Israeli ikajibu kwa kushambulia Misri tarehe [[5 Juni]] 1967 katika [[Sinai]] ikaharibu jeshi la Misri katika [[vita ya siku 6|muda wa siku 6]]. Wakati huohuo milki za Yordani na Syria ziliamua kushikamana na Misri zikashambulia eneo la Israeli. Tokeo lake lilikuwa ya kwamba jeshi la Israeli likatwaa [[Ukingo wa Magharibi wa Yordani]] na pia [[milima ya Golan]] hadi maadui walisalimisha amri tarehe [[10 Juni]]. Pia eneo lote la Sinai likatwaliwa na Israel na [[Mfereji wa Suez]] ulifungwa. [[Vita ya Yom Kippur]] iliyofuata ilikuwa mashambulio ya Misri na Syria dhidi ya Israeli katika mwezi wa Oktoba [[1973]]. Mashambulio yalianza kwenye [[sikukuu]] ya Kiyahudi ya [[Yom Kippur]]. Jeshi la Misri lilifaulu kuingia kwenye rasi ya Sinai na Syria kwenye milima ya Golan. Lakini Syria ilirudishwa nyuma haraka na Waisraeli walifikia [[kilomita]] 40 tu kutoka [[Dameski]]. Jeshi la Misri lilifeli zaidi hadi Israeli iliweza kuvuka mfereji wa Suez na kufunga [[kikosi]] kikubwa cha Wamisri nyuma ya mstari wa mapigano na kuingia katika mji wa Suez na hata kukaribia [[Kairo]]. Mnamo [[23 Oktoba]] pande zote zilikubali kusimamisha mapigano kwa ombi la UM. Baada ya majadiliano marefu, kila upande ulirudisha wanajeshi wake kilomita kadhaa kwa kusudi la kuwa na [[umbali]] kati ya majeshi. Misri na Israeli zikaendelea kuwa na majadiliano na kupatana kufanya [[amani]] mwaka 1978. Israeli iliondoka katika Sinai na nchi zote mbili zikafungua [[ubalozi]] katika nchi ya pili. Ukanda wa Gaza ulibaki chini ya Israeli. ===Uamsho wa Wapalestina na PLO=== Vita ya siku 6 ya 1967 ilileta [[uamsho]] kati ya Wapalestina katika makambi ya wakimbizi. Kundi la Fatah lililoundwa mwaka 1959 nchini [[Kuwait]] liliongeza sifa zake kutokana na kupigana na jeshi la Israeli mwaka [[1968]] katika kambi la Karame (Yordani). Fatah lilijiunga na PLO na [[mwenyekiti]] wake [[Yasser Arafat]] akawa mwenyekiti wa PLO. Alileta [[mwelekeo]] mpya kuwa Wapalestina wanapaswa kujikomboa badala ya kutegema nchi za Waarabu wengine. Vikundi vya PLO viliendelea na mashambulio pamoja na kutumia [[mbinu za kigaidi]] dhidi ya wananchi raia wa Israeli. Tangu 1968 vikundi vya PLO viliteka [[nyara]] [[ndege]] au watu raia kwa shabaha ya kuwabadilisha na wafungwa Wapalestina katika Israeli. Hadi mwaka [[1970]] PLO ilikua kuwa na mamlaka kubwa nchini Yordani hadi jeshi la nchi hiyo iliwafukuza vikosi vya PLO kutoka milki ya Yordani. Hapo Arafat na sehemu ya askari wake walihamia Lebanoni. Wakati wa [[vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ya Lebanoni]] PLO ilichukua upande na kushiriki lakini sehemu nyingine za vikundi vya Kipalestina vilishikamana na serikali za nchi za Waarabu zilizoshiriki pia katika vita hiyo ndani ya Lebanoni. Baada ya mashambulio ya Israeli PLO ilifukuzwa kutoka Lebanoni na kuhamia [[Tunisia]] mwaka [[1982]]. ===Intifada ya kwanza=== Katika miaka iliyofuata Wapalestina katika Ukanda wa Gaza na Ukingo wa Magharibi wa Yordani walisikia maisha kuwa vigumu zaidi. Wengi wao walikuwa [[vijana]] waliozaliwa chini ya utawala wa Israeli. Vijana wengi walikosa [[kazi]]. Hawakuwa na matumaini katika jitihada za PLO iliyokuwa mbali nao. Basi, baada ya [[ajali]] ya barabarani ambako Wapalestina wanne waliuawa na [[gari la kijeshi]] la Israeli, mnamo Disemba [[1987]] ililipuka ghasia ya [[ghafla]] iliyoitwa [[intifada]]. Wapalestina waliandamana barabarani, [[watoto]] na vijana walitupa mawe dhidi ya askari wa Israeli. Kundi jipya la [[Hamas]] lilichokoza mwendo huu na kuongoza upinzani. Katika miezi iliyofuata Wapalestina 1,551 na Waisraeli 422 waliuawa. ===Kutangazwa kwa "Dola la Palestina" na majadiliano kati ya PLO na Israeli=== Mwaka moja baada ya intifada ya kwanza PLO katika mji wa Tunis ilitoa tamko la kutangaza "Dola la Palestina". Katika tamko hili PLO ilitambua kwa mara ya kwanza kuwepo kwa Israeli. Tamko hili lilikuwa msingi kwa nchi kama Marekani kutambua pia PLO kama mwakilishi wa Wapalestina na baadaye kwa majadiliano ya kwanza kati ya PLO na Israeli. Wakati wa [[Vita ya Ghuba ya 1990/91]] Arafat aliamua kuwa upande wa [[Saddam Hussein]] aliyeshambulia [[Kuwait]]. Hii ilisababisha kufukuzwa kwa Wapalestina wengi kutoka Kuwait baada ya vita na kushindwa kwa [[Iraq]]. Nchi za Kiarabu kama Misri na [[Saudia]] zilizowahi kusaidia PLO lakini zilichukua msimamo dhidi ya Saddam Hussein zilikata misaada yao kwa PLO. Kudhoofishwa kwa PLO kwa njia hii ilisaidia pia kuanzisha majadiliano ya moja kwa moja. Katika mkutano wa amani wa [[Madrid]], [[Hispania]], Wapalestina walishiriki kwa mara ya kwanza katika majadiliano na Israeli. ===Mapatano ya Oslo na kuanzishwa kwa mamlaka ya kitaifa ya Palestina=== Tangu Januari [[1993]] wawakilishi wa PLO na Israeli walikutana kwa [[siri]] mjini [[Oslo]], [[Norwei]]. Arafat alitamka kutambua Israeli na kuachana na mbinu za kigaidi katika barua kwa kiongozi wa Israeli [[Yitzhak Rabin]]. Rabin na Arafat walikutana [[Washington, D.C.]] na kutia [[sahihi]] mapatano ya kwanza yaliyokuwa mwanzo wa mfuatano wa majadiliano marefu yaliyolenga kuleta amani kati ya Wapalestina na Israeli katika muda wa miaka 5. Kwa jumla mapatano hayakuweza kufikia mwisho. Lakini katika hatua za kwanza [[Mamlaka ya Kitaifa ya Palestina]] yaliundwa kama [[mbegu]] ya serikali kamili. Jeshi la Israeli ilijiondoa katika Gaza na sehemu za Ukingo wa Magharibi wa Yordani zilizowekwa chini ya mamlaka mpya. Mwaka [[1995]] uongozi wa PLO ulihamia Palestina na kuanzisha [[ofisi]] kuu ya Mamlaka ya Palestina huko [[Ramallah]]. Kukwama kulisababishwa na shaka kama ifuatavyo: *katika jamii ya Israeli kama Arafat na upande wa Kipalestina walitaka kweli kujenga amani na kusimamisha [[ugaidi]] wakati mashambulio dhidi ya askari na wananchi raia wa Israeli yalipoendelea kutokea. Kilele cha upinzani ndani ya Israeli kilikuwa [[uuaji]] wa [[waziri mkuu]] Rabin mwaka 1995 uliofanywa na mpinzani Mwisraeli. *Katika jamii ya Wapalestina kama Israeli ilitaka kweli amani kwa sababu kujengwa kwa makazi kwa [[walowezi]] Waisraeli nje ya mipaka ya Israeli ya 1967 kuliendelea. *Sehemu ya vikundi vya kisiasa upande wa Palestina, hasa Hamas, ilikataa kukubali mapatano yaliyofikiwa. *Swali la pekee lilihusu hali ya Yerusalemu ya [[Mashariki]] ambayo Wapalestina wanaidai kama mji mkuu wao ambayo iko nje ya mipaka ya Israeli ya 1967. Lakini Israeli iliwahi kutangaza kuunganishwa kwa mji huu wote na kuitawala sehemu ya magharibi na ya mashariki kama mji mmoja wa Israeli usioweza kutengwa tena. *Tatizo ni pia suala la "haki ya kurudi" kwa ajili ya watoto na wajukuu wa wakimbizi Wapalestina wa mwaka 1948 wanaotaka kurudi kwenye makazi ya mababu yaliyo sasa ndani ya eneo la Israeli. Katika uchaguzi wa mwaka [[1996]] chama cha [[Benyamin Netanyahu]] kilishinda kura ya bunge la Israeli. Netanyahu hakukubali majadiliano; alidai kuwa yaliimarisha tu wapinzani wakali wa Israeli upande wa Wapalestina na kusabisha mashambulio na ugaidi zaidi. Mwaka [[2005]] jeshi la Israeli lilitoka kabisa katika Ukanda wa Gaza na kubomoa vijiji vya walowezi Wayahudi kule. Mafarakano kati ya Wapalestina yaliendelea kuongezeka kati ya Fatah na Hamas. Mwaka [[2007]] Chama cha Hamas kilichukua mamlaka juu ya Gaza kikaendelea kushambulia Israeli kwa ma[[kombora]]. Israeli ilijibu kwa kufunga mipaka ya Gaza na kungilia ndani ya Ukanda wa Gaza kijeshi mara kadhaa. Kutokana na mashambulio dhidi ya wananchi wa Israeli yaliyoendelea Waisraeli walianza kujenga [[fensi]] na [[ukuta]] wa kutenganisha Ufuko wa Magharibi na Israeli yenyewe. Ukuta huu wenye [[urefu]] hadi [[mita]] nane umesaidia kupunguza sana mashambulio dhidi ya raia, lakini umejengwa zaidi kwenye ardhi ya Kipalestina na kuongeza matatizo kwa wananchi. Israeli inaendelea kujenga makazi na vijiji kwa walowezi wa Kiyahudi ndani ya eneo la Kipalestina. Jeshi lake linashika vituo vingi katika ufuko wa magharibi na kutawala mwendo wa watu huko na kuzuia usafiri mara kwa mara kwa kulinda usalama wake. Farakano kati ya Hamas upande wa Gaza na Mamlaka ya Kipalestina mkononi mwa PLO-Fatah upande wa Ramallah haijapata suluhisho. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mgongano kati ya Israeli na nchi za Waarabu]] ==Tanbihi== <references/> ==Marejeo== *[[Associated Press]], comp. (1996). ''Lightning Out of Israel: [The Six-Day War in the Middle East]: The Arab-Israeli Conflict''. Commemorative Ed. Western Printing and Lithographing Company for the Associated Press. ASIN B000BGT89M. *[[Mitchell Bard|Bard, Mitchell]] (1999). ''Middle East Conflict''. Indianapolis: Alpha Books. ISBN 0-02-863261-3. *[[Gad Barzilai|Barzilai, Gad]] (1996). ''Wars, Internal Conflicts and Political Order: A Jewish Democracy in the Middle East''. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-2944-X * Brown, Wesley H. & Peter F. Penner (ed.): ''Christian Perspectives on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict''. Neufeld Verlag, Schwarzenfeld 2008. ISBN 978-3-937896-57-1. *[[Jimmy Carter|Carter, Jimmy]] (2006). ''[[Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid]]''. New York: [[Simon and Schuster]]. ISBN 0-7432-8502-6. * Casper, Lionel L. (2003). ''Rape of Palestine and the Struggle for Jerusalem''. New York & Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House. ISBN 965-229-297-4. *[[Sabina Citron|Citron, Sabina]] (2006). ''The Indictment: The Arab-Israeli Conflict in Historical Perspective''. New York & Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House. ISBN 965-229-373-3. *{{cite book |last=Cramer |first=Richard Ben |year=2004 |title=How Israel Lost: The Four Questions |url=https://archive.org/details/howisraellostfou00cram |publisher=[[Simon and Schuster]] |location=New York |isbn=0-7432-5028-1}} *[[Alan Dershowitz|Dershowitz, Alan]] (2004). ''The Case for Israel''. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-67952-6. * [[Avner Falk|Falk, Avner]] (2004). ''Fratricide in the Holy Land: A Psychoanalytic View of the Arab-Israeli Conflict.'' Madison: U of Wisconsin P. ISBN 0-299-20250-X *{{cite book |last=[[Gelvin]] |first=James L. |year=2005 |title=The Israel-Palestine Conflict: 100 Years of War |url=https://archive.org/details/israelpalestinec0000gelv_d7v0 |publisher=Cambridge UP |location=New York & Cambridge, Eng. |isbn=0-521-61804-5}} *{{cite book |last=Gold |first=Dore | authorlink = Dore Gold |year=2004 |title=Tower of Babble: How the United Nations Has Fueled Global Chaos |url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_h8s1 |publisher=Crown Forum |location=New York |isbn=1-4000-5475-3}} *[[Norman Finkelstein|Finkelstein, Norman G.]] (2003). ''Image and Reality of the Israel-Palestine Conflict''. Verso Books. ISBN 1-85984-442-1. *Goldenberg, Doron (2003). ''State of Siege''. Gefen Publishing House. ISBN 965-229-310-5. *[[Marc Gopin|Gopin, Marc]]. (2002). ''Holy War, Holy Peace: How Religion Can Bring Peace to the Middle East''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514650-6. *{{cite journal|last=Hamidullah|first=Muhammad |author-link=Muhammad Hamidullah |date=January 1986|title=Relations of Muslims with non-Muslims|journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs|volume=7|issue=1|page=9|doi=10.1080/13602008608715960}} * Howell, Mark (2007). ''What Did We Do to Deserve This? Palestinian Life under Occupation in the West Bank'', Garnet Publishing. ISBN 1-85964-195-4 *[[Raphael Israeli|Israeli, Raphael]] (2002). ''Dangers of a Palestinian State''. New York & Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House. ISBN 965-229-303-2. *[[Shmuel Katz (politician)|Katz, Shmuel]] (1973). ''Battleground: Fact and Fantasy in Palestine''. Shapolsky Pub. ISBN 0-933503-03-2. *{{cite book |last=Khouri |first=Fred J. |year=1985 |title=The Arab-Israeli Dilemma |url=https://archive.org/details/arabisraelidilem0000khou | edition = 3rd |publisher=Syracuse University Press |location=Syracuse, NY |isbn=0-8156-2339-9}} *{{cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard | authorlink = Bernard Lewis |year=1984 |title=The Jews of Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/jewsofislam0000lewi |publisher=Princeton UP |location=Princeton, NJ |isbn=0-691-05419-3}} *{{cite book |last=Lesch |first= David |year=2007 |title=The Arab-Israeli Conflict A History |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=0-19-517230-2}} *–––. (September 1990). "The Roots of Muslim Rage." ''[[The Atlantic Monthly]]''. *[[Zeev Maoz|Maoz, Zeev]] (2006). ''Defending the Holy Land''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. ISBN 0-472-11540-5 *{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Benny | authorlink = Benny Morris |year=1999 |title=Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001 |publisher=Knopf |location=New York |isbn=0-679-42120-3}} *Morris, Benny (2009). ''1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War'', Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-15112-1 *[[Yitzhak Reiter|Reiter, Yitzhak]] (2009). ''National Minority, Regional Majority: Palestinian Arabs Versus Jews in Israel (Syracuse Studies on Peace and Conflict Resolution)'', Syracuse Univ Press (Sd). ISBN 978-0-8156-3230-6 *Rogan, Eugene L., ed., and [[Avi Shlaim]], ed. (2001). ''The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948''. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. ISBN 978-0-521-79476-3. *[[Tom Segev|Segev, Tom]] (1999). ''One Palestine Complete: Jews and Arabs Under British Mandate''. New York: Henry Holt & Co. ISBN 0-8050-6587-3. ==Viungo vya nje== ===Vyanzo rasmi=== * [http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs] **[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+since+2000/Victims+of+Palestinian+Violence+and+Terrorism+sinc.htm Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism since September 2000] * [http://www.arableagueonline.org/ League of Arab States] {{Wayback|url=http://www.arableagueonline.org/ |date=20161013055010 }} * [http://www.mofa.gov.ps/ Palestinian Authority Ministry of Foreign Affairs] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mofa.gov.ps/ |date=20100805011339 }} * [http://www.un.org/Depts/dpa/qpal/ United Nations on the Question of Palestine] * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/arabisrael.htm Arab-Israeli Conflict] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/arabisrael.htm |date=20091129133441 }} from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' ===Vyanzo vya kieneo=== ;Israeli * [http://www.ynetnews.com/ Israel News – Yedioth Aharonoth] Israel's largest newspaper, centrist [http://www.ynet.co.il/ (Hebrew)] * [http://www.jpost.com/ Jerusalem Post], Israel's oldest English newspaper, conservative * [http://www.haaretz.com/ Ha'aretz] Israeli newspaper, liberal * [http://www.jnewswire.com/ Jerusalem Newswire] Christian-run Jerusalem-based news website, conservative ;Arab * [http://www.dailystar.com.lb/ Lebanon Daily Star] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/ |date=20200920005543 }}, largest English-circulation newspaper in the Arab world * [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/ Al Ahram] {{Wayback|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/ |date=20140502000102 }}, Egypt's largest newspaper (see also [[Al Ahram]]) * [http://www.palestinechronicle.com/ Palestine Chronicle], weekly electronic paper ===Uchunguzi wa kitaalamu=== *[http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552621 Dean Peter Krogh Examines Prospects for Peace] from the [http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494/browse?type=title Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives] * [http://www.ngo-monitor.org/ NGO Monitor], NGO watchdog group, highlighting perceived instances of anti-Israeli NGO bias * [http://www.jcpa.org/ Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs] * [http://www.passia.org/index_pfacts.htm Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs (PASSIA)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.passia.org/index_pfacts.htm |date=20041211100305 }}, Palestinian research organization * [http://www.ipcri.org/ Israel/Palestine Center for Research and Information] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ipcri.org/ |date=20140125104211 }} Joint Israeli-Palestinian think tank * [http://www.merip.org/ Middle East Research and Information Project] (see also [[Middle East Research and Information Project]]) * [http://www.brookings.edu/saban.aspx Saban Center for Middle East Policy] (see also [[Saban Center for Middle East Policy]]) *[http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/ Washington Institute for Near East Policy] (see also [[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]]) *[http://www.memri.org/conflict.html Original analysis of current developments in the peace-process] {{Wayback|url=http://www.memri.org/conflict.html |date=20060301003045 }}, from [[Middle East Media Research Institute]] *[http://www.acpr.org.il/ The Ariel Center for Policy Research] {{Wayback|url=http://www.acpr.org.il/ |date=20060422071051 }} *[http://www.acpr.org.il/ENGLISH-NATIV/05-issue/shapiro-5.htm A Regional Perspective on the Arab-Israeli Conflict by Jay Shapiro] {{Wayback|url=http://www.acpr.org.il/ENGLISH-NATIV/05-issue/shapiro-5.htm |date=20110807062521 }} ===Mapendekezo ya amani=== * [http://www.mideastweb.org/peaceplans.htm An historical summary of Middle East Peace Plans and Proposals] ===Ramani=== *[http://www.mideastweb.org/maps.htm MideastWeb Middle East Map Collection] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mideastweb.org/maps.htm |date=20100606011729 }} *[http://factsofisrael.com/blog/index.php FactsOfIsrael.com] {{Wayback|url=http://factsofisrael.com/blog/index.php |date=20170207031600 }} Maps, history, statistics, victims *[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east.html University of Texas Map Collection] ===Vyanzo vya jumla=== *[http://www.cfr.org/publication/13850/ Crisis Guide: The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict from the Council on Foreign Relations] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/13850/ |date=20100605162725 }} *[http://jewishhistory.huji.ac.il/Internetresources/modern/israelindex.htm The State of Israel] {{Wayback|url=http://jewishhistory.huji.ac.il/Internetresources/modern/israelindex.htm |date=20140801065943 }} The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem *[http://www.FocusOnMideast.com/ Daily digest of commentary about the Arab-Israeli conflict from around the world] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/middle_east/2001/israel_and_the_palestinians/default.stm Israel and the Palestinians] {{Wayback|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/middle_east/2001/israel_and_the_palestinians/default.stm |date=20090226184942 }} *[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761588322/Arab-Israeli_Conflict.html Encarta Encyclopedia on the Arab-Israeli Conflict]( {{Wayback|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761588322/Arab-Israeli_Conflict.html |date=20091028022144 }} 2009-10-31) * [http://historyteacher.net/Arab-Israeli_Conflict.htm Guide to the Arab-Israeli Conflict] {{Wayback|url=http://historyteacher.net/Arab-Israeli_Conflict.htm |date=20100611211654 }}, includes links to historical sources, as well as sources representing the Arab and Israeli sides of the conflict. * [http://www.guardian.co.uk/flash/0,5860,720353,00.html The Guardian (UK) A Brief History of Arab-Israeli Conflict] (flash) *{{dmoz|Society/Issues/Warfare_and_Conflict/Specific_Conflicts/Middle_East/Israel-Palestine|Israel-Palestine Conflict}} * [http://www.israel-palaestina.de/ Information (articles, reports, maps, books, links, ...) on the israeli palestinian conflict (middle east conflict)] * [http://www.ipsnews.net/new_focus/israel_palestina/index.asp Holy Land, Unholy War] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/new_focus/israel_palestina/index.asp |date=20070109191230 }} Independent coverage of the Middle East conflicts by the news agency [[Inter Press Service]] * [http://web.uconn.edu/polisci/people/faculty/doc/history_pressman.pdf "A Brief History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict"] by Jeremy Pressman [[jamii:Historia ya Israeli]] [[jamii:Historia ya Palestina]] 1f6krlxpffp4iesfzvh0l98pzt02bnn Debora 0 71624 1574256 1506891 2026-06-17T22:38:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574256 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Deborah-judge.png|thumb|right|Debora alivyochorwa na [[Guillaume Rouillé]] katika [[Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum]].]] {{Waamuzi}} '''Debora''' (kwa [[Kiebrania]] דְּבוֹרָה|Dvora|Dəḇôrā, yaani [[Nyuki]]), [[mke]] wa [[Lapidothi]], alikuwa [[nabii]] na [[mwamuzi]] wa [[taifa]] la [[Israeli]] katika [[karne ya 12 KK]]. [[Mwanamke]] jasiri, aliweza kufanya mambo mengi makubwa katika [[historia ya wokovu]] kama inavyoelezwa na [[Biblia]] katika [[kitabu cha Waamuzi]], sura 4-5. Kwa miaka 40 hivi (kama [[1160 KK]]-[[1121 KK]]) aliamua Waisraeli chini ya [[mtende]] kati ya [[Rama]] na [[Beteli]]. Aliongoza pia [[jeshi]] la ma[[kabila]] kadhaa ya Israeli ya Kaskazini dhidi ya [[Yabin]], [[mfalme]] mmojawapo wa [[Kanaani]], mwenye [[makao makuu]] huko [[Hazor]]. ''Wimbo wa Debora'', unaoshangilia [[ushindi]] wake katika sura ya 5, ni [[shairi]] linalohesabiwa kati ya maandishi ya zamani zaidi ya Kiebrania, ukikadiriwa kuwa uliandikwa katika karne ya 12 KK.<ref>{{citation|title=The Old Testament, A Historical and Literary Introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures |last=Coogan |first=Michael D. |author-link=Michael Coogan |publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=214, 219|year=2011}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== *{{cite book|last=Bird|first=Phyllis|title=Religion and Sexism: Images of Women in the Jewish and Christian Traditions|url=https://archive.org/details/religionsexismim00ruet|year=1974|publisher=Simon & Schuster|editor=Rosemary Radford Ruether|chapter=Images of Women in the Old Testament|isbn=0-671-21692-9}} *{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Cheryl Anne|title=No Longer be Silent: First Century Jewish Portraits of Biblical Women: Studies in Pseudo-Philo's Biblical Antiquities and Josephus's Jewish Antiquities|url=https://archive.org/details/nolongerbesilent0000brow|year=1992|publisher=Westminster J. Knox Press|location=Louisville, Ky.|isbn=0-664-25294-X}} *{{cite book|last=Deen|first=Edith|title=All the Women of the Bible|url=https://archive.org/details/allwomenofbible00deen|year=1955|publisher=Harper & Row|location=New York}} *{{cite book|last=Lacks|first=Roslyn|title=Women and Judaism: Myth, History, and Struggle|url=https://archive.org/details/womenjudaismmyth00lack|year=1979|publisher=Doubleday|location=Garden City, N.Y.|isbn=0-385-02313-8}} *{{cite book|last=Otwell|first=John H.|title=And Sarah Laughed: the Status of Woman in the Old Testament|url=https://archive.org/details/andsarahlaugheds00otwe|year=1977|publisher=Westminster Press|location=Philadelphia|isbn=0-664-24126-3}} *{{cite book|last=Phipps|first=William E.|title=Assertive Biblical Women|url=https://archive.org/details/assertivebiblica00phip_0|year=1992|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, CT|isbn=0-313-28498-9}} *{{cite book|last=Schroeder|first=Joy A.|title=Deborah's Daughters: Gender Politics and Biblical Interpretation|url=https://archive.org/details/deborahsdaughter0000schr|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-999104-4}} *{{cite book|last=Williams|first=James G.|title=Women Recounted: Narrative Thinking and the God of Israel|url=https://archive.org/details/womenrecountedna0000will|year=1982|publisher=Almond Press|location=Sheffield|isbn=0-907459-18-8}} {{Commons category|Deborah}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=689&letter=J&search=Judges Book of Judges article], ''Jewish Encyclopedia'' *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04663a.htm Debbora], ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' *[http://www.houseofdavid.ca/anc_heb.htm Biblical Hebrew Poetry - Reconstructing the Original Oral, Aural and Visual Experience] *[http://www.houseofdavid.ca/anc_heb_6.htm#Deborah Song of Deborah (Judges 5) Reconstructed] {{mbegu-mtu-Biblia}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Biblia]] [[Jamii:Manabii wa Agano la Kale]] d2pfd1n44jbn5dgxvk8spusoix4g805 Joseph Haydn 0 71686 1574278 1506671 2026-06-17T23:02:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574278 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Joseph Haydn.jpg|thumb|300px|Joseph Haydn mwaka 1791]] '''Joseph Haydn''' (jina kamili '''Franz Joseph Haydn''') alikuwa [[mtungaji]] wa [[muziki]] kutoka nchi ya [[Austria]]. Alizaliwa tarehe [[31 Machi]] au [[1 Aprili]] [[1732]] katika [[kijiji]] kikubwa cha [[Rohrau]], jimbo la [[Austria Chini]]. Aliaga [[dunia]] tarehe [[31 Mei]] [[1809]] mjini [[Vienna]]. Amekuwa maarufu kwa jina la heshima la "baba wa [[simfoni]]". [[Wajerumani]] na Waaustria hasa wanamkumbuka kama mtungaji wa muziki wa [[wimbo]] uliokuwa [[wimbo wa taifa]] katika [[Milki ya Austria]] na baadaye kuwa wimbo wa taifa nchini [[Ujerumani]] hadi leo ([[wimbo wa Wajerumani]]). == Maisha == === Mvulana wa kwaya na mwanamuziki wa kujitegemea === [[Picha:Eduard Gurk Sankt Stephan.jpg|thumb|Kanisa kuu la Mt. Stefano huko [[Vienna]].]] Alipokuwa [[mtoto]] wa miaka 8 alialikwa kwenda Vienna na kuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa [[kwaya]] ya [[wavulana]] kwenye [[kanisa kuu]] la [[mji]] huo. Katika miaka yake kama [[mwanakwaya]] alipokea mafundisho ya [[uimbaji]], [[piano]] na [[fidla]]. Aliongozwa pia katika majaribio ya kwanza ya kutunga muziki. Baada ya ku[[balehe]] na kubadilika kwa [[sauti]] yake aliondoka katika kwaya hiyo mnamo [[1749]] na kuanza kujitegemea kama [[mwanamuziki]]. Hakuwa na [[ajira]] ya kudumu bali alipata [[kazi]] kama mwimbaji au mwanamuziki kwa nafasi mbalimbali. [[Makazi]] na [[chakula]] alijipatia kama [[mwalimu]] wa muziki katika [[nyumba]] ya [[tajiri]] mmoja alipofundisha kila siku kwa masaa machache. Wakati huo alifaidika sana na maelekezo ya [[Nicola Porpora]], mwanamuziki [[mzee]] kutoka [[Napoli]], [[Italia]]. === Mkurugenzi wa muziki kwenye ikulu ya Esterhazy === Kuanzia mwaka [[1761]] Haydn alipata ajira kwenye [[ikulu]] ya [[familia]] Esterhazy waliokuwa kati ya ma[[kabaila]] matajiri zaidi nchini [[Hungaria]] iliyokuwa sehemu ya milki ya Austria. Alianza kama [[makamu]] wa [[mkurugenzi]] wa muziki na tangu [[1766]] kama mkurugenzi wa muziki wa akina Esterhazy. Hapo alihamia pamoja na familia ya [[mwajiri]] wake baina ya ikulu tatu walipoishi kulingana na [[majira]] ya mwaka. Aliwajibika kuongoza [[okestra]], kuandaa [[tafrija]], kutunga muziki kwa nafasi maalum, kupiga muziki wakati wa chakula au [[jioni]] kwa [[burudani]] ya bwana wake. Kutokana na maisha ya kuhamahama baina ya ikulu za familia hiyo aliishi muda mrefu ma[[shamba]]ni. Aliandika mwenyewe kuhusu maisha haya yaliyokuwa mbali na wanamuziki wengine: "Nilitengwa na dunia, bila mtu aliyeweza kunishawishi au kunivuruga na kwa hiyo nilipaswa kuwa mimi mwenyewe". === Mtungamuziki === Katika kipindi cha karibu miaka 30 alipokuwa mkurugenzi wa muziki kwa Esterhazy, Haydn alitunga miziki mingi iliyochapishwa na kusambazwa. Kazi zake zilianza kuwa maarufu ilhali wengine walipiga muziki aliotunga yeye mahali pengine. Aliombwa pia kutoka [[ng'ambo]] kutunga muziki kama vile [[Simfonia za Paris]] ([[1785]]–[[1786]]) na muziki kwa [[ibada]] ya [[Ijumaa Kuu]] "[[Maneno saba]] ya mwisho ya [[mwokozi]] wetu [[msalaba]]ni" (1786) iliyoagizwa kutoka [[Hispania]]. === Urafiki na Mozart === Tangu 1781 Haydn na Mozart walikuwa ma[[rafiki]]. Mozart aliyekuwa [[kijana]] wake aliwahi kupenda muziki ya Haydn tangu miaka kadhaa. Hao watungaji wawili walipenda kupiga fidla pamoja na kushauriana juu ya kazi yao. === Ziara za Uingereza === Tangu [[1790]] [[mtemi]] Esterhazy aliaga dunia na [[mrithi]] wake hakujali muziki, hivyo aliachisha wanamuziki wote. Haydn alitumia [[uhuru]] wake mpya akifuata [[mwaliko]] wa mtoaji wa muziki Mjerumani [[Johann Peter Salomon]] kwenda [[Uingereza]] na kuendesha simfonia zake kwa okestra kubwa. Maonyesho yake yalileta mafanikio makubwa: watu wengi walitaka kumsikia akawa tajiri. Mara mbili Haydn alisafiri hadi Uingereza ([[1791]]–[[1792]] na [[1794]]–[[1795]]) akafanikiwa kila mara. Alitumia miezi yake huko kwa kutunga idadi ya kazi zake zilizokuwa mashuhuri hasa baadaye kama vile "Simfonia na pigo la ngoma", "simfonia ya [[jeshi]]" na "simfonia za London". Kwa muda alitafakari kubaki Uingereza na kuomba [[uraia]] wa kule lakini hatimaye alirudi Vienna. === Uzee === Aliporudi Vienna 1795 kulikuwa tena na mabadiliko katika nyumba ya Esterhazy, na mtemi mpya alimwomba arudi kama mkurugenzi wa muziki kwenye ikulu zake. Haydn alikubali lakini kwa miezi kadhaa ya kila [[mwaka]] pekee. Hapo kwenye ikulu ya Eisenstadt aliandika muziki kwa [[misa]] 6 lakini sehemu kubwa ya mwaka alikaa katika nyumba yake huko Vienna alipoendelea kutunga muziki. Pamoja na [[mshairi]] [[Gottfried van Swieten]] aliyeandika maneno kwa [[uimbaji]] alitunga [[oratori]] kubwa mbili (yaani muziki inayosimulia habari za kidini na nyingine kwa kutumia mitindo inayofanana na [[opera]]), ambazo ni "Uumbaji" ([[1798]]) na "Majira ya mwaka" ([[1801]]). Akatunga pia muziki zaidi ya [[kwateti]] (kwa wapigaji wanne). Hapo alianza kusikia [[umri]] umekwenda, akapaswa kupambana na magonjwa akajitahidi sana kukamilisha kazi zake. Tangu [[1802]] alishindwa kutunga muziki tena. Mwaka [[1808]] alitoka tena katika nyumba kwa maonyesho ya oratori "Uumbaji" yaliyoendeshwa na [[Beethoven]] na [[Salieri]] kwa heshima yake. Alishindwa kukaa hadi mwisho kwa sababu alikosa [[nguvu]]. Aliaga dunia mwisho wa Mei 1809 wakati jeshi la [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] liliposhambulia Vienna. Kati ya maneno yake ya mwisho ni jaribio la kutuliza wafyanyakazi wa nyumbani waliokuwa na [[hofu]] wakisikia [[ngurumo]] wa mizinga ya jeshi la [[Wafaransa]]. Haydn alizikwa ma[[kaburi]]ni na ibada ya kumbukumbu yake ilifanywa baada ya [[uvamizi]] kwisha, tarehe [[15 Juni]] 1809. == Matukio baada ya kifo == Mwaka [[1820]] familia ya Esterhazy ilimkumbuka mtumishi wake wa zamani wakamwandalia kaburi katika kanisa la [[Eisenstadt]] alipowahi kufanya kazi miaka mingi. Wakati wa kuhamisha [[maiti]] yake, [[jeneza]] lilifunguliwa, kumbe [[kichwa]] chake hakikuwepo. Iligunduliwa kwamba wakati wa kumzika mara ya kwanza [[gavana]] wa [[gereza]] la Vienna, Johann Peter, pamoja na [[katibu]] wa zamani wa nyumba ya Esterhazy, Rosenbaum waliwahonga ma[[afisa]] wa [[manispaa]] ya Vienna ili wafungue kaburi kwa [[siri]] siku nane baada ya [[mazishi]] na kumpatia kichwa. Maana hawa watu wawili walikuwa wafuasi wa [[imani]] kuwa [[umbo]] la [[fuvu]] linaonyesha [[tabia]] za [[mtu]], hivi walikusanya mafuvu wakataka kuwa na fuvu la huyu mtu mashuhuri pia. Wakati wa mazishi ya pili fuvu halikupatikana tena, hivyo Haydn alizikwa mara ya pili bila kichwa. Peter na Rosenbaum waliamua kuficha fuvu wakafaulu hata wakati [[polisi]] ilipopekua nyumba zao. Baadaye walimkabidhi mtemi Esterhazy fuvu tofauti lisilokuwa la kweli. Kabla ya kufa Rosenbaum aliacha fuvu kwa Peter katika [[wasia]] wake, kwa ombi la kukipatia fuvu hilo chuo cha muziki Vienna. Lakini Peter na [[mjane]] wa Rosenbaum waliogopa kuonyesha kuwa fuvu lilikuwa bado [[mikono]]ni mwao. Hivyo fuvu la Haydn lilifichwa hadi Peter kabla ya [[kifo]] chake alilikabidhi kwa shirika la marafiki wa muziki wa Vienna lilipotunzwa kuanzia mwaka [[1895]]. Katika [[miaka ya 1930]] mtemi wa Esterhazy alipamba upya kaburi la Haydn katika kanisa la Eisenstadt akatafuta [[kibali]] cha shirika la marafiki wa muziki wa Vienna ili fuvu la Haydn lipelekwe huko. Baada ya [[majadiliano]] marefu walikubali, lakini sasa [[siasa]] na [[vita]] viliingia kati, yaani [[uvamizi]] wa Austria na [[Adolf Hitler]] mwaka [[1938]] na [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]]. Mwishoni fuvu lilipelekwa Eisenstadt mwaka [[1954]] na kuunganishwa na ma[[baki]] mengine ya [[mwili]] wa Haydin katika ibada ya kumkumbuka. Isipokuwa katika jeneza lake lilikuwepo fuvu la [[uongo]] lililopelekwa huko mwaka 1820 na fuvu hilo halikutolewa. Hivyo jeneza la Haydn lina mafuvu mawili. == Imani na maisha ya kiroho == Maisha yake yote Haydin alikuwa [[Kanisa Katoliki|Mkatoliki]] safi na ni imani ya [[dini]] iliyomuongoza sana katika utunzi. Hata alipojisikia kukosa [[ubunifu]] alikuwa akikimbilia [[sala]]. Maandishi yake mengi yanaishia na maneno ya [[Kilatini]], "Laus Deo", yaani, "Sifa kwa [[Mungu]]". == Marejeo == ; Kuhusu maisha yake * {{cite book|title=Haydn: Two Contemporary Portraits|editor-last=Gotwals|editor-first=Vernon, translator and editor | place=Milwaukee | year= 1963 | publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=0-299-02791-0 | last=Dies | first=Albert Christoph | authorlink=Albert Christoph Dies | chapter=Biographical Accounts of Joseph Haydn |ref=harv }} A translation from the original German: "Biographische Nachrichten von Joseph Haydn nach mündlichen Erzählungen desselben entworfen und herausgegeben" ("Biographical accounts of Joseph Haydn, written and edited from his own spoken narratives") (1810). Camesinaische Buchhandlung, Vienna. One of the first biographies of Haydn, written on the basis of 30 interviews carried out during the composer's old age. * {{cite book |last=[[Ludwig Finscher|Finscher]] | first= Ludwig | year=2000|title=Joseph Haydn und seine Zeit|publisher=Laaber-Verlag |place=Laaber|isbn=3-921518-94-6 |ref=harv }} Highly detailed discussion of life and work; in German. * {{cite book|last= Geiringer|first=Karl|authorlink=Karl Geiringer|last2=Geiringer|first2=Irene|title=Haydn: A Creative Life in Music|url= https://archive.org/details/haydncreativelif00geir_0|publisher=University of California|edition=3rd|year=1982|isbn=0-520-04316-2|ref=CITEREFGeiringer1982}} The first edition was published in 1946 with Karl Geiringer as the sole author. * {{cite book|title=Haydn: Two Contemporary Portraits|url=https://archive.org/details/josephhaydneight0000grie|editor-last=Gotwals|editor-first=Vernon, translator and editor | place=Milwaukee | year= 1963 | publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=0-299-02791-0 | last=Griesinger| first=Georg August| authorlink=Georg August Griesinger| chapter=Biographical Notes Concerning Joseph Haydn |ref=harv }} A translation from the original German: "Biographische Notizen über Joseph Haydn" (1810). Leipzig. Like Dies's, a biography produced from interviews with the elderly Haydn. * {{cite book| last=Hadden | first=James Cuthbert | year=2010| title= Haydn|place=London|publisher=Cambridge University Press|edition=Reissue| isbn=1-108-01987-0|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=0IXbsEBrSK0C&pg=PA106|ref=harv }} * {{cite book| last=Hughes | first=Rosemary | year=1970| title= Haydn|place=New York|publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]]|edition=Revised| isbn=0-460-02281-4 |ref=harv }} Originally published in 1950. Gives a sympathetic and witty account of Haydn's life, along with a survey of the music. * Jones, David Wyn (2009a) ''The Life of Haydn''. Oxford University Press. Focuses on biography rather than musical works; an up-to-date study benefiting from recent scholarly research on Haydn's life and times. * Jones, David Wyn (2009b) ''Oxford Composer Companions: Haydn''. Oxford University Press. A one-volume encyclopedia with detailed contributions from many Haydn scholars. * {{cite book|last=Landon | first= H.C. Robbins | year=1976–1980|title=Haydn: Chronicle and Works |url=https://archive.org/details/haydnchroniclewo0005land |place= Bloomington, IN|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-37003-5}} An extensive compilation of original sources in five volumes. * {{cite book|last= Landon |first= H. C. Robbins |authorlink= H. C. Robbins Landon | last2=Jones | first2= David Wyn |title= Haydn: His Life and Music |url= https://archive.org/details/haydnhislifemusi00land |publisher=Indiana University Press |year= 1988 |isbn= 978-0-253-37265-9 |ref=harv }} Biography chapters by Robbins Landon, excerpted from Robbins Landon (1976–1980) and rich in original source documents. Analysis and appreciation of the works by Jones. * {{cite encyclopedia | last=Larsen | first=Jens Peter | year=1980 | encyclopedia=[[New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]] | title=Joseph Haydn |ref=harv }} Published separately as {{cite book | title=The New Grove: Haydn | year=1982 | publisher=Norton | place= New York | isbn=0-393-01681-1 |ref=harv }} * {{cite encyclopedia | last=Webster | first=James | last2=Feder | first2=Georg | year=2001 |title=Joseph Haydn | encyclopedia=[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]] }} Published separately as a book: {{cite book | title=The New Grove Haydn| place=New York | publisher=Macmillan| year=2002| isbn=0-19-516904-2 | ref= CITEREFWebster2002 }} Careful scholarship with little subjective interpretation; covers both life and music, and includes a very detailed list of works. * Geiringer, Karl; Irene Geiringer (1982). Haydn: A Creative Life in Music (3rd ed. ed.). University of [[California]] Press. pp. xii, 403. ISBN 0-520-04316-2. ; Kuhusu kazi zake * {{cite book | last=Brendel | first=Alfred | author-link=Alfred Brendel | year=2001 | chapter=Does classical music have to be entirely serious? | editor-last=Margalit | editor-first=Edna| editor2-last=Margalit | editor2-first=Avishai | title=Isaiah Berlin: A Celebration | pages=193–204| publisher=University of Chicago Press | place=Chicago | isbn=0-226-84096-4 |ref=harv }} On jokes in Haydn and Beethoven. * {{cite book | last=Celestini | first=Federico | year=2010 | chapter=Aspekte des Erhabenen in Haydns Spätwerk | editor-last=Celestini | editor-first=Federico | editor2-last=Dorschel | editor2-first=Andreas | title=Arbeit am Kanon | pages=16–41 | publisher=Universal Edition | place=Vienna | isbn=978-3-7024-6967-2 |ref=harv }} On the sublime in Haydn's later works; in German. * {{cite book | editor-last=Clark | editor-first=Caryl | year=2005 | title=The Cambridge Companion to Haydn | publisher=Cambridge University Press | place=Cambridge | isbn=0-521-83347-7 }} Covers each of the genres Haydn composed in as well as stylistic and interpretive contexts and performance and reception. * {{cite book | last=Griffiths | first=Paul | year=1983 | title=The String Quartet | url=https://archive.org/details/stringquartet0000grif_u7c6 | publisher=Thames and Hudson | place=New York | isbn=0-500-01311-X }} * {{cite book | last=Hughes | first=Rosemary | year=1966 | title=Haydn String Quartets |publisher=BBC | place=London }} A brief (55 page) introduction to Haydn's string quartets. * {{cite book |last=Rosen | first=Charles | author-link=Charles Rosen |title=The classical style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven |url=https://archive.org/details/classicalstyleha00rose |publisher=Norton |location=New York |year=1997 |isbn=0-393-31712-9 | edition=2nd |ref=harv }} First edition published in 1971. Covers much of Haydn's output and seeks to explicate Haydn's central role in the creation of the classical style. The work has been influential, provoking both positive citation and work (e.g., Webster 1991) written in reaction. * Sisman, Elaine (1993) ''Haydn and the classical variation''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-38315-X. * {{cite journal|doi=10.2307/966030|last=Sutcliffe|first=W. Dean|title=Haydn's Musical Personality|journal=[[The Musical Times]]|year=1989|volume=130|issue=1756|pages=341–344|jstor=966030|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Sutcliffe | first=W. Dean |title=Haydn, string quartets, op. 50 |url=https://archive.org/details/haydnstringquart0000sutc |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1992 |isbn=0-521-39103-2 }} Covers not just Op. 50 but also its relevance to Haydn's other output as well as his earlier quartets. * {{cite book | last=Webster | first=James | year=1991| title= Haydn's "Farewell" symphony and the idea of classical style: through-composition and cyclic integration in his instrumental music | publisher=Cambridge University Press | place=Cambridge | isbn=0-521-38520-2 |ref=harv }} This book focuses on a single work, but contains many observations and opinions about Haydn in general. == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|Joseph Haydn}} {{wikiquote}} {{EB9 Poster|Haydn, Joseph|Joseph Haydn}} * [http://www.haydnfestival.at Haydn Festival Eisenstadt] {{Wayback|url=http://www.haydnfestival.at/ |date=20191202102023 }} * Albert Christoph Dies: (German) ''[http://www.donjuanarchiv.at/archiv/bestaende/ernestea-sezzatense/oesterreich/wien/biographische-nachrichten-von-joseph-haydn.html Biographische Nachrichten von Joseph Haydn. Wien: Camesinaische Buchhandlung] {{Wayback|url=http://www.donjuanarchiv.at/archiv/bestaende/ernestea-sezzatense/oesterreich/wien/biographische-nachrichten-von-joseph-haydn.html |date=20090817104156 }}'', 1810. * [http://www.earlymusicworld.com/id26.html Haydn's Late Oratorios: The Creation and The Seasons by Brian Robins] {{Wayback|url=http://www.earlymusicworld.com/id26.html |date=20160603205521 }} * Full text of the biography ''[http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/3788 Haydn]'' by J. Cuthbert Hadden, 1902, from [[Project Gutenberg]]. The end of book contains documentary material including a number of Haydn's letters. Alternatively scanned copy ''[https://archive.org/details/haydn00haddgoog Haydn]'' at archive.org. * {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-91193}} * [http://www.classical.net/music/comp.lst/articles/haydnfj/noroyal.html No Royal Directive: Joseph Haydn and the String Quartet] by [[Ron Drummond]] * [http://www.musicologie.org/Biographies/h/haydn.html ''musicologie.org''], with biography {{fr icon}} * [http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=45&EventId=683 'Haydn – Quartet in F minor, Op.20 No.5'] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=45&EventId=683 |date=20071010110015 }}, Lecture by Professor [[Roger Parker]], with the Badke Quartet, [[Gresham College]], 8 April 2008 (available for video, audio and text download). * [http://www.bachtrack.com/anniversary-200th-haydn Haydn anniversary page on Bachtrack, includes lists of live performances] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bachtrack.com/anniversary-200th-haydn |date=20140820121616 }} === Rekodi za kazi zake === * {{IMSLP|id=Haydn, Joseph}} * {{ChoralWiki|Franz Joseph Haydn}} * [http://kreusch-sheet-music.net/eng/?page=show&query=Joseph%20Haydn&order=op www.kreusch-sheet-music.net] – Free Scores by Haydn * [http://www.mutopiaproject.org/cgibin/make-table.cgi?Composer=HaydnFJ Free scores] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mutopiaproject.org/cgibin/make-table.cgi?Composer=HaydnFJ |date=20210308143257 }} at the [[Mutopia Project]] * {{gutenberg author| id=Haydn+Joseph | name=Joseph Haydn}} * Kunst der Fuge: [http://www.kunstderfuge.com/haydn.htm Franz Joseph Haydn – Hundreds of MIDI files] * [http://www.classicalarchives.com/haydn.html Haydn's page] at [[Classical Archives]] * [http://sounds.bl.uk/Browse.aspx?category=Classical-music&collection=Haydn Haydn Symphonies] {{Wayback|url=http://sounds.bl.uk/Browse.aspx?category=Classical-music&collection=Haydn |date=20120206134307 }} from the British Library Sound Archive * [http://www.sf-media.12hp.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=19%3Ahaydn-complete-pianosonatas&Itemid=6&layout=default&lang=en/ Complete recording of Joseph Haydns Pianosonatas on a sampled Walther Pianoforte] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sf-media.12hp.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=19%3Ahaydn-complete-pianosonatas&Itemid=6&layout=default&lang=en%2F |date=20170329184926 }} * [http://www.sf-media.12hp.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=18%3Ahaydn-complete-pianosonatas&Itemid=5&layout=default&lang=en/ Complete recording of Joseph Haydns Pianosonatas on a sampled Steinway D] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sf-media.12hp.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=18%3Ahaydn-complete-pianosonatas&Itemid=5&layout=default&lang=en%2F |date=20160412161313 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Haydn, Joseph}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1732]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1809]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Austria]] 9xzezn8d2sbm6i0s1mqqnf323dxky1w Saa (ala) 0 71701 1574340 1297809 2026-06-18T04:13:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574340 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:BahnhofsuhrZuerich RZ.jpg|thumbnail|Saa kwenye kituo cha reli Zurich, Uswisi.]] <center><sup>Kwa kizio cha kuhesabu mwendo wa wakati tazama '''[[saa]]'''</sup></center> '''Saa''' ni kifaa kinachonyesha na kupima mwendo wa [[wakati]]. Saa ndogo huvaliwa na watu mkononi au kubebwa mfukoni, saa kubwa huwekwa ukutani au mahali pa juu mjini kwa watu wote kuona. Saa zmo ndani ya mashina na vifaa vingine vyenye kazi ya kutawala miendo yao. Siku hizi vifaa kama simu ya mkononi hufanya kazi ya kuonyesha wakati pia. [[Picha:Surprise Crossing Granite Sundial by Carmichael.jpg|thumbnail|Hii saa ya jua inaonyesha takriban saa mbili na nusu.]] Watu wametazama mwendo wa wakati tangu milenia ya miaka na mwanzoni walitegemea mwendo wa jua jinsi inavyoonekana angani. Katika maeneo mbali kidogo na ikweta mwendo huu unaruhusu kutumia kuangalia mwendo wa kivuli kulingana na mwendo wa jua na hapo ni asili ya [[saa ya jua]]. [[Picha:Egg timer.jpg|thumbnail|80px|right|Saa ndogo ya mchanga unaonyesha dakika 5 kwa upishi wa mayai.]] Mbinu mwingine ulikuwa chombo ambako ama maji au mchanga unapita kutoka chombo cha juu katika shimo ndogo kwenda chombo cha chini. Kutokana na kiwango wa ujazo wa chombo cha chini wakati hupimwa. Mifano ya kwanza ya [[saa ya maji]] inajulikana kutoka [[Misri]]. [[Saa ya mchanga]] hutumiwa hadi leo kwa mfano kwa kushika muda katika upishi. Tangu takriban miaka 600 saa zilibuniwa zisizotegemea tena jua au maji lakini hutumia nguvu ya [[kamani]] iliyoruhusu kupunguza ukubwa na uzito na kupata saa za kubebwa na mtu mfukoni kila anapoenda. Katika karne ya 20 mitambo ya umeme iliunganishwa na saa na seiku hizi saa nyingi huendeshwa kwa nguvu ya umeme wa beteri. Maisha ya kisasa hutegemea saa za elektroniki na [[saa atomia]] zinazopima wakati kikamilifu hadi [[sekunde|nanosekunde]] au chini yake. == Saa ya mkono == Dhana ya saa ya mkono ina historia ndefu toka wakati wa uzalishaji wa saa za mwanzo kabisa katika karne ya 16. [[Malkia Elizabeth I]] wa [[Uingereza]] alipokea saa ya mkono kutoka kwa [[Robert Dudley]] mnamo mwaka wa 1571. Mwaka wa 1775 saa ilipatikana yenye uwezo wa kukaza [[kamani]] yake kwa nishati ya msuko suko wa mkono mtu akitembea na mpaka wa leo inatumika na watu wengi. Saa ya mkono ya zamani kabisa iliyopo hadi hivi sasa (iliyokuwa ikiitwa saa ya bangili) ilitengenezwa mwaka 1806. Mwanzoni saa za mkono zilikuwa zikivaliwa na wanawake tu, wakati wanaume walikuwa wakitumia saa za mfukoni hadi karne ya 20.<ref name="Evolu">{{cite web|url=http://www.vintagewatchstraps.com/wristwatches.html|title=The Evolution of the Wristwatch|accessdate=2018-07-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208200615/http://vintagewatchstraps.com/wristwatches.html|archivedate=2013-12-08}}</ref> [[File:Campaign Watch 1915.jpg|thumb|right|Tangazo la saa iliyotengenezwa na [[Mappin & Webb]] mwaka 1898.]] Saa za mkono zilianza kuvaliwa na wanaume wanajeshi mwisho mwa karne ya 19 kwa ajili ya kupanga vyema vita. Kampuni ya Garstin ya London ilipata hati miliki ya "Watch Wristlet" mwaka 1893, lakini walikuwa wakitengeneza saa miundo kama hiyo tangu miaka ya 1880. Maofisa wa Jeshi la Uingereza walianza kutumia saa za mkonononi wakati wa kampeni ya kijeshi ya kikoloni katika miaka ya 1880, kama vile wakati wa [[Vita ya Anglo-Burma]] ya 1885.<ref name="Evolu" /> Wakati wa [[Vita ya kwanza ya Makaburu]], umuhimu wa kuratibu harakati za vikosi na kusawazisha mashambulizi dhidi ya [[Makaburu]] ulikuwa muhimu sana, na matumizi ya saa za mkono ulianza kuenea miongoni mwa maofisa wa kijeshi. Kampuni ya [[Mappin & Webb]] ilianza uzalishaji wa saa za wanajesho wakati huko Sudan mnamo mwaka 1898 na kuongeza kasi ya uzalishaji wakati wa [[Vita ya Pili ya Makaburu]] miaka michache baadaye. Katika bara la Ulaya kampuni ya [[Girard-Perregaux]] na kampuni nyingine za Uswisi zilianza kutengeneza saa za mkono za maofisa wa jeshi la Ujerumani mwaka 1880. Kawaida saa ubora wa saa unahusishwa na mambo mbalimbali kama vile saa inavyoweza kuzuia maji. Shirika la Kimataifa la Usanifishaji (kwa kifupi ISO) limetoa vipimo maalum vya saa zinavyozuia maji. Saa zaweza kugawiwa katika makundi mawili makuu kuzingatia kizazi; saa za zamani (analog) na saa za kisasa/za [[dijiti]] ambazo ni za [[Elektroni|kielektroni]].<ref>{{Cite Web|url=https://greatwatches.nyc/digital-vs-analog-which-is-better/|title=Digital vs Analog Watch - Which is Better?|author=Great Watches NYC|language=en-US|date=17 March 2018|work=Great Watches NYC|accessdate=10 July 2018|archivedate=2021-07-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726043347/https://greatwatches.nyc/digital-vs-analog-which-is-better/}}</ref> Pia zinaweza kugawiwa katika makundi saba kulingana na mtindo na utenda kazi: * saa za kujiendesha (automatiki) - saa zisizo hitaji betri * saa za kronogilafia ''(chronograph watches) -'' saa zijulikanazo kwa Kingereza kama ''"Stop-Watch"'' za kupimia mda mfupi hasa wakati tendo kama mbio zinafanyika * saa zisizo na mengi ''(minimalist watches)'' - saa zisizo na marembesho mengi * saa za quartz - saa zinazo tumia teknolojia ya quartz * saa za kivazi - saa za kisanaa zinazolenga mvuto wa kipeee * saa za kifahari - saa zenye bei ghali mno zinazoundwa kwa kulenga matajiri na mara nyingi huendana na vitu vya fahari kama magari na simu * saa zinazotumia [[nishati ya jua]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.watkinsr.id.au/david.html Utengenezaji saa za Kimarekani na Kiswisi mwaka 1876] * [http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections/HistoryCultureCollections/SIL-029-015/pdf/SIL-029-015.pdf Kampuni za zamani na sasa za kutengeneza saa Marekani] * [http://www.fhs.ch/ Shirikisho la Kampuni za Saa Uswisi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fhs.ch/ |date=20081112083319 }} * [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/23/fashion/wrist-watches-from-battlefield-to-fashion-accessory.html Historia ya saa toka kwenye uwanja wa vita hadi kwenye mitindo] * [http://www.historyofwatch.com/ Historia ya saa ya mkono na saa ya ukutani] {{tech-stub}} [[jamii:wakati]] [[jamii:vifaa]] hv5j0ved0o4hsyfbi34rtqng2ciy4yy Ubepari 0 72454 1574292 1527687 2026-06-17T23:32:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574292 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Maquina vapor Watt ETSIIM.jpg|thumb|[[Injini]] kama hii, iliyotegemea [[makaa]], ilisukuma [[mapinduzi ya viwanda]] huko [[Britania]].]] [[File:McKinley Prosperity.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Tangazo la ubora wa ubepari.]] [[File:NY stock exchange traders floor LC-U9-10548-6.jpg|thumb|right|[[Soko la hisa]] la [[New York]], [[Marekani]] ([[1963]]).]] '''Ubepari''' ni [[mfumo wa uchumi]] ambamo [[biashara]], [[viwanda]] na [[vitegauchumi]] vingine vinatawaliwa na watu [[binafsi]] kwa kiasi kikubwa na kwa lengo la kupata [[faida]]. Nafasi ya [[serikali]] ni ndogo. Vilevile lengo la kuhudumia [[jamii]] katika mahitaji yake haliongozi mipango.<ref>[http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/capitalism “Capitalism”] {{Wayback|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/capitalism |date=20160827071223 }} ''Oxford Dictionaries''. “capitalism. an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.” Retrieved 4 January 2013.</ref><ref>Chris Jenks. ''Core Sociological Dichotomies''. “Capitalism, as a mode of production, is an economic system of manufacture and exchange which is geared toward the production and sale of commodities within a market for profit, where the manufacture of commodities consists of the use of the formally free labor of workers in exchange for a wage to create commodities in which the manufacturer extracts surplus value from the labor of the workers in terms of the difference between the wages paid to the worker and the value of the commodity produced by him/her to generate that profit.” London, England, UK; Thousand Oaks, California, USA; New Delhi, India: SAGE. p. 383.</ref> Kati ya sifa za ubepari kuna [[ulimbikizaji wa mtaji]], [[ushindani]] katika [[soko huria]] na [[kazi]] zinazolipwa [[mshahara]].<ref>Heilbroner, Robert L. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_C000053 "capitalism."] Durlauf, Steven N.and Lawrence E. Blume, eds., ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics''. 2nd ed. (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008) {{DOI|10.1057/9780230226203.0198}}</ref> Katika mfumo huo, pande zinazokabiliana zinapanga zenyewe [[bei]] kwa [[makubaliano]], bila kuingiliwa na [[mamlaka]] yoyote ya nje.<ref>http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/capitalism "an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market"</ref> Ubepari una viwango tofauti vya [[uhuru]] huo, kadiri ya [[nchi]]:<ref name="Modern Economics 1986, p. 54">''Macmillan Dictionary of Modern Economics'', 3rd Ed., 1986, p. 54.</ref>[[Kiingereza]] kinaainisha [[laissez-faire]] capitalism, [[welfare capitalism]], [[crony capitalism]] na [[state capitalism]].<ref name="Stilwell">Stilwell, Frank. “Political Economy: the Contest of Economic Ideas.” First Edition. Oxford University Press. Melbourne, Australia. 2002.</ref> ==Historia== Kihistoria, ubepari uliwahi kuwepo tangu zamani kwa namna mbalimbali, lakini ulianza kutawala baada ya mifumo ya [[Karne za Kati]] za [[Ulaya]] kupitwa na wakati na [[mapinduzi ya viwanda]] kushika kasi. [[Ubeberu]], [[ukoloni]], halafu [[utandawazi]] vimefanya ubepari uenee duniani kote.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu | year= 2007 | last1= James | first1= Paul | authorlink= Paul James (academic) | last2= Gills | first2= Barry | title= Globalization and Economy, Vol. 1: Global Markets and Capitalism | url= http://www.academia.edu/4199690/Globalization_and_Economy_Vol._1_Global_Markets_and_Capitalism_editor_with_Barry_Gills_Sage_Publications_London_2007 | publisher= Sage Publications | location= London}}</ref> Katika [[karne ya 20]] ubepari ulishindana na mfumo mbadala wa [[ukomunisti]] ambao ulitia mkazo juu ya ma[[jukumu]] ya serikali katika uchumi mpaka kuwanyima wananchi nafasi ya kuwajibika. Hata hivyo, baada ya kushinda,<ref name="britannica">{{cite book |title=Capitalism|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2006}}</ref><ref>James Fulcher, ''Capitalism, A Very Short Introduction'', “In one respect there can, however, be little doubt that capitalism has gone global and that is in the elimination of alternative systems.” p. 99, Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0-19-280218-7.</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu | year= 2007 | last1= James | first1= Paul | authorlink= Paul James (academic) | last2= Gills | first2= Barry | title= Globalization and Economy, Vol. 1: Global Markets and Capitalism | url= http://www.academia.edu/4199690/Globalization_and_Economy_Vol._1_Global_Markets_and_Capitalism_editor_with_Barry_Gills_Sage_Publications_London_2007 | publisher= Sage Publications | location= London | page= xxiii}}</ref>ubepari pia umeingiza uchumi wa dunia katika hali tete, kama ilivyojitokeza mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 21]]. Watetezi wa ubepari wanasisitiza kwamba mfumo huo unaleta [[ustawi wa jamii]] ulio mkubwa kuliko ule unaoletwa na mifumo mingine yoyote, kiasi kwamba hatimaye wote wanafaidika, si ma[[tajiri]] tu.<ref>Friedman, Milton. ''Capitalism and Freedom''. [Chicago]: University of Chicago, 1962.</ref> Critics of capitalism variously associate it with economic instability,<ref>Krugman, Paul, Wells, Robin, ''Economics'', Worth Publishers, New York, (2006)</ref> Wengi wanapinga hoja hiyo kwa kuonyesha [[umati]] unaokosa [[kazi]] na [[huduma]] za msingi kutokana na [[pesa]] kutiwa maanani kuliko [[binadamu]] na [[mazingira]] kutumika kuliko uwezo wake wa kustahimili.<ref name="McMurty 1999">{{cite book |last = McMurty |first = John |title = The Cancer Stage of Capitalism |publisher = [[PLUTO PRESS]] |year = 1999 |isbn = 0-7453-1347-7}}</ref><ref>''The Rise of Capitalism'', 2011. Socialist Standard, no. 1284, August 2011.</ref>. [[Kanisa Katoliki]] limejitokeza kwa namna ya pekee kati ya [[dini]] mbalimbali kukosoa ubepari <ref>[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20090629_caritas-in-veritate_en.html Caritas in veritate paragraph 36]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P8C.HTM#-2FX|title=III. The Social Doctrine of the Church|publisher=The Vatican|accessdate=26 February 2008}}</ref><ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/26/us-pope-document-idUSBRE9AP0EQ20131126 O'Leary, Naomi, "Pope Attacks 'Tyranny' of Markets in Manifesto for Papacy"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/26/us-pope-document-idUSBRE9AP0EQ20131126 |date=20140821090534 }}. ''[[Reuters]]'' (November 2013) Retrieved 30 December 2013.</ref><ref>Zachary A. Goldfarb and Michelle Boorstein (26 November 2013). [http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/pope-francis-denounces-trickle-down-economic-theories-in-critique-of-inequality/2013/11/26/e17ffe4e-56b6-11e3-8304-caf30787c0a9_story.html Pope Francis denounces ‘trickle-down’ economic theories in critique of inequality]. ''[[The Washington Post]].'' Retrieved 26 November 2013.</ref> kama ulivyokosoa na hatimaye kuangusha ukomunisti wa [[Ulaya Mashariki]] ([[1989]]) likiongozwa na [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/apr/04/catholicism.religion13?INTCMP=SRCH |title=The first world leader |publisher=The Guardian |date=4 April 2005 |accessdate=4 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="Associated Press">{{cite web |url=http://www.cjonline.com/stories/101303/pag_pope.shtml |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040404041319/http://www.cjonline.com/stories/101303/pag_pope.shtml |archivedate=2004-04-04 |title=Poles worried, proud of Pope John Paul II 10/13/03 |last=The Associated Press |work=web.archive.org |year=2012 |accessdate=28 January 2012 }}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Marejeo== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Bacher|first=Christian|title=Capitalism, Ethics and the Paradoxon of Self-Exploitation|year=2007|publisher=GRIN Verlag|location=Munich|isbn=978-3-638-63658-2|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=w_6PqBp64y0C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA2|page=2}} * {{cite book |last=De George|first=Richard T.|title=Business Ethics|url=https://archive.org/details/businessethics00dege|year=1986|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York|isbn=978-0-02-328010-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/businessethics00dege/page/104 104]}} * {{cite book |last=Fulcher|first=James|title=Capitalism A Very Short Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/capitalismverysh00fulc_0|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-280218-7}} * {{Rejea kitabu | year= 2007 | last1= James | first1= Paul | authorlink= Paul James (academic) | last2= Gills | first2= Barry | title= Globalization and Economy, Vol. 1: Global Markets and Capitalism | url= http://www.academia.edu/4199690/Globalization_and_Economy_Vol._1_Global_Markets_and_Capitalism_editor_with_Barry_Gills_Sage_Publications_London_2007 | publisher= Sage Publications | location= London}} * {{cite book |last1= Lash|first1=Scott |authorlink1=Scott Lash |last2=Urry|first2= John|authorlink2=John Urry (sociologist) |year= 2000|title= The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology|url= https://archive.org/details/penguindictionar0000aber_f9p8|chapter=Capitalism|edition= 4th|publisher= Penguin Books|location= London|isbn= 978-0-14-051380-6|pages= [https://archive.org/details/penguindictionar0000aber_f9p8/page/36 36]–40|editor1-first= Nicholas|editor1-last=Abercrombie |editor2-first=Stephen |editor2-last=Hill|editor2-link= |editor3-first= Bryan S|editor3-last=Turner |editor3-link=Bryan S. Turner}} * {{cite journal |last1=McCraw |first1=Thomas K.|authorlink= Thomas K. McCraw|date=August 2011 |title= The Current Crisis and the Essence of Capitalism|journal= The Montreal Review|url= http://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/The-current-crisis-and-the-essence-of-capitalism.php|issn= 0707-9656}} * {{cite book |title=Profit Theory and Capitalism|author=Obrinsky, Mark|location=Philadelphia|publisher= University of Pennsylvania Press {{Subscription required|via=[[Questia]]}}|url=http://www.questia.com/read/4995070/profit-theory-and-capitalism|year=1983|page=1|isbn=978-0-8122-7863-7}} * {{cite book |last=Wolf|first=Eric R.|title=[[Europe and the People Without History]]|year=1982|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0-520-04459-3|authorlink=Eric Wolf}} * {{cite book |last=Wood|first=Ellen Meiksins|title=The Origin of Capitalism: A Longer View|year=2002|publisher=Verso|location=London|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FZPyKjVguVoC|isbn=978-1-85984-392-5|authorlink=Ellen Meiksins Wood}} {{Refend}} ==Marejeo mengine== {{Refbegin}} * [[Gar Alperovitz|Alperovitz, Gar]] (2011). ''America Beyond Capitalism: Reclaiming Our Wealth, Our Liberty, and Our Democracy, 2nd Edition.'' Democracy Collaborative Press. ISBN 0984785701 * {{Rejea kitabu |last1= Block |first1= Fred |author1-link= Fred L. Block |last2= Somers |first2= Margaret R. |year= 2014 |title= The Power of Market Fundamentalism: Karl Polyani's Critique |url= https://archive.org/details/powerofmarketfun0000bloc |location= Cambridge, MA |publisher= [[Harvard University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-674-05071-6 |ref= harv }} * {{cite book | last = Harvey | first = David | authorlink = David Harvey | title = Seventeen Contradictions and the End of Capitalism | url = https://archive.org/details/seventeencontrad0000harv_j2i4 | publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] | year = 2014 | isbn = 019936026X}} * {{Rejea kitabu | year= 2007 | last1= James | first1= Paul | authorlink= Paul James (academic) | last2= Patomäki | first2= Heikki | title= Globalization and Economy, Vol. 2: Global Finance and the New Global Economy | url= http://www.academia.edu/4211923/Globalization_and_Economy_Vol._2_Global_Finance_and_the_New_Global_Economy_editor_with_Heikki_Patomaki_Sage_Publications_London_2007 | publisher= Sage Publications | location= London}} * {{Rejea kitabu | year= 2007 | last1= James | first1= Paul | authorlink= Paul James (academic) | last2= Palen | first2= Ronen | title= Globalization and Economy, Vol. 3: Global Economic Regimes and Institutions | url= http://www.academia.edu/4251331/Globalization_and_Economy_Vol._3_Global_Economic_Regimes_and_Institutions_editor_with_Ronen_Palan_Sage_Publications_London_2007 | publisher= Sage Publications | location= London}} * {{cite book | year=2007 | last1= James | first1= Paul | authorlink= Paul James (academic) | last2= O’Brien | first2= Robert | title= Globalization and Economy, Vol. 4: Globalizing Labour | url= http://www.academia.edu/4303461/Globalization_and_Economy_Vol._4_Globalizing_Labour_editor_with_Robert_OBrien_Sage_Publications_London_2007 | publisher= Sage Publications |location=London }} * {{cite book | last = Mander | first = Jerry | authorlink = Jerry Mander | title = The Capitalism Papers: Fatal Flaws of an Obsolete System | url = https://archive.org/details/capitalismpapers0000mand | publisher= Counterpoint | year = 2012 | isbn = 1619021587}} * Mayfield, Anthony. "Economics", in his ''On the Brink: Resource Depletion, Debt Collapse, and Super-technology'' ([Vancouver, B.C.]: On the Brink Publishing, 2013), pp.&nbsp;50–104. ''N.B.'': The author, as well, frequently discusses aspects of economics and capitalism elsewhere (''passim.'') in the book. * {{Rejea kitabu |last1= Musacchio |first1= Aldo |last2= Lazzarini |first2= Sergio G. |year= 2014 |title= Reinventing State Capitalism: Leviathan in Business, Brazil and Beyond |url= https://archive.org/details/reinventingstate0000musa |location= Cambridge, MA |publisher= [[Harvard University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-674-72968-1 |ref= harv }} * Panitch, Leo, and Sam Gindin (2012). ''The Making of Global Capitalism: the Political Economy of American Empire''. London: Verso. ISBN 978-1-84467-742-9 * {{Rejea kitabu |last= Piketty |first= Thomas |authorlink= Thomas Piketty |year= 2014 |title= [[Capital in the Twenty-First Century]] |location= Cambridge, MA |publisher= [[Belknap Press]] |isbn= 067443000X |ref= harv }} * [[Karl Polanyi|Polanyi, Karl]] (2001). ''[[The Great Transformation (book)|The Great Transformation]]: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time.'' [[Beacon Press]]; 2 edition. ISBN 080705643X * [[Paul Craig Roberts|Roberts, Paul Craig]] (2013). ''The Failure of Laissez-faire Capitalism: towards a New Economics for a Full World''. Atlanta, Ga.: Clarity Press. ISBN 978-0-9860362-5-5 * {{cite book | last = Wallerstein| first = Immanuel | authorlink = Immanuel Wallerstein | title = Historical Capitalism | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780860917618| publisher= [[Verso Books]] | year = 1983 | isbn = 0860917614}} * {{cite book | last = Wolff | first = Richard D. | authorlink = Richard D. Wolff | title = Democracy at Work: A Cure for Capitalism | url = https://archive.org/details/democracyatworkc0000wolf | publisher= [[Haymarket Books]] | year = 2012 | isbn = 1608462471}} {{Refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Capitalism}} * {{Rejea kitabu | last =Hessen | first =Robert | author-link =Robert Hessen | title =Capitalism | publisher =[[Library of Economics and Liberty]] | series =[[The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics]] | year =2008 | edition =2nd | url =http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Capitalism.html | isbn =978-0865976658 | oclc = 237794267}} * [http://capitalism.columbia.edu/ Center on Capitalism and Society] at [[Columbia University]] * [http://capitalism.wfu.edu/ Center for the Study of Capitalism] at [[Wake Forest University]] * [http://www.commonwealthclub.org/events/archive/podcast/dr-yaron-brook-and-dr-david-callahan-capitalism-moral-debate-102212 Commonwealth Club of California-Dr. Yaron Brook and Dr. David Callahan: Is Capitalism Moral? A Debate – October 22, 2012] * [http://www.textbooksfree.org/Economics_3_Basic_Characteristics_of_Capitalism.htm Basic Characteristics of Capitalism from textbooksfree.org] {{Wayback|url=http://www.textbooksfree.org/Economics_3_Basic_Characteristics_of_Capitalism.htm |date=20140918052523 }} {{mbegu-uchumi}} [[Category:Uchumi]] [[Category:Siasa]] [[Category:Falsafa]] p40lw814ra5xvxcyjshol070tdn20zk Uchapaji 0 76294 1574233 1527704 2026-06-17T22:16:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574233 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Buchdruck-15-jahrhundert 1.jpg|300px|thumbnail|Matbaa ya [[karne ya 15]]: Fundi anakaza karatasi, wengi hutazama kurasa zilizochapwa tayari]] '''Uchapaji''' ni njia ya kunakili [[maandishi]] na [[picha]] kwa [[karatasi]] au [[loho]] bapa nyingine, hata [[kitambaa]]. [[Vitabu]] na [[magazeti]] vinatengenezwa kwa njia ya uchapaji. Hivyo vinaweza kutolewa kirahisi kwa [[nakala]] nyingi. Kabla ya kupatikana kwa uchapaji vitabu, hati na maandiko yote yalinakiliwa kwa [[mkono]] pekee. Katika [[utamaduni|tamaduni]] mbalimbali [[waandishi]] na wanakili walikuwa ma[[bingwa]] muhimu. Lakini kunakili matini ndefu kama kitabu kulichukua muda mrefu, hata miaka, hivyo vitabu havikupatikana kwa nakala nyingi, pia vilikuwa ghali mno. Tangu kubuniwa kwa uchapaji maandishi yamepatikana kwa wingi tena kwa [[bei]] nafuu. Hii ilisaidia uenezaji wa [[habari]] na [[elimu]] na kusababisha [[mapinduzi]] makuu katika [[historia]] ya [[binadamu]].<ref>Robinson. Andrew 1995. ''The story of writing''. Thames & Hudson, London.</ref><ref>Christin, Anne-Marie (ed) ''A history of writing''. Flammarion, Paris.</ref><ref>Gaur, Albertine 1992. ''A history of writing''. 3rd ed.</ref><ref>Diringer, David 1968. ''The alphabet: a key to the history of mankind''.</ref> ==Mihuri== [[Picha:Cylinder seal Shamash Louvre AO9132.jpg|thumbnail|250px|Mhuri wa mcheduara kutoka Mesopotamia pamoja na nakala yake]] Kitangulizi cha uchapaji kilikuwa matumizi ya [[mhuri|mihuri]]. Mifano ya kwanza inajulikana kutoka [[Mesopotamia]] ambako mihuri yenye [[umbo]] la [[mcheduara]] yalikuwa kawaida. Ma[[jina]], [[nembo]] au [[alama]] nyingine yichimbwa kwenye [[uso]] wa mhuri uliozungushwa baadaye katika kipande cha [[udongo]] wa [[mfinyanzi]] ulio mbichi. Kipande hiki kiliweza kukaushwa na hata kuchomwa baadaye kama ki[[sahani]] kidogo ama kwa [[kitambulisho]] au [[uthibitisho]] wa maandishi juu ya mhuri huu ulioandikwa pia kwa udongo mbichi. Mihuri mingine ilitokea kwa umbo la nembo au uchoraji mdogo uliowekwa kwenye [[pete]]. [[File:Jingangjin part.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Kitabu hiki cha [[Sutra ya almasi]] kutoka [[China]] ni kati ya kwanza cha kuchapishwa kwa kutumia mhuri wa ubao kwa [[ukurasa]] wote]] ==Mhuri wa mbao barani Asia== [[Picha:BibliaPauperum.jpg|thumbnail|<small>[[Teknolojia]] ya Kichina katika [[Ulaya]] karne ya 15: [[Hadithi]] za [[Biblia]] ya picha na matini kidogo ilichongwa katika mihuri ya ubao</small>]] Mnamo mwaka [[200 KK]] [[Wachina]] walianza kunakili maandishi kwa kutumia [[mbao]]. Kila ukurasa, ukiwa pamoja na maandishi yote na picha, uliandaliwa kwa muhuri mmoja. Kwa kazi hii walihitaji sehemu tatu *[[bamba]] la mbao lenye upande mmoja [[tambarare]] kabisa na hapa alama ya mwandishi au picha zilikatwa kwa kuondoa yote ambayo hayakutaka kuonekana, hivyo alama itokeze katika [[msingi]] wake. *[[wino]] yaani [[kiowevu]] kama [[lahamu]] chenye [[rangi]] kinachoweza kupakwa juu ya mhuri na kitakachoonekana vizuri kwenye karatasi/kitambaa tena kwa muda mrefu bila kupotea *[[kitambaa]] chembamba au [[karatasi]] iliyoanza kupatikana katika China kuanzia [[karne 3 KK|karne 3]] au [[Karne ya 2 KK|2 KK]]. Ubao uliwekwa chini, uso juu na wino kupakwa juu ya sehemu zilizotokea juu. Karatasi ikatandikwa juu ya ubao na kupurwa kutoka juu ili wino ifungamiwe kwa karatasi. Baada ya kutoa karatasi maandishi na picha zilionekana kwenye karatasi kama [[taswira]] geu ya muhuri. Hii inamaanisha ya kwamba ilikuwa [[lazima]] kuchonga maandishi na picha kama [[taswira geu]] ili zionekane sawa baada ya kuchapa. Katika maandishi ya [[Kichina]] hakuna [[herufi]] za [[alfabeti]], bali kila [[neno]] ni alama ya pekee. Matini ndefu kwa Kichina ina maneno na hivyo alama tofauti maelfu hata makumi elfu. Michapo ya kwanza iliyotengenezwa kwa teknolojia hii ni picha za ma[[ua]] juu ya kitambaa cha [[hariri]] zilizochapwa takriban mwaka [[200]] [[BK]]. Michapo ya kwanza kwenye karatasi zimehifadhiwa kutoka [[karne ya 7]]. Mnamo [[karne ya 9]] teknolojia ilikomaa na kitabu cha kwanza kilichochapishwa kwa njia hii kinachojulikana ni [[Sutra ya almasi]] ya mwaka [[868]], mkusanyo wa maneno na ma[[fundisho]] ya [[Buddha]]. [[Uzuri]] wa alama na picha ni [[dokezo]] la kwamba [[watungaji]] walikuwa na [[maarifa]] ya muda mrefu, kwa hiyo si kitabu cha kale zaidi kuchapishwa bali kitabu cha kale kilichohifadhiwa kamili hadi leo. Tunajua ya kwamba [[sutra]] za Buddha mamia elfu zilichapishwa kwa njia hii hadi mwaka [[1000]] hivi pamoja na mafundisho ya [[Konfusio]]. [[Fundi]] bora aliweza kuchapisha hadi nakala 2000 ya ukurasa mmoja kila [[siku]]. Mchapaji huu ulienea hadi China, [[Korea]] na [[Vietnam]]. Baadaye ulipokewa na [[Waarabu]] [[Waislamu]] na kutoka kwao hadi Ulaya. Katika nchi ya Korea mafundi walijaribu kufupisha kazi kubwa ya kuchonga ukurasa mzima kwa kuandaa alama mojamoja zilizoweza kuunganishwa baadaye. Walifanya ma[[jaribio]] kwa kutengeneza alama kwa [[kauri sini]], udongo wa kuchomwa (uliovunjika kirahisi), ubao na baadaye pia [[metali]] ya [[shaba]]. Kuna vitabu kadhaa vilivyochapwa kwa njia hii lakini kwa jumla kazi ilikuwa kubwa mno kutokana na idadi kubwa ya alama katika maandishi ya Kichina. <ref name=unesco>Kitabu cha kwanza kilichochapishwa kwa herufi za kusogezeka kilitolewa nchini [[Korea]] kinajulikana kwa jina la [[Jikji]].[http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=22954&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html Memory of the World], unesco.org, iliangaliwa Novemba 2009</ref> Njia ya kuchonga kurasa zote kwa mbao iliendelea kutumiwa hadi [[karne ya 19]] wakati mfumo wa Kiulaya ulifika [[Asia ya Mashariki]]. ==Gutenberg na uchapaji kwa herufi za kusogezeka== [[Picha:Metal movable type.jpg|thumbnail|Mkusanyo wa herufi metalia za kusogezeka alizobuni Gutenberg mnamo 1450]] [[Picha:Gutenberg_Bible_scan.jpg|thumbnail|250px|Ukurasa wa Biblia ya kwanza iliyochapishwa na Gutenberg uonyeshao utangulizi; rangi nyekundu na mapambo yaliongezwa kwa mkono baada ya uchapaji]] [[Picha:Plomb typographie.svg|thumbnail|Chapa au herufi ya kusogezeka "T" kwa uchapaji]] Katika Ulaya teknolojia ya Kichina iliwahi kufika kupitia nchi za Waislamu kuanzia mwaka [[1400]] hivi. Mwanzoni [[wasanii]] walichonga picha za ki[[dini]] zenye maandishi kidogo. Baadaye waliendelea kuchonga vitabu kamili vyenye picha nyingi na matini kidogo. Vitabu hivi vilishindana na michapo ya kwanza iliyotengenezwa kwa teknolijia ya [[herufi za kusogezeka]] iliyoanza mwaka [[1450]] hivi. [[Mwanzilishi]] wa teknolojia hii mpya alikuwa [[fundi dhahabu]] na [[mfanyabiashara]] [[Johannes Gutenberg]] kutoka [[mji]] wa [[Mainz]] katika [[Ujerumani]]. Alibuni njia sawa jinsi walivyowahi Wachina zamani lakini mwandiko wa [[Kilatini]] ulimpa ma[[fanikio]] makubwa zaidi. Kinyume na [[mwandiko wa Kichina]] mwenye alama maelfu [[mwandiko wa Kilatini]] una alama chache kwa [[herufi]] zake, kama 26 pekee. Gutenberg alipambana na ma[[tatizo]] mengi akafanya majaribio mengi hadi kufaulu. [[Metali]] inadumu kuliko ubao ikamwezesha Gutenberg kuandaa ukurasa na kuuchapisha mara maelfu. Aliweka maandishi kwa kuandaa [[herufi metalia]] nyingi alizounganisha kuwa maneno, mistari hadi ukurasa wote. Kwa kuandaa [[kalibu]] kwa kila herufi aliweza kutengeneza herufi nyingi kwa kurudia kumwaga metali ya kuyeyushwa mle na kurudia [[hatua]] hii baada ya kutoa herufi zilizipoa kwa kalibu ileile. Alibuni [[aloi]] ya [[plumbi]] (metali ya risasi), [[stani]] na [[antimoni]] ambayo yote ni metali zinazoyeyuka kwa [[joto]] dogo. Baada ya kupanga herufi na kuzibana kwa ukurasa mzima aliweza kuchapisha ukurasa mara nyingi jinsi ilivyohitajika. Aliweza pia kufungua [[mbano]] wa ukurasa na kutumia herufi kwa kazi nyingine au kutunza ukurasa kwa marudio yaliyotarajiwa. Kazi ya kwanza ya Gutenberg ilikuwa [[Biblia]] ([[1455]] hivi). Imesifiwa kama kazi bora kifundi na kisanii. Gutenberg alibuni pia wino wenye mafuta uliofaa kwa kazi yake kwa sababu ilidumu kuliko wino wa majimaji wa awali. Halafu alibuni [[mashine]] ya [[matbaa]] iliyorahisisha kazi; badala ya kusukuma karatasi juu ya mfano wa ukurasa kwa mkono, mashine ilifanya kazi hii haraka zaidi. Ukurasa uliowahi kuandaliwa kwa herufi katika mistari (Biblia ya Gutenberg ilikuwa na mistari 42 kila ukurasa) ulifungwa katika matbaa upande mmoja, na karatasi ilikweka upande mwingine, halafu pande zote mbili zilikazwa pamoja kwa [[mwendo]] wa mashine. Karatasi ilitolewa, mashine ikafunguliwa, wino kupakwa juu ya herufi na karatasi mpya kuwekwa ndani ya mashine. Mashine iliwezesha uchapaji pande zote mbili za karatasi, kazi iliyoshindikana katika mfumo wa zamani. ==Usambazaji wa matbaa ya Gutenberg== Mwanzoni teknolojia mpya ya Gutenberg ilisambaa polepole. Ma[[hitaji]] ya [[pesa]] yalikuwa mengi, mafundi walihitajika kuandaa kalibu, kuchemsha aloi na kuimwaga katika kalibu, halafu kupanga herufi kwa maneno, mistari na ukurasa wote. Kulikuwa na [[haja]] ya kuandaa [[akiba]] kubwa ya herufi kwa uchapaji wa kitabu kizima. Mwanzoni bei bado ilikuwa juu hata ililingana na bei ya [[muswada]] zilizonakiliwa kwa mkono. Hata hivyo mafundi wengine walimfuata Gutenberg na [[sanaa ya uchapaji]] ilienea Ulaya. * [[1458]] matbaa mjini [[Strassburg]] * [[1464]] huko [[Basel]] * [[1465]] [[Köln]], [[Roma]] * [[1467]] [[Eltville]] * [[1468]] [[Augsburg]] * [[1469]] [[Venisi]] * [[1470]] [[Nuremberg]], [[Paris]] * [[1472]] [[Ulm]] * [[1473]] [[Krakov]], [[Budapest]], [[Hispania]] na [[Uingereza]] * [[1476]] [[Pilsen]] * [[1482]] [[Vienna]] * [[1483]] [[Kroatia]]) * [[1563]] [[Urusi]] * [[1593]] [[Meksiko]] Mnamo 1470 kulikuwa na matbaa 17 na hadi mwaka [[1490]] [[idadi]] iliongezeka kuwa 204. Hadi mwaka [[1500]] ni 252 matbaa na 62 za hizi zilikuwepo ndani ya [[Dola Takatifu la Kiroma]]. [[Wastani]] wa kila [[toleo]] ulikuwa nakala 150 hadi 250 hivi. Sehemu kubwa ilitolewa kwa lugha ya [[Kilatini]], lakini polepole [[chapa]] kilitumiwa pia kwa lugha za kieneo.<ref>Idadi kutoka Wittmann, Reinhard: Geschichte des deutschen Buchhandels, S. 27</ref><ref>Lefebre L & Martin H-J. 1990. ''The coming of the book''. new ed, London.</ref><ref>Martin H-J. 1994. ''The history and power of writing''. Chicago.</ref> ==Athari za matbaa ya Gutenberg katika jamii na utamaduni== Uchapaji kwa herufi za kusogezeka ulikuwa na [[athari]] kubwa katika [[jamii]] na utamaduni wa Ulaya halafu duniani kote. Mnamo mwaka 1500, yaani miaka 50 baada ya Gutenberg kuanza kazi, matbaa za Ulaya zilikuwa zimetoa tayari nakala [[milioni]] 20 ya miandiko mbalimbali. Kitabu kilichokuwa jambo haba sana kilianza kupatikana kwa wingi. Elimu kwa njia ya kujisomea iliyopatikana kwa wanafunzi wachache pekee ilisambaa haraka sana. Mawazo na habari zilizowahi kupitishwa kwa mdomo pekee hasa zilichapishwa sasa zikapatikana haraka kwa watu wengi. Waandishi kadhaa walikuwa mashuhuri haraka. Vitabu vya [[Eramus wa Rotterdam]] viliuzwa kwa nakala 750,000 wakati wa [[maisha]] yake (1469–[[1536]]). Mafundisho ya [[Martin Luther]] yalisambazwa haraka, katika miaka michache baina ya [[1518]] na [[1520]] pekee nakala 300,000 za vijitabu vyake vilichapishwa na kuuzwa. Bila matbaa [[matengenezo ya Kiprotestanti]] yasingepata [[nguvu]] iliyokuwa nayo. Hapo si ajabu kwamba watu wenye [[mamlaka]] waliona teknolojia mpya kuwa [[hatari]]. Viongozi wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na wa [[serikali]] walijaribu kusimamia na kutawala matumizi ya matbaa. Katika miaka ya kwanza hali ya kisiasa katika Ujerumani na [[Italia]] ilikuwa muhimu. Nchi zote mbili zilikuwa sehemu za [[Dola Takatifu la Kiroma]] ambalo hali halisi halikuwa na serikali kuu. Miji mingi ndani yake ilijitawala na swali la kuruhusu kazi ya matbaa ilikuwa juu ya serikali ya kila mji. Ndiyo sababu teknolojia ya matbaa ilienea na kukomaa katika nchi hizi mbili mwanzoni na baadaye haikuwezekana kuifuta tena hata katika nchi nyingine. Hata hivyo serikali za nchi kadhaa zilifaulu kulazimisha [[udhibiti]] mkali wa vitabu - ila tu nchi nyingine ziliendelea haraka zaidi kwa sababu ilionekana ya kwamba usambazaji wa ma[[wazo]] ulisaidia sana [[maendeleo]] ya [[uchumi]] na utamaduni. Ndiyo pia sababu mojawapo muhimu kwa nchi za Ulaya kufikia hali ya juu duniani na kuzipita nchi za Waislamu na Asia. Hadi wakati wa Gutenberg utamaduni wa Waislamu na nchi za Asia Mashariki uliongoza duniani katika [[uzalishaji]] wa [[bidhaa]] nyingi, [[utajiri]] na mafanikio mengi. Lakini serikali ya [[sultani]] [[Beyazid II]] katika [[Milki ya Osmani]] mwaka [[1485]] ilikataza uzalishaji wa vitabu kwa matbaa kwa Waislamu. [[Amri]] hiyo ilirudiwa mwaka [[1515]] na Sultani [[Selim]]. <ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PvwUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA803&dq=Islam+block+printing&as_brr=3&ei=QTncS9WLKp2WyAS2yPnGCQ&cd=7#v=onepage&q&f=false "Matbaa", katika The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Fascicules 111-112 : Masrah Mawlid, Brill 1989, uk.795, google booksearch 20-04-2015]</ref> Vibali vilitolewa kwa matbaa pekee zilizohudumia jumuiya za wasio Waislamu kama [[Wayahudi]] na [[Wakristo]]. Kitabu cha kwanza kilichopigwa chapa huko [[Konstantinopoli]] kilitolewa mwaka [[1497]] kwa lugha ya [[Kiebrania]] kikiwa na maelezo ya [[Torati]]. <ref>[http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=397 The First Book Printed in the Ottoman Empire ]</ref> lakini uchapaji wa [[alfabeti ya Kiarabu]] ulipigwa [[marufuku]] hadi mwaka [[1729]]. ==Matbaa ya kuzunguka na nguvu ya mvuke== [[Picha:Hoe's six-cylinder press.png|thumbnail|300px|Matbaa ya Hoe, mnamo 1864]] Kimsingi teknolojia ya Gutenberg ilifuatwa na kuendelezwa kwa [[karne]] mbili hadi kubuniwa na mashine ya uchapaji ya kuzunguka. Hapo kurasa za chapa zilipangwa juu ya [[mcheduara]] uliozunguka na karatasi ilipitishwa chini ya [[mzunguko]] wake. Wino ulipakwa mfululizo juu ya herufi na karatasi iliingizwa ama karatasi kwa karatasi au mfululizo kutoka [[msokoto]] wa karatasi. Mashine hizi ziliendeshwa kwa nguvu ya [[mashine ya mvuke]], baadaye [[injini]] za [[umeme]]. Teknolojia hiyo ilibuniwa na Mjerumani [[Friedrich Koenig]] hadi mwaka [[1818]]. Alihamia [[London]] akishirikiana na [[Mwingereza]] [[Thomas Bensley]]. Mwaka [[1843]] [[mbinu]] hiyo iliboreshwa tena na Mwingereza [[Richard March Hoe]]. Hii iliwezesha hasa ma[[gazeti]] kutolewa kwa nakala [[elfu]]elfu na kwa bei nafuu. [[Picha:WAZDruckhausEssen029.jpg|300px|thumbnail|Mabapa ya uchapaji katika mashine kubwa ya offset ya kuchapia gazeti]] ==Uchapaji wa offset na mwisho wa herufi za kusogezeka== Wakati wa [[karne ya 20]] njia mpya ya uchapaji ilibuniwa iliyozidi kuboreshwa na hatimaye kuchukua nafasi ya herufi za kusogezeka. Leo hii vitabu na magazeti mengi kabisa duniani hutengenezwa kwa uchapaji wa [[offset]]. Hapo picha ya ukurasa wote inachomwa kwenye bapa la metali (mara nyingi [[alumini]]). Uso wa alumini unaandaliwa ili sehemu zinazotakiwa kuchapwa zipokee wino, lakini sehemu ambazo hazitakiwi kuonekana zinapokea [[unyevu]] wa [[maji]] na hivyo wino haushiki hapo. Bapa linabanwa katika mashine ya uchapaji, wino kupakwa kwenye bapa kwa kila mzunguko wa mashine, na picha ya ukurasa uliochomwa kwenye metali linanakiliwa kwenye [[blanketi]] la [[mpira]] linalozunguka pia. Kutoka mpira wino unabanwa juu ya karatasi na picha ya ukurasa ulioandaliwa sasa ni ukurasa uliochapishwa. Awali picha ya ukurasa ilipigwa kwa [[kamera]] halafu kupelekwa kwenye bapa ya uchapaji. Leo hii ukurasa unaandaliwa katika [[kompyuta]] na kupelekwa moja kwa moja katika mashine ya uchapaji. Matbaa za herufi ya kusogezeka bado zinatumiwa mahali pachache na wasanii na mafundi wanaotengeneza michapo ya pekee au ya kisanii. ==Uchapaji wa tarakimu== Katika miaka ya nyuma uchapaji kwa kutumia [[printa]] ndogo pamoja na kompyuta umezidi kuwa muhimu. [[Gharama]] za nakala ni ya juu kuliko offset lakini gharama za maandalizi ya chapo ni ndogo. [[Printa za leza]] zinapuliza [[unga]] wa wino juu ya karatasi na rangi inashika sehemu ambako printa imeonyesha uga la [[sumaku]] kuwa mahali pa herufi au picha, baadaye unga unafungwa imara kwenye karatasi kwa njia ya joto. ===Dereva za uchapaji=== Unapoweka printa kwa tarakilishi yako, huwa kwa kawaida waitishwa kuweka dereva za uchapaji (printer drivers) . Hizo ni programu ambazo zinakusaidia kuwasiliana na mashine ile. Kulingana na maelezo ya [[Wikipedia ya Kiingereza]], dereva za uchapaji hugeuza data ili iwe kati hali au mfumo ambao printa itaweza kupiga chapa bila ya tatizo lolote. Kazi ya dereva hizo ni kuwezesha tarakilishi kupiga chapa bila kuzingatia muundo wa printa yenyewe. Programu hizi huenda ukapewa wakati unanunua mashine yako ya printa au ukapata kwa wavuti za mitandao zinazoshughulika na mambo ya chapa. ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== *{{cite book | first = Gill | last = Saunders |author2=Miles, Rosie | title = Prints Now: Directions and Definitions | url = https://archive.org/details/printsnowdirecti0000saun | publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum | date = May 1, 2006 | isbn = 1-85177-480-7 }} * Lafontaine, Gerard S. (1958). ''Dictionary of Terms Used in the Paper, Printing, and Allied Industries''. Toronto: H. Smith Paper Mills. 110 p. *{{cite book | first = Alexander | last = Nesbitt | title = The History and Technique of Lettering | url = https://archive.org/details/historytechnique0000nesb | publisher=Dover Books | year = 1957 }} *{{cite book | last = Steinberg | first = S.H. | title = Five Hundred Years of Printing | url = https://archive.org/details/fivehundredyears00stei_0 | location = London and Newcastle | publisher=The British Library and Oak Knoll Press | year = 1996 }} *{{cite book | last = Gaskell | first = Philip | title = A New Introduction to Bibliography | url = https://archive.org/details/newintroductiont0000gask | location = Winchester and Newcastle | publisher=St Paul's Bibliographies and Oak Knoll Press | year = 1995 }} *[[Elizabeth L. Eisenstein]], ''The Printing Press as an Agent of Change'', Cambridge University Press, September 1980, Paperback, 832 pages, ISBN 0-521-29955-1 *[[Marshall McLuhan]], ''The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man'' (1962) Univ. of Toronto Press (1st ed.); reissued by Routledge & Kegan Paul ISBN 0-7100-1818-5 *Tam, Pui-Wing ''The New Paper Trail'', ''The Wall Street Journal Online'', February 13, 2006 Pg.R8 *{{Rejea jarida |last=Tsien |first=Tsuen-Hsuin |authorlink=Tsien Tsuen-hsuin |series=Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology |volume= 5 part 1|title=Paper and Printing|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1985 |ref=harv |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}} *Woong-Jin-Wee-In-Jun-Gi No. 11 Jang Young Sil by Baek Sauk Gi. Copyright 1987 Woongjin Publishing Co., Ltd. Pg. 61. '''On the effects of Gutenberg's printing''' '''Early printers manuals''' The classic manual of early hand-press technology is *{{Rejea jarida | first = Joseph | last = Moxon | title = Mechanick Exercises on the Whole Art of Printing | url = https://archive.org/details/mechanickexercis0000moxo_j6c3 | date= 1683–84 | edition = ed. Herbert Davies & Harry Carter. New York: Dover Publications, 1962, reprint | postscript = <!--None--> | ref = harv }} :A somewhat later one, showing 18th century developments is *{{Rejea jarida | first = Caleb | last = Stower | title =The Printer's Grammar | year= 1808 | edition = London: Gregg Press, 1965, reprint | postscript = <!--None--> | ref = harv }} == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.printinghistory.org/htm/misc/links.html American Printing History Association] {{Wayback|url=http://www.printinghistory.org/htm/misc/links.html |date=20060209034733 }} - numerous links to online resources and other organizations *[http://www.gutenberg-museum.de/index.php?id=19&language=e The development of book and printing]. English website of the Gutenberg-Museum Mainz (Germany) *[http://www.planet-typography.com/directory/histoire.html Planet Typography - history of printing] - selection of international sites dedicated to the history of printing *[http://glossary.ippaper.com/default.asp?req=knowledge/category/1&catitemid=1 Learn about printing] {{Wayback|url=http://glossary.ippaper.com/default.asp?req=knowledge%2Fcategory%2F1&catitemid=1 |date=20070704072202 }}—International Paper *[http://www.bpsnet.org.uk BPSnet] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bpsnet.org.uk/ |date=20150201161645 }} - The website of the British Printing Society *[http://www.childrenofthecode.org/Tour/c5/davinci.htm Children of the Code - Online Video: The DNA of Science, The Alphabet and Printing] {{Commons category|Printing}} *[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/94303/rec/1 Prints & People: A Social History of Printed Pictures], an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF) *[http://www.hss.ed.ac.uk/chb Centre for the History of the Book] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hss.ed.ac.uk/chb |date=20080624072331 }} *[http://www.childrenofthecode.org/Tour/c5/davinci.htm Children of the Code – Online Video: The DNA of Science, The Alphabet and Printing] *[http://www.planet-typography.com/directory/histoire.html Planet Typography – history of printing] – selection of international sites dedicated to the history of printing *[http://www.gain.net Printing Industries of the Americas] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gain.net/ |date=20190824121828 }} – national trade association for printers and companies in the graphic arts *[http://printwiki.org/ Printwiki] *[http://www.gutenberg-museum.de/index.php?id=19&language=e The development of book and printing]. English website of the Gutenberg-Museum Mainz (Germany) *[http://www.bpsnet.org.uk BPSnet British Printing Society] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bpsnet.org.uk/ |date=20150201161645 }} *[http://www.culture.tw/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1964&Itemid=157 Taiwan Culture Portal: Ri Xing Type Foundry－ preserving the true character of Chinese type] {{Wayback|url=http://www.culture.tw/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1964&Itemid=157 |date=20110524122807 }} *[http://digitalcollections.library.ubc.ca/cdm/landingpage/collection/mathison A collection of printing materials from the 19th Century] – Documents printed by R. Mathison Jr., The Job Printer, in Vancouver, B.C. - UBC Library Digital Collections *[http://www.printmuseum.org/ International Printing Museum, Carson, CA, Web site] *[http://www.museumofprinting.org/ Museum of Printing, Andover, MA, Web site] [[Jamii:magazeti]] [[Jamii:teknolojia|U]] [[Jamii:vitabu]] 9pzcjrtkygr7ir02gpb5qocismzav94 Ufeministi 0 76753 1574182 1527745 2026-06-17T21:19:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574182 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:8marchrallydhaka (55).JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Maandamano]] katika [[Sikukuu ya Kimataifa ya Wanawake]] huko [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]], tarehe [[8 Machi]] [[2005]].]] [[File:Femen 1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Kikosi cha Femen ni Wafeministi wenye [[itikadi kali]].]] '''Ufeministi''' (kutoka [[mzizi]] wa [[Kilatini]] ''femina'', yaani ''wa kike''; kwa [[Kifaransa]] ''féminisme'' linamaanisha '''harakati ya ukombozi wa wanawake‎''') ni [[jina]] linalojumlisha aina nyingi za misimamo, itikadi na [[tapo|matapo]] tofautitofauti yanayochanga [[lengo]] kuu la kutetea [[haki za wanawake]] dhidi ya [[ubaguzi wa jinsia]] uliotawala [[dunia]] kwa muda mrefu sana upande wa [[siasa]], [[uchumi]], [[utamaduni]], [[dini]] na [[jamii]] kwa jumla.<ref name="Hawkesworth">{{Rejea kitabu |author=Hawkesworth, M.E.|title=Globalization and Feminist Activism |url=https://archive.org/details/globalizationfem0000hawk|year=2006|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |pages=[https://archive.org/details/globalizationfem0000hawk/page/25 25]–27 |isbn=9780742537835}}</ref><ref name="Beasley">{{Rejea kitabu |author=Beasley, Chris.|title=What is Feminism? |url=https://archive.org/details/whatisfeminismin0000beas|year=1999|publisher=Sage |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/whatisfeminismin0000beas/page/3 3]–11 |isbn=9780761963356}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu |author=hooks, bell.|title=Feminism is for Everybody: Passionate Politics |year=2000|publisher=Pluto Press |isbn=9780745317335}}</ref> Wafuasi wa nadharia hii wanashikilia kwamba, pana haja ya kuwa na usawa wa kijinsia licha ya kuwapo kwa tofauti za kimaumbile. <ref>K.E. Kipyegon, uk.7</ref> Kati ya haki hizo za msingi, ufeministi umepigania kwa mfano zile za [[kupiga kura]], kupata [[serikali|vyeo serikalini]], kufanya [[kazi]], kulipwa [[mshahara]], [[mali|kumiliki]], kupata [[malezi]], kufanya [[mkataba|mikataba]] sawa na [[wanaume]] n.k. Ufeministi umepinga pia [[ubakaji]] wa aina zote.<ref name="Echols">{{Rejea kitabu |last=Echols |first=Alice |authorlink=Alice Echols |title=Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967–1975 |url=https://archive.org/details/daringtobebadrad0000echo |year=1989 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |location=Minneapolis |isbn=0-8166-1787-2}}</ref> Ufeministi ni kati ya matapo yaliyochangia zaidi mabadiliko katika jamii.<ref name="Messer-Davidow">{{Rejea kitabu |author=Messer-Davidow, Ellen |title=Disciplining Feminism: From Social Activism to Academic Discourse |url=https://archive.org/details/discipliningfemi0000mess |year=2002 |publisher=Duke University Press |location=Durham, [[North Carolina|N.C.]] |isbn=0-8223-2843-7}}</ref> ==Historia== Katika historia harakati za kudai haki za wanawake zilianza katika [[Ulaya]] wakati haki za binadamu zilipoanza kutangazwa, ambazo awali zilijadiliwa kwa wanaume pekee. Harakati ya kuwapa wanawake haki za kupiga kura kwenye uchaguzi wa kisiasa ilikuwa [[kampeni]] ya awali kuanzia [[karne ya 19]], lakini hasa [[karne ya 20|ya 20]]. ==Mikondo tofauti ya ufeministi leo== [[File:Feminism symbol.svg|thumb|Alama ya ufeministi mkali]] Mgawanyiko umeanza kujitokeza kati ya wale wanaotaka wanawake wafanane kabisa na wanaume na wale wanaoona umuhimu wa kutunza upekee wa mwanamke katika uhusiano wa kukamilishana na mwanamume. Kwa mfano: * wengine husema wanaume na wanawake wanapaswa kutendewa sawa katika mambo yote. Wanadhani [[hoja]] ya [[jadi]] kuwa wanawake wana kazi ya kutunza nyumba na kuangalia watoto si sawa: wanawake na wanaume wanapaswa kushiriki katika shughuli zote sawasawa. * wengine hukubali kuna tofauti muhimu kati ya jinsia lakini tofauti hizo zisiruhusiwe kuwapa wanaume [[kipaumbele]]. Kama wanawake wanapendelea kukaa nyumbani na kuangalia watoto ni sawa, lakini wasilazimishwe kufanya hivyo, nao wanapaswa kupata namna ya [[malipo]] kwa kazi hiyo ama sehemu ya ma[[pato]] ya familia au pia haki za malipo ya [[pensheni]] kutoka [[serikali]] kwa wakati wa [[uzee]] kwa ajili ya miaka waliyoitumia kwa [[kazi ya nyumbani]]. * wengine husema jamii imepokea utaratibu wake kutokana na mapenzi ya wanaume, hivyo ni lazima kuwa na aina ya [[mapinduzi]] katika jamii. * kuna wafuasi wa ufeministi wanaoamini ya kwamba hakuna tofauti za maana kati ya jinsia lakini wengine hufundisha kuwa wanawake ni tofauti kabisa na wanaume, na ni muhimu watoe mchango wao wa pekee. Kuna namna nyingi za kueleza tofauti katika itikadi ya ufeministi lakini hiai hapa ndizo tatu kubwa: '''Ufeministi wa kitamaduni''' - Hii ni aina ya ufeministi ambayo inaangazia ubaguzi katika kawaida ya jamii. Ndio wanoataka utamaduni uthamini hulka za wanawake kuliko ilivyo sasa. Kwa mfano hawa wanaweza kusema wanawake wanachukuliwa vibaya katika vyeo vya juu kutokana na wanaume. '''Ufeministi wa uhuru''' - Hii ni aina ya ufeministi ambayo inaangazia haki za wanawake za kufanya usawa na wanaume hasa. Ndio wanaotaka sheria iruhusu yote yanayoruhusiwa tayari kwa wanaume. Kwa mfano haki za kupiga kura, za kuwania wadhifa wa siasa, au kuvaa mavazi yoyote. '''Ufeministi mkali (radical feminism)''' - Hii ni aina ya ufeministi dubwana kupita nyingine inayodai kwamba hakuna tofauti kati ya wanaume na wanawake ila zile zinazofundishwa na jamii. Kwa mfano, kulingana na itikadi hii, tabia kati ya jinsia siyo ya kibiolojia bali ni ya mafunzo tu. Wafausi hao wanaamini tofauti hizi zipo ili wanaume waweze kudhulumu wanawake. == Tanbihi == {{Reflist|30em| refs}} == Marejeo == * {{cite book | last = Assiter | first = Alison | author-link = Alison Assiter | title = Pornography, feminism, and the individual | url = https://archive.org/details/pornographyfemin0000assi | publisher = Pluto Press | location = London Winchester, Mass | year = 1989 | isbn = 9780745303192 }} * {{cite book |last=DuBois |first=Ellen Carol |title=Harriot Stanton Blatch and the Winning of Woman Suffrage |url=https://archive.org/details/harriotstantonbl0000dubo |year=1997 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, Conn. |isbn=0-300-06562-0}} * {{cite book |last=Flexner |first=Eleanor |title=Century of Struggle: The Woman's Rights Movement in the United States |url=https://archive.org/details/century_fle_1996_00_7206 |publisher=The Belknap Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-674-10653-6}} * {{cite book |authorlink=Robin Truth Goodman |last=Goodman |first=Robin Truth |title=Feminist Theory in Pursuit of the Public: Women and the 'Re-Privatization' of Labor |url=https://archive.org/details/feministtheoryin0000good |location=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2010}} * Hewlett, Sylvia Ann (1986). ''A Lesser Life: the Myth of Women's Liberation in America''. First ed. New York: W. Morrow and Co. ISBN 0-688-04855-2 * Lyndon, Neil (1992). ''No More Sex Wars: the Failures of Feminism''. London: Mandarin, 1993, cop. 1992. ISBN 0-7493-1565-2 * {{cite journal |doi=10.1353/jowh.2004.0036 |title='In Labor Alone is Happiness': Women's Work, Social Work, and Feminist Reform Endeavors in Wilhelmine Germany—A Transatlantic Perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-womens-history_2004_16_4/page/127 |year=2004 |last1=Schroder |first1=Iris |last2=Schuler |first2=Anja |journal=Journal of Women's History |volume=16 |pages=127–47}} * Richard, Janet Radcliffe (1980). ''The Sceptical Feminist: a Philosophical Enquiry'', in series, ''Pelican Books''. Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin Books, 1982, cop. 1980. Without ISBN * {{cite journal |doi=10.1080/09699089800200034 |title=The archigenderic territories: Mansfield park and a handful of dust |year=1998 |last1=Mathur |first1=Piyush |journal=Women's Writing |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=71–81}} * Mitchell, Brian (1998). ''Women in the Military: Flirting with Disaster''. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing. xvii, 390 p.&nbsp;0-89526-376-9 * {{cite book |last=Stansell |first=Christine |title=The Feminist Promise: 1792 to the Present |url=https://archive.org/details/feministpromise10000stan |year=2010 |isbn= 978-0-679-64314-2 }} * Steichen, Donna (1991). ''Ungodly Rage: the Hidden Face of Catholic Feminism''. San Francisco, Calif.: Ignatius Press. ISBN 0-89870-348-4 * {{cite book |last1=Stevens |first1=Doris |last2=O'Hare |first2=Carol |title=Jailed for Freedom: American Women Win the Vote |url=https://archive.org/details/jailedforfreedom00stev |year=1995 |publisher=NewSage Press |location=Troutdale, OR |isbn=0-939165-25-2}} * {{cite book |last=Wheeler |first=Marjorie W. |title=One Woman, One Vote: Rediscovering the Woman Suffrage Movement |url=https://archive.org/details/onewomanonevoter00spru |year=1995 |publisher=NewSage Press |location=Troutdale, OR |isbn=0-939165-26-0}} * {{cite web |title=Interface volume 3 issue 2: Feminism, women's movements and women in movement |url=http://www.interfacejournal.net/2011/12/interface-volume-3-issue-2-feminism-womens-movements-and-women-in-movement/ |date=December 13, 2011}} == Viungo vya nje == {{commons|Feminism}} * [http://www.feminist.com/resources/links/ Feminist.com directory] * [http://www.feministvoices.com/ Psychology's Feminist Voices] * [http://majumbeni.blogspot.de/p/utafiti.html 4. NADHARIA YA UFEMINISTI ( Mtazamo wa kike)] (blogu ya "Mwalimu wa Kiswahili" * [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-topics/ ''Topics in Feminism''], at the [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] * [http://personality-testing.info/tests/FPS.php Feminist Perspectives Scale] {{Wayback|url=http://personality-testing.info/tests/FPS.php |date=20160828032933 }} * [http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=78523 ''Early Video on the Emancipation of Women''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=78523 |date=20111125151820 }}, documentary filmed ca. 1930, which includes footage from the 1890s * [http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/ Documents from the Women's Liberation Movement] {{Wayback|url=http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/ |date=20111010135158 }}, Special Collections Library, Duke University *[http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/59779/Kipyegon_Nafasi%20na%20utambulisho%20wa%20mwanamke%20katika%20natala%20na%20kifo%20kisimani.pdf?sequence=4 Keter Ebrahim Kipyegon, Nafasi na utambulisho wa mwanamke katika Natala na Kifo, Nairobi 2013 (inajadili kwa upana ufeministi katika fasihi)] *[http://www.hawa.or.tz/introduction Tovuti ya shirika lisilo la serikali la “Haki za Wanawake na Maendeleo”] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hawa.or.tz/introduction |date=20150316142207 }} *[http://www.tzonline.org/pdf/serayamaendeleoyawanawakenajinsia.pdf Sera ya maendeleo ya wanawake na jinsia, Wizara ya maendeleo ya jamii, wanawake na watoto, Dar es Salaam mwaka 2000] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tzonline.org/pdf/serayamaendeleoyawanawakenajinsia.pdf |date=20150927043800 }} {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Jinsia]] [[Jamii:Haki za binadamu]] [[Jamii:Sheria]] e2v839whj1gmgfzjjql5vuei7wgl695 Mti wa uzima 0 81050 1574114 1506686 2026-06-17T15:22:23Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574114 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:The Fall of Man by Lukas Cranach.jpg|thumb|''Anguko la mtu'' lilivyochorwa na [[Lucas Cranach]] katika [[karne ya 16]], mti wa uzima ukiwepo upande wa [[kushoto]] karibu na mti wa ujuzi wa mema na mabaya.]] '''Mti wa uzima''' (kwa [[Kiebrania]] עֵץ הַֽחַיִּים, ''Etz haChayim,'') ni mfano unaotumiwa na [[Biblia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=world tree|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/648638/world-tree|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.|author=Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online|year=2013}}</ref> Katika [[kitabu cha Mwanzo]], ''mti wa uzima'' unapatikana katika mstari 2:9 kama [[mti]] uliopandwa na [[YHWH]] [[Elohim]] (יְהוָה אֱלֹהִים) karibu na [[mti wa ujuzi wa mema na mabaya]] (עֵץ הַדַּעַת) "katikati ya [[bustani]] ya [[Eden]]".<ref>{{harvnb|Mettinger|2007|pp=5–11}}</ref> Katika 3:24 imeandikwa kwamba baada ya [[dhambi ya asili]] [[kerubi]] analinda njia inayofikia mti wa uzima. [[Kitabu cha Mithali]] kinatumia jina hilo mara nne (3:18, 11:30, 13:12 na 15:4). Hatimaye [[Kitabu cha Ufunuo]] kinatumia [[Misemo|usemi]] wa [[Kigiriki]] ''ξύλον (τῆς) ζωής'', ''xylon (tēs) zōës'', mara nne vilevile (2:7, 22:2, 22:14 na 22:19. [[File:Chotyniec4.jpg|thumb|[[Milango ya kifalme]] iliyochongwa kudokeza mti wa uzima, [[Chotyniec]], [[Polandi]].]] Kwa kawaida [[Wakristo]] wamechukua usemi huu kama wa [[fumbo]] kwa [[msalaba wa Yesu]]. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.entheomedia.org/datura_gallery.htm Entheomedia.org] {{Wayback|url=http://www.entheomedia.org/datura_gallery.htm |date=20181001121259 }} * [http://www.cresourcei.org/symbols/chrismon.html Chrismons and fleur de lis] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cresourcei.org/symbols/chrismon.html |date=20130911073437 }} * [http://ancientegypt.hypermart.net/treeoflife/ Ancient Egypt, the tree of life] * [http://www.digital-brilliance.com/kab/nok/q1.txt Colin Low's Notes on Kabbalah - The Tree of Life] {{Wayback|url=http://www.digital-brilliance.com/kab/nok/q1.txt |date=20160303182516 }} * [http://www.donmeh-west.com/index.shtml Donmeh West] {{Wayback|url=http://www.donmeh-west.com/index.shtml |date=20081202031024 }} * [http://www.kheper.net/topics/Kabbalah/Kabbalah.htm Kheper's Kabbalah Page] * [http://www.workofthechariot.com/TextFiles/Translations-SY-Ezra.html Work of the Chariot] * [http://www.fotthewuk.co.uk/newperspective/NewPerspective.html The Isometric Sephiroth: The Forgotten Correspondences] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fotthewuk.co.uk/newperspective/NewPerspective.html |date=20160303204122 }} * [http://www.psyche.com/psyche/tree/tree.html Etz Hhaim: The Tree of Life: The Original Tree of the Sepher Yetsira] * {{cite book|last=Mettinger|first=Tryggve|title=The Eden Narrative: A Literary and Religio-historical Study of Genesis 2-3|url=https://archive.org/details/edennarrativelit0000mett|year=2007|publisher=Eisenbrauns|isbn=9781575061412|author-link=Tryggve Mettinger|ref=harv}} {{mbegu-Biblia}} [[Category:Biblia]] [[Category:Teolojia]] qv9aerr89nl4u230hpzhntq6o9fq505 Polisi 0 81452 1574213 1323587 2026-06-17T21:50:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574213 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:HH Polizeihauptmeister MZ.jpg|thumb|[[Askari polisi]] wa [[Ujerumani]].]] '''Polisi''' (kutoka [[neno]] la [[Kiingereza]] ''police'' lilikopwa kutoka [[Kifaransa]] ''police''<ref>{{cite web|title=Police|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/146823|website=Oxford English Dictionary|accessdate=4 February 2015}}</ref> ambalo awali lilikuwa la [[Kilatini]] ''politia'',<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dpolitia politia], Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, ''A Latin Dictionary'', on Perseus Digital Library</ref> na kabla yake tena la [[Kigiriki]] πολιτεία, ''politeia'', "uraia, usimamizi, ustaarabu wa mjini".<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpolitei%2Fa πολιτεία], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus Digital Library</ref> Msingi ni neno πόλις, ''polis'', "mji".<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpo%2Flis πόλις], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus Digital Library</ref>) ni [[idara]] ya [[serikali]] ambayo lengo lake ni kutekeleza [[sheria]] za nchi,<ref>{{cite book| last =Walker| first =Samuel| title =A Critical History of Police Reform: The Emergence of Professionalism| url =https://archive.org/details/criticalhistoryo0000walk| publisher =Lexington Books| year =1977| location =Lexington, MT| page =[https://archive.org/details/criticalhistoryo0000walk/page/n162 143]| isbn = 978-0-669-01292-7}}</ref> kulinda [[mali]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Siegel |first=Larry J. |title=Criminolgy |url=https://archive.org/details/criminolgy00larr |pages=515, 516 |publisher=Thomson Wadsworth |year=2005}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=PRmhu3M2jv8C&pg=PA515&lpg=PA515&dq=police+american+colonies&source=web&ots=Dxk8AuzQR6&sig=KokKB0NmB0Gs5DWxF3Jl3OhQQcI&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result Google Books Search]</ref> kudumisha usalama na kupunguza [[vurugu]], kutokomeza vifo visivyokuwa vya lazima, pamoja na kuokoa mali.<ref>{{cite book| last =Neocleous| first =Mark| title =Fabricating Social Order: A Critical History of Police Power| publisher =Pluto Press| year =2004| location = | pages =93–94| isbn = 978-0-7453-1489-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title =The Role and Responsibilities of the Police|publisher =[http://www.psi.org.uk/ Policy Studies Institute]|url =http://www.psi.org.uk/publications/archivepdfs/Role%20pol/INDPOL-0.P.pdf|accessdate =2009-12-22|page =xii|archivedate =2017-08-29|archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20170829011701/http://www.psi.org.uk/publications/archivepdfs/Role%20pol/INDPOL-0.P.pdf}}</ref> Polisi pekee inaruhusiwa kutumia [[nguvu]] katika [[jamii]]. Kwa kawaida polisi hutofautiana na [[wanajeshi]] ambao kazi yao ni kulinda nchi dhidi ya wavamizi kutoka nje. Mara nyingi polisi wanajulikana kuathiriwa na [[ufisadi]] kwa kiasi tofautitofauti. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Serikali]] 106osdhr35tas3ld43w5z28ceffqwm3 Ranieri wa Pisa 0 84074 1574314 1302658 2026-06-18T01:46:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574314 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:'Saint Rainerius' by Cecco di Pietro.jpg|thumb|566x566px|Sehemu ya [[mchoro wa ukutani]] wa Cecco di Pietro]] '''Ranieri Scacceri''' (pia '''Raineri''', '''Raniero''' n.k.; [[1115]]/[[1117]] &ndash; [[1160]] hivi) alikuwa kwa miaka mingi [[mkaapweke]] katika [[Nchi takatifu|Nchi Takatifu]] alipoishi kwa kupokea [[sadaka]] tu, kabla ya kurudi kwao [[Pisa]], [[Italia]]<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/58000</ref>, anapoheshimiwa kama [[msimamizi]] wa [[mji]].<ref name="Vauchez, 55">[[André Vauchez]] (1993) ''The Laity in the Middle Ages: Religious Beliefs and Devotional Practices'', Daniel E. Bornstein, ed., and Margery J. Schneider, trans. (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press), 55.</ref> Alitangazwa na [[Papa Aleksanda III]] kuwa [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[17 Juni]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. [[File:Duomo di Pisa, San Ranieri.jpg|thumb|[[Kaburi]] lake mjini Pisa.]] ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons|Category:Saint Rainerius}} *[http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0617.shtml#regn Saints of June 17: Rainerius Scacceri of Pisa] {{Wayback|url=http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0617.shtml#regn |date=20160304053820 }} *[http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/58000 San Ranieri di Pisa] {{it icon}} *[http://www.navigationdusavoir.net/PortalPisa/traderoutes/medievale_legend.htm San Ranieri Scacceri]{{Wayback|url=http://www.navigationdusavoir.net/PortalPisa/traderoutes/medievale_legend.htm |date=20081120171038 }} {{it icon}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa karne ya 12]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1160]] [[Category:Wakaapweke]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Italia]] pugokrwee28rbh42buh6tofplz7kngd Jamii:Mtume Petro 14 86482 1574379 985053 2026-06-18T04:50:33Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: [[Jamii:Papa]]/[[Category:Papa]] → [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574379 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Watu wa Biblia]] [[Jamii:Wafuasi wa Yesu]] [[Jamii:Mitume katika Ukristo]] [[Jamii:Mapapa]] q6r7xtvz15uzccn6frr6orpthpx1uz2 Ustaarabu wa magharibi 0 88757 1574260 1528012 2026-06-17T22:44:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 260 | image1 = Plato Pio-Clemetino Inv305.jpg | caption1 = [[Plato]], ambaye pamoja na [[Sokrates]] na [[Aristotle]], aliweka msingi wa [[falsafa]] ya magharibi. | image2 = Da Vinci Vitruve Luc Viatour.jpg | caption2 = Mchoro maarufu wa [[Leonardo da Vinci]] unaoonyesha umuhimu wa [[binadamu]] katika mtazamo wa [[magharibi]] kuanzia [[Renaissance]]. | image3 = The Beatles arrive at JFK Airport.jpg | caption3 = [[The Beatles]], bendi lililouza albamu nyingi kuliko yote, linaendelea kuathiri magharibi si upande wa [[muziki]] tu. }} [[File:Clash of Civilizations map.png|thumb|300px|Aina kuu za ustarabu baada ya mwaka 1990 kadiri ya Huntington (ule wa magharibi una rangi ya buluu iliyokolea).]] '''Ustaarabu wa magharibi''' ni [[utamaduni]] wenye [[taratibu za kijamii]], [[maadili]], [[desturi]], [[sheria]], [[falsafa]], [[imani]], [[siasa]], [[sanaa]] na [[teknolojia]] maalumu ambavyo asili yake ni Ulaya hata kame vimezidi kustawi sehemu nyingine za dunia ambazo historia yake ilikuwa na uhusiano wa pekee na bara hilo. Kwa kiasi kikubwa ni [[urithi]] wa [[Ugiriki wa Kale]], [[Roma wa Kale]], [[Uyahudi]],<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/topic/Judaism/The-Judaic-tradition Role of Judaism in Western culture and civilization], "Judaism has played a significant role in the development of Western culture because of its unique relationship with Christianity, the dominant religious force in the West". [http://www.britannica.com/topic/Judaism Judaism] at [[Encyclopedia Britannica]]</ref> na utamaduni wa makabila mengine<ref>Kim Ann Zimmermann, 2012, "What is Culture? Definition of Culture," LiveScience, July 9, 2012, see [http://www.livescience.com/21478-what-is-culture-definition-of-culture.html], accessed on 8 December 2014.</ref><ref>Anon. (Western Culture Global), 2009, "Western Culture Knowledge Center: What is Western Culture?," see [http://www.westerncultureglobal.org/what-is-western-culture.html] {{Wayback|url=http://www.westerncultureglobal.org/what-is-western-culture.html |date=20071214201933 }}, accessed on 8 December 2014.{{better source|date=February 2015}}</ref>lakini hasa wa [[Ukristo]] na [[madhehebu]] yake ya kwanza, [[Kanisa Katoliki]],<ref>{{cite book|last=J. Spielvogel|first=Jackson|title=Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1715|year=2016|isbn= 9781305633476|edition=Cengage Learning|author2=|page=156}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Neill|first=Thomas Patrick |title=Readings in the History of Western Civilization, Volume 2|year=1957|isbn=|edition=Newman Press|author2=|page=224}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=[[Gerald O'Collins|O'Collins]]|first= [[Gerald O'Collins|Gerald]]|title=''Catholicism: The Story of Catholic Christianity'' |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900199259952|year=2003|isbn=978-0-19-925995-3|edition= Oxford University Press|author2=Farrugia, Maria|page= v (preface)}}</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/507284/Roman-Catholicism Roman Catholicism], "Roman Catholicism, Christian church that has been the decisive spiritual force in the history of Western civilization". [[Encyclopedia Britannica]]</ref><ref name="Caltron J.H Hayas">Caltron J.H Hayas, ''Christianity and Western Civilization'' (1953),Stanford University Press, p. 2: That certain distinctive features of our Western civilization—the civilization of western Europe and of America—have been shaped chiefly by Judaeo – Graeco – Christianity, Catholic and Protestant.</ref><ref name="Orlandis">Jose Orlandis, 1993, "A Short History of the Catholic Church," 2nd edn. (Michael Adams, Trans.), Dublin:Four Courts Press, ISBN 1851821252, preface, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYdbpwAACAAJ], accessed 8 December 2014. p. (preface)</ref><ref name="How The Catholic Church Built Western Civilization">[[Thomas E. Woods]] and Antonio Canizares, 2012, "How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization," Reprint edn., Washington, D.C.: Regnery History, ISBN 1596983280, PG. NOS: "Western civilization owes far more to Catholic Church than most people—Catholic included—often realize. The Church in fact built Western civilization."</ref><ref name="Perry2012">{{cite book|author=Marvin Perry|title=Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1789|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2pnv0Aoh2EC&pg=PA33|date=1 January 2012|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=1-111-83720-1|pages=33–}}</ref> pamoja na [[Makanisa ya Kiorthodoksi]]<ref>{{cite book|last= H. McNeill|first=William|title=History of Western Civilization: A Handbook|year= 2010|isbn=0226561623|edition=University of Chicago Press|author2=|page=204}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= Faltin|first=Lucia|title=The Religious Roots of Contemporary European Identity|url= https://archive.org/details/religiousrootsco00falt|year= 2007|isbn= 9780826494825|edition=A&C Black|author2=Melanie J. Wright|page=[https://archive.org/details/religiousrootsco00falt/page/n99 83]}}</ref>. Baada ya [[Matengenezo ya Kiprotestanti]], athari yake imekuwa kubwa pia, hasa [[Ulaya Kaskazini]] na [[Koloni|makoloni]] yake, kama yale yaliyounda [[Marekani]], ambayo katika [[karne ya 20]] imeshika uongozi wa dunia na kuzidi kusambaza ustarabu huo.<ref>{{cite book|last=Toynbee|first= Arnold|title=A Study of History: Abridgement of, Volumes 1-6 |year=1947|isbn=9780199826698|edition= Oxford University Press|author2=|page=155}}</ref><ref name="Dawson 1961 108">{{cite book|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|title=Crisis in Western Education|url=https://archive.org/details/crisisofwesterne0000chri|year=1961|isbn=9780813216836|edition=reprint|author2=Glenn Olsen|page=[https://archive.org/details/crisisofwesterne0000chri/page/108 108]}}</ref> Tabia yake ya msingi ni kujali na kustawisha [[akili]] badala ya kutegemea [[visasili]] na [[mapokeo]]. Ilikuwa hivyo kuanzia falsafa ya [[Shule ya Athene]], ikaendelea baada ya uenezi wa Ukristo kupitia [[Teolojia ya Shule]], [[Renaissance]], [[Mapinduzi ya Kisayansi]] hadi [[Falsafa ya Mwangaza]]. Hiyo ilisaidia kutambua [[tunu]] kama [[haki za binadamu]], [[usawa]] na [[demokrasia]]. <ref name="Daly2013">{{cite book|author=Jonathan Daly|title=The Rise of Western Power: A Comparative History of Western Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9aZPAQAAQBAJ|date=19 December 2013|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4411-1851-6|pages=7–9}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Marejeo== * {{Rejea kitabu|last= Ankerl |first= Guy |title= Global communication without universal civilization |series= INU societal research |volume= Vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western |publisher= INU Press |location= Geneva |isbn= 2-88155-004-5 |pages=|year= 2000}} * Barzun, Jacques ''From Dawn to Decadence: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life 1500 to the Present'' HarperCollins (2000) ISBN 0-06-017586-9. * Daly, Jonathan. "[http://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/the-rise-of-western-power-9781441161314/ The Rise of Western Power: A Comparative History of Western Civilization] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/the-rise-of-western-power-9781441161314/ |date=20170630100152 }}" (London and New York: Bloomsbury, 2014). ISBN 978-1441161314. * Daly, Jonathan. "[http://www.tandfindia.com/books/details/9781138774810/ Historians Debate the Rise of the West]" (London and New York: Routledge, 2015). ISBN 978-1138774810. * Jones, Prudence and Pennick, Nigel ''A History of Pagan Europe'' Barnes & Noble (1995) ISBN 0-7607-1210-7. * Merriman, John ''Modern Europe: From the Renaissance to the Present'' W. W. Norton (1996) ISBN 0-393-96885-5. * Derry, T. K. and Williams, Trevor I. ''A Short History of Technology: From the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900'' Dover (1960) ISBN 0-486-27472-1. * Eduardo Duran, Bonnie Dyran ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qgVoY7mypa4C Native American Postcolonial Psychology]'' 1995 Albany: State University of New York Press ISBN 0-7914-2353-0 * McClellan, James E. III and Dorn, Harold ''Science and Technology in World History'' Johns Hopkins University Press (1999) ISBN 0-8018-5869-0 * Stein, Ralph ''The Great Inventions'' Playboy Press (1976) ISBN 0-87223-444-4. * Asimov, Isaac ''Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology: The Lives & Achievements of 1510 Great Scientists from Ancient Times to the Present'' Revised second edition, Doubleday (1982) ISBN 0-385-17771-2. * [[Ludwig von Pastor|Pastor, Ludwig von]], ''History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages; Drawn from the [[Vatican Secret Archives|Secret Archives of the Vatican]] and other original sources'', 40 vols. St. Louis, B. Herder (1898ff.) * [[James Joseph Walsh|Walsh, James Joseph]], ''The Popes and Science; the History of the Papal Relations to Science During the Middle Ages and Down to Our Own Time'', Fordam University Press, 1908, reprinted 2003, Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 0-7661-3646-9 Reviews: [https://books.google.com/books?vid=02tZKPD5CJrIa31EgK&id=G57Y1rlQVP0C&pg=PT2&lpg=PT2&dq=%22the+popes+and+science%22 P.462] [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1407075] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130801120209/http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1407075 |date=2013-08-01 }} * Ankerl, Guy (2000). C''oexisting Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western''. INUPRESS, Geneva, 119–244. ISBN 2-88155-004-5 * Atle Hesmyr (2013). ''Civilization, Oikos, and Progress'' ISBN 978-1468924190 * [[Victor Davis Hanson|Hanson, Victor Davis]]; Heath, John (2001). ''Who Killed Homer: The Demise of Classical Education and the Recovery of Greek Wisdom'', Encounter Books * Stearns, P.N. (2003). ''Western Civilization in World History'', Routledge, New York * [[Bruce Thornton|Thornton, Bruce]] (2002). ''Greek Ways: How the Greeks Created Western Civilization'', Encounter Books ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Western culture}} * [http://www.usu.edu/markdamen/1320Hist&Civ/PP/slides/00westciv.pdf An overview of the Western Civilization] {{Wayback|url=http://www.usu.edu/markdamen/1320Hist%26Civ/PP/slides/00westciv.pdf |date=20211024231522 }} {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Category:Utamaduni| ]] [[Category:Historia ya Ulaya]] [[Category:Elimu jamii]] 5d5e6gsssabtfib2denb9u207p661qb Faustine Ndugulile 0 89646 1574162 1512194 2026-06-17T19:57:08Z NduguSengo 90306 1574162 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hon. Dr. Faustine Englebert Ndugulile.png|thumb|Dk. Faustine Ndugulile mwaka 2021]] '''Faustine Engelbert Ndugulile''' ([[31 Machi]] [[1969]] - [[27 Novemba]] [[2024]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Chama cha kisiasa|chama]] cha [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi|CCM]] nchini [[Tanzania]] na [[mbunge]] wa [[jimbo]] la [[Kigamboni]] tangu [[mwaka]] [[2010]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.go.tz/index.php/members/mpcvs/1773/2010-2015 |title=Member of Parliament CV |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=2010 |website= |publisher=[[Bunge la Tanzania]] |10=imeandaliwa Mei 2017 |accessdate=2017-05-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103062412/http://www.parliament.go.tz/index.php/members/mpcvs/1773/2010-2015 |archivedate=2013-11-03 }}</ref> Pia aliwahi kuwa [[waziri]] kwa nyakati tofauti <ref>https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/kitaifa/huyu-ndiye-dk-faustine-ndungulile-4837816</ref>. ==Elimu== Mnamo [[1997]] alipata [[Shahada ya Awali|shahada]] ya [[udaktari]] wa [[Dawa ya famasia|madawa]] katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]] na mwaka [[2001]] alipata shahada ya [[uzamili]] katika [[mikrobiolojia]] na [[chanjo]] katika [[chuo kikuu]] hichohicho. Alifanya kazi katika miradi mbalimbali ya afya barani Afrika na kuo utaalamu wake katika sekta ya afya. ==Taaluma na Siasa== Ndugulile alifanya kazi katika nyanja mbalimbali za tiba, afya ya umma, na siasa. Alianza kama daktari wa afya ya umma na kupanda kwenye nafasi za uongozi. Alifanya kazi kama Msaidizi Mkurugenzi wa Huduma za Uchunguzi katika Wizara ya Afya, ambapo aliongoza juhudi za kuboresha huduma za damu na uchunguzi wa magonjwa, na kuwa na mchango mkubwa katika programu za afya za kitaifa. Katika ngazi ya kimataifa, alifanya kazi kama Mshauri Mkazi nchini Afrika Kusini, akichangia katika usimamizi wa mifumo ya afya ya kanda na mipango ya kukabiliana na magonjwa ya milipuko. Alianza siasa mwaka 2010 alipochaguliwa kuwa Mbunge wa Kigamboni nafasi aliyoitumikia mpaka mauti ilipomkuta. Ndugulile aliteuliwa kuwa Naibu Waziri wa Wizara ya Afya, Maendeleo ya Jamii, Jinsia, Wazee na Watoto (Tanzania) na Rais wa Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania awamu ya tano, hayati [[John Magufuli|Dkt. John Pombe Joseph Magufuli]], Oktoba 2017. Baada ya Uchaguzi Mkuu wa Tanzania wa mwaka 2020, tarehe 5 Desemba 2020, katika Baraza la Mawaziri la pili la Magufuli, aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa Mawasiliano na Teknolojia ya Habari, wizara mpya iliyozinduliwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Kolumbia|first=Louis|date=2020-12-07|title=Tanzania: Magufuli's Unveils His Cabinet 30 Days After Taking Oath|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202012070094.html|access-date=2020-12-23|website=allAfrica.com|language=en}}</ref> ==Uongozi wa WHO== Mnamo Agosti 2024, Ndugulile aliteuliwa kuwa Mkurugenzi wa Kanda ya Afrika wa [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Shirika la Afya Duniani (WHO)]].<ref>{{Citation |publisher= World Health Organization|publication-date=2024-08-27|title="Dr Faustine Engelbert Ndugulile of Tanzania nominated as next director for WHO African Region"|url= https://www.afro.who.int/news/dr-faustine-engelbert-ndugulile-tanzania-nominated-next-director-who-african-region}}</ref> Ndugulile aliheshimika sana kwa uongozi wake na maono yake katika sekta ya afya ya umma. Uteuzi wake kama Mkurugenzi wa WHO Kanda ya Afrika ulikuwa ni mafanikio makubwa kwa Tanzania na bara la Afrika. Alipokea pongezi kutoka kwa viongozi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Samia Suluhu Hassan|Rais Samia Suluhu Hassan]] wa Tanzania, aliyempongeza kwa uwezo wake wa kushughulikia changamoto kubwa za afya zinazokabili Afrika. ==Kifo== Ndugulile alifariki dunia tarehe 27 Novemba 2024, akiwa na umri wa miaka 55, wakati akipokea matibabu nchini [[Uhindi|India]] kwa ugonjwa ambao haukutajwa hadharani. Alikuwa anatarajiwa kuanza rasmi jukumu lake katika WHO mnamo Februari 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=WHO Africa director-elect dies while receiving treatment in India |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/africa-director-elect-dies-receiving-treatment-india-116264184 |access-date=27 November 2024 |publisher=ABC News |date=27 November 2024}}</ref> <ref>https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/kitaifa/dk-ndugulile-afariki-dunia-4837348</ref>. ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1969|2024}} [[Jamii:Wabunge wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] 98ezhm239pac2y9ejifljrfss2qt8ri 1574164 1574162 2026-06-17T20:01:41Z NDG 79979 Tengua pitio [[Special:Diff/1574162|1574162]] lililoandikwa na [[Special:Contributions/NduguSengo|NduguSengo]] ([[User talk:NduguSengo|Majadiliano]]) Copyvio 1574164 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha:Faustine Ndugulile.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Faustine Ndugulile]] '''Faustine Engelbert Ndugulile''' ([[31 Machi]] [[1969]] - [[27 Novemba]] [[2024]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Chama cha kisiasa|chama]] cha [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi|CCM]] nchini [[Tanzania]] na [[mbunge]] wa [[jimbo]] la [[Kigamboni]] tangu [[mwaka]] [[2010]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.go.tz/index.php/members/mpcvs/1773/2010-2015 |title=Member of Parliament CV |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=2010 |website= |publisher=[[Bunge la Tanzania]] |10=imeandaliwa Mei 2017 |accessdate=2017-05-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103062412/http://www.parliament.go.tz/index.php/members/mpcvs/1773/2010-2015 |archivedate=2013-11-03 }}</ref> Pia aliwahi kuwa [[waziri]] kwa nyakati tofauti <ref>https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/kitaifa/huyu-ndiye-dk-faustine-ndungulile-4837816</ref>. ==Elimu== Mnamo [[1997]] alipata [[Shahada ya Awali|shahada]] ya [[udaktari]] wa [[Dawa ya famasia|madawa]] katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]] na mwaka [[2001]] alipata shahada ya [[uzamili]] katika [[mikrobiolojia]] na [[chanjo]] katika [[chuo kikuu]] hichohicho. Alifanya kazi katika miradi mbalimbali ya afya barani Afrika na kuo utaalamu wake katika sekta ya afya. ==Taaluma na Siasa== Ndugulile alifanya kazi katika nyanja mbalimbali za tiba, afya ya umma, na siasa. Alianza kama daktari wa afya ya umma na kupanda kwenye nafasi za uongozi. Alifanya kazi kama Msaidizi Mkurugenzi wa Huduma za Uchunguzi katika Wizara ya Afya, ambapo aliongoza juhudi za kuboresha huduma za damu na uchunguzi wa magonjwa, na kuwa na mchango mkubwa katika programu za afya za kitaifa. Katika ngazi ya kimataifa, alifanya kazi kama Mshauri Mkazi nchini Afrika Kusini, akichangia katika usimamizi wa mifumo ya afya ya kanda na mipango ya kukabiliana na magonjwa ya milipuko. Alianza siasa mwaka 2010 alipochaguliwa kuwa Mbunge wa Kigamboni nafasi aliyoitumikia mpaka mauti ilipomkuta. Ndugulile aliteuliwa kuwa Naibu Waziri wa Wizara ya Afya, Maendeleo ya Jamii, Jinsia, Wazee na Watoto (Tanzania) na Rais wa Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania awamu ya tano, hayati [[John Magufuli|Dkt. John Pombe Joseph Magufuli]], Oktoba 2017. Baada ya Uchaguzi Mkuu wa Tanzania wa mwaka 2020, tarehe 5 Desemba 2020, katika Baraza la Mawaziri la pili la Magufuli, aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa Mawasiliano na Teknolojia ya Habari, wizara mpya iliyozinduliwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Kolumbia|first=Louis|date=2020-12-07|title=Tanzania: Magufuli's Unveils His Cabinet 30 Days After Taking Oath|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202012070094.html|access-date=2020-12-23|website=allAfrica.com|language=en}}</ref> ==Uongozi wa WHO== Mnamo Agosti 2024, Ndugulile aliteuliwa kuwa Mkurugenzi wa Kanda ya Afrika wa [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Shirika la Afya Duniani (WHO)]].<ref>{{Citation |publisher= World Health Organization|publication-date=2024-08-27|title="Dr Faustine Engelbert Ndugulile of Tanzania nominated as next director for WHO African Region"|url= https://www.afro.who.int/news/dr-faustine-engelbert-ndugulile-tanzania-nominated-next-director-who-african-region}}</ref> Ndugulile aliheshimika sana kwa uongozi wake na maono yake katika sekta ya afya ya umma. Uteuzi wake kama Mkurugenzi wa WHO Kanda ya Afrika ulikuwa ni mafanikio makubwa kwa Tanzania na bara la Afrika. Alipokea pongezi kutoka kwa viongozi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Samia Suluhu Hassan|Rais Samia Suluhu Hassan]] wa Tanzania, aliyempongeza kwa uwezo wake wa kushughulikia changamoto kubwa za afya zinazokabili Afrika. ==Kifo== Ndugulile alifariki dunia tarehe 27 Novemba 2024, akiwa na umri wa miaka 55, wakati akipokea matibabu nchini [[Uhindi|India]] kwa ugonjwa ambao haukutajwa hadharani. Alikuwa anatarajiwa kuanza rasmi jukumu lake katika WHO mnamo Februari 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=WHO Africa director-elect dies while receiving treatment in India |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/africa-director-elect-dies-receiving-treatment-india-116264184 |access-date=27 November 2024 |publisher=ABC News |date=27 November 2024}}</ref> <ref>https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/kitaifa/dk-ndugulile-afariki-dunia-4837348</ref>. ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1969|2024}} [[Jamii:Wabunge wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] 8ha6f5cdv71metld67sm7ivfh3t64vu Josephat Sinkamba Kandege 0 90048 1574205 1454270 2026-06-17T21:43:23Z Musa Mzopola 90335 /* */ 1574205 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mhe Edefonce Joackim Kanoni''' (amezaliwa [[6 Juni]] [[1972]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] [[Mtanzania]] na mwanachama wa [[Chama cha kisiasa]] cha [[Chama Chama Mapinduzi]] (CCM). Amechaguliwa kuwa [[Wabunge wa Tanzania 2015|mbunge]] wa [[Kalambo]] kwa miaka [[2015|2025]] – [[2030]]. <ref>[https://www.parliament.go.tz/administrations/204 Tovuti ya Bunge la Tanzania] {{Wayback|url=https://www.parliament.go.tz/administrations/204 |date=20200125211808 }}, iliangaliwa Juni 2017</ref> ==Marejeo== <references/> {{Mbegu-wanasiasa-Tanzania}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Bunge la Tanzania]] 8skqcojrh5umxmlnyz416c8wous19mk 1574484 1574205 2026-06-18T11:14:22Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Musa Mzopola|Musa Mzopola]] ([[User talk:Musa Mzopola|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] 1454270 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Josephat Sinkamba Kandege''' (amezaliwa [[6 Juni]] [[1964]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] [[Mtanzania]] na mwanachama wa [[Chama cha kisiasa]] cha [[Chama Chama Mapinduzi]] (CCM). Amechaguliwa kuwa [[Wabunge wa Tanzania 2015|mbunge]] wa [[Kalambo]] kwa miaka [[2015]] – [[2020]]. <ref>[https://www.parliament.go.tz/administrations/204 Tovuti ya Bunge la Tanzania] {{Wayback|url=https://www.parliament.go.tz/administrations/204 |date=20200125211808 }}, iliangaliwa Juni 2017</ref> ==Marejeo== <references/> {{Mbegu-wanasiasa-Tanzania}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Bunge la Tanzania]] bbq46edmhx2ufb5cv7vs4btc3fszsti Upatanisho wa imani na sayansi 0 92759 1574175 1471819 2026-06-17T21:10:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574175 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Upatanisho wa imani na sayansi''' ni juhudi zinazofanywa na watu wa [[dini]] mbalimbali kuondoa mzozo uliotokea kati ya [[imani]] na [[sayansi]], hasa kuhusu suala la [[uumbaji]] kuhusiana na [[mageuko ya spishi]]. Juhudi hizo zinaitwa pengine kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''theistic evolution, theistic evolutionism, evolutionary creationism, divine direction, au God-guided evolution''<ref>According to [[Eugenie Scott]]: "In one form or another, Theistic Evolutionism is the view of creation taught at the majority of [[mainline Protestant]] [[seminaries]], and it is the official position of the Catholic church." Studies show that acceptance of evolution is lower in the United States than in Europe or Japan; among 34 countries sampled, only [[Turkey]] had a lower rate of acceptance than the United States. {{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1126746 |title=Science Communication: Public Acceptance of Evolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-08-11_313_5788/page/764 |year=2006 |last1=Miller|first1=J. D.|journal=Science |volume=313 |issue=5788| pages=765–6 |pmid=16902112 |last2=Scott |first2=E. C. |last3=Okamoto |first3=S.}}</ref>. Ieleweke mapema kwamba juhudi hizo hazilengi kutunga au kupitisha [[nadharia]] yoyote katika sayansi, ila kuonyesha uwezekano wa kukubali [[Ukweli|kweli]] zilizothibitishwa na [[utafiti]] wa sayansi pamoja na kweli zilizosadikiwa kwa kupokea [[ufunuo]] wa [[Mwenyezi Mungu]]. Juhudi zinapingwa na [[wanasayansi]] wanaoshikilia [[uyakinifu]] na vilevile na watu wenye [[itikadi kali]] katika [[dini]]. ==Asili ya suala hilo== Mzozo wa [[uumbaji]]-[[Mageuko ya spishi|mageuko]] unahusisha mjadala unaoendelea na kuendeshwa hata katika [[utamaduni]] na [[siasa]] kuhusu [[asili]] ya [[Dunia]], mwanadamu na wengineo. Zamani iliaminika bila shaka kuwa vyote vilivyopo viliumbwa vile vilivyo na vinavyoonekana. Katika enzi za sasa, na haswa baada ya mabadiliko ya [[karne ya 19]], mageuko ya spishi kutokana na uteuzi maalumu unaotenda kazi kiasili katika viumbe au katika makundi ya viumbe yamethibitishwa na [[sayansi]] kuwa ndiyo msingi au chipuko na sababu ya dhati ya [[uhai]] na sifa zinazopatikana katika viumbe hivyo vya sasa au zilizopatikana katika viumbe enzi za kale. Kwa namna hiyo wapo [[wanasayansi]] wanaopinga [[imani]] na wapo [[wahubiri]] wa dini wanaopinga [[sayansi]]. Kumbe watetezi wa upatanisho wa imani na sayansi wanaona si lazima uwepo upinzani kati ya hizo mbili kwa sababu kila moja inakabili masuala yake kwa namna yake. Yaani sayansi inachunguza [[ulimwengu]] na vyote vilivyomo kwa [[vipimo]] na utafiti wa kitaalamu, wakati imani inataka kupokea [[ufunuo]] wa Mungu ambao hauwezi kukanusha ukweli wowote<ref>Pope John Paul II, 3 October 1981 to the Pontifical Academy of Science, [http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/JP2COSM.HTM "Cosmology and Fundamental Physics"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/JP2COSM.HTM |date=20170805205216 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20050312083948/http://www.uwosh.edu/colleges/cols/religion_science_collaboration.htm |title = An Open Letter Concerning Religion and Science|archivedate = 12 March 2005|publisher = University of Wisconsin Oshkosh|url = http://www.uwosh.edu/colleges/cols/religion_science_collaboration.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Glover | first=Gordon J. | year=2007 | title=Beyond the Firmament: Understanding Science and the Theology of Creation | url=https://archive.org/details/beyondfirmamentu0000glov | location= Chesapeake, VA| publisher=Watertree | isbn=978-0-9787186-1-9 }}</ref>. ==Suala linavyojitokeza kwa kawaida== ''Mtu wa kwanza alitoka wapi'' ni swali ambalo wengi wanajiuliza bila kupata jibu la hakika. Kwa namna ya pekee [[wanafunzi]] wa [[shule]] wanapofundishwa katika [[historia]] kuwa [[mtu]] wa kwanza alitokana na [[kiumbehai]] mwenye [[asili]] [[moja]] na [[sokwe]]. Kumbe katika [[dini]] zao wanafundishwa kwamba mtu aliumbwa na [[Mungu]]. Hivyo wanajiuliza, lipi sahihi? Wapo wengi wanaodhani ni lazima kuchagua moja katika ya hayo mawili: ama kwamba mtu ametokana na kiumbehai aliyetangulia ama kwamba Mungu alimuumba mtu wa kwanza kama tulivyo sisi leo. ===Katika sayansi=== Sayansi imechunguza viumbehai waliopo [[duniani]] sasa na mabaki ya wale waliokuwepo zamani. Hasa baada ya kugundua [[DNA]] imeweza kuona uhusiano kati ya hao viumbehai mbalimbali. Hivyo imethibitisha kwamba [[mwili]] wa [[binadamu]] na ule wa sokwe imetokana na kiumbehai wa zamani (miaka [[milioni]] 5 au zaidi iliyopita) katika mlolongo wa [[mageuko ya spishi]]. Lakini sayansi haiwezi kusema kitu juu ya [[roho]], kwa sababu si [[mata]], hivyo haipimiki. Zaidi sana haiwezi kusema lolote juu ya Mungu, kwa sababu si wa [[ulimwengu]] huu. Hata hivyo wapo wanasayansi wengi ambao walisadiki na wanasadiki dini fulani bila shida yoyote. ===Katika imani na dini=== Tofauti na itikadi kali katika dini, kuna mitazamo inayolenga kujumuisha au kupatanisha ujuzi kutoka maeneo haya mawili, yaani imani na sayansi. Ni kwamba wanaomuamini Mungu kama [[muumba]] wa vitu vyote, vinavyoonekana na visivyoonekana, si lazima wasadiki kwamba aliviumba vyote kama vilivyo sasa<ref name=collins-def>{{cite journal|doi= 10.1038/442110a|pmid= 16837980|title= Building bridges|year= 2006|journal= Nature|volume= 442|issue= 7099|page= 110}}</ref><ref>Stipe, Claude E., "Scientific Creationism and Evangelical Christianity", ''American Anthropologist'', New Series, Vol. 87, No. 1 (Mar., 1985), p. 149, Wiley on behalf of the American Anthropological Association, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/677678 JSTOR]</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Collins |first1=Francis S. |title=The Language of God |url=https://archive.org/details/languageofgod00fran |url-access=registration |date=2007 |publisher=Free Press |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/languageofgod00fran/page/200 200]}}</ref>. La sivyo wangeshindwa kueleza kwa nini watu wa leo wametofuatiana hivi kati yao, wakati wanaaminika wote kuwa [[watoto]] wa [[Adamu]] na [[Eva]]. Mabadiliko yaliweza kutokea kadiri ya [[maisha]] na [[mazingira]] yao, na bado yanazidi kutokea: kwa mfano leo watoto wanakuwa warefu zaidi. Jambo la msingi kwa imani ni kwamba vyote asili yake ni Mungu tu aliyeviumba kwa [[hiari]] yake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biologos.org/uploads/projects/Lamoureux_Scholarly_Essay.pdf|title=Evolutionary Creation: A Christian Approach to Evolution|author=Denis O. Lamoureux|year=2003|publisher=University of Alberta|quote=The most important word in the term evolutionary creation is the noun "creation". These Christian evolutionists are first and foremost thoroughly committed and unapologetic creationists. They believe that the world is a creation that is absolutely dependent for every instant of its existence on the will and grace of the Creator. The qualifying word in this category is the adjective "evolutionary", indicating simply the method through which the Lord made the cosmos and living organisms. This view of origins is often referred to as "theistic evolution". However, such a word arrangement places the process of evolution as the primary term, and makes the Creator secondary as merely a qualifying adjective.|accessdate=25 April 2012|archive-date=2012-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519040156/http://biologos.org/uploads/projects/Lamoureux_Scholarly_Essay.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Hata leo Mungu anazidi kuumba watu na viumbe vingine, lakini anatumia [[wazazi]] wao, hawaumbi moja kwa moja. Ni vilevile kuhusu mtu wa kwanza: hata kama Mungu alitumia kiumbehai aliyetangulia katika kumuumba [[Adamu]] anabaki muumba wake kwa sababu hata kiumbe huyo alikuwa kazi yake kama ulimwengu wote ulivyo kadiri ya imani<ref name=EvC> ''Evolution Vs. Creationism'', [[Eugenie Scott]], Niles Eldredge, p62-63 </ref>.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://sites.ualberta.ca/~dlamoure/evolutionary_creation.pdf|title=Evolutionary Creation: Moving Beyond the Evolution vs Creation Debate|first = Denis O.|last = Lamoureux|via=ualberta.ca|journal =Christian Higher Education|volume= 9|pages=28–48|doi = 10.1080/15363750903018231}}</ref> ===Katika falsafa=== Kuna wakati ni vigumu kulinganisha sayansi na dini. Dini inamhusu Mungu ambaye ndiye Mwanzo wa vitu vyote. [[Mwanafalsafa]] [[Emmanuel Kant]] alisema kinachoanza ni kitu kisichoonekana, na ndicho kinasababisha kitu cha wazi kutokea. Kama ni hivyo basi, sayansi na dini ni vitu viwili tofauti, ingawa vina uhusiano kama vile [[baba]] na [[mama]] ni watu wawili tofauti ingawa wanahusiana. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Vyanzo== * [[Mariano Artigas|Artigas, Mariano]]; Glick, Thomas F., Martínez, Rafael A.; ''Negotiating Darwin: the Vatican confronts evolution, 1877–1902'', JHU Press, 2006, ISBN|0-8018-8389-X, 9780801883897, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8WrXHnQf8MC&pg=PA5&dq=Darwin+Galileo+Catholic+Church&ei=f2kdSsi2MIrOM_mamcMC#PPA5,M1 Google books] * {{cite book|last=Bowler|first=Peter J.|authorlink=Peter J. Bowler|title=The Eclipse of Darwinism: anti-Darwinian evolutionary theories in the decades around 1900|url=https://archive.org/details/eclipseofdarwini0000bowl_v6z4|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year= 1992|isbn=978-0-8018-4391-4 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Bowler|first=Peter J.|authorlink=Peter J. Bowler|title=Evolution:The History of an Idea|publisher=University of California Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-520-23693-6|ref=harv|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionhistory0000bowl_n7y8}} * Brundell, Barry, "Catholic Church Politics and Evolution Theory, 1894-1902", ''The British Journal for the History of Science'', Vol. 34, No. 1 (Mar., 2001), pp.&nbsp;81–95, Cambridge University Press on behalf of The British Society for the History of Science, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4028040 JSTOR] * {{cite book|last1=Desmond|first1=Adrian J.|last2=Moore|first2=James Richard|title=Darwin|url=https://archive.org/details/darwin0000desm|publisher=Michael Joseph|date=1991|origyear=1969|ref=harv}} * [[Hans Küng|Kung, Hans]], ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=XGaEjPVw9cwC&pg=PA91&dq=Darwin+Galileo+Catholic+Church&ei=x24dSrXbA5S4NrzUzMcP#PPA94,M1The beginning of all things: science and religion]'', trans. John Bowden, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2007, ISBN|0-8028-0763-1, ISBN|978-0-8028-0763-2. ] * {{cite book |last=Larson |first=Edward J. |authorlink=Edward Larson |title=Evolution: The Remarkable History of Scientific Theory |publisher=Modern Library |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-679-64288-6 |ref=harv |url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionremarka00lars }} * {{cite book |last=Numbers |first=Ronald L. |authorlink=Ronald Numbers|title = The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism |url = https://archive.org/details/creationistsevol0000numb|url-access=registration |origyear = 1992|year = 1993 |publisher = University of California Press |isbn=9780520083936 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last = Numbers |first = Ronald |authorlink = Ronald Numbers |title = The Creationists: From Scientific Creationism to Intelligent Design, Expanded Edition |publisher = Harvard University Press |date=November 30, 2006 |ref=harv |isbn=978-0-674-02339-0|title-link = The Creationists }} * [[Karl Rahner|Rahner, Karl]], ''Encyclopedia of Theology: A Concise Sacramentum Mundi'', 1975, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN|0860120066, 9780860120063, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WtnR-6_PlJAC&pg=PA486&lpg=PA486&dq google books] *[[Eugenie C. Scott|Scott, Eugenie C.]], "Antievolution and Creationism in the United States", ''Annual Review of Anthropology'', Vol. 26, (1997), pp.&nbsp;263–289, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2952523 JSTOR] ==Marejeo mengine== ===Mitazamo ya kisasa=== *[[Francis Collins|Collins, Francis]]; (2006) ''The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief'' ISBN|0-7432-8639-1 *[[Michael Dowd]] (2009) ''Thank God for Evolution: How the Marriage of Science and Religion Will Transform Your Life and Our World'' ISBN|0-452-29534-3 *[[Darrel Falk|Falk, Darrel]]; (2004) ''Coming to Peace with Science: Bridging the Worlds Between Faith and Biology'' ISBN|0-8308-2742-0 *[[Kenneth R. Miller|Miller, Kenneth R.]]; (1999) ''Finding Darwin's God: A Scientist's Search for Common Ground Between God and Evolution'' ISBN|0-06-093049-7 *[[Keith B. Miller|Miller, Keith B.]]; (2003) ''Perspectives on an Evolving Creation'' ISBN|0-8028-0512-4 *Corrado Ghinamo; (2013) ''The Beautiful Scientist: a Spiritual Approach to Science'' ISBN|1621474623; ISBN|978-1621474623 ===Historia ya suala hilo=== *Appleby, R. Scott. ''Between Americanism and Modernism; John Zahm and Theistic Evolution'', in ''Critical Issues in American Religious History: A Reader'', Ed. by Robert R. Mathisen, 2nd revised edn., Baylor University Press, 2006, ISBN|1-932792-39-2, ISBN|978-1-932792-39-3. [https://books.google.com/books?id=o6XnSnc4N1IC&pg=PA423&dq=Holy+Cross+%22John+Augustine+Zahm%22+evolution&ei=488dSqygIYjCyQTa_cyfAw#PPA423,M1 Google books] *Harrison, Brian W., [http://www.rtforum.org/lt/lt93.html Early Vatican Responses to Evolutionist Theology], ''Living Tradition'', Organ of the Roman Theological Forum, May 2001. *Morrison, John L., "William Seton: A Catholic Darwinist", ''The Review of Politics'', Vol. 21, No. 3 (Jul., 1959), pp.&nbsp;566–584, Cambridge University Press for the University of Notre Dame du lac, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1405578 JSTOR] *O'Leary, John. ''Roman Catholicism and modern science: a history'', Continuum International Publishing Group, 2006, ISBN|0-8264-1868-6, ISBN|978-0-8264-1868-5 [https://books.google.com/books?id=5tieP7-FuYsC&pg=RA1-PA215&dq=Evolution+catholic+education&as_brr=3&ei=xjQdSs2KAYioM7GX3LoJ#PRA1-PA42,M1 Google books] ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://biologos.org/uploads/projects/Lamoureux_Scholarly_Essay.pdf Evolutionary Creation: A Christian Approach to Evolution] {{Wayback|url=http://biologos.org/uploads/projects/Lamoureux_Scholarly_Essay.pdf |date=20120519040156 }} by [[Denis Lamoureux]] ([[St. Joseph's College, Edmonton]]) * [http://atheism.about.com/od/creationismcreationists/p/theistic.htm About: Agnosticism/Atheism on 'Theistic Evolution & Evolutionary Creationism'] {{Wayback|url=http://atheism.about.com/od/creationismcreationists/p/theistic.htm |date=20130424011226 }} by Austin Cline; overview of various viewpoints * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130605141857/http://www.americancatholic.org/Newsletters/CU/ac1007.asp Creationism: What's a Catholic to Do?] by Michael D. Guinan, O.F.M.; critical assessment of creationism and intelligent design from a Roman Catholic perspective. * [http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/wic.html What is Creationism?] by Mark Isaak, presents various forms of creationism * [http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/evolution-definition.html What is Evolution?] by Laurence Moran, presents a standard definition for evolution * [http://www.answersincreation.org Answers In Creation] Old Earth Creationism, with section on theistic evolution * [http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/sunrise/52-02-3/sc-wtst3.htm Evolution & Creation: A Theosophic Synthesis] Surveys critical problems in Darwinist explanations and common theistic views; explores ancient and modern "excluded middle" alternatives * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090221042514/http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/vaticanview.html The Vatican's View of Evolution: The Story of Two Popes] by Doug Linder (2004) * [http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/06/17_townes.shtml Nobel Prize winner Charles Townes on evolution and "intelligent design"] * [http://www.allviewpoints.org/RESOURCES/EVOLUTION/spectrum.htm Spectrum of Creation Beliefs] {{Wayback|url=http://www.allviewpoints.org/RESOURCES/EVOLUTION/spectrum.htm |date=20151215225259 }} From Flat Earthism to Atheistic Evolutionism, including Theistic Evolution * [http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-evolution-timeline-interactive Human Timeline (Interactive)] – [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]], [[National Museum of Natural History]] (August 2016). ===Taasisi za kutetea upatanisho wa imani na sayansi=== *[http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-god.html God and Evolution] at the [[TalkOrigins Archive]] *[http://www.theisticevolution.org/ Perspectives on Theistic Evolution] {{Wayback|url=http://www.theisticevolution.org/ |date=20210425195540 }} An examination of both the theological and scientific aspects of theistic evolution. *[http://www.uwosh.edu/colleges/cols/clergy_project.htm The "Clergy Letter" Project] {{Wayback|url=http://www.uwosh.edu/colleges/cols/clergy_project.htm |date=20080509100830 }} signed by thousands of clergy supporting evolution and faith {{mbegu-dini}} [[Jamii:Dini]] [[Jamii:Sayansi]] [[Jamii:Falsafa]] [[Jamii:Historia]] 5fsxabyh9mxgip1njryohqsjos38cop Primasia 0 93615 1574363 1523811 2026-06-18T04:28:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: [[Category:Papa]] → [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574363 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Synaxis of the Twelve Apostles by Constantinople master (early 14th c., Pushkin museum).jpg|thumb|Mkusanyiko wa Mitume Thenashara. [[Picha takatifu]] ya karne ya 14, [[Moscow]], [[Russia]].]] {{Ukristo}} '''Primasia''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]] "Primacy", kutokana na [[Kilatini]] "Primus", yaani "wa kwanza") ni [[msamiati]] wa [[teolojia]] ya [[Ukristo]] ambao unajaribu kueleza kwa nini baadhi ya [[Askofu|maaskofu]] wana [[mamlaka]] juu ya wenzao, hasa [[Papa]] wa [[Roma]] kuwa na mamlaka juu ya maaskofu wote wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. Uwepo wa mamlaka ya namna hiyo unakubaliwa na [[Waorthodoksi]], [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]], [[Wakatoliki wa Kale]] na [[Waanglikana]], ambao wote wana [[askofu mkuu|maaskofu wakuu]] na hata [[patriarki|Mapatriarki]] wenye mamlaka juu ya maaskofu wakuu. Tofauti zinajitokeza katika kueleza [[asili]] na [[utekelezaji]] wake unaotakiwa kuendana na [[usinodi]]. Kwa Wakatoliki, primasia ilitakwa na [[Yesu]] mwenyewe katika kuchagua [[Mitume wa Yesu|mitume wake]] pamoja na mkuu wao, [[Simoni Petro]], ambaye katika orodha zao zote [[nne]] zilizomo katika [[Agano Jipya]] anawatangulia wenzake, tena [[Injili ya Mathayo]] 10:1-4 inasema wazi kwamba ndiye "wa kwanza". Madondoo mengine yanayotumiwa na Wakatoliki kama uthibitisho ni [[Math]] 16:17‑19 [[Lk]] 22:32 na [[Yoh]] 21:15‑17. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist|20em}} ==Marejeo== {{refbegin|30em}} *{{cite wikisource|class=book|ref={{sfnRef|Augustine|''On 1 John''}}|author=Augustine of Hippo|editor1-last=Schaff|editor1-first=Philip|editor2-last=Wace|editor2-first=Henry|plaintitle=A select library of the Nicene and post-Nicene fathers of the Christian Church|series=Series 1|location=Buffalo|publisher=Christian Literature|edition=American|year=1888|volume=7|chapter=Gospel According to St. John/Part 10|wslink=Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume VII|at=Tractate 10}} *{{cite wikisource|class=book|ref={{sfnRef|Augustine|''Donatists''}}|author=Augustine of Hippo|editor1-last=Schaff|editor1-first=Philip|editor2-last=Wace|editor2-first=Henry|plaintitle=A select library of the Nicene and post-Nicene fathers of the Christian Church|series=Series 1|location=Buffalo|publisher=Christian Literature|edition=American|year=1887|volume=4|chapter=The Correction of the Donatists/Chapter 10|wslink=Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume IV/Donatist Controversy}} *{{cite wikisource|class=book|ref={{sfnRef|Augustine|''On Christian doctrine''}}|author=Augustine of Hippo|editor1-last=Schaff|editor1-first=Philip|editor2-last=Wace|editor2-first=Henry|plaintitle=A select library of the Nicene and post-Nicene fathers of the Christian Church|series=Series 1|location=Buffalo|publisher=Christian Literature|edition=American|year=1887|volume=2|chapter=On Christian Doctrine/Book I/Chapter 18|wslink=Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume II}} *{{cite wikisource|class=book|ref={{sfnRef|Augustine|''On Gospel of John''}}|author=Augustine of Hippo|editor1-last=Schaff|editor1-first=Philip|editor2-last=Wace|editor2-first=Henry|plaintitle=A select library of the Nicene and post-Nicene fathers of the Christian Church|series=Series 1|location=Buffalo|publisher=Christian Literature|edition=American|year=1888|volume=7|chapter=Gospel According to St. John/Part 124|wslink=Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume VII|at=Tractate 124}} *{{cite encyclopedia|ref={{sfnRef|Beal et al.|2000}}|editor1-last=Beal|editor1-first=John P|editor2-last=Coriden|editor2-first=James A|editor3-last=Green|editor3-first=Thomas J|year=2000|encyclopedia=New commentary on the Code of Canon Law|edition=study|location=New York|publisher=Paulist Press|isbn=0-8091-0502-0}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Boadt|first=Lawrence|year=2008|title=The life of St. Paul|location=Mahwah, NJ|publisher=Paulist Press|isbn=978-0-8091-0519-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=93FSZsiM5cAC&pg=PA88}} *{{cite encyclopedia|ref={{sfnRef|Caparros et al.|1993}}|editor1-last=Caparros|editor1-first=Ernest|editor2-last=Thériault|editor2-first=Michel|editor3-last=Thorn|editor3-first=Jean|year=1993|encyclopedia=Code of Canon Law annotated: Latin-English edition of the Code of Canon Law and English-language translation of the 5th Spanish-language edition of the commentary prepared under the responsibility of the Instituto Martín de Azpilcueta|location=Montréal|publisher=Wilson & Lafleur|isbn=2-89127-232-3|title=Canon 331|pages=272–273|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8mgmAQAAMAAJ}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Carlton|first=Clark|year=1999|title=The truth: what every Roman Catholic should know about the Orthodox Church|series=|location=Salisbury, MA|publisher=Regina Orthodox Press|isbn=978-0-9649141-8-6|url=}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Carson|first=Donald A.|year=1984|title=The expositor's Bible commentary: with the New International Version|volume=2|edition=|location=Grand Rapids, MI|publisher=Zondervan|isbn=978-0-310-49961-9|url=}} *{{cite encyclopedia|ref={{sfnRef|CIC|1983}}|author=Catholic Church|year=1999|origyear=©1998|encyclopedia=Code of canon law: new English translation|version=IntraText|location=Washington, DC|publisher=Canon Law Society of America|isbn=0-943616-79-4|url=http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_INDEX.HTM|via=vatican.va}} *{{cite encyclopedia|ref={{sfnRef|CCEO|1990}}|author=Catholic Church|year=|origyear=©1992|encyclopedia=Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches|version=IntraText|location=Washington, DC|publisher=Canon Law Society of America|isbn=978-0-943616-52-0|url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_INDEX.HTM|via=intratext.com}} *{{cite web|ref={{sfnRef|CDF|1998}}|author=Catholic Church. Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith|date=1998-10-31|title=The primacy of the successor of Peter in the Mystery of the Church|website=vatican.va|location=Vatican City|publisher=|publication-date=|url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19981031_primato-successore-pietro_en.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208164458/http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19981031_primato-successore-pietro_en.html|archivedate=2010-12-08|deadurl=no}} *{{cite book|ref={{sfnRef|CDF|2007}}|author1=Catholic Church. Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith|last2=Levada|first2=William|authorlink2=William Levada|date=2007-06-29|title=Responses to some questions regarding certain aspects of the Doctrine on the Church|website=vatican.va|location=Vatican City|publisher=|url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html|archiveurl=|archivedate=|deadurl=no}} *{{cite book|ref={{sfnRef|PA}}|author=Catholic Church. Vatican Council I|date=1870-07-18|title=First dogmatic constitution on the church of Christ: Pastor aeternus|url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0063/_PD.HTM|deadurl=no|location=Rome|publisher=Èulogos SpA|edition=IntraText|publication-date=2007|accessdate=2015-05-25|via=The IntraText Digital Library}} Translation taken from {{cite book|location=London|publisher=Sheed & Ward|editor-last=Tanner|editor-first=Norman P.|title=Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils|year=1990|isbn=0-87840-490-2}} *{{cite book|ref={{sfnRef|LG}}|author1=Catholic Church. Vatican Council II|author2=Paul VI|date=1964-11-21|title=Lumen gentium|location=Vatican City|publisher=|url=http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html}} *{{cite web|ref={{sfnRef|catholicculture.org|2007}}|date=2007-11-14|title=Ecumenical talks reach partial accord on papal primacy|website=catholicculture.org|location=Manassas, VA|publisher=Trinity Communications|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=54768|access-date=2009-01-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205193810/http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=54768|archivedate=2010-12-05|deadurl=no}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Clapsis|first=Emmanuel|year=2000|title=Orthodoxy in conversation: Orthodox ecumenical engagements|location=Geneva|publisher=World Council of Churches|isbn=978-2-8254-1337-1}} Reprinted in {{cite web|date=|title=Papal primacy|website=goarch.org|location=New York|publisher=Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|publication-date=|url=http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith8523|access-date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203104411/http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith8523|archivedate=2008-12-03|deadurl=no}} *{{cite web|ref={{sfnRef|''orthodoxanswers.org''}}|editor-last=Cleenewerck|editor-first=Laurent|date=|title=An Orthodox Christian historical timeline|website=orthodoxanswers.org|location=Eureka, CA|publisher=St. Innocent Orthodox Church|url=http://www.orthodoxanswers.org/history|access-date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223102513/http://orthodoxanswers.org/history|archivedate=2010-12-23|deadurl=no}} *{{cite book|ref={{sfnRef|Cleenewerck|2009}}|last=Cleenewerck|first=Laurent|title=His Broken Body: Understanding and Healing the Schism Between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oeKOUb6OcG4C&pg=PA155|accessdate=28 October 2012|date=2009|edition=revised|publisher=Euclid University Press|isbn=978-0-615-18361-9}} *{{cite web|ref=harv|last=Colina|first=Jesús|date=2009-10-23|title=Orthodox-Catholic commission studies primacy of Peter|website=zenit.org|location=|publisher=|url=http://www.zenit.org/article-27320?l=english|access-date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027020136/http://www.zenit.org/article-27320|archivedate=2009-10-27|deadurl=no|accessdate=2017-10-11}} *{{cite web|ref=harv|last=Collins|first=Paul|title=Stress on papal primacy led to exaggerated clout for a pope among equals|website=natcath.org|location=|publisher=National Catholic Reporter|date=1997-10-24|url=http://natcath.org/NCR_Online/archives2/1997d/102497/102497f.htm|accessdate=2009-01-20}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Congar|first=Yves|year=1984|others=Translated by John Bowden|title=Diversity and communion|location=London|publisher=SMC Press|isbn=978-0-334-00311-3|pages=26–27|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ej4tAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22regular+jurisdiction%22}} *{{cite web|ref=harv|last=Conte|first=Ronald L.|date=2006-03-03|title=The limits of the magisterium|website=catholicplanet.com|location=|publisher=|publication-date=|url=http://www.catholicplanet.com/TSM/limits-magisterium.htm|access-date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615184618/http://catholicplanet.com/TSM/limits-magisterium.htm|archivedate=2006-06-15|deadurl=no}} *{{cite wikisource|class=book|ref={{sfnRef|Council Of Chalcedon}}|author=Council Of Chalcedon|editor1-last=Schaff|editor1-first=Philip|editor2-last=Wace|editor2-first=Henry|plaintitle=A select library of the Nicene and post-Nicene fathers of the Christian Church|series=Series 2|location=Buffalo|publisher=Christian Literature|edition=American|year=1900|volume=14|chapter=Extracts from the Acts 1|wslink=Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume XIV/The Fourth Ecumenical Council}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=D'Agostino|first=Michele G.|year=2008|title=Il primato della sede di Roma in Leone IX (1049–1054): studio dei testi latini nella controversia greco-romana nel periodo pregregoriano|language=Italian|series=Storia della Chiesa|volume=24|location=Cinisello Balsamo, IT|publisher=San Paolo|isbn=978-88-215-6062-0|page=}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Davis|first=Leo D.|year=1990|orig-year=|title=The first seven Ecumenical Councils (325-787): their history and theology|series=Theology and life series|volume=21|location=Collegeville, MN|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0-8146-5616-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMhzlnY0P0QC&pg=PA1}} *{{cite encyclopedia|ref={{sfnRef|DH}}|editor1-last=Denzinger|editor1-first=Heinrich|editor2-last=Hünermann|editor2-first=Peter|editor3-last=Fastiggi|editor3-first=Robert L.|editor4-last=Nash|editor4-first=Anne Englund|display-editors=2|year=2012|encyclopedia=Enchiridion symbolorum: a compendium of creeds, definitions and declarations of the Catholic Church|edition=43rd|location=San Francisco|publisher=Ignatius Press|isbn=0-89870-746-3}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Dvornik|first=Francis|year=1966|title=Byzantium and the Roman primacy|location=New York|publisher=Fordham University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwfZAAAAMAAJ}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Dvornik|first=Francis|year=1979|orig-year=|title=Byzantium and the Roman primacy|others=Translated by Edwin A. 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*{{cite encyclopedia|ref=harv|editor-last=Farmer|editor-first=David H.|year=2004|orig-year=2003|title=Peter (1)|encyclopedia=The Oxford dictionary of saints|edition=5th|location=Oxford [u.a.]|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=Oxford paperback reference|isbn=978-0-19-860949-0|pages=|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Farmer+%22is+not+explicitly+affirmed%22&btnG=Search+Books&tbm=bks&tbo=1}} *{{cite conference|ref={{sfnRef|ARCIC I|1976}}|author=First Anglican–Roman Catholic International Commission|year=1977|title=Agreed Statement on Authority in the Church|conference=Authority in the Church I, August 24 – September 2, 1976|location=Venice, IT|publisher=|url=https://iarccum.org/doc/?d=4|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6YnQiNA2W?url=https://iarccum.org/doc/?d=4|archivedate=2015-05-25|deadurl=no|access-date=2017-10-11}} *{{cite conference|ref={{sfnRef|ARCIC I|1981}}|author=First Anglican–Roman Catholic International Commission|date=1981-09-03|title=Agreed Statement on 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I|editor1-last=Schaff|editor1-first=Philip|editor2-last=Wace|editor2-first=Henry|plaintitle=A select library of the Nicene and post-Nicene fathers of the Christian Church|series=Series 2|location=Buffalo|publisher=Christian Literature|edition=American|year=1895|volume=12|chapter=Register of Epistles/Book V/Chapter 22|wslink=Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume XII/Gregory the Great|at=Letter 43 (to Eulogius)}} *{{cite book|ref={{sfnRef|Guettee|1866}}|last=Guettée|first=René François Wladimir|year=1866|title=The papacy its historic origin and primitive relations with the Eastern churches|edition=|url=https://archive.org/stream/papacyitshistori00guet#page/175/mode/1up|location=New York|publisher=Minos Publishing|oclc=263029067}} *{{cite encyclopedia|ref=harv|last=Hardon|first=John A.|author-link=John Hardon|year=2013|title=Primacy|encyclopedia=Catholic dictionary: an abridged and updated edition of Modern Catholic dictionary|location=New 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Reims|volume=160|location=Reims|publisher=Academie Nationale de Reims|oclc=11808869}} *{{cite interview|ref=harv|last=Hovorun|first=Kirill|authorlink1=|interviewer=Taras Antoshevskyy|title=First of all, a balanced position concerning the question about the primacy in the church must be accepted|work=risu.org.ua|location=Lviv-Kyiv|date=2010-08-12|publisher=Religious Information Service of Ukraine. Ukrainian Catholic University|publication-place=Lviv, UA|publication-date=2010-08-17|url=http://risu.org.ua/en/index/expert_thought/interview/37178/|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820123754/http://www.risu.org.ua/en/index/expert_thought/interview/37178/|archive-date=2010-08-20|dead-url=no}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last1=L'Huillier|first1=Peter|year=1996|title=The church of the ancient councils: the disciplinary work of the first four ecumenical councils|location=Crestwood, NY|publisher=St. Vladimir's Seminary Press|isbn=978-0-88141-007-5|url=https://archive.org/details/churchofancientc0000lhui}} *{{cite wikisource|ref={{sfnRef|Ignatius|''Letter to the Smyrnaeans''}}|class=book|editor1-last=Schaff|editor1-first=Philip|editor2-last=Roberts|editor2-first=Alexander|editor3-last=Donaldson|editor3-first=James|editor4-last=Coxe|editor4-first=A. Cleveland|display-editors=1|plaintitle=The Ante-Nicene Fathers: the writings of the fathers down to A.D. 325|location=Buffalo|publisher=Christian Literature|edition=American|year=1885|volume=1|author=Ignatius of Antioch|chapter=Epistle to the Smyrnaeans|wslink=Ante-Nicene Christian Library}} *{{cite wikisource|ref={{sfnRef|Irenaeus|''Against heresies'' 3.3}}|class=book|editor1-last=Schaff|editor1-first=Philip|editor2-last=Roberts|editor2-first=Alexander|editor3-last=Donaldson|editor3-first=James|editor4-last=Coxe|editor4-first=A. Cleveland|display-editors=1|plaintitle=The Ante-Nicene Fathers: the writings of the fathers down to A.D. 325|location=Buffalo|publisher=Christian Literature|edition=American|year=1885|volume=1|author=Irenaeus|chapter=Against Heresies: Book III/Chapter III.|wslink=Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume I/IRENAEUS}} *{{cite wikisource|class=book|ref={{sfnRef|John Chrysostom|''On the Gospel of John''}}|author=John Chrysostom|editor1-last=Schaff|editor1-first=Philip|editor2-last=Wace|editor2-first=Henry|plaintitle=A select library of the Nicene and post-Nicene fathers of the Christian Church|series=Series 1|location=Buffalo|publisher=Christian Literature|edition=American|year=1889|volume=14|chapter=On the Gospel of John/Preface|wslink=Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume XIV}} *{{cite conference|ref={{sfnRef|Ravenna Document|2007}}|author=Joint International Commission for the Theological Dialogue between the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church|date=2007-10-13|title=Ecclesiological and canonical consequences of the sacramental nature of the church: ecclesial communion, conciliarity and authority|conference=Tenth Plenary Session, October 8–15, 2007|location=Ravenna, IT|publication-place=Vatican City|publisher=|url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/ch_orthodox_docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20071013_documento-ravenna_en.html|access-date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117103025/http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/ch_orthodox_docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20071013_documento-ravenna_en.html|archivedate=2007-11-17|deadurl=no}} *{{cite conference|ref={{sfnRef|Crete Draft|2008}}|author=Joint International Commission for Theological Dialogue Between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church|date=2008-10-03|title=The Role of the Bishop of Rome in the Communion of the Church in the First Millennium|type=unpublished unofficial draft|conference=September 27 – October 4, 2008|location=Aghios Nikolaos, Crete, Greece}} Leaked in {{cite web|date=2010-01-23|title=The role of the Bishop of Rome in the Communion of the Church in the First Millennium|type=leaked unofficial draft|website=chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it|location=Rome|publisher=Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso|url=http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/1341814?eng=y|access-date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130185512/http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/1341814?eng=y|archivedate=2010-01-30|deadurl=no}} *{{cite web|ref={{sfnRef|UUS}}|author=John Paul II|date=1995-05-25|title=Ut unum sint|location=Vatican City|publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana|url=http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25051995_ut-unum-sint.html|access-date=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|deadurl=no}} *{{cite web|ref=harv|last=Jones|first=Chandler H.|date=2008-11-11|title=Anglican Catholicism and the Papal Primacy|website=philorthodox.blogspot.com|location=|publisher=|url=http://philorthodox.blogspot.com/2008/11/anglican-catholicism-and-papal-primacy_11.html|access-date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708060626/http://philorthodox.blogspot.com/2008/11/anglican-catholicism-and-papal-primacy_11.html|archivedate=2011-07-08|deadurl=no}} *{{cite encyclopedia|ref={{sfnRef|Justinian I|Novel 131}}|author=Justinian I|year=2009|orig-year=promulgated 545-03-18|title=Novel 131: concerning ecclesiastical canons and privileges|editor1-last=Blume|editor1-first=Fred H.|editor1-link=Fred H. Blume|editor2-last=Kearley|editor2-first=Timothy|others=Translated by Fred H. Blume|encyclopedia=Annotated Justinian code|url=http://www.uwyo.edu/lawlib/blume-justinian/ajc-edition-2/novels/121-140/novel%20131_replacement.pdf|access-date=2015-05-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531164310/http://www.uwyo.edu/lawlib/blume-justinian/ajc-edition-2/novels/121-140/novel%20131_replacement.pdf|archivedate=2015-05-31|deadurl=no|edition=electronic version of 2nd|location=Laramie, WY|publisher=University of Wyoming College of Law|publication-date=2009|oclc=189852432}} *{{cite encyclopedia|ref=harv|year=2010|orig-year=|last=Kelly|first=John N. D.|author-link=John Norman Davidson Kelly|title=Gregory I, St|editor-last=Walsh|editor-first=Michael J.|encyclopedia=The Oxford dictionary of popes|edition=2nd|location=Oxford [u.a.]|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=Oxford paperback reference|isbn=978-0-19-929581-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uVmcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64}} *{{cite web|ref=harv|last=Knox|first=Ellis L.|year=1999|title=The papacy|website=the-orb.net|location=|publisher=Online Resource Book for Medieval Studies|oclc=35987956|url=http://www.the-orb.net/textbooks/westciv/papacy.html|access-date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030918013403/http://the-orb.net/textbooks/westciv/papacy.html|archivedate=2003-09-18|deadurl=no}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Lançon|first=Bertrand|authorlink=Bertrand Lançon|others=Translated by Antonia Nevill|year=2000|title=Rome in late antiquity: everyday life and urban change, AD 312-609|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-92975-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SaTzyXVX-NgC&pg=PA27}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Larchet|first=Jean-Claude|year=2006|chapter=The question of the Roman primacy in the thought of Saint Maximus the Confessor|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mxbj99yRaQC&pg=PA188|others=Translated by Brian Farrell|editor-last=Kasper|editor-first=Walter|title=The Petrine ministry: Catholics and Orthodox in dialogue: academic symposium held at the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity|url=|accessdate=22 December 2011|publisher=Paulist Press|isbn=978-0-8091-4334-4|quote=The question of the primacy of the Roman pope has been and remains, together with the question of the Filioque, one of the main causes of separation between the Latin Church and the Orthodox churches and one of the principal obstacles to their union.}} *{{cite web|ref=harv|last=Larson|first=James|year=2003|title=Vatican I and the papal primacy|website=catholicculture.org|location=Manassas, VA|publisher=Trinity Communications|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=4748|access-date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526001111/http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=4748|archivedate=2015-05-26|deadurl=no}} Reprint of {{cite journal|last=|first=|date=June 2003|title=An exposition of Vatican I's teaching on papal primacy in its ''Dogmatic Constitution of the Church of Christ (Pastor Aeternus)''|journal=Homiletic & pastoral review|issn=0018-4268|volume=|issue=|location=San Francisco, CA|publisher=Ignatius Press|pages=50–55}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Lossky|first=Vladimir|authorlink=Vladimir Lossky|year=1976|orig-year=1957|title=The mystical theology of the Eastern Church|edition=reprint|others=Translated by members of the Fellowship of St. Alban and St. Sergius|location=Crestwood, NY|publisher=St. Vladimir's Seminary Press|isbn=978-0-913836-31-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxqvWwPSCSwC&pg=PA176}} *{{cite book|ref={{sfnRef|Mansi|''Concilium Remense''}}|chapter=Concilium Remense|year=1902|orig-year=1774|editor-last=Mansi|editor-first=Giovanni D.|editor-link=Giovanni Domenico Mansi|title=Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio|language=Latin|volume=19|edition=facsimile|location=Paris|publisher=H. Welter|oclc=682472075|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k51603x}} *{{cite web|ref=harv|editor-last1=Matt|editor-first1=Michael J.|date=2011-03-21|title=A statement of reservations concerning the impending beatification of Pope John Paul II|type=Petition|website=remnantnewspaper.com|location=Forest Lake, MN|publisher=The Remnant Newspaper|url=http://www.remnantnewspaper.com/2011-0331-statement-of-reservations-beatification.htm|access-date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325121738/http://www.remnantnewspaper.com/2011-0331-statement-of-reservations-beatification.htm|archivedate=2011-03-25|deadurl=no}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=McBrien|first=Richard P.|year=2008|title=The church: the evolution of Catholicism|location=New York|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-124521-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S-CIbADzAQsC&pg=PA99}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=McCarthy|first=James G.|year=1995|title=The Gospel according to Rome: comparing Catholic Tradition and the Word of God|location=Eugene, OR|publisher=Harvest House|isbn=978-1-56507-107-0|url=https://archive.org/details/gospelaccordingt0000mcca}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Merle d'Aubigné|first=Jean Henri|author-link=Jean-Henri Merle d'Aubigné|year=1846|orig-year=|title=History of the Reformation in the sixteenth century|volume=1|others=Translated by David D. Scott|edition=|location=Edinburgh|publisher=Blackie and Son|oclc=|page=27|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=afgpAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA27|accessdate=2011-11-01}} This work is found in numerous revisions. *{{cite book|ref=harv|editor-last=Meyendorff|editor-first=John|year=1995|orig-year=1963|title=The primacy of Peter: essays in ecclesiology and the early church|edition=reprinted and rev.|location=Crestwood, NY|publisher=St. Vladimir's Seminary Press|isbn=978-0-88141-125-6|url=}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Miller|first1=J. 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Bromiley|encyclopedia=The encyclopedia of Christianity|location=Grand Rapids, MI|publisher=Eerdmans|volume=4|isbn=978-0-8028-2416-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5V7oyy69zgC&pg=PA272}} *{{cite web|ref=harv|last=Shaw|first=Russell|date=2000|title=The battle over primacy|website=catholicculture.org|location=Manassas, VA|publisher=Trinity Communications|url=https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=3218|access-date=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|deadurl=no}} Reprint of {{cite journal|last1=|first1=|author-link1=|date=January 2000|title=The battle over primacy|journal=Crisis|volume=|issue=|location=Notre Dame, IN|publisher=Morley Publishing Group|pages=25–27|issn=1535-332X}} *{{cite book|last1=Shotwell|first1=James T.|last2=Loomis|first2=Louise Ropes|year=1927|title=The See of Peter|series=Records of civilization, sources and studies|location=New York|publisher=Columbia University Press|oclc=614952967|url=https://archive.org/details/seeofpeter02shot|ref=harv}} *{{cite web|ref=harv|last=Speciale|first=Alessandro|date=2011-09-25|title=Ratzinger's Ecumenism between light and shadows|website=vaticaninsider.lastampa.it|location=Turin, IT|publisher=La Stampa|publication-date=|url=http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/homepage/inquiries-and-interviews/detail/articolo/germania-germany-alemania-8380/|access-date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731130439/http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/inquiries-and-interviews/detail/articolo/germania-germany-alemania-8380/|archivedate=2013-07-31|deadurl=no}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Ray|first=Stephen K.|year=1999|title=Upon this rock: St. Peter and the primacy of Rome in scripture and the early church|series=Modern apologetics library|edition=|location=San Francisco|publisher=Ignatius Press|isbn=978-0-89870-723-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RnQiVgUn728C&pg=PA11}} *{{cite web|ref=harv|last=Reilly|first=Patrick J.|website=catholicculture.org|location=Manassas, VA|publisher=Trinity Communications|year=2005|title=Teaching euthanasia|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=6635|access-date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920120312/http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=6635|archivedate=2014-09-20|deadurl=no}} Reprint of {{cite journal|last=Reilly|first=Patrick J.|date=June 2005|title=Teaching euthanasia|journal=Crisis|volume=|issue=|location=Notre Dame, IN|publisher=Morley Publishing Group|pages=28–35|issn=1535-332X}} *{{cite book|ref={{sfnRef|Sanchez|1968}}|last=Sánchez|first=Jesús Hortal|year=1968|orig-year=|title=De Initio potestatis primatialis romani pontificis: investigatio historico-juridica a tempore Sancti Gregorii Magni usque ad tempus Clementis V|language=Latin|series=Analecta Gregoriana|volume=167|location=Rome|publisher=Editrice Pontificia Università Gregoriana|oclc=864705|url=}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Schatz|first=Klaus|year=1996|chapter=The development of the primacy in the first five centuries|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=IeH4OKYflbkC&pg=PA1|title=Papal primacy: from its origins to the present|others=Translated by John A. Otto and Linda M. Maloney|location=Collegeville, MN|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0-8146-5522-1}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Schimmelpfennig|first=Bernhard|year=1992|title=The papacy|others=Translated by James Sievert|location=New York|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-07515-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05HtCjTpAFsC&pg=PA27}} *{{Catholic|prescript=|last=Shahan|first=Thomas|title=First Council of Constantinople|volume=4|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04308a.htm}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Sherrard|first=Philip|year=1978|title=Church, papacy, and schism: a theological enquiry|location=London|publisher=S.P.C.K.|isbn=978-0-281-03620-2|url=https://archive.org/details/churchpapacyschi0000sher}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Tajra|first=Harry W.|year=1994|title=The martyrdom of St. Paul: historical and judicial context, traditions, and legends|series=Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament, 2|volume=67|location=Tübingen|publisher=Mohr|issn=0340-9570|isbn=978-3-16-146239-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d--2wss0t1cC&pg=PA180}} *{{cite wikisource|ref={{sfnRef|Tertullian|''On modesty'', 21}}|class=book|editor1-last=Schaff|editor1-first=Philip|editor2-last=Roberts|editor2-first=Alexander|editor3-last=Donaldson|editor3-first=James|editor4-last=Coxe|editor4-first=A. Cleveland|display-editors=1|plaintitle=The Ante-Nicene Fathers: the writings of the fathers down to A.D. 325|location=Buffalo|publisher=Christian Literature|edition=American|year=1885|volume=4|author=Tertullian|chapter=On Modesty/Chapter 21|wslink=Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IV/Tertullian: Part Fourth}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Thompson|first=Ernest T.|year=1965|title=Through the ages: a history of the Christian church|series=Covenant life curriculum|location=Richmond, VA|publisher=CLC Press|isbn=|oclc=|url=https://archive.org/details/throughageshisto0000erne_n2x5|page=}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Ware|first=Timothy|author-link=|year=1993|title=The Orthodox Church|series=Penguin religion and mythology|edition=New|location=London [u.a.]|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-014656-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f7D-5Q-Q19MC&pg=PA28}} *{{cite web|ref={{sfnRef|Webster}}|last=Webster|first=William A.|date=|title=The Church Fathers' interpretation of the Rock of Matthew 16:18&thinsp;: an historical refutation of the claims of Roman Catholicism|website=the-highway.com|location=|publisher=|url=http://www.the-highway.com/Matt16.18_Webster.html|access-date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020625185244/http://the-highway.com/Matt16.18_Webster.html|archivedate=2002-06-25|deadurl=no}} Possibly based on {{cite book|last=Webster|first=William A.|year=1995|title=The Church of Rome at the bar of history|location=Edinburgh|publisher=Banner of Truth Trust|isbn=978-0-85151-673-8|pages=43–ff|url=}} *{{cite encyclopedia|ref=harv|last=Wetterau|first=Bruce|year=1994|title=|encyclopedia=World history: a dictionary of important people, places, and events from ancient times to the present|location=New York|publisher=H. Holt|isbn=978-0-8050-2350-3|url=}} *{{cite web|ref=harv|last=Wijngaards|first=John|date=2012-10-11|title=Jubilee declaration on authority in the Catholic Church<!--the name has changed overtime -->|type=petition|website=churchauthority.org|location=|publisher=Wijngaards Institute for Catholic Research|url=http://www.churchauthority.org/index.asp|access-date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015022156/http://www.churchauthority.org/index.asp|archivedate=2012-10-15|deadurl=no}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Whelton|first=Michael|year=1998|title=Two paths: papal monarchy, collegial tradition|location=Salisbury, MA|publisher=Regina Orthodox Press|isbn=978-0-9649141-5-5|url=https://archive.org/details/twopathspapalmon0000mich}} *{{cite web|ref={{sfnRef|''02varvara.wordpress.com''}}|date=2010-09-24|title=Catholics and Orthodox discuss the role of the Pope of Rome in Vienna meeting|website=02varvara.wordpress.com|location=|publisher=|publication-date=|url=https://02varvara.wordpress.com/2010/09/24/catholics-and-orthodox-discuss-the-role-of-the-pope-of-rome-in-vienna-meeting/|access-date=2015-05-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718084916/http://02varvara.wordpress.com/2010/09/24/catholics-and-orthodox-discuss-the-role-of-the-pope-of-rome-in-vienna-meeting/|archivedate=2011-07-18|deadurl=no}} Translated from {{cite web|date=2010-09-21|language=Russian|script-title=Католики и православные пытаются преодолеть главную причину 1000-летнего раскола в Церкви|trans-title=Catholics and Orthodox trying to overcome main reason for 1000 year schism in the Church|website=interfax-religion.ru|location=Moscow|publisher=|url=http://www.interfax-religion.ru/?act=news&div=37468|access-date=2015-05-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018002418/http://www.interfax-religion.ru/?act=news&div=37468|archivedate=2010-10-18|deadurl=no}} {{refend}} ==Vyanzo== *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Anastos|first=Milton V.|author-link=|year=2001|orig-year=|chapter=|chapterurl=|chapter-format=|editor1-last=Vryonis|editor1-first=Speros|editor2-last=Goodhue|editor2-first=Nicholas|title=Aspects of the mind of Byzantium: political theory, theology, and ecclesiastical relations with the See of Rome|series=Variorum collected studies|volume=717|others=|location=Burlington, VT|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-0-86078-840-9|url=}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|year=2005|chapter=Annales Romani ''Description of the Synod of Sutri ca. 1046'' and Bonizo of Sutri ''Description of the Synod of Sutri ca. 1085''|chapterurl=|editor-last=Miller|editor-first=Maureen C.|editor-link=|title=Power and the holy in the age of the investiture conflict: a brief history with documents|location=New York|publisher=St. Martins Press|isbn=978-0-312-40468-0|url=https://archive.org/details/powerholyinageof0000mill}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Benson|first=Edward White|author-link=Edward Benson (bishop)|year=1897|orig-year=|title=Cyprian: his life, his times, his work|location=New York|publisher=Macmillan|oclc=697711774|url=https://archive.org/details/cyprianhislifehi00bensuoft}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=|first=|author-link=|year=2001|orig-year=|editor1-last=Braaten|editor1-first=Carl E.|editor2-last=Jenson|editor2-first=Robert W.|title=Church unity and the papal office: an ecumenical dialogue on John Paul II's encyclical Ut unum sint|series=|volume=|others=|edition=|location=Grand Rapids, MI|publisher=W. B. Eerdmans|isbn=978-0-8028-4802-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J6CeBGMSBn8C}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Carlton|first=Clark|author-link=|year=1997|orig-year=|chapter=|chapterurl=|chapter-format=|editor-last=|editor-first=|editor-link=|title=The faith: understanding Orthodox Christianity: an Orthodox catechism|series=Faith series|location=Salisbury, MA|publisher=Regina Orthodox Press|isbn=978-0-9649141-1-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WakqAQAAMAAJ}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Chrestou|first=Panagiotes K.|author-link=|year=2005|orig-year=|chapter=|chapterurl=|chapter-format=|editor-last=Dragas|editor-first=George D.|title=Greek Orthodox patrology: an introduction to the study of the church fathers|series=Orthodox theological library|volume=2|others=Translated by George D. Dragas|location=Rollinsford, NH|publisher=Orthodox Research Institute|isbn=978-1-933275-04-8|url=}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Congar|first=Yves|year=1959|editor-last=|editor-first=|editor-link=|title=After nine hundred years: the background of the schism between the Eastern and Western churches|series=|volume=|others=|edition=|location=New York|publisher=Fordham University Press|isbn=978-0-585-23800-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gBzZAAAAMAAJ}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Denny|first=Edward|author-link=|year=1912|title=Papalism A treatise on the claims of the papacy as set forth in the encyclical ''Satis Cognitum''|location=London|publisher=Rivingtons|oclc=693306249|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b776343}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=DeVille|first=Adam A. J.|year=2011|title=Orthodoxy and the Roman papacy: ''Ut Unum Sint'' and the prospects of East-West unity|series=|volume=|others=|edition=|location=Notre Dame, IN|publisher=University of Notre Dame Press|isbn=978-0-268-02607-3|url=https://archive.org/details/orthodoxyromanpa0000devi}} *{{cite book|last=Chapman|first=John|year=1928|title=Studies on the early Papacy|location=London|publisher=Sheed & Ward|oclc=422117622|url=}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=|first=|author-link=|year=1974|orig-year=|chapter=|chapterurl=|chapter-format=|editor1-last=Empie|editor1-first=Paul C.|editor2-last=Murphy|editor2-first=T. Austin|title=Papal primacy and the universal church|series=Lutherans and Catholics in dialogue|volume=5|others=|edition=|location=Minneapolis, MN|publisher=Augsburg Publishing House|isbn=978-0-8066-1450-2|url=}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=FitzGerald|first=Kyriaki Karidoyanes|year=2006|title=Persons in communion: a theology of authentic relationships|series=Distinguished lecture series|volume=|location=Berkeley, CA|publisher=InterOrthodox Press|isbn=978-1-932401-08-0|url=https://archive.org/details/personsincommuni0000fitz}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Hasler|first=August B.|author-link=|year=1981|title=How the Pope became infallible: Pius IX and the politics of persuasion|series=|volume=|others=Translated by Peter Heinegg|location=Garden City, NY|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=978-0-385-15851-0|url=https://archive.org/details/howpopebecameinf0000hasl}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Herrin|first=Judith|author-link=|year=2007|title=Byzantium: the surprising life of a medieval empire|location=Princeton, NJ|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-13151-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rktoAAAAMAAJ}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Hinson|first=E. Glenn|author-link=|year=1995|title=The church triumphant: a history of Christianity up to 1300|location=Macon, GA|publisher=Mercer University Press|isbn=978-0-86554-436-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cY1SymrAGeEC}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Kelly|first=John N. D.|author-link=|year=1995|title=Golden mouth: the story of John Chrysostom, ascetic, preacher, bishop|location=Ithaca, NY|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-3189-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t2TNPY3qjlIC}} *{{Rejea kitabu|ref=harv|last=Meyendorff|first=John|author-link=John Meyendorff|year=1989|title=Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450-680 A.D.|series=The Church in history|volume=2|location=Crestwood, NY|publisher=St. Vladimir's Seminary Press|isbn=978-0-88141-056-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Morrison|first=John H.|year=1884|orig-year=|title=Disquisitions and notes on the Gospels: Matthew|edition=4th|location=Boston|publisher=American Unitarian Association|oclc=866896706|url=https://archive.org/stream/disquisitionsnot00moriuoft}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Neill|first=Stephen|author-link=|year=1990|orig-year=|editor-last=Chadwick|editor-first=Owen|editor-link=|title=A history of Christian mission|series=The Penguin history of the Church|volume=6|edition=2nd|location=London [u.a]|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-013763-7|url=}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|author=Palladius Helenopolitanus|author-link=Palladius of Galatia|year=1985|editor-last=Meyer|editor-first=Robert T.|editor-link=|title=Dialogue on the life of St. John Chrysostom|series=Ancient Christian writers: the works of the Fathers in translation|volume=45|others=Translated by Robert T. Meyer|edition=|location=Mahwah, NJ|publisher=Newman Press|isbn=978-0-8091-0358-4|url=}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Papadakis|first=Aristeides|author-link=|year=1983|orig-year=|title=Crisis in Byzantium: the Filioque controversy in the patriarchate of Gregory II of Cyprus (1283–1289)|location=New York|publisher=Fordham University Press|isbn=978-0-8232-1088-6|url=https://archive.org/details/crisisinbyzantiu0000papa}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Papadakis|first1=Aristeides|author-link=|last2=Meyendorff|first2=John|year=1994|title=The Christian East and the rise of the papacy: the church 1071–1453 A.D|series=The church in history|volume=4|others=|edition=|location=Crestwood, NY|publisher=St. Vladimir's Seminary Press|isbn=978-0-88141-058-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHvYAAAAMAAJ}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Patsavos|first=Lewis J.|year=2003|title=Spiritual dimensions of the holy canons|location=Brookline, MA|publisher=Holy Cross Orthodox Press|isbn=978-1-885652-68-3|url=}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Pennington|first=Arthur R.|author-link=|year=1883|title=Epochs of the papacy: from its rise to the death of Pope Pius IX in 1878|location=New York|publisher=E. P. Dutton|oclc=844615469|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t044AQAAMAAJ}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Puller|first=Frederick W.|author-link=|year=1900|orig-year=|title=The primitive saints and the see of Rome|edition=3rd, rev. and enl.|location=London [u.a.]|publisher=Longmans, Green|oclc=679956657|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmhBAAAAYAAJ}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Romanides|first=John|author-link=|year=2004|editor-last=Dragas|editor-first=George D.|editor-link=|title=An outline of Orthodox patristic dogmatics|series=Orthodox theological library|volume=1|others=Translated by George D. Dragas|edition=|location=Rollinsford, NH|publisher=Orthodox Research Institute|isbn=978-0-9745618-4-4|url=}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Runciman|first=Steven|author-link=|year=1977|title=The Byzantine theocracy|series=Weil lectures, 1973|location=Cambridge; New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21401-8|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantinetheocra0000runc}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Schaeffer|first=Frank|author-link=|year=1994|title=Dancing alone: the quest for Orthodox faith in the age of false religion|location=Brookline, MA|publisher=Holy Cross Orthodox Press|isbn=978-0-917651-36-6|url=https://archive.org/details/dancingaloneques0000scha_z7p6}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|author=Ignatius of Antioch|year=1919|orig-year=1900|editor-last=|editor-first=|editor-link=|title=The epistles of St. Ignatius: bishop of Antioch|series=Translations of Christian literature, Series I, Greek texts|volume=|others=Translated by James H. Srawley|edition=3rd|location=London|publisher=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge|oclc=608472045|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5WMMAAAAIAAJ}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Stephens|first=William R. W.|author-link=|year=1883|title=Saint John Chrysostom, his life and times: a sketch of the church and the empire in the fourth century|edition=3rd|location=London|publisher=J. Murray|oclc=499596765|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924079612101}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|author=Vasileios of Stavronikita|author-link=|year=1984|orig-year=|editor-last=|editor-first=|editor-link=|title=Hymn of entry: liturgy and life in the Orthodox church|series=Contemporary Greek theologians|volume=1|others=Translated by Elizabeth Briere|edition=|location=Crestwood, NY|publisher=St. Vladimir's Seminary Press|isbn=978-0-88141-026-6|pages=52–53|url=}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Whelton|first=Michael|year=2006|title=Popes and patriarchs: an Orthodox perspective on Roman Catholic claims|location=Ben Lomond, CA|publisher=Conciliar Press|isbn=978-1-888212-78-5|url=}} [[Category:Teolojia]] [[Jamii:Mapapa]] pw01z6ryi9qan3qhyibmqtv1tlhaz6a Ujuzilio 0 94739 1574259 1506713 2026-06-17T22:42:09Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574259 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mandaean-Mandi-Nasiriya-Iraq.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Maabadi]] ya Wamandayo huko [[Nasiriya]], Iraq.]] '''Ujuzilio''' (pia: '''Unostiki''', '''Gnosi'''; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: "Gnosticism", kutoka [[neno]] la [[Kigiriki]] γνωστικός, gnostikos, "mwenye ujuzi", ambalo [[mzizi]] wake ni γνῶσις, gnōsis, "[[ujuzi]]") ni [[nadharia]] ya [[wokovu]] kupatikana kwa njia ya [[maarifa]].pia ==Historia== [[Mazingira]] ya [[asili]] ni [[Uyahudi]] wa [[karne ya 1]] na [[Karne ya 2|ya 2]] [[BK]]. Wafuasi wa Gnosi hiyo, wakitafsiri namna yao [[Torati]] na [[vitabu]] vingine vya [[Biblia]], walidai [[ulimwengu]] unaoonekana [[Uumbaji|haukuumbwa]] na [[Mwenyezi Mungu]], bali na [[roho]] nyingine iliyofunga [[chembe]] ya [[Mungu|Umungu]] katika [[mwili]]. Walidai kuwa maarifa, si [[imani]], yanaweza kukomboa hiyo chembe. [[Nadharia]] hiyo ilistawi hasa kando ya [[Bahari ya Kati]], ikichanganyikana na [[falsafa]] ya [[Plato]] na matapo ya [[Ukristo]] yaliyopingwa na [[uongozi]] wa [[Kanisa]] kama [[uzushi]]. Kuanzia [[karne ya 3]] nguvu ya nadharia hiyo ilipungua, lakini bila kufutika kabisa katika [[ustaarabu wa magharibi]] hadi leo. Kwa mfano, ulijitokeza katika [[Renaissance]]. [[Dini]] maalumu iliyoanzishwa kwenye [[msingi]] wa unostiki ilikuwa [[Umani]] (''Manichaeism''). Kutoka [[Dola la Persia]], unostiki huo ulienea hadi [[China]]. Leo hii kuna [[jumuiya]] moja iliyotokana na unostiki wa kale ambayo ni jumuiya ndogo ya [[Wamandayo]] katika [[Iraq|Iraki]] na [[kusini]] mwa [[Uajemi|Iran]]. ==Vyanzo== ===Vitabu=== {{refbegin}} <!-- A --> * {{cite book | last = Aland | first = Barbara | title = [[Festschrift]] für Hans Jonas | publisher = Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht | year = 1978 | isbn = 3-525-58111-4 }} * {{Citation | last =Albrile | first =Ezio | year =2005 | chapter =Gnosticism: History of Study | editor-last =Jones | editor-first= Lindsay |title =MacMillan Encyclopdia of Religion | publisher =MacMillan}} <!-- B --> * {{Citation | last =Bauer | first =Walter | authorlink = Walter Bauer | title =Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity | publisher =Fortress | isbn =0-8006-1363-5}} * {{Citation |last=Brakke |first=David |year=2010 |title=The Gnostics: Myth, Ritual, and Diversity in Early Christianity |publisher= Harvard University Press |asin =B004Z14APQ}} * {{Citation |last=Broek |first=Roelof van den |authorlink=Roel van den Broek | year =1996 |title=Studies in Gnosticism and Alexandrian Christianity}} * {{Citation |last=Broek |first=Roelof van den |year=2013 |title=Gnostic Religion in Antiquity |publisher=Cambridge University Press}} * {{cite book |last=Burstein |first= Dan |title= Secrets of Mary Magdalene |url=https://archive.org/details/secretsofmarymag0000unse_z4d3 |publisher= CDS Books |year= 2006 |isbn= 1-59315-205-1 }} <!-- C --> * {{Citation | last1 =Cohen | first1 =Arthur A. | last2 =Mendes-Flohr | first2 =Paul | year =2010 | title =20th Century Jewish Religious Thought}} * {{Citation | last =Conze | first =Edward | year =1967 | chapter =Buddhism and Gnosis | editor-last =Bianchi | editor-first =U. | title =Origins of Gnosticism: Colloquium of Messina, 13–18 April 1966}} * {{Citation | last =Conze | first =Edward | year =1967 | title =Buddhist prajna and Greek Sophia | journal =Religion. Volume 5, Issue 2, Autumn 1975, Pages 160-167 | url =https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-721X(75)90017-2}} <!-- D --> * {{Citation | last =Dunderberg | first =Ismo | year =2008 | title =Beyond gnosticism: myth, lifestyle, and society in the school of Valentinus | publisher =Columbia University Press}} * {{Citation | last =Dunn | first =James D.G. | year =2016 | chapter ="The Apostle of the Heretics": Paul, Valentinus, and Marcion | editor-last1 =Porter | editor-first1 =Stanley E. | editor-last2 =Yoon | editor-first2 =David | title =Paul and Gnosis | publisher =BRILL | doi =10.1163/9789004316690_008}} <!-- E --> * {{Citation | last =Ehrman | first =Bart D. | year =2003 | title =Lost Christianities | publisher =Oxford University Press}} <!-- F --> * {{cite book | last= Filoramo | first = Giovanni | title = A History of Gnosticism | url= https://archive.org/details/historyofgnostic0000filo | publisher = Basil Blackwell | location= Oxford | year = 1990 | isbn = 978-0631187073 }} * {{Citation | last1 =Freke | first1 =Timothy | last2 =Gandy | first2 =Peter | year =2002 | title =Jesus and the Lost Goddess : The Secret Teachings of the Original Christians | publisher =Three Rivers Press | isbn =0-00-710071-X }} * {{Citation | last1 =Freke | first1 =Timothy | last2 =Gandy | first2=Peter | title =De mysterieuze Jezus. Was Jezus oorspronkelijk een heidense god? | publisher =Uitgeverij Synthese}} <!-- G --> * {{cite book | last = Green | first = Henry | title = Economic and Social Origins of Gnosticism | publisher = Scholars P., U.S. | year = 1985 | isbn = 0-89130-843-1 }} <!-- H --> * {{cite book | last = Haardt | first = Robert | title = Die Gnosis: Wesen und Zeugnisse | url = https://archive.org/details/bwb_C0-AUK-592 | publisher = Otto-Müller-Verlag, Salzburg | year = 1967 | id = | pages = [https://archive.org/details/bwb_C0-AUK-592/page/n355 352] pages }}, translated as {{cite book | last = Haardt | first = Robert | title = Gnosis: Character and Testimony | url = https://archive.org/details/gnosischaractert0000haar | publisher = Brill, Leiden | year = 1971 | id = }} * {{Citation | last =Halsall | first =Guy | year =2008 | authorlink =Guy Halsall | title =Barbarian migrations and the Roman West | publisher =Cambridge University Press | isbn =0-521-43491-2}} * {{cite book | authorlink = Stephan A. Hoeller | last = Hoeller | first = Stephan A. | title = Gnosticism&nbsp;— New Light on the Ancient Tradition of Inner Knowing | url = https://archive.org/details/gnosticismnewlig0000hoel | publisher = Quest| year = 2002 | isbn = 0-8356-0816-6 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/gnosticismnewlig0000hoel/page/257 257] pages | location = Wheaton }} * {{Citation |last=Huidekoper |first=Frederic |year=1891|title=Judaism at Rome: BC 76 to AD 140 |publisher=D. G. Francis}} <!-- J --> * {{cite book | authorlink = Hans Jonas | last = Jonas | first = Hans | title = Gnosis und spätantiker Geist vol. 2:1–2, Von der Mythologie zur mystischen Philosophie | publisher = Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht| year = 1993| isbn = 3-525-53841-3 | location = Göttingen }} * {{cite book | authorlink = Charles William King | last = King | first = Charles William | title = The Gnostics and Their Remains | year = 1887 | url = http://www.sacred-texts.com/gno/gar/ }} <!-- K --> * {{Citation | last =King | first =Karen L. | authorlink =Karen Leigh King | year =2003 | title =What is Gnosticism? | publisher =Harvard University Press | isbn =0-674-01071-X | pages =343 pages }} * {{cite book | last = Klimkeit | first = Hans-Joachim | title = Gnosis on the Silk Road: Gnostic Texts from Central Asia | url = https://archive.org/details/gnosisonsilkroad0000unse | publisher = Harper, San Francisco | year = 1993 | isbn = 0-06-064586-5 }} * Kosack, Wolfgang: ''Geschichte der Gnosis in Antike, Urchristentum und Islam.'' Verlag Christoph Brunner, Basel 2014. ISBN|978-3-906206-06-6 <!-- L --> * {{Citation | last =Lahe | first =Jaan | year =2006 | title =IST DIE GNOSIS AUS DEM CHRISTENTUM ABLEITBAR? EINE KRITISCHE AUSEINANDERSETZUNG MIT EINEM URSPRUNGSMODELL DER GNOSIS | journal =TRAMES, 2006, 10(60/55), 3, 220–231}} * {{cite book | last =Layton | first = Bentley | editor = edited by [[L. Michael White]], O. Larry Yarbrough | chapter = Prolegomena to the study of ancient gnosticism | title = The Social World of the First Christians: Essays in Honor of Wayne A. Meeks | url =https://archive.org/details/socialworldoffir0000unse | publisher = Fortress Press, Minneapolis | year = 1995 | isbn = 0-8006-2585-4 }} * {{cite book | author = Layton, Bentley (ed.) | title = The Rediscovery of Gnosticism: Sethian Gnosticism | url = https://archive.org/details/rediscoveryofgno0001bent | publisher = E.J. Brill | year = 1981 }} <!-- M --> * {{Citation | last =Magris | first =Aldo | year =2005 | chapter =Gnosticism: Gnosticism from its origins to the Middle Ages (further considerations) | editor-last =Jones | editor-first= Lindsay |title =MacMillan Encyclopdia of Religion | publisher =MacMillan}} * {{cite book | last = Markschies | first = Christoph | title = Gnosis: An Introduction | publisher = T & T Clark | year = 2000 | isbn = 0-567-08945-2 | pages = 145 pages | others = trans. John Bowden }} * {{Citation | last=Markschies | first="Christolph" | year=2003 | title=Gnosis: An Introduction | publisher=T.& T.Clark Ltd}} * {{Citation | last =McVey | first =Kathleen | year =1981 | title =Gnosticism, Feminism, and Elaine Pagels | journal =Princeton Theological Seminary, Vol 37, Issue 4, 1981 | url =http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/004057368103700411?journalCode=ttja}} * {{cite book | last = Mins | first = Denis | title = Irenaeus | publisher = Geoffrey Chapman | year = 1994 | id = }} <!-- P --> * {{Citation | last =Pagels | first =Elaine | year =1975 | title =The Gnostic Paul: Gnostic Exegesis of the Pauline Letters | isbn =1-56338-039-0}} * {{Citation | last = Pagels | first = Elaine | authorlink = Elaine Pagels | year = 1979 | title = The Gnostic Gospels | publisher = Vintage Books| isbn = 0-679-72453-2 | pages = 182 pages | location = New York }} * {{cite book | last = Pagels | first = Elaine | title = The Johannine Gospel in Gnostic Exegesis | publisher = Scholars Press| year = 1989 | isbn = 1-55540-334-4 | pages = 128 pages | location = Atlanta, Ga. }} * {{Citation | last =Pearson | first =Birger Albert | year =2004 | title =Gnosticism and Christianity in Roman and Coptic Egypt}} * Petrement, Simone (1990), ''A Separate God: The Origins and Teachings of Gnosticsim'', Harper and Row ISBN|0-06-066421-5 * {{Citation | last =Perkins | first =Pheme | year =2005 | chapter =Gnosticism: Gnosticism as a Christian heresy | editor-last =Jones | editor-first= Lindsay | title =MacMillan Encyclopdia of Religion | publisher =MacMillan}} <!-- Q --> * {{Citation | last =Quispel | first =Gilles | year =2004 | chapter =Voorwoord | editor-last =Pagels | editor-first =Elaine | title =De Gnostische Evangelien | publisher =Servire}} * {{Citation | last =Quispel | first =Gilles | year =2005 | chapter =Gnosticism: Gnosticism from its origins to the Middle Ages [first edition] | editor-last =Jones | editor-first= Lindsay |title =MacMillan Encyclopdia of Religion | publisher =MacMillan}} <!-- R --> * {{Citation | last1 =Rousseau | first1 =A. | last2 =Doutreleau | first2 =L. | year =1974 | title =Saint Irénée de Lyon : Traité contre les hérésies}} * {{cite book | last = Rudolph | first = Kurt | authorlink= Kurt Rudolph | title = Gnosis: The Nature & Structure of Gnosticism | url = https://archive.org/details/gnosisnaturehist00rudo | publisher = Harper & Row | year = 1987 | isbn = 0-06-067018-5 }} <!-- S --> * {{Citation | last =Smith | first =Carl B. | year =2004 | title =No Longer Jews: The Search for Gnostic Origins | publisher =Hendrickson Publishers}} <!-- T --> * {{Citation | last1 =Temporini | first1 =Hildegard | last2 =Vogt | first2 =Joseph | last3 =Haase | first3 =Wolfgang | year =1983 | title =''[[Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt]]'' (Rise and Decline of the Roman World) Vl 21/1 Volume 2; Volume 21 | publisher =Walter de Gruyter | isbn =3-11-008845-2}} * {{cite book | author =[[Christopher M. Tuckett|Tuckett, Christopher M.]] | title=Nag Hammadi and the Gospel Tradition: Synoptic Tradition in the Nag Hammadi Library | url =https://archive.org/details/naghammadigospel0000tuck | publisher=T & T Clark | year=1986 | isbn=0-567-09364-6}} (206 pages) * {{Citation | last =Turner | first =John | year =1986 | chapter =Sethian Gnosticism: A Literary History | title =Nag Hammadi, Gnosticism and Early Christianity | url =http://jdt.unl.edu/lithist.html | deadurl =yes | archiveurl =https://archive.today/20121211123653/http://jdt.unl.edu/lithist.html | archivedate =2012-12-11 | df = }} <!-- W --> * {{cite book | last =Walker | first =Benjamin | year = 1990 | authorlink =Benjamin Walker (author) | title =Gnosticism: Its History and Influence | publisher =Harper Collins | isbn = 1-85274-057-4 }} * {{Citation | last =Williams | first =Michael | year =1996 | title =Rethinking Gnosticism: An Argument for Dismantling a Dubious Category | publisher =Princeton University Press | isbn =0-691-01127-3 }} <!-- Y --> * {{cite book | author=[[Edwin M. Yamauchi|Yamauchi, Edwin M.]] | title=Pre-Christian Gnosticism : A Survey of the Proposed Evidences | publisher= | year=1983 | isbn=0-8010-9919-6}} (278 pages) * Yamauchi, Edwin M., "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3164879?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Pre-Christian Gnosticism in the Nag Hammadi Texts?]," in ''Church History'' vol. 48, (1979), pp.&nbsp;129–141. {{refend}} ===Tovuti=== * http://www.beliefnet.com/story/128/story_12865_1.html * http://www.nationalbook.org/nba1980.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.nationalbook.org/nba1980.html |date=20140813080254 }} * http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=gnwstikos&la=greek#lexicon * http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/wordfreq?lang=greek&lookup=gnwstiko%2Fs ==Marejeo mengine== ;Vyanzo vikuu * {{cite book | authorlink = Willis Barnstone | last = Barnstone | first = Willis | title = The Other Bible: Gnostic Scriptures, Jewish Pseudepigrapha, Christian Apocyrypha, Kabbalah, Dead Sea Scrolls | url = https://archive.org/details/otherbible0000unse_u8v3 | publisher = Harper & Row | year = 1984 | isbn = 978-0-06-081598-1 | pages = 771 | location = San Francisco }} * {{cite book | last1 = Barnstone | first1 = Willis | last2=Meyer | first2=Marvin | title = The Gnostic Bible | url = https://archive.org/details/gnosticbible00barn | publisher = Shambhala Books | year = 2003 | isbn = 1-57062-242-6 | pages = 880 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Barnstone | first1 = Willis | last2=Meyer | first2=Marvin | title = Essential Gnostic Scriptures | publisher = Shambhala Books | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-1590309254 | pages = 271 }} * {{cite book | authorlink = Bentley Layton | last = Layton | first = Bentley | title = The Gnostic Scriptures | publisher = SCM Press | year = 1987 | isbn = 0-334-02022-0 | pages = 526 pages }} * {{cite book | author = [[Plotinus]] | title = The [[Enneads]] | publisher = [[Harvard University|Harvard University Press]] | year = 1989 | id = | others = translated by A.H. Armstrong | isbn = 0-674-99484-1 | volume = 1 }} * {{cite book | authorlink = James M. Robinson | last = Robinson | first = James | title = The Nag Hammadi Library in English | publisher = Harper & Row| year = 1978 | isbn = 0-06-066934-9 | pages = 549 pages | location = San Francisco }} ;Vya jumla * {{Citation | last =King | first =Karen L. | year =2005 | title =What is Gnosticism? | publisher =Harvard University Press}} * {{Citation | last =Broek | first =Roelof van den | year =2013 | title =Gnostic Religion in Antiquity | publisher =Cambridge University Press}} ;Wasethi * {{Citation | last =Turner | first =John D. | year =2001 | chapter =Chapter Seven: The History of the Sethian Movement | title =Sethian Gnosticism and the Platonic Tradition | publisher =Presses Université Laval}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons category}} <!-- All external links are in alphabetical order by page title or, where available, by author. If you add to the lists, please maintain this layout. Also see the subpages, e.g., [[Gnosticism in modern times]] (which have their own link lists) so you place links in the appropriate page. --> ;Texts * [http://www.gnosis.org/library.html Gnostic Society Library]&nbsp;— primary sources and commentaries * [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/gnostics.html Early Christian Writings]&nbsp;— primary texts * [http://www.sacred-texts.com/gno/index.htm Gnostic texts] at sacred-texts.com ;Encyclopedia * [http://www.iep.utm.edu/gnostic/ Gnosticism], by Edward Moore, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy * [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gnosticism Gnosticism] by Kurt Rudolph, Encyclopædia Iranica * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06592a.htm Gnosticism] Catholic Encyclopedia {{mbegu-dini}} [[Jamii:Dini]] [[Jamii:Falsafa]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Ukristo]] jfhkjwm6omqvts0wwumrbipo6srynfa Mtindo wa Kigothi 0 98089 1574194 1198632 2026-06-17T21:29:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574194 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Catedrala din Reims6.jpg|230px|thumb|[[Kanisa kuu|Kanisa Kuu]] la [[Reims]] ([[Ufaransa]]) ni kielelezo cha mtindo wa Kigothi]] [[Picha:Domchor Prag.jpg|thumb|[[Nuru]] inajaza nafasi zote ndani ya Kanisa Kuu la [[Prague]] ([[Ucheki]]) ikipita kwenye madirisha makubwa. [[Tao (usanifu)|Tao]] la kuchongoka linatumiwa kote.]] '''Mtindo wa Kigothi''' (pia: '''Gotiki''', kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''Gothic style'', ''Gothic architecture'') katika [[usanifu majengo]] wa [[Ulaya]] ni [[Mitindo|mtindo]] ulioanza katika [[karne ya 12]] na kutumika hadi mnamo [[1500]]. Mtindo huo ulichukua nafasi ya [[mtindo wa Kiroma]] uliotumika kabla yake. Ulionekana pia katika [[tawi|matawi]] mengine ya [[sanaa]]. Katika [[karne ya 19]] ulitumika upya kwa [[jengo|majengo]] makubwa katika [[mtindo wa Kigothi mamboleo]]. ==Shabaha ya mtindo wa Kigothi== Vyanzo vya mtindo huo vilipatikana katika mabadiliko ya majengo yaliyobuniwa kufuatana na mtindo wa Kiroma na pia [[ubunifu]] wa nchi za [[Uislamu|Kiislamu]]. Badiliko kubwa lilikuwa ni kupatikana kwa [[Mwanga wa jua|mwanga]] ulioweza kufika ndani ya jengo kupitia [[dirisha|madirisha]] makubwa. Hapo [[ujenzi|wajenzi]] walihitaji kubuni njia za kupunguza [[unene]] wa [[ukuta|kuta]] na [[nguzo]] bila kuhatarisha uthabiti wa jengo. Shabaha ya ubunifu huo kwenye majengo ya [[dini|kidini]] ilikuwa kuvuta [[roho]] ya waumini kuelekea juu. ==Viashiria vya mtindo wa Kigothi== [[Picha:Lübeck Marienkirche Strebebögen.jpg|thumb|Viegemezo vya kuimarisha sehemu ya [[paa]] ya [[kanisa]] la Kigothi huko [[Lübeck]], [[Ujerumani]]]] [[Picha:Oleviste kirik2.JPG|thumb|Kuba ubavu za dari ya ukumbi wa kigothi]] [[Picha:Gotic3d2.jpg|thumb|Sehemu za uundaji wa jengo kubwa la Kigothi]] Kuna viashiria vitatu ambavyo vyote kwa pamoja vinatofautisha majengo makubwa ya Kigothi na mitindo mingine: *[[Tao (usanifu)|tao la kuchongoka]] (ing. ''pointed arch'') *[[Kuba (jengo)|Kuba ubavu]] (ing. ''rib vault'') *[[Kiegemezo cha nje]] (ing. ''flying buttress'') yaani gadimu za nje za kuhimili [[uzito]] wa ukuta na paa. Viashiria hivyo viliwawezesha wajenzi wa karne ya 12-[[karne ya 13|13]] kujenga majengo makubwa yenye nafasi kubwa ndani yake yaliyoruhusu kuingia kwa nuru nyingi iwezekanavyo kutokea nje. Madirisha yalipambwa kwa [[kioo cha rangi|vioo vya rangi]] vilivyowapa [[wasanii]] nafasi ya kuonyesha habari za [[Biblia]], za [[Mtakatifu|watakatifu]] au watu muhimu katika kanisa na [[serikali]] na hivyo kuwaelimisha waumini. Changamoto ya kujenga ukumbi mkubwa wenye nuru ndani yake ilikuwa kuweka madirisha makubwa, ambayo kimsingi ni [[tundu|matundu]] yanayodhoofisha ukuta, bila kuhatarisha uthabiti wa jengo lote. Katika mitindo ya awali kama ya Kiroma kuongezeka kwa [[kimo]] kulihitaji kuwa na ukuta mnene na nguzo kubwa. Mifumo iliyotajwa iliruhusu kugawa uzito wa [[dari]] na jengo lote kugawiwa na kubebwa kupitia [[Tao (usanifu)|matao ya kuchongoka]], [[Kuba (jengo)|bavu za kuba]] na gadimu za nje zilizokopea [[kani]] za [[masi]] ya juu. Wajenzi walihitaji [[elimu]] kubwa kuhusu mahitaji ya mahali pa jengo na misingi yake pamoja na [[kanuni]] za [[fizikia]] ya jengo. [[Tabia]] zilizotajwa zinapatikana hasa katika makanisa mengi yaliyojengwa kote Ulaya katika [[karne za kati]], lakini ilitumiwa pia kwenye majengo mengine kama [[monasteri|kumbi za monasteri]] au [[shirika]] za [[Mfanyabiashara|wafanyabiashara]] kwenye [[miji]], [[boma|maboma]] ya [[Kiongozi|watawala]], [[Chuo Kikuu|vyuo vikuu]] au kwa kiasi tu kwenye majengo ya watu binafsi waliokuwa na [[utajiri]] wa kutosha wa kujenga kwa [[Jiwe|mawe]] na kwa kumwajiri mjenzi hodari. ==Jina "Kigothi"== Wakati wake (kwenye karne za kati) mtindo huo uliitwa mara nyingi "wa Kifaransa" kwa sababu mifano yake ya kwanza ilitokea nchini Ufaransa. Baadaye wakati wa [[zama za mwamko]] (''renaissance'') kulikuwa na kipindi ambako watu waliona ni mtindo ambao haupendezi maana walilenga kurudia roho na ubunifu wa nyakati za kale. Hapo waliita mtindo mkuu wa karne za kati "wa Kigothi" kwa maana ya "wa kishenzi" maana waliamini ya kwamba [[uzuri]] wa [[Dola la Roma]] ya Kale uliharibiwa na [[Wagermanik|makabila ya Kigermanik]] kama [[Wagothi]] na tokeo la uharibifu huo ni mtindo waliouita "wa Kigothi". ==Tanbihi== {{reflist|30em}} ==Marejeo== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=Bony|first=Jean|year=1983|title=French Gothic Architecture of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries|publisher=[[University of California]] [[University of California Press|Press]]|location=[[Oakland, California|Oakland]], [[United States]] ([[California]])|isbn=0-520-02831-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k7ytJ-gXonMC&printsec=frontcover|ref={{sfnref|Bony|1983}}}} * {{cite book|last=Ching|first=Francis D.K.|title=A Visual Dictionary of Architecture|year=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|isbn=978-0-470-64885-8|edition=2nd|ref={{sfnref|Ching|2012}}}} * {{cite book|last=Der Manuelian|first=Lucy|editor1-last=Cowe|editor1-first=S. Peter|editor1-link=S. Peter Cowe|title=Ani: World Architectural Heritage of a Medieval Armenian Capital|chapter=Ani: The Fabled Capital of Armenia|date=2001|publisher=Leuven Sterling|location=Peeters|isbn=978-90-429-1038-6|ref={{sfnref|Der Manuelian|2001}}}} * {{cite book|last=Fiske|first=Kimball|title=The Creation of the Rococo|date=1943|publisher=[[Philadelphia Museum of Art]]|location=[[Philadelphia]], [[United States]] ([[Pennsylvania]])|isbn=|ref={{sfnref|Fiske|1943}}}} * {{cite book|last=Fletcher|first=Banister|authorlink=Banister Fletcher|title=A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method|year=2001|publisher=[[Elsevier Science & Technology]]|location=[[Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]]|isbn=0-7506-2267-9|ref={{sfnref|Fletcher|2001}}}} * {{cite book|last1=Garsoïan|first1=Nina G.|editor1-last=Damico|editor1-first=Helen|editor1-link=Helen Damico|title=Medieval Scholarship: Biographical Studies on the Formation of a Discipline: Religion and Art|date=2015|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=[[Abingdon-on-Thames]], [[United Kingdom]] ([[England]])|chapter=Sirarpie Der Nersessian (1896–1989)|isbn=978-1-317-77636-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XZACwAAQBAJ&pg=PT316|ref={{sfnref|Garsoïan|2015}}}} * {{cite book|last=Grodecki|first=Louis|authorlink=Louis Grodecki|editor1-last=Nervi|editor1-first=Luigi|others=In collaboration with Anne Prache and Roland Recht, translated from [[French language|French]] by I. Mark Paris|title=Gothic Architecture|url=https://archive.org/details/gothicarchitectu0000grod_n2y9|publisher=[[Abrams Books]]|location=[[New York City]], [[United States]] ([[New York (state)|New York]])|date=1977|isbn=0-8109-1008-X|ref={{sfnref|Grodecki|1977}}}} * {{cite book|last=Harvey|first=John|authorlink=John Harvey (author)|title=The Gothic World, 1100–1600|year=1950|publisher=[[Batsford (publisher)|Batsford]]|location=[[London]], United Kingdom (England)|isbn=9780002552288|ref={{snfref|Harvey|1950}}}} * {{cite book|last=Lang|first=David Marshall|authorlink=David Marshall Lang|title=Armenia: Cradle of Civilization|url=https://archive.org/details/armenianspeoplei00lang|date=1980|publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]|location=[[Crows Nest, New South Wales|Crows Nest]], [[Australia]] ([[New South Wales]])|ref={{sfnref|Lang|1980}}}} * {{cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Ann|title=Cathedrals of Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/cathedralsofeuro00mitc|series=Great Buildings of the World|date=1968|publisher=[[Hamlyn (publishers)|Hamlyn]]|location=[[Feltham, Middlesex]], United Kingdom (England)|asin=B0006C19ES|ref={{sfnref|Mitchell|1968}}}} * {{cite book|last=Pevsner|first=Nikolaus|authorlink=Nikolaus Pevsner|title=An Outline of European Architecture|year=1964|publisher=[[Pelican Books]]|location=London, United Kingdom (England)|isbn=0-14-061613-6|ref={{sfnref|Pevsner|1964}}}} * {{cite book|last=Raeburn|first=Michael|others=With a forward by [[Sir Hugh Casson]]|title=Architecture of the Western World|url=https://archive.org/details/architectureofwe0000unse|date=1980|publisher=[[Rizzoli (publisher)|Rizzoli International]]|location=New York City, United States (New York)|isbn=0-8478-0349-X|ref={{sfnref|Raeburn|1980}}}} **Chapter: ''The Middle Ages'', written by Nicola Coldstream * {{cite book|last=Scott|first=Robert A.|title=The Gothic enterprise: a guide to understanding the Medieval cathedral|date=2003|publisher=University of California Press|location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]], United States (California)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=26dGzdsX49gC&printsec=frontcover|ISBN=0-520-23177-5|ref={{sfnref|Scott|2003}}}} * {{cite book|last1=Stewart|first1=Cecil|title=History of Architectural Development: Early Christian, Byzantine and Romanesque Architecture|date=1959|publisher=[[Longman]]|location=London, United Kingdom (England)|ref={{sfnref|Stewart|1959}}}} * {{cite book|last=Swaan|first=Wim|title=The Gothic Cathedral|year=1988|publisher=Omega Books|isbn=090785348X|ref={{sfnref|Swaan|1988}}}} * {{cite book|last1=Talbot Rice|first1=David Talbot|authorlink1=David Talbot Rice|title=The Appreciation of Byzantine Art|url=https://archive.org/details/appreciationofby0000rice|date=1972|publisher=[[Oxford University]] [[Oxford University Press|Press]]|location=[[Oxford]], United Kingdom (England)|ref={{sfnref|Talbot Rice|1972}}}} * {{cite book|last=Vasari|first=Giorgio|editor1-last=Brown|editor1-first=Gerald Baldwin|editor1-link=Gerard Baldwin Brown|editor2-last=Maclehose|editor2-first=Louisa|title=Vasari on Technique: Being the Introduction to the Three Arts of Design, Architecture, Sculpture and Painting, Prefixed to the Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors and Architects|date=1907|publisher=[[J. M. Dent]] & Co.|location=London, United Kingdom (England)|url=https://archive.org/details/vasariontechniqu1907vasa|ref={{sfnref|Vasari|Brown|Maclehose}}}} * {{cite book|last=Vasari|first=Giorgio|authorlink=Giorgio Vasari|others=Translated with an introduction and notes by J.C. and [[Peter Bondanella|P. Bondanella]]|title=The Lives of the Artists|url=https://archive.org/details/livesofartists0000vasa|publisher=[[Oxford University]] [[Oxford University Press|Press]]|location=Oxford, United Kingdom (England)|date=1991|isbn=9780199537198|ref={{sfnref|Vasari|1991}}}} {{refend}} ===Marejeo mengine=== * [[Banister Fletcher|Fletcher, Banister]]; Cruickshank, Dan, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Gt1jTpXAThwC&printsec=frontcover ''Sir Banister Fletcher's a History of Architecture''], Architectural Press, 20th edition, 1996 (first published 1896). ISBN 0-7506-2267-9. Cf. Part Two, Chapter 14. * {{cite book|last=Bumpus|first=T. Francis|title=The Cathedrals and Churches of Belgium|year=1928|publisher=[[T. Werner Laurie]]|location=[[London]], [[United Kingdom]] ([[England]])|isbn=9781313401852|ref={{sfnref|Bumpus|1928}}}} * {{cite book|last=Clifton-Taylor|first=Alec|authorlink=Alec Clifton-Taylor|title=The Cathedrals of England|year=1967|publisher=[[Thames and Hudson]]|location=London, United Kingdom (England)|isbn=0-500-18070-9|ref={{sfnref|Clifton-Taylor|1967}}}} * {{cite book|last=Gardner|first=Helen|authorlink=Helen Gardner (art historian)|last2=Kleiner|first2=Fred S.|last3=Mamiya|first3=Christin J.|title=Gardner's Art Through the Ages|year=2004|publisher=[[Thomson Wadsworth]]|location=[[Stamford, Connecticut|Stamford]], United States ([[Connecticut]])|isbn=0-15-505090-7|ref={{sfnref|Gardner|2004}}}} * {{cite book|last=Harvey|first=John|authorlink=John Harvey (author)|title=English Cathedrals|year=1961|publisher=Batsford|location=United Kingdom (England)|asin=B0000CL4S8|ref={{sfnref|Harvey|1961}}}} * {{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Huyghe|editor-first=René|authorlink=René Huyghe|title=Larousse Encyclopedia of Byzantine and Medieval Art|year=1963|publisher=[[Hamlyn (publishers)|Hamlyn]]|location=London, United Kingdom (England)|isbn=9780600023579|ref={{sfnref|Huyghe|1963}}}} * {{cite book|last=Icher|first=Francois|authorlink=Francois Icher|title=Building the Great Cathedrals|url=https://archive.org/details/buildinggreatcat00iche|year=1998|publisher=[[Abrams Books]]|location=[[New York City]], United States ([[New York (state)|New York]])|isbn=0-8109-4017-5|ref={{sfnref|Icher|1998}}}} * {{cite book|last=von Simson|first=Otto Georg|year=1988|title=The Gothic cathedral: origins of Gothic architecture and the medieval concept of order|url=https://archive.org/details/gothiccathedralo0000sims_s3o7|isbn=0-691-09959-6}} * Glaser, Stephanie, "The Gothic Cathedral and Medievalism," in: ''Falling into Medievalism'', ed. Anne Lair and Richard Utz. Special Issue of ''UNIversitas: The University of Northern Iowa Journal of Research, Scholarship, and Creative Activity'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720093046/http://www.uni.edu/universitas/spring06/default.htm 2.1 (2006)]. (on the Gothic revival of the 19th century and the depictions of Gothic cathedrals in the Arts) * {{cite book|last=Moore|first=Charles|title=Development & Character of Gothic Architecture|url=https://archive.org/details/developmentchara0000char_c1q1|year=1890|publisher=Macmillan and Co.|isbn=1-4102-0763-3}} * Rudolph, Conrad ed., ''A Companion to Medieval Art: Romanesque and Gothic in Northern Europe'', 2nd ed. (2016) * Tonazzi, Pascal (2007) ''Florilège de Notre-Dame de Paris (anthologie)'', Editions [[Arléa]], Paris, ISBN 2-86959-795-9 * {{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Christopher|title=The Gothic Cathedral - Architecture of the Great Church|year=2005|publisher=Thames and Hudson|isbn=978-0500276815}} * {{cite book|last=Summerson|first=John|authorlink=John Summerson|title=Architecture in Britain, 1530–1830|year=1983|editor=Pelican Books|location=London, United Kingdom (England)|isbn=0-14-056003-3|ref={{sfnref|Summerson (1983)}}}} * {{cite book|last=Swaan|first=Wim|title=Art and Architecture of the Late Middle Ages|publisher=Omega Books|isbn=0-907853-35-8|ref={{snfref|Swaan}}}} * {{cite book|last=Tatton-Brown|first=Tim|last2=Crook|first2=John|title=The English Cathedral|year=2002|publisher=New Holland Publishers|isbn=1-84330-120-2|ref={{sfnref|Tatton-Brown|Crook (2002)}}}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons|Gothic architecture}} {{Wikivoyage|Gothic architecture}} * [http://mappinggothic.org Mapping Gothic France], a project by Columbia University and Vassar College with a database of images, 360° panoramas, texts, charts and historical maps * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/239678/Gothic-architecture Gothic Architecture] Encyclopædia Britannica * {{cite book|first=Matthew|last=Holbeche Bloxam|title=Gothic Ecclesiastical Architecture, Elucidated by Question and Answer|year=1841}} [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/19737 Gutenberg.org], from [[Project Gutenberg]] * {{cite book|first=Raphael|last=Brandon|authorlink=John Raphael Rodrigues Brandon|first2=Arthur|last2=Brandon|authorlink2=Joshua Arthur Rodrigues Brandon|title=An analysis of Gothick architecture: illustrated by a series of upwards of seven hundred examples of doorways, windows, etc., and accompanied with remarks on the several details of an ecclesiastical edifice|url=https://archive.org/details/analysisofgothic02branuoft|year=1849}} [https://archive.org/details/analysisofgothic01branuoft Archive.org], from [[Internet Archive]] {{mbegu}} [[Category:Usanifu majengo]] [[Category:Karne za Kati]] [[jamii:Makanisa]] piob7lxkhbus8tv9cjpjbab3bldmo73 Osh Uzbek Music na Drama Theater 0 99326 1574199 1337273 2026-06-17T21:35:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 10 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{umbo}} {{Infobox university |jina = Osh Uzbek Music na Drama Theater |native_name = {{lang-uz|Бобур номли Ўш Давлат академик ўзбек мусиқали драма театри}} |jina_la_picha = Ош өзбек театры.jpg |ukubwa_wa_picha = 300px |picha_alt = |maelezo_ya_picha= Jengo hilo |jina_la_kilatini= History Theatrum Osh Uzbecorum Musica<br />et in eius nomine nuncupetur Babur |wito = |wito_sw = |kimeanzishwa = [[1914]] |mwanzilishi = Rakhmonberdi Madazimov |wito = |picha = |aina = Theater |wakfu = |undergrad = |postgrad = 500 |chansela = |vice_chancellor = |kampasi = |mji = [[Osh]] |affiliations = |jimbo = |nchi = [[Kirgizia]] |tovuti = }} '''Osh Uzbek Music na Drama Theater''' ni uwanja wa kale wa wataalamu huko [[Kyrgyzstan]], uwanja wa pili wa ukumbi wa michezo huko [[Asia ya Kati]]. ==Historia== Mwaka wa [[1914]], chini ya uongozi wa Rakhmonberdi Madazimov, pamoja na mwalimu wa shule ya Urusi ya asili ya Osh, Baltykhodzhoy Sultanov kilianzisha kikundi cha maonyesho. Mkurugenzi wa kwanza wa sanaa ya uwanja wa michezo Madazimov Rakhmonberdi alikuwa mwanzilishi wa kwanza na mratibu wa harakati ya maonyesho huko [[Kyrgyzstan]]. Theatre ya Babur huko Osh ni ukumbusho wa zamani zaidi katika [[Asia ya Kati]], baada ya Theatre National Academic Drama Theatre iliyoitwa baada ya Hamza huko [[Tashkent]] (iliyoanzishwa mwaka wa [[1913]]-27 mwaka [[1914]]). == Viungo vya nje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160310012811/http://ru.sputnik.kg/culture/20160117/1021630041.html Спектакль "Барсбек" будет представлять Кыргызстан на международном фестивале в Турции] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150202215028/http://www.echoosha.narod.ru/March07/deti.htm <small>Актёрская династия</small>] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150202205819/http://www.echoosha.narod.ru/December08/teatr.htm <small>Они стояли у истоков</small>] * [http://www.alliance-press.kg/ru/news/view/717 <small>27 марта – Всемирный день театра</small>] * [http://rus.kg/news_rus/interesno_rus/50898-k-100-letiyu-stareyshego-teatra-kyrgyzstana.html <small>К 100 летию старейшего театра Кыргызстана</small>]{{Wayback|url=http://rus.kg/news_rus/interesno_rus/50898-k-100-letiyu-stareyshego-teatra-kyrgyzstana.html |date=20180606231549 }} * [http://slovo.kg/?p=96889 <small>Старейшему театру Кыргызстана — 100 лет</small>] {{Wayback|url=http://slovo.kg/?p=96889 |date=20180426064100 }} * [https://daryo.uz/k/2018/03/30/markaziy-osiyodagi-eng-keksa-professional-teatr-100-yoshga-toldi/ <small>Марказий Осиёдаги энг кекса профессионал театр 100 ёшга тўлди</small>] * [https://24.kg/obschestvo/60162_segodnya_vbishkeke_informatsionnaya_karta/ Люди, которые меняли мир] * [https://24.kg/obschestvo/77551_segodnya_vbishkeke_informatsionnaya_karta/ <small>Люди, которые меняли мир</small>] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190403110620/https://www.peoplelife.ru/174413 Биографии известных людей] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151222091305/http://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/act/view/ky-kg/39812?cl=ru-ru <small>Указ Президента Кыргызстана №354 от 14.10.2004 года</small>] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151001122051/http://www.knews.kg/culture/39275_osh_stareyshiy_teatr_respubliki_otmetil_svoe_95-letie/ <small>Ош старейший театр республики отметил своё 95-летие</small>] * [http://www.24kg.org/kultura/2757/ <small>В Кыргызстане Ошскому узбекскому театру музыкальной драмы 95 лет</small>] {{Wayback|url=http://www.24kg.org/kultura/2757/ |date=20160425211706 }} * [http://www.osh.turmush.kg/ru/news:93883 <small>Ошский академический узбекский музыкально-драматический театр имени Бабура 29 ноября отметит своё 95-летие</small>] * [http://www.for.kg/news-298789-ru.html <small>В Ошском театре имени Бабура за 95-летний период работы поставлено около 600 спектаклей</small>] {{Wayback|url=http://www.for.kg/news-298789-ru.html |date=20180826150333 }} * [http://www.ozodlik.org/content/article/26717554.html <small>Ўш ўзбек академик театри 95-йиллигини нишонлади</small>] * [http://moodle.pharmi.uz/library/books/ensiklopediya/O'zbekiston%20Milliy%20Ensiklopediyasi%20-%20O'%20harfi.pdf <small>Национальная энциклопедия Узбекистана</small>]{{Wayback|url=http://moodle.pharmi.uz/library/books/ensiklopediya/O%27zbekiston%20Milliy%20Ensiklopediyasi%20-%20O%27%20harfi.pdf |date=20180712190834 }} * [https://archive.today/20180302153555/https://www.open.kg/about-kyrgyzstan/art/theater/115-teatr-kyrgyzstana-v-20-80-godah.html <small>Театр Кыргызстана в 20-80 годах</small>] * [https://ru.sputnik.kg/culture/20170120/1031370028/vice-premer-uzbekistana-poobeshchal-50-tys-starejshemu-teatru-kr.html <small>Директор ошского театра: вице-премьер Узбекистана пообещал нам $50 тыс.</small>] * [http://slovo.kg/?p=52879 "Барсбек" покажут на международном фестивале] {{Wayback|url=http://slovo.kg/?p=52879 |date=20190402181655 }} * [http://uza.uz/ru/culture/demonstratsiya-druzhby-i-sotrudnichestva-16-02-2017 <small>Демонстрация дружбы и сотрудничества</small>] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023421/http://teatrbabur.kg/index.php/ru/istoriya-2 <small>Официальный сайт театра</small>] * [http://www.alliance-press.kg/uz/news/view/35 <small>Открылся 97-сезон театра</small>] * [http://www.nlkg.kg/ru/society/grimasy-i-kaprizy-obezyany <small>Гримасы и капризы Обезьяны</small>] * [http://tyup.net/page/babur-atyndagy-osh-mamlekettik-akademik-oacutecopyzbek-muzykaluu-drama-teatry Бабур атындагы Ош Мамлекеттик академик өзбек музыкалуу драма театры] {{Wayback|url=http://tyup.net/page/babur-atyndagy-osh-mamlekettik-akademik-oacutecopyzbek-muzykaluu-drama-teatry |date=20180810210123 }} * [https://24.kg/obschestvo/60162_segodnya_vbishkeke_informatsionnaya_karta/ Люди, которые меняли мир] * [http://www.bbc.com/uzbek/uzbekistan-40191001 "Жайдари келин" чегара оша томоша кўрсатди] * [https://centre1.com/kyrgyzstan/v-oshe-postavili-dushevnye-smyateniya-babura-s-pomoshhyu-uzbekistana/ <small>В Оше поставили «Душевные смятения Бабура» с помощью Узбекистана</small>] {{Wayback|url=https://centre1.com/kyrgyzstan/v-oshe-postavili-dushevnye-smyateniya-babura-s-pomoshhyu-uzbekistana/ |date=20180828203242 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180210202307/http://www.alliance-press.kg/ru/news/view/614 <small>Пред юбилейный сезон театра имени Бабура</small>] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171028185017/http://vlast.kg/art/teatr-imeni-babura-100-let-na-sluzhbe-u-mul-tikul-turalizma-i-polie-tnichnosti/ <small>Театр имени Бабура: 100 лет на службе у мультикультурализма и полиэтничности</small>] * [https://newspaperarchive.com/frunze-sovetnik-kyrgyzstan-aug-29-1972-p-4/ <small>Газета "Советтик Киргизстан" №203 29.08.1972 г. стр.4</small>] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=264L-aepbFQ <small>Документальный фильм студия "Кыргызтелефильм" "Ошский государственный узбекский музыкально-драматический театр имени Бабура"</small>] {{coord|40.5331|72.7967|type:landmark|display=inline}} [[Jamii:Majengo ya Kirgizia]] 79hauny1ykzzmnw9tpw3ttkbbxb3o9i Servatius Mtakatifu 0 100595 1574390 1533346 2026-06-18T06:25:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574390 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Maastricht, Treasury of Saint Servatius, reliquary bust of Servatius2.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Masalia]] ya Mt. Servatius yanatunzwa katika [[sanamu]] hii ya [[karne ya 15]]/[[Karne ya 16|16]].]] '''Servatius wa Tongeren'''<ref>''Aravatius'' kadiri ya [[Gregori wa Tours]].</ref> (kwa [[Kiarmenia]]: Սուրբ Սերվատիոս; kwa [[Kiholanzi]]: Sint Servaas; kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Saint Servais; alizaliwa nchini [[Armenia]], akafariki [[Maastricht]], [[384]]) alikuwa [[askofu]] wa kwanza wa ''Atuatuca Tungrorum'', leo [[Tongeren]], nchini [[Uholanzi]]. Katika [[mitaguso]] mbalimbali alitetea [[imani sahihi]] ya [[Mtaguso wa kwanza wa Nisea]] dhidi ya [[uzushi]] wa [[Ario]] kuhusu [[Yesu]] [[Masiya|Kristo]]. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref> na [[Waorthodoksi]]<ref> ''[http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/3145/sxsaintinfo.aspx Ὁ Ἅγιος Σαρβάτος Ἐπίσκοπος Τονγκρὲ Βελγίου].'' 13 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.</ref> kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[13 Mei]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 164 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== *P.C. Boeren, ''Jocundus, biographe de saint Servais''. Nijhoff, The Hague, 1972 *L. Jongen Heinrich (ed.), and Kim Vivian, Richard H. Lawson and Ludo Jongen (transl.)''The Life of Saint Servatius: A Dual-language Edition of the Middle Dutch 'legend of Saint Servatius' by Heinrich Von Veldeke and the Anonymous Upper German 'life of Saint Servatius'''. Mellen Press, 2005, ISBN 0-7734-6063-2 ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons category|Saint Servatius}} *[http://www.livius.org/se-sg/servatius/servatius.html 'Saint Servatius' on www.livius.org] {{Wayback|url=http://www.livius.org/se-sg/servatius/servatius.html |date=20140110131726 }} *[http://www.sintservaas.nl Official site of the Basilica of Saint Servatius] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120301033744/http://www.hum.uva.nl/archeologie/programmatisch-onderzoek.cfm/CC45D686-1321-B0BE-A4ECC6DDA841C8C1 University of Amsterdam research project: 'Sint Servatius en zijn basiliek'] (in Dutch) *[http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/92781 Santiebeati: Saint Servatius] *[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=2512 Catholic Online:Saint Servatius] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Servasi}} [[Category:Waliofariki 384]] [[Category:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Armenia]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Uholanzi]] pczpkzpwr26w525kxbsjr5wf0vm5lkr Oscar Romero 0 105671 1574197 1533543 2026-06-17T21:33:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574197 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Oscar Romero by puigreixach.jpg|thumb|right|Óscar Romero alivyochorwa na J. Puig Reixach (2013).]] [[File:BEATIFICACIÓN DE MONSEÑOR OSCAR ARNULFO ROMERO (18010267052).jpg|thumb|right|Ibada ya kumtangaza mwenye heri tarehe 23 Mei 2015 huko [[San Salvador]].]] '''Óscar Arnulfo Romero y Galdámez''' ([[15 Agosti]] [[1917]]<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2GOGV41Rc6wC&pg=PA220 | title =The A to Z of Human Rights and Humanitarian Organizations |author1=Edward S. Mihalkanin |author2=Robert F. Gorman |publisher =''[[Scarecrow Press]]'' | isbn =978-0810868748 | page =220 | via =books.google.com | year =2009}}</ref>– [[24 Machi]] [[1980]]<ref name="romereports.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.romereports.com/2015/02/03/the-final-hours-of-monsignor-romero|title=The final hours of Monsignor Romero|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="Gómez2003">{{cite book|author=Mayra Gómez|title=Human Rights in Cuba, El Salvador, and Nicaragua: A Sociological Perspective on Human Rights Abuse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dC6CrsZs97UC&pg=PA110|date=2 October 2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-94649-0|page=110|quote=The following day, Archbishop Oscar Romero was shot dead in front of a full congregation as he was delivering mass (AI ...}}</ref><ref name="Settimba2009">{{cite book|author=Henry Settimba|title=Testing Times: Globalisation and Investing Theology in East Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1sWc4hERKsC&pg=PA223|date=1 March 2009|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4678-9899-7|page=223}}</ref>) alikuwa [[askofu mkuu]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] huko [[San Salvador]], nchini [[El Salvador]] kuanzia tarehe [[21 Juni]] [[1970]] hadi [[kifodini]] chake<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.opusdei.us/en-us/article/oscar-romero-and-st-josemaria/|title=Oscar Romero and St. Josemaria|publisher=}}</ref>. Alipinga [[serikali]] kuhusu [[ufukara]] wa [[umati]], [[dhuluma]], [[mauaji]] na [[unyanyasaji]] katika [[jamii]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/archbishop-romero-had-no-interest-in-liberation-theology-says-secretary-79788/|title=Archbishop Romero had no interest in liberation theology, says secretary|publisher=}}</ref>. Baada ya vitisho mbalimbali, Romero aliuawa wakati anapoadhimisha [[Misa]] <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/91656</ref>. Ingawa hakuna aliyehukumiwa kwa kumuua, kamati ya Umoja wa Mataifa imethibitisha kwamba aliuawa kwa agizo la [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[mrengo wa kulia]] [[Roberto D'Aubuisson]]<ref> Revelations of the D'Aubuisson plot came to light in 1984 when US ambassador Robert White testified before the [[United States Congress]] that "there was sufficient evidence" to convict D'Aubuisson of planning and ordering Archbishop Romero's assassination. {{cite news | last = Nordland | first = Rod | title = How 2 rose to vie for El Salvador's presidency | newspaper = Philadelphia Inquirer | publication-place = Philadelphia, PA | date = March 23, 1984 | page = A1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Brockett|first1=Charles D.|title=Political Movements and Violence in Central America|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521600552|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1_PgauRgLwC&pg=PA240|accessdate=19 October 2016|language=en}}</ref>. Hatimaye mnamo Oktoba 2018 [[mahakama]] imeagiza mhusika mmojawapo akamatwe ingawa haijulikani yuko wapi, isipokuwa kwamba ameshahama El Salvador. Kwa heshima yake, [[mwaka]] [[2010]], [[Mkutano Mkuu wa UM]] ulitangaza tarehe 24 Machi kuwa "Siku ya Kimataifa ya Haki za Kujua Ukweli kuhusu Uvunjaji wa Haki za Binadamu na ya Hadhi ya Wahanga" (International Day for the Right to the Truth Concerning Gross Human Rights Violations and for the Dignity of Victims)<ref>In 2008, Europe-based magazine A Different View included Romero among its 15 Champions of World Democracy.</ref>. [[Papa Fransisko]] alimtangaza [[mwenye heri]] [[tarehe]] [[23 Mei]] [[2015]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2015/05/23/pope_francis_letter_for_the_beatification_of_%C3%B3scar_romero/1146203|title=Pope Francis sends letter for the beatification of Óscar Romero|publisher=}}</ref> na [[mtakatifu]] tarehe [[14 Oktoba]] [[2018]]. Anaheshimiwa na [[Wakristo]] kadhaa wa [[madhehebu]] mengine<ref>Outside of Catholicism, Romero is honored by other Christian denominations including Church of England and Anglican Communion through the Calendar in Common Worship, as well as in at least one Lutheran liturgical calendar. Archbishop Romero is also one of the ten 20th-century martyrs depicted in statues above the Great West Door of Westminster Abbey in London.</ref> pia kama [[mfiadini]]<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2XVHycXikcC&pg=PA181 | title =A Shot in the Cathedral | author =Mario Bencastro | author2 =''[[Arte Público Press]]'' | isbn =978-1558851641 | page =182 | publisher =books.google.com | year =1996}}</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa tarehe ya [[kifodini]] chake<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 87-88 ==Viungo vya nje== {{wikiquote}} {{Commons category|Óscar Arnulfo Romero}} *[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bromeroy.html] *[http://beatificacionromero.org/] {{Wayback|url=http://beatificacionromero.org/ |date=20150518083627 }} the official website for Archbishop Romero's cause for beatification (scheduled for May 23, 2015)] *[http://www.romerotrust.org.uk/ the Romero Trust] *[http://www.ctu.edu/romero ctu.edu] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ctu.edu/romero |date=20170923180653 }}, the [[Chicago]] area-based [[Catholic Theological Union]]'s (CTU) Romero Scholars Program *[http://www.usccb.org/prayer-and-worship/prayers-and-devotions/prayers/archbishop_romero_prayer.cfm the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) prayer], composed by Bishop [[Kenneth Untener]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Saginaw]], for use in a 1979 homily by Detroit's Cardinal [[John Dearden]] for departed priests, but allegedly attributed to (but never spoken by) Archbishop Romero; can be used as a prayer for his cause or to him *[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCN9x6QyTcEodMWe92JDrr0g the official YouTube channel for his beatification] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9e-PShfaERw a YouTube video called "The Last Journey of Oscar Romero"] *[http://polycarpi.blogspot.com/ SUPER MARTYRIO], a blog "about the martyrdom" (of Romero) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090923015917/http://www.ploughbooks.co.uk/english/the-violence-of-love.html Collection of Romero's homilies and meditations] *[http://www.creighton.edu/CollaborativeMinistry/romero.html Remembering Archbishop Oscar Romero] {{Wayback|url=http://www.creighton.edu/CollaborativeMinistry/romero.html |date=20090102071625 }} (several contemporary and memorial articles) *[http://www.osb.org/pab/newsletterW00.html#romero Article on Romero] {{Wayback|url=http://www.osb.org/pab/newsletterW00.html#romero |date=20161024021353 }}, contains picture of Lentz icon *[http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB339/index.htm "Learn from History", 31st Anniversary of the Assassination of Archbishop Oscar Romero], [[The National Security Archive]] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090215012939/http://www.cja.org/cases/romero.shtml Romero] A description of the pursuit of justice for Óscar Romero *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8580840.stm El Salvador Marks Archbishop Oscar Romero's Murder] by ''[[BBC News]]'' *[http://www.elfaro.net/es/201003/noticias/1416/ How we killed Archbishop Romero] Interviews with Captain Álvaro Rafael Saravia and others *[http://salvamento.org/2010/03/25/comandos-hace-30-anos-romero-2/ Witnessing massacre of Romero's funeral] {{Wayback|url=http://salvamento.org/2010/03/25/comandos-hace-30-anos-romero-2/ |date=20110727232625 }} Video footage and pictures of the massacre in front of the Cathedral. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130119042350/http://fundacionmonsenorromero.org.sv/ Fundación Monseñor Romero] Monsignor Romero Foundation website. *[http://westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/oscar-romero Westminster Abbey: Óscar Romero] *[http://www.romerotrust.org.uk/documents/books/Ashepherdsdiary.pdf Archbishop Oscar Romero: A Shepherd's Diary] {{Wayback|url=http://www.romerotrust.org.uk/documents/books/Ashepherdsdiary.pdf |date=20181009175613 }} Archbishop Romero's diary in English. It covers the time between March 31, 1978, and March 20, 1980. "Romero's awareness of the historic importance of what was happening in the Church of San Salvador impelled him to maintain this other and more personal record of his pastoral activities." {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Romero, Oscar}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1917]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1980]] [[Category:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Category:Wanaharakati wa El Salvador]] [[Category:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa El Salvador]] 910fk20c9oycdek7wvrawrp4r77ukso Jangwa la Gobi 0 110141 1574291 1515202 2026-06-17T23:31:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574291 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:GobiTaklamakanMap.jpg|thumb|[[Ramani]] ya jangwa la Gobi.]] '''Jangwa la Gobi''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''Gobi Desert''; kwa [[lugha]] ya [[Mandarin]] linaitwa Gobi, 戈壁, yaani ''brushland'') ni [[jangwa]] kubwa la [[Asia]]<ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida|last=Sternberg|first=Troy|last2=Rueff|first2=Henri|last3=Middleton|first3=Nick|date=2015-01-26|title=Contraction of the Gobi Desert, 2000–2012|url=http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/7/2/1346|journal=Remote Sensing|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=1346–1358|doi=10.3390/rs70201346}}</ref> likienea kwa [[kilomita mraba]] 1,295,000<ref name="nyt">{{cite book |editor-first=John W.|editor-last=Wright|year=2006|title=The New York Times Almanac|url=https://archive.org/details/newyorktimes200600wrig|edition=2007|publisher=Penguin Books|location=New York, New York|isbn=978-0-14-303820-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/newyorktimes200600wrig/page/456 456]}}</ref>. Linaenea kaskazini mwa China na kusini mwa [[Mongolia]], kusini kwa [[milima ya Altai]]. Sababu yake ni kwamba [[nyanda za juu]] za [[Tibet]] huzuia [[mvua]] kutoka [[Bahari ya Hindi]] zisifike hadi Gobi. Katika [[historia]] ni maarufu kama sehemu ya [[Dola la Mongolia]] na mahali pa [[miji]] muhimu ya [[Silk Road]]. ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== <!-- For ease of standardization, use a citation template from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_messages/Sources_of_articles#Citations_of_generic_sources --> * [[Owen Lattimore]]. (1973) "Return to China's Northern Frontier". ''The Geographical Journal'', Vol. 139, No. 2 (June 1973), pp.&nbsp;233–242. ==Marejeo mengine== {{refbegin}} * Cable, Mildred and French, Francesca (1943) ''The Gobi Desert'' Landsborough Publications, London, [http://worldcat.org/oclc/411792 OCLC 411792]. * Man, John (1997) ''Gobi: Tracking the Desert'' Yale University Press, New Haven, {{ISBN|0-300-07609-6}}. * Stewart, Stanley (2001) ''In the Empire of Genghis Khan: A Journey among Nomads'' HarperCollins Publishers, London, {{ISBN|0-00-653027-3}}. * Thayer, Helen (2007) ''Walking the Gobi: 1,600 Mile-trek Across a Desert of Hope and Despair'' Mountaineer Books, Seattle, WA, {{ISBN|978-1-59485-064-6}}. * Younghusband, Francis (1904) ''The Heart of a Continent'', John Murray. {{refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Gobi Desert}} <ul> <li> [http://www.chinapage.com/map/map.html#desert Map, from "China the Beautiful"]</li> <li> [https://www.flickr.com/photos/tags/gobi Flickr: Photos tagged with gobi]</li></ul> {{mbegu-jio-Asia}} {{Coord|42.59|103.43|dim:1000000|display=title}} [[Category:majangwa ya Asia]] [[Category:jiografia ya China]] [[Category:jiografia ya Mongolia]] ao1n4ov75enazzj1xa7s7sty3zni3nv Jamii:Maporomoko ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo 14 110475 1574470 1446179 2026-06-18T10:48:13Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1574470 wikitext text/x-wiki [[jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:jiografia ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] 0b8ez0jg68ewpafj6sm2zd8jgix5lp6 Meryl Streep 0 111008 1574230 1520391 2026-06-17T22:09:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox actor |jina = Meryl Streep |picha = Meryl Streep at the Tokyo International Film Festival 2016 (32802149674) (cropped).jpg |maelezo ya picha = Meryl Streep, kwenye Tokyo International Film Festival, mnamo 2016 |jina la kuzaliwa = Mary Louise Streep |tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1949|6|22}} |mahala pa kuzaliwa = Summit, [[New Jersey]], [[Marekani]] |kazi yake = Mwigizaji |miaka ya kazi = 1969–mpaka sasa |ndoa = {{marriage|Don Gummer|1978}} }} '''Meryl Streep''' (amezaliwa na jina la '''Meryl Louise Streep'''; mnamo [[22 Juni]] [[1949]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[filamu]] wa kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Streep ameanza kuonekana katika ulimwengu huu wa filamu kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye ''The Deadliest Season'' ([[1977]]). Mnamo [[1978]], alipokea ushindi wa [[Emmy Award]] kwa Mwigizaji Bora kwenye filamu ya ''Holocaust'' na uteuzi wa mara ya kwanza ya [[Academy Award]] kwa uhusika wake katika filamu ya ''The Deer Hunter''. ==Filamu== [[File:Meryl Streep - Berlin Berlinale 66 (24976691665) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Streep, kwenye 66th Berlin International Film Festival, manmo 2016]] {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" !scope="col"| Filamu !scope="col"| Mwaka !scope="col"| Aliigiza kama !scope="col"| Mtayarishaji !scope="col" class="unsortable" | Maelezo ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Marejeo |- !scope=row| ''Julia'' |1977 | {{sortname|Anne|Marie|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Fred|Zinnemann|nolink=yes}} | | |- !scope=row| ''The Deer Hunter'' |1978 | Linda | {{sortname|Michael|Cimino|nolink=yes}} | | |- !scope=row|''Manhattan'' |1979 | Jill | {{sortname|Woody|Allen|nolink=yes}} | | |- !scope=row| ''The Seduction of Joe Tynan'' |1979 | {{sortname|Karen|Traynor|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Jerry|Schatzberg|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=The Seduction of Joe Tynan (1979)|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/seduction_of_joe_tynan/|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|accessdate=April 3, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417230752/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/seduction_of_joe_tynan/|archivedate=April 17, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row| ''Kramer vs. Kramer'' |1979 | {{sortname|Joanna|Kramer|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Robert|Benton|nolink=yes}} | | |- !scope=row| ''The French Lieutenant's Woman'' |1981 | Sarah / Anna | {{sortname|Karel|Reisz|nolink=yes}} | | |- !scope=row| ''Still of the Night'' |1982 | {{sortname|Brooke|Reynolds|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Robert|Benton|nolink=yes}} | | |- !scope=row| ''Sophie's Choice'' |1982 | {{sortname|Sophie|Zawistowski|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Alan J.|Pakula|nolink=yes}} | | |- !scope=row| ''Silkwood'' |1983 | {{sortname|Karen|Silkwood|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Mike|Nichols|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/silkwood-1983|title=Silkwood Movie Review & Film Summary (1983)|publisher=RogerEbert.com|last=Ebert|first=Roger|date=December 14, 1983|accessdate=April 6, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409200713/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/silkwood-1983|archivedate=April 9, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row| ''Falling in Love'' |1984 | {{sortname|Molly|Gilmore|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Ulu|Grosbard|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Falling in Love (1984)|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/falling_in_love/?search=falling%20in%20love|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=April 3, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417225212/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/falling_in_love/?search=falling%20in%20love|archivedate=April 17, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row| ''Plenty'' |1985 | {{sortname|Susan|Traherne|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Fred|Schepisi|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Plenty (1985)|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/plenty/?search=plenty|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=April 3, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417233918/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/plenty/?search=plenty|archivedate=April 17, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row| ''Out of Africa'' |1985 | {{sortname|Karen|Blixen|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Sydney|Pollack|nolink=yes}} | | |- !scope=row| ''Heartburn'' |1986 | {{sortname|Rachel|Samstat|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Mike|Nichols|nolink=yes}} | | |- !scope=row| ''Ironweed'' |1987 | {{sortname|Helen|Archer|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Hector|Babenco|nolink=yes}} | | |- !scope=row| ''A Cry in the Dark'' |1988 | {{sortname|Lindy|Chamberlain|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Fred|Schepisi|nolink=yes}} | | |- !scope=row| ''She-Devil'' |1989 | {{sortname|Mary|Fisher|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Susan|Seidelman|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|last=Easton|first=Nina J.|title=Meryl Streep's Latest Accent Is a Laugh : In 'She-Devil,' America's most serious actress gets serious about comedy|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1989-12-10/entertainment/ca-363_1_meryl-streep|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=December 10, 1989|accessdate=May 5, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505081433/http://articles.latimes.com/1989-12-10/entertainment/ca-363_1_meryl-streep|archivedate=May 5, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row| ''Postcards from the Edge'' |1990 | {{sortname|Suzanne|Vale|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Mike|Nichols|nolink=yes}} | | |- !scope=row| ''Defending Your Life'' |1991 | Julia | {{sortname|Albert|Brooks|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Defending Your Life (1991)|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/defending_your_life/?search=defending%20your%20life|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=April 3, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417225050/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/defending_your_life/?search=defending%20your%20life|archivedate=April 17, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row| ''Age 7 in America'' |1991 | | {{sortname|Phil|Joanou|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|last=Goodman|first=Walter|title=TV Weekend; America's Pint-Size Philosophers|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/04/movies/tv-weekend-america-s-pint-size-philosophers.html|work=The New York Times|date=September 4, 1992|accessdate=May 5, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505084158/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/04/movies/tv-weekend-america-s-pint-size-philosophers.html|archivedate=May 5, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row| ''Death Becomes Her'' |1992 | {{sortname|Madeline|Ashton|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Robert|Zemeckis|nolink=yes}} | | |- !scope=row| ''The House of the Spirits'' |1993 | {{sort|Trueba|Clara del Valle Trueba|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Bille|August|nolink=yes}} | | |- !scope=row| ''The River Wild'' |1994 | {{sortname|Gail|Hartman|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Curtis|Hanson|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|last=Travers|first=Peter|title=The River Wild|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/the-river-wild-19940930|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=September 20, 1994|accessdate=May 5, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505072025/http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/the-river-wild-19940930|archivedate=May 5, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row| ''The Living Sea'' |1995 | | {{sortname|Greg|MacGillivray|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|title=The Living Sea (1995) Cast, Credits & Awards|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/186756/The-Living-Sea/details|work=The New York Times|accessdate=May 5, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307035142/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/186756/The-Living-Sea/details|archivedate=March 7, 2016|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row| ''The Bridges of Madison County'' |1995 | {{sortname|Francesca|Johnson|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Clint|Eastwood|nolink=yes}} | | |- !scope=row|''Before and After'' |1996 | {{sortname|Dr. Carolyn|Ryan|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Barbet|Schroeder|nolink=yes}} | | |- !scope=row| ''Marvin's Room'' |1996 | Lee | {{sortname|Jerry|Zaks|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|last=Levy|first=Emanuel|title=Review: 'Marvin's Room'|url=https://variety.com/1996/film/reviews/marvin-s-room-2-1117436693/|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=December 14, 1996|accessdate=May 5, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116162657/http://variety.com/1996/film/reviews/marvin-s-room-2-1117436693/|archivedate=November 16, 2014|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row| ''Dancing at Lughnasa'' |1998 | {{sortname|Kate|Mundy|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Pat|O'Connor||nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Dancing at Lughnasa (1998)|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dancing_at_lughnasa/|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=April 3, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324021854/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dancing_at_lughnasa|archivedate=March 24, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row| ''One True Thing'' |1998 | {{sortname|Gulden|Kate|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Carl|Franklin|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|last=Waxman|first=Sharon|title=Streep Finds Her Place Both at Home and at Work on 'True Thing'|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/movies/features/merylstreep98.htm|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=September 19, 2008|accessdate=May 5, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505060710/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/movies/features/merylstreep98.htm|archivedate=May 5, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row| ''Music of the Heart'' |1999 | {{sortname|Roberta|Guaspari|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Wes|Craven|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-hours-2002|title=Music Of The Heart Movie Review (1999)|publisher=RogerEbert.com|date=October 29, 1999|last=Ebert|first=Roger|accessdate=April 6, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406014319/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-hours-2002|archivedate=April 6, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''Ginevra's Story'' |1999 | | {{sortname|Christopher|Swann|nolink=yes}} | | |- !scope=row| ''A.I. Artificial Intelligence'' |2001 | Blue Mecha | {{sortname|Steven|Spielberg|nolink=yes}} | Sauti |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|title=A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001): Cast, Credits & Awards|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/246161/A-I-Artificial-Intelligence/cast|work=The New York Times|accessdate=May 5, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505061956/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/246161/A-I-Artificial-Intelligence/cast|archivedate=May 5, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''Adaptation.'' |2002 | {{sortname|Susan|Orlean|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Spike|Jonze|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/adaptation-2002|title=Adaptation Movie Review & Film Summary (2002)|publisher=RogerEbert.com|last=Ebert|first=Roger|date=December 20, 2002|accessdate=April 6, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607172318/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/adaptation-2002|archivedate=June 7, 2013|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''The Hours'' |2002 | {{sortname|Clarissa|Vaughan|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Stephen|Daldry|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-hours-2002|title=The Hours Movie Review & Film Summary (2002)|publisher=RogerEbert.com|last=Ebert|first=Roger|date=December 27, 2002|accessdate=April 6, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406014319/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-hours-2002|archivedate=April 6, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''Stuck on You'' |2003 | Mwenyewe | Farrelly brothers | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-12-12/entertainment/0312120301_1_quickee-burger-farrelly-brothers-peter-and-bobby-farrelly|title=Farrelly brothers' comedy chops come unglued in 'Stuck on You'|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|last=Caro|first=Mark|date=December 12, 2003|accessdate=May 5, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505062655/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-12-12/entertainment/0312120301_1_quickee-burger-farrelly-brothers-peter-and-bobby-farrelly|archivedate=May 5, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''The Manchurian Candidate'' |2004 | {{sortname|Shaw|Eleanor|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Jonathan|Demme|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web|last=Dalton|first=Stephen|title=The Manchurian Candidate|url=http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/review/2282|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|accessdate=May 5, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505062550/http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/review/2282|archivedate=2015-05-05|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events'' |2004 | Aunt Josephine | {{sortname|Brad|Silberling|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|title=Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events (2004): Cast, Credits & Awards|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/286685/Lemony-Snicket-s-A-Series-of-Unfortunate-Events/cast|work=The New York Times|accessdate=May 5, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505070117/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/286685/Lemony-Snicket-s-A-Series-of-Unfortunate-Events/cast|archivedate=May 5, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''Prime'' |2005 | {{sortname|Lisa|Metzger|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Ben|Younger|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Prime (2005)|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/prime/|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=April 3, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421122501/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/prime/|archivedate=April 21, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''Stolen Childhoods'' |2005 | | {{sortname|Len|Morris|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|last=Scheib|first=Ronnie|title=Review: ‘Stolen Childhoods’|url=https://variety.com/2005/film/reviews/stolen-childhoods-1200525575/|work=Variety|date=May 23, 2005|accessdate=April 3, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305000809/http://variety.com/2005/film/reviews/stolen-childhoods-1200525575/|archivedate=March 5, 2016|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''A Prairie Home Companion'' |2006 | {{sortname|Yolanda|Johnson|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Robert|Altman|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|last=Gleiberman|first=Owen|title=A Prairie Home Companion|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2006/06/07/prairie-home-companion|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=June 7, 2006|accessdate=May 5, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505060500/http://www.ew.com/article/2006/06/07/prairie-home-companion|archivedate=May 5, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''The Music of Regret'' |2006 | {{sort|Woman|The Woman}} | {{sortname|Laurie|Simmons|nolink=yes}} | Filamu fupi |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|last=Tomkins|first=Calvin|title=A Doll's House|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/12/10/a-dolls-house-2|work=[[The New Yorker]]|date=December 10, 2012|accessdate=May 5, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505073501/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/12/10/a-dolls-house-2|archivedate=May 5, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''The Devil Wears Prada'' |2006 | {{sortname|Miranda|Priestly|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|David|Frankel|nolink=yes}} | | |- !scope=row|''The Ant Bully'' |2006 | Queen Ant | {{sortname|John A.|Davis|nolink=yes}} | Sauti | |- !scope=row|''Dark Matter'' |2007 | {{sortname|Joanna|Silver|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Chen|Shi-Zheng|nolink=yes}} | | |- !scope=row|''Evening'' |2007 | {{sortname|Lila|Ross|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Lajos|Koltai|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|title=Evening (2007): Cast, Credits & Awards|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/355681/Evening/cast|work=The New York Times|accessdate=May 5, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505062456/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/355681/Evening/cast|archivedate=May 5, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''Rendition'' |2007 | {{sortname|Corrine|Whitman|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Gavin|Hood|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|last=Scott|first=A.O.|title=When a Single Story Has a Thousand Sides|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/19/movies/19rend.html?_r=0|work=The New York Times|date=October 19, 2007|accessdate=May 5, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505070122/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/19/movies/19rend.html?_r=0|archivedate=May 5, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''Lions for Lambs'' |2007 | {{sortname|Janine|Roth|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Robert|Redford|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|last=Elley|first=Derek|title=Review: 'Lions for Lambs'|url=https://variety.com/2007/film/awards/lions-for-lambs-1200555156/|work=Variety|date=October 22, 2007|accessdate=May 5, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505063459/http://variety.com/2007/film/awards/lions-for-lambs-1200555156/|archivedate=May 5, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''Mamma Mia!'' |2008 | {{sortname|Donna|Sheridan|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Phyllida|Lloyd|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|last=Hornaday|first=Ann|title='Mamma Mia!': Gotta Love It, Like It or Not|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/17/AR2008071702998.html|work=The Washington Post|date=July 18, 2008|accessdate=May 5, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505064129/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/17/AR2008071702998.html|archivedate=May 5, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''Doubt'' |2008 | {{sortname|Sister Aloysius|Beauvier|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|John Patrick|Shanley|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|last=McCarthy|first=Todd|title=Review: 'Doubt'|url=https://variety.com/2008/film/awards/doubt-3-1200472425/|work=Variety|date=November 6, 2008|accessdate=May 5, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505062611/http://variety.com/2008/film/awards/doubt-3-1200472425/|archivedate=May 5, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''Julie & Julia'' |2009 | {{sortname|Julia|Child|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Nora|Ephron|nolink=yes}} | | |- !scope=row|''Fantastic Mr. Fox'' |2009 | {{sort|Fox|Felicity Fox}} | {{sortname|Wes|Anderson|nolink=yes}} | Sauti |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009)|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1197696-fantastic_mr_fox/|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=April 3, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404113408/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1197696-fantastic_mr_fox|archivedate=April 4, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''It's Complicated'' |2009 | {{sortname|Jane|Adler|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Nancy|Meyers|nolink=yes}} | | |- !scope=row|''Higglety Pigglety Pop! or There Must Be More to Life'' |2010 | Jennie | {{sortname|Chris|Lavis|nolink=yes}}/<br/>Maciek Szczerbowski | Sauti; filamu fupi |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Higglety Pigglety Pop! or There Must Be More to Life|url=http://www.msn.com/en-us/movies/movie/higglety-pigglety-pop-or-there-must-be-more-to-life/AA46zMj|publisher=[[MSN]]|accessdate=May 5, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505094133/http://www.msn.com/en-us/movies/movie/higglety-pigglety-pop-or-there-must-be-more-to-life/AA46zMj|archivedate=May 5, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''The Iron Lady'' |2011 | {{sortname|Margaret|Thatcher|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Phyllida|Lloyd|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204720204577128514156957168|title='A Separation' Comes Together Exceptionally|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=December 30, 2011|accessdate=April 6, 2015|last=Morgenstern|first=Joe|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412144841/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204720204577128514156957168|archivedate=April 12, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''To the Arctic 3D'' |2012 | | {{sortname|Greg|MacGillivray|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=To the Arctic (2012)|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/to_the_arctic/|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=May 5, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421125354/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/to_the_arctic/|archivedate=April 21, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''Hope Springs'' |2012 | {{sortname|Kay|Soames|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|David|Frankel|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|last=Travers|first=Peter|title=Hope Springs|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/hope-springs-20120809|work=Rolling Stone|date=August 9, 2012|accessdate=May 5, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026155208/http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/hope-springs-20120809|archivedate=October 26, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''Wings of Life'' |2013 | | {{sortname|Louie|Schwartzberg|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|last=Labrecque|first=Jeff|title=Meryl Streep wants you to stop and smell the roses with mesmerizing 'Wings of Life' doc|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2013/03/21/meryl-streep-wings-of-life|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=March 21, 2013|accessdate=May 5, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323101441/http://www.ew.com/article/2013/03/21/meryl-streep-wings-of-life|archivedate=March 23, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''Girl Rising'' |2013 | | {{sortname|Richard E.|Robbins|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Girl Rising (2013) |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/mobile/m/girl_rising/ |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |accessdate=May 5, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325011446/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/mobile/m/girl_rising/ |archivedate=March 25, 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope=row|''A Fierce Green Fire'' |2013 | | {{sortname|Mark|Kitchell|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|last=Genzlinger|first=Neil|title=To the Ramparts for Mother Earth|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/01/movies/a-fierce-green-fire-the-battle-for-a-living-planet.html|work=The New York Times|date=February 28, 2013|accessdate=May 5, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617220353/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/01/movies/a-fierce-green-fire-the-battle-for-a-living-planet.html|archivedate=June 17, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''Out of Print'' |2013 | | {{sortname|Vivienne|Roumani|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|last=Stone|first=Brad|title=Documentary Film Investigates the (Alleged) Death of Books|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2013-05-10/documentary-film-investigates-the-alleged-death-of-books|work=[[Bloomberg Business]]|date=May 10, 2013|accessdate=May 5, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518160855/http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2013-05-10/documentary-film-investigates-the-alleged-death-of-books|archivedate=May 18, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''August: Osage County'' |2013 | {{sortname|Violet|Weston|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|John|Wells|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|last=Robey|first=Tim|title=August: Osage County, review|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/filmreviews/10297216/August-Osage-County-review.html|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=January 23, 2014|accessdate=May 5, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612153208/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/filmreviews/10297216/August-Osage-County-review.html|archivedate=June 12, 2016|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row| ''The Giver'' |2014 | Chief Elder | {{sortname|Phillip|Noyce|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|last=DeFore|first=John|title='The Giver': Film Review|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/giver/review/724823|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=August 11, 2014|accessdate=May 5, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610113541/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/giver/review/724823|archivedate=June 10, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''The Homesman'' |2014 | {{sortname|Altha|Carter|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Tommy Lee|Jones|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|last=Macnab|first=Geoffrey|title=The Homesman, film review: Jones finds new frontiers in the Old West|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/reviews/the-homesman-film-review-jones-finds-new-frontiers-in-the-old-west-9873746.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=November 20, 2014|accessdate=May 5, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221072739/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/reviews/the-homesman-film-review-jones-finds-new-frontiers-in-the-old-west-9873746.html|archivedate=February 21, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''Into the Woods'' |2014 | {{sort|Witch|The Witch}} | {{sortname|Rob|Marshall|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|last=Lawson|first=Richard|title=Into the Woods Is a Fairy-Tale Musical Without Much Magic|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2014/12/into-the-woods-review|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|date=December 17, 2014|accessdate=May 5, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419130643/http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2014/12/into-the-woods-review|archivedate=April 19, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''Ricki and the Flash'' |2015 | Ricki | {{sortname|Jonathan|Demme|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=First image of Meryl Streep rocking out in Ricki and the Flash arrives|url=http://www.hitfix.com/in-contention/first-image-of-meryl-streep-rocking-out-in-ricki-and-the-flash-arrives|last=Tapley|first=Kristopher|date=February 4, 2015|publisher=[[HitFix]]|accessdate=April 3, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405224836/http://www.hitfix.com/in-contention/first-image-of-meryl-streep-rocking-out-in-ricki-and-the-flash-arrives|archivedate=April 5, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''Suffragette'' |2015 | {{sortname|Emmeline|Pankhurst|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Sarah|Gavron|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-34459012|title=Suffragette star Meryl Streep calls for equality|publisher=BBC News|date=October 7, 2015|accessdate=October 7, 2015|last=Masters|first=Tim|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008044031/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-34459012|archivedate=October 8, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''Shout Gladi Gladi'' |2015 | | Adam Friedman / <br/> Iain Kennedy | | style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-shout-gladi-gladi-review-20151002-story.html|title=Powerful 'Shout Gladi Gladi' links healthcare and stable societies|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=October 1, 2015|accessdate=October 7, 2015|last=Walsh|first=Katie|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007040906/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-shout-gladi-gladi-review-20151002-story.html|archivedate=October 7, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''Florence Foster Jenkins'' |2016 | {{sortname|Florence Foster|Jenkins|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Stephen|Frears|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|last=Miller|first=Julie|title=Watch Meryl Streep Try to Be Terrible at Something in Florence Foster Jenkins Trailer|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2016/02/meryl-streep-florence-foster-jenkins-trailer|work=Vanity Fair|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=March 7, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312103108/http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2016/02/meryl-streep-florence-foster-jenkins-trailer|archivedate=March 12, 2016|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''We Rise'' |2017 | | Donna Lawrence | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|last=Boucher|first=Vincent|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/bergdorf-goodman-unveils-holiday-windows-inspired-by-new-yorks-iconic-institutions-1058674 |title=Bergdorf Goodman Unveils Holiday Windows Inspired by New York's Iconic Institutions |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=November 15, 2017 |accessdate=December 3, 2017}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''The Guardian Brothers'' |2017 | | Gary Wang | Sauti |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lee|first1=Ashley|title=Edward Norton, Bella Thorne, Jim Gaffigan Join Animated 'Guardian Brothers'|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/edward-norton-bella-thorne-jim-gaffigan-join-animated-guardian-brothers-964913|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=January 17, 2017|language=en}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''The Post'' |2017 | Katharine Graham | {{sortname|Steven|Spielberg|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref name="hipes1">{{cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2017/06/steven-spielbergs-pentagon-papers-movie-now-the-papers-adds-cast-1202108392/|title=Steven Spielberg’s Pentagon Papers Movie, Now ‘The Papers’, Adds Cast|last=Hipes|first=Patrick|date=June 6, 2017|website=Deadline Hollywood|accessdate=June 6, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608045608/http://deadline.com/2017/06/steven-spielbergs-pentagon-papers-movie-now-the-papers-adds-cast-1202108392/|archivedate=June 8, 2017|df=}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again'' | 2018 | {{sortname|Donna|Sheridan|nolink=yes}} | {{sortname|Ol|Parker|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|last=Sims|first=David|title=Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again Is a Gleefully Pointless Sequel|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2018/07/mamma-mia-here-we-go-again-review/565358/|accessdate=July 18, 2018|work=The Atlantic|date=July 17, 2018}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Mary Poppins Returns'' | 2018 | Topsy | {{sortname|Rob|Marshall|nolink=yes}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web|last1=Lesnick|first1=Silas|title=Mary Poppins Returns Begins Production!|url=http://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/813035-mary-poppins-returns-2|accessdate=February 10, 2017|publisher=ComingSoon.net|date=February 10, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211155256/http://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/813035-mary-poppins-returns-2|archivedate=February 11, 2017|df=}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" style="background:#ffc;"|''Little Women'' |2019 | Aunt March | {{sortname|Greta|Gerwig|nolink=yes}} | Post-production |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>[https://variety.com/2018/film/news/little-women-meryl-streep-emma-stone-saoirse-ronan-greta-gerwig-1202646423/ Greta Gerwig Eyes ‘Little Women’ With Meryl Streep, Emma Stone, Saoirse Ronan, Timothee Chalamet Circling (EXCLUSIVE)]</ref> |- ! scope="row" style="background:#ffc;"|''The Laundromat'' |TBA | Ellen Martin | {{sortname|Steven|Soderbergh|nolink=yes}} | Post-production |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/meryl-streep-star-panama-papers-thriller-steve-soderbergh-1111590 Meryl Streep to Star in Panama Papers Thriller for Steven Soderbergh (Exclusive)]</ref> |} ==Televisheni== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" |- !scope="col"| Jina !scope="col"| Mwaka !scope="col"| Aliigiza kama !scope="col" class="unsortable"| Maelezo !scope="col" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- !scope=row|''Everybody Rides the Carousel'' |1976 | Lover | Sauti; filamu | |- !scope=row|''The Deadliest Season'' |1977 | {{sortname|Sharon|Miller|nolink=yes}} | Filamu | |- !scope=row|''Secret Service'' |1977 | {{sortname|Edith|Varney|nolink=yes}} | Kipindi 1 | |- !scope=row|''Holocaust'' |1978 | {{sortname|Inga Helms|Weiss|nolink=yes}} | | |- !scope=row|''Uncommon Women and Others'' |1979 | Leilah | | |- !scope=row|''Kiss Me, Petruchio'' |1981 | Katherine | | |- !scope=row|''Alice at the Palace'' |1982 | Alice | | |- !scope=row|''The Earth Day Special'' |1990 | Concerned Citizen | Television special | |- !scope=row|''The Simpsons'' |1994 | {{sortname|Jessica|Lovejoy|nolink=yes}} | Sauti; kipindi: "Bart's Girlfriend" |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web|last=Adams|first=Erik|title=The Simpsons (Classic): "Bart’s Girlfriend"|url=http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/the-simpsons-classic-barts-girlfriend-99988|date=July 21, 2013|accessdate=May 5, 2015|publisher=[[The A.V. Club]]|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505062105/http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/the-simpsons-classic-barts-girlfriend-99988|archivedate=May 5, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''...First Do No Harm'' |1997 | {{sortname|Lori|Reimuller|nolink=yes}} | | |- !scope=row|''King of the Hill'' |1999 | {{sort|Dauterive|Aunt Esme Dauterive}} | Sauti; kipindi: "A Beer Can Named Desire" |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite book|title=TV guide|year=2004|publisher=Triangle Publications.|page=124}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''Angels in America'' |2003 | {{sort|Pitt|Hannah Pitt}} / Julius and Ethel Rosenberg /<br/>The Rabbi | | |- !scope=row| ''Freedom: A History of US'' |2003 | {{sort|Adams|Abigail Adams}} / Mary Eastey /<br/>Mary Harris Jones / Margaret Chase Smith | Vipindi 4 |style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="freedom">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/historyofus/about/credits_tv.html|title=Freedom: A History of Us Credits|publisher=[[PBS]]|accessdate=May 5, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031202328/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/historyofus/about/credits_tv.html|archivedate=October 31, 2014|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''Ocean Voyagers'' |2007 | | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Animal Planet International Launches Slate|url=http://corporate.discovery.com/discovery-news/animal-planet-international-launches-slate/|publisher=[[Discovery Communications]]|date=October 8, 2007|accessdate=May 5, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529060853/http://corporate.discovery.com/discovery-news/animal-planet-international-launches-slate/|archivedate=May 29, 2012|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''Web Therapy'' | 2010–12 | {{sortname|Camilla|Bowner|nolink=yes}} | Vipindi 8 | |- !scope=row|''Makers: Women Who Make America'' |2013 | | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|last=Rothman|first=Lily|title=A New PBS Documentary Tells the Story of One Revolution (and Begins Another)|url=http://entertainment.time.com/2013/02/26/a-new-pbs-documentary-tells-the-story-of-one-revolution-and-begins-another-plus-an-exclusive-video-clip/|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=February 26, 2013|accessdate=May 5, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505073703/http://entertainment.time.com/2013/02/26/a-new-pbs-documentary-tells-the-story-of-one-revolution-and-begins-another-plus-an-exclusive-video-clip/|archivedate=May 5, 2015|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''The Roosevelts'' |2014 | {{sortname|Eleanor|Roosevelt|nolink=yes}} | Sauti |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|last=Genzlinger|first=Neil|title=A Family’s Rough Ride Through an American Era|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/13/arts/television/the-roosevelts-ken-burnss-project-debuts-on-pbs.html?gwh=D9239EBE6073E9618DE6E154D3819735&gwt=pay&assetType=nyt_now|work=The New York Times|date=September 12, 2014|accessdate=May 5, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107085920/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/13/arts/television/the-roosevelts-ken-burnss-project-debuts-on-pbs.html?gwh=D9239EBE6073E9618DE6E154D3819735&gwt=pay&assetType=nyt_now|archivedate=November 7, 2017|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''Five Came Back'' |2017 | | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web|last=Busch|first=Anita|title=‘Netflix’s ‘Five Came Back’ With Spielberg, Coppola, Del Toro, Greengrass & Kasdan Drops Trailer|url=http://deadline.com/2017/02/five-came-back-netflix-trailer-spielberg-coppola-del-toro-greengrass-kasdan-1202026705/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=February 28, 2017|accessdate=March 1, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301154837/http://deadline.com/2017/02/five-came-back-netflix-trailer-spielberg-coppola-del-toro-greengrass-kasdan-1202026705/|archivedate=March 1, 2017|df=}}</ref> |- !scope=row style="background:#ffc;"|''Big Little Lies'' |2019 | {{sort|Wright|Mary Louise Wright}} | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news |url=http://ew.com/tv/2018/01/24/meryl-streep-big-little-lies-season-2/ |title=Meryl Streep joining Big Little Lies season 2 |work=Entertainment Weekly |first=James |last=Hibberd |date=January 24, 2018 |accessdate=January 24, 2018}}</ref> |} ==Tuzo== ===AACTA International Awards=== {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row"| 2012 | ''The Iron Lady'' | rowspan="2" | AACTA International Award for Best Actress | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 1st AACTA International Awards (2012) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/international-awards/inaugural-aacta-international-awards/ |publisher=Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507094508/https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/international-awards/inaugural-aacta-international-awards/ |archivedate=May 7, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2014 | ''August: Osage County'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 3rd AACTA International Awards (2014) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/international-awards/3rd-aacta-international-awards/ |publisher=Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507094950/https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/international-awards/3rd-aacta-international-awards/ |archivedate=May 7, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2015 | ''Into the Woods'' | AACTA International Award for Best Supporting Actress | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 4th AACTA International Awards (2015) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/international-awards/4th-aacta-international-awards/ |publisher=Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507095055/https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/international-awards/4th-aacta-international-awards/ |archivedate=May 7, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |} ===Academy Awards=== {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row"| 1979 | ''The Deer Hunter'' | rowspan="2" | Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1979 |title=The 51st Academy Awards (1979) Nominees and Winners |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417055310/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1979 |archivedate=April 17, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 1980 | ''Kramer vs. Kramer'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1980 |title=The 52nd Academy Awards (1980) Nominees and Winners |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417055938/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1980 |archivedate=April 17, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 1982 | ''The French Lieutenant's Woman'' | rowspan="10" | Academy Award for Best Actress | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1982 |title=The 54th Academy Awards (1982) Nominees and Winners |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417060317/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1982 |archivedate=April 17, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 1983 | ''Sophie's Choice'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1983 |title=The 55th Academy Awards (1983) Nominees and Winners |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417061022/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1983 |archivedate=April 17, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 1984 | ''Silkwood'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1984 |title=The 56th Academy Awards (1984) Nominees and Winners |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417061511/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1984 |archivedate=April 17, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 1986 | ''Out of Africa'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1986 |title=The 58th Academy Awards (1986) Nominees and Winners |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417062047/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1986 |archivedate=April 17, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 1988 | ''Ironweed'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1988 |title=The 60th Academy Awards (1988) Nominees and Winners |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417062449/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1988 |archivedate=April 17, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 1989 | ''Evil Angels''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article.html?isPreview=&id=1288866%7C1068622&name=A-Cry-in-the-Dark |title=A Cry in the Dark |last=Landazuri |first=Margarita |website=Turner Classic Movies |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417064301/http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article.html?isPreview=&id=1288866%7C1068622&name=A-Cry-in-the-Dark |archive-date=April 17, 2018 |dead-url=no |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |df= }}</ref> | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1989 |title=The 61st Academy Awards (1989) Nominees and Winners |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417063017/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1989 |archivedate=April 17, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 1991 | ''Postcards from the Edge'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1991 |title=The 63rd Academy Awards (1991) Nominees and Winners |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417065552/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1991 |archivedate=April 17, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 1996 | ''The Bridges of Madison County'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1996 |title=The 68th Academy Awards (1996) Nominees and Winners |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417091751/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1996 |archivedate=April 17, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 1999 | ''One True Thing'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1999 |title=The 71st Academy Awards (1999) Nominees and Winners |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417092138/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1999 |archivedate=April 17, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2000 | ''Music of the Heart'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2000 |title=The 72nd Academy Awards (2000) Nominees and Winners |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417092419/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2000 |archivedate=April 17, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2003 | ''Adaptation'' | Best Supporting Actress | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2003 |title=The 75th Academy Awards (2003) Nominees and Winners |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417092738/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2003 |archivedate=April 17, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2007 | ''The Devil Wears Prada'' | rowspan="5" | Best Actress | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2007 |title=The 79th Academy Awards (2007) Nominees and Winners |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417093206/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2007 |archivedate=April 17, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2009 | ''Doubt'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2009 |title=The 81st Academy Awards (2009) Nominees and Winners |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417093609/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2009 |archivedate=April 17, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2010 | ''Julie & Julia'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2010 |title=The 82nd Academy Awards (2010) Nominees and Winners |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417095231/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2010 |archivedate=April 17, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2012 | ''The Iron Lady'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2012 |title=The 84th Academy Awards (2012) Nominees and Winners |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417095424/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2012 |archivedate=April 17, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2014 | ''August: Osage County'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2014 |title=The 86th Academy Awards (2014) Nominees and Winners |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417095711/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2014 |archivedate=April 17, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2015 | ''Into the Woods'' | Best Supporting Actress | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2015 |title=The 87th Academy Awards (2015) Nominees and Winners |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417100123/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2015 |archivedate=April 17, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2017 | ''Florence Foster Jenkins'' | rowspan="2" | Best Actress | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2017 |title=The 89th Academy Awards (2017) Nominees and Winners |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417100436/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2017 |archivedate=April 17, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2018 | ''The Post'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2018 |title=The 90th Academy Awards (2018) Nominees and Winners |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417100721/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2018 |archivedate=April 17, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |} === Alliance of Women Film Journalists === {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row" |2006 | ''The Devil Wears Prada'' | Best Actress in a Comedic Performance | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awfj.org/blog/2006/12/17/awfj-announces-2006-eda-awards-winners/ |title=AWFJ Announces 2006 EDA Awards Winners |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |publisher=Alliance of Women Film Journalists |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529100137/http://awfj.org/blog/2006/12/17/awfj-announces-2006-eda-awards-winners/ |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row" |2007 | ''Lions for Lambs'' | Actress Defying Age and Ageism | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.glamour.com/story/meryl-streep-movies-that-didnt-get-an-oscar-nomination |title=How Bad Does a Movie Have to Be for Meryl Streep to Not Get an Oscar Nomination? I Watched 23 to Find Out |accessdate=July 24, 2018 |publisher=Glamour |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529080256/http://glamour.com/story/meryl-streep-movies-that-didnt-get-an-oscar-nomination |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row" rowspan="4" |2008 | ''Doubt'' | Best Actress | Aliteuliwa | rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awfj.org/eda-awards-2/2008-eda-awards-nominees/ |title=2008 EDA Awards Nominees |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |publisher=Alliance of Women Film Journalists |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529100739/http://awfj.org/eda-awards-2/2008-eda-awards-nominees/ |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- | ''Mamma Mia!'' | Actress Defying Age and Ageism | Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan="2" | Meryl Streep | Lifetime Achievement Award | Aliteuliwa |- | Women's Image Award | Aliteuliwa |- !scope="row" rowspan="9" |2009 | ''Fantastic Mr. Fox'' | Best Animated Female | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=EDA2009nom>{{cite web|url=http://awfj.org/eda-awards-2/2009-eda-awards-nominees/ |title=2009 EDA Awards Nominees |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |publisher=Alliance of Women Film Journalists |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529101620/http://awfj.org/eda-awards-2/2009-eda-awards-nominees/ |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- | ''It's Complicated'' | rowspan="2" | Actress Defying Age and Ageism | rowspan="2" {{won}} | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=EDA2009won>{{cite web|url=http://awfj.org/eda-awards-2/2009-eda-award-winners/ |title=2009 EDA Awards Winners |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |publisher=Alliance of Women Film Journalists |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529101621/http://awfj.org/eda-awards-2/2009-eda-award-winners/ |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- | ''Julie & Julia'' |- | ''It's Complicated'' | Best Depiction of Nudity, Sexuality, or Seduction | {{won}} |- | ''It's Complicated'' | rowspan="2" | Outstanding Achievement by a Woman in the Film Industry | rowspan="2" Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=EDA2009nom/> |- | ''Julie & Julia'' |- | ''Julie & Julia'' | Best Actress | Aliteuliwa | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=EDA2009nom/> |- | rowspan="2" | Meryl Streep | Lifetime Achievement Award | Aliteuliwa |- | Women's Image Award | Aliteuliwa |- !scope="row" rowspan="3" |2011 | rowspan="3" | ''The Iron Lady'' | Actress Defying Age and Ageism | Aliteuliwa | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awfj.org/eda-awards-2/2012-eda-awards-nominees/ |title=2011 EDA Awards Nominees |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |publisher=Alliance of Women Film Journalists |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529103424/http://awfj.org/eda-awards-2/2012-eda-awards-nominees/ |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- | Best Actress | Aliteuliwa |- | Female Icon Award | Aliteuliwa |- !scope="row" |2013 | ''August: Osage County'' | Actress Defying Age and Ageism | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awfj.org/eda-awards-2/2013-eda-award-nominees/ |title=2013 EDA Award Nominees |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |publisher=Alliance of Women Film Journalists |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529104009/http://awfj.org/eda-awards-2/2013-eda-award-nominees/ |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row" |2014 | ''Into the Woods'' | Actress Defying Age and Ageism | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awfj.org/eda-awards-2/2014-awfj-eda-awards-nominees/ |title=2014 EDA Award Nominees |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |publisher=Alliance of Women Film Journalists |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529104248/http://awfj.org/eda-awards-2/2014-awfj-eda-awards-nominees/ |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |} ===Berlin International Film Festival=== {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row"|1999 | Meryl Streep | Berlinale Camera | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1999/03_preistr_ger_1999/03_Preistraeger_1999.html |title=49th Berlin International Film Festival: Prize Winners |publisher=Berlin International Film Festival|accessdate=July 22, 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929091335/https://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1999/03_preistr_ger_1999/03_Preistraeger_1999.html |archivedate=September 29, 2017 }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|2003 | ''The Hours'' | Silver Bear for Best Actress | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/2003/03_preistr_ger_2003/03_Preistraeger_2003.html |title=53rd Berlin International Film Festival: Prize Winners |publisher=Berlin International Film Festival|accessdate=July 22, 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701140321/https://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/2003/03_preistr_ger_2003/03_Preistraeger_2003.html |archivedate=July 1, 2018 }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|2012 | Meryl Streep | Honorary Golden Bear | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/2012/03_preistrger_2012/03_preistraeger_2012.html |title=62nd Berlin International Film Festival: Prize Winners |publisher=Berlin International Film Festival|accessdate=July 22, 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702180924/https://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/2012/03_preistrger_2012/03_preistraeger_2012.html |archivedate=July 2, 2017 }}</ref> |} ===Blockbuster Entertainment Awards=== {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row"|1996 | ''The Bridges of Madison County'' | Favorite Actress – Drama (Theatrical) | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite book|title=Billboard|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_wgcEAAAAMBAJ|date=January 27, 1996|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|page=100|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> |} ===Boston Society of Film Critics=== {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row"|1982 | ''Sophie's Choice'' | Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Boston>{{cite web|url=http://www.bostonfilmcritics.org/content/past-award-winners |title=Past Award Winners |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |publisher=Boston Society of Film Critics |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608091813/http://www.bostonfilmcritics.org/content/past-award-winners |archivedate=June 8, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|2006 | ''The Devil Wears Prada'' | Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress | {{won|Runner-up|color=\#99FFFF}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hollywood-elsewhere.com/2006/12/boston_society.php |title=Boston Society of Film Critics |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |publisher=Hollywood Elsewhere |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125081714/http://hollywood-elsewhere.com/2006/12/boston_society.php |archivedate=November 25, 2011 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|2009 | ''Julie & Julia'' | rowspan="2" | Best Actress | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Boston/> |- !scope="row"|2011 | ''The Iron Lady'' | {{won|Runner-up|color=\#99FFFF}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiewire.com/2011/12/the-artist-tops-boston-critics-awards-margaret-gets-multiple-runner-up-prizes-50630/ |title=‘The Artist’ Tops Boston Critics Awards; ‘Margaret’ Gets Multiple Runner-Up Prizes |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |publisher=IndieWire |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608093910/http://www.indiewire.com/2011/12/the-artist-tops-boston-critics-awards-margaret-gets-multiple-runner-up-prizes-50630/ |archivedate=June 8, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |} ===British Academy Film Awards=== {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row" rowspan="2" | 1980 | ''The Deer Hunter'' | BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role | Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1980/film |title=The 33rd British Academy Film Awards (1980) Nominees and Winners |publisher=British Academy of Film and Television Arts |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529061551/http://awards.bafta.org/award/1980/film |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- | ''Manhattan'' | BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role | Aliteuliwa |- !scope="row"| 1981 | ''Kramer vs. Kramer'' | rowspan="5" | Best Actress in a Leading Role | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1981/film |title=The 34th British Academy Film Awards (1981) Nominees and Winners |publisher=British Academy of Film and Television Arts |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529062123/http://awards.bafta.org/award/1981/film |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 1982 | ''The French Lieutenant's Woman'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1982/film |title=The 35th British Academy Film Awards (1982) Nominees and Winners |publisher=British Academy of Film and Television Arts |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529062419/http://awards.bafta.org/award/1982/film |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 1984 | ''Sophie's Choice'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1984/film |title=The 37th British Academy Film Awards (1984) Nominees and Winners |publisher=British Academy of Film and Television Arts |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529062633/http://awards.bafta.org/award/1984/film |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 1985 | ''Silkwood'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1985/film |title=The 38th British Academy Film Awards (1985) Nominees and Winners |publisher=British Academy of Film and Television Arts |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529062818/http://awards.bafta.org/award/1985/film |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 1987 | ''Out of Africa'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1987/film |title=The 40th British Academy Film Awards (1987) Nominees and Winners |publisher=British Academy of Film and Television Arts |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529063454/http://awards.bafta.org/award/1987/film |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2003 | ''Adaptation'' | Best Actress in a Supporting Role | Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2003/film |title=The 56th British Academy Film Awards (2003) Nominees and Winners |publisher=British Academy of Film and Television Arts |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529063711/http://awards.bafta.org/award/2003/film |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- | ''The Hours'' | Best Actress in a Leading Role | Aliteuliwa |- !scope="row"| 2005 | ''The Manchurian Candidate'' | Best Actress in a Supporting Role | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2005/film |title=The 58th British Academy Film Awards (2005) Nominees and Winners |publisher=British Academy of Film and Television Arts |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529064222/http://awards.bafta.org/award/2005/film |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2007 | ''The Devil Wears Prada'' | rowspan="5" | Best Actress in a Leading Role | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2007/film |title=The 60th British Academy Film Awards (2007) Nominees and Winners |publisher=British Academy of Film and Television Arts |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529064437/http://awards.bafta.org/award/2007/film |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2009 | ''Doubt'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2009/film |title=The 62nd British Academy Film Awards (2009) Nominees and Winners |publisher=British Academy of Film and Television Arts |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529064831/http://awards.bafta.org/award/2009/film |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2010 | ''Julie & Julia'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2010/film |title=The 63rd British Academy Film Awards (2010) Nominees and Winners |publisher=British Academy of Film and Television Arts |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529070456/http://awards.bafta.org/award/2010/film |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2012 | ''The Iron Lady'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2012/film |title=The 65th British Academy Film Awards (2012) Nominees and Winners |publisher=British Academy of Film and Television Arts |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529070656/http://awards.bafta.org/award/2012/film |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2017 | ''Florence Foster Jenkins'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2017/film |title=The 70th British Academy Film Awards (2017) Nominees and Winners |publisher=British Academy of Film and Television Arts |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529070724/http://awards.bafta.org/award/2017/film |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |} ===Cannes Film Festival=== {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row"| 1989 | ''A Cry in the Dark'' | Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Awards 1989: All Awards |url=http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/1989/allAward.html |publisher=Cannes Film Festival |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606211642/http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/1989/allAward.html |archivedate=June 6, 2014 |df= }}</ref> |} ===Chicago Film Critics Association=== {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row"| 1995 | ''The Bridges of Madison County'' | Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress | Aliteuliwa |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |title=Chicago Critics Stand Own Ground with Film Nominations |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-71056480.html |work=Daily Herald (Arlington Heights) |date=January 15, 1996 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724061606/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-71056480.html |accessdate=July 24, 2018 |archivedate=July 24, 2018 |df= }} {{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-71056480.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2019-04-06 |archivedate=2018-07-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724061606/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-71056480.html }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2002 | ''Adaptation'' | Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress | {{won}} |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Chicago Film Critics Awards – 1998-07 |url=http://www.chicagofilmcritics.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48&Itemid=58 |publisher=Chicago Film Critics Association |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515203059/http://www.chicagofilmcritics.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48&Itemid=58 |archivedate=May 15, 2012 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2006 | ''The Devil Wears Prada'' | rowspan="5" | Best Actress | Aliteuliwa |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Chicago Film Critics Awards 2007 |url=http://moviecitynews.com/archived/awards/2007/critic_awards/chicago.html |publisher=Movie City News |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724054852/http://moviecitynews.com/archived/awards/2007/critic_awards/chicago.html |accessdate=July 24, 2018 |archivedate=July 24, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2008 | ''Doubt'' | Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Chicago Film Critics Awards – 2008-09 |url=http://www.chicagofilmcritics.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=62&Itemid=60 |publisher=Chicago Film Critics Association |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224070822/http://www.chicagofilmcritics.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=62&Itemid=60 |archivedate=24 February 2010 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2009 | ''Julie & Julia'' | Aliteuliwa |- !scope="row"| 2011 | ''The Iron Lady'' | Aliteuliwa |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=‘Tree of Life’ leads Chicago film critics nods |url=https://uproxx.com/hitfix/the-tree-of-life-leads-with-7-chicago-film-critics-nods/ |publisher=Uproxx |date=December 16, 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608123420/https://uproxx.com/hitfix/the-tree-of-life-leads-with-7-chicago-film-critics-nods/ |accessdate=July 24, 2018 |archivedate=June 8, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2013 | ''August: Osage County'' | Aliteuliwa |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=2013 Chicago Film Critics Association Award Winners |url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/2013-chicago-film-critics-association-award-winners/ |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |date=December 16, 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608123606/https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/2013-chicago-film-critics-association-award-winners/ |accessdate=July 24, 2018 |archivedate=June 8, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |} ===Critics' Choice Movie Awards=== {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2003 | ''Adaptation'' | Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Supporting Actress | Aliteuliwa | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 8th Critics' Choice Awards (2003) Nominees and Winners|url=http://www.bfca.org/ccawards/2002.php|publisher=Broadcast Film Critics Association|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130414082058/http://bfca.org/ccawards/2002.php|archivedate=April 14, 2013}}</ref> |- | ''The Hours'' | Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble | Aliteuliwa |- !scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2007 | ''The Devil Wears Prada'' | Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress | Aliteuliwa | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=12th Annual Critics' Choice Awards Nominees|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/12th-annual-critics-choice-awards-127464|publisher=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=July 22, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608104121/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/12th-annual-critics-choice-awards-127464|archivedate=June 8, 2018}}</ref> |- | ''A Prairie Home Companion'' | Best Acting Ensemble | Aliteuliwa |- !scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2009 | rowspan="2" | ''Doubt'' | Best Acting Ensemble | Aliteuliwa | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 14th Critics' Choice Awards (2009) Nominees and Winners|url=http://bfca.org/ccawards/2008.php|publisher=Broadcast Film Critics Association|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130414161655/http://bfca.org/ccawards/2008.php|archivedate=April 14, 2013}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" | Best Actress | {{won}} |- !scope="row"| 2010 | ''Julie & Julia'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title="Hurt Locker" a blast at Critics Choice Awards|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-critics-idUSTRE60F0AD20100116|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=July 22, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608105618/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-critics-idUSTRE60F0AD20100116|archivedate=June 8, 2018}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2012 | ''The Iron Lady'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Oscars 2012 Shocker: Meryl Streep Beats Viola Davis for Best Actress Nod|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/oscars-meryl-streep-viola-davis-iron-lady-help-295306|publisher=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=July 22, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608110237/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/oscars-meryl-streep-viola-davis-iron-lady-help-295306|archivedate=June 8, 2018}}</ref> |- !scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2014 | rowspan="2" | ''August: Osage County'' | Aliteuliwa | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=19th Annual Critics’ Choice Movie Awards Nominations|url=http://www.criticschoice.com/movie-awards/19th-annual-critics-choice-movie-awards-nominations/|publisher=Broadcast Film Critics Association|accessdate=July 22, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608110521/http://www.criticschoice.com/movie-awards/19th-annual-critics-choice-movie-awards-nominations/|archivedate=June 8, 2018}}</ref> |- | Best Acting Ensemble | Aliteuliwa |- !scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2015 | rowspan="2" | ''Into the Woods'' | Best Supporting Actress | Aliteuliwa | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations for the 20th Annual Critics’ Choice Movie Awards|url=http://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/392185-nominations-for-the-20th-annual-critics-choice-movie-awards|publisher=ComingSoon.net|accessdate=July 22, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608110935/http://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/392185-nominations-for-the-20th-annual-critics-choice-movie-awards|archivedate=June 8, 2018}}</ref> |- | Best Acting Ensemble | Aliteuliwa |- !scope="row"| 2017 | ''Florence Foster Jenkins'' | Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress in a Comedy | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=22nd Annual Critics’ Choice Awards – Winners|url=http://www.criticschoice.com/movie-awards/22nd-annual-critics-choice-awards-winners/|publisher=Broadcast Film Critics Association|accessdate=July 22, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608111354/http://www.criticschoice.com/movie-awards/22nd-annual-critics-choice-awards-winners/|archivedate=June 8, 2018}}</ref> |- !scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2017 | rowspan="2" | ''The Post'' | Best Actress | Aliteuliwa | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Critics' Choice Awards: 'The Shape of Water,' 'Big Little Lies' Top Winners|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2018-critics-choice-awards-winners-list-full-1067731|publisher=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=July 22, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608111812/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2018-critics-choice-awards-winners-list-full-1067731|archivedate=June 8, 2018}}</ref> |- | Best Acting Ensemble | Aliteuliwa |} === Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association === {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row"| 2002 | ''Adaptation'' | rowspan="2" | Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress | {{won|Runner-up|color=\#99FFFF}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whoswho.com/us/meryl-streep |title=Meryl STREEP |publisher=Who's Who Online |accessdate=July 24, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617094629/http://www.whoswho.com/us/meryl-streep |archivedate=June 17, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2004 | ''The Manchurian Candidate'' | | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/dfw-film-critics-choose-million-dollar-baby/ |title=DFW Film Critics choose Million Dollar Baby |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |accessdate=July 24, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830122503/http://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/dfw-film-critics-choose-million-dollar-baby/ |archivedate=August 30, 2017 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2006 | ''The Devil Wears Prada'' | rowspan="6" | Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress | | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.arktimes.com/TheMoviegoer/archives/2006/12/18/dallas-film-critics-united-93 |title=Dallas Film Critics: 'United 93' |publisher=Arkansas Times |accessdate=July 24, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613165242/https://www.arktimes.com/TheMoviegoer/archives/2006/12/18/dallas-film-critics-united-93 |archivedate=June 13, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2008 | ''Doubt'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dallasobserver.com/news/dallas-is-a-nanny-city-after-all-courtesy-the-cw-also-a-year-end-movie-list-7108521 |title=Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics name "Slumdog Millionaire" Best Picture of 2008 |accessdate=July 24, 2018 |deadurl=no |work=Dallas Observer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613165711/http://www.dallasobserver.com/news/dallas-is-a-nanny-city-after-all-courtesy-the-cw-also-a-year-end-movie-list-7108521 |archivedate=June 13, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2009 | ''Julie & Julia'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dfwcritics.com/awards/2009-2/ |title=DFW Film Critics name “Up In The Air” as Best Film of 2009 |publisher=Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association |accessdate=July 24, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613170428/http://dfwcritics.com/awards/2009-2/ |archivedate=June 13, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2011 | ''The Iron Lady'' | | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dfwcritics.com/awards/2011-2/ |title=DFW Film Critics name “The Descendants” as Best Film of 2011 |publisher=Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association |accessdate=July 24, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613170900/http://dfwcritics.com/awards/2011-2/ |archivedate=June 13, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2013 | ''August: Osage County'' | | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dfwcritics.com/2013/12/16/dfw-film-critics-name-12-years-a-slave-as-top-film-of-2013/ |title=DFW Film Critics name "12 Years a Slave" as top film of 2013 |publisher=Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218073736/http://dfwcritics.com/2013/12/16/dfw-film-critics-name-12-years-a-slave-as-top-film-of-2013/ |archivedate=December 18, 2013 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2017 | ''The Post'' | | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dfwcritics.com/dfw-film-critics-name-the-shape-of-water-best-picture-of-2017/ |title=DFW Film Critics Name ‘The Shape of Water’ Best Picture of 2017 |publisher=Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association |accessdate=July 24, 2018 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613171629/http://dfwcritics.com/dfw-film-critics-name-the-shape-of-water-best-picture-of-2017/ |archivedate=June 13, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |} === David di Donatello Awards=== {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row"| 1982 | ''The French Lieutenant's Woman'' | rowspan="4" | David di Donatello for Best Foreign Actress | Aliteuliwa | rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daviddidonatello.it/motore-di-ricerca/cercavincitori2.php?idsoggetto=578&vin=Streep |title=Meryl Streep – Premi David di Donatello |publisher=Accademia del Cinema Italiano |language=Italian |accessdate=July 24, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724122045/http://www.daviddidonatello.it/motore-di-ricerca/cercavincitori2.php?idsoggetto=578&vin=Streep |archivedate=July 24, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 1984 | ''Sophie's Choice'' | Aliteuliwa |- !scope="row"| 1985 | ''Falling in Love'' | Aliteuliwa |- !scope="row"| 1986 | ''Out of Africa'' | Aliteuliwa |} === Detroit Film Critics Society === {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row"|2008 | ''Doubt'' | rowspan="4"| Detroit Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 2008 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards |url=http://detroitfilmcritics.com/awards/the-2008-detroit-film-critics-society-awards/ |accessdate=July 24, 2018 |publisher=Detroit Film Critics Society |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626135548/http://detroitfilmcritics.com/awards/the-2008-detroit-film-critics-society-awards/ |archivedate=June 26, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|2009 | ''Julie & Julia'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 2009 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards |url=http://detroitfilmcritics.com/awards/the-2009-detroit-film-critics-society-awards/ |accessdate=July 24, 2018 |publisher=Detroit Film Critics Society |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626135258/http://detroitfilmcritics.com/awards/the-2009-detroit-film-critics-society-awards/ |archivedate=June 26, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|2011 | ''The Iron Lady'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 2011 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards |url=http://detroitfilmcritics.com/awards/the-2011-detroit-film-critics-society-awards/ |accessdate=July 24, 2018 |publisher=Detroit Film Critics Society |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141533/http://detroitfilmcritics.com/awards/the-2011-detroit-film-critics-society-awards/ |archivedate=June 12, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row" rowspan="2"|2013 | rowspan="2" | ''August: Osage County'' | Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 2013 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards |url=http://detroitfilmcritics.com/awards/the-2013-detroit-film-critics-society-awards/ |accessdate=July 24, 2018 |publisher=Detroit Film Critics Society |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626135642/http://detroitfilmcritics.com/awards/the-2013-detroit-film-critics-society-awards/ |archivedate=June 26, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" | Best Ensemble | Aliteuliwa |- !scope="row"|2014 | ''Into the Woods'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 2014 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards |url=http://detroitfilmcritics.com/awards/the-2014-detroit-film-critics-society-awards/ |accessdate=July 24, 2018 |publisher=Detroit Film Critics Society |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626135335/http://detroitfilmcritics.com/awards/the-2014-detroit-film-critics-society-awards/ |archivedate=June 26, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|2017 | ''The Post'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 2017 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards |url=http://detroitfilmcritics.com/awards/ |accessdate=July 24, 2018 |publisher=Detroit Film Critics Society |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618075856/http://detroitfilmcritics.com/awards/ |archivedate=June 18, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |} === Dorian Awards === {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row"|2012 | ''The Iron Lady'' | Film Performance of the Year | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The Dorian Awards: Past Winners |url=http://galeca.org/past-winners/ |publisher=Gay and Lesbian Entertainment Critics Association |accessdate=July 24, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806020220/http://galeca.org/past-winners/ |archivedate=August 6, 2017 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|2018 | Meryl Streep | Timeless Star | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=2017/18 Dorians |url=http://galeca.org/winners/ |publisher=Gay and Lesbian Entertainment Critics Association |accessdate=July 24, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309183028/http://galeca.org/winners/ |archivedate=March 9, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |} === Dublin Film Critics' Circle === {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row"|2006 | ''The Devil Wears Prada'' | Best Supporting Actress | | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=2006 Awards|url=http://dublinfilmcriticscircle.weebly.com/2006.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308121514/http://dublinfilmcriticscircle.weebly.com/2006.html|archivedate=March 8, 2010|publisher=Dublin Film Critics' Circle|deadurl=yes|accessdate=July 31, 2015}}</ref> |- !scope="row" rowspan="2"|2009 | rowspan="2"| ''Doubt'' | Best Actress | | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=2009 Awards|url=http://dublinfilmcriticscircle.weebly.com/2009.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310215008/http://dublinfilmcriticscircle.weebly.com/2009.html|archivedate=March 10, 2016|publisher=Dublin Film Critics' Circle|deadurl=yes}}</ref> |- | Best Performance | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Dublin/> |} === Emmy Awards (Primetime)=== {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row"| 1978 | ''Holocaust'' | rowspan="3" | Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie | {{won}} | rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emmys.com/bios/meryl-streep |title=Meryl Streep |publisher=Academy of Television Arts & Sciences |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315054436/http://www.emmys.com/bios/meryl-streep |archivedate=March 15, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 1997 | ''...First Do No Harm'' | Aliteuliwa |- !scope="row"| 2004 | ''Angels in America'' | {{won}} |- !scope="row"| 2017 | ''Five Came Back'' | Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narrator | {{won}} |} === Empire Awards === {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row"|2012 | ''The Iron Lady'' | Empire Award for Best Actress | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/jameson-empire-awards-2012-winners/ |title=Jameson Empire Awards 2012 Winners! |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805161023/http://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/jameson-empire-awards-2012-winners/ |archivedate=5 August 2017 |work=Empire |accessdate=July 24, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |} === Film Society of Lincoln Center === {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row"|2008 | Meryl Streep | Chaplin Award Gala Tribute | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmlinc.org/about-us/chaplin-award-gala/ |title=Chaplin Award Gala |publisher=Film Society of Lincoln Center|accessdate=July 24, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724150423/https://www.filmlinc.org/about-us/chaplin-award-gala/ |archivedate=July 24, 2018 }}</ref> |} === Florida Film Critics Circle === {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row"|2002 | ''Adaptation'' | Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.floridafilmcritics.com/2013/11/16/2002-ffcc-award-winners/ |title=2002 FFCC Award Winners |accessdate=July 24, 2018 |publisher=Florida Film Critics Circle |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227214402/http://www.floridafilmcritics.com/2013/11/16/2002-ffcc-award-winners/ |archivedate=December 27, 2017 |df= }}</ref> |} === Golden Globe Awards === {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row"| 1979 | ''The Deer Hunter'' | rowspan="2" | Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 36th Golden Globe Awards (1979) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1979/all |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529144600/https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1979/all |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 1989 | ''Kramer vs. Kramer'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 37th Golden Globe Awards (1980) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1980/all |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529144310/https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1980/all |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 1982 | ''The French Lieutenant's Woman'' | rowspan="5"| Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 39th Golden Globe Awards (1982) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1982/all |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529144919/https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1982/all |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 1983 | ''Sophie's Choice'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 40th Golden Globe Awards (1983) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1983/all |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529145219/https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1983/all |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 1984 | ''Silkwood'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 41st Golden Globe Awards (1984) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1984/all |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529145412/https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1984/all |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 1986 | ''Out of Africa'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 43rd Golden Globe Awards (1986) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1986/all |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529145801/https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1986/all |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 1989 | ''A Cry in the Dark'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 46th Golden Globe Awards (1989) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1989/all |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529151046/https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1989/all |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 1990 | ''She-Devil'' | rowspan="3"| Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 47th Golden Globe Awards (1990) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1990/all |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529151315/https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1990/all |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 1991 | ''Postcards from the Edge'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 48th Golden Globe Awards (1991) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1991/all |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529151416/https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1991/all |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 1993 | ''Death Becomes Her'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 50th Golden Globe Awards (1993) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1993/all |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529151620/https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1993/all |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 1995 | ''The River Wild'' | rowspan="3"| Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 52nd Golden Globe Awards (1995) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1995/all |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529152038/https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1995/all |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 1996 | ''The Bridges of Madison County'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 53rd Golden Globe Awards (1996) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1996/all |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529152244/https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1996/all |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 1997 | ''Marvin's Room'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 54th Golden Globe Awards (1997) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1997/all |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529152506/https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1997/all |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 1998 | ''...First Do No Harm'' | Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 55th Golden Globe Awards (1998) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1998/all |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529152544/https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1998/all |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 1999 | ''One True Thing'' | rowspan="2"| Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 56th Golden Globe Awards (1999) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1999/all |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529152952/https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1999/all |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2000 | ''Music of the Heart'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 57th Golden Globe Awards (2000) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/2000/all |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529153241/https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/2000/all |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2003 | ''Adaptation'' | Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture | {{won}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 60th Golden Globe Awards (2003) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/2003/all |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529153641/https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/2003/all |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- | ''The Hours'' | Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama | Aliteuliwa |- !scope="row"| 2004 | ''Angels in America'' | Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 61st Golden Globe Awards (2004) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/2004/all |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529153935/https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/2004/all |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2005 | ''The Manchurian Candidate'' | Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 62nd Golden Globe Awards (2005) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/2005/all |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529154202/https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/2005/all |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2007 | ''The Devil Wears Prada'' | Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 64th Golden Globe Awards (2007) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/2007/all |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529154622/https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/2007/all |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2009 | ''Doubt'' | Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama | Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 66th Golden Globe Awards (2009) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/2009/all |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529154739/https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/2009/all |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- | ''Mamma Mia!'' | rowspan="3"| Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical | Aliteuliwa |- !scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2010 | ''It's Complicated'' | Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 67th Golden Globe Awards (2010) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/2010/all |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529154835/https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/2010/all |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- | ''Julie & Julia'' | {{won}} |- !scope="row"| 2012 | ''The Iron Lady'' | Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 69th Golden Globe Awards (2012) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/2012/all |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529155242/https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/2012/all |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2013 | ''Hope Springs'' | rowspan="2"| Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 70th Golden Globe Awards (2013) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/2013/all |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529155531/https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/2013/all |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2014 | ''August: Osage County'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 71st Golden Globe Awards (2014) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/2014/all |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529155718/https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/2014/all |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2015 | ''Into the Woods'' | Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 72nd Golden Globe Awards (2015) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/2015/all |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529155806/https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/2015/all |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2017 | ''Florence Foster Jenkins'' | Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical | Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 74th Golden Globe Awards (2017) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/2017/all |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529160123/https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/2017/all |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- | Meryl Streep | Cecil B. DeMille Award | {{won}} |- !scope="row"| 2018 | ''The Post'' | Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 75th Golden Globe Awards (2018) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/2018/all |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529160506/https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/2018/all |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |} ===Gotham Awards=== {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row"| 1999 | Meryl Streep | Career Tribute | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gotham.ifp.org/flash/Timeline/1999.html|title=Gotham Independent Film Awards 1999|publisher=Independent Filmmaker Project|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221010611/http://gotham.ifp.org/flash/Timeline/1999.html|archivedate=February 21, 2017|deadurl=yes}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2006 | ''A Prairie Home Companion'' | Gotham Independent Film Award for Best Ensemble Cast | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gotham.ifp.org/flash/Timeline/2006.html|title=Gotham Independent Film Awards 2006|publisher=Independent Filmmaker Project|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219100430/http://gotham.ifp.org/flash/Timeline/2006.html|archivedate=February 19, 2017|deadurl=yes}}</ref> |} === Grammy Awards === {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row"| 1986 | ''The Velveteen Rabbit'' | rowspan="3" | Grammy Award for Best Album for Children | Aliteuliwa | rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/meryl-streep|title=Meryl Streep|publisher=The Recording Academy|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117102327/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/meryl-streep|archivedate=November 17, 2017|deadurl=no}}</ref> |- !scope="row" rowspan="2"| 1989 | ''The Tailor of Gloucester'' | Aliteuliwa |- | ''The Tale of Peter Rabbit'' | Aliteuliwa |- !scope="row"| 2008 | ''The One and Only Shrek!'' | Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children | Aliteuliwa |- !scope="row"| 2009 | ''Mamma Mia!'' | Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media | Aliteuliwa |} === Hasty Pudding Theatricals === {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row"|1980 | Meryl Streep | Hasty Pudding Woman of the Year | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hastypudding.org/past-honorees |title=Men And Women Of The Year |publisher=Hasty Pudding Theatricals |accessdate=July 27, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617115708/http://hastypudding.org/past-honorees |archivedate=June 17, 2018 }}</ref> |} === Hollywood Film Awards === {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row"|2013 | ''August: Osage County'' | Hollywood Ensemble Award | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=2013 Honorees for “The Hollywood Spotlight Awards” Announced |url=https://www.hollywoodawards.com/2013/10/michael-b-jordan-sophie-nelisse-and-david-oyelowo-to-be-honored-with-the-hollywood-spotlight-awards/ |publisher=Hollywood Film Awards |accessdate=July 27, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190956/https://www.hollywoodawards.com/2013/10/michael-b-jordan-sophie-nelisse-and-david-oyelowo-to-be-honored-with-the-hollywood-spotlight-awards/ |archivedate=March 4, 2016 |df= }}</ref> |} === Houston Film Critics Society === {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row" rowspan="2"|2007 | rowspan="2" | ''Doubt'' | Houston Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress | Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=HFCS 2008 Awards Ballot|url=http://www.houstonfilmcritics.com/files/HFCS%202008%20Awards%20Ballot.pdf|publisher=Houston Film Critics Society|deadurl=yes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712223446/http://www.houstonfilmcritics.com/files/HFCS%202008%20Awards%20Ballot.pdf|archivedate=2011-07-12|df=|accessdate=2019-04-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712223446/http://www.houstonfilmcritics.com/files/HFCS%202008%20Awards%20Ballot.pdf}}</ref> |- | Best Ensemble Cast | {{won}} |- !scope="row"|2008 | ''Julie & Julia'' | rowspan="3" | Best Actress | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Houston critics judging films|url=https://www.chron.com/life/article/Houston-critics-judging-films-1750087.php|accessdate=July 28, 2018|publisher=Houston Chronicle|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422065703/https://www.chron.com/life/article/Houston-critics-judging-films-1750087.php|archivedate=April 22, 2016|df=}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|2011 | ''The Iron Lady'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Houston Film Critics Society Nominees|url=http://www.awardsdaily.com/2011/12/10/houston-film-critics-society-nominees/|accessdate=July 28, 2018|publisher=Awards Daily|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141938/http://www.awardsdaily.com/2011/12/10/houston-film-critics-society-nominees/|archivedate=June 12, 2018|df=}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|2013 | ''August: Osage County'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=2013 Houston Film Critics Society nominations|url=http://www.hitfix.com/in-contention/2013-houston-film-critics-society-nominations|publisher=HitFix|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221073434/http://www.hitfix.com/in-contention/2013-houston-film-critics-society-nominations|archivedate=December 21, 2013|df=}}</ref> |} === Irish Film & Television Academy Awards === {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row"|1999 | ''Dancing at Lughnasa'' | Best Actress | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Irish Film Award Nominees Announced |url=http://www.iftn.ie/news/?act1=record&only=1&aid=73&rid=2822&tpl=archnews&force=1 |publisher=Irish Film and Television Network |accessdate=July 28, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728090723/http://www.iftn.ie/news/?act1=record&only=1&aid=73&rid=2822&tpl=archnews&force=1 |archivedate=July 28, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|2009 | ''Mamma Mia!'' | rowspan="3"| Best International Actress | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners 2009 |url=http://www.ifta.ie/awards/iftawinners2009.html |publisher=Irish Film & Television Academy |accessdate=July 28, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103062155/http://www.ifta.ie/awards/iftawinners2009.html |archivedate=January 3, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|2010 | ''It's Complicated'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners 2010 |url=http://www.ifta.ie/awards/iftawinners2010.html |publisher=Irish Film & Television Academy |accessdate=July 28, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103060636/http://www.ifta.ie/awards/iftawinners2010.html |archivedate=January 3, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|2012 | ''The Iron Lady'' |Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners 2012 |url=http://www.ifta.ie/awards/iftawinners2012.html |publisher=Irish Film & Television Academy |accessdate=July 28, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103065643/http://www.ifta.ie/awards/iftawinners2012.html |archivedate=January 3, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |} === London Film Critics Circle === {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row"|2004 | ''Adaptation'' | rowspan="5"|London Film Critics' Circle Award for Actress of the Year | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title='Master' in British Race |url=https://people.com/celebrity/news-briefs-master-in-british-race/ |accessdate=July 29, 2018 |work=People |date=January 2, 2004 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623165747/https://people.com/celebrity/news-briefs-master-in-british-race/ |archivedate=June 23, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|2007 | ''The Devil Wears Prada'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=United 93 named best film by London critics |url=https://www.screendaily.com/united-93-named-best-film-by-london-critics/4030776.article |accessdate=July 29, 2018 |work=Screen International |date=February 9, 2007 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729092110/https://www.screendaily.com/united-93-named-best-film-by-london-critics/4030776.article |archivedate=July 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|2009 | ''Doubt'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Slumdog Millionaire leads London critics' nominations |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/dec/19/london-critics-circle-awards |accessdate=July 29, 2018 |work=The Guardian |date=December 19, 2008 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107022812/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/dec/19/london-critics-circle-awards |archivedate=November 7, 2017 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|2010 | ''Julie & Julia'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Quentin Tarantino honoured by London Film Critics' Circle |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6860537/Quentin-Tarantino-honoured-by-London-Film-Critics-Circle.html |accessdate=July 29, 2018 |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=December 21, 2009 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616055142/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6860537/Quentin-Tarantino-honoured-by-London-Film-Critics-Circle.html |archivedate=June 16, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|2012 | ''The Iron Lady'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=London Critics Circle Give ‘The Artist’ and ‘A Separation’ Three Film Awards Each |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2012/01/london-critics-circle-give-the-artist-and-a-separation-three-film-awards-each-updated-183313/ |accessdate=July 29, 2018 |work=IndieWire |date=January 19, 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702122112/https://www.indiewire.com/2012/01/london-critics-circle-give-the-artist-and-a-separation-three-film-awards-each-updated-183313/ |archivedate=July 2, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |} === Los Angeles Film Critics Association === {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row" rowspan="3"| 1979 | ''Kramer vs. Kramer'' | rowspan="3"| Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress | rowspan="3" {{won}} | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=5th Annual Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards |url=http://www.lafca.net/years/1979.html |accessdate=July 29, 2018 |work=Los Angeles Film Critics Association |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721192858/http://www.lafca.net/years/1979.html |archivedate=July 21, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- | ''Manhattan'' |- | ''The Seduction of Joe Tynan'' |- !scope="row"| 1981 | ''The French Lieutenant's Woman'' | rowspan="3"| Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=7th Annual Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards |url=http://www.lafca.net/years/1981.html |accessdate=July 29, 2018 |work=Los Angeles Film Critics Association |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721193840/http://www.lafca.net/years/1981.html |archivedate=July 21, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [1982 | ''Sophie's Choice'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=8th Annual Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards |url=http://www.lafca.net/years/1982.html |accessdate=July 29, 2018 |work=Los Angeles Film Critics Association |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627173814/http://www.lafca.net/years/1982.html |archivedate=June 27, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 1985 | ''Out of Africa'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=11th Annual Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards |url=http://www.lafca.net/years/1985.html |accessdate=July 29, 2018 |work=Los Angeles Film Critics Association |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722012530/http://www.lafca.net/years/1985.html |archivedate=July 22, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |} === Moscow International Film Festival === {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row"|2004 | Meryl Streep | Stanislavsky Award | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=2004 |title=2004 year |publisher=Moscow International Film Festival |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403123603/http://moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=2004 |archivedate=April 3, 2013 }}</ref> |} === MTV Movie Awards === {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row"| 2007 | ''The Devil Wears Prada'' | rowspan="2" | MTV Movie Award for Best Villain | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=2007 MTV Movie Awards Nominees |url=https://deadline.com/2007/04/2007-mtv-movie-awards-nominees-2083/ |publisher=Deadline |accessdate=July 29, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915111802/https://deadline.com/2007/04/2007-mtv-movie-awards-nominees-2083/ |archivedate=September 15, 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2015 | ''Into the Woods'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=MTV Movie Awards 2015: See the Full Winners List |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6531493/mtv-movie-awards-2015-winners-list |publisher=Billboard |accessdate=July 29, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719083817/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6531493/mtv-movie-awards-2015-winners-list |archivedate=July 19, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |} === Nastro d'Argento === {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row"| 1984 | ''Silkwood'' | rowspan="2" | Best Foreign Actress | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rai.it/dl/PortaliRai/Programmi/PublishingBlock-c7a96c40-47d2-491c-a100-bebff936c866.html?ContentItem-ccb07094-6d9b-493b-ac6f-fe6f79301159 |title=Silkwood |publisher=Rai Movie |language=Italian |accessdate=July 29, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729070301/http://www.rai.it/dl/PortaliRai/Programmi/PublishingBlock-c7a96c40-47d2-491c-a100-bebff936c866.html?ContentItem-ccb07094-6d9b-493b-ac6f-fe6f79301159 |archivedate=July 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 1986 | ''Out of Africa'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite book|first1=Mirko|last1=Riazzoli|title=Cronologia delle colonie e dei domini italiani|year=2017|publisher=Youcanprint|isbn=978-8-892-66180-6|language=Italian}}</ref> |} === Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards === {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row"| 2015 | ''Into the Woods'' | Favorite Villain | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=KCA/> |} === Saturn Awards === {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- !scope="row"| 1992 | ''[[Defending Your Life]]'' | rowspan="2" | Saturn Award for Best Actress | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/extras/lostmind/year/1991/1991sat.htm |title=The 18th Saturn Awards (1992) Nominees and Winners |publisher=Los Angeles Times |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017175735/http://theenvelope.latimes.com/extras/lostmind/year/1991/1991sat.htm |archivedate=October 17, 2006 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 1993 | ''Death Becomes Her'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/extras/lostmind/year/1992/1992sat.htm |title=The 19th Saturn Awards (1993) Nominees and Winners |publisher=Los Angeles Times |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017175755/http://theenvelope.latimes.com/extras/lostmind/year/1992/1992sat.htm |archivedate=October 17, 2006 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2005 | ''The Manchurian Candidate'' | rowspan="2" | Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com:80/extras/lostmind/year/2004/2004sat.htm |title=The 31st Saturn Awards (2005) Nominees and Winners |publisher=Los Angeles Times |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105223341/http://theenvelope.latimes.com/extras/lostmind/year/2004/2004sat.htm |archivedate=2007-01-05 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2015 | ''Into the Woods'' | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last1=Blake |first1=Emily |title=2015 Saturn Awards: 'Captain America: Winter Soldier,' 'Walking Dead' lead nominees |url=http://ew.com/article/2015/03/04/saturn-awards-captain-america-walking-dead/ |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=March 4, 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529081716/http://ew.com/article/2015/03/04/saturn-awards-captain-america-walking-dead/ |archivedate=May 29, 2018 |df= }}</ref> |} === Screen Actors Guild Awards === {{awards table}} |- !scope="row"| 1994 | ''The River Wild'' | rowspan=2| Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role | Aliteuliwa |- !scope="row"| 1995 | ''The Bridges of Madison County'' | Aliteuliwa |- !scope="row"| 1996 | ''Marvin's Room'' | [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture|Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture]] | Aliteuliwa <ref name="marvin'sroom" group="note"/> |- !scope="row"| 1998 | ''One True Thing'' | rowspan=2| Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role | Aliteuliwa |- !scope="row"| 1999 | ''Music of the Heart'' | Aliteuliwa |- !scope="row" rowspan=2| 2002 | ''Adaptation'' | rowspan=2| Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture | Aliteuliwa <ref name="adaptation" group="note"/> |- | ''The Hours'' | Aliteuliwa <ref name="thehours" group="note"/> |- !scope="row"| 2003 | ''Angels in America'' | Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie | {{Won}} |- !scope="row"| 2006 | ''The Devil Wears Prada'' | rowspan=2| Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role | Aliteuliwa |- !scope="row" rowspan=2| 2008 | rowspan=2| ''Doubt'' | {{won}} |- | Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture | Aliteuliwa <ref name="doubt" group="note"/> |- !scope="row"| 2009 | ''Julie & Julia'' | rowspan=3| Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role | Aliteuliwa |- !scope="row"| 2011 | ''The Iron Lady'' | Aliteuliwa |- !scope="row" rowspan=2| 2013 | rowspan=2| ''August: Osage County'' | Aliteuliwa |- | Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture | Aliteuliwa <ref name="august:osagecounty" group="note"/> |- !scope="row"| 2014 | ''Into the Woods'' | rowspan=1| Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role | Aliteuliwa |- !scope="row"| 2016 | ''Florence Foster Jenkins'' | rowspan=2| Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role | Aliteuliwa |} === Tony Awards === {{awards table}} !Marejeo |- |- !scope="row"| 1976 | ''27 Wagons Full of Cotton'' | rowspan=2| Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tonyawards.com/p/tonys_search?start=0&year=&award=&lname=Meryl+Streep&fname=&show= |title=Search Results: Meryl Streep |accessdate=21 January 2009 |work=TonyAwards.com |archivedate=2016-01-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121101148/http://www.tonyawards.com/p/tonys_search?start=0&year=&award=&lname=Meryl+Streep&fname=&show= }}</ref><ref>[https://khatrimaza.work/meryl-streep-on-the-high-seas-in-let-them-all-talk/ Meryl Streep on the High Seas in “Let Them All Talk”] {{Wayback|url=https://khatrimaza.work/meryl-streep-on-the-high-seas-in-let-them-all-talk/ |date=20210502130041 }} (May 2, 2021)</ref> |- |} ==Tuzo nyingine== === Aftonbladet TV Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 1987 | Mwenyewe | Best Foreign TV Personality – Female | {{won}} |} === American Academy of Arts and Letters === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 2010 | Mwenyewe | American Honorary Member | {{won}} |} === American Comedy Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 1986 | ''Heartburn'' | Funniest Actress in a Motion Picture | Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan=2| 1991 | ''An Evening with...'' | Funniest Female Performer in a TV Special Network, Cable or Syndication | Aliteuliwa |- | ''Postcards from the Edge'' | rowspan=3| Funniest Actress in a Motion Picture | {{won}} |- | 1992 | ''Defending Your Life'' | Aliteuliwa |- | 1993 | ''Death Becomes Her'' | Aliteuliwa |} === American Film Institute Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 2004 | Mwenyewe | AFI Life Achievement Award | {{won}} |} === American Movie Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 1980 | ''The Deer Hunter'' | Best Supporting Actress | {{won}} |} === Britannia Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 2015 | Mwenyewe | Stanley Kubrick Britannia Award for Excellence in Film | {{won}} |} === British Independent Film Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 2012 | ''The Iron Lady'' | BIFA Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a British Independent Film | Aliteuliwa |} === Capri–Hollywood Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | rowspan=2| 2013 | rowspan=2| ''August: Osage County'' | Actress | {{won}} |- | Ensemble Cast | {{won}} |} === César Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 2003 | Mwenyewe | Honorary César | {{won}} |} === Drama Desk Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | rowspan=4| 1976 | ''Secret Service'' | rowspan=4| Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Play | rowspan=4 Aliteuliwa |- | ''A Memory of Two Mondays'' |- | ''27 Wagons Full of Cotton'' |- | ''Trelawny of the "Wells"'' |- | rowspan=2| 1977 | ''The Cherry Orchard'' | Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play | Aliteuliwa |- | ''Happy End'' | Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical | Aliteuliwa |- | 2002 | ''The Seagull'' | rowspan=2| Outstanding Actress in a Play | Aliteuliwa |- | 2007 | ''Mother Courage and Her Children'' | Aliteuliwa |} === Elle Women in Hollywood Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 1997 | rowspan=3| Mwenyewe | rowspan=3| Icon Award | {{won}} <ref name="iconaward" group="note"/> |- | 2002 | {{won}} <ref name="iconaward1" group="note"/> |} === Entertainment Industries Council Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 2014 | ''August: Osage County'' | Prism Award – Performance in a Feature Film | Aliteuliwa |} === George Eastman House Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 1999 | Mwenyewe | George Eastman House Honors Award | {{won}} |} === Giffoni Film Festival === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 2014 | Mwenyewe | Fellowship Award | {{won}} |} === Goldene Kamera Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 2009 | Mwenyewe | Best Actress – International | {{won}} |} === Gracie Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 2005 | ''Angels in America'' | Individual Achievement Award – Outstanding Female Lead in a Drama Special | {{won}} |} === Gransito Movie Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | rowspan=2| 2007 | rowspan=2| ''The Devil Wears Prada'' | Best Actress in a Leading Role | Aliteuliwa |- | Best On-screen Duo | Aliteuliwa |- | 2008 | ''Lions for Lambs'' | rowspan=2| Best Actress in a Leading Role | Aliteuliwa |- | 2009 | ''Doubt'' | Aliteuliwa |} === Hollywood Walk of Fame === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 1998 | Mwenyewe | Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame | {{won}} |} === International Online Film Critics' Poll Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | rowspan=3| 2011 | ''The Devil Wears Prada'' | Best Actress of the Decade | Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan=2| ''Doubt'' | Best Ensemble Cast | Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan=2| Best Actress in a Leading Role | Aliteuliwa |- | 2012 | ''The Iron Lady'' | Aliteuliwa |} === Kennedy Center Honors === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo<ref>[http://www.kennedy-center.org/programs/specialevents/honors/ "Barbara Cook, Neil Diamond, Yo-Yo Ma, Sonny Rollins & Meryl Streep to Receive 34th Annual Kennedy Center Honors"] kennedy-center.org, accessed September 6, 2011</ref> |- | 2011 | Mwenyewe | Kennedy Center Honors | {{won}} |} === National Board of Review Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo<ref>For National Board of Review of Motion Pictures Awards, follow a link depending on a year *1979/1982 {{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.nbrmp.org/search/?search=meryl+streep |title=Search: Meryl Streep |accessdate=21 January 2009 |work=National Board of Review of Motion Pictures |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907045806/http://www.nbrmp.org/search/?search=meryl+streep |archivedate=2009-09-07 }} *2008 {{cite news |url=http://www.variety.com/profiles/people/Awards/31440/Meryl+Streep.html?dataSet=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907025157/http://www.variety.com/profiles/people/Awards/31440/Meryl%2BStreep.html?dataSet=1 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=7 September 2009 |title=Meryl Streep: Awards |accessdate=23 January 2009 |work=Variety |df= |archivedate=2009-09-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907025157/http://www.variety.com/profiles/people/Awards/31440/Meryl%2BStreep.html?dataSet=1 }}</ref> |- | rowspan=3| 1979 | ''Kramer vs. Kramer'' | rowspan=3| National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actress | rowspan=3 {{won}} |- | ''Manhattan'' |- | ''The Seduction of Joe Tynan'' |- | 1982 | ''Sophie's Choice'' | National Board of Review Award for Best Actress | {{won}} |- | 2008 | ''Doubt'' | rowspan=2| National Board of Review Award for Best Cast | {{won}} <ref name="doubt" group="note"/> |- | 2009 | ''It's Complicated'' | {{won}} <ref name="it'scomplicated" group="note"/> |- | 2017 | ''The Post'' | Best Actress | {{won}} |} === National Movie Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 2008 | ''Mamma Mia!'' | Best Performance – Female | {{won}} |} === National Society of Film Critics Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.variety.com/profiles/people/Awards/31440/Meryl+Streep.html?dataSet=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907025157/http://www.variety.com/profiles/people/Awards/31440/Meryl%2BStreep.html?dataSet=1 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=7 September 2009 |title=Meryl Streep: Awards |accessdate=23 January 2009 |work=Variety |df= |archivedate=2009-09-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907025157/http://www.variety.com/profiles/people/Awards/31440/Meryl%2BStreep.html?dataSet=1 }}</ref> |- | 1978 | ''The Deer Hunter'' | rowspan=4| National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress | {{won}} |- | rowspan=3| 1979 | ''Kramer vs. Kramer'' | rowspan=3 {{won}} |- | ''Manhattan'' |- | ''The Seduction of Joe Tynan'' |- | 1982 | ''Sophie's Choice'' | rowspan=2| National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress | {{won}} |- | 1995 | ''The Bridges of Madison County'' | |- | rowspan=2| 2006 | ''The Devil Wears Prada'' | rowspan=2| Best Supporting Actress | rowspan=2 {{won}} |- | ''A Prairie Home Companion'' |- | rowspan=2| 2009 | ''Julie & Julia'' | rowspan=3| Best Actress | |- | Fantastic Mr. Fox |- | 2011 | ''The Iron Lady'' | |} === New Jersey Hall of Fame Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 2008 | Mwenyewe | New Jersey Hall of Fame | {{won}} |} === New York Film Critics Circle Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 1978 | ''The Deer Hunter'' | rowspan=3| New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress | |- | rowspan=2| 1979 | ''Kramer vs. Kramer'' | rowspan=2 {{won}} |- | ''The Seduction of Joe Tynan'' |- | 1982 | ''Sophie's Choice'' | rowspan=9| New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress | {{won}} |- | 1983 | ''Silkwood'' | |- | rowspan=2| 1985 | ''Out of Africa'' | |- | ''Plenty'' |- | 1988 | ''A Cry in the Dark'' <ref name="acryinthedark" group="note"/> | {{won}} |- | 1995 | ''The Bridges of Madison County'' | {{nom|5th Place}} |- | 2006 | ''The Devil Wears Prada'' | |- | 2009 | ''Julie & Julia'' | {{won}} |- | 2011 | ''The Iron Lady'' | {{won}} |} === New York Film Critics Online Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 2009 | ''Julie & Julia'' | rowspan=2| Best Actress | {{won}} |- | 2011 | ''The Iron Lady'' | {{won}} |} === Obie Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 1981 | ''Alice in Concert'' | Performance | {{won}} |} === Online Film Critics Society Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | rowspan=2| 2002 | rowspan=2| ''Adaptation'' | Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress | Aliteuliwa |- | Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast | Aliteuliwa |- | 2006 | ''The Devil Wears Prada'' | rowspan=4| Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress | Aliteuliwa |- | 2008 | ''Doubt'' | Aliteuliwa |- | 2009 | ''Julie & Julia'' | Aliteuliwa |- | 2011 | ''The Iron Lady'' | Aliteuliwa |} === Outer Critics Circle Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.playbillvault.com/Person/Detail/92937/Meryl-Streep|title=Meryl Streep – Broadway Theatre Credits, Photos, Who's Who – Playbill Vault|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2014|archive-date=2017-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805142048/http://www.playbill.com/person/detail/92937/meryl-streep|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan=2| 1976 | ''A Memory of Two Mondays'' | rowspan=2| Outstanding Performance | rowspan=2 {{won}} |- | ''27 Wagons Full of Cotton'' |} === Outfest Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeot |- | 2003 | ''The Hours'' | Screen Idol Award – Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role | {{won}} |} === Palm Springs International Film Festival === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 2014 | Mwenyewe | Icon Award | {{won}} |- | 2019 | ''[[Mary Poppins Returns]]'' | Ensemble Cast Award |{{won}} |} === People's Choice Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 1978 | rowspan=31| Mwenyewe | Favorite Motion Picture Supporting Actress | Aliteuliwa |- | 1981 | rowspan=5| Favorite Motion Picture Actress | Aliteuliwa |- | 1982 | Aliteuliwa |- | 1983 | {{won}} |- | 1984 | {{won}} |- | rowspan=2| 1985 | {{won}} |- | rowspan=2| Favorite All-Around Female Entertainer | {{won}} |- | rowspan=2| 1986 | Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan=2| Favorite Motion Picture Actress | {{won}} |- | rowspan=3| 1987 | Aliteuliwa |- | Favorite All-Time Motion Picture Star | Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan=2| Favorite All-Around Female Entertainer/Star | Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan=3| 1988 | Aliteuliwa |- | Favorite Comedy Motion Picture Actress | Aliteuliwa |- | Favorite Actress in a Dramatic Motion Picture | {{won}} |- | rowspan=3| 1989 | Favorite All-Around Female Entertainer | Aliteuliwa |- | World-Favorite Motion Picture Actress | {{won}} |- | rowspan=2| Favorite Motion Picture Actress | {{won}} |- | rowspan=2| 1990 | Aliteuliwa |- | Favorite All-Around Female Entertainer | Aliteuliwa |- | 1991 | rowspan=2| Favorite Comedy Motion Picture Actress | Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan=2| 1992 | Aliteuliwa |- | Favorite Motion Picture Actress | Aliteuliwa |- | 1994 | Favorite Actress in a Dramatic Motion Picture | Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan=2| 1995 | Favorite Actress in a Dramatic Motion Picture | Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan=3| Favorite Motion Picture Actress | Aliteuliwa |- | 1997 | Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan=2| 1998 | Aliteuliwa |- | Favorite All-Time Movie Star | Aliteuliwa |- | 1999 | rowspan=2| Favorite Motion Picture Actress | Aliteuliwa |- | 2002 | Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan=2| 2008 | ''Mamma Mia!'' | Favorite Cast | Aliteuliwa |- | "Mamma Mia | Favorite Song from a Soundtrack | {{won}} |- | rowspan=2| 2012 | Mwenyewe | Favorite Movie Icon | {{won}} |- | ''Hope Springs'' | rowspan=2|Favorite Dramatic Movie Actress | Aliteuliwa |- | [2015 | Mwenyewe | Aliteuliwa |- | 2016 | Mwenyewe | Favorite Movie Actress | Aliteuliwa |} === Rembrandt Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Year ! width=29%| Nominated work ! width=56%| Category ! width=11%| Result |- | 2007 | ''The Devil Wears Prada'' | rowspan=3| Best Foreign Actress | {{won}} |- | 2009 | ''Mamma Mia!'' | {{won}} |- | 2013 | ''The Iron Lady'' | {{won}} |} === Rome Film Festival === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 2009 | ''Julie & Julia'' | Golden Marc'Aurelio Acting Award | {{won}} |} === Russian Guild of Film Critics Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | rowspan=2| 2003 | ''Adaptation'' | rowspan=2| Best Foreign Actress | rowspan=2| Aliteuliwa |- | ''The Hours'' |} === San Diego Film Critics Society Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 2009 | ''Julie & Julia'' | San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress | Aliteuliwa |- | 2017 | ''The Post'' | San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Performance by an Ensemble | Aliteuliwa |} === San Francisco Film Critics Circle Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 2009 | ''Julie & Julia'' | rowspan=2| San Francisco Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress | {{won}} |- | 2013 | ''August: Osage County'' | Aliteuliwa |} === San Sebastián International Film Festival === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 2008 | Mwenyewe | Donostia Award | {{won}} |} === Sant Jordi Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 1982 | ''Sophie's Choice'' | Best Performance in a Foreign Film | Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan=2| 1985 | ''Falling in Love'' | rowspan=7| Best Foreign Actress | Aliteuliwa |- | ''Plenty'' | Aliteuliwa |- | 1986 | ''Out of Africa'' | Aliteuliwa |- | 1988 | ''A Cry in the Dark'' |. Aliteuliwa |- | 1995 | ''The Bridges of Madison County'' | Aliteuliwa |- | 2003 | ''Adaptation'' | Aliteuliwa |- | 2004 | ''The Hours'' | Aliteuliwa |} === Satellite Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 1997 | ''...First Do No Harm'' | Satellite Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film | Aliteuliwa |- | 1998 | ''One True Thing'' | rowspan=2| Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture | Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan=2| 2002 | ''The Hours'' | Aliteuliwa |- | ''Adaptation'' | Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture | Aliteuliwa |- | 2003 | ''Angels in America'' | Best Actress in a Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV | {{won}} |- | 2006 | ''The Devil Wears Prada'' | rowspan=2| Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture | {{won}} |- | rowspan=2| 2008 | ''Mamma Mia!'' | Aliteuliwa |- | ''Doubt'' | Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama | Aliteuliwa |- | 2009 | ''Julie & Julia'' | Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Comedy or Musical | {{won}} |- | 2011 | ''The Iron Lady'' | rowspan=2| [[Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture#Best Actress – Motion Picture|Best Actress in a Motion Picture]] | Aliteuliwa |- | 2013 | ''August: Osage County'' | Aliteuliwa |- | 2014 | ''Into the Woods'' | [[Satellite Award for Best Cast – Motion Picture|Best Ensemble – Motion Picture]] | {{won}} <ref name="intothewoods2" group="note"/> |- | 2016 | ''Florence Foster Jenkins'' | Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture#Best Actress – Motion Picture|Best Actress in a Motion Picture | Aliteuliwa |} === St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 2006 | ''The Devil Wears Prada'' | St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress | Aliteuliwa |- | 2009 | ''Julie & Julia'' | rowspan=4| St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress | Aliteuliwa |- | 2011 | ''The Iron Lady'' | |- | 2013 | ''August: Osage County'' | |- | 2017 | ''The Post'' | Aliteuliwa |- |} === Teen Choice Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | rowspan=2| 2006 | rowspan=2| ''The Devil Wears Prada'' | Choice Movie: Chemistry | {{Nom}} <ref name="thedevilwearsprada" group="note"/> |- | Choice Movie: Villain | Aliteuliwa |} === Telluride Film Festival === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 1998 | Mwenyewe | [[Telluride Film Festival Silver Medallion|Silver Medallion]] | {{won}} |} === Theatre World Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 1976 | ''Secret Service'' | | {{won}} |} === Toronto Film Critics Association Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 2008 | ''Doubt'' | rowspan=3| Toronto Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress | Aliteuliwa |- | 2009 | ''Julie & Julia'' | Aliteuliwa |- | 2011 | ''The Iron Lady'' | Aliteuliwa |} === Valladolid International Film Festival Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 1986 | ''Heartburn'' | Best Actress | {{won}} |} === Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | rowspan=2| 2002 | ''The Hours'' | Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress | Aliteuliwa |- | ''Adaptation'' | rowspan=2| Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress | Aliteuliwa |- | 2006 | ''The Devil Wears Prada'' | Aliteuliwa |- | 2008 | ''Doubt'' | rowspan=3| Best Actress | Aliteuliwa |- | 2009 | ''Julie & Julia'' | Aliteuliwa |- | 2011 | ''The Iron Lady'' | Aliteuliwa |} === Village Voice Film Poll Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 2009 | ''Julie & Julia'' | Best Actress | {{nom}} |} === Washington DC Area Film Critics Association Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | rowspan=2| 2008 | rowspan=2| ''Doubt'' | Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Ensemble | {{won}} <ref name="doubt" group="note"/> |- | rowspan=4| Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress | {{won}} |- | 2009 | ''Julie & Julia'' | Aliteuliwa |- | 2011 | ''The Iron Lady'' | Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan=2| 2013 | rowspan=2| ''August: Osage County'' | Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan=3| Best Acting Ensemble |Aliteuliwa <ref name="august:osagecounty" group="note"/> |- | 2014 | ''Into the Woods'' | Aliteuliwa <ref name="intothewoods1" group="note"/> |- | rowspan=2| 2017 | rowspan=2| ''The Post'' | Aliteuliwa <ref name="thepost" group="note"/> |- | Best Actress | Aliteuliwa |- |} === Women Film Critics Circle Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 2006 | ''The Devil Wears Prada'' | Best Comedic Performance | {{won}} |- | rowspan=2| 2008 | Mwenyewe | Lifetime Achievement Award | {{won}} |- | ''Mamma Mia!'' | rowspan=2| Best Comedic Actress | {{won}} |- | 2009 | ''Julie & Julia'' | {{won}} |- | rowspan=2| 2011 | rowspan=2| ''The Iron Lady'' | Best Actress | Aliteuliwa |- | Best Screen Couple | Aliteuliwa |- | 2013 | ''August: Osage County'' | rowspan=3| Woman's Work/Best Ensemble | Aliteuliwa <ref name="august:osagecounty1" group="note"/> |- | 2014 | ''The Homesman'' | {{won}} <ref name="thehomesman" group="note"/> |- | 2015 |''Suffragette'' | {{won}} <ref name="suffragette" group="note"/> |- |} === Women in Film and Television Awards === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 1983 | rowspan=2| Mwenyewe | New York Women in Film & Television – Muse Award | {{won}} |- | 1998 | Women in Film and Television International – Crystal Award | {{won}} |} === Barnard College of Columbia University === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 2010 | Mwenyewe | Medal of Distinction | {{won}} |} === Dartmouth College === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 1981 | Mwenyewe | Honorary degree | {{won}} |} === Harvard University === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 2010 | Mwenyewe | Honorary Doctor of Arts | {{won}} |} === Indiana University Bloomington === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 2014 | Mwenyewe | Doctor of Humane Letters | {{won}} |} === Middlebury College === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 2004 | Mwenyewe | Honorary Doctor of Arts | {{won}} |} === National Medal of Arts === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 2010 | Mwenyewe | National Medal of Arts | {{won}} |} === Ordre des Arts et des Lettres === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 2003 | Mwenyewe | Commandeur de l'ordre des Arts et des Lettres | {{won}} |} ===Presidential Medal of Freedom=== {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 2014 | Mwenyewe | Presidential Medal of Freedom | {{won}} |} === Princeton University === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 2009 | Mwenyewe | Honorary Doctor of Fine Arts | {{won}} |} === Rungstedlund Award === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 1993 | Mwenyewe | Rungstedlund Award | {{won}} |} === University of New Hampshire === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 2003 | Mwenyewe | Doctor of Humane Letters | {{won}} |} === Yale University === {| class=wikitable ! width=4% | Mwaka ! width=29%| Aliyeteuliwa ! width=56%| Tuzo ! width=11%| Matokeo |- | 1983 | Mwenyewe | Honorary Doctor of Fine Arts | {{won}} |} ==Maelezo== {{reflist| group="note"| refs= <ref name="acryinthedark">Film released worldwide as ''A Cry in the Dark'', except Australia and New Zealand, where it was released as ''Evil Angels''.</ref> <!--<ref name="theoneandonlyshrek">Shared with [[Stanley Tucci]].</ref>--> <!--<ref name="mammamia!">Shared with various artists.</ref>--> <ref name="marvin'sroom">Shared with [[Hume Cronyn]], [[Robert De Niro]], [[Leonardo DiCaprio]], [[Dan Hedaya]], [[Diane Keaton]], [[Hal Scardino]], and [[Gwen Verdon]].</ref> <ref name="adaptation">Shared with [[Nicolas Cage]], [[Chris Cooper]], [[Brian Cox (actor)|Brian Cox]], [[Cara Seymour]], and [[Tilda Swinton]].</ref> <ref name="thehours">Shared with [[Toni Collette]], [[Claire Danes]], [[Jeff Daniels]], [[Stephen Dillane]], [[Ed Harris]], [[Allison Janney]], [[Nicole Kidman]], [[Julianne Moore]], [[John C. Reilly]], and [[Miranda Richardson]].</ref> <ref name="doubt">Shared with [[Amy Adams]], [[Viola Davis]], and [[Philip Seymour Hoffman]].</ref> <ref name="august:osagecounty">Shared with [[Abigail Breslin]], [[Chris Cooper]], [[Benedict Cumberbatch]], [[Juliette Lewis]], [[Margo Martindale]], [[Ewan McGregor]], [[Dermot Mulroney]], [[Julianne Nicholson]], [[Julia Roberts]], [[Sam Shepard]], and [[Misty Upham]].</ref> <!--<ref name="thehours1">Shared with [[Nicole Kidman]] and [[Julianne Moore]].</ref>--> <!--<ref name="thehours2">Shared with [[Toni Collette]], [[Claire Danes]], [[Stephen Dillane]], [[Ed Harris]], [[Allison Janney]], [[Nicole Kidman]], [[Julianne Moore]], [[John C. Reilly]], and [[Miranda Richardson]].</ref>--> <!--<ref name="aprairiehomecompanion">Shared with [[Woody Harrelson]], [[Tommy Lee Jones]], [[Garrison Keillor]], [[Kevin Kline]], [[Lindsay Lohan]], [[Virginia Madsen]], [[John C. Reilly]], [[Maya Rudolph]], and [[Lily Tomlin]].</ref>--> <!--<ref name="doubt1">Tied with [[Anne Hathaway]] for ''[[Rachel Getting Married]]''.</ref>--> <!--<ref name="julie&julia">Tied with [[Sandra Bullock]] for ''[[The Blind Side (film)|The Blind Side]]''.</ref>--> <!--<ref name="intothewoods">Shared with [[Christine Baranski]], [[Tammy Blanchard]], [[Emily Blunt]], [[James Corden]], [[Lilla Crawford]], [[Johnny Depp]], [[Anna Kendrick]], [[Daniel Huttlestone]], [[Billy Magnussen]], [[MacKenzie Mauzy]], [[Lucy Punch]], [[Frances de la Tour]], and [[Tracey Ullman]].</ref>--> <ref name="thepost">Shared with [[Tom Hanks]], [[Sarah Paulson]], [[Bob Odenkirk]], [[Tracy Letts]], [[Bradley Whitford]], [[Bruce Greenwood]], [[Carrie Coon]], and [[Matthew Rhys]].</ref> <ref name="intothewoods1">Shared with [[Emily Blunt]], [[James Corden]], [[Chris Pine]], [[Anna Kendrick]], [[Christine Baranski]], [[Tammy Blanchard]], [[Lilla Crawford]], [[Johnny Depp]], [[Daniel Huttlestone]], [[Billy Magnussen]], [[MacKenzie Mauzy]], [[Lucy Punch]], [[Simon Russell Beale]], [[Frances de la Tour]], and [[Tracey Ullman]].</ref> <ref name="iconaward">Shared with [[Jane Campion]], [[Laura Ziskin]], and [[Penny Marshall]].</ref> <ref name="iconaward1">Shared with [[Julianne Moore]], [[Nicole Kidman]], and [[Nina Jacobson]].</ref> <!--<ref name="aprairiehomecompanion1">Shared with [[Woody Harrelson]], [[Tommy Lee Jones]], [[Garrison Keillor]], [[Kevin Kline]], [[Lindsay Lohan]], [[Virginia Madsen]], [[John C. Reilly]], [[Maya Rudolph]], [[Lily Tomlin]], [[L. Q. Jones]], [[Sue Scott (actress)|Sue Scott]], and [[Tim Russell]].</ref>--> <!--<ref name="theironlady">Tied with [[Anna Paquin]] for ''[[Margaret (2011 film)|Margaret]]''.</ref>--> <ref name="it'scomplicated">Shared with [[Alec Baldwin]], [[Lake Bell]], [[Zoe Kazan]], [[John Krasinski]], [[Steve Martin]], [[Hunter Parrish]], [[Mary Kay Place]], [[Alexandra Wentworth]], and [[Rita Wilson]].</ref> <ref name="intothewoods2">Shared with [[Christine Baranski]], [[Tammy Blanchard]], [[Emily Blunt]], [[James Corden]], [[Lilla Crawford]], [[Johnny Depp]], [[Anna Kendrick]], [[Daniel Huttlestone]], [[Billy Magnussen]], [[MacKenzie Mauzy]], [[Chris Pine]], [[Lucy Punch]], [[Frances de la Tour]], and [[Tracey Ullman]].</ref> <ref name="thedevilwearsprada">Shared with [[Anne Hathaway]].</ref> <ref name="august:osagecounty1">Shared with [[Julia Roberts]], [[Margo Martindale]], [[Abigail Breslin]] [[Juliette Lewis]], [[Julianne Nicholson]], and [[Misty Upham]].</ref> <ref name="thehomesman">Shared with [[Hilary Swank]], [[Grace Gummer]], [[Miranda Otto]], [[Sonja Richter]], [[Jo Harvey Allen]], [[Hailee Steinfeld]], and [[Karen Jones]].</ref> <ref name="suffragette">Shared with [[Carey Mulligan]], [[Helena Bonham Carter]], [[Anne-Marie Duff]], [[Romola Garai]], [[Grace Stottor]], [[Amanda Lawrence]], [[Shelley Longworth]], [[Sarah Finigan]], and [[Lorraine Stanley]].</ref> }} ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1949]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] 4cwwlh2tc6orshiimz1oc7zqvttygvc Jamii:Papa Yohane Paulo II 14 111062 1574380 1420965 2026-06-18T04:50:43Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: [[Jamii:Papa]]/[[Category:Papa]] → [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574380 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Polandi]] e33h47s325284zu6iq7q4dnhc8tyytl Ruma 0 117011 1574336 1534065 2026-06-18T03:57:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574336 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Arethas (al-Haarith) and over 4,000 with him (Menologion of Basil II).jpg|thumb|[[Mchoro mdogo]] katika ''[[Menologion of Basil II]]'' ukionyesha Aretha alivyokatwa [[kichwa]].]] '''Ruma''' alikuwa [[mwanamke]] [[Mkristo]] aliyefia [[dini]] yake pamoja na [[mume]] wake [[Aretha mfiadini|Aretha]], mabinti wao wanne na wenzao walau 335, 4,000 kama si 20,000 huko [[Najran]] (leo nchini [[Saudia]]) [[mwaka]] [[523]], wakati wa [[dhuluma]] ya [[mfalme]] [[Dhu Nuwas]] aliyekuwa ameongokea [[dini]] ya [[Uyahudi]] .<ref>{{cite book | title = The Saints go marching in : a one volume hagiography of Africans, or descendants of Africans, who have been canonized by the church, including three of the early popes | author = R. Fulton Holtzclaw | year = 1980 | publisher = Keeble Press | location = Shaker Heights, OH | oclc = 6081480 | pages = 120 | quote = Najran, in Yemen, was the scene, in 523, of a massacre of Ethiopians and other Christians by Jews and Arabs. A leader among the victims was the chief of the [[Bono Horith]], St. Aretas (see: [[St. Elesbaan|Elesbaan]]). }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Saints of Africa | url = https://archive.org/details/saintsofafrica0000omal | author = Vincent J. O'Malley | publisher = Our Sunday Visitor Publishing | isbn = 0-87973-373-X | year = 2001 }}</ref>. [[Kifodini]] cha watu hao, wengi wenye [[asili]] ya [[Ethiopia]], kinajulikana kupitia ''Acta S. Arethae'' (pia: ''Martyrium sancti Arethae'' au ''Martyrium Arethae'')<ref>Paolo Marrassini, "Frustula nagranitica"'' Aethiopica'' 14 (2011): 7-32</ref><ref>Alessandro Bausi and Alessandro Gori 2006, ''Tradizioni orientali del ‘Martirio di Areta’. La Prima recensione araba e la Versione etiopica. Edizione critica e traduzione'' … Presentazione di Paolo Marrassini = Quaderni di Semitistica 27, Firenze: Dipartimento di Linguistica, Università degli Studi</ref><ref>Marina Detoraki and J.Beaucamp, 2007, Le martyre de saint Aréthas et de ses compagnons (BHG 166), édition critique, étude et annotation Marina Detoraki, traduction par Joëlle Beaucamp, appendice sur les versions orientales par André Binggeli = Collège de France – CNRS, Centre de recherche, d’histoire et de civilisation de Byzance, Travaux et Mémoires – Monographies 27, Le massacre de Najrân. Religion et politique en Arabie du Sud au VIe siècle I, Paris: Association des amis du Centre d’histoire et de civilisation de Byzance.</ref> [[Kurani]] inalaani dhuluma hiyo katika [[sura]] LXXXV:4-8. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]], [[Waorthodoksi]] na [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://saints.sqpn.com/saintade.htm |title=SQPN Saints |accessdate=2019-09-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124121110/http://saints.sqpn.com/saintade.htm |archivedate=2010-11-24 }}</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yake na ya wenzake huadhimishwa nao [[tarehe]] [[24 Oktoba]] <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pomog.org/index.html?http://www.pomog.org/saintlist.shtml |title=Protection of the Mother of God Church, List of Saints |accessdate=2012-06-29 |archive-date=2012-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210132846/http://www.pomog.org/index.html?http://www.pomog.org/saintlist.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ruma}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa karne ya 5]] [[Category:Waliofariki 523]] [[Category:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Saudia]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Ethiopia]] traxmf8tkvqjpapi3meq1mmgtf8venh 1574425 1574336 2026-06-18T09:47:10Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1574425 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Arethas (al-Haarith) and over 4,000 with him (Menologion of Basil II).jpg|thumb|[[Mchoro mdogo]] katika ''[[Menologion of Basil II]]'' ukionyesha Aretha alivyokatwa [[kichwa]].]] '''Ruma''' alikuwa [[mwanamke]] [[Mkristo]] aliyefia [[dini]] yake pamoja na [[mume]] wake [[Aretha mfiadini|Aretha]], mabinti wao wanne na wenzao walau 335, 4,000 kama si 20,000 huko [[Najran]] (leo nchini [[Saudia]]) [[mwaka]] [[523]], wakati wa [[dhuluma]] ya [[mfalme]] [[Dhu Nuwas]] aliyekuwa ameongokea [[dini]] ya [[Uyahudi]] .<ref>{{cite book | title = The Saints go marching in : a one volume hagiography of Africans, or descendants of Africans, who have been canonized by the church, including three of the early popes | author = R. Fulton Holtzclaw | year = 1980 | publisher = Keeble Press | location = Shaker Heights, OH | oclc = 6081480 | pages = 120 | quote = Najran, in Yemen, was the scene, in 523, of a massacre of Ethiopians and other Christians by Jews and Arabs. A leader among the victims was the chief of the [[Bono Horith]], St. Aretas (see: [[St. Elesbaan|Elesbaan]]). }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Saints of Africa | url = https://archive.org/details/saintsofafrica0000omal | author = Vincent J. O'Malley | publisher = Our Sunday Visitor Publishing | isbn = 0-87973-373-X | year = 2001 }}</ref>. [[Kifodini]] cha watu hao, wengi wenye [[asili]] ya [[Ethiopia]], kinajulikana kupitia ''Acta S. Arethae'' (pia: ''Martyrium sancti Arethae'' au ''Martyrium Arethae'')<ref>Paolo Marrassini, "Frustula nagranitica"'' Aethiopica'' 14 (2011): 7-32</ref><ref>Alessandro Bausi and Alessandro Gori 2006, ''Tradizioni orientali del ‘Martirio di Areta’. La Prima recensione araba e la Versione etiopica. Edizione critica e traduzione'' … Presentazione di Paolo Marrassini = Quaderni di Semitistica 27, Firenze: Dipartimento di Linguistica, Università degli Studi</ref><ref>Marina Detoraki and J.Beaucamp, 2007, Le martyre de saint Aréthas et de ses compagnons (BHG 166), édition critique, étude et annotation Marina Detoraki, traduction par Joëlle Beaucamp, appendice sur les versions orientales par André Binggeli = Collège de France – CNRS, Centre de recherche, d’histoire et de civilisation de Byzance, Travaux et Mémoires – Monographies 27, Le massacre de Najrân. Religion et politique en Arabie du Sud au VIe siècle I, Paris: Association des amis du Centre d’histoire et de civilisation de Byzance.</ref> [[Kurani]] inalaani dhuluma hiyo katika [[sura]] LXXXV:4-8. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]], [[Waorthodoksi]] na [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://saints.sqpn.com/saintade.htm |title=SQPN Saints |accessdate=2019-09-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124121110/http://saints.sqpn.com/saintade.htm |archivedate=2010-11-24 }}</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yake na ya wenzake huadhimishwa nao [[tarehe]] [[24 Oktoba]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.pomog.org/index.html?http://www.pomog.org/saintlist.shtml |title=Protection of the Mother of God Church, List of Saints |accessdate=2012-06-29 |archive-date=2012-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210132846/http://www.pomog.org/index.html?http://www.pomog.org/saintlist.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ruma}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa karne ya 5]] [[Category:Waliofariki 523]] [[Category:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Saudia]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Ethiopia]] hygks9kbal9t13lsymgr316tah9j80s Skii 0 119197 1574407 1301102 2026-06-18T08:40:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574407 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Samische Skifahrer.jpg|250px|thumb|Skii asilia: Wasami katika Skandinavia wakati wa karne ya 18]] [[Picha:Ski models 2010.jpg|thumb|Aina mbalimbali ya skii zinazotumiwa mlimani ]] [[Picha:FIS Ski Weltcup Titisee-Neustadt 2016 - Peter Prevc1.jpg|250px|thumb|Kuruka mbali kwa skii]] [[Picha:Skis by Ivan Isaev from Russian Ski Magazine.jpg|thumb|Skii za mbio kwenye tambarare]] '''Skii''' au '''relitheluji''' ni [[ubao]] mrefu na mwembamba unaofungwa chini ya [[kiatu]] kwa kusudi la kutelezea kwenye [[theluji]]. ==Chanzo cha skii== Vifaa hivi vilianzishwa na [[mataifa]] yaliyoishi katika [[mazingira]] ya [[baridi]] ambako mara kwa mara uso wa nchi hufunikwa kwa theluji. Ilhali theluji inaweza kufunika uso wa nchi kwa [[unene]] wa [[sentimita]] au hata [[mita]] kadhaa si rahisi kutembea juu yake kwa sababu [[mguu]] unaweza kuzama ndani ya theluji kwa kila hatua ambayo inachelewesha mwendo na kuchosha. Kufunga skii mguuni kunaleta faida mbili: * uso mkubwa wa skii huzuia kuzama chini ndani ya theluji * uso nyororo wa skii unaruhusu kuteleza juu ya theluji kwa kasi kubwa kuliko kukimbia kwenye nchi kavu. == Etimolojia na historia == [[Asili]] ya jina "skii" iko katika [[Kinorwei]] cha kale.<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ski Merriam-Webster's Dictionary]</ref> <ref>[[Ivar Aasen|Aasen, Ivar]] (1950): ''Ordbog over det norske Folkesprog.'' Kristiania: Carl C. Werner.</ref> Matamshi yake kwa kawaida ni "shi". Mifano ya kale ya skii imepatikana kutoka [[Urusi]], [[Uswidi]] na [[Norwei]] ambayo [[umri]] ulioweza kuthibitishwa watu walianza kutumia vifaa hivi miaka 8,000 iliyopita. [[Teknolojia]] ya skii iliendelezwa mwanzoni ma [[karne ya 20]] katika nchi za [[Skandinavia]] kwa shabaha ya kumwezesha mtumiaji kupiga [[kona]] haraka zaidi. [[Maendeleo]] yalihusu hasa namna ya kufunga mguu kwenye ubao na pia matumizi ya [[plastiki]] badala ya ubao, pamoja na kubuni [[Buti|mabuti]] ya pekee kwa matumizi pamoja na skii. Mabadiliko hayo yaliendeshwa hasa na [[wanamichezo]] waliokuta skii kwa watumiaji wake wa kiasili na kuipeleka kwa nchi nyingine kwa kusudi la [[burudani]] na [[mashindano]]. == Utengenezaji == Skii imeibuka kutoka kujengwa kwa ubao mgumu uliochongwa. Baada ya kuenea kwa [[michezo]] ya skii katika [[Ulaya]] ubao mgumu ulikuwa haba na ghali, hivyo [[fundi|mafundi]] walianza kuunganisha aina mbalimbali za ubao. Tangu kupatikana kwa plastiki [[mata]] hii imetumiwa pia kwa kutengeneza skii. Kwa mashindano ya hali ya juu kuna pia skii zinazotengenezwa kwa kutumia teknolojia ya juu ya [[kaboni]]. ==Aina za skii== Skii hutengenezwa tofauti kulingana na matumizi yake. *Skii za kuruka hutumiwa na wanamichezo wanaoteleza mlimani hadi ngazi wanapolenga kuruka mbali iwezekanavyo hadi kutua; umno ni pana na ndefu *Skii za mbio wa mlimani zinafaa kwa kupiga kona mara nyingi na kufikia kasi kubwa ya zaidi ya km 100 kwa saa; mi fupi na nyembamba *Skii za mbio au matembezi ya mbali hutumiwa na wanamichezo na pia watu wanaozitumia kwa burudani; hazifai kwa mitelemko mikali; ni nyembamba na ndefu == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.math.utah.edu/~eyre/rsbfaq/physics.html Fizikia ya skiing] . * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130107072613/http://www.fis-ski.com/uk/insidefis/fisgeneralrules/equipment.html Uvumilivu wa vifaa vya FIS] . [[Jamii:Michezo]] [[Jamii:Vifaa]] f5s4szisq5yauhs35nzzg5pm09w1dxp Yuda Mmakabayo 0 119674 1574099 1300954 2026-06-17T14:17:28Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1574099 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Juda Maccabaeus.png|thumb|Yuda Mmakabayo kadiri ya [[Guillaume Rouillé]], ''[[Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum]]'']] [[File:Maccabean dynasty.PNG|right|400px|thumb|Wazao wa Matatia.]] [[File:Schnorr von Carolsfeld Bibel in Bildern 1860 152.png|thumb|300px|Yuda katika ''Die Bibel in Bildern''.]] [[File:Judea Judas Makk.PNG|right|thumb|300px|Nchi ya Yuda chini ya Yuda Mababayo.]] '''Yuda Mmakabayo''' (kwa [[Kiebrania]]: '''יהודה המכבי''',<ref>The modern Hebrew spelling for Maccabaeus follows a reconstruction based on the Greek name Μακκαβαῖος (the double "kk" being rendered as the Hebrew character ''kaph'' = '''כ'''), while overlooking the more ancient spelling of this name found in the Aramaic [[Scroll of Antiochus]], and where the name is rendered as '''מַקבֵּי'''.</ref> ''Yehudah ha-Makabi'') alikuwa [[kuhani]] wa [[Israeli]], [[mwana]] wa [[tatu]] wa [[Matathia]], aliyeongoza [[taifa]] lake dhidi ya [[Dola la Waseleuko]] ([[167 KK|167]]–[[160 KK|160]] [[KK]]) ili kupata [[uhuru wa dini]] na hatimaye [[uhuru]] wa [[taifa]] upande wa [[siasa]] pia.<ref>Virtually all that is known about Judah Maccabee is contained in the Books of the Maccabees and in the works of [[Yosefu Flavius|Josephus]], largely dependent on this source.</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] ya [[Hanukkah]] ("Kutabaruku") ilianzishwa chini yake kufanya kila [[mwaka]] [[ukumbusho]] wa [[ushindi]] uliomwezesha kutakasa [[hekalu la Yerusalemu]] mwaka [[164 KK]]. [[Ukoo]] wake ([[Wahasmonei]]) uliendelea kutawala [[Yudea]] hadi [[63 KK]], wakisisitiza [[dini]] ya [[Uyahudi]] na kupunguza athari ya [[ustaarabu]] wa [[Ugiriki wa kale]] kati ya [[Wayahudi]]. ==Vyanzo== Habari zake zinasimuliwa katika [[kitabu cha kwanza cha Wamakabayo]] na [[kitabu cha pili cha Wamakabayo]] vilivyoandikwa na watu tofauti katika [[karne II KK]] na ambavyo vyote viwili ni kati ya vile vya [[Deuterokanoni]] vinavyokubaliwa na [[Wakristo]] wengi kama sehemu ya [[Biblia]]. Pia kuna [[vitabu]] vingine viwili juu yake ([[Wamakabayo III]] na [[Wamakabayo IV]]) ambavyo havimo katika toleo la [[Septuaginta]] wala katika [[Biblia ya Kikristo]]. [[Ushujaa]] wake unasifiwa katika [[waraka kwa Waebrania]] kama kielelezo cha [[imani]]. ==Mazingira ya vita vyake: uenezi wa utamaduni wa Kiyunani (333-63 KK)== Kwa muda mfupi sana [[Aleksanda Mkuu]] wa [[Makedonia]] ([[Ulaya]] Kusini Mashariki) aliteka [[Asia]] (mpaka [[India]]) na Misri. Kuanzia hapo [[utamaduni]] na [[lugha]] ya [[Kiyunani]] vikaenea pote, hata kwa Wayahudi wengi, hasa walioishi nje ya nchi yao. Chini ya utawala wa Kiyunani [[unabii]] ukaja kwisha ([[1Mak]] 9:27): badala yake yalitolewa [[maandiko ya kiapokaliptiko]] (hasa [[kitabu cha Danieli]] ambacho ni kama [[Ufunuo]] wa [[Agano la Kale]]), [[hadithi]] ([[Kitabu cha Yona|Yona]], [[Kitabu cha Tobiti|Tobiti]], [[Kitabu cha Esta|Esta]], [[Kitabu cha Yudith|Yudithi]]) na [[vitabu vya hekima]] ([[Kitabu cha Mhubiri|Mhubiri]], [[Kitabu cha Yoshua bin Sira|Yoshua bin Sira]], [[Kitabu cha Hekima|Hekima]]). Humo tunaona [[maendeleo ya ufunuo]], hasa kwa sababu Wayahudi wengi walianza kusadiki [[ufufuko]] wa wafu na mengineyo. Nguvu ya [[imani]] hiyo iliwasaidia kukabili [[dhuluma]] na [[kifo]] ([[2Mak]] 7:1-41) chini ya [[Antioko Epifane]] ([[175 KK]] - [[164 KK]]) aliyetaka kuwalazimisha waache kufuata [[Torati]] ili wajilinganishe na watu wengine. Tena akijidai kuwa tokeo la [[Mungu]] Mkuu alijenga [[altare]] kwa mungu wake ndani ya [[hekalu la Yerusalemu]]. Hapo Wayahudi wakaanza kupigania uhuru wao wa kidini na wa kisiasa chini ya ukoo wa Wamakabayo, ambao kwa imani na [[ushujaa]] mkubwa wakafaulu kushinda majeshi ya kutisha (1Mak 3:18-22), kutakasa [[hekalu]] (1Mak 4:36-61) na kurudisha [[ufalme wa Israeli]] mpaka baada ya [[Warumi]] kuweka Uyahudi chini ya himaya yao ([[63 K.K.]]). Ndiyo asili ya kundi la [[Mafarisayo]] (yaani “waliojitenga”), walioshika kwa bidii Torati kadiri ya [[mapokeo]] ya [[walimu wa sheria]], wengi wao wakiwa [[walei]]. Kwa jumla walileta [[uamsho]] wa kiroho kati ya Wayahudi, lakini walidharau wenzao wasiojua [[Maandiko Matakatifu]]. Pia walishindana sana na [[Masadukayo]] kuhusu masuala ya dini na ya siasa hata kusababisha mauaji; kwa kuwa Masadukayo (waliokuwa na nguvu kati ya makuhani) walikataa mafundisho hayo mapya huku wakishika Torati tu. ==Tazama pia== *[[Wamakabayo]] *[[Kitabu cha kwanza cha Wamakabayo]] *[[Kitabu cha pili cha Wamakabayo]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist|30em}} ==Marejeo== * Schalit, Abraham (1997). "Judah Maccabee". ''[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]]'' (CD-ROM Edition Version 1.0). Ed. [[Cecil Roth]]. Keter Publishing House. {{ISBN|965-07-0665-8}} * Schäfer, Peter (2003). ''The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World''. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-30585-3}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commonscat|Judas Maccabeus}} *[https://archive.today/20060816170336/http://www.dinur.org/resources/resourceCategoryDisplay.aspx?categoryid=427&rsid=478 The Hasmoneans on the Web (Resource Index)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20041212031934/http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/maccabeus/ Judas Maccabeus on the Web (pictures and directory)] *[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=672&letter=J Jewish Encyclopedia] *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08541a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia] *[http://www.lionsofjudea.co.il Lions of Judea - The miraculous story of the Maccabees] *[http://www.untitledtheater.com/Hanukkah%20Play%20Script.html Playing Dreidel with Judah Maccabee] {{Wayback|url=http://www.untitledtheater.com/Hanukkah%20Play%20Script.html |date=20181103190252 }} (script excerpt from play) *[http://virtualreligion.net/iho/judah_mac.html Judah Maccabee] *[http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=1&ArticleID=29 "Under the Influence: Hellenism in Ancient Jewish Life"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=1&ArticleID=29 |date=20120229232302 }} Biblical Archaeology Society *[http://jewishhistorylectures.org/2015/10/21/judah-maccabee-jewish-biography-as-history-first-lecture-of-the-fall-2015-lecture-series/ Who Was Judah Maccabee?] by [[Henry Abramson|Dr. Henry Abramson]] {{mbegu-mtu-Biblia}} [[Category:Waliofariki 160 KK]] [[Category:Watu wa Biblia]] [[Category:Historia ya Israeli]] r84gj83flrvqckcauf3os1jfqxdalhb Mlipuko wa virusi vya korona 2019-20 0 121175 1574083 1520936 2026-06-17T13:37:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574083 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:COVID-19-outbreak-timeline.gif|alt=|thumb|450px|Mlipuko wa Virusi vya Korona duniani.]] [[Picha:Stop the Spread of Germs updated (Swahili).pdf|thumb|Ukomeshaji uenezi wa viini.]] '''Mlipuko wa Virusi vya Korona''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''Coronavirus'') ulibainika rasmi [[tarehe]] za katikati za mwezi Desemba [[mwaka]] [[2019]] katika [[mji]] wa [[Wuhan]] huko China ya kati. Kulikuwa na kikundi cha watu wenye [[nimonia]] bila chanzo kinachoeleweka. Ulibainika baadaye kama aina mpya ya [[Virusi vya korona|virusi vya korona]].<ref name="Hui14Jan2020">{{Rejea jarida|last=Hui|first=David S.|last2=Azhar|first2=Esam EI|last3=Madani|first3=Tariq A.|last4=Ntoumi|first4=Francine|last5=Kock|first5=Richard|last6=Dar|first6=Osman|last7=Ippolito|first7=Giuseppe|last8=Mchugh|first8=Timothy D.|last9=Memish|first9=Ziad A.|last10=Drosten|first10=Christian|last11=Zumla|first11=Alimuddin|date=14 January 2020|title=The continuing epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health – the latest novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China|url=https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(20)30011-4/pdf |journal=International Journal of Infectious Diseases|language=English|volume=91|issue=|pages=264–266|doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009|issn=1201-9712|via=}}</ref><ref name="promedmail">{{cite web|title=Undiagnosed pneumonia - China (HU) (01): wildlife sales, market closed, RFI Archive Number: 20200102.6866757|url=https://promedmail.org/promed-post/?id=6866757|website=Pro-MED-mail|publisher=International Society for Infectious Diseases|accessdate=13 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122124653/https://promedmail.org/promed-post/?id=6866757|archive-date=22 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Cohen17Jan2020">{{Rejea jarida|last=Cohen|first=Jon|last2=Normile|first2=Dennis|date=17 January 2020|title=New SARS-like virus in China triggers alarm|url=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/367/6475/234|journal=Science|language=en|volume=367|issue=6475|pages=234–235|doi=10.1126/science.367.6475.234|issn=0036-8075|pmid=31949058|via=|url-access=subscription|access-date=17 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117100226/https://science.sciencemag.org/content/367/6475/234|archive-date=17 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Parry20Jan2020">{{Rejea jarida|last=Parry|first=Jane|date=20 January 2020|title=China coronavirus: cases surge as official admits human to human transmission|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m236|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=368|pages=|doi=10.1136/bmj.m236|issn=1756-1833|via=|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Tarehe]] [[20 Januari]] [[2020]], [[Waziri Mkuu]] wa [[Uchina]] [[Li Keqiang]], alitoa wito wa kutia [[juhudi]] katika kukomesha na kudhibiti [[janga]] la nimonia lililosababishwa na virusi vya korona.<ref name="Premier urged">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202001/21/WS5e26556ca31012821727269c.html|title=Chinese premier stresses curbing viral pneumonia epidemic|location=[[Beijing]]|website=[[China Daily]]|publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|date=21 January 2020|access-date=22 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122124640/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202001/21/WS5e26556ca31012821727269c.html|archive-date=22 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Kufikia tarehe 23 Machi, 2020, kesi 337,000 zimethibitishwa,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hali ilivyo kuhusu Corona duniani {{!}} DW {{!}} 23.03.2020|url=https://www.dw.com/sw/hali-ilivyo-kuhusu-corona-duniani/a-52885838|work=DW.COM|accessdate=2020-03-23|language=sw-TZ|author=Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com)}}</ref> Kufikia tarehe 5 Februari 2020, vifo 493 vilitokana na virusi hivyo tangu kifo cha kwanza kilichothibitishwa Januari 9, na watu 990 waliopona. <ref name="QinNYT11Jan20202">{{Rejea habari |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/10/world/asia/china-virus-wuhan-death.html |title=China Reports First Death From New Virus |last=Qin |first=Amy |date=10 January 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=11 January 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111020017/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/10/world/asia/china-virus-wuhan-death.html |archive-date=11 January 2020 |last2=Hernández |first2=Javier C. |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Kifo cha kwanza nje ya Uchina kiliripotiwa tarehe 1 Februari nchini [[Ufilipino]], kilikuwa ni kifo cha mwanamume wa Kichina mwenye [[umri]] wa miaka 44. Kumekuwa na majaribio ambayo yameonyesha kesi zaidi ya 6000 zilizothibitishwa nchini Uchina, ambazo baadhi zao ni za [[wafanyakazi]] wa [[huduma ya afya]].<ref name="Field22Jan2020">{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/nine-dead-as-chinese-coronavirus-spreads-despite-efforts-to-contain-it/2020/01/22/1eaade72-3c6d-11ea-afe2-090eb37b60b1_story.html|title=Nine dead as Chinese coronavirus spreads, despite efforts to contain it|last=Field|first=Field|date=22 January 2020|work=The Washington Post|access-date=22 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Katikati ya Februari 2020 maswali mengi kuhusu virusi hivi vilibaki bila jibu, lakini [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] lilitoa tathmini kuwa<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2020/02/17/health/novel-coronavirus-surfaces-study/index.html Here's how long coronaviruses may linger on contaminated surfaces, according to science], tovuti ya CNN, tar 18-02-2020</ref> * zaidi ya asilimia 80 za wagonjwa huonekana kuwa na ugonjwa mwepesi, wanapona * kati ya asilimia za wagonjwa kuna maambukizi mazito yanayosababisha matatizo ya kupumua, hata [[nimonia]], na asilimia 15 kudai walazwe hospitalini * takriban asilimia 5 huwa na magonjwa hatari * mnamo asilimia 2 hufa; hatari ya kifo inapatikana hasa kwa wazee, kuna mfano michache ya watoto. Baadaye imeonekana kwamba [[kiwango cha vifo]] si kubwa vile, labda kati ya % 0.5 hadi 1 lakini si rahisi kutaja kiwango kwa uhakika kwa sababu wengi walioambukizwa hawajulikani. * utafiti wa ziada bado unahitajika * kuna dalili kwamba virusi vya [[Covid-19]] vinaweza kudumu hadi siku 8 kwenye uso wa kitu kilichoguswa na mgonjwa na bado kusababisha maambukizi Kufikia tarehe 11 Julai 2020, zaidi ya watu milioni 12.5 walithibitishwa kupatwa na COVID‑19 katika nchi na maeneo 188 duniani kote. Kati yao waliofariki ni zaidi ya 560,000 na waliopona ni zaidi ya milioni 6.89. Kufikia tarehe 15 Aprili [[2022]], WHO ilitangaza kuwa walitohibitishwa kuambukizwa ni 500.186.525, na kati yao 6.190.349 wamefariki, Marekani ikiwa nchi iliyoathiriwa zaidi (79.71 milioni walioambukizwa na 979.321 waliofariki, karibu 16% ya jumla ya dunia nzima), ikifuatwa na India (zaidi ya maambukizi milioni 43, na vifo 521.737) na Brazil (zaidi ya maambukizi milioni 30, na vifo 661.493). == Historia == Kuna nadharia kadhaa kuhusu kesi ya kwanza ilitoka lini. Kwa mujibu ya ripoti ya serikali ya Uchina isiyochapishwa, kesi ya kwanza inaweza kufuatiliwa mnamo 17 Novemba 2019; mtu huyo alikuwa raia wa jimbo la Hubei wenye miaka 55. Kulikuwa na wanaume wanne na wanawake watano walioripotiwa kuambukizwa mwezi Novemba, lakini wao wote si kesi ya kwanza. Kuanzia mwezi Desemba, idadi ya kesi huko Hubei iliongezeka pole pole, kufikia 60 mnamo 20 Desemba na angalau 266 mnamo 31 Desemba. Kwa mujibu ya vyanzo rasmi vya Kichina, nyingi za kesi hazikuunganishwa na soko la samaki, lililouza wanyama hai. Mwezi Mei 2020, George Gao, Mkurugenzi wa kituo cha Kichina kwa ajili ya kudhibiti na kuzuia magonjwa (CDC), alisema sampuli za wanyama zilizokusanyika sokoni humo zilipima hasi kwa virusi hivyo, kuonyesha kwamba ingawa soko lilikuwa chanzo cha kesi nyingi, halikuwa chanzo cha mlipuko wa kwanza. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Who is 'patient zero' in the coronavirus outbreak?|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200221-coronavirus-the-harmful-hunt-for-covid-19s-patient-zero|work=www.bbc.com|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|author=Fernando Duarte}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=China’s first confirmed Covid-19 case traced back to November 17|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074991/coronavirus-chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back|work=South China Morning Post|date=2020-03-13|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|last=Areddy|first=James T.|title=China Rules Out Animal Market and Lab as Coronavirus Origin|date=2020-05-26|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-rules-out-animal-market-and-lab-as-coronavirus-origin-11590517508|work=Wall Street Journal|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Mnamo 24 Desemba, hospitali kuu ya Wuhan ilitumia maabara ya Vision sampuli. Tarehe 27 na 28 Desemba, Vision ilitoa taarifa hospitali hiyo na CDC ya kichina, ikionyesha virusi vipya. Kundi la nimonia yenye sababu isiyojulikana liliangaliwa tarehe 26 Desemba na kutibiwa na daktari Zhang Jixian katika hospitali Hubei Provincial, na aliambia Wuhan CDC tarehe 27 Desemba juu ya kundi hilo. Tarehe 30 Desemba, ripoti ya kupima iliyotumia hospitali ya Wuhan kutoka maabara CapitalBio Medlab iliripoti matokeo ya chanya kwa SARS, lakini hayo hayakuwa sahihi, iligunduliwa baadaye.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=404_财新网|url=https://other.caixin.com/404/|work=other.caixin.com|accessdate=2020-09-11}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=24h精彩新闻_新闻中心_中华网|url=https://news.china.com/paihang/?404|work=news.china.com|accessdate=2020-09-11}}</ref> Ripoti hiyo ilisababisha kundi la madaktari katika hospitali ya Wuhan Central kutoa tahadhari kwa wenzao na mamlaka ya hospitali juu ya matokeo. Jioni hiyo, Tume ya afya ya Wuhan ilitoa taarifa taasisi mbalimbali za afya juu ya "matibabu ya nimonia yenye sababu isiyojulikana". Manane wa madaktari hao, wakiwemo Li Wenliang, baadaye walionywa na polisi kwa kueneza “uvumi wa uongo,” na mwengine, Ai Fen, alikemewa na wakuu wake kwa kupiga king’ora .Serikali ya Uchina iliwaadhibu Ai Fen, Li Wengliang, na madaktari wengine ambao walijaribu kuonya umma mwezi Desemba kuhusu virusi hivyo. Li Wengliang alikufa kutokana na COVID-19 tarehe 7 Februari. Hospitali zote nchini ziliweka chini ya utawala wa chama cha kikomunist mwaka 2018 <ref>{{Citation|last=Yu|first=Verna|title='Hero who told the truth': Chinese rage over coronavirus death of whistleblower doctor|date=2020-02-07|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/feb/07/coronavirus-chinese-rage-death-whistleblower-doctor-li-wenliang|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|last=Kuo|first=Lily|title=Coronavirus: Wuhan doctor speaks out against authorities|date=2020-03-11|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/11/coronavirus-wuhan-doctor-ai-fen-speaks-out-against-authorities|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Tume ya afya ya Wuhan ilitangaza habari za ugonjwa wa mapafu wenye sababu isiyojulikana tarehe 31 Desemba, na kuthibitisha kesi 27 — kutosha ili kuanzisha uchunguzi. <ref>{{Citation|title=Mystery pneumonia virus probed in China|date=2020-01-03|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-50984025|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Wakati wa awamu za mapema za mlipuko, idadi ya kesi iliongezeka mara mbili kila siku saba na nusu. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Li|first=Qun|last2=Guan|first2=Xuhua|last3=Wu|first3=Peng|last4=Wang|first4=Xiaoye|last5=Zhou|first5=Lei|last6=Tong|first6=Yeqing|last7=Ren|first7=Ruiqi|last8=Leung|first8=Kathy S.M.|last9=Lau|first9=Eric H.Y.|date=2020-03-26|title=Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121484/|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=382|issue=13|pages=1199–1207|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2001316|issn=0028-4793|pmc=7121484|pmid=31995857}}</ref>Mnamo mwanzo na katikati ya Januari 2020, virusi vilienea hadi mikoa mingine ya Kichina, kusaidiwa na uhamiaji kuhusu siku kuu ya mwaka mpya ya kichina kwa sababu Wuhan ni kitovu kikubwa cha usafiri. <ref>{{Citation|title=COVID-19 pandemic|date=2020-09-11|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic&oldid=977891670|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref>Tarehe 20 Januari, Uchina iliripoti kesi mpya karibu na 140 kwa siku moja, zikiwemo watu wawili mjini Beijing na mmoja huko Shenzhen.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=China confirms sharp rise in cases of SARS-like virus across the country|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200120-china-confirms-sharp-rise-in-cases-of-sars-like-virus-across-the-country|work=France 24|date=2020-01-20|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en}}</ref> Baadaye takwimu rasmi zilionyesha watu 6,174 tayari wameshakuwa na dalili, na watu zaidi huenda waliambukizwa.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Team|first=The Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology|date=2020-02-01|title=The Epidemiological Characteristics of an Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19) — China, 2020|url=http://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2020.032|journal=China CDC Weekly|language=en|volume=2|issue=8|pages=113–122|doi=10.46234/ccdcw2020.032|issn=2096-7071}}</ref> Ripoti ya Lancet tarehe 24 Januari iliashiria maambukizo miongoni mwa binadamu, ilipendekeza sana vifaa vya kinga binafsi kwa wafanyakazi wa afya, na kusema kupima kwa virusi kulikuwa muhimu kutokana na "uwezekano wa janga".<ref>https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2820%2930183-5</ref> Tarehe 30 Januari, shirika la WHO lilitangaza Coronavirus vilikuwa dharura ya afya ya kimataifa. <ref>{{Citation|title=Flattery and foot dragging: China’s influence over the WHO under scrutiny|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-flattery-and-foot-dragging-chinas-influence-over-the-who-under/|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Tarehe 31 Januari 2020, Italia ilikuwa na kesi zake za kwanza zilizothibitishwa, watalii wawili waliotoka Uchina. Kuanzia tarehe 13 Machi 2020, shirika la WHO lilizingatia Ulaya kama katikati ya janga.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=WHO says Europe is new epicenter of coronavirus pandemic|url=https://nypost.com/2020/03/13/who-says-europe-is-new-epicenter-of-coronavirus-pandemic/|work=New York Post|date=2020-03-13|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-US|author=Bob Fredericks}}</ref> Tarehe 19 Machi 2020, Italia ilipitisha Uchina kama nchi yenye vifo vingi zaidi. Tarehe 26 Machi, Marekani ilipitisha Uchina na Italia kama nchi yenye idadi kubwa zaidi ya kesi zilizothibitishwa duniani.<ref>{{Citation|last=Jr|first=Donald G. McNeil|title=The U.S. Now Leads the World in Confirmed Coronavirus Cases|date=2020-03-26|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/26/health/usa-coronavirus-cases.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Utafiti unaonyesha kesi nyingi zaidi mjini [[Janga la Covid-19 Jiji la New York|New York]] zilitoka wasafiri wanaotoka Ulaya, badala ya kutoka Uchina au nchi nyingine za Asia.<ref>{{Citation|title=Studies Show N.Y. Outbreak Originated in Europe|date=2020-04-08|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/08/us/coronavirus-live-updates.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Upimaji upya wa sampuli zilizokusanyika mapema uligundua mtu mmoja nchini Ufaransa ambaye alikuwa na virusi tarehe 27 Desemba 2019 na mtu mmoja huko Marekani ambaye alikufa kutokana na COVID-19 tarehe 6 Februari 2020. <ref>{{Citation|last=Staff|first=Reuters|title=After retesting samples, French hospital discovers COVID-19 case from December|date=2020-05-04|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-france-idUSKBN22G20L|work=Reuters|language=en|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=2 died with coronavirus weeks before 1st U.S. virus death|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/2-died-with-coronavirus-weeks-before-1st-u-s-virus-death|work=PBS NewsHour|date=2020-04-22|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-us}}</ref> Zaidi ya nchi 120 zimeunga mkono uchunguzi wa asili ya mlipuko wa COVID-19. Mwanzoni Uchina ilipambana na juhudi zao na ilitisha kulipiza kisasi cha kiuchumi kwa nchi zilizotoa mwito huu. Lakini mnamo Mei Uchina hatimaye ilikubali kushirikiana na uchunguzi huo. <ref name=":1">"The Great Wall of Silence," ''The Australian'', 8 May 2020.</ref> Mnamo 11 Septemba 2020, zaidi ya kesi milioni 28.2 zimeripotiwa kote duniani; zaidi ya watu 910,000 wamekufa na zaidi ya watu milioni 19 wamepona.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=ArcGIS Dashboards|url=https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6|work=www.arcgis.com|accessdate=2020-09-11}}</ref> ==Uenezi wa Covid-19 nje ya China== [[Picha:COVID-19 Outbreak World Map.svg|350px|thumb|Uenezi wa virusi vya SARS-Covid-19 duniani (ramani inasahihishwa kila siku)</br>Idadi ya watu waliothibitishwa kuwa na maambukizi</br> {{legend|#510000| zaidi ya 10,000}} {{legend|#900000| 1,000–9,999}} {{legend|#c80200| 100–999}} {{legend|#ee7070| 10–99}} {{legend|#ffC0C0| 1–9}} <small>(Tarehe 16 Machi mtu wa kwanza alipatikana nchini Tanzania)</small>]] [[Picha:COVID-19-outbreak-timeline.gif|alt=|thumb|350px|Mlipuko wa Virusi vya Korona duniani hadi 2 Machi 2020.]] Hadi mwisho wa Januari 2020 takriban watu 10,000 waliambukizwa, idadi ya vifo ilikuwa mnamo 200. Virusi vilienea hadi nchi nyingine kwa njia ya [[abiria]] wa [[Ndege (uanahewa)|ndege]] za kimataifa. Wakazi wa Wuhan na miji mingine ya China yenye wagonjwa wamekataliwa kuondoka kwao baada ya hali ya [[karantini]] kutangazwa.<ref>[https://www.pulselive.co.ke/bi/politics/5-million-people-left-wuhan-before-china-quarantined-the-city-to-contain-the/l5hye6y 5 million people left Wuhan before China quarantined the city to contain the coronavirus outbreak] {{Wayback|url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/bi/politics/5-million-people-left-wuhan-before-china-quarantined-the-city-to-contain-the/l5hye6y |date=20200128143931 }}, taarifa ya gazeti Business Insider USA, kupitia www.pulselive.co.ke, tarehe 27-01-2020</ref>. [[Maambukizi]] ya kwanza ya ndani ya virusi hivi nje ya Uchina yalitokea [[Vietnam]] kati ya [[wanafamilia]],<ref name=scmp3048017>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/economics/article/3048017/china-coronavirus-vietnam-flags-likely-human-transmission-case |title=China coronavirus: 'family cluster' in Vietnam fuels concerns over human transmission |date=29 January 2020 |website=South China Morning Post |access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref> wakati maambukizi ya kwanza ya ndani ambayo hayakuhusisha [[familia]] yalitokea [[Ujerumani]], tarehe 22 Januari, wakati [[mwanamume]] mmoja wa Kijerumani alipata ugonjwa huo kutoka kwa mgeni wa [[China]] kwenye kikao cha [[biashara]].<ref name=dw52169007>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-confirms-human-transmission-of-coronavirus/a-52169007 |title=Germany confirms human transmission of coronavirus |date=28 January 2020 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128220039/https://www.dw.com/en/germany-confirms-human-transmission-of-coronavirus/a-52169007 |archive-date=28 January 2020 |access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref> Kesi nyingine zilizothibitishwa mapema ziliripotiwa huko [[Thailand]], [[Korea Kusini]], [[Japani]], [[Taiwani]], [[Makau]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Marekani]] ([[Everett]], [[Washington]] na [[Chicago]]),<ref name=Field22Jan2020/> [[Singapore]], <ref name="ST23Jan">{{cite web |last1=Goh |first1=Timothy |last2=Toh |first2=Ting Wei |title=Singapore confirms first case of Wuhan virus; second case likely |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/singapore-confirms-first-case-of-wuhan-virus |website=The Straits Times |accessdate=23 January 2020 |date=23 January 2020}}</ref> Vietnam, [[Ufaransa]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/coronavirus-france-china-wuhan-virus-symptoms-outbreak-latest-a9301106.html|title=France confirms two cases of deadly coronavirus|date=2020-01-24|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=2020-01-24}}</ref>, [[Italia]] na [[Nepali]]. Katika Februari 2019 virusi viliendelea kuenea nje ya China, kupitia watu waliosafiri baina ya China na nchi nyingine. Tabia ya virusi kutosababisha ugonjwa mkali kwa wengi ilikuwa msingi kwa uenezaji usiotambuliwa mwanzoni hadi kufikia watu waliogonjeka vibaya. Milipuko ya kwanza ilionekana katika [[Iran]]<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/23/turkey-and-pakistan-close-borders-with-iran-over-coronavirus-deaths Turkey and Pakistan close borders with Iran ove Coronavirus deaths], gazeti la Guardian (UK) ya 23 Feb 2020</ref>, [[Korea Kusini]]<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/25/coronavirus-south-korea-to-test-200000-sect-members-as-pandemic-fears-hit-markets Coronavirus: South Korea to test 200,000 sect members as pandemic fears hit markets], gazeti la Guardian (UK) ya 25 Feb 2020 </ref> na [[Italia]]<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-51625733 Coronavirus: Britons returning from northern Italy told to self-isolate], BBC ya 25 Feb 2020 </ref> ambako serikali zilitangaza hali ya karantini kwa maeneo kadhaa. Kufikia mwisho wa mwezi huo, wagonjwa wa nchi nyingine kwa pamoja walikuwa wamezidi wale wa China. Katika Machi 2020 idadi ya maambukizi mapya ilipungua nchini China na Korea Kusini lakini iliongezeka Ulaya na kuanza kusambaa [[Marekani]]. Katika Ulaya Italia ilikuwa nchi iliyoathiriwa vibaya zaidi; serikali ilifunga shule zote pamoja na maduka yasiyo ya chakulas na dawa na kupiga marufuku mikusanyiko yote, ikiwemo ile ya ibada. Hatua kama hizo zilichukuliwa pia katika nchi nyingine. Katika [[Asia ya Magharibi]] nchi iliyoathiriwa vibaya zaidi ni Iran. Kwa jumla si rahisi kupata picha kamili ya uenezi halisi wa virusi hivi. Ilhali dalili za ugonjwa zinafanana na mafua ya kawaida na kifua kikuu, inawezekana mara nyingi maambukizi hayakutambuliwa. Kwa sababu hiyo makadirio ya asilimia ya watu wanaokufa yanatofautiana kati ya nchi na nchi. Tarehe 11 Machi 2020 Shirika la Afya Duniani ilitamka uenezi wa virusi umefikia ngazi ya [[pandemia]], yaani [[epidemia]] (mlipuko) katika nchi nyingi za dunia<ref>[https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen WHO characterizes COVID-19 as a pandemic], tovuti ya WHO, iliangaliwa 12 Machi 2020</ref>. Katikati ya mwezi Machi 2020 idadi ya wagonjwa iliongezeka sana katika nchi za Ulaya. Marekani ilizuia wasafiri kutoka Ulaya kuingia. Nchi mbalimbali, pamoja na Ujerumani, zilianza kufunga shule na kukataza mikutano yote yaliyolenga zaidi ya watu 100-500, kwa hiyo kufunga mechi za mpira wa miguu au michezo mingine, pamoja na hoteli na sinema. Kampuni mbalimbali ziliamuru wafanyakazi kukaa nyumbani na kutekeleza shughuli kupitia kompyuta pekee. Tarehe 14 Machi Denmark na Poland zilifunga mipaka kwa wote wasio raia wao, kwa kuamuru raia waliorudi wapaswe kukaa karantini wiki 2. Kwa jumla serikali zilitangaza kwamba asilimia kubwa ya wananchi wataambukizwa zikiona changamoto kuchelewesha mchakato wa maambukizi ili wale wataokuwa wagonjwa sana wasijitokeze mara moja lakini polepole ili waweze kuhudumiwa hospitalini. Kufikia tarehe 19 Machi nchi 170 zilikuwa na mgonjwa walau mmoja. Tarehe 21 Machi Italia ilikuwa imezidi China kwa wingi wa vifo, kwa kuwa siku hiyo walifariki huko watu 793, kuliko siku yoyote ya China. Kufikia tarehe 23 Machi jumla ya waliothibitishwa kupatwa na virusi ilifikia 339,645 na vifo 14,717 kati nchi zaidi ya 40. Takwimu za tarehe 27 Machi zinaonyesha waliopatwa kwa hakika ni walau 536,000 na kati yao walau 24,100 wamekufa kwa ugonjwa huo. Idadi kubwa ya walioambukizwa nchi kwa nchi imekuwa ile ya [[Marekani]]. Kufikia tarehe 13 Aprili walioambukizwa walifikia 1,850,000 na waliofariki dunia 114,000. Kufikia tarehe 2 Juni walioambukizwa walifikia 6,325,303 na waliofariki dunia 377,469. Hadi tarehe 11 Juni walioambukizwa walifikia kuwa zaidi ya 7,360,000 na waliofariki dunia 416,000. ===Afrika=== Mwanzoni mwa Machi 2020 hakukuwa na taarifa ya maambukizi mengi ndani ya Afrika. Wataalamu walijadiliana kama hilo ni jambo linalotokana na kukosa vifaa vya kupima na kutambua ugonjwa, au kama kuna sababu ya ugonjwa kutoenea katika Afrika. Wagonjwa wengi waliotambuliwa [[kusini kwa Sahara]] ni wasafiri waliofika kutoka nchi za nje. Hadi 12 Machi wagonjwa walithibitishwa hasa katika [[Afrika Kaskazini]]: [[Misri]] wagonjwa 67 (1 alifariki), [[Algeria]] 20 (0), [[Moroko]] 6 (1) na [[Tunisia]] 7 (0). Upande wa kusini wa Sahara taarifa zilipatikana hasa kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] walipotambulia wagonjwa 17 (0), wengi wao watu waliorudi kutoka safari za Italia. [[Togo]] ilikuwa na mgonjwa 1 (0) aliyethibitishwa, [[Senegal]] 4 (0), [[Nigeria]] 2 (0), [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] 1 (0), [[Kamerun]] 2 (0), [[Burkina Faso]] 2 (0)<ref>[https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/#countries Confirmed Cases and Deaths by Country, Territory, or Conveyance], tovuti ya worldometers.com ya tar. 12.042020</ref> Tarehe 15 Machi jioni mtu wa kwanza alithibitishwa Tanzania ameambukizwa; msafiri aliyeleta [[virusi]] vya [[ugonjwa]] [[Virusi vya korona|huo]] ni mwananchi aliyefika [[Arusha]] kutoka [[Ubelgiji]] na ambaye baadaye alipona. Hadi tarehe 30 idadi rasmi ilifikia waambukizwa 19.<ref>[https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/news/1840340-5496816-agy428/index.html Coronavirus cases in Tanzania rises to Six]</ref> Wengi waliambukizwa nje ya nchi wakagundulika baada ya kufika Tanzania. Tarehe [[31 Machi]] 2020 Mtanzania wa kwanza alifariki huko [[Dar es Salaam]]. Waliobaki na virusi ni watu 17 kwa mujibu wa Waziri wa Afya<ref>https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/habari/kitaifa/Ndugu-wa-Mtanzania-aliyekufa-kwa-corona-azungumza/1597296-5509666-cpgxwl/index.html</ref>. Kenya kulikuwa na maambukizi 31 na kifo cha kwanza. Hadi tarehe 13 Aprili katika Afrika Bara nchi pekee isiyothibitisha maambukizi ilikuwa Lesotho, mbali ya Sahara Magharibi na visiwa mbalimbali, kama Komoro. Kufikia tarehe 2 Juni walioambukizwa walifikia 152,442 na waliofariki dunia 4,344 katika nchi 54. == Majibu ya kitaifa == Jumla ya nchi na maeneo 188 yamekuwa na angalau kesi moja ya COVID-19 hadi sasa. Kutokana na janga la Ulaya, nchi nyingi katika eneo la Schengen zimezuia harakati huru na kuweka udhibiti wa mipaka. Majibu ya kitaifa yamejumuisha maagizo ya kukaa nyumbani au ufungaji. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Schengen Area Crisis: EU States Close Borders as Coronavirus Outbreak Grips Bloc|url=https://www.schengenvisainfo.com/news/schengen-area-crisis-eu-states-close-borders-as-coronavirus-outbreak-grips-bloc/|work=SchengenVisaInfo.com|date=2020-03-13|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":0" /> Hadi 26 Machi, watu 1,700,000,000 duniani kote walikuwa chini ya aina ya ufungaji, idadi ambayo iliongezeka hadi watu 3,900,000,000 mnamo wiki ya kwanza ya mwezi Aprili-zaidi ya nusu ya idadi ya watu duniani. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coronavirus: Half of humanity on lockdown in 90 countries|url=https://www.euronews.com/2020/04/02/coronavirus-in-europe-spain-s-death-toll-hits-10-000-after-record-950-new-deaths-in-24-hou|work=euronews|date=2020-04-02|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|author=Alasdair Sandford}}</ref> Kufikia mwisho wa mwezi Aprili, watu takriban 300,000,000 walikuwa chini ya maagizo hayo katika mataifa ya Ulaya, zikiwemo Italia, Uhispania, Ufaransa, na Uingereza, wakati watu wapatao 200,000,000 walikuwa chini ya ufungaji katika Amerika Kusini. Watu takriban 300,000,000, au asilimia 90 ya idadi ya watu, walikuwa chini ya aina fulani ya ufungaji katika Marekani, watu 100,000,000 huko Ufilipino, watu 59,000,000 nchini Afrika Kusini, na watu 1,300,000,000 wamekuwa chini ya ufungaji nchini India. Mnamo 21 Mei maambukizo 100,000 mapya yalitokea duniani kote, na tangu mwanzo wa janga hilo. Mnamo Augosti kumekuwa na zaidi ya kesi 26,000,000 duniani. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Infographic: What Share of the World Population Is Already on COVID-19 Lockdown?|url=https://www.statista.com/chart/21240/enforced-covid-19-lockdowns-by-people-affected-per-country/|work=Statista Infographics|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en}}</ref><ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/05/21/coronavirus-update-us/</ref> === Asia === Tarehe 19 Mei 2020, kesi zimeripotiwa nchini kote kwa Asia isipokuwa Turkmenistan na Korea Kaskazini, ingawa pengine nchi hizi zina kesi pia. <ref>{{Citation|last=Abdurasulov|first=Abdujalil|title=Why has this country reported no virus cases?|date=2020-04-07|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-52186521|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|last=Tan|first=Yvette|title=Scepticism over N Korea's claim to be virus free|date=2020-04-03|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-52146989|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref>Licha kuwa eneo la kwanza duniani lililoathiriwa na mlipuko huo, itikio ya mapema ya baadhi ya mataifa ya Asia, hasa Korea Kusini, Taiwan, na Vietnam, imeziruhusu kufanya vizuri kuliko nchi nyingine. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Erkhembayar|first=Ryenchindorj|last2=Dickinson|first2=Emma|last3=Badarch|first3=Darmaa|last4=Narula|first4=Indermohan|last5=Warburton|first5=David|last6=Thomas|first6=Graham Neil|last7=Ochir|first7=Chimedsuren|last8=Manaseki-Holland|first8=Semira|date=2020-09-01|title=Early policy actions and emergency response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Mongolia: experiences and challenges|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(20)30295-3/abstract|journal=The Lancet Global Health|language=English|volume=8|issue=9|pages=e1234–e1241|doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30295-3|issn=2214-109X|pmid=32711684}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coronavirus cases have dropped sharply in South Korea. What’s the secret to its success?|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/coronavirus-cases-have-dropped-sharply-south-korea-whats-secret-its-success|work=Science {{!}} AAAS|date=2020-03-17|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|author=Dennis NormileMar. 17, 2020, 8:00 Am}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Chan|first=Wilfred|title=The WHO Ignores Taiwan. The World Pays the Price.|date=2020-04-03|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/world/taiwan-who-coronavirus-china/|language=en-US|issn=0027-8378|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Vietnam’s response to coronavirus crisis earns praise from WHO|url=https://7news.com.au/lifestyle/health-wellbeing/vietnam-praised-for-no-coronavirus-deaths-c-973119|work=7NEWS.com.au|date=2020-04-13|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en}}</ref> ==== Uchina ==== Inawezekana kupata asili ya kesi ya kwanza iliyothibitishwa ya COVID19 mnamo 1 Desemba 2019 mjini Wuhan; Ripoti moja isiyothibitishwa inaonyesha kesi ya mapema ilionekana tarehe 17 Novemba.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wuhan seafood market may not be source of novel virus spreading globally|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/01/wuhan-seafood-market-may-not-be-source-novel-virus-spreading-globally|work=Science {{!}} AAAS|date=2020-01-26|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|author=Jon CohenJan. 26, 2020, 11:25 Pm}}</ref> Daktari Zhang Jixian aliona kundi la ugonjwa wa mapafu wenye sababu isiyojulikana tarehe 26 Desemba, ambapo hospitali yake ilitoa taarifa Jianghan CDC tarehe 27 Desemba. Upimaji wa awali wa kijenetiki wa sampuli za wagonjwa tarehe 27 Desemba 2019 walionyesha uwepo wa Coronavirus kama SARS. Ilani ya umma ilitolewa na Tume ya afya ya Wuhan, tarehe 31 Desemba, kuthibitisha kesi 27 na kupendekeza kuvaa barakoa. Shirika la WHO liliambiwa siku hiyo hiyo. Kama taarifa hizi zilitokea, madaktari katika Wuhan walionywa na polisi juu ya "kueneza uvumi" kuhusu mlipuko. Tume ya afya ya Taifa ya Uchina ilisema hakukuwa na "ushahidi wazi" wa usambazaji wa binadamu ingawa madaktari mengi wamaangalia usambazaji huo ulikuwa ukifanyika. Katika mkutano siri tarehe 14 Januari, maafisa wa Uchina walisema kwa faragha kwamba maambukizo ya binadamu kwa binadamu yaliwezekana, na maandalizi ya janga yalihitajika. Katika taarifa iliyotolewa mnamo 14 – 15 Januari, Kamisheni ya afya ya Wuhan ilisema uwezekano wa maambukizo ya binadamu kwa binadamu haukuweza kupuuza. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=How early signs of the coronavirus were spotted, spread and throttled in China|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/how-early-signs-of-the-coronavirus-were-spotted-spread-and-throttled-in-china|work=The Straits Times|date=2020-02-28|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|author=hermesauto}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=China knew the coronavirus could become a pandemic in mid-January but for 6 days claimed publicly that there was no evidence it could spread among humans|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/coronavirus-china-hid-pandemic-news-six-days-2020-4|work=Business Insider|accessdate=2020-09-11|author=Bill Bostock}}</ref> Tarehe 20 Januari, Tume ya afya ya Taifa ya Uchina ilithibitisha maambukizo ya binadamu kwa binadamu. <ref>{{Citation|last=Kuo|first=Lily|title=China confirms human-to-human transmission of coronavirus|date=2020-01-21|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/20/coronavirus-spreads-to-beijing-as-china-confirms-new-cases|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref>Siku hiyo hiyo, Katibu Mkuu wa chama cha kikomunisti Xi Jinping na Mkuu wa Baraza la serikali, Li Keqiang, walitoa taarifa zao za kwanza kuhusu virusi, wakisema kwamba wale walioishi maeneo hayo wajitenge, kudumisha ubali wa kijamii, na kuepuka kusafiri.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=How China Delayed Warnings to Public During 6 Key Days in January {{!}} RealClearPolitics|url=https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2020/04/15/how_china_delayed_warnings_to_public_during_6_key_days_in_january_142952.html|work=www.realclearpolitics.com|accessdate=2020-09-11}}</ref> Wakati wa kipindi cha kusafiri kuhusu mwaka mpya wa kichina, mamlaka za nchi ziliagiza ufungaji wa mji wa Wuhan. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Bloomberg - Are you a robot?|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/tosv2.html?vid=&uuid=0c816be0-f454-11ea-bbe5-07ed345a350b&url=L25ld3MvYXJ0aWNsZXMvMjAyMC0wMS0yMi9jaGluYS1zLWx1bmFyLW5ldy15ZWFyLW5pZ2h0bWFyZS0zLWJpbGxpb24tdHJpcHMtYW5kLWEtdmlydXM=|work=www.bloomberg.com|accessdate=2020-09-11}}</ref>Tarehe 10 Februari serikali ya Uchina ilizindua kampeni kali sana iliyoelezwa na kiongozi mkuu na Katibu Mkuu wa chama cha kikomunisti Xi kama "vita vya watu" ili nchi hiyo idhibiti virusi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Xi stresses winning people's war against novel coronavirus - Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/10/c_138771533.htm|work=www.xinhuanet.com|accessdate=2020-09-11|archivedate=2020-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228213901/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/10/c_138771533.htm}}</ref> Katika "karantini kubwa zaidi katika historia ya binadamu", tarehe 23 Januari usafiri wote kuingia na kuondoka mjini Wuhan ulisimamishwa na baadaye marufuku hizo zilipanuliwa kwa miji kumi na mitano jimboni Hubei kuathiri watu 57,000,000. <ref>{{Citation|title=COVID-19 pandemic|date=2020-09-11|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic&oldid=977891670|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref>Matumizi ya gari binafsi yalipigiwa marufuku jijini. Sherehe za mwaka mpya (tarehe 25 Januari) pia zilifutwa. Mamlaka ilitangaza ujenzi wa hospitali ya muda, Huoshenshan, iliyokamilika katika siku kumi. Baadaye Hospitali ya Leishenshan<ref>{{Citation|title=COVID-19 pandemic|date=2020-09-11|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic&oldid=977891670|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> ilijengwa kuwalaza wagonjwa wengine. Uchina pia iligeuka vituo vingine katika Wuhan, kama vile vituo vya maktaba na viwanja, katika hospitali za muda. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=China halts flights and trains out of Wuhan as WHO extends talks|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/wuhan-virus-quarantine-city-flights-trains-china-12306684|work=CNA|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|archivedate=2020-01-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123054228/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/wuhan-virus-quarantine-city-flights-trains-china-12306684}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=China seeks to signal coronavirus under control|date=2020-03-10|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51813876|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Tarehe 26 Januari, serikali ilianzisha hatua zaidi za kudhibiti coronavirus, zikiwemo kutoa maazimio ya afya kwa wasafiri na kupanua sikukuu ya tamasha la spring.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=China's State Council extends Spring Festival holiday|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202001/27/WS5e2e0f0ea31012821727356b.html|work=www.chinadaily.com.cn|accessdate=2020-09-11|author=李雪晴}}</ref> Vyuo vikuu na shule nchini kote pia zilifungwa. Mikoa ya Hong Kong na Macau ilianzisha hatua kadhaa, hasa kuhusu shule na vyuo vikuu.<ref>{{Citation|title=COVID-19 pandemic|date=2020-09-11|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic&oldid=977891670|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=湖北这些学校推迟开学 北大等暂停参观|url=http://www.bjnews.com.cn/news/2020/01/24/678863.html|work=www.bjnews.com.cn|accessdate=2020-09-11|author=www.bjnews.com.cn}}</ref>Hatua za kazi za mbali ziliwekwa katika mikoa kadhaa. Vizuizi vya usafiri vilitekelezwa kuingia na kuondoka jimboni Hubei. Usafiri wa umma ulibadilishwa, na makumbusho kote nchini yalifungwa kwa muda. Udhibiti wa harakati za umma ulifanyika katika miji mingi, na inakadiriwa kuwa watu 760,000,000 (zaidi ya nusu ya watu nchini) walikabiliwa na aina fulani ya kizuizi cha kwenda nje.<ref>{{Citation|last=Zhong|first=Raymond|title=To Tame Coronavirus, Mao-Style Social Control Blankets China|date=2020-02-15|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/15/business/china-coronavirus-lockdown.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2020-09-11|last2=Mozur|first2=Paul}}</ref> Mnamo Januari na Februari 2020, wakati wa kilele cha mlipuko katika Wuhan, watu karibu na 5,000,000 walipoteza kazi zao.<ref>{{Citation|title=COVID-19 pandemic|date=2020-09-11|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic&oldid=977891670|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Wengi wa wafanyakazi wahamiaji takriban 300,000,000 wamekuwa walikwama nyumbani mikoani mbalimbali au jimboni Hubei. Baada ya mlipuko huo kufikia awamu yake ya kimataifa mwezi Machi, viongozi wa Uchina walichukua hatua kali za kuzuia virusi visingie tena nchini Uchina kutoka nchi nyingine. Kwa mfano, mji wa Beijing iliweka karantini ya siku 14 kwa wasafiri wote wa kimataifa wanaoingia mjini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=China deploys measures to curb imported COVID-19 cases, rebound in indigenous cases {{!}} english.scio.gov.cn|url=http://english.scio.gov.cn/m/topnews/2020-03/24/content_75852078.htm|work=english.scio.gov.cn|accessdate=2020-09-11}}</ref> Wakati huo huo, chuki dhidi ya wageni, hasa waAfrika, iliibuka, na wageni walitendwa vibaya na wananchi na walilazimishwa kuondoka nyumba na hoteli. <ref>{{Citation|last=Akinwotu|first=Jason Burke Emmanuel|title=China fails to stop racism against Africans over Covid-19|date=2020-04-27|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/27/china-fails-to-stop-racism-against-africans-over-covid-19|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2020-09-11|last2=Beijing|first2=and Lily Kuo in}}</ref> Tarehe 24 Machi, Mkuu wa Baraza Li Keqiang aliripoti kwamba kuenea kwa kesi za ndani kumezuiliwa na mlipuko huo umedhibitiwa nchini Uchina. Siku hiyo hiyo vizuizi vya kusafiri vilipunguzwa huko Hubei, isipokuwa mjini Wuhan, miezi miwili baada ya ufungaji ulianza. Wizara ya mambo ya nje ya Uchina ilitangaza tarehe 26 Machi kwamba viza za kuingia au kuishi zilisimimishwa kuanzia tarehe 28 Machi na kuendelea, bila maelezo maalum kuhusu sera hii itakapomalizika. Wale wanaotaka kuingia Uchina lazima waombe viza katika ubalozi wa Uchina au konsulat. Serikali ya Uchina ilitia moyo biashara na viwanda kufunguliwa tena tarehe 30 Machi, na kutoa msaada ya kiuchumi kwa makampuni. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=China deploys measures to curb imported COVID-19 cases, rebound in indigenous cases {{!}} english.scio.gov.cn|url=http://english.scio.gov.cn/m/topnews/2020-03/24/content_75852078.htm|work=english.scio.gov.cn|accessdate=2020-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Wang|first=Vivian|title=China to Ease Coronavirus Lockdown on Hubei 2 Months After Imposing It|date=2020-03-24|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/24/world/asia/china-coronavirus-lockdown-hubei.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2020-09-11|last2=Wee|first2=Sui-Lee}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=As coronavirus cases spike worldwide, China is closing itself off|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/27/asia/china-coronavirus-foreigners-intl-hnk/index.html|work=CNN|accessdate=2020-09-11|author=James Griffiths CNN}}</ref> Baraza la Taifa lilitangaza siku ya maombolezo ya kitaifa kuanza na dakika tatu za kimya tarehe 4 Aprili, ikiunganishwa na tamasha la Qingming, ingawa serikali kuu iliziomba familia kuonyesha heshima mtandaoni ili kuzuia mlipuko mwingine. Tarehe 25 Aprili wagonjwa wa mwisho waliruhusiwa kuondoka hospitalini mjini Wuhan. Mnamo 13 Mei mji wa Jilin uliwekwa kwenye ufungaji, jambo lililochochea hofu ya wimbi la pili la maambukizo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=China to stage day of mourning for the thousands lost to Covid-19|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3078271/coronavirus-china-stage-day-mourning-saturday-thousands-killed|work=South China Morning Post|date=2020-04-03|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en}}</ref> Wachambuzi wengi wakiwemo wale wanaotoka shirika la Bill Gates wamekosoa Uchina kwa sababu majibu yake yalichelewa. Shirika la Gates limekadiria kwamba kama Uchina imetenda wiki moja mapema zaidi, idadi ya kesi ingepunguka asilimia 66; wiki mbili mapema zaidi, asilimia 86, na wiki tatu mapema zaidi—ambapo mamlaka nchini China iligundua kwamba virusi hivyo vinaweza kuenea binadamu kwa binadamu—idadi ya kesi ingepunguka asilimia 95. <ref name=":2" /> ==== Irani ==== Iran iliripoti kesi zake za kwanza zilizothibitishwa za COVID-19 tarehe 19 Februari mjini Qom, ambapo, kwa mujibu ya Wizara ya afya na elimu ya matibabu, watu wawili wamekuwa walifariki siku hiyo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coronavirus Arrives in Iran: Two People Test Positive in Qom|url=http://irangov.ir/detail/334964|work=irangov.ir|accessdate=2020-09-11}}</ref>Hatua za mapema zilizotangazwa na serikali zikiwemo kufutwa kwa matamasha na matukio mengine ya kitamaduni, matukio ya michezo, maombi ya Ijumaa, na kufungwa kwa vyuo vikuu, taasisi za elimu ya juu, na shule.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Iranian Doctors Call For 'Long Holiday' To Contain Coronavirus, As Sixth Victim Dies|url=https://en.radiofarda.com/a/iranian-doctors-call-for-long-holiday-to-contain-coronavirus-outbreak/30449047.html|work=RFE/RL|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Iran Announces Closure Of Universities, Schools As Coronavirus Death Toll Rises|url=https://en.radiofarda.com/a/iran-announces-closure-of-universities-schools-to-fight-coronavirus/30449711.html|work=RFE/RL|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en}}</ref> Iran zilitenga pesa 5,000,000,000,000 (sawa na US $120000000) kupambana na virusi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=اختصاص 530 میلیارد تومان به وزارت بهداشت برای مقابله با کرونا|url=https://www.jamaran.news/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84-182/1363201-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B5-%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7|work=پایگاه خبری جماران|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=fa|archive-date=2020-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315091035/https://www.jamaran.news/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84-182/1363201-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B5-%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7|url-status=dead}}</ref> Rais Hassan Rouhani alisema tarehe 26 Februari hakukuwa na mipango kutumia karantini katika maeneo yaliyoathiriwa na mlipuko huo, na watu tu wangejitenga.<ref>{{Citation|title=Coronavirus: Iran has no plans to quarantine cities, Rouhani says|date=2020-02-26|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-51651454|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Mipango ya kupunguza usafiri kati ya miji ilitangazwa mwezi Machi, ingawa trafiki kubwa kati ya miji kuhusu mwaka mpya wa Kiajemi iliendelea.<ref>{{Citation|last=Wintour|first=Sam Jones Patrick|title=Coronavirus cases pass 100,000 globally as Iran threatens force to restrict travel|date=2020-03-06|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/06/chinese-schools-reopen-as-coronavirus-cases-in-europe-continue-to-rise|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Makaburi wa Shia huko Qom yalibaki kufungua hadi tarehe 16 Machi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Iran was already struggling with one crisis. Now it has the worst coronavirus outbreak in the Middle East|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/26/middleeast/iran-coronavirus-intl/index.html|work=CNN|accessdate=2020-09-11|author=Ramin Mostaghim, Mostafa Salem and Tamara Qiblawi CNN}}</ref> Irani ilikuwa kituo cha usambazaji wa virusi baada ya Uchina mwezi wa Februari.<ref>{{Citation|last=Kirkpatrick|first=David D.|title=‘Recipe for a Massive Viral Outbreak’: Iran Emerges as a Worldwide Threat|date=2020-02-24|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/24/world/middleeast/coronavirus-iran.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2020-09-11|last2=Fassihi|first2=Farnaz|last3=Mashal|first3=Mujib}}</ref> Zaidi ya nchi kumi zilikuwa zimepata asili ya kesi zao huko Iran mnamo 28 Februari, ikionyesha mlipuko huo ulikuwa mkali zaidi kuliko kesi 388 zilizorepotiwa na serikali ya Irani hadi siku hiyo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=How Iran Became a New Epicenter of the Coronavirus Outbreak|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/how-iran-became-a-new-epicenter-of-the-coronavirus-outbreak|work=The New Yorker|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-us|author=Robin Wright}}</ref> Bunge la Iran lilifungwa, na wajumbe 23 wa 290 walipima chanya tarehe 3 Machi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=8% of Iran's parliament has the coronavirus, and it released 54,000 prisoners as the country descends into chaos|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/8-percent-iran-parliament-has-coronavirus-it-released-54000-prisoners-2020-3|work=Business Insider|accessdate=2020-09-11|author=John Haltiwanger}}</ref> Tarehe 15 Machi, serikali ya Irani iliripoti vifo mia katika siku moja, ambayo ilikuwa kesi nyingi zaidi iliyorekodiwa nchini tangu mlipuko ulipoanza.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Iran reports biggest single-day jump of coronavirus deaths as president rules out quarantine|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/iran-coronavirus-deaths-jump|work=Fox News|date=2020-03-15|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-US|author=Stephen Sorace}}</ref> Angalau wanasiasa na maofisa wa serikali kumi na wawili wa sasa au wa zamani walifariki kutokana na ugonjwa huo mnamo 17 Machi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coronavirus pandemic 'could kill millions' in Iran|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/coronavirus-pandemic-kill-millions-iran-200317135500255.html|work=www.aljazeera.com|accessdate=2020-09-11}}</ref>Kufikia 23 Machi, Iran ilikuwa na kesi 50 mpya kila saa na kifo kimoja kipya kila dakika kumi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=How serious is the coronavirus crisis in Iran?|url=https://news.yahoo.com/serious-coronavirus-crisis-iran-131530378.html|work=news.yahoo.com|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-US}}</ref>Kwa mujibu ya ofisa wa WHO, inawezekana kuwa Iran ina kesi mara tano zaidi ya zile zilizoripotiwa. Pia imependekezwa kwamba vikwazo vya Marekani katika Irani viliathiri uwezo wa kifedha wa nchi kukabili mlipuko wa virusi. Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la haki za binadamu limeitisha vikwazo vya kiuchumi vipunguze kwa mataifa yanayoathiriwa zaidi na janga hilo, yakiwemo Irani.<ref>{{Citation|last=Cunningham|first=Erin|title=As coronavirus cases explode in Iran, U.S. sanctions hinder its access to drugs and medical equipment|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/as-coronavirus-cases-explode-in-iran-us-sanctions-hinder-its-access-to-drugs-and-medical-equipment/2020/03/28/0656a196-6aba-11ea-b199-3a9799c54512_story.html|work=Washington Post|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Tarehe 20 Aprili iliripotiwa kwamba Irani imefunguliwa maduka makubwa na maeneo mengine ya ununuzi nchini kote, ingawa kuna hofu ya wimbi la pili la maambukizo kutokana na hatua hizi. Mwezi Machi, na tena mwezi Aprili, kulikuwa na taarifa kwamba Irani haikuripoti kesi zote zilizothibitishwa nchini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Iran opens up as economic woes trump virus infection fears|url=https://news.yahoo.com/iran-opens-economic-woes-trump-080329918.html|work=news.yahoo.com|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Korea Kusini ==== Kunenea kwa coronavirus hadi Korea Kusini kutoka Uchina kulithibitishwa tarehe 20 Januari 2020. Shirika la afya la Taifa liliripoti ongezeko kubwa la kesi zilizothibitishwa tarehe 20 Februari,<ref>{{Citation|last=Cha|first=Hyonhee Shin, Sangmi|title='Like a zombie apocalypse': Residents on edge as coronavirus cases surge in South Korea|date=2020-02-20|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-southkorea-cases-idUSKBN20E04F|work=Reuters|language=en|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> kwa kiasi kikubwa kuhusisha mkutano wa Kanisa la Shincheonji wa Yesu mjini Daegu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=42 Shincheonji followers came to S. Korea from virus-hit Wuhan over 8 months: gov't|url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20200229004000315|work=Yonhap News Agency|date=2020-02-29|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|author=김수연}}</ref>Wale waliotembelea Shincheonji kutoka Wuhan walituhumiwa kuwa chanzo cha mlipuko. Mnamo 22 Februari, kati ya wafuasi 9,336 wa Kanisa, watu 1,261 au asilimia 13 waliripoti dalili. Korea Kusini ilitangaza kiwango cha juu zaidi cha tahadhari tarehe 23 Februari 2020. Tarehe 28 Februari, zaidi ya kesi 2,000 zilizothibitishwa ziliripotiwa, kuongeza hadi 3,150 tarehe 29 Februari. Vituo vyote vya kijeshi vya Korea Kusini viliwekwa karantini baada ya vipimo vilagundua wanajeshi watatu wenye virusi. Ratiba za ndege pia zilibadilishwa. <ref>{{Citation|title=S Korea declares highest alert over coronavirus|date=2020-02-23|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-51603251|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Airlines to suspend more flights over coronavirus|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20200221000249|work=www.koreaherald.com|date=2020-02-21|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|author=The Korea Herald}}</ref> Korea Kusini ilianzisha ile iliyofikiriwa kuwa programu kubwa zaidi na kupangwa bora duniani ili ipime idadi kwa virusi, kujitenga watu walioambukizwa, na kuwaweka katika karantini wale wanaowasiliana nao.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coronavirus cases have dropped sharply in South Korea. What’s the secret to its success?|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/coronavirus-cases-have-dropped-sharply-south-korea-whats-secret-its-success|work=Science {{!}} AAAS|date=2020-03-17|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|author=Dennis NormileMar. 17, 2020, 8:00 Am}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|last=Bicker|first=Laura|title=Is S Korea's rapid testing the key to coronavirus?|date=2020-03-12|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-51836898|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref>Mbinu za uchunguzi zilijumuisha kujitoa taarifa za lazima za dalili na wasafiri wa kimataifa kutumia simu, kupima kwenye gari na matokeo yanayopatikana siku ijayo, na kuongeza uwezo wa kupima ili watu 20,000 wapimwe kila siku. Mpango wa Korea Kusini unafikiriwa kuwa mafanikio kudhibiti mlipuko bila ufungaji wa miji yote. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=This is how South Korea flattened its coronavirus curve|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/how-south-korea-flattened-its-coronavirus-curve-n1167376|work=NBC News|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en}}</ref> Mwanzoni wananchi wa Korea Kusini waligawanyika kuhusu maoni ya majibu ya Rais Moon Jae-in kukabili mgogoro huo, na watu wengi walitia saini ama kusifa serikali hiyo au kutoa wito wa kuiondoa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=How South Korea Lost Control of Its Coronavirus Outbreak|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/how-south-korea-lost-control-of-its-coronavirus-outbreak|work=The New Yorker|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-us|author=Suki Kim}}</ref>Tarehe 23 Machi, iliripotiwa kwamba Korea Kusini ilikuwa na idadi ya kesi ndogo zaidi kwa siku moja mnamo wiki nne.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Korea reports lowest number of new cases|date=2020-03-23|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-52001837|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Tarehe 29 Machi iliripotiwa kwamba kuanzia tarehe 1 Aprili wale wote waliofika kutoka nchi nyingine wangelazimishwa kukaa karatini kwa wiki mbili. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=South Korea to impose mandatory coronavirus quarantine on all arrivals|url=https://news.yahoo.com/south-korea-reports-105-coronavirus-013830705.html|work=news.yahoo.com|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-US}}</ref>Kwa mujibu ya ripoti za vyombo vya habari tarehe 1 Aprili, Korea Kusini imepokea maombi ya msaada ya kupima virusi kutoka nchi 121 tofauti. <ref>https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2020-04-01/over-100-countries-ask-south-korea-for-coronavirus-testing-help-official</ref>Tarehe 15 Mei iliripotiwa kwamba biashara 2000 ziliambiwa kufunga tena ambapo kundi la watu mia moja walioambukizwa liligunduliwa; uchunguzi wa mawasiliano unafanywa kwa watu 11,000. <ref>{{Citation|title=South Korea confirms second wave of coronavirus|date=2020-06-22|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53135626|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> === Ulaya === Kufikia tarehe 13 Machi 2020, idadi ya kesi mpya ilipokuwa kubwa kuliko zile huko Uchina, Shirika la (WHO) walianza kuzingatia Ulaya kama kituo hai cha janga hilo. Kesi kwa nchi kote Ulaya zimeongeza mara mbili kila siku tatu au nne, na baadhi ya nchi zilionyesha ongezeko hilo kila siku mbili. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=WHO says Europe is new epicenter of coronavirus pandemic|url=https://nypost.com/2020/03/13/who-says-europe-is-new-epicenter-of-coronavirus-pandemic/|work=New York Post|date=2020-03-13|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-US|author=Bob Fredericks}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Roser|first=Max|last2=Ritchie|first2=Hannah|last3=Ortiz-Ospina|first3=Esteban|last4=Hasell|first4=Joe|date=2020-03-04|title=Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)|url=https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus|journal=Our World in Data}}</ref> Mnamo 17 Machi, nchi zote za Ulaya zimethibitisha kesi ya COVID-19, na Montenegro kuwa nchi ya mwisho ya Ulaya kutoa taarifa ya angalau kesi moja. Angalau kifo kimoja kimeripotiwa katika nchi zote za Ulaya, isipokuwa mjini Vatican. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=https://twitter.com/megovernment/status/1239992049350447104|url=https://twitter.com/megovernment/status/1239992049350447104|work=Twitter|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en}}</ref> Kuanzia tarehe 18 Machi, zaidi ya watu 250,000,000 walikuwepo ufungaji huko Ulaya. <ref>{{Citation|last=Henley|first=Jon|title=Italy records its deadliest day of coronavirus outbreak with 475 deaths|date=2020-03-18|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/18/coronavirus-lockdown-eu-belgium-germany-adopt-measures|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2020-09-11|last2=Oltermann|first2=Philip}}</ref> Mnamo 24 Mei, siku 68 tangu kesi yake ya kwanza iliripotiwa, Montenegro ilikuwa nchi ya kwanza bila COVID-19 katika Ulaya. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=https://twitter.com/megovernment/status/1264598489318776832|url=https://twitter.com/megovernment/status/1264598489318776832|work=Twitter|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en}}</ref> Tarehe 21 Augosti iliripotiwa kwamba idadi ya kesi za COVID-19 iliongezeka miongoni mwa vijana huko Ulaya.<ref>{{Citation|last=Beachum|first=Lateshia|title=Pence claims Biden’s handling of coronavirus would be worse than Trump’s|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/08/21/coronavirus-covid-live-updates-us/|work=Washington Post|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2020-09-11|last2=Hawkins|first2=Derek|last3=Bellware|first3=Kim|last4=O'Grady|first4=Siobhán|last5=Shaban|first5=Hamza|last6=Kornfield|first6=Meryl|last7=Firozi|first7=Paulina}}</ref> ==== Italia ==== Ilithibitishwa kwamba mlipuko huo umeenea hadi Italia tarehe 31 Januari, watalii wawili wa Kichina walipopima chanya kwa SARS-CoV-2 mjini Roma.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coronavirus, primi due casi in Italia: sono due turisti cinesi|url=https://www.corriere.it/cronache/20_gennaio_30/coronavirus-italia-corona-9d6dc436-4343-11ea-bdc8-faf1f56f19b7.shtml|work=Corriere della Sera|date=2020-01-30|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=it|author=Chiara Severgnini e Redazione Online}}</ref> Kesi zilianza kuongezeka kwa kasi, na serikali ya Italia ilisimamisha safari zote kwenda na kutoka nchini Uchina na kutangaza hali ya dharura.<ref name=":2">"The Great Wall of Silence," ''The Australian'', 8 May 2020.</ref> Kundi lingine liligunduliwa baadaye, kuanzia na kesi 16 zilizothibitishwa huko Lombardia tarehe 21 Februari. <ref>{{Citation|last=Amante|first=Elisa Anzolin, Angelo|title=First Italian dies of coronavirus as outbreak flares in north|date=2020-02-21|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-italy-idUSKBN20F0UI|work=Reuters|language=en|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Tarehe 22 Februari, Baraza la mawaziri lilitangaza amri mpya ya sheria ili idhibiti mlipuko huo, ikiwemo karantini zaidi ya watu 50,000 kutoka mijini kaskazini ya Italia. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coronavirus, in dieci comuni lombardi: 50 mila persone costrette a restare in casa. Quarantena all'ospedale milanese di Baggio|url=https://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2020/02/21/news/coronavirus_codogno_castiglione_d_adda_contagiati_misure_sicurezza-249154447/|work=la Repubblica|date=2020-02-21|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=it}}</ref>Waziri Mkuu Giuseppe Conte alisema, "Katika maeneo ya mlipuko huo, kuingia na kuondoka hakutaruhusiwa. Kusimamishwa kwa shughuli za kazi na matukio ya michezo tayari kumeshaagizwa katika maeneo hayo." <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coronavirus, decreto del governo: nei comuni focolaio stop ad ingressi ed uscite. Conte: "Non trasformeremo l'Italia in un lazzaretto"|url=https://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2020/02/22/news/decreto_governo_contro_coronavirus-249308355/|work=la Repubblica|date=2020-02-22|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=it}}</ref> Tarehe 4 Machi, serikali ya Italia iliagiza kufungwa kikamilifu shule zote na vyuo vikuu nchini kote Italia ilipofikia vifo mia moja.<ref>{{Citation|last=Palermo|first=Angela Giuffrida Lorenzo Tondo in|title=Italy orders closure of all schools and universities due to coronavirus|date=2020-03-04|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/04/italy-orders-closure-of-schools-and-universities-due-to-coronavirus|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2020-09-11|last2=Beaumont|first2=Peter}}</ref> Matukio yote makubwa ya michezo yalifanyika bila watazamaji hadi mwezi Aprili, lakini tarehe 9 Machi yote yalisitishwa kabisa kwa angalau mwezi mmoja.<ref>{{Citation|title=All sport in Italy suspended|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/51808683|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Tarehe 11 Machi, Waziri Mkuu wa serikali, aliagiza shughuli za biashara zisimamishwe isipokuwa maduka ya chakula na dawa. <ref>{{Citation|last=Rome|first=Eric Sylvers in Milan and Giovanni Legorano in|title=Italy Hardens Nationwide Quarantine|date=2020-03-12|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/italy-hardens-nationwide-quarantine-11583962093|work=Wall Street Journal|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Tarehe 6 Machi, Chuo kikuu cha Italia cha matibabu maalum ilichapisha mapendekezo ya maadili ya matibabu kuhusu jinsi ya kuamua wagonjwa wapi wapate kipaumbele. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Italian doctors on coronavirus frontline face tough calls on whom to save|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/coronavirus-italy-doctors-tough-calls-survival/|work=POLITICO|date=2020-03-09|accessdate=2020-09-11|author=Greta Privitera}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.siaarti.it/SiteAssets/News/COVID19%20-%20documenti%20SIAARTI/SIAARTI%20-%20Covid19%20-%20Raccomandazioni%20di%20etica%20clinica.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2020-09-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312202813/http://www.siaarti.it/SiteAssets/News/COVID19%20-%20documenti%20SIAARTI/SIAARTI%20-%20Covid19%20-%20Raccomandazioni%20di%20etica%20clinica.pdf |archivedate=2020-03-12 }}</ref>Tarehe 19 Machi, Italia ilipitisha Uchina kama nchi yenye vifo zaidi kutokana na COVID-19 duniani baada ya kutoa taarifa ya vifo 3,405.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Italy coronavirus death toll overtakes China|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/coronavirus-italy-death-toll-how-many-people-cases-map-china-a9412156.html|work=The Independent|date=2020-03-19|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en}}</ref> Tarehe 22 Machi, iliripotiwa kwamba Urusi iliitumia Italia ndege za kijeshi tisa zenye vifaa vya matibabu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title='From Russia with Love': Putin sends aid to Italy to fight virus|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/global-europe/news/from-russia-with-love-putin-sends-aid-to-italy-to-fight-virus/|work=www.euractiv.com|date=2020-03-23|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-GB|author=Casaubon says}}</ref>Mnamo 9 Mei, kulikuwa na kesi 217,185 zilizothibitishwa, vifo 30,201, na watu 99,023 waliopona nchini Italia, na nyingi za kesi hizo zilitokea mkoani Lombardia. Ripoti ya CNN ilionyesha kwamba mchanganyiko wa idadi kubwa ya wazee na ukosefu wa kupima vilichangia kiwango cha juu cha kifo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Italy's coronavirus death toll passes 10,000. Many are asking why the fatality rate is so high|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/28/europe/italy-coronavirus-cases-surpass-china-intl/index.html|work=CNN|accessdate=2020-09-11|author=Valentina Di Donato, Sheena McKenzie and Livia Borghese CNN}}</ref> Tarehe 19 Aprili, iliripotiwa kwamba nchi hiyo ilikuwa na vifo vichache zaidi vya 433 kwa wiki moja na baadhi ya biashara ziliomba vizuizi vipunguzwe baada ya wiki sita za ufungaji. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Italy sees fewest coronavirus deaths in a week|url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/europe/493586-italy-sees-fewest-coronavirus-deaths-in-a-week|work=TheHill|date=2020-04-19|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|author=Justine Coleman}}</ref> ==== Uhispania ==== Usambazaji wa janga hilo uilithibitishwa hadi Uhispania tarehe 31 Januari 2020, mtalii wa Kijerumani alipopima chanya kwa SARS-CoV-2 huko La Gomera, Visiwa vya Canary. <ref>{{Citation|last=Linde|first=Pablo|title=Sanidad confirma en La Gomera el primer caso de coronavirus en España|date=2020-02-01|url=https://elpais.com/sociedad/2020/01/31/actualidad/1580509404_469734.html|work=El País|language=es|issn=1134-6582|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref>Uchunguzi baada ya muda umeonyesha kwamba angalau aina 15 za virusi zilikuwa zimetambuliwa, na maambukizo ya jamii yalianza mnamo katikati ya mwezi Februari. Mnamo 13 Machi, kesi zilikuwa zimethibitishwa katika majimbo yote 50 nchini. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=El análisis genético sugiere que el coronavirus ya circulaba por España a mediados de febrero|url=https://elpais.com/ciencia/2020-04-22/el-analisis-genetico-sugiere-que-el-coronavirus-ya-circulaba-por-espana-a-mediados-de-febrero.html|work=EL PAÍS|date=2020-04-22|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=es|author=Manuel Ansede}}</ref> Ufungaji uliagizwa tarehe 14 Machi 2020. Tarehe 29 Machi ilitangazwa kwamba, kuanzia siku iliyofuata, wafanyakazi wote wasio muhimu waliamriwa wabaki nyumbani kwa siku 14 zijazo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Spain poised to tighten coronavirus lockdown after record daily toll|url=https://www.msn.com/en-nz/news/world/spain-poised-to-tighten-coronavirus-lockdown-after-record-daily-toll/ar-BB11S9Gj|work=www.msn.com|accessdate=2020-09-11}}</ref>Mwishoni mwezi Machi, Jumuiya ya Madrid imerekodi kesi na vifo vingi zaidi nchini. Wataalamu wa matibabu na wale wanaoishi nyumbani kwa kustaafu wamekuwa walikuwa na viwango vya juu sana vya maambukizo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=‘Top of the curve’? Spain hopes Covid-19 peak reached as deaths pass 4,000|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/top-of-the-curve-spain-hopes-covid-19-peak-reached-as-deaths-pass-4-000-1.4213184|work=The Irish Times|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|author=Guy Hedgecoe in Madrid}}</ref> Mnamo 25 Machi, idadi ya vifo nchini Hispania ilipitisha vifo nchini Uchina, na Italia tu ilikuwa na vifo zaidi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Britain’s Prince Charles tests positive for Covid-19|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/3076802/coronavirus-latest-italys-virus-toll-shoots-back-doctors-see-hope|work=South China Morning Post|date=2020-03-25|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en}}</ref>Tarehe 2 Aprili, watu 950 walifariki kutokana na virusi katika kipindi cha masaa 24—wakati huo kulikuwa na zaidi ya vifo katika siku moja kuliko duniani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Spain recorded 950 coronavirus deaths in a day, the highest single-day toll of any country|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/coronavirus-spain-950-deaths-one-day-most-of-any-country-2020-4|work=Business Insider|accessdate=2020-09-11|author=Ashley Collman}}</ref> Mnamo 25 Mei 2020 idadi ya vifo kwa siku iliyotangazwa na serikali ya Kihispania imekuwa chini ya 100 kwa mara ya kwanza katika miezi miwili. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=White House: CDC 'let country down' on testing - COVID-19 updates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/brazil-surpasses-spain-coronavirus-cases-live-updates-200516231547355.html|work=www.aljazeera.com|accessdate=2020-09-11}}</ref> Idadi halisi ya kesi ilifikiriwa kuwa juu zaidi, kwa sababu watu wengi wenye dalili sio kali au wasio na dalili pengine hawakupimwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lack of testing hampering Spain’s efforts to slow coronavirus outbreak|url=https://english.elpais.com/society/2020-03-18/lack-of-testing-hampering-spains-efforts-to-slow-coronavirus-outbreak.html|work=EL PAÍS|date=2020-03-18|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|author=Oriol Güell, Elena Sevillano, Pablo Linde}}</ref> Tarehe 13 Mei, matokeo ya wimbi la kwanza la utafiti wa serikali ya Kihispania yalionyesha kuwa asilimia tano ya watu pengine waliambukizwa, au watu takriban 2,000,000, takwimu mara kumi ya idadi ya kesi zilizothibitishwa muda huo. Kulingana na utafiti huu uliohusisha sampuli za zaidi ya watu 63,000, Madrid na Castilla – La Mancha ilikuwa mikoa iliyoathirika zaidi duniani yenye asilimia ya zaidi ya kumi ya maambukizo. Idadi ya vifo halisi pia inaaminika kuwa juu zaidi kutokana na ukosefu wa kupima na kuripoti, labda kwa kesi 12,000 kulingana na Wizara ya Afya ya Kihispania.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Estudio de seroprevalencia: sólo el 5% de los españoles tiene anticuerpos frente al coronavirus|url=https://www.elmundo.es/ciencia-y-salud/salud/2020/05/13/5ebc25ae21efa09e608b45f5.html|work=ELMUNDO|date=2020-05-13|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coronavirus.- El 5% de la población española ha superado el Covid-19|url=https://www.europapress.es/castilla-lamancha/noticia-coronavirus-poblacion-espanola-superado-covid-19-20200513192225.html|work=www.europapress.es|date=2020-05-13|accessdate=2020-09-11|author=Europa Press}}</ref> ==== Uingereza ==== Kabla ya tarehe 18 Machi 2020, serikali ya Uingereza haikuagiza aina yoyote ya kujitenga kwa kijamii au karantini kwa raia wake. Kwa sababu hiyo serikali ilipokea ukosoaji kwa majibu yake pole pole. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The U.K. is aiming for deliberate 'herd immunity'|url=https://fortune.com/2020/03/14/coronavirus-uk-cases-herd-immunity-covid-19/|work=Fortune|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Scottish health secretary criticises virus messaging|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-scotland-51897773|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Tarehe Machi 16, Waziri Mkuu Boris Johnson alitangaza kushauri dhidi ya usafiri usio muhimu na mawasiliano ya kijamii, na alipendekeza watu wafanye kazi nyumbani inapowezekana na kuepuka mahali kama vile baa, migahawa, na sinema. <ref>{{Citation|title=Coronavirus: What next in the UK coronavirus fight?|date=2020-03-23|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/explainers-51632801|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=editor|first=Sarah Boseley Health|title=New data, new policy: why UK's coronavirus strategy changed|date=2020-03-16|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/16/new-data-new-policy-why-uks-coronavirus-strategy-has-changed|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref>Tarehe 20 Machi, serikali ilitangaza kwamba vituo vyote vya burudani kama vile baa na gym vifungwe karibu iwezekanavyo, na serikali aliahidi kulipa hadi asilimia 80 ya mishahara ya wafanyakazi au hadi £2,500 kwa mwezi kuzuia ukosefu wa ajira wakati wa mgogoro. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=UK PM Boris Johnson announces nationwide lockdown measures, telling cafes, pubs and restaurants to close|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/20/coronavirus-uk-pm-announces-lockdown-measures-in-london.html|work=CNBC|date=2020-03-20|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|author=Sam Meredith}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=UK to pay wages for workers facing job losses|date=2020-03-20|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51982005|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Tarehe 23 Machi, Waziri Mkuu alitangaza hatua kali zaidi za kujitenga kwa kijamii, kupiga marufuku za mikusanyiko ya zaidi ya watu wawili na kuzuia kusafiri nje nyumbani kwa sababu sio muhimu sana. Tofauti na hatua zilizopita, polisi waliruhusiwa kutoa faini na kueneza mikusanyiko ili watekeleze vizuizi hivyo. Biashara nyingi ziliagizwa kufunga, isipokuwa biashara muhimu sana, kama vile maduka ya chakula na dawa, benki, maduka ya vifaa, vituo vya mafuta, na gereji. <ref>{{Citation|title=Strict new curbs on life in UK announced by PM|date=2020-03-24|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52012432|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Tarehe 24 Aprili iliripotiwa kwamba majaribio ya chanjo yaliyotia chumvi yameanza nchini Uingereza; Serikali imeahidi zaidi ya paundi 50,000,000 kuunga mkono utafiti huo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Large-scale human trial of potential COVID-19 vaccine kicks off at Oxford|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/coronavirus-vaccine-covid-19-human-clinical-trial-oxford-england/|work=www.cbsnews.com|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-US}}</ref> Ili kuhakikisha huduma za afya za Uingereza zilikuwa na uwezo wa kutosha wa kuwatiba watu wenye COVID-19, hospitali za huduma muhimu za muda zilijengwa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=More temporary hospitals announced ready for coronavirus peak|url=https://www.nursingtimes.net/news/coronavirus/more-temporary-hospitals-announced-ready-for-coronavirus-peak-30-03-2020/|work=Nursing Times|date=2020-03-30|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|author=Rebecca Gilroy}}</ref>Hospitali ya kwanza iliyofunguliwa ilikuwa hospitali ya Nightingale mjini London yenye kitanda 4,000, iliyojengwa ndani ya kituo cha mikutano mikubwa ExCel katika siku tisa.<ref>{{Citation|last=Davies|first=Caroline|title=Prince Charles to open NHS Nightingale to treat Covid-19 patients|date=2020-04-03|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/03/prince-charles-to-open-nhs-nightingale-to-treat-covid-19-patients|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Mnamo 4 Mei, ilitangazwa kuwa hospitali hiyo ingefungwa kwa muda kwa sababu wagonjwa 51 tu walitibwa pale wakati wa wiki tatu za kwanza. <ref>{{Citation|title=Nightingale Hospital in London placed on standby|date=2020-05-04|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-52531845|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|title=Coronavirus: London's NHS Nightingale 'treated 51 patients'|date=2020-04-27|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-52448982|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref>Mnamo 5 Mei, takwimu rasmi zilionyesha kwamba Uingereza ilikuwa na kiwango cha kifo kibaya zaidi huko Ulaya, ikianzisha wito wa uchunguzi wa jinsi serikali ilivyosimamia janga hilo. Idadi ya vifo nchini Uingereza ilikuwa karibu 29,427 kwa wale waliopima chanya kwa virusi. Baadaye, ilihesabu kama 32,313, baada ya kujumuisha takwimu rasmi kutoka Scotland na Ireland Kaskazini. Tarehe 16 Aprili iliripotiwa kwamba Uingereza ingekuwa nchi ya kwanza kupata chanjo ya Oxford, kutokana na mkataba wa awali; kama majaribio yangefanikiwa, chanjo 30,000,000 ingepatikana nchini. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coronavirus updates: Texas reports single highest daily rate increase of infections|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/coronavirus-updates-texas-reports-single-highest-daily-rate-increase-of-infections/ar-BB14cpOY?ocid=spartan-dhp-feeds|work=www.msn.com|accessdate=2020-09-11}}</ref> ==== Ufaransa ==== Ingawa ilifikiriwa mwanzo wa janga hilo lilifikia Ufaransa tarehe 24 Januari 2020, wakati huo kesi ya kwanza ya Ulaya ilithibitishwa mjini Bordeaux, baadaye iligunduliwa kwamba mtu karibu na Paris alipima chanya kwa virusi tarehe 27 Desemba 2019 baada ya sampuli za zamani zilipimwa tena.<ref>{{Citation|last=Staff|first=Reuters|title=After retesting samples, French hospital discovers COVID-19 case from December|date=2020-05-04|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-france-idUSKBN22G20L|work=Reuters|language=en|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Deslandes|first=A.|last2=Berti|first2=V.|last3=Tandjaoui-Lambotte|first3=Y.|last4=Alloui|first4=Chakib|last5=Carbonnelle|first5=E.|last6=Zahar|first6=J.R.|last7=Brichler|first7=S.|last8=Cohen|first8=Yves|date=2020-6|title=SARS-CoV-2 was already spreading in France in late December 2019|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7196402/|journal=International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents|volume=55|issue=6|pages=106006|doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106006|issn=0924-8579|pmc=7196402|pmid=32371096}}</ref> Tukio muhimu katika kuenea kwa ugonjwa huo nchini lilikuwa mkutano wa kila mwaka wa Kanisa la Chrisitan Open Door kati ya 17 na 24 Februari mjini Mulhouse, ambao ulihudhuriwa na watu 2,500, angalau nusu ya wale wanaaminika kuambukizwa na virusi hivyo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=ENQUETE FRANCEINFO. "La majorité des personnes étaient contaminées" : de la Corse à l'outre-mer, comment le rassemblement évangélique de Mulhouse a diffusé le coronavirus dans toute la France|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/sante/maladie/coronavirus/video-coronavirus-le-nombre-de-contaminations-lors-du-rassemblement-evangelique-de-mulhouse-a-ete-largement-sous-evalue_3889133.html|work=Franceinfo|date=2020-03-28|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=fr}}</ref> Tarehe 13 Machi, Waziri Mkuu Édouard Philippe aliagiza mahali pa umma pasio muhimu pafungwe, na tarehe 16 Machi, Rais wa Ufaransa Emmanuel Macron alitangaza watu wote wakae nyumbani, sera ambayo ilipanuliwa angalau hadi 11 Mei.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=France imposes 15-day lockdown and mobilises 100,000 police to enforce coronavirus restrictions|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/coronavirus-france-lockdown-cases-update-covid-19-macron-a9405136.html|work=The Independent|date=2020-03-16|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en}}</ref> Mnamo 23 Aprili, Ufaransa imeripoti zaidi ya kesi 120,804 zilizothibitishwa, vifo 21,856, na watu 42,088 waliopona, cheo cha nne katika idadi ya kesi zilizothibitishwa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=etalab-covid19-dashboard|url=https://dashboard.covid19.data.gouv.fr/|work=etalab-covid19-dashboard|accessdate=2020-09-11|archive-date=2020-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411132209/https://dashboard.covid19.data.gouv.fr/|url-status=dead}}</ref>Mwezi Aprili, kulikuwa na ghasia katika sehemu nyingine za Paris.<ref>{{Citation|last=McAuley|first=James|title=Violent protests in Paris suburbs reflect tensions under lockdown|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/paris-suburbs-protests-villeneuve-la-garenne/2020/04/25/55f5a40c-85a1-11ea-81a3-9690c9881111_story.html|work=Washington Post|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Tarehe 18 Mei iliripotiwa kwamba shule nchini Ufaransa zilibidi zifunge tena baada ya kufunguliwa upya, kutokana na mlipuko mwingine. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coronavirus flare-ups force France to re-close some schools|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/coronavirus-france-close-some-reopened-schools-covid-cases-flare-up-today-2020-05-18/|work=www.cbsnews.com|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Swideni ==== Swideni ni tofauti kuliko nchi nyingine za Ulaya kwa sababu ilibaki wazi kwa jumla.<ref>{{Citation|last=Leatherby|first=Lauren|title=Sweden Stayed Open. A Deadly Month Shows the Risks.|date=2020-05-15|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/05/15/world/europe/sweden-coronavirus-deaths.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2020-09-11|last2=McCann|first2=Allison}}</ref> Kwa mujibu ya katiba ya Kiswidi, Shirika la afya ya umma la Uswidi lina uhuru na hali hiyo inazuia uingiliaji wa kisiasa, na sera ya shirika hilo halikupendelea ufungaji ili nchi ifikie kinga ya umma. Gazeti la New York Times lilisema kwamba, mnamo Mei 2020, mlipuko nchini Swideni umesababisha vifo vingi zaidi lakini haukuathiri uchumi sana kuliko nchi nyingine kwa sababu waSwideni wameendelea kufanya kazi na shughuli. Mnamo 19 Mei, iliripotiwa kwamba nchi hiyo ilikuwa na vifo vingi zaidi kwa idadi ya nchi wakati wa wiki ya tarehe 12 – 19 kuliko Ulaya, vifo 6.25 kwa watu wamilioni moja kwa siku. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Architect of Sweden’s no-lockdown strategy insists it will pay off|url=https://www.ft.com/content/a2b4c18c-a5e8-4edc-8047-ade4a82a548d|work=www.ft.com|date=2020-05-08|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-GB|author=Richard Milne}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Leatherby|first=Lauren|title=Sweden Stayed Open. A Deadly Month Shows the Risks.|date=2020-05-15|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/05/15/world/europe/sweden-coronavirus-deaths.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2020-09-11|last2=McCann|first2=Allison}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coronavirus: Sweden records highest weekly deaths per capita in Europe|url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/coronavirus-sweden-highest-death-rate-europe-162855274.html|work=www.yahoo.com|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-US}}</ref> === Amerika Kaskazini === Kesi ya kwanza katika Amerika Kaskazini iliripotiwa huko Marekani mwezi Januari 2020. Kesi ziliripotiwa katika nchi zote za Amerika Kaskazini baada ya Saint Kitts na Nevis ilithibitisha kesi tarehe 25 Machi, na katika maeneo yote ya Amerika Kaskazini baada ya Bonai ilithibitisha kesi tarehe 16 Aprili. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Update on Coronavirus (COVID-19) by Bonaire's Lt. Governor|url=https://www.infobonaire.com/update-on-coronavirus-covid-19-by-bonaires-lt-governor/|work=InfoBonaire|date=2020-04-16|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-US|author=Susan Davis for The Bonaire Insider}}</ref> Tarehe 26 Machi 2020, Marekani ilikuwa nchi iliyo na idadi kubwa zaidi ya maambukizo, yenye zaidi ya kesi 82,000. Tarehe 11 Aprili 2020, Marekani ilikuwa nchi yenye idadi kubwa ya vifo kutokana na virusi hivyo, vifo 20,000. Mnamo 15 Mei 2020 kulikuwa na kesi 1,571,908 na vifo 95,764 kwa jumla. <ref>{{Citation|last=Trotta|first=Maria Caspani, Daniel|title=As of Thursday, U.S. had most coronavirus cases in world|date=2020-03-27|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-idUSKBN21D1ZR|work=Reuters|language=en|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Shumaker|first=Lisa|title=U.S. coronavirus deaths top 20,000, highest in world exceeding Italy: Reuters tally|date=2020-04-11|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-casualties-idUSKCN21T0NA|work=Reuters|language=en|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Kanada iliripoti kesi 60,616 na vifo 3,842 tarehe 4 Mei, wakati Mexico iliripoti kesi 23,471 na vifo 2,154. Jamhuri ya Dominika, Haiti na Cuba ni nchi pekee za nchi za Caribbean ambazo zimeripoti zaidi ya kesi 1,000 (16,908, 2,124 na 2,025, kwa mtiririko huo), wakati Panama na Honduras ziliongoza Amerika ya kati na kesi 7,197 na 1,055, kwa mtiririko huo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=CSSEGISandData/COVID-19|url=https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19|work=GitHub|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en}}</ref> ==== Marekani ==== Tarehe 20 Januari 2020, kesi ya kwanza inayojulikana ya coronavirus ilithibitishwa jimbo la Washington kuhusu mtu aliyerudi kutoka mjini Wuhan tarehe 15 Januari. Tarehe 31 Januari, utawala wa Rais Trump ulitangaza dharura ya afya ya umma, na kuzuia wasafiri kutoka Uchina wasiingie nchi kama hawakuwa raia. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Holshue|first=Michelle L.|last2=DeBolt|first2=Chas|last3=Lindquist|first3=Scott|last4=Lofy|first4=Kathy H.|last5=Wiesman|first5=John|last6=Bruce|first6=Hollianne|last7=Spitters|first7=Christopher|last8=Ericson|first8=Keith|last9=Wilkerson|first9=Sara|date=2020-03-05|title=First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7092802/|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=382|issue=10|pages=929–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2001191|issn=0028-4793|pmc=7092802|pmid=32004427}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Trump Declares Coronavirus A Public Health Emergency And Restricts Travel From China|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/01/31/801686524/trump-declares-coronavirus-a-public-health-emergency-and-restricts-travel-from-c|work=NPR.org|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en}}</ref> Tarehe 28 Januari, shirika la Vituo Vya Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa (CDC) lilitangaza kuwa walitengeneza vifaa vyao vya kupima wenyewe.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=PolitiFact - Biden falsely says Trump administration rejected WHO coronavirus test kits (that were never offered)|url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/mar/16/joe-biden/biden-falsely-says-trump-administration-rejected-w/|work=@politifact|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-US|author=District of Columbia 1100 Connecticut Ave NW Suite 1300B Washington, Dc 20036}}</ref> Lakini Marekani ilianza kupima pole pole, na hali hiyo ilificha kiwango cha mlipuko.<ref>{{Citation|last=Whoriskey|first=Peter|title=How U.S. coronavirus testing stalled: Flawed tests, red tape and resistance to using the millions of tests produced by the WHO|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/03/16/cdc-who-coronavirus-tests/|work=Washington Post|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2020-09-11|last2=Satija|first2=Neena}}</ref> Upimaji uliharibiwa na vifaa vya kupima kasoro vilivyozalishwa na serikali mwezi Februari, ukosefu wa kibali cha serikali kutumia vipimo havikuzalishwi na serikali, na vigezo vikali mno vilivyowazuia watu wengi wasipimwe.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=How the CDC’s Restrictive Testing Guidelines Hid the Coronavirus Epid…|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-the-cdcs-restrictive-testing-guidelines-hid-the-coronavirus-epidemic-11584882001|work=archive.li|date=2020-03-22|accessdate=2020-09-11|archivedate=2020-03-22|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200322161141/https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-the-cdcs-restrictive-testing-guidelines-hid-the-coronavirus-epidemic-11584882001}}</ref> Mnamo 2 Machi kulikuwa na kesi 80 zilithibitishwa, na nusu ya kesi ilikuwepo jimbo la California. Majimbo ya Florida na New York yalitangaza kesi mbili zao za kwanza na jimbo la Washington liliripoti kesi nyingi zilizotuhumiwa na kifo cha kwanza. Makamu wa Rais Pence alisisitiza kuwa tishio la virusi kusambaa kote nchini Marekani lilikuwa dogo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Washington governor declares state of emergency over virus|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/coronavirus-cases-unknown-origin-found-west-coast-69301250|work=ABC News|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|author=A. B. C. News}}</ref> Tarehe 6 Machi, Rais Trump alisaini sheria ya maandalizi na mwitikio ya Coronavirus, ambayo ilitoa fedha za dharura $8,300,000,000 ili mashirika ya serikali yajibu mlipuko huo. Makampuni yaliwahamasisha wafanyakazi wao kufanya kazi kutoka nyumbani. Matukio ya michezo yalifutwa. <ref>{{Citation|last=Pilkington|first=Ed|title=How science finally caught up with Trump's playbook – with millions of lives at stake|date=2020-04-04|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/apr/04/trump-coronavirus-science-analysis|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Trump signs emergency coronavirus package, injecting $8.3 billion into efforts to fight the outbreak {{!}} Markets Insider|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-signs-billion-emergency-funding-package-fight-coronavirus-legislation-covid19-020-3|work=markets.businessinsider.com|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-us|author=finanzen net GmbH}}</ref> Tarehe 13 Machi, Trump alitangaza hali ya dharura ya kitaifa, ambayo ilifanya fedha za serikali ziliozopatikana kukabili mgogoro huo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Here's what Trump's coronavirus emergency declaration does|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/13/politics/states-coronavirus-fema/index.html|work=CNN|accessdate=2020-09-11|author=Priscilla Alvarez CNN}}</ref>Kuanzia tarehe 15 Machi, biashara na shule nyingi zilifungwa. Mnamo 17 Machi, janga hilo lilikuwa limethibitishwa katika majimbo yote 50 na katika wilaya ya Columbia.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=These stores are closing or changing hours due to coronavirus|url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/retail-chainsclosing-hours-coronavirus-15132524.php|work=SFGate|date=2020-03-15|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-US|author=Katie Dowd SFGATE}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=After coronavirus school closings, will states need to hold kids back, institute summer school?|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/education/2020/03/18/coronavirus-school-closings-online-school-summer-school/2862873001/|work=USA TODAY|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-US|author=Lily Altavena, Max Londberg and Justin Murphy}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coronavirus Maps: How Severe Is Your State's Outbreak?|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/09/01/816707182/map-tracking-the-spread-of-the-coronavirus-in-the-u-s|work=NPR.org|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en}}</ref>Mnamo 26 Machi, Marekani ilikuwa na kesi zilizothibitishwa zaidi kuliko nchi nyingine yoyote. <ref>{{Citation|last=Jr|first=Donald G. McNeil|title=The U.S. Now Leads the World in Confirmed Coronavirus Cases|date=2020-03-26|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/26/health/usa-coronavirus-cases.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref>Wakaguzi wa afya wa serikali walichunguza hospitali 323 mwishoni mwezi Machi; walitoa taarifa za "upungufu mkubwa sana" wa vifaa vya kupima, "upungufu mkubwa" wa vifaa vya kinga (PPE), na rasilimali nyingine mbaya kutokana na wagonjwa wakikaa hospitali kwa muda mrefu wakati wa kusubiri matokeo ya vipimo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The HHS Inspector General Report|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2020/04/the-hhs-inspector-general-report/|work=FactCheck.org|date=2020-04-07|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-US|author=Lori Robertson}}</ref> Tarehe 22 Aprili iliripotiwa kwamba waCalifornia wawili walifariki kutokana na virusi vya COVID-19 tarehe 6 na 17 Februari, wiki tatu kabla ya kifo rasmi cha kwanza nchini kilikiriwa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=2 died with coronavirus weeks before 1st U.S. virus death|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/2-died-with-coronavirus-weeks-before-1st-u-s-virus-death|work=PBS NewsHour|date=2020-04-22|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-us}}</ref>Mnamo 24 Aprili, kesi 889,309 zilikuwa zimethibitishwa na watu 50,256 walikuwa wamefariki.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Global COVID-19 Tracker & Interactive Charts {{!}} Real Time Updates & Digestable Information for Everyone {{!}} 1Point3Acres|url=https://coronavirus.1point3acres.com/|work=coronavirus.1point3acres.com|accessdate=2020-09-11}}</ref> Mnamo 17 Mei, kwa mujibu ya takwimu za New York Times, zaidi ya watu 1,474,600 walikuwa wameambukizwa na angalau 88,600 walikufa nchini Marekani. Gazeti hilo lilieleza kwamba, kabla ya tarehe 29 Aprili, vifo vilivyothibitishwa kupitia upimaji tu viliripotiwa, lakini vigezo vipya vilijumuisha kesi na vifo vilivyowezekana. Mnamo 17 Mei, Marekani, ambaye ina asilimia 4.25 ya idadi ya watu duniani, ilikuwa na asilimia ya 29 ya vifo kutokana na Coronavirus. <ref>{{Citation|last=Times|first=The New York|title=Covid in the U.S.: Latest Map and Case Count|date=2020-07-20|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/us/coronavirus-us-cases.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Ikulu imekuwa ilikosolewa kwa kupunguza tisho na kudhibiti habari kwa kuagiza maafisa wa afya na wanasayansi kuratibu taarifa za umma na machapisho yanayohusu virusi pamoja na ofisi ya Makamu wa Rais Mike Pence. Mnamo 14 Aprili, Rais Trump alifuta fedha kwa shirika la afya duniani (WHO), akisema wamekuwa walisimamia vibaya janga hilo. Pia alisema Marekani haingeshiriki katika jitihada za kimataifa pamoja na WHO kuendeleza chanjo na madawa kupambana na virusi. <ref>{{Citation|last=Shear|first=Michael D.|title=Pence Will Control All Coronavirus Messaging From Health Officials|date=2020-02-27|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/27/us/politics/us-coronavirus-pence.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2020-09-11|last2=Haberman|first2=Maggie}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Trump calls for halt to US funding for World Health Organization amid coronavirus outbreak|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/markets/trump-calls-for-halt-to-us-funding-for-world-health-organization-amid-coronavirus-outbreak/ar-BB12D4Vp?ocid=spartandhp|work=www.msn.com|accessdate=2020-09-11}}</ref> Mnamo katikati ya mwezi Mei ripoti za kesi mpya zilianza kukaa sawa na majimbo mengi yalianza kufungua migahawa na mahali pengine pa biashara, kuweka mipaka ya idadi ya watu walioruhusiwa ndani wakati huo huo. Mkuu wa shirika la magonjwa ya maambukizo (NIAID), Dk Anthony Fauci, alionya kwamba kama tahadhari haikutumika kiwango cha maambukizo kingeongezeka tena na alikuwa na wasiwasi hasa kuhusu kufungua shule kwa mwaka mpya wa shule. Mnam kati kati ya mwezi Juni, idadi ya kesi ilianza kuongezeka tena hasa majimbo ya Texas, California, Florida, na Arizona. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Trump Criticizes Fauci’s Warning Against Opening Schools Too Soon In Latest Public Disagreement|url=https://khn.org/morning-breakout/trump-criticizes-faucis-warning-against-opening-schools-too-soon-in-latest-public-disagreement/|work=Kaiser Health News|date=2020-05-14|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Record spikes in U.S. coronavirus cases push up hospitalization rates in 16 states|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/25/record-spikes-in-us-coronavirus-cases-push-up-hospitalization-rates-in-16-states.html|work=CNBC|date=2020-06-25|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|author=Jasmine Kim}}</ref> Tarehe 16 Julai Marekani ilikuwa na kesi zaidi kwa siku moja (kesi 75,000) tangu mwanzo wa mlipuko. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=US sets daily COVID-19 record: 75,000 new cases|url=https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/07/us-sets-daily-covid-19-record-75000-new-cases|work=CIDRAP|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|author=Stephanie Soucheray {{!}} News Reporter {{!}} CIDRAP News {{!}} Jul 17, 2020}}</ref> === Amerika Kusini === Janga hilo lilithibitishwa kuwa kufika Amerika Kusini tarehe 26 Februari Brazil ilipothibitisha kesi mjini São Paulo. Mnamo 3 Aprili, nchi zote za maeneo ya Amerika Kusini zilikuwa zimeandikisha angalau kesi moja. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Coronavirus in Latin America|url=https://www.as-coa.org/articles/coronavirus-latin-america|work=AS/COA|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|author=Luisa Horwitz, Paola Nagovitch, Holly K. Sonnel, Carin Zissis}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Uncollected bodies lie for days in the streets of Ecuador: The emerging epicenter of the coronavirus in Latin America|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/coronavirus/120818001/uncollected-bodies-lie-for-days-in-the-streets-of-ecuador-the-emerging-epicenter-of-the-coronavirus-in-latin-america|work=Stuff|date=2020-04-03|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en}}</ref> Mnamo Aprili 17, idadi kubwa zaidi ya wagonjwa na vifo viliandikishwa nchini Brazili, ikifuatiliwa na Peru na Chile katika idadi ya kesi zilizothibitishwa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Superan AL y el Caribe más de 400 mil casos de coronavirus - Mundo - La Jornada|url=https://www.jornada.com.mx/ultimas/mundo/2020/05/13/superan-al-y-el-caribe-mas-de-400-mil-casos-de-coronavirus-883.html|work=www.jornada.com.mx|date=2020-05-13|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=es|author=Afp}}</ref> Tarehe 13 Mei, iliripotiwa kwamba Amerika Kusini na eneo la Caribbean ziliripoti zaidi ya kesi 400,000 na vifo 23,091. Tarehe 22 Mei, likitaja hasa ongezeko la maambukizo la haraka nchini Brazil, shirika la WHO lilitangaza kwamba Amerika Kusini sasa ni kati ya janga la Coronavirus. Mnamo 25 Mei, eneo hilo lilikuwa na zaidi ya kesi 636,000 na zaidi ya vifo 31,000. Hata hivyo, kutokana na ukosefu wa kupima na vifaa vya matibabu inaaminika kwamba mlipuko huo ni mkubwa zaidi kuliko takwimu rasmi zinaonyesha. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=How South America became a coronavirus epicenter|url=https://www.vox.com/2020/5/26/21270376/south-america-covid-19-coronavirus-brazil-peru-chile|work=Vox|date=2020-05-26|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|author=Alex Ward}}</ref> ==== Brazili ==== Tarehe 20 Aprili iliripotiwa kwamba Brazil ilikuwa na rekodi ya vifo 1,179 kwa siku moja, kwa jumla ya karibu 18,000. Kukiwa na idadi ya kesi takriban 272,000, Brazil ikawa nchi yenye idadi kubwa ya tatu ya kesi, kufuata Urusi na Marekani. Mnamo 25 Mei, Brazil ilizidi idadi ya kesi nchini Urusi iliporipoti kwamba kesi mpya 11,687 zilikuwa zimethibitishwa katika masaa 24 yaliyopita, na kufikia zaidi ya kesi 374,800, na zaidi ya vifo 23,400. Rais Jair Bolsonaro amechochea utata mkubwa akitaja virusi hivyo kama "homa ndogo" na mara nyingi kukosoa hatua za ufungaji na karantini. <ref>{{Citation|last=Fonseca|first=Pedro|title=Brazil suffers record coronavirus deaths, Trump mulls travel ban|date=2020-05-20|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-brazil-idUSKBN22V374|work=Reuters|language=en|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Brazil faces a dark week as Covid-19 toll soars|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/25/americas/brazil-bolsonaro-grim-week-may-25-intl/index.html|work=CNN|accessdate=2020-09-11|author=Shasta Darlington, Flora Charner, Taylor Barnes and Seán Federico-O'Murchú CNN}}</ref> === Afrika === Kwa mujibu ya Michael Yao, ambaye ni mkuu wa operesheni za dharura barani Afrika kwa WHO, kugundua mapema ni muhimu kwa sababu mifumo ya afya ya bara "tayari imeshindwa na milipuko mingi ya ugonjwa unaoendelea". <ref>{{Citation|title=Coronavirus: Could African countries cope with an outbreak?|date=2020-03-12|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51403865|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Washauri wanasema kwamba mkakati wenye msingi wa kupima ungeruhusu nchi za Afrika kupunguza ufungaji ambao unaosababisha ugumu mkubwa kwa wale wanaotegemea mapato siku kwa siku ili waweze kuwalisha wenyewe na familia zao. Hata katika hali bora zaidi, shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa linasema kuwa vifaa 74,000,000 vya kupima na vifaa 30,000 vinavyosaadia kupumua vitahitajika na wananchi 1,300,000,000 wa bara mwaka 2020.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=‘It's just beginning here’: Africa turns to testing as pandemic grips the continent|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/26/its-just-beginning-here-africa-turns-to-testing-as-pandemic-grips-the-continent|work=the Guardian|date=2020-04-26|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en}}</ref> Kesi nyingi zilizoripotiwa zinatoka nchi sita: Afrika Kusini, Nigeria, Ghana, Morocco, Misri na Algeria, lakini inaaminika kwamba kuna uwezekano mkubwa kuna kesi nyingi zaidi ambazo hazijaripotiwa huko nchi nyingine za Afrika zenye mifumo maskini ya huduma za afya.<ref>{{Citation|last=correspondent|first=Jason Burke Africa|title=Total confirmed coronavirus cases in Africa pass 1 million|date=2020-08-06|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/06/total-confirmed-coronavirus-cases-in-africa-pass-1-million|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Kesi zimethibitishwa katika nchi zote za Afrika, na Lesotho ilikuwa nchi ya mwisho kuripoti kesi yake ya kwanza tarehe 13 Mei 2020. Hajakuwa na kesi zilizoripotiwa katika maeneo ya nje ya Uingereza ya Saint Helena, Ascension, na Tristan da Cunha.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The last places on earth without coronavirus|url=https://graphics.reuters.com/HEALTH-CORONAVIRUS/TRANSMISSION-STATUS/azgpombyxpd/|work=Reuters|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|author=Gurman Bhatia, Manas Sharma}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lesotho records first coronavirus case a week after lifting lockdown|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/13/lesotho-records-first-coronavirus-case-a-week-after-lifting-lockdown|work=the Guardian|date=2020-05-13|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|author=Silence Charumbira in Maseru}}</ref> === Oceania === Janga hilo lilithibitishwa kufikia Oceania tarehe 25 Januari 2020 kesi ya kwanza iliyothibitishwa iliporipotiwa mjini Melbourne, Australia. Tangu wakati huo, virusi hivyo vimeenea mahali pengine katika eneo hilo, ingawa mataifa mengi madogo ya Pasifiki hadi sasa yameepuka mlipuko huo kwa kufunga mipaka yao ya kimataifa. Mnamo 13 Agosti 2020, Mataifa ya Oceania rasmi bado hayajaripoti kesi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=First confirmed case of novel coronavirus in Australia|url=https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-greg-hunt-mp/media/first-confirmed-case-of-novel-coronavirus-in-australia|work=Australian Government Department of Health|date=2020-01-25|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|author=Australian Government Department of Health}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard|url=https://covid19.who.int/|work=covid19.who.int|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en}}</ref> Tarehe 19 Mei 2020, Australia ilifungua hoja katika Umoja wa Mataifa kudai uchunguzi wa asili ya virusi na miitikio wa Umoja wa Mataifa na serikali mbalimbali. Zaidi ya nchi 100 ziliunga mkono hoja hii, na ilipitishwa mara moja. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=U.S. stands with Australia after China threatens economic retribution over coronavirus origins inquiry, Pompeo says|url=https://www.newsweek.com/us-stands-australia-after-china-threatens-economic-retribution-over-coronavirus-origins-inquiry-1505491|work=Newsweek|date=2020-05-20|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|author=Meghan Roos On 5/20/20 at 1:52 PM EDT}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=China signs on to World Health Assembly inquiry resolution|url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/coronavirus-inquiry-resolution-adopted-at-world-health-assembly-as-china-signs-on-20200519-p54ukn.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=2020-05-19|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|author=Anthony Galloway, Eryk Bagshaw}}</ref> == Miitikio ya kimataifa == === Vizuizi vya usafiri === Kutokana na janga hilo, nchi nyingi na maeneo mengi yaliweka karantini, marufuku za kuingia, au vikwazo vingine, ama kwa raia, wasafiri waliosafiri hivi karibuni maeneo yaliyoathirika, au wasafiri wote. Pamoja na upungufu wa hamu la kusafiri, sekta ya usafiri imeathirika vibaya. Kuna wasiwasi kuhusu ufanisi wa vikwazo vya kusafiri ili kuzuia virusi visisambae. Utafiti katika gazeti la Sayansi uligundua kwamba vizuizi vya usafiri vilikuwa na athari ndogo tu kuchelewa usambaji wa awali, isipokuwa vilipojumuisha na hatua nyingine za kuzuia na kudhibiti maambukizo. Watafiti walihitimisha kuwa "vikwazo vya kusafiri ni muhimu zaidi katika awamu za mapema na mwisho za janga" na "vikwazo vya kusafiri kutoka Wuhan kwa bahati mbaya vilifanywa kuchelewa sana". <ref>{{Citation|last=Salcedo|first=Andrea|title=Coronavirus Travel Restrictions, Across the Globe|date=2020-07-16|url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/coronavirus-travel-restrictions.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2020-09-11|last2=Yar|first2=Sanam|last3=Cherelus|first3=Gina}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coronavirus spikes outside China show travel bans aren’t working|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/02/why-travel-restrictions-are-not-stopping-coronavirus-covid-19/|work=Science|date=2020-02-24|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coronavirus spikes outside China show travel bans aren’t working|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/02/why-travel-restrictions-are-not-stopping-coronavirus-covid-19/|work=Science|date=2020-02-24|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en}}</ref> Umoja wa Ulaya ilikataa wazo la kusitisha eneo la usafiri la bure la Schengen na kuanzisha udhibiti wa mpaka na Italia, uamuzi ambao umekosolewa na wanasiasa wengine wa Ulaya.<ref>{{Citation|last=Stevis-Gridneff|first=Matina|title=Coronavirus Nightmare Could Be the End for Europe’s Borderless Dream|date=2020-02-26|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/26/world/europe/coronavirus-european-union.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> === Uhamishaji wa raia wa kigeni === Kutokana na karantini ufanisi wa usafiri wa umma huko Wuhan na Hubei, nchi kadhaa ziliwahamisha raia wao na wafanyakazi wa kidiplomasia kutoka eneo hilo, hasa kwa ndege maalum, na mamlaka ya Uchina kutoa kibali. Kanada, Marekani, Japani, India, Sri Lanka, Australia, Ufaransa, Argentina, Ujerumani, na Thailand zilikuwa miongoni mwa kwanza kupanga uhamishaji wa raia wao. Brazil na New Zealand pia zilihamisha raia wao wenyewe na baadhi ya watu wengine.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Countries Evaluate Evacuation of Citizens Amid Wuhan Coronavirus Panic|url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/01/countries-evaluate-evacuation-of-citizens-amid-wuhan-coronavirus-panic/|work=thediplomat.com|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-US|author=Associated Press}}</ref> Tarehe 14 Machi, Afrika Kusini iliwahamisha Waafrika Kusini 112 ambao walipima hasi kwa virusi kutoka Wuhan, wakati watu wanne ambao walionyesha dalili waliachwa nyuma ili ipunguze hatari.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Repatriated citizens to be reunited with families|url=https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/repatriated-citizens-be-reunited-families|work=SAnews|date=2020-03-29|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en}}</ref> Pakistani ilisema isingewahamisha raia kutoka Uchina.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Pakistan cancels flights to China as fears of coronavirus spread|url=https://www.dialoguepakistan.com/pakistan-cancels-flights-to-china-as-fears-of-coronavirus-spread/|work=Dialogue Pakistan|date=2020-01-31|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-01-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131125705/https://www.dialoguepakistan.com/pakistan-cancels-flights-to-china-as-fears-of-coronavirus-spread/}}</ref> Tarehe 15 Februari, Marekani ilitangaza ingewahamisha Wamarekani kutoka meli ya Diamond Princess,<ref>{{Citation|last=Wang|first=Vivian|title=Shifting Ground in Coronavirus Fight: U.S. Will Evacuate Americans From Cruise Ship|date=2020-02-15|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/15/world/asia/japan-cruise-ship-coronavirus.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2020-09-11|last2=Rich|first2=Motoko|last3=Bradsher|first3=Keith}}</ref> na tarehe 21 Februari, Kanada iliwahamisha abiria wa kiKanada 129 kwenye meli hiyo. Mwanzo wa mwezi Machi, serikali ya India ilianza kuwazuia raia wake wasitoke Irani.<ref>{{Citation|title=4th batch of 53 Indians evacuated from Iran: S Jaishankar|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/4th-batch-of-53-indians-evacuated-from-iran-s-jaishankar/articleshow/74647353.cms|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Tarehe 20 Machi, Marekani ilianza kuwaondoa wanajeshi wake kutoka Iraki kutokana na janga hilo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=US-led coalition in Iraq drawing down over coronavirus concerns|url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/488618-us-led-coalition-in-iraq-drawing-down-over-coronavirus-concerns|work=TheHill|date=2020-03-20|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|author=Rebecca Kheel}}</ref> === Misaada ya kimataifa === ==== Msaada kwa Uchina ==== Baadhi ya wanafunzi wa Kichina huko vyuo vikuu Marekani walituma msaada, ukiwemo barakoa N95 50,000 tarehe 30 Januari.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Students mobilize aid for Hubei province in China following coronavirus outbreak|url=https://tuftsdaily.com/news/2020/02/05/students-mobilize-aid-hubei-province-china-following-coronavirus-outbreak/|work=The Tufts Daily|date=2020-02-05|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en}}</ref> Shirika la msaada wa kibinadamu moja kwa moja liliotumia hospitali ya Wuhan barakoa 200,000 na vifaa vingine vya kujilinda binafsi siku hiyo hiyo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Direct Relief Rushes Facial Masks to China to Fight Coronavirus Spread|url=https://www.directrelief.org/2020/01/direct-relief-rushes-facial-masks-to-china-to-fight-coronavirus-spread/|work=Direct Relief|date=2020-01-28|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en-US|author=Staff}}</ref>Tarehe 5 Februari, Wizara ya mambo ya nje ya Uchina ilisema nchi 21 (zikiwemo Belarus, Pakistan, Trinidad na Tobago, Misri, na Iran) zilikuwa zimetumia Uchina msaada, na Bill na Melinda Gates walitangaza mchango wa $100,000,000 kwa WHO kufadhili utafiti wa chanjo na matibabu na kulinda "watu wenye hatari katika Afrika na Asia Kusini.”<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Bill And Melinda Gates Donate $100 Million To Coronavirus Vaccine Research And Treatment|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/lisettevoytko/2020/02/05/bill-and-melinda-gates-donate-100-million-to-coronavirus-vaccine-research/|work=Forbes|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en|author=Lisette Voytko}}</ref><ref>https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1003716/</ref> Interaksyon ilisema serikali ya Uchina ilichangia Ufilipino barakoa 200,000 tarehe 6 Februari baada ya Seneta wa Ufilipino Richard Gordon alitumia Wuhan barakoa 3,160,000. Tarehe 19 Februari, Shirika la Msalaba Mwekundu la Singapore lilitangaza lingetumia Uchina msaada wenye thamani $2,260,000.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Should we thank China for face mask donation when Filipinos donated first?|url=https://interaksyon.philstar.com/politics-issues/2020/02/06/161505/donations-face-mask-philippines-china-novel-coronavirus/|work=Interaksyon|date=2020-02-06|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en-US|author=Catalina Ricci S. Madarang}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coronavirus: Singapore Red Cross to send $2.3m worth of aid to China, steps up local outreach to seniors|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapore-red-cross-to-send-23m-worth-of-aid-to-china-steps-up-local-outreach-to-seniors|work=The Straits Times|date=2020-02-19|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en|author=hermesauto}}</ref> Nchi kadhaa walichangia Uchina barakoa, vifaa vya matibabu au fedha, zikiwemo Japan, Uturuki, Russia, Malaysia, Ujerumani, na Kanada. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=21 countries donate medical supplies to China: spokesperson - Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/06/c_138758854.htm|work=www.xinhuanet.com|accessdate=2020-09-21|archivedate=2020-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209120817/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/06/c_138758854.htm}}</ref>Wizara ya Mambo ya Nje Marekani ilisema tarehe 7 Februari imekuwa iliwezesha usafirishaji wa tani karibu 17.8 za za vifaa vya matibabu kwa Uchina. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The United States Announces Assistance To Combat the Novel Coronavirus|url=https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-announces-assistance-to-combat-the-novel-coronavirus/|work=United States Department of State|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en-US}}</ref>Siku hiyo hiyo, Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje Marekani Pompeo alitangaza ahadi ya $100,000,000 kwa Uchina na nchi nyingine kusaidia mapambano yao dhidi ya virusi. Makampuni kadhaa pia yamechangia Uchina fedha au vifaa vya matibabu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=US pledges $100 million to help fight coronavirus in China|url=https://thehill.com/changing-america/well-being/prevention-cures/482096-us-pledges-100-million-to-help-fight-coronavirus|work=TheHill|date=2020-02-07|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en|author=Joseph Guzman}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=U.S. Companies Donate Nearly $27 Million in Medical Products to Aid in COVID-19 Outbreak in China|url=https://www.medtechintelligence.com/news_article/u-s-companies-donate-nearly-27-million-in-medical-products-to-aid-in-covid-19-outbreak-in-china/|work=MedTech Intelligence|date=2020-02-26|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en-US|author=MedTech Intelligence Staff}}</ref> ==== Msaada kwa dunia ==== Baada ya kesi nchini Uchina zimetulia, nchi hiyo ilianza kupelekea mataifa mengine msaada.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=As the U.S. Blames China for the Coronavirus Pandemic, the Rest of the World Asks China for Help|url=https://theintercept.com/2020/03/18/coronavirus-china-world-power/|work=The Intercept|date=2020-03-18|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en-US|author=Joe Penney}}</ref> Mwezi Machi, Uchina ilitumia Italia vifaa vya matibabu na wataalamu kusaidia kukabiliana na mlipuko wake Coronavirus; Uchina zilitumia Italia timu tatu za matibabu na kuchangia zaidi ya tani 40 za vifaa vya matibabu. <ref>{{Citation|last=Staff|first=Reuters|title=China sends medical supplies, experts to help Italy battle coronavirus|date=2020-03-13|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-italy-respirators-idUSKBN2101IM|work=Reuters|language=en|access-date=2020-09-21}}</ref>Mfanyabiashara Jack Ma alitumia Ethiopia vifaa vya kupima 1,100,000, barakoa 6,000,000, na suti za kinga 60,000 kwa Umoja wa Afrika. Yeye baadaye alitumia Panama vifaa vya kupima 5,000, barakoa 100,000, na mashini za kupumua tano. Uholanzi, Uhispania, Uturuki, Georgia, na Jamhuri ya Czech zilitaja wasiwasi juu ya barakoa na vifaa vya kichina. Kwa mfano, Uhispania iliondoa vifaa vya kupima vya kichina 58,000 vyenye kiwango cha usahihi cha asilimia 30, na Uholanzi ilirudisha barakoa 600,000 zilizotuhumiwa kasoro, lakini Uchina ilisema hii ilitokana na matumizi mabaya. Ubelgiji iliondoa barakoa 100,000 ambazo hazikutumika zilizofikiriwa kutoka nchini Uchina lakini kwa kweli kutoka nchini Colombia. Ufilipino imesimamisha kutumia vifaa vya kupima vilivyotolewa na Uchina kutokana na usahihi wao wa asilimia 40. Serikali ya Uchina ilisema maagizo ya bidhaa pengine hayakufuatiliwa, na kwamba baadhi ya bidhaa hazikununuliwa moja kwa moja kutoka makampuni yanayothibitishwa. Msaada wa Kichina ulipokelewa vizuri katika sehemu za Amerika Kusini na Afrika. Tarehe 2 Aprili, Benki ya Dunia ilianzisha shughuli za msaada wa dharura kwa nchi zinazoendelea. Kwa mujibu ya taarifa ya Wizara ya mambo ya nje, Uturuki inatoa kiasi kikubwa cha msaada ya kibinadamu duniani huku ina cheo cha tatu duniani kutoa msaada ya matibabu.<ref>{{Citation|title=Coronavirus: Countries reject Chinese-made equipment|date=2020-03-30|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-52092395|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=China denies it donated defective COVID-19 kits|url=https://www.msn.com/en-sg/news/world/china-denies-it-donated-defective-covid-19-kits/ar-BB11STma|work=www.msn.com|accessdate=2020-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=China’s ‘Mask Diplomacy’ Is Faltering. But the U.S. Isn’t Doing Any Better|url=https://time.com/5814940/china-mask-diplomacy-falters/|work=Time|accessdate=2020-09-21|archive-date=2020-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920065702/https://time.com/5814940/china-mask-diplomacy-falters/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Bloomberg - Are you a robot?|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/tosv2.html?vid=&uuid=7619a160-fc17-11ea-ae06-1f7320c1ad35&url=L25ld3MvYXJ0aWNsZXMvMjAyMC0wNC0wMS9mYXVsdHktdmlydXMtdGVzdHMtY2xvdWQtY2hpbmEtcy1ldXJvcGVhbi1vdXRyZWFjaC1vdmVyLWNvdmlkLTE5|work=www.bloomberg.com|accessdate=2020-09-21}}</ref> === Hatua za majibu za WHO === Taiwan ilijulisha WHO kuhusu virusi vipya tarehe 31 Desemba 2019. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Here's What Taiwan Told the WHO at the Start of the Virus Outbreak|url=https://time.com/5826025/taiwan-who-trump-coronavirus-covid19/|work=Time|accessdate=2020-09-11|archive-date=2020-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725142651/https://time.com/5826025/taiwan-who-trump-coronavirus-covid19/|url-status=dead}}</ref>WHO limeisifu mamlaka za Kichina kwa kutoa "habari mara kwa mara", kuliko mlipuko wa SARS mnamo 2002-2004 Uchina iliposhtakiwa ya usiri.<ref>{{Citation|last=Staff|first=Reuters|title=Wuhan lockdown 'unprecedented', shows commitment to contain virus: WHO representative in China|date=2020-01-23|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-who-idUSKBN1ZM1G9|work=Reuters|language=en|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> WHO lilieleza tarehe 5 Januari kwamba kesi za ugonjwa wa mapafu wenye sababu isiyojulikana zilikuwa zimeripotiwa, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=WHO {{!}} Pneumonia of unknown cause – China|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/05-january-2020-pneumonia-of-unkown-cause-china/en/|work=WHO|accessdate=2020-09-11}}</ref>na shirika hilo lilitoa taarifa za kiufundi tarehe 10 na 11 Januari pamoja na onyo ya hatari ya maambukizo ya binadamu na kushauri tahadhari kwa sababu hali hiyo ilifanana na mizuko ya awali ya SARS na MERS.<ref>{{Citation|last=Washington|first=Peter Beaumont Julian Borger in|title=WHO warned of transmission risk in January, despite Trump claims|date=2020-04-09|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/09/who-cited-human-transmission-risk-in-january-despite-trump-claims|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Ingawa katika matangazo ya umma lilisema "Hakuna ushahidi wazi wa maambukizo miongoni mwa binadamu" mnamo 14 January.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=WHO {{!}} Novel Coronavirus – Thailand (ex-China)|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/14-january-2020-novel-coronavirus-thailand-ex-china/en/|work=WHO|accessdate=2020-09-11}}</ref> Tarehe 20 Januari, shirika la WHO lilisema kwamba ilikuwa "sasa ni wazi kabisa" maambukizo miongoni mwa binadamu ya Coronavirus yamekuwa yalitokea, kwa sababu wafanyakazi wa afya walikuwa wameambukizwa.<ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/04/17/trumps-false-claim-that-who-said-coronavirus-was-not-communicable/</ref> Tarehe 27 Januari, WHO lilisema hatari ya mlipuko ilikuwa "juu katika ngazi ya kimataifa".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=WHO says global risk of China virus is 'high' {{!}} The Star|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/world/2020/01/27/who-says-global-risk-of-china-virus-is-039high039|work=www.thestar.com.my|accessdate=2020-09-11}}</ref> Tarehe 30 Januari, WHO lilitangaza mlipuko huo kama dharura ya afya ya umma ya wasiwasi wa kimataifa (PHEIC), likionya "nchi zote zinapaswa kujitayarisha kuchukua hatua za kudhibiti, zikiwemo uangalizi, kugundua mapema, kutenga na kusimamia kwa kesi, kuchunguza mawasiliano na kuzuia usambazaji zaidi,” kufuatia ongozeka la kesi nje ya Uchina.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)|work=www.who.int|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en}}</ref> Hiyo ilikuwa PHEIC ya sita daima tangu sera hiyo ilianzishwa mwaka 2009 wakati wa janga la mafua ya nguruwe. Mkurugenzi Mkuu Tedros Adhanom alisema PHEIC inatokana na "hatari ya kuenea kwa kimataifa, hasa kwa nchi zenye kipato cha chini au cha kati bila ya mifumo nguvu ya afya" lakini WHO halikupendekeza “kupunguza biashara na harakati".<ref>{{Citation|title=Coronavirus declared global health emergency|date=2020-01-31|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-51318246|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Tarehe 11 Februari, WHO lilianzisha jina la COVID-19, na Katibu Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa Antonio Guterres alikubali kutoa "nguvu ya mfumo mzima wa Umoja wa Mataifa kwa majibu". Timu ya usimamizi wa migogoro ya Umoja wa Mataifa ilianzishwa, kuruhusu uratibu wa Umoja wa Mataifa, ambayo WHO lilisema ingewaruhusu "kuzingatia usaidizi wa afya wakati wa mashirika mengine kufanya kazi kuhusu athari za kiuchumi, kijamii, na manendeleo za mlipuko huo ". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=WHO Director-General's remarks at the media briefing on 2019-nCoV on 11 February 2020|url=https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-2019-ncov-on-11-february-2020|work=www.who.int|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en}}</ref>Tarehe 25 Februari, WHO lilitangaza "ulimwengu unapaswa ufanye zaidi kujiandaa kwa uwezekano wa janga la COVID-19," na kusema kwamba ingawa ilikuwa mapema mno kuita janga, ilikuwa lazima nchi zifanye “awamu ya maandalizi".<ref>{{Citation|title=World must prepare for pandemic, says WHO|date=2020-02-25|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-51611422|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Tarehe 28 Februari, maafisa wa WHO walisema madadirio ya tishio ya kimataifa la Coronavirus yangeongeza kutoka “juu” hadi “juu sana,” kiwango chake cha juu ya tahadhari. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=WHO raises coronavirus threat assessment to its highest level: 'Wake up. Get ready. This virus may be on its way'|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/28/who-raises-risk-assessment-of-coronavirus-to-very-high-at-global-level.html|work=CNBC|date=2020-02-28|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|author=Berkeley Lovelace Jr}}</ref>Tarehe 11 Machi, WHO lilitangaza mlipuko wa Coronavirus ulikuwa janga. Mkurugenzi Mkuu alisema WHO "linajihusisha sana na viwango vya kutisha vya kuenea na ukali, na pia viwango vya kutisha vya kutotenda". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020|url=https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020|work=www.who.int|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en}}</ref>Wakosoaji wamesema WHO lilijibu janga hilo vibaya na tangazo la dharura la afya ya umma lilichelewa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=China and the WHO's chief: Hold them both accountable for pandemic|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/487851-china-and-the-whos-chief-hold-them-both-accountable-for-pandemic|work=TheHill|date=2020-03-17|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|author=Sandy Tolliver}}</ref> == Athari == === Uchumi === Mlipuko huo ni tishio kubwa kwa uchumi wa dunia. Agathe Demarais kutoka Economist Intelligence Unit anatarajia kwamba masoko ya fedha yataendelea kutetemeka hadi kuna uwazi zaidi kuhusu matokea yanayowezekana. Makadirio moja ya mtaalamu huko Chuo Kikuu cha Washington mjini St. Louis yalitoa athari ya dola bilioni 300 + kwenye biashara ya kimataifa ambayo ingedumu miaka miwili.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=WashU Expert: Coronavirus far greater threat than SARS to global supply chain {{!}} The Source {{!}} Washington University in St. Louis|url=https://source.wustl.edu/2020/02/washu-expert-coronavirus-far-greater-threat-than-sars-to-global-supply-chain/|work=The Source|date=2020-02-07|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-US}}</ref> Masoko ya hisa duniani yalianguka tarehe 24 Februari kutokana na ongezeko kubwa la idadi ya kesi nje ya Uchina. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Dow plunges 1,000 points, posting its worst day in two years as coronavirus fears spike|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/23/business/stock-futures-coronavirus/index.html|work=CNN|accessdate=2020-09-11|author=Rob McLean, Laura He and Anneken Tappe, CNN Business}}</ref>Tarehe 27 Februari, kutokana na wasiwasi kuhusu mlipuko wa Coronavirus, soko la hisa la Marekani lilianguka zaidi tangu mwaka 2008, na DOW lilianguka pointi 1,191 (thamani kubwa zaidi katika siku moja tangu mgogoro wa fedha mnamo 2007 – 08) na masoko yote matatu yalimaliza wiki hiyo chini ya asilimia 10. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Dow falls 1,191 points -- the most in history|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/27/investing/dow-stock-market-selloff/index.html|work=CNN|accessdate=2020-09-11|author=Anneken Tappe, CNN Business}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Stocks record worst week since financial crisis as coronavirus concerns heat up|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/stocks-record-worst-week-since-financial-crisis-as-coronavirus-concerns-heat-up-2020-02-28|work=MarketWatch|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-US|author=Sunny Oh}}</ref> Masoko ya hisa yalishuka tena kutokana na hofu ya Coronavirus, kuanguka kubwa zaidi tarehe 16 Machi. Wengi wanadhani kushuka kubwa kwa uchumi kutafanyika.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Scope Ratings GmbH|url=https://scoperatings.com/#!search/research/detail/162598EN|work=Scope Ratings|accessdate=2020-09-11}}</ref> Benki ya Lloyd ya London inakadiria kuwa sekta ya bima ya kimataifa itakuwa na hasara ya US $204 bilioni, hasara zaidi kuliko majira ya kimbunga cha Atlantiki mwaka 2017 na mashambulio ya kigaidi ya 9/11 mwaka 2001, kuashiria uwezekano wa janga la COVID-19 litakuwa janga baya katika historia ya binadamu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Global insurers face losses of $204 billion from Coronavirus, more than 9/11 and 2017 hurricanes, says Lloyd’s of London|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/global-insurers-face-losses-of-204-billion-from-coronavirus-more-than-911-and-2017-hurricanes-says-lloyds-of-london-2020-05-14|work=MarketWatch|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-US|author=Callum Keown}}</ref> Utalii ni sekta moja inayoathiriwa vibaya zaidi kutokana na marufuku za usafiri, ufungaji mahali pa umma kama vile vivutio vya kusafiri, na ushauri wa serikali dhidi ya kusafiri. Makampuni ya ndege mbalimbali yamefuta safari, na makampuni madogo ya ndege yameshindwa. Sekta ya meli iliathirika vibaya pia, na vituo vya meli vimefungwa. Posta ya kimataifa kati ya nchi nyingine imesimama au kuchelewa kutokana na kupungua kwa usafiri baina yao au kusimamishwa kwa huduma za ndani.<ref>{{Citation|title=Collapsed Flybe: 'Do not travel to the airport'|date=2020-03-05|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51746564|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title='Most significant crisis in the history of travel': where to now for tourism?|url=https://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/most-significant-crisis-in-the-history-of-travel-where-to-now-for-tourism-20200227-p5450j.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=2020-04-03|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|author=Brook Turner}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coronavirus scare: Complete list of airlines suspending flights|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/travel/story/coronavirus-scare-complete-list-of-airlines-suspending-flights-1650574-2020-02-27|work=India Today|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|author=Reuters New DelhiFebruary 27, 2020UPDATED: February 28, 2020 18:58 Ist}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Kong|first=Mike Cherney in Sydney and Lucy Craymer in Hong|title=You’ve Got Mail...Finally: The Pandemic Is Jamming Up the World’s Post|date=2020-05-05|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/another-coronavirus-business-problem-skyrocketing-cost-of-air-cargo-11588687216|work=Wall Street Journal|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Sekta ya rejareja imeathiriwa duniani kote, na maduka mengi yamefunga kwa muda au yamepunguza masaa ya biashara. Ziara za wateja katika Ulaya na Amerika Kusini zilianguka kwa asilimia 40. Huko Amerika Kaskazini na Mashariki ya kati wauzaji waliona kushuka kwa asilimia 50-60. Hii pia ilisababisha kushuka kwa trafiki ya miguu kwa asilimia 33-43 vituoni kwa ununuzi mwezi Machi ikilinganishwa na mwezi Februari. Wakurugenzi wa maduka ya biashara duniani kote waliweka hatua za ziada, kama vile kuongezeka kwa usafi, ufungaji wa scanners ili kuangalia joto la wanunuzi, na kufuta matukio.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coronavirus Resources for Retailers|url=https://nrf.com/resources/retail-safety-and-security-tools/coronavirus-resources-retailers|work=NRF|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|archivedate=2020-05-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514184753/https://nrf.com/resources/retail-safety-and-security-tools/coronavirus-resources-retailers}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=How Retailers Globally are Responding to Coronavirus|url=https://www.aislelabs.com/blog/2020/04/02/how-retailers-globally-are-responding-to-coronavirus-updated-frequently/|work=Aislelabs|date=2020-04-02|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-05-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514102950/https://www.aislelabs.com/blog/2020/04/02/how-retailers-globally-are-responding-to-coronavirus-updated-frequently/}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=How Shopping Centres Globally are Responding to Coronavirus (Updated Frequently)|url=https://www.aislelabs.com/blog/2020/03/23/how-shopping-centres-responding-coronavirus/|work=Aislelabs|date=2020-03-23|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-US|author=Danny Santos|archivedate=2020-05-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508144302/https://www.aislelabs.com/blog/2020/03/23/how-shopping-centres-responding-coronavirus/}}</ref> Mamia ya mamilioni ya kazi yamepotezwa duniani kote. Zaidi ya Wamarekani 40,000,000 walipoteza kazi zao na kufanya madai ya bima ya ukosefu wa ajira.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Half the world's workers face losing their jobs, says ILO|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/world-workers-face-losing-jobs-ilo-200427171840169.html|work=www.aljazeera.com|accessdate=2020-09-11|author=James Brownsell}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Romm|first=Tony|title=Americans have filed more than 40 million jobless claims in past 10 weeks, as another 2.1 million filed for benefits last week|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/05/28/unemployment-claims-coronavirus/|work=Washington Post|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Kwa mujibu ya makadirio ya Tume ya uchumi ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya Amerika Kusini, kushuka kwa uchumi kutokana na janga kungewalazimisha watu milioni 14-22 katika umaskini kuliko idadi bila janga hilo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=La pandemia amenaza con dejar entre 14 y 22 millones de personas más en pobreza extrema en Latinoamérica|url=https://elpais.com/economia/2020-04-03/la-pandemia-amenaza-con-dejar-entre-14-y-22-millones-de-personas-mas-en-pobreza-extrema-en-america-latina.html|work=EL PAÍS|date=2020-04-03|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=es|author=Ignacio Fariza}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Updated estimates of the impact of COVID-19 on global poverty|url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/updated-estimates-impact-covid-19-global-poverty|work=blogs.worldbank.org|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en}}</ref> Uchumi wa nchi zinazoendelea umeharibu sana hasa nchi za Afrika ambazo zimeshakuwa na deni kubwa sana. Zaidi ya deni ni kiChina na sasa kuna shinikizo kubwa juu ya Uchina kufuta deni hiyo. Shirika la IMF na Benki ya Duniani na nchi za G-20, zikiwemo Uchina, vimekubali kuchelewesha kulipa deni hiyo. Lakini kuna waswasi huko Afrika kwamba Uchina itauliza kulipwa hivi karibuni kwa sababu uchumi wa kiChina pia una matatizo. Wachambuzi wengi wanaamini kwamba pengine Uchina itajaribu kufaidika hali hiyo kwa kuchukua miundo mbinu kwa mfano bandari kama nchi za Afrika hazitaweza kulipa deni. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=ISS TODAY: Is Covid-19 enabling debt-trap diplomacy?|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-05-01-is-covid-19-enabling-debt-trap-diplomacy/|work=Daily Maverick|date=2020-04-30|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|author=Peter Fabricius for ISS TODAY}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Africa: China-Africa Blanket Debt Forgiveness Not in the Cards|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202006030219.html|work=allAfrica.com|date=2020-06-03|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|author=Salem Solomon}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Pandemic reveals rifts in China-Africa relations|url=https://www.efe.com/efe/english/destacada/pandemic-reveals-rifts-in-china-africa-relations/50000261-4280104|work=www.efe.com|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ukosefu wa bidhaa ==== Mlipuko huo umelaumuliwa kwa uhaba wa ugavi, kutokana na kuongezeka kwa matumizi ya vifaa vinavyohitajika kupambana na virusi hivyo, kununua bidhaa zaidi zinazohitajika kutokana na hofu, na kuvuruga operesheni za kiwanda na utaritibu wa ugavi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coronavirus fears empty store shelves of toilet paper, bottled water, masks as shoppers stock up|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2020/02/28/coronavirus-2020-preparation-more-supply-shortages-expected/4903322002/|work=USA TODAY|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-US|author=Kelly Tyko, Jessica Guynn and Mike Snider}}</ref>Kuenea kwa kununua kutokana na hofu kumesababishwa na watu wanoamini kwamba kutakuwa na uhaba au tishio fulani, hofu ya mustakubali, au sababu kisaikolojia na kijamii (kwa mfano, ushawishi wa kijamii na uaminifu).<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Yuen|first=Kum Fai|last2=Wang|first2=Xueqin|last3=Ma|first3=Fei|last4=Li|first4=Kevin X.|date=2020-5|title=The Psychological Causes of Panic Buying Following a Health Crisis|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7277661/|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=17|issue=10|doi=10.3390/ijerph17103513|issn=1661-7827|pmc=7277661|pmid=32443427}}</ref> Sekta ya teknolojia, hasa, imeonya juu ya ucheleweshaji wa shehena ya bidhaa za elektroniki.<ref>{{Citation|last=Strumpf|first=Dan|title=Tech Sector Fears Supply Delays as Effects of Virus Ripple Through China|date=2020-01-31|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/tech-sector-fears-supply-delays-as-effects-of-virus-ripple-through-china-11580484181|work=Wall Street Journal|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Kwa mujibu ya Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa WHO Tedros Adhanom, mahitaji ya vifaa vya kujilinda binafsi yamefufuka mara mia, na kusababisha bei mara ishirini kuliko bei za kawaida na pia kuchelewa kwa ugavi wa vitu vya matibabu kwa miezi minne hadi sita.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=WHO warns of global shortage of face masks and protective suits|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/07/who-warns-global-shortage-face-masks-protective-suits-coronavirus|work=the Guardian|date=2020-02-07|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en}}</ref> Pia imesababisha uhaba wa vifaa vya kinga binafsi duniani kote, na WHO limeonya kwamba hali hiyo itahatarisha wafanyakazi wa afya.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Shortage of personal protective equipment endangering health workers worldwide|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/03-03-2020-shortage-of-personal-protective-equipment-endangering-health-workers-worldwide|work=www.who.int|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en}}</ref> Athari ya mlipuko Coronavirus ilikuwa duniani kote. Virusi vilisababisha uhaba wa kemikali zinazotumika katika kutengenza dawa za fentanyl na methamphetamine. Kundi la Yuancheng, liko Wuhan, Uchina, ni moja ya makampuni yanayosambaza kemikali hizo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Corona snijdt ook in het vlees van de drugsmaffia|url=https://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf20200410_04920099|work=De Standaard|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=nl-BE}}</ref> Kuongezeka kwa bei na upungufu wa dawa hizi haramu vimeangaliwa mitaani huko Uingereza. Polisi wa Marekani pia waliambia gazeti la New York Post kwamba makundi ya madawa ya kulevya ya kiMexico yanakuwa na changamoto kupata kemikali hizo.<ref>{{Citation|last=correspondent|first=Jamie Grierson Home affairs|title=Coronavirus triggers UK shortage of illicit drugs|date=2020-04-12|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/apr/12/coronavirus-triggers-uk-shortage-of-illicit-drugs|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coronavirus pandemic drives up price of heroin, meth and fentanyl|url=https://nypost.com/2020/03/28/coronavirus-pandemic-drives-up-price-of-heroin-meth-and-fentanyl/|work=New York Post|date=2020-03-28|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-US|author=Isabel Vincent}}</ref> Janga hilo limevuruga ugavi wa chakula cha kimataifa na kutishia kusababisha matatizo lipya la chakula. David Beasley, mkuu wa Shirika la chakula duniani (WFP), alisema "Tungekabiliwa na njaa nyingi mnamo miezi michache ijayo."<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=How to Stop a Looming Food Crisis|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/14/how-to-stop-food-crisis-coronavirus-economy-trade/|work=Foreign Policy|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-US|author=Maximo Torero}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=World risks 'biblical' famines due to pandemic - UN|date=2020-04-21|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-52373888|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Maafisa wa Umoja wa Mataifa walikadiria mwezi Aprili 2020 kwamba watu wa ziada 130,000,000 wangekufa kutokana na njaa, kwa jumla ya watu 265,000,000 mwishoni 2020.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Senior Officials Sound Alarm over Food Insecurity, Warning of Potentially ‘Biblical’ Famine, in Briefings to Security Council {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/sc14164.doc.htm|work=www.un.org|accessdate=2020-09-11}}</ref> ==== Mafuta na masoko ya nishati ==== Mwanzo wa Februari 2020, Shirika la nchi za mafuta (OPEC) lilichochoea baada ya kupungua kwa bei ya mafuta kutokana na mahitaji ya chini kutoka Uchina. Tarehe 20 Aprili, bei ya hisa za West Texas Intermediate (WTI) alianguka chini ya sifuri hadi rekodi ya chini (- $37.63) kutokana na wanaomili hisa wakiziuza. Mwezi Juni bei zilikuweko chini lakini bora, na pipa la WTI liliuzwa $20.<ref>{{Citation|last=Reed|first=Stanley|title=OPEC Scrambles to React to Falling Oil Demand From China|date=2020-02-03|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/03/business/energy-environment/china-oil-opec.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=US oil prices turn negative as demand dries up|date=2020-04-21|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52350082|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> === Utamaduni === Sekta za sanaa na urithi wa utamaduni zimeathiriwa sana na janga hilo, ambalo limeathiri operesheni za mashirika pamoja na watu — wote walioajiriwa na waliojitegemea — duniani kote. Mashirika ya utamaduni yalijaribu kulinda malengo (mara nyingi inayofadhiliwa kwa umma) ya kutoa huduma za kitamaduni kwa jamii, kulinda usalama wa waajiriwa wao na pia umma, na kuwasaidia wasanii kama iwezekanavyo. Mnamo Machi 2020, kote ulimwenguni, makumbusho, maktaba, na taasisi nyingine za kitamaduni zilikuwa zimefungwa na maonyesho na matukio yao yalifutwa au kuahirishwa. Kulikuwa na juhudi kubwa kutoa huduma mbadala mtandaoni.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Here are the museums that have closed (so far) due to coronavirus|url=http://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/here-are-the-museums-that-have-closed-due-to-coronavirus|work=www.theartnewspaper.com|accessdate=2020-09-11|archivedate=2020-03-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329062120/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/here-are-the-museums-that-have-closed-due-to-coronavirus}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=What churches, mosques and temples are doing to fight the spread of coronavirus|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/14/world/churches-mosques-temples-coronavirus-spread/index.html|work=CNN|accessdate=2020-09-11|author=Daniel Burke, CNN Religion Editor}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Here are the latest major events that have been canceled or postponed because of the coronavirus outbreak, including the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, Burning Man, and the 74th Annual Tony Awards|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/major-events-cancelled-or-postponed-due-to-the-coronavirus-2020|work=Business Insider|accessdate=2020-09-11|author=Joey Hadden, Laura Casado}}</ref> Matukio ya wiki ya Pasaka mjini Roma yalifutwa. Viongozi wengi wamependekeza Wakristo wazee wakae nyumbani badala ya kuhudhuria mikutano ya kidini; mingi yalipatikana kupitia kwa redio, mtandaoni na televisheni, ingawa baadhi ya kanisa imefanya mikutano kwenye magari. Pamoja na Vatican na makanisa ya kikatoliki, makundi ya kidini mengine pia yalifuta mikutano ya umma katika makanisa, misikiti, masinagogi, mahekalu na gurdwaras. Wizara ya afya ya Irani ilitangaza kwamba sala za Ijumaa zilifutwa katika maeneo yaliyoathiriwa na mlipuko na baadaye makaburi yalifungwa pia, na Saudi Arabia ilipiga marufuku wasafiri wa kigeni pamoja na wakazi wake kuingia maeneo matakatifu ya Makka na Medina.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=What churches, mosques and temples are doing to fight the spread of coronavirus|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/14/world/churches-mosques-temples-coronavirus-spread/index.html|work=CNN|accessdate=2020-09-11|author=Daniel Burke, CNN Religion Editor}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/saudi-arabia-halts-travel-to-islams-holiest-site-over-virus%2f2020%2f02%2f26%2fc86ec712-5918-11ea-8efd-0f904bdd8057_story.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2020-09-21 |archivedate=2020-02-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227215249/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/saudi-arabia-halts-travel-to-islams-holiest-site-over-virus/2020/02/26/c86ec712-5918-11ea-8efd-0f904bdd8057_story.html |=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227215249/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/saudi-arabia-halts-travel-to-islams-holiest-site-over-virus/2020/02/26/c86ec712-5918-11ea-8efd-0f904bdd8057_story.html }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title='Unprecedented' Hajj begins -- with 1,000 pilgrims, rather than the usual 2 million|url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/hajj-2020-coronavirus-intl/index.html|work=CNN|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|author=By Jomana Karadsheh and Tamara Qiblawi CNN}}</ref> Janga hilo limesababisha usumbufu mkubwa zaidi kwa kalenda ya michezo duniani kote tangu vita vya dunia ya pili. Matukio makubwa yamekatwa au kuahirishwa, yakiwemo Ligi ya Mabingwa ya UEFA 2019-20, Ligi Kuu 2019-20, UEFA Euro 2020, msimu wa NBA 2019-20, na msimu wa NHL 2019- 20. Mlipuko huo ulivurugu michezo ya Olimpiki ya 2020, ambayo ilikuwa imepangwa kuanza mwishoni mwezi Julai; Kamati ya Olimpiki ya kimataifa ilitangaza tarehe 24 Machi kwamba michezo hiyo "itafanyika tarehe mpya baada ya mwaka 2020 lakini si baada ya majira ya joto 2021".<ref>{{Citation|title=Tokyo 2020 Olympics postponed until 2021|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/52020134|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=NHL statement on coronavirus|url=https://www.nhl.com/news/nhl-coronavirus-status/c-316155530|work=NHL.com|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=NBA suspends season after Jazz center Rudy Gobert tests positive for coronavirus|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/11/us/nba-season-suspended-spt-trnd/index.html|work=CNN|accessdate=2020-09-11|author=David Close, Amanda Jackson and Jason Hanna CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Premier League coronavirus announcement: 2019/20 season suspended after cases at Chelsea, Arsenal & others|url=https://www.squawka.com/en/premier-league-suspended-coronavirus-liverpool-title/|work=Squawka|date=2020-03-13|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=All of this week's UEFA matches postponed {{!}} Inside UEFA|url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/about-uefa/news/025b-0f8e76ab25ae-3c76085ee109-1000--all-of-this-week-s-uefa-matches-postponed/|work=UEFA.com|date=2020-03-15|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en|author=UEFA.com}}</ref> Sekta ya burudani pia imekuwa iliathiriwa, na makundi mengi ya muziki yamesitisha au kufuta ziara ya tamasha. Mashindano ya wimbo wa Eurovision, ambayo yalipangwa kufanyika nchini Uholanzi mwezi Mei, yaliahirishwa hadi mwaka 2021. Thamthilia kubwa kama vile Broadway pia zilisitisha maonyesho yote. Wasanii wengine wametafuta njia mabadala kuendelea kuzalisha na kushiriki kazi yao mtandaoni, kama vile matamasha na sherehe. Pia kuna mizaha mingi na ucheshi kuhusu virusi vya COVID-10 mtandaoni, kama watu wengi watafuta njia za kuvumilia ukosefu wa uhakika.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coronavirus brings entertainment world to a standstill|url=https://apnews.com/31817b854e28b48fe64844478a3f1889|work=AP NEWS|date=2020-03-12|accessdate=2020-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Broadway theaters to suspend all performances because of coronavirus|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/12/health/broadway-coronavirus-update/index.html|work=CNN|accessdate=2020-09-11|author=Taylor Romine, Eric Levenson and Javi Morgado CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Savage|first=Mark|title=Eurovision Song Contest cancelled over coronavirus|date=2020-03-18|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-51870325|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Social Distancing Festival Is Live Online|url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/daily/arts/2020-03-15/the-social-distancing-festival-is-live-online/|work=www.austinchronicle.com|accessdate=2020-09-11|language=en-US|author=Wayne Alan Brenner, 5:30PM, Sun Mar. 15, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coronavirus memes are spreading as the disease travels across the world — here's what they look like and why creators say they're important|url=https://www.insider.com/coronavirus-memes-people-joking-about-covid-19-to-reduce-stress-2020-3|work=Insider|accessdate=2020-09-11|author=Margot Harris}}</ref> === Siasa === Janga hilo limeathiriwa mifumo ya kisiasa ya nchi nyingi, kuvuruga shughuli za kisheria. Wanasiasa wengi wameambukizwa na kujitenga na wengine wamekufa. Ratiba ya uchaguzi kadhaa imebadilishwa kutokana na hofu ya virusi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Federal government announces aggressive measures to battle COVID-19 as parliament suspended until April|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/canadian-parliament-suspended-until-april-due-to-coronavirus-crisis|work=National Post|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en-CA}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coronavirus in the Corridors of Power|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/18/coronavirus-corridors-power-which-world-leaders-have-covid-19/|work=Foreign Policy|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en-US|author=Darcy Palder, Amy Mackinnon}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Corasaniti|first=Nick|title=16 States Have Postponed Primaries During the Pandemic. Here’s a List.|date=2020-08-10|url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/2020-campaign-primary-calendar-coronavirus.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2020-09-21|last2=Saul|first2=Stephanie}}</ref> ==== Uchina ==== Serikali ya Uchina imekosolewa na serikali ya Marekani, Waziri wa ofisi ya Baraza la mawaziri wa Uingereza Michael Gove, na wengine kutokana na utunzaji wao wa janga hilo.<ref>{{Citation|last=Proctor|first=Kate|title=Michael Gove appears to blame China over lack of UK coronavirus testing|date=2020-03-29|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/mar/29/michael-gove-appears-to-blame-china-over-lack-of-uk-coronavirus-testing|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2020-09-21}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=U.S. and China Turn Coronavirus Into a Geopolitical Football|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/11/coronavirus-geopolitics-china-united-states-trump-administration-competing-global-health-response/|work=Foreign Policy|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en-US|author=Colum Lynch, Robbie Gramer}}</ref>Baadhi ya wasimamizi wa ngazi za majimbo wa chama cha kikomunisti wa Uchina walifukuzwa kwa sababu jinsi walivyosimamia juhudi za karantini huko Uchina ya kati, ishara ya kutoridhika kwa majibu yao ya mlipuko. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=China sacked a brace of top officials in Hubei province, likely in a move to protect Xi Jinping from people's anger over the coronavirus outbreak|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/analysis-china-hubei-officials-sacked-xi-jinping-protected-2020-2|work=Business Insider|accessdate=2020-09-21|author=Bill Bostock}}</ref>Baadhi ya wachambuzi waliamini hatua hizi zilikusudiwa kumlinda Waziri Mkuu wa Kichina, Xi Jinping kutoka utata huo. Jumuiya ya upelelezi ya Marekani inasema kwamba serikali ya Uchina haikuripoti idadi sahihi ya kesi za coronavirus kwa maksudi.<ref>{{Citation|last=Barnes|first=Julian E.|title=C.I.A. Hunts for Authentic Virus Totals in China, Dismissing Government Tallies|date=2020-04-16|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/02/us/politics/cia-coronavirus-china.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2020-09-21}}</ref> ==== Marekani ==== Mlipuko huo ulisababisha wito kwa Marekani kuunga sera za kijamii sawa ya nchi nyingine tajiri, zikiwemo huduma za afya kwa kila raia, huduma za watoto wote, msaada wa wagonjwa, na viwango vya juu vya fedha za umma za afya.<ref>{{Citation|last=Miller|first=Claire Cain|title=Could the Pandemic Wind Up Fixing What’s Broken About Work in America?|date=2020-04-11|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/10/upshot/coronavirus-future-work-america.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2020-09-21}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Five ways the coronavirus could change American politics|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/495761-five-ways-the-coronavirus-could-change-american-politics|work=TheHill|date=2020-05-02|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en|author=Ian Swanson}}</ref>Wachambuzi wa kisiasa walitarajia kwamba hali hiyo pengine ingepunguza nafasi ya Donald Trump kushinda uchaguzi mpya mwezi Novemba.<ref>{{Citation|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|title=Trump’s Re-election Chances Suddenly Look Shakier|date=2020-03-12|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/us/politics/trump-vs-biden.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2020-09-21|last2=Martin|first2=Jonathan}}</ref> Kuanzia kati ya Aprili 2020, kulikuwa na maandamano katika majimbo kadhaa ya Marekani dhidi ya ufungaji wa biashara ulioagizwa na serikali na vikwazo vya kusafiri na mawasailiano.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coronavirus: Anti-lockdown protests grow across US - BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52330531|work=web.archive.org|date=2020-04-17|accessdate=2020-09-21|archivedate=2020-04-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417172715/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52330531}}</ref> ==== Nchi nyingine ==== Mazoezi ya kijeshi ya NATO ya 2020 yanaohusisha Ujerumani, Poland, na nchi za Baltic, mazoezi makubwa zaidi tangu mwishoni kwa vita baridi, yatafanyika kwa kiwango kidogo zaidi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/how-coronavirus-derailed-the-largest-nato-exercise-in-25-years|work=www.spectator.co.uk|accessdate=2020-09-21}}</ref> Serikali ya Irani imeathiriwa sana na virusi, na wabunge takriban ishirini na nne na wanasiasa wa sasa au zamani kumi na tano waliambukizwa.<ref>{{Citation|last=Cunningham|first=Erin|title=Coronavirus pummels Iran leadership as data show spread is far worse than reported|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/coronavirus-pummels-iran-leadership-as-data-show-spread-is-far-worse-than-reported/2020/03/04/7b1196ae-5c9f-11ea-ac50-18701e14e06d_story.html|work=Washington Post|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2020-09-21|last2=Bennett|first2=Dalton}}</ref> Rais wa Irani Hassan Rouhani aliwaandikia viongozi wa dunia barua ya umma akiomba msaada tarehe 14 Machi 2020, akisema walikuwa na changamoto kupambana na mlipuko huo kutokana na vikwazo vya Marekani dhidi ya Irani.<ref>{{Citation|last=Staff|first=Reuters|title=U.S. sanctions 'severely hamper' Iran coronavirus fight, Rouhani says|date=2020-03-14|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-iran-idUSKBN2110HL|work=Reuters|language=en|access-date=2020-09-21}}</ref> Saudi Arabia, ambayo ilianza kuingilia kwa kijeshi nchini Yemeni mwezi Machi 2015, ilitangaza kukoma kwa vita.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coronavirus Pandemic Forces a Cease-Fire in Yemen|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/09/coronavirus-pandemic-forces-cease-fire-yemen-humanitarian-crisis-saudi-arabia-houthis/|work=Foreign Policy|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en-US|author=Robbie Gramer, Jack Detsch, Dan Haverty}}</ref> Mahusiano ya kidiplomasia baina ya Japan na Korea Kusini yaliharibika kutokana na janga.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Japan and Korea Won't Let A Pandemic Stop Them Fighting|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/12/japan-and-korea-wont-let-a-pandemic-stop-them-fighting/|work=Foreign Policy|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en-US|author=William Sposato}}</ref> Korea Kusini iliikosoa Japan kwa sababu "juhudi zao karantini mbaya" baada ya Japani ilitangaza wale wote waliofika kutoka Korea Kusini lazimia waende karantini kwa wiki mbili mahali panapochaguliwa na serikali.<ref>{{Citation|last=Farrer|first=Justin McCurry Martin|title=Coronavirus quarantine plans ignite row between South Korea and Japan|date=2020-03-06|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/06/coronavirus-quarantine-plans-ignite-row-between-south-korea-and-japan|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2020-09-21}}</ref> Mwanzoni wananchi wa Korea Kusini waligawanyika kuhusu majibu ya Rais Moon Jae-in; wengi walipiga saini ama iliyomsifa na pia ama iliyosema aondolewe.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=How South Korea Lost Control of Its Coronavirus Outbreak|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/how-south-korea-lost-control-of-its-coronavirus-outbreak|work=The New Yorker|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en-us|author=Suki Kim}}</ref> Nchi nyingine zimepitisha sheria ya dharura kujibu janga hilo. Baadhi ya wachambuzi wameonyesha wasiwasi kwamba ingeruhusu serikali kuimarisha madaraka yao.<ref>{{Citation|last=Walker|first=Shaun|title=Authoritarian leaders may use Covid-19 crisis to tighten their grip|date=2020-03-31|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/31/coronavirus-is-a-chance-for-authoritarian-leaders-to-tighten-their-grip|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2020-09-21}}</ref> Nchini Ufilipino, wabunge walimpa Rais Rodrigo Duterte madaraka za dharura wakati wa janga hilo. Nchini Hungary, wabunge walipiga kura kumruhusu Waziri Mkuu, Viktor Orbán, kutawala kwa kutoa amri kwa muda usiojulikana, kusimamisha bunge pamoja na uchaguzi, na kuwaadhibu wale wanaotuhumiwa kusambaza taarifa za uongo kuhusu virusi na sera za serikali. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Some leaders use pandemic to sharpen tools against critics|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/coronavirus-crisis-excuses-curbs-free-speech-70177977|work=ABC News|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en|author=A. B. C. News}}</ref>Katika baadhi ya nchi, kama vile Misri, Uturuki, na Thailand, wanaharakati wa upinzani na wakosoaji wa serikali wamekamatwa kwa kutuhumiwa kueneza habari ambazo serikali hizo zinadai ni bandia kuhusu janga hilo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Asia cracks down on coronavirus 'fake news'|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/coronavirus-asia-cracks-down-on-virus-fake-news|work=The Straits Times|date=2020-04-10|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en|author=hermesauto}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coronavirus Has Started a Censorship Pandemic|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/01/coronavirus-censorship-pandemic-disinformation-fake-news-speech-freedom/|work=Foreign Policy|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en-US|author=Jacob Mchangama, Sarah McLaughlin}}</ref> === Elimu === Janga la coronavirus limeathiri mifumo ya elimu duniani kote, kusababisha ufungaji wa shule, vyuo vikuu na taasisi nyingine za elimu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Education: From disruption to recovery|url=https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse|work=UNESCO|date=2020-03-04|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en|author=https://plus.google.com/+UNESCO}}</ref> Serikali nyingi duniani kote zimefunga taasisi za elimu kwa muda kama jaribio kudhibiti usambazaji wa virusi hivyo. Mnamo 24 Mei 2020, wanafunzi takriban 1,725,000,000 waliathiriwa na kufungwa kwa shule. Kwa mujibu ya shirika la UNICEF, nchi 153 zimetekeleza ufungaji wa nchi nzima na 24 kutekeleza ufungaji wa wenyeji, kuathiri asilimia 98.6 ya idadi ya wanafunzi duniani. Shule za nchi 10 kwa sasa ziko wazi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Education: From disruption to recovery|url=https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse|work=UNESCO|date=2020-03-04|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en|author=https://plus.google.com/+UNESCO}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Education: From disruption to recovery|url=https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse|work=UNESCO|date=2020-03-04|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en|author=https://plus.google.com/+UNESCO}}</ref> Tarehe 23 Machi 2020, mitihani ya kimataifa ya Cambridge (CIE) ilitangaza kufutwa mitihani yake. Mitihani ya kimataifa ya Baccalaureate pia imefutwa. Pia mitihani ya AP, SAT, na ACT nchini Marekani imehamisha mtandaoni au kufutwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=May 2020 examinations will no longer be held|url=https://www.ibo.org/news/news-about-the-ib/may-2020-examinations-will-no-longer-be-held/|work=International Baccalaureate®|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en}}</ref> Kufungwa kwa shule kunaathiri sio wanafunzi tu, lakini pia walimu, na familia. Kuna matokeo makubwa ya kiuchumi na kijamii. Hali hiyo imevutia macho masuala mengi, kwa mfano, madeni ya wanafunzi,<ref>{{Citation|last=Jamerson|first=Josh Mitchell and Joshua|title=Student-Loan Debt Relief Offers Support to an Economy Battered by Coronavirus|date=2020-03-20|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/student-loan-debt-relief-offers-support-to-an-economy-battered-by-coronavirus-11584735842|work=Wall Street Journal|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|access-date=2020-09-21}}</ref> mafunzo ya dijitali,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title='Clear as mud': schools ask for online learning help as coronavirus policy confusion persists|url=http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/mar/24/clear-as-mud-schools-ask-for-online-learning-help-as-coronavirus-policy-confusion-persists|work=the Guardian|date=2020-03-23|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en}}</ref> ukosefu wa chakula,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Schools Race To Feed Students Amid Coronavirus Closures|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/03/20/818300504/schools-race-to-feed-students-amid-coronavirus-closures|work=NPR.org|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en}}</ref> na kukosa makazi,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Homeless students during the coronavirus pandemic: 'We have to make sure they're not forgotten'|url=https://statesville.com/news/education/homeless-students-during-the-coronavirus-pandemic-we-have-to-make-sure-theyre-not-forgotten/article_4b41ed40-43f2-5215-97ce-6040b54de755.html|work=Statesville.com|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en|author=BEN SESSOMS bsessoms@statesville.com}}</ref> pamoja na utunzaji wa watoto,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coronavirus Forces Families to Make Painful Childcare Decisions|url=https://time.com/5804176/coronavirus-childcare-nannies/|work=Time|accessdate=2020-09-21|archive-date=2020-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429230834/https://time.com/5804176/coronavirus-childcare-nannies/|url-status=dead}}</ref> huduma za afya, nyumba, mtandao, na huduma za ulemavu. Athari hiyo ilikuwa kali zaidi kwa watoto wasio na mahitaji na familia zao, kuvuruga kujifunza, lishe ya watoto, matatizo ya kiuchumi kwa familia bila ajira.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Bao|first=Xue|last2=Qu|first2=Hang|last3=Zhang|first3=Ruixiong|last4=Hogan|first4=Tiffany P.|date=2020/1|title=Modeling Reading Ability Gain in Kindergarten Children during COVID-19 School Closures|url=https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/17/6371|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|language=en|volume=17|issue=17|pages=6371|doi=10.3390/ijerph17176371}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Adverse consequences of school closures|url=https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse/consequences|work=UNESCO|date=2020-03-10|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en|author=https://plus.google.com/+UNESCO}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=School closures are starting, and they’ll have far-reaching economic impacts|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90476445/school-closures-are-starting-and-theyll-have-far-reaching-economic-impacts|work=Fast Company|date=2020-03-12|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en-US|author=Jared Lindzon}}</ref> Kujibu kwa kufungwa kwa shule, shirika la UNESCO lilipendekeza matumizi ya mipango ya kujifunza mbali kama mtandaoni na kufungua majukwaa ya elimu ambayo shule na waalimu wanaweza kutumia ili wapunguze usumbufu wa elimu. === Masuala mengine ya afya === Janga hilo limekuwa na athari nyingi za afya duniani zaidi ya zile zinazosababishwa na coronavirus. Limesababisha upungufu wa ziara hospitalini kwa sababu zingine. Kumekuwa na upungufu wa asilimia 38 wa ziara za hospitalini kwa ajili ya dalili za matatizo ya moyo nchini Marekani na asilimia 40 nchini Hispania.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Garcia|first=Santiago|last2=Albaghdadi|first2=Mazen S.|last3=Meraj|first3=Perwaiz M.|last4=Schmidt|first4=Christian|last5=Garberich|first5=Ross|last6=Jaffer|first6=Farouc A.|last7=Dixon|first7=Simon|last8=Rade|first8=Jeffrey J.|last9=Tannenbaum|first9=Mark|date=2020-06-09|title=Reduction in ST-Segment Elevation Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Activations in the United States During COVID-19 Pandemic|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151384/|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|language=en|volume=75|issue=22|pages=2871|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.011|pmid=32283124}}</ref> Mtaalamu wa moyo huko Chuo Kikuu cha Arizona alisema, "Nina wasiwasi kwamba watu wengi wanakufa nyumbani kwa sababu wana ogopa sana kwenda hospitalini."<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Covid phobia keeping people with heart symptoms away from ERs|url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/23/coronavirus-phobia-keeping-heart-patients-away-from-er/|work=STAT|date=2020-04-23|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en-US}}</ref> Pia kuna wasiwasi kwamba watu wenye matatizo ya afya mengine hawachelewi kwenda hospitalini. Upungufu wa vifaa vya matibabu umeathiri watu wenye magonjwa mbalimbali.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Medication Shortages Are the Next Crisis|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/04/medication-shortages-are-next-crisis/610798/|work=The Atlantic|date=2020-04-28|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en-US|author=Jeremy Samuel Faust}}</ref> Katika nchi kadhaa kumekuwa na upungufu wa magonjwa ya maambukizo ya zinaa, kama vile HIV, kutokana na sera za karantini na kujitenga na mapendekezo ya kutofanya ngono ya kawaida. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=U.K. Lockdown Has ‘Broken HIV Chain’ With Huge Reduction In New STI Cases|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamiewareham/2020/05/01/uk-lockdown-has-broken-hiv-chain-with-huge-reduction-in-new-sti-cases/|work=Forbes|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en|author=Jamie Wareham}}</ref>Vile vile, katika baadhi ya maeneo, viwango vya maambukizo ya mafua na virusi vingine vimeanguka kwa kiwango kikubwa wakati wa janga hilo. Janga pia limeathiri vibaya afya ya akili duniani kote.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Australia sees huge decrease in flu cases due to coronavirus measures|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2242113-australia-sees-huge-decrease-in-flu-cases-due-to-coronavirus-measures/|work=New Scientist|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en-US|author=Alice Klein}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Weekly U.S. Influenza Surveillance Report {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/index.htm|work=www.cdc.gov|date=2020-09-18|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en-us}}</ref> === Ubaguzi wa rangi === Tangu mwanzo wa mlipuko huo, kuchochea chuki, ubaguzi, na ubaguzi wa rangi vimeripotiwa duniani kote dhidi ya watu wa Kichina na Asia Mashiriki.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The coronavirus exposes the history of racism and "cleanliness"|url=https://www.vox.com/2020/2/7/21126758/coronavirus-xenophobia-racism-china-asians|work=Vox|date=2020-02-07|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en|author=Nylah Burton}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Fears of coronavirus trigger anti-China sentiment worldwide|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/world/2020/09/683_282767.html|work=koreatimes|date=2020-02-02|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en}}</ref>Taarifa mnamo Februari (kesi nyingi zaidi zilipokuweko Uchina) zilionyesha hisia za ubaguzi kuhusu watu wa Kichina, na ongezeko la wazo la wachina walistahili kupata virusi. <ref>{{Citation|last=Smith|first=Nicola|title=Anti-Chinese racism spikes as virus spreads globally|date=2020-02-01|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/02/01/anti-chinese-racism-spikes-virus-spreads-globally/|work=The Telegraph|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235|access-date=2020-09-21|last2=Torre|first2=Giovanni}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|last=Gorce|first=Tammy La|title=Chinese-Americans, Facing Abuse, Unite to Aid Hospitals in Coronavirus Battle|date=2020-04-10|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/05/nyregion/coronavirus-chinese-americans-supplies.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2020-09-21}}</ref>Raia za nchi kadhaa zikiwemo Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, Japani, Vietnam, na Korea Kusini walishinikiza serikali zao kupiga marufuku watu wa kichina kuingia nchi zao. Watu wa Kichina na Waasia wengine nchini Uingereza na Marekani wameripoti ongezeko la viwango vya unyanyasaji wa rangi na mashambulizi.<ref>{{Citation|last=Tavernise|first=Sabrina|title=Spit On, Yelled At, Attacked: Chinese-Americans Fear for Their Safety|date=2020-06-02|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/us/chinese-coronavirus-racist-attacks.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2020-09-21|last2=Jr|first2=Richard A. Oppel}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hunt for racist coronavirus attackers: Police release CCTV after assault|url=https://www.itv.com/news/london/2020-03-04/hunt-for-racist-coronavirus-attackers-police-release-cctv-after-oxford-street-assault|work=ITV News|date=2020-03-04|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en}}</ref> Kufuatia usambazaji hadi nchi nyingine, watu wanaotoka Italia (nchi ya kwanza huko Ulaya yenye mlipuko mkubwa) walikabiliwa na ubaguzi, na pia watu wanaotoka nchi nyingine zenye kesi nyingi.<ref>{{Citation|last=Nadeau|first=Barbie Latza|title=Italy Shows Just How Crazy Coronavirus Panic Can Get|date=2020-02-29|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/italy-shows-just-how-crazy-coronavirus-panic-can-get|work=The Daily Beast|language=en|access-date=2020-09-21}}</ref> Ubaguzi dhidi ya Waislamu nchini India uliongezeka baada ya mamlaka ya afya ya umma ilitambua mkusanyiko wa umisionari wa kiislamu mjini New Delhi mwezi Machi 2020 kama chanzo cha kuenea.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Indian Muslims Are Being Scapegoated for the Coronavirus|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2020/04/tablighi-jamaat-india-muslims-coronavirus.html|work=Slate Magazine|date=2020-04-09|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en|author=Namrata Kolachalam}}</ref> Paris imekuwa na ghasia kuhusu jinsi polisi walivyowatendea watu wenye rangi wakati wa ufungaji.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Violence flares in tense Paris suburbs as heavy-handed lockdown stirs ‘explosive cocktail’|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200421-violence-flares-in-tense-paris-suburbs-as-heavy-handed-lockdown-stirs-explosive-cocktail|work=France 24|date=2020-04-21|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en}}</ref> Ubaguzi wa rangi dhidi ya watu wanaotoka Asia Kusini na Asia Kusini Mashiriki uliongezeka katika mataifa ya Kiarabu. Jamii ya LGBTQ ya Korea Kusini iliwalaumuliwa na watu wengine kwa kuenea virusi hivyo mjini Seoul.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Covid-19 Fueling Anti-Asian Racism and Xenophobia Worldwide|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/05/12/covid-19-fueling-anti-asian-racism-and-xenophobia-worldwide|work=Human Rights Watch|date=2020-05-12|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Covid-19 Backlash Targets LGBT People in South Korea|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/05/13/covid-19-backlash-targets-lgbt-people-south-korea|work=Human Rights Watch|date=2020-05-13|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en}}</ref> Nchini Uchina, ubaguzi wa rangi dhidi ya wakazi wasio Kichina umechochewa na janga hilo, na wageni waliitwa "takataka za kigeni" na walilengwa kwa "utupaji". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=After enduring months of lockdown, Africans in China are being targeted and evicted from apartments|url=https://qz.com/africa/1836510/africans-in-china-being-evicted-from-homes-after-lockdown-ends/|work=Quartz Africa|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en|author=Kwasi Gyamfi Asiedu}}</ref>Baadhi ya watu weusi walifukuzwa na polisi kutoka nyumbani kwao na kuambiwa kuondoka Uchina kabla ya masaa 24, kutokana na taarifa za uongo za wageni wakieneza virusi. Ubaguzi wa rangi huko ulikosolewa na serikali za kigeni na kundi la kidiplomasia, hasa serikali za nchi za Afrika, na Uchina iliomba samehe, lakini pia serikali ya Uchina imedai kwamba vyombo vya habari vya kigeni vimetia chumvi matukio hayo ili vionyeshe picha mbaya ya Uchina. Ubaguzi wa rangi dhidi ya watu waAfrika umeendelea. WaAfrika wameondolewa migahawani, madukani, na mahali pengine nchini Uchina.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Beijing faces a diplomatic crisis after reports of mistreatment of Africans in China causes outrage|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/13/asia/china-guangzhou-african-blacklash-hnk-intl/index.html|work=CNN|accessdate=2020-09-21|author=Jenni Marsh CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Akinwotu|first=Jason Burke Emmanuel|title=China fails to stop racism against Africans over Covid-19|date=2020-04-27|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/27/china-fails-to-stop-racism-against-africans-over-covid-19|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2020-09-21|last2=Beijing|first2=and Lily Kuo in}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=China’s African traders try to move on from Covid-19 racism and business ruin|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3090772/chinas-african-traders-try-move-covid-19-racism-and-business|work=South China Morning Post|date=2020-06-26|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en}}</ref> === Usambazaji wa habari === Magazeti mengi yameruhusu kusoma makala zote kuhusu virusi hivyo kwa bure mtandaoni, wakati wachapishaji wa kisayansi walifanya upatikanaji karatasi za kisayansi kuhusu mlipuko huo wazi. Baadhi ya wanasayansi walichagua kugawa matokeo yao haraka zaidi kwenye seva za kuchapisha kama vile bioRxiv.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Major Publishers Take Down Paywalls for Coronavirus Coverage|url=https://www.adweek.com/digital/major-publishers-take-down-paywalls-for-coronavirus-coverage/|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coronavirus (COVID-19): sharing research data {{!}} Wellcome|url=https://wellcome.org/coronavirus-covid-19/open-data|work=wellcome.org|accessdate=2020-09-21|archive-date=2020-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429221359/https://wellcome.ac.uk/coronavirus-covid-19/open-data|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Coronavirus Research Is Moving at Top Speed—With a Catch|url=https://www.wired.com/story/coronavirus-research-preprint-servers/|work=Wired|language=en-us|issn=1059-1028|access-date=2020-09-21}}</ref> ==== Taarifa potofu ==== Janga hilo limesababisha taarifa potofu na taarifa na nadharia za janja kuhusu virusi kama vile asili, kuzuia, utambuzi, na matibabu ya ugonjwa huo.<ref>{{Citation|last=Monitoring|first=B. B. C.|title=China coronavirus: Misinformation spreads online|date=2020-01-30|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-51271037|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Disinformation and coronavirus|url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/disinformation-and-coronavirus|work=www.lowyinstitute.org|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en}}</ref> Habari za uongo, zikiwemo taarifa kama hizo zilizosambazwa kwa makusudi, zimeenezwa kutumia mtandao ya kijamii, ujumbe, na vyombo vya habari vya serekali za nchi zikiwemo Uchina, Urusi, Irani, na Turkmenistan.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Social Media Posts Spread Bogus Coronavirus Conspiracy Theory|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2020/01/social-media-posts-spread-bogus-coronavirus-conspiracy-theory/|work=FactCheck.org|date=2020-01-24|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en-US|author=Jessica McDonald}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=As the Coronavirus Spreads, Conspiracy Theories Are Going Viral Too|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/14/as-the-coronavirus-spreads-conspiracy-theories-are-going-viral-too/|work=Foreign Policy|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en-US|author=Elise Thomas}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title='American coronavirus': China pushes propaganda casting doubt on virus origin|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/12/conspiracy-theory-that-coronavirus-originated-in-us-gaining-traction-in-china|work=the Guardian|date=2020-03-13|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|last=Stubbs|first=Raphael Satter, Robin Emmott, Jack|title=China pressured EU to drop COVID disinformation criticism: sources|date=2020-04-25|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-eu-china-idUSKCN227030|work=Reuters|language=en|access-date=2020-09-21}}</ref>Pia habari hizo zimekuwa kueneza kwa operesheni za siri za serikali ili zizalishe hofu nchini nyingine. Katika nchi nyingine, kama vile India, Bangladesh, na Ethiopia, waandishi wa habari wamekamatwa kwa tuhuma za kueneza habari bandia kuhusu janga hilo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Controls to manage fake news in Africa are affecting freedom of expression|url=http://theconversation.com/controls-to-manage-fake-news-in-africa-are-affecting-freedom-of-expression-137808|work=The Conversation|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en|author=Ashwanee Budoo}}</ref> Taarifa potofu zimeenezwa na watu maarufu na wanasiasa.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/apr/08/influencers-being-key-distributors-of-coronavirus-fake-news</ref> Wabiashara wa kudanganya wamedai kuuza vipimo vinavyoweza kutumiwa nyumbani, kinga, na matibabu ya "muujiza". <ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/31/coronavirus-covid-19-fake-tests-cures</ref>Makundi kadhaa ya kidini yamedai imani yao itawalinda dhidi ya virusi. <ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/16/as-coronavirus-spreads-around-the-world-so-too-do-the-quack-cures</ref>Baadhi ya watu wamedai virusi ni silaha ya kibiolojiki iliyoruhusu kutolewa maabarani kwa ajali au kwa makusudi, mpango wa udhibiti wa idadi ya watu, matokeo ya operesheni ya kijasusi, au matokeo ya jumla ya uboreshaji wa 5G kwenye mitandao ya simu.<ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-coronavirus-us-target-country-special-version-covid19-a9417206.html</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-51646309</ref> Shirika la afya duniani limetangaza "janga la habari potofu" kuhusu virusi, ambalo linasababisha hatari kwa afya ya kimataifa.<ref>https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/disinformation-and-coronavirus</ref> == Mfululizo wa matukio ya janga la COVID-19 == Makala hii inahusu mfululizo na historia ya SARS-CoV-2, virusi vinavyosababisha COVID-19 vyenye wajibu wa janga la sasa. Kesi za kwanza zilizohusisha binadamu zilitambuliwa mjini Wuhan, Uchina mwezi Desemba 2019.<ref name=":4">{{Rejea tovuti|title=From fish market to global pandemic: Key dates in the coronavirus outbreak|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-29/coronavirus-timeline-from-wuhan-china-to-global-crisis/11903298|work=ABC News|date=2020-01-29|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en-AU|author=Erin H, ley, wires}}</ref> === Historia ya Janga === Kuanzia mwezi Januari 2020 utafiti wa timu tofauti ulieleza hali ya matibabu na pia kuchambua maendeleo ya virusi hivyo.<ref name=":5">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Who is 'patient zero' in the coronavirus outbreak? - BBC Future|url=http://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200221-coronavirus-the-harmful-hunt-for-covid-19s-patient-zero|work=web.archive.org|date=2020-02-26|accessdate=2020-09-21|archivedate=2020-02-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226004038/http://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200221-coronavirus-the-harmful-hunt-for-covid-19s-patient-zero}}</ref> Kesi za mapema zilizotambuliwa na maabara ziligunduliwa baadaye. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Huang|first=Chaolin|last2=Wang|first2=Yeming|last3=Li|first3=Xingwang|last4=Ren|first4=Lili|last5=Zhao|first5=Jianping|last6=Hu|first6=Yi|last7=Zhang|first7=Li|last8=Fan|first8=Guohui|last9=Xu|first9=Jiuyang|date=2020|title=Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159299/|journal=Lancet (London, England)|volume=395|issue=10223|pages=497–506|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5|issn=0140-6736|pmc=7159299|pmid=31986264}}</ref> Kwa ajili ya utafiti mapema, chanzo cha virusi hivyo pengine kiliendeleza mnamo 22-24 Novemba 2019 . Mnamo May 2020 nadharia hiyo ilithibitishwa na takwimu zaidi na mwanzo wa virusi COVID-19 ilitambuliwa mnamo 6 Octoba 2019 hadi 11 Desemba 2019. Pia ushahidi nguvu unaashiria kwamba virusi vilianza katika popo lakini vilienea binadamu kupitisha aina nyingine ya mnyama kutoka popo hadi binadamu. Inawezekana uwezo wa kuenea miongoni kwa binadamu uliendeleza baadaye. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses|work=www.who.int|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) – World Health Organization|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019|work=www.who.int|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Li|first=Xingguang|last2=Zai|first2=Junjie|last3=Zhao|first3=Qiang|last4=Nie|first4=Qing|last5=Li|first5=Yi|last6=Foley|first6=Brian T.|last7=Chaillon|first7=Antoine|date=2020-03-11|title=Evolutionary history, potential intermediate animal host, and cross‐species analyses of SARS‐CoV‐2|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7228310/|journal=Journal of Medical Virology|doi=10.1002/jmv.25731|issn=0146-6615|pmc=7228310|pmid=32104911}}</ref> ==== 17 Novemba 2019 ==== Kwa ajili ya utafiti uliofanywa baadaye, mgonjwa wa kwanza aliambukizwa na COVID-19, ingawa ugonjwa huo umekuwa haujatambulishwa. Aliishi jimbo la Hubei, Uchina.<ref name=":5" /> ==== 1 Desemba ==== Utafiti unaonyesha kwamba dalili za “Mgonjwa Sifuri” au mgonjwa wa kwanza zilianza tarehe 1 Desemba. Yeye alikuwa mwanamume na hakuenda Soko la Samaki mjini Wuhan na familia yake haikuathiriwa na hakuwa na uhusiano baina yake na kesi nyingine. Baadaye ilithibitishwa kwamba alikuwa na miaka sabini, alikuwa na ugonjwa wa Alzheimer na aliishi mbali kutoka sokoni na kwa kawaida hakuondoka nyumbani.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Huang|first=Chaolin|last2=Wang|first2=Yeming|last3=Li|first3=Xingwang|last4=Ren|first4=Lili|last5=Zhao|first5=Jianping|last6=Hu|first6=Yi|last7=Zhang|first7=Li|last8=Fan|first8=Guohui|last9=Xu|first9=Jiuyang|date=2020|title=Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159299/|journal=Lancet (London, England)|volume=395|issue=10223|pages=497–506|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5|issn=0140-6736|pmc=7159299|pmid=31986264}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Who is 'patient zero' in the coronavirus outbreak? - BBC Future|url=http://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200221-coronavirus-the-harmful-hunt-for-covid-19s-patient-zero|work=web.archive.org|date=2020-02-26|accessdate=2020-09-21|archivedate=2020-02-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226004038/http://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200221-coronavirus-the-harmful-hunt-for-covid-19s-patient-zero}}</ref> ==== 16 Desemba ==== Watu wa kwanza wenye virusi hivyo walilazwa hospitalini tarehe 16 Desemba. Wazee wawili wenye homa na kohoa walienda hospitalini Hubei Provincial. Mkuu wa matibatu ya kupumua Dk Zhang Jixian aliyewatiba alitambua ugonjwa wao kama pengine mafua au nimonia.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Huang|first=Chaolin|last2=Wang|first2=Yeming|last3=Li|first3=Xingwang|last4=Ren|first4=Lili|last5=Zhao|first5=Jianping|last6=Hu|first6=Yi|last7=Zhang|first7=Li|last8=Fan|first8=Guohui|last9=Xu|first9=Jiuyang|date=2020|title=Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159299/|journal=Lancet (London, England)|volume=395|issue=10223|pages=497–506|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5|issn=0140-6736|pmc=7159299|pmid=31986264}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Xinhua Headlines: Chinese doctor recalls first encounter with mysterious virus - Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-04/16/c_138982435.htm|work=www.xinhuanet.com|accessdate=2020-09-21|archivedate=2020-04-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423140325/https://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-04/16/c_138982435.htm}}</ref> ==== 24 Desemba ==== Sampuli ya mate ya kifua ilitumia maabara Vision Medicals kutoka Hospitali Wuhan Central kwa uchambuzi wa kijenetiki. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=独家{{!}}新冠病毒基因测序溯源：警报是何时拉响的_政经频道_财新网|url=http://china.caixin.com/2020-02-26/101520972.html|work=web.archive.org|date=2020-02-27|accessdate=2020-09-21|archivedate=2020-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227094018/http://china.caixin.com/2020-02-26/101520972.html}}</ref> ==== 27 Desemba ==== Baada ya kuangalia picha za CT za wazee hazikuwa kwaida, Dk Jixian alimwuliza mvulana wa wazee hao kupata CT na matokeo yalikuwa sawa. Jixian alifanya kazi kuhusu janga la SARS na alituhuma kulikuwa na mlipuko mengine wa maambukizo hayo. Mgonjwa mwengine, mfanyabiashara katika soko la samaki mjini Wuhan, alifikia hospitalini siku hiyo hiyo mwenye dalili sawa. Damu za wagonjwa wote zilipimwa na matokeo yanaonyesha walikuwa na aina ya virusi lakini sio mafua. Dk Jixian aliwaripotia wakuu wake na aliweka sehemu ya karantini. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ringing the alarm - Global Times|url=https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1178756.shtml|work=www.globaltimes.cn|accessdate=2020-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Xinhua Headlines: Chinese doctor recalls first encounter with mysterious virus - Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-04/16/c_138982435.htm|work=www.xinhuanet.com|accessdate=2020-09-21|archivedate=2020-04-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423140325/https://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-04/16/c_138982435.htm}}</ref> Hospitali ya Wuhan Central alipata ujumbe kutoka maabara Vision Medicals ukisema kwamba sampuli tarehe 24 Desemba ilikuwa na aina mpya ya coronavirus. Mgonjwa huyo aliwekwa karantini. Pia huko hospitali ya Wuhan Central, sampuli nyingine ilikusanyika kutoka mgonjwa mwengine mwenye ugonjwa usiojulikana na sampuli hiyo ilitumia maabara CapitalBio Medlab mjini Beijing. <ref>{{Citation|title=Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019|date=2020-09-21|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019&oldid=979575742|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2020-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=独家{{!}}新冠病毒基因测序溯源：警报是何时拉响的_政经频道_财新网|url=http://china.caixin.com/2020-02-26/101520972.html|work=web.archive.org|date=2020-02-27|accessdate=2020-09-21|archivedate=2020-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227094018/http://china.caixin.com/2020-02-26/101520972.html}}</ref> ==== 29 Desemba ==== Siku hiyo na jana kesi tatu zilifikia hospitalini Hubei Provincial, zote zilizohusiana na soko la samaki. Mamlaka ya afya ilikuwa imejulishwa na wataalamu wa magonjwa ya maambukizo walikuja kutoka hospitali Wuhan Central ili wawahamishe wagonjwa sita wa saba. Dk Jixian aliamua kuwaruhusu wafanyakazi wa matibabu katika idara yake kuvaa barakoa na aliagiza makoti ya kinga. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Xinhua Headlines: Chinese doctor recalls first encounter with mysterious virus - Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-04/16/c_138982435.htm|work=www.xinhuanet.com|accessdate=2020-09-21|archivedate=2020-04-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423140325/https://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-04/16/c_138982435.htm}}</ref> Wakuu wa hospitali ya Hubei Provincial walikutana na jupo la madaktari ambao walimaliza kwamba kesi hizo hazikuwa kawaida na kuhitajika mwangalizi maalum na pia, kwa sababu walikuwa wamejifunza juu ya kesi mbili nyingine mjini, waliamua kuripoti hitimisho zao mamlaka ya afya ya mji na jimbo. <ref>{{Citation|title=Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019|date=2020-09-21|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019&oldid=979575742|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2020-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=她最早发现新冠肺炎疫情苗头 第一时间上报可疑病例-中工民生-中工网|url=http://society.workercn.cn/32851/202002/08/200208073540988.shtml|work=society.workercn.cn|accessdate=2020-09-21|archive-date=2020-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516130104/http://society.workercn.cn/32851/202002/08/200208073540988.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== 30 Desemba ==== Hospitali ya Wuhan Central ilipokea ripoti kutoka maabara ya CapitalBio Medlab iliyodai kesi ya SARS. Kwa mujibu ya mtandao ya kijamii, matokeo hayo yaligunduliwa si kweli baadaye. Madaktari kadhaa wakiwemo Dk Ai Fen waliweka matokeo ya kipimo mtandaoni kwa kijamii kwa wenzao, wakiwemo Dk Li Wenliang. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=独家{{!}}新冠病毒基因测序溯源：警报是何时拉响的_政经频道_财新网|url=http://china.caixin.com/2020-02-26/101520972.html|work=web.archive.org|date=2020-02-27|accessdate=2020-09-21|archivedate=2020-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227094018/http://china.caixin.com/2020-02-26/101520972.html}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=独家{{!}}新冠病毒基因测序溯源：警报是何时拉响的_政经频道_财新网|url=http://china.caixin.com/2020-02-26/101520972.html|work=web.archive.org|date=2020-02-27|accessdate=2020-09-21|archivedate=2020-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227094018/http://china.caixin.com/2020-02-26/101520972.html}}</ref> ===== Ujumbe rasmi wa kwanza ===== Tume ya afya ya mji wa Wuhan ilitumia taasisi zake ujumbe: <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Promed Post – ProMED-mail|url=https://promedmail.org/promed-post/|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en-US}}</ref> Madaktari wanaosimamia watekeleze udhibiti na kuanzisha timu maalum. Wafanyakazi wote wakae macho, hasa kuangalia wagonjwa wenye dalili kama zile za numonia inayoambukiza. Ni lazima takwimu zikusanyike kwa kawaida na kutumia tume ya afya ya Wuhan na jimbo la Hubei. Takwimu za wiki iliyopita, kuhusu wagonjwa wenye dalili za numonia inayoambukiza, zitumie tume ya afya ya Wuhan kabla ya saa kumi jioni siku hiyo hiyo. Bila ruhusu kutoka mamlaka hakuna mtu ye yote anayeruhusiwa kueneza habari juu ya matibabu. ==== 31 Desemba ==== ===== Ujumbe wa umma wa kwanza ===== Tume ya afya ya Wuhan ilijulisha jamii juu ya ishara mapema za mlipuko wa numonia. Ujumbe huo unatoa picha ya tahadhari; ulijumuisha maagizo ya siku iliyopita kwa hospitali za mji; ulitia mkazo utafiti ulioendelea na kutafuta matibabu ambapo kulikuwa na dalili za numonia; na ulishauri umma kuvaa barakoa na kuepuka mahali ndani pa umma penye watu wengi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=武汉市卫生健康委员会|url=http://wjw.wuhan.gov.cn/front/web/showDetail/2019123108989|work=web.archive.org|date=2020-01-09|accessdate=2020-09-21|archivedate=2020-01-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109215413/http://wjw.wuhan.gov.cn/front/web/showDetail/2019123108989}}</ref> Mnamo siku hiyo, kulikuwa na kesi 266 huko jimbo la Hubei. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=27 cases of viral pneumonia reported in central China's Wuhan City|url=https://news.cgtn.com/news/2019-12-31/Authorities-begin-testing-after-pneumonia-cases-in-central-China-MRPvtFbCve/index.html|work=news.cgtn.com|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en|archivedate=2020-03-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310153851/https://news.cgtn.com/news/2019-12-31/Authorities-begin-testing-after-pneumonia-cases-in-central-China-MRPvtFbCve/index.html}}</ref> Qu Shiqan, mwuzaji sokoni kwa samaki, alisema kwamba maofisa ya serikali walisafisha mahali hapo terehe 31 Desemba na waliwaambia wauzaji wavae barakoa. Qu alisema kwamba alijifunza juu ya mlipuko wa numonia kutoka ripoti za vyombo vya habari tu. “Awali nilifikiri kwamba walikuwa na mafua,” alisema. “Si kali sana. Sisi tunauza samaki. Tunaweza kuambukizwa vipi?” Wachambuzi wengi walisema baadaye kwamba kusafisha sokoni kuliharibu ushahidi muhimu uliohitajika kugundua asili ya COVID-19.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hong Kong takes emergency steps as mystery ‘pneumonia’ infects 27 in Wuhan|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3044050/mystery-illness-hits-chinas-wuhan-city-nearly-30-hospitalised|work=South China Morning Post|date=2019-12-31|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en}}</ref> Dk Li Wenliang aliyesimamia idara ya dharura ya hospitali Wuhan Central alikabiliwa na maofisa ya usalama mjini Wuhan kwa sababu alichapisha habari za ugonjwa mtandaoni kwa kijamii. Walimwonya akome “kueneza uongo.” <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=独家{{!}}新冠病毒基因测序溯源：警报是何时拉响的_政经频道_财新网|url=http://china.caixin.com/2020-02-26/101520972.html|work=web.archive.org|date=2020-02-27|accessdate=2020-09-21|archivedate=2020-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227094018/http://china.caixin.com/2020-02-26/101520972.html}}</ref> Kwa mujibu ya kituo cha afya cha serikali ya Hong Kong, hatua mbalimbali kuangalia na kudhibiti mipaka zilianza, zikiwemo uangalizi wa joto. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=CHP closely monitors cluster of pneumonia cases on Mainland|url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201912/31/P2019123100667.htm|work=www.info.gov.hk|accessdate=2020-09-21}}</ref> Tume ya afya ya Wuhan ilitumia taasisi zake ujumbe kwenye karatasi wenye mwongozo wa kukabiliana na mlipuko wa numonia unaowezekana. Siku hiyo hiyo nakala mbili pia ziliwekwa mtandaoni kwa kijamii Weibo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=[新闻直播间]湖北武汉发现不明原因肺炎 国家卫健委专家组已抵达武汉_CCTV节目官网-CCTV-13_央视网(cctv.com)|url=http://tv.cctv.com/2019/12/31/VIDE9N8qRty36PkLirFVxMW6191231.shtml|work=tv.cctv.com|accessdate=2020-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Promed Post – ProMED-mail|url=https://promedmail.org/promed-post/|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en-US}}</ref> Ofisi ya shirika la WHO mjini Beijing ilijulishwa juu ya “aina ya numonia yenye sababu isiyojulikana” ambayo iligunduliwa mjini Wuhan. <ref>{{Citation|last=Borger|first=Julian|title=Caught in a superpower struggle: the inside story of the WHO's response to coronavirus|date=2020-04-18|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/18/caught-in-a-superpower-struggle-the-inside-story-of-the-whos-response-to-coronavirus|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2020-09-21}}</ref> Vyombo vya habari vya kimataifa Reuters na Deutsche Welle vilipata habari hiyo na pia gazeti la South China Morning Post huko Hong Kong: Hong Kong ichukua hatua za dharura kama numonia ya fumbo iwaambukiza watu 27 Wuhan <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hong Kong takes emergency steps as mystery ‘pneumonia’ infects 27 in Wuhan|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3044050/mystery-illness-hits-chinas-wuhan-city-nearly-30-hospitalised|work=South China Morning Post|date=2019-12-31|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en}}</ref> Uchina ichunguza virusi kama SARS kama wagonjwa wengi waathiri <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=China investigates SARS-like virus as dozens struck by pneumonia {{!}} DW {{!}} 31.12.2019|url=https://www.dw.com/en/china-investigates-sars-like-virus-as-dozens-struck-by-pneumonia/a-51843861|work=DW.COM|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en-GB|author=Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com)}}</ref> Maofisa wa Uchina wachunguza mlipuko wa numonia Wuhan <ref>{{Citation|last=Staff|first=Reuters|title=Chinese officials investigate cause of pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan|date=2019-12-31|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-pneumonia-idUSKBN1YZ0GP|work=Reuters|language=en|access-date=2020-09-21}}</ref> ==== 1 Januari 2020 ==== Dk Ai alionywa na wakuu wake kwa sababu aliwaambia wenzake juu ya virusi vipya. <ref name=":1" /> ==== 3 Januari ==== Uchina iliambia rasmi Marekani juu ya virusi hivyo na ilianza kulipa shirika la WHO habari kila siku. <ref>{{Citation|last=Shear|first=Michael D.|title=The Lost Month: How a Failure to Test Blinded the U.S. to Covid-19|date=2020-04-01|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/28/us/testing-coronavirus-pandemic.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2020-09-21|last2=Goodnough|first2=Abby|last3=Kaplan|first3=Sheila|last4=Fink|first4=Sheri|last5=Thomas|first5=Katie|last6=Weiland|first6=Noah}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|last=Harris|first=Shane|title=U.S. intelligence reports from January and February warned about a likely pandemic|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/us-intelligence-reports-from-january-and-february-warned-about-a-likely-pandemic/2020/03/20/299d8cda-6ad5-11ea-b5f1-a5a804158597_story.html|work=Washington Post|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2020-09-21|last2=Miller|first2=Greg|last3=Dawsey|first3=Josh|last4=Nakashima|first4=Ellen}}</ref> Tume ya afya ya kitaifa ya Uchina iliagiza taasisi mjini Wuhan zisichapishe habari zo zote kuhusu virusi hivyo na ziangamize sampuli za ugonjwa huo.<ref name=":1" /> Dk Li alionywa na polisi kukoma kueneza habari kuhusu virusi hivyo. <ref>{{Citation|last=Hegarty|first=Stephanie|title=The Chinese doctor who tried to warn about coronavirus|date=2020-02-06|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51364382|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-09-21}}</ref> ==== 6 Januari ==== Serikali ya Marekani ilitolea Uchina timu ya wataalamu wazuri wa magonjwa ya maambukizo ili wasaidie. Uchina ilikataa. <ref name=":1" /> ==== 9 Januari ==== Uchina ilitangaza kwamba wanasayansi wa kiChina wamemaliza uchambuzi wa kijenetiki wa COVID-19. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Chinese scientists identify the 'Wuhan Virus'. Screening continues on Thai-bound flights.|url=https://thethaiger.com/hot-news/tourism/chinese-scientists-identify-the-wuhan-virus-screening-continues-on-thai-bound-flights|work=The Thaiger|date=2020-01-09|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en-TH|author=The Thaiger}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=China releases genetic data on new coronavirus, now deadly|url=https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/china-releases-genetic-data-new-coronavirus-now-deadly|work=CIDRAP|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en|author=Lisa Schnirring {{!}} News Editor {{!}} CIDRAP News {{!}} Jan 11, 2020}}</ref> ==== 14 Januari ==== Katika mkutano siri wa maofisa wa Uchina, mkuu wa tume ya afya kitaifa alisema kwamba hali hiyo ilikuwa “changamoto kali zaidi tangu SARS.”<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=China didn't warn public of likely pandemic for 6 key days|url=https://apnews.com/68a9e1b91de4ffc166acd6012d82c2f9|work=AP NEWS|date=2020-04-15|accessdate=2020-09-21}}</ref> Shirika la WHO lilirudia habari kutoka Uchina kwamba virusi hivyo havienei miongoni mwa binadamu. <ref name=":4" /> ==== 20 Januari ==== Mkuu wa Uchina Xi Jinping alijadili virusi hivyo kwa umma kwa mara ya kwanza. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Chinese premier stresses curbing viral pneumonia epidemic|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202001/21/WS5e26556ca31012821727269c.html|work=www.chinadaily.com.cn|accessdate=2020-09-21|author=郭凯}}</ref> Katika hoja na vyombo vya habari vya serikali, Dk Zhong Nanshan alithibitisha virusi hivyo vinaweza kuenea miongoni mwa binadamu. <ref>{{Citation|last=Kuo|first=Lily|title=China confirms human-to-human transmission of coronavirus|date=2020-01-21|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/20/coronavirus-spreads-to-beijing-as-china-confirms-new-cases|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2020-09-21}}</ref> Korea Kusini na Marekani zilithibitisha kesi zao za kwanza. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=S. Korea reports 1st confirmed case of China coronavirus|url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20200120004500320|work=Yonhap News Agency|date=2020-01-20|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en|author=박상수}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Shear|first=Michael D.|title=The Lost Month: How a Failure to Test Blinded the U.S. to Covid-19|date=2020-04-01|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/28/us/testing-coronavirus-pandemic.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2020-09-21|last2=Goodnough|first2=Abby|last3=Kaplan|first3=Sheila|last4=Fink|first4=Sheri|last5=Thomas|first5=Katie|last6=Weiland|first6=Noah}}</ref> ==== 23 Januari ==== Mji yote ya Wuhan iliwekwa ufungaji au karantini kwa siku 72. Siku ijayo serikali ya Uchina ilipiga marufuku za usafiri kuingia na kuondoka jimbo la Hubei. <ref name=":6">{{Rejea jarida|last=Chinazzi|first=Matteo|last2=Davis|first2=Jessica T.|last3=Ajelli|first3=Marco|last4=Gioannini|first4=Corrado|last5=Litvinova|first5=Maria|last6=Merler|first6=Stefano|last7=Piontti|first7=Ana Pastore y|last8=Mu|first8=Kunpeng|last9=Rossi|first9=Luca|date=2020-04-24|title=The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7164386/|journal=Science (New York, N.y.)|language=en|volume=368|issue=6489|pages=395|doi=10.1126/science.aba9757|pmid=32144116}}</ref> ==== 24 Januari ==== Ufaransa ilithibitisha kesi yake ya kwanza, lakini baadaye iligunduliwa kwamba kulikuwa na kesi nyingine tarehe 27 Desemba 2019 nchini Ufaransa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=France declares first two confirmed cases of coronavirus|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20200124190017-e8ycd/|work=news.trust.org|accessdate=2020-09-21|author=Thomson Reuters Foundation|archivedate=2020-08-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831182622/https://news.trust.org//item/20200124190017-e8ycd/}}</ref> ==== 27 Januari ==== Serikali ya Uchina ilipiga marufuku za usafiri wa makundi ya watu kwenda nchi nyingine. <ref name=":6" /> Meya wa Wuhan alisema kwamba hakuweza kutoa taarifa juu ya hali halisi mapema zaidi kutokana na mfumo wa kisiasa wa Uchina. “Serikali ya kienyeji hairuhusiwi kufanya hivyo bila ruhusu kutoka serikali ya kitaifa,” alisema. <ref>{{Citation|last=Chin|first=Josh|title=Wuhan Mayor Says Beijing Rules Partially Responsible for Lack of Transparency|date=2020-01-28|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-premier-tours-virus-epicenter-as-anger-bubbles-at-crisis-response-11580109098|work=Wall Street Journal|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|access-date=2020-09-21}}</ref> ==== 30 Januari ==== Shirika la WHO lilitangaza Coronavirus vilikuwa dharura ya afya ya kimataifa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)|work=www.who.int|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en}}</ref> ==== 31 Januari ==== Rais Trump wa Marekani alipiga marufuku za usafiri kutoka Uchina isipokuwa Wamarekani. <ref name=":3" /> Uingereza na Urusi zilithibitisha kesi zao za kwanza za COVID-19. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Federal quarantine order issued for 195 Americans who returned from China|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2020/01/31/coronavirus-symptoms-britain-russia-who-wuhan-emergency/4620574002/|work=USA TODAY|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en-US|author=Doug Stanglin}}</ref> ==== 6 February ==== Mtu wa kwanza nchini Marekani alikufa kutokana na COVID-19. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=First known U.S. coronavirus death occurred on Feb. 6 in Santa Clara County|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/health/article/First-known-U-S-coronavirus-death-occurred-on-15217316.php|work=SFChronicle.com|date=2020-04-22|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en-US|author=Matt Kawahara}}</ref> ==== 7 Februari ==== Dk Li alikufa kutokana na COVID-19. <ref name=":1" /> ==== 19 Februari ==== Irani ilithibitisha vifo vyake ya kwanza kutokana na COVID-19.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Two die of coronavirus in Iran, first fatalities in Middle East|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/die-coronavirus-iran-fatalities-middle-east-200219171007605.html|work=www.aljazeera.com|accessdate=2020-09-21}}</ref> ==== 13 Machi ==== Rais Trump wa Marekani alitangaza hali ya dharura ya kitaifa. <ref name=":3" /> ==== 19 Machi ==== Italia ilikuwa nchi yenye vifo vingi zaidi duniani kutokana na COVID-19. ==== 26 Machi ==== Marekani ilikuwa nchi yenye kesi zilisothibitishwa nyingi zaidi duniani. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coronavirus: Number of COVID-19 deaths in Italy surpasses China as total reaches 3,405|url=https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-number-of-covid-19-deaths-in-italy-surpasses-china-as-total-reaches-3-405-11960412|work=Sky News|accessdate=2020-09-21|language=en}}</ref> ==== 17 Aprili ==== Serikali ya Uchina ilikiri kwamba kulikuwa na vifo vingi zaidi mjini Wuhan kuliko hivyo vilivyoripotiwa. Serikali iliongeza idadi ya vifo kwa 50%. <ref name=":1" /> ==== 19 Aprili ==== Serikali ya Australia ilidai uchunguzi huru wa asili ya janga hilo. Baadaye zaidi ya nchi 100 ziliunga mkono hatua hiyo. <ref name=":1" /> ==== 17 Aprili ==== Uchina iliita hatua hiyo ni “hatari” na ilitisha kulipiza kisasi cha kiuchumi kwa nchi zilizounga mkono. Lakini baadaye Uchina ilikubali kushirikiana na uchunguzi huo. <ref name=":1" /> === Ufupisho === Utafiti wa kihistoria unaamini kwamba SARS-CoV-2 viliendeleza mwezi Novemba. Ufahamu wa kisayansi wa aina mpya ya SARS coronavirus ulifanyika maabarani Vision Medicals jimbo la Guangzhou mnamo 24-27 Desemba 2019. Ufahamu wa kikliniki wa janga linalokuja lilianza hospitalini Hubei Provincial karibu na wakati huo huo mnamo 27-29 Desemba. Tarehe 31 Desemba mamlaka ya afya ya Wuhan ilitoa takwimu ya kesi. Wachambuzi wengi nchini nyingi wamedai Uchina kwa kuchelewa habari za virusi hivyo na kujaribu kuficha ukali wa virusi hivyo baada ya ilikuwa wazi kwamba kulikuwa na aina mpya ya virusi vilivyosambaa kwa rahisi. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> == Picha == <gallery> File:COVID-19 vaccination Seychelles.jpg File:Covid-19 vaccination Seychelles.jpg File:COVID Vaccine (50745583447).jpg File:Victoria_mask_dummies_jeh.jpg File:2020-06-27-Deep-East-Oakland-BLM-Rally1,123_(50052378806).jpg File:DSC 0958 (50284109072).jpg File:Fphar-11-00937-g001.jpg File:Infektionsschutzzentrum im Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum, Köln-6313 (cropped).jpg File:MTA Deploys ‘Temperature Brigade,' Testing Heroic Frontline Employees (49754126983).jpg </gallery> ==Tazama pia== * [[Ugonjwa wa korona Kenya 2020]] * [[Ugonjwa wa korona Tanzania 2020]] * [[Athari ya pandemia ya Korona 2019-20 kwa mazingira]] == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{commonscat|COVID-19 pandemic}} *[https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6 Casos globales por Coronavirus COVID-19] {{en}}, kutoka Kituo cha Sayansi na Uhandisi wa Mifumo katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Johns Hopkins]]. *[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sars-cov-2/ ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] {{en}} *[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=covid-19 COVI-19 Pubmed] {{en}} (Nakala 118,301 kufikia Machi 31, 2021) *[https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/whats-new/ Habari katika matibabu] {{en}}{{Wayback|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/whats-new/ |date=20210602152511 }} *[https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/therapeutic-management/ Usimamizi wa matibabu ya watu wazima walio na COVID-19] {{en}} {{Wayback|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/therapeutic-management/ |date=20210607003154 }} *https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7958099/ Ratiba ya ufahamu wa kinga] {{en}} [[Jamii:2020]] [[Jamii:Virusi]] [[Jamii:1Lib1Ref2020 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:COVID-19]] a58e4x5k6bezvz2aaws5z03h1my0kih Eusebi wa Kaisarea 0 121439 1574281 1532772 2026-06-17T23:09:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574281 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Eusebius Ethiopian icon.jpg|thumb|[[Mchoro mdogo]] wa Mt. Eusebi kutoka [[Ethiopia]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://marginalia.lareviewofbooks.org/discoveries-ethiopian-desert/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2020-02-19 |archivedate=2020-02-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220104726/http://marginalia.lareviewofbooks.org/discoveries-ethiopian-desert/ }}</ref><ref>McKenzie, Judith S, & Watson, Francis. ''The Garima Gospels: Early Illuminated Gospel Books from Ethiopia.'' Manar al-Athar, 2016, pp. 146 & 154</ref>]] '''Eusebi wa Kaisarea''' (kwa [[Kigiriki]]: Εὐσέβιος τῆς Καισαρείας, ''Eusébios tés Kaisareías''; 260/265 hivi – 339/340) alikuwa [[askofu]] wa [[mji]] huo wa [[Israeli]] tangu [[mwaka]] [[314]] na [[mwanahistoria]] maarufu kwa ujuzi wake mpana sana<ref name=":0">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQW0ACdLn6kC|title=The Story of Christianity: Volume 1: The Early Church to the Dawn of the Reformation|last=Gonzalez|first=Justo L.|date=2010-08-10|publisher=Zondervan|year=2010|isbn=978-0-06-185588-7|location=|pages=149-150|language=en}}</ref>. Alikuwa mshauri wa [[kaisari]] [[Konstantino Mkuu]] akaandika habari za [[maisha]] yake. Aliandika pia kuhusu [[Biblia]] na [[ufafanuzi]] wake<ref>Little is known about the life of Eusebius. His successor at the [[Episcopal see|See]] of Caesarea, [[Acacius of Caesarea|Acacius]], wrote a ''Life of Eusebius'', a work that has since been lost. Eusebius' own surviving works probably only represent a small portion of his total output. Beyond notices in his extant writings, the major sources are the 5th-century ecclesiastical historians [[Socrates of Constantinople|Socrates]], [[Sozomen]], and [[Theodoret]], and the 4th-century Christian author [[Jerome]]. There are assorted notices of his activities in the writings of his contemporaries [[Athanasius]], [[Arius]], [[Eusebius of Nicomedia]], and [[Pope Alexander I of Alexandria|Alexander of Alexandria]]. Eusebius' pupil, [[Eusebius of Emesa]], provides some incidental information.</ref>. Anaheshimiwa na [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] wa [[Misri]]<ref>"For these reasons I am satisfied that our present passages in Luke Chapter 2 from the Coptic ''Cantena''do belong to Eusebius of Caesarea, despite his designation in Fr. Copt. 12 as 'the holy' or 'Saint' Eusebius, because the discussion of Mary bringing forth her 'first-born son' and the language used in this context seems so clearly to reflect the creedal formula of Caesarea, as mentioned above, and do not seem appropriate material for St. Eusebius of Vercelli or for Eusebius' student, Eusebius of Emesa; in addition, the name Eusebius appeared for a long time in the calendar of Saints, even though it was sometimes doubtful whether it was always Eusebius of Caesarea being referred to." Ayad, Mariam. ''Studies in Coptic Culture: Transmission and Interaction''. New York:The American University in Cairo Press, 2016, p. 26.</ref> na [[Ethiopia]]<ref>Ayad, Mariam. ''Studies in Coptic Culture: Transmission and Interaction''. New York:The American University in Cairo Press, 2016, p. 31, footnote 37.</ref><ref>McKenzie, Judith S, & Watson, Francis. ''The Garima Gospels: Early Illuminated Gospel Books from Ethiopia.'' Manar al-Athar, 2016, pp. 145-163 </ref> kama [[mtakatifu]]. == Maandishi== {{refbegin|40em}} * Eusebius of Caesarea. ** ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' (''Church History'') first seven books ''ca''. 300, eighth and ninth book ''ca''. 313, tenth book ''ca''. 315, epilogue ''ca''. 325. :** Migne, J.P., ed. ''Eusebiou tou Pamphilou, episkopou tes en Palaistine Kaisareias ta euriskomena panta'' (in Greek). ''Patrologia Graeca'' 19–24. Paris, 1857. Online at [http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/ Khazar Skeptik] and [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/04z/z_0265-0339__Eusebius_Caesariensis__Historia_Ecclesiastica__GR.pdf.html Documenta Catholica Omnia]. Accessed 4 November 2009. :** McGiffert, Arthur Cushman, trans. ''Church History''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2501.htm New Advent] and [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.toc.html CCEL]. Accessed 28 September 2009. :** Williamson, G.A., trans. ''Church History''. London: Penguin, 1989. ** ''Contra Hieroclem'' (''Against Hierocles''). ** ''Onomasticon'' (''On the Place-Names in Holy Scripture''). :** Klostermann, E., ed. ''Eusebius' Werke'' 3.1 (''Die griechischen christlichen Schrifsteller der ersten (drei) Jahrhunderte'' 11.1. Leipzig and Berlin, 1904). Online at the [https://archive.org/details/werke00eusegoog Internet Archive]. Accessed 29 January 2010. :** Wolf, Umhau, trans. ''The Onomasticon of Eusebius Pamphili: Compared with the version of Jerome and annotated''. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1971. Online at [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_onomasticon_01_intro.htm Tertullian]. Accessed 29 January 2010. :** Taylor, Joan E., ed. ''Palestine in the Fourth Century. The Onomasticon by Eusebius of Caesarea,'' translated by Greville Freeman-Grenville, and indexed by Rupert Chapman III (Jerusalem: Carta, 2003). ** ''De Martyribus Palestinae'' (''On the Martyrs of Palestine''). :** McGiffert, Arthur Cushman, trans. ''Martyrs of Palestine''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2505.htm New Advent] and [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.xiv.html CCEL]. Accessed June 9, 2009. :** Cureton, William, trans. ''History of the Martyrs in Palestine by Eusebius of Caesarea, Discovered in a Very Antient Syriac Manuscript''. London: Williams & Norgate, 1861. Online at [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_martyrs.htm Tertullian]. Accessed September 28, 2009. ** ''Praeparatio Evangelica'' (''Preparation for the Gospel''). ** ''Demonstratio Evangelica'' (''Demonstration of the Gospel''). ** ''Theophania'' (''Theophany''). ** ''Laudes Constantini'' (''In Praise of Constantine'') 335. :** Migne, J.P., ed. ''Eusebiou tou Pamphilou, episkopou tes en Palaistine Kaisareias ta euriskomena panta'' (in Greek). ''Patrologia Graeca'' 19–24. Paris, 1857. Online at [http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/ Khazar Skeptik]. Accessed 4 November 2009. :** Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. ''Oration in Praise of Constantine''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2504.htm New Advent]. Accessed 19 October 2009. ** ''Vita Constantini'' (''The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine'') ''ca''. 336–39. :** Migne, J.P., ed. ''Eusebiou tou Pamphilou, episkopou tes en Palaistine Kaisareias ta euriskomena panta'' (in Greek). ''Patrologia Graeca'' 19–24. Paris, 1857. Online at [http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Eusebius%20Caesariensis_PG%2019-24/ Khazar Skeptik]. Accessed 4 November 2009. :** Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. ''Life of Constantine''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2502.htm New Advent]. Accessed 9 June 2009. :** Cameron, Averil and Stuart Hall, trans. ''Life of Constantine''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. *Gregory Thaumaturgus. ''Oratio Panegyrica''. **Salmond, S.D.F., trans. From ''Ante-Nicene Fathers'', Vol. 6. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0604.htm New Advent]. Accessed 31 January 2010. * Jerome. ** ''Chronicon'' (''Chronicle'') ''ca''. 380. :** [[John Knight Fotheringham|Fotheringham, John Knight]], ed. ''The [[Bodleian Library|Bodleian]] Manuscript of Jerome's Version of the Chronicle of Eusebius''. Oxford: Clarendon, 1905. Online at the [https://archive.org/details/bodleianmanuscr00jerogoog Internet Archive]. Accessed 8 October 2009. :** Pearse, Roger, ''et al''., trans. ''The Chronicle of St. Jerome'', in ''Early Church Fathers: Additional Texts''. Tertullian, 2005. Online at [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/jerome_chronicle_00_eintro.htm Tertullian]. Accessed 14 August 2009. ** ''de Viris Illustribus'' (''On Illustrious Men'') 392. :** Herding, W., ed. ''De Viris Illustribus'' (in Latin). Leipzig: Teubner, 1879. Online at [https://archive.org/details/heironymideviri00jerogoog Internet Archive]. Accessed 6 October 2009. :** ''Liber de viris inlustribus'' (in Latin). ''Texte und Untersuchungen'' 14. Leipzig, 1896. :** Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. ''De Viris Illustribus (On Illustrious Men)''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 3. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2708.htm New Advent]. Accessed 15 August 2009. ** ''Epistulae'' (''Letters''). :** Fremantle, W.H., G. Lewis and W.G. Martley, trans. ''Letters''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 6. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1893. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3001.htm New Advent] and [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf05.iv.iv.html CCEL]. Accessed 19 October 2009. * Origen. :''De Principiis'' (''On First Principles''). {{refend}} ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] == Tanbihi == {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== {{refbegin|40em}} *{{cite book |last=Barnes|first=Timothy D. |title=Constantine and Eusebius |url=https://archive.org/details/constantineeuseb00barn|year=1981 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0-674-16530-4 }} *{{cite book|last=Eusebius|title=Life of Constantine|year=1999|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-814924-8|others=Averil Cameron and Stuart G. Hall, trans}} *{{cite book|last=Drake|first=H. A.|title=Constantine and the bishops the policy of intolerance|year=2002|publisher=Johns Hopkins Press|location=Baltimore|isbn=978-0-8018-7104-7}} *{{cite book|last=Kofsky|first=Aryeh|title=Eusebius of Caesarea against paganism|year=2000|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-11642-9}} *{{cite book|last=Lawlor|first=Hugh Jackson|title=Eusebiana: essays on the Ecclesiastical history of Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea |url=https://archive.org/details/eusebianaessays00lawluoft|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|year=1912}} *{{cite book|last=Levine|first=Lee I.|title=Caesarea under Roman rule|url=https://archive.org/details/caesareaunderrom0000levi|year=1975|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-04013-7}} *{{cite book|last=Louth|first=Andrew|chapter=Eusebius and the Birth of Church History|title=The Cambridge history of early Christian literature|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory00youn|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-46083-5|editor1-first=Frances|editor1-last=Young|editor2-first=Lewis|editor2-last=Ayres|editor3-first=Andrew|editor3-last=Louth|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory00youn/page/266 266]–274}} *{{cite book|last=Momigliano|first=Arnaldo|title=On pagans, Jews, and Christians|year=1989|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|location=Middletown, CT|isbn=978-0-8195-6218-0}} *{{cite book|last=Newman|first=John Henry|title=The Arians of the Fourth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/ariansfourthcen02newmgoog|edition=7th|location=London|publisher=Longmans, Green and Co|year=1890}} * Sabrina Inowlocki & Claudio Zamagni (eds), ''Reconsidering Eusebius: Collected papers on literary, historical, and theological issues'' (Leiden, Brill, 2011) (Vigiliae Christianae, Supplements, 107). *{{cite book|last=Wallace-Hadrill|first=D. S.|title=Eusebius of Caesarea|location=London|publisher=A. R. Mowbray|year=1960}} {{refend}} == Marejeo mengine == *{{cite book|editor1-last=Attridge|editor1-first=Harold W.|editor2-last=Hata|editor2-first=Gohei |title=Eusebius, Christianity, and Judaism|url=https://archive.org/details/eusebiuschristia0000unse|year=1992|publisher=Wayne State Univ. Press|location=Detroit|isbn=978-0-8143-2361-8}} *{{cite book|last=Chesnut|first=Glenn F.|title=The first Christian histories : Eusebius, Socrates, Sozomen, Theodoret, and Evagrius|url=https://archive.org/details/firstchristianhi0000ches|year=1986|publisher=Mercer University Press|location=Macon, GA|isbn=978-0-86554-164-1|edition=2nd}} *{{cite book|last=Drake|first=H. A.|title=In praise of Constantine : a historical study and new translation of Eusebius' Tricennial orations|url=https://archive.org/details/inpraiseofconsta0000drak|year=1976|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0-520-09535-9}} *{{cite book|last=Eusebius|title=The History of the Church from Christ to Constantine|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofchurchf0000euse_n2x5|year=1984|publisher=Dorset Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-88029-022-7|others=G.A. Williamson, trans}} *{{cite book|last=Grant|first=Robert M.|title=Eusebius as Church Historian|url=https://archive.org/details/eusebiusaschurch0000gran|year=1980|publisher=Clarendon Pr.|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-826441-5}} *{{cite book|last=Valois|first=Henri de|title=The Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius Pamphilus|year=1833|publisher=Davis|location=Philadelphia|chapter=Annotations on the Life and Writings of Eusebius Pamphilus|others=S. E. Parker, trans}} ==Viungo vya nje== ;Vyanzo vikuu *[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.toc.html Church History (Eusebius); The Life of Constantine (Eusebius)], online at ccel.org. *[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_martyrs.htm History of the Martyrs in Palestine (Eusebius)], English translation (1861) William Cureton. Website tertullian.org. *[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_canon_tables_01.htm Eusebius of Caesarea, The Gospel Canon Tables] * [https://www.roger-pearse.com/weblog/2019/05/11/eusebius-of-caesarea-six-extracts-from-the-commentary-on-the-psalms-in-english/ Eusebius, Six extracts from the Commentary on the Psalms]. * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20_30_0265-0339-_Eusebius_Caesariensis,_Sanctus.html ''Opera Omnia'' by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes] complete Greek text of Eusebius' works ;Vyanzo vingine *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05617b.htm "Eusebius"] in ''New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia'' (1917) *[http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/eusebius/ Eusebius of Caesarea] at the [http://www.tertullian.org Tertullian Project] *[http://www.earlychurch.org.uk/eusebius.php Extensive bibliography at EarlyChurch.org] *[http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/eusebius-chart Chronological list of Eusebius's writings] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Eusebi wa Kaisarea}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 260]] [[Category:Waliofariki 339]] [[Category:Maaskofu]] [[Category:Waandishi wa Kigiriki]] [[Category:Wanahistoria wa Israeli]] [[Jamii:Wanateolojia wa Israeli]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Israeli]] [[Jamii:historia ya Kanisa]] rlxyy55u74tw5mjkt2lxw47txbwuvxh Rafiki (filamu ya 2018) 0 121926 1574310 1573025 2026-06-18T01:30:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574310 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |<big>Rafiki</big> |- |'''Imeongozwa na''' |Wanuri Kahiu<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kenyan Director Wanuri Kahiu Is Fun, Fierce, Frivolous and Timely|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/kenyan-director-wanuri-kahiu-is-fun-fierce-frivolous-timely-1145485|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}</ref> |- |'''Imetayarishwa na''' |Steven Markovitz |- |'''Wasanii''' |Wanuri Kahiu Jena Cato Bass |- |'''Nyota''' |[https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki Samantha Mugatsia] {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} [https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki Sheila Munyiva]{{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki 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{{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki 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{{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 |- |'''Sinematografi''' |Christopher Wessels |- |'''Imehaririwa na''' |Isabelle Dedieu |- |'''Imetolewa tar.''' |9 May 2018 ([[Cannes]]) 23 September 2018 (Kenya) |- |'''Ina muda wa dakika''' |82 |- |'''Nchi''' |Kenya |- |'''Lugha''' |Kiingereza Kiswahili |- |'''Mauzo ya Ofisi''' |$176,513<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rafiki (2018) - Financial Information|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)|work=The Numbers|accessdate=2020-03-05|archive-date=2024-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203144814/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} [[Picha:Wanuri Kahiu at the 2025 Sundance Film Festival (cropped).jpg|thumb|162x162px]] '''Rafiki'''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=RAFIKI|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/festival/films/rafiki|work=Festival de Cannes 2019|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}</ref> ni [[filamu]] kutoka nchi ya [[Kenya]] iliyotengenezwa katika [[mwaka]] [[2018]]. Filamu imeongozwa na [http://www.wanurikahiu.com/bio Wanuri Kahiu] ambaye ni Mkenya. Yeye aliandika “Rafiki” na Jenna Bass, [[meneja]] wa cinema kutoka [[Afrika ya Kusini]]. == Hadithi == “Rafiki” inahusu wanawake wawili, Kena na Ziki, ambao walianza kupendana. Kena alitoka jiji la Nairobi na alikaa katika nyumba ya mama yake, lakini husaidia katika duka la baba yake. Baba ya Kena alifanya kampeni katika uchaguzi wa serekali ya mtaa. Wakati wa kufanya kazi, Kena alianza kuonyesha mapenzi na Ziki, mwanamke wa mtaa. Lakini, Ziki ni binti la Peter Okemi, mshindani wa baba ya Kena katika uchaguzi wa serekali ya mtaa. Hata hevyo, Ziki na Kena waliendelea mchezo wa datsi nyingi na walikuwa karibukaribu sana. Lakini hawaweza kuonyesha uhusiano wao kwa sababu usenge ni haramu katika nchi ya Kenya. Marafiki wa Ziki walikasirika kwa sababu yeye hutumia wakati mwingi na Kena kwa hivyo walimpiga Kena. Kisha, Ziki alisaidia kupona Kena katika nyumba ya Ziki lakini mama ya Ziki aliona, wakati alienda chumbani, wakibusu. Walijaribu kukimbia lakini kundi la watu wenye waliwapata. Wamekamatwa, kisha wazazi wao walikuja kuwachukua. Baddaye, wazazi wa Ziki wanampeleka jiji la London na wazazi wa Kena walificha hali hiyo yote. Mwisho wa filamu, miaka kadhaa baadaye, Ziki alirudi mtaa na alikutana na Kena tena. Kena alimaliza shule wakaanza tena uhusiano wao. == Washiriki == • Samantha Mugatsia ni Kena<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=What I Learnt from My Lesbian Role in "Rafiki"- Samantha Mugatsia|url=https://www.eelive.ng/what-i-learnt-from-my-lesbian-role-in-rafiki-samantha-mugatsia/|work=Eelive|date=2019-03-13|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en-US}}</ref> • Sheila Munyiva ni Ziki • Neville Misati ni Blacksta • Nini Wacera ni Mercy • Jimmy Gathu ni John Mwaura • Charlie Karumi ni Waireri • Muthoni Gathecha ni Mama Atim • Dennis Musyoka ni Peter Okemi • Patricia Amira ni Rose Okemi • Nice Githinji ni Nduta • Patricia Kihoro ni Josephine • Mellen Aura ni Elizabeth == Mapokezi == Wakati filamu "Rafiki" ilitolewa watu hawakuruhusiwa kuitazama katika nchi ya Kenya kwa sababu Bodi ya Uainishaji Filamu Nchini Kenya (KFCB) walipiga marufuku filamu<ref>{{Citation|title=Lesbian film banned ahead of Cannes debut|date=2018-04-27|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43922780|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref>. KFCB walisema ni marufuku kwa sababu ya mada yake ya [[ushoga]] na dhamira ya wazi ya kukuza [[usagaji]] nchini Kenya kinyume na [[sheria]]. Bodi waliomba Wanuri Kahiu abadilishe mwisho wa filamu usiwe tumaini lakini Kahiu alisema hapana. Kwa hiyo, KFCB walionya watu kwamba wakinunua filamu wanaweza kuenda jela. Wapigania haki za ushoga wa kimataifa walikasirika.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ban of Kenyan film over lesbianism criticised|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Ban-of-Kenyan-film-over-lesbianism-criticised/1056-4535138-iuvqlo/index.html|work=Daily Nation|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}</ref> Kisha, Wanuri Kahiu alidai [[serikali]] ya Kenya kwa sababu alitaka kuingia Tuzo la Chuo (Academy Award) cha Filamu Bora ya Lugha ya Kigeni kwa mwaka tisini na moja za maadhimisho<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Govt Sued for Preventing Kenyan Movie From Winning Oscars|url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/33039-government-sued-preventing-kenyan-movie-winning-oscars|work=Kenyans.co.ke|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=EN|author=Mumbi Mutuko on 11 September 2018-6:45 pm}}</ref>. Mnamo [[21 Septemba]] 2018, [[Mahakama Kuu]] ya Wakenya iliondoa marufuku ya filamu kwa siku saba<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=High Court lifts ban on lesbian movie, dismisses moral police Ezekiel Mutua|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/286608-high-court-lifts-ban-controversial-lesbian-movie-dismisses-moral-police-ezekiel-mutua.html|work=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news.|date=2018-09-21|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en|author=Tuko.co.ke}}</ref>.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=High court lifts ban on lesbian themed movie 'Rafiki'|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018-09-21-high-court-lifts-ban-on-lesbian-themed-movie-rafiki/|work=The Star|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en-KE}}</ref> Baada ya marufuku kutolewa, “Rafiki” iliuzwa kabisa kutoka sinema katika jiji la Nairobi<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lesbian film Rafiki sells out after Kenyan court lifts ban|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/lesbian-film-rafiki-sells-out-after-kenyan-court-lifts-ban-20180924-p505k2.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=2018-09-23|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en|author=Cecilie Kallestrup}}</ref>. Lakini, hata hivyo, “Rafiki” haikuenda Tuzo la Chuo. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== *https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)#tab=summary {{Wayback|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)#tab=summary |date=20240203144814 }} *https://twitter.com/InfoKfcb/status/989837096251781120 *https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Ban-of-Kenyan-film-over-lesbianism-criticised/1056-4535138-iuvqlo/index.html *https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43922780 *https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/festival/films/rafiki *https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/33039-government-sued-preventing-kenyan-movie-winning-oscars *https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018-09-21-high-court-lifts-ban-on-lesbian-themed-movie-rafiki/ *https://www.tuko.co.ke/286608-high-court-lifts-ban-controversial-lesbian-movie-dismisses-moral-police-ezekiel-mutua.html#286608 *https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/lesbian-film-rafiki-sells-out-after-kenyan-court-lifts-ban-20180924-p505k2.html *https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/kenyan-director-wanuri-kahiu-is-fun-fierce-frivolous-timely-1145485 *https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} *https://www.eelive.ng/what-i-learnt-from-my-lesbian-role-in-rafiki-samantha-mugatsia/ {{mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:Filamu za Kenya]] [[Jamii:filamu za 2018]] dgcqfmxoy1e9yzsgkpy2voiivrtpzbr Rejeta 0 122056 1574316 1445125 2026-06-18T02:20:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574316 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Automobile radiator.jpg|300px|thumb|Rejeta ya motokaa.]] [[Picha:Side valves engine bottom.jpg|300px|thumb|Injini ya pikipiki yenye pezi za kupoza.]] [[Picha:A Houseplant Makes it A Home (8956596592).jpg|300px|thumb|Rejeta ya ukanzaji kwenye nyumba.]] '''Rejeta''' (kutoka [[Kiingereza]] ''radiator'') ni [[kifaa]] kinachotoa [[joto]] katika gari hadi kwenda kwenye [[mazingira]] ya nje. Rejeta hupokea joto ikiwa na [[uso]] mkubwa unaoachisha joto hilo katika mazingira yake penye joto kidogo. ==Rejeta kwenye motokaa== [[Motokaa]] zinazotumia [[injini ya mwako ndani]] huzalisha joto kubwa ndani ya [[injini]]. Joto hilo linapaswa kuondolewa nje. Kwa kusudi hilo kuna [[bomba|mabomba]] yenye [[maji]] au [[kiowevu]] kipozi kingine kinachopitishwa ndani ya injini ambako kipozi kinapokea joto. Kipozi husukumwa na [[pampu]] hadi rejeta kinapozunguka hadi kurudi kwenye injini. Ndani ya rejeta kiowevu kipozi kinapitishwa ndani ya mabomba membamba ambayo yanazungukwa na [[hewa]] ya nje. Hewa hiyo inasukumwa kupita kwenye rejeta kwa [[kasi]] kwa msaada wa [[parapela]] na mwendo wa [[gari]]. Hapa joto la kipozi ndani ya mabomba membamba linapotea katika hewa ya mazingira na kiowevu kilichopozwa kinarudishwa kwenda injini ambako kinapokea upya joto la mwako wa ndani. ==Rejeta za hewa== Kuna pia rejeta ya hewa bila kiowevu kipozi. Hizi ni vifaa kama pezi za [[metali]] zinazoongoza uso wa kupoza. Rejeta ya hewa inapashwa [[moto]] pamoja na injini na kutoa joto kupitia uso wake. Rejeta za hewa hazina ufanisi sawa na rejeta za kiowevu. Siku hizi hazitumiwi tena kwa magari lakini zinapatikana kwa injini ndogo kama injini za [[pikipiki]]. ==Rejeta kwenye mfumo wa ukanzaji== Katika [[ukanzaji]] wa [[nyumba]] (mfumo wa kupasha moto katika mazingira baridi) rejeta ni kifaa cha metali kinachotoa joto chumbani. Mara nyingi imeunganishwa kwa mabomba na [[jiko]] linalozalisha joto. ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Radiators (engine cooling)|Rejeta}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060821123618/http://www.usaradiator.com/publications.php Radiator Replacement and Troubleshooting Guides] * [http://auto.howstuffworks.com/cooling-system.htm/printable How Car Cooling Systems Work] {{tech-stub}} [[jamii:vifaa]] 9kzhg29jqtcz0j8tvdhql1ssivddtz4 Prometheus 0 124018 1574306 1471643 2026-06-18T01:01:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574306 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Atlas Typhoeus Prometheus.png|300px|thumb|Prometheo akiteswa na tai, [[uchoraji]] kenye [[bakuli]] la [[divai]] la Ugiriki ya Kale.]] [[Picha:Rubens_-_Prometheus_Bound.jpg|thumb|Prometheo akiwa amefungwa mnyororo, [[taswira]] ya [[Peter Paul Rubens]], [[1611]]-[[1612]].]] '''Prometheo''' alikuwa mmoja wa [[miungu]] wa [[Watitani|nasaba ya Watitani]] katika [[mitholojia ya Kigiriki]]. Alitazamwa kuwa [[mwana]] wa [[Iapetos]] na [[:en:Asia_(mythology)|Clymene]], hivyo alikuwa [[mjukuu]] wa [[Urano|Uranos]]. Kati ya miungu mbalimbali ndiye Prometheo aliyeumba [[binadamu]]. Katika masimulizi ya [[Wagiriki wa Kale]] [[siku]] moja alimdanganya mungu mkuu [[Zeu]]; wakati wa [[sadaka]] alificha [[nyama]] nzuri iliyotakiwa kuchomwa na badala yake alitoa sehemu zisizokuwa na [[thamani]], maana alitaka kuhifadhi nyama nzuri kwa ajili ya binadamu aliowahi kuumba. Hapo Zeu alikasirika, hivyo alikataa binadamu wasipate [[siri]] ya kutumia [[moto]]. Lakini Prometheo aliamua kuiba moto [[mbinguni]] na kuwaletea binadamu. Zeu alikasirika akaamuru Prometheo afungwe kwa [[mnyororo]] kwenye [[milima]] ya [[Kaukazi]]. Kila siku alikuja [[tai]] aliyekula [[ini]] lake, ila wakati wa [[usiku]] ini lilikua upya, ili liliwe na tai siku iliyofuata. Prometheo alipaswa kuvumilia [[mateso]] haya miaka mingi hadi siku moja akaja [[shujaa]] [[Herakles]] aliyemwua tai na kumrudishia [[uhuru]] wake. Hatimaye Zeu alimsamehe akarudi katika baraza la miungu kwenye [[mlima Olimpos]]. Masimulizi ya Prometheo yalipokewa na [[Waroma wa Kale]] ambako Prometheo alitazamwa mara nyingi kama [[mwalimu]] wa ubinadamu aliyekuwa chanzo cha [[elimu]] na [[sanaa]]. Baadaye [[hadithi]] zake zilijadiliwa katika sanaa, [[fasihi]] na [[falsafa]] ya [[Ulaya]], hasa tangu [[zama za Mwangaza]]. Wengine walimchukua kama mfano wa [[maendeleo]] ya sayansi na [[teknolojia]] yanayomwezesha binadamu kutawala [[mazingira]] [[Uasilia|asilia]]. Wengine tena walimchukua kama mfano wa [[kiburi]] cha binadamu katika kutafuta maendeleo kwa kila njia, bila kutaka kukubali hali yake kama [[kiumbehai|kiumbe]], hivi kwamba anaharibu mazingira na [[maisha]] kwa jumla. == Tovuti nyingine == * [http://www.theoi.com/Text/HesiodTheogony.html Matini ya Hesiodo kuhusu miungu, ''Theogony''] * [http://www.theoi.com/Titan/TitanPrometheus.html Hadithi ya miungu, Prometheo] * [http://www.theoi.com/Nymphe/NymphePronoia.html Hadithi ya Theoi, Pronoea] * [http://homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/Prometheus1.html GML, Prometheo]{{Wayback|url=http://homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/Prometheus1.html |date=20120615230010 }} * [http://www.pantheon.org/articles/p/prometheus.html Encyclopedia Mythica, Prometheo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pantheon.org/articles/p/prometheus.html |date=20080120203112 }} * [http://messagenet.com/myths/bios/prometheus.html Messagenet, Prometheo] {{Wayback|url=http://messagenet.com/myths/bios/prometheus.html |date=20080110020219 }} * [http://www.musiqueharmonie.fr/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=27 Prometheo, shairi la Noevel (Kifaransa)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.musiqueharmonie.fr/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=27 |date=20120723192436 }} * [http://englishhistory.net/byron/poems/prometheus.html Prometheo, shairi la Byron] {{Wayback|url=http://englishhistory.net/byron/poems/prometheus.html |date=20150227035411 }} [[Jamii:Mitholojia ya Kigiriki]] 6w5xc2h9rzryoom5e6g4actcv6u8keo Paterniani wa Fano 0 127478 1574258 1300940 2026-06-17T22:41:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574258 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Pfarrhof Paternion - medaillon.jpg|thumb|Mt. Paterniani.]] '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ([[Fano]], [[Mikoa ya Italia|mkoa]] wa [[Marche]], nchini [[Italia]], [[275]] - Fano, [[13 Novemba]] [[360]]) kwa miaka 40 alikuwa [[askofu]] wa kwanza wa [[mji]] huo<ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/90981</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yao ni [[tarehe]] [[12 Julai]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref> lakini pia [[10 Julai]], [[13 Novemba]] au [[23 Novemba]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Marejeo == * Don Giuseppe Ceccarelli: ''I Vescovi delle Diocesi di Fano, Fossombrone, Cagli e Pergola - Cronotassi'' Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Fano, 2005. a pag. 42 * Alessandra Mingardi, ''Le Feste di Cervia'' (La Festa del Patrono: San Paterniano pag. 81), Ediz. Longo Editore Ravenna, 1999 ==Viungo vya nje== {{commonscat|Saint Paternion}} *[http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/1123.shtml#pate Saints of November 23: Paternian of Fermo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/1123.shtml#pate |date=20150924114619 }} *[http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/90981 San Paterniano] *[http://www.fondazionecarifano.it/pdf/depliant_fano_s_paterniano.pdf#search=%22San%20PAterniano%22 Santuario di San Paterniano in Fano] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fondazionecarifano.it/pdf/depliant_fano_s_paterniano.pdf#search=%22San%20PAterniano%22 |date=20060511183852 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050311132119/http://www.comune.sellano.pg.it/materiale/paterniano.htm Church of San Paterniano presso Cammoro] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 275]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 360]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Italia]] 1xqduicdr1d9c9i9dqctx4jykaqhmf5 Yakobo wa Nisibi 0 127526 1574253 1537271 2026-06-17T22:37:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574253 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Hildesheim Domschatz Reliquiar Jakob von Nisibis.jpg|thumb|[[Masalia]] yake yanapotunzwa.]] '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (alifariki [[Nusaybin]], leo nchini [[Uturuki]], [[338]]) alikuwa [[askofu]] wa kwanza wa [[mji]] huo, akiongoza kwa [[amani]] [[kundi]] lake, akililisha na kulilinda dhidi ya maadui wa [[imani]], kuanzia [[mwaka]] [[309]] hadi [[kifo]] chake, <ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/62760</ref>. Alijenga [[kanisa kuu]], alikuwa [[kiongozi wa kiroho]] wa [[Efrem wa Syria]] na alishiriki [[Mtaguso wa kwanza wa Nisea]] ([[325]]). Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]], [[Waorthodoksi]] na [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake ni [[tarehe]] [[12 Mei]] au [[15 Julai]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== *{{cite book |last=Albert|first=Francis X.E.|date=1907|chapter=Aphraates|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01593c.htm|title=The Catholic Encyclopedia|location=New York |publisher=Robert Appleton Company}} *{{cite book |last=Brown|first=Peter |date=1971|chapter=The Rise and Function of the Holy Man in Late Antiquity|title=The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 61|publisher=Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies|pages=80–101|author-link=Peter Brown (historian)}} *{{cite book |last=Bundy|first=David|date=2000|chapter=Vision for the City: Nisibis in Ephrem's Hymns on Nicomedia|title=Religions of Late Antiquity in Practice|publisher=Princeton University Press|pages=189–206}} *{{cite book |last=Bundy|first=David|date=2013|chapter=Jacob of Nisibis|url=|title=Encyclopedia of Early Christianity, ed. Everett Ferguson|publisher=Routledge|page=602}} *{{cite book |last=Burgess|first=R. W. |date=1988|chapter=The Dates of the First Siege of Nisibis and the Death of James of Nisibis|title=Byzantion, Vol. 69, No. 1|publisher=Peeters Publishers|pages=7–17}} *{{cite book |last=Cross|first=Frank Leslie |last2=Livingstone|first2=Elizabeth A.|date=2005|title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church|url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000unse_f0e0|publisher=Oxford University Press|author-link=F. L. Cross}} *{{cite book |last=Frend|first=W. H. C. |date= 1972|chapter=The Monks and the Survival of the East Roman Empire in the Fifth Century|title=Past & Present, No. 54|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=3–24}} *{{cite book |last=Harvey|first=Susan Ashbrook|date=2005|chapter=Julian Saba and Early Christianity|url=|title=Wilderness: Essays in Honour of Frances Young|publisher=A&C Black|pages=120–134|author-link=Susan Ashbrook Harvey}} *{{cite book |last=Hinson|first=E. Glenn|date=1995|title=The Church Triumphant: A History of Christianity Up to 1300|url=https://archive.org/details/churchtriumphant0000hins|location= |publisher=Mercer University Press}} *{{cite book |last=Lightfoot|first=C. S. |date=1988|chapter=Facts and Fiction: The Third Siege of Nisibis (A.D. 350)|url=|title=Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Bd. 37, H. 1|publisher= Franz Steiner Verlag|pages= 105–125}} *{{cite book |last=Mathews|first=Edward G.|date=2006|chapter=A First Glance at the Armenian Prayers Attributed to Surb Eprem Xorin Asorwoy|url=|title=Worship Traditions in Armenia and the Neighboring Christian East|publisher=St Vladimir's Seminary Press|pages=161–175}} *{{cite book |last=Vailhé|first=Siméon|date=1911|chapter=Nisibis|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11084c.htm|title=The Catholic Encyclopedia|location=New York |publisher=Robert Appleton Company}} *{{cite book |last=Venables|first=Edmund|date=1911|chapter=Jacobus, bp. of Nisibis|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Christian_Biography_and_Literature_to_the_End_of_the_Sixth_Century/Jacobus,_bp._of_Nisibis|title=A Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D., with an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies, ed. Henry Wace & William C. Piercy|author-link=Edmund Venables}} *{{cite book |last=Vööbus|first=Arthur|date=1951|chapter=The Origin of Monasticism in Mesopotamia|url=|title=Church History, Vol. 20, No. 4|location=|publisher= Cambridge University Press|pages=27–37 |isbn= |author-link=Arthur Võõbus}} *{{cite book |last=Whitby|first=Michael|date=1998|chapter=Deus Nobiscum: Christianity, Warfare and Morale in Late Antiquity|url=|title=Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. Supplement, No. 71|publisher=Wiley|pages=191–208|author-link=Michael Whitby}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa karne ya 3]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 338]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Uturuki]] 4zz0s5s6uwqamyj5qceotf7pzhpq9ql Orodha ya miji ya Ukraini 0 130799 1574184 1465675 2026-06-17T21:21:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574184 wikitext text/x-wiki Hii ni '''orodha ya miji 460 ya nchi ya [[Ukraini]]'''. {| class="wikitable sortable" ![[Mji|Jina la mji]] || Jina kwa [[Kiukraini]] || Eneo || Hadhi ya mji || Badiliko || Picha |- |[[Kyiv]] || [[:uk:Київ|Київ]] || [[Kyiv]] || align=right| S || {{change|invert=on|2950819|2611327}} || align="center" | [[File:Lavra Kyiv.JPG|250px|[[Kyiv]]]] |- |[[Kharkiv]] || [[:uk:Харків|Харків]] || [[Kharkiv Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|1446107|1470902}} || align="center" | [[File:LopanStrelkaKharkov.jpg|250px|[[Kharkiv]]]] |- |[[Odesa]] || [[:uk:Одеса|Одеса]] || [[Odesa Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|1013159|1029049}} || align="center" | [[File:Beach-Chayka-aerial-4.jpg|250px|[[Odesa]]]] |- |[[Dnipro]] || [[:uk:Дніпро (місто)|Дніпро]] || [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|998103|1080846}} || align="center" | [[File:1201044 original (1).jpg|250px|[[Dnipro]]]] |- |[[Donetsk]] || [[:uk:Донецьк|Донецьк]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|913323|1016194}} || align="center" | [[File:Вид с террикона возле ДМЗ 025.jpg|250px|[[Donetsk]]]] |- |[[Zaporizhia]] || [[:uk:Запоріжжя|Запоріжжя]] || [[Zaporizhia Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|738728|817882}} || align="center" | [[File:Житловий будинок Коксохіма.jpg|250px|[[Zaporizhia]]]] |- |[[Lviv]] || [[:uk:Львів|Львів]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|724713|732818}} || align="center" | [[File:Lwów - Widok z wieży ratuszowej 01.jpg|250px|[[Lviv]]]] |- |[[Kryvyi Rih]] || [[:uk:Кривий ріг|Кривий Ріг]] || [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|624579|709014}} || align="center" | [[File:Радуга после дождя.jpg|250px|[[Kryvyi Rih]]]] |- |[[Mykolaiv]] || [[:uk:Миколаїв|Миколаїв]] || [[Mykolaiv Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|483186|514136}} || align="center" | [[File:Русский драматический театр, Николаев (2010) - panoramio.jpg|250px|[[Mykolaiv]]]] |- |[[Mariupol]] || [[:uk:Маріуполь|Маріуполь]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|440367|492176}} || align="center" | [[File:Mariupol 2007 (41).jpg|250px|[[Mariupol]]]] |- |[[Luhansk]] || [[:uk:Луганськ|Луганськ]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|403938|463097}} || align="center" | [[File:Эстакада.jpg|250px|[[Luhansk]]]] |- |[[Sevastopol]] || [[:uk:Севастополь|Севастополь]] || [[Sevastopol]] || align=right| S || {{change|invert=on|397474|342451}} || align="center" | [[File:Sevastopol Crimea-5243.jpg|250px|[[Sevastopol]]]] |- |[[Vinnytsia]] || [[:uk:Вінниця|Вінниця]] || [[Vinnytsia Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|369839|356665}} || align="center" | [[File:Винница. Областная Рада..JPG|250px|[[Vinnytsia]]]] |- |[[Makiivka]] || [[:uk:Макіївка|Макіївка]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|343158|389589}} || align="center" | [[File:Церковь святого Михаила, Макеевка.jpg|250px|[[Makiivka]]]] |- |[[Simferopol]] || [[:uk:Сімферополь|Сімферополь]] || [[Crimea]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|341536|343644}} || align="center" | [[File:Simferopol 04-14 img17 K-Marx-Street.jpg|250px|[[Simferopol]]]] |- |[[Kherson]] || [[:uk:Херсон|Херсон]] || [[Kherson Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|289096|328360}} || align="center" | [[File:Kherson-Potemkin.jpg|250px|[[Kherson]]]] |- |[[Poltava]] || [[:uk:Полтава|Полтава]] || [[Poltava Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|288324|317998}} || align="center" | [[File:Корпусний сад у Полтаві.jpg|250px|[[Poltava]]]] |- |[[Chernihiv]] || [[:uk:Чернігів|Чернігів]] || [[Chernihiv Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|288268|304994}} || align="center" | [[File:Троїцький монастир.jpg|250px|[[Chernihiv]]]] |- |[[Cherkasy]] || [[:uk:Черкаси|Черкаси]] || [[Cherkasy Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|276360|295414}} || align="center" | [[File:71-101-0016 Cherkasy DSC 9928.jpg|250px|[[Cherkasy]]]] |- |[[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraini|Khmelnytskyi]] || [[:uk:Хмельницький|Хмельницький]] || [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|271263|253994}} || align="center" | [[File:P1210032 вул. Подільська, 39 Пожежне депо.jpg|250px|[[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraini|Khmelnytskyi]]]] |- |[[Chernivtsi]] || [[:uk:Чернівці|Чернівці]] || [[Chernivtsi Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|266533|240621}} || align="center" | [[File:Cernauti_Residentia_03.jpg|250px|[[Chernivtsi]]]] |- |[[Zhytomyr]] || [[:uk:Житомир|Житомир]] || [[Zhytomyr Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|265240|284236}} || align="center" | [[File:Житомир, Михайловская улица.jpg|250px|[[Zhytomyr]]]] |- |[[Sumy]] || [[:uk:Суми|Суми]] || [[Sumy Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|263448|293141}} || align="center" | [[File:UkrainianAcademyOfBanking.JPG|250px|[[Sumy]]]] |- |[[Rivne]] || [[:uk:Рівне|Рівне]] || [[Rivne Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|246535|248813}} || align="center" | |- |[[Horlivka]] || [[:uk:Горлівка|Горлівка]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|244033|292250}} || align="center" | [[File:Дом культуры пр. Ленина 1 г. Горловка.jpg|250px|[[Horlivka]]]] |- |[[Ivano-Frankivsk]] || [[:uk:Івано-Франківськ|Івано-Франківськ]] || [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|236602| 218359}} || align="center" | [[File:Frankiwsk Stanislawowska kolegiata DSC 5043 26-101-0561.jpg|250px|[[Ivano-Frankivsk]]]] |- |[[Kamianske]] || [[:uk:Кам'янське|Кам'янське]] || [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|233358|255841}} || align="center" | [[File:Костел св. Миколая (Кам'янське).jpg|250px|[[Kamianske]]]] |- |[[Kropyvnytskyi]] || [[:uk:Кропивницький|Кропивницький]] || [[Kirovohrad Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|227413|254103}} || align="center" | [[File:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg|250px|[[Kropyvnytskyi]]]] |- |[[Ternopil]] || [[:uk:Тернопіль|Тернопіль]] || [[Ternopil Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|221820|227,755}} || align="center" | [[File:TernopilChurch.jpg|250px|[[Ternopil]]]] |- |[[Kremenchuk]] || [[:uk:Кременчук|Кременчук]] || [[Poltava Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|220065|234,073}} || align="center" | [[File:Kremenchuk Soborna Str. 9...16 Apartments House 01 (YDS 7700).jpg|250px|[[Kremenchuk]]]] |- |[[Lutsk]] || [[:uk:Луцьк|Луцьк]] || [[Volyn Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|216887|208816}} || align="center" | [[File:Lutsk old town.jpg|250px|[[Lutsk]]]] |- |[[Bila Tserkva]] || [[:uk:Біла Церква|Біла Церква]] || [[Kyiv Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|208944|200,131}} || align="center" | [[File:Костел Іоанна Предтечі на Замковій горі, Біла Церква, вечірній вид.jpg|250px|[[Bila Tserkva]]]] |- |[[Kramatorsk]] || [[:uk:Краматорськ|Краматорськ]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|153911|181025}} || align="center" | [[File:Палац культури та техніки, Краматорськ DJI 0018.jpg|250px|Kramatorsk]] |- |[[Melitopol]] || [[:uk:Мелітополь|Мелітополь]] || [[Zaporizhia Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|153112|160657}} || align="center" | [[File:Melitopol City Hall.JPG|250px|Melitopol]] |- |[[Kerch]] || [[:uk:Керч|Керч]] || [[Crimea]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|151025|157007}} || align="center" | [[File:Kerch_ObeliskOfGlory.jpg|250px|Kerch]] |- |[[Uzhhorod]] || [[:uk:Ужгород|Ужгород]] || [[Zakarpattia Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|114897|117317}} || align="center" | [[File:Ужгород (18) (16570020811).jpg|250px|Uzhhorod]] |- |[[Nikopol, Ukraini|Nikopol]] || [[:uk:Нікополь|Нікополь]] || [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|110669|136280}} || align="center" | [[File:Здание городской администрации г. Никополь.jpg|250px|Nikopol]] |- |[[Berdiansk]] || [[:uk:Бердянськ|Бердянськ]] || [[Zaporizhia Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|110455|121692}} || align="center" | [[File:Бердянск 055.jpg|250px|Berdiansk]] |- |[[Sloviansk]] || [[:uk:Слов'янськ|Слов'янськ]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|109812|124829}} || align="center" | [[File:Церква Олександра Невського Слов'янськ DJI 0096.jpg|250px|Sloviansk]] |- |[[Yevpatoria]] || [[:uk:Євпаторія|Євпаторія]] || [[Crimea]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|107650|105915}} || align="center" | |- |[[Alchevsk]] || [[:uk:Алчевськ|Алчевськ]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|107438|119193}} || align="center" | [[File:Donbass State Technical University main building.jpg|250px|Alchevsk]] |- |[[Brovary]] || [[:uk:Бровари|Бровари]] || [[Kyiv Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|106346|86839}}|| align="center" | [[File:Бровари 17 квітня 2010.PNG|250px|Brovary]] |- |[[Pavlohrad]] || [[:uk:Павлоград|Павлоград]] || [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|105238|118816}} || align="center" | [[File:Pavlograd-Karl-Marx-Street.jpg|250px|Pavlohrad]] |- |[[Sieverodonetsk]] || [[:uk:Сєверодонецьк|Сєверодонецьк]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|103479|119940}} || align="center" | [[File:Syevyerodonetsk 07.jpg|250px|Syevyerodonetsk]] |- |[[Kamianets-Podilskyi]] || [[:uk:Кам'янець-Подільський|Кам'янець-Подільський]] || [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|99755|99610}} || align="center" | [[File:Kamianets-Podilskyi-2007.jpg|250px|Kamianets-Podilskyi]] |- |[[Lysychansk]] || [[:uk:Лисичанськ|Лисичанськ]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|97251|115229}} || align="center" | [[File:MQA-VS.jpg|250px|Lysychansk]] |- |[[Konotop]] || [[:uk:Конотоп|Конотоп]] || [[Sumy Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|86267|92657}}|| align="center" | [[File:Вознесенська церква Конотоп.JPG|250px|Konotop]] |- |[[Mukachevo]] || [[:uk:Мукачеве|Мукачево]] || [[Zakarpattia Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|85881|82346}}|| align="center" | [[File:Мукачево, центр.jpg|250px|Mukachevo]] |- |[[Uman]] || [[:uk:Умань|Умань]] || [[Cherkasy Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|83162|88735}}|| align="center" | [[File:Hotel Sofievskiy in Uman.JPG|250px|Uman]] |- |[[Khrustalnyi]] || [[:uk:Красний Луч|Хрустальний]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|80287|94875}} || align="center" | [[File:Executive Committee building in Khrustalnyi.jpg|250px|Khrustalnyi]] |- |[[Oleksandriia]] || [[:uk:Олександрія|Олександрія]] || [[Kirovohrad Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|79289|93357}}|| align="center" | [[File:Олександрія площа Леніна.jpg|250px|Oleksandriia]] |- |[[Yalta]] || [[:uk:Ялта|Ялта]] || [[Crimea]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|79272|81654}}|| align="center" | [[File:Widok na Jałtę ze statku 01.JPG|250px|Yalta]] |- |[[Yenakiieve]] || [[:uk:Єнакієве|Єнакієве]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|77968|103997}} || align="center" | [[File:Трамвай 71-623, Енакиево..jpg|250px|Yenakiieve]] |- |[[Drohobych]] || [[:uk:Дрогобич|Дрогобич]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|76044|79119}}|| align="center" |[[File:Drohobych town hall.jpg|250px|Drohobych]] |- |[[Berdychiv]] || [[:uk:Бердичів|Бердичів]] || [[Zhytomyr Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|75439|87575}}|| align="center" | [[File:Житловий будинок. м. Бердичів.JPG|250px|Berdychiv]] |- |[[Shostka]] || [[:uk:Шостка|Шостка]] || [[Sumy Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|75024|87130}}|| align="center" | [[File:Володимира св. церква.jpg|150px|Shostka]] |- |[[Stakhanov, Ukraini|Kadiyivka]] || [[:uk:Кадіївка|Кадіївка]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|74546|90152}}|| align="center" | [[File:Stakhanov - Cinema Mir.jpg|250px|Stakhanov]] |- |[[Bakhmut]] || [[:uk:Бахмут|Бахмут]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|74072|82916}}|| align="center" | [[File:Федоренко. артемовск29.jpg|250px|Bakhmut]] |- |[[Izmail]] || [[:uk:Ізмаїл|Ізмаїл]] || [[Odessa Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|71780|84815}} || align="center" | [[File:PokrovCathedralIzmail.jpg|250px|Izmail]] |- |[[Kostiantynivka]] || [[:uk:Костянтинівка|Костянтинівка]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|70841|95111}} || align="center" | |- |[[Novomoskovsk, Ukraini|Novomoskovsk]] || [[:uk:Новомосковськ|Новомосковськ]] || [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|70550|72439}} || align="center" |[[File:Novomoskovsk Synagogue.JPG|250px|Novomoskovsk]] |- |[[Nizhyn]] || [[:uk:Ніжин|Ніжин]] || [[Chernihiv Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|69046|76625}} || align="center" |[[File:Nezhin Вознесенська церква.JPG|250px|Nizhyn]] |- |[[Kovel]] || [[:uk:Ковель|Ковель]] || [[Volyn Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|68603|66401}} || align="center" |[[File:Залізничний вокзал у Ковелі.JPG|250px|Kovel]] |- |[[Feodosiya]] || [[:uk:Феодосія|Феодосія]] || [[Crimea]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|68029|74669}} || align="center" |[[File:Готель Алиє паруса.jpg|250px|Feodosia]] |- |[[Smila, Ukraini|Smila]] || [[:uk:Сміла|Сміла]] || [[Cherkasy Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|67530|69681}} || align="center" |[[File:Залізничний вокзал, Сміла.JPG|250px|Smila]] |- |[[Chervonohrad]] || [[:uk:Червоноград|Червоноград]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|66504|70568}} || align="center" |[[File:Chervonograd sancti spiriti.jpg|250px|Chervonohrad]] |- |[[Kalush, Ukraini|Kalush]] || [[:uk:Калуш|Калуш]] || [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|66406|67902}} || align="center" |[[File:Костел 5.jpg|250px|KKalush]] |- |[[Pervomaisk, Mykolaiv Oblast|Pervomaisk]] || [[:uk:Первомайськ|Первомайськ]] || [[Mykolaiv Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|64909|70170}} || align="center" |[[File:Pervomaysk Pokrovy Church SAM 4543 48-104-0001.JPG|250px|Pervomaisk]] |- |[[Sverdlovsk, Ukraini|Dovzhansk]] || [[:uk:Довжанськ|Довжанськ]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|63358|72531}} || align="center" |[[File:Street Engels (Sverdlovsk).JPG|250px|Sverdlovsk]] |- |[[Korosten]] || [[:uk:Коростень|Коростень]] || [[Zhytomyr Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|63300|66669}} || align="center" |[[File:We2 016.jpg|250px|Korosten]] |- |[[Pokrovsk]] || [[:uk:Покровськ|Покровськ]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|62449|69154}} || align="center" |[[File:Chervonoarmijsk city center (4).JPG|250px|Krasnoarmiisk]] |- |[[Boryspil]] || [[:uk:Бориспіль|Бориспіль]] || [[Kyiv Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|62281|53975}} || align="center" |[[File:Книшовий меморіальний парковий комплекс Бориспіль.JPG|250px|Boryspil]] |- |[[Kolomyia]] || [[:uk:Коломия|Коломия]] || [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|61269|61989}} || align="center" |[[File:Kolomea People's House Teatralna st 25-1.jpg|250px|Kolomyia]] |- |[[Stryi]] || [[:uk:Стрий|Стрий]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|59488|62479}} || align="center" |[[File:Стрийський костел.jpg|250px|Stryi]] |- |[[Chornomorsk]] || [[:uk:Чорноморськ|Чорноморськ]] || [[Odessa Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|59,261|54151}} || align="center" |[[File:Чорноморськ. Вид на море з приморських сходів.jpg|250px|Chornomorsk]] |- |[[Rubizhne]] || [[:uk:Рубіжне|Рубіжне]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|57299|65322}} || align="center" | |- |[[Khartsyzk]] || [[:uk:Харцизьк|Харцизьк]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|56861|64175}} || align="center" |[[File:Ab foto 2005 harcizsk 01.jpg|250px|Khartsyzk]] |- |[[Druzhkivka]] || [[:uk:Дружківка|Дружківка]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|56842|64557}} || align="center" |[[File:Дружківка.jpg|250px|Druzhkivka]] |- |[[Irpin]] || [[:uk:Ірпінь (місто)|Ірпінь]] || [[Kyiv Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|56806|40593}} || align="center" |[[File:Національний Університет Державної Податкової Служби України(Центральний вхід).JPG|250px|Irpin]] |- |[[Novohrad-Volynskyi]] || [[:uk:Новоград-Волинський|Новоград-Волинський]] || [[Zhytomyr Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|56108|56259}} || align="center" |[[File:Будівля вокзалу в Новограді-Волинському.jpg|250px|Novohrad-Volynskyi]] |- |[[Lozova]] || [[:uk:Лозова|Лозова]] || [[Kharkiv Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|55255|64041}} || align="center" |[[File:Lozova RailwaY Station.jpg|250px|Lozova]] |- |[[Torez|Chystiakove]] || [[:uk:Чистякове|Чистякове]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|54339|72346}} || align="center" |[[File:Юность-торез.jpg|250px|Torez]] |- |[[Pryluky]] || [[:uk:Прилуки|Прилуки]] || [[Chernihiv Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|54167|64861}} || align="center" |[[File:Pryluky Mykola Church.jpg|250px|Pryluky]] |- |[[Enerhodar]] || [[:uk:Енергодар|Енергодар]] || [[Zaporizhia Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|53567|56242}} || align="center" | |- |[[Antratsyt]] || [[:uk:Антрацит|Антрацит]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|52749|63698}} || align="center" |[[File:Antratsyt, Luhanska oblast, Ukraini - panoramio.jpg|250px|Antratsyt]] |- |[[Novovolynsk]] || [[:uk:Нововолинськ|Нововолинськ]] || [[Volyn Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|51564|53838}} || align="center" |[[File:Novovolynsk Volynska-Monument to the border guards-2.jpg|250px|Novovolynsk]] |- |[[Horishni Plavni]] || [[:uk:Горішні Плавні|Горішні Плавні]] || [[Poltava Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|51215|51740}} || align="center" |[[File:Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Komsomolsk.JPG|250px|Horishni Plavni]] |- |[[Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi]] || [[:uk:Білгород-Дністровський|Білгород-Дністровський]] || [[Odessa Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|48967|51890}}|| align="center" |[[File:Bilhorod Dnistrovskyi.jpg|250px|Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi]] |- |[[Shakhtarsk]] || [[:uk:Шахтарськ|Шахтарськ]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|48759|59589}} || align="center" |[[File:Братська могила радянських воїнів Південного фронту 2.JPG|250px|Shakhtarsk]] |- |[[Myrnohrad]] || [[:uk:Мирноград|Мирноград]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|47957|54787}} || align="center" |[[File:Stakhanov Coal Mine. Administrative Building.JPG|250px|Myrnohrad]] |- |[[Okhtyrka]] || [[:uk:Охтирка|Охтирка]] || [[Sumy Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|47829|50399}} || align="center" |[[File:Okhtyrka Pokrovs'kiy Sobor 07 2 Soborna (Zhovtneva) ploscha...Pushkins'ka 1 (YDS 5591).JPG|250px|Okhtyrka]] |- |[[Izium]] || [[:uk:Ізюм|Ізюм]] || [[Kharkiv Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|47430|56114}} || align="center" |[[File:Церква Вознесіння (Ізюм) 2.JPG|250px|Izium]] |- |[[Marhanets]] || [[:uk:Марганець|Марганець]] || [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|46616|49592}} || align="center" |[[File:Група могил партизан.JPG|250px|Marhanets]] |- |[[Snizhne]] || [[:uk:Сніжне|Сніжне]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|46377|58496}} || align="center" |[[File:Снежное. Шахта 9.jpg|250px|Snizhne]] |- |[[Fastiv]] || [[:uk:Фастів|Фастів]] || [[Kyiv Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|45907|51976}} || align="center" |[[File:Костел Воздвиження Святого Хреста 01.jpg|250px|Fastiv]] |- |[[Rovenky]] || [[:uk:Ровеньки|Ровеньки]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|45898|53725}} || align="center" |[[File:Rovenki Station-2012.jpg|250px|Rovenky]] |- |[[Nova Kakhovka]] || [[:uk:Нова Каховка|Нова Каховка]] || [[Kherson Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|45819|52611}} || align="center" |[[File:Nova Kakhovka administrative centr.jpg|250px|Nova Kakhovka]] |- |[[Brianka]] || [[:uk:Брянка|Брянка]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|45408|54767}} || align="center" |[[File:Воинское захоронение. п.Криворожье г.Брянка.jpg|250px|Brianka]] |- |[[Lubny]] || [[:uk:Лубни|Лубни]] || [[Poltava Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|45379|52572}} || align="center" |[[File:Lubny.jpg|250px|Lubny]] |- |[[Svitlovodsk]] || [[:uk:Світловодськ|Світловодськ]] || [[Kirovohrad Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|44857|50094}} || align="center" |[[File:Svitlovodsk7.jpg|250px|Svitlovodsk]] |- |[[Zhovti Vody]] || [[:uk:Жовті Води|Жовті Води]] || [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|44128|53582}} || align="center" |[[File:Palast der Kultur in Schowti Wody Haupteingang.JPG|250px|Zhovti Vody]] |- |[[Krasnodon|Sorokyne]] || [[:uk:Краснодон|Сорокине]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|43012|50560}} || align="center" |[[File:Krasnodoncoal.jpg|250px|Krasnodon]] |- |[[Varash]] || [[:uk:Вараш|Вараш]] || [[Rivne Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|42350|38830}} || align="center" |[[File:Жилой-дом-в-Кузнецовске.jpg|250px|Kuznetsovsk]] |- |[[Shepetivka]] || [[:uk:Шепетівка|Шепетівка]] || [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|41599|48212}} || align="center" |[[File:Шепетівка. двірець.JPG|250px|Shepetivka]] |- |[[Vyshneve]] || [[:uk:Вишневе|Вишневе]] || [[Kyiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || {{change|invert=on|40919|34465}} || align="center" |[[File:Vyshneve Church.jpg|250px|Vyshneve]] |- |[[Podilsk]] || [[:uk:Подільськ|Подільськ]] || [[Odessa Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|40406|40718}} || align="center" |[[File:Вокзал Котовск.jpg|250px|Podilsk]] |- |[[Yuzhnoukrainsk]] || [[:uk:Южноукраїнськ|Южноукраїнськ]] || [[Mykolaiv Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|39674|38206}} || align="center" |[[File:ПУАЕС.jpg|250px|Yuzhnoukrainsk]] |- |[[Myrhorod]] || [[:uk:Миргород|Миргород]] || [[Poltava Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|39575|42886}} || align="center" |[[File:Будинок Миргородської міської управи.JPG|250px|Myrhorod]] |- |[[Romny]] || [[:uk:Ромни|Ромни]] || [[Sumy Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|39532|50448}} || align="center" |[[File:Богоугодний заклад (м. Ромни).jpg|250px|Romny]] |- |[[Pokrov, Ukraini|Pokrov]] || [[:uk:Покров|Покров]] || [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|39044|44834}} || align="center" |[[File:Тарас Шевченко - м. Орджонікідзе.jpg|250px|Pokrov]] |- |[[Volodymyr-Volynskyi]] || [[:uk:Володимир-Волинський|Володимир-Волинський]] || [[Volyn Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|38577|38256}} || align="center" |[[File:WladimirWolynsk Uspenski Cathedral.jpeg|250px|Volodymyr-Volynskyi]] |- |[[Dzhankoy]] || [[:uk:Джанкой|Джанкой]] || [[Crimea]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|38438|43343}} | align="center" | |[[File:Залізничний вокзал Джанкой.JPG|250px|Dzhankoy]] |- |[[Vasylkiv]] || [[:uk:Васильків|Васильків]] || [[Kyiv Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|37696|39722}} || align="center" |[[File:Собор Антонія і Феодосія Васильків.jpg|250px|Vasylkiv]] |- |[[Dubno]] || [[:uk:Дубно|Дубно]] || [[Rivne Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|37563|39146}} || align="center" |[[File:Dubno Rivnenska-Saint Elijah church-right side view.jpg|250px|Dubno]] |- |[[Netishyn]] || [[:uk:Нетішин|Нетішин]] || [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|36909|34358}} || align="center" |[[File:Netishyn. Khmelnitsky oblast. Ukraini. 2010 year.jpg|250px|Netishyn]] |- |[[Pervomaisk, Luhansk Oblast|Pervomaisk]] || [[:uk:Первомайськ|Первомайськ]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|36814|43082}} || align="center" |[[File:Первомайск ул.Трудовая.jpg|250px|Pervomaisk]] |- |[[Kakhovka]] || [[:uk:Каховка|Каховка]] || [[Kherson Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|35983|38238}} || align="center" | |- |[[Slavuta]] || [[:uk:Славута|Славута]] || [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|35444|34340}} || align="center" |[[File:Славута . Церква Святої Дороти. 04.JPG|250px|Slavuta]] |- |[[Boiarka]] || [[:uk:Боярка|Боярка]] || [[Kyiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || {{change|invert=on|35411|35968}} || align="center" |[[File:Боярка. Белогородская,АЗС.jpg|250px|Boyarka]] |- |[[Bucha, Ukraini|Bucha]] || [[:uk:Буча (місто)|Буча]] || [[Kyiv Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|35162|28533}} || align="center" |[[File:Залізничний вокзал станції Буча 2385497.jpeg|250px|Bucha]] |- |[[Sambir]] || [[:uk:Самбір|Самбір]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|34823|36556}} || align="center" |[[File:Самбор. Бывшее казначейство..jpg|250px|Sambir]] |- |[[Voznesensk]] || [[:uk:Вознесенськ|Вознесенськ]] || [[Mykolaiv Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|34757|42634}} || align="center" |[[File:Альтанка у Вознесенську.jpg|250px|Voznesensk]] |- |[[Yasynuvata]] || [[:uk:Ясинувата|Ясинувата]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|34607|37552}} || align="center" |[[File:Вокзал станції Ясинувата-Пасажирська.jpg|250px|Yasynuvata]] |- |[[Starokostiantyniv]] || [[:uk:Старокостянтинів|Старокостянтинів]] || [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|34571|35206}} || align="center" |[[File:Starokostiantyniv castle 1.jpg|250px|Starokostiantyniv]] |- |[[Zhmerynka]] || [[:uk:Жмеринка|Жмеринка]] || [[Vinnytsia Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|34498|37349}} || align="center" |[[File:Zhmerinka Railway station P1540058.jpg|250px|Zhmerynka]] |- |[[Boryslav]] || [[:uk:Борислав|Борислав]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|33537|38122}} || align="center" |[[File:Boryslav3.JPG|250px|Boryslav]] |- |[[Obukhiv]] || [[:uk:Обухів|Обухів]] || [[Kyiv Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|33204|32776}} || align="center" |[[File:Vyshneve Church.jpg|250px|Obukhiv]] |- |[[Hlukhiv]] || [[:uk:Глухів|Глухів]] || [[Sumy Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|33024|35768}} || align="center" |[[File:Hlukhiv TriokhAnastasivska Church SAM 0176 59-103-0045.JPG|250px|Hlukhiv]] |- |[[Avdiivka]] || [[:uk:Авдіївка|Авдіївка]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|32843|37210}} || align="center" |[[File:Федоренко. Авдеевский карьер 04.jpg|250px|Avdiivka]] |- |[[Yuzhne]] || [[:uk:Южне|Южне]] || [[Odessa Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|32563|23977}} |- |[[Toretsk]] || [[:uk:Торецьк|Торецьк]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|32373|43371}} || align="center" |[[File:Church St Macarius Dzerzhynsk.JPG|250px|Toretsk]] |- |[[Chuhuiv]] || [[:uk:Чугуїв|Чугуїв]] || [[Kharkiv Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|31993|36789}} || align="center" |[[File:Покровський собор. м.Чугуїв.JPG|250px|Chuhuiv]] |- |[[Kostopil]] || [[:uk:Костопіль|Костопіль]] || [[Rivne Oblast]] || align=right| R || {{change|invert=on|31306|30467}} || align="center" |[[File:Kostopil_Meriya.JPG|250px|Kostopil]] |- |[[Novoiavorivsk]] || [[:uk:Новояворівськ|Новояворівськ]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || {{change|invert=on|31110|26483}} |- |[[Tokmak, Ukraini|Tokmak]] || [[:uk:Токмак|Токмак]] || [[Zaporizhia Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|31016|36275}} || align="center" |[[File:Tokmak Volodars'kogo 68 Voznesens'ka Tserkva 01 (YDS 8398).JPG|250px|Tokmak]] |- |[[Mohyliv-Podilskyi]] || [[:uk:Могилів-Подільський|Могилів-Подільський]] || [[Vinnytsia Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|30589|32853}} || align="center" |[[File:Могилів-Подільський. Миколаївська церква.jpg|250px|Mohyliv-Podilskyi]] |- |[[Synelnykove]] || [[:uk:Синельникове|Синельникове]] || [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|30556|32302}} || align="center" |[[File:Вокзал станции Синельниково 1 2057416.jpg|250px|Synelnykove]] |- |[[Alushta]] || [[:uk:Алушта|Алушта]] || [[Crimea]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|29963|31440}} || align="center" |[[File:Алушта121.JPG|250px|Alushta]] |- |[[Vyshhorod]] || [[:uk:Вишгород|Вишгород]] || [[Kyiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || {{change|invert=on|29913|22933}} |- |[[Pervomaiskyi]] || [[:uk:Первомайський|Первомайський]] || [[Kharkiv Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|29610|32523}} || align="center" |[[File:Railway Station Pervomaiski.jpg|250px|Pervomaiskyi]] |- |[[Dobropillia]] || [[:uk:Добропілля|Добропілля]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|29384|35638}} || align="center" |[[File:Добропілля.jpg|250px|Dobropillia]] |- |[[Sarny]] || [[:uk:Сарни|Сарни]] || [[Rivne Oblast]] || align=right| R || {{change|invert=on|29205|28144}} |- |[[Chortkiv]] || [[:uk:Чортків|Чортків]] || [[Ternopil Oblast]] || align=right| R || {{change|invert=on|28,858|29057}} || align="center" |[[File:1. Чортків Чортківська ратуша Стара ратуша пл. Ринок, 18.jpg|250px|Chortkiv]] |- |[[Truskavets]] || [[:uk:Трускавець|Трускавець]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|28705|31037}} || align="center" |[[File:Villa Postii in Truskavets.jpg|250px|Truskavets]] |- |[[Novyi Rozdil]] || [[:uk:Новий розділ|Новий розділ]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|28530|28227}} || align="center" |[[File:Novy Rozdol.JPG|250px|Novyi Rozdil]] |- |[[Khust]] || [[:uk:Хуст|Хуст]] || [[Zakarpattia Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|28424|29080}} || align="center" |[[File:Хуст забудова.jpg|250px|Khust]] |- |[[Pershotravensk]] || [[:uk:Першотравенськ|Першотравенськ]] || [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|28178|29140}} |- |[[Kupiansk]] || [[:uk:Куп'янськ|Куп'янськ]] || [[Kharkiv Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|27951|32449}} || align="center" |[[File:ER9P-442-Kupyansk.jpg|250px|Kupiansk]] |- |[[Ternivka]] || [[:uk:Тернівка|Тернівка]] || [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|27929|29226}} || align="center" |[[File:Новое здание Горсовета.jpg|250px|Ternivka]] |- |[[Zolotonosha]] || [[:uk:Золотоноша|Золотоноша]] || [[Cherkasy Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|27818|28793}} || align="center" |[[File:Zolotonosza Zemska uprava SAM 0933 71-104-0001.jpg|250px|Zolotonosha]] |- |[[Khmilnyk]] || [[:uk:Хмільник|Хмільник]] || [[Vinnytsia Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|27707|27898}} |- |[[Balakliia]] || [[:uk:Балаклія|Балаклія]] || [[Kharkiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || {{change|invert=on|27637|32408}} || align="center" | |- |[[Kirovske (Donetsk Oblast)|Khrestivka]] || [[:uk:Кіровське|Хрестівка]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|27614|30910}} |- |[[Kirovsk, Luhansk Oblast|Holubivka]] || [[:uk:Кіровськ|Голубівка]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|27167|35199}} || align="center" |[[File:Скверик в центре..JPG|250px|Kirovsk]] |- |[[Pereiaslav]] || [[:uk:Переяслав|Переяслав]] || [[Kyiv Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|27088|31634}} || align="center" |[[File:Площа Богдана Хмельницького Пер-Хм.jpg|250px|Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi]] |- |[[Bakhchisaray]] || [[:uk:Бахчисарай|Бахчисарай]] || [[Crimea]] || align=right| R || {{change|invert=on|26572|27549}} |- |[[Malyn]] || [[:uk:Малин|Малин]] || [[Zhytomyr Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|26056|28113}} |- |[[Haisyn]] || [[:uk:Гайсин|Гайсин]] || [[Vinnytsia Oblast]] || align=right| R || {{change|invert=on|25735|25640}} |- |[[Vynohradiv]] || [[:uk:Виноградів|Виноградів]] || [[Zakarpattia Oblast]] || align=right| R || {{change|invert=on|25403|25760}} |- |[[Krasnoperekopsk]] || [[:uk:Красноперекопськ|Красноперекопськ]] || [[Crimea]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|25187|31023}} || align="center" |[[File:Krasnoperekopsk_railway_station.jpg|250px|Krasnoperekopsk]] |- |[[Perevalsk]] || [[:uk:Перевальськ|Перевальськ]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| R || {{change|invert=on|25160|29665}} || align="center" |[[File:City administration of Pereval'sk.JPG|250px|Perevalsk]] |- |[[Korostyshiv]] || [[:uk:Коростишів|Коростишів]] || [[Zhytomyr Oblast]] || align=right| R || {{change|invert=on|25084|26068}} |- |[[Slavutych]] || [[:uk:Славутич|Славутич]] || [[Kyiv Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|24936|24402}} |- |[[Lebedyn]] || [[:uk:Лебедин|Лебедин]] || [[Sumy Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|24853|28948}}|| align="center" |[[File:Lebedyn Budynok Mis'koyi Upravy 01 Inetnattsional'na pl. 10 (YDS 6085).JPG|250px|Lebedyn]] |- |[[Zdolbuniv]] || [[:uk:Здолбунів|Здолбунів]] || [[Rivne Oblast]] || align=right| R || {{change|invert=on|24766|24612}} |- |[[Saky]] || [[:uk:Саки|Саки]] || [[Crimea]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|24727|29416}} || align="center" |[[File:СакиКримОзеро.JPG|250px|Saky]] |- |[[Oleshky]] || [[:uk:Олешки|Олешки]] || [[Kherson Oblast]] || align=right| R || {{change|invert=on|24639|24123}} |- |[[Debaltseve]] || [[:uk:Дебальцеве|Дебальцеве]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|24583|30246}}|| align="center" |[[File:Вокзал станції Дебальцеве.jpg|250px|Debaltseve]] |- |[[Zolochiv]] || [[:uk:Золочів|Золочів]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || {{change|invert=on|24152|23481}} |[[File:ZolochivChurch2018.jpg|250px|Zolochiv]] |- |[[Kaniv]] || [[:uk:Канів|Канів]] || [[Cherkasy Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|23742|26657}} |- |[[Berehove]] || [[:uk:Берегове|Берегове]] || [[Zakarpattia Oblast]] || align=right| O || {{change|invert=on|23732|26735}} |[[File:Berehove2.jpg|250px|Berehove]] |- |[[Znamianka]] || [[:uk:Знам'янка|Знам'янка]] || [[Kirovohrad Oblast]] || align=right| O || align=right| 29,412|| align="center" |[[File:Знам'янська міська рада.JPG|250px|Znamianka]] |- |[[Lyman, Ukraini|Lyman]] || [[:uk:Лиман|Лиман]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || align=right| 28,172|| align="center" |[[File:Залізничний вокзал м. Лиман після реставрації.jpg|250px|Lyman]] |- |[[Selydove]] || [[:uk:Селидове|Селидове]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || align=right| 26,793 |- |[[Koziatyn]] || [[:uk:Козятин|Козятин]] || [[Vinnytsia Oblast]] || align=right| O || align=right| 26,635 |- |[[Popasna]] || [[:uk:Попасна|Попасна]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 25,951 |- |[[Molodohvardiysk]] || [[:uk:Молодогвардійськ|Молодогвардійськ]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 25,528 |- |[[Krolevets]] || [[:uk:Кролевець|Кролевець]] || [[Sumy Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 25,183 |- |[[Merefa]] || [[:uk:Мерефа|Мерефа]] || [[Kharkiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 25,018 |- |[[Volnovakha]] || [[:uk:Волноваха|Волноваха]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 24,647 |- |[[Kreminna]] || [[:uk:Кремінна|Кремінна]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 24,447 |- |[[Dokuchaievsk]] || [[:uk:Докучаєвськ|Докучаєвськ]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || align=right| 24,383 |- |[[Liubotyn]] || [[:uk:Люботин|Люботин]] || [[Kharkiv Oblast]] || align=right| O || align=right| 24,173 |- |[[Armiansk]] || [[:uk:Армянськ|Армянськ]] || [[Crimea]] || align=right| O || align=right| 23,869 |- |[[Vilnohirsk]] || [[:uk:Вільногірськ|Вільногірськ]] || [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || align=right| 23,782 |- |[[Yahotyn]] || [[:uk:Яготин|Яготин]] || [[Kyiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 23,659 |- |[[Sukhodilsk]] || [[:uk:Суходільськ|Суходільськ]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 23,642 |- |[[Trostianets]] || [[:uk:Тростянець|Тростянець]] || [[Sumy Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 23,308 |- |[[Brody]] || [[:uk:Броди|Броди]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 23,239 |- |[[Polonne]] || [[:uk:Полонне|Полонне]] || [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 23,211 |- |[[Hadiach]] || [[:uk:Гадяч|Гадяч]] || [[Poltava Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 22,698 |- |[[Krasnohrad]] || [[:uk:Красноград|Красноград]] || [[Kharkiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 22,670 |- |[[Kilia, Ukraini|Kilia]] || [[:uk:Кілія|Кілія]] || [[Odessa Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 22,594 |- |[[Starobilsk]] || [[:uk:Старобільськ|Старобільськ]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 22,371 |- |[[Ladyzhyn]] || [[:uk:Ладижин|Ладижин]] || [[Vinnytsia Oblast]] || align=right| O || align=right| 22,219 |- |[[Polohy]] || [[:uk:Пологи|Пологи]] || [[Zaporizhia Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 22,206 |- |[[Amvrosiivka]] || [[:uk:Амвросіївка|Амвросіївка]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 22,130 |- |[[Kremenets]] || [[:uk:Кременець|Кременець]] || [[Ternopil Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 22,051 |- |[[Henichesk]] || [[:uk:Генічеськ|Генічеськ]] || [[Kherson Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 21,793 |- |[[Sokal]] || [[:uk:Сокаль|Сокаль]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 21,693 |- |[[Kurakhove]] || [[:uk:Курахове|Курахове]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 21,479 |- |[[Dniprorudne]] || [[:uk:Дніпрорудне|Дніпрорудне]] || [[Zaporizhia Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 21,054 |- |[[Volochysk]] || [[:uk:Волочиськ|Волочиськ]] || [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 20,958 |- |[[Nadvirna]] || [[:uk:Надвірна|Надвірна]] || [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 20,932 |- |[[Dolyna]] || [[:uk:Долина|Долина]] || [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 20,906 |- |[[Stebnyk]] || [[:uk:Стебник|Стебник]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 20,863 |- |[[Vovchansk]] || [[:uk:Вовчанськ|Вовчанськ]] || [[Kharkiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 20,695 |- |[[Krasyliv]] || [[:uk:Красилів|Красилів]] || [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 20,580 |- |[[Piatykhatky, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast|Piatykhatky]] || [[:uk:П'ятихатки|П'ятихатки]] || [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 20,563 |- |[[Reni, Ukraini|Reni]] || [[:uk:Рені|Рені]] || [[Odessa Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 20,481 |- |[[Bakhmach]] || [[:uk:Бахмач|Бахмач]] || [[Chernihiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 20,332 |- |[[Derhachi]] || [[:uk:Дергачі|Дергачі]] || [[Kharkiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 20,258 |- |[[Vatutine]] || [[:uk:Ватутіне|Ватутіне]] || [[Cherkasy Oblast]] || align=right| O || align=right| 20,156 |- |[[Kalynivka, Vinnytsia Oblast|Kalynivka]] || [[:uk:Калинівка|Калинівка]] || [[Vinnytsia Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 20,061 |- |[[Balta, Odessa Oblast|Balta]] || {{lang|uk|Балта}} || [[Odessa Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 19,962 |- |[[Zvenyhorodka]] || [[:uk:Звенигородка|Звенигородка]] || [[Cherkasy Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 19,901 |- |[[Zuhres]] || [[:uk:Зугрес|Зугрес]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 19,859 |- |[[Skadovsk]] || [[:uk:Скадовськ|Скадовськ]] || [[Kherson Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 19,641 |- |[[Svatove]] || [[:uk:Сватове|Сватове]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 19,495 |- |[[Shpola]] || [[:uk:Шпола|Шпола]] || [[Cherkasy Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 19,427 |- |[[Novoukrainka]] || [[:uk:Новоукраїнка|Новоукраїнка]] || [[Kirovohrad Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 19,353 |- |[[Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi]] || [[:uk:Корсунь-Шевченківський|Корсунь-Шевченківський]] || [[Cherkasy Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 19,311 |- |[[Lutuhyne]] || [[:uk:Лутугине|Лутугине]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 18,833 |- |[[Bilohirsk]] || [[:uk:Білогірськ|Білогірськ]] || [[Crimea]] || align=right| R || align=right| 18,790 |- |[[Dolynska]] || [[:uk:Долинська|Долинська]] || [[Kirovohrad Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 18,768 |- |[[Iziaslav, Ukraini|Iziaslav]] || [[:uk:Ізяслав|Ізяслав]] || [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 18,444 |- |[[Bilopillia]] || [[:uk:Білопілля|Білопілля]] || [[Sumy Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 18,384 |- |[[Bohodukhiv]] || [[:uk:Богодухів|Богодухів]] || [[Kharkiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 18,224 |- |[[Skvyra]] || [[:uk:Сквира|Сквира]] || [[Kyiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 18,126 |- |[[Karlivka]] || [[:uk:Карлівка|Карлівка]] || [[Poltava Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 17,995 |- |[[Orikhiv]] || [[:uk:Оріхів|Оріхів]] || [[Zaporizhia Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 17,955 |- |[[Bilozerske]] || [[:uk:Білозерське|Білозерське]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 17,868 |- |[[Zolote]] || [[:uk:Золоте|Золоте]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 17,836 |- |[[Yunokomunarivsk]] || [[:uk:Юнокомунарівськ|Юнокомунарівськ]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 17,813 |- |[[Pidhorodne]] || [[:uk:Підгородне|Підгородне]] || [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 17,763 |- |[[Rozdilna]] || [[:uk:Роздільна|Роздільна]] || [[Odessa Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 17,754 |- |[[Horodok, Khmelnytskyi Oblast|Horodok]] || [[:uk:Городок|Городок]] || [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 17,746 |- |[[Chervonopartyzansk]] || [[:uk:Червонопартизанськ|Червонопартизанськ]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 17,680 |- |[[Ilovaisk]] || [[:uk:Іловайськ|Іловайськ]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 17,620 |- |[[Berezhany]] || [[:uk:Бережани|Бережани]] || [[Ternopil Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 17,617 |- |[[Novohrodivka]] || [[:uk:Новогродівка|Новогродівка]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || align=right| 17,473 |- |[[Vuhledar]] || [[:uk:Вугледар|Вугледар]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 17,440 |- |[[Berezan, Kyiv Oblast|Berezan]] || [[:uk:Березань|Березань]] || [[Kyiv Oblast]] || align=right| O || align=right| 17,367 |- |[[Putyvl]] || [[:uk:Путивль|Путивль]] || [[Sumy Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 17,354 |- |[[Bolhrad]] || [[:uk:Болград|Болград]] || [[Odessa Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 17,353 |- |[[Bar, Ukraini|Bar]] || [[:uk:Бар|Бар]] || [[Vinnytsia Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 17,284 |[[File:P1390545 Бар, Костьол Св. Миколая.jpg|250px|Bar]] |- |[[Svaliava]] || [[:uk:Свалява|Свалява]] || [[Zakarpattia Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 17,145 |- |[[Bohuslav]] || [[:uk:Богуслав|Богуслав]] || [[Kyiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 17,135 |- |[[Huliaipole]] || [[:uk:Гуляйполе|Гуляйполе]] || [[Zaporizhia Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 17,077 |- |[[Zmiiv]] || [[:uk:Зміїв|Зміїв]] || [[Kharkiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 17,063 |- |[[Ovruch]] || [[:uk:Овруч|Овруч]] || [[Zhytomyr Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 17,031 |- |[[Verkhnodniprovsk|Verkhniodniprovsk]] || [[:uk:Верхньодніпровськ|Верхньодніпровськ]] || [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 16,976 |- |[[Ochakiv]] || [[:uk:Очаків|Очаків]] || [[Mykolaiv Oblast]] || align=right| O || align=right| 16,929 |- |[[Krasnohorivka]] || [[:uk:Красногорівка|Красногорівка]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 16,714 |- |[[Kivertsi]] || [[:uk:Ківерці|Ківерці]] || [[Volyn Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 16,678 |- |[[Pyriatyn]] || [[:uk:Пирятин|Пирятин]] || [[Poltava Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 16,664 |- |[[Mykolaivka (city)|Mykolaivka]] || [[:uk:Миколаївка|Миколаївка]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 16,620 |- |[[Chasiv Yar]] || [[:uk:Часів Яр|Часів Яр]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 16,612 |- |[[Vilniansk]] || [[:uk:Вільнянськ|Вільнянськ]] || [[Zaporizhia Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 16,522 |- |[[Dunaivtsi]] || [[:uk:Дунаївці|Дунаївці]] || [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 16,448 |- |[[Apostolove]] || [[:uk:Апостолове|Апостолове]] || [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 16,439 |- |[[Talne]] || [[:uk:Тальне|Тальне]] || [[Cherkasy Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 16,388 |- |[[Artsyz]] || [[:uk:Арциз|Арциз]] || [[Odessa Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 16,370 |- |[[Novyi Buh]] || [[:uk:Новий Буг|Новий Буг]] || [[Mykolaiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 16,250 |- |[[Tulchyn]] || [[:uk:Тульчин|Тульчин]] || [[Vinnytsia Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 16,136 |- |[[Haivoron]] || [[:uk:Гайворон|Гайворон]] || [[Kirovohrad Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 16,126 |- |[[Horodok, Lviv Oblast|Horodok]] || [[:uk:Городок|Городок]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right|16,082|| align="center" |[[File:Exaltation of the Holy Cross Roman Catholic Church. Horodok.JPG|250px|Horodok]] |- |[[Hola Prystan]] || [[:uk:Гола Пристань|Гола Пристань]] || [[Kherson Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 16,028 |- |[[Nosivka]] || [[:uk:Носівка|Носівка]] || [[Chernihiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 15,966 |- |[[Zhashkiv]] || [[:uk:Жашків|Жашків]] || [[Cherkasy Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 15,853 |- |[[Horodysche]] || [[:uk:Городище|Городище]] || [[Cherkasy Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 15,645 |- |[[Vasylivka]] || [[:uk:Василівка|Василівка]] || [[Zaporizhia Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 15,592 |- |[[Kamianka-Dniprovska]] || [[:uk:Кам'янка-Дніпровська|Кам'янка-Дніпровська]] || [[Zaporizhia Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 15,522 |- |[[Petrovske]] || [[:uk:Петровське|Петровське]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 15,478 |- |[[Beryslav]] || [[:uk:Берислав|Берислав]] || [[Kherson Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 15,455 |- |[[Snihurivka]] || [[:uk:Снігурівка|Снігурівка]] || [[Mykolaiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 15,447 |- |[[Radomyshl]] || [[:uk:Радомишль|Радомишль]] || [[Zhytomyr Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 15,326 |- |[[Burshtyn]] || [[:uk:Бурштин|Бурштин]] || [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 15,298 |- |[[Rakhiv]] || [[:uk:Рахів|Рахів]] || [[Zakarpattia Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 15,241 |- |[[Novhorod-Siverskyi]] || [[:uk:Новгород-Сіверський|Новгород-Сіверський]] || [[Chernihiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 15,175 |- |[[Kamianka (Cherkasy Oblast)|Kamianka]] || [[:uk:Кам'янка|Кам'янка]] || [[Cherkasy Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 15,109 |- |[[Tetiiv]] || [[:uk:Тетіїв|Тетіїв]] || [[Kyiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 14,944 |- |[[Mykolaiv, Lviv Oblast|Mykolaiv]] || [[:uk:Миколаїв (Львівська область)|Миколаїв]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 14,801 |- |[[Ostroh]] || [[:uk:Острог|Острог]] || [[Rivne Oblast]] || align=right| O || align=right| 14,801 |- |[[Zelenodolsk, Ukraini|Zelenodolsk]] || [[:uk:Зеленодольськ|Зеленодольськ]] || [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 14,792 |- |[[Vakhrusheve]] || [[:uk:Вахрушеве|Вахрушеве]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 14,773 |- |[[Khorol, Ukraini|Khorol]] || [[:uk:Хорол|Хорол]] || [[Poltava Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 14,753 |- |[[Storozhynets]] || [[:uk:Сторожинець|Сторожинець]] || [[Chernivtsi Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 14,693 |- |[[Sudak]] || [[:uk:Судак|Судак]] || [[Crimea]] || align=right| O || align=right| 14,495 |- |[[Siversk]] || [[:uk:Сіверськ|Сіверськ]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 14,393 |- |[[Koriukivka]] || [[:uk:Корюківка|Корюківка]] || [[Chernihiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 14,318 |- |[[Biliaivka]] || [[:uk:Біляївка|Біляївка]] || [[Odessa Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 14,294 |- |[[Hirnyk (city)|Hirnyk]] || [[:uk:Гірник|Гірник]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 14,207 |- |[[Ukrainka, Kyiv Oblast|Ukrainka]] || [[:uk:Українка|Українка]] || [[Kyiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 14,163 |- |[[Nova Odesa]] || [[:uk:Нова Одеса|Нова Одеса]] || [[Mykolaiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 14,070 |- |[[Horodnia]] || [[:uk:Городня|Городня]] || [[Chernihiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 14,043 |- |[[Schastia]] || [[:uk:Щастя|Щастя]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 13,770 |- |[[Kaharlyk]] || [[:uk:Кагарлик|Кагарлик]] || [[Kyiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 13,757 |- |[[Zhdanivka]] || [[:uk:Жданівка|Жданівка]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || align=right| 13,688 |- |[[Berezne]] || [[:uk:Березне|Березне]] || [[Rivne Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 13,669 |- |[[Terebovlia]] || [[:uk:Теребовля|Теребовля]] || [[Ternopil Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 13,661 |- |[[Vynnyky]] || [[:uk:Винники|Винники]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 13,654 |- |[[Rozhysche]] || [[:uk:Рожище|Рожище]] || [[Volyn Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 13,636 |- |[[Yavoriv]] || [[:uk:Яворів|Яворів]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 13,510 |- |[[Zhovkva]] || [[:uk:Жовква|Жовква]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 13,474|| align="center" |[[File:2. Жовква.Костел Святого Лаврентія (Жовква).JPG|250px|Zhovkva Castle Museum.]] |- |[[Tarascha]] || [[:uk:Тараща|Тараща]] || [[Kyiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 13,452 |- |[[Myronivka]] || [[:uk:Миронівка|Миронівка]] || [[Kyiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 13,368 |- |[[Bershad]] || [[:uk:Бершадь|Бершадь]] || [[Vinnytsia Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 13,336 |- |[[Ukrainsk]] || [[:uk:Українськ|Українськ]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 13,236 |- |[[Zbarazh]] || [[:uk:Збараж|Збараж]] || [[Ternopil Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 13,228 |- |[[Novomyrhorod]] || [[:uk:Новомиргород|Новомиргород]] || [[Kirovohrad Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 13,220 |- |[[Uzyn]] || [[:uk:Узин|Узин]] || [[Kyiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 13,217 |- |[[Svitlodarsk]] || [[:uk:Світлодарськ|Світлодарськ]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 13,184 |- |[[Soledar]] || [[:uk:Соледар|Соледар]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 13,151 |- |[[Bashtanka]] || [[:uk:Баштанка|Баштанка]] || [[Mykolaiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 13,146 |- |[[Mala Vyska]] || [[:uk:Мала Виска|Мала Виска]] || [[Kirovohrad Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 13,132 |- |[[Teplohirsk]] || [[:uk:Теплогірськ|Теплогірськ]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 13,053 |- |[[Barvinkove]] || [[:uk:Барвінкове|Барвінкове]] || [[Kharkiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 12,998 |- |[[Prymorsk]] || [[:uk:Приморськ|Приморськ]] || [[Zaporizhia Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 12,973 |- |[[Mena, Ukraini|Mena]] || [[:uk:Мена (місто)|Мена]] || [[Chernihiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 12,940 |- |[[Hlobyne]] || [[:uk:Глобине|Глобине]] || [[Poltava Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 12,902 |- |[[Hnivan]] || [[:uk:Гнівань|Гнівань]] || [[Vinnytsia Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 12,832 |- |[[Komsomolske, Donetsk Oblast|Komsomolske]] || [[:uk:Комсомольське|Комсомольське]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 12,813 |- |[[Ichnia]] || [[:uk:Ічня|Ічня]] || [[Chernihiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 12,780 |- |[[Novoazovsk]] || [[:uk:Новоазовськ|Новоазовськ]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 12,702 |- |[[Baranivka (city)|Baranivka]] || [[:uk:Баранівка|Баранівка]] || [[Zhytomyr Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 12,584 |- |[[Buchach]] || [[:uk:Бучач|Бучач]] || [[Ternopil Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 12,549 |- |[[Lokhvytsia]] || [[:uk:Лохвиця|Лохвиця]] || [[Poltava Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 12,389 |- |[[Snovsk]] || [[:uk:Сновськ|Сновськ]] || [[Chernihiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 12,315 |- |[[Bobrynets]] || [[:uk:Бобринець|Бобринець]] || [[Kirovohrad Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 12,300 |- |[[Nemyriv]] || [[:uk:Немирів|Немирів]] || [[Vinnytsia Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 12,082 |- |[[Kobeliaky]] || [[:uk:Кобеляки|Кобеляки]] || [[Poltava Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 12,076 |- |[[Rodynske]] || [[:uk:Родинське|Родинське]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 11,996 |- |[[Chyhyryn]] || [[:uk:Чигирин|Чигирин]] || [[Cherkasy Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 11,960 |- |[[Bobrovytsia]] || [[:uk:Бобровиця|Бобровиця]] || [[Chernihiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 11,916 |- |[[Sosnivka]] || [[:uk:Соснівка|Соснівка]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 11,889 |- |[[Zhydachiv]] || [[:uk:Жидачів|Жидачів]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 11,798|| align="center" |[[File:Church of the martyrs of Boris and Hlib. Zhydachiv. Lviv region..JPG|250px|Church of the martyrs of Boris and Hlib. Zhydachiv.]] |- |[[Yampil, Vinnytsia Oblast|Yampil]] || [[:uk:Ямпіль|Ямпіль]] || [[Vinnytsia Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 11,787 |- |[[Mospyne]] || [[:uk:Моспине|Моспине]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 11,736 |- |[[Borzna]] || [[:uk:Борзна|Борзна]] || [[Chernihiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 11,707 |- |[[Shcholkine]] || [[:uk:Щолкіне|Щолкіне]] || [[Crimea]] || align=right| R || align=right| 11,699 |- |[[Buryn]] || [[:uk:Буринь|Буринь]] || [[Sumy Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 11,678 |- |[[Kamianka-Buzka]] || [[:uk:Кам'янка-Бузька|Кам'янка-Бузька]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 11,674 |- |[[Hrebinka]] || [[:uk:Гребінка|Гребінка]] || [[Poltava Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 11,662 |- |[[Khrystynivka]] || [[:uk:Христинівка|Христинівка]] || [[Cherkasy Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 11,650 |- |[[Hirske]] || [[:uk:Гірське|Гірське]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 11,473 |- |[[Tavriysk]] || [[:uk:Таврійськ|Таврійськ]] || [[Kherson Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 11,452 |- |[[Borschiv]] || [[:uk:Борщів|Борщів]] || [[Ternopil Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 11,382 |- |[[Zymohiria]] || [[:uk:Зимогір'я|Зимогір'я]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 11,295 |- |[[Khotyn]] || [[:uk:Хотин|Хотин]] || [[Chernivtsi Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 11,216 |- |[[Illintsi]] || [[:uk:Іллінці|Іллінці]] || [[Vinnytsia Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 11,186 |- |[[Pomichna]] || [[:uk:Помічна|Помічна]] || [[Kirovohrad Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 10,946 |- |[[Olevsk]] || [[:uk:Олевськ|Олевськ]] || [[Zhytomyr Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 10,896 |- |[[Kamin-Kashyrskyi]] || [[:uk:Камінь-Каширський|Камінь-Каширський]] || [[Volyn Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 10,818 |- |[[Tatarbunary]] || [[:uk:Татарбунари|Татарбунари]] || [[Odessa Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 10,797 |- |[[Pohrebysche]] || [[:uk:Погребище|Погребище]] || [[Vinnytsia Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 10,754 |- |[[Marinka, Ukraini|Maryinka]] || [[:uk:Мар'їнка|Мар'їнка]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 10,722 |- |[[Bolekhiv]] || [[:uk:Болехів|Болехів]] || [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || align=right| 10,633 |- |[[Inkerman]] || [[:uk:Інкерман|Інкерман]] || [[Sevastopol]] || align=right| R || align=right| 10,628 |- |[[Zinkiv]] || [[:uk:Зіньків|Зіньків]] || [[Poltava Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 10,577 |- |[[Khodoriv]] || [[:uk:Ходорів|Ходорів]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 10,565 |- |[[Sniatyn]] || [[:uk:Снятин|Снятин]] || [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 10,479 |- |[[Derazhnia]] || [[:uk:Деражня|Деражня]] || [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 10,446 |- |[[Liuboml]] || [[:uk:Любомль|Любомль]] || [[Volyn Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 10,395 |- |[[Valky]] || [[:uk:Валки|Валки]] || [[Kharkiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 10,381 |- |[[Novodnistrovsk]] || [[:uk:Новодністровськ|Новодністровськ]] || [[Chernivtsi Oblast]] || align=right| O || align=right| 10,342 |- |[[Radyvyliv]] || [[:uk:Радивилів|Радивилів]] || [[Rivne Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 10,311 |- |[[Vuhlehirsk]] || [[:uk:Вуглегірськ|Вуглегірськ]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || align=right| 10,309 |- |[[Sokyriany]] || [[:uk:Сокиряни|Сокиряни]] || [[Chernivtsi Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 10,258 |- |[[Verkhivtseve]] || [[:uk:Верхівцеве|Верхівцеве]] || [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 10,142 |- |[[Zalischyky]] || [[:uk:Заліщики|Заліщики]] || [[Ternopil Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 10,125 |- |[[Staryi Krym]] || [[:uk:Старий Крим|Старий Крим]] || [[Crimea]] || align=right| R || align=right| 10,101 |- |[[Bilytske]] || [[:uk:Білицьке|Білицьке]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 10,093 |- |[[Pereschepyne]] || [[:uk:Перещепине|Перещепине]] || [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 10,041 |- |[[Andrushivka]] || [[:uk:Андрушівка (Андрушівський район)|Андрушівка]] || [[Zhytomyr Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 9,890 |- |[[Pustomyty]] || [[:uk:Пустомити|Пустомити]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 9,798 |- |[[Horodenka]] || [[:uk:Городенка|Городенка]] || [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 9,794 |- |[[Tysmenytsia]] || [[:uk:Тисмениця|Тисмениця]] || [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 9,790 |- |[[Tiachiv]] || [[:uk:Тячів|Тячів]] || [[Zakarpattia Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 9,786 |[[File:Tiachiv Zakarpatska-Reformatus church-general view.jpg|150px|Tiachiv]] |- |[[Semenivka (Chernihiv Oblast)|Semenivka]] || [[:uk:Семенівка|Семенівка]] || [[Chernihiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 9,656 |- |[[Dubrovytsia]] || [[:uk:Дубровиця|Дубровиця]] || [[Rivne Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 9,644 |- |[[Kodyma]] || [[:uk:Кодима|Кодима]] || [[Odessa Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 9,634 |- |[[Irshava]] || [[:uk:Іршава|Іршава]] || [[Zakarpattia Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 9,515 |- |[[Berezivka]] || [[:uk:Березівка|Березівка]] || [[Odessa Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 9,481 |- |[[Ananyiv]] || [[:uk:Ананьїв|Ананьїв]] || [[Odessa Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 9,476 |- |[[Monastyrysche]] || [[:uk:Монастирище|Монастирище]] || [[Cherkasy Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 9,463 |- |[[Lypovets]] || [[:uk:Липовець|Липовець]] || [[Vinnytsia Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 9,406 |- |[[Vylkove]] || [[:uk:Вилкове|Вилкове]] || [[Odessa Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 9,260 |- |[[Radekhiv]] || [[:uk:Радехів|Радехів]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 9,230 |- |[[Mostyska]] || [[:uk:Мостиська|Мостиська]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 9,150 |- |[[Artemivsk, Luhansk Oblast|Artemivsk]] || [[:uk:Артемівськ|Артемівськ]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 9,097 |- |[[Novodruzhesk]] || [[:uk:Новодружеськ|Новодружеськ]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 9,025 |- |[[Zavodske, Poltava Oblast|Zavodske]] || [[:uk:Заводське|Заводське]] || [[Poltava Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 9,024 |- |[[Alupka]] || [[:uk:Алупка|Алупка]] || [[Crimea]] || align=right| R || align=right| 9,018 |- |[[Horokhiv]] || [[:uk:Горохів|Горохів]] || [[Volyn Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 9,015 |- |[[Pryvillia]] || [[:uk:Привілля|Привілля]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 9,004 |- |[[Chop, Ukraini|Chop]] || [[:uk:Чоп|Чоп]] || [[Zakarpattia Oblast]] || align=right| O || align=right| 8,919 |- |[[Zastavna]] || [[:uk:Заставна|Заставна]] || [[Chernivtsi Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 8,866 |- |[[Zorynsk]] || [[:uk:Зоринськ|Зоринськ]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 8,838 |- |[[Tlumach]] || [[:uk:Тлумач|Тлумач]] || [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 8,831 |- |[[Teplodar]] || [[:uk:Теплодар|Теплодар]] || [[Odessa Oblast]] || align=right| O || align=right| 8,830 |- |[[Lanivtsi]] || [[:uk:Ланівці|Ланівці]] || [[Ternopil Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 8,680 |- |[[Busk, Ukraini|Busk]] || [[:uk:Буськ|Буськ]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 8,673 |- |[[Korets]] || [[:uk:Корець|Корець]] || [[Rivne Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 8,649 |- |[[Rohatyn]] || [[:uk:Рогатин|Рогатин]] || [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 8,607 |- |[[Pivdenne]] || [[:uk:Південне|Південне]] || [[Kharkiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 8,516 |- |[[Dubliany]] || [[:uk:Дубляни|Дубляни]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 8,469 |- |[[Rzhyschiv]] || [[:uk:Ржищів|Ржищів]] || [[Kyiv Oblast]] || align=right| O || align=right| 8,447 |- |[[Novoselytsia]] || [[:uk:Новоселиця|Новоселиця]] || [[Chernivtsi Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 8,400 |- |[[Vorozhba]] || [[:uk:Ворожба|Ворожба]] || [[Sumy Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 8,384 |- |[[Kosiv]] || [[:uk:Косів|Косів]] || [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 8,301 |- |[[Pochaiv]] || [[:uk:Почаїв|Почаїв]] || [[Ternopil Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 8,240 |[[File:Почаївська лавра з заходу - цей краєвид малював Т.Шевченко. Фото.JPG|250px|Pochaiv]] |- |[[Rava-Ruska]] || [[:uk:Рава-руська|Рава-руська]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 8,070 |- |[[Molochansk]] || [[:uk:Молочанськ|Молочанськ]] || [[Zaporizhia Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 7,964 |- |[[Yaremcha]] || [[:uk:Яремча|Яремча]] || [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]] || align=right| O || align=right| 7,850 |- |[[Turka, Ukraini|Turka]] || [[:uk:Турка|Турка]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 7,681 |- |[[Kitsman]] || [[:uk:Кіцмань|Кіцмань]] || [[Chernivtsi Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 7,608 |- |[[Peremyshliany]] || [[:uk:Перемишляни|Перемишляни]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 7,565 |- |[[Blahovishchenske]] || [[:uk:Благовіщенське|Благовіщенське]] || [[Kirovohrad Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 7,526 |- |[[Seredyna-Buda]] || [[:uk:Середина-Буда|Середина-Буда]] || [[Sumy Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 7,511 |- |[[Zboriv]] || [[:uk:Зборів|Зборів]] || [[Ternopil Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 7,436 |- |[[Khorostkiv]] || [[:uk:Хоростків|Хоростків]] || [[Ternopil Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 7,306 |- |[[Oster]] || [[:uk:Остер|Остер]] || [[Chernihiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 7,194 |- |[[Sharhorod]] || [[:uk:Шаргород|Шаргород]] || [[Vinnytsia Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 7,161 |- |[[Perechyn]] || [[:uk:Перечин|Перечин]] || [[Zakarpattia Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 7,083 |- |[[Oleksandrivsk]] || [[:uk:Олександрівськ|Олександрівськ]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 7,045 |- |[[Kopychyntsi]] || [[:uk:Копичинці|Копичинці]] || [[Ternopil Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 7,036 |- |[[Skole]] || [[:uk:Сколе|Сколе]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 6,742|| align="center"|[[File:Парк біля колишнього палацу Гредлів, тепер школи-інтернату.JPG|250px|Skole]] |- |[[Artemove]] || [[:uk:Артемове|Артемове]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 6,725 |- |[[Sudova Vyshnia]] || [[:uk:Судова Вишня|Судова Вишня]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 6,668 |- |[[Halych]] || [[:uk:Галич|Галич]] || [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 6,495 |[[File:Galich0003 05.jpg|250px|Halych]] |- |[[Morshyn]] || [[:uk:Моршин|Моршин]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| O || align=right| 6,482 |- |[[Monastyryska]] || [[:uk:Монастириська|Монастириська]] || [[Ternopil Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 6,344 |- |[[Miusynsk]] || [[:uk:Міусинськ|Міусинськ]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 6,029 |- |[[Vashkivtsi]] || [[:uk:Вашківці|Вашківці]] || [[Chernivtsi Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 5,987 |- |[[Velyki Mosty]] || [[:uk:Великі Мости|Великі Мости]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 5,925 |- |[[Druzhba (city)|Druzhba]] || [[:uk:Дружба|Дружба]] || [[Sumy Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 5,726 |- |[[Staryi Sambir]] || [[:uk:Старий Самбір|Старий Самбір]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 5,706 |- |[[Broshniv-Osada]] || [[:uk: Брошнів-Осада|Брошнів-Осада]] || [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 5,618|| align="center" |[[File:Broshniv-Osada. Church of the Holy Ascension..JPG|250px|Church of the Holy Ascension.]] |- |[[Shumsk]] || [[:uk:Шумськ|Шумськ]] || [[Ternopil Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 5,161 |- |[[Sviatohirsk]] || [[:uk:Святогірськ|Святогірськ]] || [[Donetsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 5,136 |[[File:Миколаївська-церква-2.jpg|250px|Sviatohirsk]] |- |[[Almazna]] || [[:uk:Алмазна|Алмазна]] || [[Luhansk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 5,061 |- |[[Svarychiv]] || [[:uk: Сваричів|Сваричів]] || [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 5,039|| align="center" |[[File:Svarychiv. The Church of Entering the Blessed Virgin Mary in the Temple (1804).JPG|250px|The Church of Entering the Blessed Virgin Mary in the Temple]] |- |[[Vyzhnytsia]] || [[:uk:Вижниця|Вижниця]] || [[Chernivtsi Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 5,021 |- |[[Maydanets]] || [[:uk:Майданец|Майданец]] || [[Cherkasy Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 5,005 |- |[[Dobromyl]] || [[:uk:Добромиль|Добромиль]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 4,976 |- |[[Rudky]] || [[:uk:Рудки|Рудки]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 4,942|| align="center" |[[File:Church of the Holy Eucharist. Rudky.JPG|250px|Church of the Holy Eucharist. Rudky.]] |- |[[Khyriv]] || [[:uk:Хирів|Хирів]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 4,590|| align="center" |[[File:Hyriv5.jpg|250px|Khyriv]] |- |[[Skalat]] || [[:uk:Скалат|Скалат]] || [[Ternopil Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 4,036|| align="center" | |- |[[Komarno, Ukraini|Komarno]] || [[:uk:Комарно|Комарно]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 3,994|| align="center" |[[File:Church of St. Michael the Archangel (stone). Komarno.jpg|250px|Komarno]] |- |[[Bibrka]] || [[:uk:Бібрка|Бібрка]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 3,980 |- |[[Novyi Kalyniv]] || [[:uk:Новий Калинів|Новий Калинів]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 3,582 |- |[[Hlyniany]] || [[:uk:Глиняни|Глиняни]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 3,378 |- |[[Pidhaitsi]] || [[:uk:Підгайці|Підгайці]] || [[Ternopil Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 3,280 |- |[[Baturyn]] || [[:uk:Батурин|Батурин]] || [[Chernihiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 3,078 |[[File:На території Батуринської фортеці Україна 2012 рік.jpg|250px|Baturyn]] |- |[[Belz]] || [[:uk:Белз|Белз]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 2,478 |[[File:46-248-9001 Belz Zamochok RB.jpg|250px|Belz]] |- |[[Ustyluh]] || [[:uk:Устилуг|Устилуг]] || [[Volyn Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 2,283 |- |[[Hertsa]] || [[:uk:Герца|Герца]] || [[Chernivtsi Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 2,068 |- |[[Berestechko]] || [[:uk:Берестечко|Берестечко]] || [[Volyn Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 1,904 |- |[[Chernobyl (city)|Chernobyl]] || [[:uk:Чорнобиль|Чорнобиль]] || [[Kyiv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 1,054 |- |[[Uhniv]] || [[:uk:Угнів|Угнів]] || [[Lviv Oblast]] || align=right| R || align=right| 974 |- |[[Prypiat, Ukraini|Prypiat]] || [[:uk:Прип'ять (місто)|Прип'ять]] || [[Kyiv Oblast]] || align=right| O || align=right| 0 |} City status is provided in the following table {| class="wikitable" !Code!!Status!!Status (in [[Kiukraini]])!!Number of cities |- | '''S'''||Special status<br>(previously: City of Republican subordinance)||Спеціальний статус<br>(previously: Місто республіканського підпорядкування)||align= right| 2<br>(Kyiv and Sevastopol) |- | '''O'''||City of oblast (or republican in Crimea) subordinance||Місто обласного значення||align=right| 178 |- | '''R'''||City of raion subordinance||Місто районного значення||align= right| 279 |} ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100716210539/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua/pls/z7502/a002 Regions of Ukraine and their composition] {{uk}} * [http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/total_population1/structure_population/ 2001 Ukrainian census, Population Structure] {{uk}} * [http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1120760399&men=gcis&lng=en&gln=xx&dat=32&geo=-220&srt=1npn&col=aohdq&pt=c&va=x www.world-gazetteer.com]{{Wayback|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1120760399&men=gcis&lng=en&gln=xx&dat=32&geo=-220&srt=1npn&col=aohdq&pt=c&va=x |date=20120728083435 }} {{en}} {{Europe topic|Orodha ya miji ya}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Ukraine| ]] [[Jamii:Orodha za miji nchi kwa nchi|Ukraine]] q2jzt24o951z596qnn8641yvf2bbzj7 Philippa Hobbs 0 133739 1574297 1523625 2026-06-17T23:52:41Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574297 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Philippa Hobbs''' (alizaliwa mwaka [[1955]]) ni [[mwanahistoria]] na [[msanii]] na mkusanyaji wa amali za kihistoria wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. Alimaliza elimu yake kutika shule ya Mtakatifu Andrea mwaka 1972. Alisomea sanaa katika chuo cha sanaa cha Johannesburg kabla ya kumaliza shahada ya uzamili ya uchapishaji katika chuo kikuu cha sanaa Philadelphia. Aliendeleza elimu yake katika chuo kikuu cha Afrika kusini na Technikon Witwatersrand. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.durbanet.co.za/exhib/dag/hr/cl08.htm |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-03-20 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185247/http://www.durbanet.co.za/exhib/dag/hr/cl08.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sanaa == Hobbs alialikwa kuchangia katika picha katika mradi wa haki za binadamu mwaka 1996 uliohusisha wasanii kufanya maonyesho katika katiba ya Afrika ya kusini kifungu cha haki za binadamu. Hobbs' alihusika na kifungu cha 8: Uhuru wa kujieleza ambapo kazi yake ( kinyago) cha ulimi kilionyesha mzani katika kujieleza na matokeo yake. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.durbanet.co.za/exhib/dag/hr/cl08.htm |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-03-20 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185247/http://www.durbanet.co.za/exhib/dag/hr/cl08.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kazi nyingine za Other works by Hobbs == Kufundisha == Hobbs alijifunza pia na kuhudhuria warsha katika studio yake ya uchapishaji ya Foot Pribt studio'.Studio ilianzishwa ili kutoa mafunzo shahir ya uchapishaji kwa wasanii chipukizi na wabobezi. ==Machapisho== Hobbs alichapisha ''Printmaking in a Transforming South Africa'' akiwa na Elizabeth Rankin mwaka 1997 (David Philip Publishers), ambacho kilielezea jinsi gani uchapishaji ulivyopitishwa katika idara tofauti kwenye sanaa za nchini Afrika Kusini<ref>Hobbs, P., Rankin, E. 1997. ''Printmaking in a Transforming South Africa''. Claremont: David Philip Publishers.{{ISBN|0-86486334-9}}</ref> na aliezezea vigezo vya kitaalamu na kiufundi ndani ya uchapishaji, pia alielezea ni kwa namna gani ilisaidia wakati wa mapambano ya uhuru. Mwaka 2003 Hobbs na Rankin walichapisha ''Rorke’s Drift Empowering Prints'',<ref>Hobbs, P., Rankin, E., 2003. ''Rorke’s Drift Empowering Prints''. Cape Town: Double Story Books.{{ISBN|1-919930-13-2}}</ref> ambayo iliangaza juu ya sanaa na uchongaji ndani ya kanisa la Kilutheri, kwa jina maarufu ‘’Rorke's Drift Art and Craft Centre’’. Makala yao inaelezea sanaa iliyotengenezwa na watu weusi waliojifunza katika semina, ikijumuisha mwanafunzi wa kwanza kujiandikisha Allina Ndebele, ambaye, Hobbs amekua akimfanyia utafiti katika machapisho mengine kama ya mwaka 2011 ‘’Water and Space’’, 2014 ‘’Allina Ndebele’s Tree of Life’’, na 2018 ‘’Mantis Wedding: Performing Power in the Loom’’. Chapisho la Hobbs la mwaka 2006, ''Messages and Meaning'', ni katalogi kwa ajili ya makusanyo ya sanaa ya MTN ambamo ni mtunzaji. Ni mkusanyiko wa insha zilizoandikwa na waandishi tofauti tofauti kama Nessa Leibhammer, Elizabeth Rankin, Wilma Cruise na waandishi nguli wengine. Inachunguza ni kwa namna gani makusanyo hayo ni chombo kwa ajili ya uwekezaji katika jamii, rasilimali kwa ajjili ya elimu, namna na kuhamasisha mawasiliano ya ndani na midahalo, na maonyesho ya sanaa kwa Afrika ya kusini.”<ref>Hobbs, P. (ed.) 2006. ''Messages and Meaning''. Johannesburg: David Krut Publishing.{{ISBN|0-9584860-6-9}}</ref> Hobbs amekua na mchango mkubwa pia katika chapisho la sanaa ya Afrika kusini maarufu kwa jina la, ''Taxi''. Pamoja na ushiki huu, amekua akiandika sambamba na ‘’TAXI Art Education Supplement’’ kwa ajili ya wanafunzi- akiruhusu taarifa zipatikane kwa urahisi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.davidkrutpublishing.com/taxi.htm |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-04-10 |archivedate=2016-03-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174717/http://www.davidkrutpublishing.com/taxi.htm }}</ref> ==Tuzo== *1975 Fine Art Award, Johannesburg College of Art *1978 Orodha ya mshauri (Philadelphia College of Art, USA) *1987 Rector's Medal, Technikon Witwatersrand (kwa masomo ya astashahada ya juu) *1987 Finalist and Merit Award winner, Volkskas [[Absa L'Atelier Art Competition | Atelier Awards]], Pretoria *1987 Chamber of Mines Award, TWR (For Higher Diploma studies) *1988 Finalist, AA Vita Awards, Johannesburg *1988 Finalist, Cape Town Triennale, Cape Town *1994 Alumnus Award, Technikon Witwatersrand *2004 Business Arts South Africa Award (Special Project) for exhibition and publication Rorke’s Drift: Empowering Prints == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]] [[jamii: Arts and Feminism 2023]] [[Jamii:watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] 65h05m10igsdzen197dmvaxini2o8fk 1574416 1574297 2026-06-18T09:29:06Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1574416 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Philippa Hobbs''' (alizaliwa mwaka [[1955]]) ni [[mwanahistoria]] na [[msanii]] na mkusanyaji wa amali za kihistoria wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. Alimaliza elimu yake kutika shule ya Mtakatifu Andrea mwaka 1972. Alisomea sanaa katika chuo cha sanaa cha Johannesburg kabla ya kumaliza shahada ya uzamili ya uchapishaji katika chuo kikuu cha sanaa Philadelphia. Aliendeleza elimu yake katika chuo kikuu cha Afrika kusini na Technikon Witwatersrand. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.durbanet.co.za/exhib/dag/hr/cl08.htm |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-03-20 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185247/http://www.durbanet.co.za/exhib/dag/hr/cl08.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sanaa == Hobbs alialikwa kuchangia katika picha katika mradi wa haki za binadamu mwaka 1996 uliohusisha wasanii kufanya maonyesho katika katiba ya Afrika ya kusini kifungu cha haki za binadamu. Hobbs' alihusika na kifungu cha 8: Uhuru wa kujieleza ambapo kazi yake ( kinyago) cha ulimi kilionyesha mzani katika kujieleza na matokeo yake. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.durbanet.co.za/exhib/dag/hr/cl08.htm |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-03-20 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185247/http://www.durbanet.co.za/exhib/dag/hr/cl08.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kazi nyingine za Other works by Hobbs == Kufundisha == Hobbs alijifunza pia na kuhudhuria warsha katika studio yake ya uchapishaji ya Foot Pribt studio'.Studio ilianzishwa ili kutoa mafunzo shahir ya uchapishaji kwa wasanii chipukizi na wabobezi. ==Machapisho== Hobbs alichapisha ''Printmaking in a Transforming South Africa'' akiwa na Elizabeth Rankin mwaka 1997 (David Philip Publishers), ambacho kilielezea jinsi gani uchapishaji ulivyopitishwa katika idara tofauti kwenye sanaa za nchini Afrika Kusini<ref>Hobbs, P., Rankin, E. 1997. ''Printmaking in a Transforming South Africa''. Claremont: David Philip Publishers.{{ISBN|0-86486334-9}}</ref> na aliezezea vigezo vya kitaalamu na kiufundi ndani ya uchapishaji, pia alielezea ni kwa namna gani ilisaidia wakati wa mapambano ya uhuru. Mwaka 2003 Hobbs na Rankin walichapisha ''Rorke’s Drift Empowering Prints'',<ref>Hobbs, P., Rankin, E., 2003. ''Rorke’s Drift Empowering Prints''. Cape Town: Double Story Books.{{ISBN|1-919930-13-2}}</ref> ambayo iliangaza juu ya sanaa na uchongaji ndani ya kanisa la Kilutheri, kwa jina maarufu ‘’Rorke's Drift Art and Craft Centre’’. Makala yao inaelezea sanaa iliyotengenezwa na watu weusi waliojifunza katika semina, ikijumuisha mwanafunzi wa kwanza kujiandikisha Allina Ndebele, ambaye, Hobbs amekua akimfanyia utafiti katika machapisho mengine kama ya mwaka 2011 ‘’Water and Space’’, 2014 ‘’Allina Ndebele’s Tree of Life’’, na 2018 ‘’Mantis Wedding: Performing Power in the Loom’’. Chapisho la Hobbs la mwaka 2006, ''Messages and Meaning'', ni katalogi kwa ajili ya makusanyo ya sanaa ya MTN ambamo ni mtunzaji. Ni mkusanyiko wa insha zilizoandikwa na waandishi tofauti tofauti kama Nessa Leibhammer, Elizabeth Rankin, Wilma Cruise na waandishi nguli wengine. Inachunguza ni kwa namna gani makusanyo hayo ni chombo kwa ajili ya uwekezaji katika jamii, rasilimali kwa ajjili ya elimu, namna na kuhamasisha mawasiliano ya ndani na midahalo, na maonyesho ya sanaa kwa Afrika ya kusini.”<ref>Hobbs, P. (ed.) 2006. ''Messages and Meaning''. Johannesburg: David Krut Publishing.{{ISBN|0-9584860-6-9}}</ref> Hobbs amekua na mchango mkubwa pia katika chapisho la sanaa ya Afrika kusini maarufu kwa jina la, ''Taxi''. Pamoja na ushiki huu, amekua akiandika sambamba na ‘’TAXI Art Education Supplement’’ kwa ajili ya wanafunzi- akiruhusu taarifa zipatikane kwa urahisi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.davidkrutpublishing.com/taxi.htm |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-04-10 |archivedate=2016-03-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174717/http://www.davidkrutpublishing.com/taxi.htm }}</ref> ==Tuzo== *1975 Fine Art Award, Johannesburg College of Art *1978 Orodha ya mshauri (Philadelphia College of Art, USA) *1987 Rector's Medal, Technikon Witwatersrand (kwa masomo ya astashahada ya juu) *1987 Finalist and Merit Award winner, Volkskas [[Absa L'Atelier Art Competition | Atelier Awards]], Pretoria *1987 Chamber of Mines Award, TWR (For Higher Diploma studies) *1988 Finalist, AA Vita Awards, Johannesburg *1988 Finalist, Cape Town Triennale, Cape Town *1994 Alumnus Award, Technikon Witwatersrand *2004 Business Arts South Africa Award (Special Project) for exhibition and publication Rorke’s Drift: Empowering Prints == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]] [[jamii: Arts and Feminism 2023]] [[Jamii:watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] hjhbx3xxlz01xx0qopus4fua99b4que Primo na Felisiani 0 137379 1574305 1537566 2026-06-18T00:45:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574305 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Felicianusandprimus.jpg|thumb|Wat. Primo na Felisiani katika [[mchoro mdogo]].]] '''Primo na Felisiani''' (walifariki karibu na [[Mentana]], [[Roma]], [[297]]/[[303]]) walikuwa [[ndugu]] [[wazee]] [[Wakristo]] wa [[Roma ya Kale]] ambao waliuawa kwa ajili ya [[imani]] yao wakati wa [[dhuluma]] ya [[kaisari]] [[Diokletian]]<ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/91222</ref>. Tangu kale wanaheshimiwa na [[Wakristo]] wa [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali kama [[watakatifu]] [[wafiadini]]. [[Sikukuu]] yao huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[9 Juni]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons category|Saints Primus and Felician}} *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12427a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: ''Sts. Primus and Felician''] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150618063428/http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0609.shtml#feli Saint of the Day, June 9: ''Primus and Felician''] at SaintPatrickDC.org *[http://www.stpetersbasilica.info/Exterior/Colonnades/Saints/St%20Felician-83/StFeliciano.htm St Felician Colonnade Statue in St Peter's Square] *[http://www.stpetersbasilica.info/Exterior/Colonnades/Saints/St%20Primus-82/StPrimus.htm St Primus Colonnade Statue in St Peter's Square] *{{it}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927132706/http://www.liceoclassicovarese.it/_Documenti/ALUNNI/lavori%20pubblicati/leggiuno/Santi%20Primo,%20Siro%20e%20Feliciano.2.htm ''Santi Primo e Feliciano''] *{{it}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20060510084606/http://www.liceoclassicovarese.it/_Documenti/ALUNNI/lavori%20pubblicati/leggiuno/primoe.2.htm ''Primo e Feliciano''] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa karne ya 3]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 297]] [[Category:Watu wa Roma ya Kale]] [[Jamii:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Italia]] b2w2xsu1qotz1wzutljdlki3jrgr79g Pierre-Célestin Rwigema 0 139042 1574298 1523663 2026-06-18T00:05:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574298 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Visit of Pierre-Célestin Rwigema, Rwandan Prime Minister, to the EC (cropped).jpg|alt=Picha ya Pierre-Célestin Rwigema|thumb|Picha ya Pierre-Célestin Rwigema]] '''Pierre-Célestin Rwigema''' (amezaliwa [[Julai 27]], [[1953]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Rwanda]] aliyehusishwa hapo awali na kikundi cha wastani cha chama cha Republican Democratic Movement (MDR).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=BBC News {{!}} AFRICA {{!}} New Rwandan prime minister named|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/670985.stm|work=news.bbc.co.uk|accessdate=2021-06-30}}</ref> Alikuwa Waziri Mkuu <ref>https://archive.today/20120905125652/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=14994&a=53695</ref>wa Rwanda kutoka 1995-2000 na Waziri wa Elimu kutoka 1994-1995. Alipoapishwa kama Waziri Mkuu aliahidi kuiunganisha tena nchi yake iliyokuwa imevunjwa kikabila.<ref>{{Citation|last=Reuters|title=A Political Outsider Is Sworn In As Prime Minister of Rwanda|date=1995-09-01|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/01/world/a-political-outsider-is-sworn-in-as-prime-minister-of-rwanda.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2021-06-30}}</ref> Mnamo 2001, alishtakiwa kwa madai ya kuhusika katika mauaji ya kimbari ya Rwanda na alikuwa na idhini ya kukamatwa kwake na serikali ya Rwanda. Mashtaka haya yaliletwa dhidi yake baada ya kujiuzulu kama Waziri Mkuu, wakati alipokimbilia Amerika kutafuta hifadhi ya kisiasa. Wakati wa mashtaka, alikuwa akisoma shahada ya Uzamili katika Usimamizi wa Biashara katika Chuo Kikuu cha Bowling Green State huko Ohio, Amerika. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Bowling Green State University|date=2001-11-19|title=The BG News November 19, 2001|url=https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/bg-news/6878|journal=BG News (Student Newspaper)}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Bowling Green student denies role in Rwandan genocide|url=https://www.toledoblade.com/local/education/2001/11/17/Bowling-Green-student-denies-role-in-Rwandan-genocide/stories/200111170060|work=The Blade|accessdate=2021-06-30|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hali ya kisiasa nchini Rwanda wakati huo ilikuwa tete. Spika Joseph Sabarenzi, alijiuzulu na kukimbia. Kulikuwa na madai ya kikundi cha kifalme kinachofanya kazi kuhujumu serikali ya RPF, na kurudisha ufalme wa Watusi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=BBC News {{!}} AFRICA {{!}} New Rwandan prime minister named|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/670985.stm|work=news.bbc.co.uk|accessdate=2021-06-30}}</ref>Imeripotiwa kuwa mashtaka haya dhidi yake yanaweza kuwa yalichochewa kisiasa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rwanda: Corruption reaches unseen levels; opposition grows|url=http://www.inshuti.org/corrupti.htm|work=web.archive.org|date=2008-11-21|accessdate=2021-06-30|archivedate=2008-11-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001924/http://www.inshuti.org/corrupti.htm}}</ref> Kulingana na Joseph Sebarenzi, Mtusi na spika wa zamani wa bunge la kitaifa kutoka 1997 hadi 2000, Rwigema hakuwa na hatia. Sebarenzi aliandika katika kumbukumbu yake, ''God Sleeps in Rwanda'': "Mara kwa mara nilikuwa nikisikia kutoka kwa marafiki au kwenye redio kwamba mtu mwingine nchini Rwanda alikuwa akilengwa. Kulikuwa na Pierre Celestin Rwigema, waziri mkuu. Alilazimishwa kujiuzulu. Wakati nilikuwa Spika, tulikuwa tumemchunguza kwa utunzaji mbaya na ubadhirifu.RPF ilimtaka atolewe nje na alitumai tutamshtaki. Kwa hivyo niliposikia kwamba Rwigema amejiuzulu, sikushangaa. Mwishowe alikimbilia Amerika. Serikali ya Rwanda iliiambia serikali ya Amerika kwamba alihusika katika mauaji ya kimbari na akaomba akamatwe. ilimsafisha ".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Joseph Sebarenzi publishes ‘God Sleeps in Rwanda’ « PIM Admissions Blog|url=http://pimadmissions.wordpress.com/2009/08/31/joseph-sebarenzi/|work=web.archive.org|date=2011-07-18|accessdate=2021-06-30|archivedate=2011-07-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718104013/http://pimadmissions.wordpress.com/2009/08/31/joseph-sebarenzi/}}</ref> Hatimaye alithibitishwa kuwa hana hatia na kupewa hifadhi ya kisiasa na korti ya uhamiaji ya Amerika huko Detroit. Mnamo Oktoba 2011, mwendesha mashtaka mkuu wa Rwanda, Martin Ngoga aliripoti kwa vyombo vya habari kwamba mchakato wa mahakama nchini Rwanda pia haukupata ushahidi wowote unaomshtaki Rwigema kwa kuhusika na mauaji ya kimbari na kwa hivyo kesi yake ilisitishwa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=FORMER RWANDA PRIME MINISTER RETURNS|url=https://en.igihe.com/news/former-rwanda-prime-minister-returns|work=IGIHE|accessdate=2021-06-30|language=en|archivedate=2021-07-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181656/https://en.igihe.com/news/former-rwanda-prime-minister-returns}}</ref>Bwana Rwigema alirudi Rwanda baada ya miaka 11 uhamishoni, akisema kwamba alikuwa akirejea kwa uhuru, na hivi karibuni alifanya mkutano na waandishi wa habari ambapo alifafanua kwamba nia yake kuu ya kurudi nyumbani ilikuwa kushiriki katika maendeleo ya nchi hiyo. <ref>https://archive.today/20120714170554/http://mail.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=14789&a=46531</ref> Mapema Mei 2012, Bw Rwigema alikuwa mmoja wa wagombea 8 waliochaguliwa na bunge la Rwanda kati ya wagombea 18 kuwakilisha Rwanda katika Bunge la Afrika Mashariki (EALA). Aliapa kutetea utekelezwaji mzuri wa soko la pamoja la [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] na itifaki za umoja wa forodha, na ufuatiliaji wa haraka wa mazungumzo juu ya umoja wa fedha na utekelezwaji wa shirikisho la kisiasa. <ref>https://archive.today/20120905125652/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=14994&a=53695</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{BD|1953|}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Rwanda]] [[Jamii:Editathon 2021-06 Morogor]] 7se08ue6jzh40ovn4auq90qufdxnsmf Napoleon III 0 139619 1574186 1521865 2026-06-17T21:22:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574186 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Alexandre Cabanel - Napoleon III - Walters 37146.jpg|350px|thumb|Taswira ya Napoleon III mnamo 1865]] '''Napoleon III''' (Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 Aprili 1808{{Spaced ndash}}9 Januari 1873) alikuwa rais wa kwanza wa Ufaransa (kama Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte) kutoka 1848 hadi 1852 na Kaizari wa Ufaransa kutoka 1852 hadi 1870. Alikuwa mpwa wa [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon I]] na mfalme wa mwisho kutawala Ufaransa. ==Vyeo== Alichaguliwa kwa urais wa Jamhuri ya Pili ya Kifaransa mnamo 1848, alitwaa madaraka kwa nguvu mnamo 1851, wakati hakuweza kuchaguliwa tena kikatiba; baadaye alijitangaza kuwa Kaizari wa Ufaransa. Alitawala hadi kushindwa katika vita dhidi ya Ujerumani na kutekwa kwake na [[Prussia]] na washirika wake kwenye Mapigano ya Sedan mnamo 1870. ==Hitimisho== Napoleon III alikuwa mtawala maarufu aliyependwa na sehemu kubwa ya raia wake, ambaye alitumia [[Kura ya maoni|kura za maoni]] kuongoza siasa yake. Alisimamia mabadiliko ya uchumi wa Ufaransa. Aliwekeza sana katika miundombinu za nchi akaagiza kujengwa kwa idadi kubwa ya meli zabiashara na kivita. Alipanua [[Koloni za Ufaransa|maeneo ya koloni za Ufaransa]]. Alishiriki katika [[Vita ya Italia ya 1859]] akaamuru kuanzisha [[Vita ya Ufaransa dhidi ya Ujerumani ya 1870]] ambapo aliongoza wanajeshi wake wakati wa mapigano na akakamatwa. ==Siasa ya ndani na ya kiuchumi== Napoleon III aliagiza ujenzi mpya wa Paris uliotekelezwa na Georges-Eugène Haussmann, akienelea kupanusha mfumo mzuri wa bustani kubwa za starehe kwenye jiji. Alizindua miradi ya kazi za umma kama hiyo katika miji mingine yote mikubwa nchini Ufaransa. Alipanua na kuimarisha mfumo wa reli kwa taifa lote, na pia akafanya kazi ya kuboresha mfumo wa benki. Napoleon III aliendeleza ujenzi wa [[Mfereji wa Suez]] na kuanzisha kilimo cha kisasa, ambacho kilimaliza njaa nchini Ufaransa na kuifanya nchi kuwa muuzaji nje wa mazao. Alifanya mapatano na Uingereza kuhusu Mkataba wa Biashara Huria na makubaliano kama hayo na mataifa mengine ya Ulaya. Katika siasa ya kijamii alikubali kuwapa wafanyakazi wa Ufaransa haki ya kugoma na haki ya kuunda vyama vyao. Wanafunzi wa kwanza wa kike walidahiliwa huko Chuo Kikuu cha Sorbonne na fursa za elimu kwa wanawake ziliongezeka. Chini yake orodha ya masomo yanayotakiwa kufundishwa shuleni ilipanushwa vievie. ==Siasa ya Nje== Katika siasa ya nje, Napoleon III alilenga kurudisha athira ya Ufaransa huko Ulaya na ulimwenguni kote. Katika Ulaya, alijiunga na [[Uingereza]] na kuishinda [[Urusi]] katika [[Krim|Vita ya Krim]] (1853-1856). Siasa yake ilisaidia kuungana kwa Italia kwa kushinda Dola la Austria katika Vita ya Italia ya 1859. Baadaye alipata maeneo ya Savoy na [[Nice]] kama shukrani kwa msaada wake. Wakati huo huo, vikosi vyake vilitetea [[Dola la Papa]] dhidi ya kuunganishwa na Italia. Alisaidia pia maungano wa mikoa kwenye [[mto Danubi]] yaliyoendelea kuwa Temi za Moldavia na Wallachia. Napoleon III aliongeza [[koloni za Ufaransa]] mara mbili kwa upanuzi katika Asia, Pasifiki na Afrika. Kwa upande mwingine, alishindwa kabisa alipojaribu kuingilia kati ndani ya [[Mexiko|Meksiko]] alichotaka kufanya kuwa nchi chini ya ulinzi wa Ufaransa. ==Ugomvi na Prussia== Kuanzia 1866, Napoleon III alilazimika kukabili nguvu iliyoongezeka ya [[Prussia]] kwani waziri mkuu wake [[Otto von Bismarck]] alilenga kujenga umoja wa madola ya Kijerumani chini ya uongozi wa Prussia. Mnamo Julai 1870, Napoleon III alifuata wito wa wanasiasa na waanchi wengi akatangaza vita dhidi ya Prussia, ingawa alikuwa na wasiwasi. Bila washirika akiwa na jeshi dhaifu, Ufaransa ilishindwa haraka wakati Napoleon III alikamatwa katika mapigano ya Sedan. Aliondolewa cheo cha kifalme na Jamhuri ya Tatu ya Kifaransa ilitangazwa huko Paris. Alikwenda uhamishoni [[Uingereza]], ambapo alikufa mnamo 1873. ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} == Maandiko ya Napoleon III == * [https://archive.org/details/napoleonicideasd00napoiala/page/n6 ''Des Idées Napoleoniennes''] – an outline of Napoleon III's opinion of the optimal course for France, written before he became Emperor. * [https://archive.org/details/historyofjuliusc01napoiala/page/n10 ''History of Julius Caesar''] – a historical work he wrote during his reign. He drew an analogy between the politics of [[Julius Caesar]] and his own, as well as those of his uncle. * Napoleon III wrote a number of articles on military matters (artillery), scientific issues ([[electromagnetism]], pros and cons of beet versus cane sugar), historical topics (the [[House of Stuart|Stuart]] kings of Scotland), and on the feasibility of the [[Nicaragua canal]]. His pamphlet ''The Extinction of Pauperism'' ({{OCLC|318651712}}, {{JSTOR|60201169}}) helped his political advancement. == Kujisomea == === Wasifu === * {{cite book |last=Baguley |first=David |date=2000 |title=Napoleon III and His Regime: An Extravaganza |url=https://archive.org/details/napoleoniiihisre0000bagu |publisher=Louisiana State University Press |isbn=9780807126240 }} * {{cite book |last=Bresler |first=Fenton |date=1999 |title=Napoleon III: a life (HarperCollins |url=https://archive.org/details/napoleoniiilife0000fent |isbn=9780002557870 }} * {{cite book|last=Corley|first = T. A. B. |title=Democratic Despot: A Life of Napoleon III |url=https://archive.org/details/democraticdespot00corl|year=1961| isbn=978-0837175874}} * {{cite book|last=Duff|first=David|title=Eugénie and Napoleon III|publisher=Collins|date=1978|isbn=978-0688033385|url=https://archive.org/details/eugenienapoleoni00duff}} * {{cite book|editor-last=Gooch|editor-first= Brison D.|title = Napoleon III – Man of Destiny: Enlightened Statesman or Proto-Fascist?| publisher = Holt, Rinehart and Winston |date= 1966 |url=https://www.amazon.com/Napoleon-III--Man-Destiny-Proto-Fascist/dp/B0000CLW4N/|isbn=978-0232070118}} * {{cite book|editor-last=Gooch|editor-first= Brison D.|title= The Reign of Napoleon III|url=https://archive.org/details/reignofnapoleoni0000gooc|publisher = Rand McNally & Company |date=1969 |isbn=978-0528665479}} * {{cite book|last = Guerard|first= Albert |title=Napoleon III A Great Life In Brief| publisher=Carroll & Graf Pub |date=1947 |url=https://archive.org/details/napoleoniiiagrea002678mbp|isbn=978-0786706600}} * {{cite book| last=McMillan|first= James F. |title=Napoleon III | url=https://archive.org/details/napoleoniii0000mcmi|publisher=Routledge|date= 1991|isbn=978-0582494831|series= Profiles In Power}} * {{cite book|last=Markham|first=Felix|title=The Bonapartes|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|location=London|date=1975|isbn=978-0-297-76928-6}} * {{cite book|last=Price|first= Roger|chapter= Napoleon III: 'hero' or 'grotesque mediocrity'?| editor1-last = Cowling|editor1-first=Mark|editor2-last =Martin |editor2-first=James| title=Marx's 'Eighteenth Brumaire': (Post)Modern Interpretations|url=https://archive.org/details/marxseighteenthb00cowl|url-access=limited|publisher = Pluto Press | date= 20 November 2002 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/marxseighteenthb00cowl/page/n150 145]–162 |isbn=978-0745318301}} * {{cite book|last= Ridley|first= Jasper|title=Napoleon III and Eugenie|year=1980|publisher = Viking|url= https://archive.org/details/napoleoniiieugen00ridl_0|isbn=978-0670504282 }} * {{cite journal |last=Spitzer |first=Alan B. |date=1962 |title=The Good Napoleon III |journal=French Historical Studies |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=308–29 |doi=10.2307/285884 |jstor=285884 }} * {{cite book|last=Thompson|first=J. M.|title=Louis Napoleon and the Second Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/louisnapoleonand001713mbp|publisher=The Noonday Press|year=1955}} === Vyanzo vingine === {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|last1=Briggs|first1=Asa|last2=Clavin|first2=Patricia|author-link1=Asa Briggs|author-link2=Patricia Clavin|title=Modern Europe, 1789-Present|url=https://archive.org/details/moderneurope17890000brig_z2o4|date=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0582772601|edition=2}} * Campbell, Stuart L. ''The Second Empire Revisited: A Study in French Historiography'' (1978) * {{cite book |last=Case |first= Lynn M. |date=1954 |title=French Opinion on War and Diplomacy during the Second Empire |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0374913021 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv5qdk0h |hdl= 2027/mdp.39015051389693 }} * {{cite book | last=Cobban |first=Alfred |author-link=Alfred Cobban |year=1965 |title=A History of Modern France |volume=Vol. 2: 1799–1871 |location=London |publisher=Penguin }} * {{cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Michele |year=2001 |title=Mexico and the Foreign Policy of Napoleon III |publisher=Palgrave | isbn=978-0333793022 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mpiXQgAACAAJ }} * Golicz, Roman. “Napoleon III, Lord Palmerston and the Entente Cordiale.” ''History Today'' 50#12 (December 2000): 10–17 * {{cite book |last=Guedalla|first= Philip|author-link = Philip Guedalla|title = The Second Empire |date=1923 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.95986/page/n11|asin=B00085CK6Y}} * {{cite journal|last=Pinkney|first= David H.|title=Napoleon III's Transformation of Paris: The Origins and Development of the Idea|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-history_1955-06_27_2/page/125|journal= Journal of Modern History|date= 1955|volume= 27|issue= 2 |pages=125–34 |jstor=1874987|doi= 10.1086/237781|s2cid= 144533244}} * {{cite book|last=Pinkney|first = David H. |title=Napoleon III and the Rebuilding of Paris |url=https://archive.org/details/napoleoniiirebui0000pink|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1958|isbn=0-691-00768-3 }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Plessis |first=Alain |year=1988 |title=The Rise and Fall of the Second Empire 1852–1871 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521358569 }} * {{cite book |last=Price |first=Roger |year=2001 |title=The French Second Empire: An Anatomy of Political Power |publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press |isbn=9781139430975 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l0LMNRvWaLIC }} * {{cite book |last=Wawro |first=Geoffrey |date=2005 |title=The Franco-Prussian War: The German Conquest of France in 1870–1871 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521584364 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1tPB20IMMoC }} * {{cite book |last=Wetzel |first=David |date=2012 |title=A Duel of Nations: Germany, France, and the Diplomacy of the War of 1870–1871 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |isbn=9780299291341 }} * Williams, Roger Lawrence. ''The Mortal Napoleon III'' (Princeton University Press, 2015). * {{cite book| last= Williams| first = Roger L. |title=Gaslight and shadow: The World of Napoleon III 1851-1870|publisher = Macmillan & Co Ltd| location = New York |date=1957| url= https://archive.org/details/gaslightshadowwo00will| asin = B001NHPZ72}} * {{cite book |last=Wolf |first=John B. |author-link=John Baptist Wolf |date=1963 |orig-date=1940 |title=France: 1815 to the Present |url=https://archive.org/details/france1815tothep007252mbp/page/n269/mode/2up }} * {{cite book |last=Zeldin |first=Theodore |date=1958a |title=The Political System of Napoleon III |location=New York |publisher=Macmillan |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.110509/2015.110509.The-Political-System-Of-Napoleon-Iii_djvu.txt }} * {{cite journal |last=Zeldin |first=Theodore |date=1958b |title=The Myth of Napoleon III |journal=History Today |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=103–109 }} {{refend}} == Viungo vya nje == {{commons|Napoléon III}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Napoleon III}} *{{gutenberg author | id=Napoleon_III | name=Napoleon III}} * [https://archive.org/details/napoleonicideasd00napouoft ''Napoleonic ideas. Des idées napoléniennes (1859)''] at the Internet Archive * [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa&idno=AHJ8942.0001.001&view=toc ''History of Julius Caesar'' vol. 1 at MOA] * [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa&idno=AHJ8942.0002.001&view=toc ''History of Julius Caesar'' vol. 2 at MOA] * [[iarchive:histoiredejulesc01napoiala|''Histoire de Jules César (Volume 1)'']] {{in lang|fr}} at the Internet Archive * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080111053727/http://caricaturesetcaricature.over-blog.com/article-6400408.html Editorial cartoons of the Second Empire] * [http://www.computours.co.uk/beziers/place_de_la_revolution/ Place de la Revolution, Béziers & Napoleon 111] {{Wayback|url=http://www.computours.co.uk/beziers/place_de_la_revolution/ |date=20191013102819 }} * [http://omniatlas.com/maps/europe/18481219/ Maps of Europe covering the reign of Napoleon III (omniatlas)] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1873]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1808]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Ufaransa]] f7pd6nerh70477wa1f3nxl0yhpikwab Jamii:Dola la Papa 14 139629 1574376 1181362 2026-06-18T04:50:03Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: [[Jamii:Papa]]/[[Category:Papa]] → [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574376 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Historia ya Italia]] [[Jamii:Vatikani]] [[Jamii:Kanisa Katoliki]] [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 7r6jz4iuwwksn9qdefkf0d4ygq1vczi Sharlto Copley 0 143023 1574392 1295350 2026-06-18T06:52:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mwigizaji 2 | jina = Sharlto Copley | picha = | maelezo ya picha = | jina la kuzaliwa = Sharlto Copley | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = [[27 Novemba]] [[1973]] | mahala pa kuzaliwa = Johannesburg, Gauteng, [[Afrika Kusini]] | tarehe ya kufa = | mahala alipofia = | jina lingine = | kazi yake = [[Muigizaji]] | miaka ya kazi = | ndoa = Tanit Phoenix | watoto = 1 | mahusiano ya kimapenzi = | tovuti = }} '''Sharlto Copley''' alizaliwa mnamo tarehe [[27 Novemba]] mwaka [[1973]] ni mwigizaji wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. Amecheza kama ''Wikus van der Merwe'' katika filamu ya ''[[District 9]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/37488/2010-mtv-movie-awards-nominees-announced-new-category-horror|title=MTV Movie Awards Nominees Announced; New Category for Horror|publisher=Dreadcentral.com|access-date=2015-09-06|accessdate=2021-10-09|archivedate=2014-07-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722074529/http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/37488/2010-mtv-movie-awards-nominees-announced-new-category-horror}}</ref> Alicheza pia kama [[Howling Mad Murdock]] katika mabadiliko ya mwaka 2010 ya filamu ya ''[[The A-Team (film)|The A-Team]]''. Wakala C. M. Kruger katika filamu ya ''[[Elysium (film)|Elysium]]'',''James Corrigan'' katika filamu ya ''[[Europa Report]]'' na mfalme ''Stefan'' katika filamu ya ''[[Maleficent (film)|Maleficent]]''.Pia alicheza cheo cha kichwa katika Filamu ya ''[[Chappie (film)|Chappie]]'',Kama Jimmy katika filamu ya ''[[Hardcore Henry]]'',na nyota katika misimu miwili ya filamu,filamu ya [[Christian Walker (fictional character)|Christian Walker]] na ''[[Powers (American TV series)|Powers]]'' katika mfululizo wa televisheni.'''Copley''' amemuowa mwigizaji mwenzake wa [[Afrika Kusini]] na Mwanamtindo wa mitindo [[TANIT PHOENIX]].<ref name="graziadaily.co.za">{{cite web|url=http://www.graziadaily.co.za/hot-stories/tanit-and-sharlto-happily-ever-after/|title=Tanit and Sharlto: Happily Ever After - Grazia South Africa|accessdate=2021-10-09|archivedate=2017-06-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624100328/http://www.graziadaily.co.za/hot-stories/tanit-and-sharlto-happily-ever-after/}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == '''Sharlto Copley''' alizaliwa [[Johannesburg]] na alisoma shule ya [[St. Andrew's Preparatory School]] huko [[Grahamstown]] na Shule ya [[Redhill School (Johannesburg)|Redhill School]] huko [[Morningside, Gauteng|Morningside]], [[Johannesburg]].<ref name=bruce1 >{{cite news | first = Lisa | last = Marks | url = http://news.scotsman.com/topstories/Interview-ATeam-star-Sharlto-Copley.6437528.jp | title = Interview with A-Team star Sharlto Copley | work = The Scotsman | date = 26 July 2010 | access-date = 21 February 2011 }}</ref>Baba yake ni ''Dk Bruce Copley'', profesa wa zamani wa chuo kikuu.<ref name=bruce1 /><ref name=SKF>[http://evolution.skf.com/bruce-copley-%E2%80%93-holistic-learning-adds-value/ "Bruce Copley – Holistic Learning Adds Value"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927134812/http://evolution.skf.com/bruce-copley-%E2%80%93-holistic-learning-adds-value/ |date=27 September 2013 }} SKF Sweden Evolution Business and Technology Magazine article, 7 June 2006</ref> Kaka yake ni ''Donovan'',<ref name=bruce1/> ni mwimbaji na kiongozi wa Bandi ya Cape Town [[Hot Water (band)|Hot Water]].<ref name=hotwater>[http://www.overtone.co.za/band/hotwater Hotwater] {{Wayback|url=http://www.overtone.co.za/band/hotwater |date=20130927030411 }}. Overtone.co.za (16 October 2008). Retrieved on 22 September 2013.</ref><ref name=hotwater1>[http://www.hotwater.co.za/ Hotwater Official Site]. Hotwater.co.za. Retrieved on 22 September 2013.</ref><ref name="hotwater2">[http://www.blueworld.co.za/bands/profile.aspx?id=42] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210101549/http://www.blueworld.co.za/bands/profile.aspx?id=42|date=10 December 2008}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Arusha MoAC]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1973]] tdsekcg4d4d3hghmyutjiluk5vxz78j Sumcot 0 146869 1574457 1212551 2026-06-18T09:57:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574457 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sumcot''' ni kituo cha mafunzo ya kompyuta katika mji wa [[Sumve]], uliopo mkoa wa [[Mwanza]], [[Tanzania]]. Ilianzishwa kwa msaada wa [[Wilde Ganzen]], NGO ya Uholanzi na Sumve Foundation kwa lengo la kusaidia Hospitali Teule ya Wilaya ya Sumve (DDH). Sumcot hutumika kufundisha makundi ya watu wafuatao katika ujuzi wa msingi wa kompyuta: * Wafanyakazi wa Sumve DDH * Wanafunzi wa Shule ya Sekondari ya Wasichana * Wanafunzi wa Shule ya sekondari ya Sumve (wavulana na wasichana) * Wanafunzi wa NMTC (Kituo cha Mafunzo ya Uuguzi na Ukunga) * Wananchi wengine wa [[Sumve]], wanaotaka kupata/kuboresha ujuzi wa kompyuta Kituo hicho katika mwezi Oktoba mwaka 2019 kilikuwa na kompyuta 16 za wanafunzi, pamoja na kompyuta moja ya mezani na kompyuta ndogo za mwalimu. Ina projekta inayotumika kuonyesha maonyesho kama sehemu ya masomo. Pia kuna mtandao wa eneo la ndani na seva ya faili ya kituo. Mwaka 2019 [[Tanzania Telecommunications Company Limited|TTCL]] ilijenga mnara katika kituo cha Sumcot ambao utatoa huduma za mtandao wa haraka. ==Marejeo== *[http://www.wildeganzen.nl/engels.php Wilde Ganzen (Dutch NGO) [English&#93;] *[http://www.stichtingsumve.nl/ Sumve Foundation (Dutch NGO) [Dutch&#93;] {{Wayback|url=http://www.stichtingsumve.nl/ |date=20110724165735 }} {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Elimu ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mwanza]] [[Jamii:WikiVibrance_Tanzania]] qcknu9lbwmm0ls7joq8pwi6vu7muqxv Selim Sahab 0 148924 1574388 1337305 2026-06-18T06:03:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574388 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Selim Sahab''' ({{lang-ar|سليم سحاب}}; alizaliwa [[Palestina]], [[1941]],) ni kondakta na mtunzi wa kisasa ambaye kwa sasa ni raia wa [[Misri]]. Sahab alipata Shahada ya Kwanza ya Uendeshaji kwaya mwaka [[1971]] kutoka [[Taasisi ya Jnesen]]. Mnamo mwaka [[1976]], alipata diploma katika [[Symphony Orchestra]] Uendeshaji kutoka [[Moscow Tchaikovsky Conservatory]]. Mnamo mwaka [[1977]], Sahab alirudi [[Lebanoni]] na akaandika hakiki ambazo zilichapishwa katika magazeti na majarida ya [[Lebanon]] na Kiarabu. Sahab pia alifanya kazi kama msimamizi wa muziki wa kituo rasmi cha redio cha [[Lebanon]]. Alianzisha Kundi la Muziki wa Kiarabu la Beirut kwa Muziki wa Kiarabu nchini [[Lebanon]] mnamo mwaka [[1980]]. Sasa yeye ndiye mkuu wa ''Opera Masr'', vile vile amepewa jina la ''Balozi wa Nia Njema''. == Mwanzilishi == === Nchini Lebanon === * [[Beirut]] Mkusanyiko wa Muziki wa Kiarabu * Kwaya ya Watoto Lebanon === Nchini Misri === *Mkusanyiko wa Kitaifa wa Muziki wa Kiarabu *[[Cairo Opera]] Kwaya ya Watoto *Kwaya ya Watoto kwa Huduma za Jumla za [[Heliopolis (kitongoji cha Cairo)|Heliopolis]] *Vikundi vya kwaya katika Chama cha Ustawi wa Mama na Mtoto ==Marejeo== <references /> ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.egyptguide.net/opera/arabicens.html The National Arabic Music Ensemble] {{Wayback|url=http://www.egyptguide.net/opera/arabicens.html |date=20160117173012 }} Official web site *[http://www.cairoopera.org/ Cairo Opera House] Official web site {{DEFAULTSORT:Sahab, Selim}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1941]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:wanamuziki wa Misri]] p55dsp1a3cj6bgewhwor3xogbr5o52p The Kiffness 0 149255 1574493 1527038 2026-06-18T11:56:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574493 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Scott''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[11 Februari]] [[1988]]), pia anajulikana kwa jina lake la kisanii kama '''The Kiffness''',<ref name=si>{{cite web|url=https://seeitlive.co/sound-of-silence-lockdown-parody/ |title=Man changes the lyrics to 'Sound of Silence' and has internet cracking up with his version |website=Seeitlive.co |first=Marilyn|last=Caylor|date=27 May 2020 |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref> ni mwanamuziki wa [[Afrika Kusini|Afrika kusini]] Kusini, mtayarishaji wa muziki na msanii ambaye ndiye mwanzilishi na mwimbaji mkuu wa bendi ya The Kiffness.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://medium.com/short-shots-city/david-scott-founder-of-the-local-south-african-band-the-kiffness-has-kept-our-spirits-up-since-3cf4c262a45|title=David Scott, founder of the local South African band The Kiffness, has kept our spirits up since…|first=Caroline de|last=Braganza|date=13 December 2020|website=Medium|access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.capetownetc.com/cape-town/when-your-beats-are-so-kiff-your-domestic-cant-resist/|title=When your beats are so kiff your domestic can't resist|website=Cape Town Etc.|date=20 June 2019|access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref> Licha ya jina la bendi, Scott anajulikana kama The Kiffness peke yake.<ref name=nasa /><ref>{{cite web |title=Christmas Kiffness' Three Kings Parody and Interview |url=https://www.sapeople.com/2020/12/11/watch-christmas-kiffness-three-kings-parody/ |website=SA People |date=11 December 2020 |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na kazi == Mnamo mwaka 2004, Scott alikuwa mshiriki wa Kwaya ya Vijana ya KwaZulu-Natal.<ref>{{cite web |first=Adcock |last=Ingram |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/PartnerContent/watch-the-kiffnesss-sing-his-ode-of-blessing-for-south-african-healthcare-professionals-and-allied-healthcare-workers-20200403 |title=Watch The Kiffness sing his Ode of Blessing for South African HealthCare Professionals and Allied Healthcare workers |website=News24 |date=3 April 2020 |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref> Scott alisoma katika shule ya Michaelhouse na akaenda Chuo Kikuu cha Witwatersrand kusomea udaktari.<ref name=b>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.biznews.com/business-unusual/2020/10/15/the-kiffness|website=Biz News|title=Kiff interview with The Kiffness, who got Trump to do the Jerusalema, gave Gretha personality|date=15 October 2020|access-date=28 April 2021|accessdate=2022-04-26|archivedate=2021-06-08|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210608210824/https://www.biznews.com/business-unusual/2020/10/15/the-kiffness}}</ref> Hata hivyo, aliacha shule na kuanza kusomea muziki na falsafa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Rhodes alipokuwa akifanya kazi kama DJ na kucheza katika bendi ya jazz.<ref name=b /> Mnamo mwaka 2013, alitoa wimbo wake wa kwanza ''Where are You Going?'' pamoja na Matthew Gold, ambayo ilifanikiwa katika radio ya 5FM nakuwa katika nyimbo 40 bora.<ref name=b /> Albamu yao ya ''Kiff'' iliteuliwa katika tuzo za 21 za muziki wa Afrika mnamo mwaka 2015 na tena mwaka 2017.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-12-the-south-african-music-awards-nominations-announced/|title=South African Music Awards nominees announced|newspaper=Mail & Guardian|date=12 March 2015|access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://samusicawards.co.za/ak_sama_award/auto-draft-483/ |title=2017 Best Pop Album Nominee : The Kiffness – Kiff |publisher=SA Music Awards |date=27 November 2019 |access-date=28 April 2021 |accessdate=2022-04-26 |archivedate=2021-06-08 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210608210449/https://samusicawards.co.za/ak_sama_award/auto-draft-483/ }}</ref> Kwa kawaida yeye hutumbuiza akiwa amevalia suti maalum ya maua aliyoitengeneza huko Hội An, [[Vietnam]], yenye matirio aliyochaguliwa na mke wake na yeye mwenyewe kwa kuwa inafanana na mapazia ya Bibi yake.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2020-11-14-awww-the-kiffness-lent-his-famous-suit-to-a-fan-for-their-matric-farewell/|title=Awww! The Kiffness lent his famous suit to a fan for their matric farewell|website=TimesLIVE|date=14 November 2020|first=Toni Jaye|last=Singer|access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref> Scott huunda nyimbo za kejeli ambazo zinalenga zaidi masuala ya kisiasa ya Afrika Kusini. Mnamo mwaka 2017, alitoa wimbo unaoitwa ''White Privilege'' kama jaribio la kuwafanya Waafrika Kusini weupe kufahamu zaidi jamii.<ref name=na /> Mnamo mwaka 2018, alirekodi video ya wimbo wake wa Kiafrika ''Pragtig Meisie'' na picha ya mwimbaji wa Kiafrika ''Steve Hofmeyr'' mwanasesere aliyelipuliwa.<ref name=na>{{cite web |first=Nic |last=Andersen |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/videos/pragtig-meisie-the-kiffness-steve-hofmeyr/ |title=Pragtig Meisie: The Kiffness trolls Steve Hofmeyr in ridiculous treffer |publisher=The South African |date=28 November 2018 |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-date=2022-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001161331/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/videos/pragtig-meisie-the-kiffness-steve-hofmeyr/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 2019, Scott alipiga marufuku Shirika la Utangazaji la Afrika Kusini kucheza nyimbo zake alipobaini kuwa hawakuwa wakiwalipa wanamuziki kwa kucheza nyimbo zao na alidai alikuwa anadaiwa randi ya Afrika Kusini 60,000R.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2019-08-06-no-pay-is-not-kiff-the-kiffness-gives-sabc-no-pay-no-play-ultimatum/|title=No pay is not kiff: The Kiffness gives SABC no pay, no play ultimatum|website=TimesLIVE|date=6 August 2019|first=Kyle|last=Zeeman| access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref> Katika mwaka huo huo, alianza kazi ya solo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kfm.co.za/articles/2019/09/23/the-kiffness-david-scott-goes-solo |title=The Kiffness' David Scott goes solo |publisher=KFM |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 2020, The Kiffness iliigiza wimbo wa taifa wa Afrika Kusini kwa nyimbo iitwayo ''Nkosazan' Dlamini Trafficker'' kama sehemu ya ukosoaji wa Waziri [[Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma]] kwa upigaji marufuku wa uuzaji wa sigara nchini Afrika Kusini wakati wa janga la COVID-19.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sapeople.com/2020/05/25/watch-south-africas-hilarious-new-national-anthem-by-the-kiffness/ |title=WATCH South Africa's Hilarious New National Anthem by The Kiffness |first=Jenni|last=Baxter|website=SA People |date=25 May 2020 |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref><ref name=nasa>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2020-05-27-watch-the-kiffness-takes-aim-at-nkosazana-dlamini-zuma-in-national-anthem-spoof/|title=WATCH &#124; The Kiffness takes aim at Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma in national anthem spoof|website=TimesLIVE|date=27 May 2020|first=Unathi|last=Nkanjeni|access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref> Meya wa [[Ekurhuleni]] ''Mzwandile Masina'' alimkosoa kwa kuufanyia kazi wimbo huo akidai ulikuwa ni wa "kibaguzi".<ref name=mayor>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2020-05-29-watch-the-kiffness-and-mayor-mzwandile-masina-clash-over-racist-national-anthem-remix/|title= The Kiffness and mayor Mzwandile Masina clash over 'racist' national anthem remix|website=TimesLIVE|date=29 May 2020|first=Cebelihle|last=Bhengu|access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref> Baadaye Scott na Masina waliujadili kwa njia ya simu huku Scott akiutetea kama kejeli.<ref name=mayor /> Pia aliandika nyimbo nyingine wakati kufungiwa ndani<ref name=si /> na kuunda nyimbo ya ''[[Jerusalema]]'' uliowalenga kiongozi wa Wapigania Uhuru wa Kiuchumi ''Julius Malema'' kufuatia wanaharakati wa EFF kushambulia maduka ya Mibofyo kutokana na tangazo la shampoo ambayo wao walichukulia kuwa ni ubaguzi wa rangi.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/celebrity-news/local/julius-malema-jerusalema-parody-puts-the-kiffness-in-firing-line-7dd35a78-1270-4775-9cf9-d760f6365f5a |title='Julius Malema (Jerusalema Parody)' puts The Kiffness in the firing line |website=IOL |date=9 September 2020 |access-date=28 April 2021 }}</ref> Mwishoni mwa mwaka 2020, alishirikiana na mwanamuziki wa Kituruki ''Bilal Göregen'' katika kuunda remix ya uimbaji wa nyimbo ya Göregen ''Ievan polkka'' ambayo ilisambaa sana kwenye YouTube.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/entertainment/music-exchange-rapid-fire-qa-the-kiffness/|title=#MusicExchange: Rapid-fire Q&A with SA's coolest oddball The Kiffness |first=Martin|last=Myers|website=The South African |date=22 January 2021|access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 2021, alitengeneza wimbo wa kuiga kwa [[Miriam Makeba]] ''The Click Song'' ili kuwasaidia watu kutamka majina mapya ya [[Port Elizabeth]], [[King William's Town]] na [ [Maclear, Eastern Cape|Maclear]] baada ya serikali ya Afrika Kusini kuyabadilisha.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2021-02-25-how-do-you-say-that-the-kiffness-has-this-neat-trick-to-learning-the-new-name-for-pe/|title=How do you say that? The Kiffness has this neat trick to learning the new name for PE|first=Kyle|last=Zeeman|website=TimesLIVE|date=25 February 2021|access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref> == Uanaharakati == Wakati wa uvamizi wa Urusi wa Ukraini mwaka 2022, Scott aliunga mkono Ukraini kwa kuchanganya wimbo wa watu wa ukraini ''Oh, Red Viburnum in the Meadow'' ulioimbwa na Bendi ya ukraini ''BoomBox'' kiongozi ''Andriy Khlyvnyuk''. Mwisho alighairi safari yake ya Marekani ili kuilinda nchi yake dhidi ya uvamizi wa Vikosi vya Wanajeshi wa Urusi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2022-03-07 |title=The Kiffness goes viral! Check out his Ukrainian folk song [video] |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/culture/entertainment/the-kiffness-viral-video-ukrainian-folk-song/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=The South African}}</ref> Mirabaha kutoka katika remix hiyo itatolewa kwa usaidizi wa kibinadamu kwa ajili ya Jeshi la Ukraini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/accounts/p/CareTgGJM7Q/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=Instagram}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Watu Walio Hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1988]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] eqc5cfu3vzisi38jpederbaz15c05x2 Taji la Kipapa 0 149615 1574368 1422357 2026-06-18T04:29:43Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: [[Category:Papa]] → [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574368 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Innozenz3.jpg|thumb|[[Papa Inosenti III]] (1198–1216) akiwa amevaa taji [[mchoro wa ukutani|alivyochorwa ukutani]] katika [[monasteri]] ya [[Benedikto wa Nursia|Mt. Benedikto]] huko Subiaco, 1219 hivi.]] '''Taji la Kipapa''' lilikuwa [[kofia]] iliyovaliwa na [[Papa|Mapapa]] wengi hadi [[mwaka]] [[1964]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Doty|first1=Robert C.|title=Pope Paul Donates His Jeweled Tiara To Poor of World|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/11/14/pope-paul-donates-his-jeweled-tiara-to-poor-of-world.html|access-date=27 April 2018|work=The New York Times|date=14 November 1964}}</ref>. Hapo katikati ilizidi kupambwa na [[dhahabu]] na [[vito]] kwa mfano na [[taji la mfalme]]<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14714c.htm Joseph Braun, "Tiara" in ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912]</ref><ref name=EB>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/594839/tiara|title=tiara – papal dress|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>. == Tanbihi == {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== {{Refbegin|40em}} *{{cite book |author1=Bernstein, Carl |author2=Politi, Marco | title=His Holiness: John Paul II and the Hidden History of our Time |url=https://archive.org/details/hisholinessjohnp00bern |url-access=registration | location=New York | publisher=Doubleday | year=1996 | isbn=0-385-40538-3}} *{{cite book | author=Cornwell, John | title=Hitler's Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII | url=https://archive.org/details/hitlerspope00john | url-access=registration | location=New York | publisher=Viking | year=1999 | isbn=0-670-87620-8}} *{{cite book | author=Cornwell, John | title=A Thief in the Night: The Death of Pope John Paul I | location=London | publisher=Viking | year=1989 | isbn=0-670-82387-2 | url=https://archive.org/details/thiefinnightth00corn }} *{{cite book | author=de Cesare, Raffaele | title=The Last Days of Papal Rome 1850–1870 | url=https://archive.org/details/thelastdaysofpap00cesauoft | location=London | publisher=A. Constable | year=1909 }} *{{cite book |editor = Davis, Raymond |title=The Book of Pontiffs (Liber Pontificalis) |url = https://archive.org/details/bookofpontiffsli0000unse_x3i8 |location=Liverpool | publisher=Liverpool University Press |year=2000 | isbn=0-85323-545-7 }} * {{cite book | author=Duffy, Eamon | title=Saint & Sinners: A History of the Popes | location=New Haven, Conn. | publisher=Yale University Press | year=1997 | isbn=0-300-07332-1 | url=https://archive.org/details/saintssinnershis00duff }} *{{cite book | author=Hales, E.E.Y. (Edward Elton Young) | title=Pio Nono: A Study in European Politics and Religion in the Nineteenth Century. | url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_KU-556-563 | location=London | publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode | year=1954 }} *{{cite book | author=Hebblethwaite, Peter | title=The Year of Three Popes | location=London | publisher=Collins | year=1978 | isbn=0-00-215047-6}} *{{cite book | author=Hebblethwaite, Peter | title=Paul VI : The First Modern Pope | location=New York | publisher=Paulist Press | year=1993 | isbn=0-8091-0461-X | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/paulvifirstmoder0000hebb }} *{{cite book | author=Hebblethwaite, Peter | title=John XXIII: Pope of the Century | location=London | publisher=Continuum | year=2000 | isbn=0-8264-4995-6 | url=https://archive.org/details/johnxxiiipopeof00hebb }} *{{cite book | author=Heim, Bruno | title=Heraldry in the Catholic Church: Its Origins, Customs and Laws | url=https://archive.org/details/heraldryincathol0000heim | location=Gerrards Cross, Eng. | publisher=Van Duren | year=1978 | isbn=0-905715-05-5 }} *{{cite book | author=Hobsworth, Dean | title=From True Cross to True Crown: Papalism and Its Evils | year=1884 }} *{{cite book | editor=Levillain, Philippe| title=The Papacy: An Encyclopedia | url=https://archive.org/details/papacy00phil_1| url-access=registration| location=New York | publisher=Routledge| year=2002 | isbn=0-415-92228-3 }} *{{cite book | author=Nielsen, Fredrik Kristian | title=The History of the Papacy in the XIXth Century | url=https://archive.org/details/historypapacyin00nielgoog | location=London | publisher=J. Murray | year=1906 }} *{{cite book | author=Noonan, James-Charles. | title=The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church | location=New York | publisher=Viking | year=1996 | isbn=0-670-86745-4 | url=https://archive.org/details/churchvisiblecer0000noon }} *{{cite book | author=Rudé, George F. E. | title=Revolutionary Europe, 1783–1815 | location=Oxford | publisher=Blackwell | year=2000 | isbn=0-631-22189-1 }} *{{cite book | author=Smith, Uriah | title=Thoughts, Critical and Practical on the Book of Revelation | url=https://archive.org/details/thoughtscritica02smitgoog | location=Battle Creek, Mich. | publisher=Seventh-day Adventist Publ. Assoc. | year=1881 | isbn=0-8370-5309-9 }} *{{cite book | author=Smithe, Jefferson | title=Roman Catholic Ritual | publisher=London | year=1902 }} *{{cite book | author=Willey, David | title=God's Politician: John Paul at the Vatican | url=https://archive.org/details/godspoliticianjo0000will | location= London | publisher=Faber and Faber | year=1992 | isbn=0-571-16180-4}} *{{cite book | author=Yallop, David A. | title=In God's Name: An Investigation into the Murder of Pope John Paul I | location=Toronto | publisher=Bantam Books | year=1984 | isbn=0-553-05073-7 | url=https://archive.org/details/ingodsnameinvest00yallrich }} {{Refend}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|Papal tiaras}} *{{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia |wstitle=Tiara |first=Joseph |last=Braun |volume=14}} *[http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=Novaes+%22sedi+et+alii+minores%22&btnG= Giuseppe de Novaes, ''Introduzione alle vite de' Sommi Pontefici'', vol. II, Dissertazione V, pp. 74–189] *[https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/sp_ss_scv/insigne/triregno_en.html Holy See Press Office information on the papal tiara] *[http://www.royal-magazin.de/collection/tiara-papst.htm Images of several papal tiaras] {{mbegu-katoliki}} [[Jamii:Mapapa]] l61fo6oyvaf5ftw5sf7mkht4oe8lqtp Natalie Anne Kyriacou 0 151054 1574149 1521907 2026-06-17T17:42:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574149 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:NatKyriacou1.jpg|thumb|Natalie Anne Kyriacou akitoa hotuba]] '''Natalie Anne Kyriacou''' OAM (amezaliwa [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]], [[1988]]) ni [[Harakati|mwanaharakati wa kijamii]], [[mjasiriamali]] wa kijamii na [[mwanamazingira]] wa [[Australia]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Koehn|first=Emma|date=2018-04-05|title=Work hard & have diverse friendships: How Forbes 30 Under 30 member Natalie Kyriacou launched My Green World|url=https://womensagenda.com.au/leadership/you-shouldnt-do-it-for-the-glory-why-forbes-30-under-30-member-natalie-kyriacou-left-her-day-job-for-business-life/|accessdate=2021-04-29|work=Women's Agenda|language=en-AU}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-06-24|title=New footage shows baby elephants getting their 'spirits broken' to work in Thai tourism trade|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-25/elephants-treated-cruelly-thailand-video-world-animal-protection/12387954|accessdate=2021-04-29|work=www.abc.net.au|language=en-AU}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida|title=The voice of postcode 3000 - Enhancing Links with Asia|url=https://cbdnews.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/CBD30.pdf|journal=CBD News|access-date=2022-05-29|archive-date=2021-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407013204/https://cbdnews.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/CBD30.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Aliteuliwa kwa nishani ya Agizo la Australia kwa "huduma zake kwa wanyamapori na uhifadhi wa mazingira na elimu" mnamo 2018. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-02-04|title=The Governor-General is pleased to announce the following appointments and awards|url=http://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/honours/ad/ad2018/nls09_32z/1_%20%20Gazette%20-%20Order%20of%20Australia.pdf|accessdate=2021-04-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204124059/http://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/honours/ad/ad2018/nls09_32z/1_%20%20Gazette%20-%20Order%20of%20Australia.pdf|archivedate=2018-02-04}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://architectureau.com/articles/architecture-leaders-recognized-in-2018-queens-birthday-honours-list-1/|title=Architecture leaders recognized in 2018 Queen's Birthday Honours list|work=ArchitectureAU}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.womenonboards.net/en-au/reference-items/resource-centre-au-success-stories/au-members-awarded-ao|title=Women On Boards - Order of Australia|accessdate=2022-05-29|archivedate=2021-09-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921083514/https://www.womenonboards.net/en-au/reference-items/resource-centre-au-success-stories/au-members-awarded-ao}}</ref> Amehudumu katika bodi ya Kamati ya Maadili ya Wanyama ya Chuo Kikuu cha Melbourne na kwa sasa ni mwanachama wa [[IUCN|Muungano wa Kimataifa wa Uhifadhi wa Mazingira]]. Anahudumu katika bodi ya ushauri ya ''Taasisi ya Viongozi ya Wanawake''. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Natalie Kyriacou Bio|url=https://generalassemb.ly/instructors/natalie-kyriacou/11069|accessdate=2021-04-29|work=generalassemb.ly}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Natalie Kyriacou|url=https://www.f6s.com/nataliekyriacou|accessdate=2021-04-29|work=F6S|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2015-06-07|title=Entrepreneur brings animal welfare and conservation to the world (Includes interview)|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/news/environment/entrepreneur-brings-animal-welfare-and-conservation-to-the-world/article/435189|accessdate=2021-04-29|work=www.digitaljournal.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Advisory Board|url=https://www.womenleadersinstitute.org/advisory-board|accessdate=2021-04-29|work=WomenLeaderInstitute|language=en|archivedate=2021-04-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429171623/https://www.womenleadersinstitute.org/advisory-board}}</ref> Pia anajulikana kama mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa sasa wa ''My Green World'' ambayo aliianzisha mwaka 2012 ili kuendeleza masuala ya wanyamapori na uhifadhi wa mazingira. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://ideashoist.com.au/natalie-kyriacou-founding-director-green-world/|title=Natalie Kyriacou - founding director of MyGreenWorld|date=June 28, 2016|accessdate=2022-05-29|archivedate=2022-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529140137/https://ideashoist.com.au/natalie-kyriacou-founding-director-green-world/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Vujasinovic|first=Vuki|title=This Innovative Charity Crowdfunding Event Turns Your Donations Into 'Dragon's Den'|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/vukivujasinovic/2017/02/01/this-innovative-charity-crowdfunding-event-turns-your-donations-into-dragons-den/|accessdate=2021-04-29|work=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=30 Under 30 Asia 2018: Social Entrepreneurs|url=https://www.forbes.com/30-under-30-asia/2018/social-entrepreneurs/|accessdate=2021-04-29|work=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Roberts|first=Jessica|date=2020-11-09|title=Future Anything Fast Five with Natalie Kyriacou|url=https://futureanything.com/fast-five-natalie-kyriacou/|accessdate=2021-04-29|work=Future Anything|language=en-AU|archive-date=2021-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429171622/https://futureanything.com/fast-five-natalie-kyriacou/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=AWPC|title=LONELY AT THE TOP: Meddling in Ecosystems – Australian Wildlife Protection Council|url=https://awpc.org.au/lonely-at-the-top-meddling-in-ecosystems/|accessdate=2021-04-29|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-04-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429171622/https://awpc.org.au/lonely-at-the-top-meddling-in-ecosystems/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Speers|first=Lianna|date=2016-07-12|title=6 ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY STARTUPS|url=https://ideashoist.com.au/6-environmentally-friendly-startups/|accessdate=2021-05-02|work=Ideas Hoist|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-05-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502165412/https://ideashoist.com.au/6-environmentally-friendly-startups/}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1988|}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Australia]] scwcxrvifpi4vk8x50p501qd31mgisr Tessa Khan 0 151106 1574490 1526965 2026-06-18T11:43:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574490 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tessa Khan''' ni [[mwanasheria]] wa [[mazingira]] anayeishi [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]. Alianzisha na ni mkurugenzi mwenza wa Mtandao wa Madai ya [[Hali ya hewa]], ambao unaunga mkono kesi za kisheria zinazohusiana na kukabiliana na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa na [[Haki za hali ya hewa|haki ya hali]] ya hewa. Khan amesema kuwa serikali za kitaifa zimefaidika kimakusudi kutokana na kuongeza viwango vya kaboni dioksidi na kusababisha uharibifu wa mazingira, ikijumuisha kama sehemu ya kitangulizi muhimu cha Hali ya Hewa Ireland . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Harvey|first=Fiona|date=2020-06-12|title=Climate crisis to blame for $67bn of Hurricane Harvey damage – study|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/12/climate-crisis-to-blame-for-67bn-of-hurricane-harvey-damage-study|accessdate=2021-03-14|work=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> == Wasifu == [[Faili:Supreme Court of the Netherlands, The Hague 06.jpg|thumb|Mahakama Kuu ya Uholanzi, ''The Hague'']] Tessa Khan amehusika katika sheria za haki za binadamu na kampeni za utetezi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tessa Khan|url=https://www.climatebreakthroughproject.org/awardee/tessa-khan/|accessdate=2021-03-14|work=Climate Breakthrough Project|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-07-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720005006/https://www.climatebreakthroughproject.org/awardee/tessa-khan/}}</ref> Nchini Thailand alifanya kazi katika shirika lisilo la faida la [[haki za binadamu]] la [[wanawake]]. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Meet 15 Women Leading the Fight Against Climate Change|url=https://time.com/5669038/women-climate-change-leaders/|accessdate=2021-03-14|work=Time|archive-date=2022-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816141129/https://time.com/5669038/women-climate-change-leaders/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Akiwa huko mwaka wa 2015 alipata habari kuhusu uamuzi wa mahakama huko Hague kuamuru [[Uholanzi]] kupunguza utoaji wake wa gesi chafuzi. Kwa msukumo wa kesi hiyo, Khan alihamia London ili kujiunga na timu ya wanasheria ya Urgenda Foundation mwaka wa 2016. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Timperley|first=Jocelyn|date=July 8, 2020|title=The law that could make climate change illegal|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200706-the-law-that-could-make-climate-change-illegal|accessdate=2021-03-14|work=BBC|language=en}}</ref> Khan alianzisha Mtandao wa Madai ya Hali ya Hewa na Wakfu wa Urgenda ili kusaidia kesi za hali ya hewa kote ulimwenguni. Anahudumu kama mkurugenzi mwenza wa Mtandao wa Madai ya Hali ya Hewa. Kupitia shirika hilo, amefaulu kusaidia vikundi vya [[wanaharakati]] kushtaki [[serikali]] zao. <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Kusmer|first=Anna|date=August 13, 2020|title=Activists took the Irish govt to court over its national climate plan — and won|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-08-13/activists-took-irish-govt-court-over-its-national-climate-plan-and-won|accessdate=2021-03-14|work=The World from PRX|language=en|archive-date=2021-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922205749/https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-08-13/activists-took-irish-govt-court-over-its-national-climate-plan-and-won|url-status=dead}}</ref> Inashughulikia kesi kote ulimwenguni, ikijumuisha [[Kanada]], [[Uholanzi]], [[New Zealand]], [[Norway]], [[Pakistan]], na [[Korea Kusini]]. <ref name=":1" /> Aliunga mkono kesi nchini Uholanzi na Ireland ambazo zilifanikisha changamoto ya kutosheleza kwa mipango ya serikali ya kupunguza hewa chafu. <ref name=":12">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Kusmer|first=Anna|date=August 13, 2020|title=Activists took the Irish govt to court over its national climate plan — and won|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-08-13/activists-took-irish-govt-court-over-its-national-climate-plan-and-won|accessdate=2021-03-14|work=The World from PRX|language=en|archive-date=2021-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922205749/https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-08-13/activists-took-irish-govt-court-over-its-national-climate-plan-and-won|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Khan|first=Tessa|date=2020-08-16|title=Tessa Khan: 'Litigation is a powerful tool in the environmental crisis'|url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2020/aug/16/tessa-khan-litigation-is-a-powerful-tool-in-the-environmental-crisis|accessdate=2021-03-14|work=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Mnamo Desemba 2019, katika Jimbo la Uholanzi v. Kesi ya Wakfu wa Urgenda, [[Mahakama]] Kuu ya Uholanzi iliamuru serikali kupunguza uwezo wa vituo vya kuzalisha nishati ya [[makaa ya mawe]] na kusimamia karibu EUR bilioni 3 katika uwekezaji kwa ajili ya kupunguza uzalishaji wa [[kaboni]]. <ref name=":12" /> Ushindi huo umeelezewa na Guardian kama "kesi iliyofanikiwa zaidi ya hali ya hewa hadi sasa." <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Watts|first=Jonathan|date=2020-04-24|title=Dutch officials reveal measures to cut emissions after court ruling|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/24/dutch-officials-reveal-measures-to-cut-emissions-after-court-ruling|accessdate=2021-03-14|work=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Mnamo Agosti 2020, katika ile Kesi ya Hali ya Hewa Ireland, Mahakama Kuu ya Ireland iliamua kwamba serikali yake lazima ifanye mpango mpya na kabambe zaidi wa kukata [[kaboni]]. <ref name=":13">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Kusmer|first=Anna|date=August 13, 2020|title=Activists took the Irish govt to court over its national climate plan — and won|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-08-13/activists-took-irish-govt-court-over-its-national-climate-plan-and-won|accessdate=2021-03-14|work=The World from PRX|language=en|archive-date=2021-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922205749/https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-08-13/activists-took-irish-govt-court-over-its-national-climate-plan-and-won|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Kaminski|first=Isabella|date=2020-07-31|title=Ireland forced to strengthen climate plan, in supreme court win for campaigners|url=https://www.climatechangenews.com/2020/07/31/ireland-forced-strengthen-climate-plan-supreme-court-victory-campaigners/|accessdate=2021-03-14|work=Climate Home News|language=en}}</ref> Ireland inashika nafasi ya tatu katika utoaji wa gesi chafuzi kwa kila mtu kati ya nchi za Umoja wa [[Ulaya]]. <ref name=":13" /> Tessa Khan alipokea tuzo ya Mafanikio ya Hali ya Hewa mwaka wa 2018. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Climate Breakthrough Awardees|url=https://www.climatebreakthroughproject.org/awardees/|accessdate=2021-03-14|work=Climate Breakthrough Project|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-04-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401001329/https://www.climatebreakthroughproject.org/awardees/}}</ref> ''Muda'' ulimjumuisha katika orodha yake ya 2019 ya wanawake 15 wanaoongoza mapambano dhidi ya mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa. <ref name=":02">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Meet 15 Women Leading the Fight Against Climate Change|url=https://time.com/5669038/women-climate-change-leaders/|accessdate=2021-03-14|work=Time|archive-date=2022-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816141129/https://time.com/5669038/women-climate-change-leaders/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Uingereza]] jgvru6jy2393hzvvo455juqdy2kn4iy Sala kwa Bikira Maria 0 157707 1574201 1254422 2026-06-17T21:37:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574201 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Madonna FiveAngels.jpg|thumb|257px|''Madonna na malaika watano'', [[Botticelli]], [[1485]] hivi.]] '''Sala kwa Bikira Maria''' zinatolewa na [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wa [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali<ref>Marmion, Columba. ''Christ, the Ideal of the Priest'', 2006 ISBN|0-85244-657-8 p. 332</ref><ref name=Burke667 >Burke, Raymond L.; et al. (2008). Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons ISBN|978-1-57918-355-4 pages 667-679</ref> na kukataliwa na baadhi ya wengine<ref>Hillerbrand, Hans Joachim, 2003. ''Encyclopedia of Protestantism, Volume 3'' ISBN|0-415-92472-3 page 1174</ref>. Pamoja na tofauti katika msimamo huo wa msingi, namna pia ni nyinginyingi. Baadhi zilizo maarufu ni: * [[Angelus]] * [[Antifona za Bikira Maria|Antifona]] ** [[Alma Redemptoris Mater]] ** [[Ave Regina caelorum]] ** [[Salve Regina]] ** [[Regina caeli]] * [[Magnificat]] * [[Memorare]] * [[Rozari]] * [[Tenzi za Bikira Maria|Tenzi]] ** [[Akathistos]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Vyanzo== * {{cite book |editor1-last=Anderson |editor1-first=H. George |editor2-last=Stafford |editor2-first=J. Francis |editor3-last=Burgess |editor3-first=Joseph A. |year=1992 |title=The One Mediator, The Saints, and Mary |series=Lutherans and Catholics in Dialogue |volume=VIII |location=Minneapolis |publisher=Augsburg |isbn=0-8066-2579-1 }} * {{cite book|last=Duckworth|first=Penelope|title=Mary: The Imagination of Her Heart|url=https://archive.org/details/maryimaginationo0000duck|year=2004|isbn=1-56101-260-2}} * {{cite book|last=Josemaria|first=Brother Anthony|title=The Blessed Virgin Mary in England|year=2008|isbn=978-0-595-50074-1}} * {{cite book|title=Mary: Grace and Hope in Christ: The Seattle Statement of the Anglican-Roman Catholics|year=2006|publisher=Anglican/Roman Catholic International Group|isbn=0-8264-8155-8|ref={{harvid|Mary: Grace and Hope in Christ|2006}}}} * {{cite book|last=McNally|first=Terrence|title=What Every Catholic Should Know about Mary|url=https://archive.org/details/whateverycatholi0000mcna|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4415-1051-8}} * {{cite book|last=Schroedel|first=Jenny|title=The Everything Mary Book|url=https://archive.org/details/everythingmarybo0000schr|year=2006|isbn=1-59337-713-4}} * {{cite book|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20020513_vers-direttorio_en.html|publisher=Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments|title=Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy|chapter=Veneration of the Holy Mother of God|location=Vatican City|date=2001|access-date=16 December 2014|ref={{harvid|Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy|2001}}}} {{Bikira Maria}} {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Category:Bikira Maria]] [[Category:Sala]] n1ijgq9g9mrgfsealpaje8vpx7a36nm Utamaduni wa vijana 0 158940 1574218 1397960 2026-06-17T21:54:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} {{umbo}} [[Faili:Student Vietnam War protesters.JPG|alt=Wanafunzi vietnam waandamanaji vita|thumb|Wanafunzi vietnam waandamanaji vita]] '''Utamaduni wa vijana''' inahusu kanuni za kijamii za [[watoto]] na [[vijana]]. Hasa, inajumuisha michakato na mifumo ya mfano ambayo idadi ya vijana wanashiriki na ni tofauti na ile ya watu wazima katika jamii. <ref>{{cite web|title=Youth culture|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Youth_culture.aspx}}</ref> Msisitizo juu ya nguo, muziki maarufu, [[michezo]], misamiati, na [[uchumba]] kawaida huwaweka vijana mbali na makundi mengine ya umri. <ref>Fasick, Frank A. (1984). Parents, Peers, Youth Culture and Autonomy in Adolescence., ''Adolescence, 19(73)'' p.143-157</ref> Ndani ya utamaduni wa vijana, kuna tamaduni nyingi za vijana zinazobadilika kila wakati, ambazo zinaweza kugawanywa kulingana na rangi, kabila, hali ya kiuchumi, muonekano kwa umma (muonekano wa nje), au mambo mengine mbalimbali. <ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.45026-9 |chapter=Gangs, Sociology of |title=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |year=2015 |last1=Hughes |first1=Lorine A. |last2=Short |first2=James F. |pages=592–597 |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5 }}</ref> ==Kuwepo== Kuna mjadala unaohusu uwepo wa utamaduni wa vijana. Baadhi ya watafiti wanasema kuwa utamaduni wa vijana si utamaduni tofauti, kwani maadili yao na ya wazazi wao hayatofautiani. Zaidi ya hayo, ushawishi wa rika hutofautiana sana kati ya mazingira, jinsia, umri, na [[hali ya kijamii]], na kufanya "utamaduni wa vijana" mmoja mmoja kuwa mgumu kufafanua. <ref name="Steinberg, L. 2008">Steinberg, L. (2008). ''Adolescence''. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.{{pn|date=July 2021}}</ref> Wengine wanasema kuna vipengele dhahiri ya jamii za vijana ambavyo vinaunda utamaduni, ambavyo vinatofautiana na vile vya utamaduni wa wazazi wao. Janssen et al. alitumia [[nadharia ya usimamizi wa ugaidi]] (TMT) kuhoji uwepo wa utamaduni wa vijana. Walijaribu dhana ifuatayo: "Ikiwa utamaduni wa vijana unatumika kuwasaidia vijana kukabiliana na matatizo ya mazingira magumu na ukomo, basi ukumbusho wa vifo unapaswa kusababisha kuongezeka kwa [[utii]] kwa [[mazoea ya kitamaduni]] na [[imani]] ya vijana." [[nukuu inahitajika]] Matokeo yaliunga mkono dhana na matokeo ya tafiti zilizopita, na kupendekeza kwamba utamaduni wa vijana ni utamaduni. Schwartz na Merten walitumia lugha ya vijana kubishana kwamba utamaduni wa vijana ni tofauti na jamii nzima.<ref name="Schwart & Merten">{{cite journal |last1=Schwartz |first1=Gary |last2=Merten |first2=Don |title=The Language of Adolescence: An Anthropological Approach to the Youth Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-sociology_1967-03_72_5/page/453 |journal=American Journal of Sociology |date=March 1967 |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=453–468 |doi=10.1086/224376 |pmid=6071974 |s2cid=7855500 }}</ref> Schwartz alidai kuwa wanafunzi wa shule ya upili walitumia msamiati wao kuunda maana ambazo ni tofauti kwa vijana. Hasa, istilahi ya hali ya vijana (maneno ambayo vijana hutumia kuelezea hali ya kijamii ya daraja) ina sifa na sifa ambazo hazipo katika hukumu za hali ya watu wazima. Kulingana na Schwartz, hii inaonyesha tofauti katika miundo ya kijamii na njia ambazo watu wazima na vijana hupitia hali halisi ya kijamii. Tofauti hii inaonyesha tofauti za kitamaduni kati ya vijana na watu wazima, ambayo inasaidia uwepo wa utamaduni tofauti wa vijana. ==Harakati== Katika karne ya ishirini, vijana wamekuwa na ushawishi mkubwa juu ya mtindo wa maisha na utamaduni. [[Dada poa]] na [[Usharo baro]] ni mifano miwili ya athari za utamaduni wa vijana kwenye jamii. Wachezaji kibao walikuwa wanawake wachanga ambao walikuwa na uhakika kuhusu mustakabali mzuri baada ya [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Goldberg|first=Ronald Allen|title=America in the Twenties|url=https://archive.org/details/americaintwentie0000gold|date=2003|publisher =Syracuse University Press|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/americaintwentie0000gold/page/138 138]}}</ref> Uchangamfu huu ulionyesha katika mitazamo yao mipya maishani ambapo walikunywa pombe hadharani, kuvuta sigara, na, katika visa fulani, kushirikiana na wanaume wa aina ya majambazi. Mavazi ya mtindo wakati huo pia yalionyesha mtindo mpya wa maisha wa flapper. Usharo baro uliibuka wakati wa vita na matatizo ya kisiasa na kijamii, na zilitokana na kundi liitwalo [[Modernism|wasasa]]. Walikuwa ni vijana wa kiume na wa kike waliotoka katika madaraja yote ambao waliamini kwamba chaguo lao la mitindo "liliwapa kuingia kila mahali" na kuwawezesha.<ref>{{cite book|last=Feldman|first=Christine|title="We Are The Mods : Historia ya Kimataifa ya Kitamaduni Kidogo cha Vijana|url=https://archive.org/details/wearemodstransna0000feld|date=2009|publisher=Peter Lang Publishing Inc.|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/wearemodstransna0000feld/page/25 25]}}</ref> Mtindo wa Mods na kukumbatia teknolojia ya kisasa ulienea kutoka Uingereza ng'ambo. kwa Amerika Kaskazini na nchi nyinginezo.{{Citation needed|sababu=Muda na mwelekeo wa kuenea unahitaji uthibitishaji|date=Januari 2022}} ==Nadharia== Uwepo wa utamaduni wa vijana ni jambo la hivi karibuni la kihistoria. Kuna nadharia nyingi zinazotawala juu ya kuibuka kwa utamaduni wa vijana katika karne ya 20, ambazo ni pamoja na nadharia juu ya athari za kihistoria, kiuchumi na kisaikolojia juu ya uwepo wa utamaduni wa vijana. Nadharia moja ya kihistoria inaashiria kuibuka kwa utamaduni wa vijana hadi mwanzo wa [[elimu ya lazima|shule ya lazima]]. James Coleman anasema kuwa [[kutenga umri] ni mzizi wa utamaduni tofauti wa vijana.<ref>Coleman, J. (1961). ''Jamii ya vijana''. Glencoe, IL: Vyombo vya Habari Bila Malipo.{{pn|date=Julai 2021}}</ref> Kabla ya elimu ya lazima, watoto wengi na vijana waliwasiliana hasa na watu wazima. Kinyume chake, watoto wa kisasa hushirikiana sana na wengine wa umri wao. Maingiliano haya huruhusu vijana kukuza uzoefu na maana ya pamoja, ambayo ni mzizi wa utamaduni wa vijana. Nadharia nyingine inasema kwamba baadhi ya tamaduni huwezesha maendeleo ya utamaduni wa vijana, wakati wengine hawana. Msingi wa tofauti hii ni uwepo wa kanuni za [[Universalism|kuamini]] au [[Moral particularism|kuzingatia]] kanuni. Kanuni maalum ni miongozo ya tabia ambayo inatofautiana kutoka kwa mtu mmoja hadi mwingine. Kinyume chake, kanuni za ulimwengu wote zinatumika kwa wanajamii wote.<ref name="Steinberg, L. 2008" /> Kanuni za kiulimwengu zina uwezekano mkubwa wa kupatikana katika jamii .Katika karne iliyopita imehimiza kanuni za ulimwengu kwa kuwa mwingiliano katika jamii za kisasa hufanya iwe muhimu kwa kila mtu kujifunza seti sawa ya kanuni. Uboreshaji wa kisasa na kanuni za ulimwengu zimehimiza ukuaji wa utamaduni wa vijana. Haja ya kanuni za kiulimwengu imefanya kuwa kutowezekana kwa ujamaa wa vijana kutoka kwa wanafamilia wa karibu, ambayo ingesababisha tofauti kubwa katika kanuni zilizowasilishwa. Kwa hiyo, jamii nyingi hutumia makundi ya umri, kama vile shuleni, kuwaelimisha watoto wao juu ya kanuni za jamii na kuwatayarisha kwa utu uzima; utamaduni wa vijana ni zao la mbinu hii. Kwa sababu watoto hutumia wakati mwingi pamoja na kujifunza mambo sawa na rika lao, wanasitawisha utamaduni wao. Wananadharia wa saikolojia wamebainisha nafasi ya utamaduni wa vijana katika maendeleo ya [[Identity (social science)|utambulisho]. Utamaduni wa vijana unaweza kuwa njia ya kupata utambulisho wakati njia ya mtu maishani sio wazi kila wakati. [[Erik Erikson]] alitoa nadharia kwamba mzozo muhimu wa kisaikolojia wa ujana ni [[hatua za Erikson za ukuaji wa kisaikolojia|utambulisho dhidi ya kuchanganyikiwa kwa jukumu]]. Lengo la hatua hii ya maisha ni kujibu swali, "Mimi ni nani?" Katika jamii nyingi, vijana wanatarajiwa kuishi kama watoto na kuchukua majukumu ya watu wazima. Wanasaikolojia wengine wametoa nadharia kwamba kuunda utamaduni wa vijana ni hatua ya kupitisha utambulisho unaopatanisha matarajio haya mawili yanayokinzana. Kwa mfano, [[Talcott Parsons]] alisisitiza kwamba ujana ni wakati ambapo vijana hubadilika kutoka kutegemea wazazi hadi uhuru. Katika hali hii ya mpito, utegemezi kwa kundi rika hutumika kama tegemeo kwa wazazi.<ref>Parsons, T. ''Mfumo wa Kijamii''. Glencoe, Ill: Free Press, 1951.{{pn|date=July 2021}}</ref> Burlingame alirejelea dhana hii mwaka wa 1970. Aliandika kwamba vijana wanaobalehe hubadilisha wazazi na kuweka kikundi rika na kwamba utegemezi huu kwa kikundi rika hupungua kadri vijana wanaingia utu uzima na kuchukua majukumu ya watu wazima.<ref>Burlingame, W.V. Utamaduni wa vijana. Katika E.D. Evans (Mh.), ''Vijana: Masomo katika tabia na maendeleo''. Hinsdale, Ill: Dryden Press, 1970, ukurasa wa 131-149.</ref> Frank A. Fasick anahusiana na utamaduni wa vijana kama mbinu ya ukuzaji utambulisho na ukuaji wa wakati huo huo wa utoto na hitaji la kujitegemea katika ujana. Kulingana na Fasick, vijana wanakabiliwa na mvuto unaokinzana kutoka kwa jamii. Elimu ya lazima huwafanya kuwa tegemezi kijamii na kiuchumi kwa wazazi wao, wakati vijana wanahitaji kupata aina fulani ya uhuru ili kushiriki katika uchumi wa soko wa jamii ya kisasa. Kama njia ya kukabiliana na vipengele hivi tofauti vya ujana, vijana huunda uhuru kupitia tabia—haswa, kupitia [[starehe]]-shughuli zinazolengwa na wenzao.<ref name="Fasick, F. 1984">{{cite jarida | id={{ProQuest|1295932867}} |last1=Fasick |first1=Frank A |title=Wazazi, Marika, Utamaduni wa Vijana na Kujitawala katika Ujana |journal=Ujana |volume=19 |issue=73 |date=Spring 1984 |kurasa | =143–157 }}</ref> ==Athari kwa vijana== [[Faili:Emo Chic.jpg|thumb|Mfano wa mshiriki wa [[emo]] Tamaduni ndogo ndogo za vijana ]] Kwa miongo kadhaa, watu wazima wamekuwa na wasiwasi kwamba tamaduni ndogo za vijana zilikuwa chanzo cha uharibifu wa maadili na mabadiliko ya maadili katika vizazi vichanga. ya ulimwengu wa watu wazima".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sugarman |first1=Barry |title=Kuhusika katika Utamaduni wa Vijana, Mafanikio ya Kielimu na Kukubaliana Shuleni: Utafiti wa Kijamii wa Wavulana wa Shule ya London |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-sociology_1967-06_18_2/page/151 |journal=The British Journal of Sociology |date=1967 |volume=18 |pages=151–317 |doi=10.2307/588602 |jstor=588602 |pmid=6046858 }}</ref> Wasiwasi wa kawaida kuhusu utamaduni wa vijana ni pamoja na kutovutiwa na elimu, kuhusika katika masomo. tabia hatarishi kama vile [[Matumizi mabaya ya dawa|matumizi ya dawa]] na shughuli za ngono, na kujihusisha sana na shughuli za burudani.<ref>Parsons, T. (1954). Umri a Ngono ya Kwanza katika Muundo wa Kijamii wa Marekani. Katika ''Insha katika Nadharia ya Kijamii'', 89-103. New York: Free Press.</ref> Mitazamo hii imewafanya watu wazima wengi kuamini kwamba vijana wanaobalehe hushikilia maadili tofauti na vizazi vya zamani na kuona utamaduni wa vijana kama shambulio la maadili ya jamii ya sasa.<ref name="Steinberg, L. 2008" /> Wasiwasi huu umesababisha kuundwa kwa tovuti za malezi kama vile The Youth Culture Report na Centre for Parent Youth Understanding, ambazo lengo lake ni kuhifadhi maadili ya vizazi vya wazee kwa vijana.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cpyu.org/page.aspx?id%3D76589 |title=CPYU ni nini? |access-date=Desemba 16, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209001706/http://www.cpyu.org/page.aspx?id= |archive-date=2011-12-09 |accessdate=2022-09-17 |archivedate=2011-12-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209001706/http://www.cpyu.org/page.aspx?id=76589 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Hakuna makubaliano kati ya watafiti kuhusu kama tamaduni ndogo za vijana zina imani tofauti na watu wazima. Baadhi ya watafiti wamebainisha kuongezeka kwa wakati mmoja kwa ubaguzi wa umri na matatizo ya marekebisho ya vijana kama vile kujiua, uhalifu, na mimba kabla ya ndoa.<ref>Bronfenbrenner, U. (1974). Asili ya kutengwa. ''[[Scientific American]], 231'', 53-61.</ref> Hata hivyo, ushahidi mwingi unaonyesha kuwa matatizo haya ya vijana si onyesho la maadili tofauti yanayoshikiliwa na vizazi vichanga. Tafiti nyingi zimegundua kuwa vijana wengi wanashikilia maoni yanayofanana na ya wazazi wao.<ref name="ReferenceA">Fasick, F. (1984). Wazazi, Rika, Utamaduni wa Vijana na Kujitegemea katika Ujana., ''Adolescence, 19(73)'', 143-157.</ref> Utafiti mmoja ulipinga nadharia kwamba makundi ya vijana walijitenga na wazazi wao kwa kugundua kwamba kati ya 1976 na 1982, matatizo yao yaliongezeka, na wakawa na mwelekeo mdogo wa rika.<ref>Sebald, H. (1986). Mwelekeo unaobadilika wa vijana kuelekea wazazi na wenzao: Mwelekeo unaopinda katika miongo ya hivi majuzi. ''[[Journal of Marriage and Family]], 48'', 5-13.</ref> <ref>Gecas, V., & Seff, M. (1990). Familia na vijana: Mapitio ya miaka ya 1980. ''[[Journal of Marriage and Family]], 52'', 941-958.</ref> Utafiti mwingine ulipata tofauti kati ya mitazamo ya vijana wanaobalehe na wazazi lakini uligundua kuwa tofauti hizo zilikuwa katika kiwango cha imani, si katika imani. tabia yenyewe.<ref>Weinstock, A., & Lerner, R.M. (1972). Mtazamo wa vijana wa marehemu na wazazi wao kuhusu masuala ya kisasa. ''Ripoti za Kisaikolojia, 30'', 239-244.</ref> Kunaweza pia kuwa na [[ujinga wa Mwingi]] kwa upande wa vijana wakati wa kulinganisha mitazamo yao wenyewe,wenzao na wazazi. Utafiti wa Lerner ''et al.'' uliwaomba wanafunzi wa chuo kulinganisha mitazamo yao kuhusu masuala kadhaa na wenzao na wazazi wao. Wanafunzi wengi walikadiria mitazamo yao kuwa inaanguka mahali fulani kati ya mitazamo zaidi ya wazazi wao [[Conservatism|conservative]] na mitazamo ya wenzao zaidi [[Uliberali]]. Waandishi walipendekeza kuwa sababu ya hili ni kwamba wanafunzi waliwaona marafiki zao kuwa huru zaidi kuliko wao.<ref>Lerner, R.M., Meisels, M., & Knapp, J.R. (1975). Mitazamo halisi na inayotambulika ya vijana wa marehemu na wazazi wao: hali ya mapungufu ya kizazi. ''Journal of Genetic Psychology, 126,'' 195-207.</ref> Michezo, lugha, muziki, mavazi, na uchumba huwa njia za kijuujuu tu za kueleza [[uhuru]] —zinaweza kupitishwa bila kuathiri imani au maadili ya mtu.<ref name="Fasick, F. 1984" /> Baadhi ya maeneo nchini ambayo vijana hudai uhuru inaweza kusababisha matokeo ya muda mrefu, kama vile matumizi ya madawa ya kulevya na shughuli za ngono. Athari za tamaduni za vijana kwenye ukengeushi na tabia ya kijinsia zinaweza kujadiliwa. Zaidi ya asilimia 70 ya wanafunzi wa shule ya upili nchini Marekani wameripoti kuwa wamekunywa pombe. Vilevile, karibu theluthi mbili ya vijana wameshiriki tendo la ndoa hadi wanapomaliza shule ya upili. Kwa vile unywaji pombe na kujamiiana huweza kuwa jambo la kawaida katika ujana, watafiti wengi huwajumuisha kama vipengele vya utamaduni wa vijana. <ref>Fasick, Frank A. (1984). Parents, Peers, Youth Culture and Autonomy in Adolescence., ''Adolescence, 19(73)'' p.143-157</ref> Huku kujihusisha katika shughuli hizi kunaweza kuwa na madhara, vijana wengi wanaojihusisha na tabia hizi hatari hawapati madhara ya muda mrefu. Uwezekano wa uraibu, mimba, kufungwa, na matokeo mengine mabaya ni baadhi ya madhara yanayoweza kuwa mabaya ya kushiriki katika utamaduni wa vijana. Utafiti unaonyesha kwamba mambo mengi yanaweza kushawishi vijana kujihusisha na tabia hatarishi, ikiwa ni pamoja na "ukosefu wa mifano thabiti, mikazo ya familia iliyoongezeka, viwango vya chini vya uwekezaji wa familia, kudhoofisha uhusiano wa kihisia kati ya wazazi na watoto wao, kupungua kwa viwango vya [[kijamii]] na udhibiti wa kijamii, na ukosefu wa matumaini kwa siku zijazo".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shanahan|first1=Michael J.|title=Njia za Utu Uzima katika Jamii Zinazobadilika: Tofauti na MbinuKatika Mtazamo wa Kozi ya Maisha|journal=Mapitio ya Mwaka ya Sosholojia|date=2000|volume=26|pages=667–692|ref=Mpito wa Vijana hadi utu uzima|doi=10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.667}} </ref> Utamaduni wa vijana unaweza pia kuwa na manufaa kwa vijana. Ushawishi wa rika unaweza kuwa na athari chanya kwa ustawi wa vijana; kwa mfano, vijana wengi huripoti kuwa shinikizo la rika huwazuia kutumia dawa za kulevya au kushiriki ngono.<ref name="Steinberg, L. 2008" /> ==Athari kwa jamii kwa ujumla== Vijana wanaweza kuleta mabadiliko katika jamii, kama vile mapinduzi yanayoongozwa na vijana. Mashirika ya vijana, ambayo mara nyingi yalitegemea utambulisho wa wanafunzi, yalikuwa muhimu kwa [[vuguvugu la haki za kiraia]] la Marekani, ambalo lilijumuisha mashirika kama vile [[Kamati ya Maandalizi ya Wanafunzi wa Kusini]], [[Students for a Democratic Society]], na [[Kamati ya Kuratibu ya Kutotumia Ukatili kwa Wanafunzi]]. Kampeni ya [[Uhuru wa Majira ya joto]] ilitegemea sana wanafunzi wa chuo; mamia ya wanafunzi walijishughulisha na kusajili Wamarekani Waafrika kupiga kura, wakifundisha katika "Shule za Uhuru", na kuandaa [[Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crmvet.org/ disc/mfdp.htm|title=Veterans of Civil Rights Movement -- Mississippi Movement & MFDP}}</ref> [[Upinzani dhidi ya ushiriki wa Marekani katika Vita vya Vietnam|maandamano ya Marekani]] katika [[Vita vya Vietnam]] pia uliendeshwa na wanafunzi. Vyuo vingi vya vyuo vikuu vilipinga vita kwa kukaa ndani na maandamano. Mashirika kama vile [[Young Americans for Freedom]], [[Student Libertarian Movement]], na [[Student Peace Union]] yaliegemea juu ya hadhi ya vijana na yalichangia [[Anti-war movement|anti-war] ] shughuli. Baadhi ya wasomi wamedai kuwa uanaharakati wakati wa Vita vya Vietnam ulikuwa ishara ya utamaduni wa vijana ambao maadili yake yalikuwa kinyume na utamaduni wa kawaida wa Marekani.<ref>Harrison, Benjamin T. (2000)'Roots of the Anti-Vietnam War Movement,' katika Hixson, Walter (ed) Vuguvugu la Vita vya Vietnam. New York: Uchapishaji wa Garland</ref><ref>Meyer, David S. 2007. Siasa za Maandamano: Harakati za Kijamii Amerika. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref> Mapema miaka ya 2010, [[Arab Spring]] ilionyesha jinsi vijana walivyoshiriki katika maandamano na maandamano. Harakati hizo zilianzishwa kimsingi na vijana, wengi wao wakiwa wanafunzi wa vyuo vikuu ambao hawakuridhika na fursa walizopewa. Ushiriki wa vijana ulisukuma [[Time (magazine)|Jarida la Time]] kujumuisha vijana kadhaa wanachama wa vuguvugu katika orodha yake ya 2011 ya watu 100 wenye ushawishi mkubwa zaidi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www. .aaiusa.org/blog/entry/Youth-of-the-Arab-Spring-Among-TIMEs-100-Most-Influential/ |title=Youth of Arab Spring Miongoni mwa 100 Wenye Ushawishi Zaidi &#124; Taasisi ya Waarabu wa Marekani |access-date=Desemba 19, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424132356/http://www.aaiusa.org/blog/ |archive-date=2012-04-24 |dead-url=no }}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, harakati hii ilitumia [[mitandao ya kijamii]] (ambayo inachukuliwa kuwa kipengele cha utamaduni wa vijana) kuratibu, kuratibu, na kutangaza matukio.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.miller-mccune.com/%20siasa/athari-zilizopungua-za-waarabu-spring-28575/ |title=Athari za Kuporomoka kwa Uasi wa Kiarabu &#124; Uandishi wa Habari Mahiri. Ufumbuzi wa Kweli. Miller-McCune. |access-date=Februari 27, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301052550/http://www.miller-mccune.com/politics/the- |archive-date=2011-03-01 |dead-url=no }}</ref> ==Tazama pia== *[[Makundi]] *[[Milenia]] *[[Kizazi]] ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Ujana]] [[Jamii:WikiVibrance International Youth Day 2022 Arusha]] kr8bfdejrl24luoighcjw181bovfdjp Stefano wa Perm 0 163174 1574415 1536915 2026-06-18T09:21:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574415 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Stephenperm.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Picha takatifu]] ya Mt. Stefano njiani kuelekea [[Moscow]].]] [[File:Trinity Zuryanskaya.jpg|thumb|200px|Alivyochora [[fumbo]] la [[Utatu]].]] '''Stefano wa Perm''' (kwa [[Kirusi]] Стефан Пермский; [[26 Aprili]] [[1340]] - 26 Aprili [[1396]]<ref>Janet Martin, ''Medieval Russia, 980-1584'', (Cambridge, 1995), p. 225</ref>) alikuwa [[mmonaki]] [[Uchoraji|mchoraji]] aliyeleta [[Ukristo]] kwa [[Wakomi]] na kuwa [[askofu]] wa kwanza wa [[Dayosisi|jimbo]] la [[Perm]], akibomoa [[sanamu]] za [[miungu]] na kujenga [[kanisa|makanisa]], mbali na kubuni [[mwandiko]] wa [[Kiperm]] na kutumia [[lugha]] ya wenyeji katika kuthibitisha [[imani]] na kuadhimisha [[Liturgia|liturujia]]<ref>Serge A. Zenkovsky, ''Medieval Russia's Epics, Chronicles, and Tales'', Revised Edition, (New York, 1974), p. 259</ref><ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/92750</ref>. Alitangazwa na [[Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi la Urusi]] kuwa [[mtakatifu]] [[tarehe]] 26 Aprili [[1754]]. Anaheshimiwa hivyo na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] pia. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[26 Aprili]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 145-146 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== *Ferguson, Charles. 1971. St. Stefan of Perm and applied linguistics. (Originally published in 1967, in ''To Honor Roman Jakobson'', ed. by Morris Halle, pp.&nbsp;643–653. The Hague: Mouton. Also reprinted in 1968 ''Language Problems of Developing Nations'', ed. by [[Joshua Fishman]], [[Charles A. Ferguson|Charles Ferguson]], and J. Das Gupta, pp.&nbsp;27–35. New York Wiley and Sons.) ''Language Structure and Language Use: Essays by Charles Ferguson'', ed. by Answar S. Dil, pp.&nbsp;197–218. Stanford: Stanford University Press. *Martin, Janet, ''Medieval Russia, 980-1584'', (Cambridge, 1995), pp.&nbsp;225–6 *Zenkovsky, Serge A. (ed.), ''Medieval Russia's Epics, Chronicles, and Tales'', Revised Edition, (New York, 1974), pp.&nbsp;259–62 ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.drevne.ru/lib/stefan.htm Medieval "Life" of Saint Stephen] {{ru}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120325151420/http://lib.eparhia-saratov.ru/books/20f/fedotov/saints/12.html A chapter from "The Saints of Ancient Rus", by Georgy Fedotov] {{ru}} * [http://days.ru/Life/life937.htm Life of Saint Stephen, with illustrations] {{Wayback|url=http://days.ru/Life/life937.htm |date=20230106130905 }} {{ru}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1340]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1396]] [[Category:Wamonaki]] [[Category:Wamisionari]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Urusi]] 2hlbdq4u4x8is5c6l3pcunq7aspgaxy Karama ya kutodanganyika 0 164738 1574196 1573388 2026-06-17T21:31:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574196 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karama ya kutodanganyika''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: "infallibility", kutoka [[Kilatini]] "infallibilitas") ni ile ambayo [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wa [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali, hasa [[Kanisa Katoliki|Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]], wanasadiki ilishirikishwa na [[Yesu]] kwa [[Kanisa]] lake ili liweze kuongoza watu kwenye [[ukweli]] wote chini ya [[Roho Mtakatifu]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s1c3a3.htm#2035 |title=Catechism of the Catholic Church - The Church, Mother and Teacher §2035|website=Vatican.va |access-date=2016-12-21}}</ref>. Kuhusu nani, katika Kanisa, na namna gani anatumia [[karama]] hiyo<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a9p2.htm#801 |title=Catechism of the Catholic Church – The Church – People of God, Body of Christ, Temple of the Holy Spirit |website=Vatican.va |access-date=2016-12-21 |quote=It is in this sense that discernment of charisms is always necessary. No charism is exempt from being referred and submitted to the Church's shepherds. "Their office [is] not indeed to extinguish the Spirit, but to test all things and hold fast to what is good," (LG 12; cf. 30; 1 Thess 5:12, 19–21; John Paul II, Christifideles Laici, 24.) so that all the diverse and complementary charisms work together "for the common good." (1 Cor 12:7.)}}</ref>, misimamo ni tofauti, kwa mfano [[mitaguso ya kiekumene]]<ref>''See, e.g.'' Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission, Seventh Meeting, The Ecumenical Councils, Common Statement, 1993, ''available at'' http://www.helsinki.fi/~risaarin/lutortjointtext.html#ecum ("We agree on the doctrine of God, the Holy Trinity, as formulated by the Ecumenical Councils of Nicaea and Constantinople and on the doctrine of the person of Christ as formulated by the first four Ecumenical Councils.").</ref>. ==Katika Kanisa Katoliki== [[File:G.P.A.Healy, Portrait of Pope Pius IX (1871).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Papa Pius IX]] ([[1846]]–[[1878]]), ambaye chini yake dogma kuhusu karama a kutodanganyika ya Papa ilitangazwa na [[Mtaguso wa kwanza wa Vatikano]] ([[1869]]-[[1870]])<ref name=":3">''Encyclopedia of Catholicism'' by Frank K. Flinn, J. Gordon Melton 207 {{ISBN|0-8160-5455-X}} p. 267</ref>.]] Wakatoliki<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: General Councils |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04423f.htm |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Washburn |first=Christian D. |date=2010 |title=St. Robert Bellarmine on the Infallibility of General Councils of the Church |url=https://www.academia.edu/36244015/St_Robert_Bellarmine_on_the_Infallibility_of_General_Councils_of_the_Church |journal=Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=171 |issn=0003-5157}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Philip Schaff: NPNF2-14. The Seven Ecumenical Councils - Christian Classics Ethereal Library |url=https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.iii.ii.html |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=www.ccel.org}}</ref> wanasadiki [[mhusika]] mkuu ni [[mwandamizi]] wa [[Mtume Petro]], yaani [[Papa]] wa [[Roma]], kama mkuu wa [[kundi la maaskofu]]<ref>Erwin Fahlbusch et al. ''The encyclopedia of Christianity'' Eradman Books {{ISBN|0-8028-2416-1}}</ref>, anapofundisha rasmi ("ex cathedra"<ref>Wilhelm, Joseph and Thomas Scannell. ''Manual of Catholic Theology''. Volume 1, Part 1. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. Ltd. 1906. pp. 94–100</ref>) kwa niaba ya [[Askofu|maaskofu]] wote.<ref name="vatican1">{{cite web|date=|title=Catechism of the Catholic Church - Christ's Faithful - Hierarchy, Laity, Consecrated Life|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a9p4.htm#890|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906142233/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a9p4.htm|archive-date=6 September 2010|access-date=2016-12-21|website=Vatican.va}}</ref> kwamba fundisho fulani ni [[dogma]] [[ufunuo|iliyofunuliwa]] na [[Mungu]], hivyo lazima isadikiwe na waumini wote<ref name="Dulles2">{{cite web|date=2016-11-30|title=Theological Studies – A journal of academic theology|url=http://www.ts.mu.edu/content/51/51.3/51.3.3.pdf|access-date=2016-12-22|website=Ts.mu.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Fr. Christopher Phillips |url=http://www.theanglocatholic.com/tag/pastor-aeternus/ |title=Exploring Doctrine: Papal Infallibility – The Anglo-Catholic |website=Theanglocatholic.com |date=2010-06-16 |access-date=2016-12-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223063726/http://www.theanglocatholic.com/tag/pastor-aeternus/ |archive-date=23 December 2016}}</ref>. Bila shaka, jambo hilo ni wazi zaidi dogma ikitangazwa na [[Mtaguso Mkuu]] pamoja na Papa. [[File:Pope Benedict Supporters by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|left|Wakatoliki wakishika bango mbele ya [[makao makuu]] ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] [[mwaka]] [[2008]].]] Kwa vyovyote, dogma hiyo haihusu yale yote yanayosemwa na Papa, wala haihusu mwenendo wake, kama kwamba karama hiyo ingemuepusha na [[dhambi]]. Imani hiyo imestawi katika [[historia ya Kanisa]] kuanzia maneno ya Yesu kwa Mtume Petro, hasa katika [[Injili ya Mathayo]] 16:19 ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== * {{ cite book | last = Bermejo | first = Luis | others = ''[[imprimi potest]]'' by Julian Fernandes, Provincial of India | title = Infallibility on Trial: Church, Conciliarity and Communion | year = 1990 | isbn = 0-87061-190-9 }} * {{ cite book | last = Chirico | first = Peter | title = Infallibility: The Crossroads of Doctrine | year = 1983 | isbn = 0-89453-296-0 }} * {{ cite book | url = https://archive.org/details/thelastdaysofpap00cesauoft | page = [https://archive.org/details/thelastdaysofpap00cesauoft/page/449 449] | quote = the last days of papal rome. | title = The Last Days of Papal Rome | first = Raffaele | last = De Cesare | year = 1909 | location = London | publisher = Archibald Constable & Co. }} * {{cite book | last = Gaillardetz | first = Richard | title = By What Authority?: A Primer on Scripture, the Magisterium, and the Sense of the Faithful | isbn = 0-8146-2872-9 | year = 2003 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/bywhatauthorityp0000gail }} * {{ cite book | last = Hasler | first = Bernhard | title = How the Pope became infallible: Pius IX and the Politics of Persuasion | url = https://archive.org/details/howpopebecameinf0000hasl | url-access = registration | year = 1981 | isbn = 9780385158510 }} Translation of {{ cite book | last = Hasler | first = Bernhard | title = Wie der Papst unfehlbar wurde : Macht und Ohnmacht eines Dogmas | year = 1979 | publisher = R. Piper & Co. Verlag | language = de }} * {{cite book | last = Küng | first = Hans | author-link = Hans Küng | title = Infallible?: An inquiry | isbn = 0-385-18483-2 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/infallibleinquir00kung | year = 1983 }} * {{ cite book | last = Lio | first = Ermenegildo | title = Humanae vitae e infallibilità: Paolo VI, il Concilio e Giovanni Paolo II (Teologia e filosofia) | language = it | isbn = 88-209-1528-6 | year = 1986 }} * {{cite book | last = McClory | first = Robert | title = Power and the Papacy: The People and Politics Behind the Doctrine of Infallibility | isbn = 0-7648-0141-4 | year = 1997 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/powerpapacy0000mccl }} * {{ cite book | last = O'Connor | first = James | title = The Gift of Infallibility: The Official Relatio on Infallibility of Bishop Vincent Gasser at Vatican Council I | year = 1986 | isbn = 0-8198-3042-9 }} * {{ cite book | last = Powell | first = Mark E | title = Papal Infallibility: A Protestant Evaluation of an Ecumenical Issue | url = https://archive.org/details/papalinfallibili0000powe | isbn = 978-0-8028-6284-6 | date = 27 January 2009 }} * {{ cite book | last = Sullivan | first = Francis | author-link = Francis A. Sullivan | title = Creative Fidelity: Weighing and Interpreting Documents of the Magisterium | url = https://archive.org/details/creativefidelity0000sull | isbn = 1-59244-208-0 | date = 31 March 2003 }} * {{ cite book | last = Sullivan | first = Francis | author-link = Francis A. Sullivan | title = The Magisterium: Teaching Authority in the Catholic Church | isbn = 1-59244-060-6 | date = 30 September 2002 }} * {{ cite book | last = Tierney | first = Brian | title = Origins of Papal Infallibility, 1150–1350: A Study on the Concepts of Infallibility, Sovereignty and Tradition in the Middle Ages | url = https://archive.org/details/originsofpapalin0000tier | isbn = 90-04-08884-9 | year = 1972 }} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Harkianakis|first=Stylianos|author-link=Stylianos Harkianakis|title=The Infallibility of the Church in Orthodox Theology|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MB7lQKmusxwC|location=Sydney|publisher=St Andrew's Orthodox Press|isbn=9781920691981}} ==Marejeo mengine== * {{cite journal|url=http://ejournals.bc.edu/ojs/index.php/ctsa/article/view/2986/2600 |title=The Historical Origins of Papal Infallibility &#124; Heft &#124; Proceedings of the Catholic Theological Society of America |journal=Proceedings of the Catholic Theological Society of America |year=1980 |access-date=2016-12-22|last1=Heft |first1=James }} * [http://www.catholicapologetics.info/modernproblems/vatican2/Fessler.htm The true and the false infallibility of the Popes. (1871)], by bishop [[Joseph Fessler]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110429072610/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2A.HTM ''Catechism of the Catholic Church'' on infallibility] (Holy See official website) * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Infallibility |short=x}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110716221451/http://www.catholicregister.org/content/view/2356/858/ Catholicregister.org] News article from the Catholic Register on ''Rethinking Papal Infallibilty''. *{{cite book|chapter=[[s:Sermons from the Latins/Sermon 38|The Indestructibility of the Church.]] |title=Sermons from the Latins|year=1902|publisher= Benziger Brothers|first=Robert|last=Bellarmine|author-link=Robert Bellarmine}} *{{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia |wstitle=Infallibility |volume=7 |first=Patrick Joseph |last=Toner}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.myriobiblos.gr/texts/english/stylian_3.html Dogma and Authority in the Orthodox Church] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070222052844/http://www.goarch.org/en/ourfaith/articles/article7063.asp The Fundamental Teachings of the Eastern Orthodox Church] {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Jamii:Teolojia]] [[Jamii:Ukristo]] [[Jamii:Kanisa Katoliki]] [[Jamii:Mapapa]] re4brzidptv3mj6tt4lwk8j3jzb9mhm Samir Beloufa 0 171523 1574383 1326055 2026-06-18T05:00:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574383 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Samir Beloufa''' (kwa [[Kiarabu]]: سمير بلوفة; alizaliwa 27 [[Agosti]] [[1979]]) ni mwanasoka wa zamani wa [[Algeria]] ambaye alicheza kama [[beki]] wa kati. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/10124-beloufa-samir/fiche.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2023-06-11 |archive-date=2023-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515123339/https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/10124-beloufa-samir/fiche.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Kazi yake Katika Klabu== Beloufa' alicheza katika Ligi ya Serie A ya Italia aliyoichezea Timyu ya [[AC Milan]], na [[Monza]] katika Serie B. Pia alichezea klabu kama Mouscron na Germinal Beerschot nchini [[Ubelgiji]]. ==Kazi yake Kitaifa== Beloufa alicheza mechi tisa katika timu ya taifa ya Algeria tangu 2004.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=DZ Foot|title=La Fiche de Samir BELOUFA|url=http://www.dzfoot.com/joueur.php?joueur_id=634&saison_id=13|accessdate=6 July 2009|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821163049/http://www.dzfoot.com/joueur.php?joueur_id=634&saison_id=13|archivedate=21 August 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Alikuwa sehemu ya timu ya [[Algeria]] mwaka 2004 kuwania [[Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika|Kombe]] la Mataifa ya [[Afrika]], ambayo walishika naafasi ya pili katika kundi lao kwenye mzunguko wa kwanza wa mashindano kabla ya kushindwa na [[Moroko|Morocco]] katika robo-fainali. ==Takwimu za kazi== '''Kimataifa''' {| class="wikitable" |+Timu Ya Taifa Ya Algeria |- ! Mwaka !! Programu !! Magoli |- | 2004|| 7|| 0 |- | 2005|| 1|| 0 |- | 2006|| 1|| 0 |- | '''Jumla'''|| 9|| 0 |} ==Heshima== '''AC Milan ''' * Torneo di Viareggio [[1999]] ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1979]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] lwb0gz3h0oybpmtemngpof26nueu2v9 1574450 1574383 2026-06-18T09:51:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1574450 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Samir Beloufa''' (kwa [[Kiarabu]]: سمير بلوفة; alizaliwa 27 [[Agosti]] [[1979]]) ni mwanasoka wa zamani wa [[Algeria]] ambaye alicheza kama [[beki]] wa kati. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/10124-beloufa-samir/fiche.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2023-06-11 |archive-date=2023-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515123339/https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/10124-beloufa-samir/fiche.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Kazi yake Katika Klabu== Beloufa' alicheza katika Ligi ya Serie A ya Italia aliyoichezea Timyu ya [[AC Milan]], na [[Monza]] katika Serie B. Pia alichezea klabu kama Mouscron na Germinal Beerschot nchini [[Ubelgiji]]. ==Kazi yake Kitaifa== Beloufa alicheza mechi tisa katika timu ya taifa ya Algeria tangu 2004.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=DZ Foot|title=La Fiche de Samir BELOUFA|url=http://www.dzfoot.com/joueur.php?joueur_id=634&saison_id=13|accessdate=6 July 2009|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821163049/http://www.dzfoot.com/joueur.php?joueur_id=634&saison_id=13|archivedate=21 August 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Alikuwa sehemu ya timu ya [[Algeria]] mwaka 2004 kuwania [[Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika|Kombe]] la Mataifa ya [[Afrika]], ambayo walishika naafasi ya pili katika kundi lao kwenye mzunguko wa kwanza wa mashindano kabla ya kushindwa na [[Moroko|Morocco]] katika robo-fainali. ==Takwimu za kazi== '''Kimataifa''' {| class="wikitable" |+Timu Ya Taifa Ya Algeria |- ! Mwaka !! Programu !! Magoli |- | 2004|| 7|| 0 |- | 2005|| 1|| 0 |- | 2006|| 1|| 0 |- | '''Jumla'''|| 9|| 0 |} ==Heshima== '''AC Milan ''' * Torneo di Viareggio [[1999]] ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1979]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] dzfhtwj0s4527qtlhhkpz2aet7cghsq Sami Ben Amar 0 171670 1574382 1290985 2026-06-18T04:58:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574382 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sami Ben Amar''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[2 Machi]] [[1998]]) ni mchezaji wa soka anayecheza kama mshambuliaji, hivi karibuni akiwa katika klabu ya [[Championnat National 2]] ya [[Lyon La Duchère]]. '''Sami Ben Amar''' ni mchezaji wa zamani wa timu ya vijana ya chini ya miaka 17 ya [[Moroko|Morocco]]. ==Maisha== Ben Amar alianza kuchezea timu ya vijana ya chini ya miaka 20 ya Morocco katika mechi ya kirafiki ya 1-1 dhidi ya [[France national under-20 football team|France U20s]] tarehe 8 Novemba [[2001]] 7.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/4/u20/matchs/2563/2017-11-08/maroc-france|title=Match - Maroc - France - FFF|publisher=|accessdate=2023-06-12|archive-date=2017-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110005122/https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/4/u20/matchs/2563/2017-11-08/maroc-france|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://s649503158.onlinehome.fr/effectif/fiche-joueur.php?id=243555 Profaili ya Foot Occitanie] {{Wayback|url=http://s649503158.onlinehome.fr/effectif/fiche-joueur.php?id=243555 |date=20180128132653 }} ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Moroko]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Moroko]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1998]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ftmqkave1aihxtj8jjvqe1hghzm0zft Thabani Dube 0 171762 1574491 1526976 2026-06-18T11:48:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574491 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Austin Thabani Dube''' (alizaliwa 16 Novemba 1992) ni mchezaji wa kitaalamu wa soka wa Afrika Kusini ambaye anacheza kama [[Defender (association football)|mlinzi]] kwa klabu ya Afrika Kusini ya [[Kaizer Chiefs F.C.|Kaizer Chiefs]] na timu ya [[South African national soccer team|taifa ya soka ya Afrika Kusini]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kaizer Chiefs sign Thabani Austin Dube from Richards Bay United|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/sport/soccer/2021-07-20-kaizer-chiefs-sign-thabani-austin-dube-from-richards-bay-united/|access-date=2021-07-20|website=SowetanLIVE|language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Kazi ya Klabu == Dube alikuwa akicheza kwa [[Witbank Spurs F.C.]] kabla ya kujiunga na klabu ya PSL iliyoko Mpumalanga, [[TS Galaxy F.C.]] Austin Dube alihamia klabu ya soka ya Afrika Kusini [[Richards Bay F.C.]] kwa msimu wa 2020/21 katika [[National First Division]] ambapo alifanya michezo 6 na kufunga bao 1. Tarehe 20 Julai 2021, Dube alisaini mkataba wa miaka mitatu na [[Kaizer Chiefs F.C.|Kaizer Chiefs]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kaizer Chiefs confirm contract details of newest Naturena signing!|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/soccer/psl-south-africa/kaizer-chiefs-confirm-contract-details-of-newest-naturena-signing/|url-status=dead|work=thesouthafrican.com|accessdate=20 Julai 2021|archive-date=2021-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720173416/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/soccer/psl-south-africa/kaizer-chiefs-confirm-contract-details-of-newest-naturena-signing/}}</ref> == Kazi ya Kimataifa == Alifanya kwanza kwa [[South Africa national soccer team|timu ya taifa ya soka ya Afrika Kusini]] tarehe 6 Julai 2021 katika mchezo wa [[2021 COSAFA Cup]] dhidi ya [[Botswana national football team|Botswana]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[ESPN]]|url=https://www.espn.com/football/lineups?gameId=613397|title=Ripoti ya mchezo kati ya Afrika Kusini na Botswana|date=6 Julai 2021|accessdate=12 Agosti 2021}}</ref> Afrika Kusini ilishinda mashindano hayo. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] qq5zrpbgcx4d3abgy0mb23qyd2znhjn Sofiane Alakouch 0 171818 1574409 1296406 2026-06-18T08:47:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574409 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sofiane Alakouch''' ({{Lang-ar|سفيان علكوش}}; amezaliwa 29 Julai 1998) ni mchezaji wa soka anayecheza kama right-back katika klabu ya Ligue 2 ya [[FC Metz]].<ref>{{Soccerway|sofiane-alakouch/429870}}</ref> Amezaliwa nchini Ufaransa, anachezea timu ya taifa ya [[Morocco]]. ==Kazi== Alakouch alihamia Metz kwa mkataba wa miaka minne.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[FC Metz|Metz]]|url=https://www.fcmetz.com/2021-2022/actualites/equipe-pro/sofiane-alakouch-est-grenat|title=Sofiane Alakouch est Grenat !|date=21 Julai 2021|language=fr}}</ref> Tarehe 15 Februari 2022, alihamia [[FC Lausanne-Sport|Lausanne-Sport]] nchini Uswisi kwa mkopo hadi mwisho wa msimu.<ref>{{cite press release|publisher=[[FC Lausanne-Sport|Lausanne-Sport]]|url=https://www.lausanne-sport.ch/sofiane-alakouch-est-lausannois/|title=SOFIANE ALAKOUCH EST LAUSANNOIS!|date=15 Februari 2022|access-date=15 Februari 2022|language=fr}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/8965-alakouch-sofiane/fiche.html Wasifu wa Ufaransa] {{Wayback|url=https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/8965-alakouch-sofiane/fiche.html |date=20230608191300 }} kwenye FFF {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Moroko]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1998]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] qgdbooul8z3t3djqq6d32rw4mmgzxp7 Prem Jain 0 175074 1574304 1523799 2026-06-18T00:41:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574304 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Dr Prem C Jain .jpg|thumb|right|Prem Jain]] '''Prem Jain''' ([[26 Januari]] [[1936]] – [[20 Septemba]] [[2018]]) alikuwa [[mhandisi]] wa mitambo kutoka [[Uhindi|India]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/green-buildings-are-technically-feasible-economically-viable-prem-c-jain-chairman-igbc/56516680|title=Green buildings are technically feasible & economically viable: Prem C Jain, Chairman, IGBC - ET RealEstate|last=www.ETRealty.com|website=ETRealty.com|language=en|access-date=2019-03-16}}</ref>, akijulikana kama Baba wa Majengo ya Kijani nchini India.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.csrmandate.org/honouring-a-legend-the-father-of-green-buildings-late-dr-prem-jain/|title=Honouring a Legend – The Father of Green Buildings – (Late) Dr. Prem Jain {{!}} CSR Mandate|last=Imchen|first=Atula|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-16|archive-date=2019-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328153611/http://www.csrmandate.org/honouring-a-legend-the-father-of-green-buildings-late-dr-prem-jain/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.omaha.com/money/buffett/prem-jain-why-is-warren-buffett-so-successful-the-answer/article_30bf0f4a-4725-54f1-8905-decd7b1a1583.html|title=Prem Jain: Why is Warren Buffett so successful? The answer may lie at Berkshire's annual meeting|last=World-Herald|first=Prem Jain Special to The|website=Omaha.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-27}}</ref> Jain aliwahi kuwa mwenyekiti wa Baraza la Ujenzi wa Kijani la India (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: Indian Green Building Council (IGBC)).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://activeads.in/cii/gbc-2017/Dr-Prem-C-Jain.html|title=~ Green Building Congress 2017 ~|website=activeads.in|access-date=2019-03-16}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/real-estate/prem-c-jain-head-of-green-building-council-passes-away/article25005565.ece|title=Prem C Jain, head of green building council, passes away|last=Kumar|first=V. Rishi|website=@businessline|language=en|access-date=2019-03-16}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://realtyplusmag.com/interview-with-dr-prem-c-jain-chairman-indian-green-building-council-2/|title=Interview with Dr Prem C Jain, Chairman, Indian Green Building Council|date=2018-04-03|website=Realty Plus Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-16|archive-date=2019-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328164752/http://realtyplusmag.com/interview-with-dr-prem-c-jain-chairman-indian-green-building-council-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1936]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2018]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Uhindi]] [[Jamii:Swahili climate voices]] [[Jamii:wahandisi wa India]] auwdufxt0yi7tg0md92wwkjoqbq2yl5 Shahzeen Attari 0 175092 1574391 1525489 2026-06-18T06:36:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574391 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Shahzeen Attari.png|thumb|right|Shahzeen Attari]] '''Shahzeen Attari''' ni [[profesa]] katika Shule ya Masuala ya Umma na Mazingira ya O'Neill katika Chuo Kikuu cha Indiana Bloomington. Anasoma jinsi na kwa nini watu hufanya hukumu na maamuzi wanayofanya kuhusu matumizi ya rasilimali na jinsi ya kuhamasisha hatua za hali ya hewa. Mnamo [[2018]], Attari alichaguliwa kama Mshirika wa Andrew Carnegie kwa kutambua kazi yake ya kushughulikia mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Ford |first=Celeste |date=2018-04-25 |title=Carnegie Corporation of New York Names 31 Winners of Andrew Carnegie Fellowships |url=https://www.carnegie.org/news/articles/andrew-carnegie-fellows-program-recognizes-31-scholars/ |access-date=2020-03-07 |website=Carnegie Corporation of New York |language=en |archive-date=2025-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526180750/https://www.carnegie.org/news/articles/andrew-carnegie-fellows-program-recognizes-31-scholars/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Alikuwa pia mshirika katika Kituo cha Mafunzo ya Juu katika Sayansi ya Tabia (CASBS) kutoka [[2017]] hadi 2018, na akapokea Ushirika wa Kuandika wa Bellagio mnamo [[2022]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=The Academic Writing Residency |url=https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/our-work/bellagio-center/residency-program/academic-writing-residency/ |access-date=2020-03-11 |website=[[The Rockefeller Foundation]] |language=en-US |accessdate=2023-10-03 |archivedate=2020-03-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323151228/https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/our-work/bellagio-center/residency-program/academic-writing-residency/ }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uhindi]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Uhindi]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Uhindi]] [[Jamii:Swahili climate voices]] cvqkb9w25472bfwjin3fuagytnwylmv Quinta Kinyuy 0 179985 1574307 1523917 2026-06-18T01:13:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574307 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Quinta Kinyuy''' (amezaliwa Julai 21, 1997) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] wa [[Kamerun]] anayecheza kama mshambuliaji kwa timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya mpira wa kikapu ya Kamerun.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Eurobasket|title=Quinta Kinyuy, Basketball Player, News, Stats - afrobasket|url=https://www.eurobasket.com/index.aspx|access-date=2024-03-27|website=Eurobasket LLC}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Quinta Kinyuy (Kinyuy Q.) - Player Profile - Basketball24.com|url=https://www.basketball24.com/player/kinyuy-quinta/YTxvERxc/|access-date=2024-03-27|website=www.basketball24.com|language=en|archive-date=2024-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327141425/https://www.basketball24.com/player/kinyuy-quinta/YTxvERxc/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Quinta Kinyuy (Kinyuy Q.) - Career Stats - Flashscore.com|url=https://www.flashscore.com/player/kinyuy-quinta/YTxvERxc/|access-date=2024-03-27|website=www.flashscore.com|language=en}}</ref> == Historia ya taaluma == Quinta Kinyuy alicheza timu ya mpira wa kikapu ya FAP wakati wa Fainali ya Raundi ya Mwisho ya [[FIBA Africa]] Champions Cup Women mwaka 2019. Pia, alikuwa miongoni mwa wachezaji wa timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya mpira wa kikapu ya Cameroon walioshiriki katika Afrobasket ya Wanawake ya FIBA 2023.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Quinta KINYUY - Player Profile|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/player/279924/Quinta-KINYUY|access-date=2024-03-27|website=FIBA.basketball|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Quinta Kinyuy Women's Basketball The Podium Pursuit {{!}} FanWord - Athlete Directory|url=https://app.fanword.com/athletes/quinta-kinyuy|access-date=2024-03-27|website=Quinta Kinyuy Women's Basketball The Podium Pursuit {{!}} FanWord - Athlete Directory|language=en|archive-date=2024-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327141729/https://app.fanword.com/athletes/quinta-kinyuy|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kamerun]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Kamerun]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]] 8547bcce7cg28uxb1l46fdsu0sa45en Orodha ya kazi kuu zilizoidhinishwa na Creative Commons 0 183141 1574174 1522995 2026-06-17T21:08:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574174 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Stateofthecommons2017-o.svg|thumb|301x301px|Idadi ya kazi zilizoidhinishwa na Creative Commons kufikia 2017, kwa ''[https://stateof.creativecommons.org/ State of the Commons]'' taharifa]] Hii ni orodha ya kazi mashuhuri zinazopatikana chini ya leseni ya Creative Commons. Kazi zinazopatikana chini ya leseni ya Creative Commons zinazidi kuongezeka. Kumbuka kuwa kuna leseni nyingi za Creative Commons zenye tofauti muhimu. == Idadi ya kazi za Creative Commons == Uchambuzi uliofanywa mwezi Novemba 2014 ulibaini kuwa idadi ya kazi zilizo chini ya leseni ya Creative Commons (CC) katika hifadhidata kubwa na zinazoweza kutafutwa kupitia Google ilifikia kazi milioni 882. Zaidi ya hayo, kulikuwa na kurasa milioni tisa za wavuti zilizounganisha na mojawapo ya leseni za CC.<ref>[https://github.com/creativecommons/stateofthe/blob/master/data/notes.md State of the Commons: Notes and additional resources - Number of Creative Commons--licensed works] on [[github.com]] (November 2014)</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" !Jina la jukwaa !Idadi ya kazi (zilizopunguzwa kwa mamilioni, Novemba 2014) !Chanzo |- |[[Flickr]] |307 million |https://www.flickr.com/creativecommons/ |- |Wikipedia (all pages in all languages) |111 million |[[meta:List of Wikipedias]] |- |[[MusicBrainz]] |39 million |https://musicbrainz.org/statistics https://musicbrainz.org/doc/About/Data_License |- |[[Freebase (database)|Freebase]] |39 million |https://developers.google.com/freebase/faq#how_big_is_freebase {{Wayback|url=https://developers.google.com/freebase/faq#how_big_is_freebase |date=20160428084544 }} |- |[[DeviantArt]] |15 million |https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/35540 |- |[[Geonames]] |10 million |http://www.geonames.org/about.html |- |[[YouTube]] |10 million |Source at YouTube |- |[[Google Search]] |301 million |[https://github.com/creativecommons/stateofthe/blob/master/data/google-currenttools.csv google-currenttools.csv], [https://github.com/creativecommons/stateofthe/blob/master/data/google-retiredtools.csv google-retiredtools.csv] |} Creative Commons pia inatoa injini ya utafutaji kwa hifadhidata kuu kama vile: Europeana, Open Clip Art Library, Pixabay, ccMixter na nyinginezo.<ref>[https://search.creativecommons.org/ CC search] on creativecommons.org</ref> == Serikali na mashirika baina ya serikali == Kufikia Januari 2016, serikali 31 na mashirika 7 ya kimataifa yalikuwa yameweka taarifa zao kupatikana kwa mujibu wa Creative Commons (CC) kulingana na creativecommons.org.<ref>[[creativecommonswiki:wiki/Government_use_of_Creative_Commons|Government use of Creative Commons]] on creativecommons.org (January 2016)</ref> Vilevile, mashirika kadhaa kutoka sekta ya GLAM (Maktaba, Majumba ya kumbukumbu, Kumbukumbu, na Majumba ya sanaa) yamefanya hivyo pia.<ref>[[creativecommonswiki:wiki/GLAM|GLAM]] on creativevommons.org (January 2016)</ref> == vitabu == Creative Commons hudumisha a[[creativecommonswiki:wiki/Category:Book|book list themselves]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" !Jina !Toleo la asili !Kutolewa kwa CC !Maelezo !Leseni !Marejeleo |- |''[[The Art of Unix Programming]]'' |2003 |2005<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050317014053/http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 March 2005|title=The Art of Unix Programming|date=17 March 2005|publisher=|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |book about the history and culture of [[Unix]] [[Computer programming|programming]] by [[Eric S. Raymond]] (with added proviso) |CC BY-ND 1.0 |<ref name="UnixProgramming">{{cite web|url=http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/|title=The Art of Unix Programming|accessdate=12 October 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050317014053/http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/|archivedate=17 March 2005}}</ref> |- |''[[A Briefer History of Time (Schulman book)|A Briefer History of Time]]'' |1999 |2004<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041130085714/http://members.bellatlantic.net/~vze3fs8i/bhtes/ A Briefer History of Time] "CC BY-ND-NC 1.0" (archived 2004)</ref> |science humor book by [[Eric Schulman]] |CC BY-ND-NC 1.0 | |- |[[Archimedes Palimpsest]] |3rd century BC |2008 |reconstructed and released by [[University of Pennsylvania Libraries|OPenn]] as [[Free Cultural Works]] |[[CC BY]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0014/ArchimedesPalimpsest/|title=The Archimedes Palimpsest|date=|accessdate=2016-08-01|quote="All materials on OPenn are in the [[public domain]] or released under [[Creative Commons license]]s as [[Free Cultural Works]]"|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Libraries]]}}</ref><ref name="rbtl">{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/archimedes.html|title=Reading Between the Lines, ''Smithsonian Magazine''|accessdate=2009-03-31|archive-date=2008-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119024939/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/archimedes.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="palimpsestproject">{{cite web|title=archimedespalimpsest|url=http://www.archimedespalimpsest.org/digitalproduct1.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221153000/http://www.archimedespalimpsest.org/digitalproduct1.html|archivedate=21 February 2009|url-status=dead|quote="This data is released for use under a Creative Commons license, with attribution"}}</ref> |- |''[[Free Culture (book)|Free Culture]]'' |2004 | |by [[Lawrence Lessig]] (the first CC licensed book released by a major mainstream publisher, [[Penguin Group|Penguin Books]]) |CC BY-NC 1.0<ref name="now free">[http://www.lessig.org/2008/01/the-future-of-ideas-is-now-fre-1/ the-future-of-ideas-is-now-fre-1] on lessig.org</ref> | |- |''[[Freesouls]]'' |2008 |2010 (digital ebook) |book with essays and photos of key people of the free movement by [[Joi Ito]] |CC BY<ref name="freesouls">[http://freesouls.cc/ Free souls captured and released] "This is an celebration of all people who are willing to share" on freesouls.org</ref> | |- |''[[The Future of Ideas]]'' |2001 |2001 |by [[Lawrence Lessig]] (originally published by [[Random House]]) |CC BY-NC<ref name="now free" /> | |- |''[[The Future Of The Internet]]'' |2008 | |book by [[Jonathan Zittrain]] which discusses several legal issues regarding the [[Internet]] |CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 | |- |''[[The Honour of the Knights]]'' |2009 |2009 |A [[science fiction]] novel by [[Stephen J Sweeney]] |CC BY-NC-SA | |- |''[[Meat Atlas]]'' |2014 |2014 |A collection of graphs and 27 essays on meat consumption and production by [[Friends of the Earth]] and [[Heinrich Böll Foundation]] |CC BY-SA |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foeeurope.org/meat-atlas|title=Meat Atlas: facts and figures about the animals we eat|website=Friends of the Earth Europe|accessdate=7 July 2018|archive-date=2018-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422045513/http://www.foeeurope.org/meat-atlas|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Move Under Ground]]'' |2004 | |A [[horror novel]] [[wikt:mashup|mashup]] by [[Nick Mamatas]] |CC BY-NC-ND |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://manybooks.net/titles/mamatasnother07mug.html|title=Move Under Ground by Nick Mamatas|publisher=|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |- |''[[Jargon file|The New Hacker's Dictionary]]'' |2003 (v4.4.7 by ESR) |2005 |by [[Eric S. Raymond]] (with added proviso) | | |- |''[[Warbreaker]]'' |2004 |2004 |by [[Brandon Sanderson]] |[[CC BY-NC-ND]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://brandonsanderson.com/books/warbreaker/warbreaker/warbreaker-rights-and-downloads/|title=Warbreaker Rights and Downloads - Brandon Sanderson|website=brandonsanderson.com|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |- |''[[Little Brother (Doctorow novel)|Little Brother]]'' |2008 |2008 |by [[Cory Doctorow]] |CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://craphound.com/littlebrother/download/|title=Download Little Brother For Free - Cory Doctorow's craphound.com|website=craphound.com|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |- |''[[Peter Suber#Selected publications|Open Access]]'' |2012 |2012 |by [[Peter Suber]] (published by [[MIT Press]]) |CC BY | |- |''[[Blindsight (Watts novel)|Blindsight]]'' |2006 | |by [[Peter Watts (author)|Peter Watts]] |CC BY-NC-SA 2.5 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rifters.com/real/Blindsight.htm#CC|title=Blindsight by Peter Watts|first=Peter|last=Watts|website=www.rifters.com|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |- |''[[Code: Version 2.0]]'' |2006 | |by [[Lawrence Lessig]] dedicated to [[Wikipedia]]: "''the one surprise that teaches us more than everything here.''"<ref>[[Code Version 2.0]], at http://codev2.cc/download+remix/Lessig-Codev2.pdf "''the one surprise that teaches us more than everything here.''"</ref> |[[CC BY-SA]] 2.5 |<ref>[[Code Version 2.0]], at http://codev2.cc/download+remix/Lessig-Codev2.pdf</ref> |- |''[[Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid Economy]]'' |2008 | |by [[Lawrence Lessig]] in describing the [[remix culture]] |[[CC BY-NC]] |<ref>[http://remix.lessig.org/remix.php Remix] on lessig.org</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/47089238/Remix|title=Remix|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402060619/https://www.scribd.com/doc/47089238/Remix|archive-date=2016-04-02|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |- |''[[The Wealth of Networks]]'' |2006 |2006 |by [[Yochai Benkler]] |CC BY-NC-SA |<ref>[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/wealth_of_networks/Main_Page Wealth of Networks wiki]. [[Berkman Center for Internet & Society]] at [[Harvard University]]. Last accessed 16 Feb 2012.</ref> |- |''[[Stranger Things Happen]]'' |2001 |2005 |short horror stories by [[Kelly Link]], [[Salon.com|Salon]] Book of the Year |CC BY-NC-SA |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://creativecommons.org/2008/11/10/kelly-link-on-creative-commons/|title=Kelly Link on Creative Commons|date=10 November 2008|accessdate=20 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2011/07/14/135703690/tales-that-cast-spells-stranger-things-happen?t=1534791663766|title=Stranger Things Happen|website=[[NPR]]|accessdate=20 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-931520-00-3|title=Fiction Book Review: STRANGER THINGS HAPPEN|accessdate=20 August 2018}}</ref> |} == Vichekesho == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" ! style="width:20%" |Jina ! style="width:50%" |Maelezo ! style="width:25%" |Leseni ! style="width:5%" |Marejeo |- |[[Bunny (webcomic)|Bunny]] |by Huw Davies |CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 | |- |[[Diesel Sweeties]] |by Richard Stevens III |CC BY-NC 2.5 | |- |[[Erfworld]] | |CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 | |- |[[Sandra and Woo#Gaia|Gaia]] |by Oliver Knörzer and Puri Andini |CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandraandwoo.com/gaia/about/#legal-stuff|title=Gaia » About / FAQ|access-date=15 February 2023}}</ref> |- |[[Jesus and Mo]] |religious satire webcomic by Mohammed Jones |CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 | |- |[[Johnny Wander]] |(the book publication form) | |<ref>{{cite web|last=Kale|first=Arun|title=Of Fretting Cats and Wandering Rooks|url=http://helterskelter.in/2010/10/of-fretting-cats-and-wandering-rooks/|work=Helter Skelter|publisher=Square One Media|access-date=15 December 2010|date=21 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228225403/http://helterskelter.in/2010/10/of-fretting-cats-and-wandering-rooks/|archive-date=28 December 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[Mimi & Eunice]] |by [[Nina Paley]] |CC BY-SA 3.0 | |- |[[Overcompensating (webcomic)|Overcompensating]] | |CC BY-NC 3.0 | |- |[[Pepper & Carrot]] |by David Revoy |CC BY 4.0 | |- |[[Sandra and Woo]] |by Oliver Knörzer and Puri Andini |CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandraandwoo.com/about/#legal-stuff|title=Sandra and Woo » About / FAQ|access-date=15 February 2023}}</ref> |- |[[Seedfeeder]]'s works for Wikipedia |by [[Seedfeeder]] |CC BY-SA 3.0, public domain | |- |[[xkcd]] |by [[Randall Munroe]] |CC BY-NC 2.5 |<ref>https://xkcd.com/license.html</ref> |- |[[Homem-Grilo]] |by [[Cadu Simões]] ([[:pt:Cadu Simões|pt]]) |CC BY-SA-4.0 |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.visaooeste.com.br/homem-grilo-super-heroi-de-osasco-celebra-20-anos/|title=Homem-Grilo, super-herói de Osasco, celebra 20 anos|language=pt-br|date=2020-10-14|access-date=2021-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018184038/https://www.visaooeste.com.br/homem-grilo-super-heroi-de-osasco-celebra-20-anos/|archive-date=2020-10-18|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://homemgrilo.com/comemorando-os-20-anos-do-homem-grilo-com-o-copyleft-e-a-cultura-livre/|title=Comemorando os 20 anos do Homem-Grilo com o Copyleft e a Cultura Livre|language=pt-br|date=2020-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930084500/https://homemgrilo.com/comemorando-os-20-anos-do-homem-grilo-com-o-copyleft-e-a-cultura-livre/|archive-date=2020-09-30|url-status=live}}</ref> |} == Rasilimali za elimu == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" ! style="width:20%" |Jina ! style="width:50%" |Maelezo ! style="width:25%" |Leseni ! style="width:5%" |Marejeo |- |[[OpenStax CNX|Connexions]] |academic course modules, hosted by [[Rice University]] |CC BY | |- |[[Khan Academy]] | |CC BY-NC-SA | |- |[[OpenLearn]] |Short articles, videos and extracts of courses maintained by [[The Open University]] |CC BY-NC-SA | |- |[[Open Courseware]] | |CC BY-NC-SA | |- |[[The Saylor Foundation]] |Peer-reviewed college courses and textbooks |CC BY | |- |[[WikiEducator]] | |CC BY-SA (default), CC BY, and CC0 | |- |[[Project Euler]] |Site hosting [[computer programming]] problems |CC BY-NC-SA | |} == Michezo == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" ! style="width:20%" |Jina ! style="width:50%" |Maelezo ! style="width:25%" |Leseni ! style="width:5%" |Marejeo |- |[[Cards Against Humanity]] |An adult [[party game]] using custom-printed cards |CC BY-NC-SA |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cardsagainsthumanity.com/|title=Cards Against Humanity|website=Cards Against Humanity|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |- |[[Dungeons & Dragons]] System Reference Document 5.1 |The core rules of a popular fantasy role-playing game |CC BY 4.0 |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Systems Reference Document (SRD)|url=https://dnd.wizards.com/resources/systems-reference-document|access-date=2023-03-05|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-01-07|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230107005402/https://dnd.wizards.com/resources/systems-reference-document|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[Eclipse Phase (role-playing game)|Eclipse Phase]] |A [[transhuman]] [[science fiction]] role-playing game |CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Creative Commons License – Eclipse Phase|url=https://eclipsephase.com/cclicense/|access-date=2022-08-23|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |{{interlanguage link|Tagmar|pt}} |The first [[Brazil|Brazilian]] fantasy role-playing game fully developed in Brazil |CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 Brasil |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tagmar - Licenciamento|url=https://www.tagmar.com.br/LicenciamentoUsado.aspx|access-date=2022-08-23|website=www.tagmar.com.br}}</ref> |- |[[Violence (role-playing game)|Violence]] |A heavily satirical role-playing game inspired by excessive violence in other role-playing games and video games | | |- |[[Secret Hitler]] |A [[Social deduction game|social deduction]] [[party game]] set in the [[Weimar Republic]] |CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | |} == Michezo ya video == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" ! style="width:20%" |Jina ! style="width:50%" |Maelezo ! style="width:25%" |Leseni ! style="width:5%" |Marejeo |- |[[Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead]] |ASCII graphic rogue like |Artwork and code under CC BY-SA | |- |[[Castle Crashers]] |One of the soundtracks of a proprietary game released under Creative Commons |CC BY-NC-SA |<ref>[https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/9632 Castle Crashers Soundtrack Released Under CC License] (2008)</ref> |- |[[Glest]] / [[MegaGlest]] |A [[real-time strategy]] computer game in a fantasy setup. |Artwork under CC BY-SA | |- |[[Glitch (video game)|Glitch]] |[[Massively multiplayer online game|MMO]]. In 2013, most of the artwork and parts of the code were released under a creative commons license. |[[CC0]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glitchthegame.com/public-domain-game-art/|title=Glitch is Dead, Long Live Glitch! - Art & Code from the Game Released into Public Domain|quote=''The entire library of art assets from the game, has been made freely available, dedicated to the public domain. Code from the game client is included to help developers work with the assets. All of it can be downloaded and used by anyone, for any purpose.''|author=tinyspeck|date=2013-11-18|accessdate=2013-12-11|publisher=glitchthegame.com|archive-date=2013-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213073818/http://www.glitchthegame.com/public-domain-game-art/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2064273/afterlife-of-an-mmo-glitchs-offbeat-art-enters-public-domain.html|title=Afterlife of an MMO: Glitch's offbeat art enters public domain|first=Laura|last=Blackwell|date=2013-11-18|accessdate=2013-12-11|publisher=pcworld.com}}</ref> |- |[[Mari0]] |[[Super Mario (series)|Super Mario]] [[Video game clone|clone]] [[wikt:mashup|mashup]] with [[Portal (video game)|Portal]] |CC BY-NC-SA | |- |[[Clonk#OpenClonk|OpenClonk]] (former [[Clonk]]) |A computer game originally developed by RedWolf Design, later opened to the community. |Artwork under CC BY / CC BY-NC | |- |[[Ryzom]] |Ryzom is a [[FOSS|free and open source software]] [[Personal computer|PC]] [[Massively multiplayer online role-playing game|MMORPG]]. Originally developed and released 2004 by [[Nevrax]], since 2010 the [[source code]] is under the [[GNU Affero General Public License|AGPL]]<ref name="ryzom2010">{{cite web|url=http://dev.ryzom.com/news/13|title=Breakthrough for Free Software Gaming--Ryzom Announces Full Release of Source Code and Artwork, and a Partnership with the Free Software Foundation to Host a Repository of the Game's Artistic Assets|publisher=ryzom.com|date=|accessdate=2010-05-06}}</ref> and the artistic work is under CC BY-SA.<ref name="cc-ryzom">[https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/21906 Massively Multiplayer Game Ryzom Released as Free Culture and Free Software] on creativecommons.org (2010)</ref> |Artwork under CC BY-SA. |<ref name="cc-ryzom" /> |- |[[Sintel The Game]] |A game based on the [[Blender (software)|Blender]] Foundation movie, [[Sintel]]. |CC BY | |- |[[The Adventures of Fatman]] |point and click adventure game |CC-SA-NC-ND | |- |[[Tyrian (video game)|Tyrian]] (now OpenTyrian) |[[Scrolling shooter]] |graphic assets under [[CC BY|CC BY 3.0 US]]<ref>[http://www.lostgarden.com/2007/04/free-game-graphics-tyrian-ships-and.html Free game graphics: Tyrian ships and tiles] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lostgarden.com/2007/04/free-game-graphics-tyrian-ships-and.html |date=20130927044331 }} on lostgarden.com by Daniel Cook (2007-04-04)</ref><ref>[http://www.lostgarden.com/2007/03/lost-garden-license.html Lost garden license] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lostgarden.com/2007/03/lost-garden-license.html |date=20121228011908 }} on lostgarden.com ''"All licensed items use the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License"'' (2007)</ref> | |- |''[[Ur-Quan Masters|The Ur-Quan Masters]]'' (former [[Star Control II]]) |[[Action role-playing game|Action RPG]] |Artwork [[Cc-by-nc-sa]] |<ref name="uqm_license">{{cite web|url=http://wiki.uqm.stack.nl/The_Ur-Quan_Masters_Project_FAQ#Under_what_license_is_the_game_released.3F|title=The Ur-Quan Masters Project FAQ - Ultronomicon|website=wiki.uqm.stack.nl|accessdate=7 July 2018|archive-date=2024-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914175938/https://wiki.uqm.stack.nl/The_Ur-Quan_Masters_Project_FAQ#Under_what_license_is_the_game_released.3F|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[Yo Frankie!]] |A game resulting from a cooperation between the [[Blender (software)|Blender]] Foundation and the [[Crystal Space]] community |Creative Commons 3.0 Attribution |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yofrankie.org/about-apricot/|title=Yo Frankie! license page|accessdate=2010-01-26|archive-date=2011-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106021453/http://www.yofrankie.org/about-apricot/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} == Picha == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" ! style="width:20%" |Jina ! style="width:50%" |Maelezo ! style="width:25%" |Leseni ! style="width:5%" |Marejeo |- |[[deviantART]] |image artwork sharing website |various (15 million CC licensed) |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.creativecommons.org/2012/12/07/cc10-featured-platform-deviantart/|title=#cc10 Featured Platform: deviantART - Creative Commons|date=7 December 2012|publisher=|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |- |[[Flickr]] |user photo uploading and sharing service |various CC licenses (350 million CC images of 6+ billion images<ref>[https://www.flickr.com/creativecommons creativecommons] on flickr.com</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/Flickr-Boasts-6-Billion-Photo-Uploads-215380.shtml|title=Flickr Boasts 6 Billion Photo Uploads|publisher=Softpedia|date=2011-08-05|accessdate=2012-03-01|first=Lucian|last=Parfeni}}</ref>) | |- |[[Mapillary]] |Over 30 million free photos |CC BY-SA | |- |[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |paintings and artworks |CC0 (375.000) |<ref>[http://metmuseum.org/blogs/digital-underground/2017/open-access-at-the-met open-access-at-the-met] on metmuseum.org</ref> |- |[[Mushroom Observer]] |collaborative amateur mycology database with approx. 600,000 observational photos<ref name="Statistics2016">{{cite web|title=Site Statistics|url=https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/show_site_stats|work=Mushroom Observer|accessdate=26 March 2016|quote=''Images 599669, Observations 208462, Listed Taxa 51072, Observed Taxa 13184, Authored Name Descriptions 4312, Defined Locations 12812, Authored Location Descriptions 847, Species Lists 685, Species List Entries 89263, Proposed IDs 299937, Comments 113454, Votes 418612, Members 6558''}}</ref><ref name="Wood">{{cite journal|last=Wood|first=Michael|date=Summer 2008|title=WebWatch: Observing Mushrooms|url=http://www.mykoweb.com/articles/Web%20Watch--Mushroom%20Observer.pdf|journal=Fungi Magazine|volume=1|issue=2|accessdate=8 October 2010}} Reproduced on the [http://www.mykoweb.com/blog/2009/webwatch-observing-mushrooms/ MykoWeb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810135000/http://www.mykoweb.com/blog/2009/webwatch-observing-mushrooms/|date=2011-08-10}} website.</ref> |CC BY-SA or CC BY-NC-SA <ref name="Introduction">{{cite web|title=Introduction|url=https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/intro|work=Mushroom Observer|accessdate=8 October 2010}}</ref> | |- |[[Open Game Art]] |Media repository for software / game projects |CC BY, CC BY-SA, CC0, others |<ref name="Felgo">{{cite web|title=16 Sites Featuring Free Game Graphics for Game Developers|url=https://felgo.com/game-resources/16-sites-featuring-free-game-graphics#_OpenGameArt.org|work=Felgo|accessdate=22 February 2019}}</ref> |- |[[Panoramio]] |Over 100 million photos |Various |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archiveteam.org/index.php?title=Panoramio&oldid=23723|title=Panoramio - Archiveteam|website=archiveteam.org|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |- |[[Fortepan]] |archival photographs, and family snapshots of everyday life |CC BY-SA (100.000 images) | |- |[[Unsplash]] |user photo uploading and sharing service |CC0 prior to 5 June 2017 |<ref>{{cite web|title=Unsplash is a site full of free images for your next splash page|url=https://thenextweb.com/entrepreneur/2013/08/14/unsplash-is-a-site-full-of-images-you-can-use-freely-for-your-next-startups-splash-page/|website=The Next Web|date=14 August 2013|accessdate=2015-11-13|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://unsplash.com/license|title=License {{!}} Unsplash|last=Crew|website=unsplash.com|access-date=2017-02-20|archive-date=2015-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015514/https://unsplash.com/license|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[Wikimedia Commons]] |free image and data repository, stores Wikipedia images |various free CC licenses (40+ million images in 2018) | |- |} == Muziki == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" ! style="width:20%" |jina ! style="width:50%" |Maelezo ! style="width:25%" |Leseni ! style="width:5%" |Marejeo |- |Airports for Music |By SheedyJaye |CC BY 3.0 |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Airports for Music, by SheedyJaye|url=https://moderatepotatoe.bandcamp.com/album/airports-for-music|access-date=2020-10-22|website=Moderate Potatoe Multimedia|archive-date=2020-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222233757/https://moderatepotatoe.bandcamp.com/album/airports-for-music|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[ccMixter]] |Community music website |mostly CC BY-NC | |- |[[Free Music Archive]] | |Various | |- |[[The Freesound Project]] | |CC0, CC BY, CC BY-NC and Sampling Plus | |- |''[[Ghosts I–IV]]'' |By [[Nine Inch Nails]] |CC BY-NC-SA |<ref name="nin-commons">{{cite web|url=https://creativecommons.org/2008/05/05/another-nine-inch-nails-album-out-under-a-creative-commons-license/|publisher=creativecommons.org|title=Nine Inch Nails' "The Slip" out under a Creative Commons license|date=May 5, 2008|first=Eric|last=Steuer|access-date=February 21, 2020}}</ref> |- |#hot111 Charts |By starfrosch |CC BY CC BY-SA |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://starfrosch.com/hot-100/|publisher=starfrosch|title=#hot11 charts|accessdate=2024-06-22|archive-date=2018-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213005238/https://starfrosch.com/hot-100/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[Jamendo]] | |Various | |- |[[NINJAM]] |Music files/archive |CC BY-SA | |- |''[[Palm Mall]]'' |By [[Cat System Corp.]] |CC BY 3.0 |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://catsystemcorp.bandcamp.com/album/palm-mall|title=''Palm Mall''|date=2 October 2014|access-date=14 April 2022|last=猫 シ Corp.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230121234/https://catsystemcorp.bandcamp.com/album/palm-mall|archive-date=30 December 2014|url-status=live|via=[[Bandcamp]]}}</ref> |- |''[[Pulse of the Earth]]'' |By [[Hungry Lucy]] |CC BY-SA |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://music.hungrylucy.com/album/pulse-of-the-earth|publisher=Hungry Lucy|title=Pulse of the Earth}}</ref> |- |''[[The Slip (album)|The Slip]]'' |By Nine Inch Nails |CC BY-NC-SA |<ref name="LA Weekly">{{cite web|url=http://www.laweekly.com/music/music/nine-inch-nails-radiohead-free-music-and-creative-competition/18995/|title=Nine Inch Nails, Radiohead, Free Music and Creative Competition – Page 1 – Music – Los Angeles – ''LA Weekly''|last=Carr|first=Daphne|date=May 28, 2008|website=[[LA Weekly]]|accessdate=July 21, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226212248/http://www.laweekly.com/2008-05-29/music/trade-your-heroes-for-ghosts/|archivedate=2008-12-26}}</ref><ref name="nin-commons" /> |- |''[[Jonathan Coulton]]'' |Jonathon Coulton's Works |CC BY-NC 3.0 |<ref name="FAQ - Jonathan Coulton">{{cite web|url=https://www.jonathancoulton.com/faq/#can-i-use-a-song-in-my-student-filmpodcastawesome-dance-remix|title=Can I use a song in my student film/podcast/awesome dance remix?|accessdate=December 9, 2017}}</ref> |- |''[[Paul and Storm]]'' |Paul and Storm's Works |CC 2.5 By Attribution NonCommercial and ShareAlike | |- |''[[Open Goldberg Variations]]'' | |CC0<ref>[http://heise.de/-1585806 "Goldberg Variationen: Johann Sebastian Bach als 'Creative Commons Zero'"], [[Heise Online]], 29 May 2012</ref> | |- |[[Cloudkicker]] |By Ben Sharp |CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 | |} == Habari == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" ! style="width:20%" |Jina ! style="width:50%" |Maelezo ! style="width:25%" |Leseni ! style="width:5%" |Marejeo |- |[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]'s broadcasting footage |On January 13, 2009, some broadcasting content from Al Jazeera on the [[2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict]] was released. |CC BY 3.0 |<ref name="AlJazeera1">{{cite web|url=https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/12049|title=Al Jazeera Launches Creative Commons Repository|last=Benenson|first=Fred|date=2009-01-13|publisher=creativecommons.org|accessdate=2009-01-19}}</ref><ref name="AlJazeera2">{{cite web|url=https://creativecommons.org/press-releases/entry/12166|title=Al Jazeera Announces Launch of Free Footage Under Creative Commons License|last=Steuer|first=Eric|date=2009-01-13|publisher=creativecommons.org|accessdate=2009-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118071005/http://creativecommons.org/press-releases/entry/12166|archive-date=2009-01-18|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="AlJazeera3">{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2009/01/11/technology/jazeera.php|title=Al Jazeera provides an inside look at Gaza conflict|last=Cohen|first=Noam|date=2009-01-11|publisher=[[International Herald Tribune]]|accessdate=2009-01-19}}</ref><ref name="AlJazeera4">{{cite web|url=http://cc.aljazeera.net/content/launch-press-release|title=Al Jazeera Announces Launch of Free Footage under Creative Commons License|publisher=Al Jazeera Creative Commons Repository|accessdate=2009-01-19|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121191159/http://cc.aljazeera.net/content/launch-press-release|archivedate=2009-01-21}}</ref><ref name="AlJazeera5">{{cite web|url=http://www.paidcontent.co.uk/entry/419-al-jazeera-offers-creative-commons-video-lessig-lends-backing/|title=Al Jazeera Offers Creative Commons Video, Lessig Lends Backing|last=Andrews|first=Robert|date=2009-11-14|publisher=paidcontent.co.uk|accessdate=2009-01-19|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627070307/http://paidcontent.co.uk/article/419-al-jazeera-offers-creative-commons-video-lessig-lends-backing/|archivedate=2009-06-27}}</ref><ref name="AlJazeera6">{{cite web|url=http://joi.ito.com/weblog/2009/01/14/al-jazeera-laun.html|title=Al Jazeera Launches Creative Commons Repository|last=Ito|first=Joi|date=2009-01-14|publisher=joi.ito.com|accessdate=2009-01-19}}</ref> |- |[[Agência Pública]] |Online Investigative Journalism outlet with texts in [[Brazilian Portuguese|Portuguese]], [[English language|English]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. |CC BY-ND 4.0 |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://apublica.org/about-us/|title=About us - Agência Pública|accessdate=2021-04-02|archive-date=2021-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402190413/https://apublica.org/about-us/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://br.creativecommons.net/2014/02/07/jornalismo-de-interesse-publico-e-licenciamento-aberto/|title=Jornalismo de interesse público e licenciamento aberto|language=pt-br|date=2014-02-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402201514/https://br.creativecommons.net/2014/02/07/jornalismo-de-interesse-publico-e-licenciamento-aberto/|archivedate=2021-04-02|accessdate=2021-04-02|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |[[Corbeau News Centrafrique]] |French-language news site from the Central African Republic |CC BY-SA 4.0 |<ref>[https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.org/qui-sommes-nous/ QUI SOMMES-NOUS?]</ref> |- |[[Democracy Now!]] |Internationally syndicated radio and TV news program. All transcripts from broadcasts are republished online and released under a Creative Commons license. |[[CC BY-NC-ND]] 4.0 US |<ref name="theconversation.com">{{cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/global/republishing-guidelines|title=Republishing guidelines — The Conversation|website=theconversation.com|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |- |[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |Online news outlet written by academics and researchers. Localised editions exist for Australia, Africa, Canada, France, Indonesia, the UK and the US. |[[CC BY-ND]] 4.0 |<ref name="theconversation.com" /> |- |[[Deshabhimani]] |[[Malayalam]] language newspaper |[[CC BY]] 4.0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/termsofuse|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602201832/https://www.deshabhimani.com/termsofuse|archivedate=2 June 2021|accessdate=2 June 2021|title=Terms of Use}}</ref> |- |[[Global Voices (NGO)|Global Voices]] |International journalism organisation publishing in over 40 languages. |[[CC BY]] 3.0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalvoices.org/about/global-voices-attribution-policy/|title=Global Voices · Republishing Guidelines|publisher=|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |- |[[Haitian Times]] |Online newspaper for the Haitian diaspora in the United States. |[[CC BY-ND]] 4.0 | |- |[[La Stampa]] |3rd biggest newspaper of Italy. |[[CC BY-NC-ND]] 3.0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lastampa.it/2015/12/19/cultura/opinioni/editoriali/condividere-gli-articoli-de-la-stampa-s-ecco-come-gmS0fZpMCDcyjd21c2jT6J/pagina.html|title=La Stampa adotta la licenza Creative Commons per la condivisione degli articoli|date=19 December 2015|publisher=|accessdate=7 July 2018|archive-date=2017-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203232728/http://www.lastampa.it/2015/12/19/cultura/opinioni/editoriali/condividere-gli-articoli-de-la-stampa-s-ecco-come-gmS0fZpMCDcyjd21c2jT6J/pagina.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[OpenDemocracy]] |International online news website. Specific articles are released under a Creative Commons license. |[[CC BY-NC]] 4.0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/about/syndication|title=Licensing|website=openDemocracy|accessdate=7 July 2018|archive-date=2019-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226222046/https://www.opendemocracy.net/about/syndication|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[ProPublica]] |US news website. |[[CC BY-NC-ND]] 3.0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.propublica.org/steal-our-stories/|title=Steal Our Stories — ProPublica|website=ProPublica|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |- |[[Tasnim News Agency]] |Iranian news agency publishing in [[Persian language|Persian]], [[English language|English]], [[Arabic]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] and [[Urdu]]. |[[CC BY]] 4.0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/about|title=Tasnim News Agency - Tasnim News Agency|publisher=|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |- |[[TorrentFreak]] |News blog. Text licensed under a Creative Commons license. |[[CC BY-NC]] 3.0 |<ref>{{cite web|title=Copyright|url=https://torrentfreak.com/copyright/|website=TorrentFreak|accessdate=27 October 2018}}</ref> |- |[[WikiTribune]] |News website with crowdsourced fact-checking, proofreading and editing. Published in [[English language|English]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. |[[CC BY]] or [[CC BY-SA]] 4.0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wikitribune.com/project/copyright/|title=Copyright|website=WikiTribune|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |} == Maarifa, utafiti na sayansi == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" ! style="width:20%" |Jina ! style="width:50%" |Maelezo ! style="width:25%" |Leseni ! style="width:5%" |Marejeo |- |[[OpenSeaMap]] | |CC SA-BY 2.0 / [[Open Data Commons Open Database License|ODbL]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://openseamap.org/index.php?id=faq&L=1|title=OpenSeaMap: Frequently Asked Questions|publisher=[[OpenSeaMap]].org|accessdate=April 28, 2012}}</ref> |- |[[OpenStreetMap]] |Until September 2012; switched to [[Open Database License|ODbL]] |CC BY-SA 2.0 for certain content |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright|title=OpenStreetMap: Copyright and License|publisher=[[Openstreetmap.org]]|accessdate=April 28, 2012}}</ref><ref>[[OpenStreetMap#Licensing terms]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Legal_FAQ|title=Legal FAQ - OpenStreetMap Wiki|website=wiki.openstreetmap.org|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |- |[[SNPedia]] |Database of [[single nucleotide polymorphisms]] |CC BY-NC-SA |<ref>{{cite web|title=SNPedia:Copyrights|url=http://www.snpedia.com/index.php/SNPedia:Copyrights|work=SNPedia|accessdate=November 15, 2013}}</ref> |} == Hifadhidata na data == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" ! style="width:20%" |Jina ! style="width:50%" |Maelezo ! style="width:25%" |Leseni ! style="width:5%" |Marejeoi |- |[[OpenSeaMap]] | |CC SA-BY 2.0 / [[Open Data Commons Open Database License|ODbL]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://openseamap.org/index.php?id=faq&L=1|title=OpenSeaMap: Frequently Asked Questions|publisher=[[OpenSeaMap]].org|accessdate=April 28, 2012}}</ref> |- |[[OpenStreetMap]] |Until September 2012; switched to [[Open Database License|ODbL]] |CC BY-SA 2.0 for certain content |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright|title=OpenStreetMap: Copyright and License|publisher=[[Openstreetmap.org]]|accessdate=April 28, 2012}}</ref><ref>[[OpenStreetMap#Licensing terms]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Legal_FAQ|title=Legal FAQ - OpenStreetMap Wiki|website=wiki.openstreetmap.org|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |- |[[SNPedia]] |Database of [[single nucleotide polymorphisms]] |CC BY-NC-SA |<ref>{{cite web|title=SNPedia:Copyrights|url=http://www.snpedia.com/index.php/SNPedia:Copyrights|work=SNPedia|accessdate=November 15, 2013}}</ref> |} == Teknolojia, ramani na mapishi == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" ! style="width:20%" |jina ! style="width:50%" |Maelezo ! style="width:25%" |Leseni ! style="width:5%" |Maelezo |- |[[Arduino]] | |CC BY-SA | |- |[[Dragonbox Pyra]] |pre-release [[schematics]] released in November 2016 |[[CC BY-NC-SA]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pyra-handheld.com/boards/threads/power-memory-and-schematics.78631/|title=Power, Memory and Schematics|publisher=pyra-handheld.com by|author=Michael Mrozek|quote=As promised, the Pyra will be more open than the Pandora and Nikolaus had some time to clean up the schematics! Attached to this post are the schematics for the current revision (5.1.3) of the Pyra. Unless a bug is found, these won't change anymore.[...] License is CC BY-NC-SA|date=2016-11-20}}</ref> |- |[[Free Beer]] |In December 2004 [[Cooking recipe|brewing recipe]], brand and label artwork released under CC by [[Superflex]] and students of the [[IT University of Copenhagen]] |CC BY-SA |<ref>[http://freebeer.org/blog/faq How can a beer be "free"?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150802003325/http://freebeer.org/blog/faq|date=2015-08-02}} on freebeer.org "The recipe and the FREE BEER brand is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license, which basically means that anyone can use our recipe to brew the beer or to create a derivative of our recipe."</ref> |- |[[OpenMoko]] [[Neo Freerunner]] |CAD, [[schematics]] etc. files in 2008 |CC BY-SA 3.0 |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080312054147/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080304.WBcyberia20080304133308/WBStory/WBcyberia/ Linux goes walkabout] by Jack Kapic on theglobeandmail.com (March 4, 2008)</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150905183025/http://downloads.openmoko.org/developer/schematics/ schematics] on openmoko.com</ref> |} == Video na filamu == Creative Commons kudumisha a [[creativecommonswiki:wiki/Category:Film|film list themselves]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" ! style="width:20%" |Jina ! style="width:50%" |Maelezo ! style="width:25%" |Leseni ! style="width:5%" |Marejeo |- |''[[Big Buck Bunny]]'' |Product of the second [[Blender (software)|Blender]] Foundation Open Movie Project, released in 2008. |BY |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bigbuckbunny.org/index.php/about/|title=Big Buck Bunny about page|accessdate=2010-01-26|archive-date=2013-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411012325/http://www.bigbuckbunny.org/index.php/about/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Code Rush]]'' |2000 documentary of Netscape's last year as an independent company, focusing on the rush to make Mozilla's [[source code]] ready for its release deadline.<ref>{{cite web|author=Project Code Rush|url=http://clickmovement.org/coderush|title=Project Code Rush|publisher=clickmovement.org|date=|accessdate=2012-08-17}}</ref> |BY-NC-SA 3.0 US |<ref>{{cite web|author=Code Rush in the Creative Commons|url=http://waxy.org/2009/07/code_rush_in_the_creative_commons/|title=Code Rush in the Creative Commons|publisher=Waxy.org|date=31 July 2009|accessdate=2010-02-02}}</ref> |- |''[[The Yes Men Fix the World]]'' |English language documentary film about the culture jamming exploits of The Yes Men. |CC BY-NC-ND |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theyesmen.org/|title=The Yes Men|accessdate=2020-11-30}}</ref> |- |''[[Decay (2012 film)|Decay]]'' |Zombie film made at [[CERN]] |CC BY-NC |<ref name="Wired">{{cite magazine|last=Wattercutter|first=Angela|title=Physics Students Make Zombie Movie Decay Deep Within the Bowels of CERN|url=https://www.wired.com/underwire/2012/10/cern-zombie-movie-decay/|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|date=31 October 2012|accessdate=22 November 2012}}</ref> |- |''[[Elephants Dream]]'' |Product of the first [[Blender (software)|Blender]] Foundation Open Movie Project, released in 2006 |CC BY |<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://orange.blender.org/blog/creative-commons-license-2/|title=Elephants Dream license page|accessdate=2010-01-26}}</ref> |- |''[[Lavorare con lentezza]]'' |2004 Italian drama directed by [[Guido Chiesa]]. |CC BY-NC-SA | |- |[[Life Wasted]] |by [[Pearl Jam]] in 2006, first [[music video]] from a [[major record label]] to be CC licensed |CC BY-NC-ND 2.5 |<ref>[https://www.cnet.com/news/pearl-jam-releases-video-under-creative-commons-license/ pearl-jam-releases-video-under-creative-commons-license] on cnet.com (2006)</ref> |- |''[[Nasty Old People]]'' |A 2009 film in Swedish by Hanna Sköld |CC BY-NC-SA | |- |''[[RiP!: A Remix Manifesto]]'' |a 2008 [[Open-source film|open-source]] documentary film about "the changing concept of [[copyright]]" and the [[remix culture]]<ref>Kirsner, Scott. [http://cinematech.blogspot.com/2007/10/cinematech-filmmaker-q-brett-gaylor-of.html "CinemaTech Filmmaker Q&A: Brett Gaylor of Open Source Cinema".]</ref><ref>Sinnott, Shane. "[http://www.montrealmirror.com/2007/032907/load.html The Load-Down] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630225243/http://www.montrealmirror.com/2007/032907/load.html|date=2007-06-30}}", ''[[Montreal Mirror]]'', 2007-03-29. Accessed 2008-06-30</ref> directed by [[Brett Gaylor]] |CC BY-NC-SA 3.0<ref>[[creativecommonswiki:wiki/Case_Studies/RIP:_A_Remix_Manifesto|IP:_A_Remix_Manifesto]] on creativecommons.org</ref> | |- |''[[Sita Sings the Blues]]'' |feature-length animated film by [[Free culture movement|free culture]] activist [[Nina Paley]] |CC0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.ninapaley.com/2013/01/18/ahimsa-sita-sings-the-blues-now-cc-0-public-domain/|title=Ahimsa: Sita Sings the Blues now CC-0 "Public Domain" « Nina Paley's Blog|website=blog.ninapaley.com|date=18 January 2013|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |- |''[[Sanctuary (short film)|Sanctuary]]'' |A re-mixable Science fiction film | | |- |''[[Sintel]]'' |Product of the third [[Blender (software)|Blender]] Foundation Open Movie Project, released in 2010 | | |- |''[[Star Wreck]]'' |Amateur movie parodies of ''Star Trek'' and ''Babylon 5'' (in Finnish) | | |- |''[[Tears of Steel]]'' |The fourth [[Blender (software)|Blender]] Foundation Open Movie Project, released in September 2012. |CC BY | |- |''[[Where are the Joneses]]'' |online sitcom (series) |CC BY-SA | |} == Tovuti == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" ! style="width:20%" |Jinba ! style="width:50%" |Maelezo ! style="width:25%" |Leseni !Alexa Ranking <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Alexa - Competitive Analysis, Marketing Mix, and Website Traffic|url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo|access-date=2022-01-01|website=www.alexa.com|archive-date=2007-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110021954/http://www.alexa.com/data/details/traffic_details?&range=5y&size=large&y=t&url=wikipedia.org|url-status=dead}}</ref> ! style="width:5%" |Marejeo |- |[[Anatomography]] | |CC BY-SA | | |- |[[Association for Progressive Communications]] | |CC BY-SA | | |- |[[BdFISH]] | |CC BY-NC-ND | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bdfish.org|title=BdFISH - Bangladesh Fisheries Information Share Home|website=www.bdfish.org|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |- |[[Boing Boing]] |Popular blog |CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (most) | | |- |Devopedia |An open community platform for developers by developers to explain technology in a simple, clear and unopinionated way. |CC BY-SA 4.0 (non-code content) | |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://devopedia.org/site-map/about-devopedia|title=About Devopedia|website=www.devopedia.org|accessdate=3 September 2018}}</ref> |- |[[Fandom (website)|Fandom]] |Since June 2009 |CC BY-SA | | |- |[[Identi.ca]] | |CC BY | | |- |[[Internet Archive]] | |Various |170 | |- |[[gnu.org]] | |Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License | | |- |[[Mozilla Foundation|Mozilla website]] |Home of the Mozilla Project |CC BY-SA |166 | |- |[[RationalWiki]] | |CC BY-SA | |<ref>{{cite web|title=RationalWiki:Copyrights|url=https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/RationalWiki:Copyrights|website=RationalWiki|accessdate=5 November 2018|archive-date=2018-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105231933/https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/RationalWiki:Copyrights|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[SCP Foundation]] |The SCP Wiki is a collaborative [[urban fantasy]] writing website about the fictional SCP Foundation, a secretive organization that contains anomalous or supernatural items and entities away from the eyes of the public.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=The SCP Foundation|url=https://scp-wiki.wikidot.com/about-the-scp-foundation|access-date=2021-09-03|website=The SCP Foundation|language=en}}</ref> |CC BY-SA | |<ref name=":0" /> |- |[[Stack Overflow]] | |CC BY-SA |57 | |- |[[The Public Domain Review]] |Online journal showcasing public domain works. |CC BY-SA (unquoted text in collection posts and articles only) | |<ref>{{cite web|title=Using Material from Our Site|url=https://publicdomainreview.org/legal/|website=The Public Domain Review|accessdate=4 November 2018}}</ref> |- |[[Uncyclopedia]] |Satirical online encyclopedia. |CC BY-NC-SA | |<ref>[[uncyclopedia:Uncyclopedia:Copyrights|Uncyclopedia:Copyrights]]. ''Uncyclopedia''. Retrieved 16 March 2021.</ref> |- |[[Wikimedia projects]] including [[Wikipedia]] |Since June 2009; over 80 million items |Text CC BY-SA (plus GFDL in most cases); some in CC BY and CC-0; hosted content also in [[public domain]] and various licenses. | | |- |[[Wikitravel]] | |CC BY-SA | | |} == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Reflist|30em}} [[Jamii:Kazi zenye leseni za Creative Commons]] btzftlze7uaraa4obqr2okt1vg41z61 Ruth Molly Lematia 0 183556 1574338 1524787 2026-06-18T04:02:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574338 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Molly Lematia.jpg|thumb|'''Ruth Molly Lematia Ondoru''']] '''Ruth Molly Lematia Ondoru''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Uganda]], wakili na [[mwanaharakati]] wa haki za binadamu ambaye anahudumu kama mbunge wa [[jamhuri ya Uganda]] na pia mshauri wa rais kuhusu masuala ya familia. Lematia pia ametunga sheria na sera nchini Uganda, amehusika katika kuunda sera ya kimataifa na kikanda, kuhusu amani na maendeleo ya kiuchumi kupitia taaluma yake.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Tushabe |first=Nasa |date=2021-01-18 |title=Full List of Winners and Losers of 2021 Member of Parliament Elections |url=https://pearlpost.co.ug/news/politics/list-of-winners-and-losers-of-2021-member-of-parliament-elections/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=The Pearl Post |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308132912/https://pearlpost.co.ug/news/politics/list-of-winners-and-losers-of-2021-member-of-parliament-elections/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Hon. Lematia Ruth Molly Ondoru {{!}} Global Peace Foundation |url=https://www.globalpeace.org/people/hon-lematia-ruth-molly-ondoru |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=www.globalpeace.org |archive-date=2017-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202071233/https://www.globalpeace.org/people/hon-lematia-ruth-molly-ondoru |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1946]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:Wiki4HumanRights 2024]] [[jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha]] [[jamii:wanasiasa wa Uganda]] [[jamii:Mashindano ya uandishi wa makala za haki za binadamu]] [[jamii:Wanaharakati wa Uganda]] 60yhy7l22w50vcjt46vqi9qlo59jxab Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Don Malya 3 184301 1574143 1574038 2026-06-17T16:41:40Z Don Malya 61486 /* Viungo vya ndani */ Jibu 1574143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Karibu}} '''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:46, 14 Julai 2024 (UTC) == Pitia Marekebisho == Ndugu, hongera kwa juhudi zako, ila naomba upitie makala zako jinsi zilivyorekebishwa ili usirudie makosa yaleyale. Hasa usiache makala bila vyanzo, walau kimoja! Amani kwako '''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])''' 12:10, 10 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :Mojawapo ni kuweka katika Wikipedia ya Kiswahili marejeo kwenda Wikipedia ya Kiingereza. Hii haikubaliki. Badala yake weka marejeo asili yaliyotumika katika toleo la Kiingereza. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 07:07, 27 Aprili 2026 (UTC) ::Kwa kuwa husikii, nimekusimamisha kwa siku 1 upate nafasi ya kupitia marekebisho tuliyofanyia makala zako za harakaharaka. Hivyo utajifunza kutunga kurasa za maana. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 12:28, 27 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :::Ndugu, lebo ya mbegu iwekwe baada ya ile ya reflist. Naomba urekebishe makala zako. Asante! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:45, 12 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::::Pia, marejesho kutoka Wikipedia nyingine hayatakiwi kamwe! Tazama makala yako ya mwisho. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:55, 12 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::::sawa nafanyia kazi asanteh. '''[[Mtumiaji:Don Malya|Don Malya]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Don Malya#top|majadiliano]])''' 16:22, 12 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::::Ndugu Naona unasahau kuweka jamii za muhimu kwenye makala zako mfano makala ya [[Lucia Basson]] ulipaswa kuweka jamii kama '''Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Namibia''', lakini maka zote auweki, zingatia jamii. Amani kwako! '''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])''' 03:42, 21 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::::::asante, nafanyia marekebisho makala nilizosahau kuweka jamii kuu '''[[Mtumiaji:Don Malya|Don Malya]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Don Malya#top|majadiliano]])''' 04:08, 21 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Mradi wa Nchi == Kumekuwa na migogoro mingi kuhusu majina ya makala za nchi katika Wikipedia, lakini bado hakujawahi kuwa na mjadala wa kina wa kutatua suala hilo. Kuna mradi wa [[Wikipedia:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]] chini ya [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi]] unaolenga kushughulikia tatizo hili, lakini kufanikisha hilo kunahitaji uhamasishaji na ushiriki mkubwa zaidi wa jamii. Hivyo basi, nawaomba mshiriki katika kusaidia kutatua migogoro hii ya majina; iwe unaunga mkono au unapinga pendekezo lolote, tafadhali toa maoni na mawazo yako. Baadhi ya mapendekezo yanayoweza kuhitaji mjadala mdogo kabla ya kuidhinishwa ni pamoja na [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Guinea]] na [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Guinea Bisau]], na unaweza kuanza kushiriki huko. Ikiwa una maoni au mapendekezo mengine yoyote, tafadhali nijulishe. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157<sup>2.0</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 06:09, 15 Mei 2026 (UTC) :Kwa vyovyote, Kongo ni jina la hakika, isipokuwa la nchi mbili tofauti. Ukiandika makala kuhusu watu wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, tafadhali usiandike tu Kongo. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 14:17, 26 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::Asante kwa kunisikiliza, ila ingekuwa vizuri kama ungeweka katika mabano <nowiki>[[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]</nowiki>, si Kongo tu. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 12:13, 27 Mei 2026 (UTC) ==Mito== Ndugu, unapoongeza taarifa katika makala zilizopo, uwe makini zaidi usifute zile zilizopo. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 09:46, 13 Juni 2026 (UTC) :asante kwa maelekezo, nafanyia kazi '''[[Mtumiaji:Don Malya|Don Malya]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Don Malya#top|majadiliano]])''' 14:53, 13 Juni 2026 (UTC) == Viungo vya ndani == Hujambo! Epuka kuanza makala bila viungo kwa kurasa nyingine (dead end pages). Ili kuongeza viungo, tumia [[ ]]. Hii husaidia kurahisisha usomaji na kufanya makala iwe rahisi kupatikana. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157<sup>2.0</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 05:48, 17 Juni 2026 (UTC) :Ulikuwa unafanya vizuri, lakini sasa unazidi kulipua ilimradi upate tuzo. Si ustaarabu. Uwe makini zaidi. Angalia nilivyosahihisha walau kidogo baadhi ya kurasa zako. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 09:13, 17 Juni 2026 (UTC) ::Nimefanya marekebisho makala zote nilizoandika kwa makosa, Asante. '''[[Mtumiaji:Don Malya|Don Malya]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Don Malya#top|majadiliano]])''' 16:41, 17 Juni 2026 (UTC) 9s1olad1gwolh0pfk86e9gul8r7v4n2 Marco Vaccari 0 186200 1574091 1574067 2026-06-17T13:57:20Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1574091 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marco Vaccari''' (alizaliwa [[Milano]], [[17 Julai]] [[1966]]) ni mwanariadha mstaafu wa [[Italia]] ambaye alibobea katika mbio za mita 400.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://digilander.libero.it/atleticaleggera/ALL-TIME/4.htm |title=Italian all-time list, men's 400 metres (last updated for year 2000) |accessdate=2024-09-19 |archive-date=2025-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124101323/https://digilander.libero.it/atleticaleggera/ALL-TIME/4.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1966]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ahqoklx9ys09h638ht27y3741ihvni8 Roberto Tozzi 0 186204 1574329 1352222 2026-06-18T03:17:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574329 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Cagliari 1984-itacec-400mt.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Roberto Tozzi]] '''Roberto Tozzi''' (alizaliwa [[17 Desemba]] [[1958]]) alikuwa [[mwanariadha]] wa [[Italia]] ambaye alibobea mbio za mita 400.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://digilander.libero.it/atleticaleggera/ALL-TIME/4.htm |title=Italian all-time list, men's 400 metres (last updated for year 2000) |accessdate=2024-09-18 |archive-date=2025-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124101323/https://digilander.libero.it/atleticaleggera/ALL-TIME/4.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 2ntbw9aedj6iiqz3qrrgqvrow54t99c 1574422 1574329 2026-06-18T09:43:49Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1574422 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Cagliari 1984-itacec-400mt.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Roberto Tozzi]] '''Roberto Tozzi''' (alizaliwa [[17 Desemba]] [[1958]]) alikuwa [[mwanariadha]] wa [[Italia]] ambaye alibobea mbio za mita 400.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://digilander.libero.it/atleticaleggera/ALL-TIME/4.htm |title=Italian all-time list, men's 400 metres (last updated for year 2000) |accessdate=2024-09-18 |archive-date=2025-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124101323/https://digilander.libero.it/atleticaleggera/ALL-TIME/4.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] cugr504flu4klr5iy0r6kbvi64v2qa3 Roberto Mazzoleni 0 186214 1574328 1352233 2026-06-18T03:17:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574328 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Roberto Mazzoleni''' (alizaliwa [[29 Machi]] [[1964]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] mstaafu nchini [[Italia]] ambaye alibobea katika mbio za mita 400.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://digilander.libero.it/atleticaleggera/ALL-TIME/4.htm |title=Italian all-time list, men's 400 metres (last updated for year 2000) |accessdate=2024-09-18 |archive-date=2025-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124101323/https://digilander.libero.it/atleticaleggera/ALL-TIME/4.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] qd8e5p7xwrf8oy81roeq3ya2281152g 1574421 1574328 2026-06-18T09:43:39Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1574421 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Roberto Mazzoleni''' (alizaliwa [[29 Machi]] [[1964]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] mstaafu nchini [[Italia]] ambaye alibobea katika mbio za mita 400.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://digilander.libero.it/atleticaleggera/ALL-TIME/4.htm |title=Italian all-time list, men's 400 metres (last updated for year 2000) |accessdate=2024-09-18 |archive-date=2025-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124101323/https://digilander.libero.it/atleticaleggera/ALL-TIME/4.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] isxhaic49bxyxxszgv8ob2qbrgjr5wd Selma Lønning Aarø 0 186664 1574389 1353473 2026-06-18T06:07:23Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574389 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Selma Lønning Aarø.jpg|thumb|Selma_Lønning_Aarø]] '''Selma Lønning Aarø''' (alizaliwa [[13 Julai]] [[1972]]) ni mwandishi wa riwaya, [[mchekeshaji]], [[mwandishi]] wa vitabu vya watoto, na mwandishi wa makala kutoka [[Norwei|Norway]]. Alifanya uzinduzi wake wa kifasihi [[mwaka]] [[1995]] kwa riwaya Den endelige historien, inayohusu safari za [[ngono]] za msichana mdogo. [[Riwaya]] hiyo ilishinda tuzo ya riwaya [[bora]] ya kwanza kutoka kwa nyumba ya [[uchapishaji]] J.W. Cappelens Forlag.<ref name=snl>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Selma Lønning Aarø |last= |first= |encyclopedia=[[Store norske leksikon]] |editor-last=Bolstad | editor-first=Erik | editor-link= |publisher=Norsk nettleksikon |location=Oslo |url=https://snl.no/Selma_Lønning_Aarø |language=Norwegian |accessdate=8 September 2018}}</ref><ref name=rottem3>{{cite book |title=Norges Litteraturhistorie. Etterkrigslitteraturen |chapter=Fin-de-siècle-prosa? |page=796 |first=Øystein |last=Rottem |authorlink=Øystein Rottem |volume=3 |publisher=Cappelen |location=Oslo |year=1998 |language=Norwegian |isbn=82-02-16426-5 }}</ref> Riwaya nyingine ni Spekulum kutoka mwaka [[1996]], na Bebudelse kutoka mwaka [[1999]]. [[Riwaya]] Vill ni åka mera? kutoka mwaka [[2003]] ilipendekezwa kwa [[Tuzo]] ya Brage. Alitunga kitabu cha [[ucheshi]] Scener fra et ekteskap mwaka [[2003]], na Stormfulle høyder mwaka [[2005]]. Aliandika Vekevis mwaka [[2010]], [[riwaya]] rahisi kusoma kwa watu wazima. Mwaka [[2012]] alichapisha [[kitabu]] cha watoto Vampyrlus!, na mwaka [[2016]] riwaya Hennes løgnaktige ytre. Amehariri toleo tatu za mfululizo wa antolojia ya waandishi wapya Signaler, kwa pamoja na Nils-Øivind Haagensen. Aarø amekuwa mwandishi wa makala kwenye [[magazeti]] kwa miaka kadhaa, akifanya kazi kwa Dagbladet na Klassekampen.<ref name=cappelendamm>{{cite web |title=Selma Lønning Aarø |url=https://cappelendamm.no/forfattere/Selma%20L%C3%B8nning%20Aar%C3%B8-scid:14#:~:text=I%202005%20debuterte%20Selma%20L%C3%B8nning,Milla%20redder%20Amazonas%20(2021). |website=cappelendamm.no |language=Norwegian |accessdate=8 September 2018 |archive-date=2024-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925084419/https://cappelendamm.no/forfattere/Selma%20L%C3%B8nning%20Aar%C3%B8-scid:14#:~:text=I%202005%20debuterte%20Selma%20L%C3%B8nning,Milla%20redder%20Amazonas%20(2021). |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1972]] [[Jamii:watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Norwei]] 9gnc2estmj8d59b521qxns17kst29h8 Simone Bianchi (mwanariadha) 0 188224 1574403 1356927 2026-06-18T07:59:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574403 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Simone Bianchi''' (alizaliwa [[27 Januari]] [[1973]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa kuruka mbali kutoka [[Italia]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://digilander.libero.it/atleticaleggera/ALL-TIME/23.htm |title=Italian all-time list, men's long jump |accessdate=2024-10-15 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305005356/http://digilander.libero.it/atleticaleggera/ALL-TIME/23.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1973]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Italia]] njcqla3nwv8gd8mnbfzfkt96bqpyh21 1574458 1574403 2026-06-18T10:05:16Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1574458 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Simone Bianchi''' (alizaliwa [[27 Januari]] [[1973]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa kuruka mbali kutoka [[Italia]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://digilander.libero.it/atleticaleggera/ALL-TIME/23.htm |title=Italian all-time list, men's long jump |accessdate=2024-10-15 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305005356/http://digilander.libero.it/atleticaleggera/ALL-TIME/23.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1973]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Italia]] 8saxr3j91wabnos2bktt5as509ve93i Paolo Borghi 0 188288 1574234 1357042 2026-06-17T22:19:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574234 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Paolo Borghi''' (alizaliwa [[27 Novemba]] [[1961]]) ni mstaafu wa mchezo wa kuruka juu kutoka [[Italia]]. == Wasifu == Alishiriki kwenye [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya mwaka 1980, ingawa hakufanikiwa kufikia fainali. Rekodi yake bora ya kuruka juu ni mita 2.28, ambayo aliipata Mei 1980 huko Santa Lucia di Piave.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://digilander.libero.it/atleticaleggera/ALL-TIME/21.htm |title=Italian all-time list, men's high jump (last updated 2000) |accessdate=2024-10-16 |archive-date=2018-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514233629/http://digilander.libero.it/atleticaleggera/ALL-TIME/21.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Italia]] cp2ppnlk0h8quxmtlno34cot9v85l0p 1574271 1574234 2026-06-17T22:57:42Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1574271 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Paolo Borghi''' (alizaliwa [[27 Novemba]] [[1961]]) ni mstaafu wa mchezo wa kuruka juu kutoka [[Italia]]. == Wasifu == Alishiriki kwenye [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya mwaka 1980, ingawa hakufanikiwa kufikia fainali. Rekodi yake bora ya kuruka juu ni mita 2.28, ambayo aliipata Mei 1980 huko Santa Lucia di Piave.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://digilander.libero.it/atleticaleggera/ALL-TIME/21.htm |title=Italian all-time list, men's high jump (last updated 2000) |accessdate=2024-10-16 |archive-date=2018-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514233629/http://digilander.libero.it/atleticaleggera/ALL-TIME/21.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Italia]] 99aybm7b0wauxevg6t3218ocdis9wvj Shem Kororia 0 189600 1574393 1540628 2026-06-18T07:03:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574393 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shem Kororia''' (alizaliwa [[25 Septemba]] [[1972]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa zamani wa [[Kenya]] wa mbio ndefu ambaye alibobea katika mbio za mita 5000 na nusu [[marathoni]]. Aliwakilisha nchi yake ya asili katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] mwaka [[1996]] huko [[Atlanta]], [[Marekani]]. Kororia alikuwa mwanariadha wa tatu kuwahi kukimbia nusu marathoni ndani ya saa moja, aliposhinda taji la dunia la nusu marathoni mnamo [[Oktoba]] [[1997]] huko [[Košice]], [[Slovakia]], akitumia dakika 59:56. Alishinda meta 5000 za dhahabu mara mbili katika Michezo ya Kijeshi ya Dunia: mwaka [[1995]] na [[1999]].<ref>gbrathletics: [http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/mwg.htm Military World Games]</ref> Pia alishinda Parelloop 10K katika mbio za [[Uholanzi]] mwaka [[1997]] na alikuwa na ushindi wa mfululizo katika BOclassic mnamo 1994-95.<ref>Arrs.net: [https://www.arrs.run/HP_Pll10.htm List of Parelloop winners] {{Wayback|url=https://www.arrs.run/HP_Pll10.htm |date=20180917174535 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.boclassic.it/en/cms/31.htm Past Winners] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103170224/http://www.boclassic.it/en/cms/31.htm |date=2011-01-03 }}. BOclassic. Retrieved on 2010-01-03.</ref> Pia alishindana katika mashindano ya mbio za nyika. Alitwaa medali ya dhahabu ya timu mara mbili akiwa na Kenya kwenye Mashindano ya IAAF World Cross Country (1994 na 1997). Kwenye mzunguko wa mkutano mkuu wa nchi nzima alipata ushindi mara mbili katika Cross Internacional de la Constitución (1994 na 1995) na alikuwa mshindi wa 1996 wa mbio za Campaccio na Cross Internacional de Venta de Baños.<ref>Civai, Franco & Lorange, Francois (2011-01-10). [https://www.arrs.run/HP_CamXC.htm Campaccio Classica del Cross]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. [[Association of Road Racing Statisticians]]. Retrieved on 2011-01-12.</ref><ref>[http://www.pmdeportesventadebanos.com/crossXXVI/historia.pdf Podium Cross Internacional] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715094805/http://www.pmdeportesventadebanos.com/crossXXVI/historia.pdf |date=2011-07-15 }} ''(List of medallists)''. Venta de Baños. Retrieved on 2009-12-27.</ref><ref>[http://www.cap-alcobendas.es/drupal/CuadroVencedores Cuadro de vencedores del Cross Internacional de la Constitución] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cap-alcobendas.es/drupal/CuadroVencedores |date=20131012055146 }} {{in lang|es}}. CAP-Alcobendas. Retrieved on 2010-12-10.</ref> Anatoka Kaptama katika Wilaya ya [[Mlima Elgon]], kijiji sawa na Edith Masai. == Marejeo == <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1972]] lb7dc2qzf5hoip10t66si70b2k7sh2h Lugha za Kiatlantiki-Kongo 0 190216 1574222 1362551 2026-06-17T22:01:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574222 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lugha za Kiatlantiki-Kongo''' ni [[familia]] kubwa zaidi ya [[lugha]] zilizoonyeshwa kuwa na uhusiano [[bara|barani]] [[Afrika]]. Lugha hizo zina mifumo maalumu ya vikundi vya [[jina|majina]] na zinaunda msingi wa [[nadharia]] ya familia ya [[lugha za Kiniger-Kongo]]. Lugha hizo zinajumuisha karibu lugha zote za Kiniger-Congo isipokuwa [[Kimande]], [[Kidogon]], [[Kijoid]], [[Kisiamou]], [[Kikru]], na [[lugha za Katla]] na [[lugha za Rashad|Rashad]] (ambazo hapo awali zilijulikana kama Kikordofanian), na pengine baadhi au zote za [[lugha za Ubangi]]. Nadharia ya "Western Nigritic" ya Hans Gunther Mukanovsky ilikuwa inahusiana zaidi na Kiatlantiki-Kongo ya kisasa. ==Msamiati linganishi== Mfano wa [[msamiati]] wa msingi kwa lugha za proto zilizorekebishwa za [[tawi|matawi]] mbalimbali ya Kiatlantiki-Kongo: {| class="wikitable sortable" | style="font-size: 90%;" | ! Tawi !! Lugha !! jicho !! sikio !! pua !! jino !! ulimi !! mdomo !! damu !! mfupa !! mti !! maji !! kula !! jina |- | "Western Nigritic"<br/>(roughly Atlantic–Congo) || Proto-"Western Nigritic" || *-nín-, *-nínu || *-thúi, *-thú- || *-míl-, *-míla || *-nín- (*-níghin-) || *-líma (*-líami); *-lélum- (*-lúm-) || *-níana; *-níuna (*-núa) || *-ghìá; *-kàl- || *-khwúpà || *-tí || *-lingi || *di- || *-ghínà |- | Benue-Congo || Proto-[[Benue-Congo languages|Benue-Congo]]<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110905311 |title=The Noun-Class System of Proto-Benue-Congo |url=https://archive.org/details/nounclasssystemo0000dewo |date=1971 |last1=Wolf |first1=Paul de |isbn=9783110905311 }}</ref> || *-lito || *-tuŋi || *-zua || *-nini, *-nino; *-sana; *-gaŋgo || *-lemi; *-lake || || *-zi; *-luŋ || *-kupe || *-titi; *-kwon || *-izi; *-ni || || *-zina |- | Bantu || Proto-[[Bantu languages|Bantu]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Schadeberg |first=Thilo C. |author-link=Thilo C. Schadeberg |isbn=978-0-700-71134-5 |year=2003 |chapter=Historical linguistics |editor-first1=Derek |editor-last1=Nurse |editor-first2=Gérard |editor-last2=Philippson |title=The Bantu Languages|publisher=Routledge }}</ref> || *i=jíco || *kʊ=tʊ́i || *i=jʊ́lʊ || *i=jíno; *i=gego || *lʊ=lɪ́mi || *ka=nʊa; *mʊ=lomo || *ma=gilá; *=gil-a; *ma=gadí; *=gadí; *mʊ=lopa; *ma=ɲínga || *i=kúpa || *mʊ=tɪ́ || *ma=jíjɪ; *i=diba (HH?) || *=lɪ́ -a || *i=jína |- | Yoruboid || [[Proto-Yoruboid language]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Aubry |first1=N. |last2=Friedman |first2=H. |last3=Pozdniakov |first3=K. |year=2004 |url=http://sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/NC/Public/pdf/swadesh_yoruba-igala_2004.pdf |title=Proto-Yoruba-Igala Swadesh list |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105021854/http://sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/NC/Public/pdf/swadesh_yoruba-igala_2004.pdf |archive-date=2021-01-05 |publisher=Langage, Langues et Cultures d’Afrique (LLACAN), Centre National de la Récherche Sciéntifique (CNRS).}}</ref> || *é-jú || *é-tí || *ímṵ́ || *éŋḭ́ || [[Yoruba language|Yor]]. ahá̰ || *ɛ́lṵ ? || *ɛ̀-gyɛ̀ || *égbṵ́gbṵ́ || [[Yoruba language|Yor]]. igi || *ó-mḭ || *jɛṵ || *órú- ? |- | Gbe || Proto-[[Gbe languages|Gbe]]<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110870534 |title=A Comparative Phonology of Gbe |date=1991 |last1=Capo |first1=Hounkpati B.C. |isbn=978-3-11-013392-9 }}</ref> || || *-tó || || *aɖú || *-ɖɛ́ || *-ɖũ; *-ɖũkpá || *-ʁʷũ || *-χʷú || *-tĩ́ || *-tsĩ || *ɖu || *yĩ́kɔ́ |- | Gur || Proto-[[Central Gur languages|Central Gur]]<ref>{{cite book |isbn=2852970635 |title=Contribution à la classification généalogique des langues voltaïques |last1=Manessy |first1=Gabriel |date=1979 |publisher=Peeters Publishers }}</ref> || || || *me (Oti-Volta, Gurunsi) || *ye (Gurunsi, Kurumfe) || || || *ñam, *ñim (Oti-Volta, Kurumfe) || *ʔob, *ʔo || *tɪ (Oti-Volta, Gurunsi) || *ni, *ne; *nã (Oti-Volta, Gurunsi) || *di || *yɪɗ, *yɪd (Oti-Volta, Gurunsi) |- | Gbaya || Proto-[[Gbaya languages|Gbaya]]<ref>{{cite book |isbn=9782705303532 |title=Lexique comparatif des langues oubanguiennes |last1=Moñino |first1=Yves |date=1988 |publisher=Laboratoire de langues et civilisations à tradition orale, Dép. "Langues et parole en Afrique centrale" }}</ref> || *gbà.l̥í/l̥í || *zɛ̀rà || *zɔ̰̀p || *ɲín || *léɓé ~ lémbè || *nú || *tɔ̀k || *gbà̰là̰ || *l̥ì || *tè || *ɲɔŋ/l̥i || *l̥ín ~ l̥íŋ |} ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Wamandé}} {{MUM}} [[Jamii:Lugha za Kiniger-Kongo]] 9ivsu8but586sogzhdw5ln35l244lrm Neil Ellett 0 192956 1574153 1522024 2026-06-17T18:06:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574153 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Neil Ellett''' (alizaliwa huko Richmond, [[British Kolumbia]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Kanada]] ambaye alitumia taaluma yake na timu za Vancouver, ikiwa ni pamoja na Vancouver Whitecaps wa Ligi ya soka ya Amerika Kaskazini (1968–1984). Alicheza pia kama mjumbe wa timu ya taifa ya Kanada na timu ya mpira wa miguu ya Olimpiki.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.soccer.on.ca/OSN.nsf/c1bfa845a2dec3bf85256b0b005d4116/2a81d26e066077d28525758b006ca6c8?OpenDocument |title=Canada Soccer Hall of Fame: Neil Ellett |accessdate=2024-12-05 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182420/http://www.soccer.on.ca/OSN.nsf/c1bfa845a2dec3bf85256b0b005d4116/2a81d26e066077d28525758b006ca6c8?OpenDocument |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.burnabysportshalloffame.ca/07athlete.htm |title=Burnaby Sports Hall of Fame 2007 |accessdate=2024-12-05 |archive-date=2024-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207043122/http://www.burnabysportshalloffame.ca/07athlete.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1944|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] b89r5ptide4h7tsm0gpzult8mskixlt 1574167 1574153 2026-06-17T20:09:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1574167 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Neil Ellett''' (alizaliwa huko Richmond, [[British Kolumbia]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Kanada]] ambaye alitumia taaluma yake na timu za Vancouver, ikiwa ni pamoja na Vancouver Whitecaps wa Ligi ya soka ya Amerika Kaskazini (1968–1984). Alicheza pia kama mjumbe wa timu ya taifa ya Kanada na timu ya mpira wa miguu ya Olimpiki.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.soccer.on.ca/OSN.nsf/c1bfa845a2dec3bf85256b0b005d4116/2a81d26e066077d28525758b006ca6c8?OpenDocument |title=Canada Soccer Hall of Fame: Neil Ellett |accessdate=2024-12-05 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182420/http://www.soccer.on.ca/OSN.nsf/c1bfa845a2dec3bf85256b0b005d4116/2a81d26e066077d28525758b006ca6c8?OpenDocument |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.burnabysportshalloffame.ca/07athlete.htm |title=Burnaby Sports Hall of Fame 2007 |accessdate=2024-12-05 |archive-date=2024-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207043122/http://www.burnabysportshalloffame.ca/07athlete.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1944|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] hug30sgrmokbv779x5kplbhbt3u4rbe Spencer Krug 0 196772 1574412 1395509 2026-06-18T09:13:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574412 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Spencer Krug''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe [[4 Mei]], mwaka [[1977]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]] kutoka nchini [[Kanada]]. Pia ni mwimbaji, [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]], na mpiga [[kinanda]] wa bendi ya indie rock na Wolf Parade na pia amerekodi kama msanii wa solo kwa jina lake mwenyewe na jina Moonface.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jessica |url=http://stereogum.com/archives/progress-report/progress-report-spencer-krug_047841.html |title=Progress Report: Spencer Krug |website=Stereogum.com |date=January 23, 2009 |access-date=July 27, 2016 |archive-date=2010-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102052204/http://stereogum.com/archives/progress-report/progress-report-spencer-krug_047841.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Age reported in 2006: David Berry [https://web.archive.org/web/20120227011309/http://vueweekly.com/music/story/spencer_krug_is_just_parading_as_a_wolf_it_seems/ "Spencer Krug is Just Parading as a Wolf, it Seems"], ''Vue Weekly'', 2006.</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1977|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] 7v5jiuvwsv4fakt4kbxou1nmwwc5u2s Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157 3 197902 1574384 1573280 2026-06-18T05:19:01Z Gayle157 73366 /* BOT 2 */ Jibu 1574384 wikitext text/x-wiki == Karibu == {{karibu}} === Mbegu === Please, let you know that stub is the same than mbegu in Swahili. Peace to you! '''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 07:56, 19 Januari 2025 (UTC) :Is there a template for it? That should appear at the top '''[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Gayle157]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:59, 19 Januari 2025 (UTC) ::Looks like you are moving things so fast. Please learn it slowly. There a process in learning. If you don't follow it, then everything is falling apart. '''[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|majadiliano]])''' 08:46, 19 Januari 2025 (UTC) :::What? What are you talking about '''[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Gayle157]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157#top|majadiliano]])''' 12:24, 19 Januari 2025 (UTC) ::::We have many stub-templates, ex. gr. mbegu-mwanasiasa, mbegu-mtu etc. and we use it at the bottom of the page. Almost all pages in Swahili Wwikipedia have it. This is why you don't need to insert yours at the top. Peace to you! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 12:46, 19 Januari 2025 (UTC) :::::Peace to me , what? Are you 95 yrs? '''[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Gayle157]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157#top|majadiliano]])''' 12:48, 19 Januari 2025 (UTC) === Jedwali la nchi === Unaharibu maumbo ya jedwali. Hizo jedwali zinatumika katika makala nyingi mno. Usiziboronge. '''[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|majadiliano]])''' 16:52, 19 Januari 2025 (UTC) :Sawa. '''[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Gayle157]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157#top|majadiliano]])''' 17:58, 19 Januari 2025 (UTC) === Majaribio === Unafanya majaribio mengi mno. Ni vema lakini bora yatumike kwanza katika userpage yako kabla ya kuifanya iwe rasmi. Pia, una tabia mbaya. Kwanini unafuta jumbe za majadiliano? Hizi ni kumbukumbu muhimu ambazo zinatakiwa kubaki humu. Huwa kama rejea. Unaogopa nini? Let them be bwana! [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 06:55, 24 Januari 2025 (UTC) : Hello, I have Control of My User page and i get to decide What is in my user page as long is its not disruptive nor Evading ban : Second if My Article Is official its because I think it needs to be there. :'''[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Gayle157]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:32, 24 Januari 2025 (UTC) ::Ndugu, sio article. Hizo templates zako. Unaweza kuwasiliana kwa lugha za heshima tu. Wala si ubabe wala kuonyeshana umwamba. Usiweke template kabla haijawa rasmi. Kama unataka kucheza, nenda Test Wikipedia. Hapa kua utaratibu. Kuhusu majadiliano kufuta, ni kheri uweke archive badala ya kufuta. Unaogopa nini? Una haki ya kufanya utakavyo lakini kwa vile hujaondoka bado upo katika mtandao huu, ni muhimu kuwacha mawasiliano wazi. Watu wanaweza kujifunza kupita maongezi. Ni utamaduni mzuri tu wa Wikipedia nyingi. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 14:32, 24 Januari 2025 (UTC) ::: You are So controlling, Damn, My Templates Were drafts when i was using them , After i realized that it has too many errors and i cant solve it i decided to request for deletion because "i" created them, And where did i use "Lugha zisizo za heshima" or "ubabe" as you claim. My templates were draft if they weren't ready. If i don't Want to store them in Archives thats my decision nkt ::: You are so '''Rude''' by telling me if i want to play i should go to test Wikipedia. Just because you are an administrator doesn't give you the right to domineer. ::: There's a reason why its called a '''<big>User Page</big>''' because the user has the Control of it, So i get to decide what's there, i ain't Afraid. ::: Actually am deleting this Talk in my user page '''[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Gayle157]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157#top|majadiliano]])''' 18:20, 24 Januari 2025 (UTC) ::::Hey, hey, bruh! Calm down. We are trying to have a constructive conversation here. I find it hard to explain the whole situation. I did not mean to be rude as you have said above. All I'm saying is that whatever the conversation we are engaging in here is worth keeping for future reference. Someone might learn from them. It's not like I'm controlling you—absolutely not. Just relax. Keep doing whatever you were doing, but do not forget to seek help from those who have tremendous capability to create stuff for you. It's not a bad thing. We are coming from the same stage. I was like you eighteen years ago. No need for harsh language. I believe you're young and ambitious to create articles and templates. Don't hesitate to reach out in case you need anything from me. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 09:47, 25 Januari 2025 (UTC) :::::Firstly i dont need your help , Your First impression was so sad , There are too many bureaucrats with '''etiquette'''. You are Rude in nature. I ain't ambitious or something in writing articles here in Swahili Wikipedia am just doing the same stuff i was doing in English Wikipedia. :::::Your '''tremendous capability''' is appalling. Actually did you figure out how to Create an '''infobox template of Currency''', so sad. :::::Since you have an ego , I will tell you , i learned it with 1 day. :::::And conversation with you aren't constructive at all,you are domineering as i said. :::::Example i asked Riccardo Riccioni which country he was from and your reply was. :::::'''Ofcourse he is from Tanzania, what did you expect'''. :::::That was Rude. I actually will Never tag you again to be fair . :::::And that wasn't a harsh language. Or is it because of my nationality [[File:Flag of Kenya.svg|20px]] that's why you are rude? '''[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Gayle157]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157#top|majadiliano]])''' 15:00, 25 Januari 2025 (UTC) ::::::Sijashindwa kuunda kile kigezo kama unavyodai. Nilikuwa napamba na mambo mengi kwa wakati mmoja, nilikuwa ofisi za watu. Hata hicho unachodai umeunda, ni ajabu tupu. Si kitu. Wewe endelea na lugha zako zisiozo na staha huku ukistuhumu watu kwa vitu wasivyonavyo. Wala sikuonei kisa wewe Mkenya ninataka sana kufanya kazi na Waafrika wenzangu hasa WAKENYA na Waganda. Kama unadhani unaweza kufanya hivyo ufanyavyo kule Wikipedia ya Kiingereza nenda ukajaribu. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 09:31, 26 Januari 2025 (UTC) :::::::Riccardo Riccioni = [[Italia]]no. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kalunde Salome|Kalunde Salome]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kalunde Salome|majadiliano]])''' 10:13, 25 Januari 2025 (UTC) === Infobox nation === Ndugu, usitumie hicho kigezo kwenye makala za nchi. Kina makosa mengi mno. Ukitaka, tumia hiki: [[Kigezo:Jedwali la nchi]] ni cha kisasa zaidi na bora kuliko ulichounda. Hatuwezi kuwa na majedwali ya nchi kila kona. Nilikueleza, uwe unawasiliana na wenzako wana taarifa lakini unaona kama tu anakufuatafuata. Jitahidi uwe na mwasiliano ndugu. Tunajenga nyumba moja. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 06:25, 30 Januari 2025 (UTC) :Niwie radhi nizungumze kwa Kiingereza because Kenyan Swahili is a Slang :So when I was Viewing articles Using Infobox Nchi And Infobox Country i realized they lack Modernity, Example, When you are using English Wikipedia when you look at the Fonts , padding etc they are All designed well but respectfully in Swahili wiki they lacked Something that would captivate A Reader. :</br> :If [[Kigezo:Infobox Nation]] problem was Only Kiswahili Grammar tell me the Exact Words so that I replace them. :To me i think the design is well styled but if you have a problem about it Let me know but don't rule out it as one of infobox of Countries🙏🙏🙏. :</br> :Tell me the Exact words or Design problem with [[Kigezo:Infobox nation]] [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 20:31, 30 Januari 2025 (UTC) ::And yet, in your profile, you have indicated your Swahili language skill level as 4, which is higher. You may not find it hard to communicate in Swahili, as the mentioned level allows us to interact with each other. Anyway, first and foremost, you cannot compare the English Wikipedia and the Swahili Wikipedia. These are two different platforms. English Wikipedia is more extensive in many ways, especially in terms of the people who have the ability to create complex templates. We may use simpler but effective templates, such as the ones we are currently using. In one Wikipedia, we have three different infoboxes for countries—are we serious? I humbly request that you stop changing those countries' infoboxes and replacing them with yours. At the very least, bring the matter to the [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|village pump]], where we can have meaningful engagement with other contributors before making massive changes. Please, let's talk! [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 06:53, 31 Januari 2025 (UTC) :::A UK person with High English Skills can Find it Difficult To Communicate with An American. :::Second The Infobox Nation is about a nation Not Limited to a Country. :::My Point isnt about Disparity between the Language Wikipedia ,Its about Design , Yes Swahili Wiki Hasn't Advanced Yet , That doesn't Mean We use Old Fashioned designs <sup>respectfully</sup> . As i was Saying, in English Wikipedia the Infobox are well Styled , Now why can't Swahili Infobox Be that too. :::The Only Infobox that are Well Styled are [[Kigezo:Infobox Nation]] and [[Kigezo:Infobox nchi]] but [[Kigezo:Infobox nchi]] has too Many Errors. Now for [[Kigezo:Infobox country]] that definitely has Problems, That doesn't Suit Any Quality. :::I want The Infobox to look Better, And most Infobox are locked. We Only have 2 Infobox of Country that are really Official. Even English Wikipedia has 2 Infobox For Countries. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 07:12, 31 Januari 2025 (UTC) ::::I appreciate your perspective/ efforts, and I utterly believe we all share the same goal—to increase the quality of Swahili Wikipedia. There is no doubt that the structure of infoboxes plays a crucial role, and indeed, we can gain valuable insights from English Wikipedia. ::::However, massive changes like this cannot be implemented by a single individual. We need to engage in an open dialogue with the entire community to reach a consensus on the optimal structure for our infoboxes. This is precisely why platforms like the [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|village pump]] exist—to provide a space where contributors can discuss and share their viewpoints before making substantial changes. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 07:28, 31 Januari 2025 (UTC) :::::Okay, But you didn't Tell me which words in [[Kigezo:Infobox Nation]] lacks (Mantiki) as you said so i replace them. 2nd Some Countries are even Using Jedwali not even Infobox i think they need Update. :::::* Whats GDP PPP In swahili Because Pato la Taifa Halisi is Real GDP not PPP?. :::::Last, In Kenya 🇰🇪 we Speak [[Kiswahili Mufti]] not Kiswahili Sanifu , So there will be disparities [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 07:37, 31 Januari 2025 (UTC) ::::::You have excellent point. However, I suggest you present your views on the current country infoboxes via Village Pump. Explain why you believe a new Infobox Nation template is necessary. What improvements does it bring? Why not enhance the existing ones instead of creating new templates? Share your idea with the [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Swahili Wikipedia community]]. We will discuss it together. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 08:07, 31 Januari 2025 (UTC) :::::::Okay. :::::::Where are the words? [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 08:08, 31 Januari 2025 (UTC) ===Erasures=== Brother, you have been '''warned''' about your habit of deleting records of your communication with others. Let them show how things went and who was at fault. Peace to you! Ndugu, '''umeshaonywa''' kuhusu tabia yako ya kufuta kumbukumbu za mawasiliano yako na wengine. Acha zionyeshe mambo yalivyokwenda na nani alikosea. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 10:46, 5 Februari 2025 (UTC) :That's Why its Called a User page, Because The User can design It [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 11:14, 5 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::You mistake USER PAGE with USER TALK, too you mistake REAL DELETION with MERE BLANK. '''[[Mtumiaji:Norbilian|Norbilian]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Norbilian|majadiliano]])''' 11:17, 5 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::The Wikipedia Guidelines says :::Although archiving is preferred, users may freely remove comments from their own talk pages. Users may also remove some content in archiving [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 11:34, 5 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::I meant User Talk Page, And Wikipedia says :::'''Although archiving is preferred, users may freely remove comments from their own talk pages. Users may also remove some content in archiving''' [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 11:35, 5 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::Wikipedia policies says :::'''Although archiving is preferred, users may freely remove comments from their own talk pages. Users may also remove some content in archiving''' [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 11:36, 5 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::Outright blank / deletion is only permissible in case of BLATANT VANDALISMS. '''[[Mtumiaji:Norbilian|Norbilian]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Norbilian|majadiliano]])''' 11:38, 5 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::It says that You cant Delete Comments in Wikipedia User talk page if its about '''vandalism''', '''blocks''', etc :::::I am not Connected with any Of those [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 11:40, 5 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::In case Of Vandalism, Block etcetera, A User Cant delete his own Talk Page [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 11:42, 5 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::::For deleting, I mean NOT talk owner, but EVENT on talk, like insults, middle finger word, and so on. '''[[Mtumiaji:Norbilian|Norbilian]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Norbilian|majadiliano]])''' 11:43, 5 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::::And i am Talking about Talk Owner, The User can delete or archive some comments from his own talk page. :::::::When i tried to delete your user page i reviewed the Guidelines and that's wrong. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 11:45, 5 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::::;;'''Although archiving is preferred, users may freely remove comments from their own talk pages. Users may also remove some content in archiving''' ::::::::[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 11:47, 5 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::::::See what Muddyb [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Majadiliano_ya_mtumiaji%3ANorbilian&diff=1395979&oldid=1395765 NEGATIVELY says], he is another BUREAUCRAT. '''[[Mtumiaji:Norbilian|Norbilian]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Norbilian|majadiliano]])''' 11:49, 5 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::We had an Intense Discussion the last time he advised me not to do that, And I explained myself. But his claim was that '''i am scared''' [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 11:53, 5 Februari 2025 (UTC) === Umefungiwa kwa muda wa wiki === Ndugu, umezuiwa kwa muda wa wiki moja. Umekosa lugha nzuri za mawasiliano. Umekuwa mkaidi katika kushirkiana na wenzako katika kujenga kazi bora. Ukirudi, tambua ya kwamba, hakuna anayeliwa humu. Sote tunajitolea. Wasiliana na wenzako kwa lugha za heshima na si kejeli. Pia, ukiwa na kazi yako, usilazimishe ifanywe hiyo hata ukawaita wazembe. Hapana. Tunafanya kazi zote muda ukiruhusu. Karibu sana. ''Your recent message was inappropriate and did not align with Wikipedia’s standards of respectful communication. As a result, you have been blocked for one week. Please ensure future interactions are civil and constructive.'' [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 14:07, 5 Februari 2025 (UTC) :I don't Mean It Like that, I meant That you don't Help In Reviewing Policies. Na sijakuwa mkaidi katika Kushirikiana na Wenzangu [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 16:08, 5 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::I corrected [[:Wikipedia:Sera na Miongozo]] to the maximal extent linguistically available to me. '''[[Mtumiaji:Norbilian|Norbilian]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Norbilian|majadiliano]])''' 17:13, 5 Februari 2025 (UTC) === UNBLOCK === {{unblock reviewed | 1=Okay i agree i used Offensive Words that goes Against wikipedia Policies , I am afraid i didn't mean It in a Rude way, i just wanted to capture your attention to review the Policy, Please Review My Block. I acknowledge that i used Offensive words that Violates Wikipedia Policies, I sincerely regret, it was never my intention to be rude, And i understand that Wikipedia upholds strict rules for respectful conversation, And will ensure that my future conversation align with this standards, Kindly Review my Block | accept=He has admitted his mistake and promised to be more civilized.}} [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 16:47, 5 Februari 2025 (UTC) === [[Lugha ya Adamu]] === See explanation: [[Majadiliano:Lugha ya Adamu]]. <blockquote> '''Anna Katharina Emmerick''' in her revelation was informed, that especially three languages of [[Baktria]], [[Zendia]], [[India]] are FIRST EVER descendants of language of [[Adamu]], of course in regard of purity as measure of being LEAST CHANGED from language of [[Adamu]] itself. </blockquote> Please translate to Swahili what is cited above, I need it. '''[[Mtumiaji:Nailibron|Nailibron]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nailibron|majadiliano]])''' 16:56, 6 Februari 2025 (UTC) :Oops I had left :Here it is <blockquote> Anna Katharina Emmerick katika ufunuo wake alijulishwa kwamba hasa lugha tatu za Baktria, Zendia, India ni vizazi vya Kwanza kabisa vya lugha ya Adamu, bila shaka kulingana na usafi kama kipimo cha kubadilika kidogo kutoka kwa lugha ya Adamu yenyewe. </blockquote> :[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 17:49, 6 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you. '''[[Mtumiaji:Nailibron|Nailibron]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nailibron|majadiliano]])''' 17:54, 6 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::I too need Swahili translation of this: [[Majadiliano:Lugha_ya_Adamu]], between "…This language was the pure Hebrew, or Chaldaic." and between "Heber was still living at the time of Semiramis. …", '''EXCLUDING''' these betweens. '''[[Mtumiaji:Nailibron|Nailibron]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nailibron|majadiliano]])''' 17:59, 6 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::"Lugha hii ilikuwa Kiebrania halisi, au Kikaldayo." na kati ya "Heber alikuwa bado anaishi wakati wa Semiramis." :::What's this for? [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 18:11, 6 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::You should have translated text between these two, which was NOT to be translated, but to show delimitation of this to be translated: <blockquote> The first [protoindogermanic] tongue, the mother tongue, spoken by Adam, Shem, and Noah, was different, and it is now extant only in isolated dialects. Its first pure [indoiranic] offshoots are the Zend, the sacred tongue of India, and the language of the Bactrians. In those languages, words may be found exactly similar to the Low German of my native place. The book that I see in modern Ctesiphon, on the Tigris, is written in that language. </blockquote> ::::I need this translation to use on Swahili Wikipedia where applicable. '''[[Mtumiaji:Nailibron|Nailibron]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nailibron|majadiliano]])''' 18:17, 6 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::Do you mean like this cause i didn't get what you meant by "delimitation" <blockquote> Lugha ya kwanza [ya Kihindi-Kijerumani cha Kale], lugha mama, iliyozungumzwa na Adamu, Shemu, na Nuhu, ilikuwa tofauti, na sasa inapatikana tu katika lahaja za pekee. Matawi yake safi ya kwanza [ya Kihindi-Kiirani] ni Zend, lugha takatifu ya India, na lugha ya Wabaktria. Katika lugha hizo, maneno yanaweza kupatikana yakiwa sawa kabisa na Kijerumani cha chini cha eneo langu la asili. Kitabu ninachokiona katika Ktesiphon ya kisasa, kando ya Tigris, kimeandikwa kwa lugha hiyo. </blockquote> :::::[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 18:22, 6 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::::It exactly is the citation from Anna Katharina Emmerick private revelations, and exactly it is needed, because it identifies linguistic type of the language of [[Adamu]] by way of divine revelation. '''[[Mtumiaji:Nailibron|Nailibron]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nailibron|majadiliano]])''' 18:29, 6 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::::Was i supposed to translate the words in [ ] [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 18:31, 6 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Yes, of course, both [protoindogermanic] for Adamic, and [indoiranic] for its first grade descendants in regard to least differentiation. '''[[Mtumiaji:Nailibron|Nailibron]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nailibron|majadiliano]])''' 18:36, 6 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::::::Proto-Indo-Kijerumani :::::::::Indo-Irania :::::::::For the Germanic One , I am not sure, [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 18:46, 6 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::"Kihindi-Kijerumani ya Kale" and "Kihindi-Kiirani ya Kale" are sounding better, "proto" is insufficiently Swahili-sounding, do you agree with my translations or they should be corrected further? '''[[Mtumiaji:Nailibron|Nailibron]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nailibron|majadiliano]])''' 18:53, 6 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::Actually That's Correct, 100% :::::::::::So you Can speak Swahili. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 18:58, 6 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::Corrected :::::::::::Kihindi Kijerumani cha Kale :::::::::::Kihindi Kiirania Cha Kale :::::::::::Replace ya with cha [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 19:01, 6 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::Its Kihindi-Kijerumani not Kiujerumani. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 18:59, 6 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::::[protoindogermanic] would be "Kihindi Kijerumani cha Kale" ::::::::::::[indogermanic] would be "Kihindi Kijerumani" ::::::::::::[protoindoiranic] would be "Kihindi Kiirani cha Kale" ::::::::::::[indoiranic] would be "Kihindi-Kiirani" ::::::::::::Is that finally correct? '''[[Mtumiaji:Nailibron|Nailibron]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nailibron|majadiliano]])''' 19:08, 6 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::::Yeah it is correct, [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 19:15, 6 Februari 2025 (UTC) Actually, words in [ ] are added for clarification, since they are NOT part of Emmerick's own words, but they do have perfect sense, since Bactrian, Zend and Indian are from Indoiranian group. '''[[Mtumiaji:Nailibron|Nailibron]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nailibron|majadiliano]])''' 19:21, 6 Februari 2025 (UTC) :I know nothing about the "Emmerick" thing, but is that it, Its half Past 10 in EAT, Is that all for translation i need to sleep [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 19:29, 6 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::I confirm, translation work is fully completed. Thank you for all! '''[[Mtumiaji:Nailibron|Nailibron]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nailibron|majadiliano]])''' 19:41, 6 Februari 2025 (UTC) === Misplaces === Thats where i keep my projects/Archives And drafts too before they - Articles, they are Full Articles [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 12:09, 7 Februari 2025 (UTC) :I added <nowiki>{{clear}}</nowiki> to prevent '''vertical snake effect made by "My Contributions" header''' on your user page. '''[[Mtumiaji:Hatani Nihongi Katani|Hatani Nihongi Katani]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hatani Nihongi Katani|majadiliano]])''' 12:45, 7 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::They are no longer drafts, So you can revert. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 12:45, 7 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::Of course <nowiki>{{clear}}</nowiki> permanently stays in place. '''[[Mtumiaji:Hatani Nihongi Katani|Hatani Nihongi Katani]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hatani Nihongi Katani|majadiliano]])''' 12:48, 7 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::I too removed this ugly excessive .m. away from your userpage sw.wikipedia.org links. '''[[Mtumiaji:Hatani Nihongi Katani|Hatani Nihongi Katani]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hatani Nihongi Katani|majadiliano]])''' 09:04, 9 Februari 2025 (UTC) === Masuala mengi kwenye [[janja]] === Gayle, umeweka onyo kwamba kuna masuala mengi kwenye makala ya [[janja]]. Sielewi. Tafadhali eleza masuala hayo kwanye [[majadiliano:Janja]]. '''[[Mtumiaji:ChriKo|ChriKo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:ChriKo|majadiliano]])''' 16:13, 7 Februari 2025 (UTC) :What are you talking about, i dont get it [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 18:58, 7 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::He is saying about BOILERPLATES, duh! [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-18939|&#126;2025-18939]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-18939|talk]]) 19:01, 7 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::Oh, i get it now [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 19:26, 7 Februari 2025 (UTC) I meant Linking of words with no articles [[]] , You linked Too many words to non existing articles hence the Article looks ugly with too much red [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 19:34, 7 Februari 2025 (UTC) :Polepole kijana. Huyo ni legendary hapa Wikipedia. Mimi mwenyewe nimemkuta. Ni mtaalamu wa masuala anayoandika. Anajua anachokifanya. Ukiwasiliana naye, usitumie lugha za kebehi. Mchango wake katika makala za ndege hakuna wa kumshinda. Ukiacha michango, umri pia ni zaidi ya 70+ unaombwa kutumia lugha nzuri. Kama haitoshi, anaishi Kenya. Ni mwenzako huyo! [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 06:04, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::No, Damn, I'm not saying about Article, The article is correct, But the problem is Linking of words to non existing articles so making it a Problem example i can link a Bio Name to no article. ::Lastly i didn't use any non-good Language [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 10:45, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::MIXING of SWAHILI with ENGLISH is NOT CORRECT. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-18897|&#126;2025-18897]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-18897|talk]]) 11:22, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::what? This is not Article, There's no such rule on User Page Talk [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 11:24, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::Gayle157, Please write again your above sentence in pure Swahili, without making FRANKENSTEIN of both. '''[[Mtumiaji:Hatani Nihongi Katani|Hatani Nihongi Katani]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hatani Nihongi Katani|majadiliano]])''' 11:24, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::::Already Translated [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 11:26, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) FRANKENSTEIN-s are to be avoided since FRANKENSTEIN-s are thwarting GOOGLE TRANSLATOR when someone does not understand given language. '''[[Mtumiaji:Hatani Nihongi Katani|Hatani Nihongi Katani]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hatani Nihongi Katani|majadiliano]])''' 11:27, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :Its not like i used French with Swahili, Since you understand both, Its not a Problem. :You have stayed in Kenya you should have already Known that we mix 3 languages at same time [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 11:29, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::Problem is when you do CTRL C CTRL V into Google Translator, it goes 1oo% stupid. '''[[Mtumiaji:Hatani Nihongi Katani|Hatani Nihongi Katani]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hatani Nihongi Katani|majadiliano]])''' 11:31, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::fine, [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 11:32, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::Good you understood problem you were causing, if some Frenchman would google translate current discussion. '''[[Mtumiaji:Hatani Nihongi Katani|Hatani Nihongi Katani]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hatani Nihongi Katani|majadiliano]])''' 11:35, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::Got it [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 11:37, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) === Blocked for no reason === I cant believe you did this @[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] , I already told you that Sterling Pound is different from Lebanese Pound and different from Egyptian Pounds they can't be in the Same article unless we create another article of Pound (currency) which i was gonna do that, Tell me The Reason you blocked me? Because i Created a Page about Sterling Pound and you changed it To pound. @[[Mtumiaji:Nailibron|Nailibron]] Can you explain to him that English Wikipedia has different versions of Pounds articles , So i created a Article of Sterling Pound and He moved it to Pound (currency) I told him that this article is about Pound(sterling) and i moved it back , So now he blocked me , What's that? [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 13:36, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) See Here: Here are the Articles in English Wikipedia , @[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] *[[en:Lebanese pound]] *[[en:Sterling pound]] *[[en:Egyptian pound]] You just Can't Block Someone with no valid Reason, You are actually the One who violated Wikipedia policies by '''disruptive editing''', I created an Article about Sterling Pound and that's the reason you are mad?, I Never Abused nor insulted you [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 13:50, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :You never insulted me, so "mad" is not an insult... Please, reflect a little on your behaviour. Tomorrow your block will end and you would go on with your contribution following your promise of being civil. Now I have differentiate one page about [[pauni (sarafu)]] and another about [[pauni ya Uingereza]]. Let you prepare the pages about other pounds. Thanks. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:56, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::How is ::'''is that why you are mad''' ::an insult? ::That's A Question you blocked me for me for "kero" thats why i asked that [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 14:02, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::Riccardo Riccioni assumed that pagemove-war article is about GENERAL type of pound. '''[[Mtumiaji:Nailibron|Nailibron]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nailibron|majadiliano]])''' 14:01, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[Mtumiaji:Nailibron|Nailibron]] ::::No , i explained to him 5 times that that article isnt about General pound and he kept reverting every now and then yet i told him that, i will create an article about General pound, [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 14:03, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]]You said you blocked me for "kero", That's Why i asked is that the Reason why you are mad? ::::Actually, You blocked me before even i said that!. ::::That's So Unfair, That i repeatedly told you that this Article is About Sterling pound not general pound, But you kept repeating the Same talk, Not even wanting to hear me. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 14:07, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::24 hours is not a lot of time. Please consider reducing your pace. Your approach seems quite hurried. You may communicate with your colleagues in a humble and respectful manner, avoiding any commanding tone. Much of your communication seems to carry commanding elements. Instead, engage with others as if you are having a mutual discussion, aiming to reach an agreement, rather than issuing directives. It should not appear as though decisions have already been made. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 14:22, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::::@[[Mtumiaji:Nailibron|Nailibron]] tell me how is that Not Unfair? ::::::* I decided to create a page about Sterling Pound and i did. ::::::*@[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] Moved the Page To '''Sterling Pound''' ::::::* I told him that this Article is about Sterling Pound not general pound and i reverted it back and told him that other countries use pounds too ::::::* He said That the UK pound is the Most Used hence we should rename it To Pound (Currency) but still representing Sterling Pound though he agreed that it is used in Most Countries and he moved it back to '''pound currency''' ::::::* And i told him that All East Africa countries have Shillings but they have different articles like Kenyan Shillings, Tanzanian Shillings Etc And i reverted it back to Sterling Pound ::::::* He still insisted that the Pound should Just be used for UK ::::::* And now i used example using Dollar , I told him that this Wikipedia has different articles of Dollars, US, Australian, Canadian. ::::::* Now he agreed with me and told me that i still need to create articles about Other pounds. ::::::* I told him okay and told him that i will also create the General pound article too to avoid confusion. The next second i just saw that i am blocked for bad Behavior, ::::::* And i asked Him why? Is it because i Moved the page to the Sterling pound that's the reason you are mad? ::::::* And now he says that i insulted him using mad, yet it was even before and its a question ::::::Is that Fair? [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 14:26, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::::@[[Mtumiaji:Muddyb|Muddyb]], Before you generated a biased View ,Tell me '''HOW?''' I communicated in disrespectful manner or tone? [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 14:30, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::::First BAN, second ASK - this order should be reversed. '''[[Mtumiaji:Nailibron|Nailibron]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nailibron|majadiliano]])''' 14:30, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::::::The order is like that He banned me and i asked why? ::::::::I want you to read it Carefully with no bias from Both Sides. ::::::::Tell me is that fair? [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 14:32, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::::::Even ADMIN should first discuss, and BAN at LAST RESORT. '''[[Mtumiaji:Nailibron|Nailibron]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nailibron|majadiliano]])''' 14:35, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::@[[Mtumiaji:Nailibron|Nailibron]] Exactly, ::::::::::The Problem Would have Been if i was moving the article yet '''i am wrong''' , Lets say if there were no Other Countries using Pound thats where you would say that i committed disruptive Editing, ::::::::::But now I am '''right''' that there are other Pounds and they should Have Their own articles just like dollars which by the way @[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] later agreed but He still blocked me, ::::::::::I wasn't Vulgar nor Abusive! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 14:40, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::@[[Mtumiaji:Muddyb|Muddyb]]First i am Moving at the Pace because there's nothing wrong with the Articles i created. ::::::::::I want you to Read the Events above and don't Even Be biased, ::::::::::Tell me is it Fair? Or domineering [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 14:35, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::I don't know, since Riccardo Riccioni TALKS VERY RARELY. '''[[Mtumiaji:Nailibron|Nailibron]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nailibron|majadiliano]])''' 15:03, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::::We have a lot of work. We cannot waste time in such discussions with a person who believes he is always OK but doesn't know politeness. I started a discussion with him, but before hearing me, he wanted on with an editing war which is not usual in our Wikipedia. I was trying to revise the article but every time he had just moved and changed it. At the end I blocked him for one day to get the time of dividing it in two as he pretended. Peace to both of you! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 14:52, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::::Why are you falsifying the truth and You can Clearly see that I explained my self before i moved The page and i told you :::::::::::::that i Created this Page for '''sterling pound''' not general pound so who decided to go on edit war. :::::::::::::Of course its you, Because i was right that this page was For Sterling pound even the Content in it and you agreed to it. But still you wanted to change it to Pound, instead of creating another one like you just did lastly after changing mind. :::::::::::::See, You did edit warring not me. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 15:11, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::::I actually understand why @[[Mtumiaji:Kisare|Kisare]] reported @[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] and other Administrators. You guys have Been Misusing Power You just like your views Be heard and yet you want us to engage but you don't want to engage, You are always biased and your views are not Neutral, Not even in the Least. You always want to domineer and when one is against y'all you block them. Its sad [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 16:10, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) @[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Gayle157]] Sasa hiyo ni shida kama unaamini ninafanya biased view. Sipaswi kuwa na mtazamo? Mimi nakujua sana jinsi unavyowasiliana. Wala si mgeni kwako. Si kitu. Tumezoea kufanya kazi kwa mawasiliano mno kuliko kuvutana. Hiki kinachotokea hivi karibuni tena kutoka kwa watu wa haiba ileile, inaeleza ni watu wa aina gani. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 18:42, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :I am talking about Now not previous mistake! :That's the reason i said you are biased [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 19:11, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::Tunaweza kufanya kazi kwa amani? Bila kutunishiana misuli? [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 19:15, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::If You are talking about The day before yesterday insult i never denied that and i Apologized. :::Today nobody insulted anyone. :::If you think i insulted anyone show me exact text. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 19:24, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::Like i have always been saying and thats what @[[Mtumiaji:Kisare|Kisare]] was Talking about is that you administrators like to domineer, You just want your views to be heard not ours, That's now a Problem. :::I actually saw all the things you were telling me that i lacked you told kisare too like :::* kushirikiana etc. :::We are Here to Make Swahili Wikipedia better not To do what Admins say. :::I actually read the Whole Report thing Of Kisare and it was sad that Riccardo could do that. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 19:27, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::Let's work together as people who wish to reach a common goal. It's not about conflicts or using language that, when examined closely, contains an element of disrespect. In communications like these involving many people, more wisdom is required instead of pointing fingers. Alright, young man? Let's get to work. Karibu sana! [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 19:30, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::This is me asking the 5th time show me the Exact words that show "disrespect" :::::If you don't , then i clearly understand that you are '''biased''' as i said Previously. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 19:35, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::::He REALLY still cannot edit articles due to block. If "KARIBU SANA", then UNBLOCK of GAYLE is needed. '''[[Mtumiaji:Nailibron|Nailibron]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nailibron|majadiliano]])''' 19:37, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::::How do you explain this '''We are Here to Make Swahili Wikipedia better not To do what Admins say.'''? :::::::I can tell you your articles has millions of errors and yet you proud yourself of making it better. That's rich. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 19:38, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::::::"errors" ,what errors? its Funny though expected. ::::::::I mean '''not what admin command us to do''' , like Overriding their view against ours and if we complain we get blocked [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 19:44, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::::::You are unblocked. I will show your errors although you think you know it better. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 19:47, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::I don't know it better, And i am waiting to see those errors, If they are '''trivial''' that's typo mistake . [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 19:49, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::I would count into errors such things as CAPITAL LETTER initialization of verbs and nouns INSIDE sentence, like Germans do it. '''[[Mtumiaji:Nailibron|Nailibron]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nailibron|majadiliano]])''' 19:51, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::::Oh capitalization i agree, But its very rare in my articles, I use that in talk pages because i am always in hurry. ::::::::::::And thanks 👍, For unblock request [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 19:53, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::::Thanks both, Though i am still mad of not being given a legitimate reason of being blocked.Mistake of today isn't yesterday's mistake [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 19:56, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::::Also, it's not just about capitalization. There are issues with linking articles to other languages, not placing the correct category for articles, and the structure of articles is still challenging. These things you learn by reading other articles or well-improved articles. For example, biographical articles must have categories like the year of birth, such as 1959. If the subject has passed away, they should be placed in the category for the year they died, like those who died in 2025, and so on. These are fundamental things you should practice early on. Moreover, the formatting of references is weak. Many articles you've written are from your perspective rather than from sources. It's nothing major. Just keep going. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 20:07, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) Explain how the Structure of my Articles is Challenging , Use an Example. The Issue about Category, I don't Remember using category for date of death In English Wiki, and here too , Since Riccardo edits my articles first he would have done that but i have never seen it. Actually Yes you are right i dont see anything major though [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 20:17, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) === IMPROPER EXERCISE OF ADMINISTRATIVE DISCRETION === @[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] *We both committed '''edit warring''' and that was because of you , Because i was right and you agreed too that we should create separate Articles but You blocked after that. Second i didn't commit any other violation of Wikipedia. * '''No Vandalism''' * '''No personal attack''' * Nor '''moving a page''' with '''no reason''' But you did; * '''Disruptive Editing''' And you actually blocked me with no '''valid''' reason. Its Just that this Wikipedia is too small i needed all Administrators to talk about this. That was * '''Biased''' * Misuse Of Power * Violation of Wikipedia Policies to an extent you blocked with no discussion. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 14:58, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :META TOPIC: :https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Cases/Sysop_abuse_in_Swahili_Wikipedia :'''[[Mtumiaji:Nailibron|Nailibron]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nailibron|majadiliano]])''' 15:11, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::Should i create it? [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 15:16, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::You should NOT create CASE but join CASE as WITNESS. '''[[Mtumiaji:Nailibron|Nailibron]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nailibron|majadiliano]])''' 15:18, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::I still don't get it, Mind to help? [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 15:26, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Kisare Do what Kisare does]. '''[[Mtumiaji:Nailibron|Nailibron]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nailibron|majadiliano]])''' 15:28, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::::okay i am doing it [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 15:44, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::::I did that, Help me fix typos cause i am not good at typing [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 15:57, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::::You should at META change header to "complaint by Gayle157" and sign it with four tildes, since it looks like section of offending admin which you are NOT. '''[[Mtumiaji:Nailibron|Nailibron]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nailibron|majadiliano]])''' 16:09, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::::::I don't get it, Please do that. ::::::::I know nothing about that [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 16:11, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::::::I will try from IP, and if someone RVV-s my IP, RVV him in kind. '''[[Mtumiaji:Nailibron|Nailibron]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nailibron|majadiliano]])''' 16:12, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::Okay [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 16:17, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::Gayle157 section already there fixed at META, remove comma after first Riccardo Riccioni instance, so IP will be covered by your edit. '''[[Mtumiaji:Nailibron|Nailibron]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nailibron|majadiliano]])''' 16:40, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::::okay [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 16:41, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::::Can you at all cleverly use your other account, so no one will NOTICE it is you doing edits elsewhere ? '''[[Mtumiaji:Nailibron|Nailibron]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nailibron|majadiliano]])''' 18:06, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::::::Thanks for the Edit on Mediawiki by the way [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 19:12, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::::::Thanks for Emmerich's translations as well. '''[[Mtumiaji:Nailibron|Nailibron]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nailibron|majadiliano]])''' 19:22, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) To cover further IP corrections at META, please change lowercase '''pound''' word to uppercase '''Pound''' word where is written "egyptian pound". '''[[Mtumiaji:Nailibron|Nailibron]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nailibron|majadiliano]])''' 18:43, 9 Februari 2025 (UTC) :Done [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 18:49, 9 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::I hope our admins will be able to successfully defend themselves from these META allegations. I say this because Riccardo Riccioni actually helped to preserve [[Lugha ya Adamu]] recent Emmerick additions. '''[[Mtumiaji:Nailibron|Nailibron]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nailibron|majadiliano]])''' 18:54, 9 Februari 2025 (UTC) ===Kuhusu Makala Zako=== Nimejaribu kufuatilia makala zako nyingi ulizoanzisha katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]] , kwanza ,makala zako hazizingatii muundo wa Uandishi,ikiwemo kukosekana kwa refference katika makala zako unazoanzisha,mfano wa makala hizo ni kama ifuatavyo hapa chini: *[https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Ohana Amiri Ohana] makala hii haina mbegu,wala haina jamii '''hii ni makosa kiasi''' *[https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dola_ya_Australia Dola ya Australia] Makala hii haina mbegu wala haina refference '''makosa kiasi''' *[https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dola_ya_Kana Dola ya Kanada] Makala hii ni mbovu kabisa kimuundo,makala hii haina jamii.makala hii hujaweka mbegu,ni makala ambayo ulipaswa kuomba wahariri wengine wairekebishe au kuomba muungo wa namna ya kuanzisha makala iliyo bora. '''Nimeirekebisha,Haikuwa na Marejeo na jamii''' *[https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneo_bunge_la_Runyenjes Eneo bunge la Runyenjes] makala hii umetafsiri mstari mmoja tu,pia katika makala hii ikiwa kwenye kiingereza,iliwekwa refference,lakini wewe hiyo refference uliiondoa pindi ulipoweka tafisir katika kiswahili,pia makala hiyo hujaweka mbegu,hujaweka reffence,infobox unayotumia pia haina uhalisi na haifai kuwa infobox,je na hapa nako ulitaka uachwe bila ya kupewa maelekezo ya namna ya kufanya katika uandishi huu ? '''sikuandika hii''' *[https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Herzog Isaac Herzog] Makala hii uliweka jamii moja tulhali ya kuwa kulikuwa na jamii nyingi unapaswa kuziongeza,makala haikuwa na Mbegu, je wajua kuwa ulipaswa kuweka mbegu ? *'''Hiyo ni Makosa kiasi''' *[https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/JD_VanceJD Vance] makala hii hujaweka vyanzo hali ya kuwa ulipoitoa katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza makala ilikuwa na vyanzo vingi mno,je vyanzo hivyo ulishindwaje kuvileta katika Wikipedia ya KIswahili, au huku hapafai kuwa na vyanzo yani reffence ?..... '''Hii niliamdika sio kutafsiri''' *[https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaru_School Kangaru School] Makala hii muundo wake ni mbaya,mbegu umeweka juu badala ya chini kama wanavyofanya wahariri wengine,Je uhariri wa aina hii,ulijifunza katika Wikipedia Ipi ?..... Pia katika makala hii sehemu ya jamii,wewe ukaweka mbegu '''Kuna Kigezo kingine kinaitwa mbegu ambapo huwekwa Hapo juu na ni tofauti''' *[https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiashiria_cha_ukosefu_wa_usawa Kiashiria cha ukosefu wa usawa] makala hii hujaweka mbegu,hujaweka jamii za kutosha,pia umetumia refference ambayo siyo reliable source,yeyote yule anaweza kuingiza taarifa katika source uliyotumia,vipi hapo unafikiri ulikuwa sahihi ? '''World Bank Ni reliable source, Be for real''' *[https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiswahili_Mufti Kiswahili Mufti] makala hii hukuweka vyanzo '''Makosa kiasi""" *[https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipato Kipato] Makala hii katika kiingereza ilikuwa na vyanzo vya kutosha,ulipoitafsiri katika Kiswahili hukuweka hivyo vyanzo,kwanini ulivitoa ? '''Sio makala ya Kutafsiri''' *[https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauaji_ya_Shakahola Mauaji ya Shakahola] Nakala hii hukuweka jamii,makala haina mbegu,je huo ndio muundo unaofahaa kutumika katika Wikipedia yeyote na kwa aina hiyo ya uandishi unadhani haukustahili kupewa maelekezo ya namna ya kuanzisha makala iliyo bora ? '''shida ni jamii, muundo uko sawa''' Hapo nimeonyesha sehemu tu ya makala mbovu nyingi ulizoanzisha ambazo siyo kufungiwa tu,bali makala hizo zilifaa kufutwa kabisa au kufanyiwa maboresho,kuachwa kwa aina ya makala zako ,ni sawa na kuendeleza ama kukubali uanzishwaji wa makala mbovu na zisizo na viwango vinavyotakiwa Haya nimekuandikia pia katika ukurasa wa meta, Amani sana '''[[Mtumiaji:Idd ninga|Idd ninga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Idd ninga|majadiliano]])''' 20:21, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :Jambo la kwanza hakuna makala yakutafsiriwa hapo kutoka Wikipedia ya Kiingereza ,Zote nimeandika. :Pili Si makala yote ni mbegu. :Kukosa kuweka jamii haimanishi makala iwe mbegu! :Tatu World bank Ni reliable source kwa hivyo huwezi sema si reliable. :Nne Makala zenye hazina Reference ni kiasi. :Tano makala ya Kipato ilishikanishwa mimi niliandika Mapato , Kwa hivyo hiyo si mimi niliandika :Mwisho kuna Template inaitwa mbegu si mbegu- hapana kuna mbegu yenye huwekwa pale juu kama stub. :Huu ndio muundo sahihi [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 20:35, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :Makala haeizi futwa juu haina mbegu au Jamii. :Hata Kwa Wikipedia ya Kiingereza, Ukikosa Kuweka Jamii mfano: We Ulijiunga juzi juzi, Kuna Mwingine Ataiweka , That's the Reason its called an Encyclopedia. :Huwezi sema makala ni "mbovu" kwa sababu ya Kukosa Mbegu, La! :Makala yenye ilipaswa kuwa mbegu ni kama [[Dola ya Kanada]] , Hiyo nimeitikia ilikuwa na Shida, Swahili Wikipedia ni changa na English Wikipedia ni kubwa ila Makala Hazifutwi kiholela holela [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 20:56, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::Katika makala ulizoanzisha ni makala ngapi ambazo unafahamu kabla ya wewe kuanzisha tayari zilikuwa zimeanzishwa katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza ? '''[[Mtumiaji:Idd ninga|Idd ninga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Idd ninga|majadiliano]])''' 21:05, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::Makala zenye nimeandika sikutumia Wikipedia ya Kiingereza ila nilifanya research ili nizianzishe, Hakuna yenye inafanana na ile Ya kiingereza unaweza Confirm. :::Huwezi Ita makala Mbovu kwa sababu ya kukosa Mbegu na jamii , Hiyo ni makosa. :::Pia si yote ni mbegu. :::Halafu mimi hutumia mbegu si mbegu- [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 21:13, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::Katika utafiti uliofanya,ni makala ngapi kabla ya kuzianzisha ulishagundua kuwa tayari zilikuwa zimeanzishwa katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza kabla ya wewe kuzianzisha ? '''[[Mtumiaji:Idd ninga|Idd ninga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Idd ninga|majadiliano]])''' 21:22, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::Tazama hapa uone historia ya hii [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Herzog&action=history makala] '''[[Mtumiaji:Idd ninga|Idd ninga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Idd ninga|majadiliano]])''' 21:13, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::[[Isaac Herzog]] imefanya nini, Ni mimi niliandika, Najua haikuwa na jamii ila hiyo si sababu ya kuiita mbovu. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 21:16, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::::Juu ulisema hukuandika,sasa hivi unasema tena uliandika,nikuelewe kwamba uliandika,nikuelewe kwamba hukuandika,au nielewe vyote ? '''[[Mtumiaji:Idd ninga|Idd ninga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Idd ninga|majadiliano]])''' 21:18, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::::Nimesema hii ya [[Eneo bunge la Runyenjes]] ndio sikuandika [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 21:20, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Pia makala ya Kangaru School,sijakwambia kwamba uliitafsiri,hivyo pitia maelezo niliyokuwekea kwa umakini '''[[Mtumiaji:Idd ninga|Idd ninga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Idd ninga|majadiliano]])''' 21:17, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::::::Unakosea Mbegu kwa Kangaru School niliiweka juu , kwa sababu ni tofauti na (mbegu-). Mi nilitumia (mbegu) kwa sababu inaonekana [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 21:19, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) Pia kama una kiri kuna makosa kiasi,hayo makosa kiasi ndiyo ambayo ulikuwa unaelekezwa ili uyarekebishe, Amani sana '''[[Mtumiaji:Idd ninga|Idd ninga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Idd ninga|majadiliano]])''' 21:20, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :Mimi sikukataa Kurekebisha, Ila hiyo haimaanishi useme ni mbovu na kusema kuwa Sikuelekezwa jinsi ya Kuandika Makala bora. :Katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza ukipata makala haina Jamii rekebisha kisha umwambie akuwe Anaweka jamii, Sikumwambia Makala zako ni mbovu...etc. :Hiyo ni vibaya! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 21:24, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :Of Course. Ni zote hata kama sikuangalia kama zipo Wikipedia ya Kiingereza, Wikipedia ya Kiingereza ni vingumu sana kukosa makala. :Ila sikuwa nataka kutafsiri , Mwanzo huo ni utafiti wao, Huu ni wetu [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 21:26, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::Kwa hiyo unataka kusema kuwa Makala ambayo tayari ipo katika WIkipedia moja ,mfano ya Kiingereza na ikawa na vyanzo,huku Wikipedia ya Kiswahili haifai kuweka vyanzo kwa sababu Wikipedia ya Kiswahili na Kiingereza ni tofauti na kwanini usiweke vyanzo ambayo tayari Wikipedia nyingine walishaweka hivyo vyanzo kwa makala sawa na hiyo unayoanzisha ? '''[[Mtumiaji:Idd ninga|Idd ninga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Idd ninga|majadiliano]])''' 21:32, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::Si eti haifai , Ni '''si lazima''' utumie vyanzo vilivyo kwenye Wikipedia ya Kiingereza humu, Huo ni utafiti wao na huu ni wetu, :::Hapo kuna tofauti [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 21:35, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::I appreciate your concern though it surprises me how you made a Trivial Matter a big deal, If you find an article with no categories Fix it, No References add it, :::Don't Go insulting the Articles that wont it better. :::Though thanks for letting me know. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 21:31, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::Katika makala utakazoanzisha tena,zingatia kuweka vyanzo,usipoweka vyanzo, makala yako inaweza kufutwa, Amani sana '''[[Mtumiaji:Idd ninga|Idd ninga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Idd ninga|majadiliano]])''' 21:41, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::Ni makala Mbili hazikuwa na Vyanzo, Pekee. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 21:42, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::::Huko kukosekana kwa vyanzo,ni sehemu ya mambo niliyokuelezea kuwa yapo katika makala ulizoanzisha '''[[Mtumiaji:Idd ninga|Idd ninga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Idd ninga|majadiliano]])''' 21:53, 8 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::::You can't Just delete an article because it has no sources you should discuss with me first of course i could have placed them! :::::::Actually many articles in this Wikipedia have no Sources and this Wikipedia has no draft space so you can't just delete without discussion on that Article. :::::::This Wikipedia is new and Deleting pages over over because of trivial mistake thats Violation :::::::[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 04:45, 9 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Unapoanzisha makala hakikisha unakuwa na vyanzo, kama makala yako haina vyanzo,inaweza kutolewa, na hiyo haitokuwa violence, ni utaratibu uliopo katika Wikipedia ya Kiswahili '''[[Mtumiaji:Idd ninga|Idd ninga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Idd ninga|majadiliano]])''' 09:09, 9 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::::::@[[Mtumiaji:Idd ninga|Idd ninga]] Sio Kiswahili mkuu, Wikipedia zote wanataja reference or citation. Si kwamba utaratibu tuliweka sisi. Kwako @[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Gayle157]], kwanini unataka mtu adiskasi na wewe kwa kitu ambacho too obvious? Hujui kama Wikipedia hatuandiki kwa matakwa yetu bali vyanzo? [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 09:42, 9 Februari 2025 (UTC) @[[Mtumiaji:Muddyb|Muddyb]] Umesema ni too Obvious, Kwa hivyo unasema Yule rafiki yako [[Mtumiaji:ChriKo|ChriKo]] , Ambaye ulisema ni legendary makala zake zinapaswa Kufutwa Kwa Sababu hazina Vyanzo , Huh? Kwa Sababu hivyo ndivyo Huyo mkabidhi anadai , Ila mimi nakataana nayo, Kwa sababu makala nyingi humu hazina Vyanzo na hazina Vandalism na Ni of Quality Pia anadai Kama Makala haina jamii ifutwe. By the way, Anapaswa kufuta hii makala ya Rafiki yako inaitwa [[Janja]] , Kwa sababu alishafuta Makala yangu. Nilikuwa nasema anapaswa Kumjulisha mwenye makala aweke Vyanzo au Ifutwe. Actually kama unaitikia na hii huyo Rafiki yako ataadhirika sana kwa sababu makala zake zitafutwa bila yeye kujulishwa. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 12:58, 9 Februari 2025 (UTC) :Unajua shida yako wewe ni kichwa ngumu mno. Nenda ukatazame nilichokifanya katika makala ya [[JD Vance]]. Jamii, umbo, picha kisha unaweza kufanya sawa kwa yule Mwisraeli. Unatakiwa ujifunze sio kubishana kama mtoto mdogo. Infact, wewe ni mtoto ndiyo maana haya yanatokea. Una umri gani? [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 13:50, 9 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::Wewe Unazungumzia nini? ::Mimi naongea kuhusu Kufutwa kwa Makala kama ya Chiriko kwa sababu hayana Vyanzo, Hayapaswi kufutwa, ::Mkabidhi anapaswa kuzungumza na Chiriko kwanza Kabla yafutwe. ::Wikipedia ya Kiswahili ni changa sana , Kufuta makala kwa sababu ya vitu Vidogo itairudisha nyuma sana, ::Wewe Unaongea Kuhusu mimi kuweka Vyanzo , Hiyo ulishaniambia na sikukataa, Sijui mbona unarudia na Kuniita kichwa ngumu. ::Alafu hii si mabishano , Hii ni majadiliano kuhusu Ufutaji wa Makala. ::Imagine , Makala Ya Chiriko na vile amechoka kuandika yafutwe [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 14:57, 9 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::Mchango wa Chriko una thamani kubwa mara elfu ya wako. Muda alioutumia kuitumikia Wikipedia hii si sawa na wewe unayefunzwa ukagoma kufunzika. Vuta taswira tangu 2006, ulikuwa na umri gani? Heshimu aisee. Heshimu kabisa. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 15:40, 9 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::The problem is that you don't understand me , I don't know its Language barrier between my swahili version and yours or what? You are talking about Respecting Chiriko and i am talking about "not deleting chiriko articles" ::::I respect Chriko very much , That's why i was saying that his article's shouldn't be deleted as The admin was claiming that articles should be deleted with no categories nor sources though non-vandalistic , I was explaining to him that these wikipedia is too young for deleting articles for simple mistakes ::::And you are on Respect? Where is that Coming from? ::::I think maybe we should converse in English for better understanding [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 15:47, 9 Februari 2025 (UTC) === Mathematica === Look, [[special:contribs/MrCMaths]] - swahili practitioner, needs his edit to be corrected. '''[[Mtumiaji:Nailibron|Nailibron]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nailibron|majadiliano]])''' 14:51, 9 Februari 2025 (UTC) :Okay. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 15:13, 9 Februari 2025 (UTC) === Jedwali la fedha & sarafu === Ndugu, hilo jedwali boda zake zimevunjika. Pengine unapolitazama kwa simu unaliona lipo sawa lakini kimsingi halipo sawa. Linaonekana hivi katika tarakilishi binafsi. [[Faili:Jedwali la fedha.jpg|thumb|100px]] Nilipoboresha, iliondoa huo mkato. Ikawa sawasawa. Sijui kwako unaonana vipi. Lakini hivyo sivyo linavyotakiwa kuonekana. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 12:23, 21 Februari 2025 (UTC) :Sawa , You can return the previous edit but ensure the Image of Currency doesn't have an outer border on both devices! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 12:31, 21 Februari 2025 (UTC) :Is [[Kigezo:Infobox jimbo]] Broken too, in Other devices, If it is , Help fix! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:12, 21 Februari 2025 (UTC) :There was a Problem with the Currency Image , It generated an Outer Box , But i fixed it in android, I don't Know whether it affected in Other Devices? Check! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:18, 21 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::Let me check it. I swamped with a real life works. Maisha haya! [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 20:19, 23 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::Lipo sawa. Bravo! ::[[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 20:21, 23 Februari 2025 (UTC) === Editing === Best "main menu" shortening method is to make older topics into subtopics of "Karibu" topic by placing additional "=" pairs to older topics progressively with time. '''[[Mtumiaji:Nyandal|Nyandal]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nyandal|majadiliano]])''' 19:03, 21 Februari 2025 (UTC) Real computer in the wikiediting is better than some touchscreen vertical subtablet. Try it! '''[[Mtumiaji:Nyandal|Nyandal]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nyandal|majadiliano]])''' 19:14, 21 Februari 2025 (UTC) :I know! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 19:15, 21 Februari 2025 (UTC) :And why were you globally blocked? [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 19:24, 21 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::I was formerly GLOBALLY banned because of some snitches at META, lying all around the clock, just like previous Swahili seminewbies. But they do not know how to use META tickets for appeal purpose. '''[[Mtumiaji:Nyandal|Nyandal]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nyandal|majadiliano]])''' 19:35, 21 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::Oh,I see! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 19:37, 21 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::As you see, not all globally blocked accounts are actual vandals. They were basically treated unjustly. '''[[Mtumiaji:Nyandal|Nyandal]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nyandal|majadiliano]])''' 09:07, 22 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::Yes i know that, :::::Actually [[Mtumiaji:Norbilian|Norbilian]] was blocked the same way. :::::In reality what's their goal by blocking people indiscriminately [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 12:01, 22 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::::I think that behavior like [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maalum:Kumbukumbu?type=block&user=1234qwer1234qwer4 this] is nothing but CONCEALED racist '''white power''' show by european '''white power''' supremacists against us Africans. '''[[Mtumiaji:Nyandal|Nyandal]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nyandal|majadiliano]])''' 13:47, 22 Februari 2025 (UTC) There is reason for blocking. They pretend to be good editors to push their vandalisms&scams after reaching trust. We have techniques to detect them. '''[[Mtumiaji:Wargo|Wargo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Wargo|majadiliano]])''' 19:26, 23 Februari 2025 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:Wargo|Wargo]] Swahili Wikipedia has Administrators and bureaucrats , They can do that! :Let me guess, You guys don't want people visiting swahili Wikipedia? :Would you show me how @[[Mtumiaji:Norbilian|Norbilian]] and @[[Mtumiaji:Nyandal|Nyandal]] promoted vandalism and scams! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 19:30, 23 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::Trust me, you don't wanna go down to that road. Give it a rest. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 19:34, 23 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::Such fake prejudice about newcomers like me is causing only dwindling of potential Swahili community increase. '''[[Mtumiaji:Nyandal|Nyandal]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nyandal|majadiliano]])''' 19:38, 23 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[Mtumiaji:Muddyb|Muddyb]] Will they block me for asking? [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 19:40, 23 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::::Both plain users and sysops are under fire, see [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Cases/Sysop abuse in Swahili Wikipedia]]. '''[[Mtumiaji:Nyandal|Nyandal]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nyandal|majadiliano]])''' 19:44, 23 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::::Not entirely, but the moment I went to ask about Resnick-mike, the answer was way too obviously. That he was blocked by the foundation. There is nothing I could ever do to unblock the global locking / banning. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 20:14, 23 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::::::@[[Mtumiaji:Nyandal|Nyandal]] Don't bring Meta's people into this. We were reported by our own people. Fellow '''Black individuals who thought they could do anything as they pleased. They would not have known about us unless someone from our own community''' thought he was oppressed and '''reported''' us. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 20:18, 23 Februari 2025 (UTC) I had more luck, my spurious former global ban is already revoked. And I call to our own BLACK PEOPLE, can they repair what they are harming at META against us all? '''[[Mtumiaji:Nyandal|Nyandal]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nyandal|majadiliano]])''' 20:21, 23 Februari 2025 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:Nyandal|Nyandal]] Evidently NOT! [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 20:25, 23 Februari 2025 (UTC) ===Tanbihi=== Ndugu, sijui kwa nini hupendi neno hili la Kiswahili: labda kwa sababu lina asili ya Kiarabu au kwa sababu huko Kenya hamlitumii? Mbona linakubalika sana? Tuna kazi kubwa ya kufanya badala ya kubadilisha maneno yasiyo na shida. Pia unapenda kuchanganya katika marejeo yale ya madondoo na vitabu. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 07:27, 24 Februari 2025 (UTC) :Tanbihi ni '''Footnotes''' :Marejeo ni '''References''' :Citation haipaswi kuwa kwa Footnotes; [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 07:31, 24 Februari 2025 (UTC) === Infobox Kenya kaunti === Mambo? Unaweza kuchukua jedwali la https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirinyaga_County ? Limependeza. Angalau litapishana na la nchi. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 08:56, 24 Februari 2025 (UTC) :Its a 10/10 i like it, But its too complex for me, @[[Mtumiaji:Kisare|Kisare]] Can you do it? [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 11:37, 24 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::Because of language barrier? Man, you are better than that. Man up and do your thing. And hey, where are you at? It's not like you to go radio silence for all these days! [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 19:21, 27 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::I tried to incorporate some ideas, But if its broken on other devices help fix, See the example in [[Kigezo:Jedwali la Kaunti]] . It doesn't resemble the one in dutch Wiki fully , Since that one had too many redirects from this Infobox to the Other one. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:31, 3 Machi 2025 (UTC) ::::I have seen it. Too complex and yet they are using different styles. Let me see what I can do. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 18:31, 3 Machi 2025 (UTC) :::::So, Have you seen what you can do. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 18:33, 4 Machi 2025 (UTC) === Philadelphia === [[w:en:Philadelphia_(disambiguation)]] - there are about NINE Philadelphia cities in parallel at once. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-28846|&#126;2025-28846]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-28846|talk]]) 16:52, 3 Machi 2025 (UTC) :But Philadelphia is the main and it doesn't say Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. See [[en:Philadelphia]] [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 17:14, 3 Machi 2025 (UTC) ::Now it settles at [[Philadelphia]], as you wanted. '''[[Mtumiaji:Nyandal|Nyandal]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nyandal|majadiliano]])''' 07:07, 4 Machi 2025 (UTC) :::You dance well for a back-up singer! [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 08:08, 4 Machi 2025 (UTC) ===Communication by the U4C=== I'm writing to inform you that in the U4C case [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Cases/Sysop abuse in Swahili Wikipedia|Sysop abuse in Swahili Wikipedia]] the 2 week "investigation phase" is now open. This phase will last around two weeks, during this phase parties and also other editors can still submit further evidence. We warmly suggest to take this opportunity, each statement can serve to clarify the position of each of the parties involved. Many thanks. On behalf of the U4C --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 20:59, 3 Machi 2025 (UTC) (Translation by Google translate) Ninakuandikia kukujulisha kwamba katika kesi ya U4C [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Cases/Sysop abuse in Swahili Wikipedia|Sysop abuse in Swahili Wikipedia]] ya wiki 2 sasa "awamu ya uchunguzi" imefunguliwa. Awamu hii itachukua takriban wiki mbili, wakati wa vyama vya awamu hii na pia wahariri wengine bado wanaweza kuwasilisha ushahidi zaidi. Tunashauri kwa moyo mkunjufu kuchukua fursa hii, kila taarifa inaweza kutumika kufafanua msimamo wa kila mmoja wa wahusika wanaohusika. Asante sana. Kwa niaba ya U4C --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 20:59, 3 Machi 2025 (UTC) ===MediaWiki access=== Yo, I gave you interface admin rights. Please check and confirm. It's gonna last only for 24hrs. Act quick. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 08:34, 26 Machi 2025 (UTC) :Okay, Thx [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 08:36, 26 Machi 2025 (UTC) ===Kuhamisha kurasa=== Ndugu, hata kama umenichukia, ni wajibu wangu kuendelea kusimamia Wiki yetu. Umerudia kuhamisha makala bila mawasiliano, tena vibaya, kama [[Charles I wa Uingereza]] na [[Orodha ya wilaya za Ufaransa|Orodha ya Departments za Ufaransa]]. Mbali ya hayo, unaweka lebo zisizoeleweka: [[Ziwa Libanda]] lina "multiple issues" zipi? Una juhudi kubwa na uwezo wakuchangia, lakini ... Amani kwako tena! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 14:14, 29 Machi 2025 (UTC) :Okay, First i apologize for moving pages indiscriminately :Nilidhani "Charles 1" inapaswa kuwa kama "Charles II" bila jina "Uingereza" , nilijaribu kuirudisha kama awali ikakataa.Nikaomba muddyb haifute kwanza ili niirudishe :Pili "Departments" si lugha ya Kiswahili ndio maana niliifanya iwe "maeneo ya ngambo" hata kama jina sahihi ni '''Wilaya''' ni heri hiyo kuliko "departments" :Tatu '''Ziwa Libanda''' ina issues mingi , :First of all haina Marejeo, ina mistari nne pekee, Wala haina at least section moja.Yaani ni kama draft. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 05:54, 30 Machi 2025 (UTC) ::Ndugu, nashukuru kwa jibu lako nyenyekevu. Kuhusu "multiple issues", nadhani lebo hiyo inamaanisha kwamba mada ya ukurasa inajadiliwa sana kwa sababu ya kuwa na vipengele vingi vigumu, si kwa sababu imeandikwa kifupi na bila marejeo. Kweli ni kama draft, na ndiyo sababu imeandikwa chini "mbegu" kama kurasa zetu nyingine nyingi. Inadai kuendelezwa, isibaki hivyo. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 07:40, 30 Machi 2025 (UTC) :::Ooh, Sawa! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 07:44, 30 Machi 2025 (UTC) ===Ulaya=== Ndugu, naona majedwali ya ukurasa huo yana takwimu ya mwaka 2002! Je, unaweza kuisasisha? Asante. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 07:59, 30 Machi 2025 (UTC) :Yes i will. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 08:02, 30 Machi 2025 (UTC) :Help with Correct Translation of names, [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 08:29, 30 Machi 2025 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] :Is Azerbaijan in Europe? [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 08:33, 30 Machi 2025 (UTC) :Dont Update first I need to Arrange it from A-Z [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 08:38, 30 Machi 2025 (UTC) ::Kijiografia na kiutamaduni Azerbaijan ni Asia, lakini pengine inahesabiwa pia upande wa Ulaya pamoja na nchi jirani za Kaukazi, yaani Armenia na Georgia, kwa sababu za kihistoria (hizo 2 ni za Kikristo). --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:55, 30 Machi 2025 (UTC) === Neighbors === So Kenyans and Tanzanians hate each other even in Wikipedia, lol. Thought it was just a social media thing, Anyways whats up with socialism, My ribs ha-ha-ha. '''[[Mtumiaji:Ajohn77|Ajohn77]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ajohn77|majadiliano]])''' 14:15, 5 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :I hate Conservatives. :Homophobes are Low key Gay, :Even Sticks are gay, Jaja, :Maybe sing in Southern Italy,nkt [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 14:19, 5 Aprili 2025 (UTC) ::OMG, 21st Century Songs Maybe. . '''[[Mtumiaji:Ajohn77|Ajohn77]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ajohn77|majadiliano]])''' 14:23, 5 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:Ajohn77|Ajohn77]] Usipandikize chuki. Binadamu kupishana kauli ni kitu cha kawaida na si kuchukiana. Kutokubaliana katika jambo fulani haizalishi chuki. @[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Gayle157]] Ni mtu anayependa kuwasilina. Kadhalika ana shida zake kama nilivyo mimi. Lakini hatuchukiani. Tunawasiliana mara kwa mara. Tusaidiane hili mara lile. Sote tumekutana katika mtandao wa watu. Tupendane jamani. Kenya na TZ ndiyo nchi pekee katika ukanda wa Afrika Mashariki zina vitu vingi vya kufanana. Lugha, watu wake upande wa ukanda wa pwani na bara. Wanyama na kadhalika. Isitoshe, @[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Gayle157]] mwezi wa nane nitakuwa Nairobi. Perhaps we could hook up for sometime? [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 08:37, 11 Aprili 2025 (UTC) === Swahili === And how do you even manage to massively make Changes in Swahili ,Or maybe you are from thy Coast? '''[[Mtumiaji:Anyrmson|Anyrmson]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Anyrmson|majadiliano]])''' 20:35, 13 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :Nah, I'm from the Mountain (Nairobi Metro). :Its hilarious how we mix English, Swahili and Slang all together in all sentences. Apart from the Coast region i dont think there's anyone who speaks fluent without mixing with other languages. The problem came when the Kenyan government discriminated Swahili in Schools. :I think Swahili should have equal status with English everywhere. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 20:48, 13 Aprili 2025 (UTC) ::Ken Walibora alizungumza Kiswahili safi sana. Nina kitabu changu nimeandika (riwaya) inatwa Baba Yetu, nime-dedicate kwa Ken Walbora. RIP Ken! [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 20:58, 13 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :You are right. I remember in Lower primary school if you spoke Swahili apart from Friday you were to be punished thoroughly and you were to carry a label banner made of carton written '''"I am a Fool , I dont know how to speak in English" ''', Just imagine they gave English 5 days and Swahili just one day. It just shows evidence of mental slavery as a result of colonialism in Kenya. Noe that i think about it, I think its way Lower in Tanzania '''[[Mtumiaji:Anyrmson|Anyrmson]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Anyrmson|majadiliano]])''' 21:03, 13 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :But you studied upto grade 4 only in Kenya, You don't have the whole experience of That mental slavery. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 21:07, 13 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:Anyrmson|Anyrmson]] Those who studied secondary school back the 80s and the whole 90s in Tanzania faced the same problem of carrying a banner if you speak Swahili in school premises. We were not allowed to speak it unless you get out of the school area. And yet we didn't make it. Ni upuuzi mtupu! [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 21:14, 13 Aprili 2025 (UTC) @[[Mtumiaji:Muddyb|Muddyb]] for real? I thought Swahili is the medium of instructions in Tanzania unlike in Kenya. Or in thr 90's it was English. The problem is that in Kenya it still exists now. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 21:22, 13 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :If a White guy steps in and says just one word in swahili, Kenyans be like bravo, But if a African speaks Poor English, Kenyans will laugh and curse him out . :Do you remember Anna, The British Kenyan who said that we are racist to ourselves and she as white is receiving favours from blacks because she is white. That what happens with English in Kenya, People see it so Fancy. And when any Source says Kenya speaks One of the best English in Africa, They are so proud ish and it spreads all over social media. '''[[Mtumiaji:Anyrmson|Anyrmson]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Anyrmson|majadiliano]])''' 21:33, 13 Aprili 2025 (UTC) ::@[[Mtumiaji:Anyrmson|Anyrmson]] H aha ha ha [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 21:37, 13 Aprili 2025 (UTC) ::And the saddest part is that you will hear them saying "Kiswahili ni ya watanzania,We speak English" yet except for formal things like School, Parliament etc we use Swahili. I think the blame should be on Educational Systems. ::i was shocked to see that even most churches nowadays in Kenya use English regardless of rural or Urban. ::We belittle swahili too much . ::Our High School teachers would make fun of Tanzania educational system and we would mimick how they studied Chemistry, But maybe its not that Terrible. ::Recently while editing pages i realized how lovely the language is. ::The best of all African languages [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 21:47, 13 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :::Kweli kwenu kuna vituko. Huku TZ shule hatutaji kabisa lolote kuhusu Kenya. Hatuna cha ku-mock ukiacha utani wa jadi wa mitandaoni. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 22:05, 13 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Gayle157]] Now we are way past that stupid thing. Maisha yanaendelea. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 21:37, 13 Aprili 2025 (UTC) ::Does [[Chama cha Kiswahili cha Taifa|Chakita]] even Function lol?, I doubt it '''[[Mtumiaji:Anyrmson|Anyrmson]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Anyrmson|majadiliano]])''' 21:54, 13 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :::I doubt too. :::</br> :::Lamu and Kilifi people speak better swahili , They speak like they are the Origin :::Mombasa and its environs speak good swahili too . :::In Nairobi its Sheng & English in posh areas :::In Western they have very low proficiency in Swahili but they Speak English too much :::Somali and Northern Kenya, Haha,The percentage that can speak swahili maybe 30% [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 22:03, 13 Aprili 2025 (UTC) ::::Watu wa bara mnakuwanga na mariiingo , isipokuwa ni IBEAC tungekuwa Tanzania. Puff,Hiyo ingekuwa sawa sana.[[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-46157|&#126;2025-46157]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-46157|talk]]) 17:01, 17 Aprili 2025 (UTC) === 21st century mental revolution === Have you observed how the impartial horizon unfolds, where every beam—be it golden or silver—surrenders its light without preference? '''[[Mtumiaji:Ajohn77|Ajohn77]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ajohn77|majadiliano]])''' 11:56, 16 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :Indeed, it’s as though the celestial rhythm itself conceals a quiet manifesto: each ray, regardless of its source, dances together in a measure that speaks of a shared dawn [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 12:03, 16 Aprili 2025 (UTC) ::There's a subtle revolution in that balance ,a serene cadence where every shifting shadow and emerging glow hints at an age of silent accord, a secret treaty written in the language of light ha-ha-ha '''[[Mtumiaji:Ajohn77|Ajohn77]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ajohn77|majadiliano]])''' 12:15, 16 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :::Precisely so. One might say that the unfolding twilight reveals not merely the progression of day into night, but also the covert signifiers of a common journey—an evolution where every step is measured by the same hidden scale of worth. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 12:18, 16 Aprili 2025 (UTC) ::::And in this muted spectacle, the essence of progress is woven into the very air—a reminder that our path forward is less about distinct peaks and more about the steady, unmarked ascent toward an elusive parity. '''[[Mtumiaji:Ajohn77|Ajohn77]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ajohn77|majadiliano]])''' 12:23, 16 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :::::Yes, beneath the apparent calm lies a coded message: that all currents, whether gentle or fierce, converge to form a singular, unadorned truth, rendering the minute of our existence subtly, yet unmistakeably, equal. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 12:27, 16 Aprili 2025 (UTC) ::::::In this generous unfolding of metaphysical wonder, one marvels how a dialogue so delicately abstract can float so freely... unanchored by any article. Bravo, for crafting statements where meaning melts gently into mist. May your next edit be equally poetic—if slightly more encyclopedic. Watoto wabaya ninyi. Kidhungu kigumu balaa! [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 14:15, 16 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :::::::In the quiet corners where words pirouette without pages, we dance still—inkless but not voiceless. As mist meets mirror, meaning finds home not in anchors, but in echoes. Wenye macho waone, wenye masikio wasikie. The tongue twists not to confuse, but to keep the tune sacred. Onward, to edits cloaked in rhythm and reason. '''[[Mtumiaji:Ajohn77|Ajohn77]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ajohn77|majadiliano]])''' 15:09, 16 Aprili 2025 (UTC) ::::::::@[[Mtumiaji:Muddyb|Muddyb]] The sweetest part about it is that since its coded you wouldn't know whether it's encyclopedic or not, Haha, So if I told you its encyclopedic you have no other choice but agree with it, Since the meaning is Concealed [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 15:35, 16 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :::::::::Ai, sio vizuri hivyo. Sasa sisi wambeya tukapige wapi umbea wetu? Pamoja na yote, hongereni sana majirani. Hiyo lugha kama mmezaliwa nayo. Lo! [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 16:45, 16 Aprili 2025 (UTC) === [[Lango:Kenya]] === Hello there, Do you think you could take a look at the Kenya portal? Maybe you could improve it further? [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 17:02, 18 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :Yeah i will look at it, later [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 05:18, 19 Aprili 2025 (UTC) === META === {{ping|Gayle157}} [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Cases/Sysop abuse in Swahili Wikipedia|META]] after some further IP corrections by new witness, needs to make coverup by typo fixing like this in your comment there: "user's view" instead of "user view". '''[[Mtumiaji:PO-landba11|PO-landba11]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:PO-landba11|majadiliano]])''' 14:37, 20 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :Why do i need to make a coverup? [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 17:14, 20 Aprili 2025 (UTC) ::As before, to shield good IP edits advancing your case from misjudged reverts. '''[[Mtumiaji:PO-landba11|PO-landba11]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:PO-landba11|majadiliano]])''' 17:17, 20 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :::Oh,Okay. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 17:22, 20 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :::I'm trying to locate "''user view''" but can't find it, Where is it? [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 17:24, 20 Aprili 2025 (UTC) ::::"User view" is there, directly above "Sakura emad" header. It should become "user's view" '''[[Mtumiaji:PO-landba11|PO-landba11]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:PO-landba11|majadiliano]])''' 17:26, 20 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :::::{{done}} (Done) [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 17:37, 20 Aprili 2025 (UTC) === [[:Jamii:Makala_kwa_ufutaji]] === This category should list ONLY things CONDEMNED for deletion. I repaired your listing of unwanted pages there. '''[[Mtumiaji:InternetBuddy1|InternetBuddy1]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:InternetBuddy1|majadiliano]])''' 11:38, 21 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :Thanks! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 14:35, 21 Aprili 2025 (UTC) === Wayward Sexual Abuse Hunters === *https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maalum:Kumbukumbu?type=block&user=XXBlackburnXx *https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maalum:Kumbukumbu?type=block&user=1234qwer1234qwer4 Victims did NOTHING wrong, tell our WAKABIDHI to defend us against them! [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-46120|&#126;2025-46120]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-46120|talk]]) 06:37, 22 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :Do not ask N...N etc... aka I...B0 - I...B1 etc... otherwise he-'''one and the same victim as above''' will be here MASSIVELY harassed as above. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-47616|&#126;2025-47616]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-47616|talk]]) 09:15, 26 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :@Muddyb, at least let's tell THEM to stop their wild hunts as above. '''[[Mtumiaji:Ng&#39;e Amazing CDTV|Ng&#39;e Amazing CDTV]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ng&#39;e Amazing CDTV|majadiliano]])''' 13:59, 29 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :@Muddyb, please, tell these SWMT members cease and desist as well. '''[[Mtumiaji:InternetBuddy0|InternetBuddy0]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:InternetBuddy0|majadiliano]])''' 07:36, 30 Aprili 2025 (UTC) === Revision continuity === Really, pagemove is BETTER than license-defying copypaste, it ALWAYS keeps BOTH draft entry clean of UNRELATED past revisions and each article edit history separate, per GFDL wiki LICENSE requirements which MUST have basis in EDIT HISTORY as list of contributors themselves. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-47076|&#126;2025-47076]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-47076|talk]]) 08:39, 23 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :Talk page of "[[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157/ukurasa wa majaribio|ukurasa wa majaribio]]" already is deleted, so in future moves it will be not recreated routinely. '''[[Mtumiaji:InternetBuddy0|InternetBuddy0]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:InternetBuddy0|majadiliano]])''' 08:03, 26 Aprili 2025 (UTC) ::Okay, [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 08:27, 26 Aprili 2025 (UTC) === Filter: "prevent publishing articles without citations" === Please turn this filter OFF - it serves NO purpose, I do UNRELATED edits! '''[[Mtumiaji:Ng&#39;e Amazing MTV|Ng&#39;e Amazing MTV]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ng&#39;e Amazing MTV|majadiliano]])''' 09:22, 29 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :I am not done WTF [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 09:25, 29 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :[https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maalum:AbuseLog&wpSearchFilter=3 Filter] :its working but it doesn't prevent yet, I will modify it [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 09:28, 29 Aprili 2025 (UTC) ::Filter still prevents me from saving edits. Let's kill all filter crap altogether. '''[[Mtumiaji:Ng&#39;e Amazing MTV|Ng&#39;e Amazing MTV]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ng&#39;e Amazing MTV|majadiliano]])''' 09:29, 29 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :::The problem is that it filters on already created pages too instead of only new ones [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 09:31, 29 Aprili 2025 (UTC) ::::I see whole filter business is nothing but artificial joke unknown from early days of Wikipedia. '''[[Mtumiaji:Ng&#39;e Amazing MTV|Ng&#39;e Amazing MTV]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ng&#39;e Amazing MTV|majadiliano]])''' 09:35, 29 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :::::I modified the action to Create instead of Edit. :::::Enwiki still creates more filters even recently. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 09:41, 29 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[Mtumiaji:Ng'e Amazing MTV|Ng'e Amazing MTV]] I modified it, does it prevent you now [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 09:35, 29 Aprili 2025 (UTC) ::::::Preventing no longer does its work, but please too DELETE this nonsensical filter about [[Special:contribs/Jörg_der_Wikinger|him]] which activates like [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maalum:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser=Jiah+Harrison this], it only summons misguided SWMT patrollers here. '''[[Mtumiaji:Ng&#39;e Amazing MTV|Ng&#39;e Amazing MTV]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ng&#39;e Amazing MTV|majadiliano]])''' 09:45, 29 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :::::::About my filter it only works for pages with over 500bytes [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 09:49, 29 Aprili 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Look what this [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maalum:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser=Ng%27e+Amazing+MTV Nordic Walking filter] about [[Special:contribs/Jörg_der_Wikinger|him]] does against me. Please delete it too as well. '''[[Mtumiaji:Ng&#39;e Amazing MTV|Ng&#39;e Amazing MTV]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ng&#39;e Amazing MTV|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 29 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :::::::::About deleting the Global vandalism Filter,thats work of Admins not me. I'm just temporary :::::::::@[[Mtumiaji:Muddyb|Muddyb]] This user is asking you to delete the Filters created by SWMT patrollers [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 09:53, 29 Aprili 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::This "Nordic Walking filter" summons misguided SWMT patrollers and already caused [[special:contribs/InternetBuddy0|InternetBuddy0]] to lose his accounts to global locks for his [[special:contribs/InternetBuddy1|InternetBuddy1]] and [[special:contribs/InternetBuddy2|InternetBuddy2]] accounts. It MUST be eradicated. '''[[Mtumiaji:Ng&#39;e Amazing MTV|Ng&#39;e Amazing MTV]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ng&#39;e Amazing MTV|majadiliano]])''' 09:59, 29 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::@[[Mtumiaji:Muddyb|Muddyb]] Me too i think it should be deleted, Its one way to prevent Global Blocks. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 10:07, 29 Aprili 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::::This filter activating like [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maalum:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser=Jiah+Harrison this], which is about [[Special:contribs/Jörg_der_Wikinger|him]] is pathetic and must cease to exist. It directs SWMT patrollers to innocent users, while 1oo% ignoring REAL SUSPECTS like ones SIMILAR to these: [[Maalum:Michango/Klangfern]] (boasts nordic origins) + [[Maalum:Michango/Fernklang]] (writes nordic articles in swahili wikipedia). '''[[Mtumiaji:Ng&#39;e Amazing MTV|Ng&#39;e Amazing MTV]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ng&#39;e Amazing MTV|majadiliano]])''' 10:11, 29 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::::@[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Gayle157]] Even a temp rights can perform all the duty as full one. Just go ahead if you are sure with what @[[Mtumiaji:Ng'e Amazing MTV|Ng'e Amazing MTV]] said. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 11:27, 29 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::::@[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Gayle157]] '''Clarification:''' I will not be responsible for any changes to abuse filters. The temporary admin rights granted to you are your responsibility alone. Any actions you take should follow community policy. I am stepping away from this matter. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 11:35, 29 Aprili 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::::::@[[Mtumiaji:Ng'e Amazing MTV|Ng'e Amazing MTV]] Actually it can't be deleted its a Global Filter. Oops! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 11:40, 29 Aprili 2025 (UTC) If not deletion, then modification to FOO-BAR harmless values. FYI: ...MTV suffered global BANana over it. Now ...CDTV like Amiga CDTV. '''[[Mtumiaji:Ng&#39;e Amazing CDTV|Ng&#39;e Amazing CDTV]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ng&#39;e Amazing CDTV|majadiliano]])''' 12:03, 29 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :It can't also its hidden for public view '''[[Mtumiaji:Anyrmson|Anyrmson]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Anyrmson|majadiliano]])''' 13:10, 29 Aprili 2025 (UTC) ::Yes it can't be modified, Unless for Global sysops [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:17, 29 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :::@Muddyb: Let's try this [[m:Requests_for_comment/Make_global_abuse_filters_opt-out]]. '''[[Mtumiaji:Ng&#39;e Amazing CDTV|Ng&#39;e Amazing CDTV]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ng&#39;e Amazing CDTV|majadiliano]])''' 13:21, 29 Aprili 2025 (UTC) ::::I'm not interested on that particular area. I'm doing great with or without it. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 13:47, 29 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :::::Without intervening in that area, most new community members will be continually diverted from here, even indirectly, thanks to botched and pathetic global filter. '''[[Mtumiaji:Ng&#39;e Amazing CDTV|Ng&#39;e Amazing CDTV]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ng&#39;e Amazing CDTV|majadiliano]])''' 09:06, 30 Aprili 2025 (UTC) ===Happy birthday=== All the best for your 18°! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 09:25, 8 Mei 2025 (UTC) :Thank you, Its a pleasure! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 10:36, 8 Mei 2025 (UTC) ::@[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Gayle157]] Happy 18th birthday, bwana mdogo. Keep up the good work. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 10:59, 8 Mei 2025 (UTC) :::Asante! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 11:03, 8 Mei 2025 (UTC) === Best Revert Method === Prettier edit histories: When reverting, COMPLETELY delete from EDIT SUMMARY these pitiful "tengua piti" with long afterward string and place there instead something like "removing error" thus in this case revert will be NOT looking like revert. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-54050|&#126;2025-54050]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-54050|talk]]) 15:10, 8 Mei 2025 (UTC) === Atari === From bottom line [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleopa_David_Msuya&diff=1420487&oldid=1420406 Atari] removed, please inspect what word there should be. '''[[Mtumiaji:Peter Born lȣ|Peter Born lȣ]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Peter Born lȣ|majadiliano]])''' 18:06, 8 Mei 2025 (UTC) :I fixed it, But what is ''Atari''? [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 18:30, 8 Mei 2025 (UTC) ::Atari is nothing but JEDI-like subculture clashing with Commodore and Amiga, i mean anything akin to Mortal Kombat, 休退, martial art, simply this: http://atari.com '''[[Mtumiaji:Peter Born lȣ|Peter Born lȣ]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Peter Born lȣ|majadiliano]])''' 19:44, 8 Mei 2025 (UTC) ::Above "miaka ya baadaye", [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleopa_David_Msuya&diff=1420395&oldid=1420385 you wrote] "Mortal Kombat" thing straight from Atari. '''[[Mtumiaji:Peter Born lȣ|Peter Born lȣ]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Peter Born lȣ|majadiliano]])''' 19:51, 8 Mei 2025 (UTC) :::It was a typo! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 19:52, 8 Mei 2025 (UTC) ::::Typo involves unwanted English characters. This: 退休 looks like impossible influence of Atari Jedi Star Wars Force. '''[[Mtumiaji:Peter Born lȣ|Peter Born lȣ]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Peter Born lȣ|majadiliano]])''' 19:57, 8 Mei 2025 (UTC) === Wikicareer Killing === Tell R.R. to unblock me. Why you INDIRECTLY KILLED my promising wiki-career of "Peter Born lȣ"? I never intended to vandalize, I acted in BLIND good faith. '''[[Mtumiaji:New Boy999|New Boy999]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:New Boy999|majadiliano]])''' 13:18, 15 Mei 2025 (UTC) :Stop saying "he" say "I" because I'm sure all these new Accounts are yours also the IPs, :I'm not sure whether he will ease the Block Settings. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:31, 15 Mei 2025 (UTC) ::"Thank You" for hounding R.R. against account to be blocked. We could settle the same thing less aggressively. '''[[Mtumiaji:New Boy999|New Boy999]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:New Boy999|majadiliano]])''' 13:32, 15 Mei 2025 (UTC) :::Why are you doing this, You have just been blocked, created another account and repeated the same mistake now you have to explain yourself to him, [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:44, 15 Mei 2025 (UTC) ::::Rununu-Simu vandals exposed. I edited from THIS temp account all pages recently corrected by me after Rununu-Simu vandals. See their edit histories. Rununu-Simu troublemakers are really recent. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-56650|&#126;2025-56650]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-56650|talk]]) 14:42, 15 Mei 2025 (UTC) :::::[https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Majadiliano_ya_mtumiaji%3AAnton_samson&diff=1421712&oldid=1421711 STANG IS WRONG.] '''[[Mtumiaji:Peter Born 8|Peter Born 8]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Peter Born 8|majadiliano]])''' 07:06, 16 Mei 2025 (UTC) :::::Your talks with R.R. killed globally my other nicknames. Indirectly. '''[[Mtumiaji:Peter Born 8|Peter Born 8]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Peter Born 8|majadiliano]])''' 07:10, 16 Mei 2025 (UTC) ::::::You brought this on yourself after getting blocked you created another sock puppet account and repeated the same mistake! You vandalised again! Maybe you should ask for a Unblock Request '''Formally''' instead of using thousand account. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 07:15, 16 Mei 2025 (UTC) :::::::It is me who cleaned from lost to META temp accounts, this EDITATHON mess months ago. Not so easy. I began nickname creation since 2024/2025 here. All got lost. '''[[Mtumiaji:Peter Born 8|Peter Born 8]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Peter Born 8|majadiliano]])''' 07:19, 16 Mei 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Request Unblock formally! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 07:25, 16 Mei 2025 (UTC) :::::::::I tried even intercession with Muddyb, but they rebuffed him. Nailibron + Norbilian IMPOSSIBLE to unblock formally. '''[[Mtumiaji:Peter Born 8|Peter Born 8]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Peter Born 8|majadiliano]])''' 07:32, 16 Mei 2025 (UTC) :::::::::Please badge all my accounts as belonging to [[Maalum:Michango/NyinaWaJambo]]. '''[[Mtumiaji:Peter Born 8|Peter Born 8]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Peter Born 8|majadiliano]])''' 07:37, 16 Mei 2025 (UTC) :::::::::My very '''FIRST''' account is: [[Maalum:Michango/NyinaWaJambo]]. '''[[Mtumiaji:Peter Born 8|Peter Born 8]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Peter Born 8|majadiliano]])''' 07:54, 16 Mei 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::I go to honestly mark all these socks, these are at least 100th. '''[[Mtumiaji:FIutureIA|FIutureIA]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:FIutureIA|majadiliano]])''' 08:08, 16 Mei 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::{{imefanyika}} Huu ni wazimu sasa. Nini dhumuni la kufungua akaunti zote na kusumbua watu? [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 10:01, 16 Mei 2025 (UTC) :I only WANT to IMPROVE this wiki, and these META are barring me from having established account, but I disdain them as madmen. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-56519|&#126;2025-56519]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-56519|talk]]) 10:08, 16 Mei 2025 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:Muddyb|Muddyb]] Mi ananibore! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 10:08, 16 Mei 2025 (UTC) ::@[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Gayle157]] Anazingua kinoma. Aki tena! [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 13:24, 16 Mei 2025 (UTC) :::To have CLA safe, some masquerades are pending. Don't comment on it ONWIKI, to have IT safe. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-57631|&#126;2025-57631]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-57631|talk]]) 13:03, 19 Mei 2025 (UTC) :::FYI: Multiaccount Distraction - to end of this MONTH, but pure CLA since next month. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-57775|&#126;2025-57775]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-57775|talk]]) 17:09, 19 Mei 2025 (UTC) ::::Why not this month, please! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 04:38, 20 Mei 2025 (UTC) :::::NEXT MONTH REASONS: Round Beginning, Marking of Missing Socks, etc... Let's my new account look as it is YOUR still. Coverup MUST be PERFECT. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-57894|&#126;2025-57894]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-57894|talk]]) 05:55, 20 Mei 2025 (UTC) ::::::So we have to tolerate your spam accounts till then, That sucks! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 04:46, 21 Mei 2025 (UTC) :::::::Generally, there are THINGS to be better done from alternate accounts to eschew suspicions from intended permanent account. SWMT is very ITCHY. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-58978|&#126;2025-58978]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-58978|talk]]) 07:47, 21 Mei 2025 (UTC) ::::::::And you too! ::::::::One of the main reason you get globally blocked is SPAM accounts. ::::::::Some aren't yet blocked yet you already create another one, ::::::::Doing that doesn't eschew suspicions, it just makes it worse [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 07:50, 21 Mei 2025 (UTC) :::::::::[[en|You too]] as well. We are in the same league. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-58978|&#126;2025-58978]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-58978|talk]]) 07:54, 21 Mei 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::For me i had no choice, But you have!, Most of your account aren't blocked [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 07:58, 21 Mei 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::Why my VERY FIRST NyinaWaJambo was globally banned for "long term (sexual) abuse"? Why SWMT falsely badge me as [[AFRUCA]] related pedophile? I too have NO choice sometimes. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-58978|&#126;2025-58978]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-58978|talk]]) 08:05, 21 Mei 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::::Do as you wish, i ain't admin anyway! ::::::::::::[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 08:09, 21 Mei 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::::Key to success. DO TRICKS, but DONT say about them ONWIKI. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-58978|&#126;2025-58978]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-58978|talk]]) 08:16, 21 Mei 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::::::Haha, But you keeping exposing yourself example the discussion on CLA (Computer Leisure Account) talk page; [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 08:18, 21 Mei 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::::::Successful bait. ONLY full name globally banned. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-58978|&#126;2025-58978]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-58978|talk]]) 08:24, 21 Mei 2025 (UTC) Sie wissen, dass dies auf den letzten Änderungen zu sehen ist [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 08:27, 21 Mei 2025 (UTC) :Temporary Accounts are good at flushing down things to be secured from view at recent changes, mainly by editing in articles. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-58978|&#126;2025-58978]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-58978|talk]]) 08:29, 21 Mei 2025 (UTC) ::Okay, aber ich möchte nicht mehr involviert sein. Ich bearbeite dieses Konto bisher sehr gerne und möchte nicht, dass es wegen dieser Angelegenheit global gesperrt wird. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 08:34, 21 Mei 2025 (UTC) === RVV === My tag addition was not vandalism and as you will see- the editor has been globally locked for cross wiki spam, promoting a non-notable person. '''[[Mtumiaji:Praxidicae|Praxidicae]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Praxidicae|majadiliano]])''' 18:00, 20 Mei 2025 (UTC) :Non-notable person? Lol! :I'm 100% sure it won't be deleted! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 18:06, 20 Mei 2025 (UTC) :He is notable to East Africans [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 18:10, 20 Mei 2025 (UTC) ::Generally, please do NOT blank pages, but please put always <nowiki>{{delete|reason}}</nowiki> since hosting revisions with idiocies is nothing but partial tolerance for nonsense. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-58959|&#126;2025-58959]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-58959|talk]]) 09:53, 22 Mei 2025 (UTC) === Majimbo ya bunge === You in "Majimbo ya bunge" TEMPLATED section have contamination with tabulators. I repaired five such contaminations on five pages. Please replace TEMPLATED content with single spaces. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-59428|&#126;2025-59428]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-59428|talk]]) 18:24, 24 Mei 2025 (UTC) :What? [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 04:52, 25 Mei 2025 (UTC) ::It is visible in CODE mode, compare [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mkoa_wa_Manyara&diff=1424108&oldid=1424056 this]. ::Last multiple edits by [[special:contribs/Tegel]] except [[Ku Klux Klan]] and [[Mickey Mouse]] are purely disruptive. [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utoaji_mimba_wa_kuchagua_jinsia&diff=1417305&oldid=1417303 Blind AI patrollers] find [[AFRUCA]] violations where they are NOT! [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-58800|&#126;2025-58800]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-58800|talk]]) 14:01, 25 Mei 2025 (UTC) :::This is [https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mkoa_wa_Manyara&oldid=1424056 my edit], I don't remember doing what you claim. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 04:17, 26 Mei 2025 (UTC) ::::OLDID mode does NOT show difference, but DIFF shows difference clearly as above. I see it was NOT you but somebody earlier. Nonetheless, this error existed in all MKOA and was corrected. Additionally, those patrolers REALLY acted like vandals as shown above. Reply please! [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-62018|&#126;2025-62018]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-62018|talk]]) 14:03, 28 Mei 2025 (UTC) === CLA === 245 OK, 254 stolen. '''[[Mtumiaji:CLA 245|CLA 245]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CLA 245|majadiliano]])''' 14:05, 28 Mei 2025 (UTC) :What does that mean? [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 14:07, 28 Mei 2025 (UTC) ::See GLOBE LOCK. '''[[Mtumiaji:CLA 245|CLA 245]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CLA 245|majadiliano]])''' 14:08, 28 Mei 2025 (UTC) :::They realized its compromised , i told you they can see the conversations! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 14:14, 28 Mei 2025 (UTC) === Temporary Accounts and abuse on your project form a LTA ([[Special:CentralAuth/Wikibaijer|Wikibaijer]], [[Special:CentralAuth/AfricaAntifa|AfricaAntifa]], ... and many Tempory Accounts === Hi, I wanted to ask how you manage with the temporary accounts because I noticed that a Crosswiki LTA is very active here and sometimes has temporary accounts that change every minute. Are you already familiar with this? Can you cope with it? PS: This LTA also uses many proxys that should be blocked. '''[[Mtumiaji:WikiBayer|WikiBayer]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:WikiBayer|majadiliano]])''' 18:39, 28 Mei 2025 (UTC) :Yes, I’m aware of this issue. I’ve seen the patterns—temporary accounts popping up frequently, often with similar editing behavior. Unfortunately, I’m not an admin, so I can’t block or manage them directly, but I do try to report or tag any suspicious activity when I notice it. And yes, they’ve been very disruptive across multiple pages. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 19:30, 28 Mei 2025 (UTC) ===BOT=== Usikate tamaa, ni jaribio la kwanza! Tunajifunza kwa makosa... Nadhani sasa nimeweka sawa jamii zote za Israeli na Polandi. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 09:46, 5 Juni 2025 (UTC) === [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]] is unlocked === Jaribu sasa! [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 07:56, 7 Juni 2025 (UTC) ===Jamii=== Ndugu, unapoanzisha jamii, usiache blank page: jitahidi kuweka jamii hii inahusu jamii gani. Kwa mfano, <nowiki>[[jamii:lugha za Colombia]]</nowiki> inataka kuwekwa katika <nowiki>[[Jamii:Lugha za Amerika Kusini]]</nowiki> na <nowiki>[[Jamii:Kolombia]]</nowiki>. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 14:37, 19 Juni 2025 (UTC) :Sawa, Asante, I will do that! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 06:14, 20 Juni 2025 (UTC) === Elephant in Porcelain Shop === *[https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mfereji_wa_Msumbiji&diff=1434439&oldid=1434436 evil revert] *[https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ng%C5%A9g%C4%A9_wa_Thiong%27o&diff=prev&oldid=1425638 evil revert] *[https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polandi&diff=1428990&oldid=1428989 evil revert] Tell WikIBayer on HIS talk page to permanently stop his private revert revenge against imaginary evil! '''[[Mtumiaji:Karume Mukengere|Karume Mukengere]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Karume Mukengere|majadiliano]])''' 07:19, 24 Juni 2025 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:Karume Mukengere|Karume Mukengere]] FYI, @[[Mtumiaji:WikiBayer|WikiBayer]] is our gurdian angel against the likes of you! I'm quite fond of his work. May he continues to stop you from harming this project! [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 07:25, 24 Juni 2025 (UTC) ::How restoring IMAGE into FAILI can be beneficial? ::How restoring [[m]] phoneme link into [[mita]] measurement unit can be beneficial? ::How restoring lack of language tags can be beneficial? ::This angel does NOT understand SWAHILI at all! It is he who harms PROJECT in higher degree! ::'''[[Mtumiaji:Karume Mukengere|Karume Mukengere]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Karume Mukengere|majadiliano]])''' 07:29, 24 Juni 2025 (UTC) :::@[[Mtumiaji:Karume Mukengere|Karume Mukengere]] You are disgusting, I'm 100% sure all this vandalism are just by One person which is you, Even the IP(s). I Support Wiki Bayer 100% [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 07:36, 24 Juni 2025 (UTC) ::::ORWELL: WAR IS PEACE. '''IMPROVEMENT IS VANDALISM'''. IGNORANCE IS WISDOM. ::::I disagree! For example [[mita]] link is more correct than [[m]] LETTER when talking about HEIGHT, it is NOT /m/ sound, and WikiBayer harmed content obviously! '''[[Mtumiaji:Karume Mukengere|Karume Mukengere]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Karume Mukengere|majadiliano]])''' 07:39, 24 Juni 2025 (UTC) === Ancient Sorcerous Empire === WikiBayer - is NOT guardian angel, it is ANNONRIAL/RAVERNAL pure evil: [[Majadiliano_ya_mtumiaji:Gayle157#Elephant_in_Porcelain_Shop]] READ debunking of WikiBayer reverts. '''[[Mtumiaji:Annonrial Guardian Ravernal Angel|Annonrial Guardian Ravernal Angel]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Annonrial Guardian Ravernal Angel|majadiliano]])''' 08:26, 24 Juni 2025 (UTC) :I ain't helping you, Just forget that! :I'm tired of you repetitive vandalism then using your non-vandalistic edits to back yourself up; That doesn't rule out that most of your edits are vandals [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 10:54, 25 Juni 2025 (UTC) === Welcome bot === Dear Gayle, We have observed the difficulties in personally greeting each new member upon their arrival. We would be grateful if you could consider creating a welcome bot to streamline this process? [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 07:11, 6 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :Oops, My bad!. I'm seeing this right now, I also didn't know you had granted me interface administrator rights, I had just been off for sometime but am back, :I am now working on this project, i will inform you once its done;, :Thank you;! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 04:26, 26 Agosti 2025 (UTC) ::Confirm with @[[Mtumiaji:Muddyb|Muddyb]] there is a BOT for welcoming task now. '''[[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|majadiliano]])''' 12:15, 26 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :::Okay, Which bot is that? [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 12:43, 26 Agosti 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Gayle157]] It's true. The bot was created by user Ammar from Nigeria. It works on welcome whoever registering an account on this week. And welcome back. I will grant back the interface adminiship right away. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 12:47, 26 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :::::Okay, Thanks! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 12:52, 26 Agosti 2025 (UTC) ::::::@[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Gayle157]] <nowiki>{{done}}</nowiki> [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 13:22, 26 Agosti 2025 (UTC) ===Moving template=== Moving this template [[Kigezo:Rejea jarida]] from [[Kigezo:Cite journal]] broken the ability of content translation to work. I have asked a bunch of smart people how to fix this. Have moved it back and that fixed it. Not sure the solution yet. Apologies. [[User:Doc James|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Doc James|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Doc James|email]]) 13:41, 8 Agosti 2025 (UTC) Okay I figured it out. I needed to make a dummy edit before the template metadata would be recognized. So I moved it back. [[User:Doc James|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Doc James|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Doc James|email]]) 14:22, 8 Agosti 2025 (UTC) {{imefanyika}} ==Kabila== Sijaelewa kwa nini unataka kutumia umoja badala ya wingi. Kwa Kiingereza ni "Ethnic groups". Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:24, 1 Septemba 2025 (UTC) :I meant ''Ethnicity'' , [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 11:39, 1 Septemba 2025 (UTC) ==Siasa== Ndugu, ukiwa Kenya unaweza kuandika vizuri kuliko sisi kuhusu hali ya siasa nchini mwetu. Naona mchango wako wa mwisho kuhusu rais wetu umerejeshwa na mtu bila maelezo. Naomba upitie makala hiyo. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:58, 27 Februari 2026 (UTC) :Ee, Hio ni sawa lakini tunaongelea makala gani? Nimejaribu kutafuta ila sijui ni gani. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz<sup>Chronist<sup>2.0</sup></sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 16:38, 1 Machi 2026 (UTC) ::Hasa ni ile ya rais wa sasa wa Tanzania. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:15, 2 Machi 2026 (UTC) :::Nilikuwa nimaanisha uongezee habari ukurasa wa rais wa sasa wa Tanzania. Kuhusu bot yako, nimeona kazi yake ila nilitarajia orodha za watakatifu wa mashirika ya kitawa zitabaki chini ya zile za watakatifu wa Agano la Kale, watakatifu Wakristo na watakatifu wa Afrika. Asante sana. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 07:45, 6 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::::Hio ilikuwa tu jaribio, Bado sijamaliza kuisasisha . I'll try to incorporate the new ideas into the bot as i finalize it. It hasn't edited major pages yet. ::::Thanks! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157<sup>2.0</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 08:22, 6 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::::OK. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 08:41, 6 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::::::Wait, I didn't quite understand this. ::::::'''orodha za watakatifu wa mashirika ya kitawa zitabaki chini ya zile za watakatifu wa Agano la Kale, watakatifu Wakristo na watakatifu wa Afrika. '''. Also please refer to [[Maalum:Michango/Gayle-Bot]] [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157<sup>2.0</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 09:14, 6 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::::::I meant that under ==Tazama pia== we would have links to watakatifu wa Agano la Kale, then orodha ya watakatifu Wakristo, then orodha ya watakatifu wa Afrika, then the new insertion which has links to different religious communities (Mabradha ... to ... Wavinsenti). '''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 10:18, 6 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::::::::What you did in [[Absadi]] is a good example. '''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 10:20, 6 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::::::::Okay, I'm gonna incoporate it; [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157<sup>2.0</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:59, 6 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::::@[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ::::I have finalized the script for the bot task you assigned me. The bot is still [[Maalum:Michango/Gayle-Bot|executing the task]] as it is long-running. In case of any mistakes made by the bot, I sincerely apologize and would like to inform you that it is able to correct its own errors. You may review the [[Maalum:Michango/Gayle-Bot|bot’s contribution]] to identify any issues. If there is anything else, please let me know, and if you have any additional bot task requests, do not hesitate to inform me. ::::I appreciate the opportunity you gave me to work on this task. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157<sup>2.0</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 07:46, 7 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::::Until now the work is going very well. Thanks a lot. '''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:56, 7 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Visual editor kwa miradi ya wiki == Habari ndugu {{PAGENAME}}, Natumai u mzima. Naomba nafasi yako kidogo utupe mkono katika kuboresha mifumo yetu ya kiufundi hapa Swahili Wikipedia. Nimeanzisha ombi kule Phabricator ili watuwezeshe kutumia VisualEditor (Mhariri Unaoonekana) kwenye kurasa za miradi na kampeni zetu (`Wikipedia:Namespace`), jambo ambalo litatupunguzia sana mzigo wa kutumia Wiki markup ngumu wakati wa kuandaa warsha, mashindano, au majedwali ya miradi. Ili mafundi wa Wikimedia Foundation wawishe mfumo huu, wanahitaji kuona maridhiano na kura za wanajumuia wetu. Tafadhali naomba upitie hapa katika ukurasa wa Jumuiya kutoa kura yako ya Kuunga Mkono au maoni yako: 👉 [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya#Ombi la kuwezesha VisualEditor kwenye kurasa za mradi (Wikipedia Namespace)|Bofya hapa kushiriki na kupiga kura]] Mchango wako wa sekunde chache utasaidia sana kurahisisha kazi ya waratibu na wahariri wote wa jumuia yetu. Shukrani sana. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue"><sub>'''Muddyb'''</sub></font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray"><sup>'''Longa'''</sup></font>]]</font> 09:33, 24 Mei 2026 (UTC) ==BOT== Please, let you change all of <nowiki>[[Jamii:Papa]]</nowiki> to be <nowiki>[[Jamii:Mapapa]]</nowiki>. Thank you. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 10:22, 16 Juni 2026 (UTC) :Okay , I will work on it. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157<sup>2.0</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 15:30, 16 Juni 2026 (UTC) ::I have finalized the task; In case you have more bot requests , feel free to ask! [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157<sup>2.0</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 05:19, 18 Juni 2026 (UTC) 7vi0nhlgw2aw78r132dikzxr0lhkkz1 Mohamed Omar 0 198221 1574093 1388946 2026-06-17T14:01:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574093 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Mohamed Omar of HFX Wanderers FC (2) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Mohamed Omar]] '''Mohamed Omar''' (amezaliwa Januari 22, [[1999]]) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu wa [[Kanada]] ambaye kwa sasa anacheza kama kiungo au beki wa kati kwa timu ya San Antonio FC katika Ligi ya USL.<ref name=lastword>{{cite web|url=https://lastwordonsports.com/soccer/2022/01/11/mohamed-omar-mls-superdraft-interview/|title=Interview with Colorado Rapids Draftee Mohamed Omar: College success, his afro, and Robin Fraser calling him "Mr. Notre Dame"|first=Matt|last=Pollard|work=Last Word on Sports|date=January 11, 2022|accessdate=2025-01-21|archive-date=2022-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513191238/https://lastwordonsports.com/soccer/2022/01/11/mohamed-omar-mls-superdraft-interview/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=eagle>{{cite web|url=https://www.berkshireeagle.com/sports/local_sports/mohammed-omar-another-berkshire-school-soccer-alum-drafted-into-mls-will-start-pro-career-in/article_162e5354-8ac8-11ec-8365-23ef9b3cc6b1.html|title=Mohamed Omar, another Berkshire School soccer alum drafted into MLS, will start pro career in Canadian Premier League|first=Howard|last=Herman|date=March 4, 2022|work=[[The Berkshire Eagle]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nesoccerjournal.com/mo-omar-notre-dame-berkshire/|title=Berkshire's Mo Omar talks college soccer, Canadian roots and more|first=Jonathan|last=Sigal|date=November 15, 2017|work=New England Soccer Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/video/mohamed-omar-shares-his-journey-from-canada-all-the-way-to-the-no-23-pick-for-th#mohamed-omar-shares-his-journey-from-canada-all-the-way-to-the-no-23-pick-for-th|title=Mohamed Omar shares his journey from Canada all the way to the No. 23 pick for the Colorado Rapids|work=[[Major League Soccer]]}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1999|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] 3riyidpxemzch0200z5jfvrh4znmisk Radosław Pindiur 0 198850 1574308 1390552 2026-06-18T01:28:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574308 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Radosław Pindiur''' (alizaliwa Januari 29, [[1988]], huko Morąg) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu wa [[Kanada]] na [[Polandi]] ambaye anaichezea Świt Krzeszowice.<ref>[http://www.dziennikwschodni.pl/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/99999999/PILKA36/693942860 Radosław Pindiur - 6 lipca 2009] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930083521/http://www.dziennikwschodni.pl/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F99999999%2FPILKA36%2F693942860 |date=2011-09-30 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jeziorak-ilawa.pl/www/?subaction=showfull&id=1247588504&archive=&start_from=&ucat=12&page=liga |title=Radosław Pindiur na testach w OKS 1945 |accessdate=2025-01-25 |archive-date=2012-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215041915/http://www.jeziorak-ilawa.pl/www/?subaction=showfull&id=1247588504&archive=&start_from=&ucat=12&page=liga |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1988|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] jt7u8b67wlhsawwmyfpleyruhpvf4aa 1574418 1574308 2026-06-18T09:36:22Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1574418 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Radosław Pindiur''' (alizaliwa Januari 29, [[1988]], huko Morąg) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu wa [[Kanada]] na [[Polandi]] ambaye anaichezea Świt Krzeszowice.<ref>[http://www.dziennikwschodni.pl/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/99999999/PILKA36/693942860 Radosław Pindiur - 6 lipca 2009] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930083521/http://www.dziennikwschodni.pl/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F99999999%2FPILKA36%2F693942860 |date=2011-09-30 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.jeziorak-ilawa.pl/www/?subaction=showfull&id=1247588504&archive=&start_from=&ucat=12&page=liga |title=Radosław Pindiur na testach w OKS 1945 |accessdate=2025-01-25 |archive-date=2012-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215041915/http://www.jeziorak-ilawa.pl/www/?subaction=showfull&id=1247588504&archive=&start_from=&ucat=12&page=liga |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1988|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] 5gkrnz8rvyyojijwqbwxmyqt5r26if3 Patsy Montana 0 202587 1574266 1523349 2026-06-17T22:51:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574266 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rubye Rose Blevins''' (amezaliwa [[30 Oktoba]], [[1908]] – amefariki [[3 Mei]], [[1996]])<ref name="AMG">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/patsy-montana-mn0000015122/biography|title=Patsy Montana &#124; Biography & History|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=8 August 2021}}</ref> anayejulikana kitaaluma kama '''Patsy Montana''', alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] na[[ mtunzi wa nyimbo]] wa [[muziki wa country]] na [[western]] kutoka [[Marekani]].<ref name="LarkinCountry">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Guinness Who's Who of Country Music]]|editor=[[Colin Larkin (writer)|Colin Larkin]]|publisher=[[Guinness Publishing]]|date=1993|edition=First|isbn=0-85112-726-6|pages=274/5}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.talentondisplay.com/PatsyMontana.html |title=Patsy Montana at the Rockabilly Hall of Fame |accessdate=2025-02-22 |archive-date=2006-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061118232614/http://www.talentondisplay.com/PatsyMontana.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.westernmusic.com/performers/hof-montana.html |title=Patsy Montana at the Western Music Association |accessdate=2013-01-05 |archive-date=2012-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214061908/http://www.westernmusic.com/performers/hof-montana.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1908|1996}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] lqgr9zjfffp4ps3x45bjsjwz4a35apk 1574273 1574266 2026-06-17T22:59:40Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1574273 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rubye Rose Blevins''' (amezaliwa [[30 Oktoba]], [[1908]] – amefariki [[3 Mei]], [[1996]])<ref name="AMG">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/patsy-montana-mn0000015122/biography|title=Patsy Montana &#124; Biography & History|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=8 August 2021}}</ref> anayejulikana kitaaluma kama '''Patsy Montana''', alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] na[[ mtunzi wa nyimbo]] wa [[muziki wa country]] na [[western]] kutoka [[Marekani]].<ref name="LarkinCountry">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Guinness Who's Who of Country Music]]|editor=[[Colin Larkin (writer)|Colin Larkin]]|publisher=[[Guinness Publishing]]|date=1993|edition=First|isbn=0-85112-726-6|pages=274/5}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.talentondisplay.com/PatsyMontana.html |title=Patsy Montana at the Rockabilly Hall of Fame |accessdate=2025-02-22 |archive-date=2006-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061118232614/http://www.talentondisplay.com/PatsyMontana.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.westernmusic.com/performers/hof-montana.html |title=Patsy Montana at the Western Music Association |accessdate=2013-01-05 |archive-date=2012-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214061908/http://www.westernmusic.com/performers/hof-montana.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1908|1996}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 5u47ja16ay7d9vaj3aif0t0hqrmrler Robert John 0 203154 1574229 1404906 2026-06-17T22:09:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574229 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert John''' (alizaliwa Robert John Pedrick, Jr., [[3 Januari]] [[1946]] – [[24 Februari]] [[2025]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] kutoka [[Marekani]] anayejulikana zaidi kwa wimbo wake maarufu wa [[1979]], "Sad Eyes," uliofika nambari 1 kwenye chati za US [[Billboard]] Hot 100.<ref name="LarkinGE">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]|date=1992|publisher=[[Guinness Publishing]]|isbn=0-85112-939-0|editor=[[Colin Larkin (writer)|Colin Larkin]]|edition=First|page=[https://archive.org/details/guinnessencyclop0000unse_u4d0/page/1290 1290]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Blistein|first1=Jon|title=Robert John, Crooner Behind Number One Hit ‘Sad Eyes,’ Dead at 79|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/robert-john-sad-eyes-singer-dead-obituary-1235279707/|website=[[Rolling Stone]]|access-date=February 25, 2025}}</ref><ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums">{{cite book|title=British Hit Singles & Albums|last=Roberts|first=David|publisher=Guinness World Records Limited|year=2006|isbn=1-904994-10-5|edition=19th|location=London|page=286}}</ref> == Maisha na Safari ya Muziki == John alizaliwa [[Brooklyn, New York]], mnamo 3 Januari 1946. Kwa jina la ''Bobby Pedrick, Jr.'', alijulikana kwa kuingia kwenye chati za muziki za pop mwaka [[1958]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 12 kwa wimbo "White Bucks and Saddle Shoes," ulioandikwa na Doc Pomus na Mort Shuman. Kama kiongozi wa kundi la Bobby & The Consoles, alikua na wimbo mdogo wa mafanikio mwaka [[1963]] uitwao "My Jelly Bean" kwenye lebo ya Diamond Records. Kufikia mwaka [[1965]], alibadilisha jina lake na kusaini mkataba na MGM Records kwa single mbili ambazo hazikufanikiwa. Mwaka [[1967]], alisaini mkataba na Columbia Records na kutoa single kadhaa kwa msaada wa mwandishi wimbo Mike Gately. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1946]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] rukachf23hvns0useluel0v7wdrrjl7 Sylvia Pankhurst 0 204712 1574460 1526510 2026-06-18T10:23:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Estelle Sylvia Pankhurst''' ([[5 Mei]] [[1882]] – [[27 Septemba]] [[1960]]) alikuwa mwanafeministi wa [[Kiingereza]] na [[mwanaharakati]] wa kijamii na [[mwandishi]]. Kufuatia kukutana na uharakati wa wafanyakazi wa wanawake nchini Marekani, alifanya kazi ya kuwaandaa wanawake wa [[Tabaka (mji)|tabaka]] la [[wafanyakazi]] katika East End ya [[London]]. Hili, pamoja na kukataa kwake mnamo [[1914]] kuingia katika mapatano ya kisiasa ya wakati wa vita na serikali, kulisababisha kuvunjika kwake na uongozi wa suffragette wa mama yake na dada yake, Emmeline na Christabel Pankhurst. Pankhurst alikaribisha [[Mapinduzi]] ya Urusi na akashauriana huko Moscow na Lenin. Lakini kama mtetezi wa udhibiti wa [[wafanyakazi]], alikataa mstari wa chama wa Leninist na kukosoa utawala wa Bolshevik.<ref name=":6">{{Rejea habari |last=Pedersen |first=Susan |title=Susan Pedersen · Worth the Upbringing: Thirsting for the Vote|date=4 March 2021|work=London Review of Books |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v43/n05/susan-pedersen/worth-the-upbringing |access-date=6 November 2022}}</ref> Pankhurst alikuwa na sauti kubwa katika kuunga mkono uhuru wa Ireland; kwa mapambano ya kupinga [[ukoloni]] katika Milki yote ya Uingereza; na kwa mshikamano wa kupinga ufashisti huko Ulaya. Kufuatia uvamizi wake na Italia mnamo [[1935]], alijitolea kwa sababu ya [[Ethiopia]] ambapo, baada ya Vita vya Pili vya [[Dunia]], alitumia miaka yake iliyobaki kama mgeni wa mfalme aliyerejeshwa Haile Selassie. Usambazaji wa kimataifa wa jarida lake la kila wiki la pan-Africanist "The New Times and Ethiopia News" ulichukuliwa na mamlaka ya [[kikoloni]] ya [[Uingereza]] kama sababu katika [[maendeleo]] ya utaifa wa Kiafrika, na wa harakati ya Rastafari huko [[Jamaika|Jamaica]].<ref name="Purvis1996p2602">{{cite journal |last=Purvis |first=June |year=1996 |title=A 'pair of ... infernal queens'? A reassessment of the dominant representations of Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst, first-wave feminists in Edwardian Britain |journal=Women's History Review |volume=5 |issue=2 |page=260 |doi=10.1080/09612029600200112}}</ref><ref name="Spartacus">{{cite web|author-last1=Simkin |author-first1=John |title=Sylvia Pankhurst |url=http://spartacus-educational.com/WpankhurstS.htm |publisher=Spartacus Educational |access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref> Estelle Sylvia Pankhurst (baadaye aliacha jina lake la kwanza) alizaliwa huko Drayton Terrace, Old Trafford, Manchester, kwa Emmeline Pankhurst (née Goulden) na Dk. Richard Pankhurst.<ref name=":23" /> While completing an ILP commission to paint murals in a social hall the party had built in Salford, Pankhurst discovered that the hall, named after her father, would not admit women. It was an episode that helped convince her elder sister, Christabel, of the need for women to organise independently.<ref name=":24">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Mulhallen |first=Jacqueline |date=2021 |title=Artist |url=https://www.sylviapankhurst.com/artist |access-date=19 November 2022|work=Sylvia Pankhurst}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Archives |first=The National |date=2014-06-19 |title=The National Archives - The working women's struggle for the vote |url=https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/working-womens-struggle-vote/ |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=The National Archives blog |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106142636/https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/working-womens-struggle-vote/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dk. Pankhurst alikuwa mwanachama mwanzilishi mnamo 1872 wa Jumuiya ya Kitaifa ya Haki za Wanawake za Kupiga Kura, na alichukua jukumu katika kuandaa sheria ambayo iliwapa wanawake wamiliki wa nyumba wasio na waume kura katika uchaguzi wa mitaa, na wanawake waliooa udhibiti juu ya mali na mapato yao. Kulingana na binti yake, pia alitofautishwa na msaada wake kwa Sheria ya Nyumbani ya Ireland, akiwa "mgombea wa kwanza wa Bunge la Kiingereza kujitolea kwa kujitawala kwa Ireland aliposimama katika uchaguzi wa mara moja huko Manchester mnamo 1883."<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last=Pankhurst |first=Sylvia |title=The Suffragette Movement – An Intimate Account of Persons and Ideals |publisher=Warton Press |year=2013 |edition=Kindle |location=London |pages=6656 |oclc=1027059219}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite book | last=Pankhurst | first=E. Sylvia | editor-last=Connelly | editor-first=Katherine | title=A suffragette in America : reflections on prisoners, pickets and political change | url=https://archive.org/details/suffragetteiname0000pank | publisher=Pluto Press | location=London | date=2019 | isbn=978-1-78680-454-9 | oclc=1099434698}}</ref> Nyumba ya familia, kwa kipindi huko Russell Square huko London, ilihudhuria wasomi wa itikadi kali kutoka Uingereza na nje ya nchi. Hawa walijumuisha mwanarchist wa Urusi Peter Kropotkin, Communard Louise Michel, na Fabian Annie Besant.<ref name=":23">{{Cite ODNB|id=37833|title=Pankhurst, (Estelle) Sylvia (1882–1960)}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Rejea tovuti |last1=Carlyle |first1=Susan |last2=Matgamma |first2=Sean |date=2001 |title=Sylvia Pankhurst and Democracy {{!}} Workers' Liberty |url=https://www.workersliberty.org/story/2001-09-30/sylvia-pankhurst-and-democracy |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=www.workersliberty.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Rejea kitabu |author-last=Connelly |author-first=Katherine |editor-last=Hughes-Johnson |editor-first=Alexandra |editor2-last=Jenkins |editor2-first=Lyndsey | title=The Politics of Women's Suffrage: Local, National and International Dimensions |chapter='East Side Londoners': Sylvia Pankhurst's lecture tours of North America and the East London Federation of Suffragettes |publisher=University of London Press |date=2021 |isbn=978-1-912702-95-4 |pages=263–284 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2321krx.17 | jstor=j.ctv2321krx.17 |access-date=2022-11-12 }}</ref> Mnamo 1893, wazazi wa Pankhurst walijiunga na mgodi wa Kiskoti Keir Hardie, rafiki wa familia, kama wanachama waanzilishi wa Chama Huru cha Wafanyakazi (ILP).<ref>{{cite magazine |date=2007 |title=Writing and Re-Writing Suffrage History: Sylvia Pankhurst's 'The Suffragette' |magazine=Women's History Magazine |author-last=Mercer |author-first=John | volume = 56 | pages = 11–18 |ssrn=1439723 | url = https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1439723}}</ref> Pankhurst na dada zake, Christabel na Adela, walihudhuria Shule ya Upili ya Wasichana ya Manchester. Mnamo 1903, Pankhurst aliendelea kufunzwa kama msanii katika Shule ya Sanaa ya Manchester. Wakati akimaliza tume ya ILP ya kuchora michoro ya ukutani katika ukumbi wa kijamii ambao chama kilikuwa kimejenga huko Salford, Pankhurst aligundua kwamba ukumbi huo, uliopewa jina la baba yake, haukukubali wanawake. Ilikuwa ni tukio ambalo lilimsaidia kumudu shawishi dada yake mkubwa, Christabel, juu ya hitaji la wanawake kujipanga kwa kujitegemea.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |author-last1=Bullock |author-first1=Ian |title=Sylvia Pankhurst: From Artist to Anti-Fascist |author-last2=Pankhurst |author-first2=Richard |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=1992 |location=London |pages=1–13}}</ref><ref name="year1906">{{cite book|author-last1=Winslow |author-first1=Barbara |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |page=409}}</ref><ref name="Chambers">{{cite web|author-last=Chambers |author-first=Emma |title=Women Workers of England |url=http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/display/bp-spotlight-sylvia-pankhurst |publisher=Tate Gallery |access-date=3 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Ward |first=Margaret |date=1995 |title=Conflicting Interests: The British and Irish Suffrage Movements |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1395496 |journal=Feminist Review |issue=50 |pages=(127–147) 135 |doi=10.2307/1395496 |issn=0141-7789 |jstor=1395496}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Woman and her Sphere |date=2014 |title=Suffrage Stories:'We Believe That The Rousing Of The Irish People Had Best Be Left To Irish Women' |url=https://womanandhersphere.com/tag/isabella-tod/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Woman and her Sphere |language=en}}</ref> Mnamo 1904, Pankhurst alishinda udhamini wa Chuo cha Sanaa cha Kifalme (RCA) huko London, lakini alikasirika kujua kwamba kati ya udhamini 16 uliotolewa na chuo kila mwaka, 13 walikuwa wamehifadhiwa kwa wanaume, na kwamba, kwa kujibu swali la bunge, Keir Hardie angeambiwa kuwa mamlaka "hawakufikiria mabadiliko yoyote."<ref name="Crawford23">{{cite book|author-first=Elizabeth |author-last=Crawford |title=The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide 1866-1928 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a2EK9P7-ZMsC&pg=PA281 |date=2 September 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-43402-1 |pages=281–}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Sylvia Pankhurst |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/WpankhurstS.htm |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=Spartacus Educational |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Connelly |first=Catherine |date=2020 |title=Sylvia Pankhurst the East London Suffragettes and the Chicago Strikers |url=https://issuu.com/chicagohistorymuseum/docs/2020fall-chm-chicagohistory-vol44-no2/s/11612615 |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=issuu |language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1882]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1960]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] hr1wb6qtiws4punme1yjzv4twgns6he Rudolf Bahro 0 204857 1574335 1524720 2026-06-18T03:54:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Rudolf Bahro''' ([[18 Novemba]] [[1935]] – [[5 Desemba]] [[1997]]) alikuwa mpinga sera kutoka [[Ujerumani]] [[Mashariki]] ambaye, tangu [[kifo]] chake, ametambuliwa kama [[mwanafalsafa]], mtu wa kisiasa na mwandishi. Bahro alikuwa kiongozi wa chama cha West German The Greens, lakini aliacha chama hicho baada ya kukata tamaa nacho. Bahro alitumia muda uliosalia wa maisha yake kuchunguza mbinu za kiroho za umudu imara katika Chuo Kikuu cha Humboldt huko [[Berlin]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Andrews |first1=Edmund L. |title=Rudolf Bahro Is Dead at 62; Dissident in Both Germanys |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/11/world/rudolf-bahro-is-dead-at-62-dissident-in-both-germanys.html |accessdate=4 April 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=11 December 1997}}</ref> == Maisha na Elimu == Bahro alikuwa mtoto wa kwanza kati ya watoto watatu wa Max Bahro, mshauri wa tasnia ya mifugo, na Irmgard Bahro (née Conrad). Hadi [[1945]], familia iliishi Lower Silesia: kwanza katika mji wa spa wa Bad Flinsberg na kisha katika Gerlachsheim jirani, ambapo Bahro alihudhuria shule ya kijiji. Kuelekea mwisho wa Vita vya Pili vya Dunia, Max Bahro aliandikishwa katika Volkssturm, na, baada ya kukamatwa kwake, akazuiliwa kama mfungwa wa Kipolandi. Wakati Front ya Mashariki ilipokaribia, familia ilihamishwa na Bahro alitenganishwa na mama yake na ndugu zake wakati wa kukimbia (wengine wa familia ya Bahro, isipokuwa baba yake, walikufa kwa typhoid muda mfupi baadaye). Bahro aliishi na [[shangazi]] huko Austria na Hesse, akitumia miezi kadhaa katika kila eneo na hatimaye kuungana tena na baba yake, ambaye alikuwa akisimamia shamba la mjane huko Rießen (sasa sehemu ya Siehdichum).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=An introduction to Rudolf Bahro (1935–1997) |url=https://www.ohiocitizen.org/rudolf_bahro |access-date=December 7, 2024 |website=The Ohio Citizen }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>This could refer to any of the three villages Ober Gerlachsheim ([[Grabiszyce Górne]]), Mittel Gerlachsheim ([[Grabiszyce Średnie]]), or Nieder Gerlachsheim ([[Grabiszyce Dolne]], all in then [[Lauban (district)|district Lauban]] [[:de:Landkreis Lauban|(de)]])</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Guntolf |last1=Herzberg |first2=Kurt |last2=Seifert |title=Rudolf Bahro : Glaube an das Veränderbare |edition=Paperback |publisher=Aufbau-Taschenbuch-Verlag |location=Berlin |year=2005 |page=177f |isbn=3-7466-2085-6 |language=de }}</ref> Kuanzia [[1950]] hadi [[1954]], Bahro alihudhuria shule ya upili huko Fürstenberg (sasa sehemu ya Eisenhüttenstadt). Kwa kuwa ilidhaniwa kuwa wanafunzi wote wa shule ya upili wangejiunga na Vijana Huru wa Ujerumani (FDJ), Bahro alijiunga kwa kusitasita mnamo 1950. Hii ilikuwa, kama alivyosema baadaye, mara pekee aliyofanya kitu kinyume na mapenzi yake chini ya shinikizo. Mnamo 1952 aliomba uanachama katika Chama cha Umoja wa Kisoshalisti (SED), ambacho alijiunga nacho mnamo 1954. Bahro alichukuliwa kuwa na akili, na alihitimu shule ya upili kwa heshima. Alihudhuria Chuo Kikuu cha Humboldt huko Berlin kuanzia [[1954]] hadi [[1959]] na alisoma falsafa. Miongoni mwa walimu wake walikuwa Kurt Hager (ambaye baadaye alikua mwanafalsafa wa SED), Georg Klaus na Wolfgang Heise. Mada ya tasnifu yake ilikuwa "Johannes R. Becher na uhusiano wa tabaka la wafanyakazi wa Ujerumani na chama chake na swali la kitaifa la watu wetu".<ref>{{cite news|title=Das trifft den Parteiapparat ins Herz. Ein SED-Funktionär kritisiert den DDR-Sozialismus|language=German|trans-title=That's gonna hit the heart of the party. An SED functionary criticises GDR socialism.|date=22 August 1977|newspaper=Der Spiegel|url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-40763980.html}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Rejea kitabu |title=Rudolf Bahro: crit. responses; [Internat. Congress for and about Rudolf Bahro, Berlin, 1978] |url=https://archive.org/details/rudolfbahrocriti0000inte |date=1980 |publisher=Sharpe |isbn=978-0-87332-159-4 |editor-last=Wolter |editor-first=Ulf |location=White Plains, NY}}</ref> Hadi [[1956]], Bahro alikuwa mpenda Lenin na Stalin; hotuba ya Khrushchev iliyovuja ya "siri" mnamo [[Februari]] [[1956]] ilibadilisha maoni yake. Alifuatilia [[Oktoba]] ya Kipolandi na Mapinduzi ya Hungaria kwa shauku kubwa, akaonyesha mshikamano wake na waasi katika gazeti la ukutani na kukosoa waziwazi sera ya habari iliyozuiliwa ya uongozi wa GDR. Kutokana na maoni yake, usalama wa kitaifa ulimudu peleleza kwa miaka miwili. Baada ya kufaulu mtihani wa leseni ya serikali, SED ilimtuma Bahro Sachsendorf (sehemu ya Lindendorf). Alihariri gazeti la mtaa, "Die Linie" (The Line) na kuwahimiza wakulima wa eneo hilo kujiunga na ushirika wa [[kilimo]] wa LPG. Mnamo [[1959]] Bahro alimuoa Gundula Lambke, mwalimu wa lugha ya Kirusi. Wanandoa hao walikuwa na binti wawili (mmoja wao alikufa wakati wa kuzaliwa) na mwana, pamoja na binti ya Gundula. Mnamo [[1960]] Bahro aliteuliwa katika uongozi wa chama wa Chuo Kikuu cha Greifswald, ambapo alianzisha gazeti la "''Unsere Universität''" ("Chuo Chetu") na akahudumu kama mhariri mkuu. Mwaka huo huo uliona uchapishaji wa kitabu chake cha kwanza, mkusanyiko wa mashairi uitwao "In dieser Richtung" (Katika Mwelekeo Huu). Kuanzia [[1962]], Bahro alifanya [[kazi]] kama mshauri wa Kamati ya Utendaji ya Biashara ya Muungano wa Sayansi (moja ya mgawanyiko wa Shirikisho la Vyama vya Wafanyakazi Huru wa Ujerumani) huko Berlin; mnamo 1965 aliteuliwa naibu mkuu wa jarida la wanafunzi la Freie Deutsche Jugend (FDJ), "Forum". Wakati wa utumishi wake na FDJ, Bahro alizuiwa na migogoro na sera zinazozidi kuwa za kumudu zuia za SED, ambazo zilimfanya kuwa lengo la ukosoaji. Kwa sababu ya uchapishaji usioidhinishwa wa makala ya Volker Braun, Bahro alifukuzwa kama naibu mkuu mnamo [[1967]].<ref name=":1" /> Among the attendees was Herbert Marcuse, who considered Bahro's book "the most important contribution to Marxist theory and practice that has appeared in recent decades;"<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last1=Marcuse |first1=Herbert |last2=Vale |first2=Michel |last3=Feenberg |first3=Annemarie |last4=Feenberg |first4=Andrew |last5=Marcuse |first5=Erica Sherover |date=1980 |title=Protosocialism and Late Capitalism: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis Based on Bahro's Analysis |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40470161 |journal=International Journal of Politics |volume=10 |issue=2/3 |pages=25–48 |jstor=40470161 |issn=0012-8783}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last=Mandel |first=Ernest |title=From Stalinism to eurocommunism: the bitter fruits of 'Socialism in one country' |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0860910059 |date=1978 |publisher=NLB |isbn=978-0-86091-010-7 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Krader |first=Lawrence |date=1980 |title=The Asiatic Mode of Production |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40470164 |journal=International Journal of Politics |volume=10 |issue=2/3 |pages=99–128 |jstor=40470164 |issn=0012-8783}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1935]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1997]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanafalsafa wa Ujerumani]] 3uh1v8zth50xxxm19tku2wim89tliij Stevie Nicks 0 204927 1574185 1526247 2026-06-17T21:22:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574185 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stephanie Lynn Nicks''' (alizaliwa [[26 Mei]], [[1948]])<ref>{{cite book |title=Who's Who of American Women 2004–2005 |url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhoofamerica0000marq_r9t9 |publisher=[[Marquis Who's Who]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/whoswhoofamerica0000marq_r9t9/page/1011 1011] |date=2004 |edition=24 |isbn=978-0837904306}}</ref> ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] wa [[Marekani]], anayejulikana kwa kazi yake na [[bendi]] ya Fleetwood Mac na pia kama msanii wa solo.<ref name="Gold & Platinum">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gold & Platinum|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/|access-date=September 15, 2021|website=RIAA|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|last=Brackett|first=Donald|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/191675170|title=Fleetwood Mac : 40 years of creative chaos|date=2007|publisher=Praeger|isbn=978-1-57356-705-3|location=Westport, Conn.|oclc=191675170}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1948|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] hfd6ovvo94j9zy6mrtk46m1iu0qzyo0 Pierre Mailloux 0 205190 1574299 1523669 2026-06-18T00:08:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Pierre Mailloux''' (kwa Kifaransa: [pjɛʁ maju]; anajulikana zaidi kama ''Doc Mailloux'' au ''Docteur Mailloux''; [[Januari 14]], [[1949]] – [[Januari 12]], 2024) alikuwa daktari wa [[magonjwa]] ya [[akili]] wa Kanada na mtangazaji wa redio aliyegubikwa na [[utata]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Le Doc Mailloux s'éteint à 74 ans |url=https://www.lenouvelliste.ca/actualites/actualites-locales/2024/01/12/le-doc-mailloux-seteint-a-74-ans-4CFDHRAAS5ASTADFUDGYFHU7IM/ |access-date=12 January 2024 |publisher=Le Nouvelliste |date=12 January 2024 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112170009/https://www.lenouvelliste.ca/actualites/actualites-locales/2024/01/12/le-doc-mailloux-seteint-a-74-ans-4CFDHRAAS5ASTADFUDGYFHU7IM/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Le Doc Mailloux s'éteint à 74 ans |url=https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/2024-01-12/le-doc-mailloux-s-eteint-a-74-ans.php |access-date=13 January 2024 |publisher=La Presse |date=12 January 2024 |archive-date=13 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113003308/https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/2024-01-12/le-doc-mailloux-s-eteint-a-74-ans.php |url-status=live }}</ref> Alizaliwa huko Normandin katika eneo la Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, Quebec. Alisomea tiba katika ''Université Laval'', Quebec City, na alihitimu masomo ya magonjwa ya akili katika ''McGill University'', Montreal. == Wasifu == Mnamo [[1975]], baada ya kuhudumu kama daktari wa [[magonjwa]] ya akili kwa Jeshi la Kanada, alianza kufanya kazi na watu waliopatikana na makosa ya unyanyasaji na kushiriki katika kesi nyingi kama mtaalamu wa afya ya akili.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.patreon.com/doc|title=Doc Mailloux et Josey is creating un balado ligne ouverte|access-date=2021-06-01|archive-date=2021-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213836/https://www.patreon.com/doc|url-status=live}}</ref> Mailloux alihusishwa na kesi ya Denis Lortie. Kwa mujibu wa Mailloux, Lortie alikuwa na ''paranoid schizophrenia'' na alipanga uhalifu wake wakati wa kipindi cha ugonjwa wa akili, akiamini kuwa alikuwa akitekeleza maagizo kutoka kwa Mungu. Hata hivyo, mnamo [[1985]], Lortie alihukumiwa kwa kosa la mauaji ya daraja la kwanza, lakini kesi mpya ikaamriwa kutokana na makosa ya kisheria. Mnamo [[1987]], alikiri kosa la mauaji ya daraja la pili.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.fm93.com/animateurs/doc-mailloux|title=Doc Mailloux|access-date=2021-06-01|archive-date=2021-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214730/https://www.fm93.com/animateurs/doc-mailloux|url-status=live}}</ref> Baadaye, Mailloux aliendelea na kazi yake ya utabibu katika eneo la Trois-Rivières na maeneo jirani. Mnamo [[Januari 12]], [[2024]], Mailloux alisaidiwa kujiua huko Trois-Rivières baada ya kupata matatizo yasiyojulikana kutokana na maambukizi ya figo. Alikuwa na umri wa miaka 74.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20051206135816/http://www.lcn.canoe.com/infos/faitsdivers/archives/2002/04/20020425-221727.html Le Dr Pierre Mailloux et le Collège des médecins s'entendent]. [[Le Canal Nouvelles]], April 25, 2002.</ref> == Kazi za Utangazaji == Mwaka [[1995]], Mailloux alianza kazi ya utangazaji katika kituo cha [[redio]] cha CKAC kilichopo Montreal, akishirikiana na [[mtangazaji]] mwenzake Janine Ross. Miaka ilivyopita, jina la kipindi chake kwenye [[mtandao]] wa ''Radiomédia'' lilibadilika kutoka ''Un psy à l'écoute'' hadi ''Deux psy à l'écoute'', kisha ''Doc Mailloux''. Hata hivyo, mnamo [[2007]], CKAC kilibadilishwa kuwa kituo cha michezo, na kipindi chake kikafutwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.corusnouvelles.com/nouvelle-station_corus_porte_defense-75622-2.html |title=Corus Nouvelles // National - Une station Corus se porte à la défense de Pierre Mailloux |access-date=2007-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070301030804/http://www.corusnouvelles.com/nouvelle-station_corus_porte_defense-75622-2.html |archive-date=2007-03-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.canoe.com/divertissement/tele-medias/nouvelles/2007/03/20/3789504-jdm.html |title=Les francs-tireurs - Topo de Mailloux retiré, Martineau outré &#124; Nouvelles &#124; Télé & médias &#124; Canoë |access-date=2007-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070324035405/http://www.canoe.com/divertissement/tele-medias/nouvelles/2007/03/20/3789504-jdm.html |archive-date=2007-03-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baadaye, alijiunga na kituo cha redio ''Radio X'' cha Quebec City na hatimaye akaendesha kipindi cha ''Doc Mailloux et Josey'' kwenye ''Patreon''. Pia alionekana mara kwa mara kama mchambuzi wa masuala ya afya ya akili katika kituo cha ''CJMF-FM'' kilichopo Quebec City.<ref>[http://www.cbsc.ca/english/decisions/decisions/2005/050330.htm CKAC-AM re an episode of Doc Mailloux] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024101102/http://www.cbsc.ca/english/decisions/decisions/2005/050330.htm|date=2006-10-24}}. [[Canadian Broadcast Standards Council]].</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.crtc.gc.ca/archive/ENG/Decisions/2005/db2005-258.htm |title=CRTC Decision 2005-258 |access-date=2005-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060211031030/http://www.crtc.gc.ca/archive/ENG/Decisions/2005/db2005-258.htm |archive-date=2006-02-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Vitabu == Mailloux alikuwa mwandishi wa vitabu kadhaa, vikiwemo: # ''Pour la castration volontaire des pédophiles'' ([[2001]], <nowiki>ISBN 2-89005-761-5</nowiki>) # ''Au secours des femmes'' ([[2001]], <nowiki>ISBN 2-7640-0552-0</nowiki>) # ''Pour l'amour des enfants : Non aux châtiments corporels!'' ([[2002]], <nowiki>ISBN 2-922572-98-6</nowiki>) # ''Pour élever ses enfants : Prière de ne pas les rabaisser...'' ([[2006]], <nowiki>ISBN 2-89562-107-1</nowiki>) == Madai na Matamshi Yenye Utata == Mailloux alikuwa mashuhuri kwa matamshi yake yenye utata alipokuwa hewani. Mnamo 2002, ''Collège des médecins'' ilimkemea rasmi kwa kufanya utambuzi wa kitabibu moja kwa moja kwenye redio, kutoa maoni yaliyochukuliwa kuwa "yasiyostahili daktari," pamoja na kusambaza taarifa zisizo sahihi kuhusu dawa fulani. Mailloux alizungumzia mara kwa mara mada kama: * Kuhasi kwa hiari wale wanaopatikana na hatia ya unyanyasaji wa watoto. * Unyanyasaji wa [[watoto]] na insesti. * Ukosoaji wa harakati za kifeministi. Alikuwa mtaalamu wa magonjwa ya akili wa ''Loft Story'', toleo la Quebec la kipindi halisi cha televisheni, ambapo alitoa maoni yaliyoibua malalamiko kutoka kwa wazazi wa mmoja wa washiriki baada ya kuchambua tabia yake. == Malalamiko ya Ubaguzi == Mnamo [[Februari 10]], [[2005]], ''Quebec Regional Panel'' ya ''Canadian Broadcast Standards Council'' (CBSC) ilipokea malalamiko kutoka kwa msikilizaji kuhusu matamshi ya Mailloux. Ilibaini kuwa alikuwa ametamka "maneno ya kibaguzi yaliyolenga kikundi mahususi" alipokuwa akizungumza kuhusu uhamiaji. Alirejelea jamii ya ''Sikh'' kama "kikundi cha wapuuzi" (kwa tafsiri isiyo rasmi). CBSC ilihitimisha kuwa Mailloux na kituo cha redio walikuwa wamekiuka kifungu cha haki za binadamu cha ''Canadian Association of Broadcasters Code of Ethics.''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyberpresse.ca/article/20070927/CPACTUALITES/70927016/-1/CPACTUALITES |title=Doc Mailloux : le Saguenay est peupl par un grand nombre de tar s {{!}} Actualit s {{!}} Cyberpresse |website=www.cyberpresse.ca |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005005009/http://www.cyberpresse.ca/article/20070927/CPACTUALITES/70927016/-1/CPACTUALITES |archive-date=2007-10-05}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1949]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2024]] [[Jamii:watu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] r79r02x2p7w65dfpk1omz0jp0dq0jym The Good, the Bad and the Ugly 0 206136 1574178 1465844 2026-06-17T21:16:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Filamu 2 | jina = The Good, the Bad and the Ugly | picha = Good the bad and the ugly poster.jpg | maelezo = Bango rasmi la filamu | mtayarishaji = [[Alberto Grimaldi]] | mwongozaji = [[Sergio Leone]] | mtunzi = [[Luciano Vincenzoni]] <br /> [[Sergio Leone]] <br /> [[Age & Scarpelli]] <br /> [[Sergio Donati]] (hakutajwa rasmi) | nyota = [[Clint Eastwood]] <br /> [[Lee Van Cleef]] <br /> [[Eli Wallach]] | miongoni = [[Ennio Morricone]] | mpiga picha = [[Tonino Delli Colli]] | mhariri = [[Eugenio Alabiso]] <br /> [[Nino Baragli]] | msambazaji = [[United Artists]] | tarehe_ya_kutoa = {{Film date|1966|12|23|Italy}} | muda = Dakika 161 (toleo la awali) <br /> Dakika 179 (toleo kamili) | nchi = [[Italia]], [[Hispania]], [[Ujerumani|Ujerumani Magharibi]], [[Marekani]] | lugha = Kiitalia | bajeti = Dola za Marekani milioni 1.2 | mapato = Zaidi ya dola milioni 38 duniani kote |maelezo_ya_picha=Bango la filamu|ilitanguliwa_na=[[For a Few Dollars More]]}} '''''The Good, the Bad and the Ugly''''' (kwa [[Kiitalia]]: ''Il buono, il brutto, il cattivo'') tafsiri "''Mzuri, mbaya, mbaya zaidi''") ni filamu ya Kiitalia ya mwaka 1966 ya mtindo wa [[spaghetti Western]] iliyoongozwa na [[Sergio Leone]] na kuchezwa na [[Clint Eastwood]] kama "Mzuri", [[Lee Van Cleef]] kama "Mbaya", na [[Eli Wallach]] kama "Mbaya zaidi".<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Good, The Bad and the Ugly |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_variety_1967-12-27_249_6/page/n5 |last=Beaupre |first=Lee |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=27 December 1967 |page=6 |volume=249 |issue=6 }}</ref> Mswada wake kwa ajili ya filamu uliandikwa na [[Age & Scarpelli]], [[Luciano Vincenzoni]], na Leone (ikiwa na maudhui ya ziada na mazungumzo kutoka kwa [[Sergio Donati]] ambaye hakutajwa).<ref name="The Good 2014">[[Sir Christopher Frayling]], The Good, the Bad and the Ugly audio commentary (Blu-ray version). Retrieved on 26 April 2014.</ref> Ilitokana na hadithi ya Vincenzoni na Leone. Mwongozaji wa upigaji picha [[Tonino Delli Colli]] alihusika na mandhari yote faafu kwa filamu hii, na [[Ennio Morricone]] alitunga muziki wa filamu. Huu ni utayarishaji ulioongozwa na Italia kwa kushirikiana na watayarishaji wenza kutoka [[Uhispania]], [[Ujerumani ya Magharibi|Ujerumani Magharibi]], na [[Marekani]]. Sehemu kubwa ya utengenezaji wa filamu ilifanyika Uhispania. Filamu hii inajulikana kwa matumizi ya Leone ya upigaji picha wa karibu na mbali, pamoja na matumizi yake ya vurumai, mvutano, na mapambano ya bunduki yaliyojaa burudani. Hadithi inahusu wapiga risasi watatu wanaoshindania kupata hazina ya dhahabu ya shirikisho iliyozikwa, katika machafuko ya vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Marekani (hasa Mapigano ya Njia ya Glorieta katika Kampeni ya Kivita ya New Mexico ya mwaka 1862) huku wakishiriki kwenye mapigano mengi, makabiliano, na midahalo ya bunduki njiani.<ref name="Yezbick">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Yezbick |first=Daniel |title=The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly |encyclopedia=St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture |publisher=Gale Group |year=2002 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_tov/ai_2419100524 |access-date=23 May 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012154144/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_tov/ai_2419100524 |archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref> Filamu hii ilikuwa ushirikiano wa tatu kati ya Leone na Eastwood, na wa pili kati ya hizo kumhusisha Van Cleef. Nchini Marekani, ''The Good, the Bad and the Ugly'' iliuzwa kama sehemu ya mwisho ya ''[[Trilojia ya Dollars]]'', baada ya ''[[A Fistful of Dollars]]'' (1964) na ''[[For a Few Dollars More]]'' (1965). Filamu hii ilifanikiwa kifedha, ikipata zaidi ya dola milioni 38 katika mapato ya kimataifa, na inahusishwa na kumuinua Eastwood hadi kuwa nyota mkubwa duniani.<ref>{{cite book |last=McGilligan |first=Patrick |title=Clint: The Life and Legend (updated and revised) |url=https://archive.org/details/clintlifelegendr0000mcgi |publisher=[[OR Books]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-939293-96-1 |location=New York}}</ref> Kutokana na kutokubalika kwa jumla kwa aina ya spaghetti Western wakati huo, mapokezi ya wakosoaji baada ya kutolewa kwa filamu yalikuwa ya mchanganyiko, lakini baadaye ilipata sifa nyingi, na sasa inachukuliwa kama moja ya westerns bora na zenye ushawishi mkubwa wa wakati wote. == Muhtasari wa hadithi == Mnamo mwaka wa 1862, Kusinimagharibi mwa Marekani wakati wa [[Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Marekani]], wawindaji wa kulipwa watatu wanamvamia jambazi wa Kimeksiko Tuco Ramirez, ambaye anawapiga risasi na kutoroka. Kwingineko, mwanajeshi wa kukodiwa "Angel Eyes" anamhoji mwanajeshi wa zamani wa Confederacy aitwaye Stevens kuhusu jina bandia la Jackson, mwanajeshi aliyeiba hazina ya dhahabu ya Confederate. Stevens anatoa jina "Bill Carson", anamtolea Angel Eyes hongo na kisha anavuta bastola yake. Angel Eyes anamwua, na kutokana na kuvutiwa na habari za dhahabu hiyo, anamuua pia mwajiri wake. Tuco anaokolewa kutoka kwa wawindaji wa kulipwa wengine na [[Man with No Name|mpita njia asiye na jina]] ambaye Tuco anamwita "Blondie". Blondie anamkabidhi Tuco kwa sheriff na anakusanya zawadi ya $2,000. Wakati Tuco anakaribia kunyongwa, Blondie anapiga risasi kamba ya kunyongea na kumwokoa. Wanaondoka pamoja na kugawana zawadi hiyo. Wanarudia mpango huu katika miji mingine hadi Blondie anachoshwa na malalamiko ya Tuco na kumwacha jangwani. Kwa hasira na kutaka kulipiza kisasi, na baada ya jaribio lililoshindikana na genge lake, Tuco anamkamata Blondie na kumlazimisha kutembea jangwani hadi anazimia kwa kiu. Gari la wagonjwa lililojaa maiti za wanajeshi wa Confederate linafika likiwa na Bill Carson aliyeko mahututi, ambaye anamwomba Tuco msaada na kumwambia kuhusu dhahabu ya $200,000 iliyozikwa kwenye kaburi lililopo [[Sad Hill Cemetery]]. Tuco anaporudi na maji, Carson amekufa. Hata hivyo, kabla ya kufa, anamwambia Blondie jina la kaburi. Hivyo wawili hao wanalazimika kuweka tofauti zao kando na kushirikiana, kwani Tuco anajua jina la eneo la makaburi na Blondie anajua jina sahihi la kaburi husika. Wakijifanya wanajeshi wa Confederate, Tuco anampeleka Blondie kwenye misheni ya karibu ili apate nafuu. Huko, Tuco anakutana tena na kaka yake Pablo, ambaye aliacha familia yao kuwa padri. Mkutano huo hauendi vizuri, na Tuco anaondoka kwa hasira na Blondie. Njiani, Tuco anapiga kelele za kuunga mkono Confederacy kwa wanajeshi wanaokuja ambao wanageuka kuwa ni wanajeshi wa Union. Wanawekwa kizuizini katika kambi ambayo Angel Eyes amejipenyeza akiwa sajenti wa Union akimtafuta Bill Carson. Tuco, akijifanya Carson, anapelekwa kuhojiwa. Anapigwa hadi anataja jina la makaburi na anapelekwa kunyongwa. Angel Eyes, akijua Blondie hatatoa jina la kaburi, anamuajiri Blondie kumsaidia katika utafutaji wake. Tuco anatoroka kunyongwa kwa kumuua msaidizi wa Angel Eyes, kisha anakimbilia mji uliohama ambapo Blondie, Angel Eyes na genge lake wamefika. Blondie anamkuta Tuco na kwa pamoja wanaua genge, lakini Angel Eyes anatoroka. Wakiwa njiani kuelekea makaburini, wanakutana na vita karibu na daraja muhimu. Blondie anaamua kulilipua daraja hilo ili kuondoa vikosi na kufungua njia yao. Wanapoweka mabomu, Tuco anapendekeza wafichiane siri zao iwapo mmoja atauawa. Tuco anataja jina la makaburi, na Blondie anasema jina kwenye kaburi ni "Arch Stanton". Baada ya daraja kulipuliwa, Tuco anaiba farasi na kukimbilia Sad Hill kuchukua dhahabu mwenyewe. Blondie anamfikia Tuco anapochimba kaburi, na Angel Eyes anawasili muda mfupi baadaye. Hakuna dhahabu inayoonekana ndani ya kaburi, na Blondie anakiri kuwa alidanganya kuhusu jina. Anaweka jiwe katikati ya uwanja wa makaburi na kusema jina halisi limeandikwa hapo. Wengine wawili wanakubali wazo la mapambano na kusimama kwa tahadhari huku wakiwa na bastola zao tayari. Wanaume hao wanasimama wakisubiri mmoja wao avute bastola. Angel Eyes anavuta kwanza lakini Blondie anamuua huku Tuco akigundua bunduki yake haina risasi. Blondie anamwambia alitoa risasi usiku uliopita, na dhahabu ipo kwenye kaburi lenye alama "Unknown" karibu na la Stanton. Tuco anachimba kaburi na kupata mifuko mikubwa ya dhahabu. Hata hivyo, Blondie anamlazimisha kwa bastola kujifunga kitanzi chini ya mti. Akiwa mikono yake imefungwa, Tuco anasimama juu ya jiwe linaloyumba huku Blondie akichukua nusu ya dhahabu na kuondoka. Tuco anapiga kelele kuomba huruma, lakini Blondie anapiga risasi kamba na kumwangusha uso chini juu ya dhahabu iliyobaki. Tuco anamlaani kwa hasira, wakati Blondie anatoweka milimani. == Wahusika == {| class="wikitable" ! Mwigizaji !! Jina la mhusika !! Maelezo |- | [[Clint Eastwood]] || Blondie ("The Good") || Mpiga risasi asiye na jina anayejulikana kwa uhodari wake na maadili ya ndani. |- | [[Eli Wallach]] || Tuco Benedicto Pacifico Juan Maria Ramirez ("The Ugly") || Jambazi wa Kimeksiko anayetumia ujanja kuishi na kutafuta dhahabu. |- | [[Lee Van Cleef]] || Angel Eyes ("The Bad") || Muuaji wa kulipwa na jasusi wa tamaa anayetafuta hazina. |- | [[Luigi Pistilli]] || Padre Pablo Ramirez || Kaka wa Tuco, ambaye sasa ni padri katika misheni ya Kikatoliki. |- | [[Rada Rassimov]] || Maria || Mwanamke anayesaidia Tuco na ambaye Angel Eyes anamtishia ili kupata taarifa. |- | [[Aldo Giuffrè]] || Kapteni wa Jeshi la Muungano || Mwanajeshi aliyechoshwa na vita, anayesaidia Blondie na Tuco kulipua daraja. |- | [[Mario Brega]] || Wallace || Msaidizi wa Angel Eyes anayemtesa Tuco gerezani. |- | [[Antonio Casale]] || Bill Carson / Jackson || Mwanajeshi wa zamani wa Confederate aliyeficha dhahabu. |} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Bibliografia == *{{cite book |last=Cox |first=Alex |author-link=Alex Cox |title=10,000 Ways to Die: A Director's Take on the Spaghetti Western |url=https://archive.org/details/10000waystodiedi0000coxa |publisher=Oldcastle Books |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-84243-304-1}} *{{cite book |last=Cumbow |first=Robert |title=The Films of Sergio Leone |url=https://archive.org/details/filmsofsergioleo0000cumb |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8108-6041-4}} *{{cite book |last=Eliot |first=Marc |title=American Rebel: The Life of Clint Eastwood |publisher=[[Harmony Books]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-307-33688-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanrebellif00elio}} *{{cite book |last=Frayling |first=Christopher |title=Sergio Leone: Something To Do With Death |publisher=Faber & Faber |year=2000 |isbn=0-571-16438-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/sergioleonesomet00fray/page/222/mode/2up|via=Internet Archive}} *{{cite book |last=Frayling |first=Christopher |title=Spaghetti westerns: cowboys and Europeans from Karl May to Sergio Leone |publisher=I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd|year=2006 |isbn=978-18-45112-07-3}} *{{cite book |last=Giusti |first=Marco|author-link=Marco Giusti |title=Dizionario del western all'italiana |publisher=Mondadori |date=2007 |isbn=978-88-04-57277-0}} *{{cite book |last=Hughes |first=Howard |title=Aim for the Heart |url=https://archive.org/details/aimforheartfilms0000hugh |publisher=[[I. B. Tauris]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-84511-902-7 |location=London}} *{{cite book |last=McGilligan |first=Patrick |title=Clint: The Life and Legend |url=https://archive.org/details/clintlifelegend0000mcgi |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |year=1999 |isbn=0-00-638354-8}} *{{cite book |last=Munn |first=Michael |title=Clint Eastwood: Hollywood's Loner |url=https://archive.org/details/clinteastwoodhol0000munn |publisher=Robson Books |location=London |year=1992 |isbn=0-86051-790-X}} *Charles Leinberger, ''Ennio Morricone's The Good, The Bad and the Ugly: A Film Score Guide''. Scarecrow Press, 2004. == Viungo vya nje == {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons category|Il buono, il brutto, il cattivo (film)}} *{{IMDb title|0060196}} *{{TCMDb title|id=18724}} {{Dollars trilogy|state=expanded}} {{Sergio Leone}} {{Luciano Vincenzoni}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Good, The Bad And The Ugly}} [[Category:Filamu za 1966]] [[Category:Filamu za Western]] [[Category:Trilojia ya Dollars]] jgfskcggar0lnc87un0ospi02j2bgh9 Jamii:Mapapa wa Karne ya 21 14 206406 1574378 1420636 2026-06-18T04:50:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: [[Jamii:Papa]]/[[Category:Papa]] → [[Jamii:Mapapa]] 1574378 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Jamii:Kanisa Katoliki]] e4btxkn8kzug0gv3l6htb3rdha49n6k Nasaba ya Joseon 0 207034 1574280 1521877 2026-06-17T23:08:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574280 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Korea_(orthographic_projection).svg|thumb|Uenezi wa nasaba ya Joseon.]] '''Nasaba ya Joseon''' (pia: '''Chosun''') ilikuwa [[nasaba]] ya [[Korea]] iliyotawala miaka 505, kuanzia mwaka [[1392]] hadi [[1897]]<ref>"[[Japan–South Korea Joint History Research Project]]" https://www.jkcf.or.jp/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/3-03j.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508063152/https://www.jkcf.or.jp/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/3-03j.pdf |date=May 8, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | publisher=The Institute of Foreign Affairs and National Security (외교안보연구소) | title=Was Korea Ever a Part of China?: A Historical Review | url=https://www.ifans.go.kr/knda/com/fileupload/FileDownloadView.do?storgeId=c61b04e5-0182-4c75-ad21-828ecacfb855&uploadId=346596669843959&fileSn=1}}</ref>. Iliunga mkono [[Ukonfusio]] dhidi ya [[Ubuddha]] na [[Ukristo]]. Wafuasi wa [[dini]] hizo mbili, hasa ya pili, walidhulumiwa pengine kwa [[ukatili]] mkubwa. == Angalia pia == * [[Wafiadini wa Korea]] ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo}} ==Marejeo== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Duus |first=Peter |title=The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea |publisher=University of California Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-520-92090-3}} * {{cite book |last1=Ebrey |first1=Patricia Buckley |last2=Walthall |first2=Ann |last3=Palais |first3=James B. |title=East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History |year=2006 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Press |location=Boston and New York |isbn=978-0-618-13384-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/eastasiacultural00ebre_0 }}. * {{cite book |last=Kim Haboush |first=JaHyun |chapter=Contesting Chinese Time, Nationalizing Temporal Space: Temporal Inscription in Late Chosŏn Korea |pages=[https://archive.org/details/timetemporalityi0000unse_f1u8/page/n128 115]–141 |title=Time, Temporality, and Imperial Transition |url=https://archive.org/details/timetemporalityi0000unse_f1u8 |year=2005 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |location=Honolulu |editor-last=Lynn A. Struve |isbn=978-0-8248-2827-1}}. * {{cite book |last=Kim |first=Jinwung |title=A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofkoreafr0000kimj |year=2012 |location=New York |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-00024-8}} * {{cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kirk W. |title=Tradition, Treaties, and Trade: Qing Imperialism and Chosŏn Korea, 1850–1910 |url=https://archive.org/details/traditiontreatie0000lars |year=2008 |publisher=Harvard University Asia Center |location=Cambridge, Mass. |isbn=978-0-674-02807-4}}. * {{cite book |last1=Walker |first1=Hugh D. |editor1-last=Jo |editor1-first=Yung-hwan |title=Korea's Response to the West |date=1971 |publisher=The Korea Research and Publications, Inc. |pages=1–14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQBFAAAAIAAJ |chapter=The Weight of Tradition: Preliminary Observations on Korea's Intellectual Response |access-date=February 7, 2024 |archive-date=May 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508063702/https://books.google.com/books?id=EQBFAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Peter H. |last2=de Bary |first2=William Theodore |title=Sources of Korean Tradition, ''Volume I:'' From Early Times Through the Sixteenth Century |year=1997 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-10567-5}}. * {{cite journal |last1=Lin |first1=Ming-te |title=Li Hung-chang's Suzerain Policy toward Korea, 1882–1894 |journal=Chinese Studies in History |date=December 8, 2014 |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=69–96 |doi=10.2753/CSH0009-4633240469}}. {{refend}} == Marejeo mengine == {{refbegin}} * ''A Cultural History of Modern Korea'', Wannae Joe, ed. with intro. by Hongkyu A. Choe, Elizabeth, N.Y., and Seoul Korea: Hollym, 2000. {{ISBN?}} * ''An Introduction to Korean Culture'', ed. Koo & Nahm, Elizabeth NJ, and Seoul Korea: Hollym, 1998. 2nd ed. {{ISBN?}} * ''Noon Eu Ro Bo Neun Han Gook Yuk Sa #7'' by Jang Pyung Soon. Copyright 1998 Joong Ang Gyo Yook Yun Goo Won, Ltd, pp.&nbsp;46–47. * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23718933 Alston, Dane. 2008. "Emperor and Emissary: The Hongwu Emperor, Kwŏn Kŭn, and the Poetry of Late Fourteenth Century Diplomacy". ''Korean Studies'' 32. University of Hawai'i Press: 104–147.] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922070606/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23718933 |date=September 22, 2018 }} * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41490257 Kye, Seung B.. 2010. "Huddling Under the Imperial Umbrella: A Korean Approach to Ming China in the Early 1500s". The Journal of ''Korean Studies'' 15 (1). University of Washington Center for Korea Studies: 41–66.] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922065137/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41490257 |date=September 22, 2018 }} * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41485331 Robinson, David M.. 2004. "Disturbing Images: Rebellion, Usurpation, and Rulership in Early Sixteenth-century East Asia" – "Korean Writings on Emperor Wuzong". ''The Journal of Korean Studies'' 9 (1). University of Washington Center for Korea Studies: 97–127.] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922070641/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41485331 |date=September 22, 2018 }} * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23720024 Robinson, Kenneth R. 1992. "From Raiders to Traders: Border Security and Border Control in Early Chosŏn, 1392–1450". ''Korean Studies'' 16. University of Hawai'i Press: 94–115.] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922065059/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23720024 |date=September 22, 2018 }} * Ji-Young Lee. 2020. "The Founding of the Korean Chosŏn Dynasty, 1392". in ''[[doi:10.1017/9781108807401|East Asia in the World: Twelve Events That Shaped the Modern International Order]]''. Cambridge University Press. * {{cite book |last1=Hatada |first1=Takashi |last2=Smith |first2=Warren W. Jr. |last3=Hazard |first3=Benjamin H. |title=A History of Korea |title-link=A History of Korea (Hatada book) |year=1969 |publisher=ABC-Clio |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-0-87436-064-6}}. * {{cite book |last=Nahm |first=Andrew C. |title=Korea: Tradition & Transformation: A History of the Korean People |url=https://archive.org/details/koreatraditiontr0000nahm |year=1988 |publisher=Hollym |location=Elizabeth, N.J. |isbn=978-0-930878-56-6}}. * {{cite book |last=Zhao |first=Quansheng |chapter=China and the Korean peace process |pages=[https://archive.org/details/koreanpeaceproce0000unse/page/n109 98]–118 |title=The Korean Peace Process and the Four Powers |url=https://archive.org/details/koreanpeaceproce0000unse |year=2003 |publisher=Ashgate |location=Hampshire |editor=Tae-Hwan Kwak |editor2=Seung-Ho Joo |isbn=978-0-7546-3653-3}}. {{refend}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|Joseon Dynasty}} * {{Rejea kitabu |author=[[:ja:三谷博|三谷博]] |date=January 2016 |title=グローバル化への対応－中・日・韓三国の分岐－ |publisher=[[:ja:統計研究会|統計研究会]]『学際』第1号 |url=http://www.isr.or.jp/TokeiKen/pdf/gakusai/1_05.pdf |ref=三谷 |access-date=July 28, 2021 |archive-date=December 25, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225214545/http://www.isr.or.jp/TokeiKen/pdf/gakusai/1_05.pdf |url-status=dead}} * {{Rejea kitabu |author=[[:ja:原田環|原田環]] |date=June 2005 |title=東アジアの国際関係とその近代化－朝鮮と－ |publisher=[[Japan–South Korea Joint History Research Project]]報告書（第1期） |url=http://www.jkcf.or.jp/history_arch/first/3/02-0j_harada_j.pdf |ref={{Harvid|原田|2005}} |access-date=July 28, 2021 |archive-date=September 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910140201/http://www.jkcf.or.jp/history_arch/first/3/02-0j_harada_j.pdf |url-status=dead}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928110202/http://www.instrok.org/instrok/lesson1/page01.html?thisChar=4 Cultural Values of the Choson Dynasty] – from Instrok.org, created by the [[East Rock Institute]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150510203519/http://www.sungjinyang.com/history/hermit.html "Click into the Hermit Kingdom" (Written by Yang Sung-jin and published by Dongbang Media in Seoul, South Korea) – 100 articles in English on the Joseon dynasty] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050207052645/http://royalcity.or.kr/ Korean royal family website] – currently available only in Korean. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050313144134/http://myhome.shinbiro.com/~mss1/choson.html Choson dynasty] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050113191703/http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200501/200501120024.html "Japanese Document Sheds New Light on Korean Queen's Murder"] – Ohmynews.com's uncovered document about murder of Queen Minbi * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060202204421/http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200601/200601270013.html "E-Annals Bring Chosun History to Everyman"], ''The Chosun Ilbo'', January 27, 2006. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080604062746/http://www.bennettsfineart.com/lee%20dynasty.htm "Korean Lee (Yi) Dynasty Granite Sculptures"] {{mbegu-historia}} [[Jamii:Historia ya Korea]] 62yh8cfmlppji45xceey0tiowzwj38g Mtindo wa kiapokalipti 0 208467 1574102 1572784 2026-06-17T14:48:09Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1574102 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Merian's Daniel 7 engraving.jpg|alt=Woodcut image of Daniel, sleeping, while four beasts watch.|thumb|265x265px|[[Kitabu cha Danieli]] ni kilele cha mtindo huo katika [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]].]] '''Mtindo wa kiapokalipti''' ulikuwa [[mtindo wa uandishi]] ulioanza kati ya [[Wayahudi]] wa [[Uhamisho wa Babeli]], hasa [[nabii Ezekieli]], na kuendelea hata kwa [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wa kwanza. Katika [[Biblia ya Kikristo]] [[kitabu]] maarufu zaidi cha namna hiyo ni [[Ufunuo wa Yohane]]. [[Jina]] la mtindo huo linatokana na lile la [[Kigiriki]] la kitabu hicho, ἀποκάλυψις, linalotamkwa: apokálupsis. Kwa jumla, [[Mitindo|mtindo]] huo unasimulia [[njozi]] kuhusu [[mwisho wa nyakati]] unaotarajiwa kuleta [[ukombozi]] kwa waamini walio katika dhiki. Vitabu vingi vya namna hiyo havikukubaliwa kama [[Neno la Mungu]] vikabaki nje ya [[Biblia]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokaliptiko]] == Tanbihi == {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== * {{EB1911|wstitle=Apocalyptic Literature|volume=2|pages=169–175|first=Robert Henry|last=Charles|author-link=Robert Charles (scholar)}} * Charlesworth, James H. ed., ''The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha'', Vol. 1: ''Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments'', Gsrden City, New York: Doubleday & Co., 1983. * Collins, John Joseph ''The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature'', (The Biblical Resource Series), Grand Rapids: Eerdman, 1998 (second edition). * Coogan, Michael ''A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament'', Oxford: Oxford University Press 2009. * Cook, David, ''Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature'' (Religion and Politics), Syracure, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2005. * Cook, Stephen L., ''The Apocalyptic Literature: Interpreting Biblical Texts'', Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2003. * [[Northrop Frye|Frye, Northrop]], 1957. ''Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays'', Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1957. * Goswiller, Richard, ''Revelation'', Pacific Study Series, Melbourne, 1987. * Reddish, Mitchell G. ''Apocalyptic Literature: A Reader'', Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 1998. ==Viungo vya nje== * {{cite web | author1 = L. Michael White | url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/primary/white.html | title = Apocalyptic literature in Judaism and early Christianity | website = [[PBS]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20000304005402/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/primary/white.html | language = en | archive-date = March 4, 2000 | url-status = live}} (Thorough historical introduction). *{{cite web | author1 = David M. Williams | url = http://www.geocities.com/davidmwilliams/ntb519c.html | title = The Book of Revelation as Jewish apocalyptic literature | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091003072014/http://www.geocities.com/davidmwilliams/ntb519c.html | language = en | archive-date = October 3, 2009 | url-status = live | access-date = April 28, 2019 | df = mdy-all }} (A coincise introduction to the Apocalypse of John) * {{cite web | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/apocalyptic-that-which-has-been-rcvealed | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180517004553/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/apocalyptic-that-which-has-been-rcvealed | archive-date = May 17, 2018 | title = "Apocalyptic" lemma | website = iranicaonline.org | access-date = Aug 19, 2018 | url-status = live}} * {{cite journal| author1 = David L. Barr (Wright State University) | title = Using Plot to Discern Structure in John's Apocalypse | journal = Proceedings of the Eastern Great Lakes and Mid-West Biblical Societies | language = en | year = 1995 | pages = 23–33}} (sourced in {{cite web| url = http://www.ntgateway.com/book-of-revelation/articles-and-chapters-in-books| title = Articles & Reviews on the Boom of Revelation| website = ntgateway.com| access-date = 2018-08-19| archive-date = 2018-08-20| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180820005639/http://www.ntgateway.com/book-of-revelation/articles-and-chapters-in-books/| url-status = dead}} {{mbegu-Biblia}} [[Jamii:Biblia]] 4vpv9n9i4ulttjbtlapzctro052in0l Wikipedia:Mradi wa Nchi 4 208508 1574120 1574076 2026-06-17T15:46:39Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1574120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157<sup>2.0</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-17) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-17)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 694 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 721 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2817 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 209 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1335 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1440 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 560 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 329 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 749 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 447 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 777 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 485 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 274 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 374 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 712 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 251 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 578 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 451 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 229 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 448 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 332 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 380 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 314 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 389 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 334 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 223 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 281 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 383 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 272 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 184 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 252 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 214 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 267 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 385 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 480 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1252 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 206 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34929 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 31244 || ↓ -1.9% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 181.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2817 || ↓ -10.4% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1335 || ↑ +21.1% |- | 3 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1252 || ↑ +893.7% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 777 || ↑ +75.0% |- | 5 || [[Irani]] || 736 || ↓ -21.1% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 712 || ↑ +45.3% |- | 7 || [[Kenya]] || 700 || ↓ -4.2% |- | 8 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 694 || ↑ +14.9% |- | 9 || [[Uingereza]] || 564 || ↓ -26.2% |- | 10 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 560 || ↑ +7.5% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 652 || 44.7% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.6% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 130 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 115 || 7.9% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} r08r8m6g17i9s0p2wiielj5prpny20k 1574122 1574120 2026-06-17T15:52:27Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1574122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157<sup>2.0</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-17) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-17)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 694 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 721 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2817 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 209 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1335 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1440 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 560 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 329 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 749 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 447 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 777 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 485 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 274 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 374 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 712 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 251 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 578 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 451 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 229 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 448 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 332 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 380 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 314 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 389 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 334 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 223 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 281 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 383 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 272 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 184 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 252 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 214 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 267 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 385 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 480 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1252 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 206 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34929 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 31244 || ↓ -1.9% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 181.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2817 || ↓ -10.4% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1335 || ↑ +21.1% |- | 3 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1252 || ↑ +893.7% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 777 || ↑ +75.0% |- | 5 || [[Irani]] || 736 || ↓ -21.1% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 712 || ↑ +45.3% |- | 7 || [[Kenya]] || 700 || ↓ -4.2% |- | 8 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 694 || ↑ +14.9% |- | 9 || [[Uingereza]] || 564 || ↓ -26.2% |- | 10 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 560 || ↑ +7.5% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 652 || 44.7% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.6% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 130 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 115 || 7.9% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} phu4uloa0abyuadlsgz0krnz1dnvb4x 1574169 1574122 2026-06-17T20:22:02Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1574169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157<sup>2.0</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-17) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-17)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 694 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 721 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2817 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 209 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1335 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1440 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 560 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 329 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 749 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 447 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 777 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 485 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 274 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 374 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 712 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 251 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 578 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 451 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 229 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 448 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 332 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 380 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 314 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 389 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 334 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 223 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 281 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 383 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 272 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 184 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 252 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 214 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 267 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 385 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 480 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1252 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 206 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34929 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 31244 || ↓ -1.9% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 181.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2817 || ↓ -10.4% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1335 || ↑ +21.1% |- | 3 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1252 || ↑ +893.7% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 777 || ↑ +75.0% |- | 5 || [[Irani]] || 736 || ↓ -21.1% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 712 || ↑ +45.3% |- | 7 || [[Kenya]] || 700 || ↓ -4.2% |- | 8 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 694 || ↑ +14.9% |- | 9 || [[Uingereza]] || 564 || ↓ -26.2% |- | 10 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 560 || ↑ +7.5% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 652 || 44.7% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.6% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 130 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 115 || 7.9% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} g1x7j0olo6lvmkvqkk6einpxn2kb3h7 1574170 1574169 2026-06-17T20:22:50Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1574170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157<sup>2.0</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-17) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-17)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 694 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 721 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2817 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 209 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1335 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1440 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 560 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 329 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 749 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 447 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 777 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 485 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 274 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 374 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 712 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 251 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 578 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 451 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 229 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 448 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 332 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 380 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 314 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 389 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 334 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 223 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 281 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 383 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 272 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 184 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 252 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 214 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 267 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 385 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 480 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1252 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 206 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34929 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 31244 || ↓ -1.9% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 181.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2817 || ↓ -10.4% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1335 || ↑ +21.1% |- | 3 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1252 || ↑ +893.7% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 777 || ↑ +75.0% |- | 5 || [[Irani]] || 736 || ↓ -21.1% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 712 || ↑ +45.3% |- | 7 || [[Kenya]] || 700 || ↓ -4.2% |- | 8 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 694 || ↑ +14.9% |- | 9 || [[Uingereza]] || 564 || ↓ -26.2% |- | 10 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 560 || ↑ +7.5% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 652 || 44.7% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.6% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 130 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 115 || 7.9% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} 21pk2j1mf7qi28vz2pp0qr63o2w13uh 1574346 1574170 2026-06-18T04:24:57Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1574346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157<sup>2.0</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-18) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-18)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 614 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 681 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2731 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1275 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1199 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 543 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 313 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 487 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 428 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 736 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 468 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 270 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 343 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 471 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 192 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 457 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 436 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 224 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 437 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 367 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 305 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 299 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 327 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 230 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 280 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 373 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 212 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 262 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 213 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 257 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 384 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 460 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 132 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 195 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1252 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34929 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 31244 || ↓ -1.9% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 181.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2817 || ↓ -10.4% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1335 || ↑ +21.1% |- | 3 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1252 || ↑ +893.7% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 777 || ↑ +75.0% |- | 5 || [[Irani]] || 736 || ↓ -21.1% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 712 || ↑ +45.3% |- | 7 || [[Kenya]] || 700 || ↓ -4.2% |- | 8 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 694 || ↑ +14.9% |- | 9 || [[Uingereza]] || 564 || ↓ -26.2% |- | 10 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 560 || ↑ +7.5% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 652 || 44.7% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.6% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 130 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 115 || 7.9% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} gw5lw8pqvys01s91fi2g8f6vwaoplkq 1574375 1574346 2026-06-18T04:44:08Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1574375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157<sup>2.0</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-18) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-18)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 614 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 681 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2731 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1275 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1199 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 543 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 313 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 487 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 428 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 736 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 468 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 270 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 343 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 471 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 192 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 457 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 436 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 224 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 437 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 367 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 305 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 299 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 327 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 230 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 280 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 373 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 212 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 262 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 213 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 257 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 384 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 460 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 132 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 195 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1252 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34931 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 18460 || ↓ -11.3% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 107.3 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Marekani]] || 1275 || ↑ +15.0% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1252 || ↑ +943.3% |- | 3 || [[Kenya]] || 681 || ↓ -9.6% |- | 4 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 614 || ↓ -6.8% |- | 5 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 543 || ↑ +4.4% |- | 6 || [[Irani]] || 487 || ↓ -57.8% |- | 7 || [[Ufaransa]] || 471 || ↓ -34.2% |- | 8 || [[Burundi]] || 468 || ↓ -9.8% |- | 9 || [[Uturuki]] || 460 || ↑ +4.8% |- | 10 || [[Uingereza]] || 457 || ↓ -47.2% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 652 || 44.7% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.5% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 130 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 117 || 8.0% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} 5coi79kbashgqggswu3yqcqfeb74fzv 1574462 1574375 2026-06-18T10:29:30Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1574462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157<sup>2.0</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-18) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-18)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 614 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 681 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2731 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1275 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1199 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 543 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 313 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 487 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 428 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 736 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 468 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 270 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 343 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 471 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 192 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 457 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 436 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 224 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 437 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 367 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 305 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 299 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 327 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 230 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 280 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 373 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 212 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 262 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 213 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 257 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 384 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 460 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 132 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 195 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1252 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34931 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 18460 || ↓ -11.3% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 107.3 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Marekani]] || 1275 || ↑ +15.0% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1252 || ↑ +943.3% |- | 3 || [[Kenya]] || 681 || ↓ -9.6% |- | 4 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 614 || ↓ -6.8% |- | 5 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 543 || ↑ +4.4% |- | 6 || [[Irani]] || 487 || ↓ -57.8% |- | 7 || [[Ufaransa]] || 471 || ↓ -34.2% |- | 8 || [[Burundi]] || 468 || ↓ -9.8% |- | 9 || [[Uturuki]] || 460 || ↑ +4.8% |- | 10 || [[Uingereza]] || 457 || ↓ -47.2% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 652 || 44.7% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.5% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 130 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 117 || 8.0% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} 3vavvnoyhbty0vrfnetwvbnis4brwi0 1574466 1574462 2026-06-18T10:40:51Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1574466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157<sup>2.0</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-18) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-18)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 614 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 681 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2731 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1275 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1199 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 543 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 313 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 487 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 428 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 736 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 468 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 270 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 343 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 471 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 192 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 457 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 436 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 224 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 437 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 367 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 305 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 299 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 327 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 230 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 280 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 373 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 212 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 262 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 213 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 257 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 384 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 460 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 132 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 195 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1252 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34932 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 28438 || ↓ -13.3% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 165.3 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2731 || ↓ -12.1% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1275 || ↑ +15.0% |- | 3 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1252 || ↑ +943.3% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 736 || ↑ +55.9% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 681 || ↓ -9.6% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 614 || ↓ -6.8% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 543 || ↑ +4.4% |- | 8 || [[Irani]] || 487 || ↓ -57.8% |- | 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 471 || ↓ -34.2% |- | 10 || [[Burundi]] || 468 || ↓ -9.8% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 652 || 44.7% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.5% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 130 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 118 || 8.1% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} 7g6yd1cux6chner4m1yf13vqqy867fv Ramona M. Valdez 0 211935 1574313 1445973 2026-06-18T01:42:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574313 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ramona M. Valdez''' ([[26 Juni]] [[1984]] – [[23 Juni]] [[2005]]) alikuwa [[Jamhuri ya Dominika|Mdominikani]] aliyezaliwa na Mwanajeshi wa Wanamaji wa [[Marekani]] ambaye aliuawa katika Vita vya [[Iraq]]. Alitunukiwa heshima baada ya kufariki na Jeshi la Wanamaji la Marekani wakati Kituo cha Mafunzo ya Mawasiliano cha II MEF kilipopewa jina la Jengo la Mafunzo la Valdez. ==Maisha ya awali na Elimu== Mama yake Valdez, Elida Nuñez, alihamia Jiji la [[New York]] kutoka Jamhuri ya Dominika na kulea binti zake wawili, Ramona na Fiorela Valdez, peke yake huko [[Bronx]]. Huko, dada wa familia ya Valdez walipokea elimu yao ya msingi na sekondari. Ramona Valdez alianza kupata fedha kusaidia familia yake akiwa mdogo. Alikuwa na umri wa miaka 14 pekee alipofanya kazi kwa mara ya kwanza akiuza bidhaa za vitafunwa katika Sanamu ya Uhuru.<ref name="POS">{{Cite web |url=http://66.35.240.8/cgi-bin/news/iraq/profile?sort=lastname&ord=ASC&o=1&term=Ramona+M.+Valdez&listoffset=Portraits |title=Of Sacrifice |accessdate=2025-08-18 |archive-date=2012-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209154448/http://66.35.240.8/cgi-bin/news/iraq/profile?sort=lastname&ord=ASC&o=1&term=Ramona+M.+Valdez&listoffset=Portraits |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Kazi== Valdez alipokea mafunzo ya msingi katika Kituo cha Jeshi la Wanamaji la Parris Island, [[South Carolina]]. Baada ya kuhitimu mafunzo yake ya uandikishaji, alitumwa Kambi ya Wanamaji ya Camp Lejeune, North Carolina ambako alikua mtaalamu wa mawasiliano. Huko alikutana na Koplo Armando Guzman ambaye mwaka 2003 alikua mume wake. Valdez alipewa jukumu katika Kikosi cha Kazi cha Kukabiliana na Mabomu ya Kutegwa Barabarani cha Sehemu ya 2 ya Wanamaji wa Marekani. Ujuzi wake wa [[redio]] za njia moja ulichangia katika mafanikio ya majaribio yaliyofanywa na CIEDWG.<ref>[http://www.militarycity.com/valor/943339.html Military Times Honor the Fallen] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109165329/http://www.militarycity.com/valor/943339.html |date=January 9, 2008 }}, Retrieved January 13, 2008</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1984|2005}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] 058coh3rljv39wf5if5tncsjvpheke0 1574420 1574313 2026-06-18T09:37:27Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1574420 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ramona M. Valdez''' ([[26 Juni]] [[1984]] – [[23 Juni]] [[2005]]) alikuwa [[Jamhuri ya Dominika|Mdominikani]] aliyezaliwa na Mwanajeshi wa Wanamaji wa [[Marekani]] ambaye aliuawa katika Vita vya [[Iraq]]. Alitunukiwa heshima baada ya kufariki na Jeshi la Wanamaji la Marekani wakati Kituo cha Mafunzo ya Mawasiliano cha II MEF kilipopewa jina la Jengo la Mafunzo la Valdez. ==Maisha ya awali na Elimu== Mama yake Valdez, Elida Nuñez, alihamia Jiji la [[New York]] kutoka Jamhuri ya Dominika na kulea binti zake wawili, Ramona na Fiorela Valdez, peke yake huko [[Bronx]]. Huko, dada wa familia ya Valdez walipokea elimu yao ya msingi na sekondari. Ramona Valdez alianza kupata fedha kusaidia familia yake akiwa mdogo. Alikuwa na umri wa miaka 14 pekee alipofanya kazi kwa mara ya kwanza akiuza bidhaa za vitafunwa katika Sanamu ya Uhuru.<ref name="POS">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://66.35.240.8/cgi-bin/news/iraq/profile?sort=lastname&ord=ASC&o=1&term=Ramona+M.+Valdez&listoffset=Portraits |title=Of Sacrifice |accessdate=2025-08-18 |archive-date=2012-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209154448/http://66.35.240.8/cgi-bin/news/iraq/profile?sort=lastname&ord=ASC&o=1&term=Ramona+M.+Valdez&listoffset=Portraits |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Kazi== Valdez alipokea mafunzo ya msingi katika Kituo cha Jeshi la Wanamaji la Parris Island, [[South Carolina]]. Baada ya kuhitimu mafunzo yake ya uandikishaji, alitumwa Kambi ya Wanamaji ya Camp Lejeune, North Carolina ambako alikua mtaalamu wa mawasiliano. Huko alikutana na Koplo Armando Guzman ambaye mwaka 2003 alikua mume wake. Valdez alipewa jukumu katika Kikosi cha Kazi cha Kukabiliana na Mabomu ya Kutegwa Barabarani cha Sehemu ya 2 ya Wanamaji wa Marekani. Ujuzi wake wa [[redio]] za njia moja ulichangia katika mafanikio ya majaribio yaliyofanywa na CIEDWG.<ref>[http://www.militarycity.com/valor/943339.html Military Times Honor the Fallen] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109165329/http://www.militarycity.com/valor/943339.html |date=January 9, 2008 }}, Retrieved January 13, 2008</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1984|2005}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] oql9o9cx1t0dpidkijsalmcmbi8aqnl Porsyunkula 0 214339 1574303 1523769 2026-06-18T00:35:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574303 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Bazylika_Santa_Maria_degli_Angeli_Asyż.jpg|thumb|Basilika lililojengwa juu ya kikanisa cha Porsyunkula ambacho Fransisko na wenzake wa kwanza waliishi karibu nacho.]] [[Image:Portiuncula on the Feast of the Pardon.jpg|thumb|Kikanisa kilivyo leo ndani ya basilika.]] '''Porsyunkula''' (kwa [[Kiitalia]] '''Porziuncola''', kutoka [[jina]] la [[Kilatini]] '''Portiuncula''', lenye maana ya "Kasehemu") ni [[Chapeli|kikanisa]] cha zamani katika [[bonde]] linaloenea chini ya [[mji]] wa [[Assisi]] ambalo lilipata umaarufu kutokana na [[Fransisko wa Asizi]] kuishi na kufariki huko. Kwa sasa kikanisa hicho, chenye [[urefu]] wa [[mita]] 5.5 na [[upana]] wa mita 3.2, kinapatikana ndani ya [[basilika]] la [[Papa|Kipapa]] linalotembelewa na [[milioni|mamilioni]] ya watu kila [[mwaka]]. ==Historia== Mwaka [[1209]], kisha kurudi kwa [[furaha]] toka [[Roma]] walipopata kibali cha [[Papa Innocent III|Papa Inosenti III]], kwanza walibanana katika kibanda fulani huko [[Rivotorto]], halafu wakahamia Porsyunkula, mahali pa kikanisa ambacho kilijengwa kwa [[heshima]] ya [[Bikira Maria wa Malaika]] na ambacho Fransisko alikuwa amekikarabati miaka ya kwanza baada ya [[uongofu]] wake <ref name="robinson">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06221a.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Francis of Assisi|website=www.newadvent.org|access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref>. Miaka hiyo ilikuwa migumu sana [[mwili|kimwili]] na [[roho|kiroho]] tukizingatia pia mahangaiko yake kuhusu [[wito]]. Mahali penyewe panatusaidia sana kuelewa [[karama]] ya Kifransisko: si [[Maisha ya kiroho|maisha]] ya [[mmonaki|kimonaki]] yanayohitaji kujitegemea kwa [[shamba|mashamba]] makubwa na [[mifugo]], wala ya [[wakaapweke]] wanaohitaji kuishi mbali na watu, bali ni [[Mtawa|utawa]] unaohitaji [[utulivu]] na [[Mkaapweke|upweke]] kwa ajili ya [[sala]], lakini pia unadai uhusiano mkubwa na watu wa nje ili kupata [[riziki]] na hasa kuwajenga kwa mifano na maneno. Hivyo si kati ya watu, wala si mbali nao ([[kilomita]] 2-3). [[Mchana]] ndugu walikuwa wakienda mjini kufanya [[kazi]] mbalimbali ndogondogo na kuwahimiza watu waishi kwa [[uadilifu]]. Muda uliobaki, hasa [[usiku]], ulikuwa kwa ajili ya [[sala]] upwekeni. Maelezo mengine kuhusu maisha ya wakati huo tunayapata tena katika [[wasia]] [[Wasia wa Fransisko wa Asizi|ambamo]] Fransisko ametuachia ukumbusho wa kudumu. Mwaka [[1211]] [[Wabenedikto]], waliomiliki kikanisa hicho, walimkodisha Fransisko kwa sharti la kwamba kiwe nyumba mama ya [[shirika]] lake jipya. Kweli, mikutano mikuu ya kwanza ya shirika ilifanyika huko. Mwaka [[1212]] Fransisko alimpokea huko [[Klara wa Asizi|Klara]], [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza kuwa mfuasi wake, na kumweka [[wakfu]] kwa [[Mungu]] kwa kumnyoa [[mtawa|kitawa]]. Kutoka Porsyunkula Fransisko aliendelea kusafiri hasa kwa ajili ya [[utume]] uliomfikisha hadi [[Mashariki ya Kati]] ([[1219]]-[[1220]]) lakini kila mara alirudi. Miaka ya mwisho [[safari]] zake zilizidi kupungua kwa wingi na kwa [[umbali]], zikifanyika hasa kwa kujaribu [[Tiba|matibabu]] ya [[Ugonjwa|maradhi]] yake makubwa. Hata katika hali hiyo Fransisko hakuacha kulihangaikia shirika lake kadiri alivyoona linasogea mbali na karama yake. Ili awe kielelezo kwa wote alizidi kujinyima mahitaji ya mwili, na kutamani arudie maisha yaliyodharauliwa ya mwanzoni na kutumikia [[Ukoma|wakoma]]. Ndipo alipowaambia wenzake, “Ndugu, tuanze kumtumikia Bwana Mungu, kwa kuwa mpaka sasa hatujapiga hatua au ni ndogo sana”. Aliogopa shirika lake litalegea kama mengine mengi, hivyo akatafuta [[mbinu]] za kuliokoa, kusudi kanuni isiwe mwisho wa [[juhudi]] za ndugu, bali kichocheo kwa kutafuta [[Ukamilifu wa Kikristo|ukamilifu]]. Mbinu mojawapo ni [[wasia]] wa Kiroho aliouandika zaidi ya mara moja. Muhimu zaidi ni [[Wasafwa|ule mrefu]] aliouandika katika [[wiki]] za mwisho za maisha yake. Haukukusudiwa kuwa [[kanuni]] mpya, ila kusaidia ile iliyoahidiwa kwa [[Bwana]]: ni [[kumbukumbu]], [[onyo]] na [[shauri]]. Mbali ya [[maandishi]] yake, Fransisko alitafuta mbinu nyingine ili kudumisha shirika katika karama yake. Mojawapo ni kuwaagiza watumishi wa shirika watunze Porsyunkula kama kielelezo cha [[Ufukara wa hiari|ufukara]], [[kimya]] na sala ili ndugu wote wakumbuke wanavyopaswa kuishi. Kwa ajili hiyo alitaka wapangwe huko ndugu bora ambao mmojawao akifa, nafasi yake ishikwe na mwingine. Hivyo alisisitiza tena umuhimu wa mifano, ambayo isiwe ya mtu mmojammoja tu, bali ya jumuia nzima pia. Jambo hilo halikutekelezwa mahali pale, lakini katika [[historia]] ya shirika tunaona daima ndugu wakiomba [[ruhusa]] ya kutekeleza kikamilifu kanuni pamoja na wengine, hasa katika makao ya upwekeni; tunaona pia mchango mkubwa wa jumuia hizo katika [[Urekebisho|kurekebisha]] kwa mfano wao hali ya utawa mzima. [[Wafransisko|Mfransisko]] ni ndugu hasa, na maisha yake yanategemea sana jumuia: hawezi kuridhika ashike kanuni kibinafsi katika jumuia iliyolegea; ndiyo sababu ya maombi hayo. Pengine [[Kiongozi|viongozi]] wenyewe wa shirika walipoona limelegea mno wakaja kuhamasisha wenye nia waunde jumuia za pekee. Namna zote mbili zikazaa [[Tunda|matunda]] tele. Fransisko, baaada ya kuuguzwa katika [[nyumba|jumba]] la [[Askofu]] wa Asizi kwa [[siku]] kadhaa, aliomba ahamishiwe Porsyunkula ili afie pale alipoanzia maisha mapya. Alikuwa amebaki [[Mfupa|mifupa]] na [[ngozi]] tu, isipokuwa [[Fumbatio|tumbo]] na [[Mguu|miguu]] vimevimba kama kwa [[safura]]. Ndipo alipotunga [[ubeti]] wa mwisho wa [[Utenzi wa Viumbe Vyote]]. Mwaka mmoja kabla ya hapo alikwishaongeza ubeti mwingine juu ya [[msamaha]] ili kuwapatanisha Askofu na [[Meya]] wa Asizi. Basi ubeti juu ya [[kifo]] ukaja kukamilisha utenzi mzima kwa kuchungulia [[uzima wa milele]], ambapo sifa za Mungu zinaimbwa bila mwisho. Ndivyo alivyojiandaa kufa katika [[mapenzi ya Mungu]]. Siku za mwisho zilijaa [[ishara]] za [[upendo]] kwa [[Rafiki|marafiki]] wake: njiani alibariki Asizi na kuuombea, akamtabiria Klara kuwa atamuona na kufarijika, akawaita ndugu waliokuwa mbali (hata “kaka” [[Yakopa wa Settesoli]] kutoka Roma), akawagawia vipande vya [[mkate]] akifuata mfano wa [[Yesu]]. Katika yote alilenga [[ustawi]] wa roho zao na wa shirika, tunavyoona hasa katika [[baraka]] zake za mwisho alizozitoa kwa kufuata mfano wa [[babu|mababu]] wa [[Israeli]] na [[Musa]]. Aliwabariki waliokuwepo na kwa njia yao alikusudia kuwabariki wale wote watakaoingia shirikani mpaka mwisho wa [[dunia]]. Kati ya wote [[ndugu Bernardo]] alipata baraka ya pekee akaandikiwa maneno yafuatayo yawe kumbukumbu kwa wote siku za mbele: “Ndugu wa kwanza aliyenipa [[Bwana]] ni ndugu Bernardo, naye ndiye wa kwanza kutekeleza kikamilifu kabisa [[Injili]] takatifu akiwagawia [[maskini]] [[Mali (uchumi)|mali]] zake zote. Kwa hiyo na kwa [[sifa]] nyingine nyingi napaswa kumpendelea kuliko ndugu mwingine yeyote katika shirika zima. Ndiyo sababu nataka na kuagiza kadiri ninavyoweza kwamba yeyote atakayekuwa mtumishi mkuu ampende na kumheshimu kama [[nafsi]] yangu, na vilevile watumishi wengine wa kanda na ndugu wa shirika lote wamjali kama ni mimi mwenyewe”. Ndiyo mbinu ya mwisho ya Fransisko ili kuzuia utawa wake usipotoke: kumuacha mtu ambaye awe kielelezo kwa viongozi na kwa ndugu wengine badala ya [[mwanzilishi]]. Kisha kumuacha huyo mwandamizi (si katika uongozi bali katika kazi muhimu zaidi ya kuwa kielelezo), Fransisko hatimaye aliweza kuaga dunia amemaliza kazi yake na kulazwa [[uchi]] ardhini. [[Mauti]], ambayo yeye alipenda kuiita [[ndugu]], ilimfikia huko [[usiku]] wa kuamkia [[tarehe]] [[4 Oktoba]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} ==Marejeo== *{{cite book|last=Bellucci|first=G.|year=2005|title=Assisi, Heart of the World|publisher=Edizioni Porziuncola|location=Assisi}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Portiuncola (Assisi)|Portiuncula}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20020408031327/http://www.porziuncola.org/english/english.htm Tovuti rasmi] {{mbegu-jio-Italia}} [[Jamii:Fransisko wa Asizi]] [[Jamii:miji ya Italia]] [[Jamii:Umbria]] balj137hykzfmwzaju5gsli0qbzolra Moustafa Ismail 0 215345 1574111 1521219 2026-06-17T14:56:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574111 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Moustafa Ismail''' (alizaliwa [[1988]]) ni mjenzi wa mwili (''bodybuilder'') kutoka [[Misri]] ambaye aliwahi kushikilia Rekodi ya [[Dunia]] ya Guinness mwaka [[2012]] kwa kuwa na mzingo mkubwa zaidi wa [[mkono]] wa juu duniani. Umaarufu wake uliongezeka kutokana na ukubwa usio wa kawaida wa mikono yake, ambao uliibua mjadala mpana kuhusu uwezekano wa matumizi ya dutu ya Synthol, madai ambayo Ismail ameyakanusha mara kwa mara, ingawa hakuwasilisha ushahidi wa kitabibu kuthibitisha kauli yake. == Rekodi za Dunia za Guinness == Rekodi za Dunia za Guinness ilithibitisha wakati huo kwamba hakukuwa na ushahidi wa kitabibu ulioonyesha matumizi ya Synthol, lakini pia ilibainisha kuwa hakuna vipimo vya kiafya vilivyowahi kufanywa ili kuondoa shaka hizo. Baadaye, shirika hilo lilisitisha kutambua madai ya "mzingo mkubwa zaidi wa mkono" kutokana na changamoto za uthibitishaji na viwango vipya vya uthabiti wa ushahidi. == Mjadala Kuhusu Synthol == Ismail alikabiliwa na tuhuma nyingi kutoka kwa watazamaji na baadhi ya wanamichezo, waliodai kuwa ukubwa wa mikono yake haukuwa wa kawaida kwa misuli ya asili. Ingawa amekana matumizi ya Synthol, hakuwahi kuwasilisha ushahidi wa kiafya unaoweza kuondoa mashaka hayo kikamilifu. Mhariri mkuu wa jarida la ''Muscles and Fitness'' alitoa ofa ya $1,000 kwa ajili ya kumfanyia uchunguzi wa kitabibu ili kubaini ukweli kuhusu madai hayo. Aidha, aliahidi kutoa mchango wa $1,000 kwa taasisi ya hisani atakayochagua Ismail endapo uchunguzi huo ungeonyesha kuwa hakutumia Synthol.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2012-11-25|title=M&F's Challenge to Guinness' Largest Biceps World Record Holder|url=http://www.muscleandfitness.com:80/features/announcements/mfs-challenge-guinness-largest-biceps-world-record-holder|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125100119/http://www.muscleandfitness.com:80/features/announcements/mfs-challenge-guinness-largest-biceps-world-record-holder|archive-date=2012-11-25|access-date=2025-02-23}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2013/1/guinness-world-records-statement-largest-upper-arm-circumference-46757|title=statement: Largest upper arm circumference|publisher=[[Guinness World Records]]|date=2013-01-01|accessdate=2016-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=|url=http://www.muscleandfitness.com/athletes-celebrities/largest-biceps-world-record-holder-proves-hes-legit|title=Mo Ismail - Guinness World Record for Largest Biceps|work=Muscleandfitness.com|date=9 November 2012|accessdate=2016-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/11/28/big-mo-moustafa-ismail-worlds-largest-arms-bodybuilding_n_2202731.html|title=Bodybuilder 'Big Mo' Moustafa Ismail Claims World's Largest Biceps Are Real (VIDEO)|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=2012-11-28|accessdate=2016-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2012-09-19|title=Guinness World Record for 'largest biceps' in doubt|url=https://www.9news.com.au/world/world-record-for-biggest-biceps-in-doubt/41de781e-a547-4708-95e4-fedae8b5cbcf|accessdate=2025-02-23|work=www.9news.com.au}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeleo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1988]] p5phxcvbedbwnqp4tg8s7gs2juzxe19 Siyanda Mohutsiwa 0 216447 1574405 1525939 2026-06-18T08:33:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Siyanda Mohutsiwa|picha=Siyanda Mohutsiwa (26683928862) (cropped).jpg|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=Botswana|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=1993}} '''Siyanda Mohutsiwa''' (amezaliwa mwaka [[1993]]) ni [[mwandishi]] wa [[kejeli]] na mzungumzaji mashuhuri wa kimataifa kutoka [[Botswana]].<ref>https://mg.co.za/article/2014-03-06-african-writing-fact-fiction-or-faction/</ref> Aliunda [[alama]] ya reli ya kejeli '''#IfAfricaWasABar''' ambayo ilisambaa sana mtandaoni katika majira ya kiangazi ya mwaka [[2015]].<ref>https://www.thegazette.news/entertainment/motswana-writer-creates-waves-on-social-media/</ref>Anajielezea kama mfuasi wa umoja wa Waafrika.<ref>https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/07/if-africa-was-a-bar-hashtag-twitter/399926/</ref> ==Elimu== Mohutsiwa alihitimu na Shahada ya Sayansi katika Hisabati kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Botswana mwezi [[Oktoba]] [[2016]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mohutsiwa: Young, gifted and touting black consciousness {{!}} Sunday Standard|url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/mohutsiwa-young-gifted-and-touting-black-consciousness/|date=2013-10-23|accessdate=2026-02-11|language=en-GB|author=Online editor}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>.Pia Siyanda Mohutsiwa ni mhitimu wa Iowa Writers Workshop maarufu, ambapo alipata MFA kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Iowa mwaka [[2018]]. Mwaka [[2020]], alijiunga na [[Idara]] ya Sosiolojia katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[Chicago]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Speaker, writer, mathematician: Multifaceted Mohutsiwa calls Iowa City home|url=https://dailyiowan.com/2019/03/26/speaker-writer-mathematician-multifaceted-mohutsiwa-calls-iowa-city-home/|work=The Daily Iowan|accessdate=2026-02-11|author=Kinsey Phipps}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1993]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Botswana]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Botswana]] ==Viungo vya Nje== {{Wikiquote}} * [https://twitter.com/SiyandaWrites Twitter account] * [http://tedx.amsterdam/talks/is-africas-future-online-siyanda-mohutsiwa/ TED talk - Is Africa's Future Online?] * [https://www.ted.com/talks/siyanda_mohutsiwa_how_young_africans_found_a_voice_on_twitter TED talk - How Young Africans Found A Voice On Twitter] 5n5oty10qfz5qtauz7nynokeaq4y91n Aṣẹ 0 218183 1574242 1474746 2026-06-17T22:25:23Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574242 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Brooklyn Museum 82.154.2 Housepost One of Pair.jpg|thumb|Nguzo ya baraza ya Yoruba, Makumbusho ya [[Brooklyn]].]] '''Aṣẹ''', '''àṣẹ''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aseire.com/meaning.php|title=What Is Ase Ire?|publisher=Ase Ire.com|access-date=29 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307075108/http://aseire.com/meaning.php|archive-date=7 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> '''aṣe''',<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Salamone |first=Frank A. |title=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre00sala |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2004 |isbn=0-415-94180-6 |editor-last=Levinson |editor-first=David |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre00sala/page/23 24]}}</ref> '''ase''' au '''ashe''' katika [[dini]] ya jadi ya [[Wayoruba]], ni nguvu ya kiasili inayodhaniwa kuwa ndiyo inayoumba, kuchochea au kuwezesha mabadiliko katika dunia ya asili kulingana na tafsiri. Inaaminika kwamba hutolewa na ''Olódùmarè'' kwa kila kitu miungu, roho, wanadamu, wanyama, mimea, mawe, mito na hata maneno yanayotamkwa kama vile nyimbo, sala, sifa, laana au mazungumzo ya kawaida ya kila siku. Kwa mujibu wa fikra za [[Wayoruba]], uwepo wa kila kitu unategemea aṣẹ.<ref name=Drewal>{{cite book|last=Drewal|first=H. J., and J. Pemberton III with Rowland Abiodun|title=Yoruba: Nine Centuries of African Art and Thought|url=https://archive.org/details/yorubaninecentur0000drew|year=1989|publisher=The Center for African Art|location=New York City|editor=Allen Wardwell}}</ref> Mbali na sifa zake za kiutakatifu, àṣẹ pia ina athari muhimu katika jamii, jambo linaloonekana katika tafsiri yake kama ''nguvu, mamlaka, amri''. Mtu ambaye, hupitia mafunzo, uzoefu na uanzishwaji wa kimila, anajifunza jinsi ya kutumia nguvu msingi ya uhai ya vitu ili kuleta mabadiliko kwa makusudi huitwa ''aláàṣẹ''.<ref name="Drewal 1987">{{cite journal|last=Drewal|first=M. T., and H. J. Drewal|title=Composing Time and Space in Yoruba Art|journal=Word and Image: A Journal of Verbal/Visual Enquiry|year=1987|volume=3|issue=3|pages=225–251|doi=10.1080/02666286.1987.10435383}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Black Catholic History Month Installment 1. "The Gift-Àsè"|url=https://www.facebook.com/events/d41d8cd9/black-catholic-history-month-installment-1-the-gift-ashe/394422095261531/|access-date=2020-12-17|website=www.facebook.com|language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{Mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Sanaa ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:utamaduni wa Nigeria]] h2vi63x5v3ajx28rx8yulohvybq1lju Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Renamed user ba5872171f0cf22c56f04cd6af28c876 3 219829 1574147 1479441 2026-06-17T17:34:57Z AccountVanishRequests 68776 AccountVanishRequests moved page [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kin 47]] to [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Renamed user ba5872171f0cf22c56f04cd6af28c876]] without leaving a redirect: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Kin 47|Kin 47]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Renamed user ba5872171f0cf22c56f04cd6af28c876|Renamed user ba5872171f0cf22c56f04cd6af28c876]]" 1479441 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 3 Januari 2026 (UTC) qgv5v79d5hy8f8myhxeiswh2jqps709 Tam Fiofori 0 221139 1574471 1483269 2026-06-18T10:48:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574471 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tam Fiofori''' ([[1942]] - [[25 Juni]] [[2024]]) alikuwa mpiga picha za hali halisi wa [[Nigeria]]. Akiwa maarufu kwa albamu zake zilizoelezea historia ya Nigeria, Fiofori pia alikuwa mtengenezaji wa filamu, [[mwandishi]], mkosoaji na mshauri wa vyombo vya habari. Mada za filamu zake ni pamoja na wasanii wa Nigeria Biodun Olaku, J. D. 'Okhai Ojeikere na Olu Amoda. Alisafiri sana, Fiofori aliishi Harlem, [[New York]], katika miaka ya 1960, alikuwa meneja wa Sun Ra, na kutoa maandishi ambayo yalichukuliwa kuwa "uhusiano mwanzilishi kati ya Ra na harakati ambayo ingejulikana kama Afrofuturism".<ref name=PASS>[https://panafricanspacestation.org.za/tam-fiofiri-the-speed-of-thought/ "Tam Fiofiri- The Speed of Thought"]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, The Pan African Space Station (PASS).</ref>Fiofori alifariki tarehe 25 Juni 2024, akiwa na umri wa miaka 82.<ref>[https://thelagosreview.ng/irep-mourns-as-tam-fiofori-renowned-nigerian-storyteller-passes-away-at-82/ "iREP mourns as Tam Fiofori, renowned Nigerian storyteller, passes away at 82"], ''[[The Lagos Review]]'', 26 June 2024.</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1942]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2024]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Nigeria]] fzpch860itgw1rwwty68jjrqgurjyci Sizwe Mabizela 0 222247 1574406 1487224 2026-06-18T08:38:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574406 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sizwe Mabizela''' ni [[mwanahisabati]] wa Afrika Kusini ambaye alikuwa Makamu Mkuu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Rhodes mwaka [[2014]] kabla ya hapo, alihudumu kama Naibu Makamu Mkuu anayeshughulikia masuala ya taaluma na wanafunzi. <ref>{{cite news|last1=John|first1=Victoria|title=Rhodes University appoints new vice-chancellor|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-14-rhodes-university-appoints-new-vice-chancellor|accessdate=14 October 2014|work=Mail & Guardian Online|publisher=Mail & Guardian|date=14 October 2014}}</ref> He previously served as deputy vice-chancellor: academic and student affairs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://witsvuvuzela.com/2015/03/05/new-rhodes-vice-chancellor-contributes-salary-to-needy-students/|title=New Rhodes vice-chancellor contributes salary to "needy" students|date=5 March 2015|website=witsvuvuzela.com|accessdate=4 September 2017|archive-date=2025-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015221748/https://witsvuvuzela.com/2015/03/05/new-rhodes-vice-chancellor-contributes-salary-to-needy-students/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:watu wa Afrika Kusini]] tdnc3e03j76fjrwumz1sy8wi45p0th1 Musa Isiyaku Ahmed 0 222478 1574133 1521483 2026-06-17T16:17:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574133 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Musa Isiyaku Ahmed''' ni msomi wa [[Nigeria]] Makamu Mkuu wa Chuo wa kwanza na wa sasa wa Chuo Kikuu cha Shirikisho cha Kilimo, Zurun kilichopo [[Kebbi (jimbo)|Jimbo la Kebbi]]. Profesa Ahmed anatokea Jimbo la Borno, Nigeria Kabla ya nafasi yake ya sasa, alikuwa Profesa katika Idara ya Tiba ya Wanyama, Parasitolojia, na [[Entomolojia]] katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Maiduguri]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/prof-isiyaku-appointed-vc-kebbi-agric-varsity/|title=Prof. Isiyaku appointed VC Kebbi Agric varsity|first=Editorial|last=IV|date=April 12, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/04/10/fg-appoints-premier-vc-for-newly-established-university-of-agriculture/|title=FG Appoints Premier VC for Newly Established University of Agriculture|date=April 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/kachia-forum-honours-murtala-dabo-for-service-delivery/|title=Kachia forum honours Murtala Dabo for service delivery|first=Abubakar|last=Labaran|date=January 7, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2020-04-09 |title=Federal University of Agriculture takes off in Kebbi State {{!}} AIT LIVE |url=https://ait.live/federal-university-of-agriculture-takes-off-in-kebbi-state/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111084146/https://ait.live/federal-university-of-agriculture-takes-off-in-kebbi-state/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2020-04-09 |title=Federal University of Agriculture takes off in Kebbi State {{!}} AIT LIVE |url=https://ait.live/federal-university-of-agriculture-takes-off-in-kebbi-state/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111084146/https://ait.live/federal-university-of-agriculture-takes-off-in-kebbi-state/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:wanabiolojia wa Nigeria]] 59da4xk1lkzv0ks834yi4ud8bpz4nfe Roselène Khezami 0 222800 1574333 1540514 2026-06-18T03:43:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574333 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Roselène Khezami''' (alizaliwa [[2 Septemba]] [[2001]]) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu wa kulipwa anayecheza katika nafasi ya beki. Anachezea klabu ya Marseille inayoshiriki Seconde Ligue. Akiwa amezaliwa nchini [[Ufaransa]], anaiwakilisha timu ya taifa ya Algeria katika ngazi ya kimataifa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/9300-khezami-roselene/fiche.html|title=ROSELÈNE KHEZAMI - Fiche de la joueuse sur la page de la Fédération Française|language=fr|website=fff.fr|access-date=4 April 2024|archive-date=2024-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127064417/https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/9300-khezami-roselene/fiche.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kazi ya Klabu == Khezami amekuwa akichezea timu za mpira wa miguu za Marseille tangu utoto wake, akianza JO Saint-Gabriel hadi 2012, kisha US Marseille Endoume (Union Sportive Marseille Endoume Catalans) hadi 2015 kabla ya kujiunga na Olympique de Marseille Academy ambapo alikaa kwa miaka mitatu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/9300-khezami-roselene/fiche.html|title=ROSELÈNE KHEZAMI - Wasifu wa mchezaji kwenye ukurasa wa Shirikisho la Soka la Ufaransa|language=fr|website=fff.fr|access-date=4 Aprili 2024|archive-date=2024-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127064417/https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/9300-khezami-roselene/fiche.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mnamo 2018, alisaini mkataba wake wa kwanza wa kitaaluma na RC Saint-Denis katika Divisheni ya 2 Féminine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.coeursdefoot.fr/event/d2-l-om-sign-plusieurs-renforts-dont-marine-coudon-fc-fleury-91-/|title=D2: OM asaini wachezaji kadhaa wa ziada, ikiwa ni pamoja na Marine Coudon (FC Fleury 91)|language=fr|date=21 Julai 2018|website=coeursdefoot.fr|access-date=4 Aprili 2024}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> katika msimu uliofuata alijiunga na US Saint-Malo ambapo alikaa kwa misimu mitatu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://onefootball.com/en/news/roselene-khezami-est-olympienne-37955527|title=Roselene Khezami ni Mwanariadha wa Olimpiki!|language=fr|date=31 Julai 2023|website=onefootball.com|access-date=4 Aprili 2024}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2001]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Algeria]] 9lk5bocf4mo791klfjyrrmmvsszcbmb Susan Oguya 0 223533 1574459 1526448 2026-06-18T10:11:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574459 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Susan Eve Oguya Kutalek''', anayejulikana sana kama '''Susan Oguya''', ni mfanyabiashara, mbunifu na [[Ujasiriamali|mjasiriamali]] nchini [[Kenya]] . Ni mwanzilishi mwenza na afisa mkuu wa zamani wa uendeshaji wa ''MFarm Kenya Limited'', kampuni inayotumia intaneti inayowawezesha wakulima kupata zana bora za kilimo, mbegu na upatikanaji wa ripoti za hali ya hewa na taarifa za masoko. Tangu Agosti 2015, Susan Oguya anafanya kazi kama mbunifu mkuu katika Dalberg Global Development Advisors, yenye makao yake makuu [[Jiji la New York|jijini New York]]. <ref name="1R">{{Rejea tovuti|date=11 September 2017|url=https://www.carnegiecouncil.org/people/susan-oguya|publisher=Carnegiecouncil.org (Carnegie Council)|title=Susan Eve Oguya: Dalberg Design Impact Group; Co-Founder, MFarm Kenya Limited|accessdate=5 May 2019|author=Carnegie Council}}</ref> ==Maisha ya Awali na Elimu== Alizaliwa magharibi mwa Kenya mnamo mwaka wa 1987.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Warner|first=Gregory|title=Kenyan Women Create Their Own 'Geek Culture'|date=2012-12-24|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2012/12/24/167961947/kenyan-women-create-their-own-geek-cuture|work=NPR|language=en|access-date=2026-02-15}}</ref> Alihudhuria shule za Kenya kwa ajili ya masomo yake ya kabla ya chuo kikuu. Alijifunza [[kompyuta]] kutoka kwa mmoja wa wajomba zake, ambaye alikuwa akisoma katika mji mkuu wa [[Nairobi]], ambaye alikuja na kompyuta nyumbani wakati wa likizo. Baadaye, mjomba wake alimnunulia kompyuta yake mwenyewe. Ndipo aliamua kusoma [[TEHAMA]] (Teknolojia ya Habari) katika ngazi ya chuo kikuu.<ref name=":0" /> Mnamo mwaka 2010, alikamilisha kozi ya shahada ya kwanza ya miaka minne, akihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Strathmore, akiwa na Shahada ya Sayansi, akisomea Teknolojia ya Habari za Biashara.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Bot Verification|url=https://innov8tiv.com/meet-susan-oguya-member-akirachix-invented-app-help-farmers/amp/|work=innov8tiv.com|accessdate=2026-02-16|archive-date=2023-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004211655/https://innov8tiv.com/meet-susan-oguya-member-akirachix-invented-app-help-farmers/amp/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mnamo 2013 alianza masomo katika Chuo Kikuu cha Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Chuo Kikuu cha Kikatoliki cha Moyo Mtakatifu), huko Milan, Italia. Baada ya mwaka mmoja, alihitimu Shahada ya Uzamili ya Utawala wa Biashara. Kutoka hapo, alijiunga na Domus Academy, pia huko Milan, ambapo alisomea usanifu, akahitimu mwaka wa 2015 na shahada ya Uzamili ya Ubunifu, akisomea katika Mwingiliano wa Kompyuta za Kibinadamu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Susan Oguya {{!}} E4Impact|url=https://e4impact.org/champions/susan-oguya/|date=2021-07-19|accessdate=2026-02-16|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Kazi== Wakati wa mwaka wake wa mwisho wa masomo ya shahada ya kwanza, alifanya kazi kama Mshirika wa Wanafunzi wa Microsoft. Katika kipindi hicho hicho pia alifanya kazi katika Programu ya Biashara ya Wanafunzi, ambapo alifanya kazi na wadau kutengeneza nyenzo za kielimu, uuzaji na utangazaji, katika nafasi yake kama Meneja Mawasiliano na Uenezi.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Susan Eve Oguya|url=https://www.carnegiecouncil.org/people/susan-oguya|work=www.carnegiecouncil.org|accessdate=2026-02-16|language=en-US}}</ref> Alifanya kazi kwa muda mfupi kama msanidi programu wa Safaricom, kisha kama msaidizi wa utafiti katika iHub Nairobi,<ref>{{Citation|title=How much will technology boom change Kenya?|date=2012-10-10|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-19903839|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-02-16}}</ref> kampuni ya ukuzaji wa programu, kabla ya kutulia Akirachix<ref name=":0" /> ambapo alifanya kazi kwa mwaka mmoja na nusu kama meneja wa mafunzo.<ref name=":1" /> Huko aliwafunza wanawake vijana wenye umri wa miaka 18 hadi 25 ujuzi wa maisha na ujuzi wa msingi na wa kati wa kompyuta, ikiwa ni pamoja na kutengeneza programu. Mnamo mwaka wa 2010, akiwa amechochewa na kukasirishwa na ripoti za magazeti kwamba wapatanishi walikuwa wakiwanyonya wakulima wa vijijini<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Female tech entrepreneurs are instigating a revolution|url=https://www.post-gazette.com/opinion/op-ed/2012/03/08/female-tech-entrepreneurs-are-instigating-a-revolution/stories/201203080336|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|accessdate=2026-02-16|language=en}}</ref> Yeye na washirika wengine wawili walishirikiana kuanzisha MFarm Kenya Limited, huku Oguya akifanya kazi kama afisa mkuu wa teknolojia, akiwa na jukumu la kuandika misimbo, kupima na kutatua matatizo ya programu ya simu, kuanzia Oktoba 2010 hadi Julai 2012. Kisha alitumia miaka miwili iliyofuata kuendeleza na kuimarisha matumizi ya kibiashara ya programu hiyo, kwa kushirikiana na wateja, wafadhili, washirika wa biashara na waandikaji wa misimbo, katika nafasi yake kama afisa mkuu wa uendeshaji wa MFarm Kenya Limited. Kufikia Desemba 2012, kampuni ilikuwa na wafanyakazi 18 wa muda wote na zaidi ya wateja 7,000 kikanda.<ref name=":0" /> Mnamo mwaka 2015 alipomaliza shule ya uzamili nchini Italia, alihamia Marekani, akifanya kazi kama mbunifu mkuu katika Dalberg Global Development Advisors. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:WikiMalkia]] 2pvjcmt1m68bya7syvawgnnxkmj7wj7 Pape Maly Diamanka 0 224135 1574243 1492734 2026-06-17T22:26:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574243 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pape Maly Diamanka''' (aliyezaliwa [[10 Januari]], [[1990]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[soka]] kutoka [[Senegal]] anayekipiga katika nafasi ya kiungo wa kati. Ametumia sehemu kubwa ya taaluma yake nchini Uhispania tangu alipowasili mwaka 2010, akianza na klabu ya Rayo Vallecano. == Kazi ya klabu == Amezaliwa Dakar, Diamanka alianza kazi yake ya soka katika klabu ya nyumbani ya US Gorée. Mnamo Februari 2010 alijiunga na klabu ya Uhispania ya Rayo Vallecano, akapangiwa timu ya akiba, Rayo Vallecano B, inayoshiriki Tercera División. Alikuwa mchezaji wa kudumu katika msimu wake wa kwanza kamili (2010–11), akianza mechi 23 na kukamilisha 20, huku timu ya vitongoji vya Madrid ikibaki kwenye Segunda División B. Mnamo [[13 Juni]], [[2011]], Diamanka aliongeza mkataba wake kwa kifungu cha kununuliwa cha euro milioni 6, na pia alipandishwa kwenye kikosi cha kwanza kwa msimu wa La Liga wa 2011–12. Alikaa nje ya uwanja kwa miezi kadhaa kutokana na matatizo ya kiutawala (kiburokrasi).<ref>[http://www.mundodeportivo.com/20120105/rayo-vallecano/diamanka-ya-puede-jugar-con-el-rayo-vallecano_54243647524.html Diamanka ya puede jugar con el Rayo Vallecano (Diamanka cleared to play with Rayo Vallecano)]; [[Mundo Deportivo]], 5 January 2012 (in Spanish)</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120113151257/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report/_/id/323874?cc=5739 Reyes fails to shine]; [[ESPN FC|ESPN Soccernet]], 8 January 2012</ref> == Kazi ya kimataifa == Diamanka aliwakilisha timu ya taifa ya Senegal katika ngazi mbalimbali za vijana. Mnamo Agosti 2011, aliitwa na kikosi cha wakubwa kwa ajili ya mechi ya kirafiki dhidi ya ya timu ya taifa ya [[Morocco]] iliyochezwa Dakar, lakini hatimaye hakufanikiwa kucheza mechi yake ya kwanza ya kimataifa.<ref>[http://africansoccer.weebly.com/1/post/2011/08/senegal-call-up-mbaye-niang-for-friendly.html Senegal call up Mbaye Niang for friendly]. {{Wayback|url=http://africansoccer.weebly.com/1/post/2011/08/senegal-call-up-mbaye-niang-for-friendly.html |date=20120323144522 }}. African Soccer Weebly. 3 August 2011.</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1990|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Senegal]] 19u6kzbi6e0bd1bljoblyg7ra50h6mj Moussa Seydi 0 224174 1574110 1492830 2026-06-17T14:54:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574110 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Moussa Seydi''' (amezaliwa tarehe [[21 Agosti]], [[1996]]) ni mchezaji wa kulipwa wa soka kutoka Senegal anayekipiga katika klabu ya Luxemburg Racing FC Union Luxembourg (RFCU Racing) kama [[mshambuliaji]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skysports.com/football/player/148030/moussa-seydi|title=Football (Sky Sports)|website=SkySports}}</ref> ==Kazi ya Klabu== Seydi alihamia FC Metz mwaka 2014 kutoka akademi ya Senegal ya Génération Foot. Alifanya debut yake ya kwanza ya kiwango cha juu akiwa na Metz katika kipigo cha mabao 3–0 cha Ligue 1 dhidi ya FC Girondins de Bordeaux tarehe [[21 Septemba]], [[2016]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wiwsport.com/View/detailNews.php?idN=16253|title=Génération Foot : Départ de Moussa Seydi au FC Metz - wiwsport.com|last=wiwsport.com|date=13 October 2017 |publisher=}}</ref> Mwezi Julai, Seydi alisaini mkataba wa miaka mitatu na klabu ya Luxemburg CS Fola Esch.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.csfola.lu/news/moussa-seydi-rejoint-le-cs-fola-10666/|title=Moussa SEYDI rejoint le CS FOLA|publisher=[[CS Fola Esch]]|language=fr|date=31 July 2017}}</ref> ==Kazi ya Kimataifa== Seydi ni mchezaji wa timu za vijana wa taifa la Senegal. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fcmetz.com/2015-2016/actualites/club/deux-grenats-la-can-u23|title=Deux Grenats à la CAN U23|last=jdecker|date=26 November 2015|publisher=}}</ref>Alifunga bao la ushindi wa mashindano kwa timu ya taifa ya Senegal chini ya umri wa miaka 23 (Senegal U23) katika mashindano ya soka ya wanaume ya Michezo ya Afrika ya 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://africanfootball.com/match/35678/2015-09-18-Senegal-U23-vs-Burkina-Faso-U23|title=Senegal U23 vs Burkina Faso U23|website=African Football|accessdate=2026-02-22|archive-date=2020-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129004731/https://africanfootball.com/match/35678/2015-09-18-Senegal-U23-vs-Burkina-Faso-U23|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1996|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Senegal]] d4wpj4j2k47faje5ybr0x83g9qc4fxy Robert McCloskey 0 226035 1574325 1524497 2026-06-18T03:10:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574325 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Robert McCloskey''' ([[15 Septemba]] [[1914]]- [[30 Juni]] [[2003]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] na [[mchoraji]] wa vitabu vya watoto kutoka [[Marekani]]. Aliandika na kuchora vitabu vinane vya picha, na alishinda Medali mbili za Caldecott kutoka Chama cha Maktaba ya Marekani kwa ajili ya kitabu cha picha chenye michoro bora zaidi cha mwaka huo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Biography of Robert McCloskey|url=https://hamiltonheritagehall.org/biography-of-robert-mccloskey/|access-date=2020-09-14|website=Heritage Hall|date=30 April 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022023047/https://hamiltonheritagehall.org/biography-of-robert-mccloskey/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Caldecott>{{cite web|url=http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/alsc/awardsgrants/bookmedia/caldecottmedal/caldecottwinners/caldecottmedal.cfm |title=Caldecott Medal Winners, 1938 - Present &#124; Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC) |publisher=Ala.org |access-date=2015-07-29}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1914]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2003]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Marekani]] h75smy27ara8rgger9b4ni1lmvlxqx8 Sindisiwe van Zyl 0 226582 1574404 1501272 2026-06-18T08:09:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574404 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sindisiwe van Zyl''' (née '''Mahamba-Sithole'''; 3 Aprili 1976 - 10 Aprili 2021) ni [[tabibu]], DJ wa redio, mwandishi wa safu, mwanaharakati wa afya na [[Utafiti|mtafiti]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] kutoka [[Zimbabwe]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=South Africa passport|url=https://twitter.com/sindivanzyl/status/795540992782979072|accessdate=2021-04-13|work=Twitter|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=South Africa citizen|url=https://twitter.com/sindivanzyl/status/1325994589241679873|accessdate=2021-04-13|work=Twitter|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Green |first=Andrew |date=June 2021 |title=Sindisiwe van Zyl |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=397 |issue=10292 |pages=2330 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01322-2 |pmid=34147147 |doi-access=free}}</ref> alijulikana kwa kutumia vyombo vya habari vya kijamii na vya kawaida kuongelea habari zinazohusiana na [[Virusi vya UKIMWI|VVU]], [[afya ya akili]], afya ya uzazi, na habari nyingine za matibabu na afya ya umma. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.oprahmag.co.za/health/body/the-local-doctors-are-at-your-service|title=The Local Doctors Are At Your Service - O, The Oprah Magazine|work=www.oprahmag.co.za|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-11|archivedate=12 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312083133/http://www.oprahmag.co.za/health/body/the-local-doctors-are-at-your-service}}</ref> <ref name="702.co.za">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.702.co.za/articles/3626/healthy-lifestyle-mental-health-and-psychosocial-disorders|title=Healthy Lifestyle : Mental health and psychosocial disorders|work=702|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-26}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.samainsider.org.za/index.php/SAMAInsider/article/download/72/49|title=SAMA Insider|date=November 2017|accessdate=26 July 2019|archive-date=2021-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626124427/http://www.samainsider.org.za/index.php/SAMAInsider/article/download/72/49|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2012-06-21|title=Advocacy through social media #AngryBlacks|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2012-06-21-hrough-social-media/|accessdate=2020-11-17|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Mthethwa|first=Ayanda|date=2021-04-11|title=OBITUARY: Health activist, the people's doctor, Sindi van Zyl 'gave us a light to look up to'|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-04-11-health-activist-the-peoples-doctor-sindi-van-zyl-gave-us-a-light-to-look-up-to/|accessdate=2021-04-11|work=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Malan|first=Mia|title=TRIBUTE {{!}} Sindi van Zyl, the doctor who never stopped caring|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/columnists/guestcolumn/tribute-sindi-van-zyl-the-doctor-who-never-stopped-caring-20210412|accessdate=2021-04-12|work=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> Alishinda tuzo kadhaa kwa kazi yake. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://ysa.mg.co.za/2012/sindi-van-zyl/|title=Sindi van Zyl – 2012|work=ysa.mg.co.za|language=en-ZA|accessdate=2018-03-11|archivedate=26 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726032210/http://ysa.mg.co.za/2012/sindi-van-zyl/}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.glamour.co.za/more/women-of-the-year/and-the-2018-glamour-women-of-the-year-are-17766095|title=And the 2018 GLAMOUR Women of the Year are...|work=www.glamour.co.za|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-26}}</ref> Kwa sababu ya utetezi wake mkubwa wa afya ya umma, alijulikana kama "daktari wa binadamu". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Zulu|first=Sifiso|title='A beacon of light who gave endlessly' - Dr Sindi van Zyl remembered|url=https://ewn.co.za/2021/04/10/a-beacon-of-light-who-gave-endlessly-dr-sindi-van-zyl-remembered|accessdate=2021-04-12|work=ewn.co.za|language=en}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Van Zyl alizaliwa tarehe [[3 Aprili]] [[1976]] huko [[Harare|Salisbury]], Rhodesia, leo [[Harare]], [[Zimbabwe]]. Elimu ya sekondari alisoma Shule ya Arundel . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zim media review|url=https://twitter.com/zimmediareview/status/1380943439420919813|accessdate=2021-05-04|work=[[Twitter]]|language=en}}</ref> Na elimu ya juu alisoma [[Chuo Kikuu cha Pretoria]], ambapo alipata Shahada ya Sayansi na fiziolojia na katika saikolojia ya binadamu na Shahada ya Tiba, Shahada ya Upasuaji. Sindisiwe Van Zyl alisomea katika Hospitali ya Chris Hani Baragwanath. Mnamo 2004, aliolewa na Marinus van Zyl. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=What's the colour of love?|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-09-whats-the-colour-of-love/|accessdate=2020-11-17|work=TimesLIVE|language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Kazi == Alitumia mtandao wa [[X (Twitter)|Twitter]], kutoa taarifa na kushirikiana jamii kuhusu [[Virusi vya UKIMWI|VVU]] hasa kuzuia maambukizi kutoka kwa mama hadi mtoto. Pia alionekana mara kwa mara kwenye TV, redio na majukwaa mengine ya vyombo vya habari. <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Malan|first=Mia|title=TRIBUTE {{!}} Sindi van Zyl, the doctor who never stopped caring|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/columnists/guestcolumn/tribute-sindi-van-zyl-the-doctor-who-never-stopped-caring-20210412|accessdate=2021-04-12|work=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> Alishiriki kuhusu safari yake binafsi na [[Major Depressive Disorder|mfadhaiko]] na uchovu wa madaktari. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/Landisa/landisa-i-am-a-doctor-in-gauteng-and-who-is-supposed-to-help-me-when-i-have-burnout-20200306|title=Landisa: I am a doctor in Gauteng, and who is supposed to help me when I have burnout?|date=2020-03-06|work=News24|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-11}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.702.co.za/articles/3626/healthy-lifestyle-mental-health-and-psychosocial-disorders|title=Healthy Lifestyle : Mental health and psychosocial disorders|work=702|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-26}}</ref> Alisimulia jinsi alivyopoteza watu 41.&nbsp;kila alipokuwa kwenye lishe ya Banting . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.magzter.com/share/mag/5880/185489|title=Lose It! Magazine Volume 15 2016 issue – Get your digital copy|work=Magzter|accessdate=2019-08-31}}</ref> Alikuwa mtu wa kawaida wa kulala kwa muda mchache alihitaji takribani saa 4 za [[usingizi]] kwa usiku huku alifanya kazi za kawaida. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Mohan|first=Pavithra|date=2019-08-09|title=I'm one of the rare few who needs only 4 hours of sleep per night|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90386657/im-one-of-the-rare-few-who-needs-only-4-hours-of-sleep-per-night|accessdate=2020-10-15|work=Fast Company|language=en-US}}</ref> Utafiti [[Sayansi|wa kisayansi]] uliojumuisha miongozo ya kuwasaidia watu walioathiriwa na VVU na wanandoa kupata ujauzito salama <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Davies |first=Natasha E. C. G. |last2=Ashford |first2=Gail |last3=Bekker |first3=Linda-Gail |last4=Chandiwana |first4=Nomathemba |last5=Cooper |first5=Diane |last6=Dyer |first6=Silker J. |last7=Jankelowitz |first7=Lauren |last8=Mhlongo |first8=Otty |last9=Mnyani |first9=Coceka N. |last10=Mulaudzi |first10=Muhangwi B. |last11=Moorhouse |first11=Michelle |date=2018-10-18 |title=Guidelines to support HIV-affected individuals and couples to achieve pregnancy safely: Update 2018 |url=https://sajhivmed.org.za/index.php/hivmed/article/view/915 |journal=Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine |language=en |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=26 |doi=10.4102/sajhivmed.v19i1.915 |issn=2078-6751 |pmc=6244351 |pmid=30473876}}</ref> na maambukizi ya pamoja ya [[COVID-19]] na VVU. <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Masukume |first=Gwinyai |last2=Mapanga |first2=Witness |last3=Grinberg |first3=Sagy |last4=Zyl |first4=Doreen S. van |year=2021 |title=COVID-19 and HIV co-infection an emerging consensus |url= |journal=Journal of Medical Virology |language=en |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=170–171 |doi=10.1002/jmv.26270 |issn=1096-9071 |pmc=7361738 |pmid=32633849}}</ref> Alishikilia majukumu mbalimbali katika Chama cha Madaktari cha Afrika Kusini . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Medical fraternity mourns 'passionate, dedicated' Dr Sindi van Zyl|url=https://ewn.co.za/2021/04/11/medical-fraternity-mourns-passionate-dedicated-dr-sindi-van-zyl|accessdate=2021-04-12|work=ewn.co.za|language=en}}</ref> Alikuwa mwanachama wa Bodi ya wakurugenzi ya [[Madaktari wasio na Mipaka-MSF|Médecins Sans Frontières]] Kusini mwa Afrika. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=In Memoriam {{!}} Dr Sindi van Zyl, former MSF Southern Africa Board member|url=https://www.msf.org.za/news-and-resources/press-release/memoriam-dr-sindi-van-zyl-former-msf-southern-africa-board-member|accessdate=2021-04-12|work=MSF Southern Africa|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Kwa sababu ya utetezi wake mkubwa wa afya ya umma, alijulikana kama "daktari wa binadamu". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Mthethwa|first=Ayanda|date=2021-04-11|title=OBITUARY: Health activist, the people's doctor, Sindi van Zyl 'gave us a light to look up to'|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-04-11-health-activist-the-peoples-doctor-sindi-van-zyl-gave-us-a-light-to-look-up-to/|accessdate=2021-04-11|work=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref> Ushirika wake katika vyombo vya habari ulijumuisha: * Mwandishi wa safu ya habari wa Health24, Jarida la ''Bona'' '', jarida la Choma'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Choma|title=Depression Q&A with Dr Sindi|url=https://choma.co.za/articles/79/depression-qa-with-dr-sindi|accessdate=2021-04-12|work=choma.co.za|language=en|archivedate=12 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412095223/https://choma.co.za/articles/79/depression-qa-with-dr-sindi}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Search - Choma|url=https://choma.co.za/search/results?search=Sindi|accessdate=2021-04-12|work=choma.co.za}}</ref> * DJ wa redio, Kaya FM wakiongoza upau wa pembeni na Sindi <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.kayafm.co.za/sindi-van-zyl-kaya-fm/|title=Dr. Sindi van Zyl Joins Kaya FM Taking Over From Mapaseka Mokwele|date=2019-04-24|work=KAYA FM|language=en-ZA|accessdate=2019-07-26}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=FM|first=Kaya|title=Sidebar with Sindi|url=https://iono.fm/c/4313|accessdate=2021-04-12|work=iono.fm|language=en}}</ref> * Msanii mgeni katika opera ya mfululizo ''7de Laan'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-04-10|title=RIP Dr Sindi Van Zyl: South Africa lost 'such a great Queen'|url=http://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/rip-dr-sindi-van-zyl-10-april-2021/|accessdate=2021-04-12|work=The South African|language=en-ZA|archive-date=2021-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410184522/http://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/rip-dr-sindi-van-zyl-10-april-2021/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Engelbrecht|first=Leandra|title=7de Laan pays tribute to Dr Sindi van Zyl|url=https://www.news24.com/channel/tv/news/7de-laan-pays-tribute-to-dr-sindi-van-zyl-20210415-2|accessdate=2021-04-15|work=Channel|language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Kifo == Tarehe 10 Aprili Mwaka 2021, alifariki, akiwa na umri wa miaka 45 kutokana na [[COVID-19]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2021-04-10-dr-sindi-dies-aged-45-after-two-month-fight-for-life-in-hospital/|title=Dr Sindi dies aged 45 after two-month fight for life in hospital|work=Times Live|language=en-ZA|accessdate=2021-04-10}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-04-10|title=Popular doctor and broadcaster Sindi van Zyl succumbs to COVID-19|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/popular-doctor-and-dj-sindi-succumbs-to-covid-19/|accessdate=2021-04-11|work=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}</ref> Mazishi yake yalifanyika tarehe 15 Aprili mwaka 2021. Kumbukumbu za Dkt. Sindi walishirika watu kuzichapisha kwenye mitandao ya kijamii wakiwa wamevaa magauni yenye mifuko, ambayo ilikuwa mtindo wake wa kipekee. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Nyathi|first=Ayanda|title=Funeral of much-loved Dr Sindi van Zyl under way in Johannesburg|url=https://ewn.co.za/2021/04/15/funeral-of-much-loved-dr-sindi-van-zyl-under-way-in-johannesburg|accessdate=2021-06-24|work=ewn.co.za|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Katlego Danke remembers Dr Sindi van Zyl with #DresswithPockets tribute|url=https://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/entertainment/2021-06-03-katlego-danke-remembers-dr-sindi-van-zyl-with-dresswithpockets-tribute/|accessdate=2021-06-24|work=DispatchLIVE|language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Tuzo na heshima == * ''Mail &amp;amp; Guardian'' (2012) Vijana 200 wa Afrika Kusini <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://ysa.mg.co.za/2012/sindi-van-zyl/|title=Sindi van Zyl – 2012|work=ysa.mg.co.za|language=en-ZA|accessdate=2018-03-11|archivedate=26 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726032210/http://ysa.mg.co.za/2012/sindi-van-zyl/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190726032210/http://ysa.mg.co.za/2012/sindi-van-zyl/ "Sindi van Zyl – 2012"]. ''ysa.mg.co.za''. Archived from [http://ysa.mg.co.za/2012/sindi-van-zyl/ the original] on 26 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> * Tuzo ya Wanawake <nowiki><i id="mw8g">Bora</i></nowiki> wa Mwaka (2018) - iliyotolewa kwa ubora na Wanaharakati katika afya na dawa <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.glamour.co.za/more/women-of-the-year/and-the-2018-glamour-women-of-the-year-are-17766095|title=And the 2018 GLAMOUR Women of the Year are...|work=www.glamour.co.za|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-26}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.glamour.co.za/more/women-of-the-year/and-the-2018-glamour-women-of-the-year-are-17766095 "And the 2018 GLAMOUR Women of the Year are..."] ''www.glamour.co.za''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> * Amref Health Africa Ajenda ya Afya ya Afrika baada ya kifo Mkutano wa Kimataifa wa Tuzo ya Wanawake katika Afya ya Kimataifa ya 2023 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tonight, we honor and recognize Dr. Sindi van Zyl, the People's Doctor, the Duchess of Healing, with the posthumous #AHAIC2023 Women in Global Health Award|url=https://twitter.com/Amref_Worldwide/status/1633528252445646863?s=20|accessdate=2023-03-08|work=Twitter|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Afrika Kusini]] kgpdury4sb59lfumgrmxsyb6b8folpu Saad El Haddad 0 226610 1574342 1524857 2026-06-18T04:15:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574342 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saad El Haddad''' (alizaliwa [[24 Julai]] [[2005]]) ni mchezaji wa kulipwa wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Moroko]] anayechukua nafasi ya [[winga]] au [[mshambuliaji]]. Anachezea klabu ya [[Italia]] ya AS Pineto Calcio kwa mkopo kutoka Venezia FC.<ref name=Veneziacontract>{{cite web|url=https://www.veneziafc.it/en/news/el-haddad-signs-his-first-professional-contract|title=El Haddad signs his first professional contract|website=Venezia FC|date=27 June 2024|accessdate=11 August 2024|archive-date=2024-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811174719/https://www.veneziafc.it/en/news/el-haddad-signs-his-first-professional-contract|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Taddei |first=Gian Piero |date=27 June 2024 |title=Venezia, blindati due Primavera: firmano El Haddad e Berengo |url=https://www.mondoprimavera.com/primavera-2a/venezia/venezia-blindati-due-primavera-firmano-el-haddad-e-berengo/ |access-date=12 August 2024 |website=MondoPrimavera |language=it-IT}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|2005|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Moroko]] 51hn7aqvka3rwsz3cs1q313amz964y9 Mmantsae Diale 0 227195 1574084 1571025 2026-06-17T13:41:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574084 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mmantsae Diale''' ni profesa wa [[fizikia]] wa kutokea nchi ya [[Afrika Kusini]] kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Pretoria]], mtafiti, na Mwenyekiti wa Utafiti wa Afrika Kusini (SARCHI) kwenye nishati safi na kijani. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prof. Mmantsae Diale {{!}} The AAS|url=https://aasciences.africa/fellows/mmantsae-diale|accessdate=2025-08-29|work=aasciences.africa|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Professor Mmantsae Moche Diale: "In big conferences, there are very few black women."|url=https://www.scienceinpublic.com.au/exclude-from-home-page/professor-mmantsae-moche-diale-in-big-conferences-there-are-very-few-black-women|accessdate=2025-08-29|work=www.scienceinpublic.com.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mmantsae Diale {{!}} University of Pretoria {{!}}|url=https://www.newswise.com/users/expert/Mmantsae-Diale-10067875|accessdate=2025-08-29|work=www.newswise.com|language=en}}</ref> Utafiti wake umebobea juu ya njia za kimwili na kemikali za kudhibiti sifa za kielektroniki na macho za vifaa. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mmantsae Diale {{!}} University of Pretoria|url=https://www.up.ac.za/physics/article/2086799/mmantsae-diale|accessdate=2025-08-29|work=www.up.ac.za}}</ref> Mmantsae Diale ndiye mwanzilishi na mwenyekiti wa Wanawake katika Fizikia nchini Afrika Kusini (WiPiSA). <ref name=":0" /> == Elimu == Diale alipata elimu yake ya Shahada ya Sayansi katika Elimu (Fizikia na Hisabati) ndani ya Chuo Kikuu cha Kaskazini Magharibi ( [[Mahikeng|Mafikeng]] ), Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sayansi kwenye Fizikia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Tiba cha Kusini mwa Afrika (SMU) pamoja na Shahada ya Uzamili ya Fizikia ndani ya Chuo Kikuu cha Sefako Makgatho eneo la [[Pretoria]] . <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prof Mmantsae Moche Diale – NSTF|url=https://nstf.org.za/2018/11/08/professor-mmantsae-moche-diale/|accessdate=2025-08-29|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521040911/https://nstf.org.za/2018/11/08/professor-mmantsae-moche-diale/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alisomea elimu yake ya shahada [[Uzamivu|ya Uzamivu]] katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Pretoria]] . <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prof. Mmantsae Moche Diale {{!}} UR ACE-ESD|url=https://aceesd.ur.ac.rw/node/3558|accessdate=2025-08-29|work=aceesd.ur.ac.rw|archive-date=2025-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909192608/https://aceesd.ur.ac.rw/node/3558|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tuzo == Mwaka wa 2018, Diale alipewa Tuzo ya Jukwaa la Kitaifa la Sayansi na Teknolojia (NSTF) kwa Maendeleo ya Uwezo wa Utafiti wa Uhandisi kwa athari yake kubwa kwenye ujenzi wa uwezo wa STEM ndani ya nchi ya Afrika Kusini. Mwaka wa 2023, aliteuliwa kuwa Mwanachama wa Chuo cha Sayansi cha Afrika, michango wake ukitambulika katika utafiti wa kisayansi na maendeleo katika bara hilo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prof. Mmantsae Diale {{!}} The AAS|url=https://aasciences.africa/fellows/mmantsae-diale|accessdate=2025-09-05|work=aasciences.africa|language=en}}</ref> == Machapisho yaliyochaguliwa == * {{Rejea jarida |last=Mtangi |first=W. |last2=Auret |first2=F.D. |last3=Nyamhere |first3=C. |last4=Janse van Rensburg |first4=P.J. |last5=Chawanda |first5=M. Diale, A. |date=2009 |title=Analysis of temperature dependent measurements on Pd/ZnO Schottky barrier diodes and the determination of the Richardson constant |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921452608005280 |journal=Physica B: Condensed Matter |volume=404 |issue=8–11 |pages=1092–1096 |bibcode=2009PhyB..404.1092M |doi=10.1016/j.physb.2008.11.022 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-08-29}} * {{Rejea jarida |last=Diale |first=M. |last2=Auret |first2=F.D. |last3=van der Berg |first3=N.G. |last4=Odendaal |first4=R.Q. |last5=Roos |first5=W.D. |date=2005 |title=Analysis of GaN cleaning procedures |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169433204015697 |journal=Applied Surface Science |volume=246 |issue=1–3 |pages=279–289 |bibcode=2005ApSS..246..279D |doi=10.1016/j.apsusc.2004.11.024 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-08-29}} * {{Rejea jarida |last=Kyesmen |first=Pannan I. |last2=Nombona |first2=Nolwazi |last3=Diale |first3=Mmantsae |date=2021 |title=Heterojunction of nanostructured α-Fe2O3/CuO for enhancement of photoelectrochemical water splitting |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/85755/1/Kyesmen_Heterojunction_2021.pdf |journal=Journal of Alloys and Compounds |volume=863 |doi=10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.158724 |access-date=2025-08-29 |doi-access=free |article-number=158724}} * {{Rejea jarida |last=Omotoso |first=E. |last2=Meyer |first2=W.E. |last3=Auret |first3=F.D. |last4=Paradzah |first4=A.T. |last5=Diale |first5=M. |last6=Coelho |first6=S.M.M. |last7=Janse van Rensburg |first7=P.J. |date=2015 |title=The influence of high energy electron irradiation on the Schottky barrier height and the Richardson constant of Ni/4H-SiC Schottky diodes |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/50010/1/Omotoso_Influence_2015.pdf |journal=Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing |volume=39 |pages=112–118 |doi=10.1016/j.mssp.2015.04.031 |access-date=2025-08-29 |doi-access=free}} * {{Rejea jarida |last=Rosenberg |first=John W. |last2=Legodi |first2=Matshisa J. |last3=Rakita |first3=Yevgeny |last4=Cahen |first4=David |last5=Diale |first5=Mmantsae |date=2017-10-14 |title=Laplace current deep level transient spectroscopy measurements of defect states in methylammonium lead bromide single crystals |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/63099/3/Rosenberg_Laplace_2017.pdf |journal=Journal of Applied Physics |volume=122 |issue=14 |bibcode=2017JAP...122n5701R |doi=10.1063/1.4995970 |issn=0021-8979 |access-date=2025-08-29 |doi-access=free |article-number=145701}} * {{Rejea jarida |last=Mayimele |first=M A |last2=van Rensburg |first2=J P. Janse |last3=Auret |first3=F D |last4=Diale |first4=M |date=2016 |title=Analysis of temperature-dependant current–voltage characteristics and extraction of series resistance in Pd/ZnO Schottky barrier diodes |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/52231/1/Mayimele_Analysis_2016.pdf |journal=Physica B: Condensed Matter |volume=480 |pages=58–62 |bibcode=2016PhyB..480...58M |doi=10.1016/j.physb.2015.07.034 |access-date=2025-08-29 |doi-access=free}} * {{Rejea jarida |last=Mayimele |first=Meehleketo A. |last2=Diale |first2=Mmantsae |last3=Mtangi |first3=Wilbert |last4=Auret |first4=Francois D. |date=2015 |title=Temperature-dependent current–voltage characteristics of Pd/ZnO Schottky barrier diodes and the determination of the Richardson constant |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/50425/1/Mayimele_Temperature_2015.pdf |journal=Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing |volume=34 |pages=359–364 |doi=10.1016/j.mssp.2015.02.018 |access-date=2025-08-29 |doi-access=free}} * {{Rejea jarida |last=Mtangi |first=W. |last2=Auret |first2=F.D. |last3=Nyamhere |first3=C. |last4=Janse van Rensburg |first4=P.J. |last5=Chawanda |first5=A. |last6=Diale |first6=M. |last7=Nel |first7=J.M. |last8=Meyer |first8=W.E. |date=2009 |title=The dependence of barrier height on temperature for Pd Schottky contacts on ZnO |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/11788/1/Mtangi_Dependence%282009%29.pdf |journal=Physica B: Condensed Matter |volume=404 |issue=22 |pages=4402–4405 |bibcode=2009PhyB..404.4402M |doi=10.1016/j.physb.2009.09.022 |access-date=2025-08-29 |doi-access=free}} * {{Rejea jarida |last=Mwankemwa |first=Benard S. |last2=Nambala |first2=Fred J. |last3=Kyeyune |first3=Farooq |last4=Hlatshwayo |first4=Thulani T. |last5=Nel |first5=Jackie M. |last6=Diale |first6=Mmantsae |date=2017 |title=Influence of ammonia concentration on the microstructure, electrical and raman properties of low temperature chemical bath deposited ZnO nanorods |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/62183/1/Mwankemwa_Influence_2017.pdf |journal=Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing |volume=71 |pages=209–216 |doi=10.1016/j.mssp.2017.08.005 |access-date=2025-08-29 |doi-access=free}} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanafizikia wa Afrika Kusini]] g1pgig21f428vj6whuw57i3nfl1a95j Nancy Phaswana-Mafuya 0 227247 1574146 1504135 2026-06-17T17:27:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574146 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Refilwe Nancy Phaswana-Mafuya''' ni mtaalamu wa magonjwa ya mlipuko wa nchini [[Afrika Kusini]], mwanasayansi wa afya ya umma, kiongozi wa kitaaluma na msimamizi wa utafiti. Vile vile ni profesa wa magonjwa ya mlipuko na afya ya umma katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Johannesburg]] na anafanya kazi kama Naibu Makamu Mkuu wa Utafiti na Ubunifu. Anajulikana kwa michango yake katika magonjwa ya mlipuko [[Ukimwi|ya VVU/UKIMWI]], utafiti wa afya ya umma katika Nchi za Afrika Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara, na uongozi katika elimu ya juu na utafiti wa kisayansi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prof Refilwe Nancy Phaswana-Mafuya|url=https://www.uj.ac.za/members/refilwe-nancy-phaswana-mafuya/|publisher=University of Johannesburg|accessdate=17 March 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prof Refilwe Nancy Phaswana-Mafuya Bio Sketch|url=https://www.samrc.ac.za/biosketch/prof-refilwe-nancy-phaswana-mafuya|publisher=South African Medical Research Council|accessdate=17 March 2026}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Phaswana-Mafuya alipata mafunzo yake ya kitaaluma katika kazi za kijamii na epidemiolojia. Na pia alisoma Shahada yake ya Uzamili ya Sanaa katika Kazi za Jamii na pia yake ya Shahada ya Uzamivu (PhD) kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Limpopo, na baadaye akamaliza Stashahada ya Uzamili ya Uzamili na Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sayansi katika Epidemiolojia katika Shule ya Usafi na Tiba ya Tropiki ya London. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=NWU appoints new Deputy Vice-Chancellor Research and Innovation|url=https://news.nwu.ac.za/nwu-appoints-new-deputy-vice-chancellor-research-and-innovation|publisher=North-West University|accessdate=17 March 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Invitation to a conversation with Prof Refilwe Nancy Phaswana-Mafuya|url=https://www.assaf.org.za/2021/07/22/invitation-to-a-conversation-with-prof-refilwe-nancy-phaswana-mafuya-on-learning-curves-from-my-non-linear-career-journey/|publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa|accessdate=17 March 2026}}</ref> == Kazi == Alifanya kazi kama Naibu Makamu Mkuu wa Utafiti na Ubunifu katika Chuo Kikuu cha North-West kuanzia mwaka wa 2017 hadi mwaka wa 2020. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=NWU appoints new Deputy Vice-Chancellor Research and Innovation|url=https://news.nwu.ac.za/nwu-appoints-new-deputy-vice-chancellor-research-and-innovation|publisher=North-West University|accessdate=17 March 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://news.nwu.ac.za/nwu-appoints-new-deputy-vice-chancellor-research-and-innovation "NWU appoints new Deputy Vice-Chancellor Research and Innovation"]. North-West University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Baadaye alijiunga na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Johannesburg]], ambapo akawa Naibu Makamu Mkuu wa Utafiti na Ubunifu na Profesa wa Epidemiolojia na Afya ya Umma . <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prof Refilwe Nancy Phaswana-Mafuya|url=https://www.uj.ac.za/members/refilwe-nancy-phaswana-mafuya/|publisher=University of Johannesburg|accessdate=17 March 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.uj.ac.za/members/refilwe-nancy-phaswana-mafuya/ "Prof Refilwe Nancy Phaswana-Mafuya"]. University of Johannesburg<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Yeye ndiye mkurugenzi mwanzilishi katika Baraza la Utafiti wa Kimatibabu la Afrika Kusini (SAMRC) au katikaChuo Kikuu cha Johannesburg Pan African Centre for Epidemics Research (PACER). <ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prof Refilwe Phaswana-Mafuya|url=https://www.nrf.ac.za/pixpopup-item/prof-refilwe-phaswana-mafuya/|publisher=National Research Foundation|accessdate=17 March 2026|archive-date=2026-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113162159/https://www.nrf.ac.za/pixpopup-item/prof-refilwe-phaswana-mafuya/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kabla ya nafasi zake za uongozi katika chuo kikuu, alifanya kazi katika Baraza la Utafiti wa Sayansi ya Binadamu (HSRC) na kwa zaidi ya muongo mmoja, ambapo alishikilia nafasi hizo ikiwemo Kaimu Mkurugenzi Mtendaji, Mkurugenzi wa Utafiti, na Meneja Mkuu wa Utafiti katika mpango wa utafiti wa magonjwa ya kuambukiza ya VVU/UKIMWI, magonjwa ya zinaa na kifua kikuu. <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prof Refilwe Nancy Phaswana-Mafuya Bio Sketch|url=https://www.samrc.ac.za/biosketch/prof-refilwe-nancy-phaswana-mafuya|publisher=South African Medical Research Council|accessdate=17 March 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.samrc.ac.za/biosketch/prof-refilwe-nancy-phaswana-mafuya "Prof Refilwe Nancy Phaswana-Mafuya Bio Sketch"]. South African Medical Research Council<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Pia amewahi kuwa Mhariri Mkuu wa ''Jarida la SAHARA'', jarida la kimataifa linalozingatia vipengele vya kijamii katka utafiti wa magonjwa yanayoambukizwa kama VVU/UKIMWI. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Editorial Information/Information Rédactionelle Sahara ...|url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC64423|accessdate=2026-04-03}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=NWU appoints new Deputy Vice-Chancellor Research and Innovation|url=https://news.nwu.ac.za/nwu-appoints-new-deputy-vice-chancellor-research-and-innovation|publisher=North-West University|accessdate=17 March 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://news.nwu.ac.za/nwu-appoints-new-deputy-vice-chancellor-research-and-innovation "NWU appoints new Deputy Vice-Chancellor Research and Innovation"]. North-West University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> == Utafiti na michango == Maslahi ya utafiti ya Phaswana Mafuta yanalenga katika makutano ya uzee, magonjwa sugu, na utendaji wa mfumo wa afya katika mazingira ya kipato cha chini na cha kati. Kazi yake inahusisha tafiti za uzee na afya zinazozingatia idadi ya watu zinazochunguza magonjwa sugu yasiyoambukiza kwa wazee; utafiti wa mifumo ya afya kuhusu mahitaji ya huduma na mwitikio wa mfumo kwa wazee wenye magonjwa ya muda mrefu; muundo na tathmini ya hatua za kukuza afya kwa wazee wenye magonjwa sugu; tafiti za kuridhisha kwa wagonjwa zinazozingatia utunzaji wa magonjwa sugu; na utafiti wa ubora wa huduma za afya unaolenga kuboresha utoaji na matokeo ya huduma kwa wazee wenye magonjwa mengi. Kupitia lengo hili jumuishi, anachangia sera na programu zinazotegemea ushahidi zinazoshughulikia mzigo wa kuongezeka kwa magonjwa sugu kwa wazee kote Nchini Afrika. <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Dr Nancy Phaswana-Mafuya|url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/people/view/359|accessdate=2026-04-03|work=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing|language=en}}</ref> Alichapisha sana katika majarida yaliyopitiwa na wenzake na alichangia katika ripoti za kisayansi na katika sura za vitabu katika afya ya umma na epidemiolojia. <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=NWU appoints new Deputy Vice-Chancellor Research and Innovation|url=https://news.nwu.ac.za/nwu-appoints-new-deputy-vice-chancellor-research-and-innovation|publisher=North-West University|accessdate=17 March 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://news.nwu.ac.za/nwu-appoints-new-deputy-vice-chancellor-research-and-innovation "NWU appoints new Deputy Vice-Chancellor Research and Innovation"]. North-West University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2019, aliongoza Mkutano wa 9 wa UKIMWI wa Nchini Afrika Kusini. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=9th South African AIDS Conference|url=https://www.foundation.co.za/9th-saaids|publisher=SA AIDS Conference Foundation|accessdate=17 March 2026}}</ref> == Ushirika wa kitaaluma == Phaswana Mafuya ameshika nyadhifa kadhaa za kitaifa na kimataifa, ikiwa ni pamoja na: * Mwanachama wa Bodi ya Wakfu wa Kitaifa wa Utafiti (NRF) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prof Refilwe Phaswana-Mafuya|url=https://www.nrf.ac.za/pixpopup-item/prof-refilwe-phaswana-mafuya/|publisher=National Research Foundation|accessdate=17 March 2026|archive-date=2026-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113162159/https://www.nrf.ac.za/pixpopup-item/prof-refilwe-phaswana-mafuya/|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nrf.ac.za/pixpopup-item/prof-refilwe-phaswana-mafuya/ "Prof Refilwe Phaswana-Mafuya"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.nrf.ac.za/pixpopup-item/prof-refilwe-phaswana-mafuya/ |date=20260113162159 }}. National Research Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> * Mwanachama wa Baraza la Chuo cha Sayansi cha Afrika Kusini (ASSAf) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=ASSAf Annual Report 2022/23|url=https://www.assaf.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/ASSAf-Annual-Report_2022-23_Final.pdf|publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa|accessdate=17 March 2026}}</ref> * Mwanachama wa Kamati ya Ushauri ya Kisayansi ya Taasisi ya Utafiti wa Afya ya Afrika <ref> * Mwanachama wa Chuo cha Sayansi cha Afrika na Shirika la Wanawake katika Sayansi kwa Ulimwengu Unaoendelea <ref name=":3" /> == Tuzo na heshima == Phaswana-Mafuya amepokea tuzo kadhaa kwa michango yake katika sayansi na elimu ya juu, ikiwa ni pamoja na: * Jukwaa la Kitaifa la Sayansi na Teknolojia (NSTF) Tuzo la TW Kambule (2017) <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prof Refilwe Nancy Phaswana-Mafuya Bio Sketch|url=https://www.samrc.ac.za/biosketch/prof-refilwe-nancy-phaswana-mafuya|publisher=South African Medical Research Council|accessdate=17 March 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.samrc.ac.za/biosketch/prof-refilwe-nancy-phaswana-mafuya "Prof Refilwe Nancy Phaswana-Mafuya Bio Sketch"]. South African Medical Research Council<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> * Tuzo za Wanawake Viongozi wa Elimu ya Juu (HEWLA) za Mafanikio ya Maisha na Tuzo za Trailblazer (2024) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=SAMRC-funded mid-career scientist showcasing excellence and impact|url=https://www.samrc.ac.za/news/samrc-funded-mid-career-scientist-showcasing-excellence-and-impact|publisher=South African Medical Research Council|accessdate=17 March 2026}}</ref> == Kazi zilizochaguliwa == * Maono Hayafi Kamwe #1: Kujifunza Mikunjo Kutoka kwa Safari Yangu ya Kazi Isiyo ya Mstari <ref name=":3"/> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jlfvj13yvbpa0ttf33ticozpx7w3ato Jane Tapsubei Creider 0 227707 1574263 1538519 2026-06-17T22:50:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574263 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jane Tapsubei Creider''' (alizaliwa [[miaka ya 1940]])<ref name=DOA>{{cite encyclopedia|url=[https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/creider-jane-tapsubei-c-1940s|title=Creider](https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/creider-jane-tapsubei-c-1940s|title=Creider), Jane Tapsubei (c. 1940s–)|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia.com]]|access-date=29 January 2022}}</ref> ni [[mwandishi]] kutoka [[Kenya]] wa hadithi za kubuni na zisizo za kubuni, akijumuisha makala na vitabu alivyoshirikiana kuandika na mume wake Chet A. Creider kuhusu lugha ya Kandi–Markweta.<ref>{{cite journal|url=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40461875|title=The](https://www.jstor.org/stable/40461875|title=The) Past in the Present: Living Biographies of the Nandi|first=Jane Tapsubei |last=Creider|author2= Chet A. Creider|journal=Anthropos|volume=79|date=1984|issue=4/6 |pages=537–544|jstor=40461875 |access-date=29 January 2022}}</ref> Pia ni msanii. == Asili na maisha ya awali == Alilelewa katika jamii ya Wandi (Nandi) nchini Kenya<ref>{{cite journal|url=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40465355|title=Gender](https://www.jstor.org/stable/40465355|title=Gender) Inversion in Nandi Ritual|first=Jane Tapsubei |last=Creider|author2=Chet A. Creider|journal=Anthropos|volume=92|date=1997|issue=1/3 |pages= 51–58|jstor=40465355 |access-date=29 January 2022}}</ref> karibu na eneo la [[Ziwa Viktoria|Ziwa Nyanza]]. Baada ya kufanya kazi Kisumu na Nairobi, baadaye alihamia Kanada.<ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Margaret|editor-last=Busby|title=Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent from the Ancient Egyptian to the Present|url=https://archive.org/details/daughtersofafric00adis|date=1992|publisher=[[Jonathan Cape]]|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/daughtersofafric00adis/page/616 614]}}</ref> == Kazi ya uandishi == Kazi zake zinajumuisha makala, [[hadithi]] fupi, [[riwaya]] na kumbukumbu binafsi. Kitabu chake cha kwanza kilikuwa tawasifu *Two Lives: My Spirit and I* kilichochapishwa mwaka 1986. Kitabu hicho kinaeleza maisha yake ya utotoni ndani ya jamii ya Wandi, elimu aliyopata kupitia wamisionari wa Kikristo, maisha yake ya Amerika Kaskazini, na baadaye ndoa yake na profesa kutoka Kanada.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IoSlHam2gi0C&pg=PA83|first=Joseph|last=Hogan|author2=Rebecca](https://books.google.com/books?id=IoSlHam2gi0C&pg=PA83|first=Joseph|last=Hogan|author2=Rebecca) Hogan|title=True Relations: Essays on Autobiography and the Postmodern|chapter=Autobiography in the Contact Zone: Cross-cultural Identity in Jane Tapsubei Creider's ''Two Lives''|pages=83–84|publisher=[[Greenwood Press]]|date=1998|isbn=9780313305092|access-date=31 January 2022|via=Google Books}}</ref> Uandishi wake umejumuishwa katika vitabu vya mkusanyo kama *Daughters of Africa* (1992) na *Fiery Spirits* (1995). == Vitabu == * *Two Lives: My Spirit and I* (1986) * *A Grammar of Nandi* (1989) * *The Shrunken Dream* (1993) * *A Dictionary of the Nandi Language* (2001) == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Creider, Jane Tapsubei}} {{BD|miaka ya 1940|}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kenya]] cckg6lh5616go2og2x1wl96fe4lj1qg Roy Blackbeard 0 227801 1574334 1524687 2026-06-18T03:48:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574334 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Roy Warren Blackbeard''' (16 Aprili 1953 – 11 Agosti 2024) alikuwa mwanadiplomasia na [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka Botswana. Aliwahi kuwa Balozi Mkuu wa Jamhuri ya Botswana nchini Uingereza hadi Desemba 2018.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Roy Blackbeard recalled as Botswana's High Commissioner in United Kingdom {{!}} Sunday Standard|url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/roy-blackbeard-recalled-as-botswanaocos-high-commissioner-in-united-kingdom/|date=2018-05-03|accessdate=2026-04-11|language=en-GB|author=Online editor|archive-date=2025-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625062542/https://www.sundaystandard.info/roy-blackbeard-recalled-as-botswanaocos-high-commissioner-in-united-kingdom/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Baada ya kufanya kazi katika kampuni ya De Beers na Price Waterhouse, pamoja na kuendesha [[kampuni]] yake binafsi, alichaguliwa kuwa Mbunge wa Bunge la Kitaifa la Botswana mwaka 1989 akiwakilisha jimbo la Serowe North kupitia chama cha Botswana Democratic Party. Aliteuliwa kuwa Naibu Waziri wa Kilimo mwaka 1992, kisha Waziri wa Kilimo mwaka [[1994]], wadhifa aliouhudumu hadi 1997. Mwaka 1998 aliondoka Bungeni na baadaye aliteuliwa kuwa Balozi Mkuu London. Alifariki tarehe 11 Agosti 2024 akiwa na umri wa miaka 72.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Blackbeard: Influential former BDP leader passes away|url=https://www.mmegi.bw/news/blackbeard-influential-former-bdp-leader-passes-away/news|work=Blackbeard: Influential former BDP leader passes away|date=2024-08-13|accessdate=2026-04-11}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1953]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2024]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Botswana]] bkawqn211ginv37v4lrdbfcoxxj2p3q Sophia Williams-De Bruyn 0 228397 1574411 1526064 2026-06-18T09:01:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574411 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sophia Theresa Williams-de Bruyn''' (née '''Williams'''; alizaliwa mwaka [[1938]]) ni [[mwanaharakati]] mkongwe wa [[Afrika Kusini]] aliyepinga mfumo wa [[ubaguzi wa rangi]] ([[apartheid]]). Anaheshimiwa sana kwa mchango wake katika harakati za ukombozi wa wanawake na mapambano ya kisiasa nchini humo. Alikuwa mpokeaji wa kwanza wa Tuzo ya Wanawake kwa Huduma Bora ya Kitaifa, kwa kutambua mchango wake wa kipekee katika maendeleo ya taifa. Pia anajulikana kama mmoja wa viongozi wa mwisho waliobaki hai walioshiriki katika Machi ya Wanawake ya kihistoria, tukio muhimu katika harakati za kupinga ubaguzi wa rangi nchini Afrika Kusini. == Maisha ya awali == Sophia Theresa Williams-de Bruyn alizaliwa katika eneo la Villageboard, eneo lililojulikana kwa kuwa na wakazi wa makundi mbalimbali ya kikabila na kijamii. Alikuwa mtoto wa Frances Elizabeth na Henry Ernest Williams, na mara nyingi ameeleza kuwa huruma na upendo wa mama yake kwa watu wengine vilichangia kwa kiasi kikubwa katika kujenga tabia yake ya kujali jamii. Wakati baba yake alipojiunga na jeshi katika [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]], familia yake ilihamia katika makazi mapya yaliyokuwa yamejengwa mahsusi kwa watu wasio wazungu, eneo lililojulikana kama Schauder. Alisoma katika Shule ya Kikatoliki ya Saint James, lakini baadaye aliacha masomo na kuingia katika ajira katika sekta ya nguo. Akiwa kazini katika kiwanda cha nguo cha Van Lane, alihusishwa na wafanyakazi waliomwomba awasaidie kutatua changamoto zao dhidi ya uongozi wa kiwanda. Hali hiyo ilimuwezesha kujijengea nafasi ya uongozi hadi kuwa msimamizi wa duka. Baadaye, alijiunga rasmi na uongozi wa chama cha wafanyakazi wa sekta ya nguo katika mji wa Port Elizabeth, ambapo alihudumu kama mwanachama mtendaji. == Kazi ya Kisiasa == Sophia Theresa Williams-de Bruyn alikuwa miongoni mwa waanzilishi wa Bunge la Vyama vya Wafanyakazi la Afrika Kusini (SACTU). Baada ya serikali ya ubaguzi wa rangi kuanzisha Sheria ya Usajili wa Idadi ya Watu katika miaka ya [[1950]], aliteuliwa kuwa mratibu wa muda wote wa Bunge la Watu Wenye Rangi mjini [[Johannesburg]], nafasi iliyomuwezesha kushiriki kwa karibu katika harakati za wafanyakazi na siasa za kupinga ubaguzi.<ref name="blue">[[commons:File:JoburgPediA_-_Rahima_Moosa_House.png|Blue plaque on the front of Rahima Moosa House mounted in 2013 as part of Johannesburg Heritage]].</ref> Mnamo tarehe [[9 Agosti]] [[1956]], akiwa na umri wa miaka 18, aliongoza maandamano makubwa ya wanawake takribani 20,000 kwenda kwenye Majengo ya Muungano mjini [[Pretoria]], pamoja na viongozi wengine mashuhuri kama [[Lilian Ngoyi]], Rahima Moosa, Helen Joseph, Albertina Sisulu na Bertha Gxowa. Lengo la maandamano hayo lilikuwa kupinga sheria ya kuwabebesha wanawake vitabu vya pasi kama sehemu ya mfumo wa udhibiti wa kibaguzi. Washiriki wa maandamano hayo waliweza kuwasilisha maombi yao kwa viongozi wa serikali licha ya ulinzi mkali wa milango ya majengo hayo.<ref name="Benny">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.bennynato-onlus.org/henry-benny-nato-de-bruyn-2/|title=Henry Benny Nato De Bruyn – Centro Benny Nato Onlus|website=www.bennynato-onlus.org|language=it-IT|access-date=2018-05-23}}</ref> Baada ya kupitishwa kwa Sheria ya Idadi ya Watu Weusi, Williams-De Bruyn aliendelea kushiriki katika shughuli za kijamii na kisiasa kupitia Bunge la Watu Wenye Rangi, akifanya kazi pamoja na Shulamith Muller katika masuala yanayohusiana na sheria hizo.<ref name="Women">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xX-vhZQ1QpIC&q=sophie+williams|title=Women and Resistance in South Africa|last=Walker|first=Cherryl|date=1991|publisher=New Africa Books|isbn=9780864861702|language=en}}</ref> Mnamo [[1959]] alifunga ndoa na Henry Benny Nato De Bruyn, ambaye pia alikuwa mwanaharakati na askari wa Umkhonto we Sizwe. Nyumba yao ilitumika kama hifadhi salama kwa wanaharakati mbalimbali wa kupinga ubaguzi wa rangi, akiwemo Raymond Mhlaba, Elias Motsoaledi na Wilton Mkwayi.<ref name="Iconic">{{Rejea habari|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-08-25-60-iconic-women-the-people-behind-the-1956-womens-march-to-pretoria-51-60|title=60 Iconic Women — The people behind the 1956 Women's March to Pretoria (51-60)|last=Supplement|work=The M&G Online|access-date=2018-05-23|language=en}}</ref> Kufikia mwaka [[1963]], mumewe alilazimika kwenda uhamishoni [[Lusaka]], [[Zambia]], ambako alihudumu katika nafasi ya uongozi ndani ya African National Congress (ANC). Williams-De Bruyn alijiunga naye baadaye na kuendelea na masomo yake, akipata diploma ya ualimu mwaka [[1977]] huku akifanya kazi katika ofisi za ANC uhamishoni.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-149253549.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008194328/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-149253549.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 October 2016|title=Memories of the Long March to Freedom|last=Ndaba|first=Baldwin|date=9 August 2006|work=The Star|access-date=13 September 2016|via=HighBeam Research}}</ref> Alikuwa miongoni mwa waanzilishi wa Baraza la Elimu la ANC lililoundwa mwaka [[1980]], ambalo liliweka msingi wa mtaala wa Chuo cha Uhuru cha Solomon Mahlangu kilichoanzishwa [[Mazimbu]], [[Tanzania]]. Baada ya marufuku ya ANC kuondolewa, alirudi Afrika Kusini pamoja na mumewe. Baadaye, alihudumu katika Tume ya Usawa wa Jinsia na kisha kujiunga na Bunge la Mkoa wa [[Gauteng]] mwaka [[2004]], ambapo aliteuliwa kuwa Naibu Spika kuanzia [[2005]] hadi [[2009]] kabla ya kuhamia Bunge la Taifa.<ref name="Kathrada">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.kathradafoundation.org/2017/06/12/sophia-williams-de-bruyn-a-lifetime-of-activism/|title=Sophia Williams-De Bruyn – a lifetime of activism – Ahmed Kathrada Foundation|website=www.kathradafoundation.org|language=en-ZA|access-date=2018-05-23|archive-date=2017-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828190900/https://www.kathradafoundation.org/2017/06/12/sophia-williams-de-bruyn-a-lifetime-of-activism/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1938]] [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii: Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii: Wanaharakati wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii: Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii: Wanasiasa wanawake Afrika Kusini]] 9bofkxcfdcsmlr20a7g2geuv6i8f76q Ponani Makhubele-Marilele 0 228462 1574302 1523754 2026-06-18T00:32:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574302 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ponani Petunia Makhubele-Marilele''' (alizaliwa mwaka [[1979]] au 1980) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] ambaye alihudumu kama Mbunge wa Bunge la Taifa la Afrika Kusini hadi Mei 2024, akiwakilisha chama cha African National Congress (ANC). Mnamo Septemba 2024, Makhubele-Marilele alihama kutoka ANC na kujiunga na chama cha uMkhonto weSizwe (MK).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Maeko|first=Tshepo|title=Limpopo's Ponani Makhubele finally heads to Parliament {{!}} Your Story. Your Power.|url=https://localvoices.co.za/2021/01/28/limpopos-ponani-makhubele-finally-heads-to-parliament/|access-date=2021-12-26|language=en-ZA}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=ANC's Makhubele finally takes her place in parliament|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south-africa/2021-01-28-ancs-makhubele-finally-takes-her-place-in-parliament/|access-date=2021-12-26|website=SowetanLIVE|language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] blmrxpj73ptis8wzteguw7lm9xm1t7w Yamina Bachir 0 229049 1574251 1530401 2026-06-17T22:35:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574251 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yamina Bachir''' (20 Machi 1954 – 3 Aprili 2022) alikuwa mkurugenzi wa filamu na mwandishi wa miswada ya filamu kutoka [[Algeria]]. Filamu yake ''Rachida'' ilionyeshwa katika sehemu ya ''Un Certain Regard'' kwenye Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes la mwaka 2002.<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{Rejea tovuti|url=[http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/3017869/year/2002.html](http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/3017869/year/2002.html) |title=Festival de Cannes: Sandstorm |access-date=31 October 2009|work=festival-cannes.com}}</ref> Kulingana na Roy Armes, ''Rachida'' ndiyo filamu ya kwanza ya urefu kamili ya 35mm kuongozwa na mwanamke Mualgeria nchini Algeria.<ref name="Armes, Roy 2005 p. 104">Armes, Roy, ''New Voices in Arab Cinema'' (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005), p. 104</ref> Filamu hiyo ilifadhiliwa kwa kiasi kikubwa na kampuni za Ufaransa na Ulaya, na ilipata umaarufu nchini Algeria pamoja na kusambazwa kimataifa, hasa nchini Ufaransa. == Kazi na maisha binafsi == Bachir alisoma katika Shule ya Taifa ya Filamu ya Algeria, ambako alijifunza uhariri wa filamu.<ref name=Dupont>{{cite news|last1=Dupont|first1=Joan|title=Giving a human face to Algeria's horror|url=[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/05/style/05iht-dupont_ed3_.html|website=The](https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/05/style/05iht-dupont_ed3_.html|website=The) New York Times|date=5 February 2003|access-date=17 December 2015}}</ref> Anajulikana zaidi kwa kazi yake ''Rachida'', ambayo ilimchukua takriban miaka mitano kuikamilisha.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Corm|first1=Carole|title=A Woman's Struggle in Midst of War|journal=Al Jadid: A Review & Record of Arab Culture and Arts.|date=2004|volume=10|issue=46|url=[https://www.aljadid.com/content/womans-struggle-midst-war|access-date=18](https://www.aljadid.com/content/womans-struggle-midst-war|access-date=18) December 2015}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Filamu hii ndiyo pekee kutoka Algeria iliyowahi kuonyeshwa katika kipengele cha ''Un Certain Regard''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hillauer|first1=Rebecca|title=Encyclopedia of Arab women filmmakers|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000hill|date=2005|publisher=American University in Cairo Press|location=Cairo, Egypt|isbn=9789774162688|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000hill/page/275 275]}}</ref> Aliolewa na mkurugenzi mwenzake wa Algeria Mohammed Chouikh. Alikuwa na mtoto mmoja wa kiume na binti watatu.<ref name=Dupont /> Katika kipindi cha Black Decade nchini Algeria, Bachir-Chouikh aliendelea kuishi nchini humo na kufanya kazi kama mhariri wa filamu katika kazi za mumewe.<ref name="Armes, Roy 2005 p. 104"/> == Filamu alizohusika nazo == * ''Sandstorm (1982 film)|Sandstorm'' (1982) * ''Rachida'' (2002) == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1954|2022}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Algeria]] kyi0wtzrwchto0ldq1n2x69j652f8be Ayesha Imam 0 229332 1574250 1530746 2026-06-17T22:35:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574250 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ayesha Imam''' ni mwanaharakati wa [[haki za binadamu]] mwenye asili ya [[Nigeria]]. Aliwahi kuwa Mkuu wa Idara ya Utamaduni, Jinsia na Haki za Binadamu katika United Nations Population Fund na ni mmoja wa waanzilishi pamoja na aliyekuwa katibu mkuu wa kitaifa wa Women in Nigeria.<ref name="ifi">{{cite book |last=Amadiume |first=Ifi |date=2000 |title=Daughters of the Goddess, Daughters of Imperialism: African Women Struggle for Culture, Power and Democracy |url=https://archive.org/details/daughtersofgodde0000amad |publisher=Zed Books |pages=[https://archive.org/details/daughtersofgodde0000amad/page/70 70]–71 }}</ref> Baadaye alikua mratibu wa BAOBAB for Women's Human Rights, kikundi cha utetezi wa haki za binadamu. Kuanzia Aprili [[2017]] hadi Machi [[2023]], alihudumu kama Mwenyekiti wa Board of Directors wa Greenpeace International.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greenpeace.org/international/explore/about/governance/|title=Governance}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ayesha Imam interview on women in politics, the Qu'ran and Muslim societies, and women's rights in Nigeria (English, video) {{!}} Women's Learning Partnership |url=https://learningpartnership.org/resource/ayesha-imam-interview-women-politics-quran-and-muslim-societies-and-womens-rights-nigeria |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=learningpartnership.org}}</ref> Imam alihusika katika rufaa iliyofanikiwa kubatilisha hukumu ya kifo ya [[Amina Lawal]].<ref>Quraishi, A. (2011). WHAT IF SHARIA WEREN'T THE ENEMY?: RETHINKING INTERNATIONAL WOMEN'S RIGHTS ADVOCACY ON ISLAMIC LAW. Columbia Journal of Gender and the Law, 22(1), 173-249.</ref> == Maisha == Imam alipata shahada ya kwanza ya sosholojia kutoka Polytechnic of North London mwaka 1980 na shahada ya uzamili kutoka Ahmadu Bello University (ABU) mwaka [[1983]]. Alikamilisha shahada ya uzamivu (PhD) katika University of Sussex. Alijiunga na Chuo Kikuu cha Ahmadu Bello mjini [[Zaria]] mwaka [[1980]]. Mwaka [[1983]], alikuwa katibu mratibu wa Women in Nigeria, nafasi ya juu zaidi katika shirika hilo la kifeministi. Mwaka [[1996]], alianzisha kwa pamoja BAOBAB, shirika la haki za wanawake linalotoa msaada wa kisheria kwa wanawake wanaoshtakiwa chini ya sheria za Sharia zilizoandikwa, sheria za kimila au za kiraia ambazo mara nyingi hazizingatii maslahi ya wanawake. Sheria hizi zinahusisha adhabu kama kupigwa mijeledi au kupigwa mawe hadi kufa.<ref>Nigeria: Girl flogged for having baby. (2001, 03). Off our Backs, 31, 3. Retrieved from Proquest</ref> Dhamira ya BAOBAB ni kukuza tafsiri za maendeleo za maandiko ya Kiislamu na kuongeza uelewa kuhusu haki za wanawake nchini Nigeria.<ref name=":0" /> Akiwa mkurugenzi wa BAOBAB wakati wa kuanzishwa kwa Sharia nchini Nigeria, shirika hilo liliendesha semina kote nchini kujadili jinsi sheria za Kiislamu zinavyoweza kutafsiriwa kuunga mkono haki za wanawake.<ref>Terry, Geraldine. Small Guides to Big Issues : Womens Rights : Small Guides to Big Issues. London, GB: Pluto Press, 2007. P. 62</ref> Mwaka [[2002]], alitunukiwa John Humphrey Freedom Award. Imam pia ni mwanachama wa African Feminist Forum. Katika mahojiano ya mwaka [[2003]], Imam alieleza kuwa si sheria zote zinazohusiana na Sharia zinatokana moja kwa moja na aya za Qur’anic, bali baadhi ni tafsiri za wanaume kuhusu ufunuo wa Mungu zilizofanywa miaka mingi baada ya Qurani kushushwa. Tafsiri hizi ni pamoja na adhabu ya kupigwa mawe hadi kufa kwa uzinzi na kukatwa viungo kwa wizi.<ref name="osirim">{{cite interview |last=Imam|first=Ayesha|interviewer=Mary Osirim|title=Women, Muslim Laws and Human Rights in Nigeria |work=forum on Women, Islam and Human Rights in Africa|publisher= Woodrow Wilson International Center’s Africa Program Occasional Papers |date=September 17, 2003}}</ref> Kwa hiyo, anaamini kuwa si sheria zote za jinai za Sharia nchini Nigeria, hasa zinazohusu baadhi ya vipengele vya zina na udhibiti wa masuala ya kijinsia, hazibadiliki.<ref name="osirim" /> Mwaka [[2004]], Imam aliandika hotuba kuu yenye kichwa ''"Women, Muslim Laws and Human Rights in Nigeria"''. Chapisho hili lilitolewa katika mfululizo wa machapisho ya African Program ya Woodrow Wilson International Center. == Mchango muhimu == * Mwanzilishi wa Women in Nigeria: Shirika la kwanza la kifeministi nchini Nigeria * Mwanzilishi mwenza wa (WLUML): Mtandao wa kimataifa unaosaidia wanawake chini ya sheria za Kiislamu * Mkurugenzi mwanzilishi wa BAOBAB: Aliongoza shirika la haki za wanawake lililotunukiwa John Humphrey Freedom Award mwaka 2002<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2016-03-14 |title=Ayesha Imam » African Feminist Forum |url=https://www.africanfeministforum.com/ayesha-imam/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=African Feminist Forum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayesha Imam |url=https://www.carnegiecouncil.org/people/ayesha-imam |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=www.carnegiecouncil.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references/> 2k2wuie919xxfub1h9c8m7z5a84h16n Amīnah al-Saʿīd 0 229404 1574214 1545318 2026-06-17T21:52:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574214 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amina al-Saʿīd''' (1914–1995 ), anayejulikana pia kama '''Amīnah Saʻīd''', alikuwa mwandishi wa habari na mwanaharakati wa haki za wanawake kutoka Misri. Alianzisha jarida la kwanza la wanawake nchini Misri na alikuwa mhariri wa kwanza mwanamke wa jarida katika Mashariki ya Kati.<ref name="obit">{{cite news|last1=Darwish|first1=Adel|title=Obituary: Amina al-Said|url=[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-amina-alsaid-1599537.html](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-amina-alsaid-1599537.html) |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20141019174138/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-amina-alsaid-1599537.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20141019174138/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-amina-alsaid-1599537.html) |archive-date=2014-10-19 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|work=The Independent|date=5 September 1995}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Saʿīd alizaliwa tarehe 20 Januari 1914 katika mji wa Asyut, Misri. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 14 alijiunga na tawi la vijana la Chama cha Wanawake wa Kifeministi cha Misri. Alikuwa miongoni mwa wanawake wa kwanza kusoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Fuad I mwaka 1931.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kinnear|first1=Karen L.|title=Women in Developing Countries: A Reference Handbook|url=https://archive.org/details/womenindevelopin0000kinn|date=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-1-59884-426-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/womenindevelopin0000kinn/page/140 141]–142|chapter=Aminah Al-Said}}</ref> Alihitimu shahada ya fasihi ya Kiingereza mwaka 1935.<ref name=nyt>{{cite news|title=Amina el-Saeed; Egyptian Feminist, 81|url=[https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/15/obituaries/amina-el-saeed-egyptian-feminist-81.html|accessdate=26](https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/15/obituaries/amina-el-saeed-egyptian-feminist-81.html|accessdate=26) October 2014|work=The New York Times|date=15 August 1995}}</ref> Alikuwa akipinga matumizi ya hijabu na alijulikana kwa kucheza tenisi hadharani bila hijabu.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Talhami|first1=Ghada|title=Historical Dictionary of Women in the Middle East and North Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000talh|date=2013|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Md.|isbn=978-0-8108-6858-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000talh/page/286 286]–287|chapter=Said, Aminah Al-}}</ref> Alijiunga na jarida la habari la ''Al-Musawar'' kama mwandishi wa safu (columnist). Pia aliandika riwaya iitwayo ''al-Jamiha'' (“Mwanamke Mkaidi”) katika miaka ya 1950.<ref>{{Cite book |url=[https://www.worldcat.org/title/181138760](https://www.worldcat.org/title/181138760) |title=Arab women writers: a critical reference guide, 1873-1999 |date=2008 |publisher=The American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-416-146-9}}</ref> Mwaka 1954 alianzisha jarida la wanawake liitwalo ''Hawaa'' chini ya kampuni kubwa ya uchapishaji Dar al-Hilal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Joseph |first=Suad |title=Gender and Citizenship in the Middle East |url=https://archive.org/details/gendercitizenshi00suad |date=2000 |publisher=Syracuse University Press}}</ref> Alikuwa miongoni mwa waandishi wa habari wa kike wa kwanza kufanya kazi kwa muda wote nchini humo na baadaye akachaguliwa kuwa mjumbe wa baraza la Chama cha Waandishi wa Habari. Kuanzia 1958 hadi 1969 alikuwa Katibu Mkuu wa Umoja wa Wanawake wa Ligi ya Kiarabu. Mwaka 1973 akawa mhariri wa jarida la ''Al-Musawar'', na kuanzia 1976 hadi 1985 aliongoza kampuni ya uchapishaji ya jarida hilo. Alifariki kutokana na saratani tarehe 13 Agosti 1995 mjini Cairo akiwa na umri wa miaka 81.<ref name="obit"/><ref name=nyt/> == Maisha ya kijamii na kazi == Uhusiano wake na harakati za ufeministi ulianza mapema. Mwaka 1929 alikutana na [[Huda Sha'arawi]] akiwa na miaka 15. Mwaka 1933 alisaidia kuanzishwa kwa kikundi cha “Shaqiqat (Dada)” ndani ya Chama cha Wanawake wa Kifeministi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Maftsir |first=Sharon |title=Amina Al-Saʿid: a liberal femocrat under state feminism |journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies |date=2025}}</ref> Alishiriki pia katika mapambano ya kupata haki za kisiasa kwa wanawake. Aliunga mkono mikutano ya kudai haki ya wanawake kupiga kura na aliandika makala nyingi katika jarida la ''Hawaa'' akisisitiza umuhimu wa wanawake kushiriki katika demokrasia.<ref name=":1" /> Baada ya Mapinduzi ya 1952, serikali ya Misri ilitoa haki za kisiasa kwa wanawake mwaka 1956, lakini pia ilidhibiti harakati nyingi za kiraia. Al-Saʿīd alikosolewa kwa kutokupinga wazi ukandamizaji wa serikali dhidi ya wanaharakati wengine wa wanawake.<ref name=":1" /> == Mtazamo na mchango wake == Alisisitiza kuwa wanawake wanapaswa kushiriki kikamilifu katika maisha ya umma na ajira. Alitetea pia maingiliano ya kijamii kati ya wanaume na wanawake (''ikhtilat'') kama sehemu ya maendeleo ya jamii ya kisasa ya Misri.<ref name=":1" /> Aliamini kuwa elimu ya chuo kikuu inapaswa kuwafundisha wanafunzi namna ya kuishi na kufanya kazi pamoja kwa heshima kati ya jinsia zote mbili.<ref name=":1" /> == Baada ya kifo chake == Baada ya kifo chake, kulizuka mjadala kuhusu urithi wake. Mwanaharakati Nawal El Saadawi alimkosoa akimuelezea kama mtu aliyekuwa karibu zaidi na serikali kuliko harakati za ufeministi, jambo lililosababisha mjadala mkubwa katika vyombo vya habari.<ref name=":1" /> == Tazama pia == * Ufeministi nchini Misri == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{BD|1914|1995}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sa'id, Aminah al}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Misri]] c0ujcvs15up5r690xzk1lhysqh10tzr Safaa Fathy 0 229462 1574345 1530206 2026-06-18T04:24:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574345 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Safaa Fathy''' (amezaliwa tarehe 17 Julai 1958) ni mshairi, mtengenezaji wa filamu za kumbukumbu, mwandishi wa tamthilia na mwandishi wa insha kutoka Misri. Anajulikana zaidi kwa filamu yake ''Derrida's Elsewhere'', ambayo ni filamu ya kumbukumbu inayochunguza maisha na mawazo ya mwanafalsafa mwenye utata [[Jacques Derrida]]. == Maisha ya awali na kazi == Fathy alizaliwa [[Minya, Egypt|Minya]] katika Misri ya Juu tarehe 17 Julai 1958. Alisoma fasihi ya Kiingereza mjini [[Cairo]]. Akiwa nchini Misri, alishiriki katika harakati za wanafunzi, lakini baadaye aliondoka nchini na kuhamia Paris mwaka 1981. Mwaka 1987, alikuwa msaidizi wa mkurugenzi katika [[Deutsches Theater (Berlin)|Deutsches Theater]] iliyoko [[Berlin Mashariki]]. Mwaka 1990 alifanya kazi pamoja na [[Heiner Muller]].<ref name=Hillauer>{{cite book|last1=Hillauer|first1=Rebecca|title=Encyclopedia of Arab women filmmakers.|url=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaarab00hill|url-access=limited|date=2005|publisher=American](https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaarab00hill|url-access=limited|date=2005|publisher=American) University in Cairo Press|location=Cairo, Egypt|isbn=9789774162688|pages=[[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaarab00hill/page/n77](https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaarab00hill/page/n77) 72]–80}}</ref> Alikamilisha tasnifu yake ya udaktari katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Paris (Sorbonne)|Sorbonne]] mwaka 1993,<ref name=Fathy>{{cite web|title=Safaa Fathy|url=[http://safaafathy.org/en/|website=Safaa](http://safaafathy.org/en/|website=Safaa) Fathy|accessdate=28 December 2015}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ambapo utafiti wake ulihusu [[Bertolt Brecht]]. Kabla ya kuwa mtengenezaji wa filamu, alifanya kazi kama mkurugenzi wa jukwaa la maigizo.<ref name=Hillauer /> Kwa sasa anahudumu kama mkurugenzi wa programu katika [[Collège international de philosophie|Chuo cha Kimataifa cha Falsafa]] mjini Paris.<ref name=Fathy /> Katika mahojiano yanayochunguza namna Fathy anavyotumia uhariri wa filamu kujenga simulizi zake—ikiwemo uchaguzi wa kasi, upangaji wa vipande na matumizi ya kumbukumbu za picha—dhana ya “kukata” pia inaelezea jinsi anavyokabiliana na majeraha ya kihistoria na mgawanyiko wa kumbukumbu.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea jarida |last=Fathy |first=Safaa |date=2008-01-01 |title=Cutting and Film Cutting/Ashes An Interview with Chantal Zabus |url=[https://brill.com/view/journals/mata/37/1/article-p219_12.xml](https://brill.com/view/journals/mata/37/1/article-p219_12.xml) |journal=Matatu |language=en |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=219–233 |doi=10.1163/9789042030619_012 |issn=1875-7421 |url-access=subscription }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kazi teule == === Ushairi === ==== Mkusanyiko wa mashairi ==== *''Revolution goes through walls'' – mkusanyiko kwa Kiarabu, pia umetafsiriwa kwa Kiingereza na Kifaransa *''A name to the sea'' *''Al Haschiche'' – kitabu cha mashairi kinachoambatana na filamu ya kishairi ''Hidden Valley'' *''…où ne pas naître'' – mkusanyiko wa lugha mbili (Kiarabu na Kifaransa) *''Little Wooden Dolls'' *''حيث لا نولد'' (imetolewa kwa Kiingereza kama ''Where Not to Be Born'', 2024) ==== Katika machapisho ya pamoja ==== *''Ma langue est mon territoire'', Paris *''Anthology of Contemporary Arab Women Poets''<ref>{{cite book|last1=Handal|first1=Nathalie|title=The poetry of Arab women : a contemporary anthology|date=2001|publisher=Interlink Books|location=New York|isbn=9781566563741|url-access=registration|url=[https://archive.org/details/poetryofarabwome00nath}}](https://archive.org/details/poetryofarabwome00nath}})</ref> === Tamthilia === *''Ordalie; Terreur'' (2004) === Vitabu === *''Tourner les mots'' (kwa ushirikiano na [[Jacques Derrida]])<ref>{{cite book|last1=Derrida|first1=Jacques|last2=Fathy|first2=Safaa|title=Tourner les mots : au bord d'un film|date=2000|location=Paris|isbn=9782718605401}}</ref> : Kitabu hiki kinajadili uzoefu wao katika utengenezaji wa filamu ''Derrida's Elsewhere'', pamoja na uhusiano kati ya sinema na lugha. === Insha na maandishi mengine === ==== Kuhusu falsafa na siasa ==== *''L’aporie of lui'' (2006) *''Un(e) spectre nommé(e) « avenir »'' (2005) *''Derrida, metteur en scène ou acteur'' (2004) *''Transparence du Halal, transgression du Haram'' (2002) ==== Kuhusu ushairi, maigizo na sinema ==== *''hôra/Luz y desierto. Revelación de lo oscuro'' (2010) *''Hisser les voiles: Odyssée féminine à travers la Méditerranée'' (1999) *''Dissidences et dissonances. Cartographie d'une poésie égyptienne'' (1998) *''Exil'' (1993) == Filamu teule == === Filamu za kumbukumbu === *''Mohammad Saved from the Waters'' *''Dardasha Socotra'' *''D'ailleurs, Derrida'' *''Maxime Rodinson: l'Athée des Dieux'' *''Ghazeia, danseuses d'Egypte'' *''Hidden Faces'' === Filamu za kubuni === *''Nom à la mer'' *''Silence'' *''Doisneau'' == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1958|}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Misri]] 59miaz3043y6sju9wywbvg6ggfgkk20 Naomi Achu 0 229688 1574148 1521852 2026-06-17T17:35:10Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574148 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Naomi Achu''' (jina la kuzaliwa '''Fruh-Ngwing Achu''') ni mwimbaji, rapa na mtunzi wa nyimbo kutoka [[Cameroon|Kameruni]]. Alipata umaarufu kupitia wimbo wake “Alhadji” uliochezwa katika msimu wa nane wa kipindi cha televisheni ''Big Brother Africa''.<ref>[http://www.goldenicons.com/naomi-achus-music-video/ "Naomi Achu’s Music Video: Alhadji." Golden Icons. August 30, 2015. Retrieved February 28, 2016.]</ref> Pia anajulikana kama “Malkia wa Bamenda”. == Maisha ya awali == Akitokea [[Bamenda]], mji mkuu wa Kanda ya Kaskazini-Magharibi ya Kameruni, Naomi alizaliwa katika familia yenye watoto wanane akiwa mtoto wa mwisho kati ya sita. Baba yake alikuwa mwanadiplomasia katika ubalozi wa Kameruni mjini [[London]], na mama yake alikuwa mwalimu wa shule za msingi na sekondari. Naomi alianza kuandika nyimbo akiwa na umri wa miaka tisa. Alisoma katika Saker Baptist College mjini Limbe na Baptist High School mjini [[Buea]] (zote zikiwa katika Kanda ya Kusini-Magharibi), ambapo alipata fursa zake za kwanza za kuimba. Kwa kipindi fulani, alikuwa sauti ya kiotomatiki ya kampuni ya MTN Kameruni.<ref>[http://www.duniamagazine.com/2011/12/thinking-outside-the-box-dynamic-artist-and-role-model-with-positive-energy-naomi-achu/ "Thinking outside the box. Dynamic artist & role model with Positive Energy: NAOMI ACHU." DUNIA Magazine. December 14, 2011. Retrieved February 29, 2016.]</ref> == Kazi ya muziki == Naomi alihamia [[United States]] mwaka 2004 ambako alianza rasmi kazi yake ya muziki. Kufikia mwaka 2009 alitoa EP yake ya kwanza ''No Boundaries'' na kuanza pia kufanya muziki wa rap. Mwaka uliofuata alishiriki katika wimbo “Africans”, toleo la Kiafrika la wimbo “Hold Yuh” wa msanii wa reggae kutoka Jamaika Gyptian. Pia mwaka 2010 alitoa mixtape ''Camerican Dream'' akiwa sehemu ya kundi la wasanii wa Kameruni Avin-u C pamoja na Eddy B na H.Bolo.<ref>[http://www.culturebene.com/musique/musique/article/to-the-discovery-of-naomi-achu.html "To the Discovery of Naomi Achu." Culture Bene. October 30, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2014.]</ref> Mwaka 2011, alitumbuiza katika Tamasha la Afrika la Boston na kupokea sifa kutoka kwa mwandishi Siddhartha Mitter wa ''The Boston Globe''. Mnamo tarehe 23 Julai 2011, alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza ya pekee ''Positive Energy'' kupitia lebo yake ya Tribal Invasion. Wimbo maarufu zaidi katika albamu hiyo ni “Alhadji”, ambao ulimpa umaarufu mkubwa na kuwa alama yake ya muziki. Wimbo huo pia uliteuliwa kwa tuzo ya Best Blues/Pop katika tamasha la World Music & Independent Film Festival na video yake iliongoza kwa wiki kadhaa katika kipindi cha Top 10 cha Afrotainment. Albamu hiyo pia inajumuisha wimbo “Suffer Don Finish” uliomshirikisha msanii wa Kongo [[Awilo Longomba]]. Albamu ya ''Positive Energy'' ilimwinua sana katika tasnia ya muziki wa Afropop. Alitumbuiza pamoja na mwimbaji kutoka [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Fally Ipupa]] katika hafla ya kabla ya tuzo za BET Awards 2011. Pia alifungua tamasha la msanii wa Nigeria [[Timaya]] katika sherehe za miaka 51 ya uhuru wa Nigeria zilizofanyika mjini [[Dallas]], [[Texas]].<ref>[http://trendyafrica.com/events/timaya-celebrates-51st-nigerian-independence-at-dallas-concert/ "Timaya Celebrates 51st Nigerian Independence at Dallas Concert." Trendy Africa. October 2, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2014.]</ref> Tarehe 24 Februari 2012, Naomi alitumbuiza katika Smithsonian African Art Museum katika tukio la “African Underground” kuadhimisha Black History Month.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.proskauer.com/files/uploads/Documents/Black_History_Month_Local_Events.pdf |title="Black History Month Events" Proskauer. Retrieved February 14, 2011. |accessdate=2026-04-21 |archive-date=2016-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020103850/http://www.proskauer.com/files/uploads/Documents/Black_History_Month_Local_Events.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mnamo tarehe 28 Julai 2012, alishinda tuzo ya Msanii Bora wa Kike katika Cameroon Entertainment Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/the-news/574-cea-full-results-published.html |title="CEA: Full Results Published." Tip Top Stars. August 10, 2012. Retrieved February 14, 2014. |accessdate=2026-04-21 |archive-date=2025-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906130829/https://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/the-news/574-cea-full-results-published.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tarehe 8 Novemba 2014, alishinda tuzo ya Mwanamuziki Bora wa Kike wa Afrika katika DMV African Entertainment Awards. Katika maandalizi ya albamu yake ya pili, alitoa nyimbo kadhaa zikiwemo “Wa Fun Mi Shuga” (2012), “It’s My Life” (2013) na “Busy Body” (2015).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://talkmediaafrica.com/2016/01/02/video-naomi-achu-busy-body/ |title="VIDEO: Naomi Achu – Busy Body" Talk Media AFRICA. January 2, 2016. |access-date=March 2, 2016 |archive-date=March 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311064345/http://talkmediaafrica.com/2016/01/02/video-naomi-achu-busy-body/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Albamu yake ya pili ''Long Live the Queen'' ilitolewa tarehe 30 Aprili 2016.<ref>[https://www.prlog.org/12547900-naomi-achu-announces-2016-album-release-long-live-the-queen-lltq.html "Naomi Achu Announces 2016 Album Release: Long Live The Queen #LLTQ." PRLog. Retrieved May 22, 2016.]</ref> Wimbo “Busy Body” ulimletea tuzo ya N.E.G.A ya Msanii Bora wa Kike pamoja na tuzo ya AFRIMA 2016 katika kipengele cha muziki wa kuhamasisha.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://rhodiesworld.com/rw-exclusive-red-carpet-photos-from-the-2016-n-e-g-a-awards-in-maryland-usa/ |title="RW Exclusive: Red Carpet Photos From The 2016 N.E.G.A Awards In Maryland-USA." Rhodie's World. August 16, 2016. |access-date=October 22, 2016 |archive-date=October 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028012916/http://rhodiesworld.com/rw-exclusive-red-carpet-photos-from-the-2016-n-e-g-a-awards-in-maryland-usa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://afrima.org/index.php/media2/news-update/203-2016-all-africa-music-awards-afrima-winners-list |title="2016 All Africa Music Awards (AFRIMA) Winners List." AFRIMA. |access-date=January 22, 2017 |archive-date=July 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729032941/http://www.afrima.org/index.php/media2/news-update/203-2016-all-africa-music-awards-afrima-winners-list |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mchango na msukumo == Naomi hupata msukumo kutoka kwa wasanii wa mitindo mbalimbali wakiwemo [[Angelique Kidjo]], [[Whitney Houston]], [[Michael Jackson]], [[Janet Jackson]], Mary Mary, [[Makoma]], [[Mary J. Blige]], Kirk Franklin, [[Lauryn Hill]] na Erykah Badu. == Mengineyo == Mbali na kuendesha lebo yake ya muziki, Naomi ni mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa shirika la International Nurses for Africa. Alipata shahada ya Bachelor of Science in Nursing kutoka Marymount University mwaka 2010. == Diskografia == === EP === * ''No Boundaries'' (2009) === Albamu === * ''Positive Energy'' (2011) * ''Long Live the Queen'' (2016) === Nyimbo === * “Alhadji” (2011) * “Wa Fun Mi Suga” (2012) * “It’s My Life” (2013) * “Busy Body” (2015) * “Gbagbe” feat. [[Skales]] (2016) * “Shower Your Blessings” feat. Pardon C (2017) * “Bill Collector” (2020) === Ushiriki === * “Soldier” – Eddy Bee (2018) * “Somebody” – Peter Jericho (2020) == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kamerun]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wanamuziki wa Kamerun]] trxznoccwnx2yuurxn9fncyj35iw9ki 1574166 1574148 2026-06-17T20:07:01Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1574166 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Naomi Achu''' (jina la kuzaliwa '''Fruh-Ngwing Achu''') ni mwimbaji, rapa na mtunzi wa nyimbo kutoka [[Cameroon|Kameruni]]. Alipata umaarufu kupitia wimbo wake “Alhadji” uliochezwa katika msimu wa nane wa kipindi cha televisheni ''Big Brother Africa''.<ref>[http://www.goldenicons.com/naomi-achus-music-video/ "Naomi Achu’s Music Video: Alhadji." Golden Icons. August 30, 2015. Retrieved February 28, 2016.]</ref> Pia anajulikana kama “Malkia wa Bamenda”. == Maisha ya awali == Akitokea [[Bamenda]], mji mkuu wa Kanda ya Kaskazini-Magharibi ya Kameruni, Naomi alizaliwa katika familia yenye watoto wanane akiwa mtoto wa mwisho kati ya sita. Baba yake alikuwa mwanadiplomasia katika ubalozi wa Kameruni mjini [[London]], na mama yake alikuwa mwalimu wa shule za msingi na sekondari. Naomi alianza kuandika nyimbo akiwa na umri wa miaka tisa. Alisoma katika Saker Baptist College mjini Limbe na Baptist High School mjini [[Buea]] (zote zikiwa katika Kanda ya Kusini-Magharibi), ambapo alipata fursa zake za kwanza za kuimba. Kwa kipindi fulani, alikuwa sauti ya kiotomatiki ya kampuni ya MTN Kameruni.<ref>[http://www.duniamagazine.com/2011/12/thinking-outside-the-box-dynamic-artist-and-role-model-with-positive-energy-naomi-achu/ "Thinking outside the box. Dynamic artist & role model with Positive Energy: NAOMI ACHU." DUNIA Magazine. December 14, 2011. Retrieved February 29, 2016.]</ref> == Kazi ya muziki == Naomi alihamia [[United States]] mwaka 2004 ambako alianza rasmi kazi yake ya muziki. Kufikia mwaka 2009 alitoa EP yake ya kwanza ''No Boundaries'' na kuanza pia kufanya muziki wa rap. Mwaka uliofuata alishiriki katika wimbo “Africans”, toleo la Kiafrika la wimbo “Hold Yuh” wa msanii wa reggae kutoka Jamaika Gyptian. Pia mwaka 2010 alitoa mixtape ''Camerican Dream'' akiwa sehemu ya kundi la wasanii wa Kameruni Avin-u C pamoja na Eddy B na H.Bolo.<ref>[http://www.culturebene.com/musique/musique/article/to-the-discovery-of-naomi-achu.html "To the Discovery of Naomi Achu." Culture Bene. October 30, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2014.]</ref> Mwaka 2011, alitumbuiza katika Tamasha la Afrika la Boston na kupokea sifa kutoka kwa mwandishi Siddhartha Mitter wa ''The Boston Globe''. Mnamo tarehe 23 Julai 2011, alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza ya pekee ''Positive Energy'' kupitia lebo yake ya Tribal Invasion. Wimbo maarufu zaidi katika albamu hiyo ni “Alhadji”, ambao ulimpa umaarufu mkubwa na kuwa alama yake ya muziki. Wimbo huo pia uliteuliwa kwa tuzo ya Best Blues/Pop katika tamasha la World Music & Independent Film Festival na video yake iliongoza kwa wiki kadhaa katika kipindi cha Top 10 cha Afrotainment. Albamu hiyo pia inajumuisha wimbo “Suffer Don Finish” uliomshirikisha msanii wa Kongo [[Awilo Longomba]]. Albamu ya ''Positive Energy'' ilimwinua sana katika tasnia ya muziki wa Afropop. Alitumbuiza pamoja na mwimbaji kutoka [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Fally Ipupa]] katika hafla ya kabla ya tuzo za BET Awards 2011. Pia alifungua tamasha la msanii wa Nigeria [[Timaya]] katika sherehe za miaka 51 ya uhuru wa Nigeria zilizofanyika mjini [[Dallas]], [[Texas]].<ref>[http://trendyafrica.com/events/timaya-celebrates-51st-nigerian-independence-at-dallas-concert/ "Timaya Celebrates 51st Nigerian Independence at Dallas Concert." Trendy Africa. October 2, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2014.]</ref> Tarehe 24 Februari 2012, Naomi alitumbuiza katika Smithsonian African Art Museum katika tukio la “African Underground” kuadhimisha Black History Month.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.proskauer.com/files/uploads/Documents/Black_History_Month_Local_Events.pdf |title="Black History Month Events" Proskauer. Retrieved February 14, 2011. |accessdate=2026-04-21 |archive-date=2016-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020103850/http://www.proskauer.com/files/uploads/Documents/Black_History_Month_Local_Events.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mnamo tarehe 28 Julai 2012, alishinda tuzo ya Msanii Bora wa Kike katika Cameroon Entertainment Awards.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/the-news/574-cea-full-results-published.html |title="CEA: Full Results Published." Tip Top Stars. August 10, 2012. Retrieved February 14, 2014. |accessdate=2026-04-21 |archive-date=2025-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906130829/https://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/the-news/574-cea-full-results-published.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tarehe 8 Novemba 2014, alishinda tuzo ya Mwanamuziki Bora wa Kike wa Afrika katika DMV African Entertainment Awards. Katika maandalizi ya albamu yake ya pili, alitoa nyimbo kadhaa zikiwemo “Wa Fun Mi Shuga” (2012), “It’s My Life” (2013) na “Busy Body” (2015).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://talkmediaafrica.com/2016/01/02/video-naomi-achu-busy-body/ |title="VIDEO: Naomi Achu – Busy Body" Talk Media AFRICA. January 2, 2016. |access-date=March 2, 2016 |archive-date=March 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311064345/http://talkmediaafrica.com/2016/01/02/video-naomi-achu-busy-body/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Albamu yake ya pili ''Long Live the Queen'' ilitolewa tarehe 30 Aprili 2016.<ref>[https://www.prlog.org/12547900-naomi-achu-announces-2016-album-release-long-live-the-queen-lltq.html "Naomi Achu Announces 2016 Album Release: Long Live The Queen #LLTQ." PRLog. Retrieved May 22, 2016.]</ref> Wimbo “Busy Body” ulimletea tuzo ya N.E.G.A ya Msanii Bora wa Kike pamoja na tuzo ya AFRIMA 2016 katika kipengele cha muziki wa kuhamasisha.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://rhodiesworld.com/rw-exclusive-red-carpet-photos-from-the-2016-n-e-g-a-awards-in-maryland-usa/ |title="RW Exclusive: Red Carpet Photos From The 2016 N.E.G.A Awards In Maryland-USA." Rhodie's World. August 16, 2016. |access-date=October 22, 2016 |archive-date=October 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028012916/http://rhodiesworld.com/rw-exclusive-red-carpet-photos-from-the-2016-n-e-g-a-awards-in-maryland-usa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://afrima.org/index.php/media2/news-update/203-2016-all-africa-music-awards-afrima-winners-list |title="2016 All Africa Music Awards (AFRIMA) Winners List." AFRIMA. |access-date=January 22, 2017 |archive-date=July 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729032941/http://www.afrima.org/index.php/media2/news-update/203-2016-all-africa-music-awards-afrima-winners-list |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mchango na msukumo == Naomi hupata msukumo kutoka kwa wasanii wa mitindo mbalimbali wakiwemo [[Angelique Kidjo]], [[Whitney Houston]], [[Michael Jackson]], [[Janet Jackson]], Mary Mary, [[Makoma]], [[Mary J. Blige]], Kirk Franklin, [[Lauryn Hill]] na Erykah Badu. == Mengineyo == Mbali na kuendesha lebo yake ya muziki, Naomi ni mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa shirika la International Nurses for Africa. Alipata shahada ya Bachelor of Science in Nursing kutoka Marymount University mwaka 2010. == Diskografia == === EP === * ''No Boundaries'' (2009) === Albamu === * ''Positive Energy'' (2011) * ''Long Live the Queen'' (2016) === Nyimbo === * “Alhadji” (2011) * “Wa Fun Mi Suga” (2012) * “It’s My Life” (2013) * “Busy Body” (2015) * “Gbagbe” feat. [[Skales]] (2016) * “Shower Your Blessings” feat. Pardon C (2017) * “Bill Collector” (2020) === Ushiriki === * “Soldier” – Eddy Bee (2018) * “Somebody” – Peter Jericho (2020) == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kamerun]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wanamuziki wa Kamerun]] dzq2ktyz6vm9vjsf58c5242ajljd749 Jessica Sula 0 231284 1574225 1527527 2026-06-17T22:03:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Jessica Sula | nchi = Wales, Uingereza | majina_mengine = | picha = Jessica Sula.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = Jessica Sula mwaka 2012 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 3 Mei 1994 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Swansea, Wales | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = Uigizaji | kazi_yake = Mwigizaji | cheo = | mshahara = | kipindi = 2011–sasa | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu= | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Jessica Bianca Sula''' (amezaliwa 3 Mei 1994)<ref>{{Rejea habari |url=https://twitter.com/DakotaBlueR/status/594950429735268352 |title=Happy Birthday|work=[[twitter]]|date=3 May 2015|first=Dakota Blue|last=Richards}}</ref> ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Wales]]. Katika upande wa televisheni, anajulikana kwa uhusika wake katika kizazi cha tatu cha mfululizo wa [[E4 (TV channel)|E4]] uitwao ''[[Skins (British TV series)|Skins]]'' (2011–2012), mfululizo wa [[ABC Family]] uitwao ''[[Recovery Road (TV series)|Recovery Road]]'' (2015–2016), mfululizo wa [[VH1]] uitwao ''[[Scream (TV series)|Scream: Resurrection]]'' (2019), na mfululizo wa [[Amazon Prime]] uitwao ''[[Panic (TV series)|Panic]]'' (2021). Filamu zake ni pamoja na ''[[Split (2016 American film)|Split]]'' (2016) na ''[[Malum (film)|Malum]]'' (2023).<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-12313083 |title=Swansea actress beats 8,000 to Skins role |first=Polly |last=March |work=[[BBC News]] |date=29 January 2011 |accessdate=12 February 2012}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Sula alizaliwa mjini [[Swansea]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Molloy |first=Kate|date=2012|title=Skins A-Z|url=https://archive.org/details/skinsaz0000moll |publisher=John Blake Publishing Ltd|pages=288|isbn=978-1-84358-392-9}}</ref> na mama yake Shurla Blades mwenye asili ya [[Trinidad]], na baba Steven Sula, mwenye asili ya [[Ujerumani]] na [[Estonia]]. Alikulia katika jiji la [[Gorseinon]], Wales, ambapo alimaliza masomo yake ya kiwango cha kidato cha sita katika masomo ya [[Kihispania]], [[Kifaransa]], na Drama katika chuo cha [[Gorseinon College]].<ref name="BBC" /> == Kazi == Sula alianza kazi ya uigizaji kwenye televisheni mwaka 2011 akicheza kama [[Grace Blood]] katika msimu wa tano na wa sita wa tamthilia ya vijana ya ''Skins.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/showbiz/new-skins-star-jessica-sula-1859840 |title=New Skins star Jessica Sula talks about landing her first TV role|work=Wales Online |date= 23 January 2011 |accessdate=25 April 2014}}</ref> Baadaye, alipata nafasi ya uigizaji msaidizi katika tamthilia ya ucheshi ya ''[[Love and Marriage (2013 TV series)|Love and Marriage]]'' iliyorushwa na [[ITV Network|ITV]] mwaka 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itv.com/presscentre/ep1week23/love-and-marriage#.UlMTJdK8AZk |title=Love and Marriage| work=itv.com| publisher=[[ITV (TV network)|ITV]]| accessdate=7 October 2013}}</ref> Mwaka 2015, Sula alichaguliwa kuwa mwigizaji mkuu, Maddie Graham, katika tamthilia ya [[Freeform (TV channel)|Freeform]] ya ''[[Recovery Road (TV series)|Recovery Road]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2015/02/jessica-sula-star-recovery-road-series-recasting-abc-family-1201369622/ |title= ABC Family Series 'Recovery Road' Tweaks Cast; Jessica Sula To Play Lead|first=Nellie|last=Andreeva|work=Deadline|date=10 February 2015|accessdate=12 February 2015}}</ref> Nafasi yake ya kwanza kuu kwenye filamu kubwa ilikuwa katika ''Honeytrap'', ambapo alicheza kama Layla, msichana mwenye umri wa miaka 15.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/movies/s89/skins/news/a505949/skins-star-jessica-sula-to-play-lead-in-new-film-honeytrap.html |title= 'Skins' star Jessica Sula to play lead in new film 'Honeytrap'|work=[[Digital Spy]] |date= 12 August 2013 |accessdate=7 October 2013}}</ref> Mwaka 2019, alikuwa miongoni mwa waigizaji wakuu wa msimu wa tatu wa mfululizo wa ''[[Scream (TV series)|Scream]],'' akicheza kama Olivia "Liv" Reynolds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2017/09/scream-keke-palmer-rj-cyler-jessica-sula-giorgia-whigham-giullian-yao-gioiello-season-3-cast-1202169106/| title='Scream': Keke Palmer, RJ Cyler, Jessica Sula, More Round Out Season 3 Cast|last = Petski|first = Denise|date = 13 September 2017|work = Deadline|access-date = 13 September 2017}}</ref> Pia amepata nafasi ya kuigiza kama [[La Toya Jackson]] katika filamu ijayo ya wasifu ya Michael Jackson iitwayo ''[[Michael (2026 film)|Michael]]''. == Maisha binafsi == Sula anajua kupiga gitaa na pia anafanya mazoezi ya [[karate]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/info/press/press-packs/jessica-sula-plays-grace |title=Jessica Sula plays Grace |work=Channel 4 Press Info |date= January 2011 |accessdate=6 May 2012}}</ref> == Filmografia == === Filamu === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Mwaka !! Jina !! Uhusika !! Maelezo |- | 2014 || ''Honeytrap'' || Layla || |- | 2016 || ''[[Split (2016 American film)|Split]]'' || Marcia || |- | 2017 || ''[[The Lovers (2017 film)|The Lovers]]'' || Erin || |- | 2017 || ''The Lost'' || Tina Harmon || Filamu fupi |- | 2019 || ''All the Little Things We Kill'' || Katy Walker || |- | 2020 || ''Big Fork'' || Emily || |- | 2023 || ''[[Malum (film)|Malum]]'' || Jessica Loren || |- | 2026 || ''[[Michael (2026 film)|Michael]]'' || [[La Toya Jackson]] || Inasubiriwa |} === Televisheni === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Mwaka !! Jina !! Uhusika !! Maelezo |- | 2011–12 || ''[[Skins (British TV series)|Skins]]'' || [[Grace Blood]] || Uhusika mkuu (msimu wa 5-6) |- | 2013 || ''[[Love and Marriage (2013 TV series)|Love and Marriage]]'' || Scarlett Quilter || Uhusika msaidizi |- | 2015 || ''[[Eye Candy (TV series)|Eye Candy]]'' || Morgan || Sehemu: "YOLO" |- | 2016 || ''[[Recovery Road (TV series)|Recovery Road]]'' || Madeline "Maddie" Graham || Uhusika mkuu |- | 2016 || ''[[Lucifer (TV series)|Lucifer]]'' || Amy Dodd || Sehemu: "Everything's Coming Up Lucifer" |- | 2017 || ''[[Godless (TV series)|Godless]]'' || Louise Hobbs || Uhusika wa mara kwa mara |- | 2019 || ''[[Scream (TV series)|Scream: Resurrection]]'' || Olivia "Liv" Reynolds || Uhusika mkuu (msimu wa 3) |- | 2019 || ''Epic Night'' || Jessica || Sehemu 2 |- | 2021 || ''[[Panic (TV series)|Panic]]'' || Natalie Williams || Uhusika mkuu |} == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{BD|1994|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Welisi]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Swansea]] j12oujhqa8l5vm3ns3sjymaohrnjf2e Neelam Bashir 0 231611 1574150 1531344 2026-06-17T18:00:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574150 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Neelam Bashir''' (Kiurdu: نیلم بشیر; amezaliwa 17 Januari 1950) ni mwandishi wa hadithi za kubuni, mwandishi wa riwaya, mshairi, mwandishi wa safari (travelogue), mhakiki, na mtafiti kutoka [[Pakistani|Pakistan]], anayeandika kwa lugha za Kiurdu na Kipunjabi.<ref name="DawnNews">{{cite web|url=[https://www.dawn.com/news/1811278|title=Punjab](https://www.dawn.com/news/1811278|title=Punjab) Notes: Neelum's novel and Bharomal's folk songs|website=Dawn News|date=5 Februari 2024}}</ref> Anajulikana kwa uandishi wake wa wazi na usio na woga kuhusu masuala nyeti ya kijamii, hasa yale yanayohusu uzoefu wa wanawake katika jamii yenye mfumo dume.<ref name="TheNewsInternational">{{cite news|title=Neelam Bashir profile|url=[https://www.thenews.com.pk/}}](https://www.thenews.com.pk/}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=[https://jang.com.pk/news/882796|title=ابا](https://jang.com.pk/news/882796|title=ابا) کی "سرکاری بیٹی" کے طور پر مشہور تھی|website=Jang News|date=14 Februari 2021}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1950|}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Pakistan]] 4aza8rhrzj4vfsvqxx800wgs3xlnlmv Peter G. Peterson 0 231825 1574295 1534392 2026-06-17T23:37:09Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574295 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peter George Peterson''' ([[Juni 5]], [[1926]] – [[Machi 20]], [[2018]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] wa benki ya uwekezaji nchini [[Marekani]] ambaye aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa Biashara wa Marekani kuanzia [[1972]] hadi 1973 wakati wa utawala wa Rais [[Richard Nixon]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.pgpf.org/resource-library/search/Issues%2BFiscal%2BOutlook%2BQA%2Bwith%2BPeter%2BPeterson|title=Resource Library Search|website=www.pgpf.org}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Peterson pia alikuwa mwenyekiti na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa ''Bell & Howell'' kuanzia [[1963]] hadi [[1971]]. Kuanzia [[1973]] hadi [[1984]], alikuwa mwenyekiti na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa ''Lehman Brothers''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Peterson, Peter G. |url=https://photoarchive.lib.uchicago.edu/db.xqy?one=apf1-13720.xml |website=The University of Chicago Photographic Archive |access-date=2026-05-05 |archive-date=2024-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207060702/https://photoarchive.lib.uchicago.edu/db.xqy?one=apf1-13720.xml |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1926]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2018]] hgf6s75bp6g6va2xd1wxyufzuiek3t5 Moïse Brou Apanga 0 232389 1574113 1537815 2026-06-17T15:01:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574113 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Moïse Brou Apanga''' (4 Februari 1982 – 26 Aprili 2017) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kulipwa aliyekuwa akicheza kama [[beki]] wa kati. Alizaliwa Ivory Coast lakini aliwakilisha Gabon katika kiwango cha kimataifa. == Kazi ya kimataifa == Brou Apanga aliwakilisha nchi yake katika mashindano ya [[Kombe]] la Mataifa ya Afrika 2012, ambapo Gabon, ikiwa mwenyeji wa mashindano hayo, ilifika hatua ya robo fainali.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=AfricanFootball - Gabon|url=https://africanfootball.com/team/35/Gabon/25/2012-Africa-Cup-of-Nations/|work=African Football|accessdate=2026-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=2012 Africa Cup of Nations matches|url=https://africanfootball.com/tournament-matches/25/2012-Africa-Cup-of-Nations/|work=African Football|accessdate=2026-05-07|archive-date=2022-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126114426/https://africanfootball.com/tournament-matches/25/2012-Africa-Cup-of-Nations/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kifo == Brou Apanga alifariki mwezi Aprili 2017 baada ya kupata mshtuko wa moyo wakati wa mazoezi na [[klabu]] yake ya FC 105 Libreville. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1987]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]] 34z0f248je1civ76fqav60mhk4i14eh TLC (kundi) 0 233033 1574461 1540697 2026-06-18T10:27:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 | jina = TLC | picha = TLCgroup.jpg | maelezo = TLC mwaka 1999: (kushoto kwenda kulia) Rozonda "Chilli" Thomas, Tionne "T-Boz" Watkins, na Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes. | background = group_or_band | jina la kuzaliwa = | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = | chimbuko = [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], Marekani | aina ya muziki = [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[Hip hop]], [[Pop music|Pop]], [[New jack swing]] | kazi yake = Wanamuziki | miaka ya kazi = 1990–sasa | studio = [[LaFace Records|LaFace]], [[Arista Records|Arista]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], 852 | ameshirikiana na = [[Dallas Austin]], [[Babyface]], [[L.A. Reid]], [[Jermaine Dupri]] | wavuti = {{URL|officialtlc.com}} }} '''TLC''' ni kundi la wasichana la Marekani lililoundwa mwaka 1990 huko [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (jimbo)|Georgia]]. Safu ya kundi hilo inayojulikana zaidi ilikuwa na [[Tionne "T-Boz" Watkins]], [[Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes]], na [[Rozonda "Chilli" Thomas]]. Kundi hili lilipata mafanikio makubwa katika miaka ya 1990,<ref name="AMBio"/> likiwa na nyimbo tisa zilizofika kumi bora kwenye chati ya [[Billboard Hot 100]], zikiwemo nyimbo nne zilizoshika nafasi ya kwanza: "[[Creep (wimbo wa TLC)|Creep]]", "[[Waterfalls (wimbo wa TLC)|Waterfalls]]", "[[No Scrubs]]", na "[[Unpretty]]".<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/tlc/chart-history/hsi/|title=TLC Chart History|magazine=Billboard|access-date=February 2, 2018}}</ref> TLC pia walirekodi albamu nne zilizopata mauzo ya platinum-mpandano, ikiwemo ''[[CrazySexyCool]]'' (1994), ambayo ilitunukiwa cheti cha almasi na Chama cha Tasnia ya Kurekodi ya Marekani (RIAA).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=2&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=TLC&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2009&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |title=Gold & Platinum Searchable Database – June 04, 2014 |publisher=RIAA |access-date=June 4, 2014 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154351/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=2&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=TLC&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2009&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |url-status=live }}</ref> Walikuwa kundi la kwanza la R&B katika historia kupokea cheti cha mauzo ya milioni kutoka Chama cha Tasnia cha Rekodi cha Japani (RIAJ) kwa ajili ya albamu ya ''[[FanMail]]'' (1999).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hbr3.sakura.ne.jp/jp1mal_e.htm|title=RIAJ Certified Million Seller Albums|website=www.hbr3.sakura.ne.jp|access-date=February 12, 2016|archive-date=April 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427142833/http://www.hbr3.sakura.ne.jp/jp1mal_e.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wakiwa wameuza zaidi ya rekodi milioni 60 ulimwenguni kote, TLC ni miongoni mwa makundi matano ya wasichana ya Marekani yaliyozidisha mauzo wakati wote.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-tlc-plans-first-album-in-10-years-20121105,0,4416635.story|title=TLC Plans First Album in 12 Years|first=Gerrick|last=Kennedy|work=Los Angeles Times|date=November 5, 2012|access-date=April 17, 2020|archive-date=November 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109072609/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-tlc-plans-first-album-in-10-years-20121105,0,4416635.story|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1683858/left-eye-tlc-death.jhtml|title=TLC's Left Eye Remembered: 10 Years Later|first=Rebecca|last=Thomas|publisher=[[MTV]]|date=April 25, 2012|access-date=July 11, 2012|archive-date=June 22, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622004738/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1683858/left-eye-tlc-death.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[VH1]] iliorodhesha TLC kama kundi bora zaidi la kike, ikiwaweka katika nafasi ya 12 kati ya Wanawake 100 Bora katika Muziki.<ref>{{cite web |last=Graham |first=Mark |url=http://www.vh1.com/music/tuner/2012-02-13/vh1s-100-greatest-women-in-music-complete-list/ |title=The 100 Greatest Women In Music &#124; VH1 Tuner |publisher=Vh1.com |date=February 13, 2012 |access-date=May 31, 2013 |archive-date=April 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402201858/http://www.vh1.com/music/tuner/2012-02-13/vh1s-100-greatest-women-in-music-complete-list/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jarida la ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' liliiorodhesha TLC kama moja ya bendi bora zaidi za muziki,<ref name="BillboardTrio">{{cite magazine |title=Billboard Greatest Trios of All Time |url=https://www.billboard.com/bbcom/greatesttrios/2006/tlc.jsp |magazine=Billboard |access-date=May 13, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430084126/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/greatesttrios/2006/tlc.jsp <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = April 30, 2008}}</ref> pamoja na kuwa wasanii wa saba waliofanikiwa zaidi katika miaka ya 1990. Tuzo za kundi hilo ni pamoja na [[Tuzo za Grammy]] tano, Tuzo tano za [[MTV Video Music Awards]], na Tuzo tano za [[Soul Train Music Awards]]. Miaka ishirini baada ya kuanza kwao, TLC ilipokea tuzo ya Mchango Bora katika Muziki kwenye tuzo za 17 za [[MOBO Awards]] na Tuzo ya Legend kwenye [[2013 MTV Video Music Awards Japan]]. Baada ya kifo cha Lopes mwaka 2002, badala ya kumleta mtu mwingine, wanachama waliobaki walichagua kuendelea kama kundi la watu wawili.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2017/09/12/and-then-there-were-two-tlc-carries-on-without-left-eye/|title=And then there were two: TLC carries on without Left Eye|publisher=Chicago Tribune|date=September 9, 2017|accessdate=May 3, 2026}}</ref> Mwaka 2017, walitoa albamu yao ya tano iliyoitwa ''[[TLC (albamu)|TLC]]''. Mwaka 2022, kundi hili liliingizwa kwenye Ukumbi wa Umaarufu wa [[Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Nazareno|first=Mia|date=December 17, 2021|title=Smokey Robinson, Berry Gordy, Jr. & More to Be Inducted at 2022 Black Music and Entertainment Walk of Fame|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/smokey-robinson-black-music-entertainment-walk-of-fame-2022-1235012202/|access-date=December 17, 2021|magazine=Billboard|language=en-US}}</ref> == Historia == === 1990–1991: Kuundwa na miaka ya awali === Mtayarishaji wa rekodi Ian Burke, aliyekuwa Atlanta, na mmoja wa wateja wake, kijana Crystal Jones, walikuja na wazo la kuunda kundi la wasichana lenye muonekano wa kiume (matom-boy) na muziki wa [[hip-hop]], sawa na mchanganyiko wa [[contemporary R&B]] na hip-hop wa kundi la [[new jack swing]] la [[Bell Biv DeVoe]] mwaka 1990.<ref name="JonesBurkeinterviewmovie" /> Jones alitoa wito kwa wasichana wengine wawili kujiunga naye, na hatimaye akapatikana [[Tionne Watkins]], mwenyeji wa [[Des Moines, Iowa]] ambaye alikuwa amehamia Atlanta na familia yake akiwa mdogo, na [[Lisa Lopes]], [[rapa]] ambaye alikuwa ndio kwanza amehamia mjini hapo akitokea kwao [[Philadelphia]] akiwa na kinanda kidogo na dola 750 (sawa na takriban dola {{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|750|1990|r=0}}}} ya leo). Kundi hilo, lililoitwa "2nd Nature", liliundwa na Jones, Watkins, na Lopes, ambao walianza kufanya kazi na watayarishaji [[Jermaine Dupri]] na [[Rico Wade]] kwenye nyimbo za majaribio.<ref name="JonesBurkeinterviewmovie">{{cite AV media |last=Hood |first=Danni (Mtayarishaji) |title=[VIDEO] TLC's CrazySexyStory According To The Original "C" (Crystal Jones) And Ian Burke |url=http://v103.cbslocal.com/2013/10/22/video-tlcs-crazysexystory-according-to-the-original-c-crystal-jones-and-ian-burke/ |date=October 22, 2013 |work=The Ryan Cameron Show |publisher=[[V103]] |type=Radio broadcast |place=Atlanta, GA. |access-date=February 11, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024115809/http://v103.cbslocal.com/2013/10/22/video-tlcs-crazysexystory-according-to-the-original-c-crystal-jones-and-ian-burke/ |archive-date=October 24, 2013 }}</ref> {{multiple image | footer = Wanachama wa TLC [[Rozonda "Chilli" Thomas]] (kushoto), [[Tionne "T-Boz" Watkins]] (kulia) wakitumbuiza huko Toronto, Septemba 2016 | image1 = Rozonda Thomas.jpg | alt1 = | width1 = 150 | image2 = Tionne Watkins 2016.jpg | alt2 = | width2 = 165 }} Kupitia kujuana kwenye saluni ya kike ambapo Watkins alikuwa akifanya kazi,<ref name="TLCinterviewmovie">{{cite AV media |last=Campbell |first=Patricia (Mtayarishaji) |title=[VIDEO] TLC Details What's Been Crazy, Questioned And Cool Since Their Hit Biopic Aired |url=http://v103.cbslocal.com/2013/10/23/video-tlc-details-whats-been-crazy-questioned-and-cool-since-their-hit-biopic-aired/ |date=October 23, 2013 |work=The [[Big Tigger]] Show |publisher=[[V103]] |type=Radio broadcast |place=Atlanta |access-date=February 11, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024154757/http://v103.cbslocal.com/2013/10/23/video-tlc-details-whats-been-crazy-questioned-and-cool-since-their-hit-biopic-aired/ |archive-date=October 24, 2013 }}</ref> kundi hilo hatimaye lilifanikiwa kupanga usaili na mwimbaji [[Perri "Pebbles" Reid]], ambaye alikuwa ameanza kampuni yake ya usimamizi na uzalishaji, Pebbitone. Akivutiwa na wasichana hao, Reid alilibadilisha jina la kundi kuwa TLC, ambalo ni kifupisho cha majina ya Tionne, Lisa, na Crystal. Reid aliwapangia usaili na lebo ya rekodi ya mtaani ya [[LaFace Records]], inayoendeshwa na [[Babyface|Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds]] na aliyekuwa mume wa Reid wakati huo, [[Antonio "L.A." Reid]]. Antonio Reid aliona uwezo mkubwa kwa Watkins na Lopes kama wasanii, lakini alihisi kuwa Jones anapaswa kubadilishwa. Kwa mujibu wa Jones, mambo yalianza kwenda mrama kwake baada ya Pebbles kukataa kuwaruhusu wasichana hao kwenda na mikataba kienyeji ambayo Pebbitone ilikuwa imeiandaa. Jones hakutaka kusaini kabla ya mkataba huo kupitiwa na watu wengine na pengine mwanasheria.<ref name="JonesBurkeinterviewmovie"/> Kinyume chake, kumbukumbu ya Watkins kuhusu kuondoka kwa Jones ni kwamba yeye na Lopes walimwomba Jones aondoke kwenye kundi kabla ya mikataba yao ya kwanza kujadiliwa.<ref name="TLCinterviewmovie"/> Mnamo Februari 28, 1991, Watkins na Lopes walisaini mikataba ya uzalishaji, usimamizi, na uchapishaji na Pebbitone,<ref name="tlcbankruptcycase">[http://chapter11cases.com/in-re-watkins-210-br-394-bankr-court-nd-georgia-1997/ Tionne WATKINS (T'Boz), Lisa Lopes (Left Eye), Rozonda Thomas (Chilli), Debtors. v. LaFace Records, Pebbitone, Inc., Peri Reid d/b/a Pebbitone Music, Movants (In re Watkins)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106071058/http://chapter11cases.com/in-re-watkins-210-br-394-bankr-court-nd-georgia-1997/ |date=November 6, 2013 }}, 390 210 BR 394 (Bankr. Court, ND Georgia, 1997) (Cotten, S.) Ilirejeshwa Februari 11, 2013.</ref> huku Perri Reid akiwa meneja wao mkuu. Walipokuwa wakitafuta mbadala wa Jones, kundi la TLC la watu wawili lilifanya muonekano wao wa kwanza wa kurekodiwa kwenye wimbo wa msanii wa LaFace, [[Damian Dame]], katika albamu yake ya mwaka 1991.<ref>Cass, Giles, Heyliger (Juni 7, 2013). [http://popdose.com/face-time-damian-dame-right-down-to-it/ 'Face Time: Damian Dame, "Right Down to It"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103062026/http://popdose.com/face-time-damian-dame-right-down-to-it/ |date=November 3, 2013 }}. ''Popdose''. Ilirejeshwa Februari 11, 2014.</ref> Pebbles alimpata mwanachama wa tatu, [[Rozonda Thomas]], mmoja wa wanenguaji wa Damian Dame. Thomas alisainiwa kwenye kundi mnamo Aprili 1991, na ili kudumisha jina la TLC kama kifupisho cha majina ya wasichana, Watkins akawa "T-Boz", Lopes akawa "Left-Eye", na Thomas akawa "Chilli".<ref name="tlcbankruptcycase"/> Wasichana hao kisha walisainiwa na LaFace mnamo Mei kupitia mkataba wa uzalishaji na Pebbitone;<ref name="tlcbankruptcycase"/> rekodi zao zingesambazwa na [[Arista Records|Arista Records/BMG]]. TLC waliwekwa mara moja kuanza kazi studio na Reid, Edmonds, [[Dallas Austin]], [[Jermaine Dupri]], na [[Marley Marl]] wakitayarisha albamu yao ya kwanza. Utatu huo mpya ulianza kama waimbaji wa nyuma kwenye wimbo wa "Rebel (With a Cause)", wimbo katika albamu pekee ya [[Jermaine Jackson]] chini ya LaFace, ''[[You Said (albamu)|You Said]]'' (1991). === 1991–1994: ''Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip'' na mafanikio ya mwanzo === Albamu yao ya kwanza, ''[[Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip]]'', ilitolewa mnamo Februari 25, 1992, na [[LaFace]]/[[Arista Records]]. Nyimbo katika albamu hiyo ni mchanganyiko wa funk (Watkins), hip-hop (Lopes), na R&B (Thomas), sawa na mtindo wa new jack-swing uliopata umaarufu kupitia mtayarishaji [[Teddy Riley]] mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1980.<ref name="simmonds">{{cite book|last=Simmonds|first=Jeremy |title=The Encyclopedia of Dead Rock Stars: Heroin, Handguns, and Ham Sandwiches|publisher=Chicago Review Press|year=2008|page=473|isbn=978-1-55652-754-8}}</ref> Albamu hiyo ilikuwa mafanikio makubwa kimauzo na kwa wakosoaji, ikitunukiwa platinum-nne kwa kusambaza nakala milioni nne nchini Marekani. Ilishika nafasi kumi bora na nyimbo tatu kwenye ''Billboard'' Hot 100: "[[Ain't 2 Proud 2 Beg]]", "[[Baby-Baby-Baby]]" (iliyoshika nafasi ya pili), na "[[What About Your Friends]]", pamoja na wimbo wa "[[Hat 2 da Back]]" uliofika 30 bora. Waangalizi walibuni neno "new jill swing" kuelezea albamu hiyo na kundi hilo.<ref name="AMBio"/><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mK1bAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT518 |page=518 |last=Stanley |first=Bob |date=2014 |title=Yeah! Yeah! Yeah!: The Story of Pop Music from Bill Haley to Beyoncé |publisher=W. W. Norton & Co. |isbn=9780393242706 |access-date=July 20, 2021 |archive-date=July 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720214740/https://books.google.com/books?id=mK1bAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT518 |url-status=live }}</ref> Baadaye, sauti ya TLC ilibadilika kutoka kwenye aina hiyo ya muziki,<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3iYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA198 |page=198 |title=Big Timers |author=<!--Not stated--> |magazine=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]] |date=September 2003}}</ref> lakini si kabla ya kufungua mlango kwa makundi kama [[SWV]], [[Destiny's Child]], [[702 (group)|702]], [[Jade (R&B group)|Jade]], na kundi lililotayarishwa na Lopes, [[Blaque]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=What's Up: Life After Death |magazine=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]] |date=July 2002 |page=26 |first=Emil |last=Wilbekin |author-link=Emil Wilbekin}} Toleo Maalum la Kumbukumbu: Lisa Left-Eye Lopes (1971–2002)</ref> Albamu ya kwanza ya TLC, iliyoandikwa hasa na Dallas Austin na Lisa Lopes, ilikuwa na mashairi ya kuchekesha na nyimbo za ukombozi wa mwanamke. Ilitofautishwa na sauti ya Watkins (contralto), sauti ya Thomas (mezzo-soprano), na rapu za Lopes (soprano). Mfumo huo wa muziki ulikuzwa na video zenye rangi angavu na mavazi ya kipekee: kila msichana alivaa kondomu zilizofungwa kwenye nguo zao (Lopes pia alivaa moja juu ya jicho lake la kushoto kwenye miwani). Katika kipindi hicho, TLC walirekodi wimbo unaitwa "Sleigh Ride", ambao ulitokea kwanza kwenye soundtrack ya filamu ''[[Home Alone 2: Lost in New York]]'' mwaka 1992. Mwaka mmoja baadaye, wimbo huo ulitolewa kama single ya matangazo na video ya muziki kwa msimu wa sikukuu wa 1993. Pia mwaka 1993, TLC walitoa toleo la wimbo wa [[The Time (band)|The Time]] wa mwaka 1981 "[[Get It Up]]" kama single kutoka kwenye soundtrack ya filamu ya ''[[Poetic Justice (soundtrack)|Poetic Justice]]''. Katika ziara ya kwanza ya kitaifa ya TLC, kama wasanii wa ufunguzi wa [[MC Hammer]], Lopes na Thomas waligundua kuwa Watkins alikuwa na [[sickle-cell anemia]] (selimundu), ugonjwa wa damu ambao aliufanya kuwa siri kubwa hadi alipougua sana wakati wa ziara huko kusini magharibi mwa Marekani, na kuishia kulazwa hospitalini, hali iliyopelekea kufutwa kwa baadhi ya matamasha. Watkins aliendelea kupambana na ugonjwa huo na hatimaye akawa msemaji wa Chama cha Ugonjwa wa Selimundu cha Marekani mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20131161,00.html|title=T-Boz: Singer|date=May 8, 2000|publisher=People|access-date=October 26, 2008|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001641/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20131161,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Mwishoni mwa ziara hiyo, TLC, ambao walikuwa wamepokea malipo kidogo sana hadi kufikia hapo, waliamua kuwa hawataki tena kumtumia Pebbles Reid kama meneja wao, ili wawe na udhibiti zaidi wa kazi zao. Reid aliwaachia kutoka kwenye mkataba wa usimamizi, lakini walibaki saini chini ya Pebbitone, na Reid aliendelea kupokea sehemu ya mapato yao. Lopes alianza kutoka na mchezaji wa [[American football]] [[Andre Rison]] muda mfupi baada ya kutolewa kwa ''Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip'', na kufikia mwaka 1994 wawili hao walikuwa wakiishi pamoja kwenye nyumba ya kifahari ya Rison. Uhusiano wao ulidaiwa kuwa na vurugu nyakati fulani, na Lopes alimfungulia Rison mashtaka ya shambulio mnamo Septemba 2, 1993, ambayo Rison aliyakataa. Lopes alikuwa akipambana na ulevi wa pombe wakati huo, akiwa mnywaji mkubwa tangu akiwa na umri wa miaka 15. Baada ya ugomvi mwingine kati ya wapenzi hao asubuhi ya Juni 9, 1994, Lopes alitupa rundo la viatu vipya vya Rison kwenye bafu, akamwagia mafuta ya taa na kuvichoma moto. Bafu ya [[fiberglass]] iliyeyuka haraka na kusababisha nyumba nzima kushika moto. Lopes alikamatwa na kushtakiwa kwa kosa la uchomaji moto; alihukumiwa miaka mitano ya [[probation]] na faini ya dola 10,000. Hatimaye Rison alipatana na Lopes na waliendelea kuwa wapenzi kwa vipindi tofauti kwa miaka saba. === 1993–1996: ''CrazySexyCool'', kilele cha mafanikio na kufilisika === Albamu ya pili ya studio ya TLC, ''[[CrazySexyCool]]'', iliunganisha kundi hilo tena na watayarishaji Dallas Austin, Babyface, na Jermaine Dupri, pamoja na washiriki wapya [[Organized Noize]], [[Chucky Thompson]], na [[Sean Combs|Sean "Puffy" Combs]]. Lopes aliruhusiwa kutoka kituo cha urekebishaji tabia (rehab) ili kuhudhuria vipindi vya kurekodi, lakini albamu iliyokamilika ilionyesha upungufu mkubwa wa rapu na sauti yake. Ikiwa ni albamu ya R&B na hip hop soul, ''CrazySexyCool'' ilijumuisha midundo ya hip-hop, funk, miguno mizito (deep grooves), na utayarishaji mwororo.<ref name="CSCallmusic">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/crazysexycool-mw0000120130|title=CrazySexyCool – TLC – Songs, Reviews, Credits – AllMusic|website=AllMusic|access-date=April 17, 2020|archive-date=August 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809093539/https://www.allmusic.com/album/crazysexycool-mw0000120130|url-status=live}}</ref> Ilitolewa mnamo Novemba 15, 1994, ''CrazySexyCool'' ilisifiwa sana na wakosoaji, huku jarida la ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' liiweka miongoni mwa [[Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time|Albamu 500 Bora za Nyakati Zote]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-20120531/tlc-crazysexycool-20120524|title=500 Greatest Albums of All Time|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=May 31, 2009}}</ref> ''CrazySexyCool'' ilianza katika nafasi ya 15. Hatimaye, ilishika nafasi ya tatu kwenye chati ya ''Billboard'' 200 na kukaa kwenye chati hiyo kwa zaidi ya miaka miwili. Albamu hiyo iliuza nakala zaidi ya milioni 7.7 nchini Marekani pekee na kupokea [[RIAA certification#Diamond sales|cheti cha almasi]] kutoka RIAA.<ref name="billboard2017">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/media/lists/100-greatest-girl-group-songs-7857816/ |title=100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time: Critics' Picks |magazine=Billboard|date=July 10, 2017 |access-date=May 10, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Epic Records"/> Duniani kote albamu hiyo iliuza nakala zaidi ya milioni 14.<ref name="WW sales">{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cggEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA119 |title=LaFace Congratulates the Century's Finest: TLC |magazine=Billboard |volume=111 |issue=40 |date=October 2, 1999 |page=119 |issn=0006-2510 |via=Google Books}}</ref> {{listen|pos = right|filename = TLC - Waterfalls.ogg|title = "Waterfalls"|description = Iliyoandikwa na [[Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes]] pamoja na Marqueze Etheridge na [[Organized Noize]], "Waterfalls" ikawa wimbo mkubwa zaidi wa TLC na inachukuliwa kuwa moja ya nyimbo za asili za R&B.<ref name="CSCallmusic"/>|format = [[Ogg]]}} Single zote nne kutoka ''CrazySexyCool'' zilifika tano bora kwenye ''Billboard'' Hot 100—"[[Creep (wimbo wa TLC)|Creep]]" na "[[Waterfalls (wimbo wa TLC)|Waterfalls]]" zilishika nafasi ya kwanza, "[[Red Light Special]]" ilifika nafasi ya pili, na "[[Diggin' on You]]" ilishika nafasi ya tano. "Waterfalls", wimbo uliotayarishwa na Organized Noize ukiwa na mpangilio wa muziki wa [[soul music|soul]] ya kizamani, mashairi yenye ufahamu wa kijamii yakikosoa biashara ya dawa za kulevya na ngono isiyo salama, na rapu ya kutafakari kutoka kwa Lopes, ukawa wimbo uliofanikiwa zaidi katika kazi ya TLC. Video yake ya muziki iliyogharimu dola milioni moja ilikuwa kivutio kikubwa kwenye [[MTV]] kwa miezi mingi na kuifanya TLC kuwa wasanii wa kwanza weusi kushinda tuzo ya [[MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefader.com/2015/07/22/nicki-minaj-vma-race-problem|title=The VMAs Have Historically Been Biased Against Black Artists|first=Aimee|last=Cliff|work=[[The Fader]]|date=July 22, 2015|access-date=September 20, 2016|archive-date=August 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804100536/http://www.thefader.com/2015/07/22/nicki-minaj-vma-race-problem|url-status=live}}</ref> Katika tuzo za [[38th Annual Grammy Awards]], TLC walishinda [[Best R&B Album]] na [[Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group]] kwa wimbo wa "Creep".<ref name="grammy">{{cite web |title=Past Winners Search: '''TLC''' |url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=TLC&field_nominee_work_value=&year=All&genre=All |publisher=[[grammy.com]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110034331/http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=TLC&field_nominee_work_value=&year=All&genre=All |archive-date=November 10, 2015 |access-date=January 27, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Billboard'' pia iliwatawaza TLC kama Wasanii wa Mwaka katika tuzo za 1996 za [[Billboard Music Awards|''Billboard'' Music Awards]]. Katikati ya mafanikio yao dhahiri, wanachama wa TLC walifungua shauri la kufilisika la [[Chapter 11]] mnamo Julai 3, 1995.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mbhs.bergtraum.k12.ny.us/cybereng/nyt/rapper01.htm |title=Does Going 'Broke' Mean Artist Really Doesn't Have Any Money? |author1=Henriques, Diana B. |author2=Samuels, Anita M. |name-list-style=amp |date=February 5, 1996 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041010081842/http://mbhs.bergtraum.k12.ny.us/cybereng/nyt/rapper01.htm |archive-date = October 10, 2004}}</ref> TLC walisema kuwa walikuwa na madeni ya jumla ya dola milioni 3.5, baadhi yake yakitokana na malipo ya bima ya Lopes kutokana na tukio la uchomaji moto na gharama za matibabu za Watkins, lakini sababu kuu ikiwa ni kwamba kundi lilipata kile walichokiita mkataba usio na tija kutoka Pebbitone. Baada ya Arista Records, LaFace, na Pebbitone kurudisha uwekezaji wao wa gharama za urekodi, uzalishaji na usambazaji (gharama za kawaida katika mikataba mingi ya rekodi), Pebbitone na LaFace Records waliendelea kutoza gharama za usafiri wa ndege, hoteli, matangazo, video za muziki, chakula, mavazi, na gharama nyinginezo. Kulingana na wanachama wa TLC, jambo la kushangaza ni kwamba kadiri albamu ilivyozidi kupata mafanikio, ndivyo walivyozidi kuwa na madeni. Pamoja na hayo, mameneja, wanasheria, watayarishaji, na kodi ilibidi vilipwe, jambo lililomwacha kila mwanachama wa kundi na chini ya dola 50,000 kwa mwaka baada ya kuuza mamilioni ya albamu. TLC walitaka kufanya mazungumzo upya ya mkataba wao wa 1991 na LaFace, ambapo walipokea senti 56 tu (zilizogawanywa kwa watu watatu) kwa kila albamu iliyouzwa—kiwango kidogo sana ikilinganishwa na mikataba mingi ya lebo kubwa za rekodi<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beat.com.au/music/dark-tale-tlc-going-bankrupt-90s |title=The dark tale of TLC going bankrupt in the '90s |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=Beat.com.au |access-date=August 16, 2018 |archive-date=August 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816230602/http://www.beat.com.au/music/dark-tale-tlc-going-bankrupt-90s |url-status=live }}</ref>—na walipokea pungufu zaidi ya hapo kwa kila single iliyouzwa; TLC pia walitaka kuvunja ushirika wao na Pebbitone. LaFace Records walikataa kujadili upya mkataba wao katikati ya kipindi cha mkataba, na hivyo kuwafanya TLC kuwasilisha ombi la kufilisika mahakamani.<ref>{{cite web |author=Hicks, J. Rush Jr. |url=http://www.meiea.org/Journal/html_ver/Vol01_No01/Vol_1_No_1_A6.html |title=Hicks, J. Rush Jr. (2000). Should a Record Company Be Alarmed When an Artist Files for Bankruptcy? MEIEA Journal Vol 1 No 1, 84–117 |publisher=Meiea.org |access-date=June 4, 2014 |archive-date=May 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504213141/http://www.meiea.org/Journal/html_ver/Vol01_No01/Vol_1_No_1_A6.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wote wawili, Pebbitone na LaFace, walidai kuwa TLC "walitaka tu" pesa zaidi na hawakuwa katika hatari yoyote ya kweli ya kifedha, jambo lililopelekea mijadala ya kisheria kwa miaka miwili kabla ya kesi hizo hatimaye [[Settlement (litigation)|kumalizika]] mwishoni mwa mwaka 1996. Mkataba wa TLC ulifanyiwa mazungumzo upya na LaFace, na Pebbitone walikubali kuwaachia kutoka kwenye mkataba wao wa uzalishaji/usimamizi badala ya Pebbitone kupokea asilimia ya mirabaha (royalties) kwenye baadhi ya kazi zijazo. Kufikia wakati huu, Pebbles alikuwa ameachana na mumewe. TLC pia walinunua haki za jina lao, ambalo hapo awali lilikuwa likimilikiwa na Pebbles. TLC walirekodi wimbo wa utambulisho wa kipindi maarufu cha vichekesho cha [[Nickelodeon]] kiitwacho ''[[All That]]'', kilichotayarishwa na kuandikwa kwa pamoja na Arnold Hennings. Kipindi hicho kilidumu kwa misimu kumi kuanzia 1994 hadi 2005, na baadaye kilifufuliwa mnamo 2019. Kundi hilo lilionekana kwenye [[Waiting to Exhale (soundtrack)|albamu ya soundtrack]] ya filamu ya [[Forest Whitaker]] ya mwaka 1995 ya ''[[Waiting to Exhale]]'' na wimbo "This Is How It Works" (wimbo ulioandikwa na Babyface na Lopes) na walikuwa tayari kurudi studio mwaka uliofuata baada ya kusaini mkataba mpya na LaFace. Watkins alitoa wimbo wake wa kwanza wa peke yake, "[[Touch Myself]]", single kutoka kwenye [[Fled (soundtrack)|albamu ya soundtrack]] ya filamu ya mwaka 1996 ya ''[[Fled]]''; ilifika 40 bora kwenye ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Lopes pia alishirikiana na rapa wenzake wa kike [[Missy "Misdemeanor" Elliott]], [[Da Brat]], na [[Angie Martinez]] kwenye single ya [[Lil' Kim]] ya "[[Not Tonight (wimbo)|Not Tonight]]". Ilishika nafasi ya sita kwenye Hot 100 na kuteuliwa kuwania tuzo ya [[Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group]] katika tuzo za [[40th Grammy Awards]].``` === 1997–2000: ''FanMail'' na migogoro ya ndani === Kazi ya albamu ya tatu ilichelewa kutokana na msuguano kati ya kundi na mtayarishaji [[Dallas Austin]]. Katika kipindi hiki, wanachama walifanya kazi binafsi: Thomas na Watkins walionekana kwenye filamu (''Hav Plenty'' na ''[[Belly (film)|Belly]]''), huku Lopes akianzisha kampuni ya Left-Eye Productions na kusaini kundi la [[Blaque]]. Lopes pia alikuwa mwandaaji wa kipindi cha ''[[The Cut (1998 TV series)|The Cut]]'' kwenye [[MTV]]. Hatimaye, albamu ya ''[[FanMail]]'' ilitolewa mnamo Februari 1999 na kupata mafanikio makubwa, ikishika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye Billboard 200 na kuuza nakala zaidi ya milioni 10 duniani kote.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/43433/1/tlc-fanmail-20th-anniversary-retrospective|title=Lessons on self-worth and self-care from TLC's FanMail|work=[[Dazed]]|date=February 22, 2019|access-date=May 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510015232/https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/43433/1/tlc-fanmail-20th-anniversary-retrospective|url-status=live}}</ref> Wimbo wa "[[No Scrubs]]" ulikuwa hit ya dunia nzima, na "[[Unpretty]]" ukawa wimbo wao wa nne kushika nafasi ya kwanza Marekani.<ref name="FanMail20">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/tlc-fanmail-interview-20th-anniversary-dallas-austin-8499567/|title=TLC's 'FanMail' Turns 20: A Track-By-Track Retrospective With the Girl Group and Behind-the-Scenes Collaborators|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=February 22, 2019|access-date=October 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Katika tuzo za [[42nd Annual Grammy Awards]], ''FanMail'' ilishinda tuzo tatu, ikiwemo Albamu Bora ya R&B. Licha ya mafanikio, Lopes alieleza kutoridhishwa kwake na nafasi yake ndogo kikosini, hali iliyopelekea kumtumia changamoto wenzake kupitia jarida la ''Entertainment Weekly'' kurekodi albamu za peke yao.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://ew.com/article/1999/11/26/tlc-three-tangle/|title=Three To Tangle|last=Sinclair|first=Tom|date=November 26, 1999|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=May 11, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Ugomvi ulimalizika na kundi likaendelea na ziara ya dunia ya [[FanMail Tour]]. Mnamo 2001, walifanya onesho lao la mwisho wakiwa watatu kwenye sherehe za miaka 20 ya MTV. === 2002–2006: Kifo cha Lisa Lopes, ''3D'' na ''R U the Girl'' === Mnamo Aprili 25, 2002, Lisa Lopes alifariki kwa ajali ya gari nchini Honduras wakati akirekodi filamu yake ya kumbukumbu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Singer at the End of Time: The Video Diary of Lisa Lopes|work=The New York Times |date=May 19, 2007}}</ref> Watkins, Thomas, na Austin waliamua kukamilisha albamu ya nne, ''[[3D (TLC album)|3D]]'', wakitumia sauti za Lopes zilizokuwa zimesharekodiwa. Albamu hiyo ilitolewa Novemba 2002 na kupata cheti cha platinamu mara mbili nchini Marekani, huku wimbo wa "[[Girl Talk (TLC song)|Girl Talk]]" ukiwa ndio uliovuma zaidi. Mnamo 2003, TLC walitangaza onesho lao la mwisho kwenye tamasha la ''Zootopia'', ambapo walimuenzi Lopes kupitia video.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1472227/20030602/tlc.jhtml|title=TLC Say Goodbye, Beleaguered Ja Rule Basks In Limelight At Zootopia Show|last=Reid|first=Shaheem|date=June 2, 2003|publisher=mtv.com|access-date=May 11, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205200745/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1472227/20030602/tlc.jhtml}}</ref> Walitoa albamu ya nyimbo bora zaidi, ''[[Now & Forever: The Hits]]'', mnamo 2003 (kimataifa) na 2005 (Marekani).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/24233/products/515078/1/|title=ナウ&フォーエヴァー-ザ・ヒッツ – TLC|access-date=March 14, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Mnamo 2005, Watkins na Thomas walishiriki katika kipindi cha televisheni kiitwacho ''[[R U the Girl]]'' ili kutafuta msanii wa kurekodi naye wimbo mmoja. Mshindi Tiffany "O'so Krispie" Baker alirekodi wimbo "I Bet" na kundi hilo, lakini wimbo huo haukupata mafanikio makubwa kwenye chati. Kundi lilisisitiza kuwa mshindi huyo hakuwa mbadala wa kudumu wa Lisa Lopes. === 1997–2000: ''FanMail'' na migogoro ya ndani === Kazi ya albamu ya tatu ilichelewa kutokana na msuguano kati ya kundi na mtayarishaji [[Dallas Austin]]. Katika kipindi hiki, wanachama walifanya kazi binafsi: Thomas na Watkins walionekana kwenye filamu (''Hav Plenty'' na ''[[Belly (film)|Belly]]''), huku Lopes akianzisha kampuni ya Left-Eye Productions na kusaini kundi la [[Blaque]]. Lopes pia alikuwa mwandaaji wa kipindi cha ''[[The Cut (1998 TV series)|The Cut]]'' kwenye [[MTV]]. Hatimaye, albamu ya ''[[FanMail]]'' ilitolewa mnamo Februari 1999 na kupata mafanikio makubwa, ikishika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye Billboard 200 na kuuza nakala zaidi ya milioni 10 duniani kote.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/43433/1/tlc-fanmail-20th-anniversary-retrospective|title=Lessons on self-worth and self-care from TLC's FanMail|work=[[Dazed]]|date=February 22, 2019|access-date=May 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510015232/https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/43433/1/tlc-fanmail-20th-anniversary-retrospective|url-status=live}}</ref> Wimbo wa "[[No Scrubs]]" ulikuwa hit ya dunia nzima, na "[[Unpretty]]" ukawa wimbo wao wa nne kushika nafasi ya kwanza Marekani.<ref name="FanMail20"/> Katika tuzo za [[42nd Annual Grammy Awards]], ''FanMail'' ilishinda tuzo tatu, ikiwemo Albamu Bora ya R&B. Licha ya mafanikio, Lopes alieleza kutoridhishwa kwake na nafasi yake ndogo kikosini, hali iliyopelekea kumtumia changamoto wenzake kupitia jarida la ''Entertainment Weekly'' kurekodi albamu za peke yao.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://ew.com/article/1999/11/26/tlc-three-tangle/|title=Three To Tangle|last=Sinclair|first=Tom|date=November 26, 1999|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=May 11, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Ugomvi ulimalizika na kundi likaendelea na ziara ya dunia ya [[FanMail Tour]]. Mnamo 2001, walifanya onesho lao la mwisho wakiwa watatu kwenye sherehe za miaka 20 ya MTV. === 2002–2006: Kifo cha Lisa Lopes, ''3D'' na ''R U the Girl'' === Mnamo Aprili 25, 2002, Lisa Lopes alifariki kwa ajali ya gari nchini Honduras wakati akirekodi filamu yake ya kumbukumbu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Singer at the End of Time: The Video Diary of Lisa Lopes|work=The New York Times |date=May 19, 2007}}</ref> Watkins, Thomas, na Austin waliamua kukamilisha albamu ya nne, ''[[3D (TLC album)|3D]]'', wakitumia sauti za Lopes zilizokuwa zimesharekodiwa. Albamu hiyo ilitolewa Novemba 2002 na kupata cheti cha platinamu mara mbili nchini Marekani, huku wimbo wa "[[Girl Talk (TLC song)|Girl Talk]]" ukiwa ndio uliovuma zaidi. Mnamo 2003, TLC walitangaza onesho lao la mwisho kwenye tamasha la ''Zootopia'', ambapo walimuenzi Lopes kupitia video.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1472227/20030602/tlc.jhtml|title=TLC Say Goodbye, Beleaguered Ja Rule Basks In Limelight At Zootopia Show|last=Reid|first=Shaheem|date=June 2, 2003|publisher=mtv.com|access-date=May 11, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205200745/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1472227/20030602/tlc.jhtml}}</ref> Walitoa albamu ya nyimbo bora zaidi, ''[[Now & Forever: The Hits]]'', mnamo 2003 (kimataifa) na 2005 (Marekani).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/24233/products/515078/1/|title=ナウ&フォーエヴァー-ザ・ヒッツ – TLC|access-date=March 14, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Mnamo 2005, Watkins na Thomas walishiriki katika kipindi cha televisheni kiitwacho ''[[R U the Girl]]'' ili kutafuta msanii wa kurekodi naye wimbo mmoja. Mshindi Tiffany "O'so Krispie" Baker alirekodi wimbo "I Bet" na kundi hilo, lakini wimbo huo haukupata mafanikio makubwa kwenye chati. Kundi lilisisitiza kuwa mshindi huyo hakuwa mbadala wa kudumu wa Lisa Lopes. == Diskografia == {{Main|Diskografia ya TLC}} ;Albamu za studio *''[[Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip]]'' (1992) *''[[CrazySexyCool]]'' (1994) *''[[FanMail]]'' (1999) *''[[3D (TLC album)|3D]]'' (2002) *''[[TLC (album)|TLC]]'' (2017) == Ziara == '''Ziara kuu''' * [[FanMail Tour]] (1999–2000) * [[TLC 2016 Tour|2016 Tour]] (2016) * [[I Love the 90s: The Party Continues Tour]] (2017) * [[CrazySexyCool#Celebration of CrazySexyCool|CeleBraTion of CrazySexyCool]] (2021–2022) '''Ziara za pamoja''' * [[The Main Event (2015 concert tour)|The Main Event]] (2015) * Whole Lotta Hits Tour (2019) {{small|(pamoja na [[Nelly]])}} * Hot Summer Nights Tour (2023) {{small|(pamoja na [[Shaggy (musician)|Shaggy]])}} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == {{commons category}} * {{Official website}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090204082103/http://www.mtv.com/music/artist/tlc/artist.jhtml TLC] kwenye [[MTV|MTV.com]] *[https://imusic.am/ar/7mQ4uo TLC discography] kwenye imusic.am * {{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p26086|label=TLC}} * {{discogs artist|artist=TLC|name=TLC}} * {{IMDb name|id=1352040|name=TLC}} * [http://www.last.fm/music/TLC TLC] kwenye [[Last.fm]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] 5za07kf8s7e0mlrh1gjltaw1doc1rd9 Johnny Berry 0 235425 1574236 1545354 2026-06-17T22:20:41Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574236 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Reginald John Berry''' (1 Juni 1926 – 16 Septemba 1994),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Biddiscombe |first1=Ross |last2=Curry |first2=Patrick |last3=Hayden |first3=Jonathan |title=The Official Encyclopedia of Manchester United |url=https://archive.org/details/officialencyclop0000bidd |year=2011 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=London |isbn=978-1-84737-918-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/officialencyclop0000bidd/page/136 136] }}</ref> ambaye pia ametajwa kama '''John James Berry''',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dykes |first1=Garth |title=The United Alphabet: A Complete Who's Who of Manchester United F.C. |url=https://archive.org/details/unitedalphabetco0000gart |publisher=ACL & Polar Publishing (UK) |location=Leicester |year=1994 |isbn=0-9514862-6-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/unitedalphabetco0000gart/page/32 32]–3 }}</ref> alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Uingereza]]. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1926|1994}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Uingereza]] ch1gkznrg9f0iujiz18kzd395i05e6y Mireia Lalaguna 0 235586 1574082 1544234 2026-06-17T12:46:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574082 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mireia Lalaguna Royo''' (alizaliwa [[Novemba 21]], [[1992]]) ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mwanamitindo]], na mrembo wa [[Hispania]] aliyetwaa taji la [[Miss World]] mwaka [[2015]], na kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kutoka Uhispania kushinda Miss World. Hapo awali alitwaa taji la Miss World Spain 2015. Alitawazwa na mtangulizi wake Miss World [[2014]], [[Rolene Strauss]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151220/lifestyle-fashionbeauty/article/spain’s-mireia-lalaguna-royo-crowned-miss-world-2015-china|title=Spain's Mireia Lalaguna Royo crowned Miss World 2015 in China| date=20 December 2015|work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/miss-world-2015-miss-spain-7040872.amp|work=Mirror UK|title=Miss World 2015: Miss Spain Mireia Lalaguna Royo crowned winner of competition|date=19 December 2015|first=Alex|last=Wellman}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ghafla.com/meet-the-pharmacist-mireia-lalaguna-who-beat-113-beauties-to-be-crowned-miss-world-2015-photos-and-video-of-miss-world-results/|work=Ghafia|title=Meet the Pharmacist Mireia Lalaguna Who Beat 113 Beauties To Be Crowned Miss World 2015|date=21 December 2015|accessdate=2026-05-16|archive-date=2022-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108051710/https://www.ghafla.com/meet-the-pharmacist-mireia-lalaguna-who-beat-113-beauties-to-be-crowned-miss-world-2015-photos-and-video-of-miss-world-results/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Spain’s Mireia Lalaguna Royo crowned Miss World 2015 in China|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/spain-s-mireia-lalaguna-royo-crowned-miss-world-2015-in-china/story-EHQigI2KbpBaiQ4iqJlveK.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=2015-12-20|access-date=2026-01-29|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Hispania]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Hispania]] gn1hg7y3p5b550d85gk05i0e8fgqamb Mourad Benachenou 0 235981 1574103 1544977 2026-06-17T14:49:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574103 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mourad Benachenou''' alikuwa Waziri wa Marekebisho ya Sekta ya Viwanda ya [[Aljeria|Algeria]] katika serikali ya Mokdad Sifi mwaka 1995.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Auteurs {{!}} Casbah Editions|url=http://casbah-editions.com/auteurs/mourad-benachnou|work=casbah-editions.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|archive-date=2024-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127055848/http://casbah-editions.com/auteurs/mourad-benachnou|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ire4r5tf23862drljmepeu72lprwxop A. Starker Leopold 0 236237 1574269 1545449 2026-06-17T22:56:23Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574269 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aldo Starker Leopold''' ([[Oktoba 22]], [[1913]] – [[Agosti 23]], [[1983]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]], mtaalamu wa misitu, [[Mwanabiolojia]], na mhifadhi nchini [[Marekani]]. Leopold alihudumu kama profesa katika Chuo Kikuu cha California, Berkeley kwa miaka thelathini katika idara za Zoolojia, Uhifadhi, na Misitu.<ref name="raitt">{{cite journal |author=Raitt, RJ |year=1984 |title=In Memoriam: A. Starker Leopold |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v101n04/p0868-p0871.pdf |journal=Auk |volume=101 |issue=4 |pages=868–871 |doi=10.2307/4086914 |jstor=4086914}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Jordan Fisher |title=Engineering Eden: A Violent Death, a Federal Trial, and the Struggle to Restore Nature in Our National Parks |url=https://archive.org/details/engineeringedenv0000smit |date=March 19, 2019 |publisher=The Experiment |isbn=978-1615195459 |edition=Reprint |location=New York |publication-date=March 19, 2019 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/engineeringedenv0000smit/page/102 102]–122 |language=English}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1913]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1983]] 3jlm5gqxsjrfjlncowb7p5flfj45vyn Nerses Shnorhali 0 236351 1574286 1545683 2026-06-17T23:24:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574286 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:St. Nerses.jpg|thumb|[[Mchoro mdogo]] wa Mt. Nerses katika [[breviari]] ya Stepannos Vahkatsi (1269).]] [[image:Nerses shnorhali illustration.jpeg|200px|thumb|Nerses IV alivyochorwa katika [[kitabu]] ''Illustrated Armenia and Armenians'' (1898)<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|last=Gaidzakian|first= Ohan|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedarmen00gaidrich|title=Illustrated Armenia and the Armenians|year=1898|publisher=B.H. Aznive|location=Boston|page=141}}</ref>.]] '''Nerses Shnorhali''' (pia: '''Nerses wa Kla''' au '''Nerses IV Mpendevu'''; kwa [[Kiarmenia]]: Սուրբ Ներսէս Դ. Կլայեցի (Շնորհալի); [[1102]] – [[13 Agosti]] [[1173]]) alikuwa [[mmonaki]], halafu [[Upadri|padri]], [[askofu]] na hatimaye [[Patriarki]] wa [[Kanisa la Kitume la Armenia]] kuanzia [[mwaka]] [[1166]] hadi 1173. Katika nafasi hizo alijitahidi kurudisha [[umoja]] na [[Waorthodoksi|Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Attwater|first=Donald|year=1965|title=The Penguin Dictionary of Saints|url=https://archive.org/details/penguindictionar0000attw_n9t5|location=Harmondsworth|publisher=Penguin|page= [https://archive.org/details/penguindictionar0000attw_n9t5/page/248 248]}}</ref> na [[Kanisa Katoliki]]<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/94715</ref>. Nerses anakumbukwa pia kama [[mwanateolojia]], [[mshairi]], [[mwandishi]] na [[mtunzi]] wa [[tenzi]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Holding|first=Nicholas|title=Armenia with Nagorno Karabagh |url=https://archive.org/details/armeniawithnagor0000nich|location=Chalfont St. Peter|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |year= 2006|page=[https://archive.org/details/armeniawithnagor0000nich/page/44 44]}}</ref> Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Kanisa]] lake kama [[mtakatifu]] na tangu [[tarehe]] [[18 Mei]] [[2026]] [[Kanisa Katoliki]] limemuingiza katika [[Martyrologium Romanum]] kwenye tarehe 13 Agosti<ref>https://www.vaticannews.va/it/papa/news/2026-05/nerses-shnorhali-grazioso-pioniere-ecumenismo-chiesa-armena.html</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] == Tanbihi == <references/> == Marejeo == * {{cite book |first=Nikoghos |last=Tahmizian |author-link=Nikoghos Tahmizian |title=Nerses Shnorhalin ergahan ev erazhisht |script-title=hy: Ներսես Շնորհալին երգահան և երաժիշտ |trans-title=''Nerses Shnorhali, composer and musician'' |language=hy |year=1973 |publisher=Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences |location=Yerevan |ref=none |url=https://arar.sci.am/dlibra/publication/337989/edition/308837/content}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.armenianchurch.eu/hymn "Aravot Louso"]. A famous poem by Nerses the Gracious. * [https://www.armenianchurch.eu/ Saint Nerses IV the Gracious, "I Confess with Faith."] Bibliography related to Saint Nerses Shnorhali and his most prominent prayer "I Confess with Faith," translated into more than 38 languages. {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Category:waliozaliwa 1102|Nerses IV]] [[Category:waliofariki 1173|Nerses IV]] [[Jamii:wamonaki]] [[Category:maaskofu]] [[Category:waandishi wa Armenia]] [[Category:watakatifu wa Armenia]] [[Category:watakatifu wa Uturuki]] awbvw596hqdfaeq0vqwci08qxiby2ch Robert Naeye 0 236495 1574327 1546003 2026-06-18T03:14:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574327 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Naeye''' ni [[mwandishi]] katika sekta ya sayansi nchini [[Marekani]] na mhariri wa zamani wa jarida. Alikuwa akichapisha kuhusu mada mbalimbali za sayansi ya anga na [[astronomia]].<ref name="auto1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.robertnaeye.com/|title=Home|website=Robertnaeye.com}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://skyandtelescope.org/about-us/robert-naeye/|title=Robert Naeye|website=Skyandtelescope.org|date=July 18, 2006}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa mwaka usiojulikana]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 7vcwc3t183ul9h7wkx1t65torz34003 Alice Eastwood 0 236681 1574203 1546366 2026-06-17T21:41:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574203 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alice Eastwood''' ([[Januari 19]], [[1859]] – [[Oktoba 30]], [[1953]]) alikuwa [[mwanabotania]] mwenye asili ya [[Kanada]] na uraia wa [[Marekani]]. Alihesabiwa kwa kujenga mkusanyiko wa [[botania]] katika Chuo cha Sayansi cha [[California]] (California Academy of Sciences) huko [[San Francisco]]. Alichapisha zaidi ya makala 310 za kisayansi na aliandika majina ya spishi za mimea ya nchi kavu 395, nambari ya nne kwa idadi ya majina kama hayo yaliyoandikwa na mwanasayansi wa kike.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lindon|first1=Heather L.|last2=Gardiner|first2=Lauren M.|last3=Brady|first3=Abigail|last4=Vorontsova|first4=Maria S.|title=Fewer than three percent of land plant species named by women: Author gender over 260 years|journal=Taxon|date=5 May 2015|volume=64|issue=2|pages=209–215|doi=10.12705/642.4|bibcode=2015Taxon..64..209L |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Bonta|first=Marcia|title=Women in the field : America's pioneering women naturalists|url=https://archive.org/details/womeninfieldamer0000bont|date=1991|publisher=Texas A & M University Press|isbn=0-89096-467-X|edition=1|location=College Station|pages=[https://archive.org/details/womeninfieldamer0000bont/page/93 93]–102|oclc=22623848}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1859]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1953]] isnk0sazbdf0rl1mcjcewitmu5p3erz Annie M.G. Schmidt 0 236718 1574202 1546449 2026-06-17T21:41:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574202 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anna Maria Geertruida "Annie" Schmidt''' (20 Mei 1911<ref>{{cite book |last=Zijl |first=Annejet van der |year=2002 |title=Anna |url=https://archive.org/details/annahetlevenvana0000zijl |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Nijgh & Van Ditmar |isbn=90-388-8733-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/annahetlevenvana0000zijl/page/22 22] }}</ref> – 21 Mei 1995)<ref name="trouw"/> alikuwa mwandishi kutoka nchi ya [[Uholanzi]].<ref>{{cite book | author1 = Peter Hunt |author2=Sheila G. Bannister Ray | title = International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature | publisher = Roudledge | year = 2004 | page = 703 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XqaTzQBVDCAC&pg=PA703 | isbn = 978-0-203-16812-7}}</ref> Anajulikana kama mama wa nyimbo za jukwaani za Kiholanzi,<ref>{{cite news | last = Verhallen | first = Frank | title = Evergreen and chanson schitteren op Dag van het Nederlandse lied | work = [[Trouw]] | language = nl | date = 1993-04-05 | url = http://www.trouw.nl/krantenarchief/1993/04/05/2667529/Evergreen_en_chanson_schitteren_op_Dag_van_het_Nederlandse_lied.html | access-date = 2009-07-05}}</ref> na malkia wa fasihi ya watoto ya Uholanzi,<ref>{{cite news | last = Duin | first = Lieke van | title = Olifanten hadden vroeger neuzen | work = [[Trouw]] | language = nl | date = 1995-01-04 | url = http://www.trouw.nl/krantenarchief/1995/01/04/2613453/Olifanten_hadden_vroeger_neuzen.html | access-date = 2009-07-05}}</ref> akisifiwa kwa "idiomu yake nzuri ya Kiholanzi,"<ref name="buijs"/> na anahesabiwa kuwa mmoja wa waandishi wakuu wa Uholanzi.<ref name="trouw">{{cite news | url=http://www.trouw.nl/krantenarchief/1995/05/22/2535507/Annie_M_G._Schmidt_1911_-_1995.html?part=1 | title=Annie M.G. Schmidt 1911–1995 | work=[[Trouw]] | date=1995-05-22 | access-date=2009-07-05 | last=Verhallen | first=Frank | language=nl | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926165058/http://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/5009/Archief/archief/article/detail/2547986/1995/05/22/Annie-M-G-Schmidt-1911-1995.dhtml | archive-date=26 September 2012}}</ref> Heshima ya juu kabisa ilitolewa kwake baada ya kifo chake, mnamo mwaka 2007, wakati jopo la wanahistoria wa Uholanzi walipokusanya "Kanuni ya Uholanzi" ([[:en:Canon of the Netherlands|Canon of the Netherlands]]) na kumjumuisha Schmidt, pamoja na watu mashuhuri wa kitaifa kama vile [[Vincent van Gogh]] na [[Anne Frank]].<ref>{{cite web |title = The Canon of the Netherlands |work = De Canon van Nederland |publisher = Foundation entoen.nu |year = 2007 |url = http://entoen.nu/default.aspx?lan=e |access-date = 2009-07-10 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090612225030/http://www.entoen.nu/default.aspx?lan=e |archive-date = 12 June 2009 |url-status = dead == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1911|1995}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Uholanzi]] [[Jamii: Watu wa Uholanzi]] ske9wvtcoxqgezxj4a7a7gtwwom3hte Sebastian Cozmâncă 0 236735 1574387 1546492 2026-06-18T05:55:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574387 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sebastian Cosmin Cozmâncă''' (amezaliwa 2 Februari 1992) ni mpiganaji wa Muay Thai na kickboxing kutoka [[Romania]] anayeshindana katika uzani wa juu (heavyweight). Kwa sasa amesajiliwa na Dynamite Fighting Show. Hapo awali alishiriki katika mashindano ya Superkombat Fighting Championship na Colosseum Tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://liverkick.com/dynamite-fighting-show-results-superkombat/|title=Matokeo](https://liverkick.com/dynamite-fighting-show-results-superkombat/|title=Matokeo) ya Dynamite Fighting Show: Urithi wa SuperKombat unaendelea|publisher=Liverkick|date=7 Julai 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.fightbox.com/en/news/item/9555-dfs-live-july-2018|title=Dynamite](http://www.fightbox.com/en/news/item/9555-dfs-live-july-2018|title=Dynamite) Fighting Show LIVE kwenye FightBox HD kutoka Bucharest, Romania 05.07.2018|publisher=Fight Box|accessdate=2 Novemba 2018}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Alikuwa pia mwenzake wa timu na mshirika wa mazoezi wa Cătălin Moroșanu.<ref>{{cite web|url=[http://combatpress.com/2016/07/superkombat-world-grand-prix-mamaia-results/|title=Matokeo](http://combatpress.com/2016/07/superkombat-world-grand-prix-mamaia-results/|title=Matokeo) ya Superkombat World Grand Prix Mamaia: Aygun abaki bila kushindwa, Kasperski ashinda dhidi ya Negrea|publisher=Combat Press|accessdate=30 Julai 2016}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamichezo}} {{BD|1992|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Romania]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] mmel2n6e8mv8xmhjo5dadirefabzxbf Sally Ride 0 237032 1574189 1547049 2026-06-17T21:25:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574189 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sally Kristen Ride''' ([[Mei 26]], [[1951]] – [[Julai 23]], [[2012]]) alikuwa [[mwanaanga]] na [[mwanafizikia]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Los Angeles]], alijiunga na [[NASA]] mwaka [[1978]], na mwaka [[1983]] akawa mwanamke wa kwanza wa Marekani na mwanamke wa tatu kuruka angani, baada ya wanaanga [[Valentina Tereshkova]] mwaka [[1963]] na [[Svetlana Savitskaya]] mwaka [[1982]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Boyle |first1=Alan |title=Why Sally Ride waited until her death to tell the world she was gay |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/why-sally-ride-waited-until-her-death-tell-world-she-f908942 |website=Cosmic Log |publisher=[[NBC News]] |access-date=May 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505120803/https://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/why-sally-ride-waited-until-her-death-tell-world-she-f908942 |archive-date=May 5, 2021 |date=July 25, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>. Alikuwa mwanaanga mchanga zaidi wa Marekani aliyewahi kuruka angani, akiwa na umri wa miaka 32.<ref name="Sherr2014">{{cite book |last1=Sherr |first1=Lynn |author1-link=Lynn Sherr |title=Sally Ride: America's First Woman in Space |url=https://archive.org/details/sallyrideamerica0000sher |date=2014 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4767-2578-9 |oclc= 885483468}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[Jamii:Wanafizikia wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaanga wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2012]] 334oztsc5afbs8s2s0jirckmscrryml Mukunda Michael Dewil 0 237290 1574131 1547731 2026-06-17T16:12:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574131 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mukunda Michael Dewil''' ni mwandishi wa miswada na mwongozaji wa filamu kutoka nchini [[Afrika Kusini]] anayefanya kazi [[Hollywood, California|Hollywood]].<ref>[https://www.slashfilm.com/tag/mukunda-michael-dewil/ Mukunda Michael Dewil - SlashFilm]</ref> Aliandika na kuongoza filamu za ''Retribution, Vehicle 19'' (zilizoigizwa na Paul Walker) na ''The Immaculate Room'' (wakiwemo Emile Hirsch, Kate Bosworth, Ashley Greene).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Emile Hirsch, Kate Bosworth, Ashley Greene, M Emmet Walsh Board ‘The Immaculate Room’ Thriller|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/emile-hirsch-kate-bosworth-ashley-greene-m-emmet-walsh-board-the-immaculate-room-thriller-4106248/|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=2020-12-16|accessdate=2026-05-21|language=en-US|author=Etan Vlessing}}</ref> Alikuwa [[mtawa]]. Dewil alitumia miaka kadhaa nchini India.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Immaculate Room : Exclusive Interview with Director Mukunda Michael Dewil|url=https://cinemadailyus.com/interviews/the-immaculate-room-exclusive-interview-with-director-mukunda-michael-dewil/|work=Cinema Daily US|date=2022-08-19|accessdate=2026-05-21|language=en-US|author=Nobuhiro Hosoki}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] [[Jamii:Waongozaji filamu]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika Kusini]] rybk0alhqdzrs3sk62kah782mwhqntd Shamsunnahar Mahmud 0 237292 1574179 1547663 2026-06-17T21:17:08Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574179 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shamsunnahar Mahmud''' (kama mnamo 1908 — 10 Aprili 1964) alikuwa mwandishi, mwanasiasa, na mwalimu katika eneo la Bengal wakati wa mwanzo wa karne ya 20. Alikuwa mmoja wa viongozi wa harakati za kupigania haki za wanawake huko Bengal, harakati ambazo zilianzishwa na [[Begum Rokeya]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Banu |first=U. A. B. Razia Akter |year=1992 |title=Islam in Bangladesh |url=https://archive.org/details/islaminbanglades0000banu |publisher=BRILL |page=[https://archive.org/details/islaminbanglades0000banu/page/135 135] |isbn=90-04-09497-0 |quote=Begum Shamsunnahar Mahmud carried Rokeya's torch in former East Pakistan from 1950 to the 1960s.}}</ref> Majengo ya mabweni ya "Shamsunnahar Hall" katika Chuo Kikuu cha Dhaka na Chuo Kikuu cha Chittagong yalipewa jina lake kwa heshima yake. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1908|1964|Mahmud, Shamsunnahar}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Bangladesh]] 4v1f4mfn6ibjped9bc4g4rknwwhw49q Tony Fisher 0 237430 1574257 1569228 2026-06-17T22:40:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574257 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tony Fisher''' ni mbunifu wa mafumbo (puzzle designer) kutoka [[Uingereza]] ambaye amebobea katika kuunda mafumbo ya mzunguko (rotational puzzles) yaliyobinafsishwa. Anahesabiwa na wapenzi wa “cubing” kama mmoja wa waanzilishi katika kubuni aina mpya za mafumbo na mbinu mpya za utengenezaji. Fisher amefahamika kwa mchango wake mkubwa katika maendeleo ya mafumbo ya aina ya Rubik’s Cube na miundo mingine ya kipekee, ambapo amesaidia kusukuma mbele ubunifu katika muundo wa mafumbo na njia za kuyatengeneza.<ref name=Slocum> {{cite book |last=Slocum |first=Jerry |year=2009 |title=The Cube. The Ultimate Guide to the World's Best Selling Puzzles |publisher=Black Dog & Leventhal |isbn=978-1-57912-805-0 |url-access=registration |url=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781579128050](https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781579128050) }}</ref><ref name=Twisty>{{cite web |url=[http://twistypuzzles.com/articles/building-2x2x6/](http://twistypuzzles.com/articles/building-2x2x6/) |title=A Fully Operational 2x2x4 Cube with Uniform Cubies |accessdate=19 July 2014 |publisher=TwistyPuzzles.com }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=speed>{{cite web |url=[http://www.speedcubing.com/ton/cube_day_2003.htm](http://www.speedcubing.com/ton/cube_day_2003.htm) |title=Dutch Cube Day |accessdate=19 July 2014 |publisher=SpeedCubing.com }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mwaka wa 2017, Guinness World Records ilimtambua Fisher kama mtengenezaji wa Rubik's Cube kubwa zaidi duniani.<ref name=Guinness> {{cite book |year=2018 |title=Guinness World Records 2018 |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000guin_x4w8 |isbn=978-1-910561-71-3 |last1=Guinness World Records }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] jwa4u90y5dnd9y7i65etgszgo0liv8g Antonio Pasin 0 237559 1574211 1564317 2026-06-17T21:49:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574211 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Antonio Pasin''' (Julai 4, 1897 katika Rosà, [[Vicenza]], [[Italia]] – Julai 5, 1990 katika [[River Forest, Illinois]]) alikuwa mwanzilishi wa kampuni ya Radio Flyer, inayojulikana zaidi kwa kutengeneza mikokoteni ya watoto ya chuma iliyochongwa inayojulikana kama Radio Flyer. == Maisha == Alizaliwa na [[seremala]],<ref name=inc>''Wild Ride in a red wagon; How an Italian immigrant created an icon of the American childhood'' Novemba 2012 Inc</ref> akahamia Marekani mwaka 1913 akiwa na umri wa miaka 16 ili kuanza maisha mapya katika [[New York City]]. Mwanzoni hakuwa na fedha wala hakumjua mtu yeyote, lakini alitumia akiba yake, akanunua zana zilizotumika za useremala, na kukodi chumba kimoja cha kufanyia kazi, ambapo alitengeneza mkokoteni wake wa kwanza mwaka 1917, akauita *Liberty Coaster* baada ya kuvutiwa na [[Sanamu ya Uhuru]]. Baadaye alifungua kiwanda kidogo magharibi mwa [[Chicago]]. Baada ya kuoa Anna, ambaye pia alikuwa mhamiaji kutoka Italia, walibarikiwa kupata watoto watatu: wasichana wawili na mvulana mmoja. == Mkokoteni wa watoto == Mwaka 1927, akitaka kufanya mikokoteni iwe ya bei nafuu kwa kila mtoto, Pasin alitumia mbinu za uzalishaji wa wingi kwa kutumia kukata na kuunda chuma (steel stamping) zilizoigwa kutoka sekta ya magari, hatua iliyompatia lakabu ya "Little Ford".<ref name=scott-encyc>{{cite book|last=Scott|first=Sharon M.|title=Toys and American culture: an encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/toysamericancult0000scot|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-34798-6}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{BD|1897|1990}} [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Italia]] brc997cjilxr907026ufr9kngmbr6yz Caroline Burke 0 237593 1574283 1548294 2026-06-17T23:13:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574283 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Caroline Flora Burke''' (née Berg; Julai 7, 1913 – Desemba 5, 1964)<ref>{{cite book|author=Doyle, Billy H.|title=The Ultimate Directory of Silent and Sound Era Performers: A Necrology of Actors and Actresses|url=https://archive.org/details/ultimatedirector0000doyl_v2v0|page=[https://archive.org/details/ultimatedirector0000doyl_v2v0/page/80 80]|year=1999|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-810-83547-4}}</ref> alikuwa mwigizaji, mtayarishaji wa michezo ya jukwaani (theatre producer), mtayarishaji wa televisheni, mwandishi, na mkusanyaji wa sanaa kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alionekana katika filamu kadhaa mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1940 kabla ya kuingia katika utayarishaji wa maonyesho mjini New York City, ambapo alijulikana kwa kutayarisha maonyesho kadhaa ya michezo ya [[Harold Pinter]] pamoja na uzalishaji wa Broadway. Pia alifanya kazi kama mtayarishaji katika kampuni ya NBC katika miaka ya 1950, na wakati huo alikuwa mtayarishaji mwanamke pekee katika kampuni hiyo.<ref name=cumberland>{{cite news|work=The Cumberland News|location=Cumberland, Maryland|title=Hollywood|page=28|date=16 Novemba 1951|url=[https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/65331206/|via=Newspapers.com}}](https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/65331206/|via=Newspapers.com}})</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{BD|1913|1964}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] kcs2mq771rkp0rqofszgmhbhxg49ah3 Mohammad-Ali Angaji 0 237694 1574181 1548517 2026-06-17T21:19:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574181 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohammad-Ali Angaji''' alikuwa Mwanasayansi wa Kiislamu wa Shi, kiongozi wa kidini na mwanasiasa wa [[Irani|Iran]]. Akiwa mwanachama mwaminifu wa chama cha [[National Front (Iran)|National Front]], alihudumu kama mbunge wakati wa [[Bunge la 17 la Iran|kipindi cha 17 cha Bunge]] (Majlis)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gasiorowski|first1=Mark J.|last2=Byrne|first2=Malcolm|year=2004|title=Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran|isbn=0815630182|publisher=Syracuse University Press|page=14}}</ref> na aligombea katika [[Uchaguzi wa Bunge wa Iran wa 1954|uchaguzi wa mwaka 1954]] mjini Tehran.<ref>{{cite book |author=Houchang E. Chehabi|title=Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism: The Liberation Movement of Iran Under the Shah and Khomeini|url=https://archive.org/details/iranianpoliticsr0000cheh_d7e9|publisher=I.B.Tauris|pages=[https://archive.org/details/iranianpoliticsr0000cheh_d7e9/page/134 134]–135|date=1990|isbn=1850431981}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 1979, alichaguliwa kuwa miongoni mwa wajumbe 73 wa [[Baraza la Wataalamu wa Katiba]] (Assembly of Experts for Constitution). == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Iran]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Iran]] 94zqq2r4wjb3le7gsg6gv3q26wud420 Ali Ardalan 0 237700 1574254 1548523 2026-06-17T22:37:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574254 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ali Ardalan''' alikuwa mwanasiasa wa Iran aliyekuwa mwanachama wa chama cha [[National Front (Iran)|National Front]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Menashri|first1=David|title=Post-Revolutionary Politics in Iran: Religion, Society and Power|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136333644|date=2012|page=150}}</ref> Alihudumu kama [[Wizara ya Masuala ya Kiuchumi na Fedha (Iran)|Waziri wa Fedha]] chini ya [[Baraza la Mawaziri la Bazargan]] mnamo mwaka 1979,<ref>{{cite book|first=John H.|last=Lorentz|title=The A to Z of Iran |volume=209|series=The A to Z Guide Series|publisher=Scarecrow Press|pages=251|date=2010|isbn=978-1461731917}}</ref> na baadaye alichaguliwa kuwa mbunge katika [[Bunge la Iran|Bunge]] kupitia [[Uchaguzi wa Bunge wa Iran wa 1980|uchaguzi wa bunge wa mwaka 1980]], ingawa alizuiwa kuchukua kiti chake rasmi.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Baktiari|first1=Bahman|title=Parliamentary Politics in Revolutionary Iran: The Institutionalization of Factional Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/parliamentarypol0000bakt|publisher=University Press of Florida|year=1996|page=[https://archive.org/details/parliamentarypol0000bakt/page/69 69]|isbn=978-0-8130-1461-6}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Iran]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Iran]] 4rg53fs5cap5hippsnxje8ot7a70pfj Habibollah Bitaraf 0 237768 1574293 1548695 2026-06-17T23:33:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574293 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Habibolah Bitaraf''' alikuwa mwanasiasa wa mrengo wa [[Wanamageuzi wa Iran|wanamageuzi (reformist)]].<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.iranwire.com/en/features/4757|title=Rouhani Announces New Cabinet: Few Reformists, No Women|date=8 August 2017|access-date=17 August 2017|work=Iran Wire|author=Reza Haghighatnejad}}</ref> Alihudumu kama Waziri wa Nishati kwa muda wa miaka 8 wakati wa utawala wa Rais [[Mohammad Khatami]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Factional politics in post-Khomeini Iran |url=https://archive.org/details/factionalpolitic0000mosl |last=Moslem |first=Mehdi |page=[https://archive.org/details/factionalpolitic0000mosl/page/325 325] |year=2002 |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8156-2978-8 }}</ref> Pia, alipata kuhudumu kama gavana wa mkoa wa [[Mkoa wa Yazd|Yazd]]. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Iran]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Iran]] i6z74e3wztwoot0p2cmncvf8g3oxr54 Piruz Dilanchi 0 237782 1574301 1549108 2026-06-18T00:21:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574301 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pirouz Dilanchi''' ({{IPA|az|piˈruːz diːlænˈt͡ʃi|label=Katamko la Kiazeri cha Iran}}, {{IPA|az|piˈrus dilænˈt͡ʃi|label=Katamko la Kiazeri cha Sovieti}}; alizaliwa kama '''Ali (Baratali oglu) Ismayilfiruz''' ; Mei 1965 mjini [[Tehran]], Iran) ni kiongozi wa harakati za kujitenga mwenye asili ya [[Irani|Iran]] na [[Azerbaijan]]. Pia ameandika mashairi mengi na ni mwandishi wa vitabu vinane<ref>[http://turuz.com/en/index/view/77c3bbe0d1fb46027a4b3be39e6c27c978d91470 Turuz » book]</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://dlib.ical.ir/site/catalogue/261029 |title=National library of Iran - Library, Museum and Document Center of The Parliament of Iran |access-date=2012-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521040545/http://dlib.ical.ir/site/catalogue/261029 |archive-date=2014-05-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/039523497 Similar vocabulary of the language and literature of Azerbaijan]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=wIQ6ygAACAAJ Google Books]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lib.ir/LibView/DocView.aspx?did=HPWwWwHBHBAPHPWwBFDHPHPZAPAP |title=Nabi Khazri - Poems |accessdate=2013-01-08 |archive-date=2014-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521034629/http://www.lib.ir/LibView/DocView.aspx?did=HPWwWwHBHBAPHPWwBFDHPHPZAPAP |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://89.147.202.130:8000/cgi-bin/gw_2010_1_3/chameleon?sessionid=2010101223275403543&skin=azl&lng=az&inst=consortium&host=localhost%2B2222%2BDEFAULT&patronhost=localhost%202222%20DEFAULT&searchid=34&sourcescreen=INITREQ&pos=1&itempos=1&rootsearch=SCAN&function=INITREQ&search=AUTHID&authid=580160&authidu=1003 {{dead link|date=November 2016}} Əli İsmayıl Firuz Sümərin</ref><ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/038902514 Nabi Khazri - Piruz Dilanchi]</ref><ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49572276 معاصر آذربايجان شاعيرلريندن قانلی نغمه لر]</ref><ref>[http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3AS%CC%B2amari%CC%84n%2C+%CA%BBAli%CC%84+Isma%CC%84%CA%BBi%CC%84l+Fi%CC%84ru%CC%84z.&qt=hot_author Search results for Piruz Dilanchi's books from WorldCat]</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=September 2021}} katika [[Kiazeri|lugha ya Kiazeri]] na [[Kiajemi]]. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1965||}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Iran]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Iran]] lj5kylutr8sobemg6c9kk033gt1y38v 1574417 1574301 2026-06-18T09:30:48Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1574417 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pirouz Dilanchi''' ({{IPA|az|piˈruːz diːlænˈt͡ʃi|label=Katamko la Kiazeri cha Iran}}, {{IPA|az|piˈrus dilænˈt͡ʃi|label=Katamko la Kiazeri cha Sovieti}}; alizaliwa kama '''Ali (Baratali oglu) Ismayilfiruz''' ; Mei 1965 mjini [[Tehran]], Iran) ni kiongozi wa harakati za kujitenga mwenye asili ya [[Irani|Iran]] na [[Azerbaijan]]. Pia ameandika mashairi mengi na ni mwandishi wa vitabu vinane<ref>[http://turuz.com/en/index/view/77c3bbe0d1fb46027a4b3be39e6c27c978d91470 Turuz » book]</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://dlib.ical.ir/site/catalogue/261029 |title=National library of Iran - Library, Museum and Document Center of The Parliament of Iran |access-date=2012-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521040545/http://dlib.ical.ir/site/catalogue/261029 |archive-date=2014-05-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/039523497 Similar vocabulary of the language and literature of Azerbaijan]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=wIQ6ygAACAAJ Google Books]</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.lib.ir/LibView/DocView.aspx?did=HPWwWwHBHBAPHPWwBFDHPHPZAPAP |title=Nabi Khazri - Poems |accessdate=2013-01-08 |archive-date=2014-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521034629/http://www.lib.ir/LibView/DocView.aspx?did=HPWwWwHBHBAPHPWwBFDHPHPZAPAP |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://89.147.202.130:8000/cgi-bin/gw_2010_1_3/chameleon?sessionid=2010101223275403543&skin=azl&lng=az&inst=consortium&host=localhost%2B2222%2BDEFAULT&patronhost=localhost%202222%20DEFAULT&searchid=34&sourcescreen=INITREQ&pos=1&itempos=1&rootsearch=SCAN&function=INITREQ&search=AUTHID&authid=580160&authidu=1003 {{dead link|date=November 2016}} Əli İsmayıl Firuz Sümərin</ref><ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/038902514 Nabi Khazri - Piruz Dilanchi]</ref><ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49572276 معاصر آذربايجان شاعيرلريندن قانلی نغمه لر]</ref><ref>[http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3AS%CC%B2amari%CC%84n%2C+%CA%BBAli%CC%84+Isma%CC%84%CA%BBi%CC%84l+Fi%CC%84ru%CC%84z.&qt=hot_author Search results for Piruz Dilanchi's books from WorldCat]</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=September 2021}} katika [[Kiazeri|lugha ya Kiazeri]] na [[Kiajemi]]. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1965||}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Iran]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Iran]] shyrh3u7utpsuzshmpy1bgatasganr3 Nasser Minachi 0 237900 1574187 1548912 2026-06-17T21:22:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574187 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nasser Minachi''' (1931 – 25 Januari 2014) alikuwa mwanaharakati wa [[Iran]] na mwanzilishi wa [[Hosseiniyeh Ershad]], taasisi ya Kiislamu ya kisasa. Alihudumu kama waziri wa utalii na kisha waziri wa habari na utangazaji katika [[Serikali ya Mpito ya Iran (1979)]] baada ya [[Mapinduzi ya Iran|abadiliko ya utawala]] mnamo mwaka 1979. Pia alikuwa waziri wa utamaduni katika serikali hiyo wakati wa urais wa [[Abolhassan Banisadr]]. == Kazi na harakati == Minachi alikuwa mmoja wa viongozi wa wafanyabiashara wa masoko (bazaar) wakati wa utawala wa [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] na alianzisha kwa pamoja taasisi ya Hosseiniyeh Ershad, shirika la Kiislamu lisilo la kimapokeo mjini [[Tehran]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Gholam Reza Afkhami|title=The Life and Times of the Shah|isbn=978-0-520-94216-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTVSPmyvtkAC&pg=PA445|year=2008|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|page=445|location=Berkeley, CA|author-link=Gholam Reza Afkhami}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Siavush Randjbar-Daemi|title=Building the Islamic State: The Draft Constitution of 1979 Reconsidered|journal=Iranian Studies|year=2013|volume=46|issue=4|pages=641–663|doi=10.1080/00210862.2013.784519 |s2cid=143669454}}</ref> Alihudumu kama msimamizi wa taasisi hiyo hadi kifo chake. Alikuwa pia kiongozi wa upinzani wakati huo.<ref name=rubin>{{cite book|author=Barry Rubin|title=Paved with Good Intentions: The American Experience In Iran|url=https://archive.org/details/pavedwithgoodint0000rubi|year=1981 |isbn=9780140059649|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=New York|author-link=Barry Rubin}}</ref> Alikuwa na mwelekeo wa upinzani wa wastani na alihudumu kama mkurugenzi wa kamati ya kutetea haki za binadamu.<ref name=hoos>{{cite thesis|oclc=12037858|year=1984 |author=Hooshmand Mirfakhraei|title=The Imperial Iranian armed forces and the revolution of 1978-1979|page=294|location=State University of New York at Buffalo|degree=PhD|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/303350420|id={{ProQuest|303350420}}}}</ref> Punde tu kabla ya [[Mapinduzi ya Iran|abadiliko ya utawala]] mnamo Februari 1979, Minachi alikuwa pia msemaji wa kikundi cha wanaharakati wa kizalendo wa Kiislamu wenye msimamo wa wastani kilichoongozwa na [[Mahdi Bazargan]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Darioush Bayandor|title=The Shah, the Islamic Revolution and the United States|year=2019 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|location=Cham, Switzerland|isbn=978-3-319-96118-7|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96119-4|author-link=Darioush Bayandor|pages=272–273|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-96119-4|s2cid=158585193}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1931|2014}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Iran]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Iran]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Iran]] aem7pegejv01jt38yl92kshse0d7tnb Mohammad Baheri 0 238044 1574096 1549671 2026-06-17T14:07:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574096 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohammad Motazad Bahri''' (1918 – 2007) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa [[Iran]] alihudumu kama Katibu Mkuu wa tatu wa [[Chama cha Rastakhiz]] kuanzia tarehe 7 Agosti 1977 hadi 20 Januari 1978, na baadaye akawa Waziri wa Sheria kuanzia tarehe 27 Agosti 1978 hadi 29 Oktoba 1978.<ref>[http://iichs.org/index.asp?id=1083&doc_cat=7 iichs]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }},.</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.ghazavatonline.com/18784/biography-dr-mohammad-motazed-baheri-shirazi/ |title=ghazavatonline |accessdate=2026-05-23 |archive-date=2019-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526154703/https://www.ghazavatonline.com/18784/biography-dr-mohammad-motazed-baheri-shirazi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://fis-iran.org/en/content/baheri-mohammad|website=fis-iran.org|access-date=2019-05-27|title=Baheri, Mohammad &#124; Foundation for Iranian Studies}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1918|2007}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Iran]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Iran]] caziekdesljhipabwyiz43z68meq87d Mousa Namjoo 0 238064 1574109 1549226 2026-06-17T14:51:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574109 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mousa Namjoo''' (17 Desemba 1938 – 29 Septemba 1981) alikuwa afisa wa jeshi la [[Iran]] alihudumu kama [[Wizara ya Ulinzi na Lojistiki ya Vikosi vya Ulinzi (Iran)|waziri wa ulinzi]] kuanzia Agosti hadi Septemba 1981. == Wasifu == Namjoo alizaliwa mjini [[Bandar-e Anzali]] mnamo tarehe 17 Desemba 1938.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ezzatolah Alvandi|script-title=fa:مردی به رنگ پرتقال (شهید سید موسی نامجو)|year=2005|publisher=Shahed|location=Tehran|language=fa|isbn=964-394-210-4}}</ref> Alihitimu kutoka Chuo cha Maafisa wa Jeshi (Shule ya Maafisa) ambacho kwa sasa kinajulikana kama [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kijeshi cha Imam Ali]].<ref>[http://mod.ir/content/%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%8C شهید سرلشکر موسی نامجوی] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013164141/http://mod.ir/content/%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%8C|date=13 October 2013 }} ''وب‌گاه رسمی وزارت دفاع ایران''] Ministry of Defence (in Persian)</ref> Alikuwa ameoa na alikuwa na watoto watatu.<ref>[http://www.aviny.com/rahiyan_noor/revaiat-eshgh/khatere/52.aspx خاطراتی ازشهید سرتیپ خلبان سید موسی نامجو] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aviny.com/rahiyan_noor/revaiat-eshgh/khatere/52.aspx |date=20220812112044 }} ''وب‌گاه رسمی مرتضی آوینی''] ''Aviny'' (in Persian)</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1938|1981}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Iran]] [[Jamii:quran] [[Jamii:Historia ya Iran]] 2tr15aijwrpqaopsnpkv7ffxgkcwlto Mostowfi ol-Mamalek 0 238081 1574101 1549535 2026-06-17T14:42:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574101 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mirza Hasan Ashtiani''' anajulikana zaidi kwa jina la cheo alilotunukiwa la '''Mostowfi ol-Mamalek''' ; 5 Oktoba 1871 – 10 Agosti 1932) alikuwa mwanasiasa na kiongozi wa serikali wa [[Iran]] alihudumu kama [[Waziri Mkuu wa Iran|waziri mkuu]] wa Iran katika vipindi sita tofauti kuanzia mwaka 1910 hadi 1927. == Maisha ya mapema == Mostowfi al-Mamalek alitoka katika familia mashuhuri ya kiaristokrasia ya urasimu wa ngazi za juu wakati wa enzi za Qajar, ambayo asili yake ilikuwa katika mkoa wa [[Ashtian]]. Inasemekana kuwa familia hiyo ina asili ya [[Nasaba ya Safavid]].<ref name="Ervand Abrahamian p. 10">Ervand Abrahamian, "A History of Modern Iran" (Cambridge University Press, 2008: {{ISBN|0521821398}}, 9780521821391), p. 10.</ref> Baba yake Mostowfi alikuwa [[Mirza Yusuf Ashtiani|Mirza Yousof Mostowfi al-Mamalek]], ambaye alikuwa afisa wa urasimu katika jumba la kifalme la [[Nasaba ya Qajar]], waziri mkuu wa Naser al-Din Shah<ref name=iichs>{{cite web|last=Einollahzadeh|first=Soheila|title=Statesman: Mirza Hassan Khan Mostofialmamalek|url=http://iichs.org/index_en.asp?id=1620&doc_cat=16|access-date=17 November 2011|archive-date=2026-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260404113950/http://www.iichs.org/index_en.asp?id=1620&doc_cat=16|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=iichs2>{{cite web|last=Moezzinia|first=Vida|title=Statesman: Nasseraddin Shah|url=http://iichs.org/index_en.asp?id=802&doc_cat=16|access-date=17 November 2011|archive-date=2026-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260404120829/http://www.iichs.org/index_en.asp?id=802&doc_cat=16|url-status=dead}}</ref> na pia waziri mkuu wa nchi. Baba yake pia alipewa jukumu la kuainisha mipaka mipya ya jiji la Tehran wakati idadi ya watu ilipofikia 150,000.<ref name=TehranMunicipality>{{cite web|title=The Old Tehran|url=http://region12.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=176|access-date=17 November 2012|archive-date=2013-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214065001/http://region12.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=176|url-status=dead}}</ref> Babu yake alikuwa Mirza Hasan Mostowfi al-Mamalek wa Kwanza, ambaye alitunukiwa cheo cha Mostofi al Mamalek chini ya utawala wa [[Mohammad Shah Qajar]].<ref name=iransoc>{{cite web|last=Bakhtiar|first=Salar|title=THE LIFE OF MIRZA HASSAN KHAN, MOSTOFI AL MAMALEK|url=http://www.iransociety.org/docs/journal_2005.pdf|date=24 November 2004|access-date=20 August 2011|archive-date=2018-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424201304/http://www.iransociety.org/docs/journal_2005.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Mehdi Bamdad, ''DICTIONARY OF THE NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY OF IRAN TWELFTH, THIRTEENTH AND FOURTEENTH CENTURIES'', Vol. 1, pp. 318–312.</ref> Mostowfi pia alikuwa binamu wa pili wa [[Mohammad Mosaddegh]], aliyehudumu kama Waziri Mkuu wa Iran kuanzia mwaka 1951 hadi 1953.<ref>Mohammad Mossadegh, ''Musaddiq's Memoirs'' (Jebhe, 1988: {{ISBN|9781870740005}})</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1871|1932}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Iran]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Iran]] 3g3bfixxzjx8t0vwgozk0sjfgwf4f8d Chūhachi Ninomiya 0 238299 1574191 1549679 2026-06-17T21:26:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574191 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chūhachi Ninomiya''' (Kijapani: 二宮 忠八; 20 Juni 1866 – 8 Aprili 1936) alikuwa mwanzilishi wa awali wa masuala ya anga (aviation pioneer) kutoka [[Japani]]. Anakumbukwa kwa miundo yake ya kipekee ya ndege, ikiwa ni pamoja na “Karasu-gata mokei hikouki” (“ndege mfano wa kunguru”, 1891) na “Tamamushi-gata hikouki” (“ndege aina ya mdudu wa thamani/jewel beetle”, 1893). Alibuni pia dhana ya mashine ya kuruka yenye injini tatu kabla ya ndugu wa [[Wright brothers]], jambo lililosaidia kuimarisha uwezo wa Japani katika uhandisi na utengenezaji wa ndege kufikia miaka ya 1930.<ref name="Odagiri-Goto">{{Cite book | last = Odagiri | first = Hiroyuki | title = Technology and Industrial Development in Japan | url = https://archive.org/details/technologyindust00unse | publisher = Clarendon Press, Oxford | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-19-828802-6 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/technologyindust00unse/page/214 214] }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1866|1936}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Japani]] lwfw10q3vy5mm08jbnn3rbexhe02c07 Mohsen Sadr 0 238311 1574097 1549703 2026-06-17T14:11:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574097 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohsen Sadr''' ( pia anajulikana kwa jina la cheo chake: '''Sadr ol-Ashraf''' [II]; 1871 – 19 Oktoba 1962)<ref>[http://www.aftabir.com/lifestyle/view/114566/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1 aftabir.com]</ref> alikuwa jaji na mwanasiasa, aliyekuwa [[Waziri Mkuu wa Iran]] na rais wa [[Baraza la Seneti la Iran]]. Wakati wa serikali yake, [[Iran]] ilikuwa miongoni mwa mataifa yaliyoanzisha [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] kwa kutia saini [[Mkataba wa Umoja wa Mataifa]].<ref>[https://www.irna.ir/news/84295132/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81 درباره صدرالاشراف] Irna. (in Persian). Retrieved 9 March 2023</ref><ref name=":0">[http://iichs.org/index.asp?id=172&doc_cat=7 آسيه آل احمد] {{Wayback|url=http://iichs.org/index.asp?id=172&doc_cat=7 |date=20170312200044 }} iichs.org (in Persian). Retrieved 9 March 2023</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1871|1962}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Iran]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Iran]] jiib933c6a6fq5uh10l419rvdly9nhj Fred T. Jane 0 238441 1574288 1549909 2026-06-17T23:25:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574288 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Fredrick Thomas Jane''' ([[Agosti 6]], [[1865]] – [[Machi 8]], [[1916]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]], [[msanii]], mchezaji wa michezo ya vita, na mhariri mwanzilishi wa ''All the World's Fighting Ships'' (''Jane's Fighting Ships'') na ''All the World's Airships'' nchini [[Uingereza]]. Alianzisha Jane's Information Group na kuwa mchapishaji wa kumbukumbu za kijeshi na usafiri.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Brooks |first=Richard |date=1997 |title=Fred T. Jane: an Eccentric Visionary |url=https://archive.org/details/fredtjaneeccentr0000broo |publisher=Jane’s Information Group |location=London |isbn=9780710617514 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fredtjaneeccentr0000broo/page/193 193]–194}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1865]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1916]] iek2mgjnnv4t3qal8lncz8qhysvypft Third World 0 238487 1574224 1569807 2026-06-17T22:02:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 3 books for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 | jina = Third World | picha = ThirdWorld7.jpg | maelezo = Kundi la Third World likitumbuiza kwenye tamasha la [[Reggae Geel]] mnamo mwaka 2022 | background = group_or_band | asili = [[Kingston, Jamaika|Kingston]], Jamaika | aina = [[Reggae fusion]]<ref name="Adams">{{cite magazine|author=McAdams, Janine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hxAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15 |magazine=Billboard| date=25 July 1992|title=Third World Puts Reggae On Top|volume=104|issue=30|issn=0006-2510|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|page=15}}</ref> | miaka ya kazi = {{start date|1973}}–sasa | studio = [[Cleopatra Records|Cleopatra]], [[Island Records|Island]], [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Mercury Records|Mercury]], Third World Music Group | tovuti = {{URL|thirdworldband.com/}} | washiriki wa sasa = *Richard "Richie" Barr<br />*Richard Daley<br />*Tony "Ruption" Williams<br />*Norris "Noreiga" Webb<br />*AJ "Bobocelli" Brown }} '''Third World''' ni kundi la muziki wa [[reggae fusion]] kutoka nchini [[Jamaika]] lililoundwa mnamo mwaka 1973. Mtindo wao wa muziki uliathiriwa pakubwa na miondoko ya muziki wa [[Soul music|soul]], [[funk]], na [[disco]]. Ingawa kundi hili limepitia mabadiliko kadhaa ya washiriki tangu kuanzishwa kwake, Richard Daley amekuwa mwanachama wa kudumu tangu kundi hilo lilipoundwa mnamo mwaka 1973. == Historia == === Miaka ya 1970 === Third World ilianza pale mpiga kinanda [[Michael Cooper (mwanamuziki)|Michael "Ibo" Cooper]] na mpiga gitaa (pamoja na gitaa la cello) Stephen "Cat" Coore (mtoto wa aliyekuwa Naibu Waziri Mkuu David Coore)—ambao hapo awali walikuwa wakipiga muziki kwenye bendi ya The Alley Cats na baadaye [[Inner Circle (bendi ya reggae)|Inner Circle]]—walipoamua kuondoka na kuanzisha bendi yao wenyewe wakishirikiana na mwimbaji wa zamani wa Inner Circle, Milton "Prilly" Hamilton.<ref name="Thompson">{{cite book|author=Thompson, Dave|year=2002|title=Reggae & Caribbean Music|url=https://archive.org/details/reggaecaribbeanm0000thom|publisher=Backbeat Books|isbn=0-87930-655-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/reggaecaribbeanm0000thom/page/278 278]–280}}</ref><ref name="Barrow">{{cite book|author1=Barow, Steve |author2=Dalton, Peter |year=2004|title=The Rough Guide to Reggae|url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoregg00barr |edition=3rd|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=1-84353-329-4|page=148}}</ref> Walimchukua mpiga gitaa la besi Richard Daley (aliyekuwa akipiga kwenye bendi ya [[Ken Boothe]] na kundi la Tomorrow's Children), na kumwongeza mpiga ngoma Carl Barovier pamoja na mpiga vyombo vya mdundo wa zamani wa Inner Circle, Irvin "Carrot" Jarrett, kabla ya kufanya onyesho lao la kwanza jukwaani mapema mwaka 1974.<ref name="Thompson" /> Baada ya kurekodi baadhi ya nyimbo chini ya mtayarishaji [[Geoffrey Chung]] ambazo hazikutolewa rasmi, wimbo wao wa kwanza rasmi uliotoka ulikuwa "Railroad Track" (1974) waliojitayarisha wenyewe.<ref name="Thompson" /> Katika siku zao za mapema, walitumbuiza zaidi kwenye hoteli na klabu za usiku jijini Kingston na (wakiwa pamoja na [[The Wailers]]) walisindikiza kundi la [[The Jackson Five]] walipotumbuiza kwenye Uwanja wa Kitaifa wa Jamaika.<ref name="Thompson" /> Baadaye walisaini mkataba chini ya studio ya [[Island Records]] na kufanya ziara ya kimuziki barani Ulaya pamoja na The Wailers.<ref name="Thompson" /> Albamu yao ya kwanza iliyobeba jina la bendi hiyo ''[[Third World (albamu ya Third World)|Third World]]'' ilitoka mwaka 1976. Albamu hiyo ilijumuisha wimbo wa kurudiwa wa "[[Satta Massagana]]", ambao hapo awali uliimbwa na kundi la [[The Abyssinians]], na ukawa wimbo uliopendwa sana nchini humo. Hamilton na Cornell Marshall (aliyechukua nafasi ya Barovier hapo awali) walitoka na nafasi zao kuchukuliwa na wanachama wengine wawili wa zamani wa Inner Circle: mwimbaji [[Bunny Rugs|William "Bunny Rugs" Clarke]] na mpiga ngoma Willie Stewart kabla ya kurekodi albamu yao ya pili, ''[[96° in the Shade]]'' (1977), iliyovuma sana ndani ya Jamaika. Kati ya nyimbo nane zilizokuwemo, zilizong'ara zaidi ni "1865 (96° in the Shade)" (wimbo unaozungumzia mapinduzi ya [[Morant Bay rebellion]] ya mwaka 1865), "Rhythm of Life", na wimbo pekee wa kurudiwa wa "Dreamland", ulioandikwa na [[Bunny Wailer]].<ref name="Thompson" /> Walitumbuiza mbele ya umati wa watu 80,000 kwenye tamasha la Smile Jamaica mnamo mwaka 1976.<ref name="Thompson" /> Mnamo mwaka 1977, bendi hii ilishirikiana na daktari wa magonjwa ya akili Frederick Hickling katika kuandaa onyesho la ''Explanitations'' lililofanyika kwenye jukwaa la Little Theatre jijini Kingston mapema mwaka uliofuata.<ref name="Hickling">{{cite book|author=Hickling, Frederick W.|year=2012|title=Psychohistoriography|isbn=978-1849053570|pages=74–78|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers }}</ref> == Mtindo wa muziki == Ingawa bendi hii ilipiga muziki wa [[roots reggae]], walijumuisha pia mitindo mingine kwenye kazi zao. Ushawishi wa mapema kutoka kwa The Wailers ndio uliochochea kuundwa kwa bendi hiyo ili kuelekea upande mpya unaochanganya reggae na aina nyingine za muziki.<ref name="Thompson" /> Ladha yao iliyolenga zaidi muziki wa pop iliwavutia ukosoaji kutoka kwa wapenzi wakomavu wa reggae ambao hawakufurahishwa na kitendo cha bendi hiyo kuingiza miondoko ya soul ya Kimarekani na [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] kwenye muziki wao.<ref name="Vleck">{{cite magazine|author=van Vleck, Philip|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQ0EAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22third+world%22+reggae&pg=PA60|title=Third World ''Ain't Givin' Up''|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=31 May 2003|page=60|access-date=8 September 2012}}</ref> Bendi hii imewahi pia kupiga muziki wa folk-pop, hard rock, [[bossa nova]], rap, pop-jazz, [[doo-wop]], na [[Calypso music|calypso]].<ref name="Wartofsky">{{cite news|author=Wartofsky, Alona|title=Third World, From Reggae to Rap|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=16 April 1990|page=B9}}</ref><ref name="Bordowitz">{{cite book|author=Bordowitz, Hank|year=2004|title=Noise of the World: Non-Western Musicians in Their Own Words|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_2801932360600|publisher=Soft Skull Press|isbn=9781932360608|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_2801932360600/page/5 5]}}</ref> Mtindo wao unafahamika zaidi kama [[reggae fusion]].<ref name="Adams" /> Bunny Rugs aliwahi kuuelezea muziki wao kwa kusema: "Kama bendi ya reggae pekee, hapana. Lakini hakika sisi ni bendi ya reggae, ndiyo."<ref name="Adams" /> Cat Coore naye alisema: "Mchanganyiko wa aina mbalimbali za muziki kwetu ni kitu cha asili kwa sababu, kwa kukulia Jamaika, tunajua mizizi halisi ya reggae na ska. Wakati huo huo tunaishi kwenye nchi ambayo unapata fursa ya kuwasikia wasanii kama [[Chuck Berry]], [[Fats Domino]] na wasanii wote wa R&B."<ref name="Darling" /> Mpiga besi Richard Daley aliongeza kuwa: "Tulichukua muziki wa roots reggae na kuuwekea matawi juu yake." == Washiriki == [[File:ThirdWorld5.jpg|thumb|Stephen "Cat" Coore wa bendi ya Third World akitumbuiza kwenye tamasha la [[Reggae Geel]] mwaka 2022]] === Washiriki wa sasa === *Richard Daley – gitaa la besi <small>(1973–sasa)</small> *Richard Barr - gitaa la besi <small>(2021–sasa)</small> *Tony "Ruption" Williams – ngoma <small>(1997–sasa)</small> *Norris "Noriega" Webb – kinanda <small>(2007–sasa)</small> *AJ Brown – sauti <small>(2014–sasa)</small> === Washiriki wa zamani === *[[Bunny Rugs|William "Bunny Rugs" Clarke]] – sauti, gitaa <small>(1976–2014; alifariki 2014)</small> *[[Michael Cooper (mwanamuziki)|Michael "Ibo" Cooper]] – kinanda <small>(1973–1997; alifariki 2023)</small> *Stephen "Cat" Coore - gitaa, cello <small>(1973–2026; alifariki 2026)</small> *Irvin "Carrot" Jarrett – vyombo vya mdundo <small>(1973–1983; alifariki 2018)</small> *Carl Barovier – ngoma <small>(1973–1976)</small> *Milton "Prilly" Hamilton – sauti <small>(1973–1976; alifariki 2025)</small> *Willie Stewart – ngoma <small>(1976–1997)</small> *Rupert "Gypsy" Bent III – gitaa, kinanda, vyombo vya mdundo, sauti <small>(1989, 1994)</small> *Leroy "Baarbe" Romans – kinanda <small>(1997–1999)</small> *Mikel Wallace – kinanda <small>(1999)</small> *Herbie Harris – kinanda <small>(2002–2010)</small> *Maurice Gregory - kinanda <small>(2010–2020)</small> == Kazi za Muziki == === Albamu za Studio === {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" |+ Orodha ya albamu na nafasi zilizoshika kwenye chati ! scope="col" rowspan=2 style="width:20em;"| Jina la Albamu ! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Mwaka ! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Studio/Lebo ! scope="col" colspan=3 | Nafasi Kwenye Chati |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%";"|[[UK Albums Chart|Uingereza]]<br><ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums">{{cite book|first=David|last=Roberts|year=2006|title=British Hit Singles & Albums|edition=19th|publisher=Guinness World Records Limited|location=London|isbn=1-904994-10-5|page=556}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%";"|[[Billboard Hot 200|Marekani]]<br><ref name="Awards">{{cite web|title=Third World - Awards|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/third-world-mn0000494474/awards|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=2 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127235842/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/third-world-mn0000494474/awards|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%";"|Marekani R&B<br><ref name="Awards"/> |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Third World (albamu ya Third World)|Third World]]'' | 1976 | rowspan="5"|[[Island Records|Island]] | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | ''[[96° in the Shade]]'' | 1977 | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Journey to Addis]]'' | 1978 | 30 | 55 | 14 |- ! scope="row" | ''[[The Story's Been Told]]'' | 1979 | — | 157 | — |- ! scope="row" | ''Arise in Harmony'' | 1980 | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | ''Rock the World'' | 1981 | [[Columbia Records|CBS]] | 37 | 186 | 50 |- ! scope="row" | ''You've Got the Power'' | 1982 | Columbia | 87 | 63 | 20 |- ! scope="row" | ''All the Way Strong'' | 1983 | rowspan="2"|CBS | — | 137 | 50 |- ! scope="row" | ''Sense of Purpose'' | 1985 | — | 119 | 42 |- ! scope="row" | ''Hold on to Love'' | 1987 | Columbia | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Serious Business (albamu ya Third World)|Serious Business]]'' | 1989 | [[Mercury Records|Mercury]] | — | 107 | 30 |- ! scope="row" | ''Committed'' | 1992 | Mercury | — | — | 51 |- ! scope="row" | ''Live It Up'' | 1995 | Bud Music | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | ''Generation Coming'' | rowspan="2"|1999 | Déclic Communication | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | ''The Story's Been Told'' | Island | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | ''Ain't Givin' Up'' | 2003 | [[Shanachie Records|Shanachie]] | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | ''Riddim Haffa Rule'' | 2004 | Music Avenue | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | ''Black Gold Green'' | 2005 | Nocturne | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | ''Patriots'' | 2010 | Third World Music Group | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | ''Under the Magic Sun'' | 2014 | Cleopatra | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | ''More Work to Be Done'' | 2019 | Ghetto Youths International | — | — | — |- | colspan="6" style="font-size:90%"| Alama ya "—" inamaanisha albamu haikuingia kwenye chati hizo. |} === Albamu za Onyesho la Jukwaani (Live) === {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" |+ Orodha ya albamu za jukwaani na nafasi kwenye chati ! scope="col" rowspan=2 style="width:20em;"| Jina la Albamu ! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Mwaka ! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Lebo ! scope="col" colspan=2 | Nafasi Kwenye Chati |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%";"|[[Billboard Hot 200|Marekani]]<br><ref name="Awards"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%";"|Marekani R&B<br><ref name="Awards"/> |- ! scope="row" | ''Prisoner in the Street'' | 1980 | Island | 186 | 59 |- ! scope="row" | ''Dedicated to Stevie Wonder'' | 1982 | Buccaneer | — | — |- ! scope="row" | ''Third World Live'' | 2001 | rowspan="2"|Tabou 1 | — | — |- ! scope="row" | ''Live in Hawaii & Jamaica'' | 2002 | — | — |- ! scope="row" | ''Music Hall in Concert'' | 2007 | Membran Music | — | — |- | colspan="6" style="font-size:90%"| Alama ya "—" inamaanisha albamu haikuingia kwenye chati hizo. |} === Albamu za Mchanganyiko (Compilations) === {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" |+ Orodha ya albamu za mchanganyiko ! scope="col" style="width:20em;"| Jina la Albamu ! scope="col" | Mwaka ! scope="col" | Lebo |- ! scope="row" | ''Reggae Greats'' | 1985 | Island |- ! scope="row" | ''Reggae Ambassadors'' | 1994 | Chronicles |- ! scope="row" | ''The Best of Third World'' | 1993 | Sony |- ! scope="row" | ''Greatest Hits'' | 1995 | Columbia |- ! scope="row" | ''25th Anniversary'' | 2001 | BMG |- ! scope="row" | ''Now That We've Found Love'' | 2004 | Charly |- ! scope="row" | ''Tuff Mi Tuff'' | 2006 | Noble Price |- ! scope="row" | ''The Best of Third World: The Millennium Collection'' | 2007 | Island |} === Singo zao === {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" |+ Orodha ya nyimbo zilizovuma na nafasi kwenye chati ! scope="col" rowspan=2 style="width:20em;"| Jina la Wimbo ! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Mwaka ! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Lebo ! scope="col" colspan=5 | Nafasi Kwenye Chati |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%";"|[[Kent Music Report|AUS]]<br><ref name=aus>{{cite book|last=Kent|first=David|authorlink=David Kent (historian)|title=Australian Chart Book 1970–1992|edition=illustrated|publisher=Australian Chart Book|location=St Ives, N.S.W.|year=1993|isbn=0-646-11917-6|page=308}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%";"|[[UK Singles Chart|Uingereza]]<br><ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums"/><ref name="UK">{{cite web|title=THIRD WORLD - full Official Chart History|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/17137/third-world/|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|access-date=10 October 2022}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%";"|[[Billboard Hot 100|Marekani]]<br><ref name="VF">{{cite web|title=Third World Top Songs / Chart Singles Discography|url=https://www.musicvf.com/Third+World.art|website=Music VF|access-date=2 January 2022}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%";"|Marekani R&B<br><ref name="VF"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%";"|Marekani Dance<br><ref name="VF"/> |- ! scope="row" | "Railroad Track" | 1975 | rowspan="8"|Island | — | — | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | "96º in the Shade" | 1977 | — | — | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | "[[Now That We Found Love]]" | rowspan="2"|1978 | — | 10 | 47 | 9 | — |- ! scope="row" | "Cool Meditation" | — | 17 | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | "One Cold Vibe (Couldn't Stop Dis Ya Boogie)" | rowspan="5"|1979 | — | — | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | "Tonight for Me" | — | — | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | "The Story's Been Told" | — | — | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | "Talk to Me" | — | 56 | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | "Always Around" | Jah's Music/Island | — | — | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | "Street Fighting" | rowspan="2"|1980 | Cav Lip | — | — | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | "Rooths with Quality" | Observers | — | — | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | "Dancing on the Floor (Hooked on Love)" | rowspan="2"|1981 | rowspan="3"|CBS | — | 10 | — | 88 | — |- ! scope="row" | "Standing in the Rain" | — | — | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | "Try Jah Love" | rowspan="3"|1982 | 55 | 47 | 101 | 23 | 17 |- ! scope="row" | "You're Playing Us Too Close" | Columbia | — | — | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | "Ride On" | rowspan="5"|CBS | — | — | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | "Love Is Out to Get You" | rowspan="2"|1983 | — | — | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | "Lagos Jump" | — | — | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | "Sense of Purpose" | rowspan="4"|1985 | — | — | — | 51 | 45 |- ! scope="row" | "One More Time" | — | 99 | — | — | 8 |- ! scope="row" | "One to One" | Columbia | — | — | — | 76 | — |- ! scope="row" | "Now That We Found Love" <small>(Toleo jipya)</small> | Island | — | 22 | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | "Hold on to Love" | rowspan="3"|1987 | CBS | — | — | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | "Over Due" | Jah's Music | — | — | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | "The Spirit Lives" | Columbia | — | — | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | "It's the Same Old Song" | rowspan="2"|1989 | rowspan="2"|Mercury | — | 80 | — | 77 | — |- ! scope="row" | "Forbidden Love" | — | — | — | 17 | — |- ! scope="row" | "Live in the Balance" | 1991 | Jah's Music | — | — | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | "Committed" | 1992 | Mercury | — | — | — | 27 | — |- ! scope="row" | "Talk to Me" <small>(Toleo jipya)</small> | 1994 | Great Jones | — | — | — | — | 19 |- ! scope="row" | "Dem Man Deh" | 1996 | rowspan="2"|Taxi | — | — | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | "Baltimore" | 1997 | — | — | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | "Reggae Party" <small>(akishirikiana na [[Shaggy (mwanamuziki)|Shaggy]])</small> | 1999 | Eagle | — | — | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | "Dread Eyes" | 2000 | Reggae Blitz | — | — | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | "Ya Ya Ya Jamaica" | 2001 | BMG | — | — | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | "96 Degrees Cover (2nd Generation)" <small>(akishirikiana na Stephen na Damian Marley)</small> | 2011 | Third World Music Group | — | — | — | — | — |- ! scope="row" | "Loving You Is Easy" | 2018 | Ghetto Youths International | — | — | — | — | — |- | colspan="8" style="font-size:90%"| Alama ya "—" inamaanisha wimbo haikuingia kwenye chati hizo. |} == Tuzo na teuzi == === Tuzo za Grammy === Tuzo za [[Grammy Award|Grammy]] hutolewa kila mwaka na taasisi ya [[National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]] ya Marekani. Kundi la Third World limebahatika kupata jumla ya teuzi (nominations) tisa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/third-world/8530|title=Third World|website=Grammy.com|date=June 24, 2023}}</ref> {{awards table}} |- |[[Tuzo za 25 za Grammy|1983]] |''Reggae Sunsplash '81: A Tribute to Bob Marley'' |[[Grammy Award for Best Ethnic or Traditional Folk Recording|Onyesho Bora la Muziki wa Kiasili au Kienyeji]] |{{nom}} |- |[[Tuzo za 30 za Grammy|1988]] |''Hold On to Love'' |rowspan=8|[[Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album|Albamu Bora ya Reggae]] |{{nom}} |- |[[Tuzo za 32 za Grammy|1990]] |''Serious Business'' |{{nom}} |- |[[Tuzo za 35 za Grammy|1993]] |''Committed'' |{{nom}} |- |[[Tuzo za 38 za Grammy|1996]] |''Live It Up'' |{{nom}} |- |[[Tuzo za 42 za Grammy|2000]] |''Generation Coming'' |{{nom}} |- |[[Tuzo za 46 za Grammy|2004]] |''Ain't Givin' Up'' |{{nom}} |- |[[Tuzo za 48 za Grammy|2006]] |''Black Gold & Green'' |{{nom}} |- |[[Tuzo za 62 za Grammy|2020]] |''More Work to Be Done'' |{{nom}} {{end}} == Viungo vya Nje == * [http://www.thirdworldband.com/ Tovuti Rasmi ya Third World] * {{discogs artist|Third World}} * {{IMDb name|2343663}} {{Third World (bendi)}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Third World}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Jamaika]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} 1qxf5uxxxdblyoxof7ko9vk6fa084il Abdur Rahim Khan (gavana) 0 238802 1574204 1550546 2026-06-17T21:42:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574204 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abdur Rahim Khan''' (<big>عبدالرحیم‌ خان</big>) alikuwa Gavana wa [[Afghanistan]] katika mkoa wa Herat. Alizaliwa mnamo mwaka 1886 katika [[Wilaya ya Kohistan, Kapisa|Kohistan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64CQAAAAMAAJ|title=British documents on foreign affairs--reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print: From 1945 through 1950. Near and Middle East|last1=Yapp|first1=Malcolm|last2=Preston|first2=Paul|last3=Partridge|first3=Michael|date=1999|publisher=University Publications of America|isbn=978-1-55655-765-1|pages=28|language=en}}</ref> Alihudumu kama kamanda wa walinzi binafsi wa [[Habibullah Khan]] tangu akiwa na umri wa miaka 16.<ref name=":0" /> Mnamo mwaka 1921, alipandishwa cheo na kuwa brigedia.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ssuPAAAAMAAJ|title=Near and Middle East, 1951|last1=Preston|first1=Paul|last2=Partridge|first2=Michael|last3=Gokay|first3=Bulent|date=2005|publisher=LexisNexis|isbn=978-0-88692-720-2|pages=34|language=en}}</ref> Wakati wa Vita vya Kinyumbani vya Afghanistan (1928–1929), alijiunga na [[Wasaqqawist]] na akatumwa kwenda Mazar-i-Sharif ili kuandaa mapinduzi.<ref name=":1" /> Mnamo Septemba 1932, aliteuliwa na [[Mohammed Nadir Shah]] kuwa gavana wa Herat.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bv4hzxpo424C|title=Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia|last1=Clements|first1=Frank|last2=Adamec|first2=Ludwig W.|date=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-402-8|pages=3|language=en}}</ref> Katika mwaka huo huo wa 1932, alizima uasi wa kijeshi uliotaka kutokea mjini Herat.<ref name=":1" /> Aliteuliwa kuwa mkuu wa Tume ya Mpaka kati ya Uajemi na Afghanistan mnamo Septemba 1934.<ref name=":1" /> Alihudumu kama Naibu Waziri Mkuu wa Afghanistan mnamo 1938, na kisha kama Naibu Waziri Mkuu wa Afghanistan, mnamo 1940.<ref name="adamec1">{{cite book |last1=Adamec |first1=Ludwig W. |title=Historical and political who's who of Afghanistan |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3469 |date=1975 |publisher=Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt |location=Graz |isbn=3201009210}}</ref> Mnamo Januari 1946, alikamatwa kwa kushukiwa kushirikiana na kabila la Safi wakati wa Maasi ya kikabila ya Afghanistan ya 1944–1947, yeye pamoja na mkwe wake (mume wa binti yake) [[Khalilullah Khalili]].<ref name="BritDocPagexl">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=INiPAAAAMAAJ|title=British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Afghanistan, Turkey, Persia, Iraq and Levant 1954|last1=Preston|first1=Paul|last2=Partridge|first2=Michael|date=2008|publisher=LexisNexis|isbn=978-0-88692-720-2|pages=xl|language=en}}</ref> Aliachiwa huru mnamo mwaka 1948.<ref name="BritDocPagexl" /> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1886||}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afghanistan]] ec2agfm21a0di43frcfh4dpwnqjzjv6 Salemai 0 238861 1574290 1550649 2026-06-17T23:29:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574290 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sayyid Abdulillah''' alikuwa mwanasiasa wa [[Afghanistan]] katika serikali ya [[Mohammad Daoud Khan]], akihudumu kama makamu wa rais, naibu waziri mkuu na waziri wa fedha. Alizaliwa mnamo mwaka 1945, akapata elimu yake nchini Afghanistan na kutunukiwa shahada ya awali ya uchumi kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kabul]] mnamo mwaka 1970.<ref name="adamec1">{{cite book |last1=Adamec |first1=Ludwig W. |title=Historical and political who's who of Afghanistan |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3469 |date=1975 |publisher=Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt |location=Graz |isbn=3201009210}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1945||}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afghanistan]] dtc9toghf5ncrdog8aksw4ec5lpeqz4 Sayyid Abdulillah 0 238863 1574176 1550652 2026-06-17T21:11:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574176 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sayyid Abdulillah''' alikuwa mwanasiasa wa [[Afghanistan]] katika serikali ya [[Mohammad Daoud Khan]], akihudumu kama makamu wa rais, naibu waziri mkuu na waziri wa fedha. Alizaliwa mnamo mwaka 1945, akapata elimu yake nchini Afghanistan na kutunukiwa shahada ya awali ya uchumi kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kabul]] mnamo mwaka 1970.<ref name="adamec1">{{cite book |last1=Adamec |first1=Ludwig W. |title=Historical and political who's who of Afghanistan |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3469 |date=1975 |publisher=Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt |location=Graz |isbn=3201009210}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1945||}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afghanistan]] dtc9toghf5ncrdog8aksw4ec5lpeqz4 Saadoun al-Tikriti 0 238908 1574284 1550719 2026-06-17T23:15:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574284 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saadoun al-Tikriti''' (alifariki mwaka 1958) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa [[Iraki|Iraq]].<ref name="coughlin20">{{cite book |last1=Coughlin |first1=Con |authorlink=Con Coughlin |title=Saddam: The Secret Life |url=https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc_0 |date=2002 |publisher=MacMillan |location=London, U.K. |isbn=0-333-78200-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc_0/page/21 20]–22|quote=His house was located in a road with no street lighting, and as he approached the gate Saddam stepped out from behind a bush and shot him dead with a single shot to the head with a pistol given to him by Khairallah.}}</ref> Alikuwa mwanachama wa Chama cha Kikomunisti cha Iraq kutoka mji wa [[Tikrit]], mji ambao ulikuwa unatawaliwa zaidi na wafuasi wa [[Chama cha Ba'ath (Iraq)|Ba'ath]]. Kwa mujibu wa mwandishi [[Con Coughlin]], aliuawa na [[Saddam Hussein]] mjini Tikrit mnamo Oktoba 1958 kufuatia ombi la mjomba wa rais huyo wa baadaye, [[Khairallah Talfah]].<ref name="coughlin20"/> Saddam Hussein na mjomba wake walikamatwa na kufungwa jela kwa muda wa miezi sita, lakini hatimaye waliachiliwa huru kutokana na ukosefu wa ushahidi.<ref name="coughlin20"/> Inasemekana kuwa yeye ndiye aliyekuwa mtu wa kwanza kuuawa na Saddam Hussein.<ref name="telegraphruthless">{{cite news |title=Life and ruthless times of a dictator |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/1427196/Life-and-ruthless-times-of-dictator.html |access-date=November 20, 2025 |work=The Telegraph |date=April 10, 2003|quote=1958: Saddam commits his first murder on behalf of the nascent Iraqi Ba'ath party, killing Saadoun al-Tikriti, a Communist opponent of the party.}}</ref><ref name="telegraphglory">{{cite news |last1=Blair |first1=David |title=He dreamed of glory but dealt out only despair |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1424980/He-dreamed-of-glory-but-dealt-out-only-despair.html |access-date=November 20, 2025 |work=The Telegraph |date=March 18, 2003|quote=He shot dead his first victim, Saadoun al-Tikriti, a leading communist and hence a sworn enemy of the Ba'athists, in 1958.}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1920|1958}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Iraq]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Iraq]] 4eov5xn4wvbgcujhlt33x98zdzqdhvr Stephen Lings 0 238990 1574192 1550836 2026-06-17T21:28:08Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574192 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stephen Lings''' ([[Mei 31]], [[1961]] – [[Machi 30]], [[2024]]) alikuwa msanii wa wanyamapori, [[mchoraji]] picha, [[mwandishi]], na mhifadhi wa [[Uingereza]]. Aliochora kwenye magazeti mengi, majarida na vitabu, ikiwemo baadhi ya vitabu vya kuandamana kama ''The Railway Series''. Kazi zake zilionyesha wanyamapori wa Uingereza na alijulikana kwa uchoraji wake wa ndege na mamalia.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gibbs|first1=Bridget|last2=Lings|first2=Stephen|last3=Gibson|first3=Tony|title=The Usborne Book of Bird Facts.|url=https://archive.org/details/usbornebookofbir0000gibb|date=1990|publisher=Usborne|isbn=9780746006191}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book|last1=Lings|first1=Stephen|last2=Hunt|first2=David|last3=Braybrooke|first3=Gary|title=The Environmental and Sustainability Handbook: The Green Directory.|url=https://archive.org/details/environmentalsus0000ling|date=2013|publisher=Greener Times Publishing Ltd|isbn=9780957528406 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite book|last1=Awdry|first1=Christopher |last2=Lings|first2=Stephen|title=Thomas and the Hurricane|date=1992|publisher=Egmont Childrens Books|isbn=9780434961337}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2024]] 8uy0ih0pmtermk4eqh986r3pttsizc3 Olof af Acrel 0 239283 1574274 1552305 2026-06-17T23:01:10Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574274 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olof af Acrel''' (26 Novemba 1717 – 28 Mei 1806<ref name=biolex>''Biographiskt lexikon öfver namnkunnige svenske män''. – Toleo lililorekebishwa. – Stockholm [et al.]: Beijer [et al.], 1835–1875. – Juzuu 1–23.</ref>), anayejulikana kabla ya kupewa cheo cha uungwana mwaka 1780 kama '''Olof Acrel''', alikuwa mpasuaji (surgeon) na daktari wa [[Stockholm]], [[Uswidi]]. Aliboresha ujuzi wake kwa kusoma katika nchi mbalimbali za Ulaya na alileta maboresho mengi katika tiba ya Sweden. Olof af Acrel alizaliwa Österåker, na alikuwa kaka yake mmisionari Israel Acrelius.<ref>{{cite book | last = Kastrup | first = Allan | title = The Swedish heritage in America: The Swedish element in America and American-Swedish relations in their historical perspective | url = https://archive.org/details/swedishheritagei00alla | year = 1975 | publisher = Swedish Council of America}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1717|1806}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Uswidi]] cvg63by9eia5mnnufhxa9ggbelom0mg John Zephaniah Holwell 0 239593 1574183 1555121 2026-06-17T21:21:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574183 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Zephaniah Holwell''' (17 Septemba 1711 – 5 Novemba 1798) alikuwa daktari wa upasuaji, mfanyakazi wa British East India Company, na gavana wa muda wa Bengal Presidency mwaka 1760. Pia alikuwa mmoja wa Wazungu wa kwanza kufanya utafiti kuhusu masuala ya kale ya [[Uhindi|India]] na alikuwa mtetezi wa awali wa haki za wanyama na ulaji wa mboga (vegetarianism). == Wasifu == Holwell alikuwa mmoja wa manusura wa tukio la Black Hole of Calcutta la Juni 1756, tukio ambalo raia wa Uingereza na watu wengine walifungiwa ndani ya chumba kidogo kisicho na hewa ya kutosha usiku kucha, hali iliyosababisha vifo vya watu wengi. Maelezo ya Holwell kuhusu tukio hilo yaliyochapishwa mwaka 1757 yalisambazwa sana nchini Uingereza, na baadhi ya watu hudai kuwa yalisaidia kuongeza uungwaji mkono kwa Kampuni ya India Mashariki katika kuiteka India. Maelezo yake kuhusu tukio hilo hayakutiliwa shaka hadharani wakati wa maisha yake wala kwa zaidi ya karne moja baada ya kifo chake. Hata hivyo, katika miaka ya karibuni, wanahistoria wengi wamehoji usahihi wa simulizi lake kuhusu tukio hilo.<ref>{{cite journal |first=H. P. |last=Bayon |title=John Zephaniah Holwell (1711–1798) and the Black Hole of Calcutta |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=15–18 |date=November 1944 |doi=10.1177/003591574403800103 |pmid=19992966|pmc=2181149 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Kohleun |last=Adamson |title=Replacing Emotional Biases: A Critical Look at the Accounts of John Zephaniah Holwell |date=2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Dalley|first=Jan|title=The Black Hole: Money, Myth and Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/blackholemoneymy0000dall_u3x5|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|location=London|year=2006|isbn=0-670-91447-9}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1711|1798}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Uingereza]] 238d58bbyfs8n7y87flre05srxs9l59 Naim Moghabghab 0 239734 1574144 1555515 2026-06-17T17:09:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574144 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Naim Moghabghab''' ((11 Januari 1911 – 27 Julai 1959) alikuwa kiongozi wa kisiasa wa [[Lebanoni|Lebanon]] na shujaa wa uhuru miongoni mwa jamii ya Wakristo nchini Lebanon. Pamoja na rais [[Camille Chamoun]] (aliyekuwa madarakani kuanzia mwaka 1952 hadi 1958), alianzisha chama cha [[National Liberal Party (Lebanon)|National Liberal Party]] (حزب الوطنيين الأحرار Hizbu-l-waTaniyyīni-l-aHrār). Alichaguliwa kuwa Mbunge mnamo mwaka 1953, akachaguliwa tena mnamo mwaka 1957, na alihudumu kama Waziri wa Kazi za Umma mnamo mwaka 1955. Alianzisha kundi la waasi la Kikristo (la dhehebu la [[Wakristo wa Maroniti|Maroniti]]) lililojulikana kama "National Guard" (Ulinzi wa Kitaifa) kwa ajili ya serikali ya Chamoun, na pia aliongoza mstari wa mbele wa kijeshi katika uasi wa mwaka 1958 ili kuimarisha nafasi ya [[Camille Chamoun]].<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Paksoy|first=Taylan|date=2025|title=The Myth of 'Zaim'/'Zuema': Revisiting 1950s Lebanese Elite Taxonomy and Circulation|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21520844.2025.2450867|journal=The Journal of the Middle East and Africa|volume=16|issue=1|pages=75–98|doi=10.1080/21520844.2025.2450867|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |title=توضيحات حول نعيم مغبغب |url=https://www.annahar.com/arabic/makalat/%D9%8منبر/20122022080829390 |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=annahar.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1911|1959|Moghabghab, Naim}} 2xdz7g6xr2a5g0g24ax4ne7xt0ip65o Barbara Hamilton, 14th Baroness Dudley 0 239849 1574262 1557786 2026-06-17T22:47:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574262 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Barbara Amy Felicity Hamilton, Baroness Dudley wa 14''' (23 Aprili 1907 – 27 Mei 2002) alikuwa msanii na kabaila wa kike wa [[Uingereza]] alihudumu katika Baraza la Wakuu ([[House of Lords]]) kuanzia mwaka 1972 hadi 1999 kama mwanachama wa chama cha [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]. == Wasifu == Barbara Amy Felicity Smith alizaliwa mnamo 23 Aprili 1907.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ms Barbara Hamilton (Hansard) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/ms-barbara-hamilton/index.html |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=[[Parliament of the United Kingdom]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Barbara Hamilton (née Lea Smith), 14th Baroness Dudley |url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp82713/barbara-hamilton-nee-lea-smith-14th-baroness-dudley |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=[[National Portrait Gallery, London]] |language=en}}</ref> Baba yake alikuwa [[Ferdinando Dudley William Lea Smith, 12th Baron Dudley|Baron Dudley wa 12]]. Alikuwa msanii kitaaluma. Aliolewa na Guy Wallace kuanzia tarehe 22 Agosti 1929 hadi kifo chake mnamo 16 Machi 1967, na kisha akaolewa na Charles Hamilton kuanzia tarehe 22 Februari 1980. Alijaaliwa kupata watoto wanne, wote akiwa na mume wake wa kwanza, na aliishi huko [[Kempsey, Worcestershire|Kempsey]] katika wilaya ya [[Worcestershire]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage |url=https://archive.org/details/burkespeeragebar0000char |publisher=[[Burke's Peerage]] |year=2003 |editor-last=Mosley |editor-first=Charles |editor-link=Charles Mosley (genealogist) |edition=107th |location=Wilmington}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1907|2002|Hamilton, Barbara Amy Felicity}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Uingereza]] 407bixjrpchg55w61piegyjqk6b8af6 Richard Ahiagbah 0 239960 1574318 1558691 2026-06-18T02:38:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574318 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Richard Ahiagbah''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Citation|title=National Executives - New Patriotic Party|date=2024-09-28|url=https://newpatrioticparty.org/national-executives/|work=New Patriotic Party - Development In Freedom|language=en-US|access-date=2026-05-29}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Yeye ni Mkurugenzi wa Mawasiliano wa chama cha New Patriotic Party. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] pmoef0qe30r491bx4r9dal437ywk2yw Patricia Caicedo 0 240008 1574261 1558876 2026-06-17T22:44:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574261 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Patricia Caicedo''' (amezaliwa mwaka 1969)<ref name="Patricia Caicedo">[[Marquis Who's Who]]. [[https://cgi.marquiswhoswho.com/OnDemand/Default.aspx?last_name=Caicedo&first_name=Patricia](https://cgi.marquiswhoswho.com/OnDemand/Default.aspx?last_name=Caicedo&first_name=Patricia){{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} "Patricia Caicedo"] (usajili unahitajika ili kupata taarifa kamili)</ref> ni mwimbaji wa sauti ya soprano wa muziki wa klasiki, mwanamuzikolojia, na daktari mwenye asili ya [[Kolombia]] na [[Hispania]]. Anajulikana kwa utaalamu wake katika utafiti na uwasilishaji wa nyimbo za kisanaa za Amerika ya Kusini na Hispania katika lugha za Kihispania, Kikatalani, Kireno na lugha za wenyeji wa Amerika. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1969|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kolombia]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 269u0d9uc03o97ndc8sae4rjb7a3et2 Miranda (mwimbaji wa Kolombia) 0 240020 1574081 1558895 2026-06-17T12:42:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574081 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lady Diana Cardona Miranda''' (amezaliwa 20 Novemba 1984), anayejulikana zaidi kama '''Miranda''', ni mwimbaji kutoka [[Kolombia]].<ref>[[http://www.elcolombiano.com/BancoConocimiento/M/miranda_entregada_a_dios_y_a_la_musica/miranda_entregada_a_dios_y_a_la_musica.asp](http://www.elcolombiano.com/BancoConocimiento/M/miranda_entregada_a_dios_y_a_la_musica/miranda_entregada_a_dios_y_a_la_musica.asp){{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} El Colombiano: Miranda, entregada a Dios y a la música] {{in lang|es}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{BD|1984|}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kolombia]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ishbntsg89cnpavkdtnjbeq38l7dse5 Micah Altman 0 240043 1574080 1558981 2026-06-17T12:18:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574080 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Micah Altman''' (amezaliwa 31 Agosti 1967) ni mwanasayansi wa jamii kutoka [[Marekani]] anayefanya [[utafiti]] katika nyanja ya sayansi ya taarifa za kijamii (social science informatics). Tangu mwaka 2012, amefanya kazi kama mwanasayansi mkuu wa utafiti katika Maktaba za Taasisi ya Teknolojia ya Massachusetts (MIT), kwanza akiwa mkurugenzi wa Programu ya Sayansi ya Taarifa (2012–2018), na baadaye akiwa mkurugenzi wa utafiti katika Kituo cha Utafiti wa Usomi wa Haki na Wazi cha maktaba hizo. Kabla ya hapo, Altman alifanya kazi katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]]. Anajulikana kwa kazi zake kuhusu upangaji wa mipaka ya uchaguzi (redistricting), mawasiliano ya kitaaluma, faragha na sayansi huria] (open science). Pia ni mmoja wa waanzilishi wa ''Public Mapping Project'', mradi unaoendeleza programu huria ya chanzo huria iitwayo ''DistrictBuilder''. == Wasifu == Altman alizaliwa tarehe 31 Agosti 1967 katika St. Louis, Missouri, nchini Marekani. Alisoma sayansi ya kompyuta na falsafa ya siasa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Brown, na kuhitimu mwaka 1989.<ref name=orcid>{{cite web|url=[https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-6960|title=Micah](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-6960|title=Micah) Altman|website=[[ORCID]]|accessdate=2019-08-24}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{Official website|[https://micahaltman.com}}](https://micahaltman.com}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) {{BD|1967|}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 4fj9o28elv0slhmdnwcg6zgh4uz8yzt Olga Celeste 0 240059 1574168 1559005 2026-06-17T20:16:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574168 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olga Celeste''' (9 Aprili 1888 – 31 Agosti 1969) alikuwa mkufunzi wa wanyama wa maonesho aliyebobea katika kufundisha chui na [[puma]] kwa ajili ya sarakasi, vaudeville na filamu. Alishiriki katika filamu za awali kabisa za wanyama zilizotengenezwa na Selig Polyscope, na inasemekana (huenda kwa kutia chumvi) kwamba alishughulika na wanyama katika filamu takribani 1,000, ikiwemo chui aliyeonekana katika filamu ya Katharine Hepburn ''Bringing Up Baby''.<ref>{{Cite magazine | title=From Jungle to Screen: How Wild Beasts are made into Talkie Stars | first=Andrew R. | last=Boone | magazine=Film-Lovers' Annual | year=1932 | via=Lantern (Media History Digital Library) | publisher=Dean and Son Ltd. | location=Covent Garden, London | url=[https://lantern.mediahist.org/catalog/filmloversannual00dean_0035](https://lantern.mediahist.org/catalog/filmloversannual00dean_0035) | access-date=2023-02-17 | pages=35–37 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kwa sehemu kubwa ya maisha yake ya kazi, alihusishwa na Selig Zoo iliyoko [[Los Angeles]]. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{BD|1888|1969}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] 7d7xusrsm5eayw36zzwdwx3q32f8012 Pat Derby 0 240062 1574255 1559008 2026-06-17T22:38:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574255 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pat Derby''' (7 Juni 1942 – 15 Februari 2013) alikuwa mkufunzi wa wanyama aliyezaliwa Uingereza na baadaye kuwa raia wa [[Marekani]], aliyefanya kazi katika vipindi vya televisheni vya Marekani katika miaka ya 1960 na 1970, kabla ya baadaye kuwa mwanaharakati wa haki za wanyama.<ref name="latmai">Mai-Duc, Christine. (20 Februari 2013). [[http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-pat-derby-20130221,0,1066989.story](http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-pat-derby-20130221,0,1066989.story){{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Pat Derby dies at 70; rescuer of exotic and performing animals'']. The Los Angeles Times: ilipatikana 22/02/2013.</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1942|2013}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] ivb9oatrozmznkivqmeiaua63i11y32 Ralph Helfer 0 240068 1574312 1559019 2026-06-18T01:37:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574312 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ralph Helfer''' (alizaliwa 9 Aprili 1931) ni mtaalamu wa tabia za wanyama (ethologist) kutoka [[Marekani]], mwanzilishi wa Marine World/Africa USA, na mwandishi wa vitabu vinavyohusu wanyama. == Miaka ya awali == Alizaliwa mjini [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], na alikuwa na dada mmoja aitwaye Sally. Mwaka 1942, mama yake aliacha mume wake Sam na kuhamia pamoja na watoto wake Hollywood, ambapo waliishi katika Green Apartments, eneo lililokuwa umbali wa block moja kutoka Hollywood Boulevard. == Kazi == Mwaka 1955, alinunua eneo la hekta {{convert|1500|acre|km2|adj=on}} la Vasquez Rocks kwa ajili ya kufundishia wanyama, akaliita ''Nature’s Haven''. Alifunga ndoa na Toni Ringo mwaka 1963, na walipata binti mmoja aitwaye Tana Helfer. Mwaka 1963, eneo hilo liligawanywa nusu na barabara kuu ya Antelope Valley Freeway, hivyo wakahamia Soledad Canyon na kununua ardhi ya hekta {{convert|600|acre|km2}} ili kujenga ranchi mpya iliyoitwa Africa U.S.A.<ref name="Vasquez Rocks">[[https://ponderosascenery.homestead.com/vasquez.html](https://ponderosascenery.homestead.com/vasquez.html){{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Historia ya Vasquez Rocks]</ref> Africa U.S.A. ilikuwa kituo cha mafunzo ya wanyama na pia mtoa wanyama kwa ajili ya Hollywood.<ref name="Safari">[[http://www.talkinganimals.net/africa/african_safari1.html](http://www.talkinganimals.net/africa/african_safari1.html){{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}African Safari: Kenya Imagine Seeing So Many Animals--And So Close?] - Duncan Strauss</ref> Baadhi ya wanyama wake walikuwa Clarence, simba mwenye macho yaliyopishana; Judy, sokwe katika kipindi cha ''Daktari''; na Ben (awali Bruno), dubu katika ''Gentle Ben''. Ranchi hiyo pia ilitumika kama eneo la kurekodia vipindi kama ''Daktari'' na kipindi cha asili cha ''Star Trek'' sehemu ya "Shore Leave".<ref name="Vasquez Rocks" /> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1931|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] cbxmuv8jt6w6hxbgp27vn3eaukj108y Steven R. Kutcher 0 240075 1574419 1559027 2026-06-18T09:36:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574419 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Steven R. Kutcher''' (amezaliwa 9 Januari 1944) ni mtaalamu wa [[Marekani]] wa [[entomolojia]] ambaye amefanya kazi kama “wrangler” wa wadudu na arthropoda wengine katika sekta ya burudani na filamu.<ref name="imdb">[[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0476472/](https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0476472/) Steven R. Kutcher in IMDB]</ref><ref name="bugsare">[[http://bugsaremybusiness.com/](http://bugsaremybusiness.com/){{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Bugs Are My Business]</ref> Amejulikana pia katika vyombo vya habari kama “The Bug Man of Hollywood.”<ref name="kcal">[[http://losangeles.cbslocal.com/video/7991854-bug-man-of-hollywood-shares-tips-how-to-train-bugs-for-the-big-screen/](http://losangeles.cbslocal.com/video/7991854-bug-man-of-hollywood-shares-tips-how-to-train-bugs-for-the-big-screen/) Bug Man of Hollywood Shares Tips on How to Train Bugs for the Big Screen], KCAL/KCBS TV.</ref><ref name="npr">{{cite web|last1=NPR Staff|title=Hollywood Bug Man Understands How Cockroaches Think|url=[http://www.scpr.org/programs/madeleine-brand/2012/02/01/22350/meet-steven-kutcher-hollywoods-bug-wrangler/|website=Weekend](http://www.scpr.org/programs/madeleine-brand/2012/02/01/22350/meet-steven-kutcher-hollywoods-bug-wrangler/|website=Weekend) Edition Saturday|publisher=NPR|date=8 March 2014}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, Kutcher amepata umaarufu zaidi kwa kutumia wadudu kama “brashi hai” katika kutengeneza sanaa inayojulikana kama “Bug Art,” huku akiendelea pia kufanya kazi kama mtaalamu wa maumbile na mwalimu wa elimu ya sayansi ya mazingira.<ref name="The Washington Post">{{cite news|last1=Thomas|first1=Nick|title=He Lets Creepy-Crawlies Get Their Feet Wet as Painters|url=[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/17/AR2007081700603.html|newspaper=The](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/17/AR2007081700603.html|newspaper=The) Washington Post|date=19 August 2007}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] t2wtpbrfl3oqouctt70vkd1a4n1hqyw Paul Loeb 0 240098 1574277 1571200 2026-06-17T23:02:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574277 wikitext text/x-wiki ''''Paul Loeb''' ni mkufunzi wa wanyama na mwandishi wa [[Marekani]] anayejihusisha na vitabu vya tabia ya wanyama na mafunzo ya etholojia (tabia ya wanyama). == Historia ya awali == Kazi yake ya kwanza, ''Paul Loeb's Animal Analysis'' (1958–1962), ilikuwa mpango wa nyumbani wa kusaidia kutatua matatizo ya wanyama. Baada ya hapo alianzisha ''The Loeb Animal Institute (1962–1984)'', kliniki ya kimataifa ya etholojia (uchunguzi wa tabia ya wanyama).<ref>{{citation|date=30 Agosti 1979|title=Paka aruka juu ya mwezi kwa mafunzo kidogo|newspaper=Palm Beach Post|url=[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VJ9jAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wM0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3013%2C4625650}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VJ9jAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wM0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3013%2C4625650}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})</ref> Loeb alisoma tabia za wanyama wa porini na wa kufugwa, akijikita katika jinsi wanavyokwepa au kutafuta mawasiliano na binadamu kwa manufaa yao. Hii hatimaye ilisababisha kuibuka kwa nadharia yake ya "Magic Touch" kuhusu mafunzo ya wanyama, ambayo inaelezwa katika kitabu chake ''Paul Loeb's Complete Book of Dog Training''.<ref>{{Citation | title='Paul Loeb's Complete Book of Dog Training'}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1992|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] htkz2j42vaefur0td2s0qb11uhe89qp Mauaji ya Saigon 0 240134 1574209 1559188 2026-06-17T21:48:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 7 books for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574209 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Saigon Execution.jpg|thumb|''Mauaji ya Saigon'' ambapo Nguyễn Ngọc Loan anamnyooshea bastola Nguyễn Văn Lém barabarani.]] '''Mauaji ya Saigon''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''Saigon Execution'') ni picha maarufu ya kihistoria iliyopigwa tarehe 1 Februari [[1968]] na mpiga picha wa shirika la [[Associated Press]] (AP), [[Eddie Adams]], wakati wa [[Shambulio la Tet]] katika [[Vita ya Vietnam]]. Picha hii inamwonyesha mkuu wa polisi wa [[Vietnam Kusini]], Jenerali [[Nguyễn Ngọc Loan]], akimpiga risasi ya kichwa mwanagambo wa [[Viet Cong]] aitwaye '''Nguyễn Văn Lém''' (aliyejulikana pia kwa jina la kikazi kama Bảy Lốp) katikati ya barabara ya mji wa Saigon (sasa hivi Ho Chi Minh City). Picha hii ilichapishwa kwenye magazeti mengi nchini [[Marekani]] siku iliyofuata,<ref>{{cite book |last=Braestrup |first=Peter |year=1983 |title=Big Story |url=https://archive.org/details/bigstoryhowameri0000brae_o4t4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bigstoryhowameri0000brae_o4t4/page/348 348]}}</ref> na kuleta mshtuko mkubwa, ambapo ilimfanya Adams ashinde [[Tuzo ya Pulitzer]] ya mwaka 1969<ref>{{cite web |date=30 January 2018 |title=Eddie Adams' iconic Vietnam War photo: What happened next |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-42864421 |website=[[BBC]] |access-date=4 September 2025}}</ref> na tuzo ya [[World Press Photo of the Year]] ya mwaka 1968.<ref>{{cite web |last=Moorman |first=Mark |date=27 April 2018 |title=Beeldvormers: een foto die 'de koers van de geschiedenis had verlegd' |url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/cultuur-media/beeldvormers-een-foto-die-de-koers-van-de-geschiedenis-had-verlegd~b9d6080b/ |website=[[De Volkskrant]] |language=Dutch |access-date=4 September 2025}}</ref> == Historia ya tukio == Wakati wa Shambulio la Tet, vikosi vya Viet Cong vilikuwa vikitumia hekalu la Ấn Quang Pagoda kama kituo chao cha oparesheni.<ref>{{cite book |last=Robbins |first=James S. |year=2010 |title=This Time We Win |url=https://archive.org/details/thistimewewinrev0000robb |page=[https://archive.org/details/thistimewewinrev0000robb/page/150 150]}}</ref> Siku hiyo, kikosi cha waandishi wa habari na wapiga picha kutoka mashirika ya AP na [[NBC]] kiliwasili hapo kufunika mapambano.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bailey |first1=George A. |last2=Lichty |first2=Lawrence W. |year=1972 |title=Rough Justice on a Saigon Street |journal=Journalism Quarterly |pages=222}}</ref> Nguyễn Văn Lém alikamatwa na askari wa majeshi ya Vietnam Kusini akiwa amevaa nguo za kiraia na kusindikizwa barabarani kuelekea walipokuwa waandishi wa habari.<ref>{{cite book |last=Robbins |first=James S. |year=2010 |title=This Time We Win |url=https://archive.org/details/thistimewewinrev0000robb |page=[https://archive.org/details/thistimewewinrev0000robb/page/153 153]}}</ref> Kamera za video za NBC zilianza kurekodi tukio hilo. Jenerali Loan alimsogelea Lém, akatoa bastola yake aina ya [[Smith & Wesson]] .38 Special,<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Buckley |first=Tom |date=April 1972 |title=Portrait of an Aging Despot |magazine=[[Harper's Magazine]] |page=69}}</ref> na kumpiga risasi ya kichwa mfungwa huyo aliyekuwa amefungwa mikono yake nyuma. Eddie Adams alibonyeza kamera yake wakati huo huo risasi ilipokuwa inapenya kichwani mwa Lém.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hariman |first1=Robert |last2=Lucaites |first2=John Louis |year=2015 |title=Getting the Picture |page=91}}</ref> Baada ya mauaji hayo, Loan aliwaambia waandishi kuwa walikuwa wameua watu wake wengi. Mwili wa Lém uliachwa barabarani kabla ya kuzikwa kwenye kaburi la halaiki.<ref>{{cite book |last=Robbins |first=James S. |year=2010 |title=This Time We Win |url=https://archive.org/details/thistimewewinrev0000robb |page=[https://archive.org/details/thistimewewinrev0000robb/page/154 154]}}</ref> [[File:Execution of Nguyễn Văn Lém film.webm|thumb|Video ya tukio la mauaji iliyorekodiwa na Võ Suu wa NBC na kurushwa kwenye runinga za Marekani.]] == Sababu na mabishano ya kihistoria == Katika mahojiano mbalimbali, Jenerali Loan alitetea kitendo chake akisema kuwa Lém alikuwa amevaa nguo za kiraia huku akiua watu, jambo ambalo lilikiuka sheria za vita.<ref>{{cite book |title=Nothing and So Be It |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_W9-CUX-145 |author=Oriana Fallaci |year=1972 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bwb_W9-CUX-145/page/284 284]–285}}</ref> Katika miaka ya 1980, hadithi ziliibuka zikidai kuwa kabla ya kukamatwa kwake, Lém alikuwa ametoka tu kuua familia nzima ya mofisa mmoja wa polisi aliyekuwa rafiki wa karibu wa Loan. Eddie Adams mwenyewe aliamini hadithi hiyo baadaye. Hata hivyo, wanahistoria kama Edwin E. Moïse wanabainisha kuwa madai hayo yalikuwa propaganda za Vietnam Kusini kwa sababu Loan hakuyataja kabisa wakati wa mahojiano yake ya awali mara baada ya tukio.<ref>{{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary Of The Vietnam War |url=https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-the-vietnam-war |author=Edwin E. Moïse |year=2001 |pages=294}}</ref> Mwanahistoria [[Max Hastings]] alihitimisha kuwa ukweli kamili wa kile alichokifanya Lém kabla ya kukamatwa hautakuja kujulikana.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hastings |first=Max |year=2018 |title=Vietnam: An Epic Tragedy, 1945–1975 |url=https://archive.org/details/vietnamepictrage0000hast |page=[https://archive.org/details/vietnamepictrage0000hast/page/467 467]}}</ref> == Athari za picha na maisha ya baadaye == Picha hii ilitumiwa sana na vuguvugu la kupinga vita nchini Marekani kama nembo ya ukatili wa vita na udikteta wa serikali ya Vietnam Kusini iliyokuwa ikiungwa mkono na Marekani. Hata hivyo, picha hiyo ilimfanya mpiga picha Eddie Adams kujuta katika maisha yake yote, akisema: "Watu wawili walikufa kwenye picha ile. Jenerali alimuua mwanagambo, na mimi nilimuua jenerali kwa kamera yangu."<ref>{{cite web |title=Eddie Adams' iconic Vietnam War photo: What happened next |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-42864421 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 1975, kufuatia kuanguka kwa mji wa [[Saigon]], Jenerali Loan alikimbilia Marekani ambako alifungua mkahawa. Congress ya Marekani ilitaka afukuzwe nchini humo kwa makosa ya jinai za vita, lakini Rais [[Jimmy Carter]] aliingilia kati na kusitisha mchakato huo. Loan alifariki kwa ugonjwa wa saratani huko Virginia mnamo Julai 14, 1998 akiwa na umri wa miaka 67.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 July 1998 |title=Nguyen Ngoc Loan, 67, Dies; Executed Viet Cong Prisoner |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/16/world/nguyen-ngoc-loan-67-dies-executed-viet-cong-prisoner.html |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> === Jisomee === * Bailey, George A. & Lichty, Lawrence W. (1972). *Rough Justice on a Saigon Street: A Gatekeeper Study of NBC's Tet Execution Film*. Journalism Quarterly. * Braestrup, Peter (1983). *Big Story: How the American press and Television Reported and Interpreted the Crisis of Tet 1968*. Yale University Press. * Perlmutter, David D. (1998). *Photojournalism and Foreign Policy: Icons of Outrage in International Crises*. Praeger Publishers. * Robbins, James S. (2010). *This Time We Win: Revisiting the Tet Offensive*. Encounter Books. {{mbegu-historia}} [[Jamii:1968]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Vietnam]] m17sh9uo8c5ton4gbi41z9mgei2dms0 Ian Fleming 0 240142 1574200 1564467 2026-06-17T21:35:58Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 6 books for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ian Fleming | picha = Ian Fleming c. 1958 (cropped).jpg | maelezo = Fleming mnamo 1958 | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1908|5|28|df=yes}} | mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Mayfair]], London, Uingereza | tarehe ya kufa = {{death date and age|1964|8|12|1908|5|28|df=yes}} | mahali alipofia = [[Canterbury]], Kent, Uingereza | kazi maarufu = {{plainlist| * ''[[James Bond]]'' series * ''[[Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang]]'' }} | ndoa = {{marriage|[[Ann Fleming (socialite)|Ann Charteris]]|24 March 1952}} | watoto = 1 | mama = [[Evelyn St. Croix Fleming]] | baba = [[Valentine Fleming]] | ndugu = [[Peter Fleming (writer)|Peter Fleming]] (kaka)<br />[[Amaryllis Fleming]] (dada wa kambo) }} '''Ian Lancaster Fleming''' (28 Mei 1908 – 12 Agosti 1964) alikuwa mwandishi wa [[Uingereza]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa mfululizo wake wa riwaya za kijasusi za [[James Bond]] zilizovuma baada ya [[Vita Vikuu vya Pili vya Dunia|Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]]. Fleming alitoka katika familia tajiri iliyokuwa na uhusiano na benki ya Robert Fleming & Co. Baba yake alikuwa Mbunge wa Henley kuanzia mwaka 1910 hadi kifo chake kwenye Mapambano ya Magharibi mnamo 1917 wakati wa Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia. Alisoma katika shule za Eton, Sandhurst, na kwa muda mfupi katika Vyuo Vikuu vya Munich na Geneva kabla ya kujaribu kazi mbalimbali na hatimaye kuanza kuandika. Wakati wa Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia, Fleming alifanya kazi katika Kitengo cha Ujasusi wa Wanamaji cha Uingereza. Alihusika katika kupanga "Oparesheni Goldeneye" pamoja na kusimamia vitengo viwili vya kijasusi: 30 Assault Unit na T-Force. Uzoefu wake wa kijeshi na kazi yake ya uandishi wa habari ulimpa misingi, maelezo ya kina, na uhalisia uliosaidia kutengeneza simulizi za riwaya zake za James Bond. Fleming aliandika riwaya yake ya kwanza ya Bond, ''[[Casino Royale (novel)|Casino Royale]]'', mnamo mwaka 1952 akiwa na umri wa miaka 44. Kitabu hicho kilipata mafanikio makubwa na kuchapishwa mara tatu mfululizo ili kukidhi mahitaji. Riwaya nyingine 11 za Bond na mikusanyiko miwili ya hadithi fupi zilifuata kati ya mwaka 1953 na 1966. Hadithi hizi zinamhusu [[James Bond (literary character)|James Bond]], afisa wa Idara ya Ujasusi wa Siri (MI6) anayejulikana pia kwa namba ya siri 007, na ambaye alikuwa Kamanda wa Jeshi la Wanamaji la Akiba. Vitabu vya Bond vimo kwenye orodha ya safu za vitabu vya kubuni vilivyouzwa zaidi duniani, vikiwa vimevuka nakala milioni 100. Fleming pia aliandika kitabu cha watoto kiitwacho ''[[Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang]]'' (1964). Mnamo 2008, gazeti la ''[[The Times]]'' lilimweka Fleming katika nafasi ya 14 kwenye orodha ya "Waandishi 50 Wakuu wa Uingereza tangu mwaka 1945". Fleming alimwoa Anne Charteris baada ya Anne kupewa talaka na mume wake wa kwanza, Esmond Harmsworth, kwa sababu ya uhusiano wake wa siri na mwandishi huyo. Walipata mtoto mmoja wa kiume aitwaye Caspar. Fleming alikuwa mnywaji mkubwa wa pombe na mvutaji wa sigara uliokithiri, mambo yaliyopelekea kifo chake kutokana na matatizo ya ugonjwa wa moyo mnamo 1964 akiwa na umri wa miaka 56. Vitabu vyake viwili vya James Bond vilichapishwa baada ya kifo chake. Tangu wakati huo, waandishi wengine wameendelea kuandika riwaya za Bond. Kazi ya Fleming imetumika kutengeneza filamu mara 27, huku muhusika mkuu akichezwa na waigizaji sita tofauti kwenye mfululizo rasmi wa filamu hizo. {{TOC limit}} == Maisha ya awali == === Kuzaliwa na familia === [[File:A link to James Bond - geograph.org.uk - 1255756.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|right|alt=A discoloured brass plaque showing the names of those local men killed in the First World War|Kumbukumbu ya Vita ya Glenelg, inayonyesha jina la [[Valentine Fleming]], baba yake Ian]] Ian Lancaster Fleming alizaliwa tarehe 28 Mei 1908 huko Mayfair, [[London|London.]]<ref name="Lycett (DNB)" /><ref>{{cite book |publisher=General Register Office |location=United Kingdom |title=England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes |date=1837–1915 |volume=1a |page=420a}}</ref> Mama yake alikuwa Evelyn "Eve" Fleming na baba yake alikuwa Valentine Fleming, aliyekuwa Mbunge wa Henley tangu 1910 hadi 1917.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Fleming, Ian Lancaster, (28 May 1908 – 12 Aug. 1964), writer |url=https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-56886 |access-date=3 March 2021 |website=Who's Who & Who Was Who |year=2007 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u56886 |isbn=978-0-19-954089-1}}</ref><ref name="Churchill Obit" /> Fleming alikuwa mjukuu wa mfanyabiashara wa Scotland, [[Robert Fleming (financier)|Robert Fleming]], aliyeanzisha benki ya Robert Fleming & Co.<ref name="Lycett (DNB)" />{{efn|Tangu mwaka 2000, Robert Fleming & Co imekuwa sehemu ya [[JPMorgan Chase]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Griffiths |first=Katherine |title=Abbey buys Fleming Premier for £106m |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=15 May 2001 |page=18 |location=London}}</ref>}} Mnamo 1914, kufuatia kuanza kwa Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia, Valentine Fleming alijiunga na jeshi na kufikia cheo cha meja.<ref name="Churchill Obit" /> Aliuawa kwa mashambulizi ya mizinga ya Ujerumani huko Ufaransa tarehe 20 Mei 1917. [[Winston Churchill]] aliandika wasifu wa sifa (tanzia) uliosomwa kwenye gazeti la ''[[The Times]]''.{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=12}} Kaka yake mkubwa, [[Peter Fleming (writer)|Peter Fleming]], alikuwa mwandishi wa safari na alioana na mwigizaji [[Celia Johnson]].<ref name="PF Obit (1971)" /> Peter alitumikia jeshi wakati wa Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia katika oparesheni za siri huko Norway na Ugiriki.<ref name="PF Obit (1971)" /> Fleming alikuwa na wadogo wawili wa kiume, Richard na Michael, waliotumikia jeshi pia, ambapo Michael alifariki kutokana na majeraha ya vita mnamo Oktoba 1940 baada ya kukamatwa Normandy.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Casualty of War |url=https://www.ianfleming.com/timeline/michael-fleming-dies/ |website=ianfleming.com |date=16 August 2016 |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref> Alikuwa na dada wa kambo upande wa mama aliyezaliwa nje ya ndoa, mpiga selo [[Amaryllis Fleming]] (1925–1999), ambaye baba yake alikuwa msanii [[Augustus John]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Fleming |first=Fergus |title=Amaryllis Fleming |department=Obiturary |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-amaryllis-fleming-1110720.html |access-date=4 December 2011 |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=5 August 1999 |location=London}}</ref> === Elimu na kazi za awali === Mnamo 1914 Fleming alihudhuria Shule ya Durnford huko Dorset ambako hakufurahia maisha kutokana na chakula kibaya na manyanyaso kutoka kwa wanafunzi wenzake.{{sfn|DelFattore|1989|p=86}} [[File:Eton College quadrangle.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A building in the Tudor style with a courtyard in front|[[Eton College]], shule aliyosoma Fleming kuanzia 1921 hadi 1927]] Mwaka 1921 alijiunga na [[Eton College]]. Hakuwa na matokeo makubwa kitaaluma lakini aling'ara sana katika riadha na kushinda taji la mchezaji bora (Victor Ludorum) mara mbili kati ya 1925 na 1927.{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=33}} Mtindo wake wa maisha ulimfanya agongane na mkuu wa bweni lake kwa sababu ya tabia zake, mafuta ya nywele, kumiliki gari, na mahusiano na wanawake.{{sfn| DelFattore |1989|p=86}} Aliondolewa Eton mapema na kupelekwa Chuo cha Kijeshi cha Sandhurst, lakini aliondoka huko mnamo 1927 bila kupata cheo baada ya kuambukizwa ugonjwa wa kisonono.{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=33}} Mnamo 1927, mama yake alimhamisha katika shule binafsi huko Austria ili kujiandaa na kazi katika Wizara ya Mambo ya Nje.{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=45}} Baadaye alisoma kwa muda mfupi Munich na Geneva.<ref name="Lycett (DNB)" /> Licha ya kufaulu mtihani wa kuingia Wizara ya Mambo ya Nje, hakupata nafasi ya kazi.{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=46}} Mnamo Oktoba 1931, kupitia ushawishi wa mama yake, alipata kazi kama mwandishi wa habari katika shirika la habari la [[Reuters]].<ref name="Lycett (DNB)" /> Mwaka 1933 alitumwa [[Moscow]] kuripoti kesi ya wahandisi sita Waingereza walioshitakiwa na serikali ya [[Josef Stalin|Stalin]].{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=46}} Alirudi London na kuacha uchumba wake na mpenzi wake Monique Panchaud baada ya mama yake kutishia kumnyima urithi wake.{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=59}} Mnamo Oktoba 1933, aliingia kwenye masuala ya benki na udalali wa hisa lakini hakufanikiwa katika tasnia hizo.{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=72}} Mwaka 1939, Fleming alianza uhusiano wa kimapenzi na Ann O'Neill, ambaye wakati huo alikuwa mke wa Baron O'Neill wa tatu.{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=96}} == Mtindo na mfumo wa uandishi == Mwandishi Raymond Benson alibainisha kuwa vitabu vya Fleming vimegawanyika katika vipindi viwili. Vitabu vya kati ya 1953 na 1960 vililenga zaidi maendeleo ya wahusika na mazingira, wakati vile vya kati ya 1961 na 1966 vilibeba maelezo mengi zaidi ya picha na taswira.{{sfn|Benson|1988|pp=85, 31}} Vitabu vya mwanzo vilionyesha harakati za Vita Baridi dhidi ya shirika la Urusi la SMERSH, huku vile vya baadaye vikionyesha mapambano dhidi ya Ernst Stavro Blofeld na shirika la kigaidi la SPECTRE.{{sfn|Black|2005|p=49}} Fleming alieleza kuwa alikuwa akiandika kwa takriban saa tatu asubuhi na saa moja jioni, bila kusahihisha au kurudia kusoma alichokiandika kwa siku hiyo, mfumo uliomwezesha kuandika maneno 2,000 kwa siku.{{sfn|Faulks|Fleming|2009|p=320}} Alitumia mbinu ya kuacha maswali au matukio yenye utata mwishoni mwa kila sura (taharuki) ili kumfanya msomaji awe na hamu ya kuendelea na sura inayofuata kwa haraka.{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=85}} Pia alipenda kutumia majina ya bidhaa halisi zinazojulikana sokoni ili kuongeza uhalisia wa matukio ya kijasusi katika riwaya zake.{{sfn|Faulks|Fleming|2009|p=320}} == Mandhari kuu katika vitabu vyake == === Nafasi ya Uingereza Duniani === Vitabu vya Bond viliandikwa kipindi ambacho Dola ya Uingereza ilikuwa ikipoteza nguvu na makoloni yake duniani.{{sfn|Black|2005|p=3}} Kupitia muhusika wa James Bond, Fleming alitengeneza taswira ya kufikirika kwamba Uingereza bado ilikuwa na nguvu kubwa ya kijeshi na ujasusi duniani kuliko uhalisia ulivyokuwa. Katika riwaya ya ''You Only Live Twice'' (1964), Fleming anaonyesha wazi mtazamo huu kupitia mazungumzo kati ya Bond na mkuu wa usalama wa Japan, Tiger Tanaka, anayeilaumu Uingereza kwa kutupa himaya yake kwa mikono miwili.{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=113}} === Athari za Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia === Mada ya madhara ya Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia ilijitokeza sana katika vitabu vyote. Fleming alitumia ushiriki wa wahusika katika vita hiyo kutofautisha wema na uovu; maadui wengi walionyeshwa kama maofisa wa zamani wa ngazi za juu wa Chama cha Nazi cha Ujerumani au Gestapo (kama vile Drax katika Moonraker na Hammerstein katika For Your Eyes Only), jambo lililoendana na jinsi jamii ya Uingereza ilivyokuwa ikiwatazama Wajerumani katika miaka ya 1950.{{sfn|Black|2005|p=20}} == Kazi zake == {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * '''Riwaya za James Bond''' ** [[Casino Royale (novel)|''Casino Royale'']] (1953) ** ''[[Live and Let Die (novel)|Live and Let Die]]'' (1954) ** [[Moonraker (novel)|''Moonraker'']] (1955) ** [[Diamonds Are Forever (novel)|''Diamonds Are Forever'']] (1956) ** [[From Russia, with Love (novel)|''From Russia, with Love'']] (1957) ** [[Dr. No (novel)|''Dr. No'']] (1958) ** [[Goldfinger (novel)|''Goldfinger'']] (1959) ** [[Thunderball (novel)|''Thunderball'']] (1961) ** [[The Spy Who Loved Me (novel)|''The Spy Who Loved Me'']] (1962) ** [[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (novel)|''On Her Majesty'']] (1963) ** [[You Only Live Twice (novel)|''You Only Live Twice'']] (1964) ** [[The Man with the Golden Gun (novel)|''The Man with the Golden Gun'']] (1965) {{col-break}} * '''Mikusanyiko ya Hadithi Fupi za Bond''' ** [[For Your Eyes Only (short story collection)|''For Your Eyes Only'']] (1960) ** ''[[Octopussy and The Living Daylights]]'' (1966) * '''Kazi Zingine''' ** ''[[The Diamond Smugglers]]'' (1957) ** ''[[Thrilling Cities]]'' (1963) ** ''[[Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang]]'' (1964) ** ''[[The Poppy Is Also a Flower]]'' (1966) {{col-end}} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}<ref>{{cite ODNB |last=Lycett |first=Andrew |title=Fleming, Ian Lancaster (1908–1964) |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33168 |access-date=3 December 2011 |authorlink=Andrew Lycett |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/33168 |year=2004}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |last=Duns |first=Jeremy |title=Gold Dust |journal=Kiss Kiss Bang Bang |date=Winter 2005 |issue=2 |pages=39–47 |author-link=Jeremy Duns |publisher=James Bond International Fan Club}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last=Churchill |first=Winston |title=Valentine Fleming. An appreciation |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=25 May 1917 |author-link=Winston Churchill |location=London |page=9}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=Obituary: Colonel Peter Fleming, Author and explorer |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=20 August 1971 |location=London |page=14}}</ref> <ref>{{cite ODNB |last=Lycett |first=Andrew |title=Fleming, Ann Geraldine Mary {{bracket|other married names Ann Geraldine Mary O'Neill, Lady O'Neill; Ann Geraldine Mary Harmsworth, Viscountess Rothermere}} (1913–1981) |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/40227 |access-date=15 December 2011 |authorlink=Andrew Lycett |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/40227 |year=2004}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=James Bond, Ornithologist, 89; Fleming Adopted Name for 007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/17/obituaries/james-bond-ornithologist-89-fleming-adopted-name-for-007.html |access-date=24 February 2013 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=17 February 1989 |location=New York}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite AV media |title=The Bond Correspondence |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/pip/j9eoh/ |access-date=29 July 2012 |publisher=[[BBC Radio 4]] |date=24 May 2008}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=The great Bond cover up |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/gallery/2008/may/07/1 |access-date=8 September 2011 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=8 May 2008 |location=London}}</ref> <ref>{{cite magazine |last=Hellman |first=Geoffrey T. |title=Bond's Creator |url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1962/04/21/1962_04_21_032_TNY_CARDS_000268062#ixzz1XRLtznvp |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |authorlink=Geoffrey T. Hellman |page=32 |date=21 April 1962}}<!-- {{subscription required}} – not. --> </ref> <ref>{{cite news |last=Macintyre |first=Ben |author-link=Ben Macintyre |title=Bond&nbsp;– the real Bond |newspaper=[[The Times]] |page=36 |location=London |date=5 April 2008 |ref=none}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last=Cook |first=William |title=Novel man |newspaper=[[New Statesman]] |date=28 June 2004 |page=40}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |last=Bergonzi |first=Bernard |title=The Case of Mr Fleming |journal=Twentieth Century |date=March 1958 |author-link=Bernard Bergonzi |page=221}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Johnson (writer) |title=Sex, Snobbery and Sadism |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/society/2007/02/1958-bond-fleming-girl-sex |journal=[[New Statesman]] |date=5 April 1958 |page=430}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=The Ian Fleming Collection of 19th–20th Century Source Material Concerning Western Civilization together with the Originals of the James Bond-007 Tales: a machine-readable transcription |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/etexts/fleming/ |work=Lilly Library Publications Online |date=7 May 2003 |publisher=[[Lilly Library]] |access-date=14 December 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last=Sellers |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Sellers |title=The battle for the soul of Thunderball |newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]] |location=London |page=32 |date=30 December 2007}}</ref> <ref>{{cite video |year=1999 |contribution=Inside Dr. No Documentary |title=Dr. No (Ultimate Edition, 2006) |medium=DVD |publisher=[[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=Obituary: Mr. Ian Fleming |newspaper=[[The Times]] |location=London |date=13 August 1964 |page=12}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last=Hitchens |first=Christopher |title=Bottoms Up |newspaper=[[The Atlantic|The Atlantic Monthly]] |date=April 2006 |author-link=Christopher Hitchens |page=101}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |last=Cork |first=John |author-link=John Cork |title=The man with the golden pen |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bookseller_2002-09-20_5044/page/20 |journal=[[The Bookseller]] |date=20 September 2002 |issue=5044 |page=20 |issn=0006-7539}}</ref> }} == Vyanzo == {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Amis |first=Kingsley |author-link=Kingsley Amis |title=The James Bond Dossier |year=1966 |publisher=[[Pan Books]] |location=London |oclc=752401390 |title-link=The James Bond Dossier}} * {{cite book |last1=Bennett |first1=Tony |author-link=Tony Bennett (sociologist) |last2=Woollacott |first2=Janet |contribution=The Moments of Bond |editor-last=Lindner |editor-first=Christoph |title=The James Bond Phenomenon: A Critical Reader |year=2003 |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |location=Manchester |isbn=978-0-7190-6541-5}} * {{cite book |last=Benson |first=Raymond |author-link=Raymond Benson |title=The James Bond Bedside Companion |year=1988 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Boxtree Ltd]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-85283-233-9 |title-link=The James Bond Bedside Companion}} * {{cite book |last=Black |first=Jeremy |author-link=Jeremy Black (historian) |title=The Politics of James Bond: From Fleming's Novel to the Big Screen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4-sFrU8Xw0C&q=Clarence%20Leiter&pg=PP1 |year=2005 |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |location=Lincoln, Nebraska |isbn=978-0-8032-6240-9}} * {{cite book |last=Britton |first=Wesley Alan |title=Spy Television |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rl9nk8abyWcC&q=%22casino%20royale%22%20%22barry%20nelson%22&pg=PR4 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |year=2004 |edition=2 |location=Westport, Connecticut |isbn=978-0-275-98163-1}} * {{cite book |last=Burgess |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Burgess |title=99 Novels. The Best in English Since 1939: A Personal Choice |year=1984 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster|Summit Books]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-671-52407-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/99novelsbestine00burg}} * {{cite book |last=Chancellor |first=Henry |title=James Bond: The Man and His World |url=https://archive.org/details/jamesbondmanhisw0000chan |year=2005 |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-7195-6815-2}} * {{cite book |last=DelFattore |first=Joan |author-link=Joan DelFattore |contribution=Ian Fleming |editor1-first=Bernard |editor1-last=Benstock |editor1-link=Bernard Benstock |editor2-first=Thomas |editor2-last=Staley |title=British Mystery and Thriller Writers Since 1940 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflite00bern |url-access=registration |year=1989 |publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|Gale Research]] |location=Detroit |isbn=978-0-7876-3072-0}} * {{cite book |last=Eco |first=Umberto |author-link=Umberto Eco |contribution=Narrative Structures in Fleming |editor-last=Lindner |editor-first=Christoph |title=The James Bond Phenomenon: A Critical Reader |year=2003 |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |location=Manchester |isbn=978-0-7190-6541-5}} * {{cite book |last1=Faulks |first1=Sebastian |last2=Fleming |first2=Ian |authorlink1=Sebastian Faulks |year=2009 |title=Devil May Care |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-14-103545-1 |title-link=Devil May Care (Faulks novel)}} * {{cite book |last=Fleming |first=Ian |title=Thrilling Cities |year=1963 |publisher=[[Jonathan Cape]] |location=London |title-link=Thrilling Cities}} * {{cite book |last=Fleming |first=Ian |title=Goldfinger |url=https://archive.org/details/goldfinger0000flem_u8g6 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-14-102831-6}} * {{cite book |last1=Fleming |first1=Ian |last2=Welsh |first2=Louise |authorlink2=Louise Welsh |title=Live and Let Die |year=2006 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-14-102832-3}} * {{cite book |last1=Fleming |first1=Ian |last2=Higson |first2=Charlie |authorlink2=Charlie Higson |title=From Russia, with Love |url=https://archive.org/details/fromrussiawithlo0000flem_z7m1 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-14-102829-3}} * {{cite book |last=Gant |first=Richard |author-link=Brian Freemantle |title=Ian Fleming: Man with the Golden Pen |publisher=Mayflower-Dell |year=1966 |location=London |oclc=487676374}} * {{cite book |last=Griswold |first=John |title=Ian Fleming's James Bond: Annotations And Chronologies for Ian Fleming's Bond Stories |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uariyzldrJwC&q=Ian%20Fleming's%20James%20Bond%3A%20Annotations%20And%20Chronologies%20For%20Ian%20Fleming's%20Bond%20Stories&pg=PP1 |publisher=[[AuthorHouse]] |location=Bloomington, Indiana |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4259-3100-1}} * {{cite book |last1=Lane |first1=Andy |last2=Simpson |authorlink1=Andy Lane |first2=Paul |year=2000 |title=The Bond Files: The Unofficial Guide to the World's Greatest Secret Agent |url=https://archive.org/details/bondfiles0000andr |publisher=[[Virgin Books]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-7535-0490-1}} * {{cite book |last=Lindner |first=Christoph |title=The James Bond Phenomenon: A Critical Reader |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x9-1QY5boUsC&pg=PP1 |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |location=Manchester |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7190-6541-5}} * {{cite book |last=Longden |first=Sean |author-link=Sean Longden |title=T-Force: The Race for Nazi War Secrets, 1945 |year=2010 |publisher=[[Constable & Robinson]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-84901-297-3}} * {{cite book |last=Lycett |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Lycett |title=Ian Fleming |year=1996 |publisher=Phoenix |location=London |isbn=978-1-85799-783-5}} * {{cite book |last=Macintyre |first=Ben |author-link=Ben Macintyre |title=For Your Eyes Only |url=https://archive.org/details/foryoureyesonlyi0000maci |year=2008 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-7475-9527-4}} * {{cite book |last=Macintyre |first=Ben |author-link=Ben Macintyre |title=Operation Mincemeat: The True Spy Story That Changed the Course of World War II |url=https://archive.org/details/operationminceme0000maci |url-access=registration |year=2010 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-4088-0921-1}} * {{cite book |last=MacLean |first=Rory |author-link=Rory MacLean |title=Gift of Time |year=2012 |publisher=[[Constable & Robinson]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-84901-857-9}} * {{cite book |last=Pearson |first=John |author-link=John Pearson (author) |title=The Life of Ian Fleming: Creator of James Bond |publisher=[[Pan Books]] |location=London |year=1967}} * {{cite book |last1=Pfeiffer |first1=Lee |last2=Worrall |first2=Dave |title=The Essential Bond |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialbondaut0000pfei_e2s2 |year=1998 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Boxtree Ltd]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-7522-2477-0}} * {{cite book |last=Rankin |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Rankin |title=Ian Fleming's Commandos: The Story of 30 Assault Unit in WWII |year=2011 |publisher=[[Faber and Faber]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-571-25062-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/ianflemingscomma0000rank}} * {{cite book |last=Winn |first=Christopher |title=I Never Knew That About England |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_q5B1szl1KcC&pg=PP1 |year=2012 |publisher=[[Random House]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-4481-4606-2}} {{Refend}} == Jisomee == * J.C. "The Agent's Secret." ''[[The Times Literary Supplement]]'' no. 5946 (2017): 36. * Gilbert, Jon. (2023). "A Bibliography of Biographies of Ian Fleming." ''[[The Book Collector]]'' 72 no.4 (winter): 704–709. * Lett, Brian (2012). ''Ian Fleming and SOE's Operation Postmaster: The Top Secret Story Behind 007''. {{ISBN|978-1-5267-8751-4}} * Lycett, Andrew (2020). ''Ian Fleming: The Man Who Created James Bond''. Orion Publishing Group. {{ISBN|978-1-4746-1797-0}}. * {{cite journal |author-last1=Moran |author-first1=Christopher R. |author-last2=McCrisken |author-first2=Trevor |title=The secret life of Ian Fleming: spies, lies and social ties |journal=[[Contemporary British History]] |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13619462.2018.1545579 |year=2019 |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=336–356 |doi=10.1080/13619462.2018.1519431 |s2cid=150004633 |ref=none|url-access=subscription }} * Muir, P. H.(1965). "Ian Fleming: A Personal Memoir." ''[[The Book Collector]]'' 14 no. 1 (Spring): 24–33. * {{cite book |last=Shakespeare |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Shakespeare |title=Ian Fleming: The Complete Man |year=2023 |publisher=Harvill Secker |isbn=978-1-78730-241-9 |ref=none}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Sister project links|wikt=no|commons=Category:Ian Fleming|b=no|n=no|q=Ian Fleming|s=no|v=no|species=no|display=Ian Fleming}} * {{Official website|http://www.ianfleming.com/}} * {{IMDb name|id=0001220|name=Ian Fleming}} * {{FadedPage|id=Fleming, Ian|name=Ian Fleming|author=yes}} * {{UK National Archives ID}} * {{NPG name}} {{Ian Fleming|state=autocollapse}} {{James Bond books|state=autocollapse}} {{James Bond}} {{BD|1908|1964}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Uingereza]] ezkbwflunf8bsrrxazoakullu0rssv0 Paul Sablon 0 240172 1574282 1571201 2026-06-17T23:11:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 6 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574282 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Paul Sablon''' (6 Novemba 1888 – 3 Novemba 1940), ambaye baadaye alijulikana kama '''Paul Bourgeois''', alikuwa mwigizaji, mwongozaji wa filamu, mpiga picha za filamu, mwandishi na mkufunzi wa wanyama aliyezaliwa mjini [[Brussels]], [[Ubelgiji]]. Alifanya kazi katika hatua za mwanzo za tasnia ya filamu, akihusika na kampuni ya Pathé Frères barani Ulaya na [[Universal Pictures|Universal]] nchini Marekani.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2011-04-12 |title=Paul Sablon |url=[https://filmdatabase.eyefilm.nl/en/collection/film-history/person/paul-sablon](https://filmdatabase.eyefilm.nl/en/collection/film-history/person/paul-sablon) |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=DEV EYE Filmdatabase |publisher=Eye Filmmuseum |language=en}}</ref> Akiwa akifanya kazi nchini Uholanzi, Sablon alikua mpiga picha wa kawaida wa filamu za Alfred Machin , hasa katika maonesho yaliyomhusisha simbamarara aitwaye Mimir.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Engelen |first=Leen |title=ON THE TRAIL OF THE TIGRESS {{!}} Il Cinema Ritrovato Festival |url=[https://festival.ilcinemaritrovato.it/en/film/on-the-trail-of-the-tigress/](https://festival.ilcinemaritrovato.it/en/film/on-the-trail-of-the-tigress/) |access-date=2022-12-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> Baadaye alisafiri na Circus Hagenbeck, ambako aliendeleza ujuzi wake wa kufundisha wanyama.<ref name=":0" /> Katika kipindi chake nchini Marekani, alijulikana kama mkufunzi wa wanyama, mwongozaji wa filamu aliyepata mafanikio ya kibiashara na kisanii, lakini pia alihusishwa na ulaghai na tabia zisizofaa mahali pa kazi.<ref name=":13">{{Rejea habari |last=Johnston |first=Keith |date=2021-10-03 |title=He made history as Hollywood's first animal trainer. Then he scammed L.A. with 'iceless ice' |language=en-US |website=Los Angeles Times |url=[https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2021-10-03/hollywood-animal-trainer-paul-bourgeois-los-angeles-iceless-ice-scam](https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2021-10-03/hollywood-animal-trainer-paul-bourgeois-los-angeles-iceless-ice-scam) |access-date=2022-11-25}}</ref> Mwaka 1915, Bourgeois na mke wake, mwigizaji Rosita Marstini, walifika Hollywood baada ya kufanya kazi na wanyama katika majimbo ya New York na New Jersey.<ref name=":13" /> Kati ya mwaka 1915 na 1916 alikuwa mkufunzi mkuu wa wanyama na msimamizi wa Universal City Zoo.<ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Motion Picture News (Nov-Dec 1916) - Lantern |url=[https://lantern.mediahist.org/catalog/motionpicturenew14moti_4_0251](https://lantern.mediahist.org/catalog/motionpicturenew14moti_4_0251) |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=lantern.mediahist.org }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mwaka 1916 aliwahadaa wawekezaji kupitia mradi wa uwanja wa kutelezea kwenye barafu na baadaye akatorokea Arizona akiwa na fedha hizo pamoja na katibu wake wa miaka 19.<ref name=":13" /> Aliishi kwa vipindi nchini Kanada na Marekani, lakini alifariki katika nchi yake ya Ubelgiji.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":13" /> == Filamu alizoshiriki == === Kama mwigizaji === * 1912: ''Het vervloekte Geld'' (''Laana ya Fedha'') * 1913: ''Beasts of the Jungle''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Silent Era : Progressive Silent Film List |url=[https://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/B/BeastsOfTheJungle1913.html](https://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/B/BeastsOfTheJungle1913.html) |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=[www.silentera.com](http://www.silentera.com) |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * 1915: ''The Prisoner of the Harem''<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last=McMahan |first=Alison |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mqIMBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22paul+sablon%22&pg=PA270](https://books.google.com/books?id=mqIMBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22paul+sablon%22&pg=PA270) |title=Alice Guy Blaché: Lost Visionary of the Cinema |date=2014-08-22 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-5013-0269-5 |language=en}}</ref> * 1916: ''Hungry Happy’s Dream''<ref>{{cite web|title=Hungry's Happy Dream|website=ECHO (Early Cinema History Online)|access-date=December 14, 2022|url=[https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/114363}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}](https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/114363}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})</ref> === Kama mwongozaji au mpiga picha wa filamu barani Ulaya === * 1912: ''Babylas va se marier'' * 1912: ''L'Âme des moulins''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Paul Sablon |url=[https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba1addee8](https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba1addee8) |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20221214145728/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba1addee8](https://web.archive.org/web/20221214145728/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba1addee8) |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 14, 2022 |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=British Film Institute |language=en}}</ref> * 1912: ''Calvaire du mousse'' * 1912: ''L'Or qui brûle'' * 1912: ''De Molens die juichen en weenen'' * 1912: ''La Peinture et les cochons'' === Kama mwongozaji nchini Marekani (akitumia jina Paul Bourgeois) === * 1915: ''Joe Martin Turns 'Em Loose''<ref>{{cite web|title=Joe Martin Turns Them Loose|website=ECHO (Early Cinema History Online)|access-date=December 14, 2022|url=[https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/97084}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}](https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/97084}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})</ref> * 1915: ''The Tiger-Woman''<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JBIXAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22paul+Bourgois%22+animal+film&pg=RA8-PA127](https://books.google.com/books?id=JBIXAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22paul+Bourgois%22+animal+film&pg=RA8-PA127) |title=Greenroom Jottings|magazine=Motion Picture|page=127|date=1915 |publisher=Macfadden-Bartell |language=en}}</ref> * 1916: ''Nadine of Nowhere''<ref>{{cite web|title=Nadine of Nowhere|website=ECHO (Early Cinema History Online)|access-date=December 14, 2022|url=[https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/116425}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}](https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/116425}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})</ref> * 1916: ''The Whole Jungle Was After Him''<ref>{{cite web|title=Whole Jungle Was After Him, The|website=ECHO (Early Cinema History Online)|access-date=December 14, 2022|url=[https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/120235}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}](https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/120235}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})</ref> * 1916: ''On the Trail of the Tigress''<ref>{{cite web|title=On the Trail of the Tigress|website=ECHO (Early Cinema History Online)|access-date=December 14, 2022|url=[https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/116774|archive-date=December](https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/116774|archive-date=December) 14, 2022|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20221214173252/https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/116774|url-status=live}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20221214173252/https://echo.commarts.wisc.edu/items/show/116774|url-status=live}})</ref> == Tazama pia == * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Donaldson |first=Geoffrey |title=Of Joy and Sorrow: A Filmography of Dutch Silent Fiction |date=1997 |publisher=Stichting Nederlands Filmmuseum |isbn=90-71338-10-X |location=Amsterdam |oclc=39197409}} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Commons category}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1888|1940}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Ubelgiji]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ubelgiji]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] hjv1wrxlygwo3p5u1jkywlmwn20z4g0 Stuart Abbott 0 240308 1574424 1566609 2026-06-18T09:45:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 4 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574424 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stuart Richard Abbott''' '''MBE''' (amezaliwa 3 Juni 1978) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa raga ya muungano aliyezaliwa [[Afrika Kusini]] ambaye alicheza katika nafasi ya senta kwa klabu ya London Wasps na timu ya taifa ya [[Uingereza]]. Abbott alizaliwa [[Cape Town]], Afrika Kusini. Mama yake alikuwa Mwingereza. Alisoma katika Shule ya Maandalizi ya Western Province na Bishops, ambako amesema aliadhibiwa kwa kuchapwa viboko.<ref>{{cite news|url=[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/england/2367088/Abbott-takes-it-in-his-stride.html|title=Abbott](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/england/2367088/Abbott-takes-it-in-his-stride.html|title=Abbott) takes it in his stride|last=Ackford|first=Paul|date=23 Oktoba 2005|work=The Telegraph|access-date=14 Februari 2011}}</ref> Mchezaji wa nafasi ya senta wa timu ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini, Robbie Fleck, pamoja na Selborne Boome, walihudhuria shule hiyo hiyo. Alipata shahada ya uchumi kutoka [[Stellenbosch University]] na akaichezea timu ya Northern Free State Griffons katika mashindano ya Currie Cup. Baadaye alichezea Western Province na timu ya Afrika Kusini U23. Wakati wa Kombe la Dunia la Raga la 1999, Abbott alisaini na klabu ya Uingereza ya Leicester Tigers, ambayo ilikuwa imepoteza wachezaji kadhaa waliokuwa katika majukumu ya kimataifa. Alicheza mechi mbili baada ya kupendekezwa na mchezaji wa zamani wa Tigers na Springbok, Joel Stransky, aliyekuwa akicheza nafasi ya fly-half. Mwaka 2001 alichezea timu ya Afrika Kusini ya Super 12 iitwayo Stormers . Mnamo Novemba 2001, Abbott alisajiliwa na klabu ya Uingereza ya Wasps . Alipata umaarufu mkubwa katika msimu wa 2002–03 akiwa mmoja wa wachezaji muhimu walioisaidia timu kushinda Zurich Premiership.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/english/2947768.stm|title=Wasps](https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/english/2947768.stm|title=Wasps) romp to title|publisher=BBC|date=31 Mei 2003|access-date=6 Februari 2020}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Alirudia mafanikio hayo katika msimu wa 2003–04 wakati klabu hiyo ilipofika fainali za Heineken Cup na hatua za mwisho za Zurich Premiership. Wasps ilishinda fainali zote mbili na Abbott alifunga ''try'' katika kila moja.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/english/3754577.stm|title=Wasps](https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/english/3754577.stm|title=Wasps) 10-6 Bath|publisher=BBC|date=29 Mei 2004|access-date=6 Februari 2020}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/european/3733109.stm|title=Wasps](https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/european/3733109.stm|title=Wasps) 27-20 Toulouse|publisher=BBC|date=23 Mei 2004|access-date=7 Februari 2020}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Aliunda ushirikiano mzuri katika nafasi ya senta pamoja na Fraser Waters. Kabla ya Kombe la Dunia, alikataa mwito wa kocha wa Afrika Kusini Rudolf Straeuli, lakini akaamua kuichezea Uingereza. Abbott alifunga katika mechi yake ya kwanza kwa Uingereza alipofunga moja ya ''try'' tano katika ushindi wa 43–9 dhidi ya Wales kwenye Millennium Stadium mwezi Agosti 2003, ikiwa ni maandalizi ya Kombe la Dunia la Raga 2003.<ref>{{cite news|url=[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/international/3176179.stm|title=England](https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/international/3176179.stm|title=England) crush woeful Wales|publisher=BBC|date=23 Agosti 2003|access-date=13 Oktoba 2020}}</ref> Baada ya kung'ara tena katika mechi ya majaribio dhidi ya Ufaransa wiki mbili baadaye, alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Uingereza cha Kombe la Dunia. Mwaka 2003 alicheza mechi tatu za Kombe la Dunia la Raga na kuongeza ''try'' yake ya pili katika ushindi mkubwa dhidi ya Uruguay.<ref>{{cite news|url=[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/rugby_world_cup/3230061.stm|title=England](https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/rugby_world_cup/3230061.stm|title=England) hammer Uruguay|publisher=BBC|date=2 Novemba 2003|access-date=13 Oktoba 2020}}</ref> Uingereza ilishinda Kombe la Dunia, na Abbott pamoja na wachezaji wenzake walitunukiwa heshima ya MBE katika Orodha ya Heshima za Mwaka Mpya ya 2004. Alikosa mashindano ya Six Nations Championship ya mwaka 2004 kutokana na majeraha, lakini aliendelea kufanya vizuri katika klabu yake na akajumuishwa katika ziara ya kiangazi ya mwaka huo. Baada ya Kombe la Dunia alikumbwa na majeraha ya mara kwa mara na mwaka 2005 alivunjika mguu katika mechi ya Heineken Cup kati ya Wasps na Biarritz. Alikuwa na kipindi cha mafanikio makubwa akiwa London Wasps, akishinda Heineken Cup, Zurich Premiership na katika msimu wake wa mwisho pia akashinda Powergen Cup. Mwaka 2006 alijiunga na klabu ya Harlequins kwa msimu wa 2006–07, lakini alicheza mechi 17 pekee. Tarehe 24 Oktoba 2007, Abbott alitangaza kustaafu kucheza kutokana na jeraha la [[bega]].<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/my_club/harlequins/7060002.stm|title=Abbott](https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/my_club/harlequins/7060002.stm|title=Abbott) career cut short by injury|date=24 Oktoba 2007|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=14 Februari 2011}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Maisha baada ya kustaafu == Mnamo Mei 2008, Abbott alitangazwa kuwa kocha wa wachezaji wa nyuma katika Rosslyn Park FC, timu iliyomaliza katika nafasi ya pili msimu wa 2008–2009. Baadaye alirejea kuishi [[Cape Town]]. Kufikia mwaka 2025, alikuwa akifanya kazi kama muuzaji wa jumla wa mafuta.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/rugby-union/2025/04/09/where-is-stuart-abbott-now-england-2003-world-cup-win/](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/rugby-union/2025/04/09/where-is-stuart-abbott-now-england-2003-world-cup-win/)</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1978|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]] m33tn26rn8wdeqz2g0adojlqh6y9z4a Mto Kolenté 0 240785 1574264 1571124 2026-06-17T22:51:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574264 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Great Scarcies Basin OSM.svg|thumb|Ramani inayonyesha Bonde la Mto Great Scarcies (Kolenté)]] '''Mto Kolenté''' (pia '''Mto Great Scarcies'''; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''Great Scarcies River'') ni [[mto]] uliopo upande wa magharibi mwa [[Afrika]] ambao unapita katika nchi za [[Guinea]] na [[Sierra Leone]]. Mto huu una urefu wa takribani [[kilomita]] 257 (sawa na [[maili]] 160) na unaunda sehemu ya mpaka wa kimataifa unaotenganisha nchi hizo mbili kabla ya kuishia katika [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]].<ref name="North Africa-West Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=157&catid=209&Itemid=179|title=North Africa-West Coast}}</ref> Jina la Kolenté hutumiwa zaidi nchini Guinea, wakati nchini Sierra Leone mto huu unafahamika zaidi kama Great Scarcies. == Ukubwa wa mto == Mto Kolenté unaanzia katika milima ya Fouta Djallon nchini Guinea. Kutoka hapo unatiririka kuelekea kusini-magharibi ambapo unaunda sehemu ya mpaka wa Guinea na Sierra Leone, na hatimaye unaingia kabisa nchini Sierra Leone kabla ya kumwaga maji yake kwenye Bahari ya Atlantiki katika eneo linaloitwa Barlo Point. Kwa wastani, mto huu unaingiza kiasi cha kilomita za ujazo 13.37 za maji kwa mwaka baharini, na bonde lake lina ukubwa wa kilomita za mraba 7,832.<ref name="River Basins">{{cite web|url=http://twap-rivers.org/indicators|title=River Basins|access-date=2024-01-29|archive-date=2024-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117234333/http://twap-rivers.org/indicators/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ekolojia na historia == Upande wa kusini kidogo mwa mdomo wa mto huu, kuna mto mwingine mdogo unaoitwa Mto Little Scarcies ambao unamwaga maji yake katika [[ghuba]] ileile ya Bahari ya Atlantiki. Eneo hili la kijiografia linalozunguka mito yote miwili kihistoria lilikaliwa na watu wa [[kabila]] la Watemne, ambao walihama kutoka maeneo ya nyanda za juu za Fouta Djallon upande wa kaskazini na kuja kuweka makazi yao ya kudumu katika ukanda huo wa pwani.<ref name="short Fyfe">{{cite book|last=Fyfe|first=Christopher|title=A Short History of Sierra Leone|url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofsi0000fyfe|year=1962|publisher=Longmans|location=London}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Guinea]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Sierra Leone]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] kg7l3s01m3qhtbkm177dd5x4e6v6ybz Mto Sankarani 0 240845 1574126 1571266 2026-06-17T16:01:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574126 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Upper Niger Guinea OSM klein.png|thumb|[[Ramani]] ya [[mto Niger]] nchini Guinea ikionyesha na mkondo wa Mto Sankarani upande wa kulia]] '''Mto Sankarani''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: ''Fleuve Sankarani'') ni [[mto]] wa kimataifa uliopo upande wa magharibi mwa [[Afrika]] na ni moja ya tawari muhimu za [[Mto Niger]].<ref name="AndersenGolitzen">{{cite book |last1=Andersen |first1=Inger |last2=Golitzen |first2=Katherin George |title=The Niger River Basin: A Vision for Sustainable Management |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DQj7Zpv-IwkC |access-date=25 November 2016 |date=1 January 2005 |publisher=World Bank Publications |isbn=9780821362044 |pages=13, 33–34}}</ref> Mto huu unachirizika kuelekea kaskazini ukitokea kwenye nyanda za juu za Fouta Djallon nchini [[Guinea]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sankarani River {{!}} river, western Africa|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Sankarani-River|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|last=Hughes|first=R. H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&q=sankarani+river+from+north+to+south+guinea&pg=PA374|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|date=1992|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-88032-949-5|language=en}}</ref> kisha unalivuka [[jimbo]] la kusini la [[Mali]] ambako unaungana na Mto Niger takribani [[kilomita]] 40 kabla ya kufika jiji la [[Bamako]], ambalo ndilo jiji kuu la Mali.<ref name="AndersenGolitzen"/> Katika ukubwa wake, mto huu unaunda sehemu ya mpaka kati ya Guinea na Bonde la Nguo ([[Ivory Coast]]) pamoja na mpaka kati ya Guinea na Mali.<ref name="Hughes">{{cite book |last=Hughes |first=R. H. |title=A Directory of African Wetlands |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA376 |access-date=25 November 2016 |year=1992 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=9782880329495 |pages=374, 376}}</ref> == Bonde la mto na mtiririko == Bonde la Mto Sankarani lina ukubwa wa [[Kilomita ya mraba|kilomita za mraba]] 35,500, ambapo theluthi mbili ya bonde hili ipo nchini Guinea. Katika ardhi ya Guinea, Sankarani inaungana na mito mingine mitatu ambayo ni Mto Kourai, Mto Yeremou, na Mto Dion.<ref name="AndersenGolitzen"/><ref name="Hughes"/> Eneo hili la bonde kihistoria limekuwa likisifika kwa rutuba nzuri inayofaa kwa kilimo, pamoja na kuwa na utajiri mkubwa wa madini ya chuma na [[dhahabu]]. Unapoingia nchini Mali, mto huu unaishia ndani ya Mto Niger karibu na kijiji cha Kourouba.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/ADF-BD-IF-2008-181-EN-MALI-IRRIGATION-DEVELOPMENT-PROGRAMME-PHASE-I-ESIAS.PDF |title=Irrigation Development Programme - Phase I |publisher=[[African Development Bank]] Group}}</ref> == Miundombinu na matumizi == Ujenzi wa Bwawa la Sélingué ulianza rasmi mwaka 1980 kwa lengo la kuzalisha na kulipatia jiji la Bamako nishati ya [[umeme]], ambapo bwawa hilo lilizinduliwa rasmi mnamo tarehe 13 Desemba 1982.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Evaluation-Reports-_Shared-With-OPEV_/06004242-EN-MALI-SELINGUE-DAM.PDF |title=Mali: Selingue Dam Project: Project Performance Evaluation Report (PPER) |author=B. Askofare |date=6 June 1988 |publisher=African Development Bank Group}}</ref><ref name=KDS>{{cite book |last1=Koenig |first1=Dolores |last2=Diarra |first2=Tiéman |last3=Sow |first3=Moussa |title=Innovation and Individuality in African Development: Changing Production Strategies in Rural Mali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=728lx7XRofcC&pg=PA119 |year=1998 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=9780472108947 |pages=119–123}}</ref><ref name=HDoM>{{cite book|last1=Imperato|first1=Pascal James|last2=Imperato|first2=Gavin H.|title=Historical Dictionary of Mali|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zf6xAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA71|access-date=25 November 2016|date=25 April 2008|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810864023|pages=xl, 105}}</ref> Mradi huu wa bwawa pamoja na mtambo wake wa kufua umeme ulikuwa mradi mkubwa zaidi wa kimaendeleo katika historia ya Mali hadi kipindi hicho, ukiwa na uwezo wa kuzalisha saa za kilowati (kilowatt-hours) milioni 44.8.<ref name=HDoM/> Pamoja na umeme, mradi wa umwagiliaji ulianzishwa ili kusaidia kilimo, ukihusisha maelfu ya hekta kwa ajili ya wakulima waliohamishwa kupisha ujenzi huo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gwiwestafrica.org/en/countries/mali |title=Mali: Water for agriculture (2013-17) |publisher=[[International Institute for Environment and Development]] |accessdate=2026-06-12 |archive-date=2020-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021075953/https://www.gwiwestafrica.org/en/countries/mali |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4347E/w4347e0i.htm |title=The Niger River basin |author= Natural Resources Management and Environment Department, [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the United Nations}}</ref> Mto huu pia ni chanzo muhimu cha uchumi kupitia uvuvi. Ripoti za mazingira za mwaka 2008 zilionyesha kuwa kuna zaidi ya wavuvi elfu moja wanaofanya kazi katika sehemu ya mto kati ya bwawa na makutano ya Mto Niger, ambapo wanavua kiasi kikubwa cha [[samaki]] kila siku wakati wa msimu wa mapato makubwa.<ref>{{citation | editor-last=Golitzen | editor-first=Katherin George| year=2005 |title=The Niger River Basin: A Vision for Sustainable Management | publisher=World Bank | place=Washington, DC. |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWAT/Resources/4602114-1206643460526/Niger_River_Basin_Vision_Sustainable_Management.pdf | isbn=0-8213-6203-8 }}</ref> == Uhifadhi na historia == Upande wa Guinea, Mto Sankarani una eneo la rasi ya mafuriko lenye urefu wa kilomita 170 linalounga mkono uoteaji wa misitu ya kando ya mto (gallery forests), ingawa baadhi ya misitu hiyo ilifunikwa na maji baada ya kujaa kwa bwawa la Sélingué.<ref name="Hughes"/><ref name=KDS/> Kutokana na umuhimu wake wa kiikolojia, eneo la Sankarani-Fié limetangazwa kuwa ardhi chepechepe yenye umuhimu wa kimataifa chini ya Mkataba wa Ramsar.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sankarani-Fié|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1167|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref> Kihistoria, katika karne ya 13 hadi ya 16, mto huu ulikuwa na umuhimu mkubwa wa kisiasa kwani mji mkuu wa [[Dola la Mali]] ya kale, unaojulikana kama Niani, unaaminika kuwa ulijengwa kando ya kingo za Mto Sankarani.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fage |last1=J. D. |last2=Oliver|first2=Roland |title=The Cambridge History of Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory03fage |url-access=registration |access-date=25 November 2016 |year=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521209816 |page=378}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Guinea]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Mali]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Cote d'Ivoire]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 0q47m888twdcvvhtyts7lzbhp0d0f9j Mto Sebou 0 240848 1574127 1572153 2026-06-17T16:02:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574127 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sebou River.svg|thumb|[[Ramani]] inayoonyesha eneo na mwendo wa Mto Sebou kaskazini mwa Moroko]] '''Mto Sebou''' (pia '''Mto Guigou'''), ni [[mto]] uliopo kaskazini mwa nchi ya [[Moroko]]. Katika eneo la chanzo chake kwenye milima ya Atlas ya Kati <ref>{{cite web|title=Sebou River|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/531260/Sebou-River|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref>. Mto huu una urefu wa [[kilomita]] 496 na una wastani wa mtiririko wa maji wa mita za ujazo 137 kwa sekunde, jambo linalofanya mto huu kuwa mto mkubwa zaidi upande wa kaskazini mwa [[Afrika]] katika nyaja ya ujazo wa maji. Mto Sebou unapita karibu na mji wa [[Fes]], ambao ni mji wa pili kwa ukubwa nchini Moroko, na unamwaga maji yake katika [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] kwenye eneo la Mehdya. Mto huu unafaa kwa usafiri wa vyombo vya majini kwa umbali wa kilomita 16 tu hadi kufikia mji wa [[Kenitra]], ambao una bandari pekee ya mtoni nchini humo. Matawi muhimu zaidi yanayomwaga maji kwenye mto huu ni pamoja na Mto Ouergha, Mto Baht, na Mto Inaouen. Pia, mto huu unasaidia sana shughuli za [[umwagiliaji]] katika ukanda wenye ardhi yenye rutuba zaidi nchini Moroko unaojulikana kama Gharb. == Historia == Wakati wa zamani, Mto Sebou ulijulikana kwa jina la *Sububus*. Mwandishi wa kale Pliny Mzee alieleza kuwa mto huo ulikuwa mkuu na ukafaa kwa usafiri wa meli ("magnificus et navigabilis"), ukitiririka karibu na miji ya kale ya Banasa na Thamusida.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/5*.html|title=Natural History, book V|language=la|author=Pliny the Elder|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL352.221.xml|title=Natural History, book V, translated|language=en}}</ref> Kuna kumbukumbu chache sana za kihistoria zinazoonyesha matumizi ya mto huu kwa usafiri wa majini baada ya upanuzi wa [[Uislamu]] katika ukanda huo; hata hivyo, mdomo wa mto huu ulikuwa bandari muhimu na eneo la kuundia meli wakati wa utawala wa nasaba ya Almohad. Katika miaka ya 1669–1670, Sultani Moulay Rashid wa nasaba ya Alaouite alijenga daraja kubwa juu ya mto huu karibu na mji wa Fes ambalo bado limehifadhiwa hadi leo.<ref name=":6">{{Rejea kitabu|last=Gaudio|first=Attilio|title=Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique|publisher=Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines|year=1982|isbn=2723301591|location=Paris}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Pont Oued Sebou|url=http://www.idpc.ma/view/pc_architecture/sanae:380013|access-date=2020-07-28|website=Inventaire et Documentation du Patrimoine Culturel du Maroc|language=fr-FR|archive-date=2020-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728205316/http://www.idpc.ma/view/pc_architecture/sanae:380013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Le Maroc de 1631 à 1812: extrait de l'ouvrage intitulé "Ettordjemân elmoʿarib ʿan douel elmachriq ou ʿlMaghrib de Aboulqâsem Ben Ahmed Ezziani|publisher=École des langues orientales vivantes|year=1886|pages=21|translator-last=Houdas|translator-first=Octave Victor}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Rejea kitabu|last=Marçais|first=Georges|title=L'architecture musulmane d'Occident|publisher=Arts et métiers graphiques|year=1954|location=Paris}}</ref> Kabla ya kipindi cha ukoloni, mto huu ulijulikana sana kwa kuwa na samaki aina ya "Twait shad" ambao walipendwa sana na wakazi wa Fes, lakini walitoweka kabisa kutokana na uchafuzi wa mazingira mtoni. Katika miaka ya kwanza ya utawala wa ulinzi wa Kifaransa, msafara mmoja ulifanikiwa kupita kwenye mto huu kwa kutumia boti ndogo ya mvuke kutoka Sidi Ali Ben Sliman hadi jiji la Fes. == Uhifadhi na changamoto za mazingira == Mfumo wa [[ikolojia]] wa mto huu unakabiliwa na changamoto kubwa za kiutunzaji ambazo zinaathiri rasilimali za maji safi nchini Moroko. Kiasi kikubwa cha uchafuzi huingia kwenye Mto Sebou, hususan viuatilif[[viuatilifu|u]] na mbolea za kemikali zinazosombwa na maji kutoka kwenye mashamba makubwa ya kilimo, pamoja na majitaka ambayo hayajasafishwa yanayotiririshwa kutoka kwenye miji iliyo kando ya mto huo.<ref>Thieme, Michele & Abell, Robin & Stiassny, Melanie & Skelton, Paul. (2005). ''Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment''. Bibliovault OAI Repository, the University of Chicago Press. 1–431.</ref> Juhudi za kiuhifadhi zimekuwa zikihitajika ili kulinda bonde hili la mto kwa ajili ya kilimo endelevu na afya ya jamii. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Moroko]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] idy8pxxafk0gh6a7yrljsv8k9x153nm Kifodini cha Polikarpo 0 240901 1574289 1572408 2026-06-17T23:26:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260617)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1574289 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:St_Polycarp-ApollinareNuovoRavenna.JPG|thumb|Mt. Polikarpo katika [[mozaiki]] za [[Ravenna]], [[Italia]].]] '''''Kifodini cha Polikarpo''''' ni [[kitabu]] cha [[karne ya 2]] kinachosimulia tukio hilo ambapo [[Polikarpo Mtakatifu|Polikarpo]], [[askofu]] wa [[İzmir|Smirna]], alichomwa [[moto]] akiwa hai mbele ya [[umati]] uliokusanyika katika [[uwanja wa michezo]] wa [[mji]] huo [[mwaka]] [[155]] [[Baada ya Kristo|BK]]. Upande mmoja kina mtindo wa [[barua]], upande mwingine wa [[kumbukumbu]] za [[mahakama]]. Ni [[ushahidi]] wa kwanza kuandikwa nje ya [[Agano Jipya]] kuhusu [[Mfiadini|kifodini]] cha [[Ukristo|Kikristo]]{{sfn|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2018|ref=EBMartPol}}. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mababu wa Kitume]] * [[Babu wa Kanisa|Mababu wa Kanisa]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== * {{citation |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Martyrdom-of-Polycarp |title=Martyrdom of Polycarp |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |year=2018 |access-date=23 November 2018 |ref=EBMartPol}} * Bobichon, Philippe, ''La plus ancienne littérature martyriale'' in ''Histoire de la littérature grecque chrétienne, t. II/5 : De Paul apôtre à Irénée de Lyon'', B. Pouderon and E. Norelli (dir.), Paris, Cerf, 2013, pp.&nbsp;619–647 [https://www.academia.edu/7280302/_La_plus_ancienne_litt%C3%A9rature_martyriale_ online] * {{cite book |last1=Foster |first1=Paul |first2=Sara |last2=Parvis |author2-link=Sara Parvis |title=Writings of the Apostolic Fathers |location=London |publisher=Continuum International |date=2007}} * Hartog, Paul, ''Polycarp's Epistle to the Philippians and the Martyrdom of Polycarp. Introduction, Text, and Commentary'', New York, Oxford University Press, 2013. * {{cite book |last1=Jefford |first1=Clayton |first2=Kenneth |last2=Harder |first3=Louis |last3=Amezaga |title=Reading the Apostolic Fathers: An Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/readingapostolic0000jeff |location=Peabody, Massachusetts |publisher=Hendrickson Publishers |date=1996 |isbn=9781565631540}} * {{cite journal |last=Moss |first=Candida R. |title=On the Dating of Polycarp: Rethinking the Place of the Martyrdom of Polycarp in the History of Christianity |journal=Early Christianity |volume=1 |number=4 |date=2010 |pages=539–574|doi=10.1628/186870310793597051 }} * {{cite journal |last=Moss |first=Candida R. |title=Nailing Down and Tying Up: Lessons in Intertextual Impossibility from the Martyrdom of Polycarp |journal=Vigiliae Christianae |volume=66 |date=2012 |pages=1–20}} * {{cite book |last=Pratscher |first=Wilhelm |title=The Apostolic Fathers: An Introduction |location=New York |publisher=T&T Clark |date=2007}} * Sailors, Timothy B. {{citation |title=Bryn Mawr Classical Review: Review of ''The Apostolic Fathers: Greek Texts and English Translations'' |work=Bryn Mawr Classical Review |url=http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-07-08.html |accessdate=21 May 2023}} * {{Rejea jarida |title=An Early Church Slavonic Translation of the Martyrdom of St Polycarp": Three Decades Later |journal=Analecta Bollandiana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288067126 |last=Khomych |first=Taras |issue=2 |volume=130 |pages=294–302 |doi=10.1484/J.ABOL.5.101802 |year=2012}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://early.xpian.info/eng/martyrdomofpolycarp.html An extensive catalogue of English translations of The Martyrdom of Polycarp] * [http://www.biblicalaudio.com/polycarp.htm Letter & Martyrdom of Polycarp: 2012 Translation with Audio Drama] at biblicalaudio {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:vitabu]] [[Jamii:Fasihi ya Kigiriki]] [[Jamii:Mababu wa Kanisa]] kpiqrl3lkjfvto2tj8512hfzw60nr5i Mto Cross 0 240967 1574115 1573111 2026-06-17T15:34:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574115 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cross River OSM.png|thumb|[[Ramani]] inayoonyesha ukubwa wa Mto Cross kuanzia Kameruni hadi unapoingia katika [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] nchini Nigeria]] '''Mto Cross''' (pia: '''Oyono''')<ref>{{cite book|title=Africa |author=Reclus, Élisée |author-link=Élisée Reclus |edition=reprint |volume=3 |publisher=Forgotten Books |year=1892 |page=341 |isbn=1-4400-9130-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D1pAa9idGX0C&pg=PA341}}</ref> ni [[mto]] mkuu katika upande wa kusini-mashariki mwa [[Nigeria]] na ndio ulioupa jina lake [[Jimbo la Cross River]]. Mto huu unaanzia nchini [[Kameruni]], ambapo huko unajulikana kwa jina la ''Mto Manyu''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cameroun-foret.com/system/files/18_18_01.pdf |title=ETHNOBOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TAKAMANDA FOREST RESERVE |author1=L. Zapfack |author2=J. S. O. Ayeni |author3=S. Besong |author4=M. Mdaihli |date=November 2001 |access-date=2011-02-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708112712/http://cameroun-foret.com/system/files/18_18_01.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-08 }}</ref> Ingawa mto huu si mrefu sana kwa viwango vya jiografia ya [[Afrika]], [[beseni]] lake linapata kiasi kikubwa cha mvua hali inayofanya mto kuwa mpana sana kuelekea mwishoni mwake. Katika umbali wa [[kilomita]] 80 kabla ya kufika baharini, mto huu unatiririka kupitia misitu ya mvua yenye mabwawa na vijito vingi, ukaunda [[delta ya mto|delta ya ndani]] karibu na makutano yake na Mto Calabar.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.mowca.org/new%20design/member-states/nigeria.html |title=Maritime Organisation of West and Central Africa, Nigeria |access-date=2009-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505220021/http://www.mowca.org/new%20design/member-states/nigeria.html |archive-date=2010-05-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Delta hii ina upana wa kilomita 20 na urefu wa kilomita 50 kati ya mji wa Oron upande wa magharibi na mji wa Calabar upande wa mashariki. Delta hii inaishia kwenye mlango mpana wa mto baharini (estuary) ambao unashirikisha pia mito mingine midogo. Kwenye mdomo wake katika [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]], mlango huo una upana wa kilomita 24, huku upande wake wa mashariki ukiwa ndani ya nchi jirani ya Kameruni.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2023-09-12 |title=Cross River {{!}} Nigeria, Map, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cross-River-state-Nigeria |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Ukubwa wa mto == Tawari kubwa zaidi la Mto Cross ni Mto Aloma, unaotokea Jimbo la Benue na kuungana nao ndani ya Jimbo la Cross River. Jimbo la Cross River limeunganishwa kwa barabara kuu na jimbo dada la Akwa Ibom. Umbali kati ya mji wa Oron na Calabar ni kilomita 21 kwa njia ya boti na karibu kilomita 200 kwa njia ya barabara. Wakazi wa maeneo ya chini ya Mto Cross kijadi hutumia usafiri wa maji, na mji wa Calabar una bandari kuu ya bahari iliyopo kwenye Mto Calabar, umbali wa kilomita 10 kutoka unapokutana na Mto Cross na kilomita 55 kutoka baharini. Daraja la Itu lililopo kwenye Mto Cross kando ya barabara kuu ya Itu-Calabar linatajwa kuwa moja ya mafanikio makubwa ya miundombinu ya serikali ya Yakubu Gowon lilipokamilika mwaka 1975.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=admin |title=Major Rivers in Nigeria (Details and Pictures) – Sea Empowerment and Research |url=https://seaempowerment.org/?p=981 |access-date=2023-09-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Uhifadhi na ikolojia == Mto Cross unaunda mpaka wa kiasili kati ya kanda mbili za mazingira ya misitu ya joto ya mvua: "Misitu ya Mpito ya Cross-Niger" inayopatikana upande wa magharibi kati ya Mto Cross na Mto Niger, na "Misitu ya Pwani ya Cross-Sanaga-Bioko" iliyopo upande wa mashariki kuelekea Mto Sanaga nchini Kameruni. Kiasi cha wastani cha mvua kwa mwaka kinatofautiana, kutoka milimita 1,760 upande wa kaskazini mwa jimbo hadi milimita 3,100 upande wa kusini (WSSSRP II 2016).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Flood vulnerability assessment of the upper Cross River basin using morphometric analysis|last1=Nkpa M.|first1=Ogarekpe|last2=Ekpe A.|first2=Obio|last3=Imokhai T.|first3=Tenebe|last4=Praise God C.|first4=Emenike|last5=Chidozie C.|first5=Nnaji|journal=Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk |date=23 Jul 2020|volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1378–1403 |doi=10.1080/19475705.2020.1785954 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020GNHR...11.1378O }}</ref> Jina la mto huu pia limetumika kuupa jina Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Cross River (''Cross River National Park'') pamoja na familia ya lugha za kiasili za eneo hilo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Brief History of Cross River National Park |url=https://www.traveldigest.com.ng/index.php/travel-and-tourism-events/item/664-brief-history-of-cross-river-national-park |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=www.traveldigest.com.ng |language=en-gb |archive-date=2024-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727035559/https://www.traveldigest.com.ng/index.php/travel-and-tourism-events/item/664-brief-history-of-cross-river-national-park |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kihistoria na kiutamaduni, ukanda wa Mto Cross una umuhimu mkubwa sana kwa bara la Afrika kwa sababu zifuatazo: * Inadhaniwa kuwa sehemu ya makao ya kwanza kabisa ambapo watu wanaozungumza [[Lugha za Kibantu]] walianza kuenea kuelekea maeneo mengi ya Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara miaka 3000 hadi 5000 iliyopita. * Ni eneo ambalo maandishi ya kale ya kiasili ya Nsibidi yaligunduliwa na kutumiwa. * Ndipo ulipo mji wa Calabar, ambao ulikuwa moja ya vituo vikubwa na muhimu zaidi vya biashara ya utumwa kupitia Bahari ya Atlantiki. == Uchafuzi wa mazingira == Utafiti na ufuatiliaji wa mazingira uliofanywa kwa miezi kadhaa umebaini kuwepo kwa madini ya chuma, manganese, risasi, arseniki, na kromiamu katika maji ya mto huu. Viwango vya madini haya vimeonekana kuwa hatari kwa afya ya binadamu, jambo linaloonyesha kuwa mto huo unakabiliwa na uchafuzi mkubwa wa metali nzito na hivyo hauwezi kutegemewa kama chanzo salama cha maji ya kunywa kwa wakazi wa Nigeria bila kufanyiwa matibabu ya kina. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya Nigeria]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-jio-Nigeria}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Nigeria]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 2uod4fbx2ojhkhdgwthnxw42ew61ouw Mohamed Diab 0 240969 1574085 1573203 2026-06-17T13:53:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574085 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Egyptian director Mohamed Diab (cropped).jpg|thumb|Mohamed Diab]] '''Mohamed Diab''' (matamshi ya [[Kiarabu cha Misri]]: [mæˈħ.amæd dˤiæb], alizaliwa 1978) ni mwandishi wa filamu na mwongozaji kutoka [[Misri]] ambaye kazi zake mara nyingi hujikita katika masuala nyeti yanayohusu jamii ya Misri. Anajulikana kwa filamu yake ya kwanza kuongoza, ''[[Kairo ya Kale|Cairo 678]]''<ref>{{Citation|last=AlloCine|title=Les Femmes du Bus 678|url=https://www.allocine.fr/film/fichefilm_gen_cfilm=193512.html|language=fr|access-date=2026-06-15}}</ref>, iliyotolewa mwezi mmoja kabla ya mapinduzi ya Misri, na kwa kuongoza mfululizo wa [[Marvel Entertainment|Marvel]] wa [[Disney]]''Moon Knight''. == Kazi == ====Cairo 678== ''[[Cairo|Cairo 678]]'' ndiyo filamu ya kwanza kuongozwa na Diab. Filamu hiyo inafuata hadithi zinazounganisha wanawake watatu ambao wameamua kujichukulia sheria mkononi ili kupambana na janga la unyanyasaji wa kijinsia mjini Cairo. Filamu hiyo ilitolewa mwezi Desemba 2010 na inachukuliwa kuwa filamu ya kisasa ya Misri iliyoshinda tuzo nyingi zaidi. Filamu hiyo ilisambazwa kimataifa na kufanya vizuri sana hasa nchini Ufaransa, ambapo iliuzwa tiketi 265,000 na kupokea tuzo ya utambuzi wa hadhira ya "coup de foudre du public" kutoka kwa ÉcranTotal.<ref>{{Citation|title=Bon début pour les femmes du bus 678|url=http://evene.lefigaro.fr/cinema/actualite/bon-debut-pour-les-femmes-du-bus-678-1011571.php|work=Evene.fr|language=fr|access-date=2026-06-15|archive-date=2016-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413112452/http://evene.lefigaro.fr/cinema/actualite/bon-debut-pour-les-femmes-du-bus-678-1011571.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Eshtebak (Mgongano) === ''Eshtebak'' (Mgongano) ilikusudiwa kuwa filamu kuhusu kuinuka kwa mapinduzi ya Misri, lakini hatimaye ikawa filamu inayokamata kuanguka kwa mapinduzi hayo. Filamu nzima imerekodiwa ukiwa ndani ya gari la polisi la kudhibiti ghasia. Filamu hiyo ilipokea ruzuku na ufadhili kutoka kwa [[San Francisco Film Society]], CNC l'aide au Cinémas du Monde, na [[ARTE France]]. Filamu hiyo ilichaguliwa rasmi kwa ajili ya Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes la mwaka [[2016]], katika kitengo cha ''Un Certain Regard''.<ref>{{Citation|title=The 2016 Official Selection|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com:80/en/article/62135.html|work=Festival de Cannes|language=en|access-date=2026-06-15}}</ref> === Moon Knight === Mnamo Oktoba 2020, Diab aliajiriwa kuongoza vipindi vya mfululizo wa Disney+ wa ''Moon Knight'', uliowekwa ndani ya Ulimwengu wa Sinema wa Marvel.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=‘Moon Knight’: Mohamed Diab To Direct Marvel’s Disney+ Series|url=https://deadline.com/2020/10/moon-knight-mohamed-diab-to-direct-marvels-disney-series-1234604345/|work=Deadline|date=2020-10-27|accessdate=2026-06-15|language=en-US|author=Nellie Andreeva,Justin Kroll}}</ref> Diab alisisitiza kuleta uhalisia wa Kimisri katika maeneo ya filamu hiyo, ingawa hakuweza kurekodi nchini humo. Uangalifu katika maelezo madogo kabisa ulikuwa muhimu kwake, kama vile kuongeza rangi za zambarau na angahewa changamfu ya Mto Nile wakati wa usiku. Pamoja na mkewe, Sarah Goher, walichagua nyimbo za aina ya muziki wa Misri kama ''Bahlam Maak'', ''El Melouk'', na ''Batwanes Beek'', ambazo zote zimetungwa na watunzi wa nyimbo wa Misri ili kuwasilisha [[msisimko]] wa kweli wa nchi hiyo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=How ‘Moon Knight’ Harnessed the Power of Egypt’s Top Creatives — and Even Flew Over a Taxi Driver — to Push for Authenticity and “Avoid the Orientalist Look”|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/moon-knight-mohamed-diab-authenticity-egypt-1235124803/|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=2022-04-06|accessdate=2026-06-15|language=en-US|author=Alex Ritman}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Egyptians Take Marvel’s Latest ‘Moon Knight’ to New Heights: Review {{!}} Egyptian Streets|url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2022/04/01/egyptians-take-marvels-latest-moon-knight-to-new-heights-review/|date=2022-04-01|accessdate=2026-06-15|language=en-US|author=Farah Rafik}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{BD|1978|}} [[Jamii:Waongozaji filamu wa Misri]] [[Jamii:WCZ Culture]] dnvj77gusazny9pq0338zmbgh4f5439 Mto Daka 0 240994 1574116 1573184 2026-06-17T15:35:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574116 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mto Daka''' ni mto wa [[Ghana]]. Unapita katika sehemu ya kaskazini-mashariki ya nchi hiyo na ni mojawapo ya [[mito]] inayomwaga maji yake katika Ziwa [[Volta]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Permanent Residents of Oakland Cemetery|url=https://www.sagharborpartnership.org/permanent-residents-of-oakland-cemetery.html|work=Sag Harbor Partnership​|accessdate=2026-06-15|archive-date=2017-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719103356/http://www.sagharborpartnership.org/permanent-residents-of-oakland-cemetery.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Eneo la [[ardhi]] lililo kati ya mito Daka na Oti linajulikana kama Ukanda wa Oti-Daka.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5iEtAQAAIAAJ|title=Nyame Akuma|date=2006|publisher=Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ghana}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za jiografia ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] ek14hp0c6ilfwqu7e7fgfpl8io8nbmr Mto Densu 0 240995 1574117 1573185 2026-06-17T15:35:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574117 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mto Densu''' ni [[mto]] wenye urefu wa kilomita 116 uliopo nchini [[Ghana]], <ref>{{Citation|title=Protecting Atewa Forest|date=2015-07-13|url=https://ghana.arocha.org/projects/protecting-atewa-forest/|work=Ghana {{!}} A Rocha|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-06-15|archive-date=2019-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518151057/https://ghana.arocha.org/projects/protecting-atewa-forest/|url-status=dead}}</ref>unaoanzia katika Milima ya Atewa. Mto huu unapita katika eneo muhimu la kilimo na hutoa karibu nusu ya maji ya kunywa yanayotumiwa katika mji mkuu wa Ghana, Accra. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Residents stranded as Weija Dam spillage floods homes {{!}} Starr Fm|url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2018/10/residents-stranded-as-weija-dam-spillage-floods-homes/|work=starrfm.com.gh|accessdate=2026-06-15|language=en-US|archive-date=2019-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518153912/https://starrfm.com.gh/2018/10/residents-stranded-as-weija-dam-spillage-floods-homes/|url-status=dead}}</ref>Mto huo huishia katika delta ya [[ardhi]] oevu yenye umuhimu mkubwa wa kiikolojia kwenye pwani ya Bahari ya Atlantiki. Bwawa la Densuano na Bwawa la Weija vimejengwa kwenye Mto Densu. == Jiografia == Mto Densu unapatikana kusini mwa Ghana na ni sehemu ya mfumo wa Bonde la Mito ya Pwani (Coastal River Basin). Eneo lake la mkusanyiko wa maji lina ukubwa wa takriban [[kilomita]] za mraba 2,490 hadi 2,600, likienea katika sehemu za Mikoa ya Mashariki, Kati ya Accra . Mto huu unaanzia katika Safu ya Milima ya Atewa-Atwiredu, eneo la nyanda za juu lenye misitu ambalo ni chanzo muhimu cha [[Majira ya mvua|maji]] kwa mito kadhaa ya Ghana. Hatimaye, Mto Densu humwaga maji yake katika Ghuba ya Guinea kupitia mfumo wa ardhi oevu unaojulikana kama Delta ya Densu, ambao huathiriwa na mawimbi ya bahari na mifumo ya rasi.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Oduro |first=Charles Yaw |last2=Anokye |first2=Prince Aboagye |last3=Nanor |first3=Michael Ayertey |date=2024-07-25 |title=Morphological Patterns and Drivers of Urban Growth on Africa’s Wetland Landscapes: Insights from the Densu Delta Ramsar Site, Ghana |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/15/6372 |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=15 |pages=6372 |doi=10.3390/su16156372 |issn=2071-1050}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ghana}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za jiografia ya Ghana]] szzt6hmp2mayytfn2f6r0m38e05iu9d Mto Gyimi 0 240996 1574119 1573186 2026-06-17T15:41:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1574119 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mto Gyimi,''' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=About GeoNames|url=https://www.geonames.org/about.html|work=www.geonames.org|accessdate=2026-06-15}}</ref>unaojulikana pia kama Mto Jimi,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Jimiso - GhanaPlaceNames|url=https://sites.google.com/site/ghanaplacenames/database/ashanti/jimiso|work=sites.google.com|accessdate=2026-06-15|archive-date=2020-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021030139/https://sites.google.com/site/ghanaplacenames/database/ashanti/jimiso|url-status=dead}}</ref> ni mkondo wa [[maji]] uliopo katika Mkoa wa Ashanti nchini Ghana. Mto huu unatokea katika eneo la makazi ya Naimakrom na unaungana na Ofin River karibu na mji wa Dunkwa-on-Offin. Neno '''“gyimi”''' katika lugha ya Twi inayozungumzwa na watu wa Akan linaweza kutafsiriwa kwa maana ya ''upumbavu'' au ''hali isiyo ya kawaida''. == Uchafuzi wa Maji == Ndani ya bonde la Mto Gyimi (Jimi), kuna uchafuzi wa [[metali]] nzito katika maji. Uchafuzi huu unasababishwa na shughuli za uchimbaji madini zinazofanyika katika eneo hilo. Metali hizi nzito zinaweza kuwa na athari kwa [[mazingira]], viumbe wa majini na [[afya]] ya binadamu wanaotegemea maji ya mto huo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mindat.org|url=https://zh.mindat.org/feature-2300089.html|work=zh.mindat.org|accessdate=2026-06-15}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ghana}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za jiografia ya Ghana]] mukg3p9eu8sk1p3qggwu2ju8ta8i0o5 Maporomoko ya Kalandula 0 241048 1574464 1574064 2026-06-18T10:38:15Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1574464 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Kalandula waterfalls of the Lucala-River in Malange, Angola.JPG|thumb|Maporomoko ya maji ya Kalandula ya mto Lucala, Malanje, Angola.]] '''Maporomoko ya Kalandula''' au '''Calandula''' (kwa Kireno: ''Quedas de Kalandula''; zamani yakijulikana kama ''Maporomoko ya Duque de Bragança'') ni [[maporomoko ya maji]] yaliyopo katika manispaa ya Calandula, [[Malanje (mkoa)|Mkoa wa Malanje]] nchini [[Angola]]. Yanapatikana kwenye [[Mto Lucala|mto Lucala]], na yana urefu wa [[mita]] 105 na upana wa mita 400. Maporomoko haya ni miongoni mwa maporomoko makubwa zaidi barani [[Afrika]] kwa kiasi cha maji yanayopita ndani yake. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=malanje-angola.com|url=http://www.malanje-angola.com/potencialidades_t.htm|work=www.malanje-angola.com|accessdate=2026-06-17|archive-date=2008-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914201647/http://www.malanje-angola.com/potencialidades_t.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=world-waterfalls.com Is For Sale|url=http://world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=518|work=www.world-waterfalls.com|accessdate=2026-06-17|archive-date=2010-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201133341/http://world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=518|url-status=dead}}</ref>Umbali kutoka Luanda hadi Maporomoko ya Kalandula ni takribani kilomita 360. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Angola}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] 85heixnxdcd52kxldaz4od6ytbd00ny Maporomoko ya Ruacana 0 241049 1574465 1573978 2026-06-18T10:40:13Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1574465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto|jina=Maporomoko ya Ruacana|picha=Ruacana Falls at High Water from distance in 03-2011 by Tom Jakobi.JPG}} '''Maporomoko ya Ruacana''' ni [[maporomoko ya maji]] yaliyopo Ruacana, [[Mkoa wa Omusati]], kaskazini mwa [[Namibia]], kwenye [[Kunene (mto)|mto Kunene]]. Maporomoko haya yana urefu wa mita 120 na upana wa mita 700 wakati wa mafuriko makubwa. Ni miongoni mwa maporomoko makubwa zaidi barani [[Afrika]] kwa kiasi cha maji na upana wake.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Stairs at Ruacana waterfalls in state of disrepair|url=https://neweralive.na/stairs-at-ruacana-waterfalls-in-state-of-disrepair/|work=New Era|date=2019-01-30|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en-US|author=Staff Reporter}}</ref> == Maelezo == Maporomoko ya Ruacana yanaundwa na Mto Kunene wenye urefu wa [[kilomita]] 1,050, ambao huunda sehemu ya mpaka kati ya Namibia na [[Angola]]. Katika eneo la Ruacana, mto huo huanguka ndani ya korongo lenye kina cha mita 120 na upana wa mita 700, na hivyo kuunda maporomoko haya makubwa na ya kuvutia.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ruacana Falls - Water falls and hydro-electric power plant|url=https://www.info-namibia.com/activities-and-places-of-interest/kaokoveld/ruacana-falls|work=www.info-namibia.com|accessdate=2026-06-17}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Angola]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Namibia]] av93gapz1emia16q85bk27j4d8m7fsa 1574468 1574465 2026-06-18T10:43:18Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1574468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto|jina=Maporomoko ya Ruacana|picha=Ruacana Falls at High Water from distance in 03-2011 by Tom Jakobi.JPG}} '''Maporomoko ya Ruacana''' ni [[maporomoko ya maji]] yaliyopo Ruacana, [[Mkoa wa Omusati]], kaskazini mwa [[Namibia]], kwenye [[Kunene (mto)|mto Kunene]]. Maporomoko haya yana urefu wa mita 120 na upana wa mita 700 wakati wa mafuriko makubwa. Ni miongoni mwa maporomoko makubwa zaidi barani [[Afrika]] kwa kiasi cha maji na upana wake.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Stairs at Ruacana waterfalls in state of disrepair|url=https://neweralive.na/stairs-at-ruacana-waterfalls-in-state-of-disrepair/|work=New Era|date=2019-01-30|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en-US|author=Staff Reporter}}</ref> == Maelezo == Maporomoko ya Ruacana yanaundwa na Mto Kunene wenye urefu wa [[kilomita]] 1,050, ambao huunda sehemu ya mpaka kati ya Namibia na [[Angola]]. Katika eneo la Ruacana, mto huo huanguka ndani ya korongo lenye kina cha mita 120 na upana wa mita 700, na hivyo kuunda maporomoko haya makubwa na ya kuvutia.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ruacana Falls - Water falls and hydro-electric power plant|url=https://www.info-namibia.com/activities-and-places-of-interest/kaokoveld/ruacana-falls|work=www.info-namibia.com|accessdate=2026-06-17}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Namibia]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Angola]] ofqhsegfu5hq6ibiq0g942gfby9cxvy Cascades de Karfiguéla 0 241050 1574467 1573949 2026-06-18T10:42:33Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1574467 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Cascades de Banfora Burkina Faso.JPG|thumb|Cascades de Banfora, pia inaitwa Cascades de Karfiguela, karibu na Banfora huko Burkina Faso.]] '''Maporomoko ya Karfiguéla''' (kwa Kifaransa: ''Cascades de Karfiguéla''; yanajulikana pia kama '''Maporomoko ya Banfora''', '''Karfiguela Falls''', '''Tagbaladougou Falls''', au '''Banfora Falls''') ni mfululizo wa [[maporomoko ya maji]] yaliyo kando ya [[mto Komoé]] kusini-magharibi mwa Burkina Faso.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Beautiful Burkina Faso: Cascades de Karfiguéla, Banfora {{!}} Adventures of Tin|url=http://adventuresoftin.com/beautiful-burkina-faso-cascades-de-karfiguela-banfora/#|work=adventuresoftin.com|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en-US}}</ref> Maporomoko hayo yapo takribani kilomita 12 kaskazini-magharibi mwa Banfora na ni mojawapo ya vivutio muhimu zaidi vya utalii nchini Burkina Faso.<ref>{{Citation|title=Waterfalls, Homemade Rum and Landscapes from Another Planet in Banfora, Burkina Faso|date=2018-01-27|url=https://westafricatravelguide.com/banfora-burkina-faso/|work=West Africa Travel Guide|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Banfora Cascades de Karfiguéla (Burkina Faso) - fall Banfora - falls Banfora - waterfall Banfora - waterfalls Banfora|url=http://www.globeholidays.net/Africa/Burkina_Faso/Banfora/Banfora_Chutes_de_Karfiguela1.htm|work=www.globeholidays.net|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Travel Photos of Burkina Faso|url=https://brendansadventures.com/burkina-faso-in-pictures/|work=Brendan van Son Photography|date=2013-01-06|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en-US|author=Brendan Van Son}}</ref> [[Mkoa wa Cascades]] umepewa jina lake kutokana na uwepo wa maporomoko haya. Mtiririko wa [[maji]] katika maporomoko hayo huwa mkubwa zaidi wakati wa msimu wa [[mvua]], ambao huanza mwezi Juni hadi Septemba. Katika kipindi hicho, maporomoko hayo huonyesha mandhari ya kuvutia zaidi na kuvutia watalii wengi. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:jiografia ya Burkina Faso]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] a4dvcezres78sb1x79xr4a61w4zsxyg Maporomoko ya Inga 0 241051 1574121 1574010 2026-06-17T15:49:56Z Don Malya 61486 1574121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto|jina=Maporomoko ya Inga|picha=Inga03.jpg|nchi=Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} '''Maporomoko ya Inga''' ni mfululizo wa maporomoko na mikondo yenye kasi (rapids) yaliyopo takribani kilomita 40 kutoka mji wa Matadi katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] Katika eneo hili, [[Kongo (mto)|mto Kongo]] hushuka kwa mita 96 ndani ya umbali wa kilomita 15.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Inga Falls, Congo, Democratic Republic of the - World Waterfall Database|url=https://www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com/waterfall/Inga-Falls-660|work=www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en}}</ref> Maporomoko ya Inga ni sehemu ya kundi kubwa la mikondo yenye kasi katika sehemu ya chini ya Mto Congo. Juu ya mkondo wake, karibu na Pool Malebo, kunapatikana Maporomoko ya Livingstone. Maporomoko haya yaliundwa katika sehemu ambayo Mto Congo hupinda kwa kona kali. Katika eneo hilo, upana wa mto hubadilika kutoka zaidi ya kilomita 4 hadi kufikia mita 260 pekee, hali inayosababisha mtiririko wa maji kuwa na nguvu kubwa na kuunda mikondo na maporomoko makubwa.<ref>{{Citation|title=Africa plans biggest dam project|date=2008-04-21|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7358542.stm|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-06-17}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-jio-Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za jiografia ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] ivew1mfb569o7wmwson3ovpp0qrg7rb 1574469 1574121 2026-06-18T10:47:37Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1574469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto|jina=Maporomoko ya Inga|picha=Inga03.jpg|nchi=Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} '''Maporomoko ya Inga''' ni mfululizo wa maporomoko na mikondo yenye kasi (rapids) yaliyopo takribani kilomita 40 kutoka mji wa [[Matadi]] katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] Katika eneo hili, [[Kongo (mto)|mto Kongo]] hushuka kwa mita 96 ndani ya umbali wa kilomita 15.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Inga Falls, Congo, Democratic Republic of the - World Waterfall Database|url=https://www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com/waterfall/Inga-Falls-660|work=www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en}}</ref> Maporomoko ya Inga ni sehemu ya kundi kubwa la mikondo yenye kasi katika sehemu ya chini ya Mto Kongo. Juu ya mkondo wake, karibu na Pool Malebo, kunapatikana [[Maporomoko ya Livingstone]]. Maporomoko haya yaliundwa katika sehemu ambayo Mto Kongo hupinda kwa kona kali. Katika eneo hilo, upana wa mto hubadilika kutoka zaidi ya kilomita 4 hadi kufikia mita 260 pekee, hali inayosababisha mtiririko wa maji kuwa na nguvu kubwa na kuunda mikondo na maporomoko makubwa.<ref>{{Citation|title=Africa plans biggest dam project|date=2008-04-21|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7358542.stm|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-06-17}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 6fhuslvdii16sv3sil9kxtjtg51vw17 Maporomoko ya Livingstone 0 241052 1574123 1574039 2026-06-17T15:55:17Z Don Malya 61486 1574123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto|jina=Maporomoko ya Livingstone|picha=Chutes Livingstone.jpg|maelezo_ya_picha=Mwanzo wa Maporomoko ya Livingstone karibu na Kinshasa}} '''Maporomoko ya Livingstone''' ni mfululizo wa mikondo mikubwa yenye kasi na maporomoko ya maji yaliyo katika sehemu ya chini ya [[Kongo (mto)|mto Kongo]] magharibi mwa Afrika ya Ikweta. Maporomoko hayo yamepewa jina la mpelelezi kutoka [[Uskoti]] [[David Livingstone]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Dying Fish Revealed Congo Is World's Deepest River|url=https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html|work=Live Science|date=2020-01-12|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en|author=Mindy Weisberger published in News}}</ref> Maporomoko ya Livingstone yapo chini ya mkondo wa Malebo Pool katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Yanajumuisha mfululizo wa mikondo yenye kasi kubwa ya maji na maporomoko yanayofanya sehemu hii ya Mto Congo kuwa mojawapo ya maeneo yenye nguvu kubwa zaidi za maji duniani. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} [[Jamii:Mto Kongo]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] p0wd4eaullm5ztywgqch3nb5n7l0rh3 Maporomoko ya Lofoi 0 241053 1574125 1574012 2026-06-17T15:59:18Z Don Malya 61486 1574125 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Chutes de la Lofoï.jpg|thumb|Plus haute chute de l'Afrique]] '''Maporomoko ya Lofoi''' ni maporomoko ya maji yaliyopo katika Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Kundelungu, Mkoa wa Katanga, nchini [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Maji ya maporomoko haya huanguka moja kwa moja kutoka urefu wa mita 340 bila kukatizwa, jambo linaloyafanya kuwa miongoni mwa maporomoko makubwa zaidi ya maji katika [[Afrika]] ya Kati. Maji ya Mto Lofoi ni tawimto la mto Lufira . Katika msimu wa [[ukame]] unaoanzia Juni hadi Oktoba, kiwango cha [[maji]] katika maporomoko haya hupungua kwa kiasi kikubwa. Hata hivyo, katika kipindi kilichobaki cha mwaka, hasa wakati wa msimu wa mvua, maporomoko hayo huwa na mtiririko mkubwa wa maji na kutoa mandhari ya kuvutia sana.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sj9mDQAAQBAJ&dq=lofoi+falls&pg=PA386|title=Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|last=Kisangani|first=Emizet Francois|date=2016-11-18|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC|isbn=978-1-4422-7316-0|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-jio-Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za jiografia ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] nzu11jqrzq31lgw1rf8v6b32mb7osch 1574472 1574125 2026-06-18T10:50:38Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1574472 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Chutes de la Lofoï.jpg|thumb|Plus haute chute de l'Afrique]] '''Maporomoko ya Lofoi''' ni [[maporomoko ya maji]] yaliyopo katika Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Kundelungu, Mkoa wa Katanga, nchini [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Maji ya maporomoko haya huanguka moja kwa moja kutoka urefu wa mita 340 bila kukatizwa, jambo linaloyafanya kuwa miongoni mwa maporomoko makubwa zaidi ya maji katika [[Afrika ya Kati]]. [[Mto Lofoi]] ni tawimto la [[mto Lufira]]. Katika msimu wa [[ukame]] unaoanzia Juni hadi Oktoba, kiwango cha [[maji]] katika maporomoko haya hupungua kwa kiasi kikubwa. Hata hivyo, katika kipindi kilichobaki cha mwaka, hasa wakati wa msimu wa mvua, maporomoko hayo huwa na mtiririko mkubwa wa maji na kutoa mandhari ya kuvutia sana.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sj9mDQAAQBAJ&dq=lofoi+falls&pg=PA386|title=Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|last=Kisangani|first=Emizet Francois|date=2016-11-18|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC|isbn=978-1-4422-7316-0|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 81pciohn4votpqbp56ri0ut7ublc4ua 1574473 1574472 2026-06-18T10:52:30Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1574473 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Chutes de la Lofoï.jpg|thumb|Maporomoko marefu zaidi [[Afrika]] nzima.]] '''Maporomoko ya Lofoi''' ni [[maporomoko ya maji]] yaliyopo katika Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Kundelungu, Mkoa wa Katanga, nchini [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Maji ya maporomoko haya huanguka moja kwa moja kutoka urefu wa mita 340 bila kukatizwa, jambo linaloyafanya kuwa miongoni mwa maporomoko makubwa zaidi ya maji katika [[Afrika ya Kati]]. [[Mto Lofoi]] ni tawimto la [[mto Lufira]]. Katika msimu wa [[ukame]] unaoanzia Juni hadi Oktoba, kiwango cha [[maji]] katika maporomoko haya hupungua kwa kiasi kikubwa. Hata hivyo, katika kipindi kilichobaki cha mwaka, hasa wakati wa msimu wa mvua, maporomoko hayo huwa na mtiririko mkubwa wa maji na kutoa mandhari ya kuvutia sana.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sj9mDQAAQBAJ&dq=lofoi+falls&pg=PA386|title=Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|last=Kisangani|first=Emizet Francois|date=2016-11-18|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC|isbn=978-1-4422-7316-0|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] qpcrqed3yqoaymqqoqzlex6nxqm3f6q Maporomoko ya Mambatuta 0 241054 1574129 1574015 2026-06-17T16:04:52Z Don Malya 61486 1574129 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maporomoko ya Mambatuta''' ni maporomoko ya maji yenye mteremko mkali yaliyopo kwenye Mto Luapula . Mto huu unatokea katika Mto Bangweulu na hupita nchini [[Zambia]] pamoja na mpakani mwa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] kabla ya kumwaga maji yake katika Mto Mweru.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Management, co-management or no management? Major dilemmas in southern African freshwater fisheries. Part 2: Case studies.|url=https://www.fao.org/4/y5056e/y5056e05.htm|work=www.fao.org|accessdate=2026-06-17}}</ref> Maporomoko ya Mambatuta ni maarufu kwa mteremko wake mkali na mandhari ya asili ya kuvutia, ambapo maji ya mto Luapula hushuka kwa nguvu kabla ya kuendelea na safari yake kuelekea Ziwa Mweru. Mto Luapula hutiririka kuelekea kusini kutoka Ziwa Bangweulu kama mto mpana wenye maeneo mengi ya vinamasi, ukiwa na upana wa mamia kadhaa ya mita. Baadaye hugeukia magharibi na kufuata mpaka kati ya Zambia na Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Baada ya kupita Maporomoko ya Mambatuta, mto hupungua upana na kujipinda kuelekea kaskazini. Kisha hushuka kupitia Maporomoko ya Mambilima, na baada ya hapo hupanuka tena na kuunda eneo kubwa la [[ardhi]] oevu lenye urefu wa takribani kilomita 150, ambalo hulisha sehemu ya kusini ya Ziwa Mweru. Maporomoko ya Mambatuta ni maporomoko yenye mteremko mkali ambapo maji hushuka kwa anguko moja la wima.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Crossing Africa by Motorboat - Great North Road|url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/boma/Crossing_Africa_by_Motorboat|work=www.greatnorthroad.org|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en}}</ref> Hapo zamani, [[bonde]] la Bangweulu–Mweru lilikuwa sehemu ya mfumo wa [[Mto]] Zambezi, na kwa sababu hiyo aina kadhaa za [[samaki]] wanaopatikana katika mfumo wa Zambezi pia hupatikana katika Mto Luapula.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDjMyk4oDBkC&pg=PA201|title=The Ecology of River Systems|last=Davies|first=Bryan R.|last2=Walker|first2=Keith F.|date=1986-07-31|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en}}</ref> Viumbe wa majini kutoka mfumo wa Mto Kongo waliweza kusambaa kupitia Mto Luvua hadi Ziwa Mweru, lakini walizuiwa na Maporomoko ya Mambatuta kuingia katika Ziwa Bangweulu. == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-jio-Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Zambia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] a3xg8vfgd88fndj5ht4x01aekz8ll60 1574156 1574129 2026-06-17T18:40:38Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1574156 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maporomoko ya Mambatuta''' ni maporomoko ya maji yenye mteremko mkali yaliyopo kwenye Mto Luapula . Mto huu unatokea katika Mto Bangweulu na hupita nchini [[Zambia]] pamoja na mpakani mwa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] kabla ya kumwaga maji yake katika Mto Mweru.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Management, co-management or no management? Major dilemmas in southern African freshwater fisheries. Part 2: Case studies.|url=https://www.fao.org/4/y5056e/y5056e05.htm|work=www.fao.org|accessdate=2026-06-17}}</ref> Maporomoko ya Mambatuta ni maarufu kwa mteremko wake mkali na mandhari ya asili ya kuvutia, ambapo maji ya mto Luapula hushuka kwa nguvu kabla ya kuendelea na safari yake kuelekea Ziwa Mweru. Mto Luapula hutiririka kuelekea kusini kutoka Ziwa Bangweulu kama mto mpana wenye maeneo mengi ya vinamasi, ukiwa na upana wa mamia kadhaa ya mita. Baadaye hugeukia magharibi na kufuata mpaka kati ya Zambia na Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Baada ya kupita Maporomoko ya Mambatuta, mto hupungua upana na kujipinda kuelekea kaskazini. Kisha hushuka kupitia Maporomoko ya Mambilima, na baada ya hapo hupanuka tena na kuunda eneo kubwa la [[ardhi]] oevu lenye urefu wa takribani kilomita 150, ambalo hulisha sehemu ya kusini ya Ziwa Mweru. Maporomoko ya Mambatuta ni maporomoko yenye mteremko mkali ambapo maji hushuka kwa anguko moja la wima.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Crossing Africa by Motorboat - Great North Road|url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/boma/Crossing_Africa_by_Motorboat|work=www.greatnorthroad.org|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en}}</ref> Hapo zamani, [[bonde]] la Bangweulu–Mweru lilikuwa sehemu ya mfumo wa [[Mto]] Zambezi, na kwa sababu hiyo aina kadhaa za [[samaki]] wanaopatikana katika mfumo wa Zambezi pia hupatikana katika Mto Luapula.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDjMyk4oDBkC&pg=PA201|title=The Ecology of River Systems|last=Davies|first=Bryan R.|last2=Walker|first2=Keith F.|date=1986-07-31|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en}}</ref> Viumbe wa majini kutoka mfumo wa Mto Kongo waliweza kusambaa kupitia Mto Luvua hadi Ziwa Mweru, lakini walizuiwa na Maporomoko ya Mambatuta kuingia katika Ziwa Bangweulu. == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-jio-Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Zambia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] sjgvs5bxj9xeprrfwb3t7m0nq3x0zlj 1574474 1574156 2026-06-18T10:54:49Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1574474 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maporomoko ya Mambatuta''' ni [[maporomoko ya maji]] yenye mteremko mkali yaliyopo kwenye [[Mto Luapula]]. Mto huu unatokea katika [[ziwa Bangweulu]] na hupita nchini [[Zambia]] pamoja na mpakani mwa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] kabla ya kumwaga maji yake katika [[ziwa Mwero]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Management, co-management or no management? Major dilemmas in southern African freshwater fisheries. Part 2: Case studies.|url=https://www.fao.org/4/y5056e/y5056e05.htm|work=www.fao.org|accessdate=2026-06-17}}</ref> Maporomoko ya Mambatuta ni maarufu kwa mteremko wake mkali na mandhari ya asili ya kuvutia, ambapo maji ya mto Luapula hushuka kwa nguvu kabla ya kuendelea na safari yake kuelekea Ziwa Mwero. Mto Luapula hutiririka kuelekea kusini kutoka Ziwa Bangweulu kama mto mpana wenye maeneo mengi ya vinamasi, ukiwa na upana wa mamia kadhaa ya mita. Baadaye hugeukia magharibi na kufuata mpaka kati ya Zambia na Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Baada ya kupita Maporomoko ya Mambatuta, mto hupungua upana na kujipinda kuelekea kaskazini. Kisha hushuka kupitia Maporomoko ya Mambilima, na baada ya hapo hupanuka tena na kuunda eneo kubwa la [[ardhi]] oevu lenye urefu wa takribani kilomita 150, ambalo hulisha sehemu ya kusini ya Ziwa Mweru. Maporomoko ya Mambatuta ni maporomoko yenye mteremko mkali ambapo maji hushuka kwa anguko moja la wima.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Crossing Africa by Motorboat - Great North Road|url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/boma/Crossing_Africa_by_Motorboat|work=www.greatnorthroad.org|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en}}</ref> Hapo zamani, [[bonde]] la Bangweulu–Mweru lilikuwa sehemu ya mfumo wa [[Mto]] Zambezi, na kwa sababu hiyo aina kadhaa za [[samaki]] wanaopatikana katika mfumo wa Zambezi pia hupatikana katika Mto Luapula.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDjMyk4oDBkC&pg=PA201|title=The Ecology of River Systems|last=Davies|first=Bryan R.|last2=Walker|first2=Keith F.|date=1986-07-31|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en}}</ref> Viumbe wa majini kutoka mfumo wa Mto Kongo waliweza kusambaa kupitia Mto Luvua hadi Ziwa Mweru, lakini walizuiwa na Maporomoko ya Mambatuta kuingia katika Ziwa Bangweulu. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Zambia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] td0tzg4e58j4dkk439h2iigsdtu9hyl Maporomoko ya Mambilima 0 241055 1574130 1574018 2026-06-17T16:08:20Z Don Malya 61486 1574130 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maporomoko ya Mambilima''' ni mfululizo wa mikondo yenye kasi ya maji iliyopo kwenye Mto Luapula kwenye mpaka kati ya [[Zambia]] na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo.]] Maporomoko haya yalikuwa yakijulikana hapo awali kama Maporomoko ya Johnstone. Yanapanuka kwa urefu wa takribani [[kilomita]] 5 kando ya mto, yakitengeneza eneo refu la mikondo yenye kasi badala ya mporomoko mmoja mkubwa.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lMMGAvTxmzAC&pg=PA3|title=Management, Co-Management Or No Management?: Major Dilemmas in Southern African Freshwater Fisheries|last=Nations|first=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United|date=2003-01-01|publisher=Food & Agriculture Org.|isbn=978-92-5-105032-3|language=en}}</ref> Chini ya Ziwa Bangweulu, Mto Luapula ni mfumo mpana wa maji wenye vinamasi unaotiririka kuelekea kusini. Baadaye hugeukia magharibi na kushuka kupitia Maporomoko ya Mambatuta yenye mteremko mkali, kabla ya kujipinda kuelekea [[kaskazini]] hadi kufikia Maporomoko ya Mambilima. [[Bonde]] la Luapula lenye rutuba na wakazi wengi hupanuka baada ya Maporomoko ya Mambilima na kuunda eneo kubwa la mabwawa, tambarare za mafuriko na lagoons katika sehemu ya kusini ya Ziwa Mweru. Kuna karibu mfululizo usiokatika wa [[vijiji]] kuanzia maporomoko hayo hadi ziwani. Kijadi, wavuvi waliokuwa karibu na maporomoko walitumia mabwawa madogo, vizuizi vya maji na mitego ili kuvua samaki wengi iwezekanavyo kabla ya maji ya mafuriko kupungua. Samaki wa Ziwa Mweru hawazaliani kusini mwa [[maporomoko]] na mikondo yenye kasi ya maji, ambapo Ziwa Bangweulu lina mfumo wa ikolojia tofauti na wa Ziwa Mweru. == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-jio-Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Zambia]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] h3xhmogxovfgh4fmcoh3atdqv86uiua 1574475 1574130 2026-06-18T10:56:46Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1574475 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maporomoko ya Mambilima''' ni mfululizo wa mikondo yenye kasi ya maji iliyopo kwenye [[Mto Luapula]] kwenye mpaka kati ya [[Zambia]] na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Maporomoko haya yalikuwa yakijulikana hapo awali kama Maporomoko ya Johnstone. Yanapanuka kwa urefu wa takribani [[kilomita]] 5 kando ya mto, yakitengeneza eneo refu la mikondo yenye kasi badala ya mporomoko mmoja mkubwa.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lMMGAvTxmzAC&pg=PA3|title=Management, Co-Management Or No Management?: Major Dilemmas in Southern African Freshwater Fisheries|last=Nations|first=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United|date=2003-01-01|publisher=Food & Agriculture Org.|isbn=978-92-5-105032-3|language=en}}</ref> Chini ya Ziwa Bangweulu, Mto Luapula ni mfumo mpana wa maji wenye vinamasi unaotiririka kuelekea kusini. Baadaye hugeukia magharibi na kushuka kupitia Maporomoko ya Mambatuta yenye mteremko mkali, kabla ya kujipinda kuelekea [[kaskazini]] hadi kufikia Maporomoko ya Mambilima. [[Bonde]] la Luapula lenye rutuba na wakazi wengi hupanuka baada ya Maporomoko ya Mambilima na kuunda eneo kubwa la mabwawa, tambarare za mafuriko na lagoons katika sehemu ya kusini ya Ziwa Mweru. Kuna karibu mfululizo usiokatika wa [[vijiji]] kuanzia maporomoko hayo hadi ziwani. Kijadi, wavuvi waliokuwa karibu na maporomoko walitumia mabwawa madogo, vizuizi vya maji na mitego ili kuvua samaki wengi iwezekanavyo kabla ya maji ya mafuriko kupungua. Samaki wa [[Ziwa Mwero]] hawazaliani kusini mwa [[maporomoko]] na mikondo yenye kasi ya maji, ambapo Ziwa Bangweulu lina mfumo wa ekolojia tofauti na wa Ziwa Mwero. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Zambia]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] g0ern4hylrid8nkxotkpj9qqf28znzp Petites Chutes de la Lukaya 0 241056 1574132 1574020 2026-06-17T16:14:46Z Don Malya 61486 1574132 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Petites chutes de la Lukaya.jpg|thumb|Petites Chutes de la Lukaya.]] '''Maporomoko ya Petites Chutes de la Lukaya''' ni mfululizo wa maporomoko madogo ya maji yaliyopo kwenye Mto Lukaya . Maporomoko haya yapo kusini kidogo mwa Kinshasa, mji mkuu wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo.]] Ni maporomoko madogo sana, yenye urefu wa takribani mita 1 tu (futi 3.3),<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zeus138 ✈️ Tempat Hiburan Slot Gacor dengan Sistem Aman Terpercaya|url=https://www.casiraghistyle.com/menu/|work=ZEUS138|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en|author=ZEUS138}}</ref> lakini ni maarufu kama sehemu ya mandhari ya asili na kivutio cha karibu na mji wa Kinshasa. Wakati wa enzi za ukoloni, [[wamisionari]] wa Kiyesuiti waliowasili kwenye Mto Ndjili mwezi Juni 1893 katika eneo la Kimbangu, ambalo kwa sasa ni sehemu ya Masina, walikuwa wamisionari wa kwanza wa Kanisa Katoliki katika eneo hilo. Ndani ya mwezi mmoja baada ya kuwasili, walihama kutoka eneo hilo kutokana na [[mazingira]] yasiyo na afya na yenye vinamasi vingi, na kuhamia Kimwenza karibu na Maporomoko ya Petites Chutes de la Lukaya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kinshasa Then and Now|url=https://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011_01_01_archive.html|work=kosubaawate.blogspot.com|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en}}</ref> Maporomoko hayo madogo humwaga [[maji]] yake katika ziwa dogo lenye ufukwe wa mchanga. Ni kivutio maarufu kwa watalii wanaofika kuogelea au kula katika mgahawa uliopo karibu na eneo hilo. Pia, karibu na maporomoko hayo kuna Hifadhi ya Lola ya Bonobo,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zeus138 ✈️ Tempat Hiburan Slot Gacor dengan Sistem Aman Terpercaya|url=https://www.casiraghistyle.com/menu/|work=ZEUS138|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en|author=ZEUS138}}</ref> ambayo hutunza sokwe aina ya bonobo walio katika hatari ya kutoweka. Hifadhi hiyo ilianzishwa mwaka 1994 na Claudine André kupitia shirika lisilo la kiserikali la The Friends of Bonobos in Congo, na tangu mwaka 2002 imekuwa ikifanya kazi katika eneo la Petites Chutes de la Lukaya. == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-jio-Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 7yzegl4kiffk5ydwotrm5knu45md338 1574171 1574132 2026-06-17T20:37:37Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1574171 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Petites chutes de la Lukaya.jpg|thumb|Petites Chutes de la Lukaya.]] '''Maporomoko ya Petites Chutes de la Lukaya''' ni mfululizo wa maporomoko madogo ya maji yaliyopo kwenye Mto Lukaya . Maporomoko haya yapo kusini kidogo mwa Kinshasa, mji mkuu wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo.]] Ni maporomoko madogo sana, yenye urefu wa takribani mita 1 tu (futi 3.3),<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zeus138 ✈️ Tempat Hiburan Slot Gacor dengan Sistem Aman Terpercaya|url=https://www.casiraghistyle.com/menu/|work=ZEUS138|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en|author=ZEUS138}}</ref> lakini ni maarufu kama sehemu ya mandhari ya asili na kivutio cha karibu na mji wa Kinshasa. Wakati wa enzi za ukoloni, [[wamisionari]] wa Kiyesuiti waliowasili kwenye Mto Ndjili mwezi Juni 1893 katika eneo la Kimbangu, ambalo kwa sasa ni sehemu ya Masina, walikuwa wamisionari wa kwanza wa Kanisa Katoliki katika eneo hilo. Ndani ya mwezi mmoja baada ya kuwasili, walihama kutoka eneo hilo kutokana na [[mazingira]] yasiyo na afya na yenye vinamasi vingi, na kuhamia Kimwenza karibu na Maporomoko ya Petites Chutes de la Lukaya.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kinshasa Then and Now|url=https://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011_01_01_archive.html|work=kosubaawate.blogspot.com|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en}}</ref> Maporomoko hayo madogo humwaga [[maji]] yake katika ziwa dogo lenye ufukwe wa mchanga. Ni kivutio maarufu kwa watalii wanaofika kuogelea au kula katika mgahawa uliopo karibu na eneo hilo. Pia, karibu na maporomoko hayo kuna Hifadhi ya Lola ya Bonobo,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zeus138 ✈️ Tempat Hiburan Slot Gacor dengan Sistem Aman Terpercaya|url=https://www.casiraghistyle.com/menu/|work=ZEUS138|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en|author=ZEUS138}}</ref> ambayo hutunza sokwe aina ya bonobo walio katika hatari ya kutoweka. Hifadhi hiyo ilianzishwa mwaka 1994 na Claudine André kupitia shirika lisilo la kiserikali la The Friends of Bonobos in Congo, na tangu mwaka 2002 imekuwa ikifanya kazi katika eneo la Petites Chutes de la Lukaya. == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-jio-Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 3he5nqb7mr9iw5jak902jfjfgbspigh Maporomoko ya Yellala 0 241057 1574090 1574023 2026-06-17T13:56:22Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1574090 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maporomoko ya Yellala''' (kwa Kifaransa: ''Rapides de Yelala'' au ''Chutes Yelala''; pia huandikwa ''Ielala'') ni mfululizo wa maporomoko na mikondo ya kasi ya maji kwenye [[Kongo (mto)|Mto Kongo]], karibu na juu kidogo ya mji wa Matadi nchini [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Maporomoko haya ni ya mwisho katika mfululizo mrefu wa mikondo yenye kasi ambayo hufanya Mto Kongo usiweze kusafiri kwa urahisi kwa meli, hivyo kulazimisha wavumbuzi wa kikoloni kusafiri kwa miguu hadi eneo la Stanley Pool lililoko takribani kilomita 350 juu ya mkondo wa mto. Mto Kongo ni miongoni mwa mito mikubwa zaidi duniani kwa ujazo wa maji yanayotiririka na pia ni mto wenye kina kirefu zaidi duniani. Sehemu ya mto inayoishia kwenye Maporomoko ya Yellala ina zaidi ya spishi 300 za [[samaki]], ambapo nyingi kati ya hizo hazipatikani mahali pengine duniani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hydroacoustics {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey|url=https://www.usgs.gov/hydroacoustics|work=www.usgs.gov|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-jio-Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Mto Kongo]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 0udh6y5nb38agbqybtbqlojkqs5fvdw 1574134 1574090 2026-06-17T16:20:35Z Don Malya 61486 1574134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto|jina=Maporomoko ya Yellala|picha=Yellala-Falls-1880.jpg|maelezo_ya_picha=Muonekano wa Maporomoko ya Yellala, Kongo, kutoka benki ya kushoto}} '''Maporomoko ya Yellala''' (kwa Kifaransa: ''Rapides de Yelala'' au ''Chutes Yelala''; pia huandikwa ''Ielala'') ni mfululizo wa maporomoko na mikondo ya kasi ya maji kwenye [[Kongo (mto)|Mto Kongo]], karibu na juu kidogo ya mji wa Matadi nchini [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Maporomoko haya ni ya mwisho katika mfululizo mrefu wa mikondo yenye kasi ambayo hufanya Mto Kongo usiweze kusafiri kwa urahisi kwa meli, hivyo kulazimisha wavumbuzi wa kikoloni kusafiri kwa miguu hadi eneo la Stanley Pool lililoko takribani kilomita 350 juu ya mkondo wa mto. Mto Kongo ni miongoni mwa mito mikubwa zaidi duniani kwa ujazo wa maji yanayotiririka na pia ni mto wenye kina kirefu zaidi duniani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hydroacoustics {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey|url=https://www.usgs.gov/hydroacoustics|work=www.usgs.gov|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en}}</ref> Sehemu ya mto inayoishia kwenye Maporomoko ya Yellala ina zaidi ya spishi 300 za [[samaki]], ambapo nyingi kati ya hizo hazipatikani mahali pengine duniani.<ref>{{Citation|title=Evolution in the Deepest River in the World {{!}} Science & Nature {{!}} Smithsonian Magazine|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Evolution-in-the-Deepest-River-in-the-World.html?c=y&page=2|work=Smithsonian magazine|access-date=2026-06-17}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-jio-Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Mto Kongo]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] snwfy9j0fb9joieobl2jyvour7b1j3l 1574157 1574134 2026-06-17T18:40:49Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1574157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto|jina=Maporomoko ya Yellala|picha=Yellala-Falls-1880.jpg|maelezo_ya_picha=Muonekano wa Maporomoko ya Yellala, Kongo, kutoka benki ya kushoto}} '''Maporomoko ya Yellala''' (kwa Kifaransa: ''Rapides de Yelala'' au ''Chutes Yelala''; pia huandikwa ''Ielala'') ni mfululizo wa maporomoko na mikondo ya kasi ya maji kwenye [[Kongo (mto)|Mto Kongo]], karibu na juu kidogo ya mji wa Matadi nchini [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Maporomoko haya ni ya mwisho katika mfululizo mrefu wa mikondo yenye kasi ambayo hufanya Mto Kongo usiweze kusafiri kwa urahisi kwa meli, hivyo kulazimisha wavumbuzi wa kikoloni kusafiri kwa miguu hadi eneo la Stanley Pool lililoko takribani kilomita 350 juu ya mkondo wa mto. Mto Kongo ni miongoni mwa mito mikubwa zaidi duniani kwa ujazo wa maji yanayotiririka na pia ni mto wenye kina kirefu zaidi duniani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hydroacoustics {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey|url=https://www.usgs.gov/hydroacoustics|work=www.usgs.gov|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en}}</ref> Sehemu ya mto inayoishia kwenye Maporomoko ya Yellala ina zaidi ya spishi 300 za [[samaki]], ambapo nyingi kati ya hizo hazipatikani mahali pengine duniani.<ref>{{Citation|title=Evolution in the Deepest River in the World {{!}} Science & Nature {{!}} Smithsonian Magazine|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Evolution-in-the-Deepest-River-in-the-World.html?c=y&page=2|work=Smithsonian magazine|access-date=2026-06-17}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-jio-Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Mto Kongo]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] ggdpndy7mh2ugqwp0viq5ib88csgnf7 Maporomoko ya Loufoulakari 0 241058 1574135 1574025 2026-06-17T16:21:58Z Don Malya 61486 1574135 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maporomoko ya Loufoulakari''' yapo takribani [[kilomita]] 80 kusini-magharibi mwa Brazzaville katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Lion King Magazine {{!}} January - March 2015|url=https://lionkingmagazine.ubagroup.com/2015a/files/assets/basic-html/page28.html|work=lionkingmagazine.ubagroup.com|accessdate=2026-06-17}}</ref> Maporomoko haya yapo kwenye mkutano wa Mto Loufoulakari na [[Kongo (mto)|Mto Kongo]]. Yana urefu wa zaidi ya [[mita]] 40, na yanajulikana kwa mandhari yake ya kuvutia ambapo mito miwili hukutana na kuunda maporomoko yenye [[nguvu]]. == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-jio-Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] fb4eog8tp89s8hvr808pwe9qg09v904 1574136 1574135 2026-06-17T16:22:15Z Don Malya 61486 Don Malya alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Loufoulakari Falls]] hadi [[Maporomoko ya Loufoulakari]] 1574135 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maporomoko ya Loufoulakari''' yapo takribani [[kilomita]] 80 kusini-magharibi mwa Brazzaville katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Lion King Magazine {{!}} January - March 2015|url=https://lionkingmagazine.ubagroup.com/2015a/files/assets/basic-html/page28.html|work=lionkingmagazine.ubagroup.com|accessdate=2026-06-17}}</ref> Maporomoko haya yapo kwenye mkutano wa Mto Loufoulakari na [[Kongo (mto)|Mto Kongo]]. Yana urefu wa zaidi ya [[mita]] 40, na yanajulikana kwa mandhari yake ya kuvutia ambapo mito miwili hukutana na kuunda maporomoko yenye [[nguvu]]. == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-jio-Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] fb4eog8tp89s8hvr808pwe9qg09v904 1574476 1574136 2026-06-18T10:58:18Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1574476 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maporomoko ya Loufoulakari''' yapo takribani [[kilomita]] 80 kusini-magharibi mwa Brazzaville katika [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Lion King Magazine {{!}} January - March 2015|url=https://lionkingmagazine.ubagroup.com/2015a/files/assets/basic-html/page28.html|work=lionkingmagazine.ubagroup.com|accessdate=2026-06-17}}</ref> Maporomoko haya yapo kwenye mkutano wa Mto Loufoulakari na [[Kongo (mto)|Mto Kongo]]. Yana urefu wa zaidi ya [[mita]] 40, na yanajulikana kwa mandhari yake ya kuvutia ambapo mito miwili hukutana na kuunda maporomoko yenye [[nguvu]]. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 2ei3o2rvo73kjef62po8666n2o4i0ee Maporomoko ya Gauthiot 0 241060 1574138 1574031 2026-06-17T16:28:03Z Don Malya 61486 1574138 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maporomoko ya Gauthiot''' ni mfululizo wa [[maporomoko]] ya maji ya hatua yanayochukuliwa kama mojawapo ya maajabu ya asili nchini [[Chad]].<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_ABrmnsKY4C&q=Gauthiot+Falls&pg=PA103|title=Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation: The Freshwater Fish of Tropical Africa|last=Lévêque|first=C.|date=1997-05-13|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-57033-6|language=en}}</ref> Maporomoko haya yapo takribani katikati ya mkondo wa Mayo Mto Kébbi katika kusini mwa Chad. Chini ya maporomoko haya, maji ya Mayo Kébbi huendelea na safari yake na hatimaye kuungana na [[Mto]] Benue, ambayo ni tawimto la Mto Niger, na mwisho humwaga maji yake katika Bahari ya Atlantiki. Ingawa maporomoko haya si marefu sana—yakiwa na mteremko wa jumla wa takribani mita 17 tu—yanavutia kwa sababu ya nafasi yake ya kipekee kati ya mifumo miwili ya mabonde ya [[maji]]: Mayo Kébbi na Mto Logone. Hii inafanya eneo hilo kuwa muhimu kijiografia na kihaidrolojia. == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-jio}} [[Jamii:jiografia ya Chad]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 8dh4nz86zf5rx45iihblevhmptr5lgg Maporoko ya Kamalo 0 241061 1574139 1574030 2026-06-17T16:29:47Z Don Malya 61486 1574139 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Cascade Kamalo Kpalime.jpg|thumb|Maporomoko ya Kamalo Kpalimé]] '''Maporomoko ya Kamalo''' ni [[Maporomoko ya maji|maporomoko]] ya asili ya maji yaliyo karibu na mji wa Missahoé, kusini-magharibi mwa [[Togo]], katika Wilaya ya Kloto na [[Mkoa wa Plateaux, Togo|Mkoa wa Plateaux]]. Maporomoko haya yapo katikati ya msitu hifadhiwa wa Missahoé. Yanajulikana kuwa maporomoko yanayotembelewa zaidi nchini Togo kutokana na mandhari yake ya kuvutia na mazingira ya asili yaliyojaa miti na uoto wa kijani. Kamalo Falls ni kivutio muhimu cha utalii, hasa kwa wageni wanaopenda [[mazingira]] ya asili na maeneo tulivu ya maporomoko ya [[Maji|maji.]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kamalo, la cascade la plus visitée du Togo - Le Nouveau Reporter|url=https://lenouveaureporter.com/kamalo-la-cascade-la-plus-visitee-du-togo/|date=2020-06-30|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:jiografia ya Togo]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 74abnk12idf9fhw38gujdl0gt1pf27q Maporomoko ya Matakil 0 241062 1574088 1574036 2026-06-17T13:56:02Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1574088 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maporomoko ya Matikil''' ni [[maporomoko ya maji]] yaliyopo kwenye Mto Koumbala nchini [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]. Maporomoko haya ni sehemu ya mandhari ya asili ya eneo hilo na yanapatikana kwenye mto Koumbala. Hata hivyo, taarifa zake zimeandikwa kidogo na bado zinahitaji vyanzo vya ziada kuthibitisha undani wake.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/annalsofcarnegi511982carn|title=Annals of the Carnegie Museum|last=Carnegie Museum|last2=Carnegie Museum of Natural History|date=1901|publisher=[Pittsburgh] : Published by authority of the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Institute|others=Smithsonian Libraries}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:jiografia ya Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] bth1cnt1eb3v2t9gf3ec5fp7jyp3o5r 1574140 1574088 2026-06-17T16:31:45Z Don Malya 61486 1574140 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maporomoko ya Matikil''' ni [[maporomoko ya maji]] yaliyopo kwenye Mto Koumbala nchini [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]. Maporomoko haya ni sehemu ya mandhari ya asili ya eneo hilo na yanapatikana kwenye mto Koumbala. Hata hivyo, taarifa zake zimeandikwa kidogo na bado zinahitaji vyanzo vya ziada kuthibitisha undani wake.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/annalsofcarnegi511982carn|title=Annals of the Carnegie Museum|last=Carnegie Museum|last2=Carnegie Museum of Natural History|date=1901|publisher=[Pittsburgh] : Published by authority of the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Institute|others=Smithsonian Libraries}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:jiografia ya Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 6p4leoowoxvqtzmpl0hueqinu5nc5so Maporomoko ya Kembé 0 241063 1574087 1574037 2026-06-17T13:55:52Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1574087 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maporomoko ya Kembé''' yako kwenye Mto Kotto, karibu na mji wa Kembé katika [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]. Maporomoko haya yapo kando ya barabara inayounganisha [[Bangui]] na Bangassou, na yapo takribani kilomita 80 kutoka Bangassou. Pia yako karibu kilomita 3 kutoka mji wa Kembé.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Discovery site - KOTTO FALLS - Kembé|url=https://www.petitfute.co.uk/v66204-kembe/c1173-visites-points-d-interet/c976-archeologie-artisanat-science-et-technique/c981-nature/361962-chutes-de-la-kotto.html|work=www.petitfute.co.uk|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en}}</ref> Ni maporomoko ambayo bado hayajaendelezwa sana, na mara nyingi hutumika kama sehemu ya kusimama na kupumzika kwa wasafiri wanaopita eneo hilo kwa barabara. == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:jiografia ya Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] elszdsohcemt92lzqrqevaj6mgz5d21 1574141 1574087 2026-06-17T16:34:07Z Don Malya 61486 1574141 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Kotto waterfall stamp.jpg|thumb|Muhuri wa 1985 wa Afrika ya Kati unaoonyesha Maporomoko ya Kotto.]] '''Maporomoko ya Kembé''' yako kwenye Mto Kotto, karibu na mji wa Kembé katika [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]. Maporomoko haya yapo kando ya barabara inayounganisha [[Bangui]] na Bangassou, na yapo takribani kilomita 80 kutoka Bangassou. Pia yako karibu kilomita 3 kutoka mji wa Kembé.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Discovery site - KOTTO FALLS - Kembé|url=https://www.petitfute.co.uk/v66204-kembe/c1173-visites-points-d-interet/c976-archeologie-artisanat-science-et-technique/c981-nature/361962-chutes-de-la-kotto.html|work=www.petitfute.co.uk|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en}}</ref> Ni maporomoko ambayo bado hayajaendelezwa sana, na mara nyingi hutumika kama sehemu ya kusimama na kupumzika kwa wasafiri wanaopita eneo hilo kwa barabara. == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:jiografia ya Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] a99br7ijzvosybh8ktcspmjy3mexy37 Maporomoko ya Tanougou 0 241064 1574089 1574066 2026-06-17T13:56:12Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1574089 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maporomoko ya Tanougou''' ni maporomoko ya maji yaliyo katika Milima ya Atakora Mountains, pembezoni mwa Hifadhi ya Wanyamapori ya Pendjari National Park kaskazini mwa Benin. Maporomoko haya yapo takribani kilomita 20 kaskazini-mashariki mwa mji wa Tanguiéta. Yanajulikana kwa mazingira yake ya asili yenye milima na uoto wa kijani, na ni moja ya vivutio maarufu vya utalii katika eneo hilo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Les chutes de Kota et de Tanougou : la nature pleure ! - Tourismebenin.bj : Site officiel du tourisme au Bénin|url=http://www.tourismebenin.bj/Les-chutes-de-Kota-et-de-Tanougou-la-nature-pleure|work=www.tourismebenin.bj|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en|archive-date=2017-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924151918/http://www.tourismebenin.bj/Les-chutes-de-Kota-et-de-Tanougou-la-nature-pleure|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] c61ewl2ir24jehbfs18or24i25s0h96 1574142 1574089 2026-06-17T16:39:10Z Don Malya 61486 1574142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto|jina=Tanougou|picha=Benin_location_map.svg}} '''Maporomoko ya Tanougou''' ni [[maporomoko]] ya [[maji]] yaliyo katika Milima ya Atakora Mountains, pembezoni mwa Hifadhi ya Wanyamapori ya Pendjari kaskazini mwa [[Benin]]. Maporomoko haya yapo takribani kilomita 20 kaskazini-mashariki mwa [[mji]] wa Tanguiéta. Yanajulikana kwa mazingira yake ya asili yenye milima na uoto wa kijani, na ni moja ya vivutio maarufu vya utalii katika eneo hilo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Les chutes de Kota et de Tanougou : la nature pleure ! - Tourismebenin.bj : Site officiel du tourisme au Bénin|url=http://www.tourismebenin.bj/Les-chutes-de-Kota-et-de-Tanougou-la-nature-pleure|work=www.tourismebenin.bj|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en|archive-date=2017-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924151918/http://www.tourismebenin.bj/Les-chutes-de-Kota-et-de-Tanougou-la-nature-pleure|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Benin]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] ijbtekwztaf0z2htdm0sw19o9axg5di Vitabu vya Wamakabayo 0 241095 1574095 2026-06-17T14:03:26Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Wamakabayo]] 1574095 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[Wamakabayo]] 9wbvqb8vpzs6qhgx7aog525de3tx48q Maandiko ya kiapokalipti 0 241096 1574100 2026-06-17T14:36:35Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[File:Merian's_Daniel_7_engraving.jpg|thumb|[[Kitabu cha Danieli]] ndicho maarufu zaidi kati ya maandiko ya aina hiyo ya [[Agano la Kale]]{{sfn|Charles|1911|p=169}}.]] '''Maandiko ya kiapokaliptiko''' ni [[mtindo wa uandishi]] wa [[nabii|kinabii]] katika [[Biblia]] na nje yake ulioanza na [[nabii Ezekieli|Ezekieli]] wakati wa [[uhamisho wa Babeli]] ([[karne ya 6 KK]]) na kufikia kilele chake kwa [[Ufunuo wa Yohane]] mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 1]] Baada ya...' 1574100 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Merian's_Daniel_7_engraving.jpg|thumb|[[Kitabu cha Danieli]] ndicho maarufu zaidi kati ya maandiko ya aina hiyo ya [[Agano la Kale]]{{sfn|Charles|1911|p=169}}.]] '''Maandiko ya kiapokaliptiko''' ni [[mtindo wa uandishi]] wa [[nabii|kinabii]] katika [[Biblia]] na nje yake ulioanza na [[nabii Ezekieli|Ezekieli]] wakati wa [[uhamisho wa Babeli]] ([[karne ya 6 KK]]) na kufikia kilele chake kwa [[Ufunuo wa Yohane]] mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 1]] [[Baada ya Kristo|BK]], kisha ukakoma, lakini uliendelea kuathiri [[Uyahudi]] na [[Ukristo]]. Badala ya kukabili hali ya wakati ule yalipotolewa {{sfn|Charles|1911|p=170}}, maandiko hayo yalikusudia kujulisha matukio ya mbele sana, hasa mwisho wa nyakati, kadiri ya [[njozi]] au [[ujumbe]] wa [[malaika]] <ref>Coogan 2009 p 424</ref>. [[Jina]] linatokana na [[neno]] la [[Kiyunani|Kigiriki]] ἀποκάλυψις, ''apokalyupsis'', yaani [[Ufunuo]].<ref>Goswiller 1987 p.3</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== * {{EB1911|wstitle=Apocalyptic Literature|volume=2|pages=169–175|first=Robert Henry|last=Charles|author-link=Robert Charles (scholar)}} * {{Cite book |title=The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Vol. 1: Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments |publisher=Doubleday & Co. |year=1983 |editor-last=Charlesworth |editor-first=James H. |location=Garden City, New York}} * {{Cite book |last=Collins |first=John Joseph |title=The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature, (The Biblical Resource Series) |publisher=Eerdman |year=1998 |edition=2nd |location=Grand Rapids}} * {{Cite book |last=Coogan |first=Michael |title=A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |location=Oxford}} * {{Cite book |last=Cook |first=David |title=Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature (Religion and Politics) |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=2005 |location=Syracure, NY}} * {{Citebook |last=Cook |first=Stephen L. |title=The Apocalyptic Literature: Interpreting Biblical Texts |publisher=Abingdon Press |year=2003 |location=Nashville}} * {{Cite book |last=Frye |first=Northrop |title=Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1957 |location=Princeton}} * {{Cite book |last=Goswiller |first=Richard |title=Revelation |publisher=Pacific Study Series |year=1987 |location=Melbourne}} * {{Cite book |last=Reddish |first=Mitchell G. |title=Apocalyptic Literature: A Reader |publisher=Hendrickson |year=1998 |location=Peabody : Massachusetts}} ==Viungo vya nje== * {{cite web | author1 = L. Michael White | url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/primary/white.html | title = Apocalyptic literature in Judaism and early Christianity | website = [[PBS]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20000304005402/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/primary/white.html | language = en | archive-date = March 4, 2000 | url-status = live}} (Thorough historical introduction). *{{cite web | author1 = David M. Williams | url = http://www.geocities.com/davidmwilliams/ntb519c.html | title = The Book of Revelation as Jewish apocalyptic literature | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091003072014/http://www.geocities.com/davidmwilliams/ntb519c.html | language = en | archive-date = October 3, 2009 | url-status = live | access-date = April 28, 2019 | df = mdy-all }} (A coincise introduction to the Apocalypse of John) * {{cite web | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/apocalyptic-that-which-has-been-rcvealed | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180517004553/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/apocalyptic-that-which-has-been-rcvealed | archive-date = May 17, 2018 | title = "Apocalyptic" lemma | website = iranicaonline.org | access-date = Aug 19, 2018 | url-status = live}} * {{cite journal| author1 = David L. Barr (Wright State University) | title = Using Plot to Discern Structure in John's Apocalypse | journal = Proceedings of the Eastern Great Lakes and Mid-West Biblical Societies | language = en | year = 1995 | pages = 23–33}} (sourced in {{cite web| url = http://www.ntgateway.com/book-of-revelation/articles-and-chapters-in-books| title = Articles & Reviews on the Boom of Revelation| website = ntgateway.com| access-date = 2018-08-19| archive-date = 2018-08-20| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180820005639/http://www.ntgateway.com/book-of-revelation/articles-and-chapters-in-books/| url-status = dead}} {{mbegu-Biblia}} [[Jamii:Biblia]] 1wjt2mrv9oe12dsepgp9gjmtq9zgszp 1574104 1574100 2026-06-17T14:49:20Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1574104 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Merian's_Daniel_7_engraving.jpg|thumb|[[Kitabu cha Danieli]] ndicho maarufu zaidi kati ya maandiko ya aina hiyo ya [[Agano la Kale]]{{sfn|Charles|1911|p=169}}.]] '''Maandiko ya kiapokaliptiko''' ni yale ambayo katika [[Biblia]] na nje yake yanafuata [[mtindo wa uandishi]] wa [[nabii|kinabii]]ulioanza na [[nabii Ezekieli|Ezekieli]] wakati wa [[uhamisho wa Babeli]] ([[karne ya 6 KK]]) na kufikia kilele chake kwa [[Ufunuo wa Yohane]] mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 1]] [[Baada ya Kristo|BK]], kisha ukakoma, lakini uliendelea kuathiri [[Uyahudi]] na [[Ukristo]]. Badala ya kukabili hali ya wakati ule yalipotolewa {{sfn|Charles|1911|p=170}}, maandiko hayo yalikusudia kujulisha matukio ya mbele sana, hasa mwisho wa nyakati, kadiri ya [[njozi]] au [[ujumbe]] wa [[malaika]] <ref>Coogan 2009 p 424</ref>. [[Jina]] linatokana na [[neno]] la [[Kiyunani|Kigiriki]] ἀποκάλυψις, ''apokalyupsis'', yaani [[Ufunuo]].<ref>Goswiller 1987 p.3</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Mtindo wa kiapokaliptiki]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== * {{EB1911|wstitle=Apocalyptic Literature|volume=2|pages=169–175|first=Robert Henry|last=Charles|author-link=Robert Charles (scholar)}} * {{Cite book |title=The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Vol. 1: Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments |publisher=Doubleday & Co. |year=1983 |editor-last=Charlesworth |editor-first=James H. |location=Garden City, New York}} * {{Cite book |last=Collins |first=John Joseph |title=The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature, (The Biblical Resource Series) |publisher=Eerdman |year=1998 |edition=2nd |location=Grand Rapids}} * {{Cite book |last=Coogan |first=Michael |title=A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |location=Oxford}} * {{Cite book |last=Cook |first=David |title=Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature (Religion and Politics) |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=2005 |location=Syracure, NY}} * {{Citebook |last=Cook |first=Stephen L. |title=The Apocalyptic Literature: Interpreting Biblical Texts |publisher=Abingdon Press |year=2003 |location=Nashville}} * {{Cite book |last=Frye |first=Northrop |title=Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1957 |location=Princeton}} * {{Cite book |last=Goswiller |first=Richard |title=Revelation |publisher=Pacific Study Series |year=1987 |location=Melbourne}} * {{Cite book |last=Reddish |first=Mitchell G. |title=Apocalyptic Literature: A Reader |publisher=Hendrickson |year=1998 |location=Peabody : Massachusetts}} ==Viungo vya nje== * {{cite web | author1 = L. Michael White | url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/primary/white.html | title = Apocalyptic literature in Judaism and early Christianity | website = [[PBS]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20000304005402/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/primary/white.html | language = en | archive-date = March 4, 2000 | url-status = live}} (Thorough historical introduction). *{{cite web | author1 = David M. Williams | url = http://www.geocities.com/davidmwilliams/ntb519c.html | title = The Book of Revelation as Jewish apocalyptic literature | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091003072014/http://www.geocities.com/davidmwilliams/ntb519c.html | language = en | archive-date = October 3, 2009 | url-status = live | access-date = April 28, 2019 | df = mdy-all }} (A coincise introduction to the Apocalypse of John) * {{cite web | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/apocalyptic-that-which-has-been-rcvealed | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180517004553/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/apocalyptic-that-which-has-been-rcvealed | archive-date = May 17, 2018 | title = "Apocalyptic" lemma | website = iranicaonline.org | access-date = Aug 19, 2018 | url-status = live}} * {{cite journal| author1 = David L. Barr (Wright State University) | title = Using Plot to Discern Structure in John's Apocalypse | journal = Proceedings of the Eastern Great Lakes and Mid-West Biblical Societies | language = en | year = 1995 | pages = 23–33}} (sourced in {{cite web| url = http://www.ntgateway.com/book-of-revelation/articles-and-chapters-in-books| title = Articles & Reviews on the Boom of Revelation| website = ntgateway.com| access-date = 2018-08-19| archive-date = 2018-08-20| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180820005639/http://www.ntgateway.com/book-of-revelation/articles-and-chapters-in-books/| url-status = dead}} {{mbegu-Biblia}} [[Jamii:Biblia]] sn90ay77f5oupaf186diolw2nvnj314 1574105 1574104 2026-06-17T14:49:54Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Tazama pia */ 1574105 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Merian's_Daniel_7_engraving.jpg|thumb|[[Kitabu cha Danieli]] ndicho maarufu zaidi kati ya maandiko ya aina hiyo ya [[Agano la Kale]]{{sfn|Charles|1911|p=169}}.]] '''Maandiko ya kiapokaliptiko''' ni yale ambayo katika [[Biblia]] na nje yake yanafuata [[mtindo wa uandishi]] wa [[nabii|kinabii]]ulioanza na [[nabii Ezekieli|Ezekieli]] wakati wa [[uhamisho wa Babeli]] ([[karne ya 6 KK]]) na kufikia kilele chake kwa [[Ufunuo wa Yohane]] mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 1]] [[Baada ya Kristo|BK]], kisha ukakoma, lakini uliendelea kuathiri [[Uyahudi]] na [[Ukristo]]. Badala ya kukabili hali ya wakati ule yalipotolewa {{sfn|Charles|1911|p=170}}, maandiko hayo yalikusudia kujulisha matukio ya mbele sana, hasa mwisho wa nyakati, kadiri ya [[njozi]] au [[ujumbe]] wa [[malaika]] <ref>Coogan 2009 p 424</ref>. [[Jina]] linatokana na [[neno]] la [[Kiyunani|Kigiriki]] ἀποκάλυψις, ''apokalyupsis'', yaani [[Ufunuo]].<ref>Goswiller 1987 p.3</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== * {{EB1911|wstitle=Apocalyptic Literature|volume=2|pages=169–175|first=Robert Henry|last=Charles|author-link=Robert Charles (scholar)}} * {{Cite book |title=The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Vol. 1: Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments |publisher=Doubleday & Co. |year=1983 |editor-last=Charlesworth |editor-first=James H. |location=Garden City, New York}} * {{Cite book |last=Collins |first=John Joseph |title=The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature, (The Biblical Resource Series) |publisher=Eerdman |year=1998 |edition=2nd |location=Grand Rapids}} * {{Cite book |last=Coogan |first=Michael |title=A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |location=Oxford}} * {{Cite book |last=Cook |first=David |title=Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature (Religion and Politics) |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=2005 |location=Syracure, NY}} * {{Citebook |last=Cook |first=Stephen L. |title=The Apocalyptic Literature: Interpreting Biblical Texts |publisher=Abingdon Press |year=2003 |location=Nashville}} * {{Cite book |last=Frye |first=Northrop |title=Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1957 |location=Princeton}} * {{Cite book |last=Goswiller |first=Richard |title=Revelation |publisher=Pacific Study Series |year=1987 |location=Melbourne}} * {{Cite book |last=Reddish |first=Mitchell G. |title=Apocalyptic Literature: A Reader |publisher=Hendrickson |year=1998 |location=Peabody : Massachusetts}} ==Viungo vya nje== * {{cite web | author1 = L. Michael White | url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/primary/white.html | title = Apocalyptic literature in Judaism and early Christianity | website = [[PBS]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20000304005402/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/primary/white.html | language = en | archive-date = March 4, 2000 | url-status = live}} (Thorough historical introduction). *{{cite web | author1 = David M. Williams | url = http://www.geocities.com/davidmwilliams/ntb519c.html | title = The Book of Revelation as Jewish apocalyptic literature | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091003072014/http://www.geocities.com/davidmwilliams/ntb519c.html | language = en | archive-date = October 3, 2009 | url-status = live | access-date = April 28, 2019 | df = mdy-all }} (A coincise introduction to the Apocalypse of John) * {{cite web | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/apocalyptic-that-which-has-been-rcvealed | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180517004553/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/apocalyptic-that-which-has-been-rcvealed | archive-date = May 17, 2018 | title = "Apocalyptic" lemma | website = iranicaonline.org | access-date = Aug 19, 2018 | url-status = live}} * {{cite journal| author1 = David L. Barr (Wright State University) | title = Using Plot to Discern Structure in John's Apocalypse | journal = Proceedings of the Eastern Great Lakes and Mid-West Biblical Societies | language = en | year = 1995 | pages = 23–33}} (sourced in {{cite web| url = http://www.ntgateway.com/book-of-revelation/articles-and-chapters-in-books| title = Articles & Reviews on the Boom of Revelation| website = ntgateway.com| access-date = 2018-08-19| archive-date = 2018-08-20| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180820005639/http://www.ntgateway.com/book-of-revelation/articles-and-chapters-in-books/| url-status = dead}} {{mbegu-Biblia}} [[Jamii:Biblia]] 28kpc2lrh5hjr99x4q4xgkszwiwx02k 1574106 1574105 2026-06-17T14:50:27Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Maandiko ya kiapokaliptiko]] hadi [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]]: usahihi wa jina 1574105 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Merian's_Daniel_7_engraving.jpg|thumb|[[Kitabu cha Danieli]] ndicho maarufu zaidi kati ya maandiko ya aina hiyo ya [[Agano la Kale]]{{sfn|Charles|1911|p=169}}.]] '''Maandiko ya kiapokaliptiko''' ni yale ambayo katika [[Biblia]] na nje yake yanafuata [[mtindo wa uandishi]] wa [[nabii|kinabii]]ulioanza na [[nabii Ezekieli|Ezekieli]] wakati wa [[uhamisho wa Babeli]] ([[karne ya 6 KK]]) na kufikia kilele chake kwa [[Ufunuo wa Yohane]] mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 1]] [[Baada ya Kristo|BK]], kisha ukakoma, lakini uliendelea kuathiri [[Uyahudi]] na [[Ukristo]]. Badala ya kukabili hali ya wakati ule yalipotolewa {{sfn|Charles|1911|p=170}}, maandiko hayo yalikusudia kujulisha matukio ya mbele sana, hasa mwisho wa nyakati, kadiri ya [[njozi]] au [[ujumbe]] wa [[malaika]] <ref>Coogan 2009 p 424</ref>. [[Jina]] linatokana na [[neno]] la [[Kiyunani|Kigiriki]] ἀποκάλυψις, ''apokalyupsis'', yaani [[Ufunuo]].<ref>Goswiller 1987 p.3</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== * {{EB1911|wstitle=Apocalyptic Literature|volume=2|pages=169–175|first=Robert Henry|last=Charles|author-link=Robert Charles (scholar)}} * {{Cite book |title=The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Vol. 1: Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments |publisher=Doubleday & Co. |year=1983 |editor-last=Charlesworth |editor-first=James H. |location=Garden City, New York}} * {{Cite book |last=Collins |first=John Joseph |title=The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature, (The Biblical Resource Series) |publisher=Eerdman |year=1998 |edition=2nd |location=Grand Rapids}} * {{Cite book |last=Coogan |first=Michael |title=A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |location=Oxford}} * {{Cite book |last=Cook |first=David |title=Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature (Religion and Politics) |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=2005 |location=Syracure, NY}} * {{Citebook |last=Cook |first=Stephen L. |title=The Apocalyptic Literature: Interpreting Biblical Texts |publisher=Abingdon Press |year=2003 |location=Nashville}} * {{Cite book |last=Frye |first=Northrop |title=Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1957 |location=Princeton}} * {{Cite book |last=Goswiller |first=Richard |title=Revelation |publisher=Pacific Study Series |year=1987 |location=Melbourne}} * {{Cite book |last=Reddish |first=Mitchell G. |title=Apocalyptic Literature: A Reader |publisher=Hendrickson |year=1998 |location=Peabody : Massachusetts}} ==Viungo vya nje== * {{cite web | author1 = L. Michael White | url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/primary/white.html | title = Apocalyptic literature in Judaism and early Christianity | website = [[PBS]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20000304005402/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/primary/white.html | language = en | archive-date = March 4, 2000 | url-status = live}} (Thorough historical introduction). *{{cite web | author1 = David M. Williams | url = http://www.geocities.com/davidmwilliams/ntb519c.html | title = The Book of Revelation as Jewish apocalyptic literature | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091003072014/http://www.geocities.com/davidmwilliams/ntb519c.html | language = en | archive-date = October 3, 2009 | url-status = live | access-date = April 28, 2019 | df = mdy-all }} (A coincise introduction to the Apocalypse of John) * {{cite web | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/apocalyptic-that-which-has-been-rcvealed | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180517004553/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/apocalyptic-that-which-has-been-rcvealed | archive-date = May 17, 2018 | title = "Apocalyptic" lemma | website = iranicaonline.org | access-date = Aug 19, 2018 | url-status = live}} * {{cite journal| author1 = David L. Barr (Wright State University) | title = Using Plot to Discern Structure in John's Apocalypse | journal = Proceedings of the Eastern Great Lakes and Mid-West Biblical Societies | language = en | year = 1995 | pages = 23–33}} (sourced in {{cite web| url = http://www.ntgateway.com/book-of-revelation/articles-and-chapters-in-books| title = Articles & Reviews on the Boom of Revelation| website = ntgateway.com| access-date = 2018-08-19| archive-date = 2018-08-20| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180820005639/http://www.ntgateway.com/book-of-revelation/articles-and-chapters-in-books/| url-status = dead}} {{mbegu-Biblia}} [[Jamii:Biblia]] 28kpc2lrh5hjr99x4q4xgkszwiwx02k 1574108 1574106 2026-06-17T14:51:19Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1574108 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Merian's_Daniel_7_engraving.jpg|thumb|[[Kitabu cha Danieli]] ndicho maarufu zaidi kati ya maandiko ya aina hiyo ya [[Agano la Kale]]{{sfn|Charles|1911|p=169}}.]] '''Maandiko ya kiapokalipti''' ni yale ambayo katika [[Kitabu|vitabu]] vya [[Biblia]] na nje yake yalifuata [[mtindo wa uandishi]] wa [[nabii|kinabii]] ulioanza na [[nabii Ezekieli|Ezekieli]] wakati wa [[uhamisho wa Babeli]] ([[karne ya 6 KK]]) na kufikia kilele chake kwa [[Ufunuo wa Yohane]] mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 1]] [[Baada ya Kristo|BK]], kisha ukakoma, lakini uliendelea kuathiri [[Uyahudi]] na [[Ukristo]]. Badala ya kukabili hali ya wakati ule yalipotolewa {{sfn|Charles|1911|p=170}}, maandiko hayo yalikusudia kujulisha matukio ya mbele sana, hasa mwisho wa nyakati, kadiri ya [[njozi]] au [[ujumbe]] wa [[malaika]] <ref>Coogan 2009 p 424</ref>. [[Jina]] linatokana na [[neno]] la [[Kiyunani|Kigiriki]] ἀποκάλυψις, ''apokalyupsis'', yaani [[Ufunuo]].<ref>Goswiller 1987 p.3</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== * {{EB1911|wstitle=Apocalyptic Literature|volume=2|pages=169–175|first=Robert Henry|last=Charles|author-link=Robert Charles (scholar)}} * {{Cite book |title=The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Vol. 1: Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments |publisher=Doubleday & Co. |year=1983 |editor-last=Charlesworth |editor-first=James H. |location=Garden City, New York}} * {{Cite book |last=Collins |first=John Joseph |title=The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature, (The Biblical Resource Series) |publisher=Eerdman |year=1998 |edition=2nd |location=Grand Rapids}} * {{Cite book |last=Coogan |first=Michael |title=A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |location=Oxford}} * {{Cite book |last=Cook |first=David |title=Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature (Religion and Politics) |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=2005 |location=Syracure, NY}} * {{Citebook |last=Cook |first=Stephen L. |title=The Apocalyptic Literature: Interpreting Biblical Texts |publisher=Abingdon Press |year=2003 |location=Nashville}} * {{Cite book |last=Frye |first=Northrop |title=Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1957 |location=Princeton}} * {{Cite book |last=Goswiller |first=Richard |title=Revelation |publisher=Pacific Study Series |year=1987 |location=Melbourne}} * {{Cite book |last=Reddish |first=Mitchell G. |title=Apocalyptic Literature: A Reader |publisher=Hendrickson |year=1998 |location=Peabody : Massachusetts}} ==Viungo vya nje== * {{cite web | author1 = L. Michael White | url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/primary/white.html | title = Apocalyptic literature in Judaism and early Christianity | website = [[PBS]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20000304005402/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/primary/white.html | language = en | archive-date = March 4, 2000 | url-status = live}} (Thorough historical introduction). *{{cite web | author1 = David M. Williams | url = http://www.geocities.com/davidmwilliams/ntb519c.html | title = The Book of Revelation as Jewish apocalyptic literature | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091003072014/http://www.geocities.com/davidmwilliams/ntb519c.html | language = en | archive-date = October 3, 2009 | url-status = live | access-date = April 28, 2019 | df = mdy-all }} (A coincise introduction to the Apocalypse of John) * {{cite web | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/apocalyptic-that-which-has-been-rcvealed | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180517004553/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/apocalyptic-that-which-has-been-rcvealed | archive-date = May 17, 2018 | title = "Apocalyptic" lemma | website = iranicaonline.org | access-date = Aug 19, 2018 | url-status = live}} * {{cite journal| author1 = David L. Barr (Wright State University) | title = Using Plot to Discern Structure in John's Apocalypse | journal = Proceedings of the Eastern Great Lakes and Mid-West Biblical Societies | language = en | year = 1995 | pages = 23–33}} (sourced in {{cite web| url = http://www.ntgateway.com/book-of-revelation/articles-and-chapters-in-books| title = Articles & Reviews on the Boom of Revelation| website = ntgateway.com| access-date = 2018-08-19| archive-date = 2018-08-20| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180820005639/http://www.ntgateway.com/book-of-revelation/articles-and-chapters-in-books/| url-status = dead}} {{mbegu-Biblia}} [[Jamii:Biblia]] p6p952nvne85axpkugy94m8fenrxw0i 1574154 1574108 2026-06-17T18:31:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 7 template(s) replaced. 1574154 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Merian's_Daniel_7_engraving.jpg|thumb|[[Kitabu cha Danieli]] ndicho maarufu zaidi kati ya maandiko ya aina hiyo ya [[Agano la Kale]]{{sfn|Charles|1911|p=169}}.]] '''Maandiko ya kiapokalipti''' ni yale ambayo katika [[Kitabu|vitabu]] vya [[Biblia]] na nje yake yalifuata [[mtindo wa uandishi]] wa [[nabii|kinabii]] ulioanza na [[nabii Ezekieli|Ezekieli]] wakati wa [[uhamisho wa Babeli]] ([[karne ya 6 KK]]) na kufikia kilele chake kwa [[Ufunuo wa Yohane]] mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 1]] [[Baada ya Kristo|BK]], kisha ukakoma, lakini uliendelea kuathiri [[Uyahudi]] na [[Ukristo]]. Badala ya kukabili hali ya wakati ule yalipotolewa {{sfn|Charles|1911|p=170}}, maandiko hayo yalikusudia kujulisha matukio ya mbele sana, hasa mwisho wa nyakati, kadiri ya [[njozi]] au [[ujumbe]] wa [[malaika]] <ref>Coogan 2009 p 424</ref>. [[Jina]] linatokana na [[neno]] la [[Kiyunani|Kigiriki]] ἀποκάλυψις, ''apokalyupsis'', yaani [[Ufunuo]].<ref>Goswiller 1987 p.3</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== * {{EB1911|wstitle=Apocalyptic Literature|volume=2|pages=169–175|first=Robert Henry|last=Charles|author-link=Robert Charles (scholar)}} * {{Rejea kitabu |title=The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Vol. 1: Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments |publisher=Doubleday & Co. |year=1983 |editor-last=Charlesworth |editor-first=James H. |location=Garden City, New York}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Collins |first=John Joseph |title=The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature, (The Biblical Resource Series) |publisher=Eerdman |year=1998 |edition=2nd |location=Grand Rapids}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Coogan |first=Michael |title=A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |location=Oxford}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Cook |first=David |title=Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature (Religion and Politics) |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=2005 |location=Syracure, NY}} * {{Citebook |last=Cook |first=Stephen L. |title=The Apocalyptic Literature: Interpreting Biblical Texts |publisher=Abingdon Press |year=2003 |location=Nashville}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Frye |first=Northrop |title=Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1957 |location=Princeton}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Goswiller |first=Richard |title=Revelation |publisher=Pacific Study Series |year=1987 |location=Melbourne}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Reddish |first=Mitchell G. |title=Apocalyptic Literature: A Reader |publisher=Hendrickson |year=1998 |location=Peabody : Massachusetts}} ==Viungo vya nje== * {{cite web | author1 = L. Michael White | url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/primary/white.html | title = Apocalyptic literature in Judaism and early Christianity | website = [[PBS]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20000304005402/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/primary/white.html | language = en | archive-date = March 4, 2000 | url-status = live}} (Thorough historical introduction). *{{cite web | author1 = David M. Williams | url = http://www.geocities.com/davidmwilliams/ntb519c.html | title = The Book of Revelation as Jewish apocalyptic literature | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091003072014/http://www.geocities.com/davidmwilliams/ntb519c.html | language = en | archive-date = October 3, 2009 | url-status = live | access-date = April 28, 2019 | df = mdy-all }} (A coincise introduction to the Apocalypse of John) * {{cite web | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/apocalyptic-that-which-has-been-rcvealed | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180517004553/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/apocalyptic-that-which-has-been-rcvealed | archive-date = May 17, 2018 | title = "Apocalyptic" lemma | website = iranicaonline.org | access-date = Aug 19, 2018 | url-status = live}} * {{cite journal| author1 = David L. Barr (Wright State University) | title = Using Plot to Discern Structure in John's Apocalypse | journal = Proceedings of the Eastern Great Lakes and Mid-West Biblical Societies | language = en | year = 1995 | pages = 23–33}} (sourced in {{cite web| url = http://www.ntgateway.com/book-of-revelation/articles-and-chapters-in-books| title = Articles & Reviews on the Boom of Revelation| website = ntgateway.com| access-date = 2018-08-19| archive-date = 2018-08-20| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180820005639/http://www.ntgateway.com/book-of-revelation/articles-and-chapters-in-books/| url-status = dead}} {{mbegu-Biblia}} [[Jamii:Biblia]] kkenpje7jvc1p35eg041txnei21x15a Maandiko ya kiapokaliptiko 0 241097 1574107 2026-06-17T14:50:27Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Maandiko ya kiapokaliptiko]] hadi [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]]: usahihi wa jina 1574107 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 8b61wzyvdiljfpsdd3hswxwp3uehgqy Rita Ora 0 241099 1574118 2026-06-17T15:40:16Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Rita Ora | jina_halisi = Rita Sahatçiu | picha = Oliver Mark - Rita Ora, Berlin 2018.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Ora mjini Berlin, 2018 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1990|11|26|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Pristina, Yugoslavia ya Kisoshalisti (sasa Kosovo) | uraia = {{plainlist| * Uingereza * Kosovo }} | elimu = Shule ya Maigiz...' 1574118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Rita Ora | jina_halisi = Rita Sahatçiu | picha = Oliver Mark - Rita Ora, Berlin 2018.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Ora mjini Berlin, 2018 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1990|11|26|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Pristina, Yugoslavia ya Kisoshalisti (sasa Kosovo) | uraia = {{plainlist| * Uingereza * Kosovo }} | elimu = Shule ya Maigizo ya Sylvia Young | kazi = {{plainlist| * Mwimbaji * Mtunzi wa nyimbo * Mcheza maigizo wa televisheni * Mwigizaji }} | kazi_mahususi = Orodha ya nyimbo za Rita Ora | kipindi = 2004–sasa | mwenzi = Taika Waititi (ndoa 2022) | ndugu = Besim Sahatçiu (babu) | aina_ya_muziki = Pop | chombo = Sauti | lebo = {{plainlist| * BMG * Atlantic * Roc Nation * Columbia }} | tovuti = {{URL|ritaora.com}} | sahihi = File:Rita Ora (nënshkrim).svg }} '''Rita Sahatçiu Ora''' (alizaliwa 26 Novemba 1990) ni mwimbaji, mwandishi wa nyimbo, haiba wa televisheni, na mwigizaji wa [[Uingereza]]. Alizaliwa huko [[Pristina]], katika eneo ambalo sasa ni nchi ya [[Kosovo]], na alipata umaarufu mkubwa mnamo mwaka 2012 baada ya kushirikishwa kwenye wimbo wa [[DJ Fresh]] uitwao "[[Hot Right Now]]", ambao ulishika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye chati za muziki za Uingereza . Mnamo mwaka 2008, alisaini mkataba wa kazi na lebo ya rapa wa Marekani [[Jay-Z]] iitwayo [[Roc Nation]] na kutoa albamu yake ya kwanza ya studio, ''[[Ora (Rita Ora album)|Ora]] mwaka'' (2012), ambayo ilianza kwa kushika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye Chati ya Albamu za Uingereza na kutoa nyimbo zilizoshika nafasi ya kwanza nchini humo kama vile "[[R.I.P. (Rita Ora song)|R.I.P.]]" na "[[How We Do (Party)]]".<ref name="officialcharts" /> Mnamo mwaka 2014, Ora alishirikishwa kwenye wimbo wa rapa wa [[Australia]], [[Iggy Azalea]] uitwao "[[Black Widow (Iggy Azalea song)|Black Widow]]", ambao ulishika nafasi ya tatu kwenye chati ya Marekani ya [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]. Mwaka uliofuata, aliteuliwa kuwa balozi wa heshima wa nchi ya Kosovo. Baada ya kuondoka Roc Nation, Ora alisaini mkataba na [[Atlantic Records]] na kutoa albamu yake ya pili ya studio, ''[[Phoenix (Rita Ora album)|Phoenix]]'' (2018). Albamu hii ilitoa nyimbo maarufu kama "[[Your Song (Rita Ora song)|Your Song]]", "[[Anywhere (Rita Ora song)|Anywhere]]", na "[[Let You Love Me]]", ambapo wimbo wa mwisho ulimfanya Ora kuwa msanii wa kwanza wa kike wa kujitegemea kutoka Uingereza kuwa na jumla ya nyimbo kumi na tatu zilizowahi kuingia kwenye kumi bora nchini Uingereza.<ref name=occ_record/> Albamu yake ya tatu ya studio, ''[[You & I (Rita Ora album)|You & I]]'' ya mwaka (2023), ilianza kwa kushika nafasi ya sita nchini Uingereza. Ora amekuwa jaji kwenye mashindano ya televisheni ya kutafuta vipaji ikiwa ni pamoja na [[The X Factor (British TV series) series 12|''The X Factor UK'']] (2015), [[The Masked Singer (British TV series)|''The Masked Singer UK'']] (2020–2024), na [[The Masked Singer (American TV series) season 11|''The Masked Singer US'']] (2024–sasa), pamoja na kuwa kocha kwenye mashindano ya [[The Voice UK series 4|''The Voice UK'']] (2015) na [[The Voice (Australian TV series)|''The Voice Australia'']] (2021–2023). Pia alicheza uhusika wa Mia Grey katika mfululizo wa filamu za [[Fifty Shades (film series)|''Fifty Shades'']] (2015–2018). == Maisha ya mapema == Rita Sahatçiu alizaliwa tarehe 26 Novemba 1990 huko [[Pristina]],nchini [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] (sasa ni [[Kosovo]]), akiwa na wazazi wenye asili ya [[Kosovo Albanians|Albania]].<ref name="AllMusicbio">{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/rita-ora-mn0002118074/biography |title=Rita Ora |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |last=Jeffries |first=David |access-date=29 May 2017 |quote=Born in Pristina, Kosovo but raised in London, pop star Rita Ora |archive-date=9 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909121459/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/rita-ora-mn0002118074/biography |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Apple Music">{{cite web |title=Rita Ora on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/artist/rita-ora/355898104 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] |access-date=1 May 2023 |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503182155/https://music.apple.com/gb/artist/rita-ora/355898104}}</ref> Mama yake,anayeitwa Vera , ni [[psychiatrist|daktari wa magonjwa ya akili]] na baba yake, Besnik Sahatçiu, ni mmiliki wa [[pub|baa]] ambaye alisomea mambo ya [[economics|uchumi]].<ref name=marieclaire15/> Mama yake Ora ni muumini wa Kanisa [[Catholic|Katoliki]] na baba yake ni Muislamu.<ref name="marieclaire15">{{cite journal |title=Rita Ora Interview – July 2015 Cover Story |journal=[[Marie Claire]] |last=Taro Greenfeld |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Taro Greenfeld |issue=July 2015 issue |quote="And that was enough, apparently, to lure their Muslim father, Besnik (Vera is Catholic). The two fled conflict–torn Kosovo in 1991, when Ora was a year old, and settled in London. Her father, who had studied economics, opened his pub–he's not a devout Muslim–and her mother became a psychiatrist."}}</ref> Ora ana dada mkubwa anayeitwa Elena, na kaka mdogo anayeitwa Don. Babu yake mzaa mama, Osman Bajraktari, alikuwa [[consul (representative)|balozi mdogo]] wa Albania nchini [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Urusi]] (wakati huo ikiwa sehemu ya [[Soviet Union|Umoja wa Kisovieti]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Nëna e Rita Orës "pushton" ballinat botërore |url=http://www.indeksonline.net/?FaqeID=4&LajmID=154702 |publisher=indeksonline.net |access-date=30 December 2015 |language=sq |date=16 April 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193101/http://www.indeksonline.net/?FaqeID=4&LajmID=154702 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tri femrat që na shndrisin |url=http://www.seremb.com/Artikulli.aspx?id=83 |publisher=seremb.com |access-date=30 December 2015 |language=sq |date=5 September 2013 |first=Seremb |last=Gjergji |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304132501/http://www.seremb.com/Artikulli.aspx?id=83 |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Babu yake mzaa baba, Besim Sahatçiu, alikuwa mwongozaji wa filamu na michezo ya kuigiza.<ref name="standard">{{cite web |last=Mills |first=Simon |date=1 February 2013 |title=Rita Ora: 'You have to make yourself... unforgettable' |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/rita-ora-you-have-to-make-yourself-unforgettable-8474575.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019171806/http://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/rita-ora-you-have-to-make-yourself-unforgettable-8474575.html |archive-date=19 October 2013 |access-date=20 July 2013 |work=London Evening Standard}}</ref><ref name="telegrafi">{{cite web |title=Flet babai, Besnik Sahatçiu: Të pathënat drug jeta e Rita Orës që nga mosha njëvjeçare |url=https://telegrafi.com/flet-babai-besnik-sahatciu-te-pathenat-dhe-jeta-e-rita-ores-qe-nga-mosha-njevjecare/ |work=Telegrafi |access-date=17 June 2018 |language=sq |date=5 June 2018 |archive-date=17 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617192754/https://telegrafi.com/flet-babai-besnik-sahatciu-te-pathenat-dhe-jeta-e-rita-ores-qe-nga-mosha-njevjecare/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Jina la ukoo Sahatçiu linatokana na neno la Kituruki linalomaanisha "mwenye kutengeneza saa"; baadaye wazazi wake waliongeza neno Ora (ambalo kwa Kialbania linamaanisha "muda" au "saa") kwenye jina la ukoo ili liweze kutamkwa kwa urahisi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/rita-oras-rags-riches-story-4958184 |title=Rita Ora's rags to riches story as ''Voice'' judge's family fled oppression in Kosovo |date=11 January 2015 |work=[[Daily Mirror]] |first=Simon |last=Keegan |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402230029/https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/rita-oras-rags-riches-story-4958184 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="harpersbazaar">{{cite web |url=https://harpersbazaar.com.au/rita-ora-cover-story-interview/ |title=Rita Ora on farewelling Australia and discovering new directions |work=Harper's Bazaar Australia |last=Huntington |first=Patty |date=23 March 2022 |access-date=24 March 2022 |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324093023/https://harpersbazaar.com.au/rita-ora-cover-story-interview/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Familia yake iliondoka [[Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo|Kosovo]] kwa sababu za kisiasa, kutokana na mateso dhidi ya Waalbania yaliyoanza wakati wa kusambaratika kwa nchi ya Yugoslavia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Longmire |first1=Becca |title=Rita Ora Reveals Traumatic Refugee Past |url=http://archive.entertainmentwise.com/news/75456/rita-ora-reveals-traumatic-refugee-past |website=entertainmentwise.com |access-date=17 October 2015 |date=10 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030043320/http://archive.entertainmentwise.com/news/75456/rita-ora-reveals-traumatic-refugee-past |archive-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> Walihamia [[London]] mnamo mwaka 1991, wakati Ora akiwa bado mtoto mchanga.<ref name=marieclaire15/> Alikulia katika eneo la [[Notting Hill]] huko Magharibi mwa London nchin Uingereza<ref name="kensington">{{cite news |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/rita-oras-my-london-8095827.html |title=Rita Ora's My London |work=[[London Evening Standard]] |date=31 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205220616/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/rita-oras-my-london-8095827.html |archive-date=5 February 2018 |access-date=4 November 2012}}</ref> na kusoma kwenye shule ya sanaa za maonesho iitwayo [[Sylvia Young Theatre School]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sylvia Young Theatre School: Preparing students with raw talent to be the stars of tomorrow |url=https://www.thestage.co.uk/promoted-content/sylvia-young-theatre-school-preparing-students-with-raw-talent-to-be-the-stars-of-tomorrow |website=The Stage |access-date=1 February 2021 |language=En |archive-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206081200/https://www.thestage.co.uk/promoted-content/sylvia-young-theatre-school-preparing-students-with-raw-talent-to-be-the-stars-of-tomorrow |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lipkin |first=Simon |date=31 July 2025 |title=This teacher shaped Amy Winehouse and Rita Ora — she changed my life |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/theatre-dance/article/sylvia-young-tribute-2752nmfbk |url-access=subscription |access-date=17 September 2025 |website=www.thetimes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 July 2025 |title=Stage school founder Sylvia Young, who helped discover Amy Winehouse, dies {{!}} ITV News |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2025-07-30/stage-school-founder-sylvia-young-who-helped-discover-amy-winehouse-dies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250730123343/https://www.itv.com/news/2025-07-30/stage-school-founder-sylvia-young-who-helped-discover-amy-winehouse-dies |archive-date=30 July 2025 |access-date=17 September 2025 |work=ITV News |language=en-GB |url-status=live}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1990]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] gmt94jap1got8rskrby3b90tzc49ylk 1574128 1574118 2026-06-17T16:04:19Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1574128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Rita Ora | jina_halisi = Rita Sahatçiu | picha = Oliver Mark - Rita Ora, Berlin 2018.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Ora mjini Berlin, 2018 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1990|11|26|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Pristina, Yugoslavia ya Kisoshalisti (sasa Kosovo) | uraia = {{plainlist| * Uingereza * Kosovo }} | elimu = Shule ya Maigizo ya Sylvia Young | kazi = {{plainlist| * Mwimbaji * Mtunzi wa nyimbo * Mcheza maigizo wa televisheni * Mwigizaji }} | kazi_mahususi = Orodha ya nyimbo za Rita Ora | kipindi = 2004–sasa | mwenzi = Taika Waititi (ndoa 2022) | ndugu = Besim Sahatçiu (babu) | aina_ya_muziki = Pop | chombo = Sauti | lebo = {{plainlist| * BMG * Atlantic * Roc Nation * Columbia }} | tovuti = {{URL|ritaora.com}} | sahihi = File:Rita Ora (nënshkrim).svg }} '''Rita Sahatçiu Ora''' (alizaliwa 26 Novemba 1990) ni mwimbaji, mwandishi wa nyimbo, haiba wa televisheni, na mwigizaji wa [[Uingereza]]. Alizaliwa huko [[Pristina]], katika eneo ambalo sasa ni nchi ya [[Kosovo]], na alipata umaarufu mkubwa mnamo mwaka 2012 baada ya kushirikishwa kwenye wimbo wa [[DJ Fresh]] uitwao "[[Hot Right Now]]", ambao ulishika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye chati za muziki za Uingereza . Mnamo mwaka 2008, alisaini mkataba wa kazi na lebo ya rapa wa Marekani [[Jay-Z]] iitwayo [[Roc Nation]] na kutoa albamu yake ya kwanza ya studio, ''[[Ora (Rita Ora album)|Ora]] mwaka'' (2012), ambayo ilianza kwa kushika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye Chati ya Albamu za Uingereza na kutoa nyimbo zilizoshika nafasi ya kwanza nchini humo kama vile "[[R.I.P. (Rita Ora song)|R.I.P.]]" na "[[How We Do (Party)]]".<ref name="officialcharts" /> Mnamo mwaka 2014, Ora alishirikishwa kwenye wimbo wa rapa wa [[Australia]], [[Iggy Azalea]] uitwao "[[Black Widow (Iggy Azalea song)|Black Widow]]", ambao ulishika nafasi ya tatu kwenye chati ya Marekani ya [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]. Mwaka uliofuata, aliteuliwa kuwa balozi wa heshima wa nchi ya Kosovo. Baada ya kuondoka Roc Nation, Ora alisaini mkataba na [[Atlantic Records]] na kutoa albamu yake ya pili ya studio, ''[[Phoenix (Rita Ora album)|Phoenix]]'' (2018). Albamu hii ilitoa nyimbo maarufu kama "[[Your Song (Rita Ora song)|Your Song]]", "[[Anywhere (Rita Ora song)|Anywhere]]", na "[[Let You Love Me]]", ambapo wimbo wa mwisho ulimfanya Ora kuwa msanii wa kwanza wa kike wa kujitegemea kutoka Uingereza kuwa na jumla ya nyimbo kumi na tatu zilizowahi kuingia kwenye kumi bora nchini Uingereza.<ref name=occ_record/> Albamu yake ya tatu ya studio, ''[[You & I (Rita Ora album)|You & I]]'' ya mwaka (2023), ilianza kwa kushika nafasi ya sita nchini Uingereza. Ora amekuwa jaji kwenye mashindano ya televisheni ya kutafuta vipaji ikiwa ni pamoja na [[The X Factor (British TV series) series 12|''The X Factor UK'']] (2015), [[The Masked Singer (British TV series)|''The Masked Singer UK'']] (2020–2024), na [[The Masked Singer (American TV series) season 11|''The Masked Singer US'']] (2024–sasa), pamoja na kuwa kocha kwenye mashindano ya [[The Voice UK series 4|''The Voice UK'']] (2015) na [[The Voice (Australian TV series)|''The Voice Australia'']] (2021–2023). Pia alicheza uhusika wa Mia Grey katika mfululizo wa filamu za [[Fifty Shades (film series)|''Fifty Shades'']] (2015–2018). == Maisha ya mapema == Rita Sahatçiu alizaliwa tarehe 26 Novemba 1990 huko [[Pristina]],nchini [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] (sasa ni [[Kosovo]]), akiwa na wazazi wenye asili ya [[Kosovo Albanians|Albania]].<ref name="AllMusicbio">{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/rita-ora-mn0002118074/biography |title=Rita Ora |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |last=Jeffries |first=David |access-date=29 May 2017 |quote=Born in Pristina, Kosovo but raised in London, pop star Rita Ora |archive-date=9 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909121459/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/rita-ora-mn0002118074/biography |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Apple Music">{{cite web |title=Rita Ora on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/artist/rita-ora/355898104 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] |access-date=1 May 2023 |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503182155/https://music.apple.com/gb/artist/rita-ora/355898104}}</ref> Mama yake,anayeitwa Vera , ni [[psychiatrist|daktari wa magonjwa ya akili]] na baba yake, Besnik Sahatçiu, ni mmiliki wa [[pub|baa]] ambaye alisomea mambo ya [[economics|uchumi]].<ref name=marieclaire15/> Mama yake Ora ni muumini wa Kanisa [[Catholic|Katoliki]] na baba yake ni Muislamu.<ref name="marieclaire15">{{cite journal |title=Rita Ora Interview – July 2015 Cover Story |journal=[[Marie Claire]] |last=Taro Greenfeld |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Taro Greenfeld |issue=July 2015 issue |quote="And that was enough, apparently, to lure their Muslim father, Besnik (Vera is Catholic). The two fled conflict–torn Kosovo in 1991, when Ora was a year old, and settled in London. Her father, who had studied economics, opened his pub–he's not a devout Muslim–and her mother became a psychiatrist."}}</ref> Ora ana dada mkubwa anayeitwa Elena, na kaka mdogo anayeitwa Don. Babu yake mzaa mama, Osman Bajraktari, alikuwa [[consul (representative)|balozi mdogo]] wa Albania nchini [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Urusi]] (wakati huo ikiwa sehemu ya [[Soviet Union|Umoja wa Kisovieti]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Nëna e Rita Orës "pushton" ballinat botërore |url=http://www.indeksonline.net/?FaqeID=4&LajmID=154702 |publisher=indeksonline.net |access-date=30 December 2015 |language=sq |date=16 April 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193101/http://www.indeksonline.net/?FaqeID=4&LajmID=154702 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tri femrat që na shndrisin |url=http://www.seremb.com/Artikulli.aspx?id=83 |publisher=seremb.com |access-date=30 December 2015 |language=sq |date=5 September 2013 |first=Seremb |last=Gjergji |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304132501/http://www.seremb.com/Artikulli.aspx?id=83 |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Babu yake mzaa baba, Besim Sahatçiu, alikuwa mwongozaji wa filamu na michezo ya kuigiza.<ref name="standard">{{cite web |last=Mills |first=Simon |date=1 February 2013 |title=Rita Ora: 'You have to make yourself... unforgettable' |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/rita-ora-you-have-to-make-yourself-unforgettable-8474575.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019171806/http://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/rita-ora-you-have-to-make-yourself-unforgettable-8474575.html |archive-date=19 October 2013 |access-date=20 July 2013 |work=London Evening Standard}}</ref><ref name="telegrafi">{{cite web |title=Flet babai, Besnik Sahatçiu: Të pathënat drug jeta e Rita Orës që nga mosha njëvjeçare |url=https://telegrafi.com/flet-babai-besnik-sahatciu-te-pathenat-dhe-jeta-e-rita-ores-qe-nga-mosha-njevjecare/ |work=Telegrafi |access-date=17 June 2018 |language=sq |date=5 June 2018 |archive-date=17 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617192754/https://telegrafi.com/flet-babai-besnik-sahatciu-te-pathenat-dhe-jeta-e-rita-ores-qe-nga-mosha-njevjecare/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Jina la ukoo Sahatçiu linatokana na neno la Kituruki linalomaanisha "mwenye kutengeneza saa"; baadaye wazazi wake waliongeza neno Ora (ambalo kwa Kialbania linamaanisha "muda" au "saa") kwenye jina la ukoo ili liweze kutamkwa kwa urahisi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/rita-oras-rags-riches-story-4958184 |title=Rita Ora's rags to riches story as ''Voice'' judge's family fled oppression in Kosovo |date=11 January 2015 |work=[[Daily Mirror]] |first=Simon |last=Keegan |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402230029/https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/rita-oras-rags-riches-story-4958184 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="harpersbazaar">{{cite web |url=https://harpersbazaar.com.au/rita-ora-cover-story-interview/ |title=Rita Ora on farewelling Australia and discovering new directions |work=Harper's Bazaar Australia |last=Huntington |first=Patty |date=23 March 2022 |access-date=24 March 2022 |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324093023/https://harpersbazaar.com.au/rita-ora-cover-story-interview/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Familia yake iliondoka [[Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo|Kosovo]] kwa sababu za kisiasa, kutokana na mateso dhidi ya Waalbania yaliyoanza wakati wa kusambaratika kwa nchi ya Yugoslavia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Longmire |first1=Becca |title=Rita Ora Reveals Traumatic Refugee Past |url=http://archive.entertainmentwise.com/news/75456/rita-ora-reveals-traumatic-refugee-past |website=entertainmentwise.com |access-date=17 October 2015 |date=10 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030043320/http://archive.entertainmentwise.com/news/75456/rita-ora-reveals-traumatic-refugee-past |archive-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> Walihamia [[London]] mnamo mwaka 1991, wakati Ora akiwa bado mtoto mchanga.<ref name=marieclaire15/> Alikulia katika eneo la [[Notting Hill]] huko Magharibi mwa London nchin Uingereza<ref name="kensington">{{cite news |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/rita-oras-my-london-8095827.html |title=Rita Ora's My London |work=[[London Evening Standard]] |date=31 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205220616/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/rita-oras-my-london-8095827.html |archive-date=5 February 2018 |access-date=4 November 2012}}</ref> na kusoma kwenye shule ya sanaa za maonesho iitwayo [[Sylvia Young Theatre School]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sylvia Young Theatre School: Preparing students with raw talent to be the stars of tomorrow |url=https://www.thestage.co.uk/promoted-content/sylvia-young-theatre-school-preparing-students-with-raw-talent-to-be-the-stars-of-tomorrow |website=The Stage |access-date=1 February 2021 |language=En |archive-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206081200/https://www.thestage.co.uk/promoted-content/sylvia-young-theatre-school-preparing-students-with-raw-talent-to-be-the-stars-of-tomorrow |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Lipkin |first=Simon |date=31 July 2025 |title=This teacher shaped Amy Winehouse and Rita Ora — she changed my life |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/theatre-dance/article/sylvia-young-tribute-2752nmfbk |url-access=subscription |access-date=17 September 2025 |website=www.thetimes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |date=30 July 2025 |title=Stage school founder Sylvia Young, who helped discover Amy Winehouse, dies {{!}} ITV News |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2025-07-30/stage-school-founder-sylvia-young-who-helped-discover-amy-winehouse-dies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250730123343/https://www.itv.com/news/2025-07-30/stage-school-founder-sylvia-young-who-helped-discover-amy-winehouse-dies |archive-date=30 July 2025 |access-date=17 September 2025 |work=ITV News |language=en-GB |url-status=live}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1990]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] 38z3wp3sdk51tcu7q3vq5zo2qil8k0l 1574478 1574128 2026-06-18T11:04:40Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1574478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Rita Ora | jina_halisi = Rita Sahatçiu | picha = Oliver Mark - Rita Ora, Berlin 2018.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Ora mjini Berlin, 2018 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1990|11|26|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Pristina, Yugoslavia ya Kisoshalisti (sasa Kosovo) | uraia = {{plainlist| * Uingereza * Kosovo }} | elimu = Shule ya Maigizo ya Sylvia Young | kazi = {{plainlist| * Mwimbaji * Mtunzi wa nyimbo * Mcheza maigizo wa televisheni * Mwigizaji }} | kazi_mahususi = Orodha ya nyimbo za Rita Ora | kipindi = 2004–sasa | mwenzi = Taika Waititi (ndoa 2022) | ndugu = Besim Sahatçiu (babu) | aina_ya_muziki = Pop | chombo = Sauti | lebo = {{plainlist| * BMG * Atlantic * Roc Nation * Columbia }} | tovuti = {{URL|ritaora.com}} | sahihi = File:Rita Ora (nënshkrim).svg }} '''Rita Sahatçiu Ora''' (alizaliwa [[Pristina]], [[Kosovo]], 26 Novemba 1990) ni mwimbaji, mwandishi wa nyimbo, haiba wa televisheni, na mwigizaji wa [[Uingereza]]. Alipata umaarufu mkubwa mnamo mwaka 2012 baada ya kushirikishwa kwenye wimbo wa [[DJ Fresh]] uitwao "[[Hot Right Now]]", ambao ulishika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye chati za muziki za Uingereza. Mnamo mwaka 2008, alisaini mkataba wa kazi na lebo ya rapa wa Marekani [[Jay-Z]] iitwayo [[Roc Nation]] na kutoa albamu yake ya kwanza ya studio, ''[[Ora (Rita Ora album)|Ora]] mwaka'' (2012), ambayo ilianza kwa kushika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye Chati ya Albamu za Uingereza na kutoa nyimbo zilizoshika nafasi ya kwanza nchini humo kama vile "[[R.I.P. (Rita Ora song)|R.I.P.]]" na "[[How We Do (Party)]]".<ref name="officialcharts" /> Mnamo mwaka 2014, Ora alishirikishwa kwenye wimbo wa rapa wa [[Australia]], [[Iggy Azalea]] uitwao "[[Black Widow (Iggy Azalea song)|Black Widow]]", ambao ulishika nafasi ya tatu kwenye chati ya Marekani ya [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]. Mwaka uliofuata, aliteuliwa kuwa balozi wa heshima wa nchi ya Kosovo. Baada ya kuondoka Roc Nation, Ora alisaini mkataba na [[Atlantic Records]] na kutoa albamu yake ya pili ya studio, ''[[Phoenix (Rita Ora album)|Phoenix]]'' (2018). Albamu hii ilitoa nyimbo maarufu kama "[[Your Song (Rita Ora song)|Your Song]]", "[[Anywhere (Rita Ora song)|Anywhere]]", na "[[Let You Love Me]]", ambapo wimbo wa mwisho ulimfanya Ora kuwa msanii wa kwanza wa kike wa kujitegemea kutoka Uingereza kuwa na jumla ya nyimbo kumi na tatu zilizowahi kuingia kwenye kumi bora nchini Uingereza.<ref name=occ_record/> Albamu yake ya tatu ya studio, ''[[You & I (Rita Ora album)|You & I]]'' ya mwaka (2023), ilianza kwa kushika nafasi ya sita nchini Uingereza. Ora amekuwa jaji kwenye mashindano ya televisheni ya kutafuta vipaji ikiwa ni pamoja na [[The X Factor (British TV series) series 12|''The X Factor UK'']] (2015), [[The Masked Singer (British TV series)|''The Masked Singer UK'']] (2020–2024), na [[The Masked Singer (American TV series) season 11|''The Masked Singer US'']] (2024–sasa), pamoja na kuwa kocha kwenye mashindano ya [[The Voice UK series 4|''The Voice UK'']] (2015) na [[The Voice (Australian TV series)|''The Voice Australia'']] (2021–2023). Pia alicheza uhusika wa Mia Grey katika mfululizo wa filamu za [[Fifty Shades (film series)|''Fifty Shades'']] (2015–2018). == Maisha ya mapema == Rita Sahatçiu alizaliwa tarehe 26 Novemba 1990 huko [[Pristina]], nchini [[Yugoslavia]] (sasa ni [[Kosovo]]), akiwa na wazazi wenye asili ya [[Albania]].<ref name="AllMusicbio">{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/rita-ora-mn0002118074/biography |title=Rita Ora |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |last=Jeffries |first=David |access-date=29 May 2017 |quote=Born in Pristina, Kosovo but raised in London, pop star Rita Ora |archive-date=9 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909121459/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/rita-ora-mn0002118074/biography |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Apple Music">{{cite web |title=Rita Ora on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/artist/rita-ora/355898104 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] |access-date=1 May 2023 |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503182155/https://music.apple.com/gb/artist/rita-ora/355898104}}</ref> Mama yake,anayeitwa Vera , ni [[psychiatrist|daktari wa magonjwa ya akili]] na baba yake, Besnik Sahatçiu, ni mmiliki wa [[baa]] ambaye alisomea mambo ya [[uchumi]].<ref name=marieclaire15/> Mama yake Ora ni muumini wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na baba yake ni Muislamu.<ref name="marieclaire15">{{cite journal |title=Rita Ora Interview – July 2015 Cover Story |journal=[[Marie Claire]] |last=Taro Greenfeld |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Taro Greenfeld |issue=July 2015 issue |quote="And that was enough, apparently, to lure their Muslim father, Besnik (Vera is Catholic). The two fled conflict–torn Kosovo in 1991, when Ora was a year old, and settled in London. Her father, who had studied economics, opened his pub–he's not a devout Muslim–and her mother became a psychiatrist."}}</ref> Ora ana dada mkubwa anayeitwa Elena, na kaka mdogo anayeitwa Don. Babu yake mzaa mama, Osman Bajraktari, alikuwa [[consul (representative)|balozi mdogo]] wa Albania nchini [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Urusi]] (wakati huo ikiwa sehemu ya [[Soviet Union|Umoja wa Kisovieti]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Nëna e Rita Orës "pushton" ballinat botërore |url=http://www.indeksonline.net/?FaqeID=4&LajmID=154702 |publisher=indeksonline.net |access-date=30 December 2015 |language=sq |date=16 April 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193101/http://www.indeksonline.net/?FaqeID=4&LajmID=154702 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tri femrat që na shndrisin |url=http://www.seremb.com/Artikulli.aspx?id=83 |publisher=seremb.com |access-date=30 December 2015 |language=sq |date=5 September 2013 |first=Seremb |last=Gjergji |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304132501/http://www.seremb.com/Artikulli.aspx?id=83 |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Babu yake mzaa baba, Besim Sahatçiu, alikuwa mwongozaji wa filamu na michezo ya kuigiza.<ref name="standard">{{cite web |last=Mills |first=Simon |date=1 February 2013 |title=Rita Ora: 'You have to make yourself... unforgettable' |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/rita-ora-you-have-to-make-yourself-unforgettable-8474575.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019171806/http://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/rita-ora-you-have-to-make-yourself-unforgettable-8474575.html |archive-date=19 October 2013 |access-date=20 July 2013 |work=London Evening Standard}}</ref><ref name="telegrafi">{{cite web |title=Flet babai, Besnik Sahatçiu: Të pathënat drug jeta e Rita Orës që nga mosha njëvjeçare |url=https://telegrafi.com/flet-babai-besnik-sahatciu-te-pathenat-dhe-jeta-e-rita-ores-qe-nga-mosha-njevjecare/ |work=Telegrafi |access-date=17 June 2018 |language=sq |date=5 June 2018 |archive-date=17 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617192754/https://telegrafi.com/flet-babai-besnik-sahatciu-te-pathenat-dhe-jeta-e-rita-ores-qe-nga-mosha-njevjecare/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Jina la ukoo Sahatçiu linatokana na neno la Kituruki linalomaanisha "mwenye kutengeneza saa"; baadaye wazazi wake waliongeza neno Ora (ambalo kwa Kialbania linamaanisha "muda" au "saa") kwenye jina la ukoo ili liweze kutamkwa kwa urahisi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/rita-oras-rags-riches-story-4958184 |title=Rita Ora's rags to riches story as ''Voice'' judge's family fled oppression in Kosovo |date=11 January 2015 |work=[[Daily Mirror]] |first=Simon |last=Keegan |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402230029/https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/rita-oras-rags-riches-story-4958184 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="harpersbazaar">{{cite web |url=https://harpersbazaar.com.au/rita-ora-cover-story-interview/ |title=Rita Ora on farewelling Australia and discovering new directions |work=Harper's Bazaar Australia |last=Huntington |first=Patty |date=23 March 2022 |access-date=24 March 2022 |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324093023/https://harpersbazaar.com.au/rita-ora-cover-story-interview/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Familia yake iliondoka [[Kosovo]] kwa sababu za kisiasa, kutokana na mateso dhidi ya Waalbania yaliyoanza wakati wa kusambaratika kwa nchi ya Yugoslavia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Longmire |first1=Becca |title=Rita Ora Reveals Traumatic Refugee Past |url=http://archive.entertainmentwise.com/news/75456/rita-ora-reveals-traumatic-refugee-past |website=entertainmentwise.com |access-date=17 October 2015 |date=10 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030043320/http://archive.entertainmentwise.com/news/75456/rita-ora-reveals-traumatic-refugee-past |archive-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> Walihamia [[London]] mnamo mwaka 1991, wakati Ora akiwa bado mtoto mchanga.<ref name=marieclaire15/> Alikulia katika eneo la [[Notting Hill]] huko Magharibi mwa London nchin Uingereza<ref name="kensington">{{cite news |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/rita-oras-my-london-8095827.html |title=Rita Ora's My London |work=[[London Evening Standard]] |date=31 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205220616/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/rita-oras-my-london-8095827.html |archive-date=5 February 2018 |access-date=4 November 2012}}</ref> na kusoma kwenye shule ya sanaa za maonesho iitwayo [[Sylvia Young Theatre School]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sylvia Young Theatre School: Preparing students with raw talent to be the stars of tomorrow |url=https://www.thestage.co.uk/promoted-content/sylvia-young-theatre-school-preparing-students-with-raw-talent-to-be-the-stars-of-tomorrow |website=The Stage |access-date=1 February 2021 |language=En |archive-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206081200/https://www.thestage.co.uk/promoted-content/sylvia-young-theatre-school-preparing-students-with-raw-talent-to-be-the-stars-of-tomorrow |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Lipkin |first=Simon |date=31 July 2025 |title=This teacher shaped Amy Winehouse and Rita Ora — she changed my life |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/theatre-dance/article/sylvia-young-tribute-2752nmfbk |url-access=subscription |access-date=17 September 2025 |website=www.thetimes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |date=30 July 2025 |title=Stage school founder Sylvia Young, who helped discover Amy Winehouse, dies {{!}} ITV News |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2025-07-30/stage-school-founder-sylvia-young-who-helped-discover-amy-winehouse-dies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250730123343/https://www.itv.com/news/2025-07-30/stage-school-founder-sylvia-young-who-helped-discover-amy-winehouse-dies |archive-date=30 July 2025 |access-date=17 September 2025 |work=ITV News |language=en-GB |url-status=live}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki-Ulaya}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1990]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] kzbw0wt4jwxr118nsl0qzvul0b5hssz 1574479 1574478 2026-06-18T11:07:21Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1574479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Rita Ora | jina_halisi = Rita Sahatçiu | picha = Oliver Mark - Rita Ora, Berlin 2018.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Ora mjini Berlin, 2018 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1990|11|26|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Pristina, Yugoslavia ya Kisoshalisti (sasa Kosovo) | uraia = {{plainlist| * Uingereza * Kosovo }} | elimu = Shule ya Maigizo ya Sylvia Young | kazi = {{plainlist| * Mwimbaji * Mtunzi wa nyimbo * Mcheza maigizo wa televisheni * Mwigizaji }} | kazi_mahususi = Orodha ya nyimbo za Rita Ora | kipindi = 2004–sasa | mwenzi = Taika Waititi (ndoa 2022) | ndugu = Besim Sahatçiu (babu) | aina_ya_muziki = Pop | chombo = Sauti | lebo = {{plainlist| * BMG * Atlantic * Roc Nation * Columbia }} | tovuti = {{URL|ritaora.com}} | sahihi = File:Rita Ora (nënshkrim).svg }} '''Rita Sahatçiu Ora''' (alizaliwa [[Pristina]], [[Kosovo]], 26 Novemba 1990) ni mwimbaji, mwandishi wa nyimbo, haiba wa televisheni, na mwigizaji wa [[Uingereza]]. Alipata umaarufu mkubwa mnamo mwaka 2012 baada ya kushirikishwa kwenye wimbo wa [[DJ Fresh]] uitwao "[[Hot Right Now]]", ambao ulishika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye chati za muziki za Uingereza. Mnamo mwaka 2008, alisaini mkataba wa kazi na lebo ya rapa wa Marekani [[Jay-Z]] iitwayo [[Roc Nation]] na kutoa albamu yake ya kwanza ya studio, ''[[Ora (Rita Ora album)|Ora]] mwaka'' (2012), ambayo ilianza kwa kushika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye Chati ya Albamu za Uingereza na kutoa nyimbo zilizoshika nafasi ya kwanza nchini humo kama vile "[[R.I.P. (Rita Ora song)|R.I.P.]]" na "[[How We Do (Party)]]". Mnamo mwaka 2014, Ora alishirikishwa kwenye wimbo wa rapa wa [[Australia]], [[Iggy Azalea]] uitwao "[[Black Widow (Iggy Azalea song)|Black Widow]]", ambao ulishika nafasi ya tatu kwenye chati ya Marekani ya [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]. Mwaka uliofuata, aliteuliwa kuwa balozi wa heshima wa nchi ya Kosovo. Baada ya kuondoka Roc Nation, Ora alisaini mkataba na [[Atlantic Records]] na kutoa albamu yake ya pili ya studio, ''[[Phoenix (Rita Ora album)|Phoenix]]'' (2018). Albamu hii ilitoa nyimbo maarufu kama "[[Your Song (Rita Ora song)|Your Song]]", "[[Anywhere (Rita Ora song)|Anywhere]]", na "[[Let You Love Me]]", ambapo wimbo wa mwisho ulimfanya Ora kuwa msanii wa kwanza wa kike wa kujitegemea kutoka Uingereza kuwa na jumla ya nyimbo kumi na tatu zilizowahi kuingia kwenye kumi bora nchini Uingereza. Albamu yake ya tatu ya studio, ''[[You & I (Rita Ora album)|You & I]]'' ya mwaka (2023), ilianza kwa kushika nafasi ya sita nchini Uingereza. Ora amekuwa jaji kwenye mashindano ya televisheni ya kutafuta vipaji ikiwa ni pamoja na [[The X Factor (British TV series) series 12|''The X Factor UK'']] (2015), [[The Masked Singer (British TV series)|''The Masked Singer UK'']] (2020–2024), na [[The Masked Singer (American TV series) season 11|''The Masked Singer US'']] (2024–sasa), pamoja na kuwa kocha kwenye mashindano ya [[The Voice UK series 4|''The Voice UK'']] (2015) na [[The Voice (Australian TV series)|''The Voice Australia'']] (2021–2023). Pia alicheza uhusika wa Mia Grey katika mfululizo wa filamu za [[Fifty Shades (film series)|''Fifty Shades'']] (2015–2018). == Maisha ya mapema == Rita Sahatçiu alizaliwa tarehe 26 Novemba 1990 huko [[Pristina]], nchini [[Yugoslavia]] (sasa ni [[Kosovo]]), akiwa na wazazi wenye asili ya [[Albania]].<ref name="AllMusicbio">{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/rita-ora-mn0002118074/biography |title=Rita Ora |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |last=Jeffries |first=David |access-date=29 May 2017 |quote=Born in Pristina, Kosovo but raised in London, pop star Rita Ora |archive-date=9 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909121459/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/rita-ora-mn0002118074/biography |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Apple Music">{{cite web |title=Rita Ora on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/artist/rita-ora/355898104 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] |access-date=1 May 2023 |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503182155/https://music.apple.com/gb/artist/rita-ora/355898104}}</ref> Mama yake,anayeitwa Vera , ni [[psychiatrist|daktari wa magonjwa ya akili]] na baba yake, Besnik Sahatçiu, ni mmiliki wa [[baa]] ambaye alisomea mambo ya [[uchumi]].<ref name=marieclaire15/> Mama yake Ora ni muumini wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na baba yake ni Muislamu.<ref name="marieclaire15">{{cite journal |title=Rita Ora Interview – July 2015 Cover Story |journal=[[Marie Claire]] |last=Taro Greenfeld |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Taro Greenfeld |issue=July 2015 issue |quote="And that was enough, apparently, to lure their Muslim father, Besnik (Vera is Catholic). The two fled conflict–torn Kosovo in 1991, when Ora was a year old, and settled in London. Her father, who had studied economics, opened his pub–he's not a devout Muslim–and her mother became a psychiatrist."}}</ref> Ora ana dada mkubwa anayeitwa Elena, na kaka mdogo anayeitwa Don. Babu yake mzaa mama, Osman Bajraktari, alikuwa [[consul (representative)|balozi mdogo]] wa Albania nchini [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Urusi]] (wakati huo ikiwa sehemu ya [[Soviet Union|Umoja wa Kisovieti]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Nëna e Rita Orës "pushton" ballinat botërore |url=http://www.indeksonline.net/?FaqeID=4&LajmID=154702 |publisher=indeksonline.net |access-date=30 December 2015 |language=sq |date=16 April 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193101/http://www.indeksonline.net/?FaqeID=4&LajmID=154702 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tri femrat që na shndrisin |url=http://www.seremb.com/Artikulli.aspx?id=83 |publisher=seremb.com |access-date=30 December 2015 |language=sq |date=5 September 2013 |first=Seremb |last=Gjergji |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304132501/http://www.seremb.com/Artikulli.aspx?id=83 |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Babu yake mzaa baba, Besim Sahatçiu, alikuwa mwongozaji wa filamu na michezo ya kuigiza.<ref name="standard">{{cite web |last=Mills |first=Simon |date=1 February 2013 |title=Rita Ora: 'You have to make yourself... unforgettable' |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/rita-ora-you-have-to-make-yourself-unforgettable-8474575.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019171806/http://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/rita-ora-you-have-to-make-yourself-unforgettable-8474575.html |archive-date=19 October 2013 |access-date=20 July 2013 |work=London Evening Standard}}</ref><ref name="telegrafi">{{cite web |title=Flet babai, Besnik Sahatçiu: Të pathënat drug jeta e Rita Orës që nga mosha njëvjeçare |url=https://telegrafi.com/flet-babai-besnik-sahatciu-te-pathenat-dhe-jeta-e-rita-ores-qe-nga-mosha-njevjecare/ |work=Telegrafi |access-date=17 June 2018 |language=sq |date=5 June 2018 |archive-date=17 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617192754/https://telegrafi.com/flet-babai-besnik-sahatciu-te-pathenat-dhe-jeta-e-rita-ores-qe-nga-mosha-njevjecare/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Jina la ukoo Sahatçiu linatokana na neno la Kituruki linalomaanisha "mwenye kutengeneza saa"; baadaye wazazi wake waliongeza neno Ora (ambalo kwa Kialbania linamaanisha "muda" au "saa") kwenye jina la ukoo ili liweze kutamkwa kwa urahisi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/rita-oras-rags-riches-story-4958184 |title=Rita Ora's rags to riches story as ''Voice'' judge's family fled oppression in Kosovo |date=11 January 2015 |work=[[Daily Mirror]] |first=Simon |last=Keegan |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402230029/https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/rita-oras-rags-riches-story-4958184 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="harpersbazaar">{{cite web |url=https://harpersbazaar.com.au/rita-ora-cover-story-interview/ |title=Rita Ora on farewelling Australia and discovering new directions |work=Harper's Bazaar Australia |last=Huntington |first=Patty |date=23 March 2022 |access-date=24 March 2022 |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324093023/https://harpersbazaar.com.au/rita-ora-cover-story-interview/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Familia yake iliondoka [[Kosovo]] kwa sababu za kisiasa, kutokana na mateso dhidi ya Waalbania yaliyoanza wakati wa kusambaratika kwa nchi ya Yugoslavia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Longmire |first1=Becca |title=Rita Ora Reveals Traumatic Refugee Past |url=http://archive.entertainmentwise.com/news/75456/rita-ora-reveals-traumatic-refugee-past |website=entertainmentwise.com |access-date=17 October 2015 |date=10 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030043320/http://archive.entertainmentwise.com/news/75456/rita-ora-reveals-traumatic-refugee-past |archive-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> Walihamia [[London]] mnamo mwaka 1991, wakati Ora akiwa bado mtoto mchanga.<ref name=marieclaire15/> Alikulia katika eneo la [[Notting Hill]] huko Magharibi mwa London nchin Uingereza<ref name="kensington">{{cite news |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/rita-oras-my-london-8095827.html |title=Rita Ora's My London |work=[[London Evening Standard]] |date=31 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205220616/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/rita-oras-my-london-8095827.html |archive-date=5 February 2018 |access-date=4 November 2012}}</ref> na kusoma kwenye shule ya sanaa za maonesho iitwayo [[Sylvia Young Theatre School]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sylvia Young Theatre School: Preparing students with raw talent to be the stars of tomorrow |url=https://www.thestage.co.uk/promoted-content/sylvia-young-theatre-school-preparing-students-with-raw-talent-to-be-the-stars-of-tomorrow |website=The Stage |access-date=1 February 2021 |language=En |archive-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206081200/https://www.thestage.co.uk/promoted-content/sylvia-young-theatre-school-preparing-students-with-raw-talent-to-be-the-stars-of-tomorrow |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Lipkin |first=Simon |date=31 July 2025 |title=This teacher shaped Amy Winehouse and Rita Ora — she changed my life |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/theatre-dance/article/sylvia-young-tribute-2752nmfbk |url-access=subscription |access-date=17 September 2025 |website=www.thetimes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |date=30 July 2025 |title=Stage school founder Sylvia Young, who helped discover Amy Winehouse, dies {{!}} ITV News |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2025-07-30/stage-school-founder-sylvia-young-who-helped-discover-amy-winehouse-dies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250730123343/https://www.itv.com/news/2025-07-30/stage-school-founder-sylvia-young-who-helped-discover-amy-winehouse-dies |archive-date=30 July 2025 |access-date=17 September 2025 |work=ITV News |language=en-GB |url-status=live}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki-Ulaya}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1990]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] e63sbsth9poz1b1ykukj8l17w51wk92 Mila Kunis 0 241100 1574124 2026-06-17T15:56:12Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Mila Kunis | jina_halisi = Milena Markovna Kunis | picha = Mila Kunis TIFF 2025 (cropped).jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Kunis mwaka 2025 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1983|8|14|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Chernivtsi, SSR ya Ukraine, Umoja wa Kisovyeti | uraia = Marekani | kazi = Mwigizaji | kipindi = 1994–sasa | mwen...' 1574124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Mila Kunis | jina_halisi = Milena Markovna Kunis | picha = Mila Kunis TIFF 2025 (cropped).jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Kunis mwaka 2025 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1983|8|14|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Chernivtsi, SSR ya Ukraine, Umoja wa Kisovyeti | uraia = Marekani | kazi = Mwigizaji | kipindi = 1994–sasa | mwenzi = Ashton Kutcher (ndoa 2015–sasa) | washirika = Macaulay Culkin (2002–2010) | watoto = 2 | kazi_mahususi = Orodha kamili ya filamu za Mila Kunis | tuzo = }} '''Milena Markovna''' "'''Mila'''" '''Kunis''' (alizaliwa Agosti 14, 1983) ni mwigizaji kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa huko [[Chernivtsi]],nchini [[Ukraini|Ukraine]], na kukulia katika jiji la [[Los Angeles]], ambapo alianza kuigiza akitokea kwenye nafasi ndogo za televisheni mapema miaka ya 1990. Alicheza kama [[Jackie Burkhart]] kwenye kipindi cha ''[[That '70s Show]]'' kuanzia mwaka 1998 hadi 2006, na amekuwa akiigiza kwa sauti uhusika wa [[Meg Griffin]] kwenye mfululizo wa ''[[Family Guy]]'' tangu mwaka 1999. Nafasi iliyompa umaarufu mkubwa Kunis kwenye filamu ilikuwa katika filamu ya vichekesho na mapenzi ya mwaka 2008 iliyoitwa ''[[Forgetting Sarah Marshall]]''.<ref name="blackbook">{{cite web |url=https://www.blackbookmag.com |title=Mila Kunis Interview |publisher=BlackBook |date=2008-03-10 |access-date=2026-06-17}}</ref><ref name="sentinel">{{cite web |url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com |title=Mila Kunis's Breakout Role |publisher=The Orlando Sentinel |date=2008-03-15 |access-date=2026-06-17}}</ref> Alipata sifa nyingi kutoka kwa wachambuzi kwa uigizaji wake katika filamu ya kusisimua ya kisaikolojia ya ''[[Black Swan (film)|Black Swan]]'' (2010), ambapo alichaguliwa kuwania tuzo ya [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture|Golden Globe]] na tuzo ya [[Screen Actors Guild Awards|Screen Actors Guild]] kama Mwigizaji Bora wa Kike Anayesaidia. Kwa uhusika wake katika filamu ya vichekesho ya ''[[Ted (film)|Ted]]'' (2012)—ambaya ni filamu yake iliyoingiza pesa nyingi zaidi—alichaguliwa kuwania tuzo ya [[Critics' Choice]] kama Mwigizaji Bora wa Kike kwenye Vichekesho. Filamu nyingine za Kunis ni pamoja na filamu za mapambano (action) za ''[[Max Payne (film)|Max Payne]]'' (2008) (akicheza kama [[Mona Sax]]) na ''[[The Book of Eli]]'' (2010), filamu ya vichekesho na mapenzi ya ''[[Friends with Benefits (film)|Friends with Benefits]]'' (2011), filamu ya njozi ya ''[[Oz the Great and Powerful]]'' (2013) kama mchawi wa kike, filamu za vichekesho za ''[[Bad Moms]]'' (2016) na muendelezo wake wa ''[[A Bad Moms Christmas]]'' (2017), pamoja na filamu ya mafumbo ya [[Wake Up Dead Man|''Wake Up Dead Man: A Knives Out Mystery'']] (2025). == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] o26wf8crvvdln1weqvub67qfh24tmbv 1574480 1574124 2026-06-18T11:09:19Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1574480 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Mila Kunis | jina_halisi = Milena Markovna Kunis | picha = Mila Kunis TIFF 2025 (cropped).jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Kunis mwaka 2025 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1983|8|14|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Chernivtsi, SSR ya Ukraine, Umoja wa Kisovyeti | uraia = Marekani | kazi = Mwigizaji | kipindi = 1994–sasa | mwenzi = Ashton Kutcher (ndoa 2015–sasa) | washirika = Macaulay Culkin (2002–2010) | watoto = 2 | kazi_mahususi = Orodha kamili ya filamu za Mila Kunis | tuzo = }} '''Milena Markovna''' "'''Mila'''" '''Kunis''' (alizaliwa [[Chernivtsi]], [[Ukraini|Ukraina]], Agosti 14, 1983) ni mwigizaji kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Alikulia katika jiji la [[Los Angeles]], ambapo alianza kuigiza akitokea kwenye nafasi ndogo za televisheni mapema miaka ya 1990. Alicheza kama [[Jackie Burkhart]] kwenye kipindi cha ''[[That '70s Show]]'' kuanzia mwaka 1998 hadi 2006, na amekuwa akiigiza kwa sauti uhusika wa [[Meg Griffin]] kwenye mfululizo wa ''[[Family Guy]]'' tangu mwaka 1999. Nafasi iliyompa umaarufu mkubwa Kunis kwenye filamu ilikuwa katika filamu ya vichekesho na mapenzi ya mwaka 2008 iliyoitwa ''[[Forgetting Sarah Marshall]]''.<ref name="blackbook">{{cite web |url=https://www.blackbookmag.com |title=Mila Kunis Interview |publisher=BlackBook |date=2008-03-10 |access-date=2026-06-17}}</ref><ref name="sentinel">{{cite web |url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com |title=Mila Kunis's Breakout Role |publisher=The Orlando Sentinel |date=2008-03-15 |access-date=2026-06-17}}</ref> Alipata sifa nyingi kutoka kwa wachambuzi kwa uigizaji wake katika filamu ya kusisimua ya kisaikolojia ya ''[[Black Swan (film)|Black Swan]]'' (2010), ambapo alichaguliwa kuwania tuzo ya [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture|Golden Globe]] na tuzo ya [[Screen Actors Guild Awards|Screen Actors Guild]] kama Mwigizaji Bora wa Kike Anayesaidia. Kwa uhusika wake katika filamu ya vichekesho ya ''[[Ted (film)|Ted]]'' (2012)—ambaya ni filamu yake iliyoingiza pesa nyingi zaidi—alichaguliwa kuwania tuzo ya [[Critics' Choice]] kama Mwigizaji Bora wa Kike kwenye Vichekesho. Filamu nyingine za Kunis ni pamoja na filamu za mapambano (action) za ''[[Max Payne (film)|Max Payne]]'' (2008) (akicheza kama [[Mona Sax]]) na ''[[The Book of Eli]]'' (2010), filamu ya vichekesho na mapenzi ya ''[[Friends with Benefits (film)|Friends with Benefits]]'' (2011), filamu ya njozi ya ''[[Oz the Great and Powerful]]'' (2013) kama mchawi wa kike, filamu za vichekesho za ''[[Bad Moms]]'' (2016) na muendelezo wake wa ''[[A Bad Moms Christmas]]'' (2017), pamoja na filamu ya mafumbo ya [[Wake Up Dead Man|''Wake Up Dead Man: A Knives Out Mystery'']] (2025). == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Ukraine]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] dexn8knhfkv4pxymyjt77c5tqqoknno Loufoulakari Falls 0 241101 1574137 2026-06-17T16:22:15Z Don Malya 61486 Don Malya alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Loufoulakari Falls]] hadi [[Maporomoko ya Loufoulakari]] 1574137 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Maporomoko ya Loufoulakari]] gi3qfuhuvgpir97yzbtcakw0hmuz3wk Regina Spektor 0 241102 1574145 2026-06-17T17:10:33Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Regina Spektor | jina_halisi = Regina Ilyinichna Spektor | jina_asili = Регина Спектор | lugha_asili = Kirusi | picha = Regina Spektor 2009-07-02 001.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Spektor mwaka 2009 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1980|2|18|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Moscow, RSFSR, Umoja wa Kisovyeti | uraia = Mareka...' 1574145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Regina Spektor | jina_halisi = Regina Ilyinichna Spektor | jina_asili = Регина Спектор | lugha_asili = Kirusi | picha = Regina Spektor 2009-07-02 001.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Spektor mwaka 2009 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1980|2|18|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Moscow, RSFSR, Umoja wa Kisovyeti | uraia = Marekani (aliwasili 1989) | kazi = {{plainlist| * Mwimbaji * Mtunzi wa nyimbo }} | kipindi = 2001–sasa | mwenzi = Jack Dishel (ndoa 2011–sasa) | watoto = | tovuti = {{URL|http://www.reginaspektor.com/}} | aina_ya_muziki = {{plainlist| * Anti-folk * Indie-pop * Rock mbadala }} | chombo = {{plainlist| * Sauti * Piano * Gitaa * Vifaa vya kupiga }} | lebo = {{plainlist| * Sire / Warner }} | vikundi_vinavyohusiana = {{plainlist| * Only Son (Jack Dishel) * Sondre Lerche * Ben Folds * Kill Kenada * Gogol Bordello * The Strokes * Odesza * Dufus }} }} '''Regina Ilyinichna Spektor''' (alizaliwa Februari 18, 1980) ni mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo, na mpiga kinanda wa nchini [[Marekani]] aliyezaliwa nchini [[Urusi]].<ref name="npr12">{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/08/27/160106266/regina-spektor-on-growing-up-a-soviet-kid |title=Regina Spektor: On Growing Up A 'Soviet Kid' |date=2012-08-27 |work=[[NPR]] |access-date=2026-06-17}}</ref> Baada ya kujitegemea kutoa albamu zake tatu za kwanza na kupata umaarufu katika mazingira ya muziki wa kujitegemea ya Jiji la [[Jiji la New York|New York]], hasa ule mtindo wa [[anti-folk]] uliokuwa na kitovu chake huko [[East Village, Manhattan|East Village]] katika kisiwa cha '''Manhattan''' jijini New York, Spektor alisaini mkataba na shirika la [[Sire Records]] mnamo mwaka 2004, jambo lililomfanya atambulike zaidi na kupata mafanikio makubwa.<ref name="torg">{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com |title=Sire Records Artist Regina Spektor |publisher=Sire Records |date=2004-05-10 |access-date=2026-06-17}}</ref> Baada ya kuitoa upya albamu yake ya tatu ya ''[[Soviet Kitsch]]'' chini ya lebo hiyo kubwa, Sire walitoa albamu ya nne ya Spektor iliyoitwa ''[[Begin to Hope]]'', ambayo ilifikia hadhi ya kutunzwa cheti cha Dhahabu (Gold) na chama cha [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gold & Platinum Searchable Database |url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924152140/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2017-09-10 |website=RIAA}}</ref> Albamu zake mbili zilizofuata, ''[[Far (album)|Far]]'' na ''[[What We Saw from the Cheap Seats]]'', kila moja ilishika nafasi ya tatu ilipoingia kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye chati za [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]. Meya wa jiji la New York,bwana [[Bill de Blasio]] alitangaza Juni 11, 2019, kuwa Siku ya Regina Spektor katika Jiji hilo la la New York.<ref>{{cite web |last=Matozzo |first=Marissa |date=2019-06-12 |title=Watch NYC Honor Regina Spektor with Her Own Official Day |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2019/06/watch-nyc-honor-regina-spektor-with-her-own-offici.html |access-date=2019-06-20 |website=pastemagazine.com}}</ref> Pia, Spektor aliingizwa kwenye Ukumbi wa Umaarufu wa Bronx (Bronx Walk of Fame) mnamo Mei 18, 2019, na Rais wa Wilaya hiyo bwana [[Rubén Díaz Jr.]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Wirsing |first=Robert |date=2019-05-26 |title=Bronxites Have A Ball At Bronx Ball Gala |url=https://www.bxtimes.com/stories/2019/21/21-a-bronxball-2019-05-24-bx.html |access-date=2019-06-20 |website=Bronx Times}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] 8lb78aayxbn9pkef9xo44sf4ewfhku3 1574481 1574145 2026-06-18T11:10:39Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1574481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Regina Spektor | jina_halisi = Regina Ilyinichna Spektor | jina_asili = Регина Спектор | lugha_asili = Kirusi | picha = Regina Spektor 2009-07-02 001.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Spektor mwaka 2009 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1980|2|18|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Moscow, RSFSR, Umoja wa Kisovyeti | uraia = Marekani (aliwasili 1989) | kazi = {{plainlist| * Mwimbaji * Mtunzi wa nyimbo }} | kipindi = 2001–sasa | mwenzi = Jack Dishel (ndoa 2011–sasa) | watoto = | tovuti = {{URL|http://www.reginaspektor.com/}} | aina_ya_muziki = {{plainlist| * Anti-folk * Indie-pop * Rock mbadala }} | chombo = {{plainlist| * Sauti * Piano * Gitaa * Vifaa vya kupiga }} | lebo = {{plainlist| * Sire / Warner }} | vikundi_vinavyohusiana = {{plainlist| * Only Son (Jack Dishel) * Sondre Lerche * Ben Folds * Kill Kenada * Gogol Bordello * The Strokes * Odesza * Dufus }} }} '''Regina Ilyinichna Spektor''' (alizaliwa Februari 18, 1980) ni mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo, na mpiga kinanda wa nchini [[Marekani]] aliyezaliwa nchini [[Urusi]].<ref name="npr12">{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/08/27/160106266/regina-spektor-on-growing-up-a-soviet-kid |title=Regina Spektor: On Growing Up A 'Soviet Kid' |date=2012-08-27 |work=[[NPR]] |access-date=2026-06-17}}</ref> Baada ya kujitegemea kutoa albamu zake tatu za kwanza na kupata umaarufu katika mazingira ya muziki wa kujitegemea ya Jiji la [[Jiji la New York|New York]], hasa ule mtindo wa [[anti-folk]] uliokuwa na kitovu chake huko [[East Village, Manhattan|East Village]] katika kisiwa cha 'Manhattan jijini New York, Spektor alisaini mkataba na shirika la [[Sire Records]] mnamo mwaka 2004, jambo lililomfanya atambulike zaidi na kupata mafanikio makubwa.<ref name="torg">{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com |title=Sire Records Artist Regina Spektor |publisher=Sire Records |date=2004-05-10 |access-date=2026-06-17}}</ref> Baada ya kuitoa upya albamu yake ya tatu ya ''[[Soviet Kitsch]]'' chini ya lebo hiyo kubwa, Sire walitoa albamu ya nne ya Spektor iliyoitwa ''[[Begin to Hope]]'', ambayo ilifikia hadhi ya kutunzwa cheti cha Dhahabu (Gold) na chama cha [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gold & Platinum Searchable Database |url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924152140/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2017-09-10 |website=RIAA}}</ref> Albamu zake mbili zilizofuata, ''[[Far (album)|Far]]'' na ''[[What We Saw from the Cheap Seats]]'', kila moja ilishika nafasi ya tatu ilipoingia kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye chati za [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]. Meya wa jiji la New York,bwana [[Bill de Blasio]] alitangaza Juni 11, 2019, kuwa Siku ya Regina Spektor katika Jiji hilo la la New York.<ref>{{cite web |last=Matozzo |first=Marissa |date=2019-06-12 |title=Watch NYC Honor Regina Spektor with Her Own Official Day |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2019/06/watch-nyc-honor-regina-spektor-with-her-own-offici.html |access-date=2019-06-20 |website=pastemagazine.com}}</ref> Pia, Spektor aliingizwa kwenye Ukumbi wa Umaarufu wa Bronx (Bronx Walk of Fame) mnamo Mei 18, 2019, na Rais wa Wilaya hiyo bwana [[Rubén Díaz Jr.]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Wirsing |first=Robert |date=2019-05-26 |title=Bronxites Have A Ball At Bronx Ball Gala |url=https://www.bxtimes.com/stories/2019/21/21-a-bronxball-2019-05-24-bx.html |access-date=2019-06-20 |website=Bronx Times}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Urusi]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] l66nbvd3qysalhv34u4awxo5frm34g6 Usambazaji wa maji nchini Sudan 0 241103 1574158 2026-06-17T19:00:14Z Maryam Saleh Abeid 79870 Anzisha Makala 1574158 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Sudan]]''' ni nchi ambayo nusu yake ni jangwa na sehemu kubwa ya idadi ya watu inasumbuliwa na uhaba wa maji safi ya kunywa pamoja na chanzo cha kuaminika cha maji kwa ajili ya kilimo. Pamoja na [[Mto Nile]] katika sehemu ya mashariki ya nchi, baadhi ya sehemu za Sudan zina rasilimali kubwa za maji, lakini zile zilizopo magharibi hulazimika kutegemea ''wadis'', visima vya msimu ambavyo mara nyingi hukauka. Kukosekana kwa uwiano huu katika upatikanaji wa maji ni chanzo cha dhiki, na pia chanzo cha migogoro. Wakati vifaa vya kuhifadhia maji vikiwa vichache, jamii nyingi za wenyeji zimejenga mabwawa na hifadhi za muda, ''weirs'', ambazo husaidia katika kuimarisha jamii za wakulima. [[Wakulima]] pia hutumia ''hafirs'' kuhifadhi maji ya mvua ambayo hunyesha katika msimu wa mvua, lakini maji ya chini ya ardhi yanasalia kuwa chanzo muhimu cha maji kwa zaidi ya 80% ya watu wa [[Sudan]]. Kwa miongo kadhaa, ukosefu wa utulivu wa kisiasa umesababisha hali mbaya na kukwamisha miradi mingi na juhudi za misaada, lakini msaada unaendelea kufika. Miradi kadhaa ya miundombinu ya maji imetekelezwa katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, ikiwa na vyanzo vya ufadhili vya ndani na kimataifa.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43170408</ref>Ufadhili kutoka UN umewapatia wakulima 9,550 wa eneo hilo uwezo bora wa kufikia maji na udongo wenye rutuba. Mradi ambao pia unapanga kupanda tena uoto wa misitu katika ''wadi'' ili kuzuia kuenea kwa [[jangwa]]. == Rasilimali za maji == Mto Nile unapita katika sehemu ya mashariki ya nchi na kuwapa sehemu kubwa ya watu wanaoishi karibu nao maji ya kutosha kwa ajili ya kunywa na kilimo. Maeneo oevu yanayopakana na Mto Nile yanashughulikia karibu 10% ya nchi, na kusaidia mifumo ya ikolojia ya kingo za mito yenye utofauti mkubwa.<ref>{{Citation|title=Water Resources in Sudan - Fanack Water|url=https://water.fanack.com/sudan/water-resources-sudan/|work=Fanack Water|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-17}}</ref> Watu wengine wanaoishi katika eneo kame zaidi la magharibi hutegemea visima au wadi za msimu ili kupata maji yao ya kila siku''. Wadi'' hizi ni vitanda vya mito vikavu kwa sehemu kubwa ya mwaka, lakini watu wanaweza kufikia maji ya chini ya ardhi yanayokusanyika hapo chini kwa kuchimba mashimo ya visima. == Ubora == Jambo lingine linalotia wasiwasi nchini Sudan ni ubora wa maji ambayo watu wanayapata. Katika Sudan ya mashariki, utafiti uliofanywa katika miji ya [[Wad Madani]] na Al [[Khartoum]] ulifichua kuwa 86% ya maji katika mabomba ya umma yalifikia viwango vya ubora vya Sudan na vile vya kimataifa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Collective Action for Improved Water Management|url=http://sd.one.un.org:80/content/unct/sudan/en/home/our-stories/collective-action-for-improved-water-management.html|work=sd.one.un.org|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en}}</ref> Katika eneo la Darfur, uhaba wa maji umeenea zaidi, huku watu wengi wakikabiliwa mara kwa mara na hali ya ukame na njaa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Collective Action for Improved Water Management|url=http://sd.one.un.org:80/content/unct/sudan/en/home/our-stories/collective-action-for-improved-water-management.html|work=sd.one.un.org|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en}}</ref> Sehemu kubwa ya magharibi ya Sudan haina uwezo wa kupata maji bora kwa mwaka mzima, kwani ''wadi'' hukauka kwa sehemu kubwa ya mwaka isipokuwa mvua kubwa ikinyesha. Kutokana na ukosefu wa utulivu katika sehemu kubwa ya eneo hili la nchi, ubora wa maji hupungua kwa kiasi kikubwa ukilinganishwa na eneo la mashariki lenye usalama zaidi wa maji. == Matibabu ya Maji == Ofisi ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya Huduma za Miradi (UNOPS), ilikarabati kiwanda cha kusafisha maji ambacho hakikutumika mjini El Fasher, mji mkuu wa jimbo la Darfur, kwa kufunga mtambo wa klorini ili kuhakikisha ubora wa maji. Mtambo huu sasa unazalisha maji ya kutosha kwa watu 37,500 kwa siku.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bringing clean water to the people of Sudan|url=http://sd.one.un.org/content/unct/sudan/en/home/our-stories/bringing-clean-water-to-the-people-of-sudan.html|work=sd.one.un.org|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en}}</ref> == Mipango ya kuboresha == Shirika linaloitwa Ofisi ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya Huduma za Miradi (UNOPS) limefanya miradi ya mitambo ya klorini katika mji mkuu wa Darfur, El Fasher, likiwa na ufadhili mkubwa kutoka nchini Japani. Shirika hilo lilifanya ukarabati wa kiwanda cha kusafisha maji mwaka 2010, kisha likafunga mtambo wa klorini ili kuboresha ubora wa maji kwa ajili ya watu zaidi ya 37,500.<ref>{{Citation|title=Bringing clean water to the people of Sudan - Sudan|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/bringing-clean-water-people-sudan|work=ReliefWeb|language=en|access-date=2026-06-17}}</ref> Katika mji wa El Daein, UNOPS ilifanya miradi ya kukarabati miundombinu ya kusafisha maji, ikisaidia zaidi ya watu 50,000 kupata maji safi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bringing clean water to the people of Sudan|url=http://sd.one.un.org/content/unct/sudan/en/home/our-stories/bringing-clean-water-to-the-people-of-sudan.html|work=sd.one.un.org|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en}}</ref> Japani imechukua nafasi kubwa kwa kutoa ufadhili na utaalamu katika miradi ya kuendeleza maeneo ya vijijini ya Sudan na upatikanaji wake wa maji safi. UNOPS imekamilisha miradi ambayo sasa inasaidia zaidi ya watu 250,000 kupata chanzo cha maji ya kunywa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sustainable water supply for towns in Darfur|url=https://www.unops.org/news-and-stories/stories/sustainable-water-supply-for-towns-in-darfur|work=UNOPS|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Majaribio == [[Jamii:WCZ Culture]] [[Jamii:Sudan]] [[Jamii:Uchumi]] 1mvc7a29e9y9jxl57tvabmfq9kb2bzj 1574159 1574158 2026-06-17T19:03:49Z Maryam Saleh Abeid 79870 Anzisha Makala 1574159 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Sudan]]''' ni nchi ambayo nusu yake ni jangwa na sehemu kubwa ya idadi ya watu inasumbuliwa na uhaba wa maji safi ya kunywa pamoja na chanzo cha kuaminika cha maji kwa ajili ya kilimo. Pamoja na [[Mto Nile]] katika sehemu ya mashariki ya nchi, baadhi ya sehemu za Sudan zina rasilimali kubwa za maji, lakini zile zilizopo magharibi hulazimika kutegemea ''wadis'', visima vya msimu ambavyo mara nyingi hukauka. Kukosekana kwa uwiano huu katika upatikanaji wa maji ni chanzo cha dhiki, na pia chanzo cha migogoro. Wakati vifaa vya kuhifadhia maji vikiwa vichache, jamii nyingi za wenyeji zimejenga mabwawa na hifadhi za muda, ''weirs'', ambazo husaidia katika kuimarisha jamii za wakulima. [[Wakulima]] pia hutumia ''hafirs'' kuhifadhi maji ya mvua ambayo hunyesha katika msimu wa mvua, lakini maji ya chini ya ardhi yanasalia kuwa chanzo muhimu cha maji kwa zaidi ya 80% ya watu wa [[Sudan]]. Kwa miongo kadhaa, ukosefu wa utulivu wa kisiasa umesababisha hali mbaya na kukwamisha miradi mingi na juhudi za misaada, lakini msaada unaendelea kufika. Miradi kadhaa ya miundombinu ya maji imetekelezwa katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, ikiwa na vyanzo vya ufadhili vya ndani na kimataifa.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43170408</ref>Ufadhili kutoka UN umewapatia wakulima 9,550 wa eneo hilo uwezo bora wa kufikia maji na udongo wenye rutuba. Mradi ambao pia unapanga kupanda tena uoto wa misitu katika ''wadi'' ili kuzuia kuenea kwa [[jangwa]]. == Rasilimali za maji == Mto Nile unapita katika sehemu ya mashariki ya nchi na kuwapa sehemu kubwa ya watu wanaoishi karibu nao maji ya kutosha kwa ajili ya kunywa na kilimo. Maeneo oevu yanayopakana na Mto Nile yanashughulikia karibu 10% ya nchi, na kusaidia mifumo ya ikolojia ya kingo za mito yenye utofauti mkubwa.<ref>{{Citation|title=Water Resources in Sudan - Fanack Water|url=https://water.fanack.com/sudan/water-resources-sudan/|work=Fanack Water|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-17}}</ref> Watu wengine wanaoishi katika eneo kame zaidi la magharibi hutegemea visima au wadi za msimu ili kupata maji yao ya kila siku''. Wadi'' hizi ni vitanda vya mito vikavu kwa sehemu kubwa ya mwaka, lakini watu wanaweza kufikia maji ya chini ya ardhi yanayokusanyika hapo chini kwa kuchimba mashimo ya visima. == Ubora == Jambo lingine linalotia wasiwasi nchini Sudan ni ubora wa maji ambayo watu wanayapata. Katika Sudan ya mashariki, utafiti uliofanywa katika miji ya [[Wad Madani]] na Al [[Khartoum]] ulifichua kuwa 86% ya maji katika mabomba ya umma yalifikia viwango vya ubora vya Sudan na vile vya kimataifa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Collective Action for Improved Water Management|url=http://sd.one.un.org:80/content/unct/sudan/en/home/our-stories/collective-action-for-improved-water-management.html|work=sd.one.un.org|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en}}</ref> Katika eneo la Darfur, uhaba wa maji umeenea zaidi, huku watu wengi wakikabiliwa mara kwa mara na hali ya ukame na njaa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Collective Action for Improved Water Management|url=http://sd.one.un.org:80/content/unct/sudan/en/home/our-stories/collective-action-for-improved-water-management.html|work=sd.one.un.org|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en}}</ref> Sehemu kubwa ya magharibi ya Sudan haina uwezo wa kupata maji bora kwa mwaka mzima, kwani ''wadi'' hukauka kwa sehemu kubwa ya mwaka isipokuwa mvua kubwa ikinyesha. Kutokana na ukosefu wa utulivu katika sehemu kubwa ya eneo hili la nchi, ubora wa maji hupungua kwa kiasi kikubwa ukilinganishwa na eneo la mashariki lenye usalama zaidi wa maji. == Matibabu ya Maji == Ofisi ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya Huduma za Miradi (UNOPS), ilikarabati kiwanda cha kusafisha maji ambacho hakikutumika mjini El Fasher, mji mkuu wa jimbo la Darfur, kwa kufunga mtambo wa klorini ili kuhakikisha ubora wa maji. Mtambo huu sasa unazalisha maji ya kutosha kwa watu 37,500 kwa siku.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bringing clean water to the people of Sudan|url=http://sd.one.un.org/content/unct/sudan/en/home/our-stories/bringing-clean-water-to-the-people-of-sudan.html|work=sd.one.un.org|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en}}</ref> == Mipango ya kuboresha == Shirika linaloitwa Ofisi ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya Huduma za Miradi (UNOPS) limefanya miradi ya mitambo ya klorini katika mji mkuu wa Darfur, El Fasher, likiwa na ufadhili mkubwa kutoka nchini Japani. Shirika hilo lilifanya ukarabati wa kiwanda cha kusafisha maji mwaka 2010, kisha likafunga mtambo wa klorini ili kuboresha ubora wa maji kwa ajili ya watu zaidi ya 37,500.<ref>{{Citation|title=Bringing clean water to the people of Sudan - Sudan|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/bringing-clean-water-people-sudan|work=ReliefWeb|language=en|access-date=2026-06-17}}</ref> Katika mji wa El Daein, UNOPS ilifanya miradi ya kukarabati miundombinu ya kusafisha maji, ikisaidia zaidi ya watu 50,000 kupata maji safi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bringing clean water to the people of Sudan|url=http://sd.one.un.org/content/unct/sudan/en/home/our-stories/bringing-clean-water-to-the-people-of-sudan.html|work=sd.one.un.org|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en}}</ref> Japani imechukua nafasi kubwa kwa kutoa ufadhili na utaalamu katika miradi ya kuendeleza maeneo ya vijijini ya Sudan na upatikanaji wake wa maji safi. UNOPS imekamilisha miradi ambayo sasa inasaidia zaidi ya watu 250,000 kupata chanzo cha maji ya kunywa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sustainable water supply for towns in Darfur|url=https://www.unops.org/news-and-stories/stories/sustainable-water-supply-for-towns-in-darfur|work=UNOPS|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Majaribio == [[Jamii:WCZ Culture]] [[Jamii:Sudan]] [[Jamii:Uchumi]] <references /> [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] o5tnlqrztbywizefvfu9iogx0iktro3 1574208 1574159 2026-06-17T21:47:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 5 template(s) replaced. 1574208 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Sudan]]''' ni nchi ambayo nusu yake ni jangwa na sehemu kubwa ya idadi ya watu inasumbuliwa na uhaba wa maji safi ya kunywa pamoja na chanzo cha kuaminika cha maji kwa ajili ya kilimo. Pamoja na [[Mto Nile]] katika sehemu ya mashariki ya nchi, baadhi ya sehemu za Sudan zina rasilimali kubwa za maji, lakini zile zilizopo magharibi hulazimika kutegemea ''wadis'', visima vya msimu ambavyo mara nyingi hukauka. Kukosekana kwa uwiano huu katika upatikanaji wa maji ni chanzo cha dhiki, na pia chanzo cha migogoro. Wakati vifaa vya kuhifadhia maji vikiwa vichache, jamii nyingi za wenyeji zimejenga mabwawa na hifadhi za muda, ''weirs'', ambazo husaidia katika kuimarisha jamii za wakulima. [[Wakulima]] pia hutumia ''hafirs'' kuhifadhi maji ya mvua ambayo hunyesha katika msimu wa mvua, lakini maji ya chini ya ardhi yanasalia kuwa chanzo muhimu cha maji kwa zaidi ya 80% ya watu wa [[Sudan]]. Kwa miongo kadhaa, ukosefu wa utulivu wa kisiasa umesababisha hali mbaya na kukwamisha miradi mingi na juhudi za misaada, lakini msaada unaendelea kufika. Miradi kadhaa ya miundombinu ya maji imetekelezwa katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, ikiwa na vyanzo vya ufadhili vya ndani na kimataifa.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43170408</ref>Ufadhili kutoka UN umewapatia wakulima 9,550 wa eneo hilo uwezo bora wa kufikia maji na udongo wenye rutuba. Mradi ambao pia unapanga kupanda tena uoto wa misitu katika ''wadi'' ili kuzuia kuenea kwa [[jangwa]]. == Rasilimali za maji == Mto Nile unapita katika sehemu ya mashariki ya nchi na kuwapa sehemu kubwa ya watu wanaoishi karibu nao maji ya kutosha kwa ajili ya kunywa na kilimo. Maeneo oevu yanayopakana na Mto Nile yanashughulikia karibu 10% ya nchi, na kusaidia mifumo ya ikolojia ya kingo za mito yenye utofauti mkubwa.<ref>{{Citation|title=Water Resources in Sudan - Fanack Water|url=https://water.fanack.com/sudan/water-resources-sudan/|work=Fanack Water|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-17}}</ref> Watu wengine wanaoishi katika eneo kame zaidi la magharibi hutegemea visima au wadi za msimu ili kupata maji yao ya kila siku''. Wadi'' hizi ni vitanda vya mito vikavu kwa sehemu kubwa ya mwaka, lakini watu wanaweza kufikia maji ya chini ya ardhi yanayokusanyika hapo chini kwa kuchimba mashimo ya visima. == Ubora == Jambo lingine linalotia wasiwasi nchini Sudan ni ubora wa maji ambayo watu wanayapata. Katika Sudan ya mashariki, utafiti uliofanywa katika miji ya [[Wad Madani]] na Al [[Khartoum]] ulifichua kuwa 86% ya maji katika mabomba ya umma yalifikia viwango vya ubora vya Sudan na vile vya kimataifa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Collective Action for Improved Water Management|url=http://sd.one.un.org:80/content/unct/sudan/en/home/our-stories/collective-action-for-improved-water-management.html|work=sd.one.un.org|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en}}</ref> Katika eneo la Darfur, uhaba wa maji umeenea zaidi, huku watu wengi wakikabiliwa mara kwa mara na hali ya ukame na njaa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Collective Action for Improved Water Management|url=http://sd.one.un.org:80/content/unct/sudan/en/home/our-stories/collective-action-for-improved-water-management.html|work=sd.one.un.org|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en}}</ref> Sehemu kubwa ya magharibi ya Sudan haina uwezo wa kupata maji bora kwa mwaka mzima, kwani ''wadi'' hukauka kwa sehemu kubwa ya mwaka isipokuwa mvua kubwa ikinyesha. Kutokana na ukosefu wa utulivu katika sehemu kubwa ya eneo hili la nchi, ubora wa maji hupungua kwa kiasi kikubwa ukilinganishwa na eneo la mashariki lenye usalama zaidi wa maji. == Matibabu ya Maji == Ofisi ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya Huduma za Miradi (UNOPS), ilikarabati kiwanda cha kusafisha maji ambacho hakikutumika mjini El Fasher, mji mkuu wa jimbo la Darfur, kwa kufunga mtambo wa klorini ili kuhakikisha ubora wa maji. Mtambo huu sasa unazalisha maji ya kutosha kwa watu 37,500 kwa siku.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Bringing clean water to the people of Sudan|url=http://sd.one.un.org/content/unct/sudan/en/home/our-stories/bringing-clean-water-to-the-people-of-sudan.html|work=sd.one.un.org|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en}}</ref> == Mipango ya kuboresha == Shirika linaloitwa Ofisi ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya Huduma za Miradi (UNOPS) limefanya miradi ya mitambo ya klorini katika mji mkuu wa Darfur, El Fasher, likiwa na ufadhili mkubwa kutoka nchini Japani. Shirika hilo lilifanya ukarabati wa kiwanda cha kusafisha maji mwaka 2010, kisha likafunga mtambo wa klorini ili kuboresha ubora wa maji kwa ajili ya watu zaidi ya 37,500.<ref>{{Citation|title=Bringing clean water to the people of Sudan - Sudan|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/bringing-clean-water-people-sudan|work=ReliefWeb|language=en|access-date=2026-06-17}}</ref> Katika mji wa El Daein, UNOPS ilifanya miradi ya kukarabati miundombinu ya kusafisha maji, ikisaidia zaidi ya watu 50,000 kupata maji safi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Bringing clean water to the people of Sudan|url=http://sd.one.un.org/content/unct/sudan/en/home/our-stories/bringing-clean-water-to-the-people-of-sudan.html|work=sd.one.un.org|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en}}</ref> Japani imechukua nafasi kubwa kwa kutoa ufadhili na utaalamu katika miradi ya kuendeleza maeneo ya vijijini ya Sudan na upatikanaji wake wa maji safi. UNOPS imekamilisha miradi ambayo sasa inasaidia zaidi ya watu 250,000 kupata chanzo cha maji ya kunywa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sustainable water supply for towns in Darfur|url=https://www.unops.org/news-and-stories/stories/sustainable-water-supply-for-towns-in-darfur|work=UNOPS|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Majaribio == [[Jamii:WCZ Culture]] [[Jamii:Sudan]] [[Jamii:Uchumi]] <references /> [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] ac5omliwytq2vvw67wyd4c0t4imykm6 1574482 1574208 2026-06-18T11:11:51Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1574482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{umbo}} '''[[Sudan]]''' ni nchi ambayo nusu yake ni jangwa na sehemu kubwa ya idadi ya watu inasumbuliwa na uhaba wa maji safi ya kunywa pamoja na chanzo cha kuaminika cha maji kwa ajili ya kilimo. Pamoja na [[Mto Nile]] katika sehemu ya mashariki ya nchi, baadhi ya sehemu za Sudan zina rasilimali kubwa za maji, lakini zile zilizopo magharibi hulazimika kutegemea ''wadis'', visima vya msimu ambavyo mara nyingi hukauka. Kukosekana kwa uwiano huu katika upatikanaji wa maji ni chanzo cha dhiki, na pia chanzo cha migogoro. Wakati vifaa vya kuhifadhia maji vikiwa vichache, jamii nyingi za wenyeji zimejenga mabwawa na hifadhi za muda, ''weirs'', ambazo husaidia katika kuimarisha jamii za wakulima. [[Wakulima]] pia hutumia ''hafirs'' kuhifadhi maji ya mvua ambayo hunyesha katika msimu wa mvua, lakini maji ya chini ya ardhi yanasalia kuwa chanzo muhimu cha maji kwa zaidi ya 80% ya watu wa [[Sudan]]. Kwa miongo kadhaa, ukosefu wa utulivu wa kisiasa umesababisha hali mbaya na kukwamisha miradi mingi na juhudi za misaada, lakini msaada unaendelea kufika. Miradi kadhaa ya miundombinu ya maji imetekelezwa katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, ikiwa na vyanzo vya ufadhili vya ndani na kimataifa.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43170408</ref>Ufadhili kutoka UN umewapatia wakulima 9,550 wa eneo hilo uwezo bora wa kufikia maji na udongo wenye rutuba. Mradi ambao pia unapanga kupanda tena uoto wa misitu katika ''wadi'' ili kuzuia kuenea kwa [[jangwa]]. == Rasilimali za maji == Mto Nile unapita katika sehemu ya mashariki ya nchi na kuwapa sehemu kubwa ya watu wanaoishi karibu nao maji ya kutosha kwa ajili ya kunywa na kilimo. Maeneo oevu yanayopakana na Mto Nile yanashughulikia karibu 10% ya nchi, na kusaidia mifumo ya ikolojia ya kingo za mito yenye utofauti mkubwa.<ref>{{Citation|title=Water Resources in Sudan - Fanack Water|url=https://water.fanack.com/sudan/water-resources-sudan/|work=Fanack Water|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-17}}</ref> Watu wengine wanaoishi katika eneo kame zaidi la magharibi hutegemea visima au wadi za msimu ili kupata maji yao ya kila siku''. Wadi'' hizi ni vitanda vya mito vikavu kwa sehemu kubwa ya mwaka, lakini watu wanaweza kufikia maji ya chini ya ardhi yanayokusanyika hapo chini kwa kuchimba mashimo ya visima. == Ubora == Jambo lingine linalotia wasiwasi nchini Sudan ni ubora wa maji ambayo watu wanayapata. Katika Sudan ya mashariki, utafiti uliofanywa katika miji ya [[Wad Madani]] na Al [[Khartoum]] ulifichua kuwa 86% ya maji katika mabomba ya umma yalifikia viwango vya ubora vya Sudan na vile vya kimataifa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Collective Action for Improved Water Management|url=http://sd.one.un.org:80/content/unct/sudan/en/home/our-stories/collective-action-for-improved-water-management.html|work=sd.one.un.org|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en}}</ref> Katika eneo la Darfur, uhaba wa maji umeenea zaidi, huku watu wengi wakikabiliwa mara kwa mara na hali ya ukame na njaa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Collective Action for Improved Water Management|url=http://sd.one.un.org:80/content/unct/sudan/en/home/our-stories/collective-action-for-improved-water-management.html|work=sd.one.un.org|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en}}</ref> Sehemu kubwa ya magharibi ya Sudan haina uwezo wa kupata maji bora kwa mwaka mzima, kwani ''wadi'' hukauka kwa sehemu kubwa ya mwaka isipokuwa mvua kubwa ikinyesha. Kutokana na ukosefu wa utulivu katika sehemu kubwa ya eneo hili la nchi, ubora wa maji hupungua kwa kiasi kikubwa ukilinganishwa na eneo la mashariki lenye usalama zaidi wa maji. == Matibabu ya Maji == Ofisi ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya Huduma za Miradi (UNOPS), ilikarabati kiwanda cha kusafisha maji ambacho hakikutumika mjini El Fasher, mji mkuu wa jimbo la Darfur, kwa kufunga mtambo wa klorini ili kuhakikisha ubora wa maji. Mtambo huu sasa unazalisha maji ya kutosha kwa watu 37,500 kwa siku.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Bringing clean water to the people of Sudan|url=http://sd.one.un.org/content/unct/sudan/en/home/our-stories/bringing-clean-water-to-the-people-of-sudan.html|work=sd.one.un.org|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en}}</ref> == Mipango ya kuboresha == Shirika linaloitwa Ofisi ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya Huduma za Miradi (UNOPS) limefanya miradi ya mitambo ya klorini katika mji mkuu wa Darfur, El Fasher, likiwa na ufadhili mkubwa kutoka nchini Japani. Shirika hilo lilifanya ukarabati wa kiwanda cha kusafisha maji mwaka 2010, kisha likafunga mtambo wa klorini ili kuboresha ubora wa maji kwa ajili ya watu zaidi ya 37,500.<ref>{{Citation|title=Bringing clean water to the people of Sudan - Sudan|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/bringing-clean-water-people-sudan|work=ReliefWeb|language=en|access-date=2026-06-17}}</ref> Katika mji wa El Daein, UNOPS ilifanya miradi ya kukarabati miundombinu ya kusafisha maji, ikisaidia zaidi ya watu 50,000 kupata maji safi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Bringing clean water to the people of Sudan|url=http://sd.one.un.org/content/unct/sudan/en/home/our-stories/bringing-clean-water-to-the-people-of-sudan.html|work=sd.one.un.org|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en}}</ref> Japani imechukua nafasi kubwa kwa kutoa ufadhili na utaalamu katika miradi ya kuendeleza maeneo ya vijijini ya Sudan na upatikanaji wake wa maji safi. UNOPS imekamilisha miradi ambayo sasa inasaidia zaidi ya watu 250,000 kupata chanzo cha maji ya kunywa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sustainable water supply for towns in Darfur|url=https://www.unops.org/news-and-stories/stories/sustainable-water-supply-for-towns-in-darfur|work=UNOPS|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:WCZ Culture]] [[Jamii:Sudan]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 18tccv8ej2sp8m8xockfcr36qhf9wye Usambazaji wa maji nchini Namibia 0 241104 1574163 2026-06-17T19:57:23Z Maryam Saleh Abeid 79870 Anzisha Makala 1574163 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Flag of Namibia.svg|thumb|Bendera ya Namibia]] '''[[Namibia]]''' ni nchi kame ambayo mara kwa mara hukumbwa na ukame. Mito mikubwa hutiririka tu kando ya mipaka yake ya kaskazini na kusini, lakini iko mbali na vituo vya watu. Pia iko mbali na migodi ya nchi hiyo, ambayo ni watumiaji wakubwa wa maji. Ili kukabiliana na changamoto hii, nchi imejenga mabwawa ili kunasa mtiririko kutoka kwa mito ya msimu, imejenga mabomba ya kusafirisha maji kwa umbali mrefu, imekuwa waanzilishi wa utumiaji tena wa maji ya kunywa katika mji mkuu wake Windhoek ulioko sehemu ya kati ya Namibia, na imejenga mtambo wa kwanza mkubwa wa kusafisha maji ya bahari katika Afrika ya Kusini mwa [[Jangwa la Sahara]] ili kusambaza maji kwa mgodi wa urani na jiji la [[Swakopmund]]. Mpango mkubwa wa kuleta maji kutoka Mto [[Okavango]] kaskazini hadi Windhoek, ''Eastern National Water Carrier'', ulikamilika kwa sehemu tu wakati wa miaka ya 1980. Wakazi wengi wa mijini wanapata huduma ya maji ya kunywa, lakini upatikanaji uko nyuma katika maeneo ya vijijini. Upatikanaji wa huduma za usafi wa mazingira pia uko nyuma sana kulinganisha na upatikanaji wa huduma ya maji ya kunywa. Miundombinu ya usambazaji wa maji kwa wingi inamilikiwa na ''NamWater'', taasisi ya umma inayofanya kazi kwa misingi ya kibiashara. Inauza maji kwa makampuni ya madini, na pia kwa manispaa ambazo nazo huwauzia wakazi wa mjini na [[wafanyabiashara]]. == Rasilimali za maji == [[Faili:Namibia-1113.jpg|thumb|Namibia kimsingi ni jangwa kubwa na uwanda wa nusu jangwa.]] Hali ya hewa ya Namibia ni ya joto na kavu, ikiwa na mvua zisizotabirika wakati wa misimu miwili ya mvua ya kiangazi. Katika Afrika, hali yake ya ukame inashika nafasi ya pili baada ya Sahara. Namibia inashirikiana na nchi nyingine mito kadhaa mikubwa, kama vile [[Mto Orange]] kusini, inayoshirikiana na [[Afrika Kusini|Afrika]] [[Afrika Kusini|Kusini]], pamoja na mito ya [[Zambezi (mto)|Zambezi]] na [[Okavango]] kaskazini, inayoshirikiana na Angola, Zambia, na [[Botswana]]. Hata hivyo, mito hii iko mbali sana na vituo vya watu na gharama za kuiteka kwa ajili ya usambazaji wa maji ya kunywa ni kubwa mno. === Maji ya ardhini === Maji ya chini ya ardhi yamesambazwa bila usawa katika eneo lote la Namibia, jambo linalofanya ujenzi wa mabomba kuwa wa lazima ili kutumia uwezo wake. Hasa, eneo la mwambao halina maji ya chini ya ardhi karibu kabisa. Ujazaji wa maji katika maeneo haya ni mdogo na hauwezi kutegemewa, maji ya chini ya ardhi yapo katika kina kirefu na wakati mwingine huwa na ubora duni. == Wajibu wa usambazaji wa maji na usafi wa mazingira == Wizara ya Kilimo, Maji na Misitu ndiyo inayohusika na usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji, usambazaji wa maji ya kunywa, na usafi wa mazingira nchini Namibia. Ndani ya Wizara hiyo, Idara ya Usimamizi wa Rasilimali za Maji na Idara ya Uratibu wa Maji Vijijini na Usafi wa Mazingira ndizo zinazosimamia usambazaji wa maji na usafi wa mazingira.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cash Advance {{!}} Debt Consolidation {{!}} Insurance {{!}} Free Credit Report {{!}} Cell Phones at Ncci-Namibia.org|url=http://www.ncci-namibia.org/m/sites/view/Namibia-Water-Corporation-Ltd|work=www.ncci-namibia.org|accessdate=2026-06-17}}</ref> NamWater ni msambazaji wa maji kwa wingi anayemilikiwa na serikali, ambaye anaendesha mabwawa, mabomba, na mitambo ya kusafisha maji nchi nzima. Iliyoundwa mwaka 1997, inatoa na kuuza maji kwa migodi, pamoja na manispaa ambazo nazo husambaza na kuuza maji hayo kwa kaya, biashara, na ofisi katika maeneo yao husika ya huduma.<ref>https://www.infrastructureafrica.org/ </ref> Katika maeneo ya vijijini, Kurugenzi ya Usambazaji Maji Vijijini ya Wizara ya Kilimo, Maji na Misitu ndiyo inayohusika na usambazaji wa maji na usafi wa mazingira. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:Namibia]] [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Miundombinu]] [[Jamii:WCZ Culture]] dd5om9ufeobqgyge0v1aisno2y9y4in 1574207 1574163 2026-06-17T21:47:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1574207 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Flag of Namibia.svg|thumb|Bendera ya Namibia]] '''[[Namibia]]''' ni nchi kame ambayo mara kwa mara hukumbwa na ukame. Mito mikubwa hutiririka tu kando ya mipaka yake ya kaskazini na kusini, lakini iko mbali na vituo vya watu. Pia iko mbali na migodi ya nchi hiyo, ambayo ni watumiaji wakubwa wa maji. Ili kukabiliana na changamoto hii, nchi imejenga mabwawa ili kunasa mtiririko kutoka kwa mito ya msimu, imejenga mabomba ya kusafirisha maji kwa umbali mrefu, imekuwa waanzilishi wa utumiaji tena wa maji ya kunywa katika mji mkuu wake Windhoek ulioko sehemu ya kati ya Namibia, na imejenga mtambo wa kwanza mkubwa wa kusafisha maji ya bahari katika Afrika ya Kusini mwa [[Jangwa la Sahara]] ili kusambaza maji kwa mgodi wa urani na jiji la [[Swakopmund]]. Mpango mkubwa wa kuleta maji kutoka Mto [[Okavango]] kaskazini hadi Windhoek, ''Eastern National Water Carrier'', ulikamilika kwa sehemu tu wakati wa miaka ya 1980. Wakazi wengi wa mijini wanapata huduma ya maji ya kunywa, lakini upatikanaji uko nyuma katika maeneo ya vijijini. Upatikanaji wa huduma za usafi wa mazingira pia uko nyuma sana kulinganisha na upatikanaji wa huduma ya maji ya kunywa. Miundombinu ya usambazaji wa maji kwa wingi inamilikiwa na ''NamWater'', taasisi ya umma inayofanya kazi kwa misingi ya kibiashara. Inauza maji kwa makampuni ya madini, na pia kwa manispaa ambazo nazo huwauzia wakazi wa mjini na [[wafanyabiashara]]. == Rasilimali za maji == [[Faili:Namibia-1113.jpg|thumb|Namibia kimsingi ni jangwa kubwa na uwanda wa nusu jangwa.]] Hali ya hewa ya Namibia ni ya joto na kavu, ikiwa na mvua zisizotabirika wakati wa misimu miwili ya mvua ya kiangazi. Katika Afrika, hali yake ya ukame inashika nafasi ya pili baada ya Sahara. Namibia inashirikiana na nchi nyingine mito kadhaa mikubwa, kama vile [[Mto Orange]] kusini, inayoshirikiana na [[Afrika Kusini|Afrika]] [[Afrika Kusini|Kusini]], pamoja na mito ya [[Zambezi (mto)|Zambezi]] na [[Okavango]] kaskazini, inayoshirikiana na Angola, Zambia, na [[Botswana]]. Hata hivyo, mito hii iko mbali sana na vituo vya watu na gharama za kuiteka kwa ajili ya usambazaji wa maji ya kunywa ni kubwa mno. === Maji ya ardhini === Maji ya chini ya ardhi yamesambazwa bila usawa katika eneo lote la Namibia, jambo linalofanya ujenzi wa mabomba kuwa wa lazima ili kutumia uwezo wake. Hasa, eneo la mwambao halina maji ya chini ya ardhi karibu kabisa. Ujazaji wa maji katika maeneo haya ni mdogo na hauwezi kutegemewa, maji ya chini ya ardhi yapo katika kina kirefu na wakati mwingine huwa na ubora duni. == Wajibu wa usambazaji wa maji na usafi wa mazingira == Wizara ya Kilimo, Maji na Misitu ndiyo inayohusika na usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji, usambazaji wa maji ya kunywa, na usafi wa mazingira nchini Namibia. Ndani ya Wizara hiyo, Idara ya Usimamizi wa Rasilimali za Maji na Idara ya Uratibu wa Maji Vijijini na Usafi wa Mazingira ndizo zinazosimamia usambazaji wa maji na usafi wa mazingira.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Cash Advance {{!}} Debt Consolidation {{!}} Insurance {{!}} Free Credit Report {{!}} Cell Phones at Ncci-Namibia.org|url=http://www.ncci-namibia.org/m/sites/view/Namibia-Water-Corporation-Ltd|work=www.ncci-namibia.org|accessdate=2026-06-17}}</ref> NamWater ni msambazaji wa maji kwa wingi anayemilikiwa na serikali, ambaye anaendesha mabwawa, mabomba, na mitambo ya kusafisha maji nchi nzima. Iliyoundwa mwaka 1997, inatoa na kuuza maji kwa migodi, pamoja na manispaa ambazo nazo husambaza na kuuza maji hayo kwa kaya, biashara, na ofisi katika maeneo yao husika ya huduma.<ref>https://www.infrastructureafrica.org/ </ref> Katika maeneo ya vijijini, Kurugenzi ya Usambazaji Maji Vijijini ya Wizara ya Kilimo, Maji na Misitu ndiyo inayohusika na usambazaji wa maji na usafi wa mazingira. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:Namibia]] [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Miundombinu]] [[Jamii:WCZ Culture]] lltv4hf1st4p56hkfcph8ei5idl5jqk 1574483 1574207 2026-06-18T11:13:07Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1574483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{umbo}} [[Faili:Flag of Namibia.svg|thumb|Bendera ya Namibia]] '''[[Namibia]]''' ni nchi kame ambayo mara kwa mara hukumbwa na ukame. Mito mikubwa hutiririka tu kando ya mipaka yake ya kaskazini na kusini, lakini iko mbali na vituo vya watu. Pia iko mbali na migodi ya nchi hiyo, ambayo ni watumiaji wakubwa wa maji. Ili kukabiliana na changamoto hii, nchi imejenga mabwawa ili kunasa mtiririko kutoka kwa mito ya msimu, imejenga mabomba ya kusafirisha maji kwa umbali mrefu, imekuwa waanzilishi wa utumiaji tena wa maji ya kunywa katika mji mkuu wake Windhoek ulioko sehemu ya kati ya Namibia, na imejenga mtambo wa kwanza mkubwa wa kusafisha maji ya bahari katika Afrika ya Kusini mwa [[Jangwa la Sahara]] ili kusambaza maji kwa mgodi wa urani na jiji la [[Swakopmund]]. Mpango mkubwa wa kuleta maji kutoka Mto [[Okavango]] kaskazini hadi Windhoek, ''Eastern National Water Carrier'', ulikamilika kwa sehemu tu wakati wa miaka ya 1980. Wakazi wengi wa mijini wanapata huduma ya maji ya kunywa, lakini upatikanaji uko nyuma katika maeneo ya vijijini. Upatikanaji wa huduma za usafi wa mazingira pia uko nyuma sana kulinganisha na upatikanaji wa huduma ya maji ya kunywa. Miundombinu ya usambazaji wa maji kwa wingi inamilikiwa na ''NamWater'', taasisi ya umma inayofanya kazi kwa misingi ya kibiashara. Inauza maji kwa makampuni ya madini, na pia kwa manispaa ambazo nazo huwauzia wakazi wa mjini na [[wafanyabiashara]]. == Rasilimali za maji == [[Faili:Namibia-1113.jpg|thumb|Namibia kimsingi ni jangwa kubwa na uwanda wa nusu jangwa.]] Hali ya hewa ya Namibia ni ya joto na kavu, ikiwa na mvua zisizotabirika wakati wa misimu miwili ya mvua ya kiangazi. Katika Afrika, hali yake ya ukame inashika nafasi ya pili baada ya Sahara. Namibia inashirikiana na nchi nyingine mito kadhaa mikubwa, kama vile [[Mto Orange]] kusini, inayoshirikiana na [[Afrika Kusini|Afrika]] [[Afrika Kusini|Kusini]], pamoja na mito ya [[Zambezi (mto)|Zambezi]] na [[Okavango]] kaskazini, inayoshirikiana na Angola, Zambia, na [[Botswana]]. Hata hivyo, mito hii iko mbali sana na vituo vya watu na gharama za kuiteka kwa ajili ya usambazaji wa maji ya kunywa ni kubwa mno. === Maji ya ardhini === Maji ya chini ya ardhi yamesambazwa bila usawa katika eneo lote la Namibia, jambo linalofanya ujenzi wa mabomba kuwa wa lazima ili kutumia uwezo wake. Hasa, eneo la mwambao halina maji ya chini ya ardhi karibu kabisa. Ujazaji wa maji katika maeneo haya ni mdogo na hauwezi kutegemewa, maji ya chini ya ardhi yapo katika kina kirefu na wakati mwingine huwa na ubora duni. == Wajibu wa usambazaji wa maji na usafi wa mazingira == Wizara ya Kilimo, Maji na Misitu ndiyo inayohusika na usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji, usambazaji wa maji ya kunywa, na usafi wa mazingira nchini Namibia. Ndani ya Wizara hiyo, Idara ya Usimamizi wa Rasilimali za Maji na Idara ya Uratibu wa Maji Vijijini na Usafi wa Mazingira ndizo zinazosimamia usambazaji wa maji na usafi wa mazingira.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Cash Advance {{!}} Debt Consolidation {{!}} Insurance {{!}} Free Credit Report {{!}} Cell Phones at Ncci-Namibia.org|url=http://www.ncci-namibia.org/m/sites/view/Namibia-Water-Corporation-Ltd|work=www.ncci-namibia.org|accessdate=2026-06-17}}</ref> NamWater ni msambazaji wa maji kwa wingi anayemilikiwa na serikali, ambaye anaendesha mabwawa, mabomba, na mitambo ya kusafisha maji nchi nzima. Iliyoundwa mwaka 1997, inatoa na kuuza maji kwa migodi, pamoja na manispaa ambazo nazo husambaza na kuuza maji hayo kwa kaya, biashara, na ofisi katika maeneo yao husika ya huduma.<ref>https://www.infrastructureafrica.org/</ref> Katika maeneo ya vijijini, Kurugenzi ya Usambazaji Maji Vijijini ya Wizara ya Kilimo, Maji na Misitu ndiyo inayohusika na usambazaji wa maji na usafi wa mazingira. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:Namibia]] [[Jamii:WCZ Culture]] 4rrr3l3bj50hom5zg0npb5lcs1qfx0f Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na tano 0 241106 1574235 2026-06-17T22:20:32Z "futemcdonald" 78453 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na tano''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1345''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXLV kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na nne|1344]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na sita|13426]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1345 KK]] na [[1345]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]]' 1574235 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na tano''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1345''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXLV kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na nne|1344]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na sita|13426]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1345 KK]] na [[1345]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] 4lx4grmydfftf91akdgb7w3uh3wc6hn 1574237 1574235 2026-06-17T22:20:48Z "futemcdonald" 78453 1574237 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na tano''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1345''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXLV kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na nne|1344]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na sita|1346]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1345 KK]] na [[1345]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] fxat6gzk6y4j1atdbmz8cedwtsfdjk8 Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na sita 0 241107 1574238 2026-06-17T22:21:50Z "futemcdonald" 78453 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na sita''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1346''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXLVI kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na tano|1345]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na saba|1347]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1346 KK]] na [[1346]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]]' 1574238 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na sita''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1346''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXLVI kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na tano|1345]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na saba|1347]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1346 KK]] na [[1346]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] mapnagxhkks4zm35reup6a4wkg1t9fn Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na saba 0 241108 1574239 2026-06-17T22:23:14Z "futemcdonald" 78453 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na saba''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1347''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXLVII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na sita|1346]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na nane|1348]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1347 KK]] na [[1347]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]]' 1574239 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na saba''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1347''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXLVII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na sita|1346]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na nane|1348]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1347 KK]] na [[1347]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] fh533wobno94qqukcd72azx7bah445j Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na nane 0 241109 1574241 2026-06-17T22:25:22Z "futemcdonald" 78453 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na nane''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1348''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXLVIII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na saba|1347]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na tisa|1349]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1341 KK]] na [[1341]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]]' 1574241 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na nane''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1348''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXLVIII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na saba|1347]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na tisa|1349]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1341 KK]] na [[1341]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] rknn6vssjr5lxx1s0tbixec1s0ms7l9 1574485 1574241 2026-06-18T11:15:22Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1574485 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na nane''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1348''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXLVIII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na saba|1347]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na tisa|1349]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1348 KK]] na [[1348]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] 8ifmkekjs6s7d4259lbrci0inqlxfts Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na tisa 0 241110 1574244 2026-06-17T22:26:47Z "futemcdonald" 78453 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na tisa''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1341''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXLIX kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na nane|1348]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini|1350]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1349 KK]] na [[1349]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]]' 1574244 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na tisa''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1341''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXLIX kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na nane|1348]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini|1350]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1349 KK]] na [[1349]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] 5trgd9bea2rcasdhwr6dz7j7nebhtya 1574486 1574244 2026-06-18T11:15:47Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1574486 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na tisa''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1349''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXLIX kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na nane|1348]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu na hamsini|1350]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1349 KK]] na [[1349]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] ohwauc2t2uumty9lnyspv6x2i253rst Elfu moja mia tatu na hamsini 0 241111 1574245 2026-06-17T22:28:12Z "futemcdonald" 78453 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1350''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCL kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na tisa|1349]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini na moja|1351]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1350 KK]] na [[1350]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]]' 1574245 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1350''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCL kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na tisa|1349]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini na moja|1351]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1350 KK]] na [[1350]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] l9bwjrndi56x424fw1tpru9j8ohkorj 1574487 1574245 2026-06-18T11:16:08Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini]] hadi [[Elfu moja mia tatu na hamsini]]: usahihi wa jina 1574245 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1350''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCL kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na tisa|1349]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini na moja|1351]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1350 KK]] na [[1350]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] l9bwjrndi56x424fw1tpru9j8ohkorj Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini na moja 0 241112 1574246 2026-06-17T22:29:39Z "futemcdonald" 78453 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini na moja''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1351''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCLI kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini|1350]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini na mbili|1352]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1351 KK]] na [[1351]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]]' 1574246 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini na moja''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1351''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCLI kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini|1350]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini na mbili|1352]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1351 KK]] na [[1351]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] 1d5smubek2r6fzy9wdbz1jceyennnj3 Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini na mbili 0 241113 1574248 2026-06-17T22:30:44Z "futemcdonald" 78453 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini na mbili''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1352''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCLII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini na moja|1351]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini na tatu|1353]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1352 KK]] na [[1352]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]]' 1574248 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini na mbili''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1352''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCLII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini na moja|1351]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini na tatu|1353]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1352 KK]] na [[1352]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] 5cmbrhrjsxpz1a0f3lapf9q4jbe1r2e Maporomoko ya Ajora 0 241114 1574315 2026-06-18T02:17:16Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Maporomoko ya Ajora''' ni maporomoko mawili ya maji yaliyopo kusini mwa [[Ethiopia]], hasa katika wilaya ya Boloso Bombe, eneo la Wolaita.<ref>{{Citation|last=admin|title=Visit, The only East African twin falls-Wolaita Ethiopia – WT MEDIA|date=2024-05-13|url=https://wolaitatimes.com/?p=4399|work=WT MEDIA – Media & Advertising Service|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-18}}</ref> Maporomoko haya mawili, pamoja na wanyamapori, aina mbalimbali za nde...' 1574315 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maporomoko ya Ajora''' ni maporomoko mawili ya maji yaliyopo kusini mwa [[Ethiopia]], hasa katika wilaya ya Boloso Bombe, eneo la Wolaita.<ref>{{Citation|last=admin|title=Visit, The only East African twin falls-Wolaita Ethiopia – WT MEDIA|date=2024-05-13|url=https://wolaitatimes.com/?p=4399|work=WT MEDIA – Media & Advertising Service|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-18}}</ref> Maporomoko haya mawili, pamoja na wanyamapori, aina mbalimbali za [[ndege]] na msitu mnene unaoyazunguka, hufanya eneo hilo kuwa na mandhari ya kuvutia sana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nenektogel - Platfrom Gaming Togel 4D Terbaru Min Depo 5000 Untuk Member Baru|url=https://abyssiniabusinessnetwork.com/management/|work=abyssiniabusinessnetwork.com|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=id|author=NENEKTOGEL4D}}</ref> Mwamba wa Ajora upo kati ya Mto Sokei, unaotoka Tambaro, na Mto Ajancho katika Wolaita. Mito hiyo miwili ipo umbali wa takribani kilomita 1.65 kutoka kila mmoja. Eneo tambarare linaloundwa baada ya [[maporomoko]] linaenea hadi mpakani mwa eneo la Dawro. Sehemu hii kubwa imefunikwa na msitu mnene na ni makazi ya wanyama mbalimbali wa porini. == Usafiri na Ufikiaji == Maporomoko haya yanaweza kufikiwa kwa gari, ndege au baiskeli. Yapataikana takribani [[kilomita]] 458 kutoka Addis Ababa kupitia Shashemene, kilomita 300 kupitia barabara ya Hosaenna-Soddo, kilomita 238 kutoka Hawassa, kilomita 68 kutoka Sodo, makao makuu ya Wolaita, na kilomita 20 kutoka Bombe, kituo cha [[wilaya]] ya Boloso Bombe. == Jina na Maelezo == Katika lugha ya Wolaita, neno '''“Ajora”''' linamaanisha '''“kina kirefu”'''. Eneo hili lilipewa jina hilo kutokana na maporomoko mawili ya [[maji]] yaliyopo hapo. Lina ukubwa wa takribani hekta 280. Maporomoko ya kwanza yanajulikana kama '''Ajancho''', yenye urefu wa mita 210 na upana wa [[mita]] 2.5. Maporomoko ya pili yanajulikana kama '''Sokei''', yenye urefu wa mita 170 na upana wa mita 1. Maporomoko haya mawili hukutana katika eneo linaloitwa '''Buqula''', na kutoka hapo maji yake hutiririka kuelekea Bonde la Omo. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ethiopia}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za jiografia ya Ethiopia]] ca2fq3r071tt58jujtbgztaaosy1k9q 1574394 1574315 2026-06-18T07:33:36Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1574394 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maporomoko ya Ajora''' ni maporomoko mawili ya maji yaliyopo kusini mwa [[Ethiopia]], hasa katika wilaya ya Boloso Bombe, eneo la Wolaita.<ref>{{Citation|last=admin|title=Visit, The only East African twin falls-Wolaita Ethiopia – WT MEDIA|date=2024-05-13|url=https://wolaitatimes.com/?p=4399|work=WT MEDIA – Media & Advertising Service|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-18}}</ref> Maporomoko haya mawili, pamoja na wanyamapori, aina mbalimbali za [[ndege]] na msitu mnene unaoyazunguka, hufanya eneo hilo kuwa na mandhari ya kuvutia sana.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Nenektogel - Platfrom Gaming Togel 4D Terbaru Min Depo 5000 Untuk Member Baru|url=https://abyssiniabusinessnetwork.com/management/|work=abyssiniabusinessnetwork.com|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=id|author=NENEKTOGEL4D}}</ref> Mwamba wa Ajora upo kati ya Mto Sokei, unaotoka Tambaro, na Mto Ajancho katika Wolaita. Mito hiyo miwili ipo umbali wa takribani kilomita 1.65 kutoka kila mmoja. Eneo tambarare linaloundwa baada ya [[maporomoko]] linaenea hadi mpakani mwa eneo la Dawro. Sehemu hii kubwa imefunikwa na msitu mnene na ni makazi ya wanyama mbalimbali wa porini. == Usafiri na Ufikiaji == Maporomoko haya yanaweza kufikiwa kwa gari, ndege au baiskeli. Yapataikana takribani [[kilomita]] 458 kutoka Addis Ababa kupitia Shashemene, kilomita 300 kupitia barabara ya Hosaenna-Soddo, kilomita 238 kutoka Hawassa, kilomita 68 kutoka Sodo, makao makuu ya Wolaita, na kilomita 20 kutoka Bombe, kituo cha [[wilaya]] ya Boloso Bombe. == Jina na Maelezo == Katika lugha ya Wolaita, neno '''“Ajora”''' linamaanisha '''“kina kirefu”'''. Eneo hili lilipewa jina hilo kutokana na maporomoko mawili ya [[maji]] yaliyopo hapo. Lina ukubwa wa takribani hekta 280. Maporomoko ya kwanza yanajulikana kama '''Ajancho''', yenye urefu wa mita 210 na upana wa [[mita]] 2.5. Maporomoko ya pili yanajulikana kama '''Sokei''', yenye urefu wa mita 170 na upana wa mita 1. Maporomoko haya mawili hukutana katika eneo linaloitwa '''Buqula''', na kutoka hapo maji yake hutiririka kuelekea Bonde la Omo. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ethiopia}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za jiografia ya Ethiopia]] rk57xcn56raqa1d0azazwb8yxuwby52 Maporomoko ya Nile ya buluu 0 241115 1574317 2026-06-18T02:30:57Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Faili:Blue Nile Falls-03, by CT Snow.jpg|thumb|Maporomoko ya Nile ya Bluu]] '''Maporomoko ya Nile ya Bluu''' ni [[maporomoko]] ya maji yaliyopo kwenye Nile ya Bluu katika eneo la Gondar ya kusini, Mkoa wa Amhara nchini Ethiopia. Kwa lugha ya Kiamhara, yanajulikana kama '''Tis Abay''', maana yake ikiwa ''"moshi mkubwa"'', kutokana na ukungu mkubwa unaotokana na maji yanapoanguka. Maporomoko hayo yapo katika sehemu ya juu ya mkondo wa [[Mto]] Nile ya Bluu...' 1574317 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Blue Nile Falls-03, by CT Snow.jpg|thumb|Maporomoko ya Nile ya Bluu]] '''Maporomoko ya Nile ya Bluu''' ni [[maporomoko]] ya maji yaliyopo kwenye Nile ya Bluu katika eneo la Gondar ya kusini, Mkoa wa Amhara nchini Ethiopia. Kwa lugha ya Kiamhara, yanajulikana kama '''Tis Abay''', maana yake ikiwa ''"moshi mkubwa"'', kutokana na ukungu mkubwa unaotokana na maji yanapoanguka. Maporomoko hayo yapo katika sehemu ya juu ya mkondo wa [[Mto]] Nile ya Bluu, takribani [[kilomita]] 30 kutoka Bahir Dar na Lake Tana. Ni miongoni mwa vivutio vya utalii vinavyojulikana zaidi nchini Ethiopia. Maporomoko hayo yana urefu wa mita 42 na yanaundwa na mikondo minne ya maji.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Blue Nile Falls {{!}} Tis Abay {{!}} Brilliant Ethiopia {{!}} Brilliant Ethiopia|url=https://www.brilliant-ethiopia.com/regions/blue-nile-falls|work=www.brilliant-ethiopia.com|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en-GB}}</ref> Wakati wa kiangazi, mikondo hiyo inaweza kuwa midogo sana, lakini wakati wa msimu wa mvua huweza kufikia upana wa zaidi ya mita 400. Udhibiti wa maji kutoka Ziwa Tana na ujenzi wa kituo cha kuzalisha umeme wa maji tangu mwaka 2003 umepunguza kiasi cha maji kinachopita kwenye maporomoko hayo, isipokuwa wakati wa msimu wa mvua.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World|url=https://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php%3Feco%3D526|work=www.feow.org|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en}}</ref> Maporomoko ya Nile ya Bluu yamechangia kutenganisha mfumo wa ikolojia wa [[Ziwa]] Tana na mfumo wa ikolojia wa sehemu nyingine za Mto Nile. Kutokana na hali hiyo, baadhi ya viumbe wa Ziwa Tana wameendelea na mageuzi yao kwa namna ya kipekee na hupatikana katika ziwa hilo pekee. Umbali mfupi chini ya [[maporomoko]] hayo kuna daraja la kwanza la mawe kujengwa nchini [[Ethiopia]]. Daraja hilo lilijengwa mwaka 1626 kwa amri ya Mfalme Susenyos I. Ujenzi wake ulisimamiwa na fundi kutoka India aliyekuwa ameandamana na Afonso Mendes. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ethiopia}} [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] rupa8mj3oii14gehx1erq9v1a3my6zt 1574402 1574317 2026-06-18T07:34:57Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1574402 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Blue Nile Falls-03, by CT Snow.jpg|thumb|Maporomoko ya Nile ya Bluu]] '''Maporomoko ya Nile ya Bluu''' ni [[maporomoko]] ya maji yaliyopo kwenye Nile ya Bluu katika eneo la Gondar ya kusini, Mkoa wa Amhara nchini Ethiopia. Kwa lugha ya Kiamhara, yanajulikana kama '''Tis Abay''', maana yake ikiwa ''"moshi mkubwa"'', kutokana na ukungu mkubwa unaotokana na maji yanapoanguka. Maporomoko hayo yapo katika sehemu ya juu ya mkondo wa [[Mto]] Nile ya Bluu, takribani [[kilomita]] 30 kutoka Bahir Dar na Lake Tana. Ni miongoni mwa vivutio vya utalii vinavyojulikana zaidi nchini Ethiopia. Maporomoko hayo yana urefu wa mita 42 na yanaundwa na mikondo minne ya maji.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Blue Nile Falls {{!}} Tis Abay {{!}} Brilliant Ethiopia {{!}} Brilliant Ethiopia|url=https://www.brilliant-ethiopia.com/regions/blue-nile-falls|work=www.brilliant-ethiopia.com|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en-GB}}</ref> Wakati wa kiangazi, mikondo hiyo inaweza kuwa midogo sana, lakini wakati wa msimu wa mvua huweza kufikia upana wa zaidi ya mita 400. Udhibiti wa maji kutoka Ziwa Tana na ujenzi wa kituo cha kuzalisha umeme wa maji tangu mwaka 2003 umepunguza kiasi cha maji kinachopita kwenye maporomoko hayo, isipokuwa wakati wa msimu wa mvua.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World|url=https://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php%3Feco%3D526|work=www.feow.org|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en}}</ref> Maporomoko ya Nile ya Bluu yamechangia kutenganisha mfumo wa ikolojia wa [[Ziwa]] Tana na mfumo wa ikolojia wa sehemu nyingine za Mto Nile. Kutokana na hali hiyo, baadhi ya viumbe wa Ziwa Tana wameendelea na mageuzi yao kwa namna ya kipekee na hupatikana katika ziwa hilo pekee. Umbali mfupi chini ya [[maporomoko]] hayo kuna daraja la kwanza la mawe kujengwa nchini [[Ethiopia]]. Daraja hilo lilijengwa mwaka 1626 kwa amri ya Mfalme Susenyos I. Ujenzi wake ulisimamiwa na fundi kutoka India aliyekuwa ameandamana na Afonso Mendes. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ethiopia}} [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] 7h36wpmlms5inf7uopzhhtel5no96g6 1574494 1574402 2026-06-18T11:57:21Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Maporomoko ya Nile ya Bluu]] hadi [[Maporomoko ya Nile ya buluu]]: usahihi wa jina 1574402 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Blue Nile Falls-03, by CT Snow.jpg|thumb|Maporomoko ya Nile ya Bluu]] '''Maporomoko ya Nile ya Bluu''' ni [[maporomoko]] ya maji yaliyopo kwenye Nile ya Bluu katika eneo la Gondar ya kusini, Mkoa wa Amhara nchini Ethiopia. Kwa lugha ya Kiamhara, yanajulikana kama '''Tis Abay''', maana yake ikiwa ''"moshi mkubwa"'', kutokana na ukungu mkubwa unaotokana na maji yanapoanguka. Maporomoko hayo yapo katika sehemu ya juu ya mkondo wa [[Mto]] Nile ya Bluu, takribani [[kilomita]] 30 kutoka Bahir Dar na Lake Tana. Ni miongoni mwa vivutio vya utalii vinavyojulikana zaidi nchini Ethiopia. Maporomoko hayo yana urefu wa mita 42 na yanaundwa na mikondo minne ya maji.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Blue Nile Falls {{!}} Tis Abay {{!}} Brilliant Ethiopia {{!}} Brilliant Ethiopia|url=https://www.brilliant-ethiopia.com/regions/blue-nile-falls|work=www.brilliant-ethiopia.com|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en-GB}}</ref> Wakati wa kiangazi, mikondo hiyo inaweza kuwa midogo sana, lakini wakati wa msimu wa mvua huweza kufikia upana wa zaidi ya mita 400. Udhibiti wa maji kutoka Ziwa Tana na ujenzi wa kituo cha kuzalisha umeme wa maji tangu mwaka 2003 umepunguza kiasi cha maji kinachopita kwenye maporomoko hayo, isipokuwa wakati wa msimu wa mvua.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World|url=https://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php%3Feco%3D526|work=www.feow.org|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en}}</ref> Maporomoko ya Nile ya Bluu yamechangia kutenganisha mfumo wa ikolojia wa [[Ziwa]] Tana na mfumo wa ikolojia wa sehemu nyingine za Mto Nile. Kutokana na hali hiyo, baadhi ya viumbe wa Ziwa Tana wameendelea na mageuzi yao kwa namna ya kipekee na hupatikana katika ziwa hilo pekee. Umbali mfupi chini ya [[maporomoko]] hayo kuna daraja la kwanza la mawe kujengwa nchini [[Ethiopia]]. Daraja hilo lilijengwa mwaka 1626 kwa amri ya Mfalme Susenyos I. Ujenzi wake ulisimamiwa na fundi kutoka India aliyekuwa ameandamana na Afonso Mendes. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ethiopia}} [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] 7h36wpmlms5inf7uopzhhtel5no96g6 Maporomoko ya Jin Bahir 0 241116 1574319 2026-06-18T02:39:00Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Faili:SemienWaterfall.jpg|thumb]] [[Faili:Jinbar Waterfall.jpg|thumb]] '''Maporomoko ya Jin Bahir''' (pia hujulikana kama Maporomoko ya Jinbar au Maporomoko ya Maji Jinbar) ni maporomoko makubwa ya [[maji]] yaliyopo katika Milima ya Simien nchini Ethiopia. Maporomoko haya hulishwa na [[maji]] ya Mto Jinbar. Maji ya maporomoko hayo huanguka kutoka urefu wa takribani [[mita]] 500, jambo linaloyafanya kuwa miongoni mwa maporomoko makubwa zaidi barani Afr...' 1574319 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:SemienWaterfall.jpg|thumb]] [[Faili:Jinbar Waterfall.jpg|thumb]] '''Maporomoko ya Jin Bahir''' (pia hujulikana kama Maporomoko ya Jinbar au Maporomoko ya Maji Jinbar) ni maporomoko makubwa ya [[maji]] yaliyopo katika Milima ya Simien nchini Ethiopia. Maporomoko haya hulishwa na [[maji]] ya Mto Jinbar. Maji ya maporomoko hayo huanguka kutoka urefu wa takribani [[mita]] 500, jambo linaloyafanya kuwa miongoni mwa maporomoko makubwa zaidi barani [[Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jinbar Waterfall - Simien Mountains National Park|url=https://simienmountain.org/destinations/jinbar-waterfall/|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en-US}}</ref> Kiwango cha maji katika maporomoko haya huongezeka wakati wa msimu wa mvua, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jinbar Waterfall {{!}} Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia {{!}} Attractions|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/points-of-interest/jinbar-waterfall/1555821|work=Lonely Planet|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en}}</ref>na kufanya mandhari yake kuwa ya kuvutia zaidi. Maeneo ya kutazamia maporomoko hayo yanaweza kufikika kutoka mji wa Ayehu. Eneo linalozunguka maporomoko haya ni makazi ya aina mbalimbali za ndege. Mwandishi Harry Loots aliwahi kuona tai aina ya '''Tai wa Rüppell''' karibu na maporomoko hayo.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kagaEAAAQBAJ&dq=Jin+bahir+falls&pg=PA33|title=From Platberg to Kilimanjaro: via Mount Stanley, Mount Kenya, and Mont-aux-Sources|last=Loots|first=Harry|date=2021-02-07|publisher=BoD – Books on Demand|isbn=978-3-7534-0916-0|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ethiopia}} [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za jiografia ya Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 9e0igooye61yme3gs3cdqkzgcw5jqfi 1574397 1574319 2026-06-18T07:34:06Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1574397 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:SemienWaterfall.jpg|thumb]] [[Faili:Jinbar Waterfall.jpg|thumb]] '''Maporomoko ya Jin Bahir''' (pia hujulikana kama Maporomoko ya Jinbar au Maporomoko ya Maji Jinbar) ni maporomoko makubwa ya [[maji]] yaliyopo katika Milima ya Simien nchini Ethiopia. Maporomoko haya hulishwa na [[maji]] ya Mto Jinbar. Maji ya maporomoko hayo huanguka kutoka urefu wa takribani [[mita]] 500, jambo linaloyafanya kuwa miongoni mwa maporomoko makubwa zaidi barani [[Afrika]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Jinbar Waterfall - Simien Mountains National Park|url=https://simienmountain.org/destinations/jinbar-waterfall/|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en-US}}</ref> Kiwango cha maji katika maporomoko haya huongezeka wakati wa msimu wa mvua, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Jinbar Waterfall {{!}} Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia {{!}} Attractions|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/points-of-interest/jinbar-waterfall/1555821|work=Lonely Planet|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en}}</ref>na kufanya mandhari yake kuwa ya kuvutia zaidi. Maeneo ya kutazamia maporomoko hayo yanaweza kufikika kutoka mji wa Ayehu. Eneo linalozunguka maporomoko haya ni makazi ya aina mbalimbali za ndege. Mwandishi Harry Loots aliwahi kuona tai aina ya '''Tai wa Rüppell''' karibu na maporomoko hayo.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kagaEAAAQBAJ&dq=Jin+bahir+falls&pg=PA33|title=From Platberg to Kilimanjaro: via Mount Stanley, Mount Kenya, and Mont-aux-Sources|last=Loots|first=Harry|date=2021-02-07|publisher=BoD – Books on Demand|isbn=978-3-7534-0916-0|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ethiopia}} [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za jiografia ya Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] bwdyv8y437l1gn5cjynyfs50x8doy4o Maporomoko ya Kongou 0 241117 1574320 2026-06-18T02:44:51Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Faili:DIGITAL CROSSING - KONGOU 03.jpg|thumb|414x414px|Sehemu ya mtoto wa jicho kubwa inayounda maporomoko haya ya kuvutia Picha ya:Michael Dalton-Smith]] '''Maporomoko ya Kongou''' (pia hujulikana kama '''Maporomoko ya Koungou''') ni maporomoko makubwa ya maji yenye upana wa takribani [[kilomita]] 3.2 na urefu unaofikia mita 56. Yapataikana katika Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Ivindo mashariki mwa [[Gabon]]. Maporomoko haya yapo kwenye Mto Ivindo na ni miongoni...' 1574320 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:DIGITAL CROSSING - KONGOU 03.jpg|thumb|414x414px|Sehemu ya mtoto wa jicho kubwa inayounda maporomoko haya ya kuvutia Picha ya:Michael Dalton-Smith]] '''Maporomoko ya Kongou''' (pia hujulikana kama '''Maporomoko ya Koungou''') ni maporomoko makubwa ya maji yenye upana wa takribani [[kilomita]] 3.2 na urefu unaofikia mita 56. Yapataikana katika Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Ivindo mashariki mwa [[Gabon]]. Maporomoko haya yapo kwenye Mto Ivindo na ni miongoni mwa maporomoko yenye mtiririko mkubwa zaidi wa [[maji]] duniani, yakibeba wastani wa mita za ujazo 900 za maji kwa sekunde.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kongou Falls {{!}} World Waterfall Database: World's Tallest Waterfalls|url=http://www.world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=868|work=www.world-waterfalls.com|accessdate=2026-06-18}}</ref> Sehemu hii ya Mto Ivindo ni kitovu muhimu cha utofauti wa [[samaki]]. Maporomoko hayo yako ndani ya Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Ivindo, iliyoanzishwa mwaka 2002 kwa lengo la kulinda eneo hili lenye uzuri wa asili na utajiri mkubwa wa viumbe hai. == Pendekezo la Ujenzi wa Bwawa == Mnamo tarehe 14 Septemba 2007, Rais Omar Bongo Ondimba wa Gabon alithibitisha kuwa bwawa la kuzalisha umeme lingejengwa katika maporomoko hayo ili kuhudumia mradi mkubwa wa uchimbaji wa madini ya chuma katika eneo la Belinga lililopo kaskazini. Ingawa mgodi huo ulitarajiwa kuchangia maendeleo ya uchumi wa Gabon, bwawa hilo lingefunika sehemu kubwa ya hifadhi ya taifa kwa maji na kuathiri kwa kiasi kikubwa [[maisha]] ya wakazi wa eneo hilo pamoja na mazingira ya asili. Tafiti za awali zilionyesha kuwa kulikuwa na maeneo mengine kwenye mto huo ambayo yangefaa zaidi kwa ujenzi wa bwawa na yangesababisha madhara madogo kwa mazingira na jamii. Hata hivyo, uamuzi wa kujenga [[bwawa]] ulifanywa bila kufanyika kwa tathmini ya athari za mazingira. Hali hiyo ilizua maswali kuhusu mkakati wa Gabon wa kuendeleza utalii wa mazingira na ilionekana kuwa inaweza kupunguza hamasa ya wawekezaji na [[watalii]]. Kutokana na upinzani mkubwa kutoka kwa wananchi wa Gabon, mradi huo wa ujenzi wa bwawa ulisitishwa. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Gabon}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Gabon]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za jiografia ya Gabon]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] e5skvwkf3c4grzspardoq96txlvfcb8 1574398 1574320 2026-06-18T07:34:16Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1574398 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:DIGITAL CROSSING - KONGOU 03.jpg|thumb|414x414px|Sehemu ya mtoto wa jicho kubwa inayounda maporomoko haya ya kuvutia Picha ya:Michael Dalton-Smith]] '''Maporomoko ya Kongou''' (pia hujulikana kama '''Maporomoko ya Koungou''') ni maporomoko makubwa ya maji yenye upana wa takribani [[kilomita]] 3.2 na urefu unaofikia mita 56. Yapataikana katika Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Ivindo mashariki mwa [[Gabon]]. Maporomoko haya yapo kwenye Mto Ivindo na ni miongoni mwa maporomoko yenye mtiririko mkubwa zaidi wa [[maji]] duniani, yakibeba wastani wa mita za ujazo 900 za maji kwa sekunde.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kongou Falls {{!}} World Waterfall Database: World's Tallest Waterfalls|url=http://www.world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=868|work=www.world-waterfalls.com|accessdate=2026-06-18}}</ref> Sehemu hii ya Mto Ivindo ni kitovu muhimu cha utofauti wa [[samaki]]. Maporomoko hayo yako ndani ya Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Ivindo, iliyoanzishwa mwaka 2002 kwa lengo la kulinda eneo hili lenye uzuri wa asili na utajiri mkubwa wa viumbe hai. == Pendekezo la Ujenzi wa Bwawa == Mnamo tarehe 14 Septemba 2007, Rais Omar Bongo Ondimba wa Gabon alithibitisha kuwa bwawa la kuzalisha umeme lingejengwa katika maporomoko hayo ili kuhudumia mradi mkubwa wa uchimbaji wa madini ya chuma katika eneo la Belinga lililopo kaskazini. Ingawa mgodi huo ulitarajiwa kuchangia maendeleo ya uchumi wa Gabon, bwawa hilo lingefunika sehemu kubwa ya hifadhi ya taifa kwa maji na kuathiri kwa kiasi kikubwa [[maisha]] ya wakazi wa eneo hilo pamoja na mazingira ya asili. Tafiti za awali zilionyesha kuwa kulikuwa na maeneo mengine kwenye mto huo ambayo yangefaa zaidi kwa ujenzi wa bwawa na yangesababisha madhara madogo kwa mazingira na jamii. Hata hivyo, uamuzi wa kujenga [[bwawa]] ulifanywa bila kufanyika kwa tathmini ya athari za mazingira. Hali hiyo ilizua maswali kuhusu mkakati wa Gabon wa kuendeleza utalii wa mazingira na ilionekana kuwa inaweza kupunguza hamasa ya wawekezaji na [[watalii]]. Kutokana na upinzani mkubwa kutoka kwa wananchi wa Gabon, mradi huo wa ujenzi wa bwawa ulisitishwa. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Gabon}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Gabon]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za jiografia ya Gabon]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] smhs9a77zd00t83u7xruhhzzkyzom4e Maporomoko ya Akaa 0 241118 1574321 2026-06-18T02:52:11Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Mto|jina=Maporomoko ya Akaa|picha=Aka falls - Ghana - West Africa.png|nchi=Akaa, Wilaya ya Akuapem Kaskazini, Mkoa wa Mashariki}} '''Maporomoko ya Akaa''' yapo karibu na kijiji cha Akyeremanteng katika Wilaya ya Akuapem Kaskazini, takribani [[kilomita]] 21 kaskazini-mashariki mwa Koforidua katika Mkoa wa Mashariki wa [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Akaa Falls|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-akaa-falls.html|work=Graphic Online...' 1574321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto|jina=Maporomoko ya Akaa|picha=Aka falls - Ghana - West Africa.png|nchi=Akaa, Wilaya ya Akuapem Kaskazini, Mkoa wa Mashariki}} '''Maporomoko ya Akaa''' yapo karibu na kijiji cha Akyeremanteng katika Wilaya ya Akuapem Kaskazini, takribani [[kilomita]] 21 kaskazini-mashariki mwa Koforidua katika Mkoa wa Mashariki wa [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Akaa Falls|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-akaa-falls.html|work=Graphic Online|date=2021-10-02|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en-gb}}</ref> Maporomoko haya yako umbali wa takribani kilomita saba kutoka Maporomoko ya Boti na hupata [[maji]] yake kutoka Mto Boti, ambao pia ndio chanzo cha maji ya Maporomoko ya Boti.<ref>{{Citation|title=Visit Ghana - Akaa Falls|url=https://visitghana.com/attractions/akaa-falls/|work=Visit Ghana|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-18}}</ref> Maporomoko ya Akaa ni [[maporomoko]] ya hatua yenye urefu wa mita 60, yakiwa yamezungukwa na uoto mnene wa asili. [[Mazingira]] yake ya kijani kibichi na mandhari ya kuvutia huyafanya kuwa mojawapo ya vivutio vya asili katika eneo hilo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exploring the Spectacular Waterfalls of Ghana {{!}} GVI|url=https://www.gviusa.com/blog/smb-exploring-the-spectacular-waterfalls-of-ghana/|work=www.gviusa.com|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ghana}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za jiografia ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Ghana]] geljlyon9fj86ukyb31ndm973lvca1t 1574395 1574321 2026-06-18T07:33:46Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1574395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto|jina=Maporomoko ya Akaa|picha=Aka falls - Ghana - West Africa.png|nchi=Akaa, Wilaya ya Akuapem Kaskazini, Mkoa wa Mashariki}} '''Maporomoko ya Akaa''' yapo karibu na kijiji cha Akyeremanteng katika Wilaya ya Akuapem Kaskazini, takribani [[kilomita]] 21 kaskazini-mashariki mwa Koforidua katika Mkoa wa Mashariki wa [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Akaa Falls|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-akaa-falls.html|work=Graphic Online|date=2021-10-02|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en-gb}}</ref> Maporomoko haya yako umbali wa takribani kilomita saba kutoka Maporomoko ya Boti na hupata [[maji]] yake kutoka Mto Boti, ambao pia ndio chanzo cha maji ya Maporomoko ya Boti.<ref>{{Citation|title=Visit Ghana - Akaa Falls|url=https://visitghana.com/attractions/akaa-falls/|work=Visit Ghana|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-18}}</ref> Maporomoko ya Akaa ni [[maporomoko]] ya hatua yenye urefu wa mita 60, yakiwa yamezungukwa na uoto mnene wa asili. [[Mazingira]] yake ya kijani kibichi na mandhari ya kuvutia huyafanya kuwa mojawapo ya vivutio vya asili katika eneo hilo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Exploring the Spectacular Waterfalls of Ghana {{!}} GVI|url=https://www.gviusa.com/blog/smb-exploring-the-spectacular-waterfalls-of-ghana/|work=www.gviusa.com|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ghana}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za jiografia ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Ghana]] 2l0l6oq2zw4sk990f8dwa1tyofsgdbu Maporomoko ya Asenema 0 241119 1574322 2026-06-18T03:00:38Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Maporomoko ya Asenema''' ni maporomoko madogo ya [[maji]] yaliyopo karibu na kijiji cha Asenema katika eneo la Okere, [[kilomita]] chache kaskazini mwa Akropong katika Wilaya ya Akuapim Kaskazini, Mkoa wa Mashariki wa [[Ghana]]. Yapataikana chini ya Milima ya Akuapem yenye misitu mingi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Explore Ghana {{!}} Top Destinations, Activities, Food, Culture & History|url=https://test.venuetoursghana.com/thing-detail/Asenema-Waterfalls|work=...' 1574322 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maporomoko ya Asenema''' ni maporomoko madogo ya [[maji]] yaliyopo karibu na kijiji cha Asenema katika eneo la Okere, [[kilomita]] chache kaskazini mwa Akropong katika Wilaya ya Akuapim Kaskazini, Mkoa wa Mashariki wa [[Ghana]]. Yapataikana chini ya Milima ya Akuapem yenye misitu mingi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Explore Ghana {{!}} Top Destinations, Activities, Food, Culture & History|url=https://test.venuetoursghana.com/thing-detail/Asenema-Waterfalls|work=test.venuetoursghana.com|accessdate=2026-06-18}}</ref> == Maelezo == Maporomoko haya huanguka kutoka kwenye mwamba mrefu hadi kwenye bwawa dogo la maji safi na angavu. Urefu wake unakadiriwa kuwa kati ya mita 15 na 20, huku maji yakishuka kwa anguko moja la wima. [[Daraja]] dogo la mbao na njia ya asili ya miguu huwaongoza wageni kutoka barabarani hadi kwenye [[maporomoko]] hayo kupitia msitu wa pili na vichaka vya mianzi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asenema Waterfalls Ghana 2026 — Hidden Gem Waterfall Visitor Guide {{!}} Akwaaba|url=https://akwaaba.app/asenema-waterfalls-ghana/|work=Akwaaba App|date=2025-01-18|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en-US|author=Akosua Adoma}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Here are some Waterfalls in Ghana!|url=https://www.easytrackghana.com/tour-ghana-waterfalls.php|work=Easy Track Ghana|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en|author=Easy Track Ghana Ltd}}</ref> == Mahali Yalipo == Asenema ipo takribani [[kilomita]] 3 kaskazini-magharibi mwa Akropong na kilomita 47 kaskazini-mashariki mwa Accra. Eneo hili linapatikana kando ya barabara ya Aburi–Akropong–Asenema, likiwa karibu dakika 15 kwa gari kutoka Akropong na takribani saa moja na nusu kutoka katikati ya [[Accra]]. Mandhari ya eneo hili ni sehemu ya safu ya Milima ya Akuapem yenye misitu, pamoja na makazi ya karibu kama Aburi na Tutu. == Wakati Bora wa Kutembelea == Maporomoko ya Asenema huwa ya kuvutia zaidi wakati wa msimu wa [[mvua]], ambao kwa kawaida huanzia Aprili hadi Julai, wakati kiasi cha maji huongezeka. Katika msimu wa kiangazi, kuanzia Desemba hadi Machi, mtiririko wa maji hupungua kwa kiasi kikubwa, ingawa kivuli cha miti na bwawa la maji safi huendelea kuvutia wageni.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hidden but found waterfalls of Akaa and Asenema {{!}} NewsGhana|url=https://www.newsghana.com.gh/hidden-but-found-waterfalls-of-akaa-and-asenema/|work=https://www.newsghana.com.gh/|date=2015-07-08|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ghana}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za jiografia ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Ghana]] 3heent3vcxo2st3aoo53wdgglcxlz41 1574399 1574322 2026-06-18T07:34:26Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1574399 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maporomoko ya Asenema''' ni maporomoko madogo ya [[maji]] yaliyopo karibu na kijiji cha Asenema katika eneo la Okere, [[kilomita]] chache kaskazini mwa Akropong katika Wilaya ya Akuapim Kaskazini, Mkoa wa Mashariki wa [[Ghana]]. Yapataikana chini ya Milima ya Akuapem yenye misitu mingi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Explore Ghana {{!}} Top Destinations, Activities, Food, Culture & History|url=https://test.venuetoursghana.com/thing-detail/Asenema-Waterfalls|work=test.venuetoursghana.com|accessdate=2026-06-18}}</ref> == Maelezo == Maporomoko haya huanguka kutoka kwenye mwamba mrefu hadi kwenye bwawa dogo la maji safi na angavu. Urefu wake unakadiriwa kuwa kati ya mita 15 na 20, huku maji yakishuka kwa anguko moja la wima. [[Daraja]] dogo la mbao na njia ya asili ya miguu huwaongoza wageni kutoka barabarani hadi kwenye [[maporomoko]] hayo kupitia msitu wa pili na vichaka vya mianzi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Asenema Waterfalls Ghana 2026 — Hidden Gem Waterfall Visitor Guide {{!}} Akwaaba|url=https://akwaaba.app/asenema-waterfalls-ghana/|work=Akwaaba App|date=2025-01-18|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en-US|author=Akosua Adoma}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Here are some Waterfalls in Ghana!|url=https://www.easytrackghana.com/tour-ghana-waterfalls.php|work=Easy Track Ghana|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en|author=Easy Track Ghana Ltd}}</ref> == Mahali Yalipo == Asenema ipo takribani [[kilomita]] 3 kaskazini-magharibi mwa Akropong na kilomita 47 kaskazini-mashariki mwa Accra. Eneo hili linapatikana kando ya barabara ya Aburi–Akropong–Asenema, likiwa karibu dakika 15 kwa gari kutoka Akropong na takribani saa moja na nusu kutoka katikati ya [[Accra]]. Mandhari ya eneo hili ni sehemu ya safu ya Milima ya Akuapem yenye misitu, pamoja na makazi ya karibu kama Aburi na Tutu. == Wakati Bora wa Kutembelea == Maporomoko ya Asenema huwa ya kuvutia zaidi wakati wa msimu wa [[mvua]], ambao kwa kawaida huanzia Aprili hadi Julai, wakati kiasi cha maji huongezeka. Katika msimu wa kiangazi, kuanzia Desemba hadi Machi, mtiririko wa maji hupungua kwa kiasi kikubwa, ingawa kivuli cha miti na bwawa la maji safi huendelea kuvutia wageni.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hidden but found waterfalls of Akaa and Asenema {{!}} NewsGhana|url=https://www.newsghana.com.gh/hidden-but-found-waterfalls-of-akaa-and-asenema/|work=https://www.newsghana.com.gh/|date=2015-07-08|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ghana}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za jiografia ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Ghana]] sek92bsyqopiggl0rd7j6s7p7nxxwe8 Maporomoko ya Boti 0 241120 1574323 2026-06-18T03:05:52Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Mto|jina=Maporomoko ya Boti|picha=Boti Falls, Eastern Region.JPG}} '''Maporomoko ya Boti''' ni maporomoko pacha ya maji yaliyopo Boti katika Wilaya ya Yilo Krobo, Mkoa wa Mashariki wa [[Ghana]]. Maporomoko haya yanatokana na mito miwili na kwa mujibu wa simulizi za jadi za eneo hilo, moja huchukuliwa kuwa la kiume na jingine la kike. Inasemekana kwamba upinde wa mvua huonekana pale mikondo ya maji inapokutana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Boti Falls, Not Just W...' 1574323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto|jina=Maporomoko ya Boti|picha=Boti Falls, Eastern Region.JPG}} '''Maporomoko ya Boti''' ni maporomoko pacha ya maji yaliyopo Boti katika Wilaya ya Yilo Krobo, Mkoa wa Mashariki wa [[Ghana]]. Maporomoko haya yanatokana na mito miwili na kwa mujibu wa simulizi za jadi za eneo hilo, moja huchukuliwa kuwa la kiume na jingine la kike. Inasemekana kwamba upinde wa mvua huonekana pale mikondo ya maji inapokutana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Boti Falls, Not Just Water|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/649593/boti-falls-not-just-water.html|work=Modern Ghana|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en}}</ref> Maporomoko ya Boti ni ya msimu na huwa na mwonekano wa [[maporomoko]] mawili yanayoshuka sambamba wakati wa kipindi cha maji mengi. Ili kuyafikia, wageni hushuka takribani ngazi 250 za zege. Wakati wa mtiririko mkubwa wa maji, eneo hilo huzungukwa na ukuta wa maji unaoanguka kutoka pande mbalimbali. Maporomoko hayo yapo ndani ya msitu wa Huhunya. == Mahali Yalipo == Maporomoko ya Boti yapo takribani [[kilomita]] 17 kaskazini-mashariki mwa Koforidua, mji mkuu wa Mkoa wa Mashariki wa Ghana. Safari ya kuyafikia kutoka Koforidua huchukua zaidi ya dakika 30 kwa gari, na zaidi ya saa moja na nusu kutoka Accra kutegemea aina ya [[usafiri]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome dearghana.com - BlueHost.com|url=http://www.dearghana.com/attractions/boti-falls/|work=www.dearghana.com|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Boti Falls - Tourism in Ghana,Touring Ghana, Visiting Ghana|url=https://touringghana.com/boti-falls/|date=2016-03-26|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en-US}}</ref> == Maelezo == Maporomoko ya Boti yana mikondo miwili ya maji inayoshuka sambamba ikiwa imetenganishwa na mwamba mdogo. Kwa mujibu wa imani za wenyeji, mkondo mkubwa zaidi ni wa kiume na mdogo ni wa kike. Maporomoko haya yana urefu wa takribani mita 30 kutoka usawa wa ardhi. Maji yake yanatokana na [[Mto]] Ponmpon unaopita katika Hifadhi ya Msitu wa Huhunya. Maji hushuka kupitia miamba ya milimani na kutengeneza bwawa chini ya maporomoko, ambapo wenyeji na wageni huogelea. Kwa mujibu wa [[historia]] ya mdomo ya wasimamizi wa eneo hilo, maporomoko haya yaligunduliwa na padri Mkatoliki kutoka Ulaya aliyekuwa akifanya uchunguzi wa eneo hilo. Katika miaka ya 1960, yalikuwa kivutio maarufu na yalitembelewa na Rais wa kwanza wa Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah. == Wakati Bora wa Kutembelea == Wakati mzuri zaidi wa kutembelea Maporomoko ya Boti ni msimu wa [[mvua]] kati ya Juni na Agosti. Katika kipindi hicho, mikondo miwili ya maji hupulizana na kuonekana kana kwamba inaungana. Maji yanaporushana hutengeneza upinde wa [[Mauaji ya kimbari|mvua]] wenye rangi mbalimbali, ambao wenyeji huuita '''“sherehe ya ndoa”''' ya maporomoko hayo mawili. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ghana}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za jiografia ya Ghana]] hfx3q78am6cznio0y5aclil2nvak5wu 1574396 1574323 2026-06-18T07:33:56Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1574396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto|jina=Maporomoko ya Boti|picha=Boti Falls, Eastern Region.JPG}} '''Maporomoko ya Boti''' ni maporomoko pacha ya maji yaliyopo Boti katika Wilaya ya Yilo Krobo, Mkoa wa Mashariki wa [[Ghana]]. Maporomoko haya yanatokana na mito miwili na kwa mujibu wa simulizi za jadi za eneo hilo, moja huchukuliwa kuwa la kiume na jingine la kike. Inasemekana kwamba upinde wa mvua huonekana pale mikondo ya maji inapokutana.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Boti Falls, Not Just Water|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/649593/boti-falls-not-just-water.html|work=Modern Ghana|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en}}</ref> Maporomoko ya Boti ni ya msimu na huwa na mwonekano wa [[maporomoko]] mawili yanayoshuka sambamba wakati wa kipindi cha maji mengi. Ili kuyafikia, wageni hushuka takribani ngazi 250 za zege. Wakati wa mtiririko mkubwa wa maji, eneo hilo huzungukwa na ukuta wa maji unaoanguka kutoka pande mbalimbali. Maporomoko hayo yapo ndani ya msitu wa Huhunya. == Mahali Yalipo == Maporomoko ya Boti yapo takribani [[kilomita]] 17 kaskazini-mashariki mwa Koforidua, mji mkuu wa Mkoa wa Mashariki wa Ghana. Safari ya kuyafikia kutoka Koforidua huchukua zaidi ya dakika 30 kwa gari, na zaidi ya saa moja na nusu kutoka Accra kutegemea aina ya [[usafiri]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Welcome dearghana.com - BlueHost.com|url=http://www.dearghana.com/attractions/boti-falls/|work=www.dearghana.com|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Boti Falls - Tourism in Ghana,Touring Ghana, Visiting Ghana|url=https://touringghana.com/boti-falls/|date=2016-03-26|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en-US}}</ref> == Maelezo == Maporomoko ya Boti yana mikondo miwili ya maji inayoshuka sambamba ikiwa imetenganishwa na mwamba mdogo. Kwa mujibu wa imani za wenyeji, mkondo mkubwa zaidi ni wa kiume na mdogo ni wa kike. Maporomoko haya yana urefu wa takribani mita 30 kutoka usawa wa ardhi. Maji yake yanatokana na [[Mto]] Ponmpon unaopita katika Hifadhi ya Msitu wa Huhunya. Maji hushuka kupitia miamba ya milimani na kutengeneza bwawa chini ya maporomoko, ambapo wenyeji na wageni huogelea. Kwa mujibu wa [[historia]] ya mdomo ya wasimamizi wa eneo hilo, maporomoko haya yaligunduliwa na padri Mkatoliki kutoka Ulaya aliyekuwa akifanya uchunguzi wa eneo hilo. Katika miaka ya 1960, yalikuwa kivutio maarufu na yalitembelewa na Rais wa kwanza wa Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah. == Wakati Bora wa Kutembelea == Wakati mzuri zaidi wa kutembelea Maporomoko ya Boti ni msimu wa [[mvua]] kati ya Juni na Agosti. Katika kipindi hicho, mikondo miwili ya maji hupulizana na kuonekana kana kwamba inaungana. Maji yanaporushana hutengeneza upinde wa [[Mauaji ya kimbari|mvua]] wenye rangi mbalimbali, ambao wenyeji huuita '''“sherehe ya ndoa”''' ya maporomoko hayo mawili. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ghana}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za jiografia ya Ghana]] onun9qk57mr0r5bl228hci3viut25tj Maporomoko ya Fuller 0 241121 1574324 2026-06-18T03:10:49Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Maporomoko ya Fuller''' yapo katika mji wa Yabraso, takribani [[kilomita]] 7 magharibi mwa Kintampo nchini [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Fuller Waterfalls|url=https://www.tourismgh.com/fuller-waterfalls/|work=www.tourismgh.com|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fuller Falls – Visit Ghana|url=https://visitghana.com/fuller-falls/|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en-US}}</ref> Maporomoko haya yanakadiriwa kuwa katika kimo...' 1574324 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maporomoko ya Fuller''' yapo katika mji wa Yabraso, takribani [[kilomita]] 7 magharibi mwa Kintampo nchini [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Fuller Waterfalls|url=https://www.tourismgh.com/fuller-waterfalls/|work=www.tourismgh.com|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fuller Falls – Visit Ghana|url=https://visitghana.com/fuller-falls/|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en-US}}</ref> Maporomoko haya yanakadiriwa kuwa katika kimo cha mita 173 juu ya usawa wa bahari. Maji yake hutiririka kwa utulivu kupitia mfululizo wa ngazi za miamba kwenye Mto Oyoko katika eneo la Yabraso. [[Mto]] Oyoko ni tawimto la Mto Volta Mweusi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fuller Falls {{!}} About Ghana|url=https://ghana.peacefmonline.com/pages/tourism/waterfalls/fuller_falls/|work=ghana.peacefmonline.com|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en-US}}</ref> Mwaka 1988, mmisionari kutoka Ufilipino, Padre Joseph Panabang, alianza kutumia eneo hili kama sehemu ya sala pamoja na waumini wake na kulipa jina la “Mama Yetu wa Kintampo.” Mwaka 1998 aliondoka kutoka eneo hilo. Leo, [[Maporomoko]] ya Fuller ni miongoni mwa vivutio vya asili vinavyotembelewa katika eneo la Kintampo kutokana na [[mazingira]] yake ya kijani kibichi, utulivu wa asili na mandhari ya kuvutia ya maporomoko ya maji. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ghana}} [[Jamii:Mbegu za jiografia ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Ghana]] g78wk48eink0izm565cmau61u3eljb0 1574326 1574324 2026-06-18T03:12:27Z Don Malya 61486 1574326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto|jina=Maporomoko ya Maji ya Fuller|picha=FullerFall.jpg}} '''Maporomoko ya Fuller''' yapo katika mji wa Yabraso, takribani [[kilomita]] 7 magharibi mwa Kintampo nchini [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Fuller Waterfalls|url=https://www.tourismgh.com/fuller-waterfalls/|work=www.tourismgh.com|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fuller Falls – Visit Ghana|url=https://visitghana.com/fuller-falls/|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en-US}}</ref> Maporomoko haya yanakadiriwa kuwa katika kimo cha mita 173 juu ya usawa wa bahari. Maji yake hutiririka kwa utulivu kupitia mfululizo wa ngazi za miamba kwenye Mto Oyoko katika eneo la Yabraso. [[Mto]] Oyoko ni tawimto la Mto Volta Mweusi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fuller Falls {{!}} About Ghana|url=https://ghana.peacefmonline.com/pages/tourism/waterfalls/fuller_falls/|work=ghana.peacefmonline.com|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en-US}}</ref> Mwaka 1988, mmisionari kutoka Ufilipino, Padre Joseph Panabang, alianza kutumia eneo hili kama sehemu ya sala pamoja na waumini wake na kulipa jina la “Mama Yetu wa Kintampo.” Mwaka 1998 aliondoka kutoka eneo hilo. Leo, [[Maporomoko]] ya Fuller ni miongoni mwa vivutio vya asili vinavyotembelewa katika eneo la Kintampo kutokana na [[mazingira]] yake ya kijani kibichi, utulivu wa asili na mandhari ya kuvutia ya maporomoko ya maji. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ghana}} [[Jamii:Mbegu za jiografia ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Ghana]] 7zptonbxpzu8923b063h5bb0oulodzi 1574400 1574326 2026-06-18T07:34:36Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1574400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto|jina=Maporomoko ya Maji ya Fuller|picha=FullerFall.jpg}} '''Maporomoko ya Fuller''' yapo katika mji wa Yabraso, takribani [[kilomita]] 7 magharibi mwa Kintampo nchini [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Fuller Waterfalls|url=https://www.tourismgh.com/fuller-waterfalls/|work=www.tourismgh.com|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-18}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Fuller Falls – Visit Ghana|url=https://visitghana.com/fuller-falls/|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en-US}}</ref> Maporomoko haya yanakadiriwa kuwa katika kimo cha mita 173 juu ya usawa wa bahari. Maji yake hutiririka kwa utulivu kupitia mfululizo wa ngazi za miamba kwenye Mto Oyoko katika eneo la Yabraso. [[Mto]] Oyoko ni tawimto la Mto Volta Mweusi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Fuller Falls {{!}} About Ghana|url=https://ghana.peacefmonline.com/pages/tourism/waterfalls/fuller_falls/|work=ghana.peacefmonline.com|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en-US}}</ref> Mwaka 1988, mmisionari kutoka Ufilipino, Padre Joseph Panabang, alianza kutumia eneo hili kama sehemu ya sala pamoja na waumini wake na kulipa jina la “Mama Yetu wa Kintampo.” Mwaka 1998 aliondoka kutoka eneo hilo. Leo, [[Maporomoko]] ya Fuller ni miongoni mwa vivutio vya asili vinavyotembelewa katika eneo la Kintampo kutokana na [[mazingira]] yake ya kijani kibichi, utulivu wa asili na mandhari ya kuvutia ya maporomoko ya maji. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ghana}} [[Jamii:Mbegu za jiografia ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Ghana]] i7zb4893l8ldnv6fxxb4yovcjvbh3tg Maporomoko ya Kintampo 0 241122 1574330 2026-06-18T03:18:12Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Maporomoko ya Kintampo''' ni mojawapo ya [[maporomoko]] marefu zaidi ya [[maji]] nchini Ghana, yaliyopo katika Mkoa wa Bono Mashariki. Hapo zamani yalijulikana kama Maporomoko ya Sanders wakati wa enzi za ukoloni. Maporomoko haya yapo kwenye Mto Pumpum, ambao ni tawimto la Mto Volta Mweusi, takribani kilomita 4 kaskazini mwa [[Manispaa]] ya Kintampo, kando ya barabara ya Kumasi–Tamale. Yanapatikana ndani ya msitu, karibu na kituo cha kupumzikia cha F...' 1574330 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maporomoko ya Kintampo''' ni mojawapo ya [[maporomoko]] marefu zaidi ya [[maji]] nchini Ghana, yaliyopo katika Mkoa wa Bono Mashariki. Hapo zamani yalijulikana kama Maporomoko ya Sanders wakati wa enzi za ukoloni. Maporomoko haya yapo kwenye Mto Pumpum, ambao ni tawimto la Mto Volta Mweusi, takribani kilomita 4 kaskazini mwa [[Manispaa]] ya Kintampo, kando ya barabara ya Kumasi–Tamale. Yanapatikana ndani ya msitu, karibu na kituo cha kupumzikia cha Falls Rest Stop upande wa kulia unapokwenda kaskazini.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kintampo waterfall Ghana|url=http://ghana.photographers-resource.com/locations/Landscape/LG/Kintampo_waterfall.htm|work=ghana.photographers-resource.com|accessdate=2026-06-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ghanaexpeditions.com - Kintampo Waterfalls|url=http://ghanaexpeditions.com/regions/highlight_detail.asp?id=&rdid=44|work=ghanaexpeditions.com|accessdate=2026-06-18}}</ref> == Maelezo == Maporomoko ya Kintampo yana hatua tatu kuu. Sehemu ya kwanza na ya pili hupatikana kwa urahisi kupitia njia iliyo tambarare, huku sehemu ya tatu ikifikika kupitia ngazi nyingi—takribani ngazi 173 kushuka na 151 kupanda. Maji yake hushuka kutoka urefu wa jumla wa takribani [[mita]] 70, huku sehemu kubwa ya anguko kuu ikiwa karibu mita 25. Maporomoko haya yamefichwa ndani ya msitu wenye kijani kibichi na mandhari ya kuvutia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kintampo Waterfalls|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/kintampo-waterfalls.html|work=Graphic Online|date=2022-05-21|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en-gb}}</ref> == Historia == Eneo hili lilitangazwa kuwa kivutio cha [[utalii]] mwaka 1992 baada ya kugunduliwa karne ya 18. == Matukio == Tarehe 20 Machi 2017, watu 18 walipoteza maisha na wengine kujeruhiwa baada ya mti mkubwa kuanguka wakati wa dhoruba kali. Baada ya tukio hilo, serikali ilifunga eneo hilo kwa muda kufanya ukaguzi wa [[usalama]]. Liliboreshwa na kufunguliwa tena mwaka 2019, likiwa na ujenzi wa njia ya juu ya miti (canopy walkway). == Vifaa == Eneo la maporomoko lina maegesho ya [[magari]], ngazi, kituo cha wageni na njia ya juu ya miti kwa ajili ya watalii. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ghana}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za jiografia ya Ghana]] dpxo6z4cboqfljrgvrxv1dyk138fgis 1574331 1574330 2026-06-18T03:19:57Z Don Malya 61486 1574331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto|jina=Maporomoko ya Maji ya Kintampo|picha=Kintempo Water Falls II.jpg}} '''Maporomoko ya Kintampo''' ni mojawapo ya [[maporomoko]] marefu zaidi ya [[maji]] nchini Ghana, yaliyopo katika Mkoa wa Bono Mashariki. Hapo zamani yalijulikana kama Maporomoko ya Sanders wakati wa enzi za ukoloni. Maporomoko haya yapo kwenye Mto Pumpum, ambao ni tawimto la Mto Volta Mweusi, takribani kilomita 4 kaskazini mwa [[Manispaa]] ya Kintampo, kando ya barabara ya Kumasi–Tamale. Yanapatikana ndani ya msitu, karibu na kituo cha kupumzikia cha Falls Rest Stop upande wa kulia unapokwenda kaskazini.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kintampo waterfall Ghana|url=http://ghana.photographers-resource.com/locations/Landscape/LG/Kintampo_waterfall.htm|work=ghana.photographers-resource.com|accessdate=2026-06-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ghanaexpeditions.com - Kintampo Waterfalls|url=http://ghanaexpeditions.com/regions/highlight_detail.asp?id=&rdid=44|work=ghanaexpeditions.com|accessdate=2026-06-18}}</ref> == Maelezo == Maporomoko ya Kintampo yana hatua tatu kuu. Sehemu ya kwanza na ya pili hupatikana kwa urahisi kupitia njia iliyo tambarare, huku sehemu ya tatu ikifikika kupitia ngazi nyingi—takribani ngazi 173 kushuka na 151 kupanda. Maji yake hushuka kutoka urefu wa jumla wa takribani [[mita]] 70, huku sehemu kubwa ya anguko kuu ikiwa karibu mita 25. Maporomoko haya yamefichwa ndani ya msitu wenye kijani kibichi na mandhari ya kuvutia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kintampo Waterfalls|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/kintampo-waterfalls.html|work=Graphic Online|date=2022-05-21|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en-gb}}</ref> == Historia == Eneo hili lilitangazwa kuwa kivutio cha [[utalii]] mwaka 1992 baada ya kugunduliwa karne ya 18. == Matukio == Tarehe 20 Machi 2017, watu 18 walipoteza maisha na wengine kujeruhiwa baada ya mti mkubwa kuanguka wakati wa dhoruba kali. Baada ya tukio hilo, serikali ilifunga eneo hilo kwa muda kufanya ukaguzi wa [[usalama]]. Liliboreshwa na kufunguliwa tena mwaka 2019, likiwa na ujenzi wa njia ya juu ya miti (canopy walkway). == Vifaa == Eneo la maporomoko lina maegesho ya [[magari]], ngazi, kituo cha wageni na njia ya juu ya miti kwa ajili ya watalii. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ghana}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za jiografia ya Ghana]] cer442ksumpguchme2dvuxdfmj4vx20 1574401 1574331 2026-06-18T07:34:46Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1574401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto|jina=Maporomoko ya Maji ya Kintampo|picha=Kintempo Water Falls II.jpg}} '''Maporomoko ya Kintampo''' ni mojawapo ya [[maporomoko]] marefu zaidi ya [[maji]] nchini Ghana, yaliyopo katika Mkoa wa Bono Mashariki. Hapo zamani yalijulikana kama Maporomoko ya Sanders wakati wa enzi za ukoloni. Maporomoko haya yapo kwenye Mto Pumpum, ambao ni tawimto la Mto Volta Mweusi, takribani kilomita 4 kaskazini mwa [[Manispaa]] ya Kintampo, kando ya barabara ya Kumasi–Tamale. Yanapatikana ndani ya msitu, karibu na kituo cha kupumzikia cha Falls Rest Stop upande wa kulia unapokwenda kaskazini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kintampo waterfall Ghana|url=http://ghana.photographers-resource.com/locations/Landscape/LG/Kintampo_waterfall.htm|work=ghana.photographers-resource.com|accessdate=2026-06-18}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=ghanaexpeditions.com - Kintampo Waterfalls|url=http://ghanaexpeditions.com/regions/highlight_detail.asp?id=&rdid=44|work=ghanaexpeditions.com|accessdate=2026-06-18}}</ref> == Maelezo == Maporomoko ya Kintampo yana hatua tatu kuu. Sehemu ya kwanza na ya pili hupatikana kwa urahisi kupitia njia iliyo tambarare, huku sehemu ya tatu ikifikika kupitia ngazi nyingi—takribani ngazi 173 kushuka na 151 kupanda. Maji yake hushuka kutoka urefu wa jumla wa takribani [[mita]] 70, huku sehemu kubwa ya anguko kuu ikiwa karibu mita 25. Maporomoko haya yamefichwa ndani ya msitu wenye kijani kibichi na mandhari ya kuvutia.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kintampo Waterfalls|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/kintampo-waterfalls.html|work=Graphic Online|date=2022-05-21|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en-gb}}</ref> == Historia == Eneo hili lilitangazwa kuwa kivutio cha [[utalii]] mwaka 1992 baada ya kugunduliwa karne ya 18. == Matukio == Tarehe 20 Machi 2017, watu 18 walipoteza maisha na wengine kujeruhiwa baada ya mti mkubwa kuanguka wakati wa dhoruba kali. Baada ya tukio hilo, serikali ilifunga eneo hilo kwa muda kufanya ukaguzi wa [[usalama]]. Liliboreshwa na kufunguliwa tena mwaka 2019, likiwa na ujenzi wa njia ya juu ya miti (canopy walkway). == Vifaa == Eneo la maporomoko lina maegesho ya [[magari]], ngazi, kituo cha wageni na njia ya juu ya miti kwa ajili ya watalii. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ghana}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za jiografia ya Ghana]] b9tl8uc9ruux7lmu5armtx8bzcz4k0q Gloria Estefan 0 241123 1574413 2026-06-18T09:17:10Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Gloria Estefan | jina_halisi = Gloria María Milagrosa Fajardo García | picha = Gloria Estefan in 2017.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Estefan mwaka 2017 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1957|09|01|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Havana, Kuba<ref name="AllMusic">{{cite web |title=Gloria Estefan – AllMusic |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/gloria-estefan-mn000...' 1574413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Gloria Estefan | jina_halisi = Gloria María Milagrosa Fajardo García | picha = Gloria Estefan in 2017.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Estefan mwaka 2017 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1957|09|01|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Havana, Kuba<ref name="AllMusic">{{cite web |title=Gloria Estefan – AllMusic |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/gloria-estefan-mn0000664817/biography |website=AllMusic |access-date=14 November 2019}}</ref> | kazi = {{plainlist| * Mwimbaji * Mtunzi wa nyimbo * Mwigizaji * Mwandishi * Mfanyabiashara }} | kipindi = 1975–sasa | mwenzi = Emilio Estefan (ndoa 1978–sasa) | watoto = 2 (akiwemo Emily Estefan) | ndugu = Lili Estefan (mpwa) | asili = Miami, Florida, Marekani | aina_ya_muziki = {{plainlist| * Pop ya Kilatini * Dance-pop * Muziki wa kitropiki }} | lebo = {{plainlist| * Epic * Burgundy * Crescent Moon * Sony Latin * Verve Forecast * Sony Masterworks }} | kikundi_cha_zamani = Miami Sound Machine | tovuti = {{URL|ritaora.com}} }} '''Gloria María Milagrosa Estefan''' (alizaliwa Septemba 1, 1957) ni mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo, mwigizaji, na mfanyabiashara wa nchi ya [[Marekani]] aliyezaliwa nchini [[Kuba]]. Estefan ameshinda Tuzo za [[Grammy Awards|Grammy]] mara tano na ni mpokeaji wa Nishani ya Uhuru ya Rais (Presidential Medal of Freedom), na ametajwa kuwa mmoja wa wasanii 100 bora wa muda wote na vituo vya [[VH1]] na ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''.<ref>[https://www.kennedy-center.org/artists/e/eo-ez/gloria-estefan/ "Gloria Estefan"] at Kennedy Center 50</ref> Mauzo ya rekodi za Estefan yanazidi nakala milioni 120 duniani kote, jambo linalomfanya kuwa mmoja wa wasanii wa muziki waliouza rekodi nyingi zaidi wa muda wote.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/gloria-estefan-songwriters-hall-of-fame/ |title=Gloria Estefan on becoming the first Hispanic woman to be inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame: "Every song comes differently" |last=Novak |first=Analisa |date=2023-01-18 |website=CBS News |access-date=2024-08-04 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118161846/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/gloria-estefan-songwriters-hall-of-fame/ |archive-date=2023-01-18}}</ref><ref name="questions">{{cite magazine |last=Ratner-Arias |first=Sigal |date=2023-06-12 |title=20 Questions With Gloria Estefan Ahead of Her Induction to the Songwriters Hall of Fame |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/gloria-estefan-20-questions-songwriters-hall-of-fame-1235351766/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612210226/https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/gloria-estefan-20-questions-songwriters-hall-of-fame-1235351766/ |archive-date=2023-06-12}}</ref> Akiwa na sauti ya [[contralto]] (sauti ya chini ya kike), Estefan alianza kazi yake kama mwimbaji mkuu wa kikundi cha Miami Latin Boys, ambacho baadaye kilibadilishwa jina na kuwa [[Miami Sound Machine]]. Yeye na kikundi cha Miami Sound Machine walipata mafanikio makubwa duniani kote kupitia wimbo wao wa mwaka 1985 uiitwao "[[Conga (song)|Conga]]", ambao ukawa wimbo uliotambulisha utambulisho wake wa kimuziki. Kikundi hicho kilifuatia na nyimbo zingine nyingi zilizovuma katika muongo huo, zikiwemo "[[Anything for You (Gloria Estefan and Miami Sound Machine song)|Anything for You]]", "[[1-2-3 (Gloria Estefan and Miami Sound Machine song)|1-2-3]]", "[[Bad Boy (Miami Sound Machine song)|Bad Boy]]", na "[[Rhythm Is Gonna Get You]]". Kikundi hicho kilipewa jina jipya la Gloria Estefan and Miami Sound Machine kufuatia kutoka kwa albamu yao ya mwaka 1987 ya ''[[Let It Loose (album)|Let It Loose]]'', na mnamo mwaka 1989, Estefan alipata umaarufu mkubwa kama msanii wa kujitegemea kupitia albamu yake ya kwanza ya solo, ''[[Cuts Both Ways]]''. Mnamo Machi 1990, Estefan alipata majeraha ya hatari baada ya kuvunjika kwa uti wa mgongo wa shingo (cervical fracture) wakati basi lake la ziara ya kimuziki lilipopata ajali karibu na [[Scranton, Pennsylvania]] nchini Marekani. Alifanyiwa upasuaji wa dharura na kupona kabisa. Mwaka uliofuata, Estefan alirejea tena kwenye muziki kwa kufanya ziara ya kimataifa na kutoa albamu ya ''[[Into the Light (Gloria Estefan album)|Into the Light]]''. Albamu ya Estefan ya lugha ya Kihispania ya mwaka 1993, ''[[Mi Tierra]]'', ilimwezesha kushinda tuzo ya kwanza kati ya Tuzo zake tatu za [[Grammy Awards|Grammy]] katika kategoria ya Albamu Bora ya Muziki wa Kilatino wa Kitropiki.<ref name="GrammyAwards1994">{{cite news|title=General Categories|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-01-07-ca-9459-story.html |date=1994-01-07 |access-date=2020-08-06 |page=3 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] }}</ref> Albamu hiyo pia ilikuwa albamu ya kwanza kufikia hadhi ya Almasi (Diamond) nchini Hispania. Orodha ya nyimbo zake zilizovuma kimataifa kama msanii wa kujitegemea ni pamoja na "[[Don't Wanna Lose You]]", "[[Get On Your Feet]]", "[[Coming Out of the Dark]]", "[[Turn the Beat Around]]", "[[You'll Be Mine (Party Time)]]", na "[[Heaven's What I Feel]]". Estefan ametunukiwa nyota kwenye Ukumbi wa Umaarufu wa Hollywood ([[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]) na Ukumbi wa Umaarufu wa Las Vegas, na alikuwa mpokeaji wa Tuzo za Heshima za kituo cha sanaa za maonyesho cha Kennedy Center ([[Kennedy Center Honors]]) mnamo mwaka 2017 kwa mchango wake katika maisha ya kitamaduni ya Marekani. Estefan alishinda tuzo ya [[MTV Video Music Award]], alitunukiwa Tuzo ya Muziki ya Amerika ([[American Music Award]]) kwa Mafanikio ya Maisha na ametajwa kuwa Mtunzi wa Mwaka wa [[Broadcast Music, Inc.|BMI]] ambalo ni shirika la kulinda hakimiliki nchini Marekani. Aliingizwa kwenye Ukumbi wa Umaarufu wa Watunzi wa Nyimbo ([[Songwriters Hall of Fame]]) na amepokea Tuzo nyingi za Muziki za Billboard (''Billboard'' Music Awards). Pia, ni mpokeaji wa Nishani ya Uhuru ya Rais ya mwaka 2015, ambayo alitunukiwa na Rais wa Marekani wa kipindi hicho, [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/gloria-estefan/2518|title=Gloria Estefan|date=2014-03-17|website=Grammy.com|access-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117111538/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/gloria-estefan|archive-date=2017-11-17|url-status=live}}</ref> Jarida la ''Billboard'' limemweka Estefan kama mwanamke wa pili wa Kiamerika mwenye asili ya Kilatino aliyepata mafanikio makubwa zaidi, na msanii wa 23 wa Kilatino bora wa muda wote nchini Marekani, kulingana na chati za albamu na nyimbo za Kilatino.<ref name="billboard.com">{{cite magazine|title=Gloria Estefan|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/gloria-estefan|access-date=2021-09-11|magazine=Billboard}}</ref> Akitajwa na vyombo vya habari kama "Malkia wa Muziki wa Pop wa Kilatino" (Queen of Latin Pop) na "Mama wa Muziki wa Pop wa Kilatino",<ref>{{cite web|date=2019-11-19|title=Gloria Estefan|url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/gloria-estefan/2518|access-date=2021-09-11|website=GRAMMY.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clarin.com/espectaculos/musica/gloria-estefan-confesiones-mujer-rechazo-espia-cia-convertirse-madre-pop-latino-_0_6ja9MqOQy.html|title=Gloria Estefan: confessions of the woman who refused to be a CIA spy to become the "mother of Latin pop"|first=Eduardo|last=Slusarczuk|date=2020-09-24|website=Clarín.com|access-date=2026-05-03}}</ref> amekusanya nyimbo 38 zilizoshika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye chati za ''Billboard'', ikijumuisha nyimbo 15 zilizoongoza kwenye chati ya Hot Latin Songs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gloria Estefan |website=Berklee |url=https://www.berklee.edu/people/gloria-estefan |access-date=2024-08-04 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108041943/https://www.berklee.edu/people/gloria-estefan |archive-date=2017-01-08}}</ref><ref name="billboard.com"/> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] l56mvnp4s4yw714771hzlpiwwkj8hdc 1574489 1574413 2026-06-18T11:18:27Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Marejeo */ 1574489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Gloria Estefan | jina_halisi = Gloria María Milagrosa Fajardo García | picha = Gloria Estefan in 2017.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Estefan mwaka 2017 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1957|09|01|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Havana, Kuba<ref name="AllMusic">{{cite web |title=Gloria Estefan – AllMusic |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/gloria-estefan-mn0000664817/biography |website=AllMusic |access-date=14 November 2019}}</ref> | kazi = {{plainlist| * Mwimbaji * Mtunzi wa nyimbo * Mwigizaji * Mwandishi * Mfanyabiashara }} | kipindi = 1975–sasa | mwenzi = Emilio Estefan (ndoa 1978–sasa) | watoto = 2 (akiwemo Emily Estefan) | ndugu = Lili Estefan (mpwa) | asili = Miami, Florida, Marekani | aina_ya_muziki = {{plainlist| * Pop ya Kilatini * Dance-pop * Muziki wa kitropiki }} | lebo = {{plainlist| * Epic * Burgundy * Crescent Moon * Sony Latin * Verve Forecast * Sony Masterworks }} | kikundi_cha_zamani = Miami Sound Machine | tovuti = {{URL|ritaora.com}} }} '''Gloria María Milagrosa Estefan''' (alizaliwa Septemba 1, 1957) ni mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo, mwigizaji, na mfanyabiashara wa nchi ya [[Marekani]] aliyezaliwa nchini [[Kuba]]. Estefan ameshinda Tuzo za [[Grammy Awards|Grammy]] mara tano na ni mpokeaji wa Nishani ya Uhuru ya Rais (Presidential Medal of Freedom), na ametajwa kuwa mmoja wa wasanii 100 bora wa muda wote na vituo vya [[VH1]] na ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''.<ref>[https://www.kennedy-center.org/artists/e/eo-ez/gloria-estefan/ "Gloria Estefan"] at Kennedy Center 50</ref> Mauzo ya rekodi za Estefan yanazidi nakala milioni 120 duniani kote, jambo linalomfanya kuwa mmoja wa wasanii wa muziki waliouza rekodi nyingi zaidi wa muda wote.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/gloria-estefan-songwriters-hall-of-fame/ |title=Gloria Estefan on becoming the first Hispanic woman to be inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame: "Every song comes differently" |last=Novak |first=Analisa |date=2023-01-18 |website=CBS News |access-date=2024-08-04 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118161846/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/gloria-estefan-songwriters-hall-of-fame/ |archive-date=2023-01-18}}</ref><ref name="questions">{{cite magazine |last=Ratner-Arias |first=Sigal |date=2023-06-12 |title=20 Questions With Gloria Estefan Ahead of Her Induction to the Songwriters Hall of Fame |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/gloria-estefan-20-questions-songwriters-hall-of-fame-1235351766/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612210226/https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/gloria-estefan-20-questions-songwriters-hall-of-fame-1235351766/ |archive-date=2023-06-12}}</ref> Akiwa na sauti ya [[contralto]] (sauti ya chini ya kike), Estefan alianza kazi yake kama mwimbaji mkuu wa kikundi cha Miami Latin Boys, ambacho baadaye kilibadilishwa jina na kuwa [[Miami Sound Machine]]. Yeye na kikundi cha Miami Sound Machine walipata mafanikio makubwa duniani kote kupitia wimbo wao wa mwaka 1985 uiitwao "[[Conga (song)|Conga]]", ambao ukawa wimbo uliotambulisha utambulisho wake wa kimuziki. Kikundi hicho kilifuatia na nyimbo zingine nyingi zilizovuma katika muongo huo, zikiwemo "[[Anything for You (Gloria Estefan and Miami Sound Machine song)|Anything for You]]", "[[1-2-3 (Gloria Estefan and Miami Sound Machine song)|1-2-3]]", "[[Bad Boy (Miami Sound Machine song)|Bad Boy]]", na "[[Rhythm Is Gonna Get You]]". Kikundi hicho kilipewa jina jipya la Gloria Estefan and Miami Sound Machine kufuatia kutoka kwa albamu yao ya mwaka 1987 ya ''[[Let It Loose (album)|Let It Loose]]'', na mnamo mwaka 1989, Estefan alipata umaarufu mkubwa kama msanii wa kujitegemea kupitia albamu yake ya kwanza ya solo, ''[[Cuts Both Ways]]''. Mnamo Machi 1990, Estefan alipata majeraha ya hatari baada ya kuvunjika kwa uti wa mgongo wa shingo (cervical fracture) wakati basi lake la ziara ya kimuziki lilipopata ajali karibu na [[Scranton, Pennsylvania]] nchini Marekani. Alifanyiwa upasuaji wa dharura na kupona kabisa. Mwaka uliofuata, Estefan alirejea tena kwenye muziki kwa kufanya ziara ya kimataifa na kutoa albamu ya ''[[Into the Light (Gloria Estefan album)|Into the Light]]''. Albamu ya Estefan ya lugha ya Kihispania ya mwaka 1993, ''[[Mi Tierra]]'', ilimwezesha kushinda tuzo ya kwanza kati ya Tuzo zake tatu za [[Grammy Awards|Grammy]] katika kategoria ya Albamu Bora ya Muziki wa Kilatino wa Kitropiki.<ref name="GrammyAwards1994">{{cite news|title=General Categories|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-01-07-ca-9459-story.html |date=1994-01-07 |access-date=2020-08-06 |page=3 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] }}</ref> Albamu hiyo pia ilikuwa albamu ya kwanza kufikia hadhi ya Almasi (Diamond) nchini Hispania. Orodha ya nyimbo zake zilizovuma kimataifa kama msanii wa kujitegemea ni pamoja na "[[Don't Wanna Lose You]]", "[[Get On Your Feet]]", "[[Coming Out of the Dark]]", "[[Turn the Beat Around]]", "[[You'll Be Mine (Party Time)]]", na "[[Heaven's What I Feel]]". Estefan ametunukiwa nyota kwenye Ukumbi wa Umaarufu wa Hollywood ([[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]) na Ukumbi wa Umaarufu wa Las Vegas, na alikuwa mpokeaji wa Tuzo za Heshima za kituo cha sanaa za maonyesho cha Kennedy Center ([[Kennedy Center Honors]]) mnamo mwaka 2017 kwa mchango wake katika maisha ya kitamaduni ya Marekani. Estefan alishinda tuzo ya [[MTV Video Music Award]], alitunukiwa Tuzo ya Muziki ya Amerika ([[American Music Award]]) kwa Mafanikio ya Maisha na ametajwa kuwa Mtunzi wa Mwaka wa [[Broadcast Music, Inc.|BMI]] ambalo ni shirika la kulinda hakimiliki nchini Marekani. Aliingizwa kwenye Ukumbi wa Umaarufu wa Watunzi wa Nyimbo ([[Songwriters Hall of Fame]]) na amepokea Tuzo nyingi za Muziki za Billboard (''Billboard'' Music Awards). Pia, ni mpokeaji wa Nishani ya Uhuru ya Rais ya mwaka 2015, ambayo alitunukiwa na Rais wa Marekani wa kipindi hicho, [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/gloria-estefan/2518|title=Gloria Estefan|date=2014-03-17|website=Grammy.com|access-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117111538/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/gloria-estefan|archive-date=2017-11-17|url-status=live}}</ref> Jarida la ''Billboard'' limemweka Estefan kama mwanamke wa pili wa Kiamerika mwenye asili ya Kilatino aliyepata mafanikio makubwa zaidi, na msanii wa 23 wa Kilatino bora wa muda wote nchini Marekani, kulingana na chati za albamu na nyimbo za Kilatino.<ref name="billboard.com">{{cite magazine|title=Gloria Estefan|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/gloria-estefan|access-date=2021-09-11|magazine=Billboard}}</ref> Akitajwa na vyombo vya habari kama "Malkia wa Muziki wa Pop wa Kilatino" (Queen of Latin Pop) na "Mama wa Muziki wa Pop wa Kilatino",<ref>{{cite web|date=2019-11-19|title=Gloria Estefan|url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/gloria-estefan/2518|access-date=2021-09-11|website=GRAMMY.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clarin.com/espectaculos/musica/gloria-estefan-confesiones-mujer-rechazo-espia-cia-convertirse-madre-pop-latino-_0_6ja9MqOQy.html|title=Gloria Estefan: confessions of the woman who refused to be a CIA spy to become the "mother of Latin pop"|first=Eduardo|last=Slusarczuk|date=2020-09-24|website=Clarín.com|access-date=2026-05-03}}</ref> amekusanya nyimbo 38 zilizoshika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye chati za ''Billboard'', ikijumuisha nyimbo 15 zilizoongoza kwenye chati ya Hot Latin Songs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gloria Estefan |website=Berklee |url=https://www.berklee.edu/people/gloria-estefan |access-date=2024-08-04 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108041943/https://www.berklee.edu/people/gloria-estefan |archive-date=2017-01-08}}</ref><ref name="billboard.com"/> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kuba]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] gl1gsu3wq38ok63gb6nptby5g6vyqg2 Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Sulttanet 3 241124 1574426 2026-06-18T09:48:15Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1574426 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. 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Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 18 Juni 2026 (UTC) 5af4u7nq7vlblpsvdtw5bg2elntltxf Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:King digulla 3 241125 1574427 2026-06-18T09:48:25Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1574427 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 18 Juni 2026 (UTC) 5af4u7nq7vlblpsvdtw5bg2elntltxf Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Snugy negro 3 241126 1574428 2026-06-18T09:48:36Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1574428 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 18 Juni 2026 (UTC) 5af4u7nq7vlblpsvdtw5bg2elntltxf Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Wonderfulworld101 3 241127 1574429 2026-06-18T09:48:45Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1574429 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 18 Juni 2026 (UTC) 5af4u7nq7vlblpsvdtw5bg2elntltxf Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Voyagerim 3 241128 1574430 2026-06-18T09:48:55Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1574430 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 18 Juni 2026 (UTC) 5af4u7nq7vlblpsvdtw5bg2elntltxf Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Babelismoj 3 241129 1574431 2026-06-18T09:49:05Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1574431 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 18 Juni 2026 (UTC) fhiiww87o8bhk37cubrnmclou30rc1y Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Wikifootix 3 241130 1574432 2026-06-18T09:49:15Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1574432 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 18 Juni 2026 (UTC) fhiiww87o8bhk37cubrnmclou30rc1y Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Curb energia 3 241131 1574433 2026-06-18T09:49:25Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1574433 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 18 Juni 2026 (UTC) fhiiww87o8bhk37cubrnmclou30rc1y Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Musa Mzopola 3 241132 1574434 2026-06-18T09:49:35Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1574434 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 18 Juni 2026 (UTC) fhiiww87o8bhk37cubrnmclou30rc1y Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Grufo 3 241133 1574435 2026-06-18T09:49:45Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1574435 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 18 Juni 2026 (UTC) fhiiww87o8bhk37cubrnmclou30rc1y Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Svmsar 3 241134 1574436 2026-06-18T09:49:55Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1574436 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 18 Juni 2026 (UTC) fhiiww87o8bhk37cubrnmclou30rc1y Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Isaacklema 3 241135 1574437 2026-06-18T09:50:05Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1574437 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 18 Juni 2026 (UTC) 4ic55a154eagoqo8houe94z24wrc0e2 Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Samurai80 3 241136 1574438 2026-06-18T09:50:15Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1574438 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 18 Juni 2026 (UTC) 4ic55a154eagoqo8houe94z24wrc0e2 Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:JonasLambo 3 241137 1574439 2026-06-18T09:50:25Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1574439 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 18 Juni 2026 (UTC) 4ic55a154eagoqo8houe94z24wrc0e2 Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mamajonis 3 241138 1574440 2026-06-18T09:50:35Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1574440 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 18 Juni 2026 (UTC) 4ic55a154eagoqo8houe94z24wrc0e2 Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Dastan ivo 3 241139 1574441 2026-06-18T09:50:45Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1574441 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 18 Juni 2026 (UTC) 4ic55a154eagoqo8houe94z24wrc0e2 Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Wiki-tom76 3 241140 1574442 2026-06-18T09:50:55Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1574442 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 18 Juni 2026 (UTC) 4ic55a154eagoqo8houe94z24wrc0e2 Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Lyn737 3 241141 1574443 2026-06-18T09:51:05Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1574443 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 18 Juni 2026 (UTC) 96megiimq0bdh89dfi2lhilr7hgx09k Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Swebe sadala 3 241142 1574444 2026-06-18T09:51:15Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1574444 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 18 Juni 2026 (UTC) 96megiimq0bdh89dfi2lhilr7hgx09k Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nickenter 3 241143 1574445 2026-06-18T09:51:25Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1574445 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 18 Juni 2026 (UTC) 96megiimq0bdh89dfi2lhilr7hgx09k Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Rafael Aristides Senra de Araújo 3 241144 1574446 2026-06-18T09:51:35Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1574446 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 18 Juni 2026 (UTC) 96megiimq0bdh89dfi2lhilr7hgx09k Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:WiraxET 3 241145 1574447 2026-06-18T09:51:45Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1574447 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 18 Juni 2026 (UTC) 96megiimq0bdh89dfi2lhilr7hgx09k Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Johnzephania 3 241146 1574449 2026-06-18T09:51:55Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1574449 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 18 Juni 2026 (UTC) 96megiimq0bdh89dfi2lhilr7hgx09k Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Fredy Francis Matley Deeng 3 241147 1574451 2026-06-18T09:52:05Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1574451 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:52, 18 Juni 2026 (UTC) 4eem6py9f0rjanarvcdp61vw3azp7a4 Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Lucacarpinelli 3 241148 1574452 2026-06-18T09:52:15Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1574452 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:52, 18 Juni 2026 (UTC) 4eem6py9f0rjanarvcdp61vw3azp7a4 Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ան2020 3 241149 1574453 2026-06-18T09:52:25Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1574453 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:52, 18 Juni 2026 (UTC) 4eem6py9f0rjanarvcdp61vw3azp7a4 Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MahmetArslan 3 241150 1574454 2026-06-18T09:52:35Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1574454 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:52, 18 Juni 2026 (UTC) 4eem6py9f0rjanarvcdp61vw3azp7a4 Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:BFDIEdi Taliban 3 241151 1574455 2026-06-18T09:52:45Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1574455 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:52, 18 Juni 2026 (UTC) 4eem6py9f0rjanarvcdp61vw3azp7a4 Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Giovanni Pole 3 241152 1574456 2026-06-18T09:52:55Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1574456 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:52, 18 Juni 2026 (UTC) 4eem6py9f0rjanarvcdp61vw3azp7a4 Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini 0 241153 1574488 2026-06-18T11:16:08Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini]] hadi [[Elfu moja mia tatu na hamsini]]: usahihi wa jina 1574488 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Elfu moja mia tatu na hamsini]] 9w6srzb92xlkeihn4xcyxwie2sotuam Maporomoko ya Nile ya Bluu 0 241154 1574495 2026-06-18T11:57:21Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Maporomoko ya Nile ya Bluu]] hadi [[Maporomoko ya Nile ya buluu]]: usahihi wa jina 1574495 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Maporomoko ya Nile ya buluu]] e3cdv0zg2dqvfu4elw1sqet5ggo2xsq